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Government Madrasa-i-Azam Higher Secondary School

2026-05-07T19:39:52Z

Mythu09: added some article needs work

{{Infobox school
| name = Government Madrasa-i-Azam Higher Secondary School
| location = Anna Salai (Mount Road), Chennai, Tamil Nadu – 600002
| country = India
| type = Public
| authority = Government of Tamil Nadu
| grades = 6–12
| coordinates = {{coord|13.0730|N|80.2640|E|type:edu_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
}}

'''Government Madrasa-i-Azam Higher Secondary School''' (Tamil: ''அரசு மதரசா-இ-ஆசம் மேல்நிலைப் பள்ளி'') is a public secondary educational institution located on Anna Salai (Mount Road) in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. It is a government-run school providing secondary and higher secondary education.

The institution traces its origins to 1761 <ref name="NIE2017">{{cite news
|title=Don’t raze Madrasa-I-Azam school building: Madras High Court
|work=The New Indian Express
|date=2017-12-15
|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2017/Dec/15/dont-raze-madrasa-i-azam-school-building-madras-high-court-1727760.html
}}</ref> <ref name="DC2018">{{cite news
|title=PIL calls for scheme to renovate heritage building on Anna Salai
|work=Deccan Chronicle
|date=2018-12-07
|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/071218/pil-calls-for-scheme-to-renovate-heritage-building-on-anna-salai.html
}}</ref> <ref name="TOI2018">{{cite news
|title=HC directs govt to come up with plan for Madrasa-i-Azam
|work=The Times of India
|date=2018-12-07
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/hc-directs-govt-to-come-up-with-plan-for-madrasa-i-azam/articleshow/66977751.cms
}}</ref> <ref name="TH2017">{{cite news
|title=Education beyond religion: on collapsing Madrasa-e-Azam Higher Secondary School on Anna Salai
|work=The Hindu
|date=2017-11-27
|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/education-beyond-religion-on-madrasa-e-azam-higher-secondary-school-on-anna-salai/article20948028.ece
}}</ref>

== Academic profile ==
* '''Curriculum:''' Tamil Nadu State Board of School Examination
* '''Levels:''' Secondary and higher secondary education (Grades 6–12)
* '''Medium of instruction:''' English
* '''Admissions:''' Education is provided without tuition fees

== Administration ==
The school is administered by the Government of Tamil Nadu.

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Chennai]]

Erandol Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T20:58:32Z

Mythu09: added the entry from scratch - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Erandol
| type = SLA
| map_image = 16-Erandol.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| district = [[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Jalgaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalgaon]]
| constituency_no = 16
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| abolished =
| mla = [[Amol Patil]]
| party = {{Party index link|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
| incumbent_image =
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors =294,461
}}
'''Erandol Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] constituencies of [[Maharashtra]] state in western India.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref> This constituency is located in the [[Jalgaon district]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |access-date=6 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318055304/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archive-date=18 March 2010 }}</ref>

==Overview==
It is part of the [[Jalgaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalgaon Lok Sabha constituency]] along with another five Vidhan Sabha segments of this district, namely [[Jalgaon City Assembly constituency|Jalgaon City]], [[Jalgaon Rural Assembly constituency|Jalgaon Rural]], [[Amalner Assembly constituency|Amalner]], [[Chalisgaon Assembly constituency|Chalisgaon]] and [[Pachora Assembly constituency|Pachora]].

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || rowspan="2" | Birla Sitaram Hirachand || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || rowspan="3" | Digambar Shankar Patil
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Patil Mahendrasinh Dharamsinh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || rowspan="2" | Wagh Parvatabai Chandrabhan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || Hari Atmaram Mahajan || {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || Patil Mahendrasinh Dharamsinh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || rowspan="2" | [[Gulab Raghunath Patil]] || {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || [[Chimanrao Patil]]
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || [[Satish Bhaskarrao Patil|Dr. Satish Bhaskarrao Patil]] || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || [[Chimanrao Patil]] || {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || [[Amol Patil]]
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Erandol }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Amol Patil]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 101,088 |percentage = 50.00% |change = {{increase}}3.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Satish Bhaskarrao Patil|Dr. Satish Bhaskarrao Patil]] |party = Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar |votes = 44,756 |percentage = 22.14% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhagwan Asaram Patil (Mahajan) |party = Independent politician |votes = 41,395 |percentage = 20.48% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Harshal Manohar Mane (Patil) |party = Independent politician |votes = 6,373 |percentage = 3.15% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Sambhajiraje R. Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,845 |percentage = 1.41% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Amit Rajendra Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,703 |percentage = 0.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. T. Nana Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,576 |percentage = 0.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,509 |percentage = 0.75% |change = {{decrease}}0.38 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 56,332 |percentage = 27.87% |change = {{increase}}17.66 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 203,668 |percentage = 69.17% |change = {{increase}}5.53 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 202,159}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 294,461 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.00 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |swing = {{increase}}3.14 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Erandol <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|title=General Election to Vidhan Sabha Trends & Results Oct-2019|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=28 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121065754/http://results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|archive-date=21 November 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Chimanrao Patil]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 82,650 |percentage = 46.86% |change = {{increase}}14.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Satish Bhaskarrao Patil|Dr. Satish Bhaskarrao Patil]] |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 64,648 |percentage = 36.65% |change = {{increase}}3.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shirole Govind Eknath |party = Independent politician |votes = 24,587 |percentage = 13.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gautam Madhukar Pawar |party = Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 2,303 |percentage = 1.31% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,995 |percentage = 1.13% |change = {{increase}}0.54 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,002 |percentage = 10.21% |change = {{increase}}9.03 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 178,468 |percentage = 63.64% |change = {{decrease}}2.54 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 176,380}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 280,441 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.30 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing = {{increase}}13.81 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Erandol <ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Satish Bhaskarrao Patil|Dr. Satish Bhaskarrao Patil]] |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 55,656 |percentage = 33.05% |change = {{decrease}}12.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Chimanrao Patil]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 53,673 |percentage = 31.87% |change = {{decrease}}16.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Machhindra Ratan Patil |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 28,901 |percentage = 17.16% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dadaso Patil Narendr Jayveer |party = Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 24,094 |percentage = 14.31% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Wagh Pravin Chandrabhan |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 1,670 |percentage = 0.99% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Satish Bhaskrrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,528 |percentage = 0.91% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 992 |percentage = 0.59% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,983 |percentage = 1.18% |change = {{decrease}}1.07 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 169,812 |percentage = 66.18% |change = {{increase}}3.79 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 168,407}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 256,583 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.04 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Shiv Sena |swing = {{decrease}}15.17 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Erandol <ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Chimanrao Patil]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 70,708 |percentage = 48.22% |change = {{decrease}}0.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Satish Bhaskarrao Patil|Dr. Satish Bhaskarrao Patil]] |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 67,410 |percentage = 45.97% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Annaso. Satish Bhaskarrao Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,427 |percentage = 1.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mahajan Vijay Pandharinath |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,769 |percentage = 1.21% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Bapu Dashrath |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,201 |percentage = 0.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Valmik Prabhakar Lokhande |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,132 |percentage = 0.77% |change = {{decrease}}6.60 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,298 |percentage = 2.25% |change = {{decrease}}5.75 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 146,825 |percentage = 62.39% |change = {{decrease}}8.14 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 146,648}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 235,318 |ref = |change = {{increase}}17.03 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |swing = {{decrease}}0.27 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Erandol }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Gulab Raghunath Patil]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 68,767 |percentage = 48.49% |change = {{increase}}5.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Mahendrasinh Dharamsinh |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 57,429 |percentage = 40.50% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mahajan Sanjay Chhagan |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 10,445 |percentage = 7.37% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prof. Pawar Prataprao Ramdas |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,945 |percentage = 2.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nannaware Mukundrao Shyamrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,067 |percentage = 0.75% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,338 |percentage = 8.00% |change = {{increase}}4.09 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 141,816 |percentage = 70.53% |change = {{increase}}5.71 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 141,808}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 201,082 |ref = |change = {{increase}}15.92 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |swing = {{increase}}5.76 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Erandol <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Gulab Raghunath Patil]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 44,711 |percentage = 42.73% |change = {{increase}}17.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Mahendrasinh Dharamsinh |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 40,621 |percentage = 38.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Deshmukh Subhash Bhika |party = Independent politician |votes = 8,014 |percentage = 7.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jadhav Dnyaneshwar Bhadu |party = Independent politician |votes = 6,562 |percentage = 6.27% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Afjal Khan Shobha Khan |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,136 |percentage = 3.00% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Parwejali Sayyed Tafzuali Sayyed |party = Independent politician |votes = 757 |percentage = 0.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,090 |percentage = 3.91% |change = {{decrease}}11.23 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 112,436 |percentage = 64.82% |change = {{decrease}}12.63 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 104,633}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 173,459 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.25 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Janata Dal |swing = {{increase}}2.54 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Erandol <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Mahendrasinh Dharamsinh |party = Janata Dal |votes = 50,391 |percentage = 40.19% |change = {{increase}}13.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mahajan Ramesh Jagannath |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 31,405 |percentage = 25.04% |change = {{decrease}}12.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Wagh Parvatabai Chandrabhan |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 16,875 |percentage = 13.46% |change = {{decrease}}19.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Anandrao Namdeorao |party = Independent politician |votes = 12,798 |percentage = 10.21% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pathan Ayyubkha Khudadkha |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,156 |percentage = 4.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Visave Bhanudas Shankar |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,250 |percentage = 1.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jain Satishkumar Bhikamchand |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,864 |percentage = 1.49% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sonawane Rajesh Pitambar |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,076 |percentage = 0.86% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,986 |percentage = 15.14% |change = {{increase}}10.43 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 130,107 |percentage = 77.45% |change = {{increase}}13.76 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 125,396}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 167,996 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.42 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Dal |loser = Shiv Sena |swing = {{increase}}2.79 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Erandol <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Hari Atmaram Mahajan |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 36,685 |percentage = 37.40% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Wagh Parvatabai Chandrabhan |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 32,068 |percentage = 32.69% |change = {{decrease}}4.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Mahendrasinh Dharamsinh |party = Janata Dal |votes = 25,849 |percentage = 26.35% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hilal Bhagwan Patil |party = Doordarshi Party |votes = 842 |percentage = 0.86% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Sukdeo Tukaram |party = Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha |votes = 660 |percentage = 0.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,617 |percentage = 4.71% |change = {{decrease}}2.01 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 100,537 |percentage = 63.69% |change = {{increase}}5.46 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 98,094}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 157,865 |ref = |change = {{increase}}21.54 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}0.28 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Erandol <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Wagh Parvatabai Chandrabhan |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 27,804 |percentage = 37.68% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Nimbajirao Baliram |party = Independent politician |votes = 22,846 |percentage = 30.96% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Vijay Dhanaji |party = Janata Party |votes = 18,120 |percentage = 24.55% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. V. Badgujar |party = Lokdal |votes = 2,478 |percentage = 3.36% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Parihar Yograjsingh Shankrasingh |party = Independent politician |votes = 925 |percentage = 1.25% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jagdev Namdev Mhazu |party = Independent politician |votes = 805 |percentage = 1.09% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Jagannath Hemraj |party = Independent politician |votes = 481 |percentage = 0.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,958 |percentage = 6.72% |change = {{decrease}}5.18 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 75,629 |percentage = 58.23% |change = {{increase}}14.06 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 73,798}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 129,882 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.92 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{decrease}}8.90 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Erandol <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Wagh Parvatabai Chandrabhan |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 24,111 |percentage = 46.58% |change = {{increase}}21.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Vijay Dhanaji |party = Janata Party |votes = 17,950 |percentage = 34.68% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Parihar Yograjsinh Shankarsing |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,400 |percentage = 6.57% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pawar (Patil) Pandurang Baliram |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 3,284 |percentage = 6.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Dayaram Fakira |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,161 |percentage = 4.17% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sk. Lukman Sk. Kadar Mansuri |party = Independent politician |votes = 510 |percentage = 0.99% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gaikwad Ramsing Sonusing |party = Independent politician |votes = 350 |percentage = 0.68% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,161 |percentage = 11.90% |change = {{increase}}3.35 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 53,154 |percentage = 44.17% |change = {{decrease}}27.89 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 51,766}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 120,351 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.09 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}12.92 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Erandol <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Mahendrasinh Dharamsinh |party = Janata Party |votes = 25,829 |percentage = 33.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Wagh Parvatabai Chandrabhan |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 19,267 |percentage = 25.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pawar Murlidhar Gangaram |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 18,937 |percentage = 24.68% |change = {{decrease}}32.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Parihar Yograjsinh Shankarsinh |party = Independent politician |votes = 12,419 |percentage = 16.19% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,562 |percentage = 8.55% |change = {{decrease}}24.87 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 79,501 |percentage = 72.06% |change = {{increase}}14.62 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 76,724}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 110,326 |ref = |change = {{increase}}19.79 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}23.97 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Erandol <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Digambar Shankar Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 29,248 |percentage = 57.63% |change = {{increase}}7.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Dattatraya Dandawate |party = Samyukta Socialist Party |votes = 12,288 |percentage = 24.21% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Y. S. Parihar |party = Independent politician |votes = 9,211 |percentage = 18.15% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,960 |percentage = 33.42% |change = {{increase}}12.87 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 52,900 |percentage = 57.44% |change = {{decrease}}7.92 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 50,747}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 92,096 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.99 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}7.66 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Erandol <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Digambar Shankar Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 24,312 |percentage = 49.97% |change = {{decrease}}1.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Y. S. Parihar |party = Independent politician |votes = 14,316 |percentage = 29.43% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. S. Chavan |party = Sanghata Socialist Party |votes = 6,906 |percentage = 14.20% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. A. B. Y. N. Deshmukh |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 3,116 |percentage = 6.40% |change = {{decrease}}8.43 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,996 |percentage = 20.55% |change = {{decrease}}3.74 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 54,728 |percentage = 65.36% |change = {{increase}}1.60 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 48,650}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 83,732 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.79 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}1.67 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Erandol <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Digambar Shankar Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 22,571 |percentage = 51.64% |change = {{increase}}0.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Yogarajasinha Shankarsinha Parihar |party = Independent politician |votes = 11,955 |percentage = 27.35% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pitambar Zinga Chavan |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 6,481 |percentage = 14.83% |change = {{decrease}}34.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhika Dagdu Pawar |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 2,699 |percentage = 6.18% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,616 |percentage = 24.29% |change = {{increase}}22.80 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 47,333 |percentage = 63.76% |change = {{increase}}5.58 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 43,706}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 74,236 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.03 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}0.90 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Erandol <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Birla Sitaram Hirachand |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,104 |percentage = 50.74% |change = {{decrease}}0.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chavan Pitamber Zinga |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 19,514 |percentage = 49.26% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 590 |percentage = 1.49% |change = {{decrease}}15.74 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 39,618 |percentage = 58.18% |change = {{decrease}}3.98 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 39,618}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 68,090 |ref = |change = {{increase}}31.99 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}0.33 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Erandol <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Birla Sitaram Hirachand |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 16,377 |percentage = 51.07% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Parihar Yogarajsing Shankarsing |party = Independent politician |votes = 10,852 |percentage = 33.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Gansing Bhaga |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 2,705 |percentage = 8.44% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chavan Sahebrao Nathu |party = Kamgar Kisan Paksha |votes = 2,134 |percentage = 6.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,525 |percentage = 17.23% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 32,068 |percentage = 62.16% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 32,068}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 51,588 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Erandol]]
* [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Jalgaon district topics}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}

{{coord|20.93|75.33|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Jalgaon district]]
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bombay State]]

Ashti Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T20:31:01Z

Mythu09: Started basic post w/ sources!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Other places|Ashti (disambiguation){{!}}Ashti}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Ashti
| constituency_no = 231
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| map_image = 231-Ashti.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Beed Lok Sabha constituency|Beed]]
| district = [[Beed district|Beed]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Suresh Dhas]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| incumbent_image =
| alliance =
| electors =388,216
}}
'''Ashti Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) constituencies of [[Maharashtra]] state in western India.<ref name=ceo>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |accessdate=5 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225084439/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archivedate=25 February 2009 }}</ref>

==Overview==
Ashti (constituency number 231) is one of the six Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in [[Beed district]]. It covers the entire Ashti and Patoda tehsils and part of the Shirur tehsil of this district.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|pages=270–1}}</ref>

Ashti is part of the [[Beed (Lok Sabha constituency)|Beed Lok Sabha constituency]] along with all other Vidhan Sabha segments in this district, namely [[Parli Assembly constituency|Parli]], [[Majalgaon Assembly constituency|Majalgaon]], [[Georai Assembly constituency|Georai]], [[Beed Assembly constituency|Beed]] and [[Kaij Assembly constituency|Kaij]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|pages=278}}</ref>

== Members of Vidhan Sabha ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ashti Vidhan Sabha Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/ashti.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Rakhamaji || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Vishwanath Dagdu Ji

|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Bhausaheb Kashinath
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|Ramdas Sonone
|-
|[[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|N. V. Ugale
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Sripatrao Kadam
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
|Laxmanrao Jadhav
|-
|[[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="3" |Bhimrao Dhonde
|{{party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|[[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
|[[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|Sahebrao Darekar
|{{party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|[[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Suresh Dhas]]
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
|[[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|{{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
|[[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|Bhimrao Dhonde
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|[[Balasaheb Ajabe]]
|{{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
|[[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|[[Suresh Dhas]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ashti }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Suresh Dhas]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 140,507 |percentage = 49.09% |change = {{increase}}6.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhimrao Anandrao Dhonde |party = Independent politician |votes = 62,532 |percentage = 21.85% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mahebub Ibrahim Shekh |party = Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar |votes = 52,738 |percentage = 18.42% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Balasaheb Ajabe]] |party = Nationalist Congress Party (post–2023) |votes = 21,598 |percentage = 7.55% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Akshay Sadashiv Adhav |party = Rashtriya Maratha Party |votes = 3,760 |percentage = 1.31% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 547 |percentage = 0.19% |change = {{decrease}}0.91 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 77,975 |percentage = 27.24% |change = {{increase}}16.40 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 286,784 |percentage = 73.87% |change = {{increase}}9.18 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 286,237}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 388,216 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.27 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing = {{decrease}}4.12 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ashti <ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Balasaheb Ajabe]] |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 126,756 |percentage = 53.21% |change = {{increase}}7.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhimrao Anandrao Dhonde |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 100,931 |percentage = 42.37% |change = {{decrease}}6.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Namdev Sugriv Sanap |party = Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 4,729 |percentage = 1.99% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 2,631 |percentage = 1.10% |change = {{increase}}0.65 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 25,825 |percentage = 10.84% |change = {{increase}}8.44 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 240,854 |percentage = 64.69% |change = {{decrease}}8.68 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 238,207}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 372,321 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.96 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}4.72 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ashti <ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Bhimrao Anandrao Dhonde |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 120,915 |percentage = 48.49% |change = {{increase}}9.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Suresh Dhas]] |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 114,933 |percentage = 46.09% |change = {{decrease}}9.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Minakshi Vinayak Pandule Pa. |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 3,356 |percentage = 1.35% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ashok Ramkisan Dahiphale |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 2,798 |percentage = 1.12% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,124 |percentage = 0.45% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,982 |percentage = 2.40% |change = {{decrease}}13.71 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 250,713 |percentage = 73.37% |change = {{increase}}4.09 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 249,378}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 341,703 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.91 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing = {{decrease}}6.70 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ashti <ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Suresh Dhas]] |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 118,847 |percentage = 55.19% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Balasaheb Ajabe]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 84,157 |percentage = 39.08% |change = {{decrease}}12.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Doke Haridas (Bapusaheb) Shantaram |party = Rashtriya Samaj Paksha |votes = 3,289 |percentage = 1.53% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vishnu Jijaba Gadekar |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,369 |percentage = 1.10% |change = {{increase}}0.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kedar Balasaheb Bhagwanrao |party = Jan Surajya Shakti |votes = 2,313 |percentage = 1.07% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Tukaram Nana Kale |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,295 |percentage = 1.07% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Wanve Govind Sahebrao |party = Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 2,054 |percentage = 0.95% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 34,690 |percentage = 16.11% |change = {{decrease}}12.89 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 215,383 |percentage = 69.28% |change = {{decrease}}8.07 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 215,324}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 310,902 |ref = |change = {{increase}}35.05 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}3.12 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ashti }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Suresh Dhas]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 92,706 |percentage = 52.07% |change = {{increase}}6.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhimrao Anandrao Dhonde |party = Independent politician |votes = 41,085 |percentage = 23.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bangar Ramkrishna Marotirao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 18,940 |percentage = 10.64% |change = {{decrease}}17.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Darekar Raju Sahebrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 14,580 |percentage = 8.19% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Modve Dattajirao Babasaheb |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,045 |percentage = 2.27% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pote Vishnu Ashruba |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,701 |percentage = 0.96% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pathan Muibinkhan Daud Khan |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,611 |percentage = 0.90% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nikalje Valmik Sajan |party = Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 1,178 |percentage = 0.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 51,621 |percentage = 29.00% |change = {{increase}}11.30 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 178,084 |percentage = 77.35% |change = {{increase}}2.18 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 178,026}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 230,221 |ref = |change = {{increase}}16.84 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}6.23 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ashti <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Suresh Dhas]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 64,558 |percentage = 45.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhimrao Anandrao Dhonde |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 39,626 |percentage = 28.14% |change = {{increase}}3.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Darekar Sahebrao Nathuji |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 33,136 |percentage = 23.53% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pokle Nanasaheb Sawleram |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 1,264 |percentage = 0.90% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jadhav Laxmanrao Sahebrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,161 |percentage = 0.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dhonde Sominath Janardan |party = Independent politician |votes = 846 |percentage = 0.60% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 24,932 |percentage = 17.70% |change = {{decrease}}12.70 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 148,114 |percentage = 75.17% |change = {{increase}}3.33 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 140,835}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 197,045 |ref = |change = {{increase}}1.46 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}9.70 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ashti <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Darekar Sahebrao Nathuji |party = Independent politician |votes = 75,788 |percentage = 55.54% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhimrao Anandrao Dhonde |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 34,309 |percentage = 25.14% |change = {{decrease}}14.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bangar Ramkrishna Marotirao |party = Samajwadi Party |votes = 12,827 |percentage = 9.40% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Khade Remesh Bhivrao |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 6,460 |percentage = 4.73% |change = {{decrease}}6.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Darekar Sampat Laxman |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,454 |percentage = 1.07% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jadhav Ranjitrao Govindrao |party = Janata Dal |votes = 1,039 |percentage = 0.76% |change = {{decrease}}37.30 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 41,479 |percentage = 30.40% |change = {{increase}}28.48 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 139,530 |percentage = 71.84% |change = {{increase}}10.69 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 136,466}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 194,210 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.65 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}15.57 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ashti <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Bhimrao Anandrao Dhonde |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 44,072 |percentage = 39.97% |change = {{decrease}}16.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Darekar Sahebrao Nathuji |party = Janata Dal |votes = 41,958 |percentage = 38.06% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hambarde Chandrakant Rangnath |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 12,821 |percentage = 11.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Modve Dattajirao Babasaheb |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,865 |percentage = 2.60% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kale Bhimrao Dashrathrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,674 |percentage = 1.52% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kakasaheb Nikantharao Ghumare |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,605 |percentage = 1.46% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Babanganpatrao Jawale |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,530 |percentage = 1.39% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vaidya Sudhir Dattatrey |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,360 |percentage = 1.23% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,114 |percentage = 1.92% |change = {{decrease}}19.54 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 112,413 |percentage = 61.15% |change = {{increase}}13.08 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 110,256}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 183,822 |ref = |change = {{increase}}20.00 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}16.79 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ashti <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Bhimrao Anandrao Dhonde |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 40,814 |percentage = 56.76% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kranti Sudhakarrao Choudhari |party = Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes = 25,380 |percentage = 35.30% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pawar Tukaram Khandu |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 3,356 |percentage = 4.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Lalman Dhariya |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,222 |percentage = 1.70% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Satpute Ratan Haribhau |party = Independent politician |votes = 612 |percentage = 0.85% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pokkale Dhanji Sadu |party = Independent politician |votes = 522 |percentage = 0.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,434 |percentage = 21.46% |change = {{decrease}}1.12 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 73,634 |percentage = 48.07% |change = {{decrease}}4.66 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 71,906}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 153,182 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.82 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}6.25 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ashti <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Bhimrao Anandrao Dhonde |party = Independent politician |votes = 36,070 |percentage = 50.51% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ajabe Chandrakant Bhausaheb |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 19,946 |percentage = 27.93% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ugla Novrti Vithalrao |party = Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 13,715 |percentage = 19.20% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kazi Hamidoddin Kazi Muniroddin |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,685 |percentage = 2.36% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,124 |percentage = 22.58% |change = {{increase}}19.22 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 73,548 |percentage = 52.73% |change = {{decrease}}6.43 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 71,416}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 139,480 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.55 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}22.96 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ashti <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Jadhav Laxmanrao Vithoba |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,135 |percentage = 27.55% |change = {{decrease}}28.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jagtap Asrajirao Raoji |party = Janata Party |votes = 17,677 |percentage = 24.19% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhimrao Anandrao Dhonde |party = Independent politician |votes = 16,980 |percentage = 23.23% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shekade Harishchandra Mahsuji |party = Independent politician |votes = 13,018 |percentage = 17.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rajguru Dadabhau Sadhu |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,276 |percentage = 7.22% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,458 |percentage = 3.36% |change = {{decrease}}21.84 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 75,318 |percentage = 59.16% |change = {{increase}}6.55 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 73,086}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 127,323 |ref = |change = {{increase}}24.86 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}28.97 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ashti <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Sripatrao Kadam |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 29,044 |percentage = 56.52% |change = {{increase}}16.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ajbe Vishwanath Dagduji |party = Independent politician |votes = 16,096 |percentage = 31.32% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Haral Baburao Govindrao |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 3,431 |percentage = 6.68% |change = {{decrease}}52.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sonawane Dharamraj Hariba |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 2,817 |percentage = 5.48% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,948 |percentage = 25.20% |change = {{increase}}6.18 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 53,642 |percentage = 52.61% |change = {{decrease}}6.42 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 51,388}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 101,971 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.05 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Communist Party of India |swing = {{decrease}}2.99 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ashti <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = N. V. Ugale |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 31,158 |percentage = 59.51% |change = {{increase}}28.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. K. Ajbe |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 21,201 |percentage = 40.49% |change = {{decrease}}92.52 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,957 |percentage = 19.02% |change = {{increase}}14.60 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 54,700 |percentage = 59.03% |change = {{increase}}12.38 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 52,359}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 92,659 |ref = |change = {{increase}}15.16 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Communist Party of India |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}9.48 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ashti <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Ramdas Gangaramji Sonone |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 24,396 |percentage = 46.92% |change = {{decrease}}8.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Krishnarao Bhanuji Shrungare |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 22,833 |percentage = 43.91% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhausaheb Kashinath |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 22,638 |percentage = 43.54% |change = {{decrease}}12.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Eknath Baburao |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 10,960 |percentage = 21.08% |change = {{decrease}}23.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Laxuman Baburao |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 1,763 |percentage = 3.39% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Motiramji Khushalrao Kalaskar |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,388 |percentage = 2.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Yashwantrao Bapuji Khandare |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,376 |percentage = 2.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bandu Akaram Gawa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,049 |percentage = 2.02% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Goma Sonaji Dhemare |party = Independent politician |votes = 953 |percentage = 1.83% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,563 |percentage = 3.01% |change = {{decrease}}8.40 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 55,670 |percentage = 72.85% |change = {{increase}}37.88 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 51,995}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 76,418 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.14 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}8.79 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Ashti <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Vishwanath Dagdu Ji |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 14,024 |percentage = 55.71% |change = {{increase}}1.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nivirti Ugale |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 11,151 |percentage = 44.29% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,873 |percentage = 11.41% |change = {{decrease}}19.04 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 25,175 |percentage = 34.97% |change = {{decrease}}0.83 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 25,175}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 71,995 |ref = |change = {{increase}}67.50 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}1.47 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election]] : Ashti <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Hyderabad |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606161433/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2016|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Rakhamaji Dhondiba Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 8,346 |percentage = 54.24% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vithal |party = People's Democratic Front (Hyderabad) |votes = 3,661 |percentage = 23.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jagannath |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 2,798 |percentage = 18.18% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dattatrya |party = Independent politician |votes = 583 |percentage = 3.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,685 |percentage = 30.45% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 15,388 |percentage = 35.80% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 15,388}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 42,981 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|18|48|21.8|N|75|10|36.36|E|region:IN|display=title}}

{{Beed district topics}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Beed district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Plug-in electric vehicles in India

2026-05-04T10:13:54Z

Mythu09:

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
[[File:Mahindra_BE6_pic_1.jpg|thumb|Mahindra BE 6 EV]]
[[File:2020_Tata_Nexon_EV_(India)_front_view.png|thumb|TATA Nexon EV]]

The '''electric vehicle industry in India''' is slowly growing. The central and state governments have implemented schemes and incentives to promote electric mobility, and have introduced regulations and standards.

In 2015, the [[Ministry of Heavy Industries|Department of Heavy Industry]] (DHI) launched FAME, or Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid and) Electric vehicles,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fame India Scheme |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1942506 |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref> which is currently India's flagship scheme for promoting electric mobility,<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Level Policy |url=https://e-amrit.niti.gov.in/national-level-policy}}</ref>

Although India would benefit from converting its transport from [[Internal combustion engine|internal combustion (IC) engines]] to electric motors, challenges include a lack of charging infrastructure, high initial cost and a lack of renewable energy. E-commerce companies, car manufacturers, app-based transport network companies and mobility-solution providers have entered the sector, however, they are slowly building electric-car capacity and visibility.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/auto/miscellaneous/ola-readies-big-push-for-electric-vehicles/articleshow/58070227.cms|title=Ola readies big push for electric vehicles|work=The Times of India|access-date=7 April 2017|archive-date=8 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408052427/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/auto/miscellaneous/ola-readies-big-push-for-electric-vehicles/articleshow/58070227.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Marketers of Electric Vehicles in India|url=http://erickshawprice.com/|website=erickshawprice.com|access-date=25 March 2017|archive-date=5 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605095837/http://erickshawprice.com/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Standards==
=== Charging ===
[[File:Chademo-combo2-iec-type-2-connectors-side-by-side.jpg|thumb|alt=Three car-charging plugs|From left to right: CHAdeMO ([[IEC 62196]]-3 configuration AA, DC), Combo2 (IEC 62196-3 configuration FF, DC), and Type 2 (IEC 62196–2, AC). A common socket can be used for Type 2 (AC) and Combo 2 (DC).|upright=1.5]]
[[File:Ather_type7.jpg|thumb|[[Type 7 connector|IS 17017 Type 7 connector]] developed by [[Ather Energy]]]]

{|class=wikitable sortable style="font-size:100%;text-align:center;"
|+Electric vehicle standards and specifications<ref>{{cite web |url=https://e-amrit.niti.gov.in/standards-and-specifications |title=Standards and Specifications |publisher=Accelerated e-Mobility Revolution for India's Transportation |access-date=8 August 2022 |archive-date=8 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808184816/https://e-amrit.niti.gov.in/standards-and-specifications |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! colspan=2 | Charging station !! colspan=3 | Maximum !! colspan=2 | Supported
|-
! Level !! Type
! Voltage (V) !! Current (A) !! Power (kW)
! Vehicles !! Connector(s) (preferred)
|-
! rowspan=2 | 1 !! AC
| 240 || 16 || 3.5
| rowspan=2 | Light EV 4w, 3w, 2w || Type 1, Bharat AC-001
|-
! DC
| 48–120 || 100 || 15
| Bharat DC-001
|-
! 2 !! rowspan=2 | AC
|380–400 || 63 ([[Three-phase electric power|3φ]]) / 70 ([[Single-phase electric power|1φ]]) || 22
| rowspan=1 | 4w, 3w, 2w || Type 1, Type 2, GB/T, Bharat AC-001
|-
! 3
| rowspan=2 | 200–1000 || || 4.3–22
| rowspan=2 | Cars and SUVs 4w || Type 2
|-
! 4 !! DC
| || 400
| Type 2, CHAdeMO, CCS1, CCS2
|}

[[Type 7 connector|Indian Standard 17017]] (IS 17017) is the governing standard in India, with parts and sections largely compatible with [[IEC 61851]] and [[IEC 62196]]:<ref name=ISreport>{{cite report |url=https://www.team-bhp.com/forum/attachments/electric-cars/2198374d1629980042-electric-vehicle-ev-landscape-deep-dive-dst-report-ev-standards-aug2021.pdf |title=Report on Indian Standards for Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure |date=August 2021 |publisher= |access-date=8 August 2022 |archive-date=8 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808184901/https://www.team-bhp.com/forum/attachments/electric-cars/2198374d1629980042-electric-vehicle-ev-landscape-deep-dive-dst-report-ev-standards-aug2021.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=EVCS-India>{{cite journal |doi=10.1002/est2.261 |title=Standards for Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in India: A Review |author1=Kumar K, Jeykishan |author2=Kumar, Sudhir R |author3=Nadakuma, V. S. |date=February 2022 |journal=Energy Storage |volume=4 |number=1|s2cid=237723287 }}</ref>
* Part 1 has basic features and general requirements
* Part 2 has connector standards:
** Part 2 § 1 is adapted from IEC 62196-1
** Part 2 § 2 is adapted from IEC 62196-2 for India
** Part 2 § 3 is adapted from IEC 62196-3
* Part 3 is adapted from IEC 61851-3 for light EVs
* Part 21, adapted from IEC 61851-21, has electromagnetic compatibility standards for charging units
* Part 23, adapted from IEC 61851-23, has requirements for DC [[Charging station|EVSEs]]
* Part 24, adapted from IEC 61851-24, has communication requirements for DC EVSEs

Charging stations in India are classified as distributed or high-power, depending on the maximum power which can be supplied. Within these classifications are distinctions based on the current ([[Alternating current|alternating]] or [[direct current]]) and intended use:<ref name=ISreport/>{{rp|12–13}}

{| class=wikitable sortable style="font-size:100%; text-align:center"
|+Charging infrastructure<ref>{{cite report |url=https://powermin.gov.in/sites/default/files/webform/notices/Final_Consolidated_EVCI_Guidelines_January_2022_with_ANNEXURES.pdf |title=Charging Infrastructure for Electric Vehicles (EV) – the revised consolidated Guidelines & Standards-reg |author=Bhawan, Shram Shakti |date=14 January 2022 |publisher=Government of India, Ministry of Power |access-date=8 August 2022 |archive-date=22 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122194907/https://powermin.gov.in/sites/default/files/webform/notices/Final_Consolidated_EVCI_Guidelines_January_2022_with_ANNEXURES.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! Type
! Power (kW) !! Level !! Connector standard
! Notes
|-
! colspan=5 style="background:#ddd;" | Distributed charge points
|-
! AC Light EV
| rowspan=2 | 7 || rowspan=2 | 1
| IS-60309
| style="text-align:left;" | Includes low-cost AC charge points with a maximum of 3 kW using 220 VAC / 15 A supply line, target price {{₹|3500}} for two- and three-wheeled light vehicles
|-
! DC Light EV
| IS-17017-2-6
| style="text-align:left;" | Unique to India due to use of low-voltage (≤120V) traction batteries
|-
! AC Parkbay
| rowspan=2 | 11 (max 22) || rowspan=2 | 2
| IS-17017-2-2
| style="text-align:left;" |
|-
! DC Parkbay
| IS-17017-2-3
| style="text-align:left;" |
|-
! colspan=5 style="background:#ddd;" | High-power charge points
|-
! DC
| 50–250 || 3
| IS-17017-2-3
| style="text-align:left;" |
|-
! Dual-gun
| rowspan=2 | 250–500 || rowspan=2 | 4
| IS-17017-2-3
| style="text-align:left;" | Uses dual CCS2 connectors
|-
! Automated pantograph
| IS-17017-3-2
| style="text-align:left;" | Based on [[SAE J3105]]-1
|}

===={{anchor|AC charging}}AC====
IS:17017 specifies Bharat EV Charging standard AC001 for Level 1. It uses 15A, 230V, 3.3 kW, and an [[IEC 60309]] connector. Electric vehicles can be charged with a regular 220V – 15A household supply that delivers about 2.5 kW of power. There is no policy or standard for at-home EV charging. Bharat EV specifications recommend the installation of a [[Residual-current device|residual current circuit breaker]] to ensure safety and using an IEC 60309 industrial connector, but a three-pin 15A plug could also be used.<ref name="evreporter" /> For higher power AC charging (Levels 2 and 3, ~22 kW), [[Type 2 connector]]s are specified.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pluginindia.com/blogs/bharat-ev-specifications-for-ac-and-dc-charging-everything-you-need-to-know |title=Bharat EV specifications for AC and DC charging |publisher=Pluginindia.com |date=2017-12-27 |access-date=2020-05-26 |archive-date=19 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919183929/https://www.pluginindia.com/blogs/bharat-ev-specifications-for-ac-and-dc-charging-everything-you-need-to-know |url-status=live }}</ref> The advantage of Type 2 connectors is their ability to use [[three-phase electric power]].

===={{anchor|DC charging}}DC====
The public DC charging standard is DC 001 for Level 1, using custom [[GB/T charging standard#DC fast charging|GB/T]] for EV-EVSE communication over a [[CAN bus]].<ref name="evreporter" /> It uses 200A, 15 kW, and a GB/T 20234.3 connector. Maximum DC output voltage is 100V. Cars using this standard include the Mahindra e-Varito, Mahindra e20 and Tata Moters e-Tigor.

IS:17017-1, published by the [[Bureau of Indian Standards|BIS]] in August 2018, recommends CCS-2 ([[Combined Charging System]] Combo 2) and [[CHAdeMO]] protocols for high-power Level 4 fast charging.<ref name="evreporter" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.team-bhp.com/news/ev-charging-station-guidelines-support-dual-platforms |title=EV charging station guidelines to support dual platforms |publisher=Team-BHP |date=2018-12-18 |access-date=2020-05-26 |archive-date=18 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181218124029/https://www.team-bhp.com/news/ev-charging-station-guidelines-support-dual-platforms |url-status=live }}</ref> The advantage of CCS over CHAdeMO and GB/T is that it uses [[power-line communication]] (PLC) for EV-EVSE communication; CHAdeMO and GB/T use [[CAN bus|CAN]]. PLC allows secure, encrypted communications, and the link can support a higher data rate than CAN.<ref>{{cite web |title=Report of the committee on technical aspects of charging infrastructure for EVs |url=http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/others/planning/rpm/ev_cea_report.pdf |publisher=Central Electricity Authority, Government of India |access-date=26 May 2020}}</ref>

===Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE)===
The IS:17017 standard published by the [[Bureau of Indian Standards]] (BIS) covers general requirements and safety norms for EVSEs.<ref name="evreporter">{{cite web |title=A Guide to EV Charging and EV Standards in India • EVreporter |url=https://evreporter.com/guide-to-ev-charging-and-standards-in-india/ |website=EVreporter |access-date=26 May 2020 |date=13 September 2019 |archive-date=8 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808064359/https://evreporter.com/guide-to-ev-charging-and-standards-in-india/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Central Management System (CMS)===
The [[Open Charge Point Protocol]] (OCPP) 1.5 or higher over the internet is required.<ref>{{cite web |title=Committee Report on Standardization of Public EV Chargers |url=https://dhi.nic.in/writereaddata/UploadFile/Standardization%20of%20protocol.pdf |publisher=Department of Heavy Industry, Government of India |access-date=26 May 2020 |archive-date=23 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323200553/https://dhi.nic.in/writereaddata/UploadFile/Standardization%20of%20protocol.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Charging stations==

The Indian government has defined public [[charging station]]s and EV charging businesses as de-licensed activity.<ref>{{cite web |title=Amendments in EV Charging Guidelines by Ministry of Power • EVreporter |url=https://evreporter.com/amendments-in-ev-charging-guidelines/ |website=EVreporter |access-date=26 May 2020 |date=7 October 2019 |archive-date=28 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928015541/https://evreporter.com/amendments-in-ev-charging-guidelines/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://india.uitp.org/articles/india-guidelines-and-standards-charging-infrastructure-for-electric-vehicles |title=Government Of India Released Guidelines And Standards For Charging Infrastructure | Uitp India |publisher=India.uitp.org |date=2018-12-14 |access-date=2020-05-26 |archive-date=9 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809060050/https://india.uitp.org/articles/india-guidelines-and-standards-charging-infrastructure-for-electric-vehicles |url-status=live }}</ref> It has been specified that each {{convert|3|by|3|km|adj=on}} area in cities must have at least one charging station, and one station every {{convert|25|km}} on both sides of highways. These guidelines were mandated in cities with populations of over four million and all expressways and major highways connecting those cities by 2022. The second phase (three to five years) will focus on large cities, such as state capitals and Union Territory headquarters.<ref>{{cite web |title=Charging infrastructure for EVs – Revised guidelines and standards |url=https://powermin.nic.in/sites/default/files/webform/notices/Charging_Infrastructure_for_Electric_Vehicles%20_Revised_Guidelines_Standards.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Power, Government of India |access-date=26 May 2020 |archive-date=18 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918130413/https://powermin.nic.in/sites/default/files/webform/notices/Charging_Infrastructure_for_Electric_Vehicles%20_Revised_Guidelines_Standards.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Plugin India is an initiative to facilitate community charging stations,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pluginindia.com/charging.html|title=Community Charging Stations|website=pluginindia.com|access-date=6 September 2016|archive-date=13 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913064646/http://www.pluginindia.com/charging.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and solar-powered charging points at fuel stations are planned.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/Charging-Ports-at-Fuel-Bunks-to-Make-e-Cars-Road-Smart/2016/01/03/article3209166.ece|title=Charging Ports at Fuel Bunks to Make e-Cars Road Smart|access-date=9 September 2016|work=The New Indian Express|archive-date=16 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916153943/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/Charging-Ports-at-Fuel-Bunks-to-Make-e-Cars-Road-Smart/2016/01/03/article3209166.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.mydigitalfc.com/news/fuel-stations-may-be-rebranded-service-e-cars-509|title=Fuel stations may be rebranded service e-cars|access-date=9 September 2016|website=mydigitalfc.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916124010/http://m.mydigitalfc.com/news/fuel-stations-may-be-rebranded-service-e-cars-509|archive-date=16 September 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiancarsbikes.in/cars/indian-government-plans-to-set-up-electric-car-charging-points-at-petrol-bunks-68547/|title=Indian Government plans to set up electric car charging points at petrol bunks|access-date=9 September 2016|website=indiancarsbikes.in|archive-date=17 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917070800/http://www.indiancarsbikes.in/cars/indian-government-plans-to-set-up-electric-car-charging-points-at-petrol-bunks-68547/|url-status=live}}</ref> Companies such as [[Tata Power]], [[Fortum]] and Joulepoint are part of the electric-vehicle-charging sector. They have installed a variety of chargers, including rapid DC chargers and [[Level 2 charger|level 2 AC chargers]], for applications such as public access, workplace charging, fleet charging, residential communities, malls, and highways.

The development of public charging infrastructure, particularly level 2 charging, is expected to be the greatest challenge to service integration. Standard charging time is six to eight hours, and cost and lack of renewable energy are issues for fast DC charging. Ten percent of required charging infrastructure is expected to consist of fast-charging stations, and the remainder will be level 2 public charging stations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://enincon.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Electric-Vehicle-Market-in-India-_Report-Summary.pdf|title=Electric Vehicle Market in India|access-date=18 January 2018|website=enincon.com|archive-date=19 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119120242/https://enincon.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Electric-Vehicle-Market-in-India-_Report-Summary.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Ather Energy]] introduced Ather Grid, its charging infrastructure service, on 22 May 2018 in [[Bangalore]]; each charging station is known as a point. The service, available for all electric vehicles, has been deployed where Ather plans to introduce its electric scooter.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Nishant |title=Ather Grid – A Citywide Electric Vehicle Charging Point By Ather Energy |url=https://www.techinfobit.com/ather-grid-a-citywide-electric-vehicle-charging-point-by-ather-energy/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |work=techinfoBiT |date=27 May 2018 |archive-date=28 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928171702/https://www.techinfobit.com/ather-grid-a-citywide-electric-vehicle-charging-point-by-ather-energy/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Government policies==

===Union===

Reiterating its commitment to the [[Paris Agreement]], the government of India plans to make a major shift to electric vehicles by 2030.<ref>{{cite web|title=India Wants To Become First Country With 100 Percent Electric Vehicles|url=http://www.techtimes.com/articles/144670/20160328/india-wants-to-become-first-country-with-100-percent-electric-vehicles.htm|access-date=6 September 2016|website=techtimes.com|date=28 March 2016|archive-date=14 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914031705/http://www.techtimes.com/articles/144670/20160328/india-wants-to-become-first-country-with-100-percent-electric-vehicles.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Germany and India Aim to Have All Cars Electric by 2030 (TSLA)|url=http://www.investopedia.com/articles/markets/061516/germany-and-india-aim-have-all-cars-electric-2030-tsla.asp|access-date=6 September 2016|website=investopedia.com|archive-date=17 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917101457/http://www.investopedia.com/articles/markets/061516/germany-and-india-aim-have-all-cars-electric-2030-tsla.asp|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=India is planning to reach 100% electric vehicles by 2030|url=http://www.horizons.gc.ca/eng/content/india-planning-reach-100-electric-vehicles-2030|access-date=6 September 2016|website=horizons.gc.ca|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916145621/http://www.horizons.gc.ca/eng/content/india-planning-reach-100-electric-vehicles-2030|archive-date=16 September 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> It outlined a two-pronged strategy for buyers and manufacturers, offering $1.4 billion in subsidies to buyers and increasing import tariffs to encourage the manufacture of electric vehicles by domestic companies.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/meghabahree/2019/03/09/india-offers-1-4-billion-in-subsidies-to-support-the-domestic-electric-vehicle-industry/|title=India Offers $1.4 Billion In Subsidies To Support The Domestic Electric Vehicle Industry|last=Bahree|first=Megha|website=Forbes|access-date=2019-05-10|archive-date=10 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510042719/https://www.forbes.com/sites/meghabahree/2019/03/09/india-offers-1-4-billion-in-subsidies-to-support-the-domestic-electric-vehicle-industry/|url-status=live}}</ref> The government is focusing on electrifying public transportation with subsidies, primarily for two-wheelers, three-wheelers, and buses. It also earmarks $140 million for the development of charging infrastructure.<ref name=":1" /> On 14 December 2018, the government released an outline of standards and guidelines for EV charging infrastructure. In addition to specifications for charging infrastructure, the guidelines require a charging station for every {{convert|25|km}} of road or highway.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/auto/bjp-government-to-install-electric-vehicle-charging-stations-at-every-25-km-in-india-2040029.html|title=Government to Install Electric Vehicle Charging Stations at Every 25 Km in India|website=News18|date=18 February 2019|access-date=2019-05-10|archive-date=10 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510042733/https://www.news18.com/news/auto/bjp-government-to-install-electric-vehicle-charging-stations-at-every-25-km-in-india-2040029.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Energy Efficiency Services Limited (EESL) is obtaining 10,000 electric vehicles for rent or sale to government departments.{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}

====National Electric Mobility Mission Plan, 2020 (NEMMP)====
This plan was introduced by the government of India in 2012 to increase national fuel security through the promotion of hybrid and electric vehicles.<ref>{{cite web |title=National Electric Mobility Mission: 2020 |url=https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-electric-mobility-mission-2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=Drishti IAS |language=en |archive-date=30 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130145338/https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-electric-mobility-mission-2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> India's auto industry contributes 22 percent to manufacturing GDP, a percentage expected to increase to 25 percent by 2022 with the new manufacturing policy.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=National Electric Mobility Mission Plan, 2020|url=https://policy.asiapacificenergy.org/sites/default/files/National%20Electric%20Mobility%20Mission%20Plan%202020.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119102434/https://policy.asiapacificenergy.org/sites/default/files/National%20Electric%20Mobility%20Mission%20Plan%202020.pdf |archive-date=19 January 2022 |access-date=|website=}}</ref> The NEMMP aims for 30-percent EV penetration in India by 2030.<ref>{{Cite web|date=April 2021|title=UK-India Energy Opportunities|url=https://www.bridgeindia.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Bridge-India-UK-India-Energy-Report-2021.pdf|url-status=live|website=Bridge India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505205035/https://www.bridgeindia.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Bridge-India-UK-India-Energy-Report-2021.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2021 }}</ref>

====Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Hybrid and Electric vehicles (FAME)====
The government began a Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of hybrid and Electric vehicles (FAME) scheme, which provides incentives for purchasing electric vehicles.<ref name="economictimes.indiatimes.com">{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/auto/news/industry/fame-india-scheme-launched-to-offer-sops-on-hybrid-e-vehicles/articleshow/46853934.cms|title=FAME-India scheme launched to offer sops on hybrid, e-vehicles|website=Economic Times|access-date=19 December 2017|archive-date=22 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222062705/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/auto/news/industry/fame-india-scheme-launched-to-offer-sops-on-hybrid-e-vehicles/articleshow/46853934.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Phase I of the scheme was from 2015 to 2019;<ref>{{cite web |title=FAME India scheme – MANIFEST IAS |date=31 July 2019 |url=https://www.manifestias.com/2019/07/31/fame-india-scheme-2/ |access-date=26 May 2020}}</ref> Phase II began in 2019, and was planned for completion in 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dhi.nic.in/UserView/index?mid=1378 |title=FAME INDIA II Scheme.. : Department of Heavy Industry, Ministry of Heavy Industries & Public Enterprises, Government of India |publisher=Dhi.nic.in |date=2020-05-04 |access-date=2020-05-26 |archive-date=5 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805214709/https://www.dhi.nic.in/UserView/index?mid=1378 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://fame2.heavyindustry.gov.in/ |title=National Automotive Board (NAB) |publisher=Fame2.heavyindustry.gov.in |access-date=2020-05-26 |archive-date=12 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512063603/https://fame2.heavyindustry.gov.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The government is releasing tenders to increase charging infrastructure nationwide.<ref name="inc42.com">{{cite web|url=https://inc42.com/buzz/electric-vehicles-charging-stations-ncr/|title=Govt. Invites Tenders For 10,000 Electric Vehicles & 4,000 Charging Stations In NCR|website=Inc42|date=9 September 2017|access-date=19 December 2017|archive-date=22 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222052124/https://inc42.com/buzz/electric-vehicles-charging-stations-ncr/|url-status=live}}</ref> The scheme offers incentives for electric and hybrid vehicles ranging from {{INR|1,800|link=yes}} to {{INR}}29,000 for scooters and motorcycles and {{INR}}1.38 [[lakh]] for cars. FAME is a part of the National Electric Mobility Mission Plan.<ref>{{cite news|title=FAME India Scheme launched to offer sops on hybrid, e-vehicles|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/auto/news/industry/fame-india-scheme-launched-to-offer-sops-on-hybrid-e-vehicles/articleshow/46853934.cms|publisher=Economic Times|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-date=30 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730140503/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/auto/news/industry/fame-india-scheme-launched-to-offer-sops-on-hybrid-e-vehicles/articleshow/46853934.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Go Electric campaign ====
The government introduced its Go Electric campaign in early 2021 to encourage the adoption of electric mobility vehicles and electric cooking appliances and to ensure energy security. Road Transport and Highways Minister [[Nitin Gadkari]] launched the campaign, saying that Go Electric is a future for India which will promote low-cost, environmentally friendly, indigenous electrical products. Gadkari expressed concern about the cost of importing [[fossil fuels]], and called {{CO2}} emissions from transportation vehicles are a major challenge. The country must encourage the use of vehicles using alternative fuels such as electric batteries, [[compressed natural gas]] and [[biofuel]]s. The government waived registration fees for EVs, and urged the states to give tax breaks.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-01|title=Government to waive registration fee for EVs, will persuade states also to give tax breaks|url=https://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/government-to-waive-registration-fee-for-evs-will-persuade-states-also-to-give-tax-breaks/69642918|access-date=2021-06-01|website=indiatimes.com|language=en-US|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215816/https://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/government-to-waive-registration-fee-for-evs-will-persuade-states-also-to-give-tax-breaks/69642918|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Delhi===
In 2019 the [[Government of Delhi|Delhi government]] approved 1,000 low-floor AC electric buses to be used in the [[union territory]]'s public-transport system.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aamaadmiparty.org/delhigovt-pr2-03-2019/|title=Cabinet approves engagement of 1,000 Low Floor AC pure electric buses – Aam Aadmi Party|date=2 March 2019|access-date=2019-05-10|archive-date=10 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510042725/https://aamaadmiparty.org/delhigovt-pr2-03-2019/|url-status=live}}</ref> The buses have [[Closed-circuit television|CCTV]], an [[Automatic vehicle location|automatic vehicle tracking system]] (AVTS), panic buttons and panic alarms. The government subsidy is {{INR}}75 lakh or 60 percent of the cost of the bus, whichever is less. {{As of|2022|08|24|post=,|alt=By}} Delhi had 249 electric buses on the road.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2022 |title=Delhi adds 97 more electric buses delivered by Tata Motors to its fleet |url=https://auto.hindustantimes.com/auto/electric-vehicles/delhi-adds-97-more-electric-buses-delivered-by-tata-motors-to-its-fleet-41661325430980.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913061006/https://auto.hindustantimes.com/auto/electric-vehicles/delhi-adds-97-more-electric-buses-delivered-by-tata-motors-to-its-fleet-41661325430980.html |archive-date=13 September 2022 |access-date=13 September 2022 |website=HT Auto}}</ref> The Delhi-based startup Park+ plans to set up 10,000 chargers by 2024 in the Delhi [[National Capital Region (India)|NCR]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bisinfotech.com/amit-lakhotia-founder-ceo-park-talks-with-bisinfotech-magazine/|title=Amit Lakhotia, Founder & CEO, Park+ Talks with BISinfotech Magazine|date=15 September 2022|access-date=15 September 2022|archive-date=15 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915104203/https://www.bisinfotech.com/amit-lakhotia-founder-ceo-park-talks-with-bisinfotech-magazine/|url-status=live}}</ref> Delhi Transport Minister Kailash Gahlot tweeted that the Delhi government would continue its EV policy in 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=Electric Vehicle Incentives |url=https://evehiclegyan.in/delhi-electric-vehicle-policy-continues-in-2023/ |website=Evehiclegyan |date=8 August 2023 |access-date=16 September 2023 |language=Hindi}}</ref>

===Tamil Nadu===
[[Tamil Nadu]] chief minister [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]] introduced Mauto Electric Mobility's electric [[auto rickshaw]]s, reportedly India's first retrofitted electric autos, in 2019. The [[Dubai]]-based KMC Group and Mauto Electric Mobility will convert petrol-powered auto rickshaws into electric vehicles with an investment of {{INR}}100 [[crore]] and create 5,000 jobs. The companies signed a [[memorandum of understanding]] (MOU) during Palaniswami's September 2019 stopover in Dubai in during his three-nation trip.

"The driving range per full charge of three hours will be {{convert|100|km}}. The aim is to introduce 4,000 electric rickshaws in the city, 100 by a month to reduce air pollution to a large extent. The autos are fitted with CCTV surveillance, panic button and television. It is highly safe for children going to school and women", said Mansoor Ali Khan, chair of the Mauto group of companies. Mansoor, chief executive officer of the MAuto Group, said that petrol-driven auto rickshaws cost {{INR}}350–{{INR}}400 per 100 km, and their electric counterparts cost {{INR}}40. "The retrofitting of auto rickshaws will cost only {{INR}}1.2 to {{INR}}1.5 [[lakh]]. We are ready to convert vehicles registered after 2000", he added. The company is planning to set up charging stations in each of [[Chennai]]'s ten zones. Charging on the go will be possible with a mobile app.<ref name="Times of India">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/100-e-autos-mostly-driven-by-women-to-hit-roads-soon/articleshow/72300486.cms|title=Chennai Electric Auto: 100 electric-autorickshaws mostly driven by women to hit roads soon in Chennai | Chennai News – Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=30 November 2019 |access-date=25 June 2020|archive-date=10 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810164231/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/100-e-autos-mostly-driven-by-women-to-hit-roads-soon/articleshow/72300486.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Odisha===
The [[Government of Odisha|Odisha government]] introduced its Electric Vehicle Policy 2021, effective from September 1, 2021, aiming for 20% adoption of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) among all new vehicle registrations by 2025.

The policy provides subsidies to promote EV purchases:

* ₹5,000 for two-wheelers (later enhanced up to ₹20,000 depending on battery capacity).

* Up to ₹12,000 for three-wheelers.

* Up to ₹1,00,000 for four-wheelers.

Buyers are also exempted from motor vehicle tax and registration fees on EVs registered in the state till December 31, 2025. In addition, government employees are eligible for interest-free advances for buying EVs.

To boost EV adoption, the government announced support for manufacturing units, charging stations, and retrofitting of vehicles. By 2025, Odisha had set up over 500 charging stations and is planning expansion with battery swapping and fast-charging facilities, including at fuel pumps and bus terminals.

In 2025, the state unveiled a draft EV Policy 2.0, targeting 50% adoption of EVs by 2036. The new policy proposes higher subsidies (up to ₹30,000 for two-wheelers and ₹20 lakh for buses/trucks), incentives for retrofitted EVs, and mandates converting government-owned vehicles, school buses, and ambulances into EVs within a fixed timeline.

===Karnataka===
[[Government of Karnataka|Karnataka government]] approved the Electric Vehicle and Energy Storage Policy 2017,<ref name="livemint.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/OGlNsvEfSXYH4LUiZgkURO/Karnataka-govt-approves-electric-vehicle-policy-to-reduce-de.html|title=Karnataka govt approves electric vehicle policy to reduce dependency on fossil fuels|website=Livemint|date=14 September 2017|access-date=19 December 2017|archive-date=22 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222051246/http://www.livemint.com/Politics/OGlNsvEfSXYH4LUiZgkURO/Karnataka-govt-approves-electric-vehicle-policy-to-reduce-de.html|url-status=live}}</ref> which aims to attract investment of {{INR}}310 billion and create about 55,000 jobs. The union government has announced its vision to make India an all-electric-vehicle market by 2031 to reduce the country's dependence on fossil fuels and reduce its carbon footprint.

===Maharashtra===
The [[Government of Maharashtra|Maharashtra government]] is focusing on increasing EV use in the state by proposing an EV [[Road tax|road-tax]] exemption and a 15-percent subsidy for the first 10,000 EVs registered in the state. To improve infrastructure, the government proposed a maximum subsidy of {{INR}}1 million (~$15,549) per charging station for the first 250 stations set up in the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eai.in/blog/2018/12/highlights-of-maharashtra-ev-policy-2018.html|title=Highlights of Maharashtra EV Policy (2018) – Incentives, Subsidies, Exemptions of Electric Vehicle Policy {{!}} India Renewable Energy Consulting – Solar, Biomass, Wind, Cleantech|website=eai.in|access-date=2019-05-10|archive-date=10 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510042720/http://www.eai.in/blog/2018/12/highlights-of-maharashtra-ev-policy-2018.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Uttar Pradesh===
Uttar Pradesh is actively advancing its [[Electric vehicle|electric vehicle (EV)]] industry through strategic policies and substantial investments. The state's "Electric Vehicle Manufacturing and Mobility Policy 2022" aims to transition the transportation sector towards electric mobility and establish UP as a manufacturing hub for EVs and ancillary equipment.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 October 2022 |title=Electric Vehicle Manufacturing and Mobility Policy 2022 |url=https://msme1connect.up.gov.in/Incentive/IncentiveDetails?Scheme=Policy&PolicyID=41 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260504073907/https://msme1connect.up.gov.in/Incentive/IncentiveDetails?Scheme=Policy&PolicyID=41 |archive-date=4 May 2026 |website=msme1connect.up.gov.in}}</ref>

Under this policy, the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|UP government]] offers subsidies to encourage EV adoption: ₹5,000 for two-wheelers (based on battery capacity, typically ₹5,000 per kWh up to a limit), up to ₹12,000 for three-wheelers, and up to ₹1 lakh for electric cars. These incentives are generally available for a limited number of vehicles and within a specified time frame under the policy. Additionally, the policy provides a 100% waiver on road tax and registration fees for EVs purchased within the state for a defined period. The policy may also include incentives for manufacturers, charging infrastructure development, and potential scrappage benefits for old vehicles (subject to conditions).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chellani |first=Jas |title=Uttar Pradesh EV Subsidy |url=https://allaboutevs.com/blog/uttar-pradesh-ev-subsidy-2026 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260504091756/https://allaboutevs.com/blog/uttar-pradesh-ev-subsidy-2026 |archive-date=4 May 2026 |access-date=2 April 2026 |website=allaboutevs.com}}</ref>

In terms of market share, [[Uttar Pradesh]] leads the nation, accounting for over 14% of India's EV market in 2023. The state has dominated the three-wheeler segment, with more than 40% of electric three-wheelers in the country. In the fourth quarter of FY 2023-24, UP recorded approximately 83,154 EV sales, representing 16.07% of India's total EV sales.

To support the growing number of EVs, the state is expanding its charging infrastructure. Under the '''FAME II scheme''', 207 [[Charging station|charging stations]] are being installed in nine cities of the state: [[Noida]], [[Lucknow]], [[Varanasi]], [[Prayagraj]], [[Kanpur]], [[Aligarh]], [[Saharanpur]], [[Bareilly]], and [[Jhansi]].

Furthermore, the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|UP government]] has identified over 2,000 acres of land in various [[Uttar Pradesh State Industrial Development Corporation|industrial areas]] for the development of EV manufacturing units, aiming to attract investments and generate employment. The policy also targets the rollout of 1 million EVs across segments by December 2024 and the deployment of 1,000 [[Electric bus|electric buses]] by December 2030.

===Uttarakhand===
In 2018, the [[Government of Uttarakhand|Uttarakhand government]] introduced a scheme to promote the manufacture and use of EVs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/dehradun/uttarakhand-cabinet-nod-to-new-electric-vehicle-manufacturing-policy-to-combat-pollution/story-KA3Z5h6fDfL3QZujUrPGKJ.html|title=Uttarakhand cabinet nod to new electric vehicle manufacturing policy to combat pollution|date=2018-09-28|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=2019-05-10|archive-date=10 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510042719/https://www.hindustantimes.com/dehradun/uttarakhand-cabinet-nod-to-new-electric-vehicle-manufacturing-policy-to-combat-pollution/story-KA3Z5h6fDfL3QZujUrPGKJ.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The scheme would provide companies with loans ranging from {{INR}}100 million and {{INR}}500 million to build EVs and charging infrastructure, and would exempt the first 10,000 EV purchasers from motor tax for five years.

=== Gujarat ===
The [[Government of Gujarat|Gujarat government]] is committed to reducing its carbon footprint by {{lakh|6}} tons per year by decreasing pollution from the burning of fossil fuels. EV purchasers are eligible for subsidies of up to {{INR}}20,000 for two-wheelers, {{INR}}50,000 for three-wheelers, and {{INR}}{{lakh|1.5}} for four-wheelers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat witnesses over 950% rise in EV sales |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/auto/electric-vehicles/gujarat-witnesses-over-950-rise-in-ev-sales/2470035/ |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=Financialexpress |date=24 March 2022 |language=en |archive-date=30 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330124514/https://www.financialexpress.com/auto/electric-vehicles/gujarat-witnesses-over-950-rise-in-ev-sales/2470035/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Capital for infrastructure is being offered to set up charging stations in the state; 280 charging stations were set up across Gujarat after the EV policy was announced, and 250 more are planned.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat witnesses 950% rise in EV sales |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/express-mobility/vehicles/2-wheelers/gujarat-witnesses-950-rise-in-ev-sales/2469915/ |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=Financialexpress |date=23 March 2022 |language=en |archive-date=30 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330124515/https://www.financialexpress.com/express-mobility/vehicles/2-wheelers/gujarat-witnesses-950-rise-in-ev-sales/2469915/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Advantages==

Electric vehicles are three to five times more efficient than internal-combustion vehicles in utilising energy. If electric vehicles run on electricity produced from fossil fuels, their overall efficiency remains higher and their pollution is less; large thermal power plants are more efficient than IC engines, and it is easier to control emissions from power plants than from vehicle engines. Electric vehicles save energy by [[regenerative braking]]. Thirty to seventy percent of the energy used for propulsion can be recovered, with higher percentages in stop-and-go city driving.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Martins |first1=L. a. S. B. |last2=Brito |first2=J. M. O. |last3=Rocha |first3=A. M. D. |last4=Martins |first4=J. J. G. |title=Proceedings of the ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. Volume 6: Emerging Technologies: Alternative Energy Systems; Energy Systems: Analysis, Thermodynamics and Sustainability |chapter=Regenerative Braking Potential and Energy Simulations for a Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Under Real Driving Conditions |date=8 July 2010 |pages=525–532 |doi=10.1115/IMECE2009-13077 |chapter-url=https://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/IMECE/proceedings-abstract/IMECE2009/43796/525/343650 |publisher=American Society of Mechanical Engineers Digital Collection |isbn=978-0-7918-4379-6 |language=en |access-date=28 May 2020 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418131438/https://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/IMECE/proceedings-abstract/IMECE2009/43796/525/343650 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Air pollution in India|Air-quality indices in India]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cpcb.gov.in/CAAQM/mapPage/frmdelhi.aspx?stateID=6|title=::CPCB-Control Pollution Board::|website=cpcb.gov.in|access-date=17 January 2017|archive-date=18 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118211016/http://www.cpcb.gov.in/CAAQM/mapPage/frmdelhi.aspx?stateID=6|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://safar.tropmet.res.in/|title=SAFAR – India|website=safar.tropmet.res.in|access-date=17 January 2017|archive-date=5 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005054220/http://safar.tropmet.res.in/|url-status=live}}</ref> show that the air in many cities is no longer healthy, with automobile-related pollution a cause. [[Climate change]] requires a shift to automotive solutions which reduce or eliminate [[greenhouse gas emissions]]. If electric vehicles run on electricity produced from non-polluting sources of energy such as hydro, solar, wind, tidal and nuclear, their emissions are reduced almost to zero. India's crude-oil imports for 2014–15 were {{$|USD|lk=on}}112 billion<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ppac.org.in/WriteReadData/Reports/201702200529123667922SnapshotofIndia%27sOilandGasdata_January2017.pdf |title=Ready Reckoner |date=2017 |website=ppac.org.in |access-date=2020-11-23 |archive-date=10 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110184519/http://ppac.org.in/WriteReadData/Reports/201702200529123667922SnapshotofIndia%27sOilandGasdata_January2017.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> (about {{INR}}7 trillion). For comparison, the allocation for the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme in the 2017–18 budget was {{INR}}480 billion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiabudget.nic.in/ub2017-18/bh/bh1.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=7 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215062918/http://indiabudget.nic.in/ub2017-18/bh/bh1.pdf |archive-date=15 December 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
India can become a global provider for [[sustainable transport]] and processes which are affordable and scalable. Residents of some Indian cities are affected by [[noise pollution]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cpcbenvis.nic.in/noise_quality_data.html|title=CPCB ENVIS | Control of Pollution|website=www.cpcbenvis.nic.in|access-date=29 December 2017|archive-date=29 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229172103/http://www.cpcbenvis.nic.in/noise_quality_data.html|url-status=live}}</ref> some Indian cities have the world's highest noise-pollution levels.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/health/not-just-air-level-of-noise-pollution-in-delhi-is-also-deadly-study-57273|title=Not just air, level of noise pollution in Delhi is also deadly: study|website=www.downtoearth.org.in|access-date=23 November 2020|archive-date=26 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126050008/https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/health/not-just-air-level-of-noise-pollution-in-delhi-is-also-deadly-study-57273|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/print.php?printFOR=storydetail&story_url_key=noise-neither-safe-nor-sound&section_url_key=columnists|title=The Pioneer|website=dailypioneer.com|access-date=3 March 2017|archive-date=4 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304041121/http://www.dailypioneer.com/print.php?printFOR=storydetail&story_url_key=noise-neither-safe-nor-sound&section_url_key=columnists|url-status=live}}</ref> Electric vehicles are quieter, and may help reduce urban noise pollution.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cleantechnica.com/2016/06/05/will-electric-cars-make-traffic-quieter-yes-no/|title=Will Electric Cars Make Traffic Quieter? Yes & No|website=[[cleantechnica.com]]|date=5 June 2016 |access-date=3 March 2017|archive-date=4 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304035643/https://cleantechnica.com/2016/06/05/will-electric-cars-make-traffic-quieter-yes-no/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Energy efficiency and emission reduction have improved in automobiles, but the increase in the number of vehicles on the road negates these gains; energy-efficiency and pollution-control measures did not keep pace with sales growth. The total number of vehicles registered in India was 5.4 million in 1981,<ref name="statista.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/664729/total-number-of-vehicles-india/|title=India – total number of vehicles 2015 – Statistic|website=Statista|access-date=15 April 2017|archive-date=16 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416044734/https://www.statista.com/statistics/664729/total-number-of-vehicles-india/|url-status=live}}</ref> 11 million in 1986,<ref name="delhigovt.nic.in">{{cite web|url=http://delhigovt.nic.in/newdelhi/dept/economic/env/chapter4.htm|title=Government of Delhi : Government Department|website=delhigovt.nic.in|access-date=15 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416182357/http://delhigovt.nic.in/newdelhi/dept/economic/env/chapter4.htm|archive-date=16 April 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> 33 million in 1996,<ref name="delhigovt.nic.in"/> 40 million in 2000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iipsenvis.nic.in/Newsletters/vol1no3/Nagdeve.htm|title=IIPS-Envis Center on Environment and Population|website=iipsenvis.nic.in|access-date=15 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022060147/http://iipsenvis.nic.in/Newsletters/vol1no3/Nagdeve.htm|archive-date=22 October 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> and 210 million in 2015.<ref name="statista.com"/> The total number of vehicles sold in India increased from 15,481,381 in 2010–11 to 20,469,385 in 2015–16.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.siamindia.com/statistics.aspx?mpgid=8&pgidtrail=14|title=Domestic sales trends|website=siamindia.com|access-date=15 April 2017|archive-date=2 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170502061107/http://www.siamindia.com/statistics.aspx?mpgid=8&pgidtrail=14|url-status=live}}</ref>

With [[smart charging]], electric vehicles can help balance supply variations in the electricity grid and provide a buffer against electricity-supply failures. Electric vehicles have fewer moving parts than vehicles with IC engines, and are cheaper and easier to maintain.<ref>{{cite web |title=Benefits Of Electric Cars |url=https://www.ergon.com.au/network/smarter-energy/electric-vehicles/benefits-of-electric-vehicles |website=Ergon Energy |access-date=28 May 2020 |language=en |date=25 August 2015 |archive-date=16 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416153454/https://www.ergon.com.au/network/smarter-energy/electric-vehicles/benefits-of-electric-vehicles |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The benefits of owning an electric car |url=https://www.goultralow.com/ev-owners/benefits/ |website=Go Ultra Low |access-date=28 May 2020 |archive-date=18 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318172929/https://www.goultralow.com/ev-owners/benefits/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Electric motors can deliver high [[torque]] at low speeds, performing better in acceleration and on slopes than IC-engine-powered vehicles.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Benefits of Electric Cars |url=https://pod-point.com/guides/driver/benefits-of-electric-cars |website=Pod Point |access-date=28 May 2020 |archive-date=9 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809201928/https://pod-point.com/guides/driver/benefits-of-electric-cars |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Disadvantages==

The cost of EVs is high, primarily due to the cost of [[Lithium-ion battery|lithium-ion batteries]]. The battery packs are imported, and cost about $275/KWh in India. This, combined with the [[Goods and Services Tax (India)|GST]] of 18% and the lack of lithium in India, further increases the cost of batteries.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://medium.com/@an223c/trends-challenges-and-future-for-electric-vehicles-in-india-b6191f4a70b6|title=Electric Vehicles in India: The Trends, challenges and future.|last=Chauhan|first=Ankit|date=2018-06-12|website=Medium|access-date=2019-05-10|archive-date=10 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510042721/https://medium.com/@an223c/trends-challenges-and-future-for-electric-vehicles-in-india-b6191f4a70b6|url-status=live}}</ref> The charging infrastructure for electric vehicles in India has not been fully developed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cea.nic.in/randd.html|title=Electric Vehicle Charging stations, CEA monthly report|access-date=18 July 2020|archive-date=18 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718091313/http://www.cea.nic.in/randd.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Electricity in India]] is primarily produced by burning coal, which produces a large amount of greenhouse emissions. With the introduction of EVs and charging infrastructure, electricity demand will increase; introducing EVs to reduce [[GHG emissions]] would be ineffective if the electricity was produced by burning coal. India's indebted distribution companies cannot meet the country's energy requirements as it is.<ref>Ali, Mohd. Sahil; Tongia, Rahul (2018). “Electrifying Mobility in India: Future prospects for the electric and EV ecosystem”, Brookings India IMPACT Series No. 052018. May 2018. [https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/20180528_impact-series_ev_web.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510042719/https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/20180528_impact-series_ev_web.pdf|date=10 May 2019}}</ref>
Fast charging stations are charging nearly Rs 25 per kWh to cover the investment and running costs which would not offer any benefit over ICE vehicles in terms of life cycle cost of the vehicle except surface air pollution reduction.

==See also==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Automotive industry in India]]
* [[Energy efficiency in transport]]
* [[List of prototype solar-powered cars]]
* [[List of vehicle plants in India]]
* [[Solar car]]
* [[Solar vehicle]]
* [[Vehicular metrics]]
* [[Oil and gas industry in India]]
{{colend}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Electric vehicles}}

[[Category:Electric vehicles in India| ]]
[[Category:Electric vehicles by country|India]]
[[Category:Road transport in India]]
[[Category:Electric power in India]]
[[Category:Automotive industry in India]]

Mullā Jīvan

2026-04-30T04:57:00Z

Mythu09: started new page added tags

{{Short description|17th-century Indian Islamic scholar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Mullā Jīwan
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1047 AH 
| birth_place = [[Amethi, Lucknow|Amethi]], near [[Lucknow]], Mughal India
| death_date = 1130 AH 
| death_place = [[Delhi]], [[Mughal India]]
| occupation = Islamic scholar, jurist, Qurʾānic commentator
| language = Arabic, Persian, Urdu
| nationality = [[Mughal India]]
| period = 17th–18th century
| genre = [[Tafsir]], [[Usul al-fiqh]], [[Islamic jurisprudence]]
| notableworks = ''Tafsīrāt al-Ahmadiyyah'', ''Nūr al-Anwār fī Sharḥ al-Manār''
}}

'''Ahmad bin Abi Sa‘īd bin Ubaidullah''', commonly known as '''Mullā Jīwan''' ({{langx|ar|ملا جیون}}), was born in 1047 AH (circa 1637 CE) in [[Amethi, Lucknow]], India.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Ali | first1=Sabir | last2=Ahmad | first2=Dr Shabir | title=ملا احمد جیون کی حیات و خدمات کا تحقیقی جائزہ: A research review of the life and services of Abu Bakr al-Razi al-Jassas | journal=Al-Azhār | date=25 December 2021 | volume=7 | issue=2 | pages=286–306 | url=https://www.al-azhaar.org/index.php/alazhar/article/view/262/124 }}</ref> He hailed from a scholarly environment and memorised the Qurʾān by the age of seven.<ref name="auto1">{{cite web | title=KARACHI: Mulla Jiwan remembered | date=28 October 2003 | url=https://www.dawn.com/news/122005/karachi-mulla-jiwan-remembered }}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite journal | last=Mustafa | first=Dr Atta ul | title=الشيخ أحمد "ملا جيون" حياته العلمية والعملية: Sheikh Ahmed "Mullah Jeevan" his Academic and Professional Life | journal=Al-Irfan | date=25 June 2024 | volume=9 | issue=17 | pages=198–220 | url=https://ojs.mul.edu.pk/index.php/alirfan/article/view/471 }}</ref> His formative studies included Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh), Qurʾānic exegesis (tafsīr), hadith, and creed, under notable scholars such as Shaykh Abdul Ahad, Muhammad al-Ashfahani, and Nasrullah al-Ahmadi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tafsiralquran.id/mengenal-kitab-at-tafsirat-al-ahmadiyah-karya-mulla-jiwan/|title=Mengenal Kitab At-Tafsirat Al-Ahmadiyah Karya Mulla Jiwan|first=Aulia|last=Amalia|date=August 6, 2025}}</ref>

==Career and influence==
Mullā Jīwan rose to prominence as a jurist, mufassir (Qurʾānic commentator), and muḥaddith (hadith scholar) within the Hanafi tradition.<ref name="auto"/>
A 2003 lecture hosted by the [[University of Karachi]] described him as a key figure in reviving Islam
ic education in India, stating that he "wrote 'Tafseerat-al-Ahmadiyah' at the age of 17", and authored a commentary on Minārul Anwār—a work on fiqh that became part of Sindh’s madrasah syllabi.<ref name="auto1"/>

===Alleged association with Aurangzeb===
Some early biographical sources, such as ''Khazīnat al-Asfiyā'' by [[Mufti Ghulam Sarwar Lahori]], claim that Jīvan served as a teacher of Emperor [[Aurangzeb]]. However, this assertion is chronologically implausible. Mullah Jīvan was born in 1637 CE (1047 AH), whereas Aurangzeb had completed his studies well before that time; furthermore, his own teaching career reportedly began around 1658 CE (1069 AH), long after Aurangzeb's youth. Modern scholarship considers it more likely that Mullah Jīvan instructed Aurangzeb’s daughter, [[Zeb-un-Nissa]], and later maintained close ties with princes such as [[Bahadur Shah I]] and [[Farrukhsiyar]], rather than with Aurangzeb himself. The prevailing view holds that the events described were actually connected to Farrukhsiyar (sometimes referred to as "[[Alamgir II]]"), and only later misattributed to Aurangzeb ([[Alamgir I]] due to a misunderstanding.<ref>{{cite web | title=کیا ملّا جیونؒ اورنگ زیبؒ عؔالمگیر کے استاذ تھے؟ – دیوبند آن لائن |trans-title=Was Mulla Jeevan the teacher of Aurangzeb Alamgir? – Deoband Online| date=9 July 2024 | url=https://deobandonline.com/ur/archives/4167 }}</ref>

==Major works==
* ''At-Tafsīrāt al-Ahmadiyyah (التفسیرات الأحمدیة)''<ref>{{cite web | title=Tafseerat e Ahmadia / تفسیرات احمدیہ | url=https://archive.org/details/TafseeratEAhmadia_201905 }}</ref>
* '' Nūr al-Anwār fī Sharḥ al-Manār''<ref>{{cite book | title=نور الأنوار في شرح المنار وهو شرح على منار الأنوار 1-2 ج1 | date=January 2017 | publisher=Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah دار الكتب العلمية | isbn=978-2-7451-8936-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ypdLDwAAQBAJ }}</ref>

==Death and legacy==
Mullā Jīwan died in 1130 AH (1717 CE), reportedly in [[Delhi]], and was buried in his native [[Amethi, Lucknow|Amethi]].<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://ojs.mul.edu.pk/index.php/alirfan/article/view/471|title=الشيخ أحمد "ملا جيون" حياته العلمية والعملية: Sheikh Ahmed "Mullah Jeevan" his Academic and Professional Life|first1=Zia ul Mustafa Makki|last1=Al-Azhari|first2=Dr Atta ul|last2=Mustafa|date=June 25, 2024|journal=Al-Irfan|volume=9|issue=17|pages=198–220|via=ojs.mul.edu.pk|doi=10.58932/MULB0041 |doi-broken-date=13 August 2025 }}</ref> His works continued to exert pedagogical and jurisprudential influence across the [[Indian subcontinent]]; his tafsīrs remain valued among scholars, especially within [[Hanafi]]-oriented academic settings.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/122005/karachi-mulla-jiwan-remembered|title=KARACHI: Mulla Jiwan remembered|date=October 28, 2003|website=DAWN.COM}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography ==
* {{cite book
| last = ʻAlī
| first = Ashfāq
| title = Mullā Jīvan ke muʻāṣir ʻulamāʼ
| year = 1982
| publisher = Ashfāq ʻAlī
| location =
| language = ur
| pages = 159
| oclc =
| orig-date =
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=VKoXAAAAIAAJ&q=Mull%C4%81%20J%C4%ABvan
| others = Original from [[University of California]]; digitized 14 December 2006
}}

*{{cite book
| last = مصباحی
| first = طفیل احمد
| author-link=
| title = Mullā Ahmad Jīwan Amīthvī : Ḥayāt aur K̲h̲idmat ملا احمد جیون امیٹھوی : حیات اور خدمات
| trans-title = Mullah Ahmad Jeevan Amethi: Life and Services
| date = 2022-10-27
| language = ur
| publisher = 
| location = 
| url = https://archive.org/details/20221127_20221127_0610
}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1637 births]]
[[Category:1717 deaths]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:17th-century Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:18th-century Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Hanafi fiqh scholars]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:People from Lucknow district]]
[[Category:Indian male writers]]
[[Category:17th-century Mughal Empire people]]
[[Category:Quranic exegesis scholars]]
[[Category:Indian Islamic religious leaders]]
[[Category:Indian jurists]]

Kaam Chalu Hai

2026-04-30T02:04:32Z

Mythu09: New post

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kaam Chalu Hai
| image = Kaam Chalu Hai.jpg
| caption = Official release poster
| director = [[Palash Muchhal]]
| writer = Palash Muchhal
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Rajpal Yadav]]
*[[Giaa Manek]]
*[[Kurangi Vijayshri Nagraj]]
}}
| cinematography = Pathan Parvez Khan
| editing = Sayan Mal
| music = Palash Muchhal Saurabh Singh Sengar
| studio = Baseline Studios Pal Music & Films
| distributor = [[ZEE5]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|04|19}}
| runtime = 82 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''Kaam Chalu Hai''''' ({{Translation|Work is in progress}}) is a 2024 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] film written and directed by [[Palash Muchhal]], starring [[Rajpal Yadav]], [[Giaa Manek]], and [[Kurangi Vijayshri Nagraj]] in the leading roles. The film is based on the real-life story of Manoj Patil. It is produced by Baseline Studios and Pal Music & Films.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-04-09 |title=Rajpal Yadav unveils intriguing trailer of 'Kaam Chalu Hai' |url=https://theprint.in/feature/rajpal-yadav-unveils-intriguing-trailer-of-kaam-chalu-hai/2034117/ |access-date=2024-04-13 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

''Kaam Chalu Hai'' has been chosen for promotion by IMPPA ([[Indian Motion Picture Producers' Association]]) at the [[Cannes Film Festival]] 2024.<ref name=":0" /> The film was digitally released on 19 April 2024 on [[ZEE5]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Rajpal Yadav's 'Kaam Chalu Hai': Premiering on ZEE5 |url=https://thedailyguardian.com/rajpal-yadavs-kaam-chalu-hai-premiering-on-zee5/ |access-date=2024-04-13 |website=TheDailyGuardian |date=4 April 2024 |language=en}}</ref> ''Kaam Chalu Hai'' received mixed response from critics with praise for its poignant portrayal of a father's journey and the important social message it conveys, while some others criticized its uneven pacing, repetitive scenes, and lack of depth in character development and plot progression.

== Plot ==
The story revolves around Manoj Patil, a devoted father whose life is shattered when his daughter Gudiya dies in a tragic accident caused by administrative negligence. Determined to prevent such tragedies from recurring, Manoj transforms his grief into a revolutionary movement to ensure the safety of other children. As he seeks justice for Gudiya and fights to protect other daughters from similar fates, his inspirational story unfolds, highlighting the power of turning personal pain into positive action.

== Cast ==

* [[Rajpal Yadav]] as Manoj Patil
* [[Giaa Manek]] as Radha
* [[Kurangi Vijayshri Nagraj]] as Garvita "Gudiya"

== Production ==
The film was officially announced on 20 July 2023, with the poster featuring film lead [[Rajpal Yadav]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajpal Yadav starrer Kaam Chalu Hai first lookout as the film goes on floors. Details here |url=https://mirchi.in/stories/movies/rajpal-yadav-starrer-kaam-chalu-hai-first-look-out-as-film-goes-on-floors-details-here/102085882 |access-date=2024-04-13 |website=mirchi.in |language=en}}</ref> The film is a second collaboration of [[Palash Muchhal]] with actor [[Rajpal Yadav]] after ''[[Ardh]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajpal Yadav-starrer Kaam Chalu Hai to premiere on ZEE5 next week |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/rajpal-yadav-starrer-kaam-chalu-hai-to-premiere-on-zee5-next-week/cid/2012577 |access-date=2024-04-13 |website=Telegraph India}}</ref> [[Giaa Manek]] marks her OTT debut with the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gia Manek set for OTT debut |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/gia-manek-set-for-ott-debut-610393 |access-date=2024-04-13 |website=The Tribune}}</ref> Director Palaash Muchhal stated, "''Kaam Chalu Hai'' explores a theme often overlooked in our society, shedding light on a harsh reality. With every project, my aim is to resonate with audiences and evoke a sense of connection, and this film does exactly that."<ref name=":1" /> The filming was held in [[Sangli]], Maharashtra, wrapped up in August 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-16 |title=Kaam Chalu Hai wrap up : 'काम चालू है'चे शुटिंग संपले, सांगलीने जिंकले पलाश मुछलचे 'दिल'! |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/marathi/maharashtra/entertainment/movie/rajpal-yadavs-movie-kaam-chalu-hai-wrap-up-in-sangli/mh20230816134114675675296 |access-date=2024-04-13 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-16 |title=Kaam Chalu Hai: Rajpal Yadav ने पूरी की 'काम चालू है' कि शूटिंग, अगले साल सिनेमाघरों में रिलीज होगी फिल्म |url=https://hindi.latestly.com/socially/entertainment/bollywood/work-in-progress-rajpal-yadav-wraps-up-shooting-for-kaam-chalu-hai-film-to-release-in-theatres-next-year-view-pic-1897580.html |access-date=2024-04-21 |website=LatestLY |language=hi}}</ref>

== Release ==
The film was released on 19 April 2024, on OTT platform [[ZEE5]].<ref name=":1" />

== Reception ==
Yatamanyu Narain of ''[[News 18]]'' awarded 4 stars out of 5 stars and found ''Kaam Chalu Hai'' to be a poignant and engaging film, albeit with some minor flaws.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-19 |title=Kaam Chalu Hai Review: Rajpal Yadav Will Leave You Teary-Eyed In This Tragic Drama |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/kaam-chalu-hai-review-rajpal-yadav-will-leave-you-teary-eyed-in-this-tragic-drama-8857874.html |access-date=2024-04-21 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> Ronak Kotecha of ''[[The Times of India]]'' awarded 2.5 stars out of 5 stars and wrote "A relevant social drama that falls short of making a strong impact."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kaam Chalu Hai Review : A relevant social drama that falls short of making a strong impact |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/kaam-chalu-hai/ottmoviereview/109409762.cms |access-date=2024-04-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Bharathi Pradhan of ''[[Lehren]]'' awarded overall rating 2.5 stars out of 5 stars, She appreciated the real-life inspiration behind the story and the portrayal of a common man's fight against social injustice. However, he criticized the film for its uneven narrative pacing, repetitive scenes, and lack of depth in certain aspects like character development and plot progression.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Kaam Chalu Hai" Movie Review: A Slow Mission |url=https://lehren.com/entertainment/reviews/kaam-chalu-hai-review-a-slow-mission/191882/ |access-date=2024-04-21 |website=Lehren}}</ref> Shushmita Dey of [[Times Now]] rated 2 stars out of 5 stars and wrote "The film's social message is important and it's equally important that it's conveyed through a compelling film. This is where ''Kaam Chalu Hai'' falls short of expectations."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-19 |title=Kaam Chalu Hai Movie Review: Rajpal Yadav Can't Save A Bland, Social Drama About Potholes |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/web-series/kaam-chalu-hai-movie-review-rajpal-yadav-cant-save-a-bland-social-drama-about-potholes-review-109414002 |access-date=2024-04-21 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> Shreyas Pandey of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' awarded half stars out of 5 stars, called it "static and bland" and wrote "''Kaam Chalu Hai'' strictly remains an issue-based film with largely familiar beats and a narrative filled with plot holes."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pandey |first=Shreyas |date=2024-04-20 |title='Kaam Chalu Hai' movie review: This overly melodramatic film is static and bland |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2024/Apr/20/kaam-chalu-hai-movie-review-this-overly-melodramatic-film-is-static-and-bland |access-date=2024-04-21 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Angel Rani of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' of wrote "''Kaam Chalu Hai'' is a commendable effort that raises awareness about the great Indian civic apathy that claims several lives on the road."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rani |first=Angel |title='Kaam Chalu Hai' review: A bland social drama with an important message |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/a-bland-social-drama-with-an-important-message-2986606 |access-date=2024-04-21 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=30783769}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|id=kaam-chalu-hai}}
{{Portal bar|India|Film|Bollywood}}

[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]
[[Category:Films about social issues in India]]
[[Category:Films about father–daughter relationships]]
[[Category:Films shot in Sangli]]
[[Category:Films set in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Films based on Marathi people]]
[[Category:ZEE5 original films]]
[[Category:Films about road accidents and incidents]]

Border Guard Bangladesh

2026-04-27T13:46:31Z

Mythu09: put up new post

{{short description|Border security agency of Bangladesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox law enforcement agency
| agencyname = Border Guard Bangladesh
| nativenamea = {{nobold|{{lang|bn|বর্ডার গার্ড বাংলাদেশ}}}}
| nativenamer = {{nobold|{{lang|bn-Latn|Bôrḍar Garḍ Baṅladeś|italic=no}}}}
| patch =
| patchcaption =
| logo = বর্ডার গার্ড বাংলাদেশের মনোগ্রাম.svg
| logocaption = [[Monogram]] of Border Guard Bangladesh
| badge = Roundel of Bangladesh – Border Guard.svg
| badgecaption = [[Roundel]] of Border Guard Bangladesh
| flag = বর্ডার গার্ড বাংলাদেশের পতাকা.svg
| flagcaption = Flag of Border Guard Bangladesh
| image_size =
| commonname =
| abbreviation = BGB BDR (1971–2009) EPR (1947–1971)
| motto = {{ubl|{{lang|bn|সীমান্তের অতন্দ্র প্রহরী}}|({{lang|bn-Latn|Simanter ôtôndrô prôhôri}})}}
| mottotranslated = {{gloss|Ever vigilant sentinels of the border}}
| formed = {{start date and age|1795|06|29|df=y}}, as Ramgarh Local Battalion
| preceding1 = {{plainlist|
* Ramgarh Local Battalion (1795–1861)
* Frontier Guard (1861–1891)
* Bengal Military Police (1891–1920)
* Bengal Battalion and Eastern Frontier Rifles (1920–1946)
* Bengal Rifles (1946–1947)
* East Pakistan Rifles (1947–1971)
* Bangladesh Rifles (1971-2009)
}}
| superseding =
| employees = 70,000 personnel<ref name="Military Balance" /><ref name="ind18Sep2018" />
| volunteers =
| sizearea = {{convert|4427|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| sizepopulation = 162 million<ref name=unpop>{{cite report |url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2008/wpp2008_text_tables.pdf |title=World Population Prospects, Table A.1 |version=2008 revision |publisher=United Nations |author=Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division |year=2009 |access-date=12 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318041906/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2008/wpp2008_text_tables.pdf |archive-date=18 March 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| governingbody = [[Government of Bangladesh]]
| budget = {{BDTConvert|4345|c|1k=yes}} (2024–2025)<ref>{{cite web | title=Budget share for home ministry sees slight drop | date=6 June 2024 | url=https://images.thedailystar.net/business/bangladesh-national-budget-fy2024-25/news/budget-share-home-ministry-sees-slight-drop-3628416 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://mof.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/mof.portal.gov.bd/budget_mof/5696a78d_4e4f_4c75_aadd_ae020280a89b/122_PSD_English.pdf | title=Public Security Division - Medium Term Expenditure | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241110172948/https://mof.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/mof.portal.gov.bd/budget_mof/5696a78d_4e4f_4c75_aadd_ae020280a89b/122_PSD_English.pdf | archive-date=2024-11-10}}</ref>
| country = Bangladesh
| constitution1 = Border Guard Bangladesh Act, 2010
| speciality1 = border
| speciality2 = paramilitary
| speciality3 =
| overviewtype =
| overviewbody =
| headquarters = [[Pilkhana, Bangladesh]]
| national = Yes
| sworntype =
| sworn =
| unsworntype =
| unsworn =
| electeetype = Minister
| minister1name = [[Salahuddin Ahmed (Cox's Bazar politician)|Salahuddin Ahmed]]
| minister1pfo = [[Minister of Home Affairs (Bangladesh)|Minister of Home Affairs]]
| chief1name = [[Major general (Bangladesh)|Major General]] [[Mohammad Ashrafuzzaman Siddiqui]]
| chief1position = [[Director General of Border Guards Bangladesh|Director General]]
| parentagency = [[Ministry of Home Affairs (Bangladesh)|Ministry of Home Affairs]]
| child1agency = 
| unittype = Functions
| unitname = {{collapsible list |title=8 |Border Protection |Counter Terrorism|Anti Smuggling Operations|Enforcement Operations |Immigration Compliance|Maritime Operations|Detention Operations|Tariff Collection}}
| stationtype = Battalion
| stations = 64 battalions
| boat1type = Vessels
| boats1 = [[Patrol boat|Coastal Patrol Vessel]], [[Patrol boat|Interceptor Vessel]]
| aircraft1type = Helicopter
| aircraft1 = [[Mil Mi-17#Variants|Mi-171E]]
| vehicle1type = Armored vehicles
| vehicles1 = [[Otokar Cobra]], [[STREIT Group Spartan#KrAZ-Spartan|KrAZ-Spartan]]
| activitytype = Battles
| activity1name = {{Collapsible list|{{ubl|1958 East Pakistan–India border skirmish|[[Indo-Pakistani war of 1965]]|[[Bangladesh Liberation War]]|[[1979 Bangladesh-Indian skirmishes|1979 Bangladesh-Indian border skirmishes]]|[[Chittagong Hill Tracts conflict]]|[[Operation Dabanal]]|[[1994 Bangladesh Ansar mutiny]]|[[2001 Bangladeshi-Indian border skirmish]]|[[Operation Uttaran]]|2005 Bangladesh-India border clash|[[Deaths along the Bangladesh-India border|2008 Bangladesh-India border clash]]|[[Bangladesh Rifles revolt]]|2014 Bangladesh-Myanmar border skirmish|2015 Bangladesh–Arakan Army border clash|[[Operation Thunderbolt (2016)]]|[[2019 Bangladesh-Indian border clash]]}}}}
| anniversary1 = 20 December
| award1 = {{plainlist|
* 1. [[Bir Sreshtho]] {{Flagicon image|Bir Sreshtho ribbon.svg|size=40px}}
* 2. [[Bir Uttom]] {{Flagicon image|Bir Uttom ribbon.svg|size=40px}}
* 3. [[Bir Bikrom]] {{Flagicon image|Bir Bikrom.svg|size=40px}}
* 4. [[Bir Protik]] {{Flagicon image|Bir Protik ribbon.svg|size=40px}}
}}
| website = {{URL| https://bgb.gov.bd/}}
| footnotes = [[Service dress uniform|Service uniform]]: Liver (Organ) {{colour box|#633224}} [[Combat uniform]]: Rosy Brown, Old Mauve, Police Blue, Dark Gunmetal {{colour box|#B19395}}{{colour box|#6A3140}}{{colour box|#30536F}}{{colour box|#1C232B}}
}}
'''Border Guard Bangladesh''' ({{langx|bn|বর্ডার গার্ড বাংলাদেশ|Bôrḍar Gārd Bānlādeś}}; abbreviated as '''BGB''') is the [[paramilitary]] force responsible for the protection and surveillance of Bangladesh’s land borders. Operating under the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (Bangladesh)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] and with operational control by [[Bangladesh Army|army]] officials, BGB ensures border security, prevents illegal cross-border activities, and assists in maintaining internal law and order when required. Originally formed as the '''Bangladesh Rifles''' ('''BDR'''), it was reorganized and renamed BGB in 2010 following major reforms.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KqTIhTWuAXcC&q=border+Bangladesh+4427+km&pg=PA73 |title=The Bengal Borderland: Beyond State and Nation in South Asia |last=Schendel |first=Willem van |date=1 January 2005 |publisher=[[Anthem Press]] |isbn=978-1-84331-145-4 |pages=73 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Bangladesh Rifles">{{Cite Banglapedia|article=Bangladesh Rifles}}</ref>

BGB through its predecessor institutions boasts a military history spanning over two centuries.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nWqsAgAAQBAJ&q=Ramgarh+Local+Battalion&pg=PT90 |title=India's National Security: Annual Review 2009 |last=Kumar |first=Satish |date=27 February 2012 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-136-70490-1 |language=en}}</ref> During peacetime, this force is also responsible for [[anti-smuggling]] operations,<ref name="Bangladesh Rifles"/> investigating [[Transnational crime|cross-border crime]] and extending governmental authority to remote and isolated areas. From time to time, BGB has also been called upon to assist the administration in the maintenance of internal law and order, and relief and rehabilitation work after a natural disaster.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/city/bgb-deployed-dhaka-175864 |title=Dhaka jail's security boosted, BGB deployed |date=21 January 2015 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)]] |access-date=13 April 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news/bgb-man-shot-dead-in-comilla |title=BGB man shot dead in Comilla |date=26 November 2013 |work=The Daily Star (Bangladesh) |access-date=13 April 2017 |language=en}}</ref> During wartime, BGB comes under the control of the [[Ministry of Defence (Bangladesh)|Ministry of Defence]] as an [[auxiliary force]] to the [[Bangladesh Army]].

==History==
===British India===
==== Origins ====

The Frontier protection force was established in the late 18th century at the city of [[Ramgarh Upazila|Ramgarh]] when [[Chittagong Division|Chittagong]] and the surrounding areas came under the [[Company rule in India|British East India Company's suzerainty]] from the [[Bengal Subah]]. With 486 personnel, the force operated as regional irregular law enforcements battalion in the southeastern frontier regions of [[Bengal Presidency]] and was commanded by an officer from the [[Bengal Army]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BksqAQAAIAAJ&q=Ramgarh+Local+Battalion |title=South Asia Defence and Strategic Year Book |date=1 January 2009 |publisher=Panchsheel |pages=273 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bJfcCPUr0OoC&q=Ramgarh+Local+Battalion&pg=PA44 |title=Historical Dictionary of Bangladesh |last=Rahman |first=Syedur |date=27 April 2010 |publisher=[[Scarecrow Press]] |isbn=978-0-8108-7453-4 |pages=44 |language=en}}</ref> In 1795, the force was reorganized into a paramilitary unit and re-christened as the Ramgarh Local Battalion. In this period, the Ramgarh personnel were rehearsed and given regalia and furthermore were instructed to suppress insurgent activities around the Ramgarh area. As the force's size became capable enough to fortify broader regions, it was restructured and established their paramilitary companies around [[Chittagong]] and [[Dacca]] which were called Special Reserve companies in 1799.

In 1861, the East India company renamed the battalion to as the Frontier Guards and shifted its headquarters to [[Pilkhana, Bangladesh|Pilkhana]], a former [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] [[elephantry]] stable turned cantonment, in 1876, which remains to this day. Most of the non-commissioned officers who were serving in the Frontier Guards conscripted to the Bengal Army during the [[Third Anglo-Burmese War]] in 1885. Due to its significance the British government re-established the force in 1891, via recruiting a plethora of personnel consist of mostly [[Bengali Muslims]] and named Bengal Military police. During this time, the organization was ameliorated with modern ordnance and functioned as military combat support and law enforcement units under [[Bengal Army|Bengal command]] of the [[British Indian Army]] in Dacca, Chittagong, [[Dumka]], [[Gangtok]] and Siliguri. By 1910, the battalion had presence in [[Garo Hills]], [[Sylhet Division|Sylhet]], [[Backergunge District|Backergunge]] and [[Undivided Cachar district|Cachar]].<ref name=":0" />

Initially the force was commanded by a regional [[senior warrant officer]] called [[Subedar]], however by 1911 it was estimated that the Bengal military police personnel was increased by 7,000 at the eve of [[First World War]] and by 1913 the force was in command under a commandant who was a commissioned officer from the [[Indian Imperial Police|British Indian Imperial Police]]. Under the commandant's administration, the Bengal military police was organized with regional headquarters which were called sectors and was orchestrated by assistant commandants who were commissioned officers of the British Imperial Police and the British Army. This regional structure is still in use by the force today. In 1914 the unit was transferred under the command of British Army as an active frontier enforcement unit till 1919.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dQR6DQAAQBAJ&q=Eastern+Frontier+Rifles&pg=PT190 |title=Indigenous Identity in South Asia: Making Claims in the Colonial Chittagong Hill Tracts |last=Chowdhury |first=Tamina M. |date=10 November 2016 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-317-20292-9 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Eastern Frontier Rifles ====
[[File:Eastern_Frontier_Rifles_insignia.png|thumb|Eastern Frontier Rifles insignia]]
As the Bengal Military police's operation focused pivotally around Bengal and eastern frontier territories, the [[British Indian Government]] re-structured the force as [[Eastern Frontier Rifles]] in 1920 and returned under [[Imperial Police]] jurisdiction. Its primary task was to protect the borders and British sovereignty around various frontier districts of [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]] and [[Assam Province|Assam Provinces]] precisely in [[Chittagong Hill Tracts|Chittagong]], [[Garo Hills|Garo]], and [[Naga Hills]] and furthermore the [[Sylhet Division|Sylhet]] and [[Undivided Cachar district|Cachar districts]]. Eastern frontier rifles were also deployed in coastal cities like [[Barisal Division|Barisal]], [[Kharagpur]], [[Tamluk]] and the eastern princely states such as [[Cooch Behar State|Cooch Behar]], [[Twipra Kingdom|Twipra]] and [[Manipur (princely state)|Manipur]]. Like its predecessor during war times, Eastern frontier rifles were also installed under the [[British Indian Army]] during the [[Second World War]] with battalions served at various military divisions and participated in the [[Burma campaign]].<ref name=":1" /> After the [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|partition of Bengal]] in 1947, the eastern frontier rifles was bifurcated with few battalions stationed at [[West Bengal|Western Bengal]] of India and the rest were stationed in eastern Bengal of Pakistan. The Indian battalions retain the name of Eastern Frontier Rifles and serve under the [[West Bengal Police]] to this day. The Kharagpur sector established as the new headquarters for the Indian administration of Eastern Frontier Rifles while the Pakistani administration remained in the original headquarters at [[Pilkhana, Bangladesh|Pilkhana]].

=== Pakistan ===

==== East Pakistan Rifles ====
[[File:Monogram_of_East_Pakistan_Rifles_(EPR).png|thumb|Insignia of East Pakistan Rifles till 1972.]]
At the partition, the majority of Eastern Frontier Rifles battalions were installed at [[East Bengal]] and were patriated to the [[Dominion of Pakistan]] in September 1947. The force was reconstituted in 1949 as the East Bengal Rifles.<ref name="Ali2018">{{cite book |last1=Ali |first1=Tariq Omar |title=A local history of global capital: jute and peasant life in the Bengal Delta |year=2018 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=978-0-691-17023-7 |page=187}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gul |first1=Mohammad |last2=Shafqat |first2=C. M. |last3=Bivar |first3=H. G. S. |last4=Omer |first4=Shaikh Mohd |title=Pakistan |journal=Journal of Comparative Legislation and International Law |year=1951 |volume=33 |issue=1/2 |page=167 |jstor=754420}}</ref><ref name="Schendel2005">{{Cite book |last1=Schendel |first1=Willem van |title=The Bengal Borderland: Beyond State and Nation in South Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KqTIhTWuAXcC&pg=PA108 |year=2005 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=978-1-84331-145-4 |page=108}}</ref> Their function was to provide internal security and assist the police in maintaining law and order during emergencies.<ref name="Schendel2005" /> In this capacity in 1954, they were deployed in industrial areas after labour riots at the [[Karnaphuli Paper Mills|Karnaphuli Paper Mill]] and [[Adamjee Jute Mills|Adamjee Jute Mill]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Uddin |first1=Layli |title='Enemy Agents at Work': A microhistory of the 1954 Adamjee and Karnaphuli riots in East Pakistan |journal=Modern Asian Studies |date=March 2021 |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=662 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X19000416}}</ref> They were also tasked with interdicting smuggling from Eastern Pakistan to India. Despite some success, they were unable to rein in the illicit trade.<ref name="Ali2018" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Maniruzzaman |first1=Talukder |author-link=Talukder Moniruzzaman |title=Group Interests in Pakistan Politics, 1947-1958 |journal=Pacific Affairs |date=Spring–Summer 1966 |volume=39 |issue=1/2 |pages=96 |doi=10.2307/2755183 |jstor=2755183}}</ref>

In 1958, the force was reorganized as the East Pakistan Rifles (EPR). At this point anti-smuggling and border protection were formally added to their duties alongside internal security.<ref name="Schendel2005"/> That same year major [[Tufail Mohammad]] of the [[Pakistan Army]] who was stationed at EPR sector around Sylhet, died in a border skirmish with the [[Assam Rifles]] of India. For his valor during this action he was awarded the highest military award of Pakistan, the '[[Nishan-e-Haider]]'.<ref>{{cite news |title=66th martyrdom anniversary of Major Tufail Shaheed observed |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/1215699/66th-martyrdom-anniversary-of-major-tufail-shaheed-observed/ |work=Daily Times |date=9 August 2024}}</ref> During the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]], the EPR fought Indian forces successfully at Asalong, Mouja in the [[Chittagong Hill Tracts]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hasan |first=Rashidul |date=26 August 2020 |title=War hero CR Dutta no more |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/news/war-hero-cr-dutta-no-more-1951001 |access-date=26 May 2024 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)]]}}</ref> The EPR were used to help police suppress the [[1962 East Pakistan Education movement]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Suhrawardy |first1=Huseyn Shaheed |author1-link=Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy |last2=Talukdar |first2=Mohammad H. R. |title=Memoirs of Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy with a brief account of his life and work |date=2009 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-547722-1 |page=139}}</ref> and the [[1969 East Pakistan mass uprising]], beating students and opening fire on them on several occasions.<ref>{{cite journal |title=A Brief Triumph for Student Power |journal=Minerva |date=1969 |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=788, 790, 794, 798 |jstor=41822666}}</ref>

==== Bangladesh Liberation War ====
During the [[Bangladesh War of Independence|Bangladesh liberation war]], nearly 9,000 members of the East Pakistan Rifles turned against the [[Pakistan Army]] following the [[Proclamation of Bangladeshi Independence|Declaration of Independence of Bangladesh]] in 1971 starting from [[Kalurghat]] Radio Station, Chittagong. 817 Bengali EPR personnel reported to be killed in action. The East Pakistan Rifles were the border security and anti-smuggling force stationed in what was to become independent Bangladesh. It was commanded by [[Junior Commissioned Officer]]s (JCO) at the company level.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=16 December 2021 |title=The Chattogram Resistance |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/supplements/victory-day-special-2021/news/the-chattogram-resistance-2918051 |access-date=11 May 2024 |website=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |language=en}}</ref> All EPR companies were based within {{convert|5|mi|km|0|order=flip}} of the international boundary. There were two senior commissioned officers, seconded from the Pakistan Army in command of each Wing (battalion) of the EPR. In March 1971, there were 12 EPR Wings. The entire force according to CIA estimates had 10,000 enlisted personnel.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2017/03/09/east-pakistan-many-pro-pakistani-army-officers/ |title=East Pakistan had many pro-Pakistani army officers |date=9 March 2017 |work=[[Dhaka Tribune]] |access-date=24 April 2017 |language=en-US}}</ref> However, other sources claim that the EPR had 16 wings and 13,000 to 16,000 personnel.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sukhwant |first=Singh |date=16 April 2024 |title=1971: The blitzkrieg in East Pakistan - I |url=https://www.indiandefencereview.com/spotlights/1971-the-blitzkrieg-in-east-pakistan-i/ |access-date=10 May 2024 |website=Indian Defence Review |language=en-US}}</ref>

At the outbreak of the [[Bangladesh War]], the EPR were the first Bengali military unit to defect from Pakistani forces; moving to Sholashahar and the main military cantonment, while calling on all Bengali soldiers to join them. Reportedly West Pakistani officers serving with the EPR were executed by their Bengali colleagues. On 26 March, the [[Pakistan Army]] sent troops to suppress the [[East Pakistan Rifles|EPR]] but, pro-independence EPR members ambushed them, killing 72 Pakistani troops and wounding many<ref name=":2" /> but the Pakistanis encircled them. As a result, the EPR took heavy losses but managed to retreat. Two personnel from the EPR, [[Nur Mohammad Sheikh]] and [[Munshi Abdur Rouf]] were awarded [[Bir Sreshtho]] the highest gallantry award of Bangladesh posthumously due to their sacrifice for the independence of the country.<ref>{{Cite Banglapedia|article=Rauf, Birsrestha Munshi Abdur}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Banglapedia|article=Sheikh, Birsrestha Nur Mohammad}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Islam |first=Rafiqul |url=https://www.rokomari.com/book/3876/a-tale-of-millions |title=A Tale of Millions |date=2017 |publisher=Ananya |isbn=978-984-432-419-0 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130924000000/https://www.rokomari.com/book/3876/a-tale-of-millions |archive-date=24 September 2013}} [https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12641 Alt URL]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The battle of resistance at Kalurghat |url=https://today.thefinancialexpress.com.bd/special-issues/victory-day-2023/the-battle-of-resistance-at-kalurghat-1702665391 |access-date=11 May 2024 |website=[[The Financial Express (Bangladesh)]] |language=en}}</ref>

===Bangladesh ===

==== Bangladesh Rifles ====
[[File:Bangladesh_Rifles_monogram.png|alt=This was the monogram of Bangladesh Rifles which was a paramilitary force in Bangladesh that functioned as the border security force of Bangladesh from 1971 to 2011.|thumb|200x200px|Insignia of Bangladesh Rifles till 2011]]
[[File:Bangladeshi Rifles training.jpg|thumbnail|left|a [[United States Marine Corps|United States Marine]] rehearsing a BDR [[senior warrant officer]] in 2007.]]
On 29 January 1972, the East Pakistan Rifles were renamed the Bangladesh Rifles with the officers seconded from [[Bangladesh Army]]. Initially with force of 9,000 personnel in early 1972, [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] on general [[M. A. G. Osmani]]'s suggestion, putted Bangladesh Rifles's directorate directly under army headquarters with orchestration of general Osmani in spite the force's jurisdiction was under the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (Bangladesh)|Ministry of Home Affairs.]] The BDR soldiers were dissatisfied with this prejudice and the excessive government funds going to [[Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini]] for [[1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency|curbing out the ongoing insurgency]], and [[1972 Bangladesh Rifles mutiny|revolted on 15 February 1972]]. Rahman then uninstalled BDR directorate from army headquarters and appointed brigadier general [[Chitta Ranjan Dutta]] as the inaugural director general of BDR. By 1973 the size of BDR increased to 20,000 under Dutta's administration.<ref name=":02">{{cite book |last1=Choudhury |first1=Mahmud Ur Rahman |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wL9gEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA306 |title=The Emergence of Bangladesh: Interdisciplinary Perspectives |publisher=Springer |year=2022 |isbn=978-981-16-5520-3 |editor1-last=Khondker |editor1-first=Habibul |page=306 |chapter=The Changing Role of the Bangladesh Military: 1971 to 2020—The Evolving Bangladesh Defense Policy |editor2-last=Muurlink |editor2-first=Olav |editor3-last=Ali |editor3-first=Asif Bin}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bJfcCPUr0OoC&q=1972+Bangladesh+Rifles&pg=PA45 |title=Historical Dictionary of Bangladesh |last=Rahman |first=Syedur |date=27 April 2010 |publisher=[[Scarecrow Press]] |isbn=978-0-8108-7453-4 |pages=45 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Makeig |first1=Douglas C. |editor-last=Heitzman |editor-first=James |editor2-last=Worden |editor2-first=Robert L. |chapter=National Security |title=Bangladesh: A country study |series=DA pam |year=1989 |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=[[Federal Research Division]], [[Library of Congress]] |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/89600298/ |oclc=49223313 |page=236}}</ref> [[Bangladesh Rifles]] and Indian [[Border Security Force]]s [[1979 Bangladesh-Indian skirmishes|exchanged fire]] near the Comilla-Tripura border throughout the entire month of November 1979.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/12/03/archives/india-and-bangladesh-trade-fire-in-border-dispute-negotiations.html |title=India and Bangladesh Trade Fire in Border Dispute |date=3 December 1979 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=24 April 2017 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In 1996, Bangladesh Rifles personnel had grown to 67 thousand.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RFywfJunO1wC&q=Bangladesh+Rifles+defense&pg=PA38 |title=Bangladesh |last1=Whyte |first1=Mariam |last2=Yong |first2=Jui Lin |date=1 September 2009 |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |isbn=978-0-7614-4475-6 |pages=38 |language=en}}</ref> [[File:BSF and BGB.JPG|thumb|a BGB personnel interacting with a [[Border Security Force|BSF]] personnel during the [[Benapole–Petrapole border ceremony]].]]
[[File:Border Guard Bangladesh - BGB.jpg|thumb|Border Guard Bangladesh - BGB]]
==== 2001 Bangladesh–India border clashes ====
{{Main|2001 Bangladesh–India border clashes}}
[[File:Border Guards Bangladesh.jpg|left|thumb|BGB personnel at [[Benapole]].]]
The [[2001 Bangladesh–India border clashes|2001 Indian–Bangladeshi border conflict]] took place in the third week of April 2001 between the Bangladesh Rifles and the Indian Border Security Force on the poorly marked international border between the two countries. This was the worst border conflict Bangladesh was involved in since Independence. The 16–19 April fighting took place around the village of Padua (known as Pyrdiwah in India), which adjoins the Indian state of [[Meghalaya]] and Timbil area of the Bangladesh border in [[Sylhet district]]. In that area, 6.5 kilometres of the border have remained in dispute for the past 30 years. The trigger for the clash appears to have been an attempt by Indian forces to construct a footpath from an army outpost in Padua across a disputed territory some 300 metres wide to Indian Meghalaya. On 15 April 2001, the BDR captured Pyrdiwah village. Both sides later deescalated and returned to the original positions on the border. This incident left 16 Indian [[Border Security Force]] paramilitary men dead and 3 Bangladesh Rifles men dead with 5 other BDR troops injured.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1284789.stm |title=Fresh Bangladesh border clash |date=19 April 2001 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |access-date=3 April 2016}}</ref>

On 19 April 2005, two BSF personnel were killed in an encounter with Bangladesh Rifles inside Bangladeshi territory. According to Bangladeshi sources, BSF personnel entered Bangladesh without uniforms and attacked a village.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Dhaka denounces 'unprovoked' attack by BSF |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/2005/04/19/d5041901055.htm |access-date=18 April 2021 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)]]}}</ref> According to India, they were dragged into Bangladesh and knifed to death.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India mute on Jeevan Kumar's slaughter |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2005/apr/19kanch.htm |access-date=18 April 2021 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

==== 2009 Bangladesh Rifles Revolt ====
{{Main|Bangladesh Rifles revolt}}

On 25 February 2009, soldiers and junior commissioned officers of Bangladesh rifles with alleged assurances from [[Sheikh Fazle Noor Taposh]] who was the then [[Member of Parliament (Bangladesh)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Dhaka-12]], revolted against their administration resulted in deaths of 57 military officers of the army including director general [[Shakil Ahmed (general, born 1957)|Shakil Ahmed]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/26/world/asia/26bangla.html |title=Army's Border Guards Rebel in Bangladesh |last1=Manik |first1=Julfikar Ali |date=25 February 2009 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=24 April 2017 |last2=Sengupta |first2=Somini |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The mutiny took place when senior commanders were in Dhaka for convocation or durbar.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/dhaka/2017/02/25/8-years-gruesome-bdr-mutiny-still-memory/ |title=8 years on, gruesome BDR mutiny still in memory |date=25 February 2017 |work=[[Dhaka Tribune]] |access-date=24 April 2017 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |url=http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1882554,00.html |title=After the Mutiny, Questions About Bangladesh's Army |last=Sobhan |first=Zafar |date=2 March 2009 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |access-date=24 April 2017 |issn=0040-781X}}</ref> A total of 74 people were killed in the mutiny.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/14/world/asia/14bangla.html |title=Bangladeshi Premier Faces a Grim Crucible |last=Sengupta |first=Somini |date=13 March 2009 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=24 April 2017 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The cause and scheme of this revolt remained under investigation as of 2025, though resentment at officers being seconded from Bangladesh army and allegations of corruption are believed to have been among the tenets.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bangladeshchronicle.net/index.php/2013/02/pilkhana-massacre-collaborator-mixes-in-the-crowd |title=Pilkhana massacre collaborator mixes in the crowd |work=The Bangladesh Chronicle |agency=Weekly Blitz |access-date=22 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307070434/http://www.bangladeshchronicle.net/index.php/2013/02/pilkhana-massacre-collaborator-mixes-in-the-crowd |archive-date=7 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7910837.stm |title=Bangladesh becomes battle zone |date=25 February 2009 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |access-date=3 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12123651 |title=Bangladesh tries 800 soldiers for bloody 2009 mutiny |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=3 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/asiapcf/02/25/bangladesh.gunbattle/index.html |title=Dozens feared dead in Bangladesh mutiny |publisher=[[CNN]] |access-date=3 April 2016}}</ref>
[[File:Dahgram BGB Check post sign.jpg|thumb|BGB outpost in [[Dahagram–Angarpota|Dahagram]], [[Rangpur Division]].]]

After 30 hours of being surrounded by Bangladesh Army tanks, the mutineers surrendered with about 6,000 of them taken under arrest, ending the mutiny.<ref name="hrw">{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/07/04/bangladesh-torture-deaths-jailed-mutiny-suspects |title=Human Rights Watch Report on Bangladesh Rifles Mutiny Trial |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]] |date=4 July 2012 |access-date=29 June 2014}}</ref> In November 2013, Bangladesh sentenced 152 mutineers from Bangladesh Rifles to death.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Manik |first1=Julfikar Ali |last2=Barry |first2=Ellen |date=5 November 2013 |title=152 Bangladeshi Border Guards Get Death Penalty Over Revolt |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/06/world/asia/152-soldiers-given-death-penalty-over-revolt-in-bangladesh.html |access-date=24 April 2017 |work=[[The New York Times]] |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> On 1 September 2024, a discussion titled ''Pilkhana Carnage: Hasina and India’s Conspiracy'' was held at the Dhaka Reporters Unity after the [[July uprising]]. Speakers at the event claimed that [[Sheikh Hasina]] and the [[First Manmohan Singh ministry|22nd Indian Ministry]] were involved in orchestrating the revolt at the Pilkhana headquarters of Bangladesh Rifles. They called for a new investigation into the incident<ref name=":03">{{cite news |date=1 September 2024 |title=India, Sheikh Hasina blamed for 2009 BDR Mutiny |url=https://www.newagebd.net/post/country/244137/india-sheikh-hasina-blamed-for-2009-bdr-mutiny |access-date=1 September 2024 |newspaper=The Newage BD}}</ref> and on 15 December 2024, the Ministry of Home Affairs informed the High Court that it would not establish a commission to re-investigate the BDR revolt, prompting public criticism.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 December 2024 |title=Commission formed to investigate BDR carnage |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/commission-formed-investigate-bdr-carnage-1025281 |access-date=23 December 2024 |website=The Business Standard |language=en}}</ref> On 17 December same year, student movement representatives, including Mahin Sarker, [[Hasnat Abdullah]], and [[Sarjis Alam]], announced plans for nationwide protests if a commission was not formed. On 23 December, the Ministry of Home Affairs subsequently created a seven-member commission to re-investigate the case.<ref>{{Cite web |title=No commission to be formed over Pilkhana massacre |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/368172/no-commission-will-be-formed-regarding-bdr-mutiny |access-date=23 December 2024 |website=Dhaka Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=17 December 2024 |script-title=bn:আইন উপদেষ্টার কার্যালয় ঘেরাওয়ের ঘোষণা, সংহতি হাসনাত-সারজিসের |url=https://www.jugantor.com/national/891832 |work=Jugantor |language=bn}}</ref>

==== Border Guard Bangladesh ====
[[File:Panbari BGB check post, Patgram (04).jpg|thumb|BGB outpost in [[Patgram Upazila|Patgram]], Rangpur Division.]]
In the aftermath of the mutiny, the Border Guard Bangladesh Act was issued in 2010 and the Bangladesh Rifles was reorganised with new recruits. The force is still commanded by senior officers seconded from the Bangladesh Army. The Bangladesh Rifles have gone through some fundamental changes since 2010.<ref>{{cite act|title=Border Guard Bangladesh Act, 2010|type=Act|index=63|year=2010|language=bn|url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-details-1067.html}}</ref> It was officially renamed as the Border Guard Bangladesh (BGB) on 23 January 2011 and reorganised with fresh recruits, also formed their own intelligence unit.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-102204 |title=BDR to get new name, uniform, intelligence unit |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)]] |date=19 August 2009 |access-date=13 April 2017}}</ref> The Border Guard Bangladesh Act, 2010 increased the maximum punishment for mutiny from 7 years in jail to the death penalty.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-155222 |title=Firm fetters for border guards |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)]] |date=20 September 2010 |access-date=13 April 2017}}</ref>

News reports in 2018 stated the BGB had "54,000 troopers".<ref name="ind18Sep2018">{{Cite news |title=15,000 more posts for BGB |url=http://www.theindependentbd.com/printversion/details/166835 |date= |work=[[The Independent (Bangladesh)]] |location=[[Dhaka]] |access-date=18 August 2018}}</ref> The 2020 edition of ''[[International Institute for Strategic Studies#Publications|The Military Balance]]'' put the force's personnel strength at 38,000, organized in 54 battalions and one riverine company. The force has initiated recruitment of female soldiers from 2016.<ref>{{cite news |date=1 August 2016 |title=First female members of Border Guard Bangladesh report to work |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2016/08/01/first-female-members-of-border-guard-bangladesh-report-to-work |work=[[Bdnews24.com]]}}</ref><ref name="Military Balance">{{Cite journal |author=International Institute for Strategic Studies |author-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies |year=2020 |title=Chapter Six: Asia |journal=The Military Balance |volume=120 |issue=1 |page=254 |doi=10.1080/04597222.2020.1707967 |s2cid=219627149}}</ref>

==== Bangladesh–Myanmar border skirmish in 2014 ====
On 28 May 2014, during a routine patrol of BGB in [[Bandarban District]], along the [[Bangladesh–Myanmar border|Bangladesh-Myanmar border]], [[Myanmar Border Police]] began firing on BGB patrols. The incident took the life of Border Guard Corporal Mizanur Rahman (43). The body of the slain soldier was then carried over the border by Myanmar Border Police. On 30 May upon request of the Myanmar Ambassador to Bangladesh, a BGB team was waiting near border pillar no. 52 for identification of the dead body which was proposed by the Myanmar side. However, to the complete surprise of BGB, Myanmar border forces suddenly started firing on the waiting BGB team without any provocation resulting in the BGB team returning fire. Both sides deescalated and agreed to a ceasefire and on the following day, Myanmar returned the dead body of BGB Corporal Mizanur Rahman. Bangladesh's Ministry of Foreign Affairs had protested strongly to the Burmese ambassador over the unprovoked eruption of gunfire by Burmese border troops.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/myanmar-returns-arms-ammo-of-slain-bgb-man-27159 |title=Myanmar returns arms, ammo of slain BGB man |date=5 June 2014 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)]] |access-date=13 April 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/myanmars-border-force-regrets-mizans-killing-27206 |title=Myanmar's border force regrets Mizan's killing |date=6 June 2014 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)]] |access-date=13 April 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Bangladesh–Arakan Army border clash 2015 ====
On 26 August 2015, the [[Arakan Army (Kachin State)|Arakan Army]], a separatist group in [[Myanmar]], attacked a BGB patroller in Boro Modak, [[Thanchi Upazila|Thanchi]], [[Bandarban District|Bandarban]]. Two border guards were injured in the attack. On 11 May 2015, the BGB camp in Thanchi came under mortar fire, BGB retaliated by firing two rounds towards the border<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/country/bandarban-bgb-camp-comes-under-mortar-shells-attacks-1222675 |title=Bandarban BGB camp comes under mortar attack |date=12 May 2016 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)]]|access-date=13 April 2017 |language=en}}</ref> [[Border Security Force|BSF]] agreed to allow BGB to use BSF roads in [[India]] to patrol the border on 1 August 2016.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/india-lets-bgb-use-its-roads-patrol-1262443 |title=India lets BGB use its roads for patrol |date=1 August 2016 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)]] |access-date=13 April 2017 |language=en}}</ref> On 15 November 2016, Border Guard Bangladesh stopped 86 [[Rohingya people|Rohingyas]] from entering Bangladesh on two boats.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/coast-guards-push-back-125-rohingyas-1317412 |title=Coast guards push back 125 Rohingyas |date=20 November 2016 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)]] |access-date=13 April 2017 |language=en}}</ref> On 6 February 2017, BGB protested against the Border Guard Police, after they shot and killed a Bangladeshi fisherman in the [[Naf River]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/country/bangladesh-national-shot-dead-myanmar-border-1356781 |title=Bangladesh national shot dead at Myanmar border |date=6 February 2017 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)]] |access-date=13 April 2017 |language=en}}</ref> BGB deployed its first female border guards on 24 February 2017 in the [[Dinajpur District, Bangladesh|Dinajpur]] border area.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/nation/2017/02/24/first-ever-female-bgb-officers-deployed-to-hili-border/ |title=First ever female BGB members deployed at Hili Border |date=24 February 2017 |work=[[Dhaka Tribune]] |access-date=24 April 2017 |language=en-US}}</ref> BGB and [[Myanmar Police Force]] came to an agreement on 6 April 2017 to remove mines from the border area.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/city/border-guard-bangladesh-myanmar-cops-agree-remove-mines-border-1387255 |title=BGB, Myanmar cops agree to remove mines from border |date=6 April 2017 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)]] |access-date=13 April 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

==Decorations==
''The then''-''East Pakistan Rifles'' joined the [[Bangladesh War of Independence]] on the side of [[Mukti Bahini]] in 1971. One hundred and forty one members earned gallantry awards for their outstanding contributions to the independence war of Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Munshi Abdur Rouf College Admission Circular & Result 2022|url=https://eduresultbd.com/munshi-abdur-rouf-college-admission/|access-date=7 February 2022|language=en-US}}</ref> 2 earned [[Bir Sreshtho]] 8 earned [[Bir Uttom]], 40 earned [[Bir Bikrom]] and 91 earned [[Bir Protik]].

=== Medals ===

* '''[[Border Guard Bangladesh Padak (Bravery)]]'''
* '''[[President Border Guard Padak (Bravery)]]'''
* '''[[Border Guard Bangladesh Padak (Service)]]'''
* '''[[President Border Guard Padak (Service)]]'''
* '''[[File:Bangladesh_Rifles_Bi-centennial_Padak_Ribbon.jpg|50x50px]] [[Bi-Centennial Padak]]'''
* '''[[File:Naf_Padak.png|50x50px]] [[Naf Padak]]'''

After independence, on 3 March 1972, the force was renamed as Bangladesh Rifles. As a mark of recognition for the courage and bravery of its members, BDR introduced ''Bangladesh Rifles Podok'' in 1985 and ''President Rifles Podok'' in 1989.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-26032 |title=CA asks BDR to plan for creating poll atmosphere |date=4 March 2008 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)]] |access-date=24 April 2017 |language=en}}</ref> 21 members had received the ''Bangladesh Rifles Podok'' and 29 had received the ''President Rifles Podok'' as of 2025.
[[File:Border Guard Bangladesh patrol at Teknaf. (32312727753).jpg|thumb|Border Guard Bangladesh (BGB) personnel patrolling at Teknaf, Cox's Bazar.]]

==Responsibilities==
* Patrolling and securing the border
* Investigating cross border crimes
* Anti-Smuggling Operations
* Counter Terrorism
* Domestic law enforcement during national emergencies
* Acting as a reserve force under [[Ministry of Defence (Bangladesh)|Ministry of Defence]] during war

== Director Generals ==
{{Main|Director General of Bangladesh Border Guards}}

==Equipment==
{{main|List of equipment of the Border Guards Bangladesh}}
[[File:S3-DNM- Mil MI 171E-BGB.jpg|thumb|[[Mil Mi-17|Mil Mi-171E]] of Border Guard Bangladesh]]

== Rank structure ==

'''Superior officers'''
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px; text-align:center;"
|- style="background:#ccc;"
!Rank group|| colspan="2" | General/Flag Officers|| colspan="3" | Senior Officers||colspan="2"| Junior Officers
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[File:বর্ডার গার্ড বাংলাদেশের পতাকা.svg|22x22px]] BGB <ref name="rank">{{cite web |url=https://bgb.gov.bd/pages/static-pages/6922df67933eb65569e21c32 |title=About BGB: Rank and Badge|website=bgb.gov.bd|access-date=2026-01-23}}</ref>
|
|-
|Director General
|Additional Director General
|Deputy Director General
|Director
|Additional Director
|Deputy Director
|Assistant Director
|-
|- style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"
! Grade
|'''1'''
|'''2'''
|'''3'''
|'''4'''
|'''5'''
|'''7'''
| colspan="2" |'''9'''
|}
'''Subordinate officers'''
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px; text-align:center;"
|- style="background:#ccc;"
! Rank group|| colspan="3" | Junior Commissioned Officers|| colspan="1" |Non-Commissioned Officers||colspan="3"| Enlisted
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[File:বর্ডার গার্ড বাংলাদেশের পতাকা.svg|22x22px]] BGB <ref name="rank"/>
|
|-
|Subedar Major
|Subedar
|Naib Subedar
|Havildar
|Naik
|Lance Naik
|Sepoy
|-
|- style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"
! Grade
|'''9'''
|'''9'''
|'''9'''
|'''10 & 11'''
| style="white-space:nowrap;" |'''13 & 14'''
|'''15'''
|'''17'''
|}
==Organization==
Border Guard Bangladesh is directed by [[Director General of Border Guard Bangladesh|director general]] who is a [[Major general (Bangladesh)|two star]] officer of Bangladesh Army. Most of the Border Guard Administration are governed by officers posted from the army. There are, however, around 100 officers who are promoted from within the force itself. They can be promoted as high as deputy director (equivalent to captain in [[Bangladesh Army]]).

The force is structured with five regional headquarters who reports to the director general at [[Pilkhana, Bangladesh|Pilkhana]]. Each of the regions are commanded by a regional commander who are [[Brigadier general (Bangladesh)|one star]] officers from the army. Under regional headquarters, there are a total of 17 sectors. The sectors are commanded by [[colonel]]s. Under each sectors, there are multiple [[battalion]]s which are commanded by [[lieutenant colonel]]s. A battalion has six rifle companies, one support company and one HQ company. Army officers of the rank of [[captain]] command the companies and officers of the rank of [[Major (rank)|major]] fill billets of battalion [[second-in-command]], adjutant, battalion intelligence officer and staff positions in Pilkhana HQ and the training establishments. However one-third of company commanders are promotee BGB officers holding the rank of assistant director (equivalent to captain). This is the second-highest rank achievable for a BGB departmental officer. A [[subedar]] usually holds the responsibility of the company second-in-command and company quartermaster. Each company has four platoons and each platoon is led by a [[naib subedar]], with a [[havildar]] as second-in-command. The highest rank for a promotee BGB soldiers, deputy director (major equivalent), fill the billets of battalion adjutant and battalion logistics officers. The [[subedar-major]] (lieutenant equivalent) similarly fills the billets of battalion subedar major (ceremonial post) and head instructors in training establishments and depots. Each Platoon has three sections and each section is commanded by a [[Naik (military rank)|Naik]], with a [[Lance naik]] as second-in-command. Each section has two to three teams and the team is led by a lance naik. A BGB personnel is not eligible to lead sections, platoons and companies or hold posts of second-in-command if they are over 40 years of age and those in such positions receive additional 'command allowance'. Its current strength is 70,000<ref name="ind18Sep2018" /> structured along 64 battalions and numerous border outposts (BOP), mostly along the borders.<ref>{{cite web | title=Jahangir raises flag of new BGB battalion in Ukhiya | url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/375109/jahangir-raises-flag-of-new-bgb-battalion-in }}</ref>

* '''BGB Headquarters''': [[Pilkhana, Bangladesh|Pilkhana]], [[Dhaka Division|Dhaka]]<ref name="Bangladesh">[http://bgb.gov.bd/ Bangladesh]</ref>
** Director General
*** Additional Director General (Headquarters)
****Deputy Director General (Records)
****Deputy Director General (Logistics)
*** Additional Director General (Operations and Training)
**** Deputy Director General (Communications)
**** Commandant - Border Guard Training Centre and College
*** Additional Director General (Administration)
**** Deputy Director General (Budget)
**** Deputy Director General (Central Purchase)
**** Deputy Director General (Construction Works)
*** Additional Director General (Medical)
*** Additional Director General (Border Security Bureau)
*** Sector Command - [[Dhaka District|Dhaka]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Border Guard Bangladesh |first=Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh |author-link=Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh |date=2024-12-31 |title=GENERAL INFORMATION OF DHAKA SECTOR HQ |url=https://bgb.gov.bd/pages/static-pages/6922dc97933eb65569e11218 |access-date=2026-01-28 |website=bgb.gov.bd}}</ref>
* '''North Eastern Region''': [[Sarail Upazila|Sarail]], [[Chittagong Division|Chittagong]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Border Guard Bangladesh |first=Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh |author-link=Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh |date=2024-12-31 |title=GENERAL INFORMATION OF NORTH-EAST REGION |url=https://bgb.gov.bd/pages/static-pages/6922df5d933eb65569e217b9 |access-date=2026-01-27 |website=bgb.gov.bd}}</ref>
** Region Commander
*** Sector Command - [[Cumilla District|Cumilla]]
*** Sector Command - [[Mymensingh District|Mymensingh]]
*** Sector Command - [[Sreemangal Upazila|Sreemangal]]
*** Sector Command - [[Sylhet District|Sylhet]]
*** Regional Intelligence Bureau - Sarail
* '''North Western Region''': [[Rangpur, Bangladesh|Rangpur City]], [[North Bengal|Rangpur]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Border Guard Bangladesh |first=Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh |author-link=Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh |date=2024-12-31 |title=GENERAL INFORMATION OF NORTH-WEST REGION HQ |url=https://bgb.gov.bd/pages/static-pages/6922df8b933eb65569e22af0 |access-date=2026-01-27 |website=bgb.gov.bd}}</ref>
** Region Commander
*** Sector Command - [[Dinajpur District, Bangladesh|Dinajpur]]
*** Sector Command - [[Rajshahi District|Rajshahi]]
*** Sector Command - [[Rangpur District|Rangpur]]
*** Sector Command - [[Thakurgaon District|Thakurgaon]]
*** Regional Intelligence Bureau - Rangpur
* '''South Eastern Region''': [[Halishahar]], Chittagong<ref>{{Cite web |last=Border Guard Bangladesh |first=Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh |author-link=Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh |date=2024-12-31 |title=GENERAL INFORMATION OF SOUTH-EAST REGION HQ |url=https://bgb.gov.bd/pages/static-pages/6922dc5c933eb65569e0fec5 |access-date=2026-01-27 |website=bgb.gov.bd}}</ref>
** Region Commander
*** Sector Command - [[Rangamati District|Rangamati]]
*** Sector Command - [[Khagrachari District|Khagrachari]]
*** Sector Command - [[Guimara Upazila|Guimara]]
*** Reserve Battalion - [[Chittagong|Chattagram]]
*** Regional Intelligence Bureau - Halishahar
* '''South Western Regional''': [[Jessore (city)|Jessore]], [[Khulna Division|Khulna]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Border Guard Bangladesh |first=Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh |author-link=Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh |date=2024-12-31 |title=GENERAL INFORMATION OF SOUTH-WEST REGION HQ |url=https://bgb.gov.bd/pages/static-pages/6922e11a933eb65569e2a347 |access-date=2026-01-27 |website=bgb.gov.bd}}</ref>
** Region Commander
*** Sector Command - [[Kushtia District|Kushtia]]
*** Sector Command - [[Khulna District|Khulna]]
*** Regional Intelligence Bureau - Jessore
* '''Cox's Bazar Region''': [[Cox's Bazar]], Chittagong<ref>{{Cite web |last=Border Guard Bangladesh |first=Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh |author-link=Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh |date=2024-12-31 |title=GENERAL INFORMATION OF COX’S BAZAR REGION HQ |url=https://bgb.gov.bd/pages/static-pages/6922dbc8933eb65569e0c832 |access-date=2026-01-27 |website=bgb.gov.bd}}</ref>
** Region Commander
*** Sector Command - [[Ramu Upazila|Ramu]]
*** Sector Command - [[Bandarban District|Bandarban]]
*** Regional Intelligence Bureau - Cox's Bazar

==Future modernization programme==

BGB has adopted a long term modernization plan named "BGB Vision 2041" in 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dailytribunal24.com/govt-takes-bgb-vision-2041-to-make-border-force-world-standard-pm/ |title=Govt takes'BGB Vision-2041' to make border force world standard:PM |work=Daily Tribunal |date=18 December 2019 |publisher=The Daily Tribunal |access-date=18 December 2019}}</ref> The plan intends to make BGB a well-trained, well-equipped and technologically advanced force.

In short terms, BGB plans for structural and manpower expansion. A new region (equivalent to [[Division (military)|division]]) will be raised in [[Ramu]] of [[Cox's Bazar]]. Three new sectors (equivalent to [[brigade|brigades]]) will be raised at [[Ali Kadam Upazila|Ali Kadam]] of [[Bandarban]], [[Naogaon]] and [[Jessore (city)|Jessore]]. Eight new [[battalion]]s will be formed at [[Jhikargacha Upazila|Jhikargacha]] of Jessore, [[Meherpur]], [[Khagrachari]], ''Boro Mowdok'' of Bandarban, [[Gazipur]], [[Narayanganj]] and [[Kulaura]]. Two riverine battalions will be raised in BGB at ''Nildumur'' of [[Shatkhira]] and [[Teknaf Upazila|Teknaf]] of Cox's Bazar. They are the first two units of BGB who will be able to operate in riverine borders and ''char''s ([[River island]]). The number of personnel will be increased from 50,000 to 65.000 soon. 124 ''Border Out Posts (BOP)'' and 70 heli-support BOPs are being set up in the border areas of hilly districts along the border with Myanmar. 128 ''Border Sentri Posts (BSP)'' are being constructed between the distant BOPs. BGB members are being equipped with [[Personnel Armor System for Ground Troops|bulletproof vests and ballistic helmet]].<ref name="bgbday">{{cite news |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/country/prime-minister-sheikh-hasina-asks-border-guard-bangladesh-bgb-members-to-be-imbued-with-bonding-spirit-1507783 |title=PM asks BGB members to be imbued with bonding spirit |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)]] |date=21 December 2017 |access-date=21 December 2017}}</ref>

A ''Quick Response Force'' will be established for BGB. The force will work to supply modern arms and ammunition swiftly to border points in case of any emergency.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://m.theindependentbd.com/printversion/details/107551 |title=BGB to introduce Quick Reaction Force |work=[[The Independent (Bangladesh)]] |location=[[Dhaka]] |date=4 August 2017 |access-date=13 August 2017}}</ref> For smooth operation in the border areas, border roads are being constructed. In ''BGB day 2017'', ''the then'' prime minister of Bangladesh, [[Sheikh Hasina]] said that the government has undertaken a plan to construct a total of 3,167 km ring road across the borde5rs with India and Myanmar.

BGB has already bought two [[Mil Mi-17|Mi-171E]] helicopters from [[Russia]] for its aviation wing at a cost of Tk. 355.10 crore.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://m.theindependentbd.com/post/169673 |title=Russian copters to turn BGB into 3-dimensional force |work=[[The Independent (Bangladesh)]] |location=[[Dhaka]] |date=9 October 2018 |access-date=13 October 2018}}</ref>

BGB has initiated a technological modernization program aimed at establishing "3I" (Information, Identification, and Intervention) capabilities within its border management framework. This strategy involves the deployment of integrated surveillance systems, including [[Infrared sensor|infrared sensors]], [[Night-vision device|night-vision]] equipment, and [[Closed-circuit television camera|closed-circuit television cameras]], to monitor border zones. Future expansion of this initiative includes the integration of [[Radar|radar systems]] and [[satellite monitoring]] facilities to enhance long-term situational awareness and intelligence gathering.

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{notelist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|Border Guard Bangladesh}}
* {{Official website}}

{{Bangladesh topics}}
{{Border guards}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Border Guard Bangladesh| ]]
[[Category:Military of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Mukti Bahini]]
[[Category:Borders of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:1795 establishments in the British Empire]]
[[Category:Government agencies of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Uniformed services of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Sheikh Mujibur Rahman administration initiatives]]

Kandikunta Venkata Prasad

2026-04-25T03:34:30Z

Mythu09: New new entry

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kandikunta Venkata Prasad
| office = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start = 2024
| predecessor = [[P. V. Sidda Reddy]]
| constituency = [[Kadiri Assembly constituency|Kadiri]]
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| birth_date = 1971
}}
'''Kandikunta Venkata Prasad''' (born 1967) is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]] who is an MLA from [[Kadiri Assembly constituency]] in [[Sri Sathya Sai district]]. He represents [[Telugu Desam Party]]. He won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] where TDP had an alliance with [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] and [[Jana Sena Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kandikunta Venkata Prasad, TDP Candidate from Kadiri Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/andhra-pradesh/kandikunta-venkata-prasad-assembly-candidate-s01aed2008a161e2024c002/ |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kadiri Constituency Election Results 2024: Kadiri Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/constituency-show/kadiri |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Prasad is from Rayachoti Road, Kadiri. His father is Kandikunta Raguramappa. He married Kandikunta Yashoda Devi. He completed school at Government Boys High School in 1980, [[Nandikotkur]], [[Kurnool district]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Affidavits of Anantapur Kandikunta Venkata-Prasad |url=https://ceotelangana.nic.in/GE_2009/Affidavits/Anantapur/280/Kandikunta%20VenkataPrasad%20(new).pdf.pdf |website=ceotelangana.nic.in}}</ref> He did intermediate education in 1982 at Government Junior College, [[Kadiri]] in the former Anantapur district. He did his B.Tech. from 1983 to 1987 at Bapuji Institute of Engineering and Technology, [[Davanagere]], [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kandikunta Venkata Prasad(TDP):Constituency- KADIRI(ANANTAPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/ap09/candidate.php?candidate_id=2107 |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>
He is from [[Thogata]] Veera Kshatriya caste.{{fact|date=July 2024}}

== Political career ==
Prasad became an MLA for the second time winning the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Kadiri Assembly constituency]] representing [[Telugu Desam Party]]. He polled 103,610 votes and defeated his nearest rival B. S. Maqbool Ahmed of [[YSR Congress Party]] by a narrow margin of 6,265 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kadiri Assembly Election Results 2024: Kadiri Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/andhra-pradesh/kadiri-constituency-result-1161 |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Earlier, he won the [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from Kadiri on TDP seat by defeating Battala Venkataramana by a margin of 14,977 votes. In between, he lost to [[YSR Congress Party]] candidates in both the 2014 and 2019 Assembly elections. He lost the 2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election to Attar Chand Basha by a narrow margin of 968 votes while he lost to [[P. V. Sidda Reddy]] in the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] by a margin of 27,243 votes due to the wave in favour of YSR Congress Party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-24 |title=Anantapur Election Results 2019: MLA & MP Winner List {{!}} District & Constituency Wise |url=https://www.sakshipost.com/andhrapradesh-politics/2019/05/24/anantapur-election-results-2019-mla-mp-winner-list-district-constituency-wise |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=Sakshi Post |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Venkata Prasad, Kandikunta}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:People from Anantapur district]]

Anand Sansthan

2026-04-24T17:52:32Z

Mythu09: Started first stub and citations!

{{Short description|Government department established by Madhya Pradesh cabinet }}
{{Orphan|date=April 2023}}

{{Infobox organization
| name = Rajya Anand Sansthan
| image =
| caption =
| formation = 2016
| founder =
| founding_location =
| type = [[Ministry (government department)|Government department]]
| status = Active
| purpose = Promoting happiness and well-being
| headquarters = [[Bhopal]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| region_served = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| leader_title = President – General Assembly
| leader_name = [[Mohan Yadav]]
| leader_title2 = CEO
| leader_name2 = Ashish Kumar
|
| num_volunteers = 1,40,833 (Anandaks)
| website = https://www.anandsansthanmp.in/
}}

Rajya Anand Sansthan is a pioneering government institution under Happiness Department established in 2016 by the Government of Madhya Pradesh, India, with the aim of promoting inner well-being, emotional resilience, and a value-based life among citizens.

==Roles ==
The Anand department has several roles, including identifying the scale of measuring pleasure and efficiency, coordinating with other departments to promote well-being, formulating policies, implementing action plans, and mainstreaming the entire process. The department also takes feedback from citizens and publishes reports after surveying the effect of Anand Vibhag. It serves as a knowledge resource center as well.

The Anand department will have the following functions:

* Identifying and defining the yardsticks of happiness and well being.
* Setting guidelines for various government departments for collaborative functioning, as they work towards spreading joy in the State.
* Framing a planned and structured policy for the concept of happiness and integrating its implementation with mainstream governance.
* Designing activities and determining an action plan for the experiencing of joy.
* Reviewing and evaluating the happiness quotient of citizens as per well-researched parameters and at regular time intervals.
* Preparing and publishing a study report on the state of happiness in Madhya Pradesh.
* Continuous researching and improving upon the methods of happiness dispersal as also the parameters of assessing those methods.
* Working as a Knowledge Resource Center on the subject of Happiness.

In order to fulfill these objectives, the Madhya Pradesh government decided to set up Rajya Anand Sansthan as a functional unit. The Rajya Anand Sansthan is an independent registered society, which will work towards achieving the said objectives.

== Purpose ==
The Anand department was established to promote happiness and well-being in Madhya Pradesh. The department takes inspiration from other countries, such as [[Bhutan]], which measures [[Gross National Happiness|gross national happiness]] through psychological well-being, health, education, use of time, cultural diversity and harmony, good governance, community activism, natural diversity and harmony, and standard of living. The Anand department focuses on the concept of Anand, which means happiness, and aims to remove mental ailments such as jealousy, passion, malice, anger, greed, ego, and others. The department promotes yoga, meditation, [[pranayama]], devotion, study, music, sports, and other activities to remove these mental diseases and achieve long-lasting bliss.<ref name="Hindi news">{{cite news |title=आनंद विभाग बनाने वाला देश का पहला राज्य बनेगा मध्यप्रदेश |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/MP-OTH-MAT-latest-dhar-news-023003-565604-NOR.html |publisher=[[Dainik Bhaskar]] |date=2016 |language=Hindi}}</ref>

== Initiatives and programmes ==

'''Alpviram: Taking a Pause & Quiet Time for Inner Listening'''

Alpviram is an activity which aims at bringing a positive disposition in the outlook of people in general and government employees and officers in particular. Apart from inner cleansing and rise in personal maturity, it makes them happier too. A happy employee always gives better output. The quality of work done by him in the office can be evidence of the kind of life he is living.

Knowing well that an overall feeling of well-being cannot stem from material conveniences and prosperity alone, employees need to have a fundamental understanding of what a joyful and complete life means. Rajya Anand Sansthan endeavors to make available such trained volunteers (Anand Sahyogies) who conduct Alpviram programs and help bring about a healthy change in the working of government offices and in the mindsets of officers. An Anand Sahyogi could be either from amidst the office employees or from private organizations. Government employees are roped into such activities at regular intervals so they get to experience the joy of meaningful selfless service.

'''Anand ki Aur:'''

Rajya Anand Sansthan conducts various programs for the citizens through which they can experience inner happiness. One such major programme of Sansthan is Alpviram where people are given tools which help them in connecting with their conscience and living their life on its basis. It is being realized that a man basically interacts with self, family, society and the rest of nature. A system already exists in all these four levels. If we understand this system and live life according to it, we can live happily. If a person has a clear understanding about these, then he can decide his conduct. With the right understanding one can live in constant bliss with the co-existence of all four systems (self, family, society and the nature).

To understand this, basically we have to clarify the importance and priority of convenience, relationship and understanding. By running after facilities i.e. material resources, wealth, position, opulence, etc., the possibility of attaining happiness through them is very limited. There are many examples of this - affluent people, who have wealth, position, prestige, but they are not happy. In such a situation, the importance of relationship for happiness becomes clear. Living in relationship with right understanding and feeling increases happiness.

To create understanding of the meaning of happiness, we also need to understand the four orders in Nature which are Material Order, Plant/Bio Order, Animal Order and The Human (Knowledge) Order. Each order is connected to other orders and their relationship is in such a way that they all fulfill and coexist with each other. We can live happily only if we understand the interconnectedness and natural fulfillment of these four orders. As soon as we go against this system our happiness starts receding. By understanding all these things and by continuously judging our action, behavior, emotions, thoughts and beliefs on the basis of inner voice (Natural acceptance), we can decide at our own level to be happy. In such situation, outer things may not be able to affect our happiness. Our happiness will be in our control i.e. we can ourselves decide whether we want to be happy or unhappy.

In the “Anand ki Aur” program, techniques will be discussed to make people aware about the above subject matter and to make them learn to be happy while doing their work on the basis of their natural acceptance (inner voice).This three to six day program is being conducted in Madhya Pradesh by Rajya Anand Sansthan in collaboration with Universal Human Values Team (U.H.V.) and All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE). The Sansthan strives to connect its Anandaks with this program, so that their life becomes joyful and can also inspire others towards being happy.

The “Anand Ki Aur” Program has been started to further help those Anandak, who have understood connection with self through the “Alpviram” Program, to understand coexistence with family, society and nature leading to harmony within.

'''Anand Utsav'''

A vibrant community life brings joy to the lives of citizens. Keeping this in mind, the "Anand Utsav" (Festival of Joy) is celebrated annually between January 14th and 28th.

The objective of Anand Utsav is to organize group-level sports and cultural programs to enhance participation and enthusiasm among citizens. The core spirit of Anand Utsav is participation, not competition. Anand Utsav is celebrated in both urban and rural areas. The festival primarily features locally popular traditional sports such as कबड्डी (Kabaddi), खो-खो (Kho-Kho), sack race, tug-of-war, chair race, पिट्ठू (Pithoo), सितोलिया (Sitoliya), spoon race, lemon race, etc., as well as cultural programs like folk music, dance, singing, bhajans, kirtans, plays, and other locally determined activities.

Anand Utsav is organized in a way that ensures the participation of all sections of society, including men and women, citizens of all age groups, and people with disabilities. To ensure the special participation of men and women above 50 years of age, people with disabilities, and senior citizens, activities suitable for them are included in the Anand Utsav programs.
https://www.amarujala.com/madhya-pradesh/bhopal/mp-news-anand-utsav-festival-of-joy-to-be-held-in-madhya-pradesh-from-january-14-spreading-waves-of-happin-2026-01-05

'''Anand Club:'''

Anand Club is based on the premise that an Anandak or the volunteer should acquire the skills of leading a happy harmonious life and then initiate/form a club to spread the same in his vicinity. Without trying to acquire any authority /wisdom over the study or philosophy of life and without indulging in any profound contemplations or deliberations over them, one can remain happy and positive by adopting simple habits and through small daily acts based on common sense and awareness.

'''Anandam: Joy of Giving'''

Anandam is an initiative of the Rajya Anand Sansthan which encourages people to engage in the “Joy of Giving.” The idea is to give them a platform to share their surplus with the lesser privileged. In most households books, clothes and other utility items can easily be dispensed with. Institutional arrangements to collect such items and deliver them to the needy can be one way of service. This is what the Anandam Program endeavors to do. People are expected to leave their surplus belongings at predefined places from where the deprived could collect items of use at their convenience. This arrangement of Anandam has been established in every district of the State with the help of public representatives and citizens. It is running smoothly at 172 places in 55 districts with self-help organizations assisting the district administration in the same.

'''Anand Sabha:'''

Rajya Anand Sansthan holds the considered view that, in addition to the prescribed curriculum for various subjects in schools, students should also be exposed to topics that help them understand certain important aspects of life. To achieve this, sessions should be organized based on specially designed modules. In these sessions, students will not only study subject matter but will also engage in activities that will develop their understanding of these aspects. Such sessions have been termed Anand Sabha.

'''Anand Calendar:'''

We need no accomplishments or physical things to achieve happiness. Happiness can be achieved by doing small things like helping, playing a sport, learning new things, doing new things or we can just be happy without any reason. Although we all know what gives us happiness, we tend to forget practicing them. It would be so nice if someone could remind us what to do, how many times we have done it and how it felt.
In order to help you with this Rajya Anand Sansthan has developed an Anand Calendar. With the help of this calendar we can highlight those activities which make us happy. Actually this calendar has been developed with the thought that we should actively practice staying happy.

'''Anand Gram/Basti:'''

The State Institute of Happiness is implementing various happiness programs through Anandaks (volunteers) to help citizens of the state experience inner happiness. The concept of "Happiness Village/Basti" is to enhance the inner happiness of all the people of a village by implementing all the programs of the Institute together regularly and continuously in that village.
Furthermore, it is necessary to implement all the programs and activities of the Institute systematically with a specific population and understand their impact on them. To this end, the concept of "Happiness Village" was conceived, where local people are encouraged to directly use the happiness tools developed/selected by the State Institute of Happiness. Using these tools, efforts should be made to assess the changes in people's lives and continuously improve our programs.
The greatest resource for the development of any village or town is its people. Local problems can be solved more effectively by the community itself. The people themselves can also find solutions to how to remain happy even with the limited resources available to them. Every society has some people who voluntarily work for the development and upliftment of the society. If such people are made aware, capable, and empowered, they will be able to work for the internal development of the society in a more effective and systematic manner with the participation of the community. The State Anand Sansthan has envisioned Anand Gram/Basti to train and develop such self-motivated people into empowered Anandakas.

'''Happiness Index:'''

One of the main objectives of the State Institute of Happiness is to prepare and publish a Happiness Index to assess the level of happiness in the state of Madhya Pradesh. The Institute began work in this direction immediately upon its inception.
The State Institute of Happiness signed an MoU with the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kharagpur to collaborate on the development of a Happiness Index. Based on the terms of this MoU, a survey is being prepared to develop a Happiness Index, conduct a survey among citizens, and publish its report. As a preliminary preparation, the IIT team studied popular methods and indices for measuring happiness worldwide. The findings revealed that happiness is linked to the concept of a good and quality life. This includes positive feelings, meaning of one's existence, [[life satisfaction]], basic facilities and good governance etc.
Currently, Madhya Pradesh is the first state in the country to begin work on assessing the well-being of its citizens. In the near future, the State Happiness Institute will be able to publish a happiness report for the citizens of Madhya Pradesh.

https://www.amarujala.com/madhya-pradesh/bhopal/mp-news-anand-utsav-festival-of-joy-to-be-held-in-madhya-pradesh-from-january-14-spreading-waves-of-happin-2026-01-05

https://www.freepressjournal.in/bhopal/anand-utsav-to-be-organised-in-cities-villages-till-jan-28-says-mp-cm-mohan-yadav

https://www.naidunia.com/madhya-pradesh/bhopal-anand-sabha-will-keep-children-from-class-5th-to-12th-happy-in-madhya-pradesh-know-what-is-this-scheme-6893142

https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-38741238#:~:text=The%20classes%2C%20as%20he%20tells,evangelist%20and%20make%20citizens%20happy.

https://www.abplive.com/states/madhya-pradesh/cm-mohan-yadav-signs-mou-for-rural-and-river-development-anand-grams-and-narmada-conservation-2990584

https://www.etvbharat.com/hi/!bharat/mp-rajya-anand-sansthan-given-positivity-happiness-training-to-employees-and-officers-due-to-simhastha-2028-hindi-news-mpn25053005505

https://www.freepressjournal.in/bhopal/mp-to-have-its-own-happiness-index-by-year-end-rajya-anand-sansthan-found-western-happiness-indices-inappropriate-for-state-level-surveys

https://www.bhaskar.com/local/mp/bhopal/news/towards-happiness-workshop-of-rajya-anand-sansthan-bhopal-133092293.html

https://indianexpress.com/article/india/whats-in-new-happiness-curriculum-for-madhya-pradesh-school-students-9977843/

https://mpcg.ndtv.in/madhya-pradesh-news/diwali-2024-har-ghar-diwali-abhiyan-rajya-anand-sansthan-mp-deepawali-daan-donate-to-help-the-poor-anandsansthanmp-6848974

https://www.mpinfo.org/Home/TodaysNews?newsid=%C2%B2%C2%B0%C2%B2%C2%B5%C2%B0%C2%B7%C2%B1%C2%B9%C3%8E%C2%B4%C2%B8&fontname=%C3%8D%C3%A1%C3%AE%C3%A7%C3%A1%C3%AC&LocID=32&pubdate=07/19/2025

https://www.bhaskar.com/local/mp/bhopal/news/towards-happiness-workshop-of-rajya-anand-sansthan-bhopal-133092293.html

https://www.samaykhabar.com/2025/12/blog-post_15.html

https://www.bhaskar.com/local/mp/khargone/news/anand-clubs-celebrated-diwali-campaign-136240525.html

https://www.naidunia.com/madhya-pradesh/bhopal-madhya-pradesh-initiates-happiness-index-evaluation-with-iit-kharagpur-collaboration-8407378

https://www.naidunia.com/madhya-pradesh/bhopal-anand-for-youth-program-will-be-organized-in-schools-to-keep-children-away-from-stress-and-addiction-8358231

https://www.bhaskar.com/local/mp/barwani/news/anand-utsav-celebrated-in-village-bhilkheda-136974408.html

https://www.bhaskar.com/local/mp/morena/ambah/news/ambah-women-ghoonghat-race-tug-of-war-anand-utsav-136996346.html

[https://indianmasterminds.com/news/madhya-pradesh-govt-signs-two-key-mous-to-boost-rural-development-and-river-conservation-details-inside-134567/ anand gram ]== References ==
{{reflist}}[https://www.anandsansthanmp.in/en/index Rajya Anand Sansthan]

[[Category:Government of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:State agencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 2016]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 2016]]
[[Category:Happiness]]
[[Category:Community development organizations]]

Arjun Singh (Congress politician)

2026-04-23T04:25:56Z

Mythu09: Started the bio and citations

{{Short description|Politician from Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{other uses|Arjun Singh (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Arjun Singh
| image = Arjun Singh (cropped).jpg
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| constituency = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Madhya Pradesh|Madhya Pradesh]]
| term_start = {{Start date|2000|4|3|df=y}}
| term_end = {{End date|2011|3|4|df=y}}
| office1 = [[Ministry of Human Resource Development (India)|Minister of Human Resource Development]]
| term_start1 = {{Start date|2004|5|22|df=y}}
| term_end1 = {{End date|2009|5|22|df=y}}
| prime_minister1 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| predecessor1 = [[Murli Manohar Joshi]]
| successor1 = [[Kapil Sibal]]
| term_start2 = {{Start date|1991|6|23|df=y}}
| term_end2 = {{End date|1994|12|24|df=y}}
| prime_minister2 = [[Pamulaparthi Venkata Narasimha Rao]]
| predecessor2 = [[Rajmangal Pandey]]
| successor2 = [[Pamulaparthi Venkata Narasimha Rao]]
| office3 = [[Leader of the House in Lok Sabha]]
| term_start3 = {{Start date|1991|7|10}}
| term_end3 = {{End date|1991|11|20}}
| prime_minister3 = [[Pamulaparthi Venkata Narasimha Rao]]
| predecessor3 = [[Chandra Shekhar]]
| successor3 = [[Pamulaparthi Venkata Narasimha Rao]]
| office4 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency4 = [[Satna (Lok Sabha constituency)|Satna]]
| term_start4 = {{Start date|1991||}}
| term_end4 = {{End date|1996||}}
| predecessor4 = Sukhendra Singh
| successor4 = [[Sukhlal Kushwaha]]
| constituency5 = [[South Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|South Delhi]]
| term_start5 = {{Start date|1985||}}
| term_end5 = {{End date|1988||}}
| predecessor5 = [[Lalit Maken]]
| successor5 = ''Constituency vacant''
| office6 = 12th [[Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh]]
| term_start6 = {{Start date|1988|2|14|df=y}}
| term_end6 = {{End date|1989|1|23|df=y}}
| predecessor6 = [[Motilal Vora]]
| successor6 = [[Motilal Vora]]
| term_start7 = {{Start date|1980|6|9|df=y}}
| term_end7 = {{End date|1985|3|12|df=y}}
| predecessor7 = [[Sunder Lal Patwa]]
| successor7 = [[Motilal Vora]]
| office8 = [[Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)|Minister of Communications]]
| term_start8 = {{Start date|1986|10|22|df=y}}
| term_end8 = {{End date|1988|2|13|df=y}}
| prime_minister8 = [[Rajiv Gandhi]]
| predecessor8 = [[Ram Niwas Mirdha]]
| successor8 = [[Vasant Sathe]]
| office9 = [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Minister of Commerce]]
| term_start9 = {{Start date|1985|11|15|df=y}}
| term_end9 = {{End date|1986|1|20|df=y}}
| prime_minister9 = [[Rajiv Gandhi]]
| predecessor9 = [[V. P. Singh|Vishwanath Pratap Singh]]
| successor9 = [[P Shiv Shankar|Punjala Shiv Shankar]]
| office10 = 16th [[List of governors of Punjab, India|Governor of Punjab]] 3rd [[Administrator of Chandigarh]]
| term_start10 = {{Start date|1985|3|14|df=y}}
| term_end10 = {{End date|1985|11|14|df=y}}
| president10 = [[Giani Zail Singh]]
| predecessor10 = [[Kershasp Tehmurasp Satarawala]]
| successor10 = [[Hokishe Sema]]
| office11 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency11 = [[Churhat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Churhat]]
| term_start11 = {{Start date|1990||}}
| term_end11 = {{End date|1991||}}
| predecessor11 = [[Ajay Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Ajay Singh]]
| successor11 = [[Ajay Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Ajay Singh]]
| constituency12 = [[Kharsia (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kharsia]]
| term_start12 = {{Start date|1988||}}
| term_end12 = {{End date|1990||}}
| predecessor12 = Laxmi Patel
| successor12 = [[Nand Kumar Patel]]
| constituency13 = [[Churhat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Churhat]]
| term_start13 = {{Start date|1977||}}
| term_end13 = {{End date|1985||}}
| predecessor13 = Chandra Pratap Tiwari
| successor13 = [[Ajay Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Ajay Singh]]
| constituency14 = [[Sidhi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sidhi]]
| term_start14 = {{Start date|1972||}}
| term_end14 = {{End date|1977||}}
| predecessor14 = KP Singh
| successor14 = [[Indrajeet Patel (politician)|Indrajeet Patel]]
| constituency15 = [[Umaria]]
| term_start15 = {{Start date|1967||}}
| term_end15 = {{End date|1972||}}
| predecessor15 = Ranvijaya Pratap Singh
| successor15 = Ranvijaya Pratap Singh
| constituency16 = [[Majholi]]
| term_start16 = {{Start date|1957||}}
| term_end16 = {{End date|1967||}}
| predecessor16 = ''Constituency established''
| successor16 = ''Constituency dissolved''
| birth_date = {{birth date|1930|11|5|df=y}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2011|3|4|1930|11|5|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Churhat]], [[Bagelkhand Agency]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_place = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| spouse = Saroj Kumari
| party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]] (1957-1960) [[Indian National Congress]] (1960-1996, 1998-2011) [[All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)]] (1996-1998)
| alma_mater = [[Allahabad University]]
| children = [[Ajay Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Ajay Singh]] Abhimanyu Singh Veena Singh
}}
'''Arjun Singh''' (5 November 1930 – 4 March 2011) was an Indian politician from the [[Indian National Congress]], who served twice as the [[Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh]] in the 1980s. He also served twice as the [[Union Council of Ministers|Union]] [[Ministry of Human Resource Development (India)|Minister of Human Resource Development]], in the [[Manmohan Singh]] and [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]] ministries.

The surrender of [[dacoit]] [[Phoolan Devi]] in 1983 was a significant event during his tenure as Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh, reflecting efforts by his government to restore law and order, particularly in the [[Chambal (region)|Chambal]] region, while also dealing with the underlying socio-economic issues.

He is widely remembered for introducing 27% reservation for [[Other Backward Classes]] in educational institutions including [[AIIMS|All India Institute of Medical Sciences]] (AIIMS), [[Indian Institutes of Technology]] (IITs), [[National Institutes of Technology]] (NITs), [[Indian Institutes of Management]] (IIMs), [[Indian Institute of Science]] (IISc), with the passage of [[Ninety-third Amendment of the Constitution of India|Ninety-third Constitutional Amendment]] and Central Educational Institutions(CEIs) (Reservation in Admission) Act, 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2091/1/A2007-05.pdf|title=The Central Educational Institutions(CEIs) (Reservation in Admission) Act, 2006|publisher=indiacode.nic.in|access-date=20 January 2023|archive-date=24 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624094851/https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2091/1/A2007-05.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> This led to [[2006 Indian anti-reservation protests|anti-reservation protests]] against this act. The protests ended after the [[Supreme Court of India]] upheld the reservations in higher education.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/india-news/supreme-court-upholds-governments-obc-quota-in-higher-educational-institutions_10036360.html|title=Supreme Court upholds Governments OBC quota in higher educational institutions|access-date=12 April 2008|archive-date=13 April 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080413234721/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/india-news/supreme-court-upholds-governments-obc-quota-in-higher-educational-institutions_10036360.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Early life==
Arjun Singh was born on 5 November 1930 into a [[Rajput]] family<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ananth |first=V. Krishna |date=3 June 2006 |title=Affirmative action the only answer |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/affirmative-action-the-only-answer/articleshow/1611125.cms |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |access-date=30 June 2024 |quote=Satna had remained a safe seat for this Rajput chieftain. .... And in any case, Singh happens to be a Rajput and gone are the days when men from the upper castes were accepted as leaders by the OBCs or the Dalits.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Tomar |first=Shruti |date=3 November 2023 |title=Madhya Pradesh polls: Why is Congress again banking on OBC politics for power |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bhopal-news/madhya-pradesh-polls-why-is-congress-again-banking-on-obc-politics-for-power-101698997334620.html |access-date=30 June 2024 |quote=In 1956, Vindhya Pradesh merged into Madhya Bharat (present-day Madhya Pradesh minus Chhattisgarh) and since then the region has given two Rajput chief ministers to the state --- Govind Narayan Singh and Arjun Singh. |archive-date=30 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630143643/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bhopal-news/madhya-pradesh-polls-why-is-congress-again-banking-on-obc-politics-for-power-101698997334620.html |url-status=live }}</ref> as the son of [[Shiv Bahadur Singh]], a jagirdar and the 26th Rao of [[Churhat]] thikana, and an INC politician. He received his [[Bachelor of Laws]] from Rewa Darbar College, where he was the student union president in 1953.<ref>{{cite web |title=श्री अर्जुन सिंह |url=https://mpvidhansabha.nic.in/cm-ArjunSingh.htm |website=mpvidhansabha.nic.in |access-date=30 June 2024 |archive-date=14 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314220401/https://mpvidhansabha.nic.in/cm-ArjunSingh.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Career==
[[File:Arjun Singh Addressing - Inaugural Function - National Science Centre - New Delhi 1992-01-09 256.tif|thumb|Arjun Singh addressing inaugural function of National Science Centre, New Delhi on 9 January 1992]]
Arjun Singh was first elected to the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]] from [[Majholi]] as an [[Independent (politician)|independent]] candidate. He joined the [[Indian National Congress]] in 1960. He was re-elected from Majholi in [[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]] and became a minister in the INC government of [[Dwarka Prasad Mishra]].<ref name="lalbio">{{cite news|last1=Mishra|first1=Ashish|title=अर्जुन सिंह : मध्यप्रदेश का वो मुख्यमंत्री, जिसके पिता को पीएम नेहरू ने बेइज्जत कर दिया था|url=https://www.thelallantop.com/kisse/arjun-singh-chief-minister-of-madhya-pradesh-who-was-close-to-nehru-indira-and-rajiv-gandhi-and-who-was-political-boss-of-digvijay-singh/|work=The Lallantop|date=26 November 2018}}</ref>

In [[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]], he lost the election from [[Churhat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Churhat]] due to a fallout with the then chief minister Dwarka Prasad Mishra. However, he won a bypoll the same year from Umaria. He was elected from [[Sidhi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sidhi]] in [[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]] and became a minister in the INC government of [[Prakash Chandra Sethi]].<ref name="lalbio" />

In [[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]], he was elected from [[Churhat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Churhat]] and became the [[Leader of Opposition]] in the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly. In [[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]], when INC achieved a simple majority in the assembly, he won from Churhat and became the [[Chief Minister (India)|Chief Minister]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]], despite the presence of strong contenders such as Sethi, [[Vidya Charan Shukla]] and [[Shiv Bhanu Singh Solanki]].<ref name="lalbio" />

As chief minister, Singh implemented several populist initiatives, including the regularisation of slums and providing free electricity connections to residents. During his time in office, the [[dacoit]] [[Phoolan Devi]] surrendered. His five-year tenure was also notably marked by the [[Bhopal Gas Tragedy]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Singh |first=Deepak Kumar |date=14 April 2006 |title=Newsmaker: Arjun Singh |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/newsmaker-arjun-singh-106041401107_1.html |work=Business Standard |access-date=15 October 2024 |archive-date=30 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130112138/https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/newsmaker-arjun-singh-106041401107_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

He led the INC to victory in [[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]], yet again winning from Churhat, but was forced to resign as Chief Minister after just one day due to differences with [[Sriniwas Tiwari]]. [[Motilal Vora]] succeeded him as Chief Minister.<ref name="lalbio" />

He resigned his Madhya Pradesh assembly seat and was appointed [[List of governors of Punjab, India|Governor of Punjab]] in 1985. He worked for the implementation of the [[Rajiv-Longowal Accord]] for peace in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. However, after eight months, he resigned as Governor and became [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Minister of Commerce]] in the [[Rajiv Gandhi]] cabinet. He was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]] from [[South Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|South Delhi]] in a bypoll in 1985, necessitated by the assassination of the sitting MP [[Lalit Maken]]. He was appointed First Vice-President of [[Indian National Congress]] by Rajiv Gandhi.

In 1986, he resigned the Commerce ministry and was appointed [[Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)|Minister of Communications]]. He held this post till 1988 when he returned to the [[Government of Madhya Pradesh]] and again became Chief Minister of the state. He resigned his [[Lok Sabha]] seat and won a bypoll to the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[Kharsia]] in 1988. However, he resigned as Chief Minister in 1989 owing to the Churhat lottery scam, and was succeeded by [[Motilal Vora]]. He was elected to the Madhya Pradesh assembly from Churhat in [[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]] and from [[Satna (Lok Sabha constituency)|Satna]] in [[1991 Indian general election|1991]]. He resigned his assembly seat and harboured ambitions of becoming [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] after the assassination of [[Rajiv Gandhi]].<ref name="lalbio" />

However, [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]] became Prime Minister and Singh was appointed the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development (India)|Minister of Human Resource Development]]. He publicly expressed discontent with the Prime Minister Narasimha Rao after the [[Demolition of the Babri Masjid|Babri Masjid demolition]] in 1992.<ref name="lalbio" /> He resigned as [[Ministry of Human Resource Development (India)|Minister of Human Resource Development]] in 1994.

In 1996, he rebelled against the INC leadership and formed the [[All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)]] along with [[Narayan Dutt Tiwari]]. However, he lost in [[1996 Indian general election|1996]] from [[Satna (Lok Sabha constituency)|Satna]].

Later, he returned to INC after the emergence of [[Sonia Gandhi]]. He lost in [[1998 Indian general election|1998]] from [[Hoshangabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hoshangabad]].<ref name="lalbio" />

He was elected to the [[Rajya Sabha]] in 2000 from [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Madhya Pradesh|Madhya Pradesh]] and was re-elected in 2006. He was awarded the Outstanding Parliamentarian Award in 2000. He served as [[Ministry of Human Resource Development (India)|Minister of Human Resource Development]] from 2004 to 2009 in the [[Manmohan Singh]] cabinet.

==Social Justice ==
===Reservation for Other Backward Class (OBCs) in educational institutions===

[[File:Shri Arjun Singh assumes the charge of Union Minister for Human Resource Development in New Delhi on May 24, 2004.jpg|thumb|Arjun Singh assumes the charge of Union Minister for Human Resource Development in New Delhi on 24 May 2004|left]]

Arjun Singh had immense contributions for social justice in India. He is credited with implementing reservations for [[Other Backward Classes]] in higher educational institutions. After the [[State Assembly elections in India, 2006|State Assembly elections in Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Puducherry, Assam and West Bengal]], Arjun Singh promised to reserve 27% seats for Other Backward Classes in All India Institutes of Medical Sciences, Indian Institutes of Technology, Indian Institutes of Management, and other central universities. The [[Ninety-third Amendment of the Constitution of India|Ninety-third Constitutional Amendment]], that was introduced by the [[First Manmohan Singh ministry]], granted a 27% reservation for Other Backward Classes in all Central Government educational institutions.

The 93rd Amendment Act of 2005 to the Indian Constitution added clause (5) in [[Article 15 of the Constitution of India|Article 15]] which enables the government to make any special provision for the development of any socially and educationally backward classes of people, or scheduled castes or scheduled tribes, with regard to their enrolment in educational institutions, which would include private educational institutions, whether aided or unaided by the government, but apart from minority educational institutions. After the 93rd Amendment Act, the Central Educational Institutions(CEIs) (Reservation in Admission) Act, was enacted by the Union Parliament in the year 2006.

This led to widespread [[2006 Indian anti-reservation protests|anti-reservation protests]] where students engaged in street protests across India. Later on, students took legal action against the Act by filing [[Public Interest Litigation]], claiming that it violated the [[Basic Structure of the Constitution of India]]. In March 2007, the [[Supreme Court of India]] granted an injunction to suspension of OBC reservations.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/the-quota-war/the-corporate-voice/youth-for-equality-hails-stay-on-obc-reservation/articleshow/1829794.cms|title=Youth For Equality hails stay on OBC reservation|date=29 March 2007|work=The Economic Times|access-date=10 August 2018|archive-date=10 August 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810141541/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/the-quota-war/the-corporate-voice/youth-for-equality-hails-stay-on-obc-reservation/articleshow/1829794.cms}}</ref>

In April 2008, a 5-member constitutional bench of the Supreme Court, in the [[Ashoka Kumar Thakur v. Union of India]] case, upheld the [[Ninety-third Amendment of the Constitution of India|Ninety-third Constitutional Amendment]], and reinstated the Act in a judgement delivered by [[Chief Justice of India|Chief Justice India]] [[K. G. Balakrishnan]], with Justices Arijit Pasayat, C K Thakker, R V Raveendran and [[Dalveer Bhandari]]. OBC reservations were implemented in all central universities and institutions, but the government was required to exclude the [[creamy layer]] from the OBC, but not SC/ST.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Supreme Court upholds 27 per cent quota for OBCs|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/supreme-court-upholds-27-per-cent-quota-for-obcs-24364-2008-04-10|date=11 April 2008|work=India Today|access-date=10 August 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Controversies==

===Bhopal Incident===
Arjun Singh was the Chief Minister of [[Madhya Pradesh]] when the [[Bhopal disaster|deadly gas leak]] from the [[Union Carbide]] factory occurred. It is widely alleged that on the fateful night between 2 and 3 December 1984, when the gas leak occurred, Arjun Singh fled to his Kerwa Dam Palace (outside [[Bhopal]]) to save himself from deadly effects of leaked gas and was not available to manage the crisis or lead the administration.<ref>{{cite news|title=Arjun Singh, the missing MP Chief Minister during Bhopal Gas tragedy|url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/politics/national/arjun-singh-missing-mp-chief-minister-during-bhopal-gas-tragedy-21813.html|work=India TV News|date=3 December 2014|access-date=18 April 2016|archive-date=4 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204181536/http://www.indiatvnews.com/politics/national/arjun-singh-missing-mp-chief-minister-during-bhopal-gas-tragedy-21813.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Subsequently, the Arjun Singh government's mishandling was criticised by the court in the verdict on the Bhopal disaster as pronounced by the Chief Judicial Magistrate, [[Bhopal]] on 7 June 2010. The media raised serious questions about his role in the release of [[Warren Anderson (American businessman)|Warren Anderson]].<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20100616023102/http://thebhopalpost.com/article_details.php?val=19 "How Anderson came and left"]}}, ''The Bhopal Post'', 9 June 2010.</ref>

In particular, the pilot of the aircraft in which [[Warren Anderson (American businessman)|Warren Anderson]] flew out of India after the gas leak, has recorded that the final sanction to permit the flight came from Arjun Singh's office.<ref name=himal>{{cite web |url=http://himalnews.wordpress.com/2010/06/13/national-politics-bjp-loses-appetite-for-dinner-not-pact/ |title=NATIONAL POLITICS: BJP loses appetite for dinner, not pact | News from Darjeeling, Dooars & Sikkim |publisher=Himalnews.wordpress.com |date=13 June 2010 |access-date=18 April 2016 |archive-date=13 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713064735/https://himalnews.wordpress.com/2010/06/13/national-politics-bjp-loses-appetite-for-dinner-not-pact/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Churhat Lottery case and Kerwa Dam palace===
While Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh, Singh was involved in the scandal known as the Churhat Lottery case. The Churhat Children Welfare Society was floated in 1982 by relatives of Singh, and permitted to raise funds via lottery, and also given tax relief as a charity.<ref>
{{cite book
|title = Encyclopaedia of political parties : India, Pakistan, Bangladesh; national, regional, local
|author = O. P. Ralhan
|publisher = Anmol Publications
|year= 1998
|isbn =81-7488-865-9}} p. 89</ref> However, there were widespread allegations<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20081125/main5.htm |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India – Main News |work=Tribune India |access-date=18 April 2016 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303214755/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20081125/main5.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> that substantial sums of money were siphoned off from donations and used to construct the lavish [[Kerwa Dam]] Palace near Bhopal. The donations to the society included a Rs 150,000 donation from [[Union Carbide]],<ref name=himal/> whose chief [[Warren Anderson (American businessman)|Warren Anderson]] was permitted to leave the country after the gas leak, allegedly by Arjun Singh's office.

At a public litigation hearing, the [[Madhya Pradesh High Court]] observed that "Arjun Singh owed an explanation to the nation about the costs and sources of construction of the palatial mansion in Bhopal".<ref name=hindu/> While Singh had claimed the value of the palace was Rs 1.8 million, the IT Department estimated the cost at above Rs one [[crore]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=N. K. |last4=Ist |title=Police fortify Arjun Singh's mansion to prevent 'undesirable elements' from entering |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19861215-police-fortify-arjun-singhs-mansion-to-prevent-undesirable-elements-from-entering-801556-1986-12-15 |access-date=19 February 2014 |work=India Today |date=15 December 1986 }}</ref>
However, a one-judge commission investigating the scandal gave a clean chit to Arjun Singh.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19980810/22250364p.html |title=Indian Express: Churhat deal probe draws blank |access-date=6 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012002037/http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19980810/22250364p.html |archive-date=12 October 2012 }}</ref> The case was re-opened however, after the [[Jain Hawala case]],<ref name=hindu>{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/businessline/2000/12/02/stories/120264tc.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=27 July 2006 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060620141524/http://www.hinduonnet.com/businessline/2000/12/02/stories/120264tc.htm |archive-date=20 June 2006 }}</ref> and Singh was asked to submit fresh re-estimates of the palace cost.
In court, the case was argued by [[Kapil Sibal]] and the order for re-examination was squashed on the grounds that it had been issued in a haste and "had not applied his mind".<ref name=hindu/>

===Other controversies===
After the [[2006 Mumbai train bombings|Mumbai train bombings of 2006]], he reportedly quoted at a Cabinet meeting the statements of a former judge of the [[Bombay High Court|Maharashtra High Court]] that an earlier attempt on the headquarters of the Hindu revivalist [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] in [[Nagpur]] had been a plot set into motion by the Sangh itself. This followed his denouncement of the Ekal Vidyalayas, one-teacher schools run for the benefit of the tribals of India by the [[Vishwa Hindu Parishad]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hvk.org/articles/0700/82.html |title=VHP stepping up its drive to Hinduise tribal belts of Bihar |access-date=30 July 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615021558/http://hvk.org/articles/0700/82.html |archive-date=15 June 2006 }}</ref> as [[Communalism (South Asia)|communal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindpress.com/Column.asp?ID%3DIE220050527225234%26P%3Dold |title=For Arjun Singh, 'Sri Rama' spreads hatred |website=newindpress.com |access-date=27 July 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061116160751/http://www.newindpress.com/Column.asp?ID=IE220050527225234&P=old |archive-date=16 November 2006 }}</ref>

A case under the Anti-Dowry Act was registered against Arjun Singh in 2007. The then [[Uttar Pradesh]] government had decided to seek [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] inquiry into dowry harassment case.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id%3Db0c77bc3-0aec-43e9-b528-c53bf7bb6a90%26%26Headline%3DMaya+seeks+CBI+probe+against+Arjun+Singh|title=Maya seeks CBI probe against Arjun Singh in dowry case- Hindustan Times|access-date=4 August 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930035715/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=b0c77bc3-0aec-43e9-b528-c53bf7bb6a90&&Headline=Maya+seeks+CBI+probe+against+Arjun+Singh |archive-date=30 September 2007 }}</ref>

Arjun Singh was accused of irregularities and corruption in the grant of "Deemed University" status to private for-profit educational institutions which did not meet requisite educational standards, during his tenure as Minister for Human Resources Development. The Government of India initiated proceedings to repeal the "Deemed University" status of 44 such institutions in January 2010.<ref name=toi-deemuniv>{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-01-19/india/28128927_1_university-status-ongoing-courses-hrd-minister | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811080130/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-01-19/india/28128927_1_university-status-ongoing-courses-hrd-minister | url-status=dead | archive-date=11 August 2011 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=44 Deemed Universities To Be De-Recognised By Govt | date=19 January 2010}}</ref>

==Death==
Singh died on 4 March 2011, at the age of 80. He had been admitted to [[Delhi]]'s [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences Delhi|All India Institute of Medical Sciences]] with chest pain and [[Neurological disorder|neurological problems]], and died of a [[heart attack]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/congress-veteran-arjun-singh-dead/articleshow/7630990.cms?from=mdr|title=Congress veteran Arjun Singh dead|work=The Economic Times|date=5 March 2011|access-date=1 April 2021|archive-date=25 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925152833/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/congress-veteran-arjun-singh-dead/articleshow/7630990.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref> He was cremated at his home town of [[Churhat]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Arjun Singh to be cremated tomorrow in Churhat |url=https://www.apnnews.com/arjun-singh-to-be-cremated-tomorrow-in-churhat/ |access-date=27 November 2019 |work=APN News|date=5 March 2011}}</ref>

==Family==
Arjun Singh's son [[Ajay Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Ajay Singh]] aka Rahul Bhaiya is an INC politician and former [[Leader of Opposition]] in the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]. His grandson is [[Arunoday Singh]], a Bollywood actor.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.aajtak.in/entertainment/bollywood-news/story/arunoday-singh-actor-congress-party-arjun-singh-grandfather-madhya-pradesh-ex-cm-tmov-1208581-2021-02-16|title=एमपी के पूर्व मुख्यमंत्री का पोता है जिस्म 2 का ये हीरो, इस एक्टर से प्रेरित होकर फिल्मों में रखा कदम|work=Aajtak|date=16 February 2021}}</ref>

Another grandson of his, [[Yuvaraja]] Aishwarya Singh of Singrauli is married to [[Devyani Rana]], great-granddaughter of [[Mohan Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana]], the last Shree Teen Maharaja of Nepal. Devyani’s father- [[His Highness]] Shree Teen [[Maharaja]] [[Pashupati Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana]] is the titular Shree Teen Maharaja of Nepal.

==Positions held==
* 1957 - 1985 [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]], [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
* 1963 - 1967 Minister of State for Agriculture, General Administration Department (GAD) and Information & Public Relations, [[Government of Madhya Pradesh]]
* 1967 - Minister of Planning and Development, [[Government of Madhya Pradesh]]
* 1972 - 1977 Minister of Education, [[Government of Madhya Pradesh]]
* 1977 - 1980 [[Leader of Opposition]], [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
* 1980 - 1985 [[Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh]]
* 1985 - 1985 [[List of Governors of Punjab (India)|Governor of Punjab]]
* 1985 - 1988 [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
* 1985 - 1986 [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Minister of Commerce]], [[Government of India]]
* 1986 - 1988 [[Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)|Minister of Communications]], [[Government of India]]
* 1988 - 1991 [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]], [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
* 1988 - 1989 [[Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh]]
* 1991 - 1996 [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
* 1991 - 1994 [[Minister of Human Resource Development]], [[Government of India]]
* 2000 - 2011 [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|Member of Parliament]], [[Rajya Sabha]]
* 2000 - 2004 Member, Consultative Committee for the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]]
* 2001 - 2004 Member, Committee on Rules
* 2002 - 2004 Chairman, Parliamentary Standing Committee on Purposes Committee
* 2004 - 2009 [[Minister of Human Resource Development]], [[Government of India]]<ref>[http://164.100.24.167:8080/members/website/Biodata.asp?no=75 CV at Indian Parliament website] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228224407/http://164.100.24.167:8080/members/website/Biodata.asp?no=75 |date=28 February 2008 }}.</ref>

==Elections contested==
* [[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]] - Won from Majholi ([[Independent (politician)|IND]])<ref name="lalbio" />
* [[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]] - Won from Majholi ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
* [[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]] - Lost from [[Churhat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Churhat]] ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
* 1967 - Won [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] [[bypoll]] from Umaria ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
* [[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]] - Won from [[Sidhi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sidhi]] ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
* [[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]] - Won from [[Churhat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Churhat]] ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
* [[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]] - Won from [[Churhat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Churhat]] ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
* [[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]] - Won from [[Churhat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Churhat]] ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
* 1985 - Won [[Lok Sabha]] [[bypoll]] from [[South Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|South Delhi]] ([[Independent (politician)|IND]])
* 1988 - Won [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] [[bypoll]] from [[Kharsia (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kharsia]] ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
* [[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]] - Won from [[Churhat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Churhat]] ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
* [[1991 Indian general election|1991]] - Won from [[Satna (Lok Sabha constituency)|Satna]] ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
* [[1996 Indian general election|1996]] - Lost from [[Satna (Lok Sabha constituency)|Satna]] ([[All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)|AIICT]])
* [[1998 Indian general election|1998]] - Lost from [[Hoshangabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hoshangabad]] ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
* 2000 - Won [[Rajya Sabha]] election from [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Madhya Pradesh|Madhya Pradesh]] ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
* 2006 - Won [[Rajya Sabha]] election from [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Madhya Pradesh|Madhya Pradesh]] ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060321/main3.htm "Arjun, Bhardwaj, Shinde elected unopposed to Rajya Sabha"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022014048/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060321/main3.htm |date=22 October 2012 }}, Tribuneindia.com, 20 March 2006.</ref>

==See also==
* [[2006 Indian anti-reservation protests]]
* [[Reservation in India]]
* [[Forward caste]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060524084753/http://www.education.nic.in/ HRD Ministry's website]
* [http://www.ibnlive.com/news/decision-on-quota-is-final-arjun/11063-4-single.html Arjun singh's recent interview with Karan Thapar on reservation issue]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110307020650/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Arjun-Singh-always-in-the-race-but-never-the-king/Article1-669538.aspx Hindustan Times : Arjun Singh, always in the race but never the king]

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[Ministry of Human Resource Development (India)|Minister of Human Resource Development]], [[Government of India]]
| years = 2004–2009
| before = [[Murli Manohar Joshi]]
| after=[[Kapil Sibal]]
}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[Ministry of Human Resource Development (India)|Minister of Human Resource Development]], [[Government of India]]
| years = 1991–1994
| before = [[Rajmangal Pandey]]
| after= [[Pamulaparthi Venkata Narasimha Rao]]
}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh]]
| years = 1988–1989
| before = [[Motilal Vora]]
| after = [[Motilal Vora]]
}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)|Minister of Communications]], [[Government of India]]
| years = 1986–1988
| before = [[Ram Niwas Mirdha]]
| after = [[Vasant Sathe]]
}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Minister of Commerce]], [[Government of India]]
| years = 1985–1986
| before = [[V. P. Singh|Vishwanath Pratap Singh]]
| after = [[P Shiv Shankar|Punjala Shiv Shankar]]
}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[List of governors of Punjab, India|Governor of Punjab]]
| years = 1985–1985
| before = [[Kershasp Tehmurasp Satarawala]]
| after = [[Hokishe Sema]]
}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh]]
| years = 1980–1985
| before = [[President's rule]]
| after=[[Motilal Vora]]
}}
{{S-end}}
{{Chief Ministers of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{PunjabGovernors|Arjun Singh=Arjun Singh}}
{{Ministry of Communications (India)}}
{{Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)}}
{{Commons category|Arjun Singh}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Arjun}}
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:2011 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Sidhi]]
[[Category:University of Allahabad alumni]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:All India Indira Congress (Tiwari) politicians]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 1967–1972]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 1972–1977]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 1977–1980]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 1980–1985]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 1985–1990]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 1990–1992]]
[[Category:Chief ministers of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Leaders of the opposition in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Chief ministers from Indian National Congress]]
[[Category:Governors of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:India MPs 1984–1989]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Delhi]]
[[Category:India MPs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Leaders of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:Members of the Cabinet of India]]
[[Category:Ministers of education of India]]
[[Category:Commerce and industry ministers of India]]

Srinagar Airport

2026-04-21T03:34:18Z

Mythu09: Adding New Details.

{{Short description|International Airport in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox airport
| name = Srinagar International Airport
| nativename =
| image = Lapangan terbang Srinagar.jpg
| image-width =
| caption = Entrance of the airport
| IATA = SXR
| ICAO = VISR
| type = Military/public
| owner = [[Indian Air Force]]
| operator = [[Airports Authority of India]]
| city-served = [[Srinagar]]
| location = [[Budgam district|Budgam]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India
| opened = {{start date and age|1979}}
| elevation-f = 5,429
| elevation-m = 1,655
| metric-elev = yes
| coordinates = {{coord|33|59|13.7|N|074|46|27.3|E|type:airport|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir#India
| pushpin_label = '''SXR'''
| r1-number = 13/31
| r1-length-f = 12,090
| r1-length-m = 3,685
| r1-surface = [[Asphalt concrete|Asphalt]]
| metric-rwy = yes
| stat1-header = Passengers
| stat1-data = 4,472,449 ({{increase}} 6.3%)
| stat-year = April 2024 – March 2025
| footnotes = Source: [[Airports Authority of India|AAI]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure III – Passenger Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex3.pdf|work=[[Airports Authority of India]]|access-date=27 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure II – Aircraft Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex2.pdf|work=[[Airports Authority of India]]|access-date=27 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure IV – Freight Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex4.pdf|work=[[Airports Authority of India]]|access-date=27 April 2025}}</ref>
| stat2-header = Aircraft movements
| stat2-data = 28,494 ({{increase}} 10.4%)
| stat3-header = Cargo tonnage
| stat3-data = 9,891 ({{increase}} 8%)
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Budgam district|Budgam]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| website = [https://www.aai.aero/en/airports/srinagar Srinagar Airport]
| timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc = [[UTC+05:30]]
}}

'''Srinagar International Airport''' {{airport codes|SXR|VISR}},{{efn|name=Name|Though the airport is officially known as Srinagar International Airport, and the proposed name change to Sheikh ul-Alam International Airport was not officially incorporated, the airport is also referred to by its proposed name of Sheikh ul-Alam International Airport.}} is an [[international airport]] serving [[Srinagar]], the [[summer capital]] of the Indian [[union territory]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. It is located in [[Budgam]], about {{cvt|12|km}} south of Srinagar.<ref>{{cite news|title=Defence Minister celebrates Shaurya Diwas at Old Air Field Srinagar|url=http://risingkashmir.com/defence-minister-celebrates-shaurya-diwas-at-old-air-field-srinagar|access-date=14 July 2023|work=Rising Kashmir|date=22 October 2022}}</ref> It is owned by the [[Indian Air Force]], and the [[Airports Authority of India]] operates a [[civil enclave]] at the airport, which was opened in 1979. It was designated as an international airport in 2005. It has an integrated domestic and international terminal with one [[Asphalt concrete|asphalt]] runway.

In 2015, the [[Government of Jammu and Kashmir]] proposed to officially rename the airport as Sheikh ul-Alam Airport after [[Nund Rishi]], a [[Kashmiri people|Kashmiri]] [[Sufi]] saint, who was known by the title of Sheikh ul-Alam.<ref name="Rename">{{cite news|url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2015/10/09/srinagar-airport-to-be-renamed-after-sheikh-ul-alam-int%C2%92l-airport/|title=Srinagar Airport to be renamed Sheikh-ul-Alam airport|date=9 October 2015|access-date=14 July 2023|work=Kashmir Observer}}</ref> However, the name of the airport was not officially changed.<ref name="Yet">{{cite news|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/kashmir/srinagar-airport-international-only-in-name/|title=Srinagar Airport ‘International’ only in name|date=2 August 2018|access-date=1 June 2025|work=[[Greater Kashmir]]|quote=However,..nor was its rechristening undertaken.}}</ref>

== History ==
Srinagar airfield was established by the [[Indian Air Force]], and during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947]], the airstrip was used for the airlift of [[Indian army]] troops deployed to prevent the capture of [[Srinagar]] by the [[Pakistan army]]. Although the airstrip was not well developed and lacked landing aids, it was used for airlift of troops successfully in October 1947.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zJYCgVkIwAwC|title=India's Foreign Relations, 1947–2007|publisher=[[Routledge]]|last=Ray|first=Jayanta|year=2011|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-0-415-59742-5}}</ref> During the 1950s to 1970s, the airfield evolved into one of the forward attack bases of the Indian Air Force.<ref name="IAF">{{cite web |last=Gupta |first=Anchit |title=Srinagar Air Base: A Chronicle of Aerial Combat |url=https://iafhistory.in/2022/09/06/srinagar-air-base-a-chronicle-of-aerial-combat/ |work=IAF History |date=6 September 2022 |access-date=5 May 2025}}</ref> On 7 September 1965, during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]], the airport was attacked by the [[Pakistan Air Force]], which damaged an Indian Air Force [[Douglas C-47 Skytrain]] and an [[Indian Airlines]] [[Douglas DC-3]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19650907-1|title=ASN Aircraft accident Douglas C-47 (DC-3) registration unknown Srinagar Airport (SXR)|publisher=[[Aviation Safety Network]]|date=6 October 2016|access-date=26 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19650907-0|title=ASN Aircraft accident Douglas DC-3 registration unknown Srinagar Airport (SXR)|publisher=[[Aviation Safety Network]]|date=27 November 2016|access-date=27 November 2016}}</ref> As per ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'', one Indian aircraft and a [[de Havilland Canada DHC-4 Caribou]] transport of the [[United Nations General Assembly observers|United Nations observers]] headquarters were damaged in the attack.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1965/09/08/page/1/article/india-army-opens-2d-front|title=Indian Army opens 2d front: Troops in drive for Hyderabad and Karachi|work=[[Chicago Tribune]]|date=8 September 1965|access-date=26 November 2016|page=4}}</ref> Later, the airport, which housed various fighter squadrons of the Indian Air Force, served as a launchpad for combat air patrols and counter-air missions during the Indo-Pakistani wars in 1965 and 1971.<ref name="IAF"/>

In 1979, the [[National Airports Authority of India]] established a [[civil enclave]] at the airport.<ref name="oneindia14feb2009">{{cite news| url=http://www.oneindia.com/2009/02/14/new-integrated-terminal-building-at-srinagar-international-a.html|title=New integrated terminal building at Srinagar International Airport to be inaugurated today|work=[[Oneindia]]|date=14 February 2009|access-date=24 November 2016}}</ref> The terminal was upgraded in February 1998 to be able to handle international [[Hajj]] flights which started operating from January 2002.<ref name="tribune27jan2005">{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050128/main3.htm|title=International status for Srinagar airport|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|date=27 January 2005|access-date=24 November 2016|location=Chandigarh}}</ref><ref name="oneindia14feb2009aix">{{cite news|url=http://www.oneindia.com/2009/02/14/sonia-flags-off-srinagar-dubai-flight.html|title=Sonia flags-off Srinagar-Dubai flight|work=[[Oneindia]]|date=14 February 2009|access-date=24 November 2016}}</ref> During the [[Kargil War]] in 1999, civilian flights were stopped and the airport was taken over by the Indian Air Force.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/352995.stm|title=World: South Asia India launches Kashmir air attack|work=[[BBC News]]|date=26 May 1999|access-date=25 November 2016}}</ref>

In March 2005, the airport was granted international status by the [[Government of India|Indian government]].<ref name="Yet"/> In 2015, the [[Government of Jammu and Kashmir]] proposed to rename the airport as Sheikh ul-Alam Airport after [[Nund Rishi]], a [[Kashmiri people|Kashmiri]] [[Sufi]] saint, who was known by the title of Sheikh ul-Alam.<ref name="Rename"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/print/242649.html|title=International flights from Srinagar Airport: Were Governments really interested|access-date=14 July 2023|work=[[Greater Kashmir]]}}</ref> However, the name of the airport was not officially changed.<ref name="Yet">{{cite news|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/kashmir/srinagar-airport-international-only-in-name/|title=Srinagar Airport ‘International’ only in name|date=2 August 2018|access-date=1 June 2025|work=[[Greater Kashmir]]|quote=However,..nor was its rechristening undertaken.}}</ref> In 2020, the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] proposed that the airport be named after Major [[Somnath Sharma]], the first recipient of India's highest military decoration, [[Param Vir Chakra]].<ref>{{cite news|date=3 November 2020|title=Rename Srinagar Airport After Major Somnath: BJP|url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2020/11/03/rename-srinagar-airport-after-major-somnath-bjp/|access-date=14 July 2023|work=Kashmir Observer}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
===Runway===
The airport has a single [[Asphalt concrete|asphalt]] runway, designated as 13/31, with dimensions of {{cvt|3685|x|46|m}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://worldaerodata.com/wad.cgi?id=IN76533|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041120213646/http://worldaerodata.com/wad.cgi?id=IN76533|url-status=usurped|archive-date=20 November 2004|title=Srinagar -- VISR|work=[[DAFIF]]|date=October 2006|access-date=25 November 2016}}</ref> It is equipped with an [[instrument landing system]] since February 2011.<ref name="Para">{{Cite magazine|last=Bhujang|first=Vaibhav|date=May 2014|title=Kashmir: Paradise on Earth|url=http://www.aai.aero/misc/AAICoverageMAY2014Todaytravellers120614.pdf|magazine=[[Today's Traveller]]|location=New Delhi|publisher=Gill India Group|access-date=24 November 2016}}</ref> In August 2018, a test flight was conducted for night landing by the [[Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India)|Directorate General of Civil Aviation]],<ref name="NL">{{cite news |date=9 August 2018 |title=Test today to clear way for night landing at Srinagar airport |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/test-today-to-clear-way-for-night-landing-at-srinagar-airport-5298494/ |access-date=1 July 2023 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/srinagar-airport-set-to-begin-night-flights-next-week/articleshow/65246541.cms|title=Srinagar airport set to begin night flights next week|date=2 August 2018|work=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=17 January 2019}}</ref> and commercial night flying operations at the airport started on 19 March 2021.<ref>{{cite web|date=23 March 2021|title=Explained: How night flights have been enabled at Srinagar airport|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/srinagar-night-flights-goair-7240882/|access-date=23 March 2021|work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

===Terminal===
[[File:Srinagar_(SXR)_to_Delhi_(DEL)_airport_-_vrvvkbjk2k23iph_(2).jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Terminal as viewed from the apron]]

The airport has an integrated passenger terminal for handling domestic and international passengers. Spread over an area of {{cvt|19700|sqm}}, it has a capacity to handle 950 passengers at a time.<ref name="oneindia14feb2009"/> The terminal is designed on the [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] theme and has a sloping roof to facilitate easier removal of snow.<ref name="Para"/> The terminal was constructed at a cost of {{INRConvert|1.3|b}} as a part of an expansion project in the mid 2000s and was inaugurated on 14 February 2009.<ref name="oneindia14feb2009"/><ref name="rediff14feb2009">{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2009/feb/14look-sonia-gandhi-srinagar-airport-rail-line.htm|title=Sonia Gandhi inaugurates Srinagar international airport|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=14 February 2009|access-date=24 November 2016|last=Ahmad|first=Mukhtar}}</ref> There are nine parking bays with five connected by [[jet bridges]] to the terminal.<ref name="aaipassengerinfo">{{Cite web|url=http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/Srinagar_passengerinfo.jsp|title=Srinagar: Passenger information|work=[[Airports Authority of India]]|date=18 August 2016|access-date=24 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="oneindia14feb2009"/>

In 2019, the authorities announced plans to construct a new airport terminal to handle only [[international flight]]s with domestic flights operating from the older terminal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.media4growth.com/ooh-news/passenger-traffic-up-at-srinagar-airport-3546|title=Passenger traffic up at Srinagar airport|work=Media4growth |date=18 February 2019 |access-date=27 February 2019}}</ref> In September 2021, the [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|aviation minister]] announced the expansion of the existing terminal to {{cvt|63000|m2}} at a cost of {{INRconvert|15|b}}.<ref>{{cite news|date=23 October 2021|title=Amit Shah to inaugurate Srinagar-Sharjah international flight today|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/amit-shah-to-inaugurate-srinagar-sharjah-international-flight-today-101634957795334.html|access-date=23 October 2021|work=[[The Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Other amenities include a food court, food outlets, [[handicraft]] shops, [[cash machine|ATM]]s, and currency exchanges.<ref name="aaipassengerinfo"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/srinagar-airport-gets-kfc-pizza-hut-|title=Srinagar airport gets KFC, Pizza Hut|newspaper=Rising Kashmir|access-date=17 January 2019|archive-date=19 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119121509/http://risingkashmir.com/news/srinagar-airport-gets-kfc-pizza-hut-|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Airlines and destinations==


In February 2009, [[Air India Express]] started weekly flights to [[Dubai]], the first regularly scheduled international flight from Srinagar.<ref name="oneindia14feb2009"/><ref name="oneindia14feb2009aix"/> However, due to low demand from passengers, the flights were terminated in January 2010.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/news/dubai-flight-grounded-permanently/75462.html|title=Dubai flight grounded, permanently|work=[[Greater Kashmir]]|date=19 May 2010|access-date=24 November 2016|author=Aslam, Faheem}}</ref>

{{Multiple image
|total_width = 400
|image1 = Go air at SXR as of 7th january,2021.jpg
|caption1 = Aircraft parked at the airport
|image2 = Jet 737 at SXR.JPG
|caption2 = A [[Jet Airways]] flight at the airport
}}
{{Airport destination list

|{{nowrap|[[Air India]]}}| [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/gk-top-news/flights-resume-at-srinagar-airport-as-india-pak-agree-to-ceasefire/|title=Flights resume at Srinagar airport as India, Pak agree to ceasefire|date=13 May 2025|access-date=1 June 2025|work=[[Greater Kashmir]]}}</ref> [[Jammu Airport|Jammu]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/breaking-air-india-to-resume-flight-operations-in-jammu-srinagar-among-other-cities-check-details-11747043848204.html|title=Air India, IndiGo, SpiceJet to resume flight operations in Jammu, Srinagar, among other cities|date=12 May 2025|access-date=1 June 2025|work=[[Live Mint]]}}</ref> [[Leh Airport|Leh]], [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/air-india-caps-fares-on-flights-from-srinagar-to-mumbai-and-delhi-after-pahalgam-terror-attack-11745409992843.html|title=Air India caps fares on flights from Srinagar to Mumbai and Delhi after Pahalgam terror attack|work=[[Live Mint]]|date=23 April 2025|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>

|{{nowrap|[[Air India Express]]}}| [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru]], [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]],<ref name="AIX">{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Jun/23/air-india-express-flight-to-jammu-returns-to-delhi-without-landing-2|title=Air India Express flight to Jammu returns to Delhi without landing; alternative aircraft arranged|date=23 June 2025|access-date=1 July 2025|work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> [[Jammu Airport|Jammu]]<ref name="AIX"/>

|[[Akasa Air]]| [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://travel.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/aviation/international/akasa-air-expands-network-and-designates-delhi-as-operational-base/124656409|title=Akasa Air expands network ahead of winter schedule; Delhi becomes airline’s third base|date=18 October 2025|access-date=1 January 2026|work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://travel.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/aviation/domestic/akasa-air-announces-srinagar-as-20th-destination-in-its-network/107486165|title=Akasa Air announces Srinagar as 20th destination in its network|date=7 February 2024|access-date=1 June 2025|work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref>

|{{nowrap|[[IndiGo]]}}| [[Ahmedabad Airport|Ahmedabad]],<ref name="IndiGo">{{cite news|url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2025/12/11/indigo-stabilising-its-operations-at-srinagar-airport/|title=IndiGo Stabilising its Operations at Srinagar Airport|date=11 December 2025|access-date=1 January 2026|work=Kashmir Observer}}</ref> [[Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport|Amritsar]],<ref name="IndiGo"/> [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru]],<ref name="FR">{{cite web|url=https://www.flightradar24.com/data/airports/sxr/arrivals|title=Arrivals, Srinagar Airport|work=[[Flightradar]]|access-date=1 February 2026}}</ref> [[Chandigarh Airport|Chandigarh]],<ref name="FR"/> [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]],<ref name="IndiGo"/> [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]],<ref name="FR"/> [[Jammu Airport|Jammu]], [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkata]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/industry/aviation/story/indigo-announces-6-new-domestic-routes-check-list-here-419469-2024-02-29|title=IndiGo announces 6 new domestic routes; check list here|work=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]]|access-date=28 February 2024}}</ref> [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai]]<ref name="FR"/>

|[[SpiceJet]]| [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/delhi-srinagar-spicejet-flight-makes-emergency-landing-at-srinagar-airport-after-rapid-descent-that-triggered-cabin-altitude-warning-2778868-2025-08-29|title=SpiceJet flight makes emergency landing at Srinagar airport after mid-air snag|date=30 June 2025|access-date=1 July 2025|work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> [[Jammu Airport|Jammu]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.flightradar24.com/data/flights/sg160|title=Flight SG160|work=[[Flightradar]]|access-date=1 February 2026}}</ref>
}}

==Ground transport==
The airport is located about {{cvt|12|km}} from Srinagar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/Srinagar.jsp|title=Srinagar: General information|work=[[Airports Authority of India]]|date=20 September 2016|access-date=24 November 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107103358/http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/Srinagar.jsp|archive-date=7 January 2014 }}</ref> The airport has a [[car park]] which can accommodate 250 vehicles.<ref name="oneindia14feb2009" /> The government provides a paid bus service between the airport and the tourist reception center near [[Lal Chowk]], while the Airports Authority of India operates a free bus service between the terminal and the airport entrance gate located about a {{cvt|1|km}} away.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/FAQ16-srinagar.pdf|title=Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)|work=[[Airports Authority of India]]|access-date=24 November 2016}}</ref> The airport is also served by taxis and car rental agencies, which have their booths outside the terminal.<ref name="aaipassengerinfo"/>

==See also==
* [[Jammu Airport]]
* [[Kashmir Valley]]
* [[Kushok Bakula Rimpochee Airport]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons-inline}}


{{portalbar|India|Aviation}}

{{Airports in India}}

{{Indian Air Force}}

[[Category:Transport in Srinagar]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Srinagar]]
[[Category:Airports in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:International airports in India]]

Moiramora Doul

2026-04-21T00:02:50Z

Mythu09: started first stub added tags

{{Short description|Historical site in India}}
{{copy edit|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Moiramora Doul
| religious_affiliation = Ethnic religion
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type =
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|27.335316|94.929407|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| country = India
| state = [[Assam]]
| district = [[Dibrugarh district]]
| location = Khamtighat
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Durga]]
| year_completed = 13th-14th century (brick temple)
| architecture =
| creator = [[Chutia kingdom|Chutia kings]]
| website =
}}
'''Moiramora Doul''' or '''Moiramora Than''' is a historical site in India located at Khamtighat in Mancotta Mouza of [[Dibrugarh district]] built during the rule of [[Chutia kingdom|Chutia]] kings.<ref name="heritageuniversityofkerala.com">[https://www.heritageuniversityofkerala.com/JournalPDF/Volume11.2/29.pdf Bhuyan, R.R.,"Archaeological Remains of the Dihing Valley of Assam", p.533-534]</ref> Presently, only the ruins of the Moiramora Doul or Than have been discovered. Now, Moiramora Satra is situated at the site of the ruins. The Moiramora Ruins are situated on the bank of the Dihing at Khamtighat. The site features stone sculptures of various postures and attitudes dating back to the early and late medieval period, characterized by native ethnic texture.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archaeology.assam.gov.in/information-services/detail/list-of-protected-archaeological-sites-and-monuments |website= Archeological Survey of India|title=Protected Archaeological Sites and Monuments - (104) Moiramora Doul, Khamtighat, Dibrugarh District |language=en |access-date=8 April 2024}}</ref> The Archaeological Department of the [[Government of Assam]] has recognized the Moiramora Doul as a [[List of State Protected Monuments in Assam|State Protected Monument]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://asi.nic.in/protected-monuments-in-assam/ |website= Archeological Survey of India|title=Protected Monuments in Assam|language=en|access-date=8 April 2024}}</ref>

==History==

===Early period===
The original stone temple at the site of Moimora can be stylistically dated to the early medieval period (9th-10th century).<ref>[https://www.heritageuniversityofkerala.com/JournalPDF/Volume11.2/29.pdf Bhuyan, R.R.,"Archaeological Remains of the Dihing Valley of Assam", p.535]</ref> In later centuries, this structure was replaced by a brick temple. Thermoluminescence (TL) dating of bricks from the site places its construction in the 13th–14th century,<ref>Saikia, R.R,"Chronological and Archaeometric Evaluation of Bricks from Archaeological Sites of Upper Assam, Northeast India: Estimation of the Firing Temperature and Civilization History", p.17</ref> when the region was ruled by the [[Chutia kingdom]], indicating that the temple was likely constructed under Chutia royal patronage.<ref name="heritageuniversityofkerala.com"/> Studies of palaeochannels in Upper Assam based on satellite imagery suggest that during the medieval period the Dihing River followed a more southerly course away from the site and likely joined the Disang River near Bakata.<ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282791359_A_study_on_Palaeochannels_from_satellite_imagery_in_a_part_of_Upper_Assam Sarma, J.N, A study on palaeochannels from satellite imagery in a part of Upper Assam, p.77-78]</ref> Assamese Buranji chronicles describe Bakata as being situated on the banks of the Dihing River, a view also noted by historian Edward Gait in his account of Assam’s historical geography.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gait |first=Edward |title=A History of Assam |year=1906 |publisher=Thacker, Spink and Co.}}</ref>

===Satra period===

Bor Jadumoni, a prominent disciple of [[Gopaldev|Gopal Ata]] of the Kaal-Sanghati Satra of [[Ekasarana Dharma]] founded by [[Srimanta Sankardeva]] and [[Madhavdev|Sri Sri Madhavdeva]], established the Moiramora Satra at Kalaulwa on the banks of the [[Burhi Dihing]] River. During the reign of the Ahom king [[Sujinphaa]] (1675–77 AD), both the king and the premier [[Atan Burhagohain]] converted to [[Ekasarana Dharma|Nam Dharma]] and became disciples of the Moiramora Satra. The satra and its pond were constructed under Ahom patronage. An earthquake and subsequent flooding and erosion by the Burhi Dihing caused the collapse of the satra daul, which was later repaired by the [[Ahom dynasty|Ahom kings]] in the 17th–18th century.<ref>[https://www.heritageuniversityofkerala.com/JournalPDF/Volume11.2/29.pdf Bhuyan, R. R., “Archaeological Remains of the Dihing Valley of Assam”, p. 537]</ref>

The satra was later damaged by natural disasters and abandoned due to internal uprisings in the Ahom kingdom and [[Burmese invasions of Assam|the third Burmese invasion]]. It was subsequently re-established at Kujibali in Hahchara Mouza of [[Sivasagar district]]. After the Burhi Dihing changed its course, ruins of the original satra were rediscovered by later settlers, who built a Than Ghar for worship. The family of the satradhikar later re-established the satra at the site, continuing the propagation of Nam Dharma.<ref>{{cite report |author=Nabajit Deori, Chabina Hassan |title=Preliminary Report of the Excavation Conducted at Moiramora Archaeological Site, Dibrugarh District of Assam (2017–2018) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9TOGzAEACAAJ |publisher=[[Government of Assam]] |pages=3–7 |access-date=13 April 2024}}</ref>

==Description==
The area is currently being conserved and enhanced by the Archaeological Department of the [[Government of Assam]] under a scheme initiated in 2010. The archaeological department, along with the [[Dibrugarh district]] administration and local youth organizations, has constructed a fence, a concrete museum, and an altar covering around 7 bighas of land. Within the site, there are 13 rock-cut idols and fragments of several idols preserved in the gardens and local galleries of the Moiramora Than archaeological site. Excavations conducted in 2018 revealed evidence of two different periods of cultural civilization.<ref name="as"/> The museum showcases altars of ancient temples made of bricks, copper coins from the British era, silver flowers, stone sculptures, and clay bricks of various shapes.<ref name="ne">{{Cite web|url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/archaeologists-to-send-samples-of-ancient-temple-ruins-at-dibrugarhs-jokai-for-osl.html |website= Northeast Now|title=Archaeologists to send samples of ancient temple ruins at Dibrugarh's Jokai for OSL|language=en|access-date=13 April 2024}}</ref> Notably, the granite stone sculptures found here date back to the 8th to 9th centuries CE, while the sandstone sculptures are relatively more recent.<ref name="as">{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/moiramara-samples-sent-for-dating/cid/1443904 |website= The Telegraph|title=Moiramara samples sent for dating
|language=en|access-date=13 April 2024}}</ref>

==Location==
The Moiramora Daul is situated on the banks of the Burhidihing River, approximately two kilometers west of Khamati Ghat in Mancotta Mouza of [[Dibrugarh district]]. It is well connected to [[Dibrugarh]] city, with the [[Dibrugarh railway station]] around 20 km away and the [[Dibrugarh Airport]] about 27 km away. The Moiramora Satra is situated in the former Langeri Mouza, which is now known as "Jakai Napam Than Gaon."

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Archaeological sites in Assam]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Assam]]
[[Category:Dibrugarh district]]

Pamgarh Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:21:05Z

Mythu09: new initial stub v1

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Chhattisgarh State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Pamgarh
| mla = [[Sheshraj Harbansh]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| state = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| district = [[Janjgir-Champa district|Janjgir-Champa]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Janjgir-Champa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Janjgir-Champa]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = SC
| electors = {{formatnum:220500}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/chhattisgarh-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |title=State Election, 2023 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate=25 January 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| type = SLA
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| constituency_no = 38
| map_image = Pamgarh Assembly constituency map.svg
}}
'''Pamgarh''' is one of the 90 [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Chhattisgarh]] state in [[India]].<ref name=ceoMap>{{cite web |url=https://ceochhattisgarh.nic.in/en/new-maps-assembly-constituency |title=New Maps of Assembly Constituency |website=ceochhattisgarh.nic.in |accessdate= 3 February 2021}}</ref>

It comprises [[Pamgarh tehsil]] and parts of [[Nawagarh tehsil]], in [[Janjgir-Champa district|Janjgir-Champa]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Castes]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| colspan="4" |''Prior to 2008: Constituency did not exist''
|-
|[[2008 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name="election2008">{{cite web |title=State Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3883-chhattisgarh-2008/ |accessdate=31 December 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| Dujram Bouddh
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
|[[2013 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name="election2013">{{cite web |title=State Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3884-chhattisgarh-2013/ |accessdate=31 December 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| Ambesh Jangre
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name="election2018" />
| Indu Banjare
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
|[[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|[[Sheshraj Harvansh|Sheshraj Harbansh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly Election, 2023]]: Bilaspur<ref name=election2023/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Sheshraj Harvansh]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 63,963
|percentage = 42.80
|change = +8.69
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Santosh Kumar Lahare|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=47,789|percentage=31.98|change=+8.30}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Indu Banjare|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=29,259|percentage=19.58|change=-16.74}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Gorelal Barman|party=Janta Congress Chhattisgarh|votes=3,189|percentage=2.13|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ujwala Karade|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=1,352|percentage=0.90|change=+0.53}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the Above]]|party=None of the above|votes=1,192|percentage=0.80|change=-0.27}}
{{Election box majority||votes=16,174|percentage=10.82|change=+8.61}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=149,447|percentage=67.78|change=-3.02}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bahujan Samaj Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Pamgarh<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9643-statistical-data-of-general-election-to-chhatisgarh-assembly/ |title=Statistical data of General Election to Chhatisgarh Assembly - 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |accessdate= 3 February 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Indu Banjare
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 50,129
|percentage = 36.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Gorelal Barman
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 47,068
|percentage = 34.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ambesh Jangre
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 32,676
|percentage = 23.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 1,470
|percentage = 1.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3,061
|percentage = 2.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 138,004
|percentage = 70.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bahujan Samaj Party
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Janjgir-Champa district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh}}

{{coord|21.87|82.45|display=title}}

[[Category:Janjgir-Champa district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Politics of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:2003 establishments in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2003]]

Mawlai Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:21:01Z

Mythu09: started a details more to come

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Meghalaya State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mawlai
| mla = [[Brightstarwell Marbaniang]]
| party = [[Voice of the People Party (Meghalaya)|VPP]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| state = [[Meghalaya]]
| district = [[East Khasi Hills district|East Khasi Hills]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Shillong (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shillong]]
| established = 2003
| reservation = ST
| electors = {{formatnum:50101}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14873-meghalayaexcluding-ac-23/ |title=Meghalaya General Legislative Election 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in|access-date=11 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|05}}
| type = SLA
| map_image = Mawlai Assembly constituency map.svg
| constituency_no = 15
}}
'''Mawlai''' is one of the 60 [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Meghalaya]] state in [[India]].<ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceomeghalaya.nic.in/gis-map/00-pc-map-meghalaya.pdf |title=Map of Meghalaya Parliamentary Constituencies |website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |accessdate= 30 January 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[East Khasi Hills district|East Khasi Hills]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1972 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || rowspan=3 | Stanlington David Khongwir || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1978 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || {{Full party name with color|Hill State People's Democratic Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1983 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
|-
| [[1988 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1988]] || rowspan=2 | S. D. Khongwir || {{Full party name with color|Hill People's Union|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1993 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
| [[1998 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1998]] || rowspan=2 | Process T. Sawkmie || {{Full party name with color|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)}}
|-
| [[2003 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2003]] || {{Full party name with color|Meghalaya Democratic Party}}
|-
| [[2008 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || Founder Strong Cajee || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || Embhahlang Syiemlieh || {{Full party name with color|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)}}
|-
| [[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || Process T. Sawkmie || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[Brightstarwell Marbaniang]] || {{Full party name with color|Voice of the People Party (Meghalaya)}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2023===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Mawlai<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]] |title=General Election to Vidhna Sabha Trends & Result MArch - 2023 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS157.htm?ac=7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302144159/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS157.htm?ac=7 |archive-date=2 March 2023 |access-date=4 January 2025 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Brightstarwell Marbaniang]] |party=Voice of the People Party (Meghalaya) |votes=24,262 |percentage=59.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Teiborlang Pathaw |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=8,614 |percentage=21.27% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Process T. Sawkmie |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=5,142 |percentage=12.70% |change={{decrease}}8.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Marbud Dkhar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,506 |percentage=3.72% |change={{decrease}}22.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Wandonbok Jyrwa |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=450 |percentage=1.11% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tarcisious Mawlot |party=Independent politician |votes=264 |percentage=0.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Stepbournekupar Ryndem |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=255 |percentage=0.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=254 |percentage=0.63% |change={{decrease}}0.38 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,648 |percentage=38.64% |change= {{increase}}34.25 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=40,493 |percentage=80.82% |change= {{decrease}}3.13 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 50,101 |ref = |change= {{increase}}17.36 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Voice of the People Party (Meghalaya) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}34.10 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2018===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Mawlai<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]] |title=Form 20 - Polling Station Wise Result Sheet of General Election 2018 to the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2018/form20.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208162439/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2018/form20.html |archive-date=8 February 2024 |access-date=4 January 2025 |website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Process T. Sawkmie |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,253 |percentage=25.82% |change={{decrease}}3.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Teiborlang Pathaw |party=Independent politician |votes=7,679 |percentage=21.43% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Embhahlang Syiemlieh |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=7,599 |percentage=21.20% |change={{decrease}}28.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sarita Lyngdoh |party=People's Democratic Front (Meghalaya) |votes=6,336 |percentage=17.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bankyrshanborlang Lyngdoh Nongbri |party=Khun Hynniewtrep National Awakening Movement |votes=2,247 |percentage=6.27% |change={{decrease}}1.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Silvester Kurbah |party=Independent politician |votes=901 |percentage=2.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Peter Aiborlang Dohkrut |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=391 |percentage=1.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=361 |percentage=1.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,574 |percentage=4.39% |change= {{decrease}}16.18 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=35,840 |percentage=83.95% |change= {{increase}}1.79 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 42,690 |ref = |change= {{increase}}24.83 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |swing= {{decrease}}24.11 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2013===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Mawlai<ref>{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=Election Commission of India- State Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2013/10-Reports/10-detailed-results.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104021738/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2013/10-Reports/10-detailed-results.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Embhahlang Syiemlieh |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=14,029 |percentage=49.93% |change={{increase}}9.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Founder Strong Cajee |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,250 |percentage=29.36% |change={{decrease}}24.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Teiborlang Pathaw |party=Independent politician |votes=3,641 |percentage=12.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pyndapborthiaw Saibon |party=Khun Hynniewtrep National Awakening Movement |votes=2,178 |percentage=7.75% |change={{increase}}6.64 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,779 |percentage=20.57% |change= {{increase}}7.36 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=28,098 |percentage=82.16% |change= {{decrease}}3.39 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 34,199 |ref = |change= {{increase}}25.53 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}3.66 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2008===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Mawlai<ref>{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=General Election to Legislative Assembly, Mar 2008 - Valid Votes Secured |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2008-la.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104021122/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2008-la.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Founder Strong Cajee |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,490 |percentage=53.59% |change={{increase}}50.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Process T. Sawkmie |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=9,411 |percentage=40.38% |change={{increase}}30.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Celestina Lamin |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=1,028 |percentage=4.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shingly Nongkhlaw |party=Khun Hynniewtrep National Awakening Movement |votes=259 |percentage=1.11% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gregorius Kharnaior |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=119 |percentage=0.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,079 |percentage=13.21% |change= {{increase}}2.34 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=23,307 |percentage=85.55% |change= {{increase}}23.15 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 27,243 |ref = |change= {{increase}}3.72 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Meghalaya Democratic Party |swing= {{increase}}4.59 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2003===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Mawlai<ref>{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=General Election to Legislative Assembly, Mar 2003 - Valid Votes Secured |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2003-la.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104020753/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2003-la.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Process T. Sawkmie |party=Meghalaya Democratic Party |votes=8,031 |percentage=49.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Founder Strong Cajee |party=People's Democratic Movement (Meghalaya) |votes=6,249 |percentage=38.12% |change={{decrease}}6.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shingly Nongkhlaw |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=1,576 |percentage=9.62% |change={{decrease}}39.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amanda Pathaw |party=Indian National Congress |votes=535 |percentage=3.26% |change={{decrease}}3.50 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,782 |percentage=10.87% |change= {{increase}}6.59 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,391 |percentage=62.40% |change= {{decrease}}3.33 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 26,266 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.00 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Meghalaya Democratic Party |loser=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |swing= {{increase}}0.24 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1998===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Mawlai<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-MGH98.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144917/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-MGH98.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Process T. Sawkmie |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=7,723 |percentage=48.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Founder Strong Cajee |party=People's Democratic Movement (Meghalaya) |votes=7,045 |percentage=44.48% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amanda Pathaw |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,072 |percentage=6.77% |change={{decrease}}2.53 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=678 |percentage=4.28% |change= {{decrease}}4.90 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,840 |percentage=67.42% |change= {{decrease}}7.36 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 24,097 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.35 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |loser=Hill People's Union |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1993===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Mawlai<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatReport_MG_93.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144200/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatReport_MG_93.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=S. D. Khongwir |party=Hill People's Union |votes=6,291 |percentage=37.98% |change={{decrease}}21.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Founder Strong Cajee |party=Independent politician |votes=4,770 |percentage=28.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Process T. Sawkmie |party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference (Armison Marak Group) |votes=3,746 |percentage=22.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anthony Jala Kharbhih |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,540 |percentage=9.30% |change={{increase}}2.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Din Singh Dkhar |party=Independent politician |votes=215 |percentage=1.30% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,521 |percentage=9.18% |change= {{decrease}}32.96 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,562 |percentage=73.99% |change= {{increase}}4.59 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 22,658 |ref = |change= {{increase}}49.93 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Hill People's Union |loser=Hill People's Union |swing= {{decrease}}21.64 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1988===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1988 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Mawlai<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1988 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%201988%20Meghlaya.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144042/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%201988%20Meghlaya.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=S. D. Khongwir |party=Hill People's Union |votes=6,172 |percentage=59.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. S. Lyngdoh Myrdon |party=Independent politician |votes=1,809 |percentage=17.47% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Laborious M. S. Syiem |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=1,711 |percentage=16.53% |change={{decrease}}34.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Arflin Warlarpih |party=Indian National Congress |votes=660 |percentage=6.38% |change={{increase}}1.03 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,363 |percentage=42.15% |change= {{increase}}34.94 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,352 |percentage=69.65% |change= {{decrease}}4.93 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,112 |ref = |change= {{increase}}32.24 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Hill People's Union |loser=Hill State People's Democratic Party |swing= {{increase}}8.69 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1983===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Mawlai<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20ReportMeghalaya1983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025204117/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20ReportMeghalaya1983.pdf |archive-date=25 October 2017|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Stanlington David Khongwir |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=4,274 |percentage=50.93% |change={{decrease}}15.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anthony Jala |party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |votes=3,669 |percentage=43.72% |change={{increase}}17.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Daminot J. Wankhar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=449 |percentage=5.35% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=605 |percentage=7.21% |change= {{decrease}}33.18 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,392 |percentage=76.30% |change= {{decrease}}1.62 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,428 |ref = |change= {{increase}}20.24 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Hill State People's Democratic Party |loser=Hill State People's Democratic Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1978 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Mawlai<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Meghalaya78%20.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324143720/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Meghalaya78%20.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Stanlington David Khongwir |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=4,756 |percentage=66.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Stoshon Roy Nongrum |party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |votes=1,875 |percentage=26.29% |change={{decrease}}17.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Leonis John Richard Lyngklyoi |party=Independent politician |votes=502 |percentage=7.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,881 |percentage=40.39% |change= {{increase}}28.20 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,133 |percentage=76.65% |change= {{increase}}12.09 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,504 |ref = |change= {{increase}}18.61 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Hill State People's Democratic Party |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}10.58 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Mawlai<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MG_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324143519/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MG_72.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Stanlington David Khongwir |party=Independent politician |votes=2,830 |percentage=56.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=E. Bremly Lyngdoh |party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |votes=2,215 |percentage=43.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=615 |percentage=12.19% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,045 |percentage=64.66% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,013 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]]
* [[East Khasi Hills district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Meghalaya}}

{{coord|25.62|91.88|display=title}}

[[Category:East Khasi Hills district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Politics of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:2003 establishments in Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2003]]

Andal

2026-04-14T05:26:26Z

Mythu09: Started new article basic info!

{{Short description|Tamil Hindu poet-saint}}
{{other uses}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
| name = Andal
| image = Andal-painting.jpg
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| birth_date = [[Pushya|Pooram]] [[nakshatra]] in the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil month]] of [[Aadi (month)|Aadi]], 785 CE
| birth_place = [[Srivilliputhur]], [[Pandya Kingdom]], [[Tamilakam]]
| birth_name = Kothai
| denomination = [[Sri Vaishnavism]]
| philosophy = Sri Vaishnavism
| movement = [[Bhakti movement|Bhakti]]
| works = {{hlist|[[Tiruppavai]]|[[Nachiyar Tirumoli]]}}
| reincarnation_of = [[Bhūmi|Bhumi]]
| spouse = [[Ranganatha|Rangamannar]]
| caption = A painting of Andal
| parents = [[Periyalvar]] (foster-father)
| temple = [[Srivilliputhur Andal Temple]]
}}
{{Contains special characters|Tamil}}
{{Vaishnavism}}

'''Andal''' ([[ISO 15919]]: Āṇṭāḷ), also known as '''Kothai''' and '''Nachiyar''' is one of the 12 [[Alvars]], who are [[Tamils|Tamil]] saints who patronised [[Vaishnavism]] during the [[Bhakti movement]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Flood |first=Gavin D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KpIWhKnYmF0C |title=An Introduction to Hinduism |date=13 July 1996 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-43878-0 }}</ref> She is the only female Alvar.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Encyclopedia_of_Women_in_World_Religions/HxjOEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22female+alvar%22&pg=PA367&printsec=frontcover |title=Encyclopedia of Women in World Religions: Faith and Culture Across History|editor=Susan de-Gaia|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|year=2018|page=367}}</ref> She is considered to be an [[avatar]] of the earth goddess [[Bhumi (goddess)|Bhumi]], who is an aspect of [[Hindu]] goddess [[Lakshmi]], the consort of the preserver god [[Vishnu]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Andal / Bhudevi Jayanthi – India Cultural Center and Temple |url=https://icctmemphis.org/all-events/yearly-events/andal-bhudevi-jayanthi/ |access-date=15 January 2025}}</ref> The Alvars are affiliated with the [[Sri Vaishnavism]] tradition of [[Vaishnavism]]. As per [[Hindu mythology]], she was raised by [[Periyalvar]] in [[Srivilliputhur]], where she grew up as a devotee of [[Krishna]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Andal |url=https://www.ramanuja.org/sv/alvars/andal/ |access-date=15 January 2025 |work=Ramanuja.org}}</ref>

Active in the eighth century CE,<ref name=bryant188>{{cite book|last= Bryant|first=Edwin Francis|title=Krishna: A Sourcebook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0z02cZe8PU8C&pg=PA188|year=2007|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-198-03400-1|page=188}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Chitnis|first=Krishnaji Nageshrao|title=Medieval Indian History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xMcIu7kL42MC&pg=PA116|year=2003|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=978-81-7156-062-2|page=116}}</ref><ref name="Chari1997">{{cite book|author=S. M. Srinivasa Chari|title=Philosophy and Theistic Mysticism of the Āl̲vārs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8TwHhuZrZ-wC&pg=PA10|date=1 January 1997|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]]|isbn=978-8-120-81342-7|pages=11–12}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|The hagiographic tradition asserts that Andal lived around 3000 BCE.<ref name="Chari1997"/><ref name="BaileyKesarcodi-Watson1992">{{cite book|author1=Greg Bailey|author2=Ian Kesarcodi-Watson|title=Bhakti Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=blkqAAAAYAAJ|year=1992|publisher=Sterling Publishers|isbn=978-8-120-70835-8}}</ref>}} Andal is credited with the composition of the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] works, ''[[Tiruppavai]]'' and ''[[Nachiyar Tirumoli]]'', which are recited by devotees during the [[Tamil calendar|month]] of [[Margazhi]]. Andal is a prominent figure for women in South India and has inspired several women's groups such as Goda Mandali.<ref name="Pintchman">{{cite book |last1=Pintchman |first1=Tracy |title=Women's lives, women's rituals in the Hindu tradition |date=2007 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford|pages=181–187|isbn=978-0-198-03934-1}}</ref>

== History ==
According to literary and religious tradition, [[Periyalvar]], originally called Vishnuchithan, was a devotee of [[Vishnu]]. Childless, he prayed to Vishnu for a child. One day, he found a girl (later named Andal) under a [[Ocimum tenuiflorum|Tulasi]] plant in the garden inside [[Srivilliputhur Andal Temple]]. She was considered an [[avatar]]a of [[Bhumi (goddess)|Bhumi]] herself, as well as an incarnation of Lakshmi.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Raman |first=Sita Anantha |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Women_in_India/bOPNEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=andal+lakshmi&pg=PA177&printsec=frontcover |title=Women in India: A Social and Cultural History [2 volumes] |date=8 June 2009 |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] |isbn=978-0-313-01440-6 }}</ref> He named the child Gothai, who grew up as a devotee of [[Krishna]], an [[avatar]]a of Vishnu.

Gothai is believed to have worn a garland before dedicating it to the presiding god of the temple. Upon finding this out, Periyalvar reproached her. Vishnu appeared in his dream and asked him to dedicate only the garland worn by Andal to him because when the new garland was put on Vishnu's idol, it fell down but when the garland was worn by Andal, Vishnu turned into gold. The girl Godhai was thus named Andal and was referred to as "Chudikodutha Sudarkodi", meaning the woman who wore and gave her garland to Vishnu. Periyalvar took Andal to the [[Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam|Ranganathaswamy Temple]] in [[Srirangam]] where Andal was reunited with Vishnu as his bride. The practice is followed during modern times when the garland of Andal from [[Srivilliputhur Andal Temple]] is sent to [[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala|Venkateshvara Temple, Tirumala]] and [[Padmavati Temple]] on Garudotsavam during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil month]] of ''[[Tamil calendar|Purattaasi]]'' (September – October) and [[Kallalagar Temple|Kallalagar Sundaravalli Koyil]] during [[Chitra Pournami (festival)|Chitra Pournami]].<ref name="Rao">{{cite book|title=Temples of Tamil Nadu|last=Rao|first=A.V.Shankaranarayana|publisher=Vasan Publications|isbn=978-8-184-68112-3|year=2012|pages=195–99|ref=Rao}}</ref> Andal is also called as Nachiyar or Andal Nachiyar.

Godhai was brought up by Periyalvar in an atmosphere of love and devotion. As she grew into a beautiful maiden, her fervor for Vishnu grew to the extent that she decided to marry only Vishnu himself. As time passed, her resolve strengthened and she thought constantly about marrying [[Ranganatha]] (the reclining form of Vishnu on [[Shesha]]) of [[Srirangam]] in [[Tiruchirappalli|Tiruchirapalli]]. It was at Srirangam where Vishnu as [[Ranganatha]] as Rangamannar married Lakshmi as Bhumi as Andal. Andal is credited with two great [[Tamil language|Tamil]] works, ''[[Tiruppavai]]'' and ''[[Nachiyar Tirumoli]],'' which are still recited by devotees during the winter festival season of Margali''.''

In Tamil Nadu and Puducherry, Andal is remembered for her pure love and devotion. In the Tiruppavai, Andal, as a [[Gopi]] in Ayarpadi ([[Vrindavan]]a),<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sampath Kumaracharya |first1=V.S. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185421/http://ebooks.tirumala.org/Home/Download/?ID=1929 |title=Musings on Andal's Tiruppavai: A Garland of Thirty Multifaceted Mystic Verses|date=2002 |edition=First |url=https://ebooks.tirumala.org/ |publisher=Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams |location=Tirupati, India|language=ta, en|id=[Tamil text with English translation]|asin=B09FQ9JX1L|access-date=17 September 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> emphasizes that the ultimate goal of life is to seek surrender and refuge at Vishnu's feet. [[Ranganatha]] of [[Srirangam]] married [[Ranganayaki]] as Andal, both of whom miraculously went to [[Vaikuntha]], the highest heaven.<ref name=A>{{cite book|title=Temples of South India|first=Ambujam |last=Anantharaman|pages=177–181|publisher=East West Books (Madras)|year=2006|isbn=978-8-188-66142-8}}</ref> Her birthday is celebrated as Adi Puram during the [[Tamil calendar|Adi]] month and her wedding day and subsequent ascension is celebrated as [[Panguni Uthiram]] in the [[Tamil calendar|Panguni]] month.

== Iconography ==
[[File:Lord Krishna with his head on the lap of the Alvar saint, Andal.JPG|thumb|Ranganatha with Andal]]

Andal's hairstyle and ornamentation are unique to ancient [[Tamil culture]]. The tuft of the hair is bunned to the side and adorned with [[jasmine]] flowers and elaborate jewellery.<ref>{{cite book |title=Sura's South India: A journey into peninsular India |date=2005 |publisher=Sura Books |location=Chennai |isbn=8-174-78175-7 }}</ref>

Srivilliputhur Andal's hand-crafted parrot is made with fresh green leaves each and every day. This parrot is kept in the left hand of Andal.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Sri Manavala Mamunigal |title=Srivilliputhur |url=http://www.andaljeeyar.org/pdf.html |work=Andaljeeyar.org }} [http://www.andaljeeyar.org/images/pdf/SRIVILLIPUTHUR.pdf PDF file available] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616054915/http://www.andaljeeyar.org/images/pdf/SRIVILLIPUTHUR.pdf |date=16 June 2022 }}</ref> A [[pomegranate]] flower for beak and mouth, [[bamboo]] sticks for legs, a [[banana]] fruit for the body, petals of pink [[Nerium|oleander]] flowers for feathers, a [[Tabernaemontana divaricata|pinwheelflower]] for the head are used to prepare this parrot.<ref name="thehindu.com">{{cite web |last=Krishnamachari |first=Suganthy |title=Labour of love |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/religion/labour-of-love/article5003197.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=8 August 2013 |access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>

==Literary works==
Andal composed two literary works, both of which are in the rich Tamil verse form and express literary, philosophical, religious, and aesthetic content.

===Tiruppavai===
Her first work is the [[Tiruppavai]], a collection of 30 verses in which Andal imagines herself to be a [[gopi]], one of the cowherd girls known for their unconditional devotion to Vishnu's incarnation as Krishna. In Tiruppavai, Andal idolized [[Radha]] as the ideal gopi and also invoked the gopis of [[Vrindavan]]a.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ph.D |first=Lavanya Vemsani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4fw2DAAAQBAJ&q=Barsana-+Krishna+in+History%2C+Thought%2C+and+Culture+An+Encyclopedia+of+the+Hindu+Lord+of+Many+Names&pg=PP1 |title=Krishna in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Hindu Lord of Many Names: An Encyclopedia of the Hindu Lord of Many Names |date=13 June 2016 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-610-69211-3 |page=221 }}</ref> [[Rukmini]] is a form of [[Lakshmi]], who is accorded the status of the supreme consort of Vishnu in Sri Vaishnavism.<ref name="archive.org">{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/aclcpl00000339a898 |title=ACL-CPL 00339 Thiruppavai With an English Rendering}}</ref> In these verses, she describes the yearning to serve Vishnu and achieve happiness not just in one lifetime, but for all eternity. She also describes the religious vows (pavai) that she and her fellow cowherd girls will observe for this purpose. It is said that Tiruppavai is the nectar of Vedas and teaches philosophical values, moral values, ethical values, pure love, devotion, dedication, single-minded aim, virtues, and the ultimate goal of life.<ref name="Andal Tiruppavai">{{cite web|url=http://www.thiruppavai.org|title=Life of Andal|work=Thiruppavai.org|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070705231046/http://www.thiruppavai.org/|archive-date=5 July 2007|access-date=10 July 2007}}</ref> Andal extols Vishnu's incarnation as Krishna thus in this text:<ref name="archive.org"/>

{{Blockquote|text=My dear girls! You all know Vishnu's incarnation as Krishna, who was born in Mathura and who plays in the large waters of the river Yamuna, who shines like a pure lamp among the cowherd folk, the Damodara who brought name and fame to His foster-mother Yashoda! We shall approach Him in all purity, We shall strew pure and choice flowers at His feet and worship Him. We shall sing about Him and we shall unceasingly think of him: and thereby shall our sins, those already did and those we will do in the future, all of them will burn like cotton in fire.|title=[[Tiruppavai]]|source=Pasuram 5|author=Andal}}

=== Nachiyar Tirumoli ===
The second work by Andal is the [[Nachiyar Tirumoli]], a poem of 140 verses. "Tirumoli" literally means "Sacred Sayings" in a Tamil poetic style and "Nachiyar" means Goddess. Therefore, the title means "Sacred Sayings of the Goddess." This poem fully reveals Andal's intense longing for Vishnu, her lover. Utilising classical Tamil poetic conventions and interspersing stories from the Vedas and Puranas, Andal creates imagery that is possibly unparalleled in the whole gamut of Indian religious literature.{{cn|date=October 2025}}

In ''Nachiyar Tirumoli'', Andal wants to marry Vishnu and marries him as Rangamannar and says she would offer Vishnu 1000 pots of ''akkāravadisal'' when he marries her, which was later fulfilled by [[Ramanuja]] in the 12th century CE.{{cn|date=October 2025}}

Nevertheless, conservative Vaishnava institutions do not encourage the propagation of Nachiyar Tirumoli as much as they encourage Tiruppavai because Nachiyar Tirumoli belongs to an erotic genre of spirituality that is similar to [[Jayadeva]]'s [[Gita Govinda]].<ref name="Shivshankar">{{cite web|url=http://www.sushmajee.com/reldictionary/sketches/sketches-sant/st-andal.htm|title=Saints – Andal|last1=Rao|first1=Shivshankar|date=31 March 2013|website=Sushmajee: Dictionary of Hindu Religion Sketches|publisher=US Brahman Group|access-date=11 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|series=The Azhwars |title=For the Love of God: Selections from Nalayira Divya Prabandham |date=1996 |publisher=Penguin Books Australia |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-0-140-24572-1}}</ref><ref name="Leela V">{{cite news|first1=Leela|last1=Venkataraman|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611093400/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/nachiyar-aesthetically-conceived/article27909161.ece|archive-date=11 June 2022
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2001/01/05/stories/09050334.htm|title=Nachiyar aesthetically conceived|date=5 January 2001|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=11 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tracking-indian-communities/in-tamil-lit-an-erotic-bhakti-for-krishna/|title=In Tamil lit, an erotic bhakti for Krishna|last1=Muthukumaraswamy|first1=MD|date=25 August 2016|access-date=25 January 2018|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Rajarajan|first=R.K.K.|date=2015|title=Art and Literature: Inseparable Links|url=https://www.academia.edu/27086646|journal=The Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society}}</ref>

== Significance in Southern India ==
[[File:The Ranganayaki temple, a minor shrine in the Chennakeshava temple complex, Belur.jpg|thumb|Andal Temple of the [[Hoysala Kingdom|Hoysala]] period, [[Chennakeshava Temple, Belur]]]]

Andal is one of the reputed poet-saints of the Tamils.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bryant |first=Edwin Francis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HVDqCkW1WpUC&dq=andal+poet&pg=PA188 |title=Krishna: A Sourcebook |year=2007 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |pages=188|isbn=978-0-198-03400-1 }}</ref> Pious tradition holds her to be the incarnation of [[Bhumi (goddess)|Bhumi]] ([[Lakshmi]] as the [[Earth]] goddess) to show humanity the way to Vishnu's lotus feet. In South India, representations of her next to Vishnu are present in Vaishnava temples, many temples also have a separate shrine for Andal. During the month of ''Margali'', discourses on the Tiruppavai in Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, and Hindi take place all over India.<ref name="Āndāl, Saint Goda">{{cite web|title=Āndāl, Saint Goda|work=Women's History|url=http://womenshistory.about.com/library/bio/blbio_andal.htm/|access-date=10 July 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026125327/http://womenshistory.about.com/library/bio/blbio_andal.htm|archive-date=26 October 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Srivilliputhur Andal Temple]] at Srivilliputhur consists of twin temples, one of which is to Andal and another temple to Rangamannar. There are a number of festivals dedicated to Andal, among the most notable being the Pavai Nonbu in the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil month]] of ''[[Tamil calendar|Margaḻi]]'' (December – January), Andal Rangamannar Thirukalyanam in ''Panguni'', ''Pagalpathu'', ''Rapathu'', ''Adi Thiruviḻa'', when Andal is depicted seated in the lap of Ranganathar.<ref>{{cite book|title=Power of Passion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R-la0s4OrvYC&pg=PA163|page=163|publisher=Strategic Book Publishing|year=2009|isbn=978-1-608-60561-3|last=S.|first=Manickavasagam}}</ref> Andal is known for her unwavering devotion to [[Vishnu]], the preserver god. Adopted by her caretaker, Periyalvar, Andal avoided earthly marriage, the normal and expected path for women of her culture, to marry Vishnu, both spiritually and physically. In many places in India, particularly in [[Tamil Nadu]], Andal is treated more than a saint and a goddess herself and a shrine for Andal is dedicated in several Vishnu temples.<ref>{{cite web|title=Architectural grandeur |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/08/12/stories/2005081200120300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060920095557/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/08/12/stories/2005081200120300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 September 2006 |date=12 August 2005|work=[[The Hindu]] |location=[[Chennai]]}}</ref>

Thousands of people from the state of Tamil Nadu participate in the "Adi Puram" festival celebrated in the Srivilliputhur Andal Temple. After early morning special pujas, the presiding deities, Rangamannar and Andal are taken in decorated palanquins to the car. The festival marks the adoption of presiding goddess, Andal, by Periyalvar after he found her near a Tulsi plant in the garden of Andal Temple at [[Srivilliputhur]] on the eighth day of the Tamil month of ''Adi''.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/07/25/stories/2009072550750200.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090728152641/http://www.hindu.com/2009/07/25/stories/2009072550750200.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=28 July 2009 | location=[[Chennai]], India | title=Thousands of devotees likely to throng Thiruvilliputtur today | date=25 July 2009| work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=19 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/30/stories/2006073005320300.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110825003037/http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/30/stories/2006073005320300.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=25 August 2011 | location=[[Chennai]], India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Hundreds participate in Andal Temple car festival | date=30 July 2006}}</ref> For [[Srivari Brahmotsavam]], garlands worn to Andal in Srivilliputhur temple are sent to [[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala|Venkateshvara Temple, Tirumala]] at [[Tirupati]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]]. These traditional garlands are made of tulasi, [[chrysanthemum]], [[Agave amica|tuberose]] flowers. These garlands are worn by [[Venkateswara|Venkateshvara]] during the Garudaseva procession.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.tirumala.org/andal-mala-presented-to-lord-venkateswara-in-tirumala/|title=Andal Mala presented to lord Venkateshwara in Tirumala|work=Tirumala.org|access-date=19 September 2017|archive-date=1 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001042149/http://news.tirumala.org/andal-mala-presented-to-lord-venkateswara-in-tirumala/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Every year, Tirupati Venkateswara's garland is sent to Srivilliputtur Andal for marriage festival of Andal. Andal garland is also sent to Madurai [[Kallalagar Temple|Kallalagar Sundaravalli Temple]] for the Chithirai Festival.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.srivilliputtur.co.in/srivilliputtur_andal_temple.html|title=Srivilliputtur Andal Temple – Andal Temple|last=kmdilip|work=Srivilliputtur.co.in|access-date=19 September 2017|archive-date=24 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024095724/http://www.srivilliputtur.co.in/srivilliputtur_andal_temple.html|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

In poetry, 8th-century CE Andal became a well-known [[Bhakti movement]] poet, states Pintchman, and historical records suggest that by 12th century CE, she was a major inspiration to Hindu women in South India and elsewhere. Andal continues to inspire hundreds of classical dancers in modern times choreographing and dancing Andal's songs. She is also called Godhai, and her contributions to the arts have created Goda Mandali (circle of Andal) in the [[Vaishnava]] tradition. Through poetry of saints (such as Andal) women are thought to be able to connect with Vishnu directly and those words are thought to encapsulate their personal emotions.<ref name="Pintchman"/>

Godha Mandali (circle) which was named after Andal was formed in 1970 and reorganized in 1982, spreads Andal songs widely through TV and radio programs. The group would gather weekly to learn songs and would sing at events such as festivals where they would raise money for shrines.<ref name="Pintchman"/>

==Poetry and Literature==
[[File:NarayanaTirumala5.JPG|thumb|Andal sculpture in Narayana Tirumala Temple, [[Srikakulam]].]]

=== Bhakti poetry ===
In contemporary commentaries on Tamil ''bhakti'' poetry, [[A. K. Ramanujan]]'s work remarks on how many other religious traditions would keep and treat passionate love and devotion to Vishnu as separate, while in the ''bhakti'' tradition, they can be in resonance with one another:

"All devotional poetry plays on the tension between saguna and nirguna, Vishnu as person and Vishnu as principle. If he were entirely a person, he would not be divine, and if he were entirely a principle, a god, one could not make poems about him. The Vaishnavas, too, say that Vishnu is characterized by both 'paratva, 'otherness' and soulabhaya, 'ease of access'; he is both here and beyond, both tangible as a person and intangible as a principle-such is the nature of the ground of all being. It is not or, but both and; myth, bhakti, poetry would be impossible without the presence of both attitudes".<ref>{{cite book |last= Prentiss|first= Karen Pechilis |date= 1999 |title=The Embodiment of Bhakti |url= https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-embodiment-of-bhakti-9780195128130?cc=us&lang=en& |publisher= OUP |page= 25|isbn= 978-0-195-12813-0 }}</ref>

=== Feminist interpretations ===
Several contemporary interpretations view her act of marrying Vishnu as feminist.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Feminism and world religions|last1=Sharma|first1=Arvind|last2=Young|first2=Katherine K.|publisher=SUNY Press|year=1999|pages=41–43}}</ref> Divine marriages and virginity allowed women's subjectivity, as she is able to choose her husband, and given an "aristocratic freedom".<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198112792.001.0001/acprof-9780198112792|title=Saints' Lives and Women's Literary Culture, 1150–1300|last=Wogan-Browne|first=Jocelyn|date=1 March 2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-811279-2|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198112792.001.0001}}</ref> It is said that by devoting herself to Vishnu and rejecting to marry humans, she avoided the regular works involved with being a wife that would inhibit her freedom.<ref name=":1" />
[[File:Aandaal alangaram1.jpg|thumb|Andal's idol covered in ornaments and garlands]]Feminist interpretations look at some of Andal's verses as her open acknowledgement of her love for Vishnu, written with bold sensuality and startlingly savage longing, hunger, inquiry as widely found in Tamil Sangam literature that express women's longings and their separation from their men which ends in their union; even today, her most desirous poems are rarely rendered publicly.<ref name="Rajarajan">{{cite journal|last1=Rajarajan|first1=R K K|title=Art and Literature: Inseparable Links|journal=The Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society|date=2015|volume=106|issue=4|pages=53–61|url=https://www.academia.edu/27086646|access-date=28 April 2017}}</ref> In one such verse Andal dispenses with metaphor and imagines herself lying in the arms of Vishnu, making love to him:<ref name="Lakshmi">{{cite news|last1=Lakshmi|first1=C S|title=Landscapes of the body|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-literaryreview/landscapes-of-the-body/article28498998.ece|access-date=25 January 2018|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=7 December 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611090924/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-literaryreview/landscapes-of-the-body/article28498998.ece|archive-date=11 June 2022}}</ref>

<poem>
My life will be spared, Only if he will come, To stay for me for one night, If he will enter me, So as to leave, The imprint of his saffron paste, Upon my breasts, Mixing, churning, maddening me inside, Gathering my swollen ripeness, Spilling nectar, As my body and blood, Bursts into flower!
</poem> William Dalrymple- In search of Tamil Nadu's poet-preachers.<ref name=Dalrymple>{{cite news|last1=Dalrymple|first1=William|title=In search of Tamil Nadu's poet-preachers|url=https://www.ft.com/content/a01a138c-20b2-11e5-ab0f-6bb9974f25d0|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221211231255/https://www.ft.com/content/a01a138c-20b2-11e5-ab0f-6bb9974f25d0#slide0|archive-date=11 December 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|access-date=13 July 2015|work=The Financial Times|location=London|date=10 July 2015}}</ref><ref name=Chakravarty>{{cite magazine|last1=Chakravarty|first1=Uma|title=The World of the Bhaktin in South Indian Traditions – The Body and Beyond |magazine=[[Manushi]]: A Journal about Women and Society|date=1989|volume=50-51-52|pages=18–29 |url=http://www.manushi-india.org/pdfs_issues/pdf_files-50-51-52/the_world_of_the_bhaktin_in_south_indian.pdf|access-date=18 September 2015|archive-date=17 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117202022/http://www.manushi-india.org/pdfs_issues/pdf_files-50-51-52/the_world_of_the_bhaktin_in_south_indian.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Quoted from ''Feminism and world religions'' by Arvind Sharma, Katherine K. Young: "What Andal and other women poets did by living the way they did was to negotiate a space within a marriage-dominated society and made at least some sections of society make room for them".<ref name=":1" />

Andal fulfilled the expectation of becoming a wife by marrying Vishnu, but since her husband is a god, she gained her freedom.<ref name=":1" /> This act is referred to as virginal feminism by numerous scholars in patristic and matristic theology.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Religion and Sexism|last=Ruether|first=Rosemary Radford|publisher=Simon and Schuster|year=1974|location=New York|pages=150–233}}</ref> Virginity is viewed as giving women the option to avoid childbearing, male domination and live a new life of devotion to deities.<ref name=":3" />

===Amuktamalyada===
{{main|Amuktamalyada}}
[[Krishnadevaraya]] of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] composed the epic poem Amuktamalyada in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], which is considered as a masterpiece. Amuktamalyada translates to ''one who wears and gives away garlands'', and describes the story of Andal, the companion of [[Periyalvar]].<ref name="Andal-Telugu">{{cite news|last1=Rao|first1=Pappu Venugopala|title=A masterpiece in Telugu literature|url=http://www.thehindu.com/books/a-masterpiece-in-telugu-literature/article478881.ece|access-date=9 June 2016|issue=Chennai|work=The Hindu|date=22 June 2010}}</ref>

Amuktamalyada describes worries of separation experienced by Andal, who is an incarnation of [[Lakshmi]], the wife of [[Vishnu]] who marries him ultimately. Further, the poem describes Andal's glory in 30 verses written in the keśādi-pādam style, starting from her hair, going down her body till her feet.<ref name="Penguin-Telugu">{{cite book|last1=Krishnadevaraya|editor1-last=Reddy|editor1-first=Srinivas|title=Giver of the Worn Garland: Krishnadevaraya's Amuktamalyada|date=2010|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=978-8184753059|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g0eTDF3uLVgC&pg=PT1}}</ref><ref name="Krishnadevaraya-Andal">{{cite book|last1=Krishnadevaraya|title=Amuktamalyada|date=1907|publisher=Telugu Collection for the British Library|location=London|url=https://archive.org/details/amuktamalyada00krissher|access-date=9 June 2016}}</ref>

===Mangalasasanam===
[[Mangalasasanam|Mangalasasanam by Divyadesam]]: Andal has sung in praise of eleven holy sites:<ref>{{cite book | title=A Primer of Tamil Literature| last=Pillai| first=M. S. Purnalingam | year=1994 | orig-year=1st pub. 1904| publisher=Ananda Press|location=Madras|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QIeqvcai5XQC&pg=PA183|pages=182–83| isbn=9788120609556}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:left;" style="font-size: 90%"
|- style="background:#FFC569"
! scope="col" align="center"| No.
! scope="col" | Temple
! scope="col" | Location
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Image
! scope="col" | Pasurams (hymns)
! scope="col" | Presiding deity
! scope="col" | Notes
|- align ="center"
|- style="background:#ffe;"
|-
|1
| [[Srirangam]]
|{{coord|10.8625| 78.689722}}
|[[File:Srirangam14.jpg|100px|center]]
|10
|{{no wrap|Sri Ranganatha Perumal}} {{no wrap|Sri Ranganayaki Thayar}}
|Srirangam temple is often listed as one of the largest functioning [[Hindu temple]]s in the world, with the more larger [[Angkor Wat]] being the largest functioning Hindu temple in the world, which is dedicated to Vishnu and Lakshmi. The temple occupies an area of 156 acres (631,000 m2) with a perimeter of 4,116m (10,710 feet) making it the largest Hindu temple in the Indian subcontinent and one of the largest temples in the world.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mittal |first1=Sushil|first2=G.R.|last2=Thursby|page=456|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fz6KBkgEacAC&pg=PA456|title=The Hindu World|year=2005 |publisher=Routelge |location=New York |isbn=0-203-67414-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Vater |first=Tom |title=Moon Spotlight Angkor Wat|year=2010 |publisher=Perseus Books Group |location=USA |isbn=9781598805611|page=40}}</ref> The annual 21-day festival conducted during the Tamil month of ''Margali'' (December – January) attracts 1 million visitors.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jones |first=Victoria|page=4 |title=Wonders of the World Dot-to-Dot|year=2004 |publisher=Sterling Publishing Co., Inc. |location=New York |isbn=1-4027-1028-3}}</ref>
|-
|2
| [[Vaikuntha]]
| Heaven
| [[Image:Vishnu.jpg|100px|center|Vishnu, Lord of Vaikuntha]]
|1
|{{no wrap|Sri Paramapada Nathan}} {{no wrap|Sri Periya Piratti}}
|Vaikuntha is the celestial abode of [[Vishnu]] and [[Lakshmi]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Maehle|first1=Gregor|title=Ashtanga Yoga The Intermediate Series: Mythology, Anatomy, and Practice|date=2012|publisher=New World Library|isbn=9781577319870|page=207|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OhYeGdNK0UoC&pg=PA207|quote=Vaikuntha (Vishnu's celestial home)}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Orlando O. Espín|author2=James B. Nickoloff|title=An Introductory Dictionary of Theology and Religious Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k85JKr1OXcQC&pg=PA539|year=2007|publisher=Liturgical Press|isbn=978-0-8146-5856-7|page=539}}</ref><ref name="Flood 1996, p. 17">[[Gavin Flood]], ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=KpIWhKnYmF0C An Introduction to Hinduism]'' (1996), p. 17.</ref> Vaikuntha is the place of [[Vishnu]] and [[Lakshmi]] and other deities.
|-
|3
| [[Tirupati]]
| {{coord|13.143|79.907}}
| [[File:Tirumala 090615.jpg|100px|center]]
|18
|{{no wrap|Sri Venkateshvara Perumal}} {{no wrap|Sri Padmavati Thayar}}
|Venkateshvara Padmavati Temples is landmark Himdu temple situated in [[Tirumala]] and [[Tiruchanur]] at [[Tirupati]] in [[Chittoor district]] of Andhra Pradesham, India. The Temple is dedicated to [[Venkateshvara]] and [[Padmavathi|Padmavati]], a form of [[Vishnu]] and [[Lakshmi]], who are appeared here to flourish people in [[Kali Yuga]]. Hence the place has also got the name Kaliyuga [[Vaikuntham]] and the deities here is referred to as Kaliyuga Prathyaksha Deivangal.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tirumala.org/maintemple_about.htm |title=Tirumala Temple |access-date=13 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011032254/http://tirumala.org/maintemple_about.htm |archive-date=11 October 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|4
| [[Kshira Sagara|Thiruparkadal]]
| Heaven
| [[File:Kurma, the tortoise incarnation of Vishnu.jpg|[[Kurma]]|100px]]
| 3
| {{no wrap|Sri Kshirabtha Nathan}} {{no wrap|Sri Kadalmagal Nachiyar}}
| In [[Hindu cosmology]], Kshira Sagara is on Vaikuntha.<ref>{{cite book|first=D. Dennis |last=Hudson|title= The body of God: an emperor's palace for Krishna in eighth-century Kanchipuram|publisher= Oxford University Press US|year= 2008 |isbn=978-0-19-536922-9| pages=164–168}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Churning the Ocean of Milk by Michael Buckley|url=http://www.veloasia.com/library/buckley/churning_milk.html}}</ref> It is the place in heaven where [[Vishnu]] and [[Lakshmi]] sit on [[Shesha]] and [[Nagalakshmi]].
|-
|5
| [[Krishna Janmasthan Temple Complex|Mathura]]
| {{coord|27.504748| 77.669754}}
| [[File:Mathura Temple-Mathura-India0002.JPG|center|[[Kurma]]|100px]]
| 19
| {{no wrap|Sri Krishna}} {{no wrap|Sri Rukmini}}
| The temple in [[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathura]], is among the most sacred of [[Hindu pilgrimage sites in India|Hindu sites]], and is worshipping as the birthplace of [[Krishna]].<ref name="Jafri2009">{{cite book|author=Saiyid Zaheer Husain Jafri|title=Transformations in Indian History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2c9312fKPqgC&pg=PA299|access-date=7 July 2012|date=1 January 2009|publisher=Anamika Publishers & Distributors|isbn=978-81-7975-261-6|page=299}}</ref> Krishna and [[Rukmini]] are deities of this temple. According to traditions, the original deities was installed by Vajranabha, who is the great-grandson of Krishna and Rukmini.<ref name="Anand1992">{{cite book|author=D. Anand|title=Krishna: The Living God of Braj|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EsvSwdUgQYcC&pg=PA29|access-date=7 July 2012|date=1 January 1992|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-280-2|page=29}}</ref>
|-
|6
| [[Dwarkadhish Temple|Dvarakadhisha Kalyana Temple]]
| {{coord|22|14|16.39|N|68|58|3.22|E}}
| [[File:Dwarkadheesh temple.jpg|center|Dvaraka Temple|100px]]
| 4
| {{no wrap|Sri Dvarakadisha Perumal}} {{no wrap|Sri Kalyana Thayar}}
| The temple is dedicated to the god [[Krishna]] and [[Rukmini]], who is worshiped here by the name "Dvarakadhisha" and "Dvarakadhishi", or "King of Dvaraka" and "Queen of Dvaraka". The main shrine of the 5-storied building, supported by 72 pillars, is known as Jagata Mandiram or Nija Mandiram, archaeological findings suggest it is 2,000 years old.<ref>{{cite report|date=1988|title=Marine Archaeology of Indian Ocean Countries|author=S. R. Rao|pages=18, 25|quote=The Kharoshti inscription in the first floor of Sabhamandapa of Dvarakadhisha Kalyana Temple is assignable to 200 BCE.; Excavation was done by the veteran archaeologist H.D. Sankalia some twenty years ago on the western side of the present Jagat-Man- dir at Modern Dwarka and he declared that the present Dwarka was not earlier than about 200 BC.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|date=2005|author=L. P. Vidyarthi|journal=Journal of Social Research|volume=17|title=The sacred complex of Kashi|quote=Inscription in Brahmi found in the temple shows it is constructed in Mauryan Empire. Apart from this beginning, history of Dvaraka and Dvarkadhisha Kalyana Temple is full of redestruction and reconstruction of Dvarakadhisha Kalyana Temple in 2000 years.}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|year=2005|title=Remote Sensing And Archaeology|author=Alok Tripathi|page=79|quote= In 1963 H.D. Sankalia carried out an archaeological excavation.. at Dvarkadhisha Kalyana Temple at Dvaraka to solve the problem. Archaeological evidences found in this excavation were only 2000 years old}}</ref> The temple was enlarged in the 15th - 16th century CE.<ref>{{cite book|year=1988|author=P. N. Chopra|title=Encyclopaedia of India, Volume 1|page=114}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Rao|first=Shikaripura Ranganatha|title=The lost city of Dvaraka|date=1999|publisher=Aditya Prakashan|isbn=978-8-186-47148-7}}</ref>
|-
|7
| [[Kallalagar Temple|Tirumalirunsolai]]
| {{coord|10.074136|78.214356}}
| [[File:Kallazhagar (23).jpg|center|Temple tower|100px]]
| 11
| {{no wrap|Sri Kallazhagar Perumal}} {{no wrap|Sri Sundaravalli Thayar}}
| The temple is constructed in the [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian style of architecture]]. A granite wall surrounds the temple, enclosing all its shrines. The temple has a seven-tiered [[Gopuram|rajagopuram]]. The temple is surrounded by a large fort. Kallalagar and Sundaravalli is believed to have appeared sage Suthapavan. The temple follows [[Thenkalai]] tradition of worship.<ref>{{cite book|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC|page=18|first=Roshan|last=Dalal|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|year=2010|isbn=978-0-143-41421-6}}</ref>
|-
|8
| [[Sarangapani Temple|Sarangapani Komalavalli Temple]]
| {{coord|10|57|34|N|79|22|29|E}}
| [[File:Gopuras in Kumbakonam - India.JPG|center|Temple tower|100px]]
| 1
| {{no wrap|Sri Sarangapani Perumal}} {{no wrap|Sri Komalavalli Thayar}}
| This temple is along [[Kaveri]] and is one of the [[Pancharanga Kshetrams]]. The temple is believed to be of significant antiquity with contributions at different times from [[Chola Empire]], [[Vijayanagara Empire]] and [[Madurai Nayak dynasty|Madurai Nayakas]]. The temple is enshrined within a granite wall and the complex contains all the shrines and the water tanks of the temple. The ''[[gopuram|rajagopuram]]'' (the main gateway) has eleven tiers and has a height of {{convert|173|ft|m|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Pancharanga Kshetrams">{{cite web |
title=Pancharanga Kshetrams|work=Indiantemples.com |
url=http://www.indiantemples.com/Tamilnadu/df012.html |access-date= 20 June 2016}}</ref>
|-
|9
| [[Thirukannapuram|Tirukannapuram]]
| {{coord|10|52|7|N|79|42|6|E}}
| [[File:Tirukannapuram10.JPG|center|Temple tower|100px]]
| 1
| {{no wrap|Sri Sourirajan Perumal}} {{no wrap| Sri Kannapuram Thayar}}
| The deities wore wigs (''souris''), named Kannapuram Thayar and Sourirajan Perumal. A granite wall surrounds the temple, enclosing all its shrines and three of its seven bodies of water. The temple has a seven-tiered ''[[Gopuram|rajagopuram]]'', the temple's gateway tower and a huge temple tank in front of it. The temple is constructed by the [[Chola Empire]], with later additions from the [[Thanjavur Nayak kingdom|Thanjavur Nayakas]].<ref name=Knapp>{{cite book|title=SEEING SPIRITUAL INDIA: A Guide to Temples, Holy Sites, Festivals and Traditions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1JJCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT335|last=Knapp|first=Stephen|publisher=iUniverse|isbn=9780595614523|year=2008|pages=335–37}}</ref>
|-
|10
| [[Srivilliputhur]]
| {{coord|9|30|32|N|77|37|56|E}}
| [[File:Srivilliputhur4.jpg|center|Temple tower|100px]]
| 1
| {{no wrap|Sri Rangamannar}} {{no wrap|Sri Andal}}
| The temple is associated with the life of Andal, who is an incarnation of Lakshmi without any parents who married Rangamannar, an incarnation of Vishnu was found by Periyalvar under a Tulsi plant in the garden inside this temple. She is wore the garland before wearing that garland to Rangamannar. Periyalvar, who later found the garland, is shocked and taking the garland with Andal's hair. It is Rangamannar appeared in his dream and told him to wear the garland worn by Andal to him and Andal took that garland and wore that garland to Rangamannar and married him there itself, and Andal successfully married Rangamannar, fulfilling the dream of Andal and Rangamannar. It is Rangamannar of Srivilliputhur Andal Rangamannar Temple married Andal, later they ascended to heaven at Srirangam, Tiruchirapalli. The temple has two divisions – the one of Andal located on the southwestern and the second one of Rangamannar on the northeastern side. A granite wall surrounds the temple, enclosing all its shrines, the garden where Andal is born and two of its three bodies of water with the third body of water outside the temple. The Vijayanagara and Madurai Nayaka rulers commissioned paintings on the walls of the shrine of temple, some of which are still present.<ref name="A"/><ref name=Meena>{{cite book|title=Temples in South India|last=V.|first=Meena|publisher=Harikumar Arts|location=Kanniyakumari|page=10}}</ref>
|-
|11
| [[Gokula]]
| {{coord|26.95009444667719| 80.43869165722663}}
| [[File:Gokul temple.JPG|center|Gokul temple|100px]]
| 4
| {{no wrap|Sri Krishna}} {{no wrap|Sri Rukmini}}
| It is known that [[Krishna]] lived in his childhood in this place.
|}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9vl0mXJJm8k&list=PLrDHFXR22SMH--lhSD2USzV6pQY3gYO7h Andal's Thirupavai meaning in English]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wJ6Ojq68iK8 Andal's Varanam Aayiram]
{{Commons category|Andal}}
* {{Librivox author |id=458}}
* http://www.advaita.org.uk/discourses/teachers/andal_marvelly.htm

{{Alvars}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Alvars]]
[[Category:Hindu female religious leaders]]
[[Category:Tamil deities]]
[[Category:Bhakti movement]]
[[Category:Vaishnava saints]]
[[Category:Women mystics]]
[[Category:Tamil Hindu saints]]
[[Category:7th-century Hindus]]
[[Category:8th-century Hindus]]
[[Category:Deified Indian women]]

Chaupal (streaming service)

2026-04-09T08:31:32Z

Mythu09:

{{Short description|Indian streaming service}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox website
| name = Chaupal
| logo = Chaupal (streaming service).svg
| type = Over-the-top streaming service
| language = Punjabi, Haryanvi, Bhojpuri
| owner = Bosna Digital Entertainment Pvt. Ltd.
| MD = Mr. Sandeep Bansal
| url = https://www.chaupal.com/
| commercial = Yes
| registration = Optional
| launch_date = August 2021
| current_status = Active
}}

'''Chaupal''' is an Indian over-the-top ([[Over-the-top media service|OTT]]) [[streaming service]] owned by Bosna Digital Entertainment Pvt Limited. Launched in August 2021, it offers content in [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Haryanvi language|Haryanvi]], and [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] languages.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pitaara TV launches multi-regional streaming platform Chaupal – Exchange4media |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/digital-news/pitaara-tv-launches-multi-regional-streaming-platform-chaupal-115292.html |access-date=23 January 2024 |website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media |language=en}}</ref>

== Overview ==
Chaupal, traditionally a term for communal gathering spaces in [[South Asia]], denotes an online [[entertainment]] platform in its contemporary usage. The platform features a range of [[movies]] and [[web series]], emphasizing regional Indian languages such as [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], and [[Haryanvi language|Haryanvi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=28 August 2021 |title=Pitaara TV launches multi-regional streaming platform Chaupal |url=https://indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/regional/pitaara-tv-launches-multi-regional-streaming-platform-chaupal-210828 |access-date=23 January 2024 |website=indiantelevision.com |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
Chaupal was established by the Punjabi movie channel [[Pitaara TV]]. The OTT provides entertainment content in three regional languages – Punjabi, Haryanvi, and Bhojpuri.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2021 |title=Chaupal OTT: Pitaara TV Launches World's Biggest Multi-Regional OTT Platform |url=https://kiddaan.com/chaupal-ott-pitaara-tv-launches-worlds-biggest-multi-regional-ott-platform/ |archive-date= |access-date=23 January 2024 |website=kiddaan.com}}</ref>

== Availability and access ==

=== Global Availability ===
The Platform's service is globally available. [[iOS]] users can access the app in all countries except [[France]] and [[China]]. [[Android (operating system)|Android]] and [[Android TV]] users can enjoy the platform in all countries except China. Amazon Fire device users can access the app worldwide. [[Samsung]] device users can access the app in all countries except [[Brazil]] and China.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=9 September 2023 |title=Prime Video adds Punjabi service Chaupal to aggregator offering |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/prime-video-adds-punjabi-service-chaupal-to-aggregator-offering-11694235657953.html |access-date=23 January 2024 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

=== Subscriptions ===
Chaupal provides a variety of [[Subscription business model|subscription]] plans. These plans differ in terms of [[video resolution]], the number of simultaneous streams permitted, and the number of devices that can be used for content downloads.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=16 December 2023 |title=Chaupal Subscription Plans, Top Movies & Web Series in India |url=https://movieetalks.com/ott/chaupal/ |access-date=23 January 2024 |website=Moviee Talks |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Content ==
The content library of Chaupal includes movies, web series, and short films in Punjabi, Haryanvi, and Bhojpuri. On its launch day, The Platform released 12 originals (films and web series), 50 exclusive titles, and over 300 movies.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=Adgully |date=30 August 2021 |title=Pitaara TV launches multi-regional streaming platform |url=https://www.adgully.com/pitaara-tv-launches-multi-regional-streaming-platform-chaupal-globally-107781.html |access-date=23 January 2024 |website=www.adgully.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Original Movies ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Title
!Language
!Genre
!Ref
|-
|Please Kill Me
|Punjabi/Bhojpuri
|Mystery crime thriller
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2021 |title=Chaupal original: Watch suspense unfold in upcoming film Please Kill Me on Sept 24 – Hello Tricity |url=https://hellotricity.in/chaupal-original-please-kill-me-on-sept-24/ |access-date=4 January 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|Seep Haryanvi Link
|Punjabi/Haryanvi
|Political thriller
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rattan |first=Jasdeep Singh |date=14 September 2021 |title=Movie SEEP performing well on OTT platform CHAUPAL. Streaming now ! |url=https://punjabiteshan.com/movie-seep-performing-well-on-ott-platform-chaupal-streaming-now/ |access-date=4 January 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|Dustbin
|Punjabi/Bhojpuri/Haryanvi
|Suspense drama
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Metro |first=Hindustan |date=6 October 2021 |title=What happens when a loving, family man becomes suspicious of his wife? To find out, watch Chaupal Original Dustbin releasing on October 8 |url=https://www.hindustanmetro.com/what-happens-when-a-loving-family-man-becomes-suspicious-of-his-wife-to-find-out-watch-chaupal-original-dustbin-releasing-on-october-8/ |access-date=5 April 2024 |website=www.hindustanmetro.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|Umran Ch Ki Rakheya
|Punjabi
|Romantic drama
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Metro |first=Hindustan |date=9 March 2022 |title=Chaupal Originals film 'Umran Ch Ki Rakheya' is a unique story breaking stereotypes, redefining love |url=https://www.hindustanmetro.com/chaupal-originals-film-umran-ch-ki-rakheya-is-a-unique-story-breaking-stereotypes-redefining-love/ |access-date=4 January 2024 |website=www.hindustanmetro.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
|}

=== Original Web Series ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Title
!Language
!Genre
!Ref
|-
|Shikaari 2
|Punjabi
|Crime drama
|<ref>{{Cite web |first= |date=30 January 2023 |title=With Season 2 of Punjabi web series Shikaari entertaining viewers, cast member Guggu Gill says more adventure is on the way |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/with-season-2-of-punjabi-web-series-shikaari-entertaining-viewers-cast-member-guggu-gill-says-more-adventure-is-on-the-way-474807 |access-date=4 January 2024 |website=The Tribune}}</ref>
|-
|Lanka Mein Danka
|Bhojpuri
|Action drama
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 July 2022 |title=रितेश पांडे की भोजपुरी वेब सीरीज 'लंका में डंका' का गाना रिलीज, शानदार है साफ-सुधरी लव स्टोरी वाला ये VIDEO |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/entertainment/bhojpuri-ritesh-pandey-and-priyanka-rewari-new-song-release-from-bhojpuri-web-series-lanka-mein-danka-watch-video-bhojpuri-mogi-4433575.html |access-date=4 January 2024 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref>
|-
|Prapanch
|Bhojpuri
|Action crime
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2022 |title=पहली वेब सीरीज Prapanch का दमदार ट्रेलर रिलीज, बंदूक ताने दिखे Pawan Singh |url=https://www.aajtak.in/entertainment/news/story/pawan-singh-bhojpuri-web-series-prapanch-trailer-release-chaupal-app-rani-chatterjee-tmovb-1466921-2022-05-20 |access-date=4 January 2024 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref>
|-
|Pakadua Biyah
|Bhojpuri
|Crime and social drama
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=भोजपुरी वेब सीरीज 'पकडुआ बियाह' का ट्रेलर लॉन्च, गायकी के बाद अंकुश राजा अभिनय में दिखाएंगे जलवा |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/bihar/state/patna/trailer-launch-of-bhojpuri-web-series-pakadua-biyah/bh20221206111521737737714 |access-date=4 January 2024 |website=ETV Bharat News |date=6 December 2022 |language=hi}}</ref>
|-
|[[Sarpanchi]]
|Punjabi
|Political drama
|.[https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/upcoming-punjabi-web-series-sarpanchi-starring-actor-singer-jass-bajwa-gives-a-sneak-peek-into-village-level-politics-in-punjab-629200/]
|-
|84 Toh Baad
|Punjabi
|Periodic drama, Thriller
|[https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/84-toh-baad-ott-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-gurshabad-and-kuljinder-sidhu-s-punjabi-crime-series-ottplay-101754810443692.html]
|}

== Partnerships ==
Chaupal has been added exclusively to [[Amazon Prime Video]] Channels in [[India]] and is available as an add-on with [[ZEE5|Zee5]] Global for the [[United States|USA]] audience. It has also formed partnerships with various platforms, including Airtel Xstream Play, Tata Binge Play, Watcho, [[Jio TV]], [[OnePlus TV]], and others.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=9 September 2023 |title=Prime Video adds Punjabi service Chaupal to aggregator offering |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/prime-video-adds-punjabi-service-chaupal-to-aggregator-offering-11694235657953.html |access-date=8 February 2024 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 August 2022 |title=Tata Play Binge adds Planet Marathi, Namma Flix and Chaupal to its OTT platform |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/brandwagon-tata-play-binge-adds-planet-marathi-namma-flix-and-chaupal-to-its-ott-platform-2631455/ |access-date=8 February 2024 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Airtel Xstream Now Has 2 Million Paid Users |url=https://telecomtalk.info/airtel-xtream-now-has-2-million-paid/525805/ |access-date=8 February 2024 |website= |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Dish TV India launches its one-stop OTT entertainment solution – ET BrandEquity |url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/media/dish-tv-india-launches-its-one-stop-ott-entertainment-solution/95252910 |access-date=8 February 2024 |website=ETBrandEquity.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=15 December 2023 |title=Reliance Jio announces new prepaid JioTV Premium plans: Pricing, OTT channels offered and more |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/gadgets-news/reliance-jio-announces-new-prepaid-jiotv-premium-plans-pricing-ott-channels-offered-and-more/articleshow/106013031.cms |access-date=8 February 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=24 February 2023 |title=Chaupal OTT partners with OnePlus to bring regional entertainment on OnePlus TV |url=https://www.adgully.com/chaupal-ott-partners-with-oneplus-to-bring-regional-entertainment-on-oneplus-tv-128951.html |access-date=8 February 2024 |website=www.adgully.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite news |last=Sood |first=Ribha |date=10 November 2022 |title=How Pitaara TV and Chaupal OTT platform blazed new trails in regional entertainment |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/pitaara-tv-chaupal-ott-new-trails-regional-entertainment-8261092/ |location=Chandigarh |access-date=9 April 2026 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en |url-access=subscription}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website}}

[[Category:Video on demand services]]
[[Category:Entertainment websites]]
[[Category:Mass media companies established in 2021]]
[[Category:Internet properties established in 2021]]
[[Category:2021 establishments in Punjab, India]]

Neelambari (2001 film)

2026-04-09T01:57:20Z

Mythu09: started a page initial version

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Neelambari
| image = Neelambari (2001 film).jpeg
| alt =
| caption = VCD cover
| native_name = 
| director = Surya
| writer = M D Sridhar Sunil Parameshwar Surya
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = M D Sridhar Karisubbu N R Chandrashekhar Tiptur Raju K Prakash
| starring = [[Ramya Krishna]] [[Devaraj]] [[Prema (Kannada actress)|Prema]] [[Vinod Alva]] [[Suman (actor)|Suman]] [[Charulatha]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = Krishna Kumar
| editing = D. Raja
| music = [[Rajesh Ramanath]]
| studio =
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2001|10|9}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Neelambari''''' is 2001 Indian Kannada-language fantasy film directed by Surya and starring [[Ramya Krishna]], [[Devaraj]], [[Prema (Kannada actress)|Prema]], [[Vinod Alva]], [[Suman (actor)|Suman]], and [[Charulatha]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/wings_fiftyfifty.asp|title=Fifty Fifty - film directed by Surya|work=Viggy|access-date=2022-07-19|archive-date=2003-08-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030823162206/http://viggy.com/english/wings_fiftyfifty.asp|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Plot==
In the village of Neeli Batta, human sacrifices occur. A five-member TV channel crew (including Vinod) comes to report on the village. [[Charuhasan]] asks the crew to see Akhila who can tell them the story. Two members of the crew get murdered. Police officer Bharath and his wife Durga come to investigate the murders. A flashback is told about how both beautiful Malli and an ordinary looking Neela had fought over who gets Veera and eventually Malli had married Veera. A furious Neela has used her father's powers, done a ''yaaga'' ({{Translation|sacrifice}}), transformed into Akhila and creates havoc in the village. How Akhila is defeated forms the rest of the story.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Ramya Krishna]] as Malli/Akhila Shivaram (renamed with Neelambari's soul inside her)/Goddess Durga
*[[Devaraj]] as Bharath
*[[Prema (Kannada actress)|Prema]] as Durga
*[[Vinod Alva]] as Vinod
*[[Suman (actor)|Suman]] as Veera
*[[Charulatha]] as Neelambari
*[[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]]
*[[Charuhasan]] as old man
*[[Pramod Chakravarthy (actor)|Pramod Chakravarthy]]
*[[Michael Madhu]]
*[[Ranganath (actor)|Ranganath]] as Neelambari's father (uncredited)
}}

== Release and reception ==
The film was later dubbed in Telugu in April 2002.<ref name="S"/> A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' said that "What can you say more about this super natural movie mixed with special effects? Well if you like Ramya go for it".<ref name="S">{{Cite web|url=https://m.sify.com/movies/neelambari-review-kannada-pcltT2dbdbfhj.html+&cd=5&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us|title=Neelambari|work=[[Sify]]|date=2 April 2002|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718193057/https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:FmcWVEZtdQkJ:https://m.sify.com/movies/neelambari-review-kannada-pcltT2dbdbfhj.html+&cd=5&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us|archive-date=18 July 2022}}</ref> Gudipoodi Srihari of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that "The narration drags, taking good time to present the obvious. The film belongs to Ramya who plays different characters that come into picture at different stages".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mrg-nilambari.html|title=Mysterious fantasy|work=[[The Hindu]]|author=Gudipoodi Srihari|via=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=2022-07-19|archive-date=2022-05-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502095446/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mrg-nilambari.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Arpan Panicker of ''Full Hyderabad'' opined that "It ain't different enough." Overall the reviews were not favorable.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/neelambari/telugu/neelambari-movie-reviews-1922-2.html|title=Neelambari Review|author=Arpan Panicker|work=Full Hyderabad|access-date=2022-07-19|archive-date=2022-04-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412034159/https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/neelambari/telugu/neelambari-movie-reviews-1922-2.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|14741150}}

[[Category:2001 films]]
[[Category:2001 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy films]]
[[Category:2000s supernatural films]]

Zala Bobhata

2026-04-08T07:23:10Z

Mythu09: Adding New Page.

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Zhala Bobhata
| native_name =
| director = Anup Ashok Jagdale
| producer = Sainath Rajadhyaksha
| screenplay = Arvind Jagtap
| story = Anup Jagdale
| starring = [[Dilip Prabhavalkar]] [[Kamlesh Sawant]] Sanjay Khapre [[Bhalchandra Kadam]]
| music = [[AV Prafullachandra]]
| cinematography = Krishna Soren
| editing = Faisal Mahadik
| studio = Kings Creation Digitechno Enterprise
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2017|1|6}}
| runtime = 
| country = India
| language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''Zhala Bobhata''' (झाला बोभाटा) is a 2017 Marathi comedy movie starring veteran actor [[Dilip Prabhavalkar]], [[Kamlesh Sawant]], Sanjay Khapre, [[Bhalchandra Kadam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/dilip-prabhavalkar-turns-rockstar/articleshow/56019097.cms|title=Ranbir or Dilip, who's the better rockstar? – Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/dilip-prabhavalkar-zhala-bobhata-1379116/|title=निखळ विनोदाचा 'झाला बोभाटा’!|date=8 January 2017}}</ref> The film is written and directed by Anup Ashok Jagdale and its screenplay and dialogues are written by ''[[Chala Hawa Yeu Dya]]'' writer Arvind Jagtap.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/music/painjain-is-about-first-love/articleshow/55960029.cms|title=The song 'Painjain' brings back memories of young romance – Times of India}}</ref> It had its theatrical release on 6 January 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/moderan-reena-become-desi-girl-for-her-upcoming-movie-zhala-bobhata-1368280/|title=ग्लॅमरस रिनाचा गावरान लूक|date=23 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/zhala-bobhata/movie-review/56376907.cms|title=Zhala Bobhata Movie Review, Trailer, & Show timings at Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/cine-review/zala-bobhata-review/moviereview/56361433.cms|title=बेगडी गावची भाबडी गोष्ट-सिनेरिव्ह्यूव्यू|access-date=10 January 2017|archive-date=10 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110202414/http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/cine-review/zala-bobhata-review/moviereview/56361433.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://punemirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi-reviews/FILM-ZALA-BOBHATA/articleshow/56360478.cms|title=FILM: ZALA BOBHATA – Pune Mirror -}}</ref>

==Plot==
The villagers try to heal an ill man so he can reveal the name of a cheating wife.

==Cast==
* [[Dilip Prabhavalkar]]
* [[Kamlesh Sawant]]
* Sanjay Khapre
* [[Bhalchandra Kadam]]
* [[Reena Aggarwal]]
* Mayuresh Pem
* [[Monalisa Bagal]]
* [[Balkrishna Shinde]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|6409262}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zhalla Bobhata}}
[[Category:2017 comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:2017 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:2017 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by AV Prafullachandra]]

Alappuzha Gymkhana

2026-04-06T16:33:07Z

Mythu09: Started a pg w/ infobox!

{{Short description|2025 Malayalam film by Khalid Rahman}}
{{About|the film|the place|Alappuzha}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Alappuzha Gymkhana.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Khalid Rahman]]
| writer = Khalid Rahman Sreeni Saseendran
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = Ratheesh Ravi
}}
| producer = Khalid Rahman Jobin George Sameer Karat Subeesh Kannanchery
| starring = [[Naslen]] [[Lukman Avaran]] [[Ganapathi S. Poduval]] [[Sandeep Pradeep]] Franco Francis Baby Jean Shiva Hariharan
| cinematography = [[Jimshi Khalid]]
| editing = [[Nishadh Yusuf]]
| music = [[Vishnu Vijay]]
| studio = Plan B Motion Pictures Reelistic Studios
| distributor = Central Pictures
| released = {{Film date|2025|04|10|df=y}}
| runtime = 139 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2025-04-02 |title=Alappuzha Gymkhana |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/alappuzha-gymkhana-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdi5mjmz |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |language=en |archive-date=14 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250414153323/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/alappuzha-gymkhana-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdi5mjmz |url-status=live }}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross = {{estimation}}{{INR}}65 crore<ref name="bo">{{cite web |title=Alappuzha Gymkhana Final Box Office Worldwide: Naslen's Super Hit movie wraps theatrical run at Rs 65 crore |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/alappuzha-gymkhana-final-box-office-worldwide-naslens-super-hit-movie-wraps-theatrical-run-at-rs-65-crore-1389801 |website=PINKVILLA |access-date=30 May 2025 |language=en |date=28 May 2025}}</ref>
}}
'''''Alappuzha Gymkhana'''''{{Efn|Gymkhana is an Urdu word meaning sports club.}} is a 2025 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[Action film|action]] [[sports film]] directed and produced by [[Khalid Rahman]], who also co-wrote the screenplay with Sreeni Saseendran, with dialogues by Ratheesh Ravi. The film stars [[Naslen]], [[Lukman Avaran]], [[Ganapathi S. Poduval]], [[Sandeep Pradeep]], Franco Francis, Baby Jean and Shiva Hariharan.

''Alappuzha Gymkhana'' was released theatrically on 10 April 2025.<ref name=":0" /> The film was a commercial success at box office. It has also emerged as the [[List of Malayalam films of 2025#Box office collection|8th highest-grossing Malayalam film of 2025]].

== Plot ==
Jojo Johnson, David "DJ" John, Shifas "Valuth" Ahmed, Shifas "Cheruth" Ali, and Shanavas are five friends from [[Alappuzha]] who have just completed their [[Twelfth grade|12th-grade]] board exams. While Shanavas passes, the rest of the group fails, leaving their prospects of college admission uncertain.

After Valuth gets into a scuffle for flirting with a state-level boxer's girlfriend Maria, Jojo begins researching alternative ways to enter college and discovers that sports quota admissions through [[boxing]] tournaments are a viable route. The group decides to pursue boxing and enroll at the local Alappuzha Gymkhana boxing school, under coach Salim. However, Shanavas soon loses interest and quits, while DJ switches to [[wrestling]]. Jojo, Valuth and Cheruth persist and are later mentored by Antony Joshua, a former student of Salim and a current state-level boxer training for the South Asia Championship. Antony enforces a strict training and diet plan, pushing them to their physical limits.

To earn a spot in the Kerala State Amateur Boxing Championship, the trio competes in the Alappuzha District Boxing Selection Championship. There, they qualify alongside three other boxers: Deepak, a self-taught fighter who learned through [[YouTube]]; Kiran, a returning participant who failed in the previous year's tournament; and Christopher. As the newly formed district team prepares for the state-level championship, Jojo develops feelings for Natasha, a fellow boxer from Alappuzha, though she remains uninterested.

At the championship venue, Jojo is unexpectedly bumped into a higher weight category due to overeating. The matches begin with a series of setbacks—Christopher loses his bout, followed by Valuth. Cheruth, however, emerges victorious in his round and earns widespread appreciation. Jojo enters the ring with confidence but loses his match. Disheartened by the team's performance, Kiran is reluctant to compete. However, motivated by his teammates’ support, he enters the ring and puts up a strong fight, ultimately losing by a narrow margin on points. Deepak puts up a strong performance but ultimately walks away mid-match after receiving threats aimed at his teammates and family. This incident pushes Antony—already revealed to be a suspended boxer with a history of violence—to snap and assault the individual who had issued the threats. With the situation escalating, the team withdraws from the tournament during Cheruth's second-round bout. On their way out, they are ambushed by a group of men, but they successfully defend themselves using their boxing skills.

Back home in Alappuzha, Natasha unexpectedly confesses her love for Deepak, helping Jojo find closure. Reinvigorated by their experience, the group decides to train harder and return the following year. Jojo takes on the role of team manager, while Shanavas and DJ prepare to join the team.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Naslen]] as Jojo Johnson<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-02 |title=Watch: 'Premalu' star Naslen flaunts impressive six-pack transformation for 'Alappuzha Gymkhana' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/watch-premalu-star-naslen-flaunts-impressive-six-pack-transformation-for-alappuzha-gymkhana/articleshow/113876096.cms |access-date=2024-10-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* [[Lukman Avaran]] as Antony Joshua
* [[Ganapathi S. Poduval]] as Deepak Panicker
* [[Sandeep Pradeep]] as Shifas "Valuth" Ahmed
* Franco Francis as Shifas "Cheruth" Ali
* Baby Jean as David "DJ" John, Jojo's cousin
* Shiva Hariharan as Shanavas K. L.
* Shon Joy as Kiran
* Karthik as Christopher
* Anagha Maya Ravi as Natasha Pallathuruthu
* Noila Francy as Sherin
* Audrey Miriam Henest as Maria
* Nanda Nishanth as Anupama
* Viswajith as Rocky Viswan
* Aarab as Raabi Chettan
* [[Abu Salim (actor)|Abu Salim]] as Ashraf
* [[Kottayam Nazeer]] as Salim
* [[Assim Jamal]] as Roy
* Swathi Das Prabhu as Swathi
* Adhri Joe
* [[Alex Paul]] as Johnson, Jojo's father
* Manjusree Nair as Mini, Jojo's mother

===Cameo Appearances===
* [[Shine Tom Chacko]] as Andrews Clarson [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Gokulan]] as Ambulance driver
}}

== Production ==
The makers of this film released the title name and first look poster of the film on [[Instagram]] on 1 October 2024.<ref>{{Cite news | date= |title=Khalid Rahman's next, starring Naslen and Lukman Avaran, titled 'Alappuzha Gymkhana' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/khalid-rahmans-next-starring-naslen-and-lukman-avaran-titled-alappuzha-gymkhana/article68708958.ece |access-date=2024-10-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-01 |title=Alappuzha Gymkhana first look: Premalu fame Naslen and Thallumaala director Khalid Rahman join hands for action-packed boxing movie |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/alappuzha-gymkhana-first-look-premalu-fame-naslen-and-thallumaala-director-khalid-rahman-join-hands-for-action-packed-boxing-movie-1351430?amp |access-date=2024-10-15 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en |archive-date=1 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241001155744/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/alappuzha-gymkhana-first-look-premalu-fame-naslen-and-thallumaala-director-khalid-rahman-join-hands-for-action-packed-boxing-movie-1351430?amp |url-status=live }}</ref> The shooting of this film was completed in August 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-02 |title=Naslen's film with Khalid Rahman titled 'Alappuzha Gymkhana'; first look out! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/naslens-film-with-khalid-rahman-titled-alappuzha-gymkhana-first-look-out/articleshow/113861225.cms |access-date=2024-10-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The film's screenplay is written by [[Khalid Rahman]] and Sreeni Saseendran and dialogue is written by Ratheesh Ravi. [[Naslen]] plays the role of a boxer in this movie.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch: 'Premalu' star Naslen flaunts impressive six-pack transformation for 'Alappuzha Gymkhana' |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/southcinema/watch-premalu-star-naslen-flaunts-impressive-six-pack-transformation-for-alappuzha-gymkhana/ar-AA1rzGKJ?ocid=BingNewsVerp |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref> The film is debut production film of Plan B Motion Pictures.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-03 |title=First Look Poster Of Malayalam Film Alappuzha Gymkhana Out |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/first-look-poster-of-malayalam-film-alappuzha-gymkhana-out-9072058.html |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Alappuzha Gymkhana
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Vishnu Vijay]]
| released = 19 April 2025
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 38:56
| language = Malayalam
| label = [[Think Music]]
| producer =
| chronology = [[Vishnu Vijay]]
| prev_title = [[Pravinkoodu Shappu]]
| prev_year = 2025
| next_title = [[Lovely (2025 film)|Lovely]]
| next_year = 2025
| misc = {{external media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|Dwpqz1F9CQE|''Alappuzha Gymkhana'' – Jukebox}}}}
}}

The music composed by [[Vishnu Vijay]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Alappuzha Gymkhana (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) by Vishnu Vijay |url=https://gaana.com/album/alappuzha-gymkhana-original-motion-picture-soundtrack |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]] |language=en |date=19 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=First |first=The South |date=2024-10-02 |title=Naslen and Khalid Rahman's next titled 'Alappuzha Gymkhana' |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/malayalam/naslen-and-khalid-rahmans-next-titled-alappuzha-gymkhana/ |access-date=2024-10-15 |website=The South First |language=en}}</ref> The audio rights of the film were acquired by [[Think Music]].

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Everyday
| length1 = 2:25
| lyrics1 = [[Suhail Koya]]
| extra1 = [[Sanjith Hegde]], [[Vishnu Vijay]]
| title2 = Pottu Pottu
| length2 = 5:03
| lyrics2 = Suhail Koya
| extra2 = Vishnu Vijay
| title3 = Hatja
| length3 = 2:51
| lyrics3 = Suhail Koya
| extra3 = [[K. S. Harisankar]], Vishnu Vijay
| title4 = Alpy Xpress
| length4 = 3:12
| lyrics4 = Suhail Koya, Amogh Balaji
| extra4 = [[Shakthisree Gopalan]], Amogh Balaji, Vishnu Vijay
| title5 = Cheruthu
| length5 = 3:25
| lyrics5 = Amogh Balaji
| extra5 = Amogh Balaji
| title6 = Panjara Punch
| length6 = 2:45
| lyrics6 = Suhail Koya
| extra6 = [[Anthony Daasan]], Vishnu Vijay
| title7 = Do It
| length7 = 5:37
| lyrics7 = Amogh Balaji
| extra7 = Amogh Balaji
| title8 = Thakathei x Uppercut Hook
| length8 = 2:25
| lyrics8 = [[Khalid Rahman]]
| extra8 = [[Naslen Gafoor]]
| title9 = D-Day
| length9 = 4:10
| lyrics9 = Amogh Balaji, Suhail Koya
| extra9 = Amogh Balaji, Suhail Koya
| title10 = Varum Pokum
| length10 = 3:10
| lyrics10 = Suhail Koya
| extra10 = Sangeeth, Vishnu Vijay
| title11 = Boxing 101
| length11 = 1:36
| lyrics11 = Suhail Koya
| extra11 = Suhail Koya
| title12 = Welcome To Gymkhana
| length12 = 2:17
| lyrics12 = Suhail Koya
| extra12 = Suhail Koya, Vishnu Vijay
| total_length = 38:56
}}

== Release ==
The film was theatrically released on 10 April 2025. The film released on SonyLiv from June 13 onwards.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://watch.plex.tv/movie/alappuzha-gymkhana |title=Alappuzha Gymkhana |date=2025-03-28 |language=en |access-date=2024-10-17 |via=watch.plex.tv}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-10-02 |title=Khalid Rahman's next, starring Naslen and Lukman Avaran, titled 'Alappuzha Gymkhana' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/khalid-rahmans-next-starring-naslen-and-lukman-avaran-titled-alappuzha-gymkhana/article68708958.ece |access-date=2024-10-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''Alappuzha Gymkhana'' received positive reviews from critics. Aditya Shrikrishna in his review for ''[[OTTPlay]]'' wrote,"''Alappuzha Gymkhana'' is not the film for that one great pep talk or one last fight to win it all. This is a film where even the coach is in such a bad place that he picks up a fight outside the ring. Khalid Rahman stages this free-for-all with panache, a fight that begins in a field, moves to a cul-de-sac and spills over to the road. It is a film about the comfortable crisis of misplaced confidence, which becomes the bedrock for solidarity. There is simply no place for cynicism, and no one is in a hurry to grow up."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alappuzha Gymkhana Is A Crisis Of Misplaced Confidence |url=https://www.ottplay.com/features/alappuzha-gymkhana-khalid-rahman-naslen-film-a-crisis-of-misplaced-confidence/305e2b3b5f242 |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> In his review for [[Mint (newspaper)|''Mint'']], Uday Bhatia praised the film as a blissful boxing comedy writing,"There are shades of Richard Linklater's Dazed and Confused and Everybody Wants Some, films where the stakes are low and the world seems full of promise."<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Bhatia |first=Uday |date=13 April 2025 |title='Alappuzha Gymkhana' review: The most fun you'll have at the cinema this year |url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/art-and-culture/alappuzha-gymkhana-review-film-action-boxing-khalid-rahman-naslen-11744533067740.html |url-status=live |access-date=14 April 2025 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |pages=1 |archive-date=14 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250414072407/https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/art-and-culture/alappuzha-gymkhana-review-film-action-boxing-khalid-rahman-naslen-11744533067740.html }}</ref> Writing for ''[[Onmanorama]]'', Swathi P Ajith mentioned,"This isn't your typical underdog sports drama. It's not about losing, failing, and crawling back to glory. It's about falling into a sport by chance, getting hooked, and letting it take over your life in the most unexpected ways."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Not your average underdog tale: 'Alappuzha Gymkhana' swings differently {{!}} Movie Review |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2025/04/10/alappuzha-gymkhana-movie-review-naslen-khalid-rahman.html |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=Not your average underdog tale: 'Alappuzha Gymkhana' swings differently {{!}} Movie Review |language=en}}</ref> S R Praveen of ''[[The Hindu]]'' rated the film 3/5 writing,"The attempts to break cliches in a sports movie is an endeavour fraught with risks, for it also means not going along that easy path with an endless supply of emotional highs and cheap thrills. Alappuzha Gymkhana does not deliver much of the latter but makes up with a relatable tale that spares a thought for those not cut out to win. The film is written in such a way as to make us think that we wouldn't want it any other way."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Praveen |first=S. R. |date=2025-04-11 |title='Alappuzha Gymkhana' movie review: Khalid Rahman dodges genre coventions to deliver an effective sports comedy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/alappuzha-gymkhana-review-khalid-rahman-naslen-anagha-maya-ravi/article69436916.ece |access-date=2025-04-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Anandu Suresh of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated the film 3/5 and praised Khalid Rahman's direction writing,"From the very first scene, Rahman makes it clear what he aims to do with Alappuzha Gymkhana and he nails the tone at the outset itself, brilliantly maintaining it until the very end. At no point does he allow the movie to derail or take a detour just for the sake of it."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-10 |title=Alappuzha Gymkhana movie review: Naslen and Khalid Rahman deliver a new kind of sports film |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/alappuzha-gymkhana-review-naslen-khalid-rahman-deliver-a-new-kind-of-sports-film-9937004/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Writing for ''[[The News Minute]]'', Cris praised the film as a fun,engaging watch mentioning,"Calling the film a comforting, engaging joyride can seem ironic, given that director Khalid Rahman has placed it in the thick of a boxing ring. But that is exactly what it becomes."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cris |date=2025-04-11 |title=Alappuzha Gymkhana: High spirits make Khalid Rahman's boxing film a fun, engaging watch |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/alappuzha-gymkhana-high-spirits-make-khalid-rahmans-boxing-film-a-fun-engaging-watch |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> Sajin Shrijith of [[The Week (Indian magazine)|''The Week'']] described the movie as "a perfect hangout experience that evokes the vibe of Richard Linklater films" writing,"With ''Alappuzha Gymkhana'', we sense the intention is not really about showing a story where the characters emerge victors, but rather putting them through trying and humiliating circumstances in order to make them figure out their real strengths and weakness, and, most importantly, purpose."<ref>{{Cite web |title='Alappuzha Gymkhana' review: Khalid Rahman creates a perfect hangout experience that evokes the vibe of Richard Linklater films |url=https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2025/04/12/content-dam-week-week-review-movies-images-2025-4-12-alappuzha-gymkhana-review-jpg.html |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref> Kirubakhar Purushottaman of ''[[News18]]'' rated the film 4/5 and wrote,"In the end, Alappuzha Gymkhana isn't a film about victory in the ring, but one about resilience, camaraderie, and quiet transformation. It's like Richard Linklater's coming-of-age tale like Everybody Wants Some disguised as a sports drama—where the biggest wins are emotional rather than athletic. With its charming characters, understated writing, and grounded storytelling, Alappuzha Gymkhana punches far above its weight—and lands with lasting impact."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alappuzha Gymkhana Movie Review: An Enjoyable Sports Drama That's Less sports And More Drama |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/alappuzha-gymkhana-movie-review-an-enjoyable-sports-drama-thats-less-sports-and-more-drama-ws-l-9297025.html |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
The film grossed {{INR}}65 crore in 16 days and is currently [[List of Malayalam films of 2025|sixth highest-grossing Malayalam film of the year]].<ref name="bo"/>

==See also==
* [[List of boxing films]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=29884526}}

[[Category:2025 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 sports films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Khalid Rahman]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Indian boxing films]]
[[Category:Indian sports drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Alappuzha]]
[[Category:Sports action films]]

Sabarimala Greenfield Airport

2026-03-29T16:48:25Z

Mythu09: new the entry nd citations

{{Short description|Proposed airport in Kerala}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox airport
| name = Sabarimala Greenfield Airport
| nativename-a = 
| nativename =
| nativename-r =
| ICAO =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label = Sabarimala International Airport
| pushpin_mapsize = 250
| pushpin_mark = Airplane silhouette.svg
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of airport in Kerala
| type = Public
| city-served = [[Kottayam]], [[Changanassery]], [[Thiruvalla]], [[Sabarimala]], [[Pathanamthitta]]
| location = [[Manimala]] and [[Erumely]], [[Kottayam district]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| metric-elev = yes
| elevation-f = 13
| elevation-m = 4
| coordinates = {{coord|9.464083|N|76.805579|E|display=inline,title}}
| website = {{URL|http://sabariairport.in/}}
| metric-rwy = yes
| r1-number = 08/26<ref name=TimesNow>{{cite news|title=Sabarimala greenfield airport receives clearance from Civil Aviation Ministry –Kerala's Kottayam to get big connectivity boost|url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/other/sabarimala-greenfield-airport-receives-clearance-from-civil-aviation-ministry-kerala-s-kottayam-to-get-big-connectivity-boost-details/ar-AA19Y6hN|work=Times Now|date=17 April 2023|access-date=18 April 2023|language=en}}</ref>
| r1-length-m = 3,500
| r1-length-f = 11,482
| r1-surface =
| r2-number =
| r2-length-m =
| r2-length-f =
| r2-surface =
| stat-year =
| stat1-header =
| stat1-data =
| stat2-header =
| stat2-data =
| stat3-header =
| stat3-data =
}}
{{OSM Location map
|lat = 9.464083
|lon = 76.805579
|zoom = 13
|width = 250
|height = 300
|minimap = yes
|mini-width=
|mini-height=
|minipog-x=
|minipog-y=
|scalemark =180
|mark-lat = 9.464083
|mark-lon = 76.805579
|mark-title = Sabari International Airport
|label = Sabari International Airport (Proposed)
|label-pos = top
|mark-lat1 =
|mark-lon1 =
|mark-title1 =
|label1 =
|label-pos1 =
|mark-lat2 =
|mark-lon2 =
|mark-title2 =
|label2 =
|label-pos2 =
}}

'''Sabarimala Greenfield International Airport'''<ref name="TheNewsMinute">{{cite news |title=Sabarimala greenfield airport: Kerala govt orders acquisition of land |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sabarimala-greenfield-airport-kerala-govt-orders-acquisition-land-126835 |work=The News Minute |date=18 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref> {{Airport codes|none|none}},<ref name="www.niyamasabha.org">{{cite book |title=DOCUMENTATION KERALA |publisher=Secretariat of The Kerala Legislature|page=61 |url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/library/documentation%20kerala/DOPER%20JUL-SEP%202017.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231103347/http://www.niyamasabha.org/library/documentation%20kerala/DOPER%20JUL-SEP%202017.pdf |archive-date=31 December 2022 |language=English}}</ref><ref name=TimesNow/> is a proposed [[greenfield airport|greenfield international airport]] in [[Kottayam district]], [[Kerala]], India that will primarily cater to Sabarimala & Central Travancore Region. The proposed airport will also serve various tourism destinations such as [[Kumarakom]], [[Thekkady]], and cities such as [[Thiruvalla]], [[Pathanamthitta]] and [[Kottayam]].

The airport will be built in between the towns of [[Erumely|Erumeli]] and [[Manimala]]. The site is spread over {{convert|2570|acres|km2}} of area.<ref name="manoramaonline1">{{cite web |date=2017-07-19 |title=Kerala's next airport to come up in Kanjirappally | Kerala new airport | Kerala next airport | Sabarimala airport |url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/news/kerala/2017/07/19/kerala-next-airport-sabarimala-kanjirappally-kottayam.html |access-date=2017-07-25 |website=English.manoramaonline.com}}</ref> [[Thiruvalla railway station|Thiruvalla Railway Station]] is the nearest railway Station, located 30 km from the site. The proposed site is 50 km<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pampa to Cheruvally estate |url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Pamba,+Kerala,+India/9.477906,76.811014/@9.4745283,76.8033222,7851m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m8!4m7!1m5!1m1!1s0x3b06433d68cea3ad:0xdf8993ff2baa2476!2m2!1d77.069398!2d9.4146218!1m0?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI1MDExNC4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw%3D%3D}}</ref> away from Pamba, which is the base camp of [[Sabarimala temple]] and 44 km from the city of [[Kottayam]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kottayam to Cheruvally estate |url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Kottayam,+Kerala,+India/9.474105,76.810618/@9.5025479,76.5716528,31402m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m19!4m18!1m15!1m1!1s0x3b062ba16c6b435f:0xbe2b02f68f8dd06e!2m2!1d76.5221531!2d9.5915668!3m4!1m2!1d76.6901084!2d9.5532093!3s0x3b06317e66435b4b:0x2dd6d3baa3e91889!3m4!1m2!1d76.7776895!2d9.4779327!3s0x3b063778553f26a7:0x29407016668e77c2!1m0!3e0?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI1MDExNC4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw%3D%3D}}</ref> It is 136 km from the state capital, [[Thiruvananthapuram]], and 113 km from [[Kochi]]. Upon commissioning, this will be the [[List of airports in Kerala|fifth international airport in Kerala]], giving the state the distinction of having the most international airports in India.<ref name="TimesNow" />

==History==
The [[Sabarimala temple]], situated on the [[Western Ghats]] in Kerala's [[Pathanamthitta district]] and is one of India's holiest [[shrine]]s, which attracts nearly around 50 million visitors each season.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/kerala-to-set-up-airport-in-kanjirapally-to-cater-to-sabarimala-hill-shrine/770556/ |title=Kerala to set up airport in Kanjirapally to cater to Sabarimala hill shrine |newspaper=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |date=2017-07-20 |access-date=2017-07-25}}</ref> As of December 2019, an average of 75,000 pilgrims visit Sabarimala on a daily basis ever since the beginning of the annual pilgrim season in mid-November.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/its-slow-progress-for-sabarimala-pilgrims/article30393979.ece |title=It's slow progress for Sabarimala pilgrims |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=25 December 2019 |access-date=21 May 2020}}</ref> Presently, the only way to reach the hill shrine is by road. The increase in the number of pilgrims visiting the temple had prompted the government to look at an airport as an option to reduce traffic congestion during the pilgrimage season.<ref name="manoramaonline1"/> In view of this, in February 2017, the [[Government of Kerala]] gave in-principle approval to construct the airport, and the [[Kerala State Industrial Development Corporation]] (KSIDC) was asked to conduct a feasibility study.<ref name="thehindu.com">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/sabarimala-airport-to-come-up-on-cheruvally-estate/article19308777.ece |title=Sabarimala airport to come up on Cheruvally estate |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=2017-07-19 |access-date=2017-07-25}}</ref>

KSIDC had issued global tenders for the feasibility study of the project. The tender was won by the [[United States|American]] consultancy firm, [[Louis Berger Group]]. Louis Berger submitted a techno-economic feasibility study and [[environmental impact assessment]] of the proposed greenfield airport in December 2018.<ref name="deccanchronicle.com">{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/021019/erumely-airport-report-gathers-dust.html |title=Erumely airport report gathers dust |newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=2 October 2019 |access-date=21 May 2020}}</ref> However, the consultancy did not conduct the environment impact assessment (EIA) as the state had not taken a final decision on the project including that of land acquisition.<ref name="TNIE1">{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2019/aug/02/sabarimala-airport-project-special-officer-to-be-selected-in-a-month-2012753.html |title=Sabarimala airport project: Special officer to be selected in a month |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=2 August 2019 |access-date=21 May 2020}}</ref> In 2019, the state government constituted a search committee to select a special officer for the project, who would be given the task of coordinating with the consultancy in acquiring environment impact clearances and for the [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|union civil aviation ministry]]’s approval for the project.<ref name="TNIE1"/> In December 2019, the state government appointed V. Thulasidas, the managing director of [[Kannur International Airport]] Ltd. (KIAL) as the special officer for the project.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/kial-md-spl-officer-for-sabari-airport-project/articleshow/72464046.cms |title=Thiruvananthapuram: Kial MD special officer for Sabarimala airport project |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=11 December 2019 |access-date= 21 May 2020}}</ref> In April 2023, after a long delayed and complicated process as mentioned above, the project got approval from the [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Ministry of Civil Aviation]], and preparation of the project's [[Detailed Project Report]] (DPR) is expected to begin within a month.<ref name=TimesNow/>

== Ownership ==
The site for the proposed airport is nearby the Cheruvally Estate, which was formerly the site of a rubber plantation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/news/kerala/2017/07/20/sabarimala-airport-cheruvally-estate-british-aerial-discovery.html |title=Sabarimala airport: the century-old Cheruvally Estate was a British aerial discovery | Sabarimala airport | Cheruvally Estate | British aerial discovery | Erumely airport | Sabarimala pilgrims | Kerala |website=English.manoramaonline.com |date=2017-07-20 |access-date=2017-07-25}}</ref> Initially, the estate belonged to Harrison Plantations and later by the RPG Goenka group. Gospel for Asia, a Christian missionary organization under [[Believers Eastern Church, Thiruvalla]] took it over from the Goenka group. The ownership of the property was disputed in 2017 before the [[High Court of Kerala]] claiming that the Estate was government land.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/080817/cheruvally-estate-is-government-land-says-cm-pinarayi-vijayan.html|title=Cheruvally estate is government land, says CM Pinarayi Vijayan|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> A 2018 High Court order affirmed the church's ownership of the estate.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2018/apr/13/harrisons-case-setback-may-cost-kerala-government-dear-in-erumeli-airport-project-1800878.html |title=Harrisons case setback may cost Kerala government dear in Erumeli airport project |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=13 April 2018 |access-date= 21 May 2020}}</ref>

== Project timeline ==
*'''February 2017:''' The [[Government of Kerala]] gives an in-principle approval to construct the airport, and the [[Kerala State Industrial Development Corporation]] (KSIDC) has been appointed to conduct a feasibility study.<ref name="thehindu.com"/>
*'''December 2018:''' After the KSIDC issued global tenders for the feasibility study of the project, it was won by the [[United States|American]] consultancy firm, [[Louis Berger Group]]. It then submitted a techno-economic feasibility study and [[environmental impact assessment]] of the project.<ref name="deccanchronicle.com"/>
*'''August 2019:''' The Government of Kerala constituted a search committee to select a special officer for the project, who would be given the task of coordinating with the consultancy in acquiring environment impact clearances and for the [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Ministry of Civil Aviation]]’s approval for the project.<ref name="TNIE1"/>
*'''December 2019:''' The Government of Kerala appointed V. Thulasidas, the managing director of [[Kannur International Airport]] Ltd. (KIAL) as the special officer for the project.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com"/>
*'''April 2023:''' The project got approval from the Ministry of Civil Aviation, and preparation of the project's [[Detailed Project Report]] (DPR) is expected to begin within a month.<ref name=TimesNow/>
*'''February 2024:''' The Kerala government on Thursday said in the Assembly that the Central government has granted site and defence clearance for the Sabarimala Greenfield Airport Project.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-01 |title=Sabarimala Greenfield Airport has got site, defence clearance from Centre: Kerala govt |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/sabarimala-greenfield-airport-has-got-site-defence-clearance-from-centre-kerala-govt-1.9287648 |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Aranmula International Airport]]
* [[List of airports in Kerala]]
* [[Sabarimala Temple|Sabarimala]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/sabarimala-airport-digital-mapping-of-project-area-begins/article67580057.ece
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/kial-md-spl-officer-for-sabari-airport-project/articleshow/72464046.cms
{{Airports in India}}
{{Tourism in Kerala|state=collapsed}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Airports in Kerala]]
[[Category:Proposed airports in Kerala]]

Chin-Lushai Expedition

2026-03-29T15:06:08Z

Mythu09: added initial post first draft - done

{{Short description|British punitive expedition to annex the Lushai and Chin Hills}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| image = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2/2/2/1
| image1 = First Shell Fired At Howsatta's Village - ILN 1889.jpg
| caption1 = Artillery shells fired on [[Pâwibâwia]]'s settlement
| image2 = Lushai chieftain map.png
|caption2 = Map of settlements and Lusai chiefs in 1890
}}
| conflict = Chin-Lushai Expedition of 1889–90
| date = 15 November 1889 – 30 April 1890
| place = [[Chin Hills]] and [[Lushai Hills]]
| result = British victory [[British rule in the Lushai Hills|Annexation of Lushai Hills]] [[Lushai Rising]]
| combatant1 = {{flag|British Raj}}
| combatant2 = Tribes of the [[Chin Hills]] and [[Lushai Hills]]
| commander1 = {{flagicon|British Raj}} [[Penn Symons|Maj.Gen. William Symons]] {{flagicon|British Raj}} Col. Charles McD. Skene DSO {{flagicon|British Raj}} Col. [[Vincent William Tregear]]
| commander2 = Lushai Commanders:
* [[Hausata]]
* Zahuata
* Dokulha
* [[Khalkam]]
* [[Lianphunga]]
* Zahrawka
* [[Kairûma]]
* [[Nikama]]
Chin Commanders:
*
| strength1 = 3,608 British and Indian troops
| strength2 = 10,000+
| casualties1 = 3 officers 78 soldiers 916 invalided
| casualties2 = 500+
}}
{{History of Mizoram}}

The '''Chin-Lushai Expedition of 1889–90''' was a British punitive expedition in [[Myanmar|Burma]] and [[India]] against the tribes of the [[Chin Hills]] and [[Lushai Hills]].<ref name="auto1">{{cite book |last1=Paget |first1=William Henry |title=Frontier and overseas expeditions from India: Record of the expeditions against the North-west frontier tribes, since the annexation of the Punjab |date=1907 |publisher=Simla : Govt. Monotype Press |url=https://archive.org/details/frontieroverseas05indi/page/330/mode/2up}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

==Background==
===Lushai===
Following the [[Lushai Expedition|Lushai Expedition of 1871–72]], the border regions of Burma and India remained relatively peaceful with few raids occurring.

====Murder of Captain Stewart====
Lieutenant J.F Stewart of the 1st Battalion, Leinster Regiment accompanied by J.Mc.D Baird of the 2nd Battalion, Derbyshire Regiment was making a survey to the south-east of Rangamati for the building of a new road to be constructed. Stewart was to work southwards from Rangamati where Baird from Demagiri would meet up with him.{{sfn|Reid|1893|p=39}}

Stewart was accompanied by two men of his own regiment, Lance-Corporal McCormik and Private Owens along with a corporal and ten Gurkha sepoys of the border police. He departed from Rangamati on 16 January. On 18 January, a friendly chief named Saipuialal warned [[Charles Stewart Murray|C.S Murray]], who relayed to Stewart of movements of war parties in the area.{{sfn|Reid|1893|p=39}}{{sfn|Chatterjee|1995|p=150}}{{sfn|Chatterjee|1985|p=99}}{{sfn|Shakespear|1929|p=83}} Stewart did not heed the warning due to several 'wolf' cries of war parties around Demagiri before. On the 2nd of February he received news while encamped of a second impending raid but did not regard it seriously. He even declined to post a sentry. Furthermore, five of his sepoys had been sent to bring elephants, letters and logistics.{{sfn|Reid|1893|p=40}}{{sfn|Shakespear|1929|p=84}}

In the early morning, most of the sepoys were awake with two asleep. Stewart got ready and dressed before a volley was shot. The two sleeping corporals were stabbed in their sleep.{{sfn|Shakespear|1929|p=84}} The shot which was fired hit a sepoy in the thigh breaking his bone. Two more shots followed in which one wounded an escort on the arm. Stewart's servants and coolies ran away along with one sepoy. Stewart was made to fight with two European soldiers, Commander Naick Kali Sing and Sepoy Gaja Ram. The two European soldiers failed to defend due to the ammunition of their rifles being taken with the escaping coolies.{{sfn|Reid|1893|p=41}} The party was outnumbered as there were an estimated 200-300 Lushais surrounding the encampment.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1985|p=99}} Hausata father-in-law, Jahoota had also provided men in the raid.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1995|p=94}}

Stewart fired shots at the attackers after emerging from the hut with his revolver and breech-loading gun. The Lushais were said to have numbered 300 and armed with a mix of muskets, spears and daos.{{sfn|Shakespear|1929|p=84}} The commander and sepoy aided him in returning shots to the attackers.{{sfn|Reid|1893|p=43}} Stewart retired to the hillside and continued shooting.{{sfn|Shakespear|1929|p=84}} However, Stewart was wounded in the chest by a bullet and died instantly. The two sepoys escaped after Stewart's death.{{sfn|Reid|1893|p=42}} The Lushais took the guns of the camp as a result.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1985|p=99}} The Commissioner to Chittagong placed a reward of Rs. 200 to find Stewart's body, which a party of hillmen found and reported on the 25th of February. Stewart was found headless similar to other victims of the attack.{{sfn|Reid|1893|p=43}} Stewart's body which fell off the edge of the ravine had been tightly bound in bamboo and difficult to release from.{{sfn|Shakespear|1929|p=84}}

An investigation revealed that the motive was not an anti-British one, but a Lushai custom. The chief responsible, Hausata had been obligated by his father-in-law Zahuata to bring him heads to prove himself as a son-in-law after a marital dispute. It was deduced that the war party had come upon Stewart's camp by chance, which was unguarded.{{sfn|Reid|1893|p=44}}

====Murder of Pakuma Chieftainess====
[[Pakuma Rani]] was a British ally and chieftainess on the border near the Chittagong Hill Tracts.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1995|p=139}} Within 10 days of the murder of Captain Stewart, the Lushais made a raid on Pakuma's settlement. They took away fifteen captives and thirteen heads of the slain inhabitants.{{sfn|Shakespear|1929|p=86}} In the course of the raid, Pakuma was also killed by the raiders. Pakuma had actually been under the protection of the British.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1985|p=100}} She had moved her settlement of 150 households within the jurisdiction of British territory out of fear of Sailo chiefs wishing to raid.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1995|p=139}}

Lieutenant Widdicombe urged for punishment of this raid. The Government of Bengal believed that [[Khalkam]] was responsible for the raid on Pakuma Rani. An enquiry made by Rai Bahadur Haricharan Sharma led to the conclusion that [[Khalkam]] was not responsible. The sons of the Eastern Lushai chief [[Vuta|Vûta]] were responsible, such as [[Nikama]], [[Lungliana]] and possibly [[Kairûma]]. The government decided that, instead of a simple punitive expedition, the new circumstances of the annexation of Upper Burma in 1886 exposed that the Lushai Hills and Chin Hills on all sides must be considered. Hence an objective for annexation and pacification of the chiefdoms was decided.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1985|p=100-101}}

====Chengri Valley raid====
In January 1888, the Government of Bengal received reports of a raid on Chengri Valley. The raid saw 24 villages consisting of 545 houses burnt down. The raid killed 101 inhabitants and captured 91 individuals in total. Most of the captives consisted of children and mothers who were killed as they were unable to walk with their captors. The British attributed the raid to [[Lianphunga]] and [[Zahrâwka]], two sons of [[Suakpuilala]].{{sfn|Chatterjee|1985|p=103}}{{sfn|Shakespear|1929|p=87}} John Edgar, Bengal's chief secretary, outlined that the Shendus (Southern Mizos referring to [[Lai people|Lai]] and [[Mara people|Mara]]) needed to be reduced to submission.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1985|p=103}}

===Chin Hills===
Following the [[Third Anglo-Burmese War]], in 1886 the possessions of the King of Burma were transferred to the British. This included the tributes from the Kale, Kabaw and Yay valleys which were semi-independent. The Shan State of Kale was in a civil war between Maung Yit and his nephew Maung Pa Gyi. The British deposed Maung Yit and appointed Maung Pa Gyi in January 1887. Knowing the Chin were raiding the Shans, the British sent Captain Raikes, the Deputy Commissioner of Upper Chindwin, to open negotiations with the Chins.{{sfn|Sakhong|2003|p=90}}

Captain Raike met with Sizang representatives and explained the need for cessation of raids. Captain Raikes warned of no future raids and allowed for the slaves from recent raids to be retained as it had occurred before British authority took over the Shan state of Kale. The Chins were assured of friendly intentions and to cease raids.{{sfn|Sakhong|2003|p=91}} During negotiations with Haka and Zokhua tensions began to boil. A messenger of Captain Eyre sent Shwe Hlaing, an illegitimate chief's son, to open negotiations.{{sfn|Sakhong|2003|p=92}} He proclaimed that with the British he would be installed as Chief of Zokhua. This led to arrests of three messenger with two dying and Hlaing escaping. The Haka then made two raids killing eight and capturing 28 into slavery. The Sizang attacked a party of Shan at Kale killing one and capturing four. The Tlaisun made two serious raids in Kale in early 1888. This was followed by another in October 1888. The Sizang made five raids and the Kamhau made one raid. The CHins captured 122 Shans, killed 12 and wounded 14 in a span of 12 days.{{sfn|Sakhong|2003|p=93}}

The matter escalated when in October 1887, a Burmese pretender, Shwe Gyo Byu Mintha, raised a rebellion against the British in the Chindwin, Mingyan and Pagan districts. British officers Captain Beville and Major Kennedy were killed. Mintha fled into the Chin Hills and made asylum under a Tlaisun chief. The British sent an ultimatum to give up Mintha and sent similar orders to the Sizang to free their captives. The Chins refused all orders and requests.{{sfn|Sakhong|2003|p=93}}
==Order of Battle==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ '''Burma Field Force''' <ref name="auto1"/>
|-
! Column !! Regiment !! Number of Men
|-
| '''Northern Column''' || '''Col. Charles McD. Skene DSO''' ||
|-
| || 1st Battalion, [[Cheshire Regiment]] || 300
|-
| || [[6th Queen Elizabeth's Own Gurkha Rifles|42nd Gurkha Light Infantry]] || 477
|-
| || 5th Company, [[Madras Engineer Group|Queen's Own Madras Sappers and Miners]] || 95
|-
| || [[10th Jats|10th Bengal Infantry]] || 460
|-
| || [[38th Dogras|38th Bengal Infantry]] || 290
|-
| '''Southern Column''' || [[Penn Symons|'''Gen. William P. Symons''']] ||
|-
| || 1st Battalion, [[King's Own Scottish Borderers]] || 500
|-
| || 1st Bengal Mountain Artillery || 84
|-
| || 6th Company, [[Madras Engineer Group|Queen's Own Madras Sappers and Miners]] || 151
|-
| || 2nd Battalion, [[4th Gorkha Rifles|4th Gurkhas]] || 410
|-
| || [[62nd Punjabis|2nd Madras Native Infantry]] || 630
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ '''Chittagong Field Force''' <ref name="auto1"/>
|-
! Column !! Regiment !! Number of Men
|-
| '''Chittagong Column''' || '''[[Vincent William Tregear|Col. V.W. Tregear]]''' ||
|-
| || 2nd Battalion, [[2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles (The Sirmoor Rifles)|2nd Gurkhas]] || 300
|-
| || [[Bengal Native Infantry|3rd Bengal Infantry]] || 250
|-
| || Detachment, [[Bengal Native Infantry|9th Bengal Infantry]] ||
|-
| || [[128th Pioneers|28th Bombay Pioneers]] || 102
|-
| || 2nd Company, [[Bengal Engineer Group|Bengal Sappers and Miners]] || 80
|-
| || Detachment, Chittagong Frontier Police || 50
|-
|}

==Lushai Campaign==
The Chin-Lushai Expedition consisted of two expeditions. The expedition of 1889 focussed on the prevention of Lushai raids and punishing [[Hausata]]'s killing of Lt Stewart. The Chin-Lushai Expedition of 1889-90 was focused on the punishment of chiefs, releasing the captives taken in 1883 of a Lushai village and recovering weapons from the tribes and specifically focussed on freeing captives from the Chengri Valley raid.{{sfn|Reid|1942|p=7-8}}

===Hausata's Punitive Expedition===
General Treager assembled a column known as the "Lushai Expeditionary Force," in [[Demagiri]].{{sfn|Reid|1893|p=48}} Three objectives were outlined for the Lushai column.{{sfn|Reid|1893|p=50}}
* To construct a road in the direction of Shendu country.
* To punish Hausata and Zahuata for the murder of Lieutenant Stewart.
* To establish an advanced post to be garrisoned during the season.
The original order didn't sanction a punitive expedition on Hausata but this was modified by telegram on 12 March. The troops were assisted by 2,500 [[Chakma people|Chakma]] and Bengali coolies. They had been hired for the construction of a road from [[Demagiri]] to [[Lungleh]].{{sfn|Reid|1893|p=50}} The Chakma coolies were originally intended to build encampments and huts for the sepoys until this task was delegated to the column directly. The construction of the road began on 16 January and was completed to Fort Lungleh on 11 March 1889. The path allowed for elephants to cross the terrain and for logistics to arrive smoothly.{{sfn|Reid|1893|p=51}} C.S Murray was allied with a local Lushai chief known as Saipuialal who supplied the column and auxiliaries with guides to his elder brother [[Vandula]]'s village. The officers met with Vandula who supplied information about Shendu preparations in defending themselves which turned out to be false.{{sfn|Reid|1893|p=52}}

Another British ally was a friendly chieftess known as [[Darbilhi]]. Darbilhi supplied guides to nearby villages for C.S Murray to gather intelligence on Hausata. During these investigations reports surfaced that Hausata had already died and had been buried with Stewart's gun. Furthermore, the heads taken during the attack on Stewart and his party had been sent to a chief named Paona for safekeeping. Paona was one of the five chiefs implicated in the raid alongside Hausata, his two sons and Zahuata. Two chiefs known as Dahuta and [[Zakapa]] sent delegates in an offer for submission during the column's activities. The delegates were informed that Colonel General Tregear would make the terms of peace.{{sfn|Reid|1893|p=53}} The reasoning for the submission of the two chiefs were described as the spreading of news of the Chin column's activities in destroying the Chin tribes.{{sfn|Reid|1893|p=54}}
[[File:Finding the gun of the late Lieutenant Stewart in the grave of the Chief Howsata - The Graphic 1889.jpg|thumb|Finding the gun of the late Lieutenant Stewart in the grave of the Chief Hausata, [[The Graphic]] 1889]]
The column was divided into two parties who encamped around Hausata's village. The original plan for a nighttime ambush was aborted on account of Darbilhi's guides being unable to navigate the terrain in the dark. The force arrived at Hausata's village on the 20th.{{sfn|Reid|1893|p=55}} The Lushais in Hausata's village fired a signalling shot to burn down the houses. The force, in return, fired a few volleys and shots to halt the burning of the settlement. The village was deserted on arrival, with only two undefended stockades smeared with the blood of a dog to deter the advance. The guides identified the largest building as the chief's house and located Hausata's grave. Hausata was found dressed in robes and a turban. His grave was filled with his weapons, a power flask and some food for his journey in [[pialral|Pialrâl]]. Underneath Hausata, the column located Stewart's double-barreled gun. The column left his village and burned down Zahuata's village on its way to Lungleh.{{sfn|Reid|1893|p=56}}
[[File:Chin-Lushai Expedition Durbar.jpg|thumb|A durbar of Lushai chiefs held after the Chin-Lushai Expedition.|left]]
In good faith, the British ally Saipuialal had given his old village to the British to develop Fort Lungleh. {{sfn|Chatterjee|1995|p=151}}{{sfn|Reid|1893|p=56-57}} After the Fort was developed with the amenities required, it was handed over to the Frontier police on 15 April to form a garrison. Before leaving the Lushai Hills, a durbar was held at Fort Lungleh. Five Lushai chiefs attended, namely, Saipuialal, Lal Thuabunga, Lal Lunga, Sangliena and Lal Ruma. C.S Murray addressed the chiefs in the Mizo language and explained the expedition and its causes. The durbar ended with rewards given to the chiefs for their aid and cooperation with the British.{{sfn|Reid|1893|p=57}}

===Lianphunga's Punitive Expedition===
Two columns were established. A northern column under Colonel G.J Skinner and a southern column under General V.W Tregear were established. Both columns were given separate objectives. The objectives for the northern column were:{{sfn|Reid|1893|p=185}}
* To punish Lianphungaa for the raid on Chengri Valley.
* To punish the sons of Vûta for their raid and murder of Pakuma Rani.
* To establish a permanent outpost near Lianphunga's village as a garrison point.
The objectives of the Southern column were:{{sfn|Reid|1893|p=186}}
* The construction of a mule path to Haka to establish a road between Burma and India.
* The establishment of outposts on the route to secure complete pacification and annexation.
* The subjugation of tribes who are neutral into the sphere of British influence.
Many of the troops and elephants and coolies along the journeying began to develop afflictions from diseases such as [[Malaria]], [[Cholera]] and a native disease known as ''Lurza''. General Tregear arrived at Fort Lungleh on 24 December. Tregear presided over the surrender of Hausata's brother's, Dokulha and Vantura through a chief known as Lalruma. The chiefs had surrendered their guns and released their captives. They further offered to help cut through the jungle on the way to Haka.{{sfn|Reid|1893|p=189}}

Concerns were made about the invasion of the Lushai Hills and the inseucrity it may cause on the tea estates bordering the frontier. The plan was made to defend the Cachar frontier, occupy Changsil and attack Liangphunga with Manipuri coolies from the Burma side.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1985|p=104}}

===Southern Column===
Captain [[John Shakespear (British Army officer)|John Shakespear]] accompanied C.S Murray to bring in all the chiefs who had neglected or refused to submit to British rule. Tensions were raised with Lalthuama, son of [[Ropuiliani]] and [[Vandula]] who was an influential chief among the Shendus.{{sfn|Reid|1893|p=191}} Rumours had formed of Lalthuama's involvement in anti-British chiefs. His harboring of the chief Paona who stored the heads of Captain Stewart's party. As the road builders came closer to Lalthuama's village, Murray was granted a further 100 men to set relations right with Lalthuama.{{sfn|Reid|1893|p=192}}

Murray reached a dependent village under Lalthuama which was deserted as a new settlement was being built nearby for jhumming purposes. Lalthuama upon entering his village was tied up by the party and returned to his main village. Lalthuama was fined 30 guns, a [[gayal]], 10 pigs, 10 goats, 20 fowls and 100 maunds of rice. The force hunted some of the animals in the village and took Lalthuama to Fort Lungleh until the full extent of the fine would be paid off.{{sfn|Reid|1893|p=19}} Lalthuama arrived at Fort Lungleh on 19 January 1890. He managed to provide the 30 guns in the fine on 21 January, however spoke of difficulties in procuring so much rice. Lalthuama was permitted to return home on his promise that he will provide the amount of rice in the fine at an encampment for the forces at Mat river.{{sfn|Reid|1893|p=195}}

Captain Brown, Shakespear, Mulaly, Lieutenant Bythell and Mr Walker who were encamped on Mat River began a journey to Darbilhi's village. The news of Lalthuama's arrest had made Darbilhi hesitant to meet with the party, and she had fled to another settlement.{{sfn|Reid|1893|p=196}} The party reached the settlement where Darbilhi resided after fleeing on 4 January 1890. An oath of friendship was taken between Darbilhi and John Shakespear.{{sfn|Reid|1893|p=197}} Through [[Darbilhi]], messages were sent to Hausata's brothers, Dokulha and Vantura, to come and meet with the party.{{sfn|Reid|1893|p=198}}

The party was met by Vantura's men upon their return journey on 7 February. The men stated Vantura was close by and wished to surrender. Vantura himself revealed himself and gave Lieutenant Stewart's revolver to the officer; he claimed to procure it through Jahuta, who held other stolen rifles. Vantura was made into a prisoner and brought into their encampment. His subjects followed him non-violently before being separated by threats of using bayonets. Vantura pleaded illness as the excuse for why Dokulha was absent.{{sfn|Reid|1893|p=198}} Three Karbari accompanied Vantura, who was sent to summon Dokulha. A karbari returned and claimed Dokulha was too ill to travel.{{sfn|Reid|1893|p=199}}

The road construction continued further and a location in Darbilhi's old settlement was found to have amenities for a British outpost. Fort Tregear was established as a result.{{sfn|Reid|1893|p=200}} The party further ventured onwards towards the village of Lalleya. Lalleya initially resisted their entry before inviting them in after a display of force. He surrendered the field glasses and aneroid of Lieutenant Stewart.{{sfn|Reid|1893|p=204}}

===North Lushai Column===
Lianphunga's reputation among the Lushai chiefs was described as obnoxious. Many of the Howlong chiefs who disliked Lianphunga's tyrannical disposition readily allied with the British and aided them in cutting down the jungle to help the troops march through.{{sfn|Reid|1893|p=209}}
[[File:Chin-Lushai Expedition - path cutting through jungle.jpg|thumb|Lushai column clearing the path through the Lushai Hills.]]
The force used rivers to navigate the Luhshai Hills with rafts. Several boulders and fishing dams were removed from the path.{{sfn|Reid|1893|p=209-212}} During encampment, Murray interviewed four northern Howlong chiefs, Mompunga, Vantonga, Lalthuama and Lallura who brought presents of eggs, vegetables and ''zu'' ([[rice beer]]). Messages were sent to northern chiefs such as Lalhleya and [[Lalbura]] to aid in guiding the force, cutting the jungle and inform about Lianphunga's whereabouts.{{sfn|Reid|1893|p=212}}
[[File:Mompunga, a Lushai chief, and Mr. Murray, Political Agent, taking the oath of friendship - ILN 1890.jpg|thumb|Mompunga, a Lushai chief, and Mr. Murray, Political Agent, taking the oath of friendship - ILN 1890]]
On 3 February 1890, Mompunga, a Howlong chief, met with Murray. The purpose of the visit was to seal a bond of friendship. Mompunga took an oath or ''thissa''. Mompunga stated: "Until the sun ceases to shine in the heaven, and until yonder stream runs backwards, I will be your true and faithful friend."{{sfn|Reid|1893|p=214}}

During encampment four chiefs, Lalhleia, Lalburha, Lal Chema and Lalova, met with Murray. The chiefs informed of the direction and distance of Lianphunga's settlement from the current encampment.{{sfn|Reid|1893|p=215}} Colonel Skinner would arrive to Lianphunga's village on 8 February. Lianphunga would surrender to Skinner the following day. Lianphunga gave up many of his captives from the Chengri valley raid and sent them to Changsil. The rest of the force reached Lianphunga's old settlement not too far away from his newer one. The village was armed, but no violence was committed by the men who opted to flee instead. {{sfn|Reid|1893|p=216}} Lianphunga made contact with Daly's camp on 9 February. Daly did not consider himself justified in seizing Lianphunga and allowed him to return to his village as he had already cooperated with Skinner and released captives. Lianphunga would subsequently escape the following morning.{{sfn|Reid|1893|p=218}} Colonel Skinner would be staying nearby in a village. In the morning the Lushais burned down the village as the force escaped and tried to put out the fires. In the end, the supplies were lost in the huts and neighbouring villages supplied their grain from their [[jhum]]s.{{sfn|Reid|1893|p=218}}
In the North Lushai Hills, the remains of Thanruma's village was seen as a desirable location for a permanent post on which Fort Aizawl would be built.{{sfn|Reid|1893|p=219}}

Nikama the perpetrator of the raid on Pakuma Rani was close to Lianphunga's settlement. A prisoner released by the party before their arrival to Nikama's settlement, introduced the party to the ''upas''.{{sfn|Reid|1893|p=221}} The ''upas'' stated that Lungliena had died and that Nikama had escaped with Lianphunga. The ''upas'' however freed the captives. The British fined the settlement 60 guns and Rs. 300 for Nikama's absence. A deadline of one day was given to procure the fine. As the village failed to do so, the settlement was burnt down. This repeated a second time for another village under Nikama.{{sfn|Reid|1893|p=222}} Kairûma who was also implicated in the raid was not punished due to the lack of time to visit his settlement. The chiefs furthermore assembled before the force. [[Khalkam|Kalkham]], [[Lianphunga]], [[Sailianpuia]], [[Thanruma]], Thanghulha, Mintang, Senkhomga and Tolera with a large following met with Mr Daly at his camp. They negotiated the surrender of Lianphunga but failed to reach an agreement. As a result, Lianphunga was not given up by his brothers and followers. The force let him go as a result. The establishment of Fort Aijal took over the responsibility of operations in annexing and pacifying the Lushai Tribes. The force burnt down the remaining houses of Lianphunga's settlement.{{sfn|Reid|1893|p=224}}

Lianphunga's associates were subsequently captured. Political officers were appointed in the North and South to manage the annexation process.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1985|p=106}}

==Chin Campaign==
Following the harbouring of a Burmese pretender after the annexation of Burma by the British, conflict began to brew. The pretender took refuge in the Chin Hills under the Taisun tribe. On 4-5 May 1888, hundreds of Taisun under the Burmese Prince Shwegyobyu captured the Sabwa of Kalay. The Sabwa of Kalay promised support to the rebellion to save himself and return to the capital in Kalay. The Chins and the Burmese held Chingaing as a result of 6 May. The British under Charles Crosswaithe sent a hundred rifles to Kalemyo under Major Gleig. Captain Eyre also moved up to support the flank from the Pakokku tract. The Kabaw Valley battalion also moved down. As a result, on 26 May, the British marched to Yaw country and recovered Chingaing held under Prince Shwegyobyo, who fled back into the Chin Hills.{{sfn|Pau|2020|p=90}} The British offered an ultimatum to the Taisuns to deliver Shwe Gyobyu and the other rebels. A similar ultimatum was also delivered to the Sizang tribe. Crosswaithe decided on two options which a punitive expedition or permanent occupation of the Chin Hills to propose a solution to the issue. Sir [[John Ware Edgar]], Chief Secretary of Bengal, expressed his view to the Government of India that the inaccessibility of the country makes punitive measures difficult to enforce on the tribes and that opening up the unknown tract and making them recognise a single surrounding government would be an efficient policy via annexation.{{sfn|Pau|2020|p=91}}

On 17 September 1888, the Taisuns raided a village near Sihaung. The Zokhua, Haka and Thetta allied together in the south Chin Hills. The Baungshe tribes such as the Tawa, Kape, Shanpi, Sinsit, Aka and Lansit also attempted cooperation and alliances as a result. The Haka-Zokhua alliance made two raids in the Yaw country, killing eight and capturing 28. The Sizang under Chief [[Khai Kam]] attacked a party of Shans in Kalay, killing one and capturing four boys. The British, in response, raised a Chin Levy on the Chin Hills frontier for defence purposes and rushed Captain Raikes to [[Indin]] and Brigadier General Faunce to Kalay.{{sfn|Pau|2020|p=91}} The British established defensive outposts in the Kabaw Valley from Tamu to Gangaw, Minywa and Tilin on the Yaw border. The expedition against the Chin tribes was halted on account of the British conducting an expedition in Sikkim. In Burma, British forces were also occupied with the [[Kachin people|Kachin]] tribes. The Government of India thus prepared a blockade of the Chin Hills on the Burmese side. However, the raids continued into the Kalay valley. On 14 october 1888, Homalin was attacked by Shwegyobyu and the Taisuns. The Sizangs also attacked the village of Chitpauk near Yazagyo. On 20 October, Kambale was attacked. Kantha was attacked on 22 October and Kalemyo again on 29 October. The Kamhau tribe on the 29 also attacked Khampat killing seven and capturing 27. As a result, the Government of India sanctioned an expedition against the tribes on 16 November.{{sfn|Pau|2020|p=90}}
===Sizang and Kam Hau Expedition===
The newly sanctioned expedition operated with a goal to cripple the Sizang tribe. The Sizangs were located close to the plains of Kalay and had a reputation as a ferocious tribe hence being targeted first. The plan of operations was the construction of a road, fortify provisions and continue the process until the column had a steady way to attack the Sizangs in their homeland. The base of operations were established at Kambale. In December 1888, the first six miles of road was constructed and provisions were pushed forward via mule carts. The Sizang noticing the progress took action and ambushed the Madras Sapper Compoany on 7 December. The intensity of the ambush revealed to the British the Taisun and Sizang had allied together. Skirmishes continued and some attacks were made on the British in the plains but were driven back.{{sfn|Pau|2020|p=92}} On 30 December, General Sir [[George Stuart White]] arrived in Kambale and undertook the column to the hills. The Chins stockaded themselves and continued to ambush troops covering road makers. After a successful defense against the amush, General White advanced upon Khuasak with a large force accompanied by General Faunce and Major Raikes.{{sfn|Pau|2020|p=93}} The Chins in Khuasak were overwhelmed and burned their villages before retreating further west into the hills. The column then rested before destroying the villages of Buanman and Thuklai. The British column then advanced further where Fort White was built and named after General White.{{sfn|Pau|2020|p=94}}

The Kam Hau tribe which wished to avoid the fate of the Sizangs sent tributes to the British on 24 February 1889 requesting their villages to not be destroyed. Raikes offered to accept the request if the Kam Hau gave up their captives from the raids, surrendered half their guns, paid a {{currency|1000|INR}} fine and an annual tribute afterwards. The Kam Hau, however, did not accept this proposal. As a result, General Faunce and Raikes advanced into the Sukte territory on 9 March 1889. The British encountered stiff resistance at Mualbem. On 13 March, General Faunce entered Tedim, where the Kam Hau chief Khaw Cin was residing. The Kam Hau burnt down the village after a fierce defence and abandoned the settlement. On 14 March, Phailian and Lamzang were also destroyed. On 16 March, the Kam Hau lost their Chief village of Za Tun and his brother Lian Tun's village of Bumzang. The British confiscated grain and other food supplies and returned them to Fort White. Following the activities of subduing the northern Chin, Raikes opened negotiations with the Taisun chief Boimon with little success. The Sizang and Sukte sent representatives to negotiate with the British. The Kam Hau acquiesced and paid the {{currency|1000|INR}} fine and surrendered the captives on 2 May.{{sfn|Pau|2020|p=94}} Following an intense battle at Siallum under the Chief Lal Kam, the columns returned to Fort White to settle for the rainy weather. Charles Crosswaithe described the first expedition as failing to touch the Taisuns and failing to secure the submission of the Sizang and Kam Hau.{{sfn|Pau|2020|p=95}}

===Chin-Lushai Expediton of 1888-1889===
Crosswaithe sent a proclamation to the Chin tribes, declaring that they would release their captives and refrain from any further raids on British territory.{{sfn|Pau|2020|p=96}} If the Taisun complied with the term their lifes and property were tobe spared and punishment for past offences would be withheld with the exception of surrendering Prince Shwegyobyu. The proclamation was sent to the Haka and Zokhua tribes as well.{{sfn|Pau|2020|p=97}}

On 3 September 1889 the Government of India approved the resumption of expeditionary activity in the Chin-Lushai hills. The Chin-Lushai Expedition would be a three pronged attack from Burma, Bengal and Assam. The objectives of the expedition were to punish tribes that had raided British territory and not come to terms, to subjugate neutral tribes into the British sphere of influence, and to explore the unknown territory of the Chin Lushai. The expedition was controlled under Sir [[William Penn Symons]]. Two columns were established, one at Buangshe in the south and another for the Northern Chins.{{sfn|Pau|2020|p=98}} Baungshe referred to the Chins south of the Taisun. This meant the Zokhua, Haka, Wunhla and Hanta clans. The Zohua and Haka were the most powerful, taking tribute from other tribes and thus were targeted by the British. On 18 December, General Symons advanced from Kan to Zokhua. The British set up posts on the road, urging surrender and white flags, but the Zokhua did not cooperate and fired on the column as they travelled. On 28 December at Taungtek, the British were attacked fiercely but repelled the attack.{{sfn|Pau|2020|p=100}}

From Taungtek, Symons advanced to Rawvan and encamped. Notices and posts were put up to urge surrender once more. The British encamped until the road to Zokhua was built. On 9 December, two small Chin villages surrendered, but Symons declined to make individual peace and preferred a broad Baungshe peace treaty. However, three Zokhua chiefs met with the column and tendered their submission. The terms were presented to release captives, not to raid and pay fines.{{sfn|Pau|2020|p=101}} In return, the British wouldn't change the administration of chieftainship, not annex the country, allow the keeping of guns, no damage to property, a fair price for labour and supplies and trading rights with British markets. The Zokhua accepted the offer and built quarters for the British at Zokhua. Haka also tendered submission and a fort was constructed. The country of the Thantlangs was reconnoitred.{{sfn|Pau|2020|p=102}}

In the Northern Chin Hills, the northern column left in November of 1889 moved out of Fort White to Suangpi, where Sizang Chief Khup Pau took shelter along with the surrounding villages of Dimpi and Dimlo. The column continued to capture livestock and destroy crops as the Sizang put up strong resistance.{{sfn|Pau|2020|p=103}} Bertram S. Carey was established as the political officer at Fort White in the Chin Hills. Carey studied the effects of the destruction of villages on the Sizang and Kam Hai and changed policy. He restricted the destruction of villages to win over the chiefs and tribes, thereby inducing them into a state of cooperation. This was inspired by a possible alliance with the Sakhiling tribe, which controlled the route to the Taisun capital, thereby benefiting military operations. Carey improved the road to the Sakhiling settlement and built the Yawlu (Zolu) outpost with a garrison. The headmen eventually trusted the British ,and the Sakhiling chief Mang Lun tendered his submission. Carey wished to use the Sakhiling chief's familial tie with the Suktes to pacify them. Mang Lun informed that the conduct of the Sizangs depended on the treatment of the Taisuns as they were following their lead. Hence, Carey restricted any destruction of Taisun villages.{{sfn|Pau|2020|p=104}}

The Northern and Southern Columns arrived and met at the Manipuri River close to Falam on 11 March. The Taisuns on 11 March met with the British and parleyed with them. The chiefs refused to pay the annual tribute demanded and could not confirm full payment of the fine of {{currency|1000|INR}}.{{sfn|Pau|2020|p=105}} Negotiations continued for two days and the Taisun chiefs tendered their submission to the British and agreed to all terms. An agreement was made to fight alongside the British to reduce the fines for chiefs who could not pay the fine. In April Syumons accompanied by the Haka chief visited villages to the South and was well received. He met General Tregear of the Chittagong Column at Haka on 15 April. The Sizangs who also promised to surrender alongside the Taisuns now did not deliver captives and continued cutting telegraph wires.{{sfn|Pau|2020|p=106}} Carey thus destroyed the villages of the Sizang such as Montok, Tanya and Pimpih. Pimpih fell to the British on 26 March. The Sizang chief and the Chief of the villages surrendered in the first two weeks of April and the Sizangs submitted by the end of April with all terms.{{sfn|Pau|2020|p=107}}

The Chin-Lushai Expedition was terminated officially in April 1890. General Symons submitted his report to the Chief Commissioner, stating that all Chin groups had been dealt with severely, but not all had fully submitted to British concerns. The promises of releasing captives and paying fines were yet to be fulfilled and honoured.{{sfn|Pau|2020|p=107}}

From the book – ''Frontier and Overseas Expeditions from India'':<ref name="auto1"/>

To the Northern column were assigned the duties of continuing and completing the subjugation and pacification of the Siyin, Sagyilaing, and Kanhow tribes of Chins, and of operating against the Tashons in conjunction with the Southern Column. The task of Brigadier-General Symons as Commander of the Southern Column was:<ref name="auto1"/>
* First – To drive a mule road through the heart of the Baungshe Chin country to Yokwa and Haka, subjugating these tribes as he advanced; and obtaining the restoration of captives.
* Second – To advance in combination with the Northern column to the capital of the Tashon Chins and compel their submission.
* Third – To advance west from Haka, and, in co-operation with the Chittagong Column, complete the opening of the road between Bengal and Burma, coercing the tribes, and obtaining submission to our authority on both sides of the line of advance.
* Fourth – To visit villages; force the Chins to cease raiding and give up all captives; to explore the Chin Hills in every direction as far as the limits of time and the working season would permit.
* Fifth – To establish the necessary posts to hold the country after the withdrawal of the main body of the troops.

General Symons assumed command of the Burma Columns, Chin-Lushai Field Force on 15 November 1889, and about this time the preparations for the expedition were in the following state:
The Southern Column had concentrated at Pakokku for its march of 165 miles to Kan. On account of the unusually late rains the start of the expedition had been put off until November 23. The Northern Column was ready at Fort White, and only awaited the arrival of its hill coolies. It had been decided to establish ten posts along the western portion of the Burma frontier for its protection against Chin raids. All the garrisons for these posts were sent up the Chindwin river to Kalewa. The late rains had flooded the Kale valley, and up to the end of November the country was impassable to anything but elephants. The energies of the officers, however, overcame all difficulties, and by the end of December these ten posts were constructed, occupied, and rationed.<ref name="auto1"/>

The rationing of Kan, however, the head-quarters of the Southern Column, was one of the greatest difficulties with which the General had to contend. Kan was 165 miles by road from Pakkoku, the main base, and on 23 November, owing to the floods, carts could only travel sixty miles of this distance. A small river, the Myittha, connected Kan to Kalewa on the Chindwin, but it was very shallow and swift, full of rocks, and generally difficult of navigation. Owing to the difficulties of land transport, however, Lieutenant Holland, of the Indian Marine, explored the 136 miles of this river between Kan and Kalewa, and pronounced that it would be possible to send stores up by this route. This form of transport was accordingly adopted, and, under the supervision of Lieutenant Holland, was worked with conspicuous success until the end of January, when the river became too shallow for navigation. During February the transport officers had to meet a fresh difficulty in cattle-disease, which broke out with great virulence in the Kale and Myittha valleys, and through which the number of pack bullocks available was reduced by two-thirds. The first troops of the Southern Column reached Kan on 7 December, and the Sappers of the party began work on the road to Yokwa and Haka the next day.<ref name="auto1"/>

Before the expedition started it was believed that the Southern Column would be able to reach Haka in at the most twelve days from Kan, and all calculations were made on this surmise. Such, however, were the unexpected difficulties of the country that, with the whole strength of the force devoted to making the road, sixty-four miles in length, it took the head of the column sixty-six days to get into Haka, while the mule road was not completed until the seventy-seventh day from commencing the work. This disappointing delay was not without its compensating advantages in dealing with the Chins. They expected us to make a quick advance, do some damage, and then retire. The steady persistent advance, together with the pains taken to get into touch with them, and to explain our objects and intentions, paralysed their efforts for resistance, and thus tribe after tribe submitted and yielded to our terms.<ref name="auto1"/>

The Chins first met with by the Southern Column were the Yokwas of the Baungshe tribe. From the outset it was resolved to try a lenient policy with the Southern Chins, who before these operations had not come into contact with us. After one poor attempt by the Yokwas at opposition to our advance on 28 December, near Taungtek, when they acknowledged to having had 500 men and 300 guns against us, and to having sustained a great defeat, they gave up all hope of keeping us out of their hills. On 8 January two Yokwa Chins came into camp, and from this date onwards we were never again out of touch with the tribes. The objects of our coming, and our terms, were carefully explained to these two men, and they were dismissed to repeat them to their chiefs, who formally surrendered shortly after. The next day Lieutenant Foster and two other officers were strolling outside the camp when they were suddenly fired at by a few Thetta men in ambush, and Lieutenant Foster was shot dead. In consequence of this the nearest village, Lamtok, was burnt. Having dealt with the Yokwas, the column moved on Haka as soon as the mule path was sufficiently forward, arriving there on 13 February. The same procedure as that adopted with the Yokwas obtained the full submission of the important Haka community; and the surrender of these two tribes was virtually equivalent to the submission of the whole Baungshe country.<ref name="auto1"/>

Having destroyed the enemy's villages and crops for many months, and captured a few stockades, the chiefs of the tribes believe surrender was necessary, and on 30 April 1890 the expedition was ended and disbanded.<ref name="auto1"/>

==Aftermath==
[[File:IGSM 1854.png|thumb|India General Service Medal with clasp for Chin-Lushai 1889–90]]

The British and Indian soldiers involved in the campaign were awarded the [[India General Service Medal (1854)|India General Service Medal]] with the clasp '''Chin Lushai 1889–90'''.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|title=War Medals and Their History|url=https://archive.org/details/warmedalstheirhi00stewrich/page/222/mode/2up|website=Archives.org|publisher=S. Paul & Co., London|access-date=22 November 2022}}</ref>

Col Symons, Col Tregear and Brigade Surgeon Edward Corrigan Markey were appointed Companions of the [[Order of the Bath]] (CB) for their service during the campaign, and the following were appointed Companions of the [[Distinguished Service Order]]:-
* Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel [[Richard Westmacott (Indian Army officer)|Richard Westmacott]], Bombay Staff Corps.
* Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel George John Skinner, Bengal Staff Corps.
* Surgeon-Major William Heed Murphy, Indian Medical Service, Bengal.
* Captain Arthur George Frederic Browne, Bengal Staff Corps.
* Surgeon Frederick Arthur Rogers, Indian Medical Service, Bengal.
* Captain [[John Shakespear (British Army officer)|John Shakespear]], the Prince of Wales's Leinster Regiment (Royal Canadians).
* Lieutenant Arthur Henry Morris, the Royal Irish Regiment.
* Lieutenant Edward James Lugard, Bengal Staff Corps.
* Gerald Edward Holland, First Grade Officer of Her Majesty's Indian Marine.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=26106|page=6023|date=14 November 1890}}</ref>

[[J.W.P. Peters]] served in the expedition as a Lieutenant on special service from the 7th Dragoon Guards.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite web|title=War Medals and Their History|url=https://archive.org/details/warmedalstheirhi00stewrich/page/222/mode/2up|website=Archives.org|publisher=S. Paul & Co., London|access-date=22 November 2022}}
* {{cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Suhas |date=1985 |title=British rule in Mizoram |location=New Delhi |publisher=Mittal Publications}}
* {{cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Subhas |date=1995 |title=Mizo Chiefs and the Chiefdom |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YON9iVgsDRUC&dq=mizo+chief&pg=PP17 |location=New Delhi |publisher=M D Publications PVT LTD |isbn=81-85880-72-7}}
* {{cite book|last=McCall|first=Anthony Gilchrist|title=Lushai Chrysalis|year=1949|publisher=Luzac|location=London|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.16549/mode/2up}}
* {{cite book |last=Pau |first=Pum Khan |date=2020 |title=Indo-Burma Frontier and the Making of the Chin Hills |location=London |publisher=Routeledge |isbn=9780429324703}}
* {{cite book |last=Reid |first=A.S. |date=1893 |title=Chin-Lushai Land: Including a description of the various expeditions into the Chin-Lushai Hills and the final annexation of the country |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.79810/page/n5/mode/2up |location=Calcutta |publisher=Thacker, Spink and Co.}}
* {{cite book |last=Reid |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Reid (civil servant)|date=1942 |title=The Lushai Hills: culled from History of the frontier areas bordering on Assam from 1883-1941 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.16551/page/n5/mode/2up |location=Calcutta |publisher=Firma KLM |page=49}}
* {{cite book |last1=Sakhong |first1=Lian H. |title=In Search of Chin Identity: A study in Religion, Politics and Ethnic Identity in Burma |date=2003 |publisher=NIAS Press |location=Denmark |isbn=87-91114-15-2 |url=https://www.burmalibrary.org/docs08/In_Search_of_Chin_Identity.pdf |access-date=22 November 2025}}
* {{cite book |last=Shakespear |first=L.W |date=1929 |title=History of the Assam Rifles|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.2395/page/n1/mode/2up |location=London |publisher=Macmillan and Co, Limited}}

{{Lushai frontier}}

[[Category:Military history of British India]]
[[Category:Punitive expeditions of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:1889 in India]]
[[Category:1890 in India]]
[[Category:1880s in British India]]
[[Category:1890s in British India]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1889]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1890]]
[[Category:Punitive expeditions in the Lushai Hills]]

Aakatayi

2026-03-28T14:56:37Z

Mythu09: fixed issues

{{Short description|2017 Indian film directed by Rom Bhimana}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aakatayi
| image = Aakatayi poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| producer = K R Vijay Karan K R Kaushal Karan K R Anil Karan
| director = Rom Bhimana
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| starring = Aashish Raj [[Rukshar Dhillon]]
| music = [[Mani Sharma]]
| cinematography = Venkat Gangadhari
| editing = M. R. Varma
| studio = VKA Films 
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2017|03|10}}
| runtime = 146 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Aakatayi''''' is a 2017 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action film]] directed by Rom Bhimana. Produced by K R Vijay Karan, K R Kaushal Karan, K R Anil Karan under the VKA Films, it features debutantes Aashish Raj and [[Rukshar Mir]] in the lead roles. [[Bollywood]] actress [[Ameesha Patel]] featured in an item title song. [[Mani Sharma]] composed the film's score and soundtrack. [[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]], [[Suman (actor)|Suman]], [[Ramki]], [[Brahmanandam]], [[Posani Krishna Murali]] played supporting roles.

==Plot==
Vikranth (Ashish Raj) is a studious engineering student who falls for Anagha ([[Rukshar Mir]]) Vikranth gets a shocker of his life when he gets to know some news about his parents through Anagha. Vikranth steps in to know the truth about his parents. Then there is the World's most wanted criminal Jehangir ([[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]]) who comes into Vikranth's life and makes it difficult for him by spoiling his things.

==Cast==
{{Colbegin}}
*Aashish Raj as Vikranth
*[[Rukshar Dhillon]] as Anagha
*[[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]] as Jehangir
*[[Suman (actor)|Suman]] as Chandrashekhar
*[[Brahmanandam]] as Kabali
*[[Ramki]] as Vikram Simha
*[[Raasi (actress)|Raasi]] as Maalathi Devi
*[[Posani Krishna Murali]] as Politician
* [[Ajay Ghosh]] as Beeku
*[[Nagendra Babu]] as Police officer
*[[Prudhviraj]] as a Pawan Kalyan fan
* [[Srinivasa Reddy]]
*[[Ameesha Patel]] as an [[item number]] in title song<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Ameesha-Patel-to-do-a-special-song-/articleshow/55582897.cms|title=Ameesha Patel to do a special song!|website=The Times of India|accessdate=6 September 2018}}</ref>
{{Colend}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[Mani Sharma]] and was released by [[Aditya Music]].

{{Infobox album
| name = Aakatayi
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Mani Sharma]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 8 February 2017
| recorded = 2017
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 28:22
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = [[Mani Sharma]]
| prev_title = Siddhartha
| prev_year = 2016
| next_title = [[Fashion Designer s/o Ladies Tailor]]
| next_year = 2017
}}

{{track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 28:22
| title1 = Go Lets Go
| lyrics1 = Karunakar Adigarla
| extra1 = Deepu, Sweekar Agasthi, Karuna
| length1 = 3:41
| title2 = Niluvetthuga Nene Neevuga
| lyrics2 = Chaitanya Prasad
| extra2 = [[Ramya Behara]]
| length2 = 4:43
| title3 = Anaghaa Anaghaa (Version 1)
| lyrics3 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
| extra3 = Sri Krishna
| length3 = 4:11
| title4 = Pranam Paravana
| lyrics4 = Karunakar Adigarla
| extra4 = [[Anurag Kulkarni]], Sahithi Chaganti
| length4 = 4:34
| title5 = Virigina Aakasanni
| lyrics5 = [[Sri Mani]]
| extra5 = Sweekar Agasti
| length5 = 2:49
| title6 = Aakatayi (Ammammo Ela)
| lyrics6 = Chaitanya Prasad
| extra6 = Uma Neha
| length6 = 4:13
| title7 = Anaghaa Anaghaa (Version 2)
| lyrics7 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
| extra7 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
| length7 = 4:11
}}

== Critical reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that "''Aakatayi'' is a one-time watch if you don’t use your brains for the second half of the film".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/aakatayi/movie-review/57577789.cms|title = Aakatayi Movie Review {2.5/5}: It's a one-time watch if you don't'use your brains for the second half of the film| newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt6340092}}

[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Mani Sharma]]
[[Category:2017 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films about Islamic terrorism in India]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:2017 masala films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Films set in universities and colleges]]
[[Category:2017 action comedy films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Andhra Pradesh Police]]

AKS primality test

2026-03-27T02:27:40Z

Mythu09: Started new bio more to come

{{Short description|Algorithm checking for prime numbers}}
The '''AKS primality test''' (also known as the '''Agrawal–Kayal–Saxena primality test''' and the '''cyclotomic AKS test''') is a [[deterministic algorithm|deterministic]] [[primality test|primality-proving]] [[algorithm]] created and published by [[Manindra Agrawal]], [[Neeraj Kayal]], and [[Nitin Saxena]], computer scientists at the [[Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur]], on August 6, 2002, in an article titled "PRIMES is in P".<ref name="AKS">{{cite journal |first1=Manindra |last1=Agrawal |first2=Neeraj |last2=Kayal |first3=Nitin |last3=Saxena |url=http://www.cse.iitk.ac.in/users/manindra/algebra/primality_v6.pdf |title=PRIMES is in P |journal=[[Annals of Mathematics]] |volume=160 |year=2004 |issue=2 |pages=781–793 |doi=10.4007/annals.2004.160.781 |jstor=3597229 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The algorithm was the first one which is able to determine in [[polynomial time]], whether a given number is [[Prime number|prime]] or [[Composite number|composite]] without relying on [[mathematical conjecture]]s such as the [[generalized Riemann hypothesis]]. The proof is also notable for not relying on the field of [[analysis (mathematics)|analysis]].<ref>{{cite journal|first=Andrew|last=Granville|url=https://www.ams.org/bull/2005-42-01/S0273-0979-04-01037-7/home.html|title=It is easy to determine whether a given integer is prime|journal=Bull. Amer. Math. Soc.|volume=42|year=2005|pages=3–38|doi=10.1090/S0273-0979-04-01037-7|doi-access=free}}</ref> In 2006 the authors received both the [[Gödel Prize]] and [[Fulkerson Prize]] for their work.

==Importance==
AKS is the first primality-proving algorithm to be simultaneously ''general'', ''polynomial-time'', ''deterministic'', and ''unconditionally correct''. Previous algorithms had been developed for centuries and achieved three of these properties at most, but not all four.
* The AKS algorithm can be used to verify the primality of any '''general''' number given. Many fast primality tests are known that work only for numbers with certain properties. For example, the [[Lucas–Lehmer primality test|Lucas–Lehmer test]] works only for [[Mersenne number]]s, while [[Pépin's test]] can be applied to [[Fermat number]]s only.
* The maximum running time of the algorithm can be bounded by a '''[[Polynomial time#Polynomial time|polynomial]]''' over the number of digits in the target number. [[Elliptic curve primality proving|ECPP]] and [[Adleman–Pomerance–Rumely primality test|APR]] conclusively prove or disprove that a given number is prime, but are not known to have polynomial time bounds for all inputs.
* The algorithm is guaranteed to distinguish '''[[Deterministic algorithm|deterministically]]''' whether the target number is prime or composite. Randomized tests, such as [[Miller–Rabin primality test|Miller–Rabin]] and [[Baillie–PSW primality test|Baillie–PSW]], can test any given number for primality in polynomial time, but are known to produce only a probabilistic result.
* The correctness of AKS is '''not conditional''' on any subsidiary unproved [[hypothesis]]. In contrast, Miller's version of the [[Miller–Rabin primality test#Deterministic variants|Miller–Rabin test]] is fully deterministic and runs in polynomial time over all inputs, but its correctness depends on the truth of the yet-unproved [[generalized Riemann hypothesis]].

While the algorithm is of immense theoretical importance, it is not used in practice, rendering it a [[galactic algorithm]]. For 64-bit inputs, the [[Baillie–PSW primality test|Baillie–PSW test]] is deterministic and runs many orders of magnitude faster. For larger inputs, the performance of the (also unconditionally correct) ECPP and APR tests is ''far'' superior to AKS. Additionally, ECPP can output a [[primality certificate]] that allows independent and rapid verification of the results, which is not possible with the AKS algorithm.

==Concepts==
The AKS primality test is based upon the following theorem: Given an integer <math>n\ge 2</math> and integer <math>a</math> [[coprime]] to <math>n</math>, <math>n</math> is prime if and only if the [[polynomial ring|polynomial]] [[Congruence relation#Modular arithmetic|congruence relation]]
{{NumBlk|:|<math>(X + a)^{n} \equiv X^{n} + a \pmod{n}</math>|{{EquationRef|1}}}}
holds within the polynomial ring <math>(\mathbb Z/n\mathbb Z)[X]</math>.<ref name="AKS"/> Note that <math>X</math> denotes the [[polynomial ring#Definition (univariate case)|indeterminate]] which generates this polynomial ring.

This theorem is a generalization to polynomials of [[Fermat's little theorem]]. In one direction it can easily be proved using the [[binomial theorem]] together with the following property of the [[binomial coefficient]]:
:<math>{n \choose k} \equiv 0 \pmod{n}</math> for all <math>0<k<n</math> if <math>n</math> is prime.

While the relation ({{EquationNote|1}}) constitutes a primality test in itself, verifying it takes [[exponential time]]: the [[brute force method|brute force]] approach would require the expansion of the <math> (X + a)^n</math> polynomial and a reduction <math>\pmod{n}</math> of the resulting <math>n + 1</math> coefficients.

The congruence is an equality in the [[polynomial ring]] <math>(\mathbb Z/n\mathbb Z)[X]</math>. Evaluating in a quotient ring of <math>(\mathbb Z/n\mathbb Z)[X]</math> creates an upper bound for the degree of the polynomials involved. The AKS evaluates the equality in <math>(\mathbb Z/n\mathbb Z)[X]/(X^r -1)</math>, making the [[Computational complexity theory|computational complexity]] dependent on the size of <math>r</math>. For clarity,<ref name="AKS"/> this is expressed as the congruence
{{NumBlk|:|<math>(X + a)^{n} \equiv (X^{n} + a) \pmod{X^{r}-1, n}</math>|{{EquationRef|2}}}}
which is the same as:
{{NumBlk|:|<math>(X + a)^n - (X^n + a) = (X^r - 1)g + nf</math>|{{EquationRef|3}}}}
for some polynomials <math>f</math> and <math>g</math>.

Note that all primes satisfy this relation (choosing <math>g=0</math> in ({{EquationNote|3}}) gives ({{EquationNote|1}}), which holds for <math>n</math> prime). This congruence can be checked in polynomial time when <math>r</math> is polynomial to the digits of <math>n</math>. The AKS algorithm evaluates this congruence for a large set of <math>a</math> values, whose size is polynomial to the digits of <math>n</math>. The proof of validity of the AKS algorithm shows that one can find an <math>r</math> and a set of <math>a</math> values with the above properties such that if the congruences hold then <math>n</math> is a power of a prime.<ref name="AKS"/>

==History and running time==
In the first version of the above-cited paper, the authors proved the asymptotic time complexity of the algorithm to be <math>\tilde{O}(\log(n)^{12})</math> (using [[Big O notation#Extensions to the Bachmann–Landau notations|Õ]] from [[big O notation]])—the twelfth power of the number of digits in ''n'' times a factor that is polylogarithmic in the number of digits. However, this upper bound was rather loose; a widely-held conjecture about the distribution of the [[Sophie Germain prime]]s would, if true, immediately cut the worst case down to <math>\tilde{O}(\log(n)^6)</math>.

In the months following the discovery, new variants appeared (Lenstra 2002, Pomerance 2002, Berrizbeitia 2002, Cheng 2003, Bernstein 2003a/b, Lenstra and Pomerance 2003), which improved the speed of computation greatly. Owing to the existence of the many variants, Crandall and Papadopoulos refer to the "AKS-class" of algorithms in their scientific paper "On the implementation of AKS-class primality tests", published in March 2003.

In response to some of these variants, and to other feedback, the paper "PRIMES is in P" was updated with a new formulation of the AKS algorithm and of its proof of correctness. (This version was eventually published in ''[[Annals of Mathematics]]''.) While the basic idea remained the same, ''r'' was chosen in a new manner, and the proof of correctness was more coherently organized. The new proof relied almost exclusively on the behavior of [[cyclotomic polynomial]]s over [[finite fields]]. The new upper bound on time complexity was <math>\tilde{O}(\log(n)^{10.5})</math>, later reduced using additional results from [[sieve theory]] to <math>\tilde{O}(\log(n)^{7.5})</math>.

In 2005, [[Carl Pomerance|Pomerance]] and [[Hendrik Lenstra|Lenstra]] demonstrated a variant of AKS that runs in <math>\tilde{O}(\log(n)^{6})</math> operations,<ref name="lenstra_pomerance_2005">H. W. Lenstra Jr. and Carl Pomerance, "[http://www.math.dartmouth.edu/~carlp/PDF/complexity12.pdf Primality testing with Gaussian periods]", preliminary version July 20, 2005.</ref> leading to another updated version of the paper.<ref name="lenstra_pomerance_2011">H. W. Lenstra Jr. and Carl Pomerance, "[http://www.math.dartmouth.edu/~carlp/aks041411.pdf Primality testing with Gaussian periods] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225052810/http://www.math.dartmouth.edu/~carlp/aks041411.pdf |date=2012-02-25 }}", version of April 12, 2011.</ref> Agrawal, Kayal and Saxena proposed a variant which would run in <math>\tilde{O}(\log(n)^{3})</math> if [[Agrawal's conjecture]] were true; however, a heuristic argument by Pomerance and Lenstra suggested that it is probably false.

==The algorithm==
The algorithm is as follows:<ref name="AKS" />

: Input: integer {{math|''n'' > 1}}.
# Check if ''n'' is a [[perfect power]]: if {{math|1=''n'' = ''a''''b''}} for integers {{math|''a'' > 1}} and {{math|''b'' > 1}}, then output ''composite''.
# Find the smallest ''r'' such that {{math|[[multiplicative order|ord]]''r''(''n'') > (log2 ''n'')2}}. If ''r'' and ''n'' are not coprime, then output ''composite''.
# For all 2 ≤ ''a'' ≤ min (''r'', ''n''−1), check that ''a'' does not divide ''n'': If ''a''|''n'' for some 2 ≤ ''a'' ≤ min (''r'', ''n''−1), then output ''composite''.
# If ''n'' ≤ ''r'', then output ''prime''.
# For {{math|1=''a'' = 1}} to <math>\left\lfloor \sqrt{\varphi(r)}\log_2(n) \right\rfloor</math> do
#: if (''X''+''a'')''n'' ≠ ''X''''n''+''a'' (mod ''X''''r'' − 1,''n''), then output ''composite'';
# Output ''prime''.

Here [[multiplicative order|ord]]''r''(''n'') is the [[multiplicative order]] of ''n'' [[modular arithmetic|modulo]] ''r'', log2 is the [[binary logarithm]], and <math>\varphi(r)</math> is [[Euler's totient function]] of ''r''.

Step 3 is shown in the paper as checking 1 < gcd(''a'',''n'') < ''n'' for all ''a'' ≤ ''r''. It can be seen this is equivalent to trial division up to ''r'', which can be done very efficiently without using [[greatest common divisor|gcd]]. Similarly the comparison in step 4 can be replaced by having the trial division return ''prime'' once it has checked all values up to and including <math>\left\lfloor \sqrt{n} \right\rfloor.</math>

Once beyond very small inputs, step 5 dominates the time taken. The essential reduction in complexity (from exponential to polynomial) is achieved by performing all calculations in the finite ring
: <math>R = (\mathbb Z/n\mathbb Z)[X]/(X^r -1)</math>
consisting of <math>n^r</math> elements. This ring contains only the <math>r</math> [[monomial]]s <math>\{X^0,X^1,\ldots,X^{r-1}\} </math>, and the [[coefficient]]s are in <math>\mathbb Z/n\mathbb Z</math> which has <math>n</math> elements, all of them codable within <math>\log_2(n)</math> bits.

Most later improvements made to the algorithm have concentrated on reducing the size of ''r,'' which makes the core operation in step 5 faster, and in reducing the size of ''s'', the number of loops performed in step 5.<ref name="bernstein03">Daniel J. Bernstein, "[https://cr.yp.to/papers/aks.pdf Proving Primality After Agrawal-Kayal-Saxena]", version of January 25, 2003.</ref> Typically these changes do not change the computational complexity, but can lead to many orders of magnitude less time taken; for example, Bernstein's final version has a theoretical speedup by a factor of over 2 million.

===Proof of validity outline===
For the algorithm to be correct, all steps that identify ''n'' must be correct. Steps 1, 3, and 4 are trivially correct, since they are based on direct tests of the divisibility of ''n''. Step 5 is also correct: since (2) is true for any choice of ''a'' coprime to ''n'' and ''r'' if ''n'' is prime, an inequality means that ''n'' must be composite.

The difficult part of the proof is showing that step 6 is true. Its proof of correctness is based on the upper and lower bounds of a [[multiplicative group]] in <math>\mathbb{Z}_{n}[x]</math> constructed from the (''X'' + ''a'') binomials that are tested in step 5. Step 4 guarantees that these binomials are <math>\left\lfloor \sqrt{\varphi(r)}\log_2(n) \right\rfloor</math> distinct elements of <math>\mathbb{Z}_n[x]</math>. For the particular choice of ''r'', the bounds produce a [[proof by contradiction|contradiction]] unless ''n'' is prime or a power of a prime. Together with the test of step 1, this implies that ''n'' is always prime at step 6.<ref name="AKS"/>

===Example 1: ''n'' = 31 is prime===

{{pre|style=white-space:pre;overflow:auto;
|1=<nowiki/>
'''Input''': integer ''n'' = 31 > 1.

(* Step 1 *)
'''If''' (''n'' = ''a''''b'' for integers ''a'' > 1 and ''b'' > 1),
'''output''' ''composite''.
'''For''' ( b = 2; b <= log2(n); b++) {
a = n1/b;
'''If''' (a is integer),
'''Return'''[Composite]
}
a = n1/2...n1/4 = {5.568, 3.141, 2.360}

(* Step 2 *)
Find the smallest ''r'' such that ''O''''r''(''n'') > (log''2'' ''n'')2.
maxk = ⌊(log''2'' n)2⌋;
maxr = Max[3, ⌈(Log''2'' n)5⌉]; (* maxr really isn't needed *)
nextR = True;
'''For''' (r = 2; nextR && r < maxr; r++) {
nextR = False;
'''For''' (k = 1; (!nextR) && k ≤ maxk; k++) {
nextR = (Mod[nk, r] == 1 {{!!}} Mod[nk, r]==0)
}
}
r--; (*the loop over increments by one*)

r = 29

(* Step 3 *)
'''If''' (1 < [[greatest common divisor|gcd]](''a'',''n'') < ''n'' for some ''a'' ≤ ''r''),
'''output''' ''composite''.
'''For''' (a = r; a > 1; a--) {
'''If''' ((gcd = GCD[a,n]) > 1 && gcd < n),
'''Return'''[Composite]
}

gcd = {GCD(29,31)=1, GCD(28,31)=1, ..., GCD(2,31)=1} ≯ 1

(* Step 4 *)
'''If''' (''n'' ≤ ''r''),
'''output''' ''prime''.
'''If''' (n ≤ r),
'''Return'''[Prime] (* this step may be omitted if n > 5690034 *)

31 > 29

(* Step 5 *)
'''For''' ''a'' = 1 '''to''' <math>\left\lfloor\sqrt{\varphi(r)}\log_2(n)\right\rfloor</math> '''do'''
'''If''' ((''X''+''a'')''n'' ≠ ''X''''n'' + ''a'' (mod ''X''''r'' − 1,''n'')),
'''output''' ''composite'';

φ[x_] := EulerPhi[x];
PolyModulo[f_] := PolynomialMod<nowiki>[</nowiki>[[polynomial remainder|PolynomialRemainder]][f, xr-1, x], n<nowiki>]</nowiki>;
max = Floor[Log[2, n]{{sqrt|φ[r]}}];
'''For''' (a = 1; a ≤ max; a++) {
'''If''' (PolyModulo[(x+a)n - PolynomialRemainder[xn+a, xr-1, x<nowiki>]]</nowiki> ≠ 0) {
'''Return'''[Composite]
{
}

(x+a)31 =
a31 +31a30x +465a29x2 +4495a28x3 +31465a27x4 +169911a26x5 +736281a25x6 +2629575a24x7 +7888725a23x8 +20160075a22x9 +44352165a21x10 +84672315a20x11 +141120525a19x12 +206253075a18x13 +265182525a17x14 +300540195a16x15 +300540195a15x16 +265182525a14x17 +206253075a13x18 +141120525a12x19 +84672315a11x20 +44352165a10x21 +20160075a9x22 +7888725a8x23 +2629575a7x24 +736281a6x25 +169911a5x26 +31465a4x27 +4495a3x28 +465a2x29 +31ax30 +x31

PolynomialRemainder [(x+a)31, x29-1] =
465a2 +a31 +(31a+31a30)x +(1+465a29)x2 +4495a28x3 +31465a27x4 +169911a26x5 +736281a25x6 +2629575a24x7 +7888725a23x8 +20160075a22x9 +44352165a21x10 +84672315a20x11 +141120525a19x12 +206253075a18x13 +265182525a17x14 +300540195a16x15 +300540195a15x16 +265182525a14x17 +206253075a13x18 +141120525a12x19 +84672315a11x20 +44352165a10x21 +20160075a9x22 +7888725a8x23 +2629575a7x24 +736281a6x25 +169911a5x26 +31465a4x27 +4495a3x28

({{EquationRef|A}}) PolynomialMod [PolynomialRemainder [(x+a)31, x29-1], 31] = a31+x2

({{EquationRef|B}}) PolynomialRemainder [x31+a, x29-1] = a+x2

({{EquationNote|A}}) - ({{EquationNote|B}}) = a31+x2 - (a+x2) = a31-a

<math>\max = \left\lfloor\log_2 (31) \sqrt{\varphi(29)} \right\rfloor = 26</math>

{131-1 = 0 (mod 31), 231-2 = 0 (mod 31), 331-3 = 0 (mod 31), ..., 2631-26 = 0 (mod 31)}

(* Step 6 *)
'''Output''' ''prime''.
{{samp|31 Must be Prime}}
}}
Where PolynomialMod is a term-wise modulo reduction of the polynomial. e.g. PolynomialMod[x+2x2+3x3, 3] = x+2x2+0x3

<ref>See [[Talk:AKS primality test#Worked Example|AKS Talk]] page for a discussion on why 'Example 2: n is not Prime past Step 4' is missing.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book | last=Dietzfelbinger | first=Martin | title=Primality testing in polynomial time. From randomized algorithms to ''PRIMES is in P'' | series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science | volume=3000 | location=Berlin | publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] | year=2004 | isbn=3-540-40344-2 | zbl=1058.11070 }}

==External links==
* {{MathWorld|urlname=AKSPrimalityTest|title=AKS Primality Test}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140219064936/http://www.dm.unito.it/~cerruti/ac/aks-crandall.pdf R. Crandall, Apple ACG, and J. Papadopoulos (March 18, 2003): On the implementation of AKS-class primality tests] (PDF)
* [https://www.ams.org/notices/200305/fea-bornemann.pdf Article by Bornemann, containing photos and information about the three Indian scientists] (PDF)
* [https://www.ams.org/bull/2005-42-01/S0273-0979-04-01037-7/home.html Andrew Granville: It is easy to determine whether a given integer is prime]
* [http://www.scottaaronson.com/writings/prime.pdf The Prime Facts: From Euclid to AKS], by [[Scott Aaronson]] (PDF)
* [http://www.instantlogic.net/publications/PRIMES%20is%20in%20P%20little%20FAQ.htm The PRIMES is in P little FAQ] by Anton Stiglic
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150327071905/http://www.sigact.org/Prizes/Godel/2006.html 2006 Gödel Prize Citation]
* [https://www.ams.org/notices/200611/comm-fulkerson.pdf 2006 Fulkerson Prize Citation]
* [http://fatphil.org/maths/AKS The AKS "PRIMES in P" Algorithm Resource]

{{Number theoretic algorithms}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indian inventions]]
[[Category:Primality tests]]
[[Category:Finite fields]]
[[Category:Articles with example pseudocode]]

Putlibai (dacoit)

2026-03-25T12:52:58Z

Mythu09: new some entry w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian female dacoit}}
{{for|Mahatma Gandhi's mother|Putlibai Gandhi}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=February 2024}}
{{story|date=February 2026}}
}}

The '''Putli Bai''' ([[Hindi]]: पुतली बाई) (1926<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022 |title=पुलिसवालों के हाथों की दसों उंगलियां काट दीं, बीवियों के कान चीर दिए; पुतली को प्यार ने पहुंचाया था बीहड़ |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/news/chambal-dacoit-putli-bai-story-most-beautiful-female-dacoit-129677915.html |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref> or 1929 - 1958) was a dreaded female dacoit, often known by the epithet "'''Indian Bandit Queen'''". She was the first female dacoit of India.<ref name="yt3">{{ YouTube |title= चंबल की खूंखार डकैत पुतलीबाई का रियल घर- Chambal wanted putlibai real house | id= lE9g39rPpGo}}</ref> Her area of dacoity was the famed [[Chambal (region)|Chambal valley]], which remained for a long time a [[Dacoity|stronghold of dacoits]]. Supposedly, she never wanted to be a dacoit, but became so because of excessive cruelty meted out upon her time and again, and dacoity - kind of - became her last resort.<ref name="yt3"/>

She was born as Gauhar Bano in a small village in [[Morena district]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=भरतपुर |first=सतपाल सिंह |date=2023-02-04 |title=पैरों में घुंघरू बांध कर महफिल रोशन करने वाली गौहरबानो बनीं चम्बल की पहली महिला डाकू पुतलीबाई |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/rajasthan/bharatpur-gauhar-bano-first-female-dacoit-of-chambal-putlibai-used-to-be-a-classical-dancer-ghungroo-ann-2325069 |access-date=2024-02-23 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref> Gradually as she became famous in the world of dancing, she began to be called Putlibai. The name appears to be a reference to a typical Indian puppet, who is made to dance by a hidden artist.<ref name="yt1">{{ YouTube |title= चंबल की पहली दस्यु सुंदरी पुतलीबाई की कहानी {{!}} The story of first female decoit, Putlibai {{!}} Putlibai| id= CLH4NYjUaSY}}</ref> Another conjecture is that she used to slither as smoothly as the pupils of an eye, and hence the name.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Mangal |first=Uddeshya |date=2022-10-16 |title=जानिए डाकू पुतलीबाई की कहानी, जिन्होंने लिखा था प्रधानमंत्री को |url=https://mojopatrakar.com/know-the-story-of-dacoit-putlibai-who-wrote-a-letter-to-the-prime-minister/ |access-date=2024-02-23 |website=MojoPatrakar |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Kidnap==

Sultana who had zero respect for women had seen Putli dance in Agra and had fallen in love with her or so he thought he did. According to Sultana, women represent evil temptation and could bring bad luck but the thought of Putlibai in contact without anyone else other than him had swept him over. Having heard of the wedding in Dholpur, he had decided to kidnap her. Their relationship was never peaceful, and although Putli escaped on at least two occasions, she eventually chose to return, bored and violated by the life she was offered under her mother's guidance (her mother's brothel). Gradually she fell in love with him.<ref name=":0" />

==Tanno==

During their time together, they had a child. Putlibai named her Tanno and within months had her sent to Ashgari in Agra, unable to cope with a child in the ravines.

==The end of Sultana==
Putlibai had a daughter '''''Tanno'''''<ref name=":1" /> with Sultana. Over time Sultana included a dreaded dacoit Lakhan in his gang. On May 25, 1955, police ambushed Sultana and killed him. It was at least the claim of the police. However, as Putlibai was living with Sultana, she knew for sure, that Sultana was actually assassinated by a dacoit Kalla [another member of the gang], on the orders of Lakhan.<ref name=":0" /> She was so upset at Police false claims, that she is said to have even written a letter to the then [[List of prime ministers of India|Prime Minister of India]] [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] stating how the police under his rule had been claiming false laurels.<ref name=":1" />

==Life after Sultan's death==

After Sultan's death, Putlibai joined up with Kalyan Singh, alias Kalla, to whom she had always been attracted. The Kalla-Putli gang became one of the most feared and hunted of all gangs operating in Chambal Valley in the 1950s, second only to the gang of Mansingh. Eventually, Putlibai started to be known as the 'Bandit Queen,' people started to call her a living legend. Stories of her exploits were told and retold, songs were written about her life, and villagers who claimed to have seen her took pride in describing every little detail they could remember of their encounter with the "reincarnation of Kali."

==Death==
After Putli was injured in a gun battle with the police one day, her left arm was amputated at the elbow by a village doctor. During the period of her recovery, Kalla assured that on each raid one of his men could be dressed as a woman, in a sari, in order to flout police rumors that she had been killed. Newspaper reports stated there had been a long trail of blood which made it unlikely that she had survived. The constable who claimed to have shot her was on the verge of being promoted and decorated.
A few months later., Putli was seen in villages again, wielding a rifle, held steady with her left arm, her aim still accurate. A police constable, injured in a gun battle, stated that he had been shot by Putli, whom he recognized, and added that she had lost half her left arm. confirming the rumor that she has been alive.

On January 23, 1958, Bai was killed by police in an encounter. She has been shot dead, trying to escape a police ambush by crossing the Kunwari River, which runs parallel to the Chambal. She was only twenty-nine and her body was dragged to the left bank of the river.<ref name=":0" />

==In popular culture==
Putlibai, because of her beauty, courage, and rebellion against the establishment, became a kind of semi-legend. Two Hindi films were made on her life.

* [[Putlibai (1972 film)|''Putlibai'' (1972 film)]], starring Sujit Kumar, and [[Jaya Mala]]<ref name="yt2">{{ YouTube |title= Putlibai (1972) Daku Garib Logon koh Nahi Loot teh !| id= 1gFFS0_9y-Y}}</ref>
* [[Putlibai (1999 film)|''Putlibai'' (1999 film)]], starring [[Raj Kiran (actor)|Raj Kiran]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1920s births]]
[[Category:1958 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women]]
[[Category:Female bandits]]
[[Category:Bandits]]
[[Category:Indian bandits]]
[[Category:Indian female gangsters]]
[[Category:People shot dead by law enforcement officers in India]]

Radha Charan Singh

2026-03-24T18:20:12Z

Mythu09: new new bio w/ sources

{{Short description|Last ruling Maharaja of Samthar from 1935–1950}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
'''Maharaja Radha Charan Singh Judeo Bahadur''' (15 May 1914 — 1972) was the last official ruler of [[Samthar State]] from 9 October 1935 till 1950. His father [[Bir Singh Judeo]] abdicated the throne in his favour due to old age.<ref>{{cite book |title=Memoranda on the Indian States |date=1939 |publisher=Manager of Publications. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KaBCAAAAIAAJ&q=Radha+Charan+Singh+samthar |access-date=27 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref> He reigned in the State of Samthar until 1950, when it was merged in to [[India]]. He held the title of Maharaja of Samthar until privy purses and official titles of all the princely states' rulers were abolished in 1971.<ref name=a>{{cite news |script-title=hi:महाराज राधाचरण सिंह जूदेव की प्रतिमा का हुआ अनावरण |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/jhansi/story-unveiling-of-statue-of-maharaj-radha-charan-singh-judeo-1878203.html#:~:text=%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%20%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%20%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9%20%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%20%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%20%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%86%20%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3&text=%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82%20%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%20%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%20%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%20%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A6,%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82%20%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%20%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%20%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%20%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A5%A4 |access-date=27 May 2021 |work=Hindustan |date=30 March 2018 |language=hi}}</ref> He was survived by his son [[Ranjeet Singh Judeo]].

His statue was unveiled in 2018 at [[Jhansi]] in the presence of several noted politicians including [[Vasundhara Raje]].<ref name =a/> In 1970, a higher secondary school known as Maharaja Radha Charan Singh Uchh Madhyamik Shala was founded at Moth near [[Samthar]] in [[Jhansi district]] and named after him.<ref>{{cite web |title=MAHARAJA RADHA CHARANSINGH UCCH MADH. . - Samthar, District Jhansi (Uttar Pradesh) |url=https://schools.org.in/jhansi/09360714412/maharaja-radha-charansingh-ucch-madh.html |website=schools.org.in |access-date=28 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1914 births]]
[[Category:1972 deaths]]
[[Category:Maharajas of Samthar State]]

Pankaj Singh (politician)

2026-03-24T04:56:21Z

Mythu09: further improve page for accuracy and fixed typos per sources

{{Short description|Indian politician based in Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2013}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2013}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| image = Pankaj Singh - politician.jpg
| name = Pankaj Singh
| native_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1978|12|12}}
| birth_place = [[Daltonganj]], [[Jharkhand]], [[India]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.pankajsingh.in/about.html|title=About Thakur Pankaj Singh|archive-date=1 November 2019|access-date=1 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101232634/https://www.pankajsingh.in/about.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| office = Member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 11 March 2017
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Noida (Assembly constituency)|Noida]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| alma_mater = [[Mahanagar Boys' Inter College Lucknow]] [[Dyal Singh College (Delhi)|Dyal Singh College, Delhi University]] [[Amity Business School]]
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| website = [http://www.pankajsingh.in/ Pankaj Singh]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Sushma Rana|Sushma Singh]]|2004}}
| parents = [[Rajnath Singh]] (Father) Savitri Singh (Mother)
| children = 2 (1 son and 1 daughter)
| preceded = [[Vimla Batham]]
}}

'''Pankaj Singh''' (born 12 December 1978) is an Indian politician who is [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)'s General Secretary for [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Pankaj has been active in politics since 2002 and is the present MLA of [[Noida]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajnath Singh's son elevated, 3 angry UP BJP secretaries quit |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-rajnath-singh-s-son-elevated-3-angry-up-bjp-secretaries-quit-1641006 |access-date=2022-05-30 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref> On 11 March 2017, he won the [[Noida Assembly constituency|Noida Vidhan Sabha]] seat in the [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|UP Legislative Assembly election]]. He is the vice-president of BJP in Uttar Pradesh state. He is the elder son of [[Rajnath Singh]], the present Defence Minister of India.

==Early life and education==
Thakur Pankaj Singh did MBA (PGDM) in 2001 from [[Amity University, Noida|Amity Noida]], B.Com. from [[Dyal Singh College (Delhi)|Dyal Singh College]] in 1999 after completing his senior secondary from [[Mahanagar Boys' Inter College Lucknow]] in 1996.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pankaj Singh(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- NOIDA(GAUTAM BUDDHA NAGAR) – Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=http://myneta.info/uttarpradesh2017/candidate.php?candidate_id=322|access-date=2020-10-14|website=myneta.info}}</ref>

==Personal life==

Pankaj Singh married Indian shooter, [[Sushma Rana|Sushma Singh]], in November, 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |title=राजनाथ सिंह की बहू के शौक: नोएडा से प्रत्याशी पंकज सिंह की पत्नी हैं कॉमनवेल्थ गेम्स की गोल्ड मेडलिस्ट, रखती हैं इतने रिवॉल्वर |url=https://www.amarujala.com/delhi-ncr/noida/rajnath-singh-daughter-in-law-and-mla-pankaj-singh-wife-have-four-revolvers-is-gold-medalist-of-commonwealth-games |access-date=2022-05-30 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> Sushma is daughter of [[Narayan Singh Rana]], and sister of [[Jaspal Rana]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-15 |title=Uttarakhand elections: Here comes home minister's samdhi, his team tells voters |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/uttarakhand-assembly-elections-2017/uttarakhand-election-narayan-singh-rana-rajnath-home-minister-samdhi-voting-campaign-4525343/ |access-date=2022-05-30 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Pankaj and Sushma have 2 children, daughter Diya and son Arya Veer.<ref>{{Cite web |agency=TNN|date=Jan 25, 2017 |title=Rajnath Singh's son Pankaj has assets of Rs 47 lakh, doesn't own a house |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/rajnath-singhs-son-pankaj-has-assets-of-rs-47-lakh-doesnt-own-a-house/articleshow/56767391.cms |access-date=2022-05-30 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|www.pankajsingh.in}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Pankaj}}
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Noida]]
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Repealing and Amending Act, 2001

2026-03-23T06:58:57Z

Mythu09: new basic bio from scratch

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = Repealing and Amending Act, 2001
| legislature = [[Parliament of India]]
| image = Emblem of India.svg
| imagesize = 150
| long_title = An Act to repeal certain enactments and to anend certain other enactments.
| citation = Act No. 30 of 2001
| territorial_extent = [[India]]
| enacted_by =
| date_passed =
| date_enacted = 3 September 2001
| enacted_by2 =
| date_passed2 =
| assented_by = [[President of India|President]] [[K. R. Narayanan]]
| date_assented = 3 September 2001
| date_commenced = 3 September 2001
| date_repealed = 13 May 2015
| bill_history_url =
| bill =
| bill_citation =
| introduced_by =
| passed_for =
| passed_against =
| passed2_for =
| passed2_against =
| amends =
| repeals =
| repealed_by = [[Repealing and Amending Act, 2015]]
| related_legislation =
| summary =
| keywords =
| status = repealed
}}

The '''Repealing and Amending Act, 2001''' (30 of 2001)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Repealing and Amending Act, 2001 |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/repealedfileopen?rfilename=A2001-30.pdf |access-date=23 July 2025 |website=indiacode.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=EFFECT OF REPEALING AND AMENDING ACT, 2001 |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/release02/lyr2002/rjan2002/23012002/r230120022.html |access-date=23 July 2025 |website=archive.pib.gov.in}}</ref> was an act of the [[Parliament of India]] that completely or partially repealed 357 obsolete laws, and also amended the provisions of Indian Succession Act, 1925 and [[Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973]].

== Repealed Acts ==
{{Static row numbers}}
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers"
!Year
!Act No.
!Short title
!Extent of repeal
|-
|1985
|1
|The Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Amendment Act, 1985
|The whole
|-
|1985
|3
|The General lnsurailce Business (Nationalisation) Amendment Act, 1985
|Sections 2, 3 and 4
|-
|1985
|9
|The Representation of the People (Amendment) Act, 1985
|The whole
|-
|1985
|11
|The Sugar Undertakings (Taking Over of Management) Amendment Act, 1985
|The whole
|-
|1985
|12
|The Gangtok Municipal Corporation (Amendment) Act, 1985
|The whole
|-
|1985
|20
|The Requisitioning and Acquisition of Immovable Property (Amendment) Act, 1985
|The whole
|-
|1985
|24
|The Government of Union Territories (Amendment) Act, 1985
|The whole
|-
|1985
|25
|The Compulsory Deposit Scheme (Income-tax Payers) Amendment Act, 1985
|The whole
|-
|1985
|26
|The Union Duties of Excise (Distribution) Amendment Act, 1985
|The whole
|-
|1985
|27
|The Additional Duties of Excise (Goods of Special Importance) Amendment Act, 1985
|The whole
|-
|1985
|28
|The Estate Duty (Distribution) Amendment Act, 1985
|The whole
|-
|1985
|30
|The Payment of Bonus (Amendment) Act, 1985
|The whole
|-
|1985
|31
|The Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act, 1985
|The whole
|-
|1985
|33
|The Coinage (Amendment) Act, 1985
|The whole
|-
|1985
|34
|The Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council (Abolition) Act, 1985
|Sections 4, 5 and 6
|-
|1985
|35
|The Companies (Amendment) Act, 1985
|The whole
|-
|1985
|36
|The High Court and Supreme Court Judges (Conditions of Service) Amendment Act, 1985
|The whole
|-
|1985
|38
|The Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices (Amendment) Act, 1985
|The whole
|-
|1985
|39
|The Arms (Amendment) Act, 1985
|The whole
|-
|1985
|40
|The Securities Contracts (Regulation) Amendment Act, 1985
|The whole
|-
|1985
|43
|The State Financial Corporations (Amendment) Act, 1985
|The whole
|-
|1985
|44
|The Criminal Law Amendment (Amending) Act, 1985
|The whole
|-
|1985
|45
|The Terrorist Affected Areas (Special Courts) Amendment Act, 1985
|Sections 2 and 3
|-
|1985
|46
|The Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Amendment Act, 1985
|The whole
|-
|1985
|47
|The Indian Railways (Amendment) Act, 1985
|The whole
|-
|1985
|48
|The Coffee (Amendment) Act, 1985
|The whole
|-
|1985
|49
|The Essential Services Maintenance (Amendment) Act, 1985
|The whole
|-
|1985
|51
|The Auroville (Emergency Provisions) Amendment Act, 1985
|The whole
|-
|1985
|52
|The Estate Duty (Amendment) Act, 1985
|The whole
|-
|1985
|55
|The Coal Mines (Conservation and Development) Amendment Act, 1985
|The whole
|-
|1985
|56
|The Governnient Savings Laws (Amendment) Act, 1985
|The whole
|-
|1985
|57
|The Tobacco Board (Amendment) Act, 1985
|The whole
|-
|1985
|60
|The Railway Protection Force (Amendment) Act, 1985
|Sections 2 to 18 and the Schedule
|-
|1985
|62
|The Employment of Children (Amendmait) Act, 1985
|The whole
|-
|1985
|63
|The Unit Trust of India (Amendment) Act, 1985
|The whole
|-
|1985
|65
|The Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 1985
|The whole
|-
|1985
|66
|The Lighthouse (Amendment) Act, 1985
|The whole
|-
|1985
|67
|The Payment of Bonus (Second Amendment) Act, 1985
|The whole
|-
|1985
|69
|The Aircraft (Amendment) Act, 1985
|The whole
|-
|1985
|70
|The University Grants Conimission (Amendment) Act, 1985
|The whole
|-
|1985
|72
|The lnternational Airports Authority (Amendment) Act, 1985
|Sections 2 and 3
|-
|1985
|73
|The Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Amendment Act, 1985
|The whole
|-
|1985
|74
|The Salary, Allowances and Pension of Members of Parliament (Amendment) Act, 1985
|The whole
|-
|1985
|75
|The Salaries and Allowances of Officers of Parliament (Amendment) Act, 1985
|The whole
|-
|1985
|76
|The Salaries and Allowances of Ministers (Amendment) Act, 1985
|The whole
|-
|1985
|77
|The President's Pension (Amendment) Act, 1985
|The whole
|-
|1985
|78
|The Salary and Allowances of Leaders of Opposition in Parliament (Amendment) Act, 1985
|The whole
|-
|1985
|79
|The Central Excises and Salt (Amendment) Act, 1985
|Sections 2 to 7
|-
|1985
|80
|The Custonis (Amendment) Act, 1985
|Sections 2 to 13
|-
|1985
|81
|The Banking Laws (Amendment) Act, 1985
|Sections 2 to 9 and 11 to 18
|-
|1986
|4
|The Delegated Legislation Provisionis (Amendment) Act, 1985
|The whole
|-
|1986
|9
|The Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Act, 1986
|The whole
|-
|1986
|14
|The Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Amendment Act, 1986
|The whole
|-
|1986
|19
|The Administrative Tribunals (Amendment) Act, 1986
|Settions 2 to 23
|-
|1986
|20
|The Inter-State Water Disputes (Amendment) Act, 1986
|The whole
|-
|1986
|22
|The Supreme Court (Number of Judges) Amendment Act, 1986
|The whole
|-
|1986
|24
|The Tea (Amendment) Act, 1986
|The whole
|-
|1986
|26
|The Income-tax (Amendment) Act, 1986
|The whole
|-
|1986
|28
|The Wild Life (Protection) Amendment Act, 1986
|The whole
|-
|1986
|31
|The Indian Electricity (Amendment) Act, 1986
|The whole
|-
|1986
|33
|The Merchant Shlpping (Amendment) Act, 1986
|Sections 2 to 4
|-
|1986
|34
|The State of Mizoram Act, 1986
|Sections 4, 5, 7, 13, 14, 39 to 42, the First Schedule, the Second Schedule, the Third Schedule and the Fourth Schedule
|-
|1986
|35
|The Industrial Development Bank of India (Amendment) Act, 1986
|The whole
|-
|1986
|36
|The Commissions of Inquiry (Amendment) Act, 1986
|The whole
|-
|1986
|37
|The Mines and Minerels (Regulation and Development) Amendment Act, 1986
|The whole
|-
|1986
|38
|The High Court and Supreme Court Judges (Conditions of Service) Amendment Act, 1986
|The whole
|-
|1986
|40
|The Tamil Nadu Legislative Council (Abolition) Act, 1986
|Sections 4 to 6
|-
|1986
|41
|The Apprentices (Amendment) Act, 1986
|The whole
|-
|1986
|42
|The Essential Commodities (Amendment) Act, 1986
|The whole
|-
|1986
|43
|The Dowry Prohibition (Amendment) Act, 1986
|The whole
|-
|1986
|44
|The Suppression of Immoral Traffic in Women and Girls (Amendment) Act, 1986
|The whole
|-
|1986
|48
|The Sales Promotion Employees (Conditions of Service) Amendment Act, 1986
|The whole
|-
|1986
|49
|The Estate Duty (Amendment) Act, 1986
|The whole
|-
|1986
|50
|The Industrial Finance Corporation (Amendment) Act, 1986
|The whole
|-
|1986
|51
|The Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 1986
|The whole
|-
|1986
|57
|The Coal Mines Nationalisation Laws (Amendment) Act, 1986
|Sections 2 to 18
|-
|1986
|59
|Tlre Atomic Energy (Amendment) Act, 1986
|The whole
|-
|1986
|61
|The Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986
|Sections 23 to 26
|-
|1986
|67
|The Indian Post Office (Second Amendment) Act, 1986
|The whole
|-
|1986
|69
|The State of Arunachal Pradesh Act, 1986
|Sections 4, 5, 7, 16, 17, 42 to 45, the First Schedule, the Second Schedule, the Third Schedule and the Fourth Schedule
|-
|1986
|70
|The Prevention of Food Adulteration (Amendment) Act, 1986
|The whole
|-
|1986
|71
|The Drugs and Cosmetics (Amendment) Act, 1986
|The whole
|-
|1986
|72
|The Standards of Weights and Measures (Enforcement) Amendment Act, 1986
|The whole
|-
|1986
|73
|The Essential Commodities (Second Amendment) Act, 1986
|The whole
|-
|1986
|74
|The Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices (Amendment) Act, 1986
|The whole
|-
|1986
|75
|The Standards of Weights and Measures (Amendment) Act, 1986
|The whole
|-
|1986
|76
|The Agricultural Produce (Grading and Marking) Amendment Act, 1986
|The whole
|-
|1987
|4
|The Cotton, Copra and Vegetable Oils Cess (Abolition) Act, 1987
|Sections 2 to 10
|-
|1987
|8
|The Delhi Municipal Corporation (Amendment) Act, 1987
|The whole
|-
|1987
|12
|The Khadi and Village Industries Commission (Amendment) Act, 1987
|The whole
|-
|1987
|13
|The Merchant Shipping (Amendment) Act, 1987
|Sections 2 to 9
|-
|1987
|15
|The Labour Welfare Fund Laws (Amendment) Act, 1987
|The whole
|-
|1987
|16
|The Goa, Daman and Diu Mining Concessions (Abolition and Declaration as Mining Leases) Act, 1987
|Section 14
|-
|1987
|17
|The Governors (Emoluments, Allowances and Privileges) Amendment Act, 1987
|The whole
|-
|1987
|18
|The Goa, Daman and Diu Reorganisation Act, 1987
|Sections 5, 6, 14, 19, 63 to 65, the First Schedule and the Second Schedule
|-
|1987
|19
|The State of Arunachal Pradesh (Amendment) Act, 1987
|The whole
|-
|1987
|20
|The Factories (Amendment) Act, 1987
|The whole
|-
|1987
|21
|The Coconut Development Board (Amendment) Act, 1987
|The whole
|-
|1987
|22
|The Payment of Gratuity (Amendment) Act, 1987
|Sections 2 to 4 and 6 to 9
|-
|1987
|23
|The Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities (Amendment) Act, 1987
|The whole
|-
|1987
|24
|The Punjab State Legislature (Delegation of Powers) Act, 1987
|The whole
|-
|1987
|25
|The Essential Commodities (Special Provisions) Continuance Act, 1987
|The whole
|-
|1987
|26
|The Cine-Workers Welfare Fund (Amendment) Act, 1987
|The whole
|-
|1987
|28
|The Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act, 1987
|The whole
|-
|1987
|29
|The Atomic Energy (Amendment) Act, 1987
|The whole
|-
|1987
|30
|The All-India Institute of Medical Sciences and the Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (Amendment) Act, 1987
|The whole
|-
|1987
|31
|The Representation of the People (Amendment) Act, 1987
|The whole
|-
|1987
|34
|The Navy (Amendment) Act, 1987
|The whole
|-
|1987
|35
|The Expenditure-tax Act, 1987
|Section 33
|-
|1987
|38
|The Representation of the People (Second Amendment) Act, 1987
|The whole
|-
|1987
|40
|The Representation of the People (Third Amendment) Act, 1987
|The whole
|-
|1987
|41
|The Shipping Development Fund Committee (Abolition) Amendment Act, 1987
|The whole
|-
|1987
|42
|The Metro Railways (Construction of Works) Amendment Act, 1987
|The whole
|-
|1987
|44
|The Auroville (Emergency Provisions) Amendment Act, 1987
|The whole
|-
|1987
|47
|The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Amendment Act, 1987
|Clauses (i) and (iii) of section 2, clause (ii) of section 4, sections 5 to 14 and sections 16 to 25.
|-
|1987
|48
|The High Court Judges (Conditions of Service) Amendment Act, 1987
|The whole
|-
|1987
|49
|The Equal Remuneration (Amendment) Act, 1987
|The whole
|-
|1987
|50
|The Comptroller and Auditor-General's (Duties, Powers and Conditions of Service) Amendment Act, 1987
|The whole
|-
|1987
|51
|The Administrative Tribunals (Amendment) Act, 1987
|The whole
|-
|1987
|53
|The National Housing Bank Act, 1987
|Section 56 and the Second Schedule
|-
|1987
|54
|The Railway Claims Tribunal Act, 1987
|Chapter VII
|-
|1988
|1
|The Regional Rural Banks (Amendment) Act, 1987
|The whole
|-
|1988
|3
|The Commission of Sati (Prevention) Act, 1987
|Section 19
|-
|1988
|5
|The Parsi Marriage and Divorce (Amendment) Act, 1988
|The whole
|-
|1988
|10
|The Delhi Administration (Amendment) Act, 1988
|The whole
|-
|1988
|11
|The Delhi Municipal Corporation (Amendment) Act, 1988
|The whole
|-
|1988
|12
|The Major Port Trusts (Amendment) Act, 1988
|The whole
|-
|1988
|18
|The Authorised Translations (Central Laws) Amendment Act, 1988
|The whole
|-
|1988
|19
|The Repealing and Amending Act, 1988
|The whole
|-
|1988
|20
|The High Court and Supreme Court Judges (Conditions of Service) Amendment Act, 1988
|The whole
|-
|1988
|21
|The Tamil Nadu State Legislature (Delegation of Powers) Act, 1988
|The whole
|-
|1988
|22
|The Tamil Nadu Agricultural Service Co-operative Societies (Appointment of Special Officers) Amendment Act, 1988
|Section 2
|-
|1988
|23
|The Tamil Nadu Co-operative Societies (Appointment of Special Officers) Amendment Act, 1988
|The whole
|-
|1988
|24
|The Illegal Migrants (Determination by Tribunals) Amendment Act, 1988
|The whole
|-
|1988
|27
|The Customs (Amendment) Act, 1988
|The whole
|-
|1988
|29
|The Customs and Central Excises Laws (Amendment) Act, 1988
|Sections 2, 3, 6 to 10 and 13 to 15
|-
|1988
|30
|The Rajghat Samadhi (Amendment) Act, 1988
|The whole
|-
|1988
|31
|Tle Companies (Amendment) Act, 1988
|Sections 3 to 52 and 54 to 67
|-
|1988
|32
|Thc Code of Criminal Proccdure (Amendment) Act, 1988
|The whole
|-
|1988
|33
|The Employees' Provident Funds and Miscellaneous Povisions (Amendment) Act, 1988
|Sections 2 to 21 and 23 to 27
|-
|1988
|35
|The Cine-Workers and Cinema Theatre Workers (Regulation of Employment) Amendment Act, 1988
|The whole
|-
|1988
|36
|The Food Corporations (Amendment) Act, 1988
|The whole
|-
|1988
|38
| The Alcock Ashdown Company Limited (Acquisition of Undertakings) Amendment Act, 1988
|The whole
|-
|1988
|42
|The Arms (Amendment) Act, 1988
|The whole
|-
|1988
|43
|The National Security (Amendment) Act, 1988
|The whole
|-
|1988
|46
|The Prevention of Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1988
|Section 15
|-
|1988
|49
|[[Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988|The Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988]]
|Section 31
|-
|1988
|50
|The Aircraft (Amendment) Act, 1988
|The whole
|-
|1988
|52
|The State of Arunachal Pradesh (Amendment) Act, 1988
|The whole
|-
|1988
|53
|The Water (Preveation and Control of Pollution) Amendment Act, 1988
|The whole
|-
|1988
|55
|The Merchant Shipping (Amendment) Act, 1988
|The whole
|-
|1988
|56
|The Dock Workers (Regulation of Employment) Amendment Act, 1988
|The whole
|-
|1988
|57
|The Delhi Rent Control (Amendment) Act, 1988
|The whole
|-
|1988
|60
|The Salary, Allowances and Pension of Members of Parliament (Amendment) Act, 1988
|The whole
|-
|1988
|61
|The Maternity Benefit (Amendment) Act, 1988
|The whole
|-
|1988
|62
|The Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices (Amendment) Act, 1988
|The whole
|-
|1988
|63
|The Commissions of lnquiry (Amendment) Act, 1988
|The whole
|-
|1988
|66
|The Banking, Public Financial Institutions and Negotiable Instruments Laws (Amendment) Act, 1988
|The whole
|-
|1988
|69
|The Forest (Conservation) Amendment Act, 1988
|The whole
|-
|1989
|1
|The Representation of the People (Amendment) Act, 1988
|The whole
|-
|1989
|2
|The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (Amendment) Act, 1988
|The whole
|-
|1989
|10
|The Delhi Municipal Laws (Amendment) Act, 1989
|The whole
|-
|1989
|11
|The Income-tax (Amendment) Act, 1989
|The whole
|-
|1989
|15
| The Chandigarh Disturbed Areas (Amendment) Act, 1989
|The whole
|-
|1989
|16
|The Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Amendment Act, 1989
|The whole
|-
|1989
|17
|The Union Duties of Excise (Distribution) Amendmcrit Act, 1989
|The whole
|-
|1989
|18
|The Additional Duties of Excise (Goods of Special Importance) Amendment Act, 1989
|The whole
|-
|1989
|20
|The Central Industrial Security Force (Amendment) Act, 1989
|The whole
|-
|1989
|21
|The Representation of the People (Amendment) Act, 1989
|Sections 2 to 5
|-
|1989
|25
|The Delhi Motor Vellicles Taxation (Amendment) Act, 1989
|The whole
|-
|1989
|29
|The Employees' State lnsurance (Amendment) Act, 1989
|Sections 2 to 8, 10 to 44, 46 and 47.
|-
|1989
|30
|The Salary, Allowances and Pension of Members of Parliament (Amendment) Act, 1989
|The whole
|-
|1989
|31
|The Working Journalists and other Newspaper Employees (Conditions of Service) and Miscellaneous Provisions (Amendment) Act, 1989
|The whole
|-
|1989
|32
|The High Court and Supreme Court Judges (Conditions of Service) Amendment Act, 1989
|The whole
|-
|1989
|35
|The Nagaland University Act, 1989
|Section 48
|-
|1989
|37
|The Warehousing Corporations (Amendment) Act, 1989
|The whole
|-
|1989
|38
|The General Insurance Business (Nationalisation) Amendment Act, 1989
|The whole
|-
|1989
|39
|The Small Industries Development Bank of India Act, 1989
|Section 53 and the Second Schedule
|-
|1989
|40
|The Customs (Amendment) Act, 1989
|The whole
|-
|1990
|2
|The Representation of the People (Amendment) Act, 1989
|The whole
|-
|1990
|9
|The Criminal Law Amendment (Amending) Act, 1990
|The whole
|-
|1990
|10
|The Code of Crimiral Procedure (Amendment) Act, 1990
|The whole
|-
|1990
|13
|The Union Duties of Excise (Distribution) Amendment Act, 1990
|The whole
|-
|1990
|14
|The Additional Duties of Excise (Goods of Special Importance) Amendment Act, 1990
|The whole
|-
|1990
|16
|The President's Emoluments and Pension (Amendment) Act, 1990
|The whole
|-
|1990
|17
|The Salaries and Allowances of Officers of Parliament (Amendment) Act, 1990
|The whole
|-
|1990
|18
|The Gold (Control) Repeal Act, 1990
|The whole
|-
|1990
|19
|The Commissions of Inquiry (Amendment) Act, 1990
|The whole
|-
|1990
|26
|The Prevention of Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (Amendment) Act, 1990
|The whole
|-
|1990
|27
|The Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities (Amendment) Act, 1990
|The whole
|-
|1991
|1
|The Cantonments (Amendment) Act, 1991
|The whole
|-
|1991
|7
|The Salary and Allowances of Leaders of Opposition in Parliament (Amendment) Act, 1991
|The whole
|-
|1991
|8
|The Reserve Bank of lndia (Amendment) Act, 1991
|The whole
|-
|1991
|9
|The Reserve Bank of India (Second Amendment) Act, 1991
|The whole
|-
|1991
|10
|The Jammu and Kashmir Criminal Law Amendment (Amending) Act, 1991
|The whole
|-
|1991
|31
|The Representation of the People (Amendment) Act, 1991
|The whole
|-
|1991
|32
|The Delhi Municipal Laws (Amendment) Act, 1991
|The whole
|-
|1991
|33
|The Jammu and Kashmir Criminal Law Amendment (Second Amending) Act, 1991
|The whole
|-
|1991
|34
|The Consumer Protection (Amendment) Act, 1991
|Sections 2, 3 and 4
|-
|1991
|35
|The Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Amendment Act, 1991
|The whole
|-
|1991
|38
|The Cancellation of General Elections in Punjab Act, 1991
|The whole
|-
|1991
|40
|The Central Excises and Customs Laws (Amendment) Act, 1991
|The whole
|-
|1991
|42
|The Places of Worship (Special Provisions) Act, 1991
|Section 8
|-
|1991
|43
|The Code of Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Act, 1991
|The whole
|-
|1991
|44
|The Wild Life (Protection) Amendment Act, 1991
|Sections 2 to 21, 23 to 29, clauses (i) and (iii) of section 30 and sections 3 1 to 52.
|-
|1991
|47
|The Voluntary Deposits (Immunities and Exemptions) Act, 1991
|Section 5
|-
|1991
|48
|The Special Protection Group (Amendment) Act, 1991
|The whole
|-
|1991
|50
|The Electricity Laws (Amendment) Act, 1991
|The whole
|-
|1991
|51
|The Indian Succession (Amendment) Act, 1991
|The whole
|-
|1991
|53
|The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess (Amendment) Act, 1991
|The whole
|-
|1991
|54
|The Banking Regulation (Amendment) Act, 1991
|The whole
|-
|1991
|55
|The Customs (Amendment) Act, 1991
|The whole
|-
|1991
|56
|The Tea Companies (Acquisition and Transfer of Sick Tea Units) Amendment Act, 1991
|The whole
|-
|1991
|57
|The Sick Industrial Companies (Special Provisions) Amendment Act, 1991
|The whole
|-
|1991
|58
|The Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices (Amendment) Act, 1991
|The whole
|-
|1991
|59
|The Family Courts (Amendment) Act, 1991
|The whole
|-
|1991
|60
|The Delhi High Court (Amendment) Act, 1991
|Section 3
|-
|1992
|1
|The Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi Act, 1991
|Section 55
|-
|1992
|2
|The Representation of the People (Amendment) Act, 1992
|The whole
|-
|1992
|11
|The Public Liability Insurance (Amendment) Act, 1992
|The whole
|-
|1992
|12
|The Destructive Insects and Pests (Amendment and Validation) Act, 1992
|Section 2
|-
|1992
|13
|The Copyright (Amendment) Act, 1992
|Section 2
|-
|1992
|14
|The Indian Red Cross Society (Amendment) Act, 1992
|The whole
|-
|1992
|15
|[[Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992|The Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992]]
|Section 33 and the Schedule
|-
|1992
|20
|The Parliament (Prevention of Disqualification) Amendment Act, 1992
|The whole
|-
|1992
|21
|The Jammu and Kashrnir State Legislature (Delegation of Powers) Act, 1992
|The whole
|-
|1992
|23
|The Indian Ports (Amendment) Act, 1992
|The whole
|-
|1992
|24
|The Bhopal Gas Leak Disaster (Processing of Claims) Amendment Act, 1992
|The whole
|-
|1992
|26
|The Capital Issues (Control) Repeal Act, 1992
|The whole
|-
|1992
|28
|The Foreign Exchange Conservation (Travel) Tax Abolition Act, 1992
|The whole
|-
|1992
|36
|The Banking Companies (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Amendment Act, 1992
|The whole
|-
|1992
|37
|The Army (Amendment) Act, 1992
|The whole
|-
|1992
|38
|The Representation of the People (Amendment) Act, 1992
|The whole
|-
|1992
|39
|The Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 1992
|The whole
|-
|1993
|1
|The National Highways (Amendment) Act, 1992
|The whole
|-
|1993
|3
|The Salary, Allowances and Pension of Members of Parliament (Amendment) Act, 1992
|The whole
|-
|1993
|4
|The Oilfields (Regulation and Development) Amendment Act, 1993
|The whole
|-
|1993
|5
|The Himachal Pradesh State Legislature (Delegation of Powers) Act, 1993
|The whole
|-
|1993
|8
|The Uttar Pradesh State Legislature (Delegation of Powers) Act, 1993
|The whole
|-
|1993
|9
|The Madhya Pradesh State Legislature (Delegation of Powers) Act, 1993
|The whole
|-
|1993
|10
|The Rajasthan State Legislature (Delegation of Powers) Act, 1993
|The whole
|-
|1993
|26
|The Wild Life (Protection) Amendment Act, 1993
|The whole
|-
|1993
|28
|The Multimodal Transportation of Goods Act, 1993
|Section 31 and the Schedule
|-
|1993
|29
|The Foreign Exchange Regulation (Amendment) Act, 1993
|The whole
|-
|1993
|30
|The Dentists (Amendment) Act, 1993
|The whole
|-
|1993
|31
|The Indian Medical Council (Amendment) Act, 1993
|The whole
|-
|1993
|34
|The Essential Commodities (Special Provisions) Amendment Act, 1993
|The whole
|-
|1993
|35
|The Passports (Amendment) Act, 1993
|The whole
|-
|1993
|37
|The Cine-Workers Welfare Cess (Amendment) Act, 1993
|The whole
|-
|1993
|40
|The Code of Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Act, 1993
|The whole
|-
|1993
|42
|The Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 1993
|The whole
|-
|1993
|43
|The Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Preventioil) Amendment Act, 1993
|The whole
|-
|1993
|47
|The Coal Mines (Nationalisation) Amendment Act, 1993
|The whole
|-
|1993
|48
|The Salary, Allowances and Pension of Members of Parliament (Amendment) Act, 1993
|The whole
|-
|1993
|49
|The Betwa River Board (Amendment) Act, 1993
|Sections 2 and 3
|-
|1993
|50
|The Consumer Protection (Amendment) Act, 1993
|The whole
|-
|1993
|52
|The Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities (Amendment) Act, 1993
|The whole
|-
|1993
|53
|The Prevention of Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (Amendment) Act, 1993
|The whole
|-
|1993
|54
|The Parliament (Prevention of Disqualification) Amendment Act, 1993
|The whole
|-
|1993
|66
|The Extradition (Amendment) Act, 1993
|The whole
|-
|1993
|67
|The Delhi Municipal Corporation (Amendment) Act, 1993
|The whole
|-
|1993
|68
|The Merchant Shipping (Amendment) Act, 1993
|The whole
|-
|1993
|70
|The Advocates (Amendment) Act, 1993
|The whole
|-
|1993
|71
|The President's Emoluments and Pension (Amendment) Act, 1993
|The whole
|-
|1993
|72
|The Supreme Court Judges (Conditions of Service) Amendment Act, 1993
|The whole
|-
|1994
|1
|The Governors (Emoluments, Allowances and Privileges) Amendment Act, 1993
|The whole
|-
|1994
|2
|The High Court and Supreme Court Judges (Condition of Service) Amendment Act, 1993
|The whole
|-
|1994
|3
|The State Bank of India (Amendment) Act, 1993
|The whole
|-
|1994
|4
|The Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners (Conditions of Service) Amendment Act, 1993
|The whole
|-
|1994
|7
|The Public Premises (Eviction of Unauthorised Occupants) Amendment Act, 1993
|The whole
|-
|1994
|8
|The Inland Waterways Authority of India (Amendment) Act, 1993
|The whole
|-
|1994
|9
|The Jute Manufacturers Development Council (Amendment) Act, 1993
|The whole
|-
|1994
|11
|The Census (Amendment) Act, 1993
|The whole
|-
|1994
|12
|The Sick Industrial Companies (Special Provisions) Amendment Act, 1993
|The whole
|-
|1994
|20
|The Banking Regulation (Amendment) Act, 1994
|The whole
|-
|1994
|23
|The Coffee (Amendment) Act, 1994
|The whole
|-
|1994
|24
|The Special Court (Trial of Offences Relating to Transactions in Securities) Amendment Act, 1994
|The whole
|-
|1994
|25
|The Mines and Minerals (Regulation and Development) Amendment Act, 1994
|The whole
|-
|1994
|28
|The Railways (Amendment) Act, 1994
|The whole
|-
|1994
|33
|The Rubber (Amendment) Act, 1994
|The whole
|-
|1994
|34
|The Payment of Gratuity (Amendment) Act, 1994
|The whole
|-
|1994
|35
|The Institutes of Technology (Amendment) Act, 1994
|The whole
|-
|1994
|36
|The Press Council (Amendment) Act, 1994
|The whole
|-
|1994
|37
|The Banking Companies (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Amendment Act, 1994
|The whole
|-
|1994
|38
|The Copyright (Amendment) Act, 1994
|The whole
|-
|1994
|39
|The Anti-hijacking (Amendment) Act, 1994
|The whole
|-
|1994
|40
|The Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against Safety of Civil Aviation (Amendment) Act, 1994
|The whole
|-
|1994
|41
|The Coir Industry (Amendment) Act, 1994
|The whole
|-
|1994
|51
|The Comptroller and Auditor-General's (Duties, Powers and Conditions of Service) Amendment Act, 1994
|The whole
|-
|1994
|54
|The Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Act, 1994
|The whole
|-
|1994
|55
|The Airports Authority of lndia Act, 1994
|Section 45
|-
|1994
|59
|The Legal Services Authorities (Amendment) Act, 1994
|The whole
|-
|1995
|1
|The Contingency Fund of India (Amendment) Act, 1994
|The whole
|-
|1995
|4
|The Special Protection Group (Amendment) Act, 1995
|The whole
|-
|1995
|5
|The Industrial Development Bank of India (Amendment) Act, 1995
|The whole
|-
|1995
|6
|The Customs Tariff (Amendment) Act, 1995
|The whole
|-
|1995
|8
|The Banking Companies (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Amendment Act, 1995
|The whole
|-
|1995
|9
|The Securities Laws (Amendment) Act, 1995
|The whole
|-
|1995
|18
|The Salary, Allowances and Pension of Members of Parliament (Amendment) Act, 1995
|The whole
|-
|1995
|19
|The Cotton Transport Repeal Act, 1995
|The whole
|-
|1995
|24
|The Indian Penal Code (Amendment) Act, 1995
|The whole
|-
|1995
|25
|The Assam University (Amendment) Act, 1995
|The whole
|-
|1995
|26
|The National Highways (Amendment) Act, 1995
|The whole
|-
|1995
|28
|The Recovery of Debts Due to Banks and Financial Institutions (Amendment) Act, 1995
|The whole
|-
|1995
|29
|The Maternity Benefit (Amendment) Act, 1995
|The whole
|-
|1995
|30
|The Workmen's Compensation (Amendment) Act, 1995
|The whole
|-
|1995
|31
|The Union Duties of Excise Distribution Amendment Act, 1995
|The whole
|-
|1995
|32
|The Additional Duties of Excise (Goods of Special Importance) Amendment Act, 1995
|The whole
|-
|1995
|34
|The Payment of Bonus (Amendment) Act, 1995
|The whole
|-
|1995
|38
|The Indian Statistical Institute (Amendment) Act, 1995
|The whole
|-
|1995
|40
|The Sick Textile Undertakings (Nationalisation) Amendment Act, 1995
|The whole
|-
|1995
|41
|The National Commission for Minioritics (Amendment) Act, 1995
|The whole
|-
|1995
|45
|The Research and Development Cess (Amendment) Act, 1995
|The whole
|-
|1996
|1
|The Persons with Disabilities (Equal Opportunities, Protection of Rights and Full Participation) Act, 1995
|Section 74
|-
|1996
|2
|The Uttar Pradesh State Legislature (Delegation of Powers) Act, 1995
|The whole
|-
|1996
|15
|The Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities (Amendment) Act, 1996
|The whole
|-
|1996
|16
|The Prevention of Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (Amendment) Act, 1996
|The whole
|-
|1996
|20
|The Supreme Court and High Court Judges (Conditions of Service) Amendment Act, 1996
|The whole
|-
|1996
|21
|The Representation of the People (Amendment) Act, 1996
|The whole
|-
|1996
|22
|[[Depositories Act|The Depositories Act, 1996]]
|Section 30 and the Schedule
|-
|1996
|23
|The Coal Mines Provident Fund and Miscellaneous Provisions (Amendment) Act, 1996
|The whole
|-
|1996
|24
|The Industrial Disputes (Amendment) Act, 1996
|The whole
|-
|1996
|25
|The Employees, Provident Funds and Miscellaneous Provisions (Amendment) Act, 1996
|The whole
|-
|1996
|29
|The Representation of the People (Second Amendment) Act, 1996
|The whole
|-
|1996
|34
|The Working Journalists and other Newspaper Employees (Conditions of Service) and Miscellaneous Provisions (Amendment) Act, 1996
|The whole
|-
|1996
|35
|The Income-tax (Amendment) Act, 1996
|The whole
|-
|1996
|36
|The Delhi Development (Amendment) Act, 1996
|The whole
|-
|1997
|1
|The Indian Contract (Amendment) Act, 1996
|The whole
|-
|1997
|4
|The Apprentices (Amendment) Act, 1996
|The whole
|-
|1997
|5
|The Companies (Amendment) Act, 1996
|The whole
|-
|1997
|6
|The Special Court (Trial of Offences Relating to Transactions in Securities) Amendment Act, 1997
|The whole
|-
|1997
|7
|The Industrial Reconstruction Bank (Transfer of Undertakings and Repeal) Act, 1997
|Section 14
|-
|1997
|8
|The Depositories Related Laws (Amendment) Act, 1997
|The whole
|-
|1997
|14
|The Income-tax (Amendment) Act, 1997
|The whole
|-
|1997
|15
|The Port Laws (Amendment) Act, 1997
|The whole
|-
|1997
|16
|The NationaI Highways Law (Amendment) Act, 1997
|The whole
|-
|1997
|18
|The National Commission for Safai Karamcharis (Amendment) Act, 1997
|The whole
|-
|1997
|23
|The Reserve Bank of India (Amendment) Act, 1997
|The whole
|-
|1997
|28
|The Rice-Milling Industry (Regulation) Repeal Act, 1997
|The whole
|-
|1997
|29
|The Seamen's Provident Fund (Amendment) Act, 1997
|The whole
|-
|1997
|32
|The Indira Gandhi National Open University (Amendment) Act, 1997
|The whole
|-
|1997
|35
|The Presidential and Vice-Presidential Elections (Amendment) Act, 1997
|The whole
|-
|1998
|4
|The Contingency Fund of India (Amendment) Act, 1998
|The whole
|-
|1998
|7
|The lncome-tax (Amendment) Act, 1998
|The whole
|-
|1998
|9
|The Merchant Shipping (Amendment) Act, 1998
|The whole
|-
|1998
|10
|The Employees' Provident Funds and Miscellaneous . Provisions (Amendment) Act, 1998
|The whole
|-
|1998
|11
|The Payment of Gratuity (Amendment) Act, 1998
|The whole
|-
|1998
|12
|The Representation of the People (Amendment) Act, 1998
|The whole
|-
|1998
|18
|The High Court and Supreme Court Judges (Conditions of Service) Amendment Act, 1998
|The whole
|-
|1998
|22
|The Electricity Laws (Amendment) Act, 1998
|The whole
|-
|1998
|23
|The Interest on Delayed Payments to Small Scale and Ancillary Industrial Undertakings (Amendment) Act, 1998
|The whole
|-
|1998
|24
|The Beedi Workers Welfare Cess (Amendment) Act, 1998
|The whole
|-
|1998
|25
|The President's Emoluments and Pension (Amendment) Act, 1998
|The whole
|-
|1998
|26
|The Salaries and Allowances of Officers of Parliament (Amendment) Act, 1998
|The whole
|-
|1998
|27
|The Governors (Emoluments, Allowances and Privileges) Amendment Act, 1998
|The whole
|-
|1998
|28
|The Salary, Allowances and Pension of Members of Parliament (Amendment) Act, 1998
|The whole
|-
|1998
|29
|The Oilfields (Regulation and Development) Amendment Act, 1998
|The whole
|}

== Amendments ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Act No.
! colspan="2" |Short title
! colspan="4" |Amendments
|-
|1925
|39
| colspan="2" |The Indian Succession Act, 1925
| colspan="4" |In Schedule II, in Part II, in entry (6), for the words "grandparents' children", the words "grandparent's parents' children" shall be substituted.
|-
|1974
|2
| colspan="2" |The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973
| colspan="4" |In the First Schedule, for the entries relating to section 377, the following entries shall be substituted, namely:—
|-
|
|
|1
|2
|3
|4
|5
|6
|-
|
|
|"377
|Unnatural offences
|Imprisonment for life, or imprisonment for ten years and fine.
|cognizable
|Nonbailable
|Magistrate of the first class"
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 2001]]
[[Category:Repealed Indian legislation]]
[[Category:Vajpayee administration]]

Orde Wingate

2026-03-17T01:36:04Z

Mythu09: correct references and added references for clarity

{{short description|British WWII Army general (1903-1944)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=June 2025}}{{Tone|date=June 2025}}}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox military person
|honorific_prefix = [[Major-general (United Kingdom)|Major-General]]
|name= Orde Wingate
|honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|DSO**}}
|image= Ordecharleswingate.jpg
|image_size=
|alt=
|caption=
|nickname=
|birth_date= {{birth date|1903|2|26|df=y}}
|birth_place= [[Nainital]], [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]], [[British Raj|British India]] (now in [[Uttarakhand]], India)
|death_date= {{death date and age|1944|3|24|1903|2|26|df=y}}
|death_place= Near [[Bishnupur, Manipur|Bishnupur]], [[Manipur (princely state)|Manipur State]], British India (now in [[Manipur]], India)
|placeofburial= [[Arlington National Cemetery]]
|allegiance= United Kingdom
|branch= [[British Army]]
|serviceyears= 1921–1944
|rank= [[Major-general (United Kingdom)|Major-general]]
|servicenumber= 27013
|unit= [[Royal Artillery]]
|commands= [[Chindits]] (1942–1944) [[Gideon Force]] (1940–1941)
|battles= [[1936–39 Arab revolt in Palestine]] [[Second World War]]
* [[East African Campaign (World War II)|East African Campaign]]
* [[Burma Campaign]]
|awards= [[Distinguished Service Order]] & [[Medal bar|Two Bars]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=34551 |date=13 September 1938 |page=5831}}; {{London Gazette |issue=35396 |date=26 December 1941 |page=7332}}; {{London Gazette |issue=36120 |date=3 August 1943 |page=3522 |supp=y}}</ref> [[Mentioned in despatches]] (2){{London Gazette |issue=35120 |date=28 March 1941 |page=1872 |supp=y}} [[MacGregor Medal]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=MacGregor Medal|url=https://usiofindia.org/macgregor-medal/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101214120/https://usiofindia.org/macgregor-medal/|archive-date=1 January 2021|access-date=2021-02-13|website=United Service Institution of India|language=en-US}}</ref>
|relations=
|laterwork=
}}
[[Major-general (United Kingdom)|Major-General]] '''Orde Charles Wingate''', {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100|DSO2}} (26 February 1903 – 24 March 1944) was a senior [[British Army]] officer known for his creation of the [[Chindits|Chindit]] deep-penetration missions in Japanese-held territory during the [[Burma Campaign]] of the [[Second World War]].

Wingate was an exponent of unconventional military thinking and the value of surprise tactics. Wingate was a dedicated [[Christian Zionist]].{{sfn|Hughes|2019|p=282}} In [[Mandatory Palestine]], he set up a joint British–Jewish counter-insurgency unit called the [[Special Night Squads]]. Under the patronage of the area commander [[Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell|Archibald Wavell]], Wingate was given increasing latitude to put his ideas into practice during the Second World War. He created units in [[Ethiopian Empire|Abyssinia]] and Burma.

At a time when Britain was in need of morale-boosting generalship, Wingate attracted [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|British Prime Minister]] [[Winston Churchill]]'s attention with a self-reliant aggressive philosophy of war, and was given resources to stage a large-scale operation. The last Chindit campaign may have determined the outcome of the [[Battle of Kohima]], although the offensive into India by the Japanese may have occurred because Wingate's first operation had demonstrated the possibility of moving through the jungle. In practice, both Japanese and British forces suffered severe supply problems and malnutrition.

Wingate was killed in an aircraft accident in March 1944. The casualty rate the Chindits suffered, especially from disease, is a continuing controversy. Wingate believed that resistance to infection could be improved by inculcating a tough mental attitude, but medical officers considered his methods unsuited to a tropical environment.

==Childhood and education==
Wingate, the eldest of three sons, was born on 26 February 1903 at [[Nainital|Naini Tal]] near [[Almora]] in Kumaon, India, into a military family (cousins of the [[Wingate baronets]]).<ref>Bodyguard of Lies, Anthony Cave Brown, Harper and Row, 1975, p. 8</ref><ref>Wingate Pasha: The Life of General Sir Francis Reginald Wingate 1861–1953, R. J. M. Pugh, Pen & Sword Military, 2011, p. 236</ref> His father, Colonel George Wingate (1852–1936),<ref name="oxforddnb.com">{{Cite ODNB|url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-36978|title=Wingate, Orde Charles (1903–1944), army officer|year=2004|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/36978}}</ref> had become a committed member of the [[Plymouth Brethren]] early in his army career in India; at the age of 46, after wooing her for 20 years, he married (Mary) Ethel (1867–1943), the oldest daughter of the Orde Browne family, who were also Plymouth Brethren.<ref name="oxforddnb.com"/><ref>{{Harvnb|Rooney|2000|p=13}}</ref> His father retired from the army two years after Wingate was born.

Most of Wingate's childhood was spent in England. For the first 12 years of his life, he socialised primarily with his siblings.<ref name="Rooney14"/> The seven Wingate children received a Christian education that was typical for that period, and time was set aside each day for studying and memorising the Scriptures.<ref name="Rooney14">{{Harvnb|Rooney|2000|p=14}}</ref>

In 1916, his family moved to [[Godalming]] where Wingate attended [[Charterhouse School|Charterhouse]] as a day boy. He did not board at the school nor did he participate in the activities of a public school education. Instead, he was kept busy at home by his parents, who encouraged their children to tackle challenging projects which fostered independent thought, initiative and self-reliance.<ref>{{harvnb|Rooney|2000|p=15}}</ref>

==Early army career==
After four years, Wingate left Charterhouse and in 1921 he was accepted at the [[Royal Military Academy, Woolwich|Royal Military Academy]] at [[Woolwich]], the [[Royal Artillery]]'s officers' training school. For committing a minor offence against the rules, a first-year student would be subjected to a [[ragging]] ritual named "running". This ritual consisted of the first-year being stripped and forced to [[Running the gauntlet|run a gauntlet]] of senior students, all of whom wielded a knotted towel which was used to hit the accused on his journey along the line. On reaching the end, the first-year would then be thrown into an icy-cold cistern of water.

When it came time for Wingate to run the gauntlet, for allegedly having returned a horse to the stables too late, he walked up to the senior student at the head of the gauntlet, stared at him and dared him to strike. The senior refused. Wingate moved to the next senior and did the same; he too refused. In turn, each senior declined to strike; coming to the end of the line, Wingate walked to the cistern and dived straight into the icy-cold water.<ref name="Rooney17">{{Harvnb|Rooney|2000|p=17}}</ref>

In 1923, Wingate received his Royal Artillery [[commissioned officer|officer's commission]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=32858 |date=31 August 1923 |page=5910}}</ref> and was posted to the 5th Medium Brigade at [[Larkhill]] on [[Salisbury Plain]].<ref name="Rooney17"/> During this period, he was able to exercise his great interest in horse riding, gaining a reputation for his skill (and great success) in point-to-point races and fox hunting, particularly for finding suitable places to cross rivers, which earned him the nickname "Otter".<ref>{{Harvnb|Rooney|2000|p=18}}</ref> It was difficult for a 1920s army officer to live on his pay and Wingate, living life to the full, also gained a reputation as a late payer of his bills.<ref>{{Harvnb|Rooney|2000|p=19}}</ref>

He was promoted to lieutenant on 29 August 1925.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=33079 |date=28 August 1925 |page=5699}}</ref> In 1926, Wingate was posted to the [[Army School of Equitation]], where he excelled, much to the chagrin of the majority of the [[cavalry]] officers at the centre, who found him insufferable; he frequently challenged the instructors, as a demonstration of his rebellious nature.<ref>{{Harvnb|Rooney|2000|p=20}}</ref>

==Sudan, 1928–1933==
Wingate's father's cousin, Sir [[Reginald Wingate]], a retired army general who had been governor-general of the [[Anglo-Egyptian Sudan|Sudan]] between 1899 and 1916 and high commissioner of Egypt from 1917 to 1919, had a considerable influence on Wingate's career.<ref>{{Harvnb|Rooney|2000|pp=20–21}}</ref> He gave him a positive interest in Middle East affairs and in [[Arabic language|Arabic]]. As a result, Wingate applied to take a course in Arabic at the [[School of Oriental Studies]] in London and passed out of the course, which lasted from October 1926 to March 1927, with a mark of 85/100.<ref name="Rooney21">{{Harvnb|Rooney|2000|p=21}}</ref>

In June 1927, with Cousin Rex's encouragement, Wingate obtained six months' leave in order to mount an expedition in the Sudan. Rex had suggested that he travel via Cairo and then try to obtain [[secondment]] to the [[Sudan Defence Force|Sudan Defence Force (SDF)]].<ref name="Rooney21"/> Sending his luggage ahead of him, Wingate set off in September 1927 by bicycle, travelling first through France and Germany before making his way to [[Genoa]] via [[Czechoslovakia]], Austria and [[Yugoslavia]]. From Genoa he took a boat to Egypt. From [[Cairo]] he travelled to [[Khartoum]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Rooney|2000|p=22}}</ref>

In April 1928, his application to transfer to the SDF came through and he was posted to the East Arab Corps, serving in the area of [[Roseires]] and [[Gallabat]] on the borders of [[Ethiopia]], where the SDF patrolled to catch [[slavery|slave]] traders and [[ivory]] [[poaching|poachers]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Rooney|2000|pp=22–23}}</ref> He changed the method of regular patrolling to [[ambush]]es.

In March 1930, Wingate was given command of a company of 300 soldiers with the local rank of {{lang|tr|[[bimbashi]]}} ([[major (United Kingdom)|major]]). He was never happier than when in the bush with his unit, but when at HQ in Khartoum, he antagonised the other officers with his aggressive and argumentative personality.<ref>{{Harvnb|Rooney|2000|p=23}}</ref> He was granted the local rank of captain in the regular army on 16 April 1930.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=33664 |date=25 November 1930 |page=7502}}</ref>

At the end of his tour, Wingate mounted a short expedition into the Libyan desert to investigate the lost army of [[Cambyses II|Cambyses]], mentioned in the writings of [[Herodotus]], and to search for the lost oasis of [[Zerzura]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Rooney|2000|p=24}}</ref> Supported by equipment from the [[Royal Geographical Society]] (the findings of the expedition were published in the ''Royal Geographical Magazine'' in April 1934) and the Sudan Survey Department, the expedition set off in January 1933.<ref>{{Harvnb|Rooney|2000|p=25}}</ref> Although they did not find the oasis, Wingate saw the expedition as an opportunity to test his endurance in a very harsh physical environment, and also his organisational and leadership abilities.<ref>{{Harvnb|Rooney|2000|p=26}}</ref> He concluded his service in the Sudan on 2 April 1933.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=33963 |date=25 July 1933 |page=4964}}</ref>

==Return to the UK, 1933–1936==
On his return to the UK in 1933, Wingate was posted to [[Bulford Camp|Bulford]] on [[Salisbury Plain]] and was heavily involved in retraining, as British artillery units were being mechanised.<ref name="Rooney27">{{Harvnb|Rooney|2000|p=27}}</ref> On the sea voyage from Egypt he met Lorna Moncrieff Patterson, who was 16 years old and travelling with her mother. They were married two years later, on 24 January 1935.<ref name="Rooney27"/>

From 13 January 1935, Wingate was seconded to the [[Army Reserve (United Kingdom)|Territorial Army]] as the adjutant of the 71st (West Riding) Field Brigade, a Territorial Army unit of the Royal Artillery, with the temporary rank of captain.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=34241 |date=10 January 1936 |page=234}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette |issue=34328 |date=2 October 1936 |page=6277}}</ref> He was promoted to the substantive rank of captain on 16 May 1936, and vacated his appointment as adjutant on 8 September.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=34303 |date=10 July 1936 |page=4419}}</ref>

==Palestine and the Special Night Squads==
[[File:Orde Wingate.jpg|thumb|upright|Orde Wingate in Palestine]]
In September 1936, Wingate was assigned to a staff officer position in British-governed [[Mandatory Palestine]], and became an [[intelligence officer]].<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=34337 |date=3 November 1936 |page=7025}}</ref> From his arrival he saw the creation of a [[Jewish State]] in Palestine as being a religious duty, and immediately put himself into absolute alliance with Jewish political leaders. [[Palestinian people|Palestinian Arab]] guerrillas had at the time of his arrival begun a [[1936–39 Arab revolt in Palestine|campaign of attacks]] against both British mandate officials and [[Jews|Jewish]] communities.

Wingate became politically involved with a number of Zionist leaders, and became an ardent [[Christian Zionist]] himself.{{sfn|Hughes|2019|p=282}}<ref name="Masters161">{{Harvnb |Masters|1979|p=161}}</ref> He always returned to Kibbutz [[Ein Harod|En Harod]], because he felt familiar with the biblical judge [[Gideon]], who fought in this area, and used it himself as a military base. He formulated the idea of raising small assault units of British-led Jewish commandos armed with grenades and light infantry small arms to combat the Arab revolt.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kessler |first=Oren |title=Palestine 1936: The Great Revolt and the Roots of the Middle East Conflict |date=2023 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-5381-4880-8 |location=Lanham, Maryland |pages=172–173}}</ref> Wingate took his idea personally to [[Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell|Archibald Wavell]], who was then the commander of British forces in Palestine.

After Wavell gave his permission, Wingate convinced the Zionist [[Jewish Agency]] and the leadership of [[Haganah]], the Jewish armed group. In June 1938, the new British commander, General [[Robert Haining|Haining]], gave his permission to create the [[Special Night Squads]] (SNSs), armed groups formed of British and Haganah volunteers. The Jewish Agency helped pay salaries and other costs of the Haganah personnel. The SNSs were regarded as "well-oiled killing machines",{{sfn|Hughes|2019|p=282}} while another British official called them "just thuggery really".{{sfn|Hughes|2019|p=283}}

Wingate trained, commanded and accompanied them on their patrols. The units frequently ambushed Arab saboteurs who attacked oil [[Pipeline transport|pipeline]]s of the [[Iraq Petroleum Company]], raiding border villages the attackers had used as bases. In these raids, Wingate's men sometimes imposed severe [[collective punishment]]s on the villagers. This included killing innocent Arabs who happened to be in the village but were not involved in blowing up the pipeline.{{sfn|Hughes|2019|p=283}} In another instance, the SNS went into a village, lined up all the male villagers and shot every eighth man.{{sfn|Hughes|2019|p=286}}

These methods were criticised by Wingate's British superiors. Israeli novelist [[Yoram Kaniuk]] wrote about Wingate's brutality.<blockquote>The operations came more frequently and became more ruthless. The Arabs complained to the British about Wingate's brutality and harsh punitive methods. Even members of the field squads complained ... that during the raids on Bedouin encampments Wingate would behave with extreme viciousness and fire mercilessly. Wingate believed in the principle of surprise in punishment, which was designed to confine the gangs to their villages. More than once he had lined rioters up in a row and shot them in cold blood. Wingate did not try to justify himself; weapons and war cannot be pure.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kaniuk |first1=Yoram |translator-last1=Simckes|translator-first1=Seymour |author1-link=Yoram Kaniuk |title=Commander of the Exodus |date=1999 |publisher=Grove Atlantic |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8021-1664-2 }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hughes |first=Matthew |date=2015-08-08 |title=Terror in Galilee: British-Jewish Collaboration and the Special Night Squads in Palestine during the Arab Revolt, 1938–39 |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03086534.2015.1083220 |journal=The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History |language=en |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=590–610 |doi=10.1080/03086534.2015.1083220 |issn=0308-6534}}</ref></blockquote>

Wingate employed various forms of torture against the Arabs, some non-lethal.{{sfn|Hughes|2019|p=287}} Wingate would force sand into villagers' mouths until they vomited.{{sfn|Hughes|2019|p=288}} In one case, when Arab saboteurs had caused an oil leak, he took all the men from an Arab village and threw them into a pool of [[crude oil]].{{sfn|Hughes|2019|p=287-288}}

Wingate disliked Arabs, once shouting at Haganah fighters after a June 1938 attack on a village on the border between Mandatory Palestine and [[Lebanon]], "I think you are all totally ignorant in your [[Ramat Yochanan]] [the training base for the Haganah] since you do not even know the elementary use of bayonets when attacking dirty Arabs: how can you put your left foot in front?"{{#tag:ref|The quote is part of Amatziya Cohen's recollection of Wingate's tutelage.{{sfn|Pappé|2006|p=16}}|group=lower-alpha}} But the brutal tactics proved effective in quelling the uprising, and Wingate was awarded the [[Distinguished Service Order|DSO]] in 1938. In September 1938, after a rebel mine killed the Jewish leader of Ein Harod settlement, Chaim Sturman, Wingate let out a "cry, more a scream than an order" and carried out a reprisal operation on the Arab quarter of [[Beisan]], near the explosion. He ordered "the killing of every Arab discovered in the vicinity of the raid."<ref name=":0" /> <blockquote>"Everybody into the cars!" … . We grabbed our rifles and within a few seconds were all in the cars. Without any plan of action or preparation, with Wingate at our head, we entered the Arab part of Beit Shean, which swarmed with gang members, and began to beat and trample anyone in our path. Wingate himself went out of control, entering stores and destroying whatever was in them. An hour later we returned to Ein Harod.<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>However, his deepening direct political involvement with the Zionist cause and an incident where he spoke publicly in favour of the formation of a Jewish state during his leave in Britain, caused his superiors in Palestine to remove him from command. Wingate was so deeply associated with political causes in Palestine that his superiors considered him compromised as an intelligence officer in the country. He was promoting his own agenda rather than that of the army or the government. In May 1939, he was transferred to Britain. Wingate became a hero of the [[Yishuv]] (the Jewish Community), and was loved by leaders such as [[Zvi Brenner]] and [[Moshe Dayan]], who trained under him and said that Wingate had "taught us everything we know."<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=IC04DwAAQBAJ&dq=crucible+dayan+wingate+we+know&pg=PT152 Crucible], Jonathan Fenby</ref>

==Ethiopia and Gideon Force==
[[File:Orde Wingate Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|right|Orde Wingate enters Addis Ababa on horseback.]]
Wingate was the commander of an anti-aircraft unit in Britain when the [[Second World War]] began. He repeatedly made proposals to the army and government for the creation of a Jewish army in Palestine which would rule over the area and its Arab population in the name of the British. His friend Wavell was commander-in-chief of [[Middle East Command]] based in [[Cairo]], and he invited him to Sudan to begin operations against Italian occupation forces in Ethiopia. He created [[Gideon Force]] under [[William Platt]], the British commander in Sudan, a [[Special Operations Executive]] (SOE) force composed of British, Sudanese, and Ethiopian soldiers. At Khartoum, he and Tony Simonds joined Mission 101 controlled by London and Cairo.
[[File:Haile Selassie, Emperor of Abyssinia, with Brigadier Daniel Arthur Sandford (left) and Colonel Wingate (right) in Dambacha Fort, after it had been captured, 15 April 1941. E2462.jpg|thumb|[[Daniel Sandford (British Army officer)|Daniel Sandford]], [[Haile Selassie|Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie I]], and Wingate in Dambacha Fort]]
Gideon force was named after the biblical judge [[Gideon]] who defeated a large force with a tiny band of men.{{sfn|Allen|1944}} Wingate invited a number of veterans of the Haganah SNS to join him, with the blessing of Ethiopia's Emperor [[Haile Selassie]], and the group began to operate in February 1941. The Italians occupied Ethiopia between 1936 and 1941, and they conducted operations to "pacify" the people which killed about seven per cent of the population.{{sfn|Sullivan|1999|p=188}} There was a huge reservoir of hatred for the Italians as a result, and many Ethiopians were happy to assist Gideon Force. Wingate was temporarily promoted lieutenant colonel and put in command. He again insisted on leading from the front and accompanied his troops in the reconquest of Abyssinia.

Gideon Force harassed Italian forts and their supply lines with the aid of local resistance fighters, while regular army units took on the main Italian army. A small force of no more than 1,700 men took the surrender of about 20,000 Italians toward the end of the campaign. At the end of the fighting, Wingate and the men of Gideon Force linked with the force of Lt. Gen. [[Alan Cunningham]] which had advanced from Kenya in the south, and they accompanied the emperor in his triumphant return to [[Addis Ababa]] that May. Wingate was mentioned in dispatches in April 1941 and was awarded a bar to his DSO in December.

With the end of the [[East African Campaign (World War II)|East African Campaign]] on 4 June 1941, Wingate was removed from command of the dismantled Gideon Force and his rank reduced to that of major. During the campaign, he was irritated that British authorities ignored a request for decorations for his men. They also obstructed his efforts to obtain back pay and other compensation. He left for Cairo and wrote an official report which was extremely critical of his commanders, fellow officers, government officials, and many others. He was also angry that his efforts had not been praised by authorities and that he had been forced to leave Abyssinia without saying farewell to Emperor Selassie. He was most concerned about British attempts to stifle Ethiopian freedom, writing that attempts to raise future rebellions amongst populations must be honest ones and should appeal to justice.

Wingate contracted [[malaria]] soon after this and sought treatment from a local doctor instead of army medical staff because he was afraid that the illness would give his detractors a further excuse to undermine him. This doctor gave him a large supply of the drug [[Atabrine]], which can produce [[Clinical depression|depression]] as a side-effect if taken in high dosages.<ref>{{Harvnb|Rooney|2000|p=73}}</ref> Wingate was already depressed by the official response to his Abyssinian command, and he was also sick with malaria; he attempted suicide by stabbing himself in the neck.<ref name="Masters161"/> Only prompt action by another officer saved him,{{sfn|Rooney|1999|pp=190–191}} and he was sent to Britain to recuperate.

A highly edited version of his report was passed to [[Winston Churchill]] through his political supporters in London, and Secretary of State for India [[Leo Amery]] contacted Wavell, Commander-in-Chief in India commanding the [[South-East Asian Theatre of World War II|South-East Asian Theatre]] to enquire if there were any chance of employing Wingate in the Far East. Wingate was far from pleased with his posting as a "supernumerary major without staff grading", but he left Britain for [[Rangoon]] on 27 February 1942.<ref>{{Harvnb|Rooney|2000|p=75}}</ref>

==Burma==
===Chindits and the first long-range jungle penetration mission===
[[File:The British Army in Burma in 1943 IND2237.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Wingate after his return from operations in Japanese-occupied Burma in 1943]]
Wingate was appointed colonel once more by General Wavell upon arrival in the [[Far East]] in March 1942, and he was ordered to organise guerrilla units to fight behind Japanese lines. However, the precipitate collapse of Allied defences in Burma forestalled further planning, and he flew back to India in April where he began to promote his ideas for jungle [[long-range penetration]] units.<ref>{{Harvnb|Rooney|2000|p=76}}</ref> "Never ask favours", he recalled from his long association with Wavell, "but tell people if they care to help they can come along, that you yourself are going anyway".<ref>Wingate quoted in J. Mulgan, ''Report on Experiences'' (1947) and [[M. R. D. Foot]], ''SOE, The Special Operations Executive 1940–1946'' (1984), p. 9</ref>

Wavell was intrigued by Wingate's theories and gave him the (Indian) 77th Infantry Brigade, from which he created a jungle long-range penetration unit. 77 Brigade was eventually named the [[Chindits]], a corrupted version of a mythical Burmese lion called the ''[[chinthe]]''. By August 1942, he had set up a training centre at [[Dhana]] near Saugor district in [[Madhya Pradesh]] and attempted to toughen up the men by having them camp in the Indian jungle during the rainy season. This proved disastrous, as the result was a very high sickness rate among the men. In one battalion, 70 per cent of the men went absent from duty due to illness, while a [[Gurkha]] battalion was reduced from 750 men to 500.<ref>{{Harvnb|Rooney|2000|p=77}}</ref> Many of the men were replaced in September 1942 by new drafts of personnel from elsewhere in the army.

Meanwhile, he won few friends among the officer corps with his direct manner of dealing with fellow officers and superiors, along with eccentric personal habits. He would eat raw onions because he thought that they were healthy, scrub himself with a rubber brush instead of bathing, and greet visitors to his tent while completely naked.<ref>{{Harvnb|Masters|1979|p=164}}</ref> Wavell's political connections and patronage protected him from closer scrutiny, for he admired Wingate's work in the Abyssinian campaign, but Wingate remained the regimental gadfly always ready to flout the [[King's Regulations]]; he grew a beard in the jungle and allowed his men to do the same. Nevertheless, he won plaudits by his outstanding courage and leadership in the face of the enemy.<ref>T. Holt, ''The Deceivers'', vol. I, p. 10; MRD Foot, SOE (1984) pp. 214–15</ref>

The original 1943 Chindit operation was supposed to be a coordinated plan with the field army,<ref>{{Harvnb|Rooney|2000|pp=79–80}}</ref> but the Army's offensive into Burma was cancelled. Wingate then persuaded Wavell to let him proceed into Burma anyway, arguing the need to disrupt any Japanese attack on [[Sumprabum]] as well as to gauge the utility of long-range jungle penetration operations, and Wavell eventually gave his consent to ''Operation Longcloth''.<ref name="Rooney81">{{Harvnb |Rooney|2000|p=81}}</ref> Wingate set out from [[Imphal]] on 12 February 1943 with the Chindits organised into eight separate columns to cross the [[Chindwin river]].<ref name="Rooney81"/> The force met with initial success in putting one of the main railways in Burma out of action, then Wingate led them deep into Burma and over the [[Irrawaddy River]]. However, they found conditions very different from what their intelligence had led them to expect. The area was dry and inhospitable and criss-crossed by motor roads which the Japanese were able to use to good effect, particularly by intercepting supply drops to the Chindits. They soon began to suffer severely from exhaustion and shortages of water and food.<ref>{{Harvnb|Rooney|2000|p=88}}</ref>

On 22 March, Eastern Army HQ ordered Wingate to withdraw his units back to India. He and his senior commanders considered a number of options to achieve this, but all were threatened by the fact that the Japanese would be able to focus their attention on destroying the Chindit force, having no major army offensive in progress. They finally agreed to retrace their steps to the Irrawaddy, since the Japanese would not expect this, and then disperse to make attacks on the enemy as they returned to the Chindwin.<ref>{{Harvnb|Rooney|2000|p=91}}</ref> By mid-March, the Japanese had three infantry divisions chasing the Chindits, who were eventually trapped inside the bend of the [[Shweli River]].<ref>{{Harvnb |Masters|1979|pp=134–35}}</ref> They were unable to cross the river intact and still reach British lines, so they split into small groups to evade enemy forces. The Japanese paid great attention to preventing air resupply of Chindit columns, as well as hindering their mobility by removing boats from the Irrawaddy, Chindwin, and [[Mu River (Irrawaddy)|Mu]] rivers and actively patrolling the river banks.<ref name="Rooney99">{{Harvnb |Rooney|2000|p=99}}</ref> The force returned to India by various routes during the spring of 1943 in groups ranging from single individuals to whole columns: some directly, others via a roundabout route from China, and always harassed by the Japanese.<ref name="Masters135">{{Harvnb |Masters|1979|p=135}}</ref> Casualties were high, and the force lost approximately one-third of its total strength.<ref name="Masters135"/>

===After-battle analysis===
With the losses incurred during the first long-range jungle penetration operation, many officers in the British and Indian army questioned the overall value of the Chindits. The campaign had the unintended effect of convincing the Japanese that certain sections of the Burma/India Frontier were not as impassable as they previously believed, thus altering their strategic plans. As one consequence, the overall Japanese Army commander in Burma, Gen. [[Masakazu Kawabe]], began planning a 1944 offensive into India to capture the Imphal Plain and Kohima, in order to better defend Burma from future Allied offensives.<ref name="Rooney99"/><ref>{{Harvnb|Masters|1979|p=155}}</ref>

In London, the Chindits and their exploits were viewed as a success after the long string of Allied disasters in the Far East theatre. [[Winston Churchill]], an ardent proponent of commando operations, was, in particular, complimentary toward the Chindits and their accomplishments. The Japanese subsequently admitted that the Chindits had disrupted their plans for the first half of 1943.<ref name="Rooney99"/>

As a propaganda tool, the Chindit operation was used to prove to the army and those at home that the Japanese could be beaten and that British/Indian troops could successfully operate in the jungle against experienced Japanese forces. On his return, Wingate wrote an operations report in which he was again highly critical of the army and even some of his own officers and men. He also promoted more unorthodox ideas such as the idea that British soldiers had become weak by having too easy access to doctors in civilian life. The report was again passed through back channels by Wingate's political friends in London directly to Churchill. The Prime Minister then invited Wingate to London for talks.

Soon after Wingate arrived, Churchill decided to take him and his wife along to the [[Quebec Conference, 1943|Quebec Conference]].{{#tag:ref|British [[Chief of the Imperial General Staff|CIGS]] [[Alan Brooke]] was astonished at this decision. In his ''War Diaries'', Brooke wrote after his interview with Wingate in London on 4 August: "I was very interested in meeting Wingate ... I considered that the results of his form of attacks were certainly worth backing within reason ... I provided him with all the contacts in England to obtain what he wanted, and told him that on my return from Canada I would go into the whole matter with him ... [later] to my astonishment I was informed that Winston was taking Wingate and his wife with him to Canada! It could only be as a museum piece to impress the Americans! There was no other reason to justify this move. It was sheer loss of time for Wingate and the work he had to do in England".<ref>{{Harvnb |Alanbrooke|2001|p=436 entry for 4 August 1943.}}</ref>|group=lower-alpha}} There, Wingate explained his ideas of deep penetration warfare to the [[Combined Chiefs of Staff]] meeting on 17 August.{{#tag:ref|Brooke wrote on 17 August: "Quite a good meeting at which I produced Wingate who gave a first class talk of his ideas and of his views on the running of the Burma campaign".<ref>{{Harvnb|Alanbrooke|2001|p=443.}}</ref>|group=lower-alpha}} Air power, radio, and recent developments in warfare would allow units to establish bases deep in enemy territory, breaching the outer defences, and extend the range of conventional forces. The leaders were impressed, and larger scale deep-penetration attacks were approved. By now, a war-substantive lieutenant-colonel and temporary brigadier, Wingate was promoted to the rank of acting major general on 18 September 1943.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=36194 |date=1 October 1943 |page=4397 |supp=y}}</ref>

===Second long-range jungle penetration mission===
[[File:Chindit leaders Burma 1944 IWM MH 7873.jpg|thumb|right|Wingate with Chindit leaders]]
After his meeting with Allied leaders, Wingate contracted [[typhoid]] by drinking water from a flower vase in a Cairo hotel while on his way back to India.{{sfn|McLynn|2010|p=178}} Doctors were shocked as it was drummed into every serviceman that they should never use such a source as drinking water. His illness prevented him from taking a more active role in training of the new long-range jungle forces.

While Wingate was still in Burma, Wavell had ordered the formation of 111 Brigade, known as the "Leopards", along the lines of the 77 Brigade. He selected Brigadier [[Joe Lentaigne]] as the new commander.<ref name="Masters135"/> Wavell intended that the two brigades would operate in tandem with one engaged on operations while the other trained and prepared for the next operation. However, once back in India, Wingate was promoted to acting major general and was given six brigades. This involved breaking up the experienced [[70th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|70th Division]], which other commanders felt could be better used as a standard "line" division.<ref>{{harvnb|Allen|1984|p=319}}</ref> At first, Wingate proposed to convert the entire front into one giant Chindit mission by breaking up the whole of the Fourteenth Army into Long-Range Penetration units, presumably in the expectation that the Japanese would follow them around the Burmese jungle in an effort to wipe them out.<ref name="Masters163">{{Harvnb|Masters|1979|p=163}}</ref> This plan was hurriedly dropped after other commanders pointed out that the Japanese Army would simply advance and seize the air bases from which Chindit forces were supplied, requiring a defensive battle and substantial troops that the Indian Army would be unable to provide.<ref name="Masters163"/>

In the end, a new long-range jungle penetration operation was planned, this time using all six of the brigades recently allocated to Wingate. The second long-range penetration mission was originally intended as a coordinated effort with a planned regular army offensive against northern Burma, but events on the ground resulted in cancellation of the army offensive, leaving the long-range penetration groups without a means of transporting all six brigades into Burma. Upon Wingate's return to India, he found that his mission had also been cancelled for lack of air transport. Wingate took the news bitterly, voicing disappointment to all who would listen, including Allied commanders such as Colonel [[Philip Cochran]] of the 1st Air Commando Group, which proved to be a blessing in disguise. Cochran told Wingate that cancelling the long-range mission was unnecessary; only a limited amount of aerial transport would be needed since, in addition to the light planes and [[C-47 Dakota]]s Wingate had counted on, Cochran explained that 1st Air Commando had 150 gliders to haul supplies: "Wingate’s dark eyes widened as Phil explained that the gliders could also move a sizable force of troops. The general immediately spread a map on the floor and planned how his Chindits, airlifted deep into the jungle, could fan out from there and fight the Japanese".{{sfn|Allison|2011}}

With his new glider landing option, Wingate decided to proceed into Burma anyway. The character of the 1944 operations differed from those of 1943 in that they aimed to establish fortified bases in Burma out of which the Chindits would conduct offensive patrol and blocking operations. A similar strategy would be used by the French in Indochina years later at [[Battle of Dien Bien Phu|Dien Bien Phu]].

===Operation Thursday===
Wingate planned that part of 77 Brigade would land by glider in Burma and prepare airstrips into which 111 Brigade and the remainder of 77 Brigade would be flown by [[Douglas C-47 Skytrain|C-47]] transport aircraft. Three landing sites, codenamed "Piccadilly", "Broadway" and "Chowringhee" were selected. On the evening of 5 March as Wingate, Lieutenant General [[William Slim, 1st Viscount Slim|Slim]] (the commander of Fourteenth Army), Brigadier [[Michael Calvert]] (the commander of 77 Brigade) and Cochran waited at an airfield in India for 77 Brigade to fly into "Piccadilly", an incident occurred which Wingate's critics later claimed to show his lack of firmness or balance.<ref>{{Harvnb|Masters|1979|p=170}}</ref>

Wingate had forbidden continuous reconnaissance of the landing sites to avoid compromising the security of the operation, but Cochran ordered a last-minute reconnaissance flight which showed "Piccadilly" to be completely obstructed with logs. By Slim's account, Wingate became highly emotional and insisted that the operation had been betrayed, and that the Japanese would have set up ambushes on the other two landing sites. He passed the responsibility for ordering the operation to proceed or to be cancelled to Slim.<ref>{{harvnb|Slim|1956|p=257}}</ref>

Slim ordered that the operation was to go ahead. Wingate then ordered that 77 Brigade would fly into "Chowringhee". Both Cochran and Calvert objected, as "Chowringhee" was on the wrong side of the Irrawaddy and Cochran's pilots were not familiar with the layout. Eventually, "Broadway" was selected instead. The landings were initially a failure, as many gliders crashed ''en route'' or on "Broadway", but Calvert's brigade soon made the landing ground fit to take aircraft, and sent the success signal. It was later found that the logs on "Piccadilly" had been laid there to dry by Burmese teak loggers.<ref>{{harvnb|Slim|1956|p=261}}</ref>

Once all the Chindit brigades (less one which remained in India) had marched or flown into Burma, they established base areas and drop zones behind Japanese lines. By fortunate timing, the Japanese launched an invasion of India around the same time. By forcing several [[pitched battle]]s along their line of march, the Chindit columns were able to disrupt the Japanese offensive, diverting troops from the battles in India.

The value of Wingate's Chindits has been disputed. Field Marshal [[William Slim]] argued that special forces in general had an overall negative effect on the prosecution of war by separating the best-trained and most committed troops from the main army.{{sfn|Slim|1956|pp=546–549}} However, Sir [[Robert Grainger Ker Thompson|Robert Thompson]], a Chindit who went on to become one of "world's leading expert on countering the Mao Tse-tung technique of rural guerrilla insurgency",<ref>{{cite news |date=20 May 1992 |url=http://www.wellesley.edu/Polisci/wj/Vietnam/Obituaries/thompson.htm |title=Obituary: Sir Robert Thompson |newspaper=[[The Times]] |archive-date=1 December 2006 |access-date=14 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061201085639/http://www.wellesley.edu/Polisci/wj/Vietnam/Obituaries/thompson.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> wrote in his autobiography that "Every time I look at the picture of General Slim and his Corps Commanders being knighted by Lord Wavell as Viceroy on the field of battle after Imphal, I see the ghost of Wingate present. He was unquestionably one of the great men of [the 20th] century".{{sfn|Thompson|1989|p=76}}

Regarding Operation Thursday, historian Raymond Callahan, author of ''Churchill and His Generals'' argues that "Wingate’s ideas were flawed in many respects. For one thing, the Imperial Japanese Army did not have Western-style supply lines to disrupt, and tended to ignore logistics generally. When Special Force launched itself into Burma in March 1944, Wingate’s ideas, so enchantingly laid out for Churchill, rapidly proved unworkable."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Callahan|first=Raymond E.|website=The Churchill Centre |url=http://www.winstonchurchill.org/support/the-churchill-centre/publications/finest-hour/issues-109-to-144/no-139/841-the-strange-case-of-the-prime-minister-and-the-fighting-prophetRaymond|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219051715/http://www.winstonchurchill.org/support/the-churchill-centre/publications/finest-hour/issues-109-to-144/no-139/841-the-strange-case-of-the-prime-minister-and-the-fighting-prophetRaymond |url-status=dead|title=The Strange Case of the Prime Minister and the Fighting Prophet|archive-date=19 February 2014}}</ref> However, the Japanese commander, [[Mutaguchi Renya]], later stated that Operation Thursday had a significant effect on the campaign, saying "The Chindit invasion ... had a decisive effect on these operations ... they drew off the whole of 53 Division and parts of 15 Division, one regiment of which would have turned the scales at Kohima".{{sfn|Anglim|2009|p={{page needed|date=May 2017}} }}

==Death==

On 24 March 1944, Wingate flew to assess the situations in three Chindit-held bases in Burma. On his return, he agreed to allow two British war correspondents' request for a lift even though the pilot protested that the plane was overloaded. Flying from [[Imphal]] to Lalaghat, the USAAF [[B-25 Mitchell]] bomber of the [[1st Air Commando Group]] in which he was flying crashed into jungle-covered hills in the present-day state of [[Manipur]] in northeast India, killing all passengers aboard, including Wingate, who died an acting major general.{{sfn|Beevor|2012|p=557}}<ref>{{cite web |author=Dale K. Robinson |title=The 1st Air Commando Group |work=Cochran's Commandos |url=http://members.cox.net/dale_robinson/air_commandos/COCHRAN.pdf |access-date=2010-08-15 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110622112825/http://members.cox.net/dale_robinson/air_commandos/COCHRAN.pdf |archive-date=22 June 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chindits.info/Thursday/DeathWingate.htm |title=Death of Major-General Orde Wingate |website=Chindits.info |access-date=5 August 2010}}</ref>{{sfn|Rooney|2000|p=124}}{{sfn|''Universal Newsreel''|1944}} In place of Wingate, Brigadier (later Lt.-Gen.) [[Walter Lentaigne]] was appointed to overall command of [[Long-range penetration|LRP]] forces. He flew out of Burma to assume command as Japanese forces began their assault on [[Imphal]]. Command of Lentaigne's 111 Brigade in Burma was assigned to Lt. Col. J. R. 'Jumbo' Morris.<ref>{{Harvnb|Masters|1979|pp=217–220 }}</ref>

==Burial==
[[File:ANCExplorer Orde Wingate grave Section 12 Gravestone 288.jpg|thumb|The commingled remains of Wingate and the eight men who died with him were interred at Arlington National Cemetery on November 10, 1950.<ref name="Joplin">{{cite news |last=Associated Press |date=November 10, 1950 |title=Remains of Gen. Wingate are Reburied in U.S. |url= |work=[[The Joplin Globe]]}}</ref>]]

Five of the nine killed in the airplane crash were members of the American flight crew: Lieutenant Brian F. Hodges, [[Spartanburg, South Carolina]]; Lieutenant Stephen A. Wanderer, [[Hamilton, Montana]]; Technical Sergeant James W. Hickey, [[Dallas, Texas]]; Technical Sergeant Frank Sadoski, [[Freeman Spur, Illinois]]; and Staff Sergeant Vernon A. McIninch, [[Purcell, Oklahoma]]. The British victims were Wingate and his aide, Captain George H. Borrow,<ref name="Joplin"/> and two London war correspondents, Stuart Emeny (''[[News Chronicle]]'') and Stanley Wills (''[[Daily Herald (United Kingdom)|Daily Herald]]'').<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=April 3, 1944 |title=Two War Correspondents Killed with General Wingate |url=https://theguardian.newspapers.com/article/the-guardian-wills-and-emeny-killed-with/124221462/ |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=October 15, 2023}}</ref>

The remains of the crew and passengers of the B-25 were initially buried in a common grave close to the crash site 40 miles from [[Imphal]],<ref name="Wingate Body Found">{{cite news |last= |first= |date=April 18, 1947 |title=Wingate's Body Found |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1947/04/18/archives/wingates-body-found-he-died-in-burma-crash.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=October 16, 2023}}</ref> in the village of [[List of populated places in Tamenglong district|Thiulon]].<ref name="Rites">{{cite news |last= |first= |date=November 11, 1950 |title=Rites for Gen. Wingate |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1950/11/11/archives/rites-for-gen-wingate-british-jungle-fighter-and-8-others-buried-at.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=October 16, 2023}}</ref> On April 18, 1947, ''[[The Statesman (India)|The Calcutta Statesman]]'' reported that the grave had been located by the [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission|Imperial War Graves Commission]] and the [[Mortuary Affairs|U.S. Graves Registration Service]].<ref name="Tulsa">{{cite news |last=Associated Press |date=April 18, 1947 |title=Party Finds Body of Gen. Wingate |url= |work=[[Tulsa Tribune]]}}</ref> It was officially announced on April 30, 1947, that the remains had been taken from the original burial site and reinterred at [[Imphal War Cemetery|Imphal Military Cemetery]].<ref>{{cite news |date=April 30, 1947 |title=Wingate's Body Moved to Army Cemetery |url= |work=[[The Winnipeg Tribune]]}}</ref>

United States law required the repatriation of American service members killed and temporarily buried overseas during World War II. Instances in which remains could not be individually identified were difficult when multiple nationalities were involved. In January 1947 the U.S. government proposed that all remains in such cases be returned to the United States for final burial. Negotiations with the U.K. and other Commonwealth governments led to an agreement that when group burials contained a majority of British remains, final disposition would be determined by the British. If the majority of the remains were American, all remains in the group would be returned to the U.S. for burial. Prior consultation with family members was prohibited in either case.<ref name="Hansard">{{cite web |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1950/dec/05/general-wingate-reburial-usa |title=General Wingate (Reburial, U.S.A.)|last= |first= |date=1950-12-05 |website=[[Hansard]] |publisher=[[Parliament of the United Kingdom]] |access-date=October 16, 2023}}</ref>

In December 1949, the remains of Wingate and the other victims of the airplane crash were removed from Imphal Military Cemetery. On November 10, 1950, they were buried at [[Arlington National Cemetery]].<ref name="Hansard"/>

==Commemoration==
[[File:Orde Wingate Square, Jerusalem.jpg|right|thumb|Orde Wingate Square in Jerusalem's [[Talbiya]] neighbourhood]]
In a tribute to Wingate, Churchill called him "one of the most brilliant and courageous figures of the second world war ... a man of genius who might well have become also a man of destiny".<ref>{{cite news |date=13 March 1951 |url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19510313-1.2.50.aspx |title=Wingate a Genius – Churchill |newspaper=The Straits Times |page=3}}</ref>

A [[Chindit Memorial|memorial to Orde Wingate and the Chindits]] stands on the north side of the [[Victoria Embankment]], near [[Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Defence]] headquarters in London. The facade commemorates the Chindits and the four men awarded the [[Victoria Cross]]. The battalions that took part are listed on the sides, with non-infantry units mentioned by their parent formations. The rear of the monument is dedicated to Orde Wingate, and also mentions his contributions to the state of Israel.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chindits.info/Memorial/Main.html|title=Chindit Memorial |website=chindits.info}}</ref>

To commemorate Wingate's great assistance to the Zionist cause, Israel's National Centre for Physical Education and Sport, the [[Wingate Institute]] (''Machon Wingate'', מכון וינגייט) was named after him. A square in the [[Talbiya]] neighbourhood of [[Jerusalem]], Wingate Square (''Kikar Wingate''), also bears his name, as does the [[Yemin Orde]] [[youth village]] near [[Haifa]].{{sfn|Owens|2004}} Numerous other cities and towns in Israel have streets or squares named for Wingate.<ref>[https://www.timesofisrael.com/75-years-after-his-death-why-orde-wingate-remains-a-hero-in-israel/ 75 years after his death, why Orde Wingate remains a hero in Israel]</ref> A Jewish football club formed in London in 1946, [[Wingate Football Club]] was also named in his honour.

The General Wingate School, on the western city limit of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, commemorates Orde Wingate's contribution (along with the Gideon Force and the Ethiopian Patriots) to the liberation of Ethiopia in 1941, following the defeat of the Italian forces in that country.<ref>{{cite web |title=General Wingate School |website=General Wingate School |date=8 May 1955 |url=http://wikimapia.org/1509615/General-Wingate-School |access-date=4 May 2017}}</ref>

A memorial stone in his honour stands in [[Charlton Cemetery]], London, where other members of the Orde Browne family are buried. There is a memorial in Charterhouse School Chapel.

Wingate Golf Club, [[Harare]], Zimbabwe is named after the general and there are photographs of him in the Clubhouse. The club was set up to accommodate Jewish and Catholic members since The Royal Harare Golf Club in the past did not admit either.

The deep-penetration tactics pioneered by the Chindits were adopted by the [[Indonesian National Army]] during the [[Indonesian National Revolution]] against the [[Netherlands]]. As conventional defensive tactics failed to make up for the technological advantage held by the Dutch, Indonesian General [[A.H. Nasution]] ordered Indonesian units to carry out 'Wingate' actions by penetrating into enemy lines and setting up pockets of resistance during the closing stages of the revolution in 1948.

[[File:The New Charterhouse School Chapel DSC 2161.jpg|thumb|upright|A memorial to Wingate at the New Charterhouse School Chapel]]

==Eccentricities==
Wingate was known for various [[Eccentricity (behavior)|eccentric]]ities. For instance, he often wore an alarm clock around his wrist, which would go off at times, and had raw onions and [[garlic]] on a string around his neck, which he would occasionally bite into as a snack (the reason he used to give for this was to ward off mosquitoes). He often went about without clothing. In Palestine, recruits were used to having him come out of the shower to give them orders, wearing nothing but a shower cap, and continuing to scrub himself with a shower brush. Sometimes Wingate would eat only [[grape]]s and onions.{{sfn|Caufield|1981|p=213}}

[[Charles Wilson, 1st Baron Moran|Lord Moran]], Winston Churchill's personal physician, wrote in his diaries that "[Wingate] seemed to me hardly sane – in medical jargon a borderline case."{{sfn|Wilson| 1966|p=115}} Likewise, referring to Churchill's meeting with Wingate in [[Quebec]], [[Max Hastings]] wrote that, "Wingate proved a short-lived protégé: closer acquaintance caused Churchill to realise that he was too mad for high command."{{sfn|Hastings|2009|p=388}}

[[Bernard Law Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein|Field Marshal Montgomery]] told [[Moshe Dayan]] in 1966 that he considered Wingate to have "been mentally unbalanced and that the best thing he ever did was to get killed in a plane crash in 1944."{{sfn|van Creveld|2004|p=115}}
==Historiography==
Wingate's eccentric and strong-willed personality, his reputation for being difficult, advocacy of irregular warfare and his Zionism have led to sharply opposed assessments by historians.{{sfn|Anglim|2015|pp=1–2}} The British historian Simon Anglim called Wingate the most controversial British general of the Second World War as no other British general from that war produced such starkly polarized interpretations.{{sfn|Anglim|2015|pp=1–2}} The Chindit operations have been presented as either costly operations that achieved nothing or inspired operations that tied down Japanese troops that could have been used in the invasion of India.{{sfn|Anglim|2015|p=2}} In Britain, the two opposing tendencies have been for historians to portray him either as a mentally unstable, delusional figure operating well beyond his level of competence as in official works by [[I.S.O. Playfair]] and Woodburn Kirby or alternatively as a visionary, a leader of men noted for his audacity, courage and toughness as in works by Charles Rolo, Bernard Fergusson, Wilfred Burchett, and Leonard Mosley.<ref name="Orlen">{{harvnb|Oren|2001}}</ref>

Attempts to achieve a balance between the opposing views of Wingate were ''Orde Wingate and the Historians'' by Peter Mead, ''Wingate and the Chindits'' by David Rooney and ''Orde Wingate'' by Christopher Sykes.<ref name="Orlen"/> In Ethiopia, Wingate is remembered as liberator from the Italian occupation. In Israel, Wingate's role in creating and leading the SNS, which became the prototype of the [[Israeli Defense Forces]], has made him a national hero, a man celebrated for his Zionism and courage, in the words of the Israeli historian [[Michael Oren]] a "heroic, larger-than-life figure to whom the Jewish people owed a deep and enduring debt".<ref name="Orlen"/>

The two most popular Israeli books about Wingate, both written by SNS veterans, were ''In the Path of Fighters'' by Israel Carmi and ''Orde Wingate: His Life and Works'' by Avraham Akavia.<ref name ="Orlen"/> By contrast, Palestinian historians portrayed Wingate very negatively as a thuggish fanatic who terrorized Palestinian villages during the Arab Revolt.{{sfn|Anglim|2015|p=2}}

In recent years, the Israeli [[New Historians]] have taken a critical view of Wingate with [[Tom Segev]] calling him "quite mad, and perhaps a sadist, too" and a war criminal.<ref name="Orlen"/> Oren has accused Segev of maligning Wingate, arguing that Segev has "edited" accounts by contemporaries to imply that Wingate was present at incidents in Palestine when he was in London at the time.{{sfn|Anglim|2015|pp=91–92}}

==Family==
Orde Wingate's wife was Lorna Paterson who was the daughter of Walter Edward Moncrieff Paterson and the violist [[Alice Ivy Wigmore|Alice Ivy Hay]]. Alice Ivy Hay wrote a [[biography]] of her son-in-law<ref>{{Citation |last1=Bolton |first1=G. C. |title=Alice Ivy Wigmore (1895–1982) |work=Australian Dictionary of Biography |url=https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/wigmore-alice-ivy-15800 |access-date=2024-06-06 |place=Canberra |publisher=National Centre of Biography, Australian National University |language=en |last2=Morant |first2=Andrew}}</ref> titled "''There was a Man of Genius : Letters to my Grandson Orde Jonathan Wingate''" published in 1963.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hay |first=Alice Ivy |url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/There-was-Man-Genius-Grandson/dp/B000S5NQXA |title=There was a Man of Genius : Letters to my Grandson Orde Jonathan Wingate |date=1963-01-01 |publisher=London N. Spearman |edition=First |language=English}}</ref> Orde Jonathan Wingate was a son born six weeks after his death. Lt Col Orde Jonathan Wingate joined the [[Honourable Artillery Company]] after a regular Army career in the Royal Artillery and became the regiment's commanding officer and later regimental colonel. He died in 2000 at the age of 56,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1372902/Lt-Col-Orde-Wingate.html|title=Lt-Col Orde Wingate|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|date=2000-11-03|access-date=2019-07-02|language=en-GB|issn=0307-1235 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> and was survived by his wife and two daughters.

He was also related to [[Reginald Wingate]] and [[Ronald Wingate]]. The [[List of Governors of Malta|Governor of Malta]], Sir [[William Dobbie]], was his uncle. His sister was missionary and linguist [[Rachel O. Wingate]].

==In popular culture==
*In 1976, the [[BBC]] produced a three-part drama called ''Orde Wingate'', based on his life, in which he was played by [[Barry Foster (actor)|Barry Foster]]. The programme was made on a limited budget with reduced or stylised settings. It did not attempt to tell the complete story of his life, but presented key episodes in a non-linear way, mainly his time in [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] but including [[Burma]].{{sfn|Meyer|2017}} Foster reprised his role as Wingate in a 1982 TV movie ''A Woman Called Golda''.
*A fictionalised version of Wingate called "P.P. Malcolm" appears in [[Leon Uris]]'s novel ''[[Exodus (Uris novel)|Exodus]]'', while he also appears in another [[Leon Uris]] novel, ''[[The Haj (novel)|The Haj]]''. Additionally, in [[James Michener]]'s ''[[The Source (novel)|The Source]]'', a reference is made to the "Orde Wingate Forest", which is located in Israel at [[Mount Gilboa]].
*"Wingate and Chindits" is an episode of the documentary TV series ''Narrow Escapes of World War II'' first presented in the United States on the [[Military Channel]] in 2012.
*An episode of ''[[The Real Adventures of Jonny Quest]]'' titled "AMOK" features a highly fictional take on Wingate's legacy in which his death was "a bit of a charade ... and a devilishly clever one at that". While exploring in Borneo, the Quest clan come across a mysterious valley and native village headed by Orde Wingate II, a fictionalized son of the true man. It is explained that during the course of the Second World War, Wingate had come across the valley and befriended the people indigenous to it. Finished with the war and knowing that the [[Allies of World War II|Allied Powers]] were close to winning in the Pacific, Wingate decided to lie low and live out the rest of his life peacefully in the valley, and so faked the plane crash leading to his apparent demise. In order to protect the valley from intruders, he created the identity of the Amok, a savage [[sloth]]-like, [[Bigfoot]] creature based on an Indonesian guardian spirit.
* Wingate is portrayed as a sadistic and fanatical officer in the 2025 film ''[[Palestine 36]]'', played by [[Robert Aramayo]].<ref>https://m.imdb.com/title/tt29271622/characters/nm7075019/?ref_=tt_cst_c_2</ref>.

== Footnotes ==
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

== Citations ==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite book |last=Alanbrooke |first=Field Marshal Viscount Alan Brooke |author-link=Alan Brooke, 1st Viscount Alanbrooke |editor=Alex Danchev and Daniel Todman |year=2001 |title=War Diaries 1939–1945 |publisher=Phoenix Press |isbn=1-84212-526-5 }}
* {{cite news |last=Allen |first=W.E.D. |author-link=William Edward David Allen |date=9 April 1944 |url=http://www.jpress.org.il/Repository/getimage.dll?path=PLS/1944/04/09/4/Img/Pg004_122.png |title=Wingate of the Gideonites |newspaper=The Palestine Post |access-date=10 January 2012 }}
* {{cite book |last=Allen |first=Louis |year=1984 |title=Burma: The longest War |publisher=Dent Publishing |isbn=0-460-02474-4 }}
* {{cite web |last=Allison |first=John (Maj. Gen.) |date=22 July 2011 |url=http://www.specialoperations.net/ColCochran.htm |title=The Most Unforgettable Character I've Met. |publisher=specialoperations.net |access-date=13 September 2008 |archive-date=2 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502085852/http://www.specialoperations.net/ColCochran.htm |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite journal |last=Anglim |first=Simon |year=2009 |title=Major General Orde Wingate's Chindit Operations in World War II |journal=Historical Case Study for the Operating Without a Net Project }}{{full citation needed|date=May 2017}}
* {{cite journal |last=Anglim |first=Simon |year=2015 |title=Orde Wingate and the British Army, 1922–1944 |location=London |publisher=Routledge |pages=1–2, 91–92|journal = Warfare, Society and Culture }}
* {{Cite book |last=Beevor |first=Antony |year=2012 |title=The Second World War|publisher=Back Bay Books |isbn=978-0-316-02374-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Caufield |first=Catherine |year=1981 |title=The Emperor of the United States of America and Other Magnificent British Eccentrics |publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul |isbn=978-0710009579}}
* {{cite book |last=Hastings |first=Max |author-link=Max Hastings |year=2009 |title=Finest Years: Churchill as Warlord, 1940–45 |location=London |publisher=HarperPress |page=388 |isbn= 978-0-00-726367-7 }}
* {{cite book| last= Hughes|first=Matthew |title=Britain's Pacification of Palestine|year=2019}}
* {{cite book |last=Latimer |first=Jon |title=Burma: The Forgotten War |location=London |publisher=John Murray |year=2004 |isbn=0-7195-6575-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Masters |first=John |author-link=John Masters |title=The Road Past Mandalay |publisher=[[Bantam Books]] |year=1979 |isbn=0-553-12662-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/roadpastmandalay00mast}}
* {{Cite book|last=McLynn|first=Frank|title=The Burma Campaign - Disaster Into Triumph 1942 - 45 |publisher=Vintage Books|year=2010|isbn=978-0-099-55178-2|location=London, United Kingdom}}
* {{cite journal |last=Mead |first=Peter W. |title=Orde Wingate and the Official Historians |journal=Journal of Contemporary History |volume=14 |issue=1 |date=January 1979 |pages=55–82 |publisher=Sage Publications |doi=10.1177/002200947901400103 |issn=0022-0094 |jstor=260227 |s2cid=159876741}}
* {{cite web |last=Meyer |first=Aaron |date=4 May 2017 |title=Orde Wingate (TV Series 1976– ) |publisher=IMDb |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0074037/ |access-date=4 May 2017}}
* {{cite book |last=Nath |first=Prithvi |title=Wingate, his relevance to contemporary warfare |publisher=Sterling |location=New Delhi |year=1990 |isbn=81-207-1165-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Officer |first=W.J. |editor=Stone, James H. |title=Crisis Fleeting. Original Reports on Military Medicine in India and Burma in the Second World War |chapter=Book 4: With Wingate's Chindits |publisher=Office of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army |location=Washington D.C. |url=http://history.amedd.army.mil/booksdocs/wwii/CrisisFleeting/default.htm |chapter-url=http://history.amedd.army.mil/booksdocs/wwii/CrisisFleeting/bookfour.htm |id=Library of Congress# 76-600575 |year=1969 |access-date=8 July 2008 |archive-date=3 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203031734/http://history.amedd.army.mil/booksdocs/wwii/CrisisFleeting/default.htm |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite web|last=Oren|first=Michael|date=Winter 2001|title=Orde Wingate: Friend Under Fire |publisher=Azure.online|url=http://azure.org.il/article.php?id=279|access-date=25 October 2016}}
* {{cite web |last=Owens |first=Mackubin Thomas |date=7 May 2004 |title=Wingate's Wisdom |work=[[National Review Online]] |url=http://www.nationalreview.com/owens/owens200405070828.asp}}
* {{cite book |last=Pappé |first=Ilan |author-link=Ilan Pappé |year=2006 |title=[[The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine]] |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Oneworld Publications]] |isbn=978-1-85168-467-0 }}
* {{cite book |last=Rooney |first=David |year=1999 |title=Military Mavericks |publisher=Cassel & Company |pages=190–191 |isbn=0-304-35679-4 }}
* {{cite book |last=Rooney |first=David |year=2000 |orig-year=1994 |title=Wingate and the Chindits |publisher=[[Orion Publishing Group|Cassell Military Paperbacks]] |location=London |isbn=0-304-35452-X }}
* {{cite book |last=Slim |first=William |author-link=William Slim |year=1956 |title=Defeat into Victory |publisher=Cassell |location=London |oclc=1296031 }}
* {{cite book |last=Sykes |first=Christopher |author-link=Christopher Sykes (author) |title=Orde Wingate |publisher=Collins |location=London |year=1959 |oclc=356136 |url=https://archive.org/details/ordewingateabiog011183mbp}}
* {{cite book |first=Lowell |last=Thomas |title=Back to Mandalay |location=New York |publisher=The Greystone Press |year=1951 |oclc=860526 |url=https://archive.org/details/BackToMandalay}}
* {{cite book |contributor-last=Sullivan |contributor-first=Barry |year=1999 |contribution=More than meets the eye: the Ethiopian War and the Origins of the Second World War |title=The Origins of the Second World War Reconsidered |first=A.J.P. |last=Taylor |display-authors=etal |location=London |publisher=Routledge |page=188 }}
* {{cite book |last=Thompson |first=Sir Robert |date=1989 |title=Make for the Hills: The Autobiography of the world's leading Counter Insurgency Expert |publisher=Pen and Sword |isbn=978-0-85052-761-2 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=gNOkAwAAQBAJ&pg=PR7-IA5 76] }}
*{{cite video |year=1944 |title=Video: Campaign in Burma, 1944/04/24 (1944) |publisher=[[Universal Newsreel]] |ref={{harvid|Universal Newsreel|1944}} |url=https://archive.org/details/1944-04-24_Campaign_in_Burma |access-date=22 February 2012}}
* {{cite book |last=van Creveld |first=Martin |year=2004 |title=Moshe Dayan |publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson |isbn=0-297-84669-8}}
*{{cite book |last=Wilson |first=Charles McMoran |author-link=Charles Wilson, 1st Baron Moran |year=1966 |title=Churchill: Taken from the Diaries of Lord Moran |location=Boston |publisher=Houghton Mifflin }}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last1=Bierman |first1=John |last2=Smith |first2=Colin |year=1999 |title=Fire in the Night: Wingate of Burma, Ethiopia and Zion |url=https://archive.org/details/fireinnightwinga00bier |publisher=Random House |location=New York |isbn=0-375-50061-8 |oclc=40595354 }}
* [[Oren Kessler|Kessler, Oren]] (2023). ''Palestine 1936: The Great Revolt and the Roots of the Middle East Conflict.'' Lanham MD: Rowman & Littlefield. {{ISBN|1538148803}}
* {{cite book |last=Rolo |first=Charles J. |year=1944 |title=Wingate's Raiders |location=London |publisher=George G. Harrap & Co.}}
* {{cite book |last=Shirreff |first=David |year=2009 |orig-year=1995 |title=Bare Feet and Bandoliers: Wingate, Sandford, the Patriots and the Liberation of Ethiopia |location=Barnsley |publisher=Pen & Sword Military |isbn=978-1-84884-029-4}}
*{{cite book |last=Thompson |first=Julian F. |title=The Imperial War Museum Book of War Behind Enemy Line |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pYMHAAAACAAJ |date=2001 |publisher=Brasseys |isbn=157488381X}}
*{{cite book|last=Anglim|first=Simon|title=Orde Wingate: Unconventional Warrior: From the 1920s to the Twenty-First Century|publisher=[[Pen and Sword Books]]|year=2023|isbn=978-1783462186}}
* {{cite book |last=Webster |first=Donovan |author-link=Donovan Webster |year=2005 |orig-year=2003 |title=The Burma Road: the epic story of one of World War II's most remarkable endeavours |publisher=Pan Books |location=London |isbn=0-330-42703-2}}
* {{cite book |last=Taylor |first=Thomas H. |year=1988 |title=Born of War |location=New York |publisher=McGraw Hill |isbn=0-07-063192-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Sykes |first=Christopher |year=1959 |title=Orde Wingate, A Biography |location=Ohio |publisher=The World Publishing Company }}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Orde Wingate}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111204222426/http://www.wingatekravmaga.com/orde-charles-wingate-the-friend/ Abi Moriya, "Orde Charles Wingate"]
* [http://www.ordewingate.net Orde Charles Wingate 1903–1944]
*[http://www.shapell.org/manuscript.aspx?hebrew-university-wingate-memorial-weizmann Correspondence Archive between Orde and Lorna Wingate, and Chaim Weizmann] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508103924/http://www.shapell.org/manuscript.aspx?hebrew-university-wingate-memorial-weizmann |date=8 May 2014 }} Shapell Manuscript Foundation
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110318114345/http://www.war-experience.org/history/keyfigures/wingate/default.asp Major General Orde Wingate 1903–1944] Transcript of a lecture given by Trevor Royle in Edinburgh on 17 September 2002 for "The Second World War Experience Centre".
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070205234937/http://www.haydid.org/wingate.htm Orde Wingate – The Friend]
* [http://www.zionism-israel.com/bio/Charles_Orde_Wingate.htm Biography of Orde Charles Wingate]
* [http://www.chindits.info/index.html The Chindits]
* [http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3390306,00.html Nadav Man, "The Friend"]
* [http://www.library.manchester.ac.uk/search-resources/guide-to-special-collections/atoz/orde-wingate-burma-campaign-collections/ Orde Wingate collections] at the [[John Rylands Library]], [[University of Manchester]].
*[https://generals.dk/general/Wingate/Orde_Charles/Great_Britain.html Generals of World War II]
*[https://www.unithistories.com/officers/Army_officers_W02.html#Wingate_OC British Army Officers 1939−1945]
*[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1786487 "In Search of Zerzura"] The Geographical Journal, 83(4), 281–308.
* [https://www.library.manchester.ac.uk/rylands/special-collections/a-to-z/detail/?mms_id=992983876706301631 Orde Wingate Collections] at the [[University of Manchester Library]]

{{Portalbar|United Kingdom}}
{{Authority control}}

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Bombay (soundtrack)

2026-03-07T12:19:30Z

Mythu09: adjust formatting for consistency and cleaned formatting based on references

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Bombay
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| cover = Album bombay cover.jpg
| alt =
| released = 24 December 1994
| recorded = [[Panchathan Record Inn]]
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = {{flatlist|
* [[Film score]]
* [[Filmi]]
* [[Indian classical]]
* [[Qawwali]]
* [[Sufi music|Sufi]]
* [[World music|World]]
}}
| length = 40:50
| label = [[Pyramid Saimira|Pyramid]] [[PolyGram]]
| producer = [[A.R. Rahman]]
| prev_title = [[Gangmaster (film)|Gangmaster]]
| prev_year = 1994
| next_title = [[Indira (film)|Indira]]
| next_year = 1995
}}

'''''Bombay''''' is the soundtrack to the [[Bombay (1995 film)|1995 Indian film of the same name]], with eight tracks composed by [[A. R. Rahman]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Bombay soundtrack by Rahman|publisher=A. R. Rahman Official Website|url=http://www.arrahman.com/v2/discography/films-tamil-bombay.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613144056/http://www.arrahman.com/v2/discography/films-tamil-bombay.html|archive-date=2011-06-13}}</ref> The film was directed by [[Mani Ratnam]], and stars [[Arvind Swamy]] and [[Manisha Koirala]], while the soundtrack album was released on 24 December 1994 by [[Pyramid Saimira|Pyramid]].<ref name="Release">{{cite web|title=Bombay soundtrack release history|publisher=Tripod|url=http://gopalhome.tripod.com/arrdisc.html|access-date=7 August 2010|archive-date=17 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110817095817/http://gopalhome.tripod.com/arrdisc.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Indian film]] was originally a [[Tamil film]] dubbed into [[Hindi]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Malayalam]]. The soundtrack was thus released in multiple languages. The lyrics for the Tamil version were written by [[Vairamuthu]], except for the songs, Humma Humma & Halla Gulla, which was written by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]. The lyrics for the [[Hindi]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] versions were written by [[Mehboob Kotwal|Mehboob]] and [[Veturi]], respectively.

The soundtrack of the film became one of the best-selling [[Indian music]] albums of all time, with sales of 15{{nbsp}}million units.<ref name="sbs">{{cite news|title=The "Mozart of Madras" AR Rahman is Performing LIVE in Australia|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/yourlanguage/hindi/en/audiotrack/mozart-madras-ar-rahman-performing-live-australia|agency=[[SBS (Australian TV channel)|SBS]]|date=14 February 2017|access-date=1 December 2017|archive-date=1 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201145814/https://www.sbs.com.au/yourlanguage/hindi/en/audiotrack/mozart-madras-ar-rahman-performing-live-australia|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2002/sep/21bizsp.htm|title=A R Rahman: Composing a winning score|author=Surajeet Das Gupta, Soumik Sen|publisher=[[Rediff]]|access-date=2002-09-21|archive-date=15 October 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015040951/http://www.rediff.com/money/2002/sep/21bizsp.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The soundtrack was included in ''[[The Guardian]]'''s "1000 Albums to Hear Before You Die" list,<ref name="Guardian">{{cite web|title=100 Best Albums Ever|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=http://www.rocklistmusic.co.uk/guardian100.htm|access-date=2010-02-03|archive-date=10 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410200424/https://www.rocklistmusic.co.uk/guardian100.htm|url-status=usurped}}</ref> and the Hindi version of the song "Kannalane", titled "Kehna Hi Kya" by [[K S Chitra]] was included in their "1000 Songs Everyone Must Hear" list.<ref>{{cite web |title=1000 songs everyone must hear; Part one: Love |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/table/2009/mar/14/love-1000-songs-everyone-must-hear |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140327021720/http://www.theguardian.com/music/table/2009/mar/14/love-1000-songs-everyone-must-hear |archive-date=27 March 2014 |work=The Guardian |date=14 March 2009 |quote="Songs about love across the barricades delivered in a coquettish fashion are something of a staple in Bollywood. Which is why Kehna Hi Kya by AR Rahman is all the more extraordinary. With its extravagant vocal gymnastics and qawwali-esqe devotional wails, this tale of inter-religious attraction set a new standard and leaves you in no doubt that Rahman deserves his India's greatest living composer tag."}}</ref> The song "[[Humma Song|Hamma]]" was later reused in ''[[Ok Jaanu]]'' (2017) as "The Humma Song".<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://zeenews.india.com/people/heres-what-shraddha-kapoor-thinks-about-ok-jaanu-co-star-aditya-roy-kapur_1966367.html|title = Here's what Shraddha Kapoor thinks about 'OK Jaanu' co-star Aditya Roy Kapur!|date = 11 January 2017|access-date = 12 January 2017|archive-date = 12 January 2017|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170112120750/http://zeenews.india.com/people/heres-what-shraddha-kapoor-thinks-about-ok-jaanu-co-star-aditya-roy-kapur_1966367.html|url-status = live}}</ref> "Bombay Theme" has appeared in various international films and music compilations, while "Kannalanae" and "Bombay Theme" have been sampled by various international artists.

==Release==
The soundtrack album was originally released in Tamil in December 1994. Soon after the original released, in 1995 it was also released in [[Hindi language|Hindi]] and in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] by Polygram MIL.<ref name="Release"/>

==Critical reception==
Since its release, the soundtrack for ''Bombay'' has been influential, both nationally and internationally. The soundtrack also found success across India in its dubbed [[Hindi]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] versions. In 2007, the soundtrack was included in ''[[The Guardian]]'''s "1000 Albums to Hear Before You Die" list,<ref name=Guardian/> and the Hindi version of the song "Kannalane", titled "Kehna Hi Kya", was included in their "1000 Songs Everyone Must Hear" list in 2009.<ref name=Guardian/> In 2014, [[BBC Music]] listed ''Bombay'' among their "20 Greatest Soundtracks" of all time, and selected the instrumental "Bombay Theme" as its standout track.<ref name="bbc">{{cite web |title=Sound of Cinema: 20 Greatest Soundtracks |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/playlists/zzzz5h |website=[[BBC Music]] |publisher=[[BBC]] |date=19 August 2014 |access-date=25 December 2018 |archive-date=9 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409185852/https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/playlists/zzzz5h |url-status=dead }}</ref>

A. R. Rahman won the [[Filmfare Best Music Director Award (Tamil)]] for the soundtrack. [[Vairamuthu]] won the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Lyricist]], and [[K. S. Chithra]] won the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Female Playback]] for the song "Kannalane".

==Songs==
===Kannalane===
"Kannalane" is based on [[Qawwali]], a form of Islamic [[Sufi music]].<ref name="Outlook">{{cite news |title=Twenty- Five Magical Years of Allah Rakha Rahman |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/twenty-five-magical-years-of-allah-rakha-rahman/298638 |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |date=24 April 2017 |access-date=26 December 2018 |archive-date=26 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226133649/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/twenty-five-magical-years-of-allah-rakha-rahman/298638 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Rashtriya Sahara |journal=[[Rashtriya Sahara]] |date=1994 |volume=2 |issue=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ihtuAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Sahara India Mass Communication |quote=In the first song, ''Kehna Hi Kya'' (sung by Chitra), Rehman has used the 'solo' kawwali technique, the form which perhaps only late Roshan could have thought of.}}</ref>
[[K. S. Chithra]] won the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Female Playback]] for the song "Kannalane". Backing vocals were sung by A. R. Rahman, [[Sujatha Mohan]], Ganga and Reshmi.

"Kehna Hi Kya", like the other songs on the [[Hindi]] soundtrack, was written by [[Urdu]] lyricist [[Mehboob (lyricist)|Mehboob]]. "Kehna Hi Kya" was included in ''[[The Guardian]]''{{'}}s list of "1000 Songs Everyone Must Hear".<ref name=Guardian/> The Hindi version of the song was also sampled by [[Ciara]] for her 2009 song "[[Turntables (song)|Turntables]]", featuring [[Chris Brown (American singer)|Chris Brown]].

===Bombay Theme===
{{Listen
| filename = Bombay Theme.ogg
| title = "Bombay Theme"
| description = "Bombay Theme" (1995), composed by [[A. R. Rahman]].
| pos = right
}}

The track "Bombay Theme" is an instrumental orchestral piece composed and arranged by A. R. Rahman. It has been sampled by many artists in the world. The track featured in various compilations and films besides being sampled by many major artists. Major [[A. R. Rahman discography#Compilations / additional soundtracks|compilation albums]] on which it appeared include ''Chakra Seven Centers'' (1995; in which it was credited as "Ajna Chakra"), ''[[Anokha - Soundz of the Asian Underground]]'' (1997), ''[[Café del Mar|Café del Mar Vol 5]]'' (1998), ''Ambient Chillout Mix Vol. 1'' (2002) and ''Paradisiac 2'' . The track is alternatively credited as "Bombay Theme Tune," "Mumbai Theme Tune" or "Bombay Theme Music" in compilations. It was featured in the Italian film ''[[Denti]]'' by [[Gabriele Salvatores]] in 2000, in the Palestinian film ''[[Divine Intervention (2002 film)|Divine Intervention]]'' in 2002, in the 2005 Hollywood film ''[[Lord of War]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0399295/soundtrack?ref_=tt_trv_snd|title=Lord of War (2005) - IMDb|website=[[IMDb]]|access-date=30 June 2018|archive-date=27 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927132408/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0399295/soundtrack?ref_=tt_trv_snd|url-status=live}}</ref> and in [[Julian Schnabel]]'s ''[[Miral]]'' (2010).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-13/news-and-interviews/29413027_1_frieda-pinto-miral-julian-schnabel |title=Rahman credits Frieda for getting him Miral - Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=26 January 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629143604/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-13/news-and-interviews/29413027_1_frieda-pinto-miral-julian-schnabel |archive-date=29 June 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/BooksReviews/Jai-ho/Article1-694331.aspx|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629104921/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/BooksReviews/Jai-ho/Article1-694331.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-06-29|title = Jai ho! - Hindustan Times}}</ref> Rahman reused the track as "Bombay Theme Intro" in the score of the 1996 film, ''[[Fire (1996 film)|Fire]]'', by [[Deepa Mehta]]. It also appeared on a French TV commercial for [[Volvic (mineral water)|Volvic]] starring [[Zinedine Zidane]] in 2000. Theme is inbedded in the Song "Still Nr. 1" by Artist Neophyte.
The theme was also sampled by the [[Germany|German]] band [[Löwenherz]] for their song "Bis in die Ewigkeit",<ref>{{YouTube|id=afpx7qJB_ag|title=Löwenherz - Bis in die Ewigkeit}}</ref> and by the American rapper [[Lloyd Banks]] for his song "[[V.5 (mixtape)|Rather By Me]]" (2009).<ref>{{cite news |title=7 Times AR Rahman's Music Inspired International Composers & Made Its Way Into Hollywood Films |url=http://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/7-times-ar-rahman-s-music-inspired-international-composers-made-its-way-into-hollywood-films-256170.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160607104838/http://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/7-times-ar-rahman-s-music-inspired-international-composers-made-its-way-into-hollywood-films-256170.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 June 2016 |access-date=7 June 2016 |work=[[India Times]] |date=6 June 2016}}</ref>

===Humma===
{{Main|Humma Song}}

===Uyire===
The track "Uyire"<ref>{{cite web|title=Bombay Film Soundtrack|url=http://www.arrahman.com/discography_details.aspx?id=55|website=arrahman.com|publisher=A R Rahman|access-date=6 June 2014|archive-date=14 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714194345/http://www.arrahman.com/discography_details.aspx?id=55|url-status=live}}</ref> was among the most popular and acclaimed songs of the 1990s. It was sung by [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], who believes it is the best one he has ever sung.<ref>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20100206180759/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2005/02/05/stories/2005020502590100.htm `I love to sing']}}. [[The Hindu]]. Retrieved 5 February 2005.</ref> After composing the song, Rahman had three choices for the vocalist - [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. J. Yesudas]] and Hariharan. Rahman says: "I had three options for that song. SPB sir, Yesudas sir, Hariharan. Then I imagined all of them singing it. Since I had not heard Hari in a non-ghazal kind of song, I decided to take the gamble. Then when he did, he had a whole new flavour for the song."<ref>Saraswathy Nagarajan. {{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20110125093832/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2006/06/16/stories/2006061600920100.htm Of rhythm and soul ]}}. [[The Hindu]]. Retrieved 16 June 2006.</ref> The song also incorporates elements of [[Sufi music]].<ref name="Outlook"/>

The female vocals have been provided by [[K. S. Chithra]] for Tamil and Telugu, and the Hindi version was sung by [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]. The song was called "Tu Hi Re" in [[Hindi]] while it was called "Urike Chilaka" in [[Telugu language|Telugu]]. The Hindi version was first sung by [[K.S.Chithra]] but music company wanted Hindi singer to sing henceforth it was sung by [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]. The background voice was by [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]] & [[Sunandha]]

The song was shot at Bekal Fort in Kerala.

==Track listing==
The Tamil track "Andha Arabic Kadaloram" had two different versions. The original release contained only A. R. Rahman's version; whereas the re-released version contained the rap portions by Remo Fernandes which were recorded for the Hindi dubbed version.
{{tracklist
| headline = Tamil
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_music = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| title1 = Antha Arabic Kadaloram (Humma Humma)
| extra1 = [[A. R. Rahman]], [[Swarnalatha]], [[Suresh Peters]]
| length1 = 5:11
| lyrics1 = [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
| title2 = Kannalanae
| extra2 = [[K. S. Chithra]], A. R. Rahman, chorus ([[Sujatha Mohan]], Reshmi, Ganga)
| length2 = 5:48
| lyrics2 = [[Vairamuthu]]
| title3 = Uyire Uyire (Raga Charukeshi)
| extra3 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], K. S. Chithra, Sunandha (humming)
| length3 = 7:14
| lyrics3 = [[Vairamuthu]]
| title4 = Kuchi Kuchi Rakamma
| extra4 = Hariharan, Swarnalatha, [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]], Bombay Saradha, [[Shweta Mohan]]
| length4 = 5:01
| lyrics4 = [[Vairamuthu]]
| title5 = Poovukkenna Poottu (Halla Gulla)
| extra5 = Noel James, [[Annupamaa|Anupama]], [[Malgudi Subha]], Srinivas, Pallavi
| length5 = 5:55
| lyrics5 = [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
| title6 = Bombay Theme
| extra6 = [[Instrumental]]
| length6 = 5:17
| title7 = Malarodu Malaringu
| extra7 = [[Sujatha Mohan]], [[Anuradha Sriram]], chorus
| length7 = 2:43
| lyrics7 = [[Vairamuthu]]
| title8 = Idhu Annai Bhoomi
| extra8 = Sujatha Mohan, Noel James, [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]], Sivanesan, Ganga Sreenivasan, Renuka, Anuradha Sriram
| length8 = 3:28
| lyrics8 = [[Vairamuthu]]
| title9 = Antha Arabic Kadaloram
| extra9 = [[A. R. Rahman]], [[Swarnalatha]], Remo Fernandes, [[Suresh Peters]]
| length9 = 5:11
| lyrics9 = [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
| note9 = Rap Vocals by Remo Fernandes
| all_writing =
| title10 =
| length10 =
| title11 =
| length11 =
| title12 =
| length12 =
| title13 =
| length13 =
| title14 =
| length14 =
| title15 =
| length15 =
| title16 =
| length16 =
| title17 =
| length17 =
| title18 =
| length18 =
| title19 =
| length19 =
| title20 =
| length20 =
| total_length =
}}

{{tracklist
| headline = Hindi (including Urdu)
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_lyrics = [[Mehboob Kotwal|Mehboob]]
| all_music = A. R. Rahman
| title1 = Hamma Hamma
| extra1 = Remo Fernandes, [[A. R. Rahman]], Suresh Peters & Swarnalatha
| length1 = 5:10
| title2 = Kehna Hi Kya
| extra2 = K. S. Chithra, A. R. Rahman, chorus ([[Sujatha Mohan]], Reshmi, Ganga)
| length2 = 5:48
| title3 = Tu Hi Re (Raga Charukeshi)
| extra3 = Hariharan, [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]], Sunandha (humming)
| length3 = 7:14
| title4 = Kuchi Kuchi Rakkamma
| extra4 = [[Udit Narayan]], Kavita Krishnamurthy, G. V. Prakash Kumar, Sharadha
| length4 = 5:01
| title5 = Kuch Bhi Na Socho
| extra5 = Pallavi, Shubha, Anupama, Noel James, Srinivas
| length5 = 5:55
| title6 = Bombay Theme
| extra6 = Instrumental
| length6 = 5:18
| title7 = Aankhon Mein Ummeedon
| extra7 = [[Sujatha Mohan]], Chorus
| length7 = 2:43
| title8 = Apna Zameen Yeh
| extra8 = [[Sujatha Mohan]], Noel James, Srinivas, Sivanesan, Ganga Sreenivasan, Renuka, Anuradha Sriram
| length8 = 3:28
| all_writing =
| title9 =
| length9 =
| title10 =
| length10 =
| total_length =
}}

{{tracklist
| headline = Telugu
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_lyrics = [[Veturi]]
| all_music = A. R. Rahman
| title1 = Adi Arabi Kadalandam
| extra1 = Remo Fernandes, Suresh Peters, A. R. Rahman, Swarnalatha
| length1 = 5:10
| title2 = Kannanule
| extra2 = K. S. Chithra, A. R. Rahman, chorus ([[Sujatha Mohan]], Reshmi, Ganga)
| length2 = 5:48
| title3 = Urike Chilaka
| extra3 = Hariharan, K. S. Chithra
| length3 = 7:14
| title4 = Kuchi Kuchi Koonamma
| extra4 = Hariharan, Swarnalatha, G. V. Prakash Kumar, Sharadha
| length4 = 5:01
| title5 = Poolakundi Komma
| extra5 = Pallavi, Shubha, Anupama, Noel James, Srinivas
| length5 = 5:55
| title6 = Kulamela Mathamela
| extra6 = Sujatha Mohan, chorus
| length6 = 2:43
| title7 = Bombay Theme
| extra7 = Instrumental
| length7 = 5:18
| title8 = Idhu Maathrubhoomi
| extra8 = K.S.Chithra, Shankar Mahadevan, Sujatha Mohan, Noel James, Srinivas, Sivanesan, Ganga Sreenivasan, Renuka, Anuradha Sriram
| length8 = 3:28
| all_writing =
| title9 =
| length9 =
| title10 =
| length10 =
| total_length =
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{A. R. Rahman}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bombay (Soundtrack)}}
[[Category:A. R. Rahman soundtracks]]
[[Category:Tamil film soundtracks]]
[[Category:1995 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:Hindi-language albums]]
[[Category:Urdu-language albums]]
[[Category:Hindi film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Filmi soundtracks]]
[[Category:Qawwali albums]]
[[Category:Sufi music albums]]
[[Category:World music albums by Indian artists]]
[[Category:Albums recorded in India]]

Ravi Bopanna

2026-03-03T12:10:16Z

Mythu09: new initial article added tags

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Short description|2022 Kannada-language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ravi Bopanna
| image = Ravi Bopanna poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Official poster
| native_name = 
| director = [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|Ravichandran]]
| writer = Ravichandran
| screenplay =
| story = [[Shahi Kabir]]
| based_on = ''[[Joseph (2018 film)|Joseph]]'' (2018)
| producer = Ravichandran Ajeeth
| starring = Ravichandran [[Radhika Kumaraswamy]] [[Kavya Shetty]]
| narrator =
| cinematography =
| editing = Ravichandran
| music = Ravichandran
| studio = 
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2022|8|12}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Ravi Bopanna''''' is a 2022 Indian Kannada-language film directed by [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|Ravichandran]] and stars himself in the title role. He also produced the film, composed the music, and edited the film. The film is a remake of 2018 Malayalam film ''[[Joseph (2018 film)|Joseph]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2022 |title=Ravi bopanna gets ready to hit the screens on aug 12 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/jul/19/ravi-bopanna-gets-ready-to-hit-the-screens-on-aug-12-2477969.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812150415/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/jul/19/ravi-bopanna-gets-ready-to-hit-the-screens-on-aug-12-2477969.html |archive-date=12 August 2022 |access-date=14 August 2022 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 May 2022 |title=Ravi Bopanna will be a magical, musical entertainer: Ravichandran |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/interviews/2022/may/30/ravi-bopanna-will-be-a-magical-musical-entertainer-ravichandran-31846.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530033946/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/interviews/2022/may/30/ravi-bopanna-will-be-a-magical-musical-entertainer-ravichandran-31846.html |archive-date=30 May 2022 |access-date=14 August 2022 |website=Cinema Express}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*[[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|Ravichandran]] as Ravi Bopanna
*[[Radhika Kumaraswamy]] as Radhika
*[[Kavya Shetty]] as Spoorthy
*[[Mohan Shankar|Mohan]]
*[[Ramakrishna (Kannada actor)|Ramakrishna]]
*[[Jai Jagadish]]
*[[Ravishankar Gowda]]
*[[Sudeepa]] as Advocate Vidyuth Verma (cameo appearance)

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote that "‘Ravi Bopanna’ confuses the audiences as they can't make out if they should understand Ravichandra's philosophies or enjoy the film. Ravichandra and other artistes are impressive so is the cinematography".<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 August 2022 |title='Ravi Bopanna' review: A visual treat and nothing else |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/ravi-bopanna-review-a-visual-treat-and-nothing-else-1135682.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814071456/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/ravi-bopanna-review-a-visual-treat-and-nothing-else-1135682.html |archive-date=14 August 2022 |access-date=14 August 2022 |website=Deccan Herald}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' said that "The movie is strictly for Ravichandran fans".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ravi Bopanna Movie Review: This one is Ravichandran's signature 'cocktale' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/ravi-bopanna/movie-review/93520452.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812131524/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/ravi-bopanna/movie-review/93520452.cms |archive-date=12 August 2022 |access-date=14 August 2022 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' said that "Ravichandran’s fans will enjoy this flick as he is the hero as well as the villain and also as crazy as they love him to be.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ravi Bopanna movie review: This film can drive fans crazy |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/ravi-bopanna-movie-review-this-film-can-drive-fans-crazy/articleshow/93530173.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814071444/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/ravi-bopanna-movie-review-this-film-can-drive-fans-crazy/articleshow/93530173.cms |archive-date=2022-08-14 |access-date=2022-08-14 |website=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref> A critic from ''[[HT Media|OTT Play]]'' said that "While the film’s tone, pacing, or treatment are nowhere close to the original, the Crazy Star elements might help them wade through the lackluster writing and execution".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ravi Bopanna review: Crazy Star Ravichandran's version of the Malayalam hit 'Joseph' is unconvincing, dull |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/ravi-bopanna-review-crazy-star-ravichandrans-version-of-the-malayalam-hit-joseph-is-unconvincing-dull/a108e2306c250 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814071414/https://www.ottplay.com/review/ravi-bopanna-review-crazy-star-ravichandrans-version-of-the-malayalam-hit-joseph-is-unconvincing-dull/a108e2306c250 |archive-date=14 August 2022 |access-date=14 August 2022 |website=OTTPlay}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 August 2022 |title=Ravi Bopanna Review: ರವಿ ಬೋಪಣ್ಣ ಭೇದಿಸುವ ಕೊಲೆ ರಹಸ್ಯದ ಕಥೆಗೆ ಶೃಂಗಾರವೇ ಅತಿ ಭಾರ |url=https://tv9kannada.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/ravichandran-starrer-ravi-bopanna-movie-fails-to-impress-audience-mdn-au42-427025.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812211553/https://tv9kannada.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/ravichandran-starrer-ravi-bopanna-movie-fails-to-impress-audience-mdn-au42-427025.html |archive-date=12 August 2022 |access-date=14 August 2022 |website=TV9 Kannada |language=Kannada}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ravi Bopanna Review: ಪ್ರೇಮ, ಶೃಂಗಾರ, ಅಪರಾಧದ ಮಧ್ಯೆ ನರಳಾಡುವ 'ರವಿ ಬೋಪಣ್ಣ' |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/review/ravichandran-kavya-shetty-radhika-kumaraswamy-starrer-ravi-bopanna-movie-review-rating-in-kannada/moviereview/93523548.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812135847/https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/review/ravichandran-kavya-shetty-radhika-kumaraswamy-starrer-ravi-bopanna-movie-review-rating-in-kannada/moviereview/93523548.cms |archive-date=12 August 2022 |access-date=14 August 2022 |website=Vijay Karnataka|language=kn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ravi Bopanna Film Review: ಹೂವಿನ ಲೋಕದಲ್ಲಿ ತನಿಖಾ ಜಾಡು ಹಿಡಿದ ಬೋಪಣ್ಣ |url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/movie-reviews/ravichandran-kannada-movie-ravi-bopanna-film-review-vcs-rgjdym |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814071527/https://kannada.asianetnews.com/movie-reviews/ravichandran-kannada-movie-ravi-bopanna-film-review-vcs-rgjdym |archive-date=14 August 2022 |access-date=14 August 2022 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|11991676|Ravi Bopanna}}

{{V. Ravichandran}}
[[Category:2022 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]
[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ravichandran (Kannada actor)]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Malayalam films]]

Siragan (film)

2026-03-03T02:25:24Z

Mythu09: Adding New Stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name =
| image = Siragan (film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Venkateshwaraj
| writer = Venkateshwaraj
| producer = Durka Patric
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Gajaraj]]
* [[Jeeva Ravi]]
* Vinoth Gd
}}
| cinematography = Setai Sikkender
| music = Ram Ganesh K
| studio = Mad film Production
| distributor = Uthraa Productions
| released = {{film date|2024|04|20|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Siragan''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Crime film|crime thriller film]] written and directed by Venkateshwaraj. The film stars [[Gajaraj]], [[Jeeva Ravi]] and Vinoth Gd. The film was produced by Durka Patric under the banner of Mad Film Production.

== Cast ==
* Gajaraj as Kaalidas
* Vinoth GD as Inba
* [[Jeeva Ravi]] as Sundar
* [[Ananth Nag (Tamil actor)|Ananth Nag]] as Mr. X
* Harshitha Ram as Kayal
* Malik Rafiq as Fahad
* Balaji Venkatraman as Gowtham
* Pooventhan as Poo
* Fouzil hidhaya as Nithya
* Sanu Sankar as Jegan

== Reception ==
''[[Maalai Malar]]'' critic wrote that "The strength of the film is that it tells the story of a murder from every angle of the character."<ref>{{Cite web |last=maalaimalar |date=2024-04-19 |title=Siragan |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/siragan-158592 |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=www.maalaimalar.com |language=ta}}</ref> ''[[Thinaboomi]]'' critic stated that "Even though he is angry at his daughter's condition, his calmness in his actions adds tremendous strength to the screenplay."<ref>{{Cite web |title=சிறகன் விமர்சனம் |url=https://thinaboomi.com/2024/04/22/225144.html |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=தின பூமி |language=ta}}</ref> ''[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]]'' rated two star out of five and wrote that "If the team worked on the way of telling the story, they could have enjoyed 'Siragan' even more if they had managed to tell the story in a compelling way."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-21 |title=திரை விமர்சனம்: சிறகன் |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1233719-siragan-movie-review.html |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt32094431}}

[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Sai Kiran

2026-02-18T15:14:04Z

Mythu09: improved article

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox person|
| name =
| image =
| caption =
| parents = [[V. Ramakrishna|Ramakrishna Vissamraju]] Jyothi Vissamraju
| othername = SKR, Sai Kiran Ram
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1978|5|8}}
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[India]]
| spouse = Sravanthi Saikiran
| occupation = [[Actor]]
| yearsactive = 2000–present
}}

'''Sai Kiran Vissamraju''' (born 8 May 1978), known professionally as '''Sai Kiran Ram''', is an Indian actor who predominantly works in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Malayalam]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] Television serials along with several [[Telugu Cinema|Telugu films]].

==Personal life==
He is the son of [[V. Ramakrishna]] who has sung more than 5000 songs in Telugu movies for stars like NTR, ANR, Sobhan babu, Krishnamraju, Krishna and many more in Telugu Film Industry. His Mother V.Jyothi is also a famous singer from Doordarshan Channel back in the 70s famously known as Jyothi Kanna.
His grandmother is famous playback singer P. Susheela's sister. Saikiran has involved himself in many animal rescue organizations, including the Blue Cross of Hyderabad and [[Friends of Snakes Society]].

He is engaged with a number of spiritually-related organisations.

Saikiran in 2024 wed his costar named Sravanthi.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.cinejosh.com/telugu-events/2304/4/sai-kiran-vaishnavi-marriage-reception-stills.html | title=Sai Kiran Vaishnavi Marriage Reception Stills }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tirumala.org/ |title=Home |website=tirumala.org |access-date=13 November 2011 |archive-date=2 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202094950/http://www.tirumala.org// |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Career ==
He was born in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]. He made his début with the hit film ''[[Nuvve Kavali]]''. This was followed by a string of successful films, including ''[[Preminchu]]'', ''Manasunte Chaalu'', and ''[[Satta (2004 film)|Satta]]''.

He has also worked in television serials, appearing as Hindu deities such as Krishna, Vishnu, and Venkateshwara.His well known serials in Tamil are [[Thangam (TV series)|Thangam]] and [[Vamsam (TV series)|Vamsam]], he made his debut in Malayalam industry with the serial
[[Vanambadi (TV series)|Vanambadi]] which is remake of Telugu serial ''koyilamma'' he plays the same role in both languages.

His first appearance as Vishnu was in ''Shiva Leelalu'', which was made during the golden days of Ushakiran movies, e.t.v.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.totaltollywood.com/interviews/Saikiran_2040.html |title=Saikiran - Interviews in Telugu Movies |access-date=2011-11-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929110410/http://www.totaltollywood.com/interviews/Saikiran_2040.html |archive-date=29 September 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

He is also into music, He released his first Rock music single on Lord Shiva named "Shivastaan".

== Filmography ==

* ''All films are in Telugu, unless otherwise noted.''

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
!Notes
! Ref.
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Nuvve Kavali]]'' || Prakash
| || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-nuvvekavali.html | title=Telugu Cinema - Nuvve Kavali Review - Tarun, Richa Sharma & Sai Kiran }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2001 || ''[[Preminchu]]'' || Suresh
| || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/preminchu/telugu/preminchu-movie-reviews-833-2.html|title=Preminchu review: Preminchu (Telugu) Movie Review - fullhyd.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''Raave Na Cheliya'' || Shekhar
| || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/raave-naa-cheliya/telugu/raave-naa-cheliya-movie-reviews-173-2.html|title=Raave Naa Cheliya review: Raave Naa Cheliya (Telugu) Movie Review - fullhyd.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Darling Darling (2001 film)|Darling Darling]]'' || Kiran
| || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mrg-darling.html | title=Telugu Cinema - Review - Darling - Srikanth, Shaheen, Sai Kiran - V Samudra - Medikonda Murali krishna }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2002 || ''Entha Bagundo'' || Sriram
| || <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mrg-enthabagundo.html | title=Telugu Cinema - Review - Entha Bagundo - Laya, Sai Kiran, Rohit - Tammareddy Bharadwaja }}</ref>
|-
|''Manasunte Chaalu'' || Hari
| || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/coming/manasuntechalu.html | title=Telugu Cinema - Preview - Manasunte Chalu - Sai Kiran, Jennifer, Sivaji - Usha Kiron Movies }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2003||''Hitech Students'' || Sai
| || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mrg-hitechstudents.html | title=Telugu Cinema - Review - Hitech Students - Sai Kiran, Akash }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Aadanthe Ado Type]]'' || Brinda's fiancé
| || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-aat.html | title=Telugu cinema review - Aadanthe Ado Type - Aryan Rajesh, Sivaji, Bhumika Chawla, Anitha & Sindhu }}</ref>
|-
| ''Utsaaham'' || Vineeth
| ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2004
| ''[[Kaani (film)|Kaani]]'' || Karthik
| || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-kaani.html | title=Telugu cinema Review - Kaani - Sai Kiran, Meera, Jyothi }}</ref>
|-
| ''Pelli Kosam'' ||
| ||
|-
| ''Sardar Chinnappa Reddy'' ||
| ||
|-
| ''[[Satta (2004 film)|Satta]]'' || Chakravarthy
| || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-satta.html | title=Telugu cinema Review - Satta - Sai Kiran, Madhumita - Pavan }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2005 || ''[[Jagapati]]'' ||
| ||
|-
| ''Devi Abhayam'' || Rahul
| ||
|-
| ''Manasa'' ||
| ||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Gopi – Goda Meeda Pilli]]'' || Kiran
| ||
|-
| 2007 || ''Suvarna'' ||
| ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2009 || ''Vengamamba'' || Lord Venkateswara
| || <ref>{{cite web|title='Vengamamba' Review: Must Watch By All Telugus|date=17 July 2009|website=greatandhra.com|last=Arikatra|first=Venkat|url=https://www.greatandhra.com/movies/reviews/vengamamba-review-must-watch-by-all-telugus-14891|access-date=24 February 2025}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ajantha (2009 film)|Ajantha]]'' || Dr. Aravinth
|| Multilingual film ||
|-
| 2010 || ''Ramdev'' ||
| ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Ayudha Porattam]]'' || Sai
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]] film ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2012 || ''Bullabbai - Kantichooputho Champesthadu'' ||
| ||
|-
| ''[[Shirdi Sai]]'' || [[Vishnu]], [[Rama]] and [[Krishna]]
| ||
|-
| ''[[Sri Vasavi Vaibhavam]]'' || [[Vishnuvardhana]] ||
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/sri-vasavi-vaibhavam/movie-review/17277991.cms|title=Sri Vasavi Vaibhavam Movie Review|work=[[The Times of India]]|first=Karthik|last=Pasupulate|date=16 November 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826234550/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/Sri-Vasavi-Vaibhavam/movie-review/17277991.cms|archive-date=26 August 2016|access-date=8 February 2025}}</ref>
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Jagadguru Adi Shankara]]'' ||
| ||
|-
| rowspan="4" |2014 || ''Kshanam'' ||
| ||
|-
| ''Sri Vasavi Kanyaka Parameswari Charitra'' || Vishnu
| ||
|-
| ''Raamudu Kadu Krishnudu'' ||
| ||
|-
| ''Jagadguru Sri Kaasi Naaina Charithra'' ||
| ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2017 || ''Tholi Kiranam'' ||
| ||
|-
| ''[[Sapthagiri LLB]]'' || Albert Pinto
| ||
|-
| ''[[Nakshatram (film)|Nakshatram]]'' || Police officer
| ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2022 ||''Shiva Darshanam''|| Chakrapani Ranganathudu
| ||
|-
|''[[Bimbisara (film)|Bimbisara]]''|| Vishwanandan Varma's elder son
| ||
|-
|''Geetha''|| Bhagawan
| ||
|-
|''[[Rowdy Inspector (2022 film)|Rowdy Inspector]]''|| Santosh
|[[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] film||
|-
|}

== Television ==
{|class="wikitable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Year
! Serial
! Role
! Channel
! Language
|-
|2000||''Sivaleelalu''||[[Lord Vishnu]] ||[[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]]||rowspan=2|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
|2007||''Sri Narada Leelalu''||[[Maha Vishnu]]||[[Star Maa|Maa TV]]
|-
|2010–2013||[[Thangam (serial)|''Thangam'']]|| Selvakannan ||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
|2010–2011||[[Asoakavanam|''Sundarakanda'']]|| Ajai||[[Gemini TV]]||rowspan=4|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
|2010–2012 || ''Srushti''|| [[Maha Vishnu]] ||[[SVBC TV]]
|-
|2011–2013 || ''Auto Bharathi''|| Aditya Ram ||[[Gemini TV]]
|-
|2012||''Sudigundalu''|| ||[[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]]
|-
|2013–2017|| [[Vamsam (TV series)|''Vamsam'']] || Ponnurangam / S.S.Pandian|| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
|2014||''Sivaleelalu''|| [[Mahavishnu]]||[[ETV Telugu|ETV]]||rowspan=7| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
|2015||''Surya Bhagawan''||[[Lord Surya]]||rowspan=5|[[SVBC TV]]
|-
|2016||''Sree Narayana Theerthulu''||[[Lord Vishnu]]
|-
|2016||''Venkateshwara Vaibhavam''||[[Lord Venkateshwara]]
|-
|2016|| ''Thirupathamma Kadha''||[[Krishna]]
|-
|2016||''Puranakathalu''||[[Lord Vishnu]]
|-
|2016–2020 || ''Koyilamma''|| Manoj Kumar || [[Star Maa|Maa TV]]
|-
|2017–2020||[[Vanambadi (TV series)|''Vanambadi'']]||Mohan Kumar||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]|| [[Malayalam]]
|-
|2019 ||[[Abhilasha (TV series)|''Abhilasha'']]||Vishnu Vardhan||[[Gemini TV]]|| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
|2020||[[Mounaragam (2019 TV series)|''Mounaragam'']]||Mohan Kumar||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]|| [[Malayalam]]
|-
|2020–2021||[[Inti Guttu (TV series)|''Intiguttu'']]||Ajay||[[Zee Telugu]]||rowspan=6|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
|2020–2024|| [[Guppedantha Manasu|''Guppedantha Manasu'']] ||Mahendra Bhushan||[[Star Maa]]
|-
|2022||''Wow 3''||Contestant||[[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]]
|-
|2022–present||''Padamati Sandhya Ragam''|| Raghu Ram ||[[Zee Telugu]]
|-
|2025||''Bhanumathi''||Bala Ram ||[[Star Maa]]
|-
|}

== Web series ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Show !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Mandakini (web series)|Mandakini]]''
| Samrat Varma
| Web series on [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]]
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Event
! Category
! Serial
!result
! Language
|-
|2016||Bullitera Awards 2016||Special jury||Koilamma||{{won}}|| Telugu
|-
|2017||Asianet Television Awards 2017||Best New Face Male||[[Vanambadi (TV series)|Vanambadi]]||{{won}}|| Malayalam
|-
|2017||StarmaaTelevision Awards 2017||Best Actor ||koilamma||{{won}}|| Telugu
|-
|2017||Star maa Television Awards 2017||Best brother ||koilamma||{{won}}|| Telugu
|-
|2018||Asianet Television Awards 2018||Most Popular Actor||[[Vanambadi (TV series)|Vanambadi]]||{{won}}|| Malayalam
|-
|2019||Asianet Television Awards 2019||Most Popular Actor||[[Vanambadi (TV series)|Vanambadi]]||{{won}}|| Malayalam
|-
|2019||VB entertainment Awards 2019||Best Actor ||Koilamma |Koilamma||{{won}}|| Telugu
|-
|2021||TV9 entertainment Awards 2021||Best Actor ||Guppedantha manasu |Guppedantha manasu||{{won}}|| Telugu
|-
|2021||Starmaa Parivaar Awards||Best Father ||Guppedantha manasu |Guppedantha manasu||{{won}}|| Telugu
|-
|2022||Padmamohana TV Awards 2021||Best Actor ||Guppedantha manasu |Guppedantha manasu||{{won}}|| Telugu
|-
|2023||Padmamohana TV Awards 2022||Special Jury ||Guppedantha manasu |Guppedantha manasu||{{won}}|| Telugu
|-
|2023||StarMaa Parivaar Awards ||Best Father ||Guppedantha manasu |Guppedantha manasu||{{won}}|| Telugu
|-
|2023||Zee Telugu Kutumbam Awards ||Best Husband ||Padamati Sandhya Ragam |Padamati Sandhya Ragam ||{{won}}|| Telugu
|-
|2024||Zee Telugu Kutumbam Awards ||Best Hero ||Padamati Sandhya Ragam |Padamati Sandhya Ragam ||{{won}}|| Telugu
|-
|2025||Zee Telugu Kutumbam Awards ||Evergreen Couple Janaki-Raghuram ||Padamati Sandhya Ragam |Padamati Sandhya Ragam ||{{won}}|| Telugu

|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kiran, Sai}}
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu television]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Tamil male television actors]]

Ayanambakkam

2026-02-15T10:37:24Z

Mythu09: Started basic info basic info

{{short description|Neighbourhood in Tiruvallur district, Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}

{{Infobox place
| name = Ayanambakkam
| settlement_type = Locality
| pushpin_map = India Chennai#India Tamil Nadu#India
| coordinates = {{coord|13|04|32|N|80|09|04|E|region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil|Taluk]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tiruvallur district|Tiruvallur]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Poonamallee block|Poonamallee]]
| elevation_m = 15
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 600095
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in India|STD code]]
| registration_plate = TN-09
}}

'''Ayanambakkam''' is a rapidly developing residential neighbourhood in the [[Poonamallee block|Poonamallee Block]] of [[Tiruvallur district|Tiruvallur District]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. Situated approximately 14 kilometres west of central [[Chennai]], Ayanambakkam forms a part of the city’s expanding western suburban corridor.

Its close proximity to neighbourhoods such as Vanagaram, Athipet, and Mogappair has contributed to its steady transformation into a residential hub.
The locality has experienced significant growth in recent years, driven by its strategic location, improving infrastructure, and convenient access to key commercial centres.

Ayanambakkam is governed by both [[Greater Chennai Corporation]] and [[Avadi City Municipal Corporation|Avadi City Corporation]].

== Geography ==
Ayanambakkam is situated to the north of [[Cooum River]], west of Chennai - Tiruthani - Renigunta Road. Its average elevation is 15 metres above the sea level.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ayanambakkam topographic map, elevation, terrain |url=https://en-gb.topographic-map.com/map-v118m2/Ayanambakkam/?center=13.07488,80.15501 |access-date=18 June 2023 |website=Topographic maps |language=en}}</ref>

== Climate ==
Ayanambakkam has a [[Tropical savanna climate|Tropical Savanna Climate]] (As) according to the [[Köppen climate classification|Köppen Climate Classification]]. It sees the most amount of precipitation in November, with 228 mm of average rainfall; and the least precipitation in February, with 9 mm of average rainfall.
{{Weather box
| width = auto
| collapsed = Yes
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| location = Ayanambakkam
| Jan high C = 28.0
| Feb high C = 30.1
| Mar high C = 32.7
| Apr high C = 34.7
| May high C = 36.7
| Jun high C = 35.5
| Jul high C = 34.3
| Aug high C = 33.3
| Sep high C = 32.6
| Oct high C = 30.7
| Nov high C = 28.6
| Dec high C = 27.5
| Jan mean C = 24.2
| Feb mean C = 25.3
| Mar mean C = 27.4
| Apr mean C = 29.7
| May mean C = 31.5
| Jun mean C = 31.0
| Jul mean C = 30.1
| Aug mean C = 29.3
| Sep mean C = 28.7
| Oct mean C = 27.3
| Nov mean C = 25.7
| Dec mean C = 24.6
| year mean C =
| Jan low C = 20.7
| Feb low C = 21.0
| Mar low C = 23.1
| Apr low C = 26.2
| May low C = 28.0
| Jun low C = 27.7
| Jul low C = 27.0
| Aug low C = 26.3
| Sep low C = 25.9
| Oct low C = 24.6
| Nov low C = 23.2
| Dec low C = 21.9
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 17
| Feb rain mm = 9
| Mar rain mm = 11
| Apr rain mm = 18
| May rain mm = 48
| Jun rain mm = 68
| Jul rain mm = 70
| Aug rain mm = 99
| Sep rain mm = 110
| Oct rain mm = 223
| Nov rain mm = 228
| Dec rain mm = 113
| source = Climate-Data.org<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ayanambakkam climate: Temperature Ayanambakkam & Weather By Month - Climate-Data.org |url=https://en.climate-data.org/asia/india/tamil-nadu/ayanambakkam-294097/ |access-date=18 June 2023 |website=en.climate-data.org}}</ref>
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{Chennai topics}}
[[Category:Suburbs of Chennai]]

Abdul Sattar Khan (producer)

2026-02-14T20:36:22Z

Mythu09: Started basic post initial version

{{short description|Indian film director and producer (born 1954)}}
{{For|the politician|Abdul Sattar Khan (politician)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Notability|1=Biographies|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Abdul Sattar Khan
| image =
| caption =Abdul Sattar Khan Indian Film Director and Producer
| birth_name =
| birth_place = [[Bikaner]] [[Rajasthan]] [[India]]
| birth_date = 21 December 1954
| parents = Ibrahim Khan Poud & Subhani Poud
| children =
| occupation = [[Film director|Director]], [[Film producer|producer]]
| spouse =
| relatives =
}}

'''Abdul Sattar Khan''' (born 21 December 1954) is an [[Indian film]] director and producer who has produced numerous [[Bollywood]] films including: ''[[Ek Baar Chale Aao]]'', ''[[Tujhe Nahin Chhodunga]]'' and ''[[In India Today]]'' as director. His forthcoming{{when|date=October 2018}} film as director and producer is ''[[Atal Faisla]]'', from his production house A.S.S Films.

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Producer
! Notes
|-
|1983
|''[[Ek Baar Chale Aao]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|-
|1989
|''[[Tujhe Nahin Chhodunga]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|-
|1994
|''[[In India Today]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|-
|2018
|''[[Atal Faisla]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|}

==References==
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.movietalkies.com/movies/cast/15930/in-india-today |title=Movies |publisher=Movie Talkies |date= |accessdate=2017-06-25}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibosnetwork.com/asp/filmbodetails.asp?id=In+India+Today |title=In India Today - Starring Ali Khan, Anil Kochar, Bharat Kapoor, Iqbal Khan, Malti, Meghna Srivastava, Meher Mittal, Sadashiv Amrapurkar. |website=Ibosnetwork.com |date=1991-03-22 |accessdate=2017-06-25}}</ref>
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|1331244|Abdul Sattar}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sattar Khan, Abdul}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film producers from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Hindi film producers]]

{{India-film-bio-stub}}

Shruti Seth

2026-02-12T02:42:43Z

Mythu09: Article updated with improved flow

{{short description|Indian actress and video jockey (born 1977)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shruti Seth
| birth_name = Shruti S Seth
| image = Shruti Seth graces Festivelle Boss Lady event (05).jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Seth in 2018
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1977}}<ref>{{cite tweet|number=180920977360830465|user=SethShruti|title=Happy I was born in 1977|accessdate=2022-03-24|language=en|date=2012-03-17}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Mumbai, Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[Actress]], [[model (person)|Model]]
| children = 1
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Danish Aslam]]|2010}}
| yearsactive = 2001–present
| known_for = [[The Suite Life of Karan & Kabir]],
[[Shararat (TV series)]]
}}

'''Shruti Seth''' (born 1977) is an Indian actress and [[video jockey]]. Having begun her career as television show host, she gained wider recognition with her roles as comedian in several television shows and the [[Bollywood|Hindi film industry]].

Born and brought up in Mumbai, Maharashtra, Seth graduated [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai|St. Xavier's College]] with a degree in [[economics]]. She ventured into a modelling career and began hosting television shows for [[Channel V]]. A significant turning point came in her career when she cast in the role of Jiya Malhotra, a teenage in [[Star Plus]]'s comedy series [[Shararat (TV series)|''Shararat'']] (2003–06). The show's popularity grew over the years and Seth gained prominence for her performance.

Seth made her film debut in 2003 with [[Waisa Bhi Hota Hai Part II|''Waisa Bhi Hota Hai Part'' II]], and later earned praise for her supporting roles in top-grossing productions{{emdash}}[[Fanaa (2006 film)|''Fanaa'']] (2006) and ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]'' (2008). Seth starred in [[Disney Channel]]'s original series ''[[The Suite Life of Karan & Kabir]]'' and continued to host such television shows as the [[Comedy Circus|''Comedy Circus series'']].

==Personal life==
Seth attended Ashok Academy and graduated from [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai]] with a degree in [[Economics]] and [[Commerce]]. She is married to film director [[Danish Aslam]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Shruti Seth, Danish Aslam tie the knot|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/bollywood/shruti-seth-danish-aslam-tie-the-knot-59850|publisher=[[NDTV]]|access-date=18 March 2011|author=Mid-day.com|date=15 October 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011144909/http://www.ndtv.com/article/bollywood/shruti-seth-danish-aslam-tie-the-knot-59850|archive-date=11 October 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and together they have a daughter named Alina.<ref>{{cite web|title=Shruti Seth – Danish Aslam name their newborn, Alina aslam|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Shruti-Seth-Danish-Aslam-name-their-newborn-Alina/articleshow/39623849.cms|author=Sen, Debarati S|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 August 2014|access-date=29 October 2015|archive-date=13 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151013103755/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Shruti-Seth-Danish-Aslam-name-their-newborn-Alina/articleshow/39623849.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
Seth is of [[Punjabi Hindu]] origin.<ref>{{cite tweet|number=249486412175527936|user=SethShruti|title=Just to clarify once & for allI'm NOT GUJRATI; I'm PUNJABI & I was born in BOMBAY. I hope this puts an end to the incessant questions.|date=22 September 2012}}</ref>

A controversy arose when Aslam commented on [[Twitter]] in critique of [[Prime Minister of India|Indian Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]]'s #''selfiewithdaughter'' campaign for women and girls, which he announced in his ''[[Mann Ki Baat]]'' radio address. After this she started to receive abuse through Twitter and social media. This resulted in members of the media and Bollywood defending her against the abuse.<ref>[http://www.firstpost.com/living/you-maybe-next-to-get-abused-like-kavita-krishnan-shruti-seth-and-twitter-will-do-nothing-2318970.html You maybe next to get abused like Kavita Krishnan, Shruti Seth, and Twitter will do nothing] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705074826/http://www.firstpost.com/living/you-maybe-next-to-get-abused-like-kavita-krishnan-shruti-seth-and-twitter-will-do-nothing-2318970.html |date=5 July 2015 }}. Firstpost. Retrieved on 22 September 2015.</ref><ref>[http://www.news18.com/news/live-news/tv-actress-shruti-seth-faces-abuse-on-twitter-for-criticising-pm-over-his-selfiewithdaughter-campaign-761845.html TV actress Shruti Seth faces abuse on Twitter for criticising PM over his #selfiewithdaughter campaign] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707162830/http://www.news18.com/news/live-news/tv-actress-shruti-seth-faces-abuse-on-twitter-for-criticising-pm-over-his-selfiewithdaughter-campaign-761845.html |date=7 July 2015 }}. News18.com. Retrieved on 22 September 2015.</ref><ref>[http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/selfie-with-daughter-controversy-bollywood-supports-shruti-seth-115070500124_1.html 'Selfie with daughter' controversy: Bollywood supports Shruti Seth | Business Standard News] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707173548/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/selfie-with-daughter-controversy-bollywood-supports-shruti-seth-115070500124_1.html |date=7 July 2015 }}. Business-standard.com. Retrieved on 22 September 2015.</ref><ref>[http://www.financialexpress.com/article/lifestyle/showbiz/selfie-with-daughter-controversy-over-modi-bollywood-supports-shruti-seth/95250/ ‘Selfie with daughter’ controversy over Modi: Bollywood supports Shruti Seth] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707060013/http://www.financialexpress.com/article/lifestyle/showbiz/selfie-with-daughter-controversy-over-modi-bollywood-supports-shruti-seth/95250/ |date=7 July 2015 }}. The Financial Express (5 July 2015). Retrieved on 22 September 2015.</ref>

==Career==

===Television roles===
Seth started her career as a guest relation executive at the [[The Taj Mahal Palace Hotel|Taj Mahal Hotel, Bombay]]. She began modelling at the same time "to make some pocket money", and was soon offered guest roles in a few television shows.<ref name="wf">{{cite web|url=https://www.womenfitness.org/shruti-seth/|title=Actress Shruti Seth Unveils The Mom Life|work=Women Fitness|date=17 March 2020|access-date=19 April 2020|archive-date=7 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107084408/https://www.womenfitness.org/shruti-seth/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=All TV shows look the same: Shruti Seth|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/television/all-tv-shows-look-the-same-shruti-seth/article1-998164.aspx|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=7 January 2015|date=22 January 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109032054/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/television/all-tv-shows-look-the-same-shruti-seth/article1-998164.aspx|archive-date=9 January 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="28 January 2013">{{cite web|title=Live audience most satisfying: Shruti Seth|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/idiotbox/live-audience-most-satisfying-shruti-seth_127005.html|publisher=[[Zee News]]|access-date=7 January 2015|date=28 January 2013|archive-date=18 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718055409/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/idiotbox/live-audience-most-satisfying-shruti-seth_127005.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Seth then hosted such successful shows as ''First Day First Show'' and ''Junglee Jukebox'' on [[Channel V]]. She said, in a later interview, that it was her time as a [[video jockey]] and [[television presenter]] on the channel "that firmly put me on the map."<ref name="TOI">{{cite news|title=The TRP game is skewed: Shruti Seth|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/The-TRP-game-is-skewed-Shruti-Seth/articleshow/5825488.cms|publisher=Times of India|access-date=19 June 2010|date=18 April 2010|archive-date=24 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100424124406/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/The-TRP-game-is-skewed-Shruti-Seth/articleshow/5825488.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:An event at Koh hosted by Shruti Seth 02.jpg|thumb|Seth in a promotional event in 2012.]]
Seth auditioned for a role in the [[Star Plus]] sitcom ''[[Shararat (sitcom)|Shararat]]''. Co-starring [[Farida Jalal]] and [[Eva Grover]], the show followed the life of teenager who, on her eighteenth birthday, discovers she has magical powers. Seth was cast in the lead role; her performance received positive response from critics and fans. The show was in itself a surprise success and ran for three years on the network.<ref name="WF">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/thodi-comedy-thodi-shararat-shruti-seths-career-has-been-a-laughter-ride-lifetv-980236-2017-05-31|title=Thodi Comedy Thodi Shararat: Shruti Seth's career has been a laughter ride|work=[[India Today]]|last=Uniyal|first=Parmita|date=31 March 2017|access-date=19 April 2020|archive-date=29 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729185539/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/thodi-comedy-thodi-shararat-shruti-seths-career-has-been-a-laughter-ride-lifetv-980236-2017-05-31|url-status=live}}</ref>

Seth went on to star in other television show including ''[[Kyun Hota Hai Pyarrr]]'', ''[[Des Mein Niklla Hoga Chand]]'', and ''[[Rishta.com]]'' on [[Sony Entertainment Television]]. On ''Rishta.com'', she said in an interview that, "They (the Yash Raj serials) haven't got any TRPs at all. But it's not for the people who are watching TV in the first place. The whole TRP game is very skewed. I don't believe that in a population of over a billion people, 15,000 households decide what the entire country wants to watch. This lot of Yash Raj was conceptualised for those who are not watching TV". She further said in the same interview that "All our loyal audience for my serial on TV is in [[London]], [[United States|America]], [[South Africa]], [[Australia]]. It's not that the Indians will not like it, it's just sad that they are not aware of it, because the publicity has been disappointing". She has also hosted several seasons of ''[[Comedy Circus]]'' on Sony Channel.<ref name="TOI" />

===Film career===
Seth has starred in a few films. On moving from television to films, she stated that, "I haven't really moved on to anything. It's not that I would not do TV and only do films. Yes, more avenues have started opening for me. I am game for doing something exciting on any medium – stage, celluloid or TV".<ref name="TOI" /> She is probably best known for her role as Fatima "Fatty" in ''[[Fanaa (2006 film)|Fanaa]]'' (2006) with [[Aamir Khan]] and [[Kajol]]. She starred in ''[[Tara Rum Pum]]'', produced by [[Yash Raj Films]] and made an appearance in [[Prakash Jha]]'s film ''[[Raajneeti]]'' in 2010. On her role in ''Rajneeti'', she said in an interview that "I am hoping that my hard-hitting role in ''Rajneeti'' will change my being typecast, because it is the most unlikely character one would expect me to play".<ref name="TOI" />

==Filmography==

===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"| Notes
! class="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
| 2003
| ''[[Waisa Bhi Hota Hai Part II]]''
| Barista member
| Special appearance
|
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Fanaa (2006 film)|Fanaa]]''
| Fatima "Fatty" Ali
|
|<ref name=Seth>{{cite news|title=Shruti Seth's brother directs Rishta.com|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/shruti-seth-s-brother-directs-rishta.com/555415/|publisher=The Indian Express|access-date=18 December 2009|archive-date=25 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725103328/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/shruti-seth-s-brother-directs-rishta.com/555415|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Ta Ra Rum Pum]]''
| Sasha
|
|
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]''
| Call Center Instructor
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2009
| ''[[Anubhav (2009 film)|Anubhav]]''
| Antara
|
|
|-
| ''[[Aagey Se Right]]''
| Suhasi Mathur
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/movies-we-wish-you-d-seen-in-2009-imagegallery-thumbnail-bollywood-jmwmNqcebhdsi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113124340/http://www.sify.com/movies/movies-we-wish-you-d-seen-in-2009-imagegallery-thumbnail-bollywood-jmwmNqcebhdsi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 November 2017|title=Movies we wish you'd seen in 2009|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Raajneeti|Rajneeti]]''
| Party worker
|
|
|-
| 2011
| ''[[My Friend Pinto]]''
| Suhani Sharma
|
|<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/20111017-vj-shruti-seth-my-friend-pinto-747965-2011-10-07|title=VJ Shruti Seth talks about his role in 'My Friend Pinto'|website=India Today|date=8 October 2011 |access-date=23 March 2024|archive-date=29 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240729200811/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/20111017-vj-shruti-seth-my-friend-pinto-747965-2011-10-07|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Kadakh]]''
| Alka
|
|
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"| Notes
! class="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
| 2001
| ''[[Ssshhhh...Koi Hai]]''
| Anjali
| Episode: "Khel Khel Mein"
|
|-
| 2001–2002
| ''[[Maan (Indian TV series)|Maan]]''
| Khuswant "Khushi" Kaur Maan
|
|
|-
| 2002
| ''[[Des Mein Niklla Hoga Chand]]''
|
|
|<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/all-tv-shows-look-the-same-shruti-seth/story-2o6TPHTWIVoWAg2228jxaN.html|title=All TV shows look the same: Shruti Seth|date=22 January 2013|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=2 February 2020|archive-date=2 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202044947/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/all-tv-shows-look-the-same-shruti-seth/story-2o6TPHTWIVoWAg2228jxaN.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2002–2004
| ''[[Kyun Hota Hai Pyarrr]]''
| Ramya
|
|
|-
| 2003–2006
| ''[[Shararat (TV series)|Shararat]]''
| Jiya Malhotra
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/throwback-thursday-shararat-magical-karanvir-bohra-shruti-seth-lifetv-961078-2017-02-16|title=Throwback Thursday: These naughty and cute relationships made Shararat magical|website=India Today|access-date=28 June 2023|archive-date=8 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208060822/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/throwback-thursday-shararat-magical-karanvir-bohra-shruti-seth-lifetv-961078-2017-02-16|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2003
| ''Kuch Kar Dikhana Hai''
| rowspan="3"| Host
|
|
|-
| 2005
| ''Mum Tum Aur Hum''
|
|<ref>{{cite web |last=N |first=Patcy |date=9 November 2005 |title=Now Playing on TV |url=https://rediff.com/movies/2005/nov/09game6.htm |website=Rediff.com |access-date=16 March 2025}}</ref>
|-
| 2007–2008
| ''[[Comedy Circus ]]''
|
|<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/shruti-says-no-to-comedy-circus-3/story-y0H08EG46T64nYeFpr72TI.html|title=Shruti says no to Comedy Circus 3|date=9 June 2009|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=18 February 2020|archive-date=18 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218231008/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/shruti-says-no-to-comedy-circus-3/story-y0H08EG46T64nYeFpr72TI.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2008
| ''[[Dhak Dhak In Dubai]]''
| Sheetal Patel
|
|
|-
| ''Bollywood Club -- Kismat Ka Konnection''
| rowspan="4"| Host
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/sep/16tv.htm|title=Shruti Seth: Hottest TV host in town?|website=www.rediff.com|access-date=18 February 2020|archive-date=4 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204053816/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/sep/16tv.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2009
| ''Choo Lo Asmaan''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Mallika-E-Kitchen]]''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/article2232445.ece|title=Mallika-E-Kitchen: Special Correspondent|work=The Hindu|date=16 July 2011|accessdate=26 December 2011|archive-date=26 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026115559/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/article2232445.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Comedy Circus 20 – 20]]''
|
|
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Rishta.com]]''
| Isha Mirchandani
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/311174/rishtacom-most-satisfying-didnt-get.html|title='Rishta.com' was most satisfying, but didn't get TRPs: Shruti Seth|date=2013-02-10|website=Deccan Herald|language=en|access-date=2019-08-06|archive-date=6 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806215440/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/311174/rishtacom-most-satisfying-didnt-get.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Kahani Comedy Circus Ki]]''
| Host
|
|
|-
| 2012–2013
| ''[[The Suite Life of Karan & Kabir]]''
| Priti Jaiswal
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sunday-herald/sunday-herald-entertainment/when-evil-won-over-good-797712.html|title=Twice as nice? Not quite|website=Deccan Herald|date=26 January 2020|access-date=26 January 2020|archive-date=26 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126041916/https://www.deccanherald.com/sunday-herald/sunday-herald-entertainment/when-evil-won-over-good-797712.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2013
| ''[[Baalveer]]''
| Rani Pari
|
|
|-
| ''[[Comedy Circus Ke Ajoobe]]''
| rowspan="2"| Host
|
|
|-
| 2013–2014
| ''[[Comedy Circus Ke Mahabali]]''
|
|
|-
| 2015
| ''[[The Great Indian Family Drama]]''
| Various characters
|
|
|-
| 2015–2017
| ''[[Comedy Nights Bachao]]''
| Herself
|
|
|-
| 2017
| ''[[TV Biwi Aur Main]]''
| Priya Rajeev Gupta
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/karan-veer-mehra-and-shruti-seth-make-comeback-with-tv-biwi-aur-main/articleshow/58806149.cms|title=Karan Veer Mehra and Shruti Seth make comeback with TV, Biwi Aur Main|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=23 May 2017|access-date=28 May 2017|archive-date=23 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170523230308/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/karan-veer-mehra-and-shruti-seth-make-comeback-with-tv-biwi-aur-main/articleshow/58806149.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2019
| ''Jestination Unknown''
| Herself
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jestination Unknown: Vir Das, Shruti Seth & Co. Tour India's Latest Travel-Show Which You Should Definitely Binge-Watch!|url=https://topbuzztimes.com/2020/03/19/jestination-unknown-vir-das-shruti-seth-co-tour-indias-latest-travel-show-which-you-should-definitely-binge-watch/|date=2020-03-19|website=Top Buzz Times|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-19|archive-date=7 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407065540/https://topbuzztimes.com/2020/03/19/jestination-unknown-vir-das-shruti-seth-co-tour-indias-latest-travel-show-which-you-should-definitely-binge-watch/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| ''Apna News Ayega''
| Various characters
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/aditi-bhatia-apna-news-aayega-comedy-show-5811309/|title=Aditi Bhatia: Apna News Aayega is very different from other comedy shows|date=2 July 2019|access-date=3 August 2019|archive-date=16 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816135648/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/aditi-bhatia-apna-news-aayega-comedy-show-5811309/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Dil Jaise Dhadke... Dhadakne Do]]''
| Bhavini Mishra
|
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/video/shruti-seth-and-rahil-azam-to-be-seen-together-in-dil-jaise-dhadke-dhadakne-do-1639545-2020-01-23|title=Shruti Seth and Rahil Azam to be seen together in Dil Jaise Dhadke Dhadakne Do|website=India Today|date=23 January 2020 |language=en|access-date=1 February 2020|archive-date=29 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129143549/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/television/video/shruti-seth-and-rahil-azam-to-be-seen-together-in-dil-jaise-dhadke-dhadakne-do-1639545-2020-01-23|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2020
| ''[[The Forgotten Army - Azaadi Ke Liye]]''
| [[Captain]] [[Lakshmi Swaminathan]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/forgotten-army-azaadi-ke-liye-review-earnest-forgettable-116713|title=The Forgotten Army- Azaadi Ke Liye' review: Earnest but forgettable|first=Saraswati|last=Datar|date=24 January 2020|work=The News Minute|quote=Lakshmi Sahgal (played by Shruti Seth), one of the most iconic figures of the INA is included in the story, but never introduced using subtitles or any other device. I had to wait for the end credits to confirm that Shruti was playing Ms Sahgal and not another female officer.|access-date=23 March 2024|archive-date=29 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240729200910/https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/forgotten-army-azaadi-ke-liye-review-earnest-forgettable-116713|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mentalhood]]''
| Diksha Shah
|
|
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Bloody Brothers]]''
| Priya Grover
|
|
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Kaala (TV series)|Kaala]]''
| Malini
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mitra |first=Shilajit |date=2023-09-15 |title='Kaala' series review: Bejoy Nambiar fashions a competent but dull thriller |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kaala-series-review-bejoy-nambiar-fashions-a-competent-but-dull-thriller/article67311074.ece |access-date=2023-09-17 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=17 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917064604/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kaala-series-review-bejoy-nambiar-fashions-a-competent-but-dull-thriller/article67311074.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2024
| ''[[Dil Dosti Dilemma]]''
| Arshiya Khalid
|
|
|-
| ''[[36 Days (TV series)|36 days]]''
| Radhika Jaykar
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=2024-07-09 |title=Shruti Seth on collaborating with Purab Kohli for '36 Days' |url=https://theprint.in/feature/shruti-seth-on-collaborating-with-purab-kohli-for-36-days/2167548/ |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=The Print |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Zindaginama]]''
| Dr. Pavitra
| Episode: "Purple Duniya"
|
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|1671764}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|shruti-seth}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Seth, Shruti}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Female models from Mumbai]]
[[Category:People from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Punjabi women]]
[[Category:Punjabi Hindus]]
[[Category:St. Xavier's College, Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Gujarati cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Indian video jockeys]]

Mantu Ghosh

2026-02-08T12:09:42Z

Mythu09: started some page initial version

{{short description|Indian table tennis player}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mantu Ghosh
| image = Mantu Ghosh.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Ghosh at YMA Club, Siliguri, in 2019
| birth_name = 
| birth_date =  1973/1974
| birth_place = [[Siliguri]], [[West Bengal]], India
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Table tennis coach Sports administrator
| years_active =
| known_for = Two times national champion in table tennis
| awards = [[Arjuna Award]] (2002) [[Banga Bhushan]] (2013)
| notable_works =
}}
'''Mantu Ghosh''' (born 1973/1974) is an Indian former [[table tennis]] player from [[West Bengal]]. As a two-time national champion, Ghosh is now the coach of India's table tennis women's team and a sports administrator after previously working in different capacities at the state and the national level. She was featured in the ''[[Limca Book of Records]]'' for becoming India's youngest national table tennis champion in 1990 at age 16. In 2002, her achievements were recognised by the [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports]] and the [[Government of India]], which awarded her the [[Arjuna Award]].

== National career ==
Ghosh is one of the first prominent table tennis players from [[Siliguri]], which is now considered the "nursery" of table tennis players in India after many went on to become national champions and [[Olympic Games|Olympians]].<ref name="ZN12">{{Cite news |url=https://zeenews.india.com/sports/london-olympics-2012/siliguri-hailed-as-bhiwani-of-indian-tt-after-twin-oly-berth_741306.html |title=Siliguri hailed as 'Bhiwani of Indian TT' after twin Oly berth |date=22 April 2012 |access-date=25 July 2020 |publisher=[[Zee News]]}}</ref>

Ghosh began training at Deshbandhu Sporting Union and won the 1988 Sub-Junior National Championship as a trainee at the club.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/148030/12/12_chapter_05.pdf |page=146 |title=Social Institutions and their Impact on Urban Life – Sporting Clubs |publisher=[[Shodhganga]] |access-date=27 July 2020}}</ref> She won the Junior National Table Tennis Championship in 1990, the same year she participated in the 52nd Senior National Table Tennis Championship held at [[Jaipur]], Rajasthan.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.coca-colaindia.com/stories/junior-senior-titles-in-a-year |title=Table Tennis – Junior/ Senior Titles in a Year |work=[[Limca Book of Records]] |access-date=26 July 2020}}</ref><ref name="LBR06">{{Cite book |title=Limca Book of Records |publisher=Bisleri Beverages Limited |page=452 |year=2006 |quote=Youngest National champion Mantu Ghosh was 16 when she won the title at Jaipur in 1990-91}}</ref> Winning the title, she became India's youngest national table tennis champion at age 16, an achievement that featured in the ''[[Limca Book of Records]]''.<ref name="LBR06" /><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030531/spr-trib.htm |title=Sustained mediocrity in TT |last=Sharma |first=Ramu |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date=31 May 2003 |access-date=27 July 2020}}</ref> Her victory at the national championship motivated more players in Siliguri to pursue table tennis.<ref name="IndToday95">{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/offtrack/story/19950731-siliguri-obsession-with-table-tennis-underlies-its-domination-of-the-sport-807560-1995-07-31 |title=Siliguri's obsession with table tennis underlies its domination of the sport |magazine=[[India Today]] |date=31 July 1995 |access-date=27 July 2020 |last=Banerjee |first=Ruben}}</ref> In 1993, she won the singles title at the 55th Senior National Table Tennis Championship.<ref name="IndToday95" /><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Indian Annual Register A Digest Of Public Affairs Of India During The Period 1919-1947 |page=143 |last=Mitra |first=H. N. |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |year=2000 |volume=58 |isbn=8121202132}}</ref>

=== International career ===
Ghosh competed in all events of [[table tennis at the 2002 Commonwealth Games]] held in Manchester, England. She failed to advance beyond the first round of singles;<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://thecgf.com/results/games/3028/event/1908 |title=Table Tennis Singles – Women Manchester 2002 |website=Thecgf.com |publisher=[[Commonwealth Games Federation]] |access-date=26 July 2020 |archive-date=19 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719231528/https://thecgf.com/results/games/3028/event/1908 |url-status=dead }}</ref> reached the quarterfinals of doubles – paired with [[Indu Nagapattinam R.]] – and eventually ranked fifth;<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://thecgf.com/results/team/6793 |title=Table Tennis Doubles – Women Manchester 2002 |website=Thecgf.com |publisher=[[Commonwealth Games Federation]] |access-date=26 July 2020 |archive-date=26 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726162652/https://thecgf.com/results/team/6793 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and reached the third round of mixed doubles, pairing with Subramaniam Raman,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://thecgf.com/results/team/6794 |title=Table Tennis Doubles – Mixed Manchester 2002 |website=Thecgf.com |publisher=[[Commonwealth Games Federation]] |access-date=26 July 2020 |archive-date=26 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726182459/https://thecgf.com/results/team/6794 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Indian team – consisting of Ghosh, [[Mouma Das]], Indu Nagapattinam R., [[Nandita Saha]], and [[Poulomi Ghatak]] – finished sixth.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://thecgf.com/results/team/6240 |title=Table Tennis Team – Women Manchester 2002 |website=Thecgf.com |publisher=[[Commonwealth Games Federation]] |access-date=26 July 2020 |archive-date=26 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726181830/https://thecgf.com/results/team/6240 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Ghosh qualified for the main draw of the [[2003 World Table Tennis Championships]] held in Paris, France, participating the singles and doubles events. Malaysian paddler Yao Lin Jing defeated Ghosh in the first round of singles by 12–10, 11–6, 11–3, 11–5; the pair Mauma Das and Ghosh lost against the Singaporean pair of [[Xueling Zhang]] and [[Tan Paey Fern]] by 11–8, 7–11, 5–11, 2–11, 11–8, 7–11 in doubles.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Indian-challenge-ends-at-world-TT-champs/articleshow/47197966.cms |title=Indian challenge ends at world TT champs |work=[[The Times of India]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |date=22 May 2003 |access-date=27 July 2020 |location=New Delhi}}</ref>

=== Post-retirement ===
After retirement, Ghosh began to coach players and became a part of different organisations related to table tennis at the state and the national level. She is the Chief Coach at the Young Men's Association's table tennis coaching centre in Siliguri.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/home-is-where-the-heat-is-/20836/ |title=Home is where the heat is |date=13 January 2007 |access-date=25 July 2020 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> She was the national coach for the women's team and prepared the team for the [[2010 Commonwealth Games]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/juniors-not-in-awe-of-big-names-now-mantu/213248/ |title=Juniors not in awe of big names now: Mantu |date=29 August 2007 |access-date=25 July 2020 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |last=Rathee |first=Aabha |location=New Delhi}}</ref> She trained both [[Soumyajit Ghosh]] and [[Ankita Das]], who qualified for the [[2012 Summer Olympics]] in [[London]] in their respective categories.<ref name="ZN12" /><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/table-tennis/interview-with-soumyajit-ghosh-my-goal-is-to-be-in-the-top-30 |title=Interview with Soumyajit Ghosh: "My goal is to be in the top 30" |last=Srivastava |first=Taruka |date=16 January 2013 |access-date=25 July 2020 |publisher=Sportskeeda}}</ref>

In 2016, she was appointed as the vice-chairperson of the North Bengal Board for Development of Sports and Games by the [[Chief Minister of West Bengal]], [[Mamata Banarjee]].<ref name="NT16">{{Cite news |url=http://newstimetoday.com/bhaichung-inaugurates-nbbdsg-mantu-mann-absent-1467643709 |title=Baichung inaugurates NBBDSG, Mantu & Mann absent |date=4 July 2016 |access-date=25 July 2020 |work=News Time Today |location=Siliguri |archive-date=25 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725150417/http://newstimetoday.com/bhaichung-inaugurates-nbbdsg-mantu-mann-absent-1467643709 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The board, with [[Bhaichung Bhutia]] as its chairman, is based at [[Kanchenjunga Stadium]] and is responsible for developing and promoting sports in the [[Districts of West Bengal|seven districts of North Bengal]].<ref name="NT16" />

In 2017, she became a joint-secretary of the [[Table Tennis Federation of India]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/dushyant-chautala-is-new-ttfi-president/articleshow/56871481.cms |title=Dushyant Chautala is new TTFI president |location=Gurugram |work=[[The Times of India]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |date=30 January 2017 |access-date=26 July 2020}}</ref> She is also joint secretary of the Bengal State Table Tennis Association and is a past president of the North Bengal Table Tennis Association.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/factions-in-bengal-table-tennis-brought-under-same-umbrella/articleshow/69701578.cms |title=Factions in Bengal table tennis brought under same umbrella |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=8 June 2019 |access-date=26 July 2020 |last=Bhattacharya |first=Nilesh |location=Kolkata}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
In 2002, Ghosh received the [[Arjuna Award]] from the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports and the [[Government of India]] in recognition of her achievements.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/LIST%20OF%20ARJUNA%20AWARDEES.docx%2061%20-%2017_0_0.pdf |title=List of Arjuna Awardees |publisher=[[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports]] |website=Yas.nic.in |access-date=26 July 2020}}</ref> On 20 May 2013, she received the [[Banga Bhushan]] title, a civil honour of the West Bengal state, from the Governor of West Bengal, M. K. Narayanan.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://wbcmo.gov.in/news.aspx?mon=28 |title=Chief Minister's Office – News |publisher=[[Government of West Bengal]] |date=20 May 2013 |access-date=26 July 2020}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Ghosh is from Siliguri, West Bengal. She is married to Subrata Roy, a table tennis coach.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ttfi.org/news/show/813 |title=Ghosh is 25th Arjuna! |publisher=[[Table Tennis Federation of India]] |access-date=26 July 2020 |website=Ttfi.org |archive-date=26 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726143313/http://ttfi.org/news/show/813 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/national-selectors-coaching-raises-eyebrows/article19109530.ece |title=Selector's coaching raises eyebrows |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=20 June 2017 |access-date=26 July 2020 |last=Karhadkar |first=Amol}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghosh, Mantu}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from West Bengal]]
[[Category:People from Siliguri]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:Indian female table tennis players]]
[[Category:1970s births]]
[[Category:Table tennis players at the 2002 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games competitors for India]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

Shivani Kataria

2026-02-08T00:16:15Z

Mythu09: Adding New Entry.

{{Short description|Indian swimmer (born 1997)}}
{{Infobox swimmer
| name = Shivani Kataria
| national_team = {{IND}}
| image = Shivani new.jpg
| birth_place = Gurugram, Haryana, India
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1997|9|27}}
| strokes = Freestyle
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalCountry|{{flagu|India}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[South Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2016 South Asian Games|2016 Guwahati]]|[[Swimming at the 2016 South Asian Games|200m freestyle]]}}
{{MedalGold|2016 Guwahati|4x100m freestyle relay}}
{{MedalGold|2016 Guwahati|4x200m freestyle relay}}
{{MedalGold|2016 Guwahati|4x100m medley relay}}
{{MedalSilver|2016 Guwahati|400m freestyle}}
{{MedalBronze|2016 Guwahati|100m freestyle}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}

'''Shivani Kataria''' (born 27 September 1997) is an Indian [[swimming (sport)|swimmer]]. She competes in the women's 200m freestyle.<ref name=":1" /> She represented India at [[2016 Summer Olympics]] . She has also won many medals at South Asian Games and Asian Age Group Championship .<ref name=":1" />

== Early life ==
Shivani was born in [[Haryana]], and raised in [[Gurgaon|Gurugram]] where she attended DAV Public School.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/swimming/interview-with-indian-swimmer-shivani-kataria-i-want-to-reach-semi-finals-at-2016-rio-olympics|title=Interview with Indian swimmer Shivani Kataria: "Reaching semi-finals in 2016 Rio Olympics would be historic"|date=2016-07-26|access-date=2017-05-13}}</ref> She started swimming at 6 at a summer camp at Baba Gang Nath Swimming Centre near her house. Her parents were supportive.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.indiatimes.com/sports/rio-olympics/the-story-of-shivani-kataria-india-s-first-female-olympic-swimmer-in-12-years-259184.html|title=The Story Of Shivani Kataria - India's First Female Olympic Swimmer In 12 Years|work=indiatimes.com|access-date=2017-05-13|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=http://shethepeople.tv/shivani-kataria-indias-first-woman-swimmer-at-olympics-in12-years/|title=Shivani Kataria: India's first woman swimmer at Olympics in12 years|work=SheThePeople TV|access-date=2017-05-13|language=en-US}}</ref> She started competing in district level events under her first coach Mr. Yadav and won the bronze medal at CBSE nationals in Gujarat.<ref name=":2" /> In 2012, she decided to become a professional swimmer and started swimming two hours in the morning and two in the evening along with an hour of core exercises during the day.<ref name=":2" /> She earned her Bachelor’s degree in History from [[Hansraj College]], Delhi.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 July 2022 |title=Platinum sheen of Hansraj: Alumni go nostalgic sharing fond memories |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/platinum-sheen-of-hansraj-alumni-go-nostalgic-sharing-fond-memories-101658918260052.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028073135/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/platinum-sheen-of-hansraj-alumni-go-nostalgic-sharing-fond-memories-101658918260052.html |archive-date=28 October 2022 |access-date=25 February 2025 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=19 October 2017 |title=Swimmer eyes Commonwealth, Asian Games, wants better facilities in city |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/swimmer-eyes-commonwealth-asian-games-wants-better-facilities-in-city/articleshow/61137629.cms |access-date=25 February 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Career ==
Shivani finished sixth in the 200m freestyle at the 2013 [[Asian Youth Athletics Championships|Asian Youth Championships]] and won a gold medal at the [[2016 South Asian Games]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/road-to-rio-shivani-kataria-first-indian-woman-swimmer-at-the-olympics-after-2004-2911056.html|title=Road to Rio: Shivani Kataria, first Indian woman swimmer at the Olympics after 2004|date=2016-07-29|work=Firstpost|access-date=2017-05-13|language=en-US}}</ref> In 2015, she trained for a year at the FINA camp at Thyanpura in [[Phuket Province|Phuket]], [[Thailand]],<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sports/in-other-news/160716/no-unrealistic-aims-shivani-kataria.html|title=No unrealistic aims: Shivani Kataria|date=2016-07-16|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=2017-05-13|language=en}}</ref> where she swam three times a day. She clocked 2:04:00 in that camp and was closest to a time slot level, called the B Cut.<ref name=":2" />

=== 2016 Summer Olympics ===
Shivani was selected as India's wildcard entry for the Rio Olympics by the Swimming Federation of India (SFI),<ref name=":1" /> making her the first Indian women to swim in the Summer Olympics since 2004 in Athens.<ref name=":0" /> She competed at the [[2016 Summer Olympics]] in the [[Swimming at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's 200 metre freestyle|women's 200 metre freestyle]] event; her time of 2:09.30 in the heats did not qualify her for the semifinals. She holds most of India's national records. Shivani sees the 2016 Olympics qualification more as a learning curve which will strengthen her chances in the 2020 Olympic.<ref name=":3" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{sports links}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kataria, Shivani}}
[[Category:1997 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian female swimmers]]
[[Category:Olympic swimmers for India]]
[[Category:Swimmers at the 2016 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Haryana]]
[[Category:Swimmers from Haryana]]
[[Category:South Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:South Asian Games silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:South Asian Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:South Asian Games medalists in swimming]]
[[Category:Hansraj College alumni]]

J. Kanakaraj

2026-02-07T22:56:46Z

Mythu09: Refined content and updated sections

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = J. Kanagaraj
| image = 
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1936}}
| birth_place = Maravanmadam, [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| known_for = Madras High Court judge
| occupation = Lawyer
}}
'''J. Kanagaraj''' (born 1936) is a former judge of the [[Madras]] High Court. He ceased serving as the State Election Commissioner of Andhra Pradesh following a judgment of the Andhra Pradesh High Court on 29 May 2020.

== Career ==
Kanakaraj was born at Maravanmadam, near [[Thoothukudi]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], in 1936.
He graduated from university with an M.A. in Mathematics and a Bachelor's in Law.
In 1959, he became an advocate in the [[Madras High Court]].
He was appointed Additional Government Pleader in 1989 and judge of the High Court in March 1990.<ref name=IPT2003/>
On 31 March 1994, Kanakaraj dismissed as a "cock and bull story" a claim by Rakesh Mittal that his 7-story Pleasant Stay Hotel met the building control rules that limited height to two stories. Mittal said the hotel had a basement with five floors, then a ground and first floor. Later, this case was to lead to the conviction of former Chief Minister [[Jayalalithaa]] for granting an illegal exemption to the hotel.<ref>{{cite journal
|url=http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1704/17040380.htm
|journal=Frontline
|volume=17 |issue=4 |date=19 Feb – 3 Mar 2000
|title=The conviction of Jayalalitha
|author=T.S. SUBRAMANIAN
|access-date=2012-04-23}}</ref>

=== Post-retirement ===

After retiring from the High Court, he was appointed Chairman of the Sales Tax Special Tribunal for a three-year term.<ref name=IPT2003/>
The [[SIPCOT]] chemical industry estate in [[Cuddalore]], Tamil Nadu, was investigated in November 2002 by a team from the [[Indian People's Tribunal]] headed by J. Kanakaraj.
The team reported "a noticeable stench of chemicals in the air." Their report was published in July 2003.
It found that "Villages like Kudikadu, Thaikal, Eachangadu and Sonnanchavadi lie in a virtual 'gas chamber' surrounded on three sides by chemical factories and bounded on the fourth by the river".<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ma-yT08XUlQC&pg=PA182 |pages=181–182
|title=Environment Trafficking
|first=A.k. |last=Shrivastava
|publisher=APH Publishing |year=2007 |isbn=978-8131300305}}</ref>
The report said "adequate and appropriate steps have not been taken by regulatory authorities, particularly the TNPCB, to prevent pollution and health damage".<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.sipcotcuddalore.com/pr_07103.html
|title=People's Tribunal Calls for Reparations for Cuddalore Pollution Victims
|date=10 July 2003
|publisher=SIPCOT Area Community Environmental Monitors
|access-date=2012-04-23}}</ref>

In 2003, J. Kanakaraj was appointed by the Madras High Court to head a committee that recommended moving about 650 hawkers from the streets into a multistoried hawkers' complex in Pondy Bazar, Chennai. The goal was to reduce street congestion. Relocation was delayed since all the hawkers wanted spots on the ground floor.<ref>{{cite journal
|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-29/chennai/28265350_1_shops-justice-j-kanakaraj-floor
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130104011838/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-29/chennai/28265350_1_shops-justice-j-kanakaraj-floor
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=4 January 2013
|journal=[[The Times of India]]
|title=Hawkers' complex stays locked as all vendors want space on ground floor
|author=Sharanya Gautam
|date=29 Oct 2010
|access-date=2012-04-23}}</ref>
In December 2005, he was on the jury at a Public Hearing on Tsunami Relief and Rehabilitation for Tamil Nadu Coastal Women.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:k38MeToQ6PcJ:www.cwlr.net.in/old-content/resources/reports/tsunami-public-hearing-march-2005.doc/download+&hl=en&gl=ca&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjfw8F72TZvK3JDbye7WbWga68aRjIjmAlJ_6ymtosVcmlHYu5g9r4zbEjtCEuyd07Os4oLodyuQS1uVfJtwQ6oylKndEwa-iwGoW5ij7bxU-wJ4hsi09IHPvcc7hpWJy9zpl3t&sig=AHIEtbSjB46q0SQHjZKX1Nmqtt8d3Ov7qA
|title=TSUNAMI PUBLIC HEARING
|date=3 December 2005
|access-date=2012-04-23}}</ref>
During an ownership dispute in 2010, Kanakaraj was appointed Administrator of Tamil Evangelical Lutheran Church.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/77929588/?type=print
|publisher=Madras High Court
|title=G.Victor Jesudoss vs The Director Of School Education on 10 November, 2011
|date=10 November 2011
|access-date=2012-04-23}}</ref>
As of 2012, J. Kanakaraj was a member of the Tamil Nadu branch of Transparency International India.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://transparencyindiatn.org/ti_tamilnadu.html
|title=Transparency International India - Tamil Nadu
|publisher=Transparency International India
|access-date=2012-04-23
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208021623/http://transparencyindiatn.org/ti_tamilnadu.html
|archive-date=8 December 2013
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>
He was chairman of the Chevalier T. Thomas Elizabeth College for Women in North [[Chennai]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.cttewc.com/page.php?pid=22
|title=C.T.T.E Trust
|publisher=Chevalier T. Thomas Elizabeth College for Women
|access-date=2012-04-23
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114021458/http://cttewc.com/page.php?pid=22
|archive-date=14 January 2012
}}</ref>
He had been appointed to this position on 15 December 2002 by a Division Bench of the Madras High Court.<ref>{{cite journal
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/09/08/stories/2004090808760400.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040927072837/http://www.hindu.com/2004/09/08/stories/2004090808760400.htm
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=27 September 2004
|title=Apex court to examine contempt plea against retired judge
|journal=[[The Hindu]]
|date=8 Sep 2004
|author=J. Venkatesan
|access-date=2012-04-23}}</ref>

Justice V Kanagaraj was appointed the new State Election Commissioner of Andhra Pradesh in April 2020.
Justice Kanagaraj immediately assumed charge "in obedience of the orders" and later called on the Governor at the Raj Bhavan and presented his "charge assumption" report.<ref name="min1">{{cite web |title=Retired HC judge replaces N Ramesh Kumar as State Election Commissioner of Andhra |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/retired-hc-judge-replaces-n-ramesh-kumar-state-election-commissioner-andhra-122392 |website=The News Minute |language=en |date=12 April 2020}}</ref>

Kanagaraj was provided accommodation in a luxury flat in Landmark Pride Apartment at Benz Circle, Vijayawada, for a monthly rent of Rs 1,11,800. The state Panchayat Raj Department provided the necessary furniture and other facilities for his stay during this period. Later, Justice Kanagaraj, who wanted to return to Tamil Nadu, vacated the house. Official sources said that Kanagaraj had assumed that the Panchayat Raj Department would pay the rent of pending 6 lakh.

A police compliant registered in Machavaram police station on house owner for refusing to allow the authorities to pick up the furniture as the rent dues were not paid.<ref name="toi1">{{cite web |last1=Sep 12 |first1=Ujwal Bommakanti / TNN / Updated |title=Andhra Pradesh: Row over pending rental dues of ex-SEC {{!}} Hyderabad News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/row-over-pending-rental-dues-of-ex-sec/articleshow/78067169.cms |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references>

<ref name=IPT2003>{{cite web
|url=http://www.sipcotcuddalore.com/downloads/Cuddalore_IPT_report.pdf
|title=Report On Human Rights Violations, Industrial Pollution and the Implications of the Proposed Chemplast Sanmar PVC Factory in SIPCOT, Cuddalore, T.N
|publisher=Indian People's Tribunal
|date=July 2003
|access-date=2012-04-23}}</ref>

</references>

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kanakaraj, J.}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Judges of the Madras High Court]]
[[Category:People from Thoothukudi district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]

Krishna (TV actor)

2026-02-06T23:43:08Z

Mythu09:

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{BLP sources|date=July 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Krishna
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Krishna Raghunandan
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1982|08|1|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| alma mater = [[Kendriya Vidyalaya]], [[Birla Institute of Technology]], [[Noida]]
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2001–present
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Chaya Singh]]|2012}}
| parents = Raghunandan Nalini Raghunandan
| known for = ''[[Deivamagal]]'' (2013 - 2018)
}}
'''Krishna''' (born as Krishna Raghunandan) is an Indian film and television actor. He is best known for playing the lead role in the ''[[Deivamagal]]'' (2013 - 2018) as Prakash which telecasted on [[Sun TV Network|Sun TV]].

== Early life and education==
Krishna was born in [[Chennai]]. His parents had migrated from [[Tamil Nadu]] to [[New Delhi]] after his birth, and he grew up in [[New Delhi]]. He obtained his formal education from [[Kendriya Vidyalaya]] and [[Birla Institute of Technology]], [[Noida]]. He also did a three-month course in acting from Asian Academy of Film & Television (AAFT) [[Noida]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/my-first-break-krishna/article540109.ece|title=My First Break: Krishna|date=2010-07-29|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-04-24}}</ref>

== Career ==
After completing his degree in Delhi, he flew to Chennai to begin a career in acting.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}} His first role was in the Tamil serial ''[[Sahana (TV series)|Sahana]]'', a sequel of [[Sindhu Bhairavi (film)|''Sindhu Bhairavi'']] directed by [[K. Balachander]]. He portrayed the character Surya, son of JKB.

Krishna was offered to perform the role of a [[cancer]] patient in [[Kamal Haasan]] starrer [[Vasool Raja MBBS]] but couldn't sign the project. He was later offered a role in director [[Saran (director)|Saran]]'s ''[[Idhaya Thirudan]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.topnews.in/actor-krishna-bright-dedicated-and-passionate-2267571|title=Actor Krishna – Bright, Dedicated, And Passionate {{!}} TopNews|website=www.topnews.in|access-date=2016-04-23}}</ref> In 2010 he played a negative role named Jeeva in the Tamil movie [[Anandhapurathu Veedu]].

He acted in the TV serial ''[[Deivamagal]]'' where he played the protagonist role of Prakash, and in the suspense-thriller serial, [[Chidambara Rahasiyam (TV series)|'' Chidambara Rahasiyam'']] where he played the character Somu both broadcast on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]. In 2019 he acted in the TV serial ''[[Run (Indian TV series)|Run]]''. In 2020 Krishna acted in [[Nayagi (TV series)|''Nayagi (Season 2) '']] as Ezhil. He now is acting in [[Thalattu (TV series)|''Thalattu'']].

==Personal life==
He is married to Indian actress [[Chaya Singh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iflickz.com/2012/06/chaya-singh-married-to-her-love-tv-actor-krishna.html|title=Chaya Singh married to her love TV actor Krishna! – iFlickz|website=www.iflickz.com|access-date=2016-04-24|archive-date=3 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003164139/http://www.iflickz.com/2012/06/chaya-singh-married-to-her-love-tv-actor-krishna.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Their marriage was held in June 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Actress-Chaya-Singh-marries-TV-actor-Krishna/articleshow/14150747.cms|title=Actress Chaya Singh marries TV actor Krishna – Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=2016-04-24}}</ref>

==Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! class="unsortable"|Notes
|-
| rowspan="3"|2006 || ''[[Azhagiya Asura]]'' || Sanjay ||
|-
| ''[[Idhaya Thirudan]]'' || Krishna ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Kadhal Seiveer]]'' || Anand ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Pathu Pathu]]'' || P. T. Arun ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2009 || ''[[Balam (2009 film)|Balam]]'' || Balaji ||<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=14 May 2012|title=Balam launches tv actors|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/2008/nov/22/balam-launches-tv-actors-1694.html|access-date=|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Eeram]]'' || Mr. X ||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Anandhapurathu Veedu]]'' || Jeeva ||
|-
| 2025 || ''Pallavapuram Manai Enn 666'' || Tharun||
|}

== Television ==
;Serials
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Language
! Channel
|-
| 2003–2004
| ''[[Sahana (TV series)|Sahana]]''
| Surya
| rowspan="5"|[[Tamil (language)|Tamil]]
| [[Jaya TV]]
|-
| 2004–2006
| ''[[Chidambara Rahasiyam (TV series)|Chidambara Rahasiyam]]''
| Someshwaran
| rowspan="2"|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
| 2005
| ''Selvi''
| Chandru
|-
| 2007
| ''Naan Aval Illai''
| Murali
| [[Kalaignar TV]]
|-
| 2008
| ''Alaipayuthe''
| Srikanth
| [[Jaya TV]]
|-
| 2011
|''No.23 Mahalakshmi Nivasam''
| Rohit
| rowspan="2" | [[Telugu (language)|Telugu]]
| [[Gemini TV]]
|-
| 2012–2014
| ''Kanchana Ganga''
| Akash
| [[Star Maa|Maa TV]]
|-
| 2012–2015
| ''Sivasankari''
| Rudran
| rowspan="10" | [[Tamil (language)|Tamil]]
| rowspan="10" | [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
| 2013–2018
| ''[[Deivamagal]]''
| Prakash
|-
| 2019–2020
| ''[[Run (Indian TV series)|Run]]''
| Shakthivel
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Nayagi (TV series)|Nayagi]]''
| Ezhil
|-
| 2021–2023
| ''[[Thalattu (TV Series)|Thalattu]]''
| Vijayakrishnan
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Kannana Kanne (TV series)|Kannana Kanne]]''
| Vijayakrishnan (Special Appearance)
|-
| rowspan="2"|2022
| ''Aruvi''
| Himself (Special Appearance)
|-
| ''[[Ilakkiya]]''
| Vijayakrishnan (Special Appearance)
|-
| 2023–2024
| ''[[Sundari (Tamil TV series)|Sundari]]''
| Vetrivelan
|-
| 2025–Present
| ''Vinodhini''
| Vasudevan
|}

;Shows
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Language
! Channel
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Comedy Junction]]''
| Himself
| rowspan="14"|[[Tamil (language)|Tamil]]
| rowspan="14"|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
| 2017
| ''Asathal Chutties''
| Himself
|-
| rowspan="2"|2020
| ''[[Vanakkam Tamizha]]''
| Guest
|-
| ''[[Vanakkam Tamizha]]''
| Guest
|-
| rowspan="2"|2021
| ''[[Vanakkam Tamizha]]''
| Guest
|-
| ''Poova Thalaya''
| Contestant
|-
| 2021
| rowspan="2"|''[[Vanakkam Tamizha]]''
| rowspan="2"| Guest
|-
| 2022
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2022
| ''Maathi Yosi''
| Contestant
|-
| ''Mathappu Mamiyar Pattas Marumagal''
| Vijayakrishnan
|-
| ''[[Vanakkam Tamizha]]''
| Guest
|-
| ''Super Samayal''
| Contestant
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2023
| ''Puthandu Aasai''
| Vijayakrishnan
|-
| ''[[Vanakkam Tamizha]]''
| Guest
|}

=== Theatre===
*Oru Koodai Paasam (2009) – Directed by [[K. Balachander|K.Balachandher]]

== Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Role
!Result
|-
|2004
|Mylapore Academy Awards
|Best Actor Male Lead
|Somu-[[Chidambara Rahasiyam (TV series)|Chidambara Rahasiyam]]
|{{Won}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/11/18/stories/2005111800380200.htm|website=[[The Hindu]]|title=Entertainment Chennai / Miscellany : Drama awards 2004|date=2005-11-18|access-date=2018-03-08}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
|-
|2014
|[[Sun Kudumbam Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sunnetwork.in/sunkudumbam/best-lead-male.html|title=Sun Kudumbam Awards|website=www.sunnetwork.in|access-date=2018-07-08}}</ref>
|Best Actor Male Lead
|Prakash-[[Deivamagal]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
|2018
|Galatta Nakshathra Awards
|Best Actor Male Lead
|Prakash-[[Deivamagal]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2018
| rowspan="2" | [[Sun Kudumbam Awards]]
|Best Actor Male Lead
|Prakash-[[Deivamagal]]
|{{Won}}
|-
|Best Popular Jodi ( shared with ''[[Vani Bhojan]]'' )
|Prakash and Sathya-[[Deivamagal]]
|{{Nominated
}}
|-
|2019
|[[Sun Kudumbam Viruthugal|Sun Kudumbam Awards]]
|Best Popular Hero
|Shakthi Vel-[[Run (Indian TV series)|Run]]
|{{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |2022
| rowspan="3" |[[Sun Kudumbam Viruthugal]]
|Best Hero
|Vijay-[[Thalattu (TV series)|Thalattu]]
|{{Won}}
|-
|Best Couple
|Vijay – Isai for Thalattu
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|Favourite Hero
|Vijay – Thalattu
|{{Nominated}}
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|name=Krishna|id=7021590}}

*{{Instagram|id=iamkrishna1881|name=Krishna}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krishna}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Tamil male television actors]]
[[Category:Television personalities from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Male actors from Chennai]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Communist Marxist Party

2026-02-04T08:40:10Z

Mythu09: update

{{Short description|Political party in Kerala, India}}
{{distinguish|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox Indian political party
| party_name = Communist Marxist Party
| abbreviation = CMP
| colorcode = Red
| founder = [[M. V. Raghavan]]
| general_secretary = [[C. P. John]]
| foundation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|p=y|1986||}}
| eci = Registered - Unrecognised
| split = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|state_seats_name = [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
|state_seats = {{Composition bar|0|140|hex=#CC6600}}
| alliance =[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]] [[Confederation of Indian Communists and Democratic Socialists|CICDS]]
| ideology = [[Communism]] [[Marxism]]
| headquarters = MVR Bhavan,Chitra nager, Pattom , [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]-695037
| flag =[[File:CMP-banner.svg|200px|CMP flag]]
|symbol = [[File:Indian Election Symbol Star.png|150px]]
}}
[[File:Nedumangad-cmp.JPG|thumb|CMP posters in [[Nedumangad]]]]
'''Communist Marxist Party''' ('''CMP''') is a [[political party]] in [[Kerala]], India. The party was founded in 1986 when [[M. V. Raghavan]] was expelled from the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M]]) due to a grave difference of opinion regarding the formation of alliances with the [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]. His support for forming a united front with parties such as the Indian Union Muslim League in order to take on alliances led by the [[Indian National Congress|INC]] was ultimately rejected by the CPI(M) leadership. He was subsequently expelled from the Party.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/marxist-communist-party-founder-mv-raghavan-passes-away-1794239.html|title=Marxist Communist Party founder MV Raghavan passes away|date=9 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/m-v-raghavan-communist-leader-who-took-on-cpm-in-kerala-dead/|title = M V Raghavan, Communist leader who took on CPM in Kerala, passes away|date = 10 November 2014}}</ref>

In 2011 assembly election of Kerala, CMP fielded 3 candidates but could not win any seat. CMP had links with the [[Party of Democratic Socialism (India)|Party of Democratic Socialism]] of Saifuddin Chaudhury in [[West Bengal]]. M.V. Raghavan attended the PDS state conference in December 2003. CMP participated in the [[Confederation of Indian Communists and Democratic Socialists]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/02/09/stories/2005020906330400.htm |title=The Hindu : Kerala News : Briefly |website=www.hindu.com |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070301024955/http://www.hindu.com/2005/02/09/stories/2005020906330400.htm |archive-date=1 March 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>''Mathrubhumi''. [https://www.mathrubhumi.com/print-edition/kerala/thiruvananthapuram-malayalam-news-1.801008 സി.പി. ജോണ്‍ കമ്മ്യൂണിസ്റ്റ് കോണ്‍ഫെഡറേഷന്‍ ജനറല്‍ സെക്രട്ടറി] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510144702/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/print-edition/kerala/thiruvananthapuram-malayalam-news-1.801008 |date=10 May 2021 }}</ref>

==Split ==
In March 2014, the party split into two factions:<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/cmp-factions-slug-it-out-for-supremacy/article6584758.ece|title = CMP factions slug it out for supremacy|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 11 November 2014|last1 = Nazeer|first1 = Mohamed}}</ref><ref>''Madhaymam''. ''[https://english.madhyamam.com/kerala/2014/nov/11/cmp-splits-within-hours-mv-raghavans-cremation CMP splits within hours of MV Raghavan's cremation]''</ref><ref>''Outlook''. ''[https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/cmp-general-secretary-aravindakshan-passes-away-/1155457 CMP General Secretary Aravindakshan passes away]''</ref>
* [[Communist Marxist Party (Aravindakshan)|CMP(A)]] led by [[K. R. Aravindakshan]]
* CMP(J) led by [[C. P. John]]

In 2019, some CMP(A) merged with [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/cpim-cmp-merger-meet-on-tomorrow/article26153578.ece|title = CPI(M)-CMP merger meet on tomorrow|newspaper = The Hindu|date = February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uniindia.com/cmp-to-merge-with-cpi-m/south/news/1486421.html |title=CMP to merge with CPI(M) |publisher=Uniindia.com |date=2019-02-01 |accessdate=2022-08-31}}</ref> CMP(J) support the [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2014-12-02|title=C.P. John CMP faction leader|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/cp-john-cmp-faction-leader/article6653766.ece|access-date=2021-02-17|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=CMP 10th party congress from Sunday|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2019/jan/26/cmp-10th-party-congress-from-tomorrow-1930090.html|access-date=2019-01-26|website=The New Indian Express|archive-date=3 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203143343/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2019/jan/26/cmp-10th-party-congress-from-tomorrow-1930090.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Mass organizations==
*[[All India Centre for Trade Unions]] (AICTU)
*[[Kerala Socialist Youth Federation]] (KSYF)
*State Employees and Teachers Federation (SETF)
*Democratic Students Federation ( DSF )

==Election results==
===Local elections in Kerala, 2015===
Total for Kerala: Village Wards:16, Block Wards:4, District Wards:1, Municipality Wards:7 & Corporation Wards:3.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.trend.kerala.gov.in/trendsite/main/Election2010.html |title=Local Body Elections, Kerala 2010 - National Informatics Centre |access-date=2010-10-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101028023610/http://trend.kerala.gov.in/trendsite/main/Election2010.html |archive-date=28 October 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

* [[Thiruvananthapuram District]] - Corporation Wards:3, Village Wards:0.
* [[Kannur District]] - No Representation
* [[Kollam District]] - Village Wards:5
* [[Alappuzha District]] - Block Wards:1, Municipality Wards:2.
* [[Idukki District]] - Village Wards:1
* [[Ernakulam District]] - Village Wards:2
* [[Thrissur District]] - Village Wards:2, District Wards:1 & Municipality Wards:5.
* [[Palakkad District]] - Village Wards:2
* [[Malappuram District]] - Village Wards:2, Block Wards:1.
* [[Wayanad District]] - Block Wards:1.
* [[Kasaragod District]] - Village Wards:1, Block Wards:1.

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{United Progressive Alliance |state=collapsed}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Political parties established in 1986]]
[[Category:Political parties in Kerala]]
[[Category:Communist parties in India]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) breakaway groups]]
[[Category:1986 establishments in Kerala]]

Baseri Basnal

2026-01-30T16:43:15Z

Mythu09: created redirect

#REDIRECT [[Almora district]]
{{R from merge}}{{R from alternative transliteration}}

Vinaya Fenn

2026-01-24T03:46:56Z

Mythu09: Adding A Article

{{Short description|Indian radio personality}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
[[File:Vinaya Fenn.jpeg|upright=0.9|thumb|Fenn at [[Radio Mango]] in 2019]]

'''''Vinaya Mariam John Fenn''''' (born 29 April 1993), better known as '''RJ Vinaya''', is an Indian radio jockey. Having started her career with the [[Malayalam (language)|Malayalam]] channel [[Radio Mango]], she now works in the [[Alappuzha]] branch of the network and hosts the channel's daytime programming.<ref name="mm">{{cite news |title=മാംഗോ പൊളിയാണ്ട്രാ|accessdate=14 December 2019 |url=http://www.epaper-hub.com/india/epaper/malayala-manorama.aspx|work=[[Malayala Manorama|Metro Manorama]] |date=14 December 2019}}</ref> Her most popular programme on Radio Mango is "Timepass". In addition to her voice career, Fenn has also acted in short films including ''WhatsApp in Real Life''.<ref name="toi">{{cite web |title=നമ്മള്‍ ഇപ്പോള്‍ വാട്സാപ്പ് ജീവിതത്തിലാണ് ! |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-jokes/whatsapp-in-real-life-comedy-by-alambanz/articleshow/69427453.cms |website=[[The Times of India|Samayam Malayalam]] |accessdate=14 December 2019 |date=21 May 2019 |archive-date=14 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214090504/https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-jokes/whatsapp-in-real-life-comedy-by-alambanz/articleshow/69427453.cms |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Early life==
Vinaya Mariam John Fenn was born on 29 April 1993, in [[Kottayam]], [[Kerala]], to John and Sally Fenn.<ref name="jalakam">{{cite journal |title=ആകർഷകമായ പ്രദർശനം : വിനയ ഫെൻ|journal=Jalakam|volume=20|date=5 May 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fenn, Vinaya}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian radio personalities]]
[[Category:1994 births]]
[[Category:People from Kottayam]]
[[Category:People from Alappuzha]]
[[Category:Indian voice actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]

Aphsad inscription of Ādityasena

2026-01-20T03:50:33Z

Mythu09: Started new info from scratch!

{{Short description|Indian inscription}}
{{Infobox artifact
|image = Aphsad Stone of Adityasena (photograph).jpg
| image_size = 320px
|name = Aphsad inscription of Ādityasena
|image_caption = Aphsad Stone of Adityasena, [[British Museum]].
|material =
|size = 85 cm width x 45 cm height
|writing = [[Sanskrit]], [[Late Brahmi script]]
|created = Reign of [[Ādityasena]] (r. {{Circa|655}}-680 CE)
|period =
|place = [[Ghosrawan|Aphsad]], [[Bihar]]
|discovered =
|discovered_coords =
|location = [[British Museum]] (not on display)<ref name="British Museum">{{cite web |title=British Museum |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/A_1880-144 |website=The British Museum |language=en}}</ref><ref name="jstor.org" />
| map =
{{Location map
| South Asia
| float = center
| relief = yes
| label = Aphsad
| lat_deg = 25.091
| lon_deg = 85.578
}}
|id =
|registration = 1880.144<ref name="British Museum" />
}}
The '''Aphsad inscription of Ādityasena''' is an Indian inscription from the reign of the [[Later Gupta dynasty]] king [[Ādityasena]] (r. {{Circa|655}}-680 CE).<ref>{{cite web |title=Aphsad Inscription of Adityasena siddham |url=http://siddham.uk/inscription/IN00209 |website=siddham.uk}}</ref> The inscription was found in 1880 by Markham Kittoe in the village of [[Ghosrawan|Apasadha]], [[Bihar]], and is now located in the [[British Museum]].<ref name="jstor.org">{{cite journal |last1=Willis |first1=Michael |title=Later Gupta History: Inscriptions, Coins and Historical Ideology |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |date=2005 |volume=15 |issue=2 |page=149 |jstor=25188529 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25188529 |issn=1356-1863}}</ref>

==Content==
===Late Gupta dynasty===
{{main|Later Gupta dynasty}}
The inscription describes the genealogy and the deeds of the Late Gupta Dynasty kings up to Aditya-sena.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dandekar |first1=Ramchandra Narayan |title=A History of the Guptas |date=1941 |publisher=Oriental book agency |page=166 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iMpGAAAAIAAJ |language=en}}</ref>

===Fight against the Hunas===
The inscription is especially known for mentioning that the [[Maukharis]] fought against the remnants of the [[Alchon Huns]] in the areas of the [[Gangetic Doab]] and [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] (while the [[Aulikaras]] repelled them in the [[Malwa]] region).<ref name="MG145">{{cite journal |last1=GHOSE |first1=MADHUVANTI |title=The Impact of the Hun Invasions: A Nomadic Interlude in Indian Art |journal=Bulletin of the Asia Institute |date=2003 |volume=17 |pages=145–146 |jstor=24049312 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24049312 |issn=0890-4464}}</ref> The Aphsad inscription of [[Adityavardhana|Ādityasena]] mentions the military successes of kings of the [[Later Gupta dynasty]] against the Maukharis, themselves past victors of the Hunas:<ref name="MG145"/>

{{blockquote|"The son of that king ([[Kumara-gupta|Kumaragupta]]) was the illustrious [[Damodara-gupta|Dâmôdaragupta]], by whom (his) enemies were slain, just like the demons by (the god) Dâmôdara. Breaking up the proudly stepping array of mighty elephants, belonging to the Maukhari, which had thrown aloft in battle the troops of the Hûnas (in order to trample them to death)"|Line 8 of the Aphsad inscription of Ādityasena.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Madan |first1=A. P. |title=The History of the Rāṣṭrakūṭas |date=1990 |publisher=Harman Publishing House |isbn=978-81-85151-38-0 |page=208 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kr1AAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref>}}

===Constructions===
The inscription also records the establishment of two religious buildings: a temple of Viṣṇu by king Ādityasena following the wish of his mother Mahādevī Śrīmati, and the construction of a tank by Koṇadevīi, queen of Ādityasena.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Verma |first1=Anjali |title=Women and Society in Early Medieval India: Re-interpreting Epigraphs |date=16 July 2018 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-429-82642-9 |page=147 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wQFlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT147 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Prasad |first1=Birendra Nath |title=Archaeology of Religion in South Asia: Buddhist, Brahmanical and Jaina Religious Centres in Bihar and Bengal, c. AD 600–1200 |date=16 June 2021 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-41673-2 |page=438 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QEkgEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA438 |language=en}}</ref>

==Text of the inscription==
{{blockquote|[[File:Aphsad inscription of Ādityasena.jpg|thumb|upright=2|Aphsad inscription of Ādityasena (rubbing).<ref>For an actual photograph: {{cite web |title=Aphsad Inscription of Adityasena Siddham |url=http://siddham.uk/inscription/IN00209 |website=siddham.uk}}</ref>]]
Om! There was a king, the illustrious [[Krishna-gupta|Krishnagupta]], who was like a mountain, in that (his) cities, like the slopes of a mountain, were crowded with thousands of elephants; in that he was attended by men of learning, as a mountain is inhabited by [[Vidyadhara|Vidyâdharas]]; in that he was of good descent, as a mountain is possessed of excellent bamboos; (and) in that he was firm (and) lofty; (and) whose arm played the part of a lion, in bruising the foreheads of the array of the rutting elephants of (his) haughty enemies, (and) in being victorious by (its) prowess over countless foes. 
(Line 1.)-Just as the full-moon, destitute of spots, the destroyer of the darkness, was produced from the ocean, so from him there was born a son, the majestic one, named the illustrious [[Harsha-gupta|Harshagupta]], who,--raining down a terrible flight of arrows from (his) firm bow that was bent with ease at the befitting proper time, (and) being gazed upon with copious tears by (his enemies) who, averse to the abode of the goddess of fortune being with (him, her) own lord, were stupified (at being unable to prevent it),-was (always) displaying a glorious triumph, the written record as it were of terrible contests, in the guise of the rows of the knots of hard callous places, caused by wounds from many weapons, on (his) chest. 
(L. 3.)-His son was the illustrious [[Jivita-gupta|Jîvitagupta]], the best among kings, who was a very-cold-rayed (moon) to (wither) the waterlilies that were the countenances of the women of (his) proud enemies. The very terrible scorching fever (of fear) left not (his) haughty foes, even though they stood on seaside shores that were cool with the flowing and ebbing currents of water, (and) were covered with the branches of plantain-trees severed by the trunks of elephants roaming through the lofty groves of palmyra-palms; (or) even though they stood on (that) mountain ([[Himâlaya]]) which is cold with the water of the rushing and waving torrents full of snow. Even still his superhuman deeds are regarded with astonishment by all mankind, like the leap of (the monkey Hanumat) the son of the Wind from the side of (the mountain) Kôshavardhana. 
(L. 5.)-That king begat one son, by name the illustrious [[Kumara-gupta|Kumâragupta]], of renowned strength, a leader in battle; just as (the god) Hara begat a son, (Kârttikêya) who rides upon the peacock;--by whom, playing the part of (the mountain) Mandara, there was quickly churned that formidable milk-ocean, the cause of the attainment of fortune, which was the army of the glorious Îshânavarman a very moon among kings, (and) which had for (its) spreading rows of waves the plantain-trees that were wantonly shaken to and fro by the roaring wind (caused by the marching of the troops), (and) had (its) rocks, that were the ponderous and mighty rutting elephants (of the forces), whirled round and round by the masses of water that were the rising dust (stirred up by the soldiers). Cherishing heroism and adherence to the truth, (even) in (the possession of) wealth, he went to Prayâga; (and there), honourably decorated with flowers, plunged into a fire (kindled) with dry cow-dung cakes, as if (simply plunging to bathe) in water. 
[[File:Maukharis of Kanauj. Isanavarman. Circa AD 535-553.jpg|thumb|{{center|Coin of King [[Ishanavarman|Iśanavarman]] of the [[Maukhari]] of [[Kannauj]], successors of the Guptas in the Gangetic region. Circa 535-553 CE. The ruler faces to the left, whereas in Gupta coinage the ruler faces to the right. This is possibly a symbol of antagonism and rivalry, as also seen on [[:File:Toramana_coin_in_Western_Gupta_style.jpg|some similar coins]] of [[Toramana]].<ref name="RST">{{cite book |last1=Tripathi |first1=Rama S. |title=History of Kanauj: To the Moslem Conquest |date=1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=9788120804043 |page=45 Note 1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Tnh2QjGhMQC&pg=PA45 |language=en}}</ref>}}]]
(L. 8.)-The son of that king was the illustrious [[Damodara-gupta|Dâmôdaragupta]], by whom (his) enemies were slain, just like the demons by (the god) Dâmôdara. Breaking up the proudly stepping array of mighty elephants, belonging to the [[Maukhari]], which had thrown aloft in battle the troops of the [[Alchon Huns|Hûnas]] (in order to trample them to death), he became unconscious (and expired in the fight); (and then, waking again in heaven and) making a choice among the women of the gods, saying "(this one or that) belongs to me," he was revived by the pleasing touch of the waterlilies that were their hands. He, (while he was) king, gave away in marriage a hundred daughters of virtuous Brâhmans endowed with many ornaments and with youth, (and) dowered with a agrahâra-grants. 
(L. 10.)-From him there was a son, the illustrious [[Mahasena-gupta|Mahâsênagupta]], the leader, among brave men; who in all the assemblages of heroes acquired a (reputation for) valour (that stood) in the foremost rank;--whose mighty fame, marked with the honour of victory in war over the illustrious Susthitavarman, (and) [white], as a full-blown jasmine-flower or waterlily, or as a pure necklace of pearls pounded into little bits (?), is still constantly sung on the banks of (the river) Lôhitya, the surfaces of which are (so) cool, by the Siddhas in pairs, when they wake up after sleeping in the shade of the betel-plants that are in full bloom. 
(L. 11.)- As (the god) [[Mâdhava]], whose feet are graced by the attentions of (the goddess) [[Lakshmi|Srî]], (was born) from [[Vasudêva]], so from him there was (a son), the illustrious [[Madhava-gupta|Mâdhavagupta]], finding pleasure only in prowess, whose feet were graced by the attentions of the goddess of fortune. He being remembered in the foremost rank . . . . . . . .; being the leader of those who acquire renown in war; (and) being a very store-house of goodness, the best of those who excel in the collection and bestowal of riches, the natural home of wealth, truth, and learning, (and) a firm bridge of religion,--there is no one on the earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . who is (as) worthy to be praised b virtuous people, (as he was). He also, (like the god), carried a discus in the palm of (his) hand; to him also belonged a bow made of horn, and a pleasing sword (which was employed) for the destruction of (his) enemies (and) the happiness of his friends; (and), when the slaughter of (his) foes had been achieved, . . . . . . . . . . . . was averted by him; . . . . . . . . . . . . people did obeisance . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . "(My) mighty enemies have been slain by me in battle; there remains nothing more for me to do,"-thus he, the hero, determined in his mind; (and then) with the desire to associate himself with the glorious Harshadêva . . . . . . . 
[[File:Gupta in the Aphsad inscription of Ādityasena.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|The suffix "-gupta" in the inscription.]]
(L. 15.)- His son was the illustrious one, named [[Aditya-sena|Âdityasêna]], the best among kings, whose scimetar was sullied with a thick coating of dust in the shape of the pearls from the temples of the lordly elephants of (his) enemies that were split open (by it), . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Maintaining the supreme renown, that (his) perfect praise, coming from . . . . . . . . . . . . (and) rising from the destruction of (his) enemies, is worthy to be lauded in the presence of all wielders of the bow,--a continuous line of blessings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cleaning with the edge of the silken cloth of a banner, (used) under the excuse of (wiping away) sweat in battle, (his) sword that was stained with the rut (of the elephants slain by him), and was covered with sand in the shape of the minute fragments of the pearls (from their foreheads) through. . . . . . . . . . . . that was broken to pieces, . . . . . . . .the destruction of rutting elephants, in the course of which many swarms of bees, led into a mistake by the copious fragrant juice that trickled forth, were attracted by their perfume. . . . . . . . . . . in battle which is full of terrible and repulsive frownings . . . . . . . . . . . . (he) is accustomed to laugh in a charming manner in the gatherings of (his) favourites and servants. His [wife], truthfully constant to (her) lord; performing penance with the excellent qualities of (her) mouth (?); . . . . . . . . . . . . laughter . . . . . . . . . . . Being . . . . . . . . . . . . (and) being the greatest cause of the destruction of the power of all (his) enemies, (and) being possessed of his own mighty prowess, even when he is full of weariness produced by the fatigue of drawing (his) sword forth (from its scabbard) and (dealing) blows (with it),- . . . . . . . . . . . . . the foreheads of rutting elephants in battle, [he is verily] a guardian of the world, by whose white umbrella the whole circuit of the earth is covered. He, the king, has had both (his) gleaming arms increased in bulk by splitting open the temples of rutting elephants in war; he has a halo of fame, [acquired] by destroying the power of many enemies; the darting fire of the prowess of (his) feet has had thrown into it (to feed it) the locks of hair on the tops of the heads of all (other) kings; he is possessed of fortune; (and) he has a pure and celebrated reputation (acquired) by honourable behaviour in war. 
(L. 23.)- This best of temples has been caused to be made, on account of (the god) Vishnu, by him, the king, whose very great fame, (of) this (kind that has been described), white as the orb of the autumn moon (and) conferring renown on the (whole) circle of the world, was for a long time made angry by him through (his) desire for (her) association with (his) wealth, and then, becoming more wonderful than ever, went, forsooth, through the enmity natural to the condition of rival wives, to the other side of the ocean (in order to dwell there far away). 
(L. 24.)- By his mother, the Mahâdêvî Srîmatî, a religious college has been caused to be built, resembling a house in the world of the gods, (and) has been given by herself in person to religious people. 
(L. 25.)- By the queen, the illustrious Kônadêvî, the dear wife of that same king, in the performance of an excellent penance, there has been caused to be excavated a wonderful tank, the waters of which are eagerly drunk by people; which is full of drifting and glistening spray, resembling in lustre a shankha-shell, or the moon, or crystal; (and) in the waves of which, driven to and fro by the motion of the alligators, the birds disport themselves and the large fishes play about. 
(L. 26.)- As long as a digit of the moon [remains] on the head of (the god) Hara, (and) (the goddess) Srî on the breast of [[Vishnu]], (and) (the goddess) Sarasvatî . . . . . . . . . . . in the mouth of [[Brahman]]; as long as the earth [remains] on a hood of (Shêsha) the king of serpents; and as long as there is lightning in the interior of a cloud,--so long shall the king Adityasêna display here (in these works) (his) dazzling fame! 
(L.27.)- (This) eulogy, (written in) beautiful letters, [has been composed, or engraved] by Sûkshmashiva, (a native of) the Gauda (country), who is thoroughly religious (and) very intelligent.
|[[John Faithfull Fleet]] ''Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum: Inscriptions Of The Early Gupta Kings And Their Successors'' Vol. III.<ref>{{PD-notice}} {{cite book |last1=Fleet |first1=John Faithfull |title=Inscriptions Of The Early Gupta Kings And Their Successors |date=1888 |pages=200–215 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.463254/page/n451/mode/2up}}</ref>}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{British Museum}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aphsad inscription of Adityasena}}
[[Category:Asian objects in the British Museum]]
[[Category:Indian inscriptions]]
[[Category:Later Gupta dynasty]]
[[Category:Indian artefacts held abroad]]

Ravishankar Devanarayanan

2026-01-18T12:12:48Z

Mythu09: new first post basic info

{{Short description|Indian dubbing artist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ravishankar Devanarayanan
| image =
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| birth_name = Ravishankar
| birth_date = 24 June
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| occupation = Voice actor <ref>{{cite web|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/lede/tamil-tellings|title=Meet Ravishankar Devanarayan|accessdate=18 June 2019|publisher=caravanmagazine,in}}</ref>
| awards =
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| parents = Devanarayanan (father)
| relatives = Kolathu Iyer (grandfather)
| spouse =
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}}

'''Ravishankar Devanarayanan''' also known as '''Ravishankar''' is a dubbing artist in the Southern [[Indian film industry]]. He lent his voice to [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] industry and Hollywood actors like [[Robert Downey Jr.]] and [[Tom Cruise]].<ref name="thehindu">{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-man-behind-iron-man-voice-in-tamil/article26806600.ece|title=Ravi Shankar, the man behind |work=The Hindu |date=11 April 2019 |accessdate=16 June 2019 |last1=Ramanujam |first1=Srinivasa }}</ref><ref name=behindwood>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/dubbing-artist-ravishankar-shares-his-working-experience-with-iron-man-robert-downey-and-kamal.html|title= Ravishankar share his working experience with Iron Man|date= 8 April 2019|accessdate=16 June 2019}}</ref>

==Career==
Ravi was born in Tamil Family. His father Devanarayanan worked under actor [[Kamal Haasan]] and ravi's grandfather Kolathu Iyer lendind his voice 1943 Hindi film ''[[Ram Rajya (1943 film)|Ram Rajya]]'', when it film was dubbed and released into Tamil in 1948 named as ''Rama Rajiyam'' under [[AVM Productions]]. Ravi lending his voice ''[[Baasha (film)|Baasha]]'' for [[Shashikumar]]'s (he played Rajinikanth brother) and ''[[Sangamam (1999 film)|Sangamam]]'' for actor [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]]'s character.<ref name="youtube6">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pZPbiDrhups|title= Iron Man Real - Ravishankar|website= [[YouTube]]|date= 8 April 2019|accessdate=16 June 2019}}</ref> His other major work in Tamil ''[[Minnale]]'' and ''[[Padayappa]]'' lending his voice for [[Abbas (actor)|Abbas]], ''[[Aahaa..! (1997 film)|Aahaa..!]]'' lending voice to [[Rajiv Krishna]]. He majorly dubbed in Tamil films and gave Tamil voice to Telugu, Hindi and English dubbed films including famous - [[Marvel Cinematic Universe]] films as ''[[Iron Man (film series)|Iron Man]] and [[The Avengers (film series)|Avengers]]'' films<ref name="youtube2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=byEY15XBRV0|title=The Real Old voice behind Iron Man - Avengers dubbing artist Ravishankar|website=[[YouTube]] |date=7 April 2019 |accessdate=16 June 2019}}</ref> for Iron Man actor [[Robert Downey Jr.]] and also he lent his voice ''[[Fast and Furious (franchise)]]'' for actor [[Paul Walker]].<ref name="youtube">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ijqmb1SG-Kg |title=EMOTIONAL INTERVIEW: Old Iron-Man Dubbing artist Ravishankar|website=[[YouTube]] |date=8 April 2019 |accessdate=16 June 2019}}</ref> Initially actor ''[[Vijay Sethupathi]]'' dubbed his voice for [[Robert Downey Jr.]] as Tony Stark character for the movie ''[[Avengers: Endgame]]'' it was received several critical acclaims from audience, laterly Ravi lent his voice Tony stark.

==Dubbing artist==
===Films===
====Tamil films====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Actors !! class="unsortable"|{{Tooltip|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 1987||''[[Pookkal Vidum Thoothu]]'' || ||[[Harish Kumar (actor)|Harish Kumar]] ||
|-
| 1990 || [[Kavithai Paadum Alaigal]] || || Rajmohan ||
|-
| 1990 || [[Pudhu Pudhu Ragangal]] || || [[Charan Raj]] ||
|-
|1990||''[[Nyayangal Jayikkattum]]'' || ||[[Vinod Kumar Alva|Vinod Kumar]]||
|-
|1991||''Jodi Senthachu''|| ||Sriram||
|-
|1991 ||''[[Gnana Paravai]]'' || ||Harish Kumar ||
|-
| 1991 || [[Moondrezhuthil En Moochirukkum]] || || Srinivas Varma ||
|-
| 1992||''[[Ennarukil Nee Irunthal]]'' || ||[[Chi. Guru Dutt]] ||
|-
| 1992 || [[Agni Paarvai]] || || Ramkumar ||
|-
| 1992 || [[Eeramana Rojave]] || || Shiva ||
|-
| 1992 || [[Chinna Marumagal]] || || Shiva ||
|-
| 1992 ||''[[Mudhal Seethanam]]'' || ||Shiva||
|-
| 1992 || [[Pudhusa Padikkiren Paattu]] || || Gautham ||
|-
| 1992 ||''[[Annai Vayal]]'' || || Raj Murali ||
|-
| 1992 ||''[[Chinna Thayee]]'' || ||[[Vignesh (actor)|Vignesh]] ||
|-
|1993 ||''[[Walter Vetrivel]]'' ||Sundaram || Raj Chander ||
|-
|1994 ||''[[Vaa Magale Vaa]]'' || ||Veerapandiyan ||
|-
|1994 ||''[[Pudhupatti Ponnuthaayi]]'' || ||Sanjay Bhargav||
|-
|1994 ||''Padikkatha Vaathiyar'' || ||Chandrakanth ||
|-
| 1995 ||''[[Baashha]]'' ||Shiva||[[Shashi Kumar]] ||
|-
|1995 ||''Anbu Magan'' || ||Bharath Kumar ||
|-
|1995 || [[Mannukku Mariyadhai]] || || [[Vignesh (actor)|Vignesh]] ||
|-
|1995 ||''Ilavarasi'' || ||Raj Chander ||
|-
|1995 ||''[[Mogamul]]'' || ||[[Abhishek Shankar]] ||
|-
|1996||''[[Mappillai Manasu Poopola]]'' || ||Rajneesh Kumar||
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Aahaa..! (1997 film)|Aahaa..!]]'' || Sriram || [[Rajiv Krishna]] ||<ref name="vikatan">{{cite web|url=https://www.vikatan.com/news/cinema/154621-iron-man-tamil-dubbing-artist-ravi-shankar-speaks-about-his-experience.html|title='அயர்ன் மேன் தமிழ்க் குரல் என்னுடையதுதான்! டப்பிங் ஆர்டிஸ்ட் ரவிசங்கர் |date=9 April 2019|accessdate=16 June 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 1997||''[[Devathai]]''|| ||[[Vineeth]]||
|-
| 1998||''[[Simmarasi]]''|| ||[[Vineeth]]||
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Padayappa]]'' || Chandraprakash aka Chandru || [[Abbas (actor)|Abbas]] ||
|-
|1999 ||''[[Annan (film)|Annan]]''|| ||Seenu ||
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Sangamam (1999 film)|Sangamam]]'' || Selvam || [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]] ||
|-
|2000 ||''[[Kadhal Rojavae]]'' || ||[[George Vishnu]] ||
|-
|2000||''[[Good Luck (2000 film)|Good Luck]]''|| ||Sanjay Asrani||
|-
| 2001 ||''[[12B]]'' || Aravind ||[[Sunil Shetty]] ||
|-
| 2002 ||''[[En Mana Vaanil]]''|| ||[[Indrajith Sukumaran]] ||
|-
| 2002 || [[Yai! Nee Romba Azhaga Irukke!]] || || [[Rajiv Krishna]] ||
|-
| 2002 || [[Enge Enadhu Kavithai]] || || [[Kunal (actor)|Kunal]] ||
|-
| 2002 || [[Bala (2002 film)|Bala]] || || [[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]] ||
|-
| 2003 || [[Kadhaludan]] || || [[Abbas (actor)|Abbas]] ||
|-
| 2003 ||''[[Lesa Lesa]]'' || ||[[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]] ||
|-
| 2003 || [[Parasuram (2003 film)|Parasuram]] || || [[Abbas (actor)|Abbas]] ||
|-
| 2003 || [[Iyarkai]] || || [[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]] ||
|-
| 2003 ||''[[Priyamana Thozhi]]'' ||Michael||Vineeth||
|-
| 2003 ||''[[Well Done (2003 film)|Well Done]]'' || ||Jayanth ||
|-
|2004 ||''[[Azhagiya Theeye]]''||Chandran's friend||Harris Moosa ||
|-
| 2005 || [[Girivalam (film)|Girivalam]] || || Shaam ||
|-
| 2005 || [[Aayudham (2005 film)|Aayudham]] || || [[Subburaju]] ||
|-
| 2005 || [[Kannamma (film)|Kannamma]] || || [[Prem Kumar (Tamil actor)|Prem Kumar]] ||
|-
| 2006 ||''[[Kizhakku Kadarkarai Salai]]'' || ||[[Suresh (actor, born 1963)|Suresh]] ||
|-
| 2006 ||''[[Nenjirukkum Varai (2006 film)|Nenjirukkum Varai]]'' || ||Subbaraju ||
|-
|2006 ||''[[Aacharya (2006 film)|Aacharya]]'' || ||Vignesh ||
|-
| 2007 ||''[[Pokkiri]]'' || ||[[Subbaraju]] ||
|-
| 2008 ||''[[Sadhu Miranda]]'' || ||Abbas||
|-
| 2009||''[[Guru En Aalu]]'' || ||Abbas||
|-
| 2009||''[[Sarvam]]'' || ||[[J. D. Chakravarthy]] ||
|-
| 2010 || [[Kathai (film)|Kathai]] || || Shaan Kumar ||
|-
| 2011||''[[Ko (film)|Ko]]'' || Vasanth ||[[Ajmal Ameer]] ||
|-
| 2011||''[[Vithagan]]''|| ||[[Milind Soman]] ||
|-
|2011||''[[Eththan]]'' ||Pandiyan||Sarvajit ||
|-
|2013 ||''[[Samar (2013 film)|Samar]]'' || ||J. D. Chakravarthy ||
|-
| 2013 || [[Karuppampatti]] || || [[Ajmal Ameer]] ||
|-
| 2014||''[[Vetri Selvan]]'' || ||[[Ajmal Ameer]] ||
|-
|2019||''[[Kaaviyyan]]'' || ||Shaam ||
|-
|}

====Tamil dubbed films====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Movie !! Role !! Actors !! Original language !! class="unsortable"|{{Tooltip|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 1989 || ''[[Licence to Kill]]'' || [[James Bond]] ||[[Timothy Dalton]]||English ||
|-
| 1989 || ''[[Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade]]'' || [[Indiana Jones (character)|Indiana Jones]] ||[[Harrison Ford]]||English ||
|-
| 1989 ||''[[Carnivel|Vallavan]]'' || ||[[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] ||Malayalam ||
|-
| 1990 ||''[[Siva (1989 Telugu film)|Udhayam]]'' ||JD ||[[J. D. Chakravarthy]] || Telugu ||
|-
| 1990 ||''[[Indrudu Chandrudu|Indran Chandran]]'' ||Doctor ||[[Pradeep Sakthi]] ||Telugu ||
|-
| 1993 ||''[[Dhadi (film)|Police Attack]]'' || ||Harish Kumar||Telugu ||
|-
|1993||''[[Sri Durga Pooja|Durga Poojai]]'' || ||Raghuveer||Kannada||
|-
| 1994 ||''[[Commissioner (film)|Commissioner]]'' ||Prasad ||[[K. B. Ganesh Kumar]] || Malayalam ||
|-
|1995 ||''[[The King (1995 film)|The King]]'' || ||Vijayaraghavan || Malayalam ||
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Mission: Impossible (1996 film)|Mission: Impossible]]'' || Eugene Kittridge ||[[Henry Czerny]]||English ||
|-
| 1996 ||''[[Gulabi (1995 film)|Idhayame Idhayame]]'' || ||JD Chakravarthy || Telugu ||
|-
|1996 ||''[[Anaganaga Oka Roju|Andru Oru Naal]]'' || ||JD Chakravarthy ||Telugu ||
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Con Air]]'' || Cameron Poe ||[[Nicolas Cage]]||English ||
|-
| 1997 ||''[[Hai Bangalore|Time Bomb]]'' || ||Shashikumar ||Kannada ||
|-
| 1998 || ''[[Small Soldiers]]'' || Chip Hazard ||[[Tommy Lee Jones]]||English ||
|-
| 1999 || ''[[The Mummy (1999 film)|The Mummy]]'' || [[List of The Mummy characters#Rick O'Connell|Rick O'Connell]] || [[Brendan Fraser]] ||English ||
|-
| 1999 ||''[[The Killer (1999 film)|Kaaki Sattaiya Karuppu Sattaiya]]'' || ||Suman ||Kannada ||
|-
| 1999 ||''[[F. I. R. (1999 film)|F. I. R.]]'' || ||Biju Menon ||Malayalam ||
|-
| 1999||''Lady Tiger'' || ||Avinash ||Kannada ||
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Asterix & Obelix Take On Caesar]]'' || Lucius Detritus || [[Roberto Benigni]] ||French ||
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Mission: Impossible 2]]'' || [[Ethan Hunt]] ||[[Tom Cruise]]||English ||
|-
|2000||''[[Gandhi (1982 film)|Gandhi]]''||Jawaharlal Nehru||Roshan Seth||English||
|-
|2000||''Gladiator''|| ||Joaquin Phoenix||English||
|-
|2000||''[[Kanasalu Neene Manasalu Neene|Nee Indri Naan Illai]]'' || ||Vineeth|| Kannada ||
|-
| 2001 ||''[[9 Nelalu|Kanden Seethaiye]]'' || Surendra ||[[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] ||Telugu ||
|-
| 2001 || ''[[The Mummy Returns]]'' || Rick O'Connell || Brendan Fraser ||English ||
|-
| 2001 ||''[[Vasu (film)|Vetri]]'' || ||Venkatesh || Telugu ||
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Lara Croft: Tomb Raider]]'' || Mr. Pimms || [[Julian Rhind-Tutt]] ||English ||
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Die Another Day]]'' || James Bond ||[[Pierce Brosnan]]||English ||
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Finding Nemo]]'' || Marlin ([[Ocellaris Clownfish]]) || Albert Brooks || English ||
|-
| 2003 ||''[[War and Love (2003 film)|Kalam]]'' || ||Dileep ||Malayalam ||
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Daredevil (film)|Daredevil]]'' || Matt Murdock / Daredevil || [[Ben Affleck]] ||English ||
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Van Helsing (film)|Van Helsing]]'' ||[[Abraham Van Helsing|Gabriel Van Helsing]] || [[Hugh Jackman]] || English ||
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Hellboy (2004 film)|Hellboy]]'' || [[Abe Sapien]] || [[Doug Jones (actor)|Doug Jones]] ||English ||
|-
|2005||''King Kong'' || ||Adrian Brodo|| English||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Dhoom 2]]'' || Aryan/Mr. A || [[Hrithik Roshan]] || Hindi ||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Krrish]]'' || Rohit Mehra/Krishna "Krrish" Mehra || Hrithik Roshan || Hindi ||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Mission: Impossible III]]'' || Ethan Hunt || Tom Cruise || English ||
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Transformers (film)|Transformers]]'' || Capt. William Lennox || [[Josh Duhamel]] || English ||
|-
| 2007 ||''[[Style (2006 film)|Lakshyam]]'' || Ganesh ||[[Prabhu Deva]] ||Telugu ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[The Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor]]'' || Rick O'Connell || Brendan Fraser ||English ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Iron Man (2008 film)|Iron Man]]'' ||[[Tony Stark (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Tony Stark / Iron Man]] || [[Robert Downey Jr.]] ||English ||<ref name="youtube3">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yl2TlJ11zWk|title=அவெஞ்சர்ஸுக்கு டப்பிங் கொடுக்க நாங்க பட்ட கஷ்டம்|website=[[YouTube]] |date=9 April 2019 |accessdate=16 June 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2008 || ''[[The Incredible Hulk (film)|The Incredible Hulk]]'' || Tony Stark (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Tony Stark / Iron Man || Robert Downey Jr. ||English ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[The Dark Knight]]'' || [[Batman|Bruce Wayne / Batman]] || [[Christian Bale]] ||English ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Hellboy II: The Golden Army]]'' || Abe Sapien || Doug Jones (actor)|Doug Jones ||English ||
|-
| 2008||''[[Jodhaa Akbar]]'' || Mann Singh ||[[Sonu Sood]]|| English ||
|-
| 2008||''[[Wanted (2008 film)|Wanted]]'' || Wesley Gibson || [[James McAvoy]] || English ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Fast & Furious]]'' || [[Brian O'Conner]] || [[Paul Walker]] || English ||<ref name="youtube4">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KyDU8rpXyf8|title=Avengers Mass Performance - When they took up Challenge!!|website=[[YouTube]] |date=19 April 2019 |accessdate=16 June 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2009 || ''[[G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra]]'' || [[Stone (G.I. Joe)]] || Brendan Fraser ||English ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen]]'' || Capt. William Lennox || Josh Duhamel || English ||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Iron Man 2]]'' || Tony Stark (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Tony Stark / Iron Man || Robert Downey Jr. ||English ||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Inception]]'' || Dom Cobb || [[Leonardo DiCaprio]] ||English ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Transformers: Dark of the Moon]]'' || Capt. William Lennox || Josh Duhamel || English ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Spy Kids: All the Time in the World]]'' || [[Ricky Gervais]] || Robot dog ||English ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol]]'' || Ethan Hunt ||Tom Cruise ||English ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[The Avengers (2012 film)|The Avengers]]'' || Tony Stark (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Tony Stark / Iron Man || Robert Downey Jr. ||English ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[The Dark Knight Rises]]'' || Batman|Bruce Wayne / Batman || Christian Bale ||English ||
|-
|2012||''[[Chatrapathi (2005 film)|Chatrapathi]]'' || ||Prabhas||Telugu||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Fast & Furious 6]]'' ||Brian O'Conner || Paul Walker || English ||
|-
| 2013 ||''[[Krrish 3]]'' ||Rohit/Krrish||Hrithik Roshan||Hindi ||
|-
|2013||''[[Shadow (2013 film)|Shadow]]''|| ||Venkatesh||Telugu||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Iron Man 3]]'' || Tony Stark (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Tony Stark / Iron Man|| Robert Downey Jr. || English ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Bang Bang!]]'' || Rajveer Nanda/Jai Nanda || Hrithik Roshan || Hindi ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Avengers: Age of Ultron]]'' || Tony Stark (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Tony Stark / Iron Man || Robert Downey Jr. || English ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation]]'' || Ethan Hunt ||Tom Cruise || English ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them (film)|Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them]]'' || Percival Graves || [[Colin Farrell]] || English ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Captain America: Civil War]]'' || Tony Stark (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Tony Stark / Iron Man || Robert Downey Jr. || English ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Finding Dory]]'' || Marlin (Ocellaris Clownfish) || Fish || English ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice]]'' || [[Superman|Clark Kent / Superman]] || [[Henry Cavill]] || English ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Kaabil]]'' || Rohan Bhatnagar || Hrithik Roshan || Hindi ||
|-
| 2017 || [[Raja The Great]] || || [[Ravi Teja]] || Tamil ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Transformers: The Last Knight]]'' || Capt. William Lennox || Josh Duhamel || English ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Spider-Man: Homecoming]]'' || Tony Stark (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Tony Stark / Iron Man || Robert Downey Jr. || English ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Justice League (film)|Justice League]]'' || Superman|Clark Kent / Superman || Henry Cavill || English ||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Black Panther (film)|Black Panther]]'' || Young T'Chaka || [[Atandwa Kani]] || English ||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Avengers: Infinity War]]'' || Tony Stark (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Tony Stark / Iron Man || Robert Downey Jr. || English ||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Mission: Impossible – Fallout]]'' || Ethan Hunt || Tom Cruise || English ||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Venom (2018 film)|Venom]]'' || [[Venom (Sony's Spider-Man Universe)|Eddie Brock]] / [[Venom (character)|Venom]] || [[Tom Hardy]] || English ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Spider-Man: Far From Home]]'' || Tony Stark (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Tony Stark / Iron Man || Robert Downey Jr. || English ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Hellboy (2019 film)|Hellboy]]'' || [[Hellboy]] || [[David Harbour]] || English ||
|-
|2019 || ''[[Frozen II]]'' || Agnarr || Alfred Molina|| English ||
|-
|2019 ||''[[Vinaya Vidheya Rama]]'' || || [[Prashanth]] ||Telugu ||
|-
|2022||''[[Athidi]]'' || ||Mahesh Babu|| Telugu||''Athidi'' was originally dubbed and released in Tamil as ''Thanikattu Raja'' in 2008 in which Mahesh Babu's voice was dubbed by different voice artist. When this film was dubbed again in Tamil in 2022, Ravishankar dubbed his voice for Mahesh Babu.
|-
|2022||''[[Black Adam (film)|Black Adam]]'' || [[Doctor Fate]] / Clark Kent / Superman ||[[Pierce Brosnan]] / Henry Cavill ||English||
|-
|2023||''[[Waltair Veerayya]]''||Veerayya||Chiranjeevi||Tamil||
|-
|2024||''[[Mr. Bachchan]]''|| ||Ravi Teja||Telugu||
|-
|}

===Serials===
====Tamil dubbed TV shows====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! series !! Role !! actor !! class="unsortable"|{{Tooltip|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
!
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Mere Sai - Shraddha Aur Saburi|Sai Baaba]]'' || [[Sai Baba of Shirdi|Shirdi Sai baba]] || Abeer Sofi ||
|
|-
|2020
|Pawn Stars
|Rick Harrison
|
|
|
|}

====Tamil serials====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Actor !! Series !! class="unsortable"|{{Tooltip|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
|Ravishankar || Premi, Jannal Adutha Veettu Kavithaigal ||
|-
|[[Nandha Durairaj|Nandha]] ||Premi ||
|-
|Sathish||Guhan, [[Anandham (TV series)|Anandham]], Athi Pookal, Gokulathil Seethai, Annakodiyum Ainthu Pengalum ||
|-
|[[Eeramana Rojave]] Shiva ||Kavyanjali Kasturi Hello Shyamala, [[Roja (Tamil TV series)|Roja]], Maari ||
|-
|Jayakrishnan ||[[Kasthuri (TV series)|Kasthuri]], [[Namma Kudumbam]]||
|-
|Vijay Adhiraj||Poovilangu||
|-
|Akash||Kelunga Mamiyare Neengalum Marumagal Than ||
|-
|[[Bhanuchander]] ||''[[Kanaa Kaanum Kaalangal]]'', [[Karthigai Pengal]]||
|-
|Seenu||All Tamil Serials except Namma Kudumbam||
|-
|[[Mithun Tejaswi]] || [[Apoorva Raagangal (TV series)|Apoorva Raagangal]] ||
|-
| Vallabh || [[Mahabharatam (TV series)|Mahabharatam]] ||
|-
|Lakshmi Raj ||Valli, Chandralekha Mahalakshmi [[Abhiyum Naanum (TV series)|Abhiyum Naanum]] ||
|-
|Sasindhar ||[[Roja (Tamil TV series)|Roja]]||
|-
|Satish (Gopi) ||Baakiyalaxmi||
|-
|Harish Uthaman||Kolangal||
|-
|Zianudeen||Kolangal||
|-
|[[Abhishek Shankar]] ||Anupallavi [[Kolangal (TV series)|Kolangal]] (for some episodes) [[Thangam (TV series)|Thangam]] [[Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal (TV series)|Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal]] ||
|-
|[[Vignesh (actor)|Vignesh]] || [[Velammal]] ||
|-
|Madhu Mohan||[[Karthigai Deepam (TV series)|Karthigai Deepam]] ||
|-
|}
;Television shows
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Show !! Channel !! class="unsortable"|{{Tooltip|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
|''Aalaya Dharisanam'' ||Vasanth TV||
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Devanarayanan, Ravishankar}}
[[Category:Indian Tamil people]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Artists from Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian male voice actors]]

Akshardham metro station

2025-12-26T02:43:13Z

Mythu09: added references

{{Short description|Metro station in Delhi, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Delhi Metro logo.svg|50px]] Akshardham
| type = {{Delhi Metro Infobox station line|line=Blue}}
| style = Delhi Metro
| image = AkshardhamMetroStation.jpg
| address = Noida Link Rd, Patparganj, New Delhi, Delhi 110092
| coordinates = {{coord|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| line = {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}
| other =
| structure = [[Elevated]]
| platform = {{ubl|[[Side platform]]|Platform-1 → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Blue|R|type=main}}|Platform-2 → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Blue|L}}}}
| depth =
| levels = 2
| tracks = 2
| parking = {{parking symbol}} Available
| bicycle =
| opened = {{start date and age|df=yes|2009|November|12}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} through [[Overhead line|overhead catenary]]
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| code = {{#property:P296}}
| owned = Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (DMRC)
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers = Average 17,076 /day 529,341 (Month of Jan)
| pass_year = 2015
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Delhi Metro|line=Blue|type=main|left=Yamuna Bank|right=Mayur Vihar-I}}
| route_map = {{Delhi Metro Blue Line Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Delhi Metro|Blue}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

The '''Akshardham''' metro station is a [[Delhi Metro]] station on the Blue Line operated by the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Limited. The station lies between [[Pandav Nagar]] on one side and the [[Akshardham (Delhi)|Akshardham Mandir]] and the [[Commonwealth Games Village, Delhi|Commonwealth Games Village]] on the other. It was designed to be a complement of the Akshardham Mandir located nearby.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.baps.org/news/2009/11/akdmetro/index.htm |title=News of BAPS - Inauguration of Akshardham metro station |access-date=28 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723025515/http://www.baps.org/news/2009/11/akdmetro/index.htm |archive-date=23 July 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref> When it was completed on 12 November 2009, the station was the tallest metro station within the Delhi Metro system (the record is currently held by the [[Mayur Vihar-I metro station]] on the [[Pink Line (Delhi Metro)|Pink Line]]).<ref>{{cite news |last= Roy|first= Sidharatha|date=1 January 2020|title=Delhi: Metro station as tall as a 7-floor building|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/metro-station-as-tall-as-a-7-floor-building/articleshow/73051811.cms|work= Times of India|access-date= 20 November 2021}}</ref> The station serves commuters travelling to the mandir and provided transport for the [[2010 Commonwealth Games]].<ref>{{cite news|date= 25 October 2009 |title=Akshardham Metro station pretty tall|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/akshardham-metro-station-pretty-tall/story-sxv2B9oz4FrT5Gbv0WIbUN.html |url-status= |work= Hindustan Times|location= New Delhi|access-date= 20 November 2021}}</ref>

== Station layout ==
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|'''Platform 1''' '''South East bound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|Towards → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Blue|R|type=main}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|Mayur Vihar-I}} '''''Change at the next station for '''{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Pink|croute}}''
|-
|'''Platform 2''' '''Westbound'''
|Towards ← {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Blue|L}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|Yamuna Bank}} '''''(Passengers heading towards [[Vaishali metro station|Vaishali]] may alight at the next station)'''''
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Concourse
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;border-top:solid 1px grey;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|}

==Facilities==
[[Cash machine|ATM]]s are available at Akshardham metro station are HDFC Bank, Punjab National Bank, Yes Bank.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/ATM_details.aspx|title = DMRC : ATM Details}}</ref>

==See also==
{{stack|{{Portal|Transport}}}}
*[[List of Delhi Metro stations]]
*[[Transport in Delhi]]
*[[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]]
*[[Delhi Suburban Railway]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/ Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (Official site)]
* [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/annual_report.aspx/ Delhi Metro Annual Reports]
* {{cite web|title=Station Information |work=Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (DMRC) |url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619035828/http://delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html |archive-date=19 June 2010}}
* [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.

{{Delhi Metro}}
{{Delhi & NCR Metro stations|blue line=yes}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2009]]
[[Category:Delhi Metro stations]]
[[Category:2009 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Railway stations in East Delhi district]]

{{Delhi-railstation-stub}}

Gurudev Chauraha metro station

2025-12-19T18:25:46Z

Mythu09: New a details

{{short description|Kanpur Metro's Orange Line metro station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File: Lucknow_Metro.jpg|30px]] Gurudev Chauraha
| style = Kanpur Metro
| type = {{Kanpur Metro Infobox station line|line = Orange}}
| image = Gurudev Chauraha metro station.jpg
| image_caption =
| address = Khyora, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208024
| coordinates = {{coord|26.491665|80.284595|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| owned = [[Kanpur Metro]]
| operator = [[Uttar Pradesh Metro Rail Corporation]]
| line = {{rcb|Kanpur Metro|Orange|croute}}
| platform = [[Side platform]] Platform-1 → [[Kanpur Central metro station|Kanpur Central]] Platform-2 → [[IIT Kanpur metro station|IIT Kanpur]]
| tracks = 2
| other =
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double-track railway|Double track]]
| depth =
| levels = 2
| parking = Two Wheeler - No Four Wheeler - Yes
| bicycle =
| acessible =
| code =
| zone =
| opened = {{start date and age|df=yes|2021|12|28}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = 750 V DC [[third rail]]
| former =
| mpassengers =
| passengers =
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Kanpur Metro|line=Orange|left=Vishwavidyalaya Kanpur|right=Geeta Nagar|to-left=IIT Kanpur|to-right=Kanpur Central}}
| route_map = {{Kanpur Metro Orange Line Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Kanpur Metro|Orange}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
'''Gurudev Chauraha''' is a metro station on the East-West corridor of the [[Orange Line (Kanpur Metro)|Orange Line]] of [[Kanpur Metro]] station in [[Kanpur]], India. The station was opened on 28 December 2021 as part of the inaugural section of Kanpur Metro, between [[IIT Kanpur metro station|IIT Kanpur]] and [[Moti Jheel metro station|Moti Jheel]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sabarwal |first1=Harshit |title=Memorable experience, says PM Modi after riding new section of Kanpur Metro |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-inaugurates-completed-section-of-kanpur-metro-rail-project-101640677868513.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=28 December 2021}}</ref>

== Station layout ==
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Gurudev Chauraha track layout
| title-color = white
| title bg color = #FF6000
| collapsible = no
| legend = track
| footnote = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms</div>
| map = vCONTgfa
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to [[Vishwavidyalaya Kanpur metro station|Vishwavidyalaya]]
*'''P2'''\cPLT\vSTR\cPLT\*'''P1'''
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to [[Geeta Nagar metro station|Geeta Nagar]]
vCONTgfe
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Mezzanine
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover 
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|'''Platform 1''' '''Eastbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|Towards → [[Moti Jheel metro station|Moti Jheel]] '''Next Station:''' [[Geeta Nagar metro station|Geeta Nagar]]
|-
|'''Platform 2''' '''Westbound'''
|Towards ← [[IIT Kanpur metro station|IIT Kanpur]] '''Next Station:''' [[Vishwavidyalaya Kanpur metro station|Vishwavidyalaya]]
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" colspan=2 align=center|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[Kanpur]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[List of Kanpur Metro stations]]
*[[List of metro systems]]
*[[Rapid transit in India|List of rapid transit systems in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://www.lmrcl.com/kanpur-metro/station-info|name=Kanpur Metro Station information}}

{{Kanpur Metro stations}}

[[Category:Kanpur Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2021]]
[[Category:2021 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

{{UttarPradesh-railstation-stub}}
__FORCETOC__

Bala Rajwadi

2025-12-14T15:04:15Z

Mythu09: New

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Bala Rajwadi
| image = Bala Rajwadi, a candid portrait at shooting location..jpg
| yearsactive = 1997; 2016–present
| occupation = Actor
}}
'''R Lingaraju''' (born 27 October 1973), known by his [[Stage name|screen name]] '''Bala Rajwadi''', is an Indian film and stage actor and director known for his work in [[Cinema of Karnataka|Kannada cinema]]. Portraying mostly negative-shaded characters, he has appeared in over 90 films.

==Career==
Prior to acting in films, he worked as a stage actor with the theatre group called Janamana, from 1993. He has directed various documentaries and stage plays. He made his debut in the 1997 [[Kannada]] movie Nodu Baa Nammoora. Since 2016 he has been actively working in the south film industry.

Rajwadi got his major break in films after appearing as an antagonist in ''[[Bhairava Geetha]]'' (2018) which was a [[Ram Gopal Varma]] production.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/gossip/bala-rajvadi-in-different-role/articleshow/67074941.cms|title=ವಿಭಿನ್ನ ಪಾತ್ರಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಮಿಂಚಿದ ಬಲ ರಾಜ್‌ವಾಡಿ|website=[[Vijaya Karnataka]]|language=kn|access-date=10 October 2023|archive-date=15 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015094706/https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/gossip/bala-rajvadi-in-different-role/articleshow/67074941.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> He is also noted for his performances in films like ''[[Mufti (2017 film)|Mufti]]'' (2017), ''[[Bharaate]]'',
''[[Panchatantra (film)|Panchatantra]]'', ''[[Damayanthi (film)|Damayanthi]]''.
He is the founding Member of the Niranthara foundation (established in the year 1999), a theatre group which aims to use theatre to address various social issues.<ref name="nirantharamysuru">{{cite web|url=http://nirantharamysuru.org/index.php/about-us.html|title=About Us | Niranthara Foundation|website=nirantharamysuru.org|accessdate=12 October 2019}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* ''Nodu Baa Nammoora'' (1997)
* ''[[Suli (2016 film)|Suli]]'' (2016)
* ''Palllata'' (2016)
* ''[[Vardhan]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Mass Leader]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Kataka (film)|Kataka]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Kariya 2]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Once More Kaurava]]'' (2017)
* ''Nanna Magale Heroine'' (2017)
* ''[[Mufti (2017 film)|Mufti]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Samhaara]]'' (2018)
* ''Idam Premam Jeevanam'' (2018)
* ''[[Dhwaja]]'' (2018)
* ''[[Bhairava Geetha]]'' (2018) (Telugu and Kannada)
* ''[[Vajra]]'' (2018)
* ''[[My Story (film)|My Story]]'' (2018) (Malayalam)
* ''Fortuner'' (2019)
* ''Ravi History'' (2019)
* ''Prayanikara Gamanakke'' (2019)
* ''[[Panchatantra (film)|Panchatantra]]'' (2019)
* ''Anushka'' (2019)
* ''Haftha'' (2019)
* ''[[Bharaate]]'' (2019)
* ''[[Damayanthi]]'' (2019)
* ''[[Geetha (2019 film)|Geetha]]'' (2019)
* ''Baddi Magan Lifu'' (2019)
* ''Navarathna'' (2019)
* ''[[Yellow Gangs]]'' (2022)
* ''[[Dharani Mandala Madhyadolage (2022 film)|Dharani Mandala Madhyadolage]]'' (2022)
* ''[[Long Drive (film)|Long Drive]]'' (2023)<ref>{{Cite web |author=Y Maheswara Reddy|date=Feb 10, 2023 |title=Long Drive Movie Review: Of youthful meanderings |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/long-drive-movie-review-of-youthful-meanderings/articleshow/97783432.cms |access-date=2023-02-17 |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref>
* ''SLV: Siri Lambodara Vivaha'' (2023)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/slv-siri-lambodara-vivaha-movie-review-1-wedding-2-planners-case-of-missing-cash/articleshow/98049524.cms|title=SLV: Siri Lambodara Vivaha Movie Review: 1 wedding, 2 planners & case of missing cash|website=Bangalore Mirror|access-date=10 October 2023|archive-date=26 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226011452/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/slv-siri-lambodara-vivaha-movie-review-1-wedding-2-planners-case-of-missing-cash/articleshow/98049524.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[Melody Drama (Film)|Melody Drama]]'' (2023)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/melody-drama-movie-review-twists-and-turns-in-emotional-tale/articleshow/100904989.cms|title=Melody Drama Movie Review: Twists and turns in emotional tale|website=Bangalore Mirror|access-date=10 October 2023|archive-date=20 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120124741/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/darbar-movie-review-playing-politics-on-screen/articleshowajax/100883170.cms?version=18&enforceseoatarticle=0&lastarticle=100712202&photocount=6&photoexclude=3|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''Namasthe Ghost'' (2023)
* ''[[Case of Kondana]]'' (2024)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/gripping-thriller-with-intense-performances-2866825|title=Case of Kondana review: Gripping thriller with intense performances|first=Sujay B.|last=M|website=Deccan Herald|access-date=16 February 2025|archive-date=4 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204233133/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/gripping-thriller-with-intense-performances-2866825|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[Naguvina Hoogala Mele]]'' (2024)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/naguvina-hoogala-mele-movie-review-love-has-no-barriers/articleshow/107588622.cms|title=Naguvina Hoogala Mele Movie Review: Love has no barriers|website=Bangalore Mirror|access-date=16 February 2025|archive-date=14 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214090935/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/naguvina-hoogala-mele-movie-review-love-has-no-barriers/articleshow/107588622.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[Hide and Seek (2024 film)|Hide and Seek]]'' (2024)
* ''[[Appa I Love You]]'' (2024)
* ''[[Night Curfew]]'' (2024)
* ''[[Marigold (2024 film)|Marigold]]'' (2024)
* ''[[Kaagada]]'' (2024)
* ''[[Pepe (2024 Indian film)|Pepe]]'' (2024)
* ''[[Karki (film)|Karki Nanu BA, LLB]]'' (2024)
* ''[[FIR 6 to 6]]'' (2025)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Y. |first1=Maheswara Reddy |title=Kannada Movie Review–FIR 6 to 6: A thriller with many characters on the run |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/kannada-movie-reviewfir-6-to-6-a-thriller-with-many-characters-on-the-run/articleshow/118633852.cms |work=Bangalore Mirror |date=1 March 2025 |language=en |archive-date=12 March 2025 |access-date=4 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250312144700/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/kannada-movie-reviewfir-6-to-6-a-thriller-with-many-characters-on-the-run/articleshow/118633852.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''[[Kothalavadi]]'' (2025)
* ''[[Kantara: Chapter 1]]'' (2025)
{{div col end|3}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|9334746|Bala Rajwadi}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajwadi, Bala}}
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:People from Mysore district]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Kannada comedians]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:Male actors from Karnataka]]

List of villages in Seraikela Kharsawan district

2025-12-06T09:42:04Z

Mythu09: started initial location with sources

{{Short description|none}}
{{Only primary sources|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}

[[Seraikela Kharsawan district]] is one of the 24 districts of [[Jharkhand]] state, India. This is the list of villages of Seraikela Kharsawan district according to respective 9 blocks.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Village {{!}} District Seraikela Kharsawan, Government of Jharkhand {{!}} India |url=https://seraikela.nic.in/village/ |access-date=2024-10-24 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Chandil ==

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ List of villages in [[Chandil block]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Villages & Towns in Chandil Block of Saraikela Kharsawan, Jharkhand |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/subdistrict/2748-chandil-saraikela-kharsawan-jharkhand.html |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>
|-
! scope="col" | Sl.
! scope="col" | Name of panchayats
! scope="col" | Name of villages
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1
| rowspan="4" |Asanbani
|Asanbani
|-
|Kandarbeda
|-
|Ramgarh
|-
|Shaherbeda
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2
| rowspan="7" |Bhadudih
|Badalakha
|-
|Bhadudih
|-
|Chotalakha
|-
|Humid
|-
|Humsada
|-
|Jariyadih
|-
|Manikui
|-
| rowspan="3" | 3
| rowspan="3" |Chandil
|[[Chandil]]
|-
|Kadamdih
|-
|Sikli
|-
| rowspan="7" | 4
| rowspan="7" |Chilgu
|Chakuliya
|-
|Chilgu
|-
|Kadamjhor
|-
|Karnidih
|-
|Kathjhor
|-
|Makulakocha
|-
|Tulin
|-
| rowspan="7" | 5
| rowspan="7" |Chowka
|Berada
|-
|Chandudih
|-
|[[Chowka, Seraikela Kharsawan|Chowka]]
|-
|Dubrajpur
|-
|Mirudih
|-
|Royadih
|-
|Tuidungri
|-
| rowspan="6" | 6
| rowspan="6" |Chowlibasa
|Chowlibasa
|-
|Gourdih
|-
|Kashidih
|-
|Pathrakhun
|-
|Rugdi
|-
|Singati
|-
| rowspan="9" | 7
| rowspan="9" |Dhunaburu
|Balidih
|-
|Bansa
|-
|Dhunaburu
|-
|Ghatdulmi
|-
|Jurgu
|-
|Kunchidih
|-
|Palgam
|-
|Paharpur
|-
|Tulgram
|-
| rowspan="4" | 8
| rowspan="4" |Ghoranegi
|Borabinda
|-
|Dimudih
|-
|Ghoranegi
|-
|Keshargariya
|-
| rowspan="8" | 9
| rowspan="8" |Hensakocha
|Hensakocha
|-
|Kokebeda
|-
|Mutuda
|-
|Palna
|-
|Rangamatia
|-
|Ranka
|-
|Tanisoya
|-
|Turu
|-
| rowspan="7" |10
| rowspan="7" |Jhabri
|Dirlang
|-
|Janta
|-
|Jhabri
|-
|Lengdih
|-
|Padodih
|-
|Podka
|-
|Siddih
|-
| 11
| Kapali Northeast
| rowspan="4" |Kapali
|-
| 12
| Kapali Northwest
|-
| 13
| Kapali Southeast
|-
| 14
| Kapali Southwest
|-
| rowspan="3" | 15
| rowspan="3" |Khunti
|Khunti
|-
|Kurli
|-
|Musribeda
|-
| rowspan="9" | 16
| rowspan="9" |Matkamdih
|Barsida
|-
|Chutiyakhal
|-
|Dhowatama
|-
|Gutiuli
|-
|Kadlakocha
|-
|Lapaibeda
|-
|Matkamdih
|-
|Raidih
|-
|Reyarda
|-
| rowspan="8" | 17
| rowspan="8" |Rasuniya
|Hathinada
|-
|Kanglatand
|-
|Lengdih
|-
|Rasuniya
|-
|Rawtada
|-
|Ruwani
|-
|Suksari
|-
|Tiruldih
|-
| rowspan="3" | 18
| rowspan="3" |Ruchap
|Gangudih
|-
|Hirimili
|-
|Ruchap
|-
| rowspan="8" | 19
| rowspan="8" |Rudiya
|Chainpur
|-
|Dadda
|-
|Dalgram
|-
|Katiya
|-
|Pata
|-
|Rudiya
|-
|Saherbeda
|-
|Tarkuang
|-
| rowspan="5" | 20
| rowspan="5" |Tamuliya
|Dobo
|-
|Gouri
|-
|Pudisili
|-
|Rugdi
|-
|Tamuliya
|-
| rowspan="5" | 21
| rowspan="5" |Urmal
|Dinai
|-
|Dubudih
|-
|Dungardih
|-
|Hedemda
|-
|Urmal
|-
|}

== Adityapur (Gamharia) ==

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ List of villages in [[Adityapur block|Adityapur (Gamharia) block]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Villages & Towns in Adityapur(Gamharia) Block of Saraikela Kharsawan, Jharkhand |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/subdistrict/2752-adityapur(gamharia)-saraikela-kharsawan-jharkhand.html |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>
|-
! scope="col" | Sl.
! scope="col" | Name of panchayats
! scope="col" | Name of villages
|-
| rowspan="13" | 1
| rowspan="13" |Bandhdih
|Baliposi
|-
|Bandhdih
|-
|Bhalubasa
|-
|Dadimara
|-
|Dalaikocha
|-
|Dighi
|-
|Haldibani
|-
|Hardala
|-
|Jhapragoda
|-
|Nuadih
|-
|Ramchandrapur
|-
|Singhpur
|-
|Thasakpur
|-
| rowspan="17" | 2
| rowspan="17" |Barakankra
|Barakankra
|-
|Brahmatand
|-
|Chandrapur
|-
|Chotakankra
|-
|Dhatkidih
|-
|Gorangdih
|-
|Gunadih
|-
|Jagannathpur
|-
|Madhupur
|-
|Matadih
|-
|Nilmohanpur
|-
|Nishakur
|-
|Nuadih
|-
|Padadih
|-
|Rengodih
|-
|Sahebganj
|-
|Timniya
|-
| rowspan="13" | 3
| rowspan="13" |Birbansh
|Baliguma
|-
|Bholadih
|-
|Birbansh
|-
|Chauda
|-
|Gopidih
|-
|Jambeda
|-
|Kamalpur
|-
|Kendudih
|-
|Khakudih
|-
|Nimaidih
|-
|Nischintpur
|-
|Pathargoda
|-
|Tirildih
|-
| rowspan="16" | 4
| rowspan="16" |Burudih
|Barabaramari
|-
|Baridih
|-
|Burudih
|-
|Champanagar
|-
|Chotabaramari
|-
|Kanki
|-
|Karangiribuda
|-
|Manipur
|-
|Raymara
|-
|Regadih
|-
|Reyarda
|-
|Salampathar
|-
|Santhaldih
|-
|Shivpur
|-
|Sridharpur
|-
|Sudhapur
|-
| rowspan="6" | 5
| rowspan="6" |Chamaru
|Chamaru
|-
|Guda
|-
|Nengtasai
|-
|Rangamatia
|-
|Rangatand
|-
|Ujanpur
|-
| 6
|Chota Gamharia
|Chota Gamharia
|-
| rowspan="7" | 7
| rowspan="7" |Dudra
|Dhatkidih
|-
|Dudra
|-
|Gilinggoda
|-
|Kamalpur
|-
|Kumari
|-
|Mahuldih
|-
|Parvatipur
|-
| rowspan="18" | 8
| rowspan="18" |Dugdha
|Bada Hariharpur
|-
|Badkatand
|-
|Burubad
|-
|Chota Hariharpur
|-
|Dugdha
|-
|Gahnadih
|-
|Haridih
|-
|Jagannathpur
|-
|Jhadgovindpur
|-
|Jhurkuli
|-
|Khuchidih
|-
|Pratappur
|-
|Ramjivanpur
|-
|Shikhardih
|-
|Srirampur
|-
|Swarupdih
|-
|Virajpur
|-
|Virdhwajpur
|-
| rowspan="4" | 9
| rowspan="4" |Dugni
|Dugni
|-
|Jambahal
|-
|Jordih
|-
|Khudidih
|-
| rowspan="19" | 10
| rowspan="19" |Dumra
|Baidhnathpur
|-
|Barikocha
|-
|Beltand
|-
|Bhdawagora
|-
|Bishrampur
|-
|Dumra
|-
|Gidibera
|-
|Gopinathpur
|-
|Gutubera
|-
|Hatibhanja
|-
|Jagibad
|-
|Kudibera
|-
|Mahtabera
|-
|Manoharpur
|-
|Pandubera
|-
|Raghunathpur
|-
|Raipur
|-
|Ratanpur
|-
|Udaypur
|-
| rowspan="7" | 11
| rowspan="7" |Itagarh
|Aamdih
|-
|Baistamdih
|-
|Basurda
|-
|Itagarh
|-
|Kuludih
|-
|Tirildih
|-
|Tirla
|-
| rowspan="3" | 12
| rowspan="3" |Jagannathpur
|Balrampur
|-
|Jagannathpur
|-
|Narayanpur
|-
| rowspan="10" | 13
| rowspan="10" |Jaikan
|Adityapratappur
|-
|Bada Jamjoda
|-
|Bandih
|-
|Chota Jamjoda
|-
|Daraimach
|-
|Jaikan
|-
|Shobhapur
|-
|Ukam
|-
|Vamandungri
|-
|Vindapur
|-
| rowspan="5" | 14
| rowspan="5" |Kalikapur
|Forest block
|-
|Kalikapur
|-
|Saldih
|-
|Shankarpur
|-
|Uperbeda
|-
| 15
|Kandra
|[[Kandra]]
|-
| rowspan="7" | 16
| rowspan="7" |Muria
|Chandrapur
|-
|Hathitand
|-
|Jivanpur
|-
|Kolabira
|-
|Masleva
|-
|Muria
|-
|Saldih
|-
| rowspan="7" | 17
| rowspan="7" |Narayanpur
|Asanbani
|-
|Donda
|-
|Ghaghi
|-
|Narayanpur
|-
|Ramnagar
|-
|Simalbeda
|-
|Vijay
|-
| rowspan="7" | 18
| rowspan="7" |Nuagarh
|Banslikocha
|-
|Dhatkidih
|-
|Nayadih
|-
|Nuagarh
|-
|Pogrodih
|-
|Samram
|-
|Ujjawalpur
|-
| rowspan="11" | 19
| rowspan="11" |Rapcha
|Bakipur
|-
|Bikanipur
|-
|Harisundarpur
|-
|Mohanpur
|-
|Murgaghutu
|-
|Musrikudar
|-
|Padampur
|-
|Pendrabera
|-
|Ramchandrapur
|-
|Rapcha
|-
|Tilopada
|-
| rowspan="9" | 20
| rowspan="9" |Tentoposi
|Awanladih
|-
|Begnadih
|-
|Dubrajpur
|-
|Goira
|-
|Hidibili
|-
|Sindhuchopa
|-
|Tentoposi
|-
|Tiringtipa
|-
|Ugma
|-
| rowspan="8" | 21
| rowspan="8" |Yashpur
|Gangia
|-
|Mundrubeda
|-
|Mudkum
|-
|Pakudgoda
|-
|Raimasa
|-
|Rajgaon
|-
|Udaypur
|-
|Yashpur
|}

== Ichagarh ==

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ List of villages in [[Ichagarh block]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Villages & Towns in Ichagarh Block of Saraikela Kharsawan, Jharkhand |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/subdistrict/2749-ichagarh-saraikela-kharsawan-jharkhand.html |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>
|-
! scope="col" | Sl.
! scope="col" | Name of panchayats
! scope="col" | Name of villages
|-
| rowspan="7" | 1
| rowspan="7" |Bandu
|Bandu
|-
|Chamda
|-
|Hurlung
|-
|Jamdoha
|-
|Karandih
|-
|Kuduktopa
|-
|Udal
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2
| rowspan="7" |Chimtiya
|Atargram
|-
|Chimtiya
|-
|Chitri
|-
|Diyadih
|-
|Khokra
|-
|Rugri
|-
|Tamara
|-
| rowspan="7" | 3
| rowspan="7" |Dewaltand
|Agsiya
|-
|Bamandih
|-
|Basahatu
|-
|Dewaltand
|-
|Jelingadar
|-
|Nawadih
|-
|Rugdi
|-
| rowspan="5" | 4
| rowspan="5" |Gourangkocha
|Dalgram
|-
|[[Gourangkocha]]
|-
|Kathghoda
|-
|Salbani
|-
|Silda
|-
| rowspan="5" | 5
| rowspan="5" |Gudri
|Bada Amda
|-
|Chota Amda
|-
|Gudri
|-
|Hundi
|-
|Hutup
|-
| rowspan="8" | 6
| rowspan="8" |Lepatand
|Budalong
|-
|Ghatiya
|-
|Ghatshila
|-
|Kandebeda
|-
|Kestopur
|-
|Kundrilong
|-
|Lepatand
|-
|Patpur
|-
| rowspan="8" | 7
| rowspan="8" |Maisda
|Burudih
|-
|Garadih
|-
|Kadka
|-
|Kalichamda
|-
|Lepsodih
|-
|Maisda
|-
|Matkamdih
|-
|Purandih
|-
| rowspan="9" | 8
| rowspan="9" |Nadisai
|Amandiri
|-
|Chodiyadih
|-
|Daruda
|-
|Ghagri
|-
|Gudma
|-
|Kutam
|-
|Nadisai
|-
|Naro
|-
|Shankaradih
|-
| rowspan="5" | 9
| rowspan="5" |Patkum
|Baksai
|-
|[[Ichagarh]]
|-
|Kujamban
|-
|Patkum
|-
|Wakaltodiya
|-
| rowspan="7" | 10
| rowspan="7" |Situ
|Dumra
|-
|Hartaldih
|-
|Kutam
|-
|Raghunathpur
|-
|Rahradih
|-
|Salukdih
|-
|Situ
|-
| rowspan="8" | 11
| rowspan="8" |Sodo
|Adardih
|-
|Bamandih
|-
|Birdih
|-
|Govindpur
|-
|Khiri
|-
|Kuramdih
|-
|Paharpur
|-
|Sodo
|-
| rowspan="9" | 12
| rowspan="9" |Tikar
|Bankati
|-
|Burudih
|-
|Dumardih
|-
|Jaragoda
|-
|Pamiya
|-
|Ratie
|-
|Saparup
|-
|Serengdih
|-
|Tikar
|-
| rowspan="7" | 13
| rowspan="7" |Tiruldih 2
|Baruna
|-
|Boda
|-
|Chipdi
|-
|Chunidih
|-
|Dhundadih
|-
|Lava
|-
|Tiruldih
|-
| rowspan="11" | 14
| rowspan="11" |Tuta
|Arua
|-
|Badachunchudia
|-
|Baradih
|-
|Bardadih
|-
|Choga
|-
|Chotachunchudia
|-
|Dulmidih
|-
|Kuidih
|-
|Matkamdih
|-
|Pudihensa
|-
|Tuta
|-
|}

== Kharsawan ==

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ List of villages in [[Kharsawan block]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Villages & Towns in Kharsawan Block of Saraikela Kharsawan, Jharkhand |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/subdistrict/2747-kharsawan-saraikela-kharsawan-jharkhand.html |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>
|-
! scope="col" | Sl.
! scope="col" | Name of panchayats
! scope="col" | Name of villages
|-
| rowspan="8" | 1
| rowspan="8" |Badaamda
|Badaamda
|-
|Bandubeda
|-
|Buditopa
|-
|Chotaamda
|-
|Narayanpur
|-
|Sargaposi
|-
|Tiringtipa
|-
|Udalkham
|-
| rowspan="15" | 2
| rowspan="15" |Bitapur
|Barjudih
|-
|Bitapur
|-
|Dirigoda
|-
|Jhujhki
|-
|Kadambeda
|-
|Kashidih
|-
|Kondadih
|-
|Kotadih
|-
|Narayandih
|-
|Nuabeda
|-
|Raghunathpur
|-
|Raidih
|-
|Saharbeda
|-
|Sidmakudar
|-
|Silpingda
|-
| rowspan="11" | 3
| rowspan="11" |Burudih
|Asura
|-
|Begnadih
|-
|Burudih
|-
|Devli
|-
|Ganjudih
|-
|Guabeda
|-
|Kolburudih
|-
|Mahalisai
|-
|Potka
|-
|Rengogora
|-
|Rudrapur
|-
| rowspan="7" | 4
| rowspan="7" |Chilku
|Badgaon
|-
|Baghraidih
|-
|Balrampur
|-
|Burughutu
|-
|Chilku
|-
|Sandeburu
|-
|Santari
|-
| rowspan="11" | 5
| rowspan="11" |Dalaikela
|Asantalia
|-
|Badamashal
|-
|Banaikela
|-
|Dalaikela
|-
|Hindusai
|-
|Khudipidih
|-
|Kuchai
|-
|Mauda
|-
|Pidki
|-
|Santoshpur
|-
|Tirildih
|-
| rowspan="8" | 6
| rowspan="8" |Haribhanja
|Haribhanja
|-
|Khegurda
|-
|Khelarisai
|-
|Pundida
|-
|Ramgarh
|-
|Sorang
|-
|Tankodih
|-
|Teligoda
|-
| rowspan="13" | 7
| rowspan="13" |Jojodih
|Ananddih
|-
|Badasai
|-
|Baidhnathpur
|-
|Borda
|-
|Devridih
|-
|Dharamdih
|-
|Gopinathpur
|-
|Jojodih
|-
|Kotwalsai
|-
|Mailadih
|-
|Padampur
|-
|Parmadih
|-
|Telisai
|-
| rowspan="11" | 8
| rowspan="11" |Jordiha
|Badabambo
|-
|Badasupaisai
|-
|Chotabambo
|-
|Gitilata
|-
|Gondamara
|-
|Jordiha
|-
|Kotwalsai
|-
|Rugdi
|-
|Samursai
|-
|Sonapose
|-
|Telangjudi
|-
| rowspan=2 | 9
| rowspan=2 |Kharsawan (Old ULB)
|Kadamdiha (Old Ward-6)
|-
|Kharsawan (Old Ward 1-5)
|-
| rowspan="11" | 10
| rowspan="11" |Krishnapur
|Gopalpur
|-
|Jagtapur
|-
|Khamardih
|-
|Kocha
|-
|Krishnapur
|-
|Kudasingi
|-
|Kuntala
|-
|Nichintpur
|-
|Potobeda
|-
|Rajabasa
|-
|Udhadia
|-
| rowspan="7" | 11
| rowspan="7" |Riding
|Hudangda
|-
|Lakhandih
|-
|Mudadih
|-
|Narayanbeda
|-
|Patpat
|-
|Raijama
|-
|Riding
|-
| rowspan="13" | 12
| rowspan="13" |Simla
|Baddih
|-
|Baniram
|-
|Chamrudih
|-
|Gondpur
|-
|Gopidih
|-
|Gullupada
|-
|Hadisai
|-
|Hansda
|-
|Jarkatola
|-
|Katua
|-
|Nayadih
|-
|Podadih
|-
|Simla
|-
| rowspan="10" | 13
| rowspan="10" |Telaidih
|Badakudma
|-
|Badasargidih
|-
|Chotasargidih
|-
|Jenasai
|-
|Jojokudma
|-
|Losodiki
|-
|Mahadevbuta
|-
|Pitkalang
|-
|Singadih
|-
|Telaidih
|-
|}

== Kuchai ==

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ List of villages in [[Kuchai block]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Villages & Towns in Kuchai Block of Saraikela Kharsawan, Jharkhand |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/subdistrict/2746-kuchai-saraikela-kharsawan-jharkhand.html |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>
|-
! scope="col" | Sl.
! scope="col" | Name of panchayats
! scope="col" | Name of villages
|-
| rowspan="10" | 1
| rowspan="10" |Arwan
|Arwan
|-
|Bayang
|-
|Dhatkidih
|-
|Doro
|-
|Jilingda
|-
|Jorasarjam
|-
|Kerketa
|-
|Lopta
|-
|Mangudih
|-
|Serengda
|-
| rowspan="8" | 2
| rowspan="8" |Bandolohar
|Badachakri
|-
|Bagurdih
|-
|Bandolohar
|-
|Chotachakri
|-
|Nowagaon
|-
|Parulbadi
|-
|Putuldih
|-
|Rurunglohar
|-
| rowspan="8" | 3
| rowspan="8" |Baruhatu
|Bandhdih
|-
|Baruhatu
|-
|Dalbhanga
|-
|Dedawapahad
|-
|Jojohatu
|-
|Padeya
|-
|Sursi
|-
|Todangdih
|-
| rowspan="13" | 4
| rowspan="13" |Chotasegoi
|Badabandi
|-
|Badasegoi
|-
|Champad
|-
|Chotabandi
|-
|Chotasegoi
|-
|Damadiri
|-
|Gufa
|-
|Ichahatu
|-
|Jamda
|-
|Karalor
|-
|Punibudi
|-
|Raisindri
|-
|Torangdih
|-
| rowspan="10" | 5
| rowspan="10" |Gomiadih
|Gomiadih
|-
|Hatnabeda
|-
|Ichadih
|-
|Kanderago
|-
|Korvadih
|-
|Kudadih
|-
|Mermangja
|-
|Selaidih
|-
|Vadu
|-
|Zenalongbasidih
|-
| rowspan="10" | 6
| rowspan="10" |Maranghatu
|Bhukunda
|-
|Dango
|-
|Jobzanzeer
|-
|[[Kuchai]]
|-
|Kundiamarcha
|-
|Maranghatu
|-
|Ramaisal
|-
|Rengadih
|-
|Rengsa
|-
|Ruchab
|-
| rowspan="6" | 7
| rowspan="6" |Pondakata
|Chirudih
|-
|Durusai
|-
|Kolaidih
|-
|Kujadih
|-
|Mundadev
|-
|Pondakata
|-
| rowspan="14" | 8
| rowspan="14" |Rolahatu
|Atara
|-
|Baugutu
|-
|Buruhatu
|-
|Dangil
|-
|Gilwa
|-
|Jombaro
|-
|Kasrauli
|-
|Komay
|-
|Kora
|-
|Ludubera
|-
|Punisir
|-
|Rolahatu
|-
|Sikramba
|-
|Taraamba
|-
| rowspan="8" | 9
| rowspan="8" |Rugudih
|Bijar
|-
|Dhunadih
|-
|Mutugota
|-
|Ramdih
|-
|Rochoda
|-
|Rugudih
|-
|Siyadih
|-
|Sosokoda
|-
| rowspan="12" | 10
| rowspan="12" |Tilopada
|Dukhyadih
|-
|Galudih
|-
|Gongamarcha
|-
|Gopidih
|-
|Gumdadih
|-
|Jugidih
|-
|Lepso
|-
|Pagardih
|-
|Rengadih
|-
|Samudih
|-
|Surabeda
|-
|Tilopada
|-
|}

== Kukru ==

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ List of villages in [[Kukru block]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Villages & Towns in Kukru Block of Saraikela Kharsawan, Jharkhand |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/subdistrict/2750-kukru-saraikela-kharsawan-jharkhand.html |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>
|-
! scope="col" | Sl.
! scope="col" | Name of panchayats
! scope="col" | Name of villages
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1
| rowspan="2" |Berasisirum
|Berasisirum
|-
|Rupru
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2
| rowspan="3" |Chaura
|Chaura
|-
|Kuda
|-
|Pandra
|-
| rowspan="6" | 3
| rowspan="6" |Ichadih
|Adardih
|-
|Chowka
|-
|Edaldih
|-
|Ichadih
|-
|Karkidih
|-
|Wakarkudi
|-
| rowspan="5" | 4
| rowspan="5" |Janum
|Hesalong
|-
|Janum
|-
|Kendaanda
|-
|Khudilong
|-
|Samnagar
|-
| rowspan="4" | 5
| rowspan="4" |Kukru
|Chotalapang
|-
|Datam
|-
|[[Kukru]]
|-
|Shishi
|-
| rowspan="4" | 6
| rowspan="4" |Letemda
|Badalapang
|-
|Bandabir
|-
|Jargo
|-
|Letemda
|-
| rowspan="5" | 7
| rowspan="5" |Odia
|Dayapur
|-
|Dulmi
|-
|Kumari
|-
|Odia
|-
|Udatand
|-
| rowspan="7" | 8
| rowspan="7" |Pargama
|Chupchudia
|-
|Haitirul
|-
|Kadargama
|-
|Kadka
|-
|Kisundih
|-
|Pargama
|-
|Sindurpur
|-
| rowspan="8" | 9
| rowspan="8" |Tiruldih 1
|Chano
|-
|Dere
|-
|Gundlidih
|-
|Hedemuli
|-
|Sapada
|-
|Saparum
|-
|Sirkadih
|-
|Tiruldih
|-
|}

== Nimdih ==

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ List of villages in [[Nimdih block]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Villages & Towns in Nimdih Block of Saraikela Kharsawan, Jharkhand |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/subdistrict/2751-nimdih-saraikela-kharsawan-jharkhand.html |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>
|-
! scope="col" | Sl.
! scope="col" | Name of panchayats
! scope="col" | Name of villages
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1
| rowspan="3" |Badeda
|Badeda
|-
|Burudih
|-
|Madhupur
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2
| rowspan="5" |Chaliyama
|Bandhdih
|-
|Chaliyama
|-
|Damudih
|-
|Farega
|-
|Pathardih
|-
| rowspan="4" | 3
| rowspan="4" |Chigraparkidih
|Chatarma
|-
|Chigraparkidih
|-
|Hudrupathardih
|-
|Jugilang
|-
| rowspan="6" | 4
| rowspan="6" |Gordih
|Gordih
|-
|Gauridih
|-
|Ghutiyadih
|-
|Ketunga
|-
|[[Nimdih]]
|-
|Sangira
|-
| rowspan="4" | 5
| rowspan="4" |Gunda
|Gunda
|-
|Lava
|-
|Ramnagar
|-
|Seema
|-
| rowspan="6" | 6
| rowspan="6" |Heven
|Anda
|-
|Heven
|-
|Hutu
|-
|Kalyanpur
|-
|Kasipur
|-
|Muragdih
|-
| rowspan="2" | 7
| rowspan="2" |Adardih
|Adardih
|-
|Raghunathpur
|-
| rowspan="2" | 8
| rowspan="2" |Jhimri
|Jhimri
|-
|Muru
|-
| rowspan="6" | 9
| rowspan="6" |Lakri
|Bagdi
|-
|Bandu
|-
|Burudih
|-
|Kadla
|-
|Lakri
|-
|Puriyara
|-
| rowspan="7" | 10
| rowspan="7" |Lupungdih
|Bana
|-
|Batkamkocha
|-
|Burudungri
|-
|Lupung
|-
|Pitki
|-
|Tankocha
|-
|Ugdih
|-
| rowspan="6" | 11
| rowspan="6" |Samanpur
|Bamni
|-
|Hakasara
|-
|Hurlung
|-
|Makula
|-
|Purnapani
|-
|Samanpur
|-
| rowspan="8" | 12
| rowspan="8" |Tengadih
|Aotosimal
|-
|Badhadih
|-
|Janta
|-
|Jharidih
|-
|Kamadulu
|-
|Rupadih
|-
|Tengadih
|-
|Tetlo
|-
| rowspan="3" | 13
| rowspan="3" |Tilla
|Kushputul
|-
|Sirka
|-
|Tilla
|-
|}

== Gobindpur (Rajnagar) ==

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ List of villages in [[Gobindpur block|Gobindpur (Rajnagar) block]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Villages & Towns in Gobindpur(Rajnagar) Block of Saraikela Kharsawan, Jharkhand |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/subdistrict/2754-gobindpur(rajnagar)-saraikela-kharsawan-jharkhand.html |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>
|-
! scope="col" | Sl.
! scope="col" | Name of panchayats
! scope="col" | Name of villages
|-
| rowspan="10" | 1
| rowspan="10" |Bada Sijulata
|Bada Sijulata
|-
|Bahadurganj
|-
|Chota Sijulata
|-
|Dangardiha
|-
|Govardhan
|-
|Jambani
|-
|Pata Hensalbil
|-
|Phukdih
|-
|Rampur
|-
|Urughutu
|-
| rowspan="12" | 2
| rowspan="12" |Bana
|Bada Kanki
|-
|Bana
|-
|Chota Kanki
|-
|Gopalpur
|-
|Hamanda
|-
|Jota
|-
|Kolabadhia
|-
|Kunwarda
|-
|Mundakanti
|-
|Sangajota
|-
|Tangrain
|-
|Tipangtand
|-
| rowspan="12" | 3
| rowspan="12" |Bandu
|Bandu
|-
|Barubeda
|-
|Budhisiring
|-
|Gondamara
|-
|Jamdih
|-
|Keshargadhia
|-
|Khandadera
|-
|Kotarichara
|-
|Maharajganj
|-
|Patakocha
|-
|Richituka
|-
|Ravankocha
|-
| rowspan="7" | 4
| rowspan="7" |Dhuripada
|Chakradharpur
|-
|Choudadih
|-
|Devrajpur
|-
|Dhuripada
|-
|Hanumanbeda
|-
|Letotiril
|-
|Phuljhadi
|-
| rowspan="14" | 5
| rowspan="14" |Dumardih
|Bankati
|-
|Baridih
|-
|Burudih
|-
|Chapda
|-
|Chelkhani
|-
|Dumardiha
|-
|Lachmipur
|-
|Lakhiposi
|-
|Mahuldih
|-
|Nishintpur
|-
|Radhanagar
|-
|Sanjad
|-
|Sargachida
|-
|Vikrampur
|-
| rowspan="9" | 6
| rowspan="9" |Edal
|Bahmankutum
|-
|Dumardiha
|-
|Edal
|-
|Golokutum
|-
|Hensal
|-
|Natairuli
|-
|Pathrikutum
|-
|Rupanachna
|-
|Sonardih
|-
| rowspan="11" | 7
| rowspan="11" |Gamharia
|Baghraisai
|-
|Baliasai
|-
|Chadri
|-
|Gajidih
|-
|Gamharia
|-
|Jarkani
|-
|Kadko
|-
|Majhgaon
|-
|Nauka
|-
|Pandugiti
|-
|Salgadiha
|-
| rowspan="11" | 8
| rowspan="11" |Gengeruli
|Badakudar
|-
|Bada Kunabeda
|-
|Bharatpur
|-
|Chouberbandha
|-
|Gangadih
|-
|Gengeruli
|-
|Khairkocha
|-
|Matunkbeda
|-
|Sadadih
|-
|Sosodih
|-
|Tuibasa
|-
| rowspan="9" | 9
| rowspan="9" |Gobindpur
|Amlatola
|-
|Bandu
|-
|Bankati
|-
|Bogadadu
|-
|[[Gobindpur, Seraikela Kharsawan|Gobindpur]]
|-
|Khairbani
|-
|Khokhro
|-
|Nayasai
|-
|Rutdih
|-
| rowspan="11" |10
| rowspan="11" |Herma
|Chotagidhi
|-
|Dholadih
|-
|Gulia
|-
|Hathisiring
|-
|Herma
|-
|Jadudih
|-
|Kita
|-
|Sagadia
|-
|Shyamsundarpur
|-
|Sini
|-
|Sonaposi
|-
| rowspan="11" | 11
| rowspan="11" |Jonbani
|Amlatola
|-
|Autodih
|-
|Badagidhi
|-
|Bhalupani
|-
|Dhanudih
|-
|Jhalak
|-
|Jonbani
|-
|Rajabasa
|-
|Sedesai
|-
|Sitani
|-
|Visrampur
|-
| rowspan="9" |12
| rowspan="9" |Jumal
|Badakadal
|-
|Chotakadal
|-
|Ichamara
|-
|Itapokhar
|-
|Jumal
|-
|Muchiasai
|-
|Roladih
|-
|Sundardih
|-
|Tiasara
|-
| rowspan="13" |13
| rowspan="13" |Katanga
|Bandua
|-
|Bhurkuli
|-
|Burudih
|-
|Chotadawna
|-
|Dholadih
|-
|Gangidih
|-
|Katanga
|-
|Kumrasol
|-
|Midki
|-
|Puha
|-
|Suriyaposi
|-
|Ulidih
|-
|Upersila
|-
| rowspan="12" |14
| rowspan="12" |Kendmundi
|Balrampur
|-
|Batarbeda
|-
|Bedkalsai
|-
|Bidri
|-
|Bisrampur
|-
|Chota Kunabeda
|-
|Kendmundi
|-
|Majhgaon
|-
|Padnamsai
|-
|Salbani
|-
|Sosomali
|-
|Tangarjoda
|-
| rowspan="18" | 15
| rowspan="18" |Kuju
|Baddih
|-
|Balidih
|-
|Bandodih
|-
|Banksai
|-
|Chandankhiri
|-
|Dangardiha
|-
|Devridih
|-
|Hensal
|-
|Icha
|-
|Kelugot
|-
|Kuju
|-
|Kumdih
|-
|Mahuldih
|-
|Majhgaon
|-
|Nimdih
|-
|Rengalbeda
|-
|Sarjamdih
|-
|Soso
|-
| rowspan="16" | 16
| rowspan="16" |Kurma
|Asua
|-
|Bada Dholadih
|-
|Bada Pahadpur
|-
|Chediapahari
|-
|Chota Dholadih
|-
|Chota Pahadpur
|-
|Guda
|-
|Hakasara
|-
|Jugitopa
|-
|Kendmundi
|-
|Kurma
|-
|Maidnasai
|-
|Namibeda
|-
|Nayadih
|-
|Raniganj
|-
|Sakadpose
|-
| rowspan="12" | 17
| rowspan="12" |Potka
|Arahasa
|-
|Barhi
|-
|Bita
|-
|Chalyama
|-
|Joldiha
|-
|Kamarbasa
|-
|Kashida
|-
|Keshargadhia
|-
|Lodha
|-
|Potka
|-
|Rangamatia
|-
|Telai
|-
| rowspan="10" | 18
| rowspan="10" |Rajnagar
|Changua
|-
|Gamdesai
|-
|Hesra
|-
|Kalajharna
|-
|Krishnapur
|-
|Magarkela
|-
|Mudiapada
|-
|Murumdih
|-
|[[Rajnagar, Seraikela Kharsawan|Rajnagar]]
|-
|Shyamnagar
|-
| rowspan="14" | 19
| rowspan="14" |Tintidih
|Adarhatu
|-
|Bada Khiri
|-
|Bada Matlima
|-
|Balijodi
|-
|Bandhdih
|-
|Bankhairbani
|-
|Bhalubasa
|-
|Chota Khiri
|-
|Gopinathpur
|-
|Kamalpur
|-
|Rajhand
|-
|Shobhapur
|-
|Tentla
|-
|Tintidih
|-
| rowspan="13" | 20
| rowspan="13" |Tumung
|Antusai
|-
|Barsasai
|-
|Batujhor
|-
|Bhuianachna
|-
|Chaliyama
|-
|Gumdipani
|-
|Kesharsora
|-
|Lakhiposi
|-
|Maheshkudar
|-
|Nagatumung
|-
|Nayadih
|-
|Pahadpur
|-
|Tumung
|-
| rowspan="14" | 21
| rowspan="14" |Bijadih
|Argunbila
|-
|Bardih
|-
|Barhi
|-
|Bhudsa
|-
|Bijadih
|-
|Chowke
|-
|Hatnabeda
|-
|Khairbani
|-
|Kumdih
|-
|Pukharia
|-
|Raghunathpur
|-
|Rola
|-
|Samarsai
|-
|Sursi
|}

== Seraikela ==

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ List of villages in [[Seraikela block]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Villages & Towns in Saraikela Block of Saraikela Kharsawan, Jharkhand |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/subdistrict/2753-saraikela-saraikela-kharsawan-jharkhand.html |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>
|-
! scope="col" | Sl.
! scope="col" | Name of panchayats
! scope="col" | Name of villages
|-
| rowspan="13" | 1
| rowspan="13" |Chotadawna
|Akhinathpur
|-
|Badadawna
|-
|Badalupung
|-
|Bastamsai
|-
|Chotadawna
|-
|Jurgudiya
|-
|Kadamdiha
|-
|Majhladawna
|-
|Mirgi
|-
|Sidadih
|-
|Sinisidma
|-
|Swada
|-
|Turasai
|-
| rowspan="12" | 2
| rowspan="12" |Govindpur
|Bhurkuli
|-
|Devgirisai
|-
|Gilingburu
|-
|Govindpur
|-
|Hadua
|-
|Kandagoda
|-
|Kashipur
|-
|Keeta
|-
|Mahuldiha
|-
|Pandua
|-
|Rangpur
|-
|Shaldih
|-
| rowspan="13" | 3
| rowspan="13" |Hudu
|Baldevpur
|-
|Hatnada
|-
|Hudu
|-
|Janglikhas
|-
|Kalajhor
|-
|Kumardahi
|-
|Kunamarcha
|-
|Palobeda
|-
|Poradih
|-
|Sardabeda
|-
|Tirildih
|-
|Tumsha
|-
|Uperbeda
|-
| rowspan="8" | 4
| rowspan="8" |Itakudar
|Bundu
|-
|Dudhi
|-
|Itakudar
|-
|Lakhodih
|-
|Manikbazar
|-
|Narsinghpur
|-
|Padampur
|-
|Vasudevpur
|-
| rowspan="8" | 5
| rowspan="8" |Kamalpur
|Banksai
|-
|Ghodalang
|-
|Jojo
|-
|Kamalpur
|-
|Kendua
|-
|Mahulpani
|-
|Sarmali
|-
|Virdadih
|-
| rowspan="18" | 6
| rowspan="18" |Mohitpur
|Bhadrodih
|-
|Charakpathar
|-
|Chitadih
|-
|Gopalpur
|-
|Jankipur
|-
|Kasida
|-
|Khatuakudar
|-
|Madhupur
|-
|Mahadevpur
|-
|Mohitpur
|-
|Padampur
|-
|Padampur 166
|-
|Pannaral
|-
|Serengda
|-
|Shakladih
|-
|Santipur
|-
|Sohandih
|-
|Swarnpur
|-
| rowspan="14" | 7
| rowspan="14" |Mundatand
|Bhalukpahari
|-
|Chhaitanpur
|-
|Dhatkidih
|-
|Domjuri
|-
|Gangpur
|-
|Gopinathpur
|-
|Juritand
|-
|Lakarbad
|-
|Mundatand
|-
|Raghunathpur
|-
|Rangamatia
|-
|Shovapur
|-
|Sindriyam
|-
|Ulidih
|-
| rowspan="14" | 8
| rowspan="14" |Murkum
|Badabana
|-
|Batidih
|-
|Bhandarisai
|-
|Dharamdiha
|-
|Jhaliaposi
|-
|Jordiha
|-
|Krishnapur
|-
|Kumdi
|-
|Murkum
|-
|Nuadih
|-
|Nuagoda
|-
|Rundasai
|-
|Shatrushal
|-
|Sijudih
|-
| rowspan="11" | 9
| rowspan="11" |Murup
|Dasiadi
|-
|Dhatkidih
|-
|Guradih
|-
|Hathia
|-
|Hudingdih
|-
|Jagannathpur
|-
|Kadamdih
|-
|Mahalimurup
|-
|Murup
|-
|Narayandih
|-
|Rengudih
|-
| rowspan="10" | 10
| rowspan="10" |Nuagaon
|Bishtupaduka
|-
|Chotalupung
|-
|Kalaguju
|-
|Kalapathar
|-
|Nuagaon
|-
|Rajabasa
|-
|Rugdisai
|-
|Tablapur
|-
|Thatupada
|-
|Titirbila
|-
| rowspan="14" | 11
| rowspan="14" |Pandra
|Badbil
|-
|Balrampur
|-
|Burudih
|-
|Digarsai
|-
|Dolandih
|-
|Hensa
|-
|Kenduposi
|-
|Kudarsai
|-
|Mukundpur
|-
|Natidih
|-
|Pandra
|-
|Paralposi
|-
|Patahensal
|-
|Viramchandrapur
|-
| rowspan="17" | 12
| rowspan="17" |Pathanmara
|Badatangrani
|-
|Baladbandh
|-
|Baliposi
|-
|Chengdubi
|-
|Chotatangrani
|-
|Dhobadih
|-
|Hathimara
|-
|Hudangda
|-
|Kope
|-
|Kuli
|-
|Lakrapahari
|-
|Mangudih
|-
|Paharpur
|-
|Pampada
|-
|Pathanmara
|-
|Ragragi
|-
|Tholko
|-
| rowspan="8" | 13
| rowspan="8" |Sini
|Begunadih
|-
|Kadambeda
|-
|Kanchanpur
|-
|Koyra
|-
|Kursopur
|-
|Rankakocha
|-
|Sidma
|-
|Sini
|-
| rowspan="7" | 14
| rowspan="7" |Uperdugni
|Baddih
|-
|Bhelaidih
|-
|Dungridih
|-
|Krishnapur
|-
|Palasdih
|-
|Ukri
|-
|Uperdugni
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[Lists of villages in Jharkhand]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Lists of villages in India]]
[[Category:Jharkhand-related lists]]
[[Category:Villages in Seraikela Kharsawan district| ]]

Trilochan Mal

2025-12-05T17:55:01Z

Mythu09: Adding New Info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
'''Trilochan Mal''' was an [[India]]n politician, belonging to the [[Revolutionary Communist Party of India]] (RCPI). He was a school teacher by profession.<ref name=who/> Mal was active in the peasants front of RCPI in Birbhum District.<ref name=who>''[https://books.google.at/books?id=VFm4AAAAIAAJ Who's who in 1982 Assembly Election, West Bengal: Personalities and Party Manifesto]''. Merchants' Club, 1982. p. ix</ref> He was a leading figure of the 1959 food movement in [[Rampurhat]].<ref>Suranjan Das, Premansukumar Bandyopadhyay. ''[https://books.google.at/books?id=bYPaAAAAMAAJ Food Movement of 1959: Documenting a Turning Point in the History of West Bengal]''. K.P. Bagchi & Company, 2004. p. 170</ref> Mal was imprisoned multiple times.<ref name=who/>

Mal contested the [[Murarai Assembly constituency|Murarai seat]], standing as an independent, in the [[1952 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]. He finished in fourth place wit 2,654 votes (13.03%).<ref>Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140404203741/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_WestBengal.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1952 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF WEST BENGAL]''</ref> In the [[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] he contested the seat reserved for [[Scheduled Castes]] in the [[Nalhati Assembly constituency|Nalhati two-member constituency]], again standing as an independent. He obtained 5,132 votes, the third largest vote count among the Scheduled Caste seat candidates.<ref>Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140404201835/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1957 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF WEST BENGAL]''</ref> In the [[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] he stood as an independent in Nalhati, finishing in third place with 5,212 votes (22.48%).<ref>Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140714193601/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1962 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF WEST BENGAL]''</ref>

Mal won the [[Hansan Assembly constituency|Hansan seat]] in the [[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], standing as an RCPI candidate and obtaining 9,181 votes (44.20%).<ref>Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140718182727/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1971 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF WEST BENGAL]''</ref> He subsequently lost the seat in the [[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], finishing in second place with 12,542 votes (42.01%).<ref>Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140404195120/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1972 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF WEST BENGAL]''</ref> Mal was elected to the assembly from Hansan in the [[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977 elections]] (14,883 votes, 39.60%) and the [[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982 election]] (34,663 votes, 53.10%).<ref>Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140404203744/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1977 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF WEST BENGAL]''</ref><ref>Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140404201749/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1982 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF WEST BENGAL]''</ref> Mal died during the 1982-1987 legislative term.<ref name="e"/> In 1985 a by-election was held for the Hansan seat, won by RCPI candidate [[Umakanta Roy]].<ref name="Committee">{{cite book|author=Communist Party of India (Marxist). West Bengal State Committee|title=Election results of West Bengal: statistics & analysis, 1952-1991|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CNeNAAAAMAAJ|publisher=The Committee|page=645}}</ref><ref name="e">Election Commission of India. ''[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ByeElection/Bye-ele-results%2052-95.xls Bye-election results 1952-95]''</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1971–1972]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1977–1982]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1982–1987]]
[[Category:Revolutionary Communist Party of India politicians]]
[[Category:Indian schoolteachers]]
[[Category:People from Birbhum district]]
[[Category:Possibly living people]]

Asa di Vār

2025-11-19T15:24:50Z

Mythu09: put up a post

{{Short description|Sikh scripture}}
{{Italic title}}{{More citations needed|date=May 2022}}
{{Guru Granth Sahib sidebar}}

'''''Asa di Vār''''' ([[Gurmukhi]]: ਆਸਾ ਦੀ ਵਾਰ) meaning "A ballad of hope",<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-12-29 |title=Asa ki Vaar-The Sikh Prayers |url=https://www.allaboutsikhs.com/introduction/asa-di-vaar-the-sikh-prayers/ |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=Gateway to Sikhism |language=en-US}}</ref> also spelt as '''''Asa ki Vār'''''<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Shackle |first=Christopher |title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 |isbn=9780199699308 |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Pashaura |edition=1st |pages=109–124 |chapter=8: Survey of Literature in the Sikh Tradition |editor-last2=Fenech |editor-first2=Louis E.}}</ref>, is a collection of 24 [[stanza]]s (''pauris'') in the [[Guru Granth Sahib]], from ang 462 to ang 475.

Some people argue that the founder of Sikhism, [[Guru Nanak Dev]], wrote the first 9 stanzas together on one occasion and later wrote 15 more on a different occasion; however, some Sikh scholars believe that the whole ''[[vaar]]'' was written at the same place as the ''vaar'' itself proceeds in a definite uniformity. The whole ''vaar'' was compiled by [[Guru Arjan]], the fifth Guru, in 1604 AD.

== Overview ==
When Guru Arjan was compiling the Guru Granth Sahib, he added a few [[Shloka|''sloks'']] of Guru Nanak and in some cases [[Guru Angad]], the second Guru. These sloks are tied together in a way that they relate to the same theme as highlighted in the pauri. In its present form, the ''Asa Di Var'' contains a few more shabads recited by [[Guru Ram Das]], the fourth Sikh Guru.

According to Christopher Shackle, the work was composed by Guru Nanak.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://nitnemsahib.com/asa-di-vaar-in-punjabi-gurmukhi/ Read Asa Di Vaar Bani in Punjabi]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060323033621/http://www.interlog.com/~sikhs/ossa/asadiwar.htm In English]

{{Sikhism}}

[[Category:Adi Granth]]
[[Category:Sikh scripture]]

{{Sikhism-stub}}