https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=MyronMccreary8 2026-08-08T12:34:01Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.6 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harbour_Assembly_constituency&diff=502073 2026-05-07T03:34:23Z

<p>MyronMccreary8: adding first stub v1</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|State Legislative Assembly Constituency in Tamil Nadu}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Harbour<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | constituency_no = 18<br /> | map_image = Constitution-Harbour.svg<br /> | mla = [[P. K. Sekar Babu]]<br /> | party = {{Party index link|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> | alliance = {{legend2|#dd1100|'''[[Secular Progressive Alliance|SPA]]'''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}<br /> | latest_election_year = 2026<br /> | state = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | district = [[Chennai district|Chennai]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Chennai Central Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai Central]]<br /> | established = 1951<br /> | electors = 120,126<br /> }}<br /> '''Harbour''' is a [[State legislative assemblies of India|state assembly]] constituency in [[Chennai district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date= 25 January 2017 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120614070155/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/const_map/map.htm |archive-date= 14 June 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Its State Assembly Constituency number is 18. It falls under [[Chennai Central Lok Sabha constituency]] during national elections.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Tamilnadu/Final%20Notification%20&amp;%20Order%20.pdf |title= Tamil Nadu - Final Notification &amp; Order |website= Delimitation Commission of India |publisher= National Informatics Centre |access-date= 25 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Most successful party: DMK (ten times). It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India. Former Chief Minister Karunanidhi won from this in 1991, only dmk candidate who won in election, later resigned.<br /> <br /> ==Overview==<br /> As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], No. 18 Harbour Assembly constituency is composed of Ward 23-30, 43-44, 48-49 and 80 of [[Greater Chennai Corporation]].<br /> <br /> == Members of Legislative Assembly ==<br /> === Madras State ===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Winner<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Party<br /> |-<br /> | 1952<br /> | rowspan=2|[[U. Krishna Rao]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> | 1957<br /> |-<br /> | 1962<br /> | K. S. G. Haja Sahriff<br /> |-<br /> | 1967<br /> | [[Habibullah Baig]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Tamil Nadu ===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Winner<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]<br /> | A. M. Mohideen<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br /> | rowspan=3|[[A. Selvarajan]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=9}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<br /> | rowspan=2|[[M. Karunanidhi]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<br /> |-<br /> | 1991^<br /> | Selvarasam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.elections.in/tamil-nadu/assembly-constituencies/1991-election-results.html | title=Tamil Nadu Assembly Election Results in 1991 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<br /> | rowspan=3|[[K. Anbazhagan]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]<br /> | [[Pala. Karuppiah]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<br /> | rowspan=3|[[P. K. Sekar Babu]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ^by-election<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> {{bar box<br /> |float=right<br /> |title= Vote share of winning candidates<br /> |titlebar=#ddd<br /> |width=300px<br /> |barwidth=275px<br /> |bars=<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|58.88}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|40.36}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|55.89}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|44.24}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|46.98}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|70.57}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|48.66}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1991 by-election|1991 by-election]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|53.05}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|59.76}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|55.30}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|54.14}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|36.71}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|49.44}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|51.69}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|49.87}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1957|1957]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|54.99}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1952|1952]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|46.68}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> === 2026 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Harbour}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= [[P. K. Sekar Babu]]|party= Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes= |percentage= |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Manohar|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes= |percentage= |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= R. Faisan Sherif|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes= |percentage= |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sinora Ashok |party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}<br /> {{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =120126 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2021===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Harbour&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=harbour Election Result|url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a018|access-date= 24 Jul 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. K. Sekar Babu]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=59,317 |percentage=58.88 |change=+18.52 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Vinoj P. Selvam]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=32,043 |percentage=31.81 |change=+18.99 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Ramesh |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=3,763 |percentage=3.74 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Ahamed Fazil |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=3,357 |percentage=3.33 |change=+2.47 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=913 |percentage=0.91 |change=-1.11 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Santhana Krishnan |party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=775 |percentage=0.77 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=27,274 |percentage=27.07 |change= 22.44 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=100,737 |percentage=57.31 |change= 1.92 }}<br /> {{Election box rejected|votes=37|percentage=0.04 }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 175,770 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 18.52 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2016===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Harbour&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC20WISE20CANDIDATE20COUNT.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC20WISE20CANDIDATE20COUNT.pdf|title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. K. Sekar Babu]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=42,071 |percentage=40.36 |change=+5.53 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. S. Sreenivasan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=37,235 |percentage=35.72 |change=-20.17 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Krishnakumar Nadhani |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=13,357 |percentage=12.81 |change=+7.98 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Ameer Hamsa |party=Social Democratic Party of India |votes=4,161 |percentage=3.99 |change=+1.67 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=2,101 |percentage=2.02 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. Murad Buhari |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,970 |percentage=1.89 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Sureshkumar |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=1,011 |percentage=0.97 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Anwar Baig |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=902 |percentage=0.87 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,836 |percentage=4.64 |change= -16.42 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=104,238 |percentage=55.40 |change= -7.74 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 188,171 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -15.53 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2011===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Harbour&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu|work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf| archive-date =15 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Pala. Karuppiah]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=53,920 |percentage=55.89 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Altaf Hussain |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=33,603 |percentage=34.83 |change=-9.41 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Jaisankar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,663 |percentage=4.83 |change=+1.67 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Mohamed Hussain |party=Social Democratic Party of India |votes=2,237 |percentage=2.32 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Praveen Maheshwari |party=Independent politician |votes=761 |percentage=0.79 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=20,317 |percentage=21.06 |change= 20.38 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=96,475 |percentage=63.13 |change= 6.05 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 152,817 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 11.65 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2006===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Harbour&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 2006 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| access-date = 12 May 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Anbazhagan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=26,545 |percentage=44.24 |change=-2.74 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=H. Seema Basheer |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=26,135 |percentage=43.55 |change=+39.21 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Chandra Prakasam |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=4,781 |percentage=7.97 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Vaithialingam |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,896 |percentage=3.16 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=410 |percentage=0.68 |change= 0.03 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=60,005 |percentage=57.09 |change= 17.16 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 105,115 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -2.74 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2001===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Harbour&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Anbazhagan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=24,225 |percentage=46.98 |change=-23.59 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[D. Pandian]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=23,889 |percentage=46.33 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=E. B. Pandian |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,239 |percentage=4.34 |change=-3.88 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Chandrakumar |party=Puratchi Bharatham |votes=490 |percentage=0.95 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. T. Rathnakumar |party=Independent politician |votes=404 |percentage=0.78 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. N. Srinivasalu |party=Independent politician |votes=316 |percentage=0.61 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=336 |percentage=0.65 |change= -53.73 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=51,563 |percentage=39.92 |change= -14.99 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 129,157 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -23.59 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1996===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Harbour&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 1996 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Anbazhagan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=39,263 |percentage=70.57 |change=+21.91 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Earnest Paul |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,007 |percentage=16.19 |change=-31.07 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=H. Basheer Ahamed |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,576 |percentage=8.22 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Dhananjayan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,352 |percentage=4.23 |change=+1.45 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=30,256 |percentage=54.38 |change= 52.98 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=55,638 |percentage=54.91 |change= 1.72 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 103,285 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 21.91 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1991 by-election===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= 1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-elections: [[Harbour]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=A.Selvarasan|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=19,347|percentage=53.05 |change=+4.35}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Suppu]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=16,111|percentage=44.18|change=-3.12 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A.. K. Tajudeen|party=Independent politician|votes=606|percentage=1.66|change=''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,236 |percentage=8.87 |change=7.49 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=36,467 |percentage=30.13 |change=-23.06}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =1,21,040 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing=+4.35}}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1991===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Harbour&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil20Nadu91.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil20Nadu91.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Karunanidhi]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=30,932 |percentage=48.66 |change=-11.09 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Suppu]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=30,042 |percentage=47.26 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Jayapaul |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,763 |percentage=2.77 |change=+0.26 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=890 |percentage=1.40 |change= -44.52 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=63,564 |percentage=53.19 |change= -13.28 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 121,040 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -11.09 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1989===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Harbour&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| archive-date = 6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Karunanidhi]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=41,632 |percentage=59.76 |change=+4.46 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. A. Wahab |party=Indian Union Muslim League |votes=9,641 |percentage=13.84 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. P. Pattabiraman |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=8,086 |percentage=11.61 |change=-31.91 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Thuraimugam Khaja Mohideen |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=7,055 |percentage=10.13 |change=-33.38 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=J. Madanagopal Rao |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,752 |percentage=2.51 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. S. Balasubramaniam |party=Independent politician |votes=401 |percentage=0.58 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=31,991 |percentage=45.92 |change= 34.13 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=69,669 |percentage=66.47 |change= 6.02 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 106,293 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 4.46 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1984===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Harbour&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| archive-date = 17 Jan 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Selvarasan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=38,953 |percentage=55.30 |change=+1.16 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Liakath Ali Khan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=30,649 |percentage=43.51 |change=+7.6 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Girinath |party=Indian National Congress (Jagjivan) |votes=462 |percentage=0.66 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,304 |percentage=11.79 |change= -6.44 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=70,439 |percentage=60.45 |change= 5.94 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 118,648 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 1.16 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1980===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Harbour&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil20Nadu201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil20Nadu201980.pdf| archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Selvarasan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=32,716 |percentage=54.14 |change=+17.43 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Habibullah Baig|Dr. Habibullah Baig]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=21,701 |percentage=35.91 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. S. Balasundaram |party=Janata Party |votes=5,706 |percentage=9.44 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Sivashanmugam |party=Independent politician |votes=307 |percentage=0.51 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,015 |percentage=18.23 |change= 9.02 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=60,430 |percentage=54.51 |change= 10.97 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 112,040 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 17.43 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1977===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Harbour&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil20Nadu77.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Selvarasan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=23,845 |percentage=36.71 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. M. Peer Mohammed |party=Independent politician |votes=17,862 |percentage=27.50 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. P. Shaik Tahmbi |party=Janata Party |votes=13,002 |percentage=20.02 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Arumugam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,500 |percentage=14.62 |change=-33.99 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,983 |percentage=9.21 |change= 8.39 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=64,959 |percentage=43.54 |change= -23.99 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 150,577 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Independent politician |swing= -12.73 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1971===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Harbour&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=A. M. Mohideen |party=Independent politician |votes=29,225 |percentage=49.44 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Umapathy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=28,739 |percentage=48.62 |change=+3.71 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Habibullah Baig]] |party=Independent politician |votes=1,151 |percentage=1.95 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=486 |percentage=0.82 |change= -5.96 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=59,115 |percentage=67.52 |change= -5.16 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 90,850 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Independent politician |swing= -2.25 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1967===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Harbour&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical20Report20Madras201967.pdf|title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical20Report20Madras201967.pdf|archive-date=20 March 2012|access-date= 19 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Habibullah Baig]] |party=Independent politician |votes=29,360 |percentage=51.69 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. S. G. Haja Shareef]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=25,510 |percentage=44.91 |change=-4.96 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Motilal |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=1,935 |percentage=3.41 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,850 |percentage=6.78 |change= 0.66 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=56,805 |percentage=72.68 |change= 1.00 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 80,590 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 1.82 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1962===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Harbour&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|access-date= 19 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. S. G. Haja Shareef]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=26,330 |percentage=49.87 |change=-5.12 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[C. P. Chinnaraj]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=23,098 |percentage=43.74 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. Krishnamurthy |party=Swatantra Party |votes=3,374 |percentage=6.39 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,232 |percentage=6.12 |change= -20.35 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=52,802 |percentage=71.69 |change= 33.81 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 76,172 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -5.12 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1957===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Harbour&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1957 | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf| access-date=2015-07-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf|archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[U. Krishna Rao|Dr. U. Krishna Rao]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,831 |percentage=54.99 |change=+8.31 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Rajamannar Chettiar |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes=8,209 |percentage=28.51 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kannan |party=Independent politician |votes=4,750 |percentage=16.50 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,622 |percentage=26.47 |change= 4.47 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=28,790 |percentage=37.87 |change= -16.78 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 76,022 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 8.31 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1952===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Harbour&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1951| url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf| access-date=2014-10-14|archive-date=27 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[U. Krishna Rao|Dr. U. Krishna Rao]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=21,314 |percentage=46.68 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ibrahim Saheb |party=Independent politician |votes=11,264 |percentage=24.67 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. Prakasam|Prakasam]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2014-05-16 |title=Much ado over an election result |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/much-ado-over-an-election-result/article6012150.ece |access-date=2026-03-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; |party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes=7,287 |percentage=15.96 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Rajamannar Chetty |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes=2,698 |percentage=5.91 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Rajagopalachari |party=Independent politician |votes=1,819 |percentage=3.98 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Bashyam |party=Independent politician |votes=649 |percentage=1.42 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Parasurama Naicker |party=Independent politician |votes=285 |percentage=0.62 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,050 |percentage=22.01 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=45,663 |percentage=54.65 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 83,559 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> * {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|access-date= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archive-date= 5 October 2010}}<br /> <br /> {{Tamil Nadu assembly elections|state=expanded}}<br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|13.082|80.292|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Chennai district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Chennai]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br /> [[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]</div>

MyronMccreary8 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malkapur_Assembly_constituency&diff=515487 2026-05-06T21:51:12Z

<p>MyronMccreary8: creating stub</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Assembly constituency in Maharashtra}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> |name=Malkapur<br /> |map_image =21-Malkapur.svg<br /> | map_caption = <br /> |state=[[Maharashtra]]<br /> |district=[[Buldhana district|Buldhana]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Raver (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raver]]<br /> | established = 1951<br /> |mla=[[Chainsukh Sancheti]]<br /> |party={{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |alliance=[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]<br /> |latest_election_year=[[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br /> |constituency_no=21<br /> |reservation=None<br /> |type=SLA<br /> |electors=288,792<br /> }}<br /> '''Malkapur Assembly constituency''' is one of the seven constituencies of [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] located in the [[Buldhana district]].<br /> <br /> ==Overview==<br /> It is a part of the [[Raver (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raver Lok Sabha constituency]] in the adjoining [[Jalgaon district]] along with five other assembly constituencies, viz [[Chopda Assembly constituency|Chopda]], [[Raver Assembly constituency|Raver]], [[Bhusawal Assembly constituency|Bhusawal]], [[Jamner Assembly constituency|Jamner]] and [[Muktainagar Assembly constituency|Muktainagar]]. Hence it is not a part of [[Buldhana Lok Sabha constituency]] consisting of the remaining six constituencies of [[Buldhana district]], viz [[Buldhana Assembly constituency|Buldhana]], [[Chikhali Assembly constituency|Chikhli]], [[Sindkhed Raja Assembly constituency|Sindkhed Raja]], [[Mehkar Assembly constituency|Mehkar]], [[Khamgaon Assembly constituency|Khamgaon]] and [[Jalgaon (Jamod) Assembly constituency|Jalgaon (Jamod).]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |access-date=14 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318055304/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archive-date=18 March 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> As of 2008, the extent of the constituency is the entire [[Nandura]] taluka and [[Malkapur, Buldhana|Malkapur]] taluka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008| publisher = Electoral Commission of India, New Delhi |page=255 | access-date = 20 January 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Members of the Legislative Assembly==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Election<br /> ! Member<br /> ! colspan=2|Party<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[1952 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Bhiku Fikira Shelki || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Narayan Motiram Khakre || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#FFB2B2&quot; | [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Bhiku Fikira Shelki || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Bhiku Phakim Patil<br /> |-<br /> | [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || Abarao S. Deshmukh<br /> |-<br /> | [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Arjun Awadhut Wankhade || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || Kisanlal Nathmal Sancheti || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || Vasantrao Ramdas Shinde || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || Dayaram Sugdeo Tangade|| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | [[Chainsukh Madanlal Sancheti]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || [[Rajesh Panditrao Ekade]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || [[Chainsukh Madanlal Sancheti]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> === Assembly Election 2024 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Malkapur &lt;ref name=&quot;Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Malkapur&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Malkapur |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S1321.htm |access-date=28 November 2024 |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241128181943/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S1321.htm |archive-date=28 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Chainsukh Madanlal Sancheti]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 109,921 |percentage = 53.24% |change = {{increase}}14.25 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Rajesh Panditrao Ekade]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 83,524 |percentage = 40.46% |change = {{decrease}}6.33 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Mohmmad Zameer Sabiroddin |party = Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 9,316 |percentage = 4.51% |change = {{decrease}}2.30 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,045 |percentage = 0.51% |change = {{decrease}}0.50 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 26,397 |percentage = 12.79% |change = {{increase}}4.99 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 207,489 |percentage = 71.85% |change = {{increase}}2.51 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 206,444}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 288,792 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.47 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}6.45 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 2019 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Malkapur &lt;ref name=&quot;election2019&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Rajesh Panditrao Ekade]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 86,276 |percentage = 46.79% |change = {{increase}}17.40 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Chainsukh Madanlal Sancheti]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 71,892 |percentage = 38.99% |change = {{decrease}}6.56 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Nandurkar Nitin Vasantrao |party = Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 12,549 |percentage = 6.81% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gawhad Vijay Pralhad |party = Independent politician |votes = 9,876 |percentage = 5.36% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,854 |percentage = 1.01% |change = {{increase}}0.01 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,384 |percentage = 7.80% |change = {{decrease}}8.36 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 186,326 |percentage = 69.34% |change = {{increase}}2.64 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 184,398}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 268,718 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.38 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}1.24 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 2014 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Malkapur &lt;ref name=&quot;election2014&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Chainsukh Madanlal Sancheti]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 75,965 |percentage = 45.55% |change = {{increase}}5.61 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Arvind Vasudev Kolte |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 49,019 |percentage = 29.39% |change = {{decrease}}2.72 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vasant Rambhau Bhojane |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 26,291 |percentage = 15.76% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Santosh Sahebrao Raipure |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 5,741 |percentage = 3.44% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Kolte Yogendra Vitthal |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 3,773 |percentage = 2.26% |change = {{increase}}1.03 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vasantrao Sukhdeo Dandge |party = Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 2,916 |percentage = 1.75% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,672 |percentage = 1.00% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 26,946 |percentage = 16.16% |change = {{increase}}8.33 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 168,496 |percentage = 66.70% |change = {{decrease}}1.24 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 166,780}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 252,603 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.99 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}5.61 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 2009 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Malkapur &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Chainsukh Madanlal Sancheti]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 61,177 |percentage = 39.94% |change = {{increase}}4.06 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivchandra Tejrao Tayade |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 49,190 |percentage = 32.11% |change = {{decrease}}1.69 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rawal Harish Mahadeosingh |party = Jan Surajya Shakti |votes = 31,230 |percentage = 20.39% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Anand Janardhan Telang |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,890 |percentage = 1.23% |change = {{decrease}}2.05 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hiraman Bhonaji More |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,695 |percentage = 1.11% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rajendra Wasudeo Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,667 |percentage = 1.09% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sk. Anwar Haji Sk. Baba Pahelvan |party = Indian Union Muslim League |votes = 1,508 |percentage = 0.98% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Wakode Krishna Gunaji |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,125 |percentage = 0.73% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,987 |percentage = 7.83% |change = {{increase}}5.75 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 153,248 |percentage = 67.94% |change = {{decrease}}5.11 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 153,179}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 225,553 |ref = |change = {{increase}}21.30 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}4.06 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 2004 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Malkapur }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Chainsukh Madanlal Sancheti]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 48,719 |percentage = 35.88% |change = {{decrease}}6.21 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Arvind Vasudev Kolte |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 45,898 |percentage = 33.80% |change = {{increase}}6.74 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rawal Hariash Mahadeosingh |party = Independent politician |votes = 28,881 |percentage = 21.27% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vinaykumar Premratan Mundhada |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 4,459 |percentage = 3.28% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sanjay Onkar Tayde |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,006 |percentage = 2.21% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gavande Dilip Rajaram |party = Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 2,646 |percentage = 1.95% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,821 |percentage = 2.08% |change = {{decrease}}12.94 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 135,836 |percentage = 73.05% |change = {{decrease}}1.09 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 135,781}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 185,940 |ref = |change = {{increase}}16.16 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}6.21 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1999 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Malkapur &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Chainsukh Madanlal Sancheti]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 47,192 |percentage = 42.09% |change = {{increase}}29.95 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jamadar Rashidkhan Yusufkhan |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 30,346 |percentage = 27.06% |change = {{increase}}13.65 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Arvind Wasudeo Kolte |party = Independent politician |votes = 16,157 |percentage = 14.41% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = More Sahebrao Sadashiv |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 16,069 |percentage = 14.33% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Zambre Rambhau Tryambak |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,367 |percentage = 2.11% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,846 |percentage = 15.02% |change = {{increase}}4.35 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 118,675 |percentage = 74.14% |change = {{decrease}}5.38 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 112,131}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 160,068 |ref = |change = {{increase}}2.10 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}9.73 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1995 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Malkapur &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Chainsukh Madanlal Sancheti]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 39,492 |percentage = 32.36% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = More Sahebrao Sadashiv |party = Janata Dal |votes = 26,472 |percentage = 21.69% |change = {{increase}}10.72 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Fundkar Totaram Sitaram |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 16,361 |percentage = 13.41% |change = {{decrease}}18.45 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Tangde Dayaram Sugdeo |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 14,816 |percentage = 12.14% |change = {{decrease}}22.84 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Tayade Vasant Manohar |party = Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 11,122 |percentage = 9.11% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nafde Avinash Wamanrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 10,814 |percentage = 8.86% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chaudhari Rekha Pradipkumar |party = Doordarshi Party |votes = 902 |percentage = 0.74% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,020 |percentage = 10.67% |change = {{increase}}7.54 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 124,674 |percentage = 79.52% |change = {{increase}}10.64 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 122,033}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 156,774 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.51 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}2.62 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1990 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Malkapur &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Tangade Dayaram Sugdeo |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 33,578 |percentage = 34.98% |change = {{decrease}}7.23 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kolte Dinkar Yadao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 30,578 |percentage = 31.86% |change = {{decrease}}12.62 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sharma Damodhar Nathmal |party = Janata Dal |votes = 10,532 |percentage = 10.97% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Lahulkar Vasantrao Narayan |party = Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha |votes = 9,293 |percentage = 9.68% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Ganesharao Babarao |party = Akhil Bhartiya Maratha Mahasangh |votes = 8,642 |percentage = 9.00% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chopade Narayan Suryabhan |party = Independent politician |votes = 954 |percentage = 0.99% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,000 |percentage = 3.13% |change = {{increase}}0.86 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 97,724 |percentage = 68.88% |change = {{increase}}3.45 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 95,988}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 141,866 |ref = |change = {{increase}}22.51 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}9.50 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1985 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Malkapur &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Vasantrao Ramdas Shinde |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 33,042 |percentage = 44.48% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Arjun Awadhut Wankhade |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 31,356 |percentage = 42.21% |change = {{increase}}7.40 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Wakode Tulshiram Somaji |party = Independent politician |votes = 7,064 |percentage = 9.51% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = More Murlidhar Mahadu |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,077 |percentage = 1.45% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shinde Suryabhan Maroti |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 1,011 |percentage = 1.36% |change = {{decrease}}1.74 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,686 |percentage = 2.27% |change = {{decrease}}3.50 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 75,770 |percentage = 65.43% |change = {{increase}}0.84 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 74,291}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 115,795 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.85 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}9.67 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1980 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Malkapur &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Sancheti Kisanlal Nathmal |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 23,581 |percentage = 34.81% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mundhada Vinaykumar Premratan |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 19,674 |percentage = 29.04% |change = {{decrease}}9.94 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Deshmukh Abarao Suprao |party = Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 19,099 |percentage = 28.19% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Wagh Bhaskar Somaji |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 2,103 |percentage = 3.10% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bathe Bhanudas Ramchandra |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,127 |percentage = 1.66% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ingale Dagdu Shamrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 738 |percentage = 1.09% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Abdul Majeed Abdul Qadder |party = Independent politician |votes = 573 |percentage = 0.85% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,907 |percentage = 5.77% |change = {{decrease}}1.20 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 69,343 |percentage = 64.59% |change = {{decrease}}12.83 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 67,746}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 107,364 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.99 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}11.14 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1978 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Malkapur &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Arjun Awadhut Wankhade |party = Janata Party |votes = 34,663 |percentage = 45.95% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mundhada Vinaykumar Premratan |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 29,406 |percentage = 38.98% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Ramesh Bhagwan |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 11,369 |percentage = 15.07% |change = {{decrease}}31.76 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,257 |percentage = 6.97% |change = {{increase}}5.05 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 77,688 |percentage = 77.42% |change = {{increase}}9.45 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 75,438}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 100,347 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.12 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |swing = {{decrease}}2.80 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1972 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Malkapur &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Arjun Awadhut Wankhade |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 29,812 |percentage = 48.75% |change = {{increase}}10.90 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = J. Rao M. Rao Jadhav |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 28,635 |percentage = 46.83% |change = {{increase}}1.67 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Salamkhan Daudkhan |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,732 |percentage = 2.83% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramchandra Sampat Borde |party = Independent politician |votes = 968 |percentage = 1.58% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,177 |percentage = 1.92% |change = {{decrease}}5.40 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 63,080 |percentage = 67.97% |change = {{decrease}}5.04 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 61,147}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 92,811 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.46 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}3.59 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1967 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Malkapur &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Abarao S. Deshmukh |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 26,733 |percentage = 45.16% |change = {{increase}}1.31 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Arjun Awadhut Wankhade |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 22,402 |percentage = 37.85% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. K. Kalaskar |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 7,985 |percentage = 13.49% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. S. Patil |party = Swatantra Party |votes = 662 |percentage = 1.12% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. K. S. K. K. Kubroddin |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 420 |percentage = 0.71% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. P. Wankhade |party = Independent politician |votes = 417 |percentage = 0.70% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,331 |percentage = 7.32% |change = {{decrease}}7.15 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 62,476 |percentage = 73.01% |change = {{decrease}}0.32 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 59,193}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 85,569 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.64 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}1.31 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1962 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Malkapur &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Bhiku Phakim Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 22,808 |percentage = 43.85% |change = {{decrease}}14.15 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Waman Tukaram Naphade |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 15,281 |percentage = 29.38% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Kh. Salahodin |party = Independent politician |votes = 6,215 |percentage = 11.95% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shaligram Shioram Shiral |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 6,055 |percentage = 11.64% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sugdeo Vishnu Kharate |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,030 |percentage = 1.98% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Tukaram Sudama Ingle |party = Independent politician |votes = 630 |percentage = 1.21% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,527 |percentage = 14.47% |change = {{decrease}}13.70 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 54,730 |percentage = 73.33% |change = {{increase}}9.58 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 52,019}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 74,640 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.03 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}14.15 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1957 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Malkapur &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Bhiku Fikira Shelki |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 25,544 |percentage = 58.00% |change = {{increase}}5.32 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nafade Waman Tukaram |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 13,135 |percentage = 29.82% |change = {{increase}}25.25 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kalaskar Kashiram Motiram |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,366 |percentage = 12.18% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,409 |percentage = 28.17% |change = {{decrease}}18.03 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 44,045 |percentage = 63.75% |change = {{increase}}4.91 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 44,045}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 69,091 |ref = |change = {{increase}}32.93 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}5.32 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1952 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Malkapur &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatisticalReports_51_MP.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221154/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatisticalReports_51_MP.pdf|archive-date=3 March 2016|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Bhiku Fikira Shelki |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 16,112 |percentage = 52.68% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Narayan Motiram Khakre |party = Independent politician |votes = 11,089 |percentage = 36.26% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Damodhar Tukaram Warade |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 1,984 |percentage = 6.49% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gulabrao Bhaurao Metkar |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,397 |percentage = 4.57% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,128 |percentage = 46.20% |change = }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 30,582 |percentage = 58.84% |change = }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 30,582}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 51,975 |ref = |change = }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Nandura]]<br /> * [[Malkapur, Buldhana]]<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> &lt;references/&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Buldhana district}}<br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|20.88|76.20|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Buldhana district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br /> [[Category:1951 establishments in Bombay State]]</div>

MyronMccreary8 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jhargram_district&diff=547245 2026-05-05T07:15:17Z

<p>MyronMccreary8: quick update</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|District in West Bengal, India}}<br /> {{About|the district|its eponymous headquarters|Jhargram}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{more citations needed|date=July 2020}} <br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Jhargram district<br /> | native_name = <br /> | other_name = <br /> | settlement_type = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]] of [[West Bengal]]<br /> | image_skyline = {{Photomontage<br /> |photo1a = A click from a top of the hill....at belpahari,jhargram.jpg<br /> |photo2a = Chilkigarh Raj Palace, Jhargram, West Bengal 03.jpg<br /> |photo2b = Rameshwar Temple, Jhargram, West Bengal 02.jpg<br /> |photo3a = Kanak Durga Temple, Jhargram, West Bengal 02.jpg<br /> |photo3b = Jhargram Palace.jpg<br /> |photo3c = kanakdurgatemple.jpg<br /> |size = 300<br /> |foot_montage = Clockwise from top: View from the top of [[Belpahari]], Rameshwar Temple, [[Jhargram Palace]], Kanak Durga Temple, [[Chilkigarh]] Rajbari<br /> }}<br /> | mapframe = yes<br /> | mapframe-point = none<br /> | mapsize = 300<br /> | map_caption1 = Location of Jhargram district in West Bengal<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|22.45|N|86.98|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]<br /> | subdivision_name = [[India]]<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of West Bengal|Division]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Medinipur division]]<br /> | seat_type = Headquarters<br /> | seat = [[Jhargram]]<br /> | leader_title = [[List of subdivisions of West Bengal|Subdivisions]]<br /> | leader_name = [[Jhargram subdivision|Jhargram Sadar]]<br /> | leader_title1 = [[Community Development Block|CD Blocks]]<br /> | leader_name1 = [[Jhargram (community development block)|Jhargram]], [[Jamboni (community development block)|Jamboni]], [[Binpur I]], [[Binpur II]], [[Gopiballavpur I]], [[Gopiballavpur II]], [[Sankrail, Jhargram (community development block)|Sankrail]], [[Nayagram (community development block)|Nayagram]]<br /> | leader_title2 = [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]<br /> | leader_name2 = [[Jhargram Lok Sabha constituency|Jhargram]]<br /> | leader_title3 = [[List of constituencies of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha constituencies]]<br /> | leader_name3 = [[Jhargram Assembly constituency|Jhargram]], [[Gopiballavpur Assembly constituency|Gopiballavpur]], [[Nayagram Assembly constituency|Nayagram]], [[Binpur Assembly constituency|Binpur]]<br /> | total_type = Total<br /> | area_total_km2 = 3,037.90<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_total = 1,136,548<br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | population_urban = 61,712<br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | demographics_type1 = Demographics<br /> | demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]<br /> | demographics1_info1 = 89.2 per cent<br /> | demographics1_title2 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]<br /> | demographics1_info2 = 949 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]<br /> | demographics_type2 = Languages<br /> | demographics2_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics2_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]&lt;ref name=&quot;wblangoff&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=Wb.gov.in|access-date=5 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=Nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=5 July 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | demographics2_title2 = Additional&amp;nbsp;official<br /> | demographics2_info2 = [[English language|English]]&lt;ref name=&quot;wblangoff&quot;/&gt;<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +05:30<br /> | website = {{URL|jhargram.gov.in}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Jhargram ''' is a district in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].The district lies between the [[Kangsabati River]] in the north and the [[Subarnarekha River|Subarnarekha]] in the south. Jhargram has one of the lowest population densities among the districts of West Bengal, with almost all its population living in rural areas. It is a popular tourist destination known for its [[Shorea robusta|sal]] forests, elephants, ancient temples and royal palaces.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.paschimmedinipur.gov.in/tourism/index.php |title=Tourism - Paschim Medinipur |access-date=2017-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928142000/https://www.paschimmedinipur.gov.in/tourism/index.php |archive-date=2015-09-28 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The district was formed on 4 April 2017, after bifurcation from the [[Paschim Medinipur district]] as the 22nd district of West Bengal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Jhargram to be state's 22nd district on April 4|date=22 March 2017|url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/jhargram-to-be-states-22nd-district-on-april-4-221352|publisher=Millennium Post|access-date=4 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; The district has its headquarters at [[Jhargram]].<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> [[File:Southwest Bengal, 1776, by Rennell.jpg|thumb|[[James Rennell]]'s 1776 map showing surrounding areas of present-day Jhargram district]]<br /> In southwest Bengal (including the forests of erstwhile West [[Midnapore]] Division), the history of forest and its management can be traced to the 16th century, when forests were free for use by local villagers for household purposes and cleaning for cultivation. During the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal period]], under the land revenue system introduced by [[Todar Mal]], local [[zamindar]]s had to pay &quot;Ruba&quot;, a quarter-share of revenue to the Mughal Emperors for their protection. In 1773, the [[East India Company]] went for the permanent settlement of forests (and the landed properties) with zamindars as proprietor. In 1890 to 1905, Bengal-Nagpur Railways opened railway lines, which helped the cheaper transport of forest produces to faraway places with ease and less cost. That was followed by two world wars, which took a heavy toll of forest resources.<br /> <br /> The forests of the division were included in Jungle Mahal which was held by zamindars (local chiefs), who maintained their respective forests in a feudal tenure system. With the coming up of Bengal-Nagpur Railway lines from Kharagpur to [[Jamshedpur]] via Jhargram, the forests of the area became accessible. The forests came to be recognised as a source of earning more return for the zamindars. Most forests of the division were owned by the [[Nawab]] of Murshidabad, the [[Raja]] of Mayurbhanj, the Raja of Jhargram, the Raja of Chilkigarh and the Midnapore Zamindar Company. The forests were in an advanced stage of degradation because of ruthless exploitation by the zamindars on a rotation period of 4–5 years. The mismanagement of the forests continued until 1948, when the government of West Bengal started exercising control over the management of forests under the West Bengal Private Forests Act, 1948, but the situation was little improved.<br /> <br /> In 1953, the Estates Acquisition Act came into force, and the forests, which had been long owned by private owners, have been vested to the government since 1954 or 1955. They became free from all encumbrances for scientific management and control. Subsequently, they became owned by the Forest Department, which gradually depended upon the availability of records, evidence, and court orders.<br /> <br /> After the state took over the forests, they were brought under scientific management. However, the productivity of the forests had gone down to such a level that they could not meet the growing demands of forest produces from the ever-increasing population of fringe areas and the county as a whole. The problem was further multiplied by the growing unemployment in the forest fringe villagers and lack of enough resources in the rural areas to end the situation.<br /> <br /> Administrative measures and policing efforts to thwart the biotic pressures on the forests resulted only in more conflicts and led to complete alienation of the fringe population from the administration. The protection of the forests became hazardous. The administration had almost failed to tackle the situation and was looking for a solution.<br /> <br /> A pilot project was launched in 1971-1972 by the Divisional Forest Officer, Silviculture (South) Division at Arabari of East Midnapore Division. Its objective was to involve the people living on the fringes of forests in protecting forest resources by the improvement of their socioeconomic conditions.<br /> <br /> In 1985-1986, the pilot project was reviewed, evaluated and analyzed. The entire project area had apparently been restocked with nearly 700 ha of sal coppice forests and 300 ha of plantation crops. In fact, the pilot project had proved to be a success.<br /> <br /> That formula of involvement of the indigenous people in [[forest protection]] and management has been repeated in other areas including West Midnapore Division since the mid-1980s very successfully. The state gave recognition to the system of management of forests, popularly termed as Joint Forest Management, by issuing an order in 1989 and amendments in 1990 and 1991. The division has 480 Forest Protection Committees. Since 1 April 2006, the West Midnapore Division has been reorganized and been renamed as Jhargram Forest Division. Chandabila, Nayagram, and Kesorekha Ranges have been transferred to Kharagpur Division with all establishments. Therefore, the area of Jhargram Division is now about 620&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;.<br /> <br /> ==Geography==<br /> Jhargram district covers an area of 3037.64 Sq.&amp;nbsp;km. Out of which 268249 hectare is agricultural land and 59497 hectare is under forest coverage. The district is a part of [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]] which gradually slopes down towards east, hilly terrain occurs in the north-western part of the district. Kakrajhore area is having the highest altitude of about 300 metres. This area is covered with unfertile hard laterite soil/rocks. The altitude of southern areas of the district belonging to [[Nayagram]], [[Gopiballavpur]]-I &amp; II blocks are having the altitude of about 65 mts, the soil is comparatively alluvial in these areas. The altitude of Jhargram town is around 80 mts.<br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;handbook2018-19&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.msmedikolkata.gov.in/2019-20/DIPS/DIPS-Jhargram-2018-19.pdf | title = District Industrial Profile, Ministry of MSME, Govt. of India | work = Table 1.1,1.2,1.3,1.4,1.5 | publisher = MSME-Development Institute Kolkata, Ministry of MSME, Government of India | access-date = 1 April 2019 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Rainfall===<br /> The average annual rainfall of Jhargram (Jhargram Forest Division) is about 1400&amp;nbsp;mm. The rainy season spreads over June to September due to southwest monsoon and the highest rainfall occurs in July and August. The rainfall starts decreasing from October and dry winter sets in. The dry season lasts until May. However, during this time this division gets some sporadic showers.<br /> <br /> {{Weather box<br /> | location = Jhargram, India<br /> | metric first = yes<br /> | single line = Yes<br /> | Jan high C = 16<br /> | Feb high C = 21<br /> | Mar high C = 32<br /> | Apr high C = 38<br /> | May high C = 39<br /> | Jun high C = 36<br /> | Jul high C = 30<br /> | Aug high C = 30<br /> | Sep high C = 30<br /> | Oct high C = 31<br /> | Nov high C = 19<br /> | Dec high C = 17<br /> | year high C = 30<br /> | Jan low C = 5<br /> | Feb low C = 10<br /> | Mar low C = 21<br /> | Apr low C = 25<br /> | May low C = 27<br /> | Jun low C = 27<br /> | Jul low C = 23<br /> | Aug low C = 23<br /> | Sep low C = 22<br /> | Oct low C = 21<br /> | Nov low C = 7<br /> | Dec low C = 6<br /> | year low C = 22<br /> | Jan precipitation mm = 9.8<br /> | Feb precipitation mm = 8.3<br /> | Mar precipitation mm = 19.4<br /> | Apr precipitation mm = 57.7<br /> | May precipitation mm = 74.9<br /> | Jun precipitation mm = 172.8<br /> | Jul precipitation mm = 334.9<br /> | Aug precipitation mm = 332.7<br /> | Sep precipitation mm = 185.8<br /> | Oct precipitation mm = 104.5<br /> | Nov precipitation mm = 8.7<br /> | Dec precipitation mm = 5.9<br /> | year precipitation mm = 1007.4<br /> | source 1 = Weatherbase&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=89724&amp;refer=&amp;units=metric | title=Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Jhargram, India | publisher=Weatherbase | access-date=1 April 2010 | archive-date=21 September 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921003349/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=89724&amp;refer=&amp;units=metric | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | date = August 2010<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===Forests===<br /> For scientific management of forests vested in Government under Estate Acquisition Act, 1953, Jhargram Forest under the administrative setup as Jhargram Division erstwhile parent division styled as Midnapur Division was bifurcated into two divisions viz. West Midnapur Division (renamed as Jhargram Division ) with headquarters at Jhargram and East Midnapur Division with headquarters at Midnapur. The West Midnapore Division came into existence on 29.01.1954. It has mainly dry Sal forests with very less under growth due to excessive underground fires and over grazing. As on 01.04.2021, there are 4 Forest divisions in Jhargram district Viz. Jhargram(70% of total district covering both Forest and non forest areas), Kharagpur(25%), Midnapore(3%) and Rupnanrayan(2%) divisions. Forest divisions also work in non forest areas for prevention of Forest offences, management of wildlife such as migration of elephants, felling permission and issuance of transit passes for trees felled outside the forest areas, development of community infrastructure for people dependent on Forests, disaster management works, etc.<br /> <br /> ===Rivers===<br /> The important rivers of this division are the [[Kangsabati River|Kangsabati]] (popularly known as Kasai), the Tarafeni, the [[Subarnarekha River|Subarnarekha]], and the Dulong [also known as 'Dulung']. Apart from the above rivers, there are several rivulets viz. 'Deb', 'Palpala', Rangium', 'Kupon' etc. Most of the above rivers flow from west to east as the Western side of the division is having higher altitude.<br /> <br /> '''The Kangsabati river'''<br /> <br /> This river enters the division on the north from Bankura district and flows along a tortuous course running to the south and southwest direction and then flows towards east keeping the Midnapore town on the left (north). The river has contracted rapidly below Midnapore and at Kapastikri (about 20&amp;nbsp;km down below from Midnapore) the river has bifurcated. One course has gone towards the north and finally has drained into the Rupnarayan river while the other course has run towards the south-east and finally has fallen into the Haldi river.<br /> <br /> '''The Tarafeni river'''<br /> <br /> This river originates in the northwest portion of this division near Patagarh in Banspahari Range. It runs towards east within the jurisdiction of Belpahari and Binpur police Stations and finally has fallen into the Kangsabati river.<br /> <br /> '''The Subarnarekha river'''<br /> <br /> This river enters the division on the west from Dhalbhum (Jharkhand State) and passes through the south of the division intersecting the Gopiballavpur Police Station and forming the northern boundary of Nayagram Police Station (Kharagpur Division). On the south of Dantan, it enters the Balasore district of Odisha and finally falls into the Bay of Bengal. The Subarnarekha has a rapid stream with a sandy bed, and its banks are generally high and well defined. In the season of high flood, the river overflows its left bank about 6&amp;nbsp;km above the point where it leaves Paschim Midnapore district to enter the Balasore district.<br /> <br /> '''The Dulong [Dulung] river'''<br /> <br /> It is the main tributary of the Subarnarekha. It originates in the northwest portion of the division near Dulungdiha (J.L.No. 100, P.S.: Binpur) and runs generally in a southern direction near the western boundary of the division till it enters Jamboni Police Station. While passing through this police station from north to south it is joined by the Kupon river, Banshir Khal, Polpala Khal, Deb river and Putrangi Khal. Thereafter, it enters Gopiballavpur Police Station where its general direction is from west to east and then Sankrail police station where it again runs in a southerly direction and joins the Subarnarekha.<br /> &lt;ref&gt;Kanak Durga Temple: A Landmark in the Folk Tradition of Paschim Medinipur, Prof. Jaydeep Sarangi writes:[http://www.chitrolekha.com/V2/n1/11_Kanakdurga_Temple_Medinipur.pdf]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Administration==<br /> Jhargram district has 10 police stations, 8 community development blocks, 8 panchayat samitis, 79 gram panchayats, Lodhashuli Gram Panchayat one of them, 2,996 [[mouza]]s, 2513 inhabited villages, 1 municipality and 1 [[census town]]. The single municipality is at [[Jhargram]]. The census town is [[Silda, West Bengal|Shilda]]: The only subdivision, [[Jhargram subdivision]], has its headquarters at Jhargram.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Paschim Medinipur | work = Table 2.1 | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 23 October 2016 | url-status = usurped | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170729135056/http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php | archive-date = 29 July 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;blocdir&quot;&gt;{{Cite web<br /> |url=http://wbdemo5.nic.in/writereaddata/Directoryof_District_Block_GPs(RevisedMarch-2008).doc <br /> |title=Directory of District, Sub division, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal, March 2008 <br /> |date=2008-03-19 <br /> |access-date=23 October 2016 <br /> |work=West Bengal <br /> |publisher=National Informatics Centre, India <br /> |url-status=dead <br /> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225032419/http://wbdemo5.nic.in/writereaddata/Directoryof_District_Block_GPs%28RevisedMarch-2008%29.doc <br /> |archive-date=25 February 2009 <br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; The state Cabinet has given its nod to form 2 more sub-divisions. The three sub-divisions are supposed to be headquartered at Belpahari, Gopiballavpur and Jhargram.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Jhargram district to have three sub-divisions|url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/jhargram-district-to-have-three-sub-divisions-290927?infinitescroll=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The 8 community development blocks are:<br /> <br /> * [[Jhargram (community development block)|Jhargram]]<br /> * [[Jamboni (community development block)|Jamboni]]<br /> * [[Binpur I|Binpur-I]]<br /> * [[Binpur II|Binpur-II]]<br /> * [[Gopiballavpur I|Gopiballavpur-I]]<br /> * [[Gopiballavpur II|Gopiballvapur-II]]<br /> * [[Sankrail, Jhargram (community development block)|Sankrail]]<br /> * [[Nayagram (community development block)|Nayagram]]<br /> <br /> ===Location===<br /> Presently the forests of Jhargram Division are situated in the Civil Sub-division of Jhargram of Jhargram District and cover the Civil Blocks viz. Binpur-I (the portion on the West of the Kangsabati river), Binpur-II, Jhargram, Jamboni, Gopiballavpur-I &amp; Gopiballavpur-II and police stations of Belpahari, Binpur, Jamboni, Jhargram, Gopiballavpurand Beliyabera. The Jhargram Forest Division lies between 21°-52' and 22°-48' North latitudes and 86°-34' and 87°-20' East longitude approximately. On the North, it is bordered by the civil districts of Purulia and Bankura and on the East, it is bordered by the river [[Kangsabati River|Kangsabati]] (from the western border of Midnapore Division) and partly by the river [[Subarnarekha River|Subarnarekha]] from the western border of [[Kharagpur]] Division. Jharkhand shares a border with the State of Orissa in the South and in the West with the Jharkhand State.<br /> <br /> The headquarters of this division is Jhargram which is around 15&amp;nbsp;km away from the [[AH46]] (previously known as [[National Highway 6 (India)|National Highway-6]]) and is situated on the Kolkata-Bombay main line of the South-Eastern Railway. The city is also the headquarters of Jhargram District. The distance of Jhargram from Kolkata is approximately 170&amp;nbsp;km.<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> {{Historical population<br /> |1881|290414<br /> |1891|325508<br /> |1901|360282<br /> |1911|366627<br /> |1921|350134<br /> |1931|389130<br /> |1941|426245<br /> |1951|461730<br /> |source=Census of India&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=District Handbooks Midnapur - Census 1951 |publisher=Superintendent of Census Operations, West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/30064/download/33245/20870_1951_MID.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> Jhargram district had a population of 1,136,548, of which 67,436 (5.93%) live in urban areas. Jhargram district has a sex ratio of 977 females per 1000 males. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes made up 235,506 (20.11%) and 333,848 (29.37%) of the total population respectively.&lt;ref name=&quot;districtcensus&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: Paschim Medinipur |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1360/download/4454/DH_2011_1918_PART_A_DCHB_PASCHIM_MEDINIPUR.pdf |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Religion===<br /> {{bar box<br /> |title=Religion in Jhargram district (2011)&lt;ref name=&quot;religion&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |titlebar=#Fcd116<br /> |left1=<br /> |float=left<br /> |bars=<br /> {{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|86.60}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[Sarnaism]]|maroon|9.83}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|2.46}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[Christianity in West Bengal|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|0.45}}<br /> {{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.66}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===Language===<br /> {{Pie chart<br /> |caption=Languages of Jhargram district (2011)&lt;ref name=&quot;languages&quot;/&gt;<br /> |label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 78.23 |color1 = orchid<br /> |label2 = [[Santali language|Santali]] |value2 = 18.68 |color2 = darkturquoise<br /> |label3 = [[Mundari language|Mundari]] |value3 = 1.45 |color3 = teal<br /> |label4 = [[Kurmali language|Kurmali]] |value4 = 1.16 |color4 = indianred<br /> |label5 = Others |value5 = 1.48 |color5 = grey<br /> }}<br /> <br /> At the time of the 2011 census, 78.23% of the population spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]], 18.68% [[Santali language|Santali]], 1.45% [[Mundari language|Mundari]] and 1.16% [[Kurmali language|Kurmali]] as their first language.&lt;ref name=&quot;languages&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Economy==<br /> The main economy of this area is business &amp; cultivation. Some people are government employees, School Teachers and employed in other private sectors. There are many [[textile]] and agriculture based industries. Tourism is also one of the important factors for the economy of this district.<br /> <br /> ==Education==<br /> ===University===<br /> *[[Sadhu Ram Chand Murmu University]]<br /> <br /> ===General degree colleges===<br /> * Jhargram Raj College (Govt. College) under [[Vidyasagar University]]<br /> * Jhargram Raj College Girls Wing's (Govt. College) under [[Vidyasagar University]]<br /> * [[Sankrail Anil Biswas Smriti Mahavidyalaya]]<br /> * [[Seva Bharati Mahavidyalaya]]<br /> * [[Silda Chandra Sekhar College]]<br /> * [[Subarnarekha Mahavidyalaya]]<br /> * [[Lalgarh Government College]]<br /> * [[Vivekananda Satavarshiki Mahavidyalaya]]<br /> <br /> ===Technical and Medical Colleges===<br /> * [[Jhargram Government Medical College and Hospital]]<br /> * [[Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar Polytechnic]]<br /> * [[Raja Ranajit Kishore Government Polytechnic]]<br /> ===High Schools===<br /> * Jhargram Ashok Vidyapith (H.S)<br /> * Jhargram Banitirtha High School<br /> * [[Jhargram Kumud Kumari Institution]]<br /> * Jhargram Nanibala Balika Vidyalaya<br /> * Jhargram Nanibala Boys School<br /> * Sri Ramkrishna Saradapith Girls High School<br /> * Rani Binode Manjari Govt. Girls High School<br /> <br /> ==Culture==<br /> Jhargram is home to many dances such as Chuang, Chang, [[Chhau dance|Chhau]], Dangrey, Jhumur, Panta, Ranpa, Saharul, Tusu &amp; Bhadu.<br /> <br /> Besides the culture, the regular Bengali festivals like [[Durga puja]], [[Saraswati puja]], [[Diwali]] and [[Kali puja]]s are well attended. Other common pujas in the worship of [[Shitala]], [[Jagaddhatri]], [[Dol Purnima]], [[Ratha Yatra]], [[Janmashtami]], [[Bhima]] Puja, etc. also takes place.<br /> <br /> A lot of fairs and carnivals take place in Jhargram. The famous fairs in Jhargram are Jungle Mahal Utsav, Jhargram Mela &amp; Yuva Utsav, Rong Maati Manush, Shrabani Mela, Baishakhi Mela, Milan Mela, boi mela, silpithirtha, dog show, sramik mela, sabala mela.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://citypincode.in/WEST_BENGAL/WEST_MIDNAPORE/Jhargram_PINCODE |title=Jhargram Pincode |publisher=citypincode.in |access-date=2014-05-19 |archive-date=19 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519184814/http://www.citypincode.in/WEST_BENGAL/WEST_MIDNAPORE/Jhargram_PINCODE |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Tourist attractions==<br /> [[File:Jhargram Palace.jpg|thumb|[[Jhargram Palace]]]]<br /> [[File:Chilkigarh Rajbari.jpg|thumb|Chilkigarh Rajbari, [[Chilkigarh]]]]<br /> [[File:Sebayatan Satsanga Mission, Jhargram, India.jpg|thumb|Sebayatan Satsanga Mission, Jhargram]]<br /> There are several tourist-attracting places throughout the Sub-Division.<br /> * [[Jhargram Palace]]<br /> * Chilkigarh Rajbari, [[Chilkigarh]]<br /> * Deer Park ([[Jungle Mahal Zoological Park]])<br /> * Savitri Temple<br /> * Rabindra Park<br /> * Sitala Mandir, Chandipur<br /> * [[Jhargram Raj Palace|Chilkigarh Raj Palace]]<br /> * [[Kanak Durga Temple]]<br /> * Jungle Mahal<br /> * Medical Plants Garden (Kalaboni)<br /> * Dherua (in the banks of [[Kasai River|Kansai river]])<br /> * Sevayatan is known for Kechenda Bandh (lake) &amp; surrounding forests<br /> * Tribal Museum<br /> * Rohini Raj bari<br /> *Kakrajhore Forest<br /> * Rohini, birthplace of famous Vaishnav saint Rashikanandaji Maharaj<br /> * Gidhni <br /> * Dholkat Pukuria<br /> * Hatibari Forest Bungalow<br /> * Jhilli Pakhiraloy<br /> * Gopiballavpur Eco Park<br /> * Ghagra Water Falls, [[Belpahari]]<br /> <br /> ==Transportation==<br /> <br /> ===Air===<br /> The nearest operational airport is [[Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport]] of [[Kolkata Airport|Kolkata]] 155&amp;nbsp;km (by train) and 169&amp;nbsp;km (by road- NH-6).[[Sonari Airport]] of [[Jamshedpur]] is located at a distance 96&amp;nbsp;km by train. [[Ranchi Airport|Birsa Munda Airport]] of [[Ranchi]] is located at a distance of 233&amp;nbsp;km (by road- NH-33) and 258&amp;nbsp;km (by train).<br /> <br /> ===Train===<br /> Jhargram is connected not only to larger cities in the region, but also to smaller towns and villages in the district. Jhargram Railway Station is on the [[Asansol–Tatanagar–Kharagpur line|Kharagpur-Tatanagar section]] of Howrah-Nagpur-Mumbai line, an express train route. The Jhargram railway station comes under [[South Eastern Railway (India)|South Eastern Railway]]. Jhargram is well connected by train to nearest big city like [[Kolkata]]/[[Howrah]] (155&amp;nbsp;km), [[Kharagpur]] (39&amp;nbsp;km), [[Asansol]], [[Tatanagar]] (96&amp;nbsp;km), [[Ranchi]], [[Dhanbad]], [[Rourkela]], [[Jharsuguda]], [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Cuttack]], [[Puri]], [[Bhilai]] and also [[Delhi]] and [[Mumbai]].<br /> <br /> ===Road===<br /> Jhargram is also very well connected by highways it lies on [[AH46]] which is a part of the [[Asian Highway Network]] and also with other nearby cities like [[Medinipur]] (40&amp;nbsp;km over Dherua - Medinipur Road), [[Kharagpur]] (46&amp;nbsp;km over NH-6), [[Durgapur]] (156&amp;nbsp;km over SH-9), [[Asansol]] (181&amp;nbsp;km over NH-60 and SH-9), [[Bankura]] (114&amp;nbsp;km over SH-9 and 5), [[Purulia]] (142&amp;nbsp;km over SH-5), [[Haldia]] (150&amp;nbsp;km over AH46 and NH41), [[Contai]] (144&amp;nbsp;km over SH-5), [[Digha]] (165&amp;nbsp;km over NH-60), [[Kolkata]]/[[Howrah]] (169&amp;nbsp;km over [[AH46]]), [[Tatanagar]] (114&amp;nbsp;km over NH-33), [[Baripada]] (99&amp;nbsp;km over AH46 and NH-5), etc.<br /> <br /> ==Politics==<br /> <br /> Jhargram district consists of four assembly constituencies: Nayagram (ST), Gopiballavpur, Jhargram, and Binpur (ST). All four are part of the Jhargram (ST) Lok Sabha constituency.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !No.<br /> !Name<br /> !Lok Sabha<br /> !MLA<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026 Winner]]<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |2024 Lead<br /> |-<br /> |1<br /> |[[Nayagram Assembly constituency|Nayagram]] (ST)<br /> |rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|[[Jhargram Lok Sabha constituency|Jhargram]]<br /> |Amiya Kisku<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=4}}<br /> |-<br /> |2<br /> |[[Gopiballavpur Assembly constituency|Gopiballavpur]]<br /> |Rajesh Mahata<br /> |-<br /> |3<br /> |[[Jhargram Assembly constituency|Jhargram]]<br /> |Lakshmikanta Sau<br /> |-<br /> |4<br /> |[[Binpur Assembly constituency|Binpur]] (ST)<br /> |Pranat Tudu<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{commons category}}<br /> *[https://jhargram.gov.in/ Official website]<br /> <br /> {{Geographic location<br /> |Centre = Jhargram district<br /> |North = [[Bankura district]]<br /> |Northeast = [[Paschim Medinipur district]]<br /> |East = [[Paschim Medinipur district]]<br /> |Southeast = [[Paschim Medinipur district]]<br /> |South = [[Odisha]]<br /> |Southwest = [[Odisha]]<br /> |West = [[Jharkhand]]<br /> |Northwest = [[Jharkhand]], [[Purulia district]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{West Bengal topics}}<br /> {{Jhargram District}}<br /> {{Jhargram district topics}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Jhargram district| ]]<br /> [[Category:Districts of West Bengal]]</div>

MyronMccreary8 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rajasthan_State_Men%27s_League&diff=528466 2026-05-02T10:28:32Z

<p>MyronMccreary8: New Info</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Football league in Rajasthan, Cambodia}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox football league<br /> |name = Rajasthan State Men's League<br /> |image = R-League A Division.svg<br /> |pixels = 200<br /> |organiser = [[Rajasthan Football Association]]<br /> |founded = {{start date and age|2019}}<br /> |folded = <br /> |country = India<br /> |confed = <br /> |divisions = 2 (A &amp; B Division)<br /> |teams = [[#Clubs|8]]<br /> |promotion = [[I-League 3]]<br /> |relegation =<br /> |levels = [[Indian football league system|5 &amp; 6]]<br /> |domest_cup =<br /> |champions = [[Zinc FA]] (3rd title)<br /> |season = [[2025–26 R-League A Division|2025–26]]<br /> |most_champs = [[Zinc FA]] (3 titles)<br /> |most_caps = <br /> |top_goalscorer = <br /> |tv = SportsCast India ([[YouTube]])<br /> |website = <br /> |current = [[2025–26 R-League A Division|2025–26]]<br /> }}<br /> The '''Rajasthan State Men's League''', also known as '''R-League A Division''',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=First Ever Rajasthan State Men's League 2019 Started|url=https://udaipurkiran.com/first-ever-rajasthan-state-mens-league-2019-started/amp/|work=udaipurkiran|date=21 September 2019|access-date=1 October 2019|archive-date=1 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191001014743/https://udaipurkiran.com/first-ever-rajasthan-state-mens-league-2019-started/amp/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; is the top [[Indian State Leagues|state-level]] [[association football|football]] league in the [[India|Indian]] state of [[Rajasthan]], conducted by [[Rajasthan Football Association]]. Inaugural season with 8 participating teams, and concluded on 6 October 2019. [[Rajasthan United FC]] became the first champion. All matches were played on a single venue, Rajasthan University Sports Complex.<br /> <br /> == League structure ==<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> !Tier<br /> !Division<br /> |-<br /> !1&lt;br/&gt;&lt;sub&gt;(5 on Indian football [[Indian football league system|Pyramid]])&lt;/sub&gt;<br /> |R-League A Division<br /> |-<br /> !2&lt;br/&gt;&lt;sub&gt;(6 on Indian football [[Indian football league system|pyramid]])&lt;/sub&gt;<br /> |R-League B Division<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The first Rajasthan State Men's League started with 8 teams in 2019. Jaipur based [[Rajasthan United FC|JECRC CF]] won the title.<br /> <br /> ==Clubs==<br /> A total of 11 teams participated in the league for the 2024–25 edition.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=R-LEAGUE is back in action.|url=https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=1254840823308338&amp;set=a.217225097069921 |date=31 March 2025|access-date=24 May 2025|website=[[Facebook]]|publisher=Rajasthan Football Association}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> !Club<br /> !City/Town<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |ASL FC<br /> |[[Jaipur]]<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |[[FC Brothers United|Brothers United]]<br /> |[[Jaipur]]<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |City Wolves<br /> |[[Jaipur]]<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |[[Jaipur Elite FC|Jaipur Elite]]<br /> |[[Jaipur]]<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Jethri FC<br /> |[[Sikar]]<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Real Jaipur FC<br /> |[[Jaipur]]<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Rising Jaipur FC<br /> |[[Jaipur]]<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Rising Rajasthan FC<br /> |[[Jaipur]]<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Royal FC Jaipur<br /> |[[Jaipur]]<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Sunrise FC<br /> |[[Sirohi]]<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |[[Zinc Football]]<br /> |[[Udaipur]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {{Location map+<br /> |Rajasthan<br /> |float=right<br /> |width=340<br /> |caption=Locations of the R-League A Division teams<br /> |places=<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Jethri FC --&gt;<br /> {{Location map~|Rajasthan |lat=27.6094 |long=75.1398 |label= &lt;div&gt;Jethri FC&lt;/div&gt;|position=right}}<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Sunrise FC --&gt;<br /> {{Location map~ |Rajasthan |lat=24.8827 |long=72.8609 |label= &lt;div&gt;{{nobreak|Sunrise FC}}&lt;/div&gt;|position=left}}<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Zinc Football --&gt;<br /> {{Location map~ |Rajasthan |lat=24.5854 |long=73.7125 |label= &lt;div&gt;{{nobreak|[[Zinc Football]]}}&lt;/div&gt;|position=right}}<br /> <br /> {{Location map~ |Rajasthan |lat=26.9124 |long=75.7873 |label=&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;[[Jaipur]]&lt;/span&gt; |mark=Blue pog.svg |position=bottom}}<br /> <br /> {{Location map~ <br /> |Rajasthan <br /> |lat=30.0 <br /> |long=69.8 <br /> |label_size=80 <br /> |mark=TransparentPlaceholder.png <br /> |marksize=1 <br /> |label='''&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;[[Jaipur]] teams:&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;ASL FC&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;[[FC Brothers United|Brothers United]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;City Wolves&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;[[Jaipur Elite FC|Jaipur Elite]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;Real Jaipur FC&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;Rising Jaipur FC&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;Rising Rajasthan FC&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;Royal FC Jaipur&lt;/span&gt;}}<br /> }}<br /> &lt;section end=&quot;map&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Media coverage==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Period<br /> ! TV/Streaming channel<br /> |-<br /> | 2019–20<br /> | ''None''<br /> |-<br /> | 2021–<br /> | Sportscast India<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Champions==<br /> ===Winners by season===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;500px&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Season<br /> ! Club<br /> |-<br /> | [[2019 Rajasthan State Men's League|2019]] || [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2021 R-League A Division|2021]] || [[Zinc Football]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2022 R-League A Division|2022]] || [[Jaipur Elite FC|Jaipur Elite]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2023–24 R-League A Division|2023–24]] || [[Jaipur Elite FC|Jaipur Elite]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2024–25 R-League A Division|2024–25]] || [[Zinc Football]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2025–26 R-League A Division|2025–26]] || [[Zinc Football]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Performance by clubs ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;500px&quot;<br /> ! Club !! Titles !! Winning seasons<br /> |-<br /> |[[Jaipur Elite FC|Jaipur Elite]]<br /> |2<br /> |[[2022 R-League A Division|2022]], [[2023–24 R-League A Division|2023–24]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Zinc Football]]<br /> |3<br /> |[[2021 R-League A Division|2021]], [[2024–25 R-League A Division|2024–25]], [[2025–26 R-League A Division|2025–26]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]<br /> |1<br /> |[[2019 Rajasthan State Men's League|2019]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Clubs Promoted to I-League 3 ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;400px&quot;<br /> !Season<br /> !Club<br /> |-<br /> |[[2023–24 I-League 3]]<br /> |[[Jaipur Elite FC|Jaipur Elite]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2024–25 I-League 3]]<br /> |[[Jaipur Elite FC|Jaipur Elite]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Football in India}}<br /> {{Sports leagues of India}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Football in Rajasthan]]<br /> [[Category:Regional football leagues in India]]<br /> [[Category:2019 establishments in Rajasthan]]<br /> [[Category:Sports leagues established in 2019]]</div>

MyronMccreary8 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alefia_Kapadia&diff=485470 2026-04-29T15:33:18Z

<p>MyronMccreary8: </p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian television actress}}<br /> {{Sources exist|date=July 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Alefia Kapadia<br /> | image =<br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_date = <br /> | birth_place = India<br /> | education = [[Jai Hind College]]<br /> | occupation = [[Actress]] - [[Model (person)|Model]]<br /> | years_active = 1995–present<br /> | notable_works = ''[[Pyaar Ka Dard Hai Meetha Meetha Pyaara Pyaara]]''<br /> | height = <br /> | website = www.alefiakapadia.com<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Alefia Kapadia''' is an Indian television [[actress]], model and certified life coach.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=23 February 2023|title=Exclusive- Bade Acche &amp;#91;sic&amp;#93; Lagte Hain actor Alefia Kapadia is a certified life coach and an anchor in addition to being an actor|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-bade-acche-lagte-hain-actor-alefia-kapadia-is-a-certified-life-coach-and-an-anchor-in-addition-to-being-an-actor/articleshow/98160844.cms|publisher=Times of India|access-date=26 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; She has done many roles in various Indian television shows. She made her television debut in ''[[Just Mohabbat]]'', followed by ''[[Daaman]]''. She has also appeared in the series ''[[Star Bestsellers]]'', [[Rishtey (TV series)|''Rishtey'']], [[C.I.D. (Indian TV series)|''C.I.D'']], ''[[Pyaar Ka Dard Hai Meetha Meetha Pyaara Pyaara]]'', ''[[SuperCops vs Supervillains]]'', ''[[Hamari Sister Didi]]'', ''[[Savdhaan India]]'' and ''[[Aahat (Indian TV series)|Aahat]]''. She recently appeared in ''[[Laut Aao Trisha]]''.<br /> <br /> ==Personal life==<br /> In June 2024, Kapadia revealed that she is in relationship with her [[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain 2]] co-actor [[Abhinav Kapoor]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Maheshwari |first=Neha |date=29 June 2024|title=Alefia Kapadia and Abhinav Kapoor are in love |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/alefia-kapadia-and-abhinav-kapoor-are-in-love/articleshow/111356281.cms |access-date=29 September 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Maheshwri|first=Neha|date=2 July 2024|title=Here's why Alefia Kapadia and Abhinav Kapoor were wary of falling in love with each other|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/heres-why-alefia-kapadia-and-abhinav-kapoor-were-wary-of-falling-in-love-with-each-other/articleshow/111430227.cms|publisher=Times of India|access-date=27 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> ===Television===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Show<br /> ! Role<br /> ! Remark<br /> |-<br /> | 1996–2000<br /> | ''[[Just Mohabbat]]''<br /> | Pia Malhotra<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 1998-2018<br /> | ''[[C.I.D. (Indian TV series)|C.I.D.]]''<br /> |<br /> | Episodic Role<br /> |-<br /> | 2001<br /> | ''[[Daaman]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2012–2014<br /> | ''[[Pyaar Ka Dard Hai Meetha Meetha Pyaara Pyaara]]''<br /> | Latika Bafna / Latika Rubel Diwan<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2014–2015<br /> | ''[[Hamari Sister Didi]]''<br /> | Aliya<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Mere Rang Mein Rangne Waali]]''<br /> | Neha<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | 2015–2016<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | ''[[Savdhaan India]]''<br /> | Niyati <br /> | Episodic role (Episode 1067)<br /> |-<br /> | Divya Atul Gupta <br /> | Episodic role (Episode 1245)<br /> |-<br /> | Rekha <br /> | Episodic role (Episode 1407)<br /> |-<br /> | Margi <br /> | Episodic role (Episode 1582)<br /> |-<br /> | Sarika <br /> | Episodic role (Episode 1677)<br /> |-<br /> | 2015<br /> | ''[[Laut Aao Trisha]]''<br /> | Deepika <br /> | Cameo role (Episode 156 - Episode 160)<br /> |-<br /> | 2015<br /> | ''[[Reporters (Indian TV series)|Reporters]]''<br /> | Tarini<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2015<br /> | ''[[Satrangi Sasural]]''<br /> | Karuna<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2015–2016<br /> | ''[[Chakravartin Ashoka Samrat]]''<br /> | Vasudha &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Maheshwri|first=Neha|date=30 March 2016|title=Alefia Kapadia to play Kaurvaki's mother in Ashoka - Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Alefia-Kapadia-to-play-Kaurvakis-mother-in-Ashoka/articleshow/51614135.cms|publisher=Times of India|access-date=26 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2016–2017<br /> | ''[[Brahmarakshas (TV series)|Brahmarakshas... Jaag Utha Shaitan]]''<br /> | Kammo&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=24 November 2016|title=Alefia Kapadia to enter Zee TV's Brahmarakshas|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/alefia-kapadia-to-enter-zee-tvs-brahmarakshas/articleshow/55597599.cms|publisher=Times of India|access-date=26 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2018 <br /> | ''[[Yeh Hai Mohabbatein]]''<br /> | Paranormal Expert<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2018 <br /> | ''[[Prithvi Vallabh (TV series)|Prithvi Vallabh]]''<br /> | Savitri&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=22 December 2017|title=Alefia Kapadia to portray the role of 'Savitri' in Prithvi Vallabh|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/alefia-kapadia-to-portray-the-role-of-savitri-in-prithvi-vallabh/articleshow/62213152.cms|publisher=Times of India|access-date=26 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2018–2019<br /> | ''[[Kaal Bhairav Rahasya Season 2]]''<br /> | Pavitra <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2021–2023<br /> | ''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain 2]]''<br /> | Saranghi &quot;Sara&quot; Sood <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Films ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Title<br /> !Role<br /> !Notes<br /> |-<br /> |2019<br /> |''[[Barot House]]''<br /> |Sophia D'Souza<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2021<br /> |[[Dybbuk (film)|Dybbuk]]<br /> |Darshana Sanghvi<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> <br /> * Alefia started her modeling career in the 1990s, when she was a teenager. <br /> * She appeared in [[Remo Fernandes]]' music video, O Meri Munni.<br /> * She appeared in a short film, Stolen Heart, in 2014.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> &lt;!-- Per [[WP:ELMINOFFICIAL]], choose one official website only --&gt;<br /> * [http://Www.alefiakapadia.com Alefia Kapadia] [[official website]]<br /> * {{Facebook|alefia.kapadia}}<br /> * [https://www.instagram.com/alefiakapadia/ Alefia Kapadia] on [[Instagram]]<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Kapadia, Alefia}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian television actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>

MyronMccreary8 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tikri_Khurd&diff=541304 2026-04-26T17:57:35Z

<p>MyronMccreary8: stub</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Tikri Khurd<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | other_name = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = Village<br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = India Delhi<br /> | pushpin_label_position = <br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in India<br /> | coordinates = <br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|Union Territory]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = Delhi<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Narela|North West]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date =<br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = <br /> | governing_body = <br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | population_total = 3690<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/63907-tikri-khurd-delhi.html|title=Census 2011, Tikri Khurd town Data}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = Hindi<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = &lt;!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --&gt;<br /> | postal_code = <br /> | registration_plate = <br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Tikri Khurd''' is a [[village]] in Outer North [[Delhi]] under [[Narela]] Legislative Constituency. <br /> <br /> ==Etymology==<br /> <br /> &quot;Tikri&quot; word means a small mound, hillock, or elevated spot in [[Languages of India|North Indian dialects]]. [[Khurd and Kalan]] are Persian words meaning small and big respectively. They are used to distinguish two villages of the same name with reference to their relative size to each other, with the comparatively bigger village being called ''Kalan'' (big) and the smaller village being called ''Khurd'' (small).<br /> <br /> ==Demography==<br /> <br /> Tikri Khurd is dominated by [[Jat]]s of [[Khatri]] clan.<br /> <br /> ==Transport==<br /> <br /> Tikri Khurd village lies on the [[Grand Trunk Road]] [[National Highway 44 (India)|NH44]], and the [[Narela railway station]] is the nearest railway station. <br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> * [[Tikri Kalan]], a village in western Delhi at the border between Delhi and Haryana states<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Cities and towns in North West Delhi district]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Delhi-geo-stub}}</div>

MyronMccreary8 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Tilak&diff=494526 2026-04-25T06:47:13Z

<p>MyronMccreary8: Adding new entry</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Christopher Tilak<br /> | image = ChristopherTilak.jpg<br /> | caption = Tilak speaking at a political meeting<br /> | birth_date =<br /> | birth_place = <br /> | death_date = <br /> | death_place = <br /> | office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]<br /> | term_start = 2026<br /> | term_end = <br /> | constituency = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br /> | spouse = <br /> | profession = <br /> | website = <br /> | alma_mater = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> | source = <br /> | term = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Christopher Tilak''' is an Indian politician from Tamil Nadu. He was elected to the [[Rajya Sabha]], the upper house of [[Indian Parliament]], from Tamil Nadu as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].&lt;ref name=&quot;M. Christopher Tilak is Congress frontrunner for the Rajya Sabha seat&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=M. Christopher Tilak is Congress frontrunner for the Rajya Sabha seat |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/m-christopher-tilak-is-congress-frontrunner-for-the-rajya-sabha-seat/article70704699.ece |access-date=7 April 2026 |publisher=The Hindu |date=4 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260407144059/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/m-christopher-tilak-is-congress-frontrunner-for-the-rajya-sabha-seat/article70704699.ece |archive-date=7 April 2026 |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;d107&quot;&gt;{{cite web | last=Subramanian | first=Lakshmi | title=Who is Christopher Tilak? Why Congress allotted him its Rajya Sabha berth from Tamil Nadu | website=The Week | date=5 March 2026 | url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2026/03/05/who-is-christopher-tilak-why-congress-allotted-him-its-rajya-sabha-berth-from-tamil-nadu.html | access-date=19 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;j664&quot;&gt;{{cite web | last=Tripathi | first=Shweta | title=Who is Christopher Tilak, Congress's unusual choice for Rajya Sabha seat in Tamil Nadu | website=ThePrint | date=5 March 2026 | url=https://theprint.in/politics/who-is-christopher-tilak-congresss-unusual-choice-for-rajya-sabha-seat-in-tamil-nadu/2870418/ | access-date=19 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rajya Sabha election: Congress fields new face Christopher Tilak in Tamil Nadu&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Rajya Sabha election: Congress fields new face Christopher Tilak in Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/rajya-sabha-election-2026-congress-fields-new-face-christopher-tilak-in-tamil-nadu/article70707160.ece |access-date=7 April 2026 |publisher=The Hindu |date=6 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260407144035/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/rajya-sabha-election-2026-congress-fields-new-face-christopher-tilak-in-tamil-nadu/article70707160.ece |archive-date=7 April 2026 |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life ==<br /> Tilak is a Dalit Christian from [[Dharapuram]], Tirupur, Tamil Nadu. He did his schooling and college education in [[Madurai]]. He completed his BE and MBA at Madurai Thiagarajar College. He was former hockey player at the state level.&lt;ref name=&quot;r585&quot;&gt;{{cite web | last=Tamilarasu | first=Prabhakar | title=Organisational skills help Rahul's man Christopher Tilak win lone Congress seat | website=The New Indian Express | date=6 March 2026 | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2026/Mar/06/organisational-skills-help-rahuls-man-christopher-tilak-win-lone-congress-seat | access-date=19 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Tilak was nominated as a Congress candidate for Rajya Sabha in March 2026. He served as [[All India Congress Committee]] (AICC) in charge of Manipur, Nagaland, Tripura and Sikkim, and in the Congress Youth Wing. He was also the Tamil Nadu unit's member of the SC and ST wing.&lt;ref name=&quot;u066&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Aicc Secretary Christopher Tilak: Congress announces AICC secretary Christopher Tilak as Rajya Sabha candidate from Tamil Nadu | website=The Times of India | date=5 March 2026 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/congress-announces-aicc-secretary-christopher-tilak-as-rajya-sabha-candidate-from-tamil-nadu/articleshow/129071849.cms | access-date=19 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Tilak, Christopher}}<br /> [[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> [[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]<br /> <br /> {{TamilNadu-INC-politician-stub}}</div>

MyronMccreary8 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Umranala&diff=542562 2026-04-23T18:00:31Z

<p>MyronMccreary8: new</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Town in Madhya Pradesh, India}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Umranala<br /> | official_name = Umranala<br /> | settlement_type = City<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|21.87|N|78.87|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India<br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Chhindwara district]]<br /> | subdivision_type3 = Tehsil<br /> | subdivision_name3 = Mohkhed<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | unit_pref = metric<br /> | elevation_m = 474<br /> | population_total = 10456<br /> | population_as_of = 2026<br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 480107<br /> | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MP]]<br /> | registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|MP-28]]<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<br /> | blank4_name_sec1 = Avg. high temperature<br /> | blank4_info_sec1 = {{convert|32.7|°C|°F}}<br /> | blank5_name_sec1 = Avg. low temperature<br /> | blank5_info_sec1 = {{convert|18.0|°C|°F}}<br /> }}<br /> '''Umranala''' (Hindi: उमरानाला) is a town in Mohkhed tehsil of [[Chhindwara district]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=पिन कोड of Umaranala SO: Umaranala SO Pin Code and Chhindwara Post Office Address - NDTV.in |url=https://ndtv.in/tools/pincodes-india/madhya-pradesh/chhindwara/umaranala-so |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=ndtv.in |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt; It serves as the urban settlement along National Highway 547 [[National Highway 547 (India)|(NH547)]], with access to basic amenities including education institutions up to senior secondary level, primary health facilities, and transportation links via highway roads and bus services.<br /> The town has its own railway station.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Umra Nala Railway Station Map/Atlas SECR/South East Central Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/umra-nala-ula/3841 |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; It has connectivity with both [[Nagpur]] and [[Chhindwara]].<br /> <br /> ==Geography==<br /> Umranala is located on the NH547 road between [[Nagpur]] and [[Chhindwara]]. Its stands in the [[Satpura Range]] encompassing hilly and undulating terrain with elevations ranging from 470 to 1,160 m above sea level and an average of 675 meters. Umranala is positioned near the Umra River, a tributary in the [[Godavari River]] Basin, which flows in close proximity to the town and supports local water resources through structures like the Umranala Dam. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Umranala, India |url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/35/Umranala.html |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=www.fallingrain.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The surrounding [[landscape]] features typical [[Satpura Range|Satpura]] formations of forested hills and plateaus, contributing to the area's rugged [[geography]].<br /> <br /> ==Climate==<br /> {{Weather box<br /> | location = Umranala<br /> | metric first = yes<br /> | single line = yes<br /> | temperature colour = pastel<br /> | Jan high C = 20.4<br /> | Feb high C = 25.6<br /> | Mar high C = 30.9<br /> | Apr high C = 34.5<br /> | May high C = 36.7<br /> | Jun high C = 34.8<br /> | Jul high C = 27.3<br /> | Aug high C = 25.8<br /> | Sep high C = 27.6<br /> | Oct high C = 26.4<br /> | Nov high C = 24.5<br /> | Dec high C = 21.2<br /> | Jan mean C = 18.9<br /> | Feb mean C = 22.4<br /> | Mar mean C = 26.9<br /> | Apr mean C = 31.3<br /> | May mean C = 33.6<br /> | Jun mean C = 30.0<br /> | Jul mean C = 25.2<br /> | Aug mean C = 24.1<br /> | Sep mean C = 24.5<br /> | Oct mean C = 23.7<br /> | Nov mean C = 21.4<br /> | Dec mean C = 19.1<br /> | Jan low C = 15.5<br /> | Feb low C = 20.5<br /> | Mar low C = 22.2<br /> | Apr low C = 27.2<br /> | May low C = 28.9<br /> | Jun low C = 27.8<br /> | Jul low C = 21.8<br /> | Aug low C = 22.2<br /> | Sep low C = 21.6<br /> | Oct low C = 20.9<br /> | Nov low C = 18.4<br /> | Dec low C = 12.3<br /> | precipitation colour = green<br /> | Jan precipitation mm = 15<br /> | Feb precipitation mm = 14<br /> | Mar precipitation mm = 24<br /> | Apr precipitation mm = 13<br /> | May precipitation mm = 11<br /> | Jun precipitation mm = 137<br /> | Jul precipitation mm = 309<br /> | Aug precipitation mm = 285<br /> | Sep precipitation mm = 207<br /> | Oct precipitation mm = 48<br /> | Nov precipitation mm = 12<br /> | Dec precipitation mm = 13<br /> | total precipitation mm = <br /> | source = <br /> |date=April 2026}}<br /> <br /> ==Population==<br /> {{as of|2026}}, Umranala had a population of 10,456, of which 5,208 were males and 5,248 were females. A total of 2,877 families resided in the town. In 2026 the literacy rate was 90.67%.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ekalbihari Village Population - Mohkhed - Chhindwara, Madhya Pradesh |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/495162-ekalbihari-madhya-pradesh.html |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Education==<br /> ===Schools===<br /> Umranala has more than 20 schools, there are two government schools in the town, affiliated to the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE). The town is also served by numerous other private schools affiliated to either CBSE or MPBSE{{Clarify|date=March 2026}}.<br /> <br /> * New Sunflower English &amp; Hindi School <br /> * Sanskar Srajan Higher Secondary school <br /> * Saraswati Shishu Mandir <br /> * Om Sai Vidya Bhumi School <br /> * Sun Shine Education School<br /> * Step Forward Public School<br /> * Bhagwan Shrichand Public School<br /> * Shaskiya Madhyamik School<br /> * Shaskiya High School <br /> * Shaskiya Higher Secondary School<br /> * Vivekanand Gyan Mandir School<br /> <br /> ===Higher education===<br /> Umranala has one college for higher education as well as a higher secondary school.{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}}<br /> <br /> ==Transportation==<br /> Transportation infrastructure includes the Umr Nala railway station&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Umra Nala Railway Station Map/Atlas SECR/South East Central Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/umra-nala-ula/3841 |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; (code - ULA), a regular halt on the double electric-line track line in the [[South East Central Railway zone|South-East Central Railway's]] Nagpur division, where eight trains stops daily and connects to nearby stations like [[Bhandarkund railway station|Bhandarkund]] (10 km away). The town benefits from electricity for domestic, agriculture, and commercial use, along with communication facilities such as post offices, police stations, mobile coverage, and internet cafes.[[Umranala]] is connected to its neighbouring villages by rail and road. The nearest airport is Nagpur Airport (104 km). A small airport is located in Chhindwara which is not serviceable for big passenger planes and can only serve small private aircraft. Umranala is connected to nearby big city like Nagpur via bus or train.<br /> <br /> ==Religious places==<br /> The 101 feet statue of Lord Hanuman (known as Siddheshwar Hanuman Mandir) is 4 km away from the town in the village of Simariya. <br /> <br /> ==Tourist places==<br /> There are many tourist places near the town: [[Deogarh Fort]] is 22 km away by road, Kukdi Khapa Waterfall is on the road to Ramakona.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Jabalpur Division}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Geography of Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Cities and towns in Chhindwara district]]<br /> <br /> {{MadhyaPradesh-geo-stub}}</div>

MyronMccreary8 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aravidu_Venkatadri&diff=487297 2026-04-23T04:55:11Z

<p>MyronMccreary8: Adding a post</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Commander-in-Chief of the Vijayanagara Army from 1542 to 1565}}<br /> {{Orphan|date=April 2026}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Aravidu Venkatadri<br /> | image =<br /> | caption = <br /> | office1 = <br /> | term_start1 = <br /> | term_end1 = <br /> | parents = Aravidu Sriranga Raja<br /> | office2 = <br /> | term_start2 = <br /> | term_end2 = <br /> | birth_name = <br /> | birth_date = <br /> | death_date = <br /> | issue = <br /> | children = Rangappa&lt;br&gt;Rama Raja III<br /> | monarch = [[Sadasiva Raya]]<br /> | monarch2 = <br /> | monarch1 = <br /> | office3 = <br /> | monarch3 = <br /> | term_start3 = <br /> | term_end3 = <br /> | honorific_prefix = <br /> | battles = {{collapsible list|title = {{nobold|''See list''}}|{{tree list}}<br /> * [[#Military Career|Bijapur Invasion]]<br /> ** [[#Military Career|Battle of Vijayanagara (1542)]]<br /> * [[#Military Career|Rama Raya's Malabar Campaign]]<br /> * [[Vijayanagara Civil War (1542–1543)]]<br /> ** [[Vijayanagara Civil War (1542-1543)#War|Capture of Penukonda (1542)]]<br /> ** [[Vijayanagara Civil War (1542-1543)#War|Capture of Kurnool (1542)]]<br /> ** [[Vijayanagara Civil War (1542-1543)#War|Capture of Gandikota (1542)]]<br /> ** [[Battle of Komali]]<br /> ** [[Battle of Betamcarla]]<br /> ** [[Battle of Juturu]]<br /> ** [[Battle of Bedagallu]]<br /> ** [[Vijayanagara Civil War (1542-1543)#War|Battle of Awaku (1542)]]<br /> ** [[Siege of Adavani]]<br /> ** [[Battle of Tungabhadra River]]<br /> ** [[Battle of Adoni]]<br /> * [[Vijayanagar Invasion of Bijapur (1543)]]<br /> ** [[Vijayanagar Invasion of Bijapur (1543)#Campaign|Battle of Bhima River]]<br /> ** [[Vijayanagar Invasion of Bijapur (1543)#Campaign|Battle of Khaspur]]<br /> * [[#Military Career|Vijaynagara-Ahmednagar War (1543)]]<br /> ** [[Battle of Kalyani (1543)]]<br /> ** [[Siege of Ahmednagar (1543)]]<br /> * [[Ahmednagar invasion of Bidar]]<br /> ** [[Ahmednagar invasion of Bidar#Campaign|Siege of Udgir]]<br /> ** [[Ahmednagar invasion of Bidar#Campaign|Siege of Kandhar]]<br /> ** [[Ahmednagar invasion of Bidar#Campaign|Battle of Bidar]]<br /> * [[#Military Career|Second Vijaynagara Invasion of Bijapur (1549)]]<br /> ** [[Battle of Kalyani (1549)]]<br /> ** [[Siege of Paranda]]<br /> * [[Vijaynagara Invasion of Bijapur (1552)]]<br /> ** [[Vijaynagara Invasion of Bijapur (1552)#Campaign|Capture of Raichur]]<br /> ** [[Vijaynagara Invasion of Bijapur (1552)#Campaign|Capture of Mudgal]]<br /> ** [[Vijaynagara Invasion of Bijapur (1552)#Campaign|Capture of Sholapur]]<br /> ** [[Vijaynagara Invasion of Bijapur (1552)#Campaign|Siege of Gulbarga (1552)]]<br /> * [[Saif Ain-ul-Mulk's Rebellion]]<br /> ** [[Saif Ain-ul-Mulk's Rebellion#Rebellion|Battle of Bijapur]]<br /> * [[#Military Career|Ahmednagar Invasion of Bijapur (1557-1558)]]<br /> ** [[Siege of Gulbarga]]<br /> * [[#Military Career|Vijayanagara Invasion of Ahmednagar (1558-1559)]]<br /> ** [[#Military Career|Siege of Kalyani (1558)]]<br /> ** [[Siege of Ahmednagar (1558–1559)]]<br /> ** [[#Military Career|Battle of Godavari]]<br /> ** [[#Military Career|Capture of Daulatabad]]<br /> * [[#Military Career|Second Vijaynagara Invasion of Ahmednagar (1561-1562)]]<br /> ** [[Siege of Ahmednagar (1561–1562)]]<br /> * [[Vijayanagara invasion of Golconda]]<br /> ** [[#Military Career|Battle of Tarpully]]<br /> ** [[#Military Career|Battle of Korkul]]<br /> * [[#Military Career|Talikota Campaign]]<br /> ** [[Battle of Talikota]]{{KIA}}<br /> {{tree list/end}}<br /> }}<br /> | resting_place = <br /> | relations = <br /> | successor = <br /> | death_place = [[Talikoti]], [[Vijayanagara Empire]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|(present-day [[Bijapur district, Karnataka]], [[India]])}}<br /> | term_end = <br /> | term_start = <br /> | allegiance = [[Vijayanagara Empire]]<br /> | occupation = [[Military]]<br /> | service_years = 1542-1565<br /> | branch = [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara Army]]<br /> | unit = <br /> | office = [[Commander-in-chief]] of The [[Vijayanagara Army]]&lt;br&gt;[[Governor]] of [[Kurnool]]<br /> | rank = <br /> | birth_place = Aravitipura, [[Vijayanagara Empire]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|(present-day [[Kurnool district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]])}} <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Aravidu Venkatadri''' also known as '''Venkatadri''' was the younger brother of Rama Raya. [[Rama Raya]] appointed him as the Commander-in-Chief of the [[Vijayanagara Army]] trusting him with the defence of the empire.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Aravidu Dynasty Of Vijayanagar|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.77307|date=1927|last=Rev Henry Heras|page=40}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=South India Under Vijaynagar-1-2 (Rev. H. Heras)|url=http://archive.org/details/vijaynagar-history-rev.-h.-heras|last=South India Under Vijaynagar-1-2 (Rev. H. Heras)|page=40}}&lt;/ref&gt; During his service, Venkatadri fought many important battles against the Sultanates of [[Ahmednagar]], [[Bijapur]], [[Bidar]], and [[Golconda]].&lt;ref name=&quot;kos&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;aps&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;trp&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;tas&quot;/&gt; he loyally served throughout Rama Raya’s reign. Venkatadri was killed along with his brother Rama Raya in the [[Battle of Talikota]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ras&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pta&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Origins==<br /> Venkatadri was the younger brother of [[Rama Raya]] and [[Tirumala Raya]]. He was the son of Aravidu Sriranga Raja and his wife Timmamba, and the grandson of [[Aravidu Rama Raja I]]. Born into the influential [[Aravidu]] family.&lt;ref name=&quot;aps&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Sources Of Vijayanagar History|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.189280|date=1919|first=S. Krishnaswami|last=Ayyangar|pages=216–222}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Military career==<br /> After the death of the Vijayanagara emperor Achyuta Deva Raya, [[Rama Raya]] and his brothers [[Tirumala Raya]] and Venkatadri rose to prominence in the empire.&lt;ref name=&quot;bps&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=THE HISTORY OF VIJAYANAGAR EMPIRE VOL.1|url=http://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12385|publisher=POPULAR PRAKASHAN, BOMBAY|date=1956|first=M. H.|last=GOPAL|pages=180–183}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Political Unrest In Vijayanagara===<br /> After the death of [[Achyuta Deva Raya]] the care of his son Venkata I was entrusted to his uncle, possibly Ranga. Instead of protecting him the uncle imprisoned [[Venkata I]] and tried to seize the throne for himself. This act split the nobles of the Vijayanagara court. [[Rama Raya]] and his brothers supported the uncle, while the Tirumala brothers stood up for [[Venkata I]]’s rightful claim as their sister’s son. With the support of many nobles the Tirumala brothers demanded Venkata’s release and suggested that two ministers rule the kingdom as regents. The uncle fearing the loss of his authority rejected this proposal.&lt;ref name=&quot;bps&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;cps&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=From Indus to Independence - A Trek Through Indian History: Vol VII Named for Victory : The Vijayanagar Empire|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=t3LOEAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Salakam+Timma&amp;pg=PT325&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=Salakam%20Timma&amp;f=false|publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd|date=2020-08-01|isbn=978-93-89620-52-8|language=en|first=Dr Sanu|last=Kainikara}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dps&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=South India Under The Vijayanagar Empire Vol. 1|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.189282|date=1927|first=H.|last=Heras|pages=5–12}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Bijapur Invasion====<br /> Political unrest in [[Vijayanagara]] grew worse as many nobles unhappy with poor rule withdrew to their own regions and began to act independently. Worried about the safety of her son [[Venkata I]] Queen Mother Varadamba sought help from [[Ibrahim Adil Shah I]] of Bijapur offering him great wealth. Though Ibrahim claimed he wanted to restore [[Venkata I]] his real aim was to capture the kingdom. When his army camped near [[Vijayanagara]] the nobles quickly changed sides and placed [[Achyuta Deva Raya]]’s brother on the throne to face the common threat. [[Rama Raya]] and his commander [[Hande Hanumappa Nayaka]] successfully drove back the Bijapur forces, helped in part by a large bribe paid to Ibrahim which finally led to his withdrawal.&lt;ref name=&quot;bps&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;cps&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dps&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Rama Raya's Malabar Campaign====<br /> While campaigning in [[Malabar Coast|Malabar]], [[Rama Raya]] left an agent in charge of the treasury and the imprisoned prince [[Venkata I]] at Vijayanagara. After returning from the successful expedition he faced resistance from a rebel chief near the capital and spent a long time trying to capture the fortress which drained his supplies. When [[Rama Raya]] asked his agent for funds the agent was tempted by the wealth under his control and secretly joined hands with the Tirumala brothers. He released Prince [[Venkata I]] distributed gold to win over the army and gathered dissatisfied nobles in support of Venkata’s claim. On learning of these developments, [[Rama Raya]] quickly made peace with his enemy and rushed back to [[Vijayanagara]].&lt;ref name=&quot;bps&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;cps&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Assassination of Venkata I===<br /> After the crisis passed [[Rama Raya]] withdrew to his estate and waited for a better chance to act. Meanwhile, Salakamraju Tirumala driven by ambition ordered the killing of his own nephew and king, [[Venkata I]] and also put to death other relatives of [[Achyuta Deva Raya]]. Afraid that the nobles might oppose him Salakamraju Tirumala summoned them to court and cruelly blinded those who arrived first. Shocked by his tyranny the remaining nobles fled to their provinces and later sought the support of [[Rama Raya]] and [[Ibrahim Adil Shah I]] to overthrow Salakamraju Tirumala and bring an end to his rule.&lt;ref name=&quot;bps&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dps&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=A History Of South India (K. A. Nilakanta Sastry)|url=http://archive.org/details/history-of-south-india-k.-a.-nilkanta-sastry|last=K. A. Nilakanta Sastry|pages=278–279}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Vijaynagara Civil War (1542-1543)===<br /> ====War Against Salakamraju Tirumala====<br /> [[Rama Raya]] worked to unite support against Salaka Tirumala by sending royal orders to [[Hande Hanumappa Nayaka]], Mesa Peddappa Nayaka, Majjahari Tulasipati, and other jagirdars asking them to gather with their troops. Answering his call, the leaders assembled at [[Penukonda]] where [[Rama Raya]] spoke about Salakamraju Tirumala’s cruel actions and sought their help. He promised rich rewards and titles if they succeeded in defeating him. Mesa Peddappa Nayaka offered to collect information on Salakamraju Tirumala’s movements and sent spies to gather details. With this intelligence and the combined strength of the chiefs, [[Rama Raya]] rose in rebellion against Salaka Tirumala.&lt;ref name=&quot;fps&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Further Sources Of Vijayanagara History|url=http://archive.org/details/FurtherSourcesOfVijayanagaraHistory|date=1946|language=English|last=K.A.Nilakanta Sastry|pages=184–187}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;gps&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Studies In The History Of The Third Dynasty Of Vijayanagara|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.511910|date=1935|first=N. Venkata|last=Ramanayya|pages=81–90}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Capture of Forts In Rayalaseema====<br /> [[Rama Raya]], [[Tirumala Deva Raya]], and Venkatadri joined together to rally the nobles and protect the kingdom from falling into chaos. After leaving the capital their support grew steadily as many leaders joined their cause. As they advanced, their forces captured several important forts, including [[Penukonda]], [[Adoni]], [[Gooty]], [[Gandikota]], and [[Kurnool]], which greatly strengthened their position.&lt;ref name=&quot;dps&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Sources Of Vijayanagar History|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.189280|date=1919|first=S. Krishnaswami|last=Ayyangar|page=181}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Battle of Komali====<br /> [[Rama Raya]] moved towards the [[Gandikota]] region where the Pemmasani chief held great influence to gather more troops and strengthen his army. This step, along with the capture of [[Penukonda]] directly threatened the authority of Salakamraju Tirumala. Realizing the danger to his rule Tirumala understood that he could not delay any longer. Determined to put down the rebellion and secure his power, he prepared to face [[Rama Raya]] and his expanding forces at once.&lt;ref name=&quot;aps&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;gps&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Gandikota fort from Kottapalli.jpg|thumb|Gandikota fort from Kottapalli]]<br /> <br /> Even though many nobles deserted him Salakamraju Tirumala was not completely alone. A few loyal supporters remained at his side including Salakaya the son of Mingi Baiyya Nayaka, Chintagunti Raghupati, the Palegar of Betamcherla, and his subordinate Chintagunti Siddaya Hanumayadeva. With the support of these followers Tirumala still had enough confidence and strength to march out and face Rama Raya in battle.&lt;ref name=&quot;fps&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;gps&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Salakaraju Tirumala marched to [[Gandikota]] and demanded that [[Pemmasani Erra Timmanayudu]] the ruler of the fort hand over [[Rama Raya]]. Timmanayudu refused and instead gathered the forces of nearby palegars and joined [[Rama Raya]]. Together they came out of the fort to face Salakamraju Tirumala. The two armies met in battle at Komali a village about six miles west of Tadipatri. After a fierce battle Tirumala’s army was defeated and fled while [[Rama Raya]] and his allies chased the retreating forces.&lt;ref name=&quot;fps&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;gps&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Battle of Awaku====<br /> Rama Raya’s army moved north into the province of [[Kurnool]] though the exact reason for choosing this route is not clearly known. It is likely that enemy forces holding two strong forts influenced this decision. Heavy fighting took place near Awaku the capital of Rama Raja Tirumala who was [[Rama Raya]]’s uncle. This campaign brought Rama Raja Tirumala great praise and he was celebrated for saving the land from the destruction caused by Salakamraju Tirumala.&lt;ref name=&quot;fps&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;gps&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> During this campaign, Rama Raja Tirumala appears to have taken command of his nephew [[Rama Raya]]’s army. The move towards Awuku was a careful military choice as the town provided a strong base for attacking [[Bethamcherla]] and other important places nearby. One of the prominent commanders in this campaign was Akkaya Cina Timma Nayaka, a cousin of the Gandikota captain who showed great bravery and skill in several battles. His actions made him one of the most active and trusted officers under Rama Raja Tirumala.&lt;ref name=&quot;fps&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;gps&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Battle of Bhetamcherla====<br /> As [[Rama Raya]]’s army moved forward Salakamraju Tirumala tried to resist by gathering his remaining supporters. One of his allies Chintagunti Raghupati the chief of Bethamcherla attempted to stop the advance but was defeated and driven back into a fortress. Cina Timma Nayaka then led the siege against the stronghold and successfully captured it. After its fall the fort was destroyed.&lt;ref name=&quot;fps&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;gps&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Battle of Juturu====<br /> At Juturu [[Rama Raya]] once again faced Salakaya Tirumala who had gathered his troops to block the army’s advance. A battle followed but Salakaya was defeated and forced to withdraw from the field. Rama Raya continued his march and moved on to [[Kurnool]] his ancestral seat.&lt;ref name=&quot;fps&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;gps&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Battle of Bedagallu====<br /> Although Salakaya Tirumala was defeated at the Battle of Juturu he was not completely destroyed and withdrew with the remaining troops to Bedagallu his jagir in the Adavani region. [[Rama Raya]] followed him along the upper course of the [[Tungabhadra River]]. Salakaya gathered his forces near Bedagallu and prepared to defend his territory. A fierce battle took place with both sides fighting bravely but in the end Salakaya’s army lost order and fled. Unable to resist Rama Raya any further Salakaya is believed to have withdrawn to Vijayanagara to seek protection from his master.&lt;ref name=&quot;fps&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;gps&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Siege of Adoni====<br /> [[Adoni]] was the last major stronghold in the region still under the control of Salakamraju Tirumala and served as the main base of his resistance. He placed the fort under the charge of Sanjar Khan a capable Muslim officer who prepared to defend it. Soon, Cina Timma Nayaka the commander of [[Rama Raya]] laid siege to the fort and carried out a fierce attack. After heavy fighting Sanjar Khan and his troops were defeated and scattered and [[Adoni]] fell to [[Rama Raya]]’s forces. The capture of Adoni dealt a final blow to Salakamraju Tirumala’s power and established Rama Raya’s control over the region.&lt;ref name=&quot;fps&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;gps&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Watercolour Painting of Adoni fort by Benjamin Swain Ward (1786-1835).jpg|thumb|Watercolour Painting of Adoni fort by Benjamin Swain Ward (1786-1835)]]<br /> <br /> ====Battle of Tungabhadra River====<br /> By the middle of 1543, [[Rama Raya]] marched towards [[Vijayanagara]] and Salakaraju Tirumala realized that his power and safety were in serious danger. he tried to stop [[Rama Raya]] by seeking help from [[Ibrahim Adil Shah I]] of Bijapur. To gain the Sultan’s support, Tirumala agreed to accept his authority and promised to pay a large sum of three lakhs of hoons for every day the Sultan’s army marched.&lt;ref name=&quot;bps&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Salakamraju Tirumala’s offer greatly tempted [[Ibrahim Adil Shah I]] as it promised both political control and large sums of money. Encouraged by his minister Asad Khan, the Sultan accepted the proposal and marched from his capital toward [[Vijayanagara]] without facing any resistance on the way. When he arrived Tirumala warmly received him and personally led him into the city. As a sign of submission Tirumala placed [[Ibrahim Adil Shah I]] on the royal throne. He then held a grand festival for several days to honor the Sultan and to strengthen his support against the advancing forces of [[Rama Raya]].&lt;ref name=&quot;bps&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Tirumala’s alliance with [[Ibrahim Adil Shah I]] alienated the [[Vijayanagara]] nobles who still feared the memories of earlier atrocities by the Muhammadans. unable to oppose him openly they chose a careful path of false submission. Letters were sent to Tirumala admitting their fault and promising lifelong loyalty but only if he persuaded his Muhammadan ally to return to [[Bijapur]]. At the same time [[Rama Raya]] understood the tension growing within the kingdom and sent his own message. He assured Tirumala of lasting loyalty as well, provided that [[Ibrahim Adil Shah I]] withdrew back to his own land.&lt;ref name=&quot;bps&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Believing that [[Rama Raya]] and the nobles were truly loyal once again Tirumala Raya felt he no longer required the help of his Muslim ally. To keep his promise he paid [[Ibrahim Adil Shah I]] a huge sum of fifty lakhs of hoons and also gave him many costly gifts. Pleased with this settlement the Adil Shah turned back toward his own borders and withdrew his entire army.&lt;ref name=&quot;bps&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The withdrawal of [[Ibrahim Adil Shah I]] changed the situation completely and sparked open revolt against Tirumala. [[Rama Raya]], along with most of the nobles who had earlier promised loyalty broke their oaths and prepared to march on [[Vijayanagara]] to punish Tirumala for his actions. Support for Tirumala quickly faded and even some of his trusted generals began to desert him weakening his army. Tirumala decided to face his enemies in one final battle before his forces fell apart. He gathered whatever troops remained, took personal command and marched to the banks of the [[Tungabhadra River]] where he set up his camp.&lt;ref name=&quot;bps&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> While camped at or near [[Adoni]] Rama Raya quietly sent spies to watch Tirumala’s movements and weaken the loyalty of his soldiers. These agents entered Tirumala’s camp and spread rumors that he was unfit to rule mocking his origins and turning the troops against him. They also secretly offered bribes to his captains in [[Rama Raya]]’s name which led many to think of abandoning their leader. With Tirumala’s army confused and demoralized [[Rama Raya]] launched a sudden attack on the camp and caught him completely unprepared. As his commanders deserted him Tirumala fled with only a few followers but he was soon captured by [[Rama Raya]]’s officers. He was executed and his head was displayed on a flagstaff as a clear warning and a public sign of his final defeat.&lt;ref name=&quot;bps&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> After his victory on the banks of the Tungabhadra, [[Rama Raya]] ordered his army to march toward the capital. News of Tirumala’s defeat reached [[Vijayanagara]] before the army arrived and was greeted with great joy by the people. Tirumaladevi and Chinnadevi the queens of the late [[Krishnadevaraya]] were pleased by the success and directed Tirumala’s ministers to surrender the city. The ministers obeyed without resistance allowing [[Rama Raya]]’s forces to enter peacefully. Soon after [[Sadasiva Raya]] proclaimed as the new king, made a grand and triumphant entry into [[Vijayanagara]] along with his regent [[Rama Raya]]. His coronation followed shortly and was celebrated with great splendor and public rejoicing.&lt;ref name=&quot;bps&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Wars Of The Rajas Being The History Of Anantapuram|url=http://archive.org/details/warsoftherajasbe034936mbp|publisher=The Christian Knowledge Societys Press|date=1853|others=Universal Digital Library|last=Charles Philip Brown|pages=4–5}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Battle of Adoni (1543)====<br /> After the revolution in [[Vijayanagara]] Salakamraju Tirumala was overthrown and [[Sadasiva Raya]] was crowned emperor. Seeing this sudden change [[Ibrahim Adil Shah I]] of Bijapur tried to take advantage of the situation. He sent his commander Asad Khan with a large army to seize the important fort of [[Adoni]]. Asad Khan laid siege to the fort and brought it close to capture which caused serious concern in [[Vijayanagara]]. Acting quickly [[Rama Raya]] responded by sending his brother Venkatadri with a strong force to defend [[Adoni]] and drive back the attackers.&lt;ref name=&quot;aos&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Aravidu Dynasty Of Vijayanagara|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282973|date=1927|last=Henry Heras|pages=74–75}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bos&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=THE HISTORY OF VIJAYANAGAR EMPIRE VOL.1|url=http://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12385|publisher=POPULAR PRAKASHAN, BOMBAY|date=1956|first=M. H.|last=GOPAL|pages=186–187}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;cos&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The History Of The Vijayanagar Empire|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.480302|date=1917|last=M.h. Rama Sharma|pages=186–187}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dos&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=History of Bijapur|url=http://archive.org/details/historyofbijapur0000unse|date=1974|others=Internet Archive|page=120}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> When Asad Khan heard that Venkatadri was advancing he raised the siege of [[Adoni]] and moved forward to face him. A brief fight took place but Asad Khan soon realized that Venkatadri’s army was much larger. He therefore withdrew in good order while Venkatadri followed him carefully for about twenty-one miles. By evening, Asad Khan stopped and made camp and Venkatadri set up his own camp nearly eight miles away to block further retreat. During the night Asad Khan planned a surprise attack. Before sunrise he led four thousand picked cavalry in a sudden assault on Venkatadri’s camp catching the [[Vijayanagara]] troops unprepared. The Bijapur soldiers broke deep into the camp before any warning could be given. In the confusion Venkatadri escaped with difficulty but his treasures, family members, and elephants were captured by Asad Khan’s men.&lt;ref name=&quot;aos&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bos&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;cos&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dos&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> At morning Venkatadri gathered his scattered men and drew them up as if ready to fight. Seeing that Asad Khan was well prepared to hold his position and growing worried about the safety of his wife and children Venkatadri decided not to risk another battle. He withdrew a few miles and set up a fresh camp. From there he sent a message to [[Rama Raya]] explaining what had happened and asking for help. Rama Raya quickly sent more soldiers, supplies, and money, and declared that the war would go on. In private however he advised Venkatadri to act with care. He suspected that some local [[zamindars]] had encouraged Ibrahim Adil Shah’s move against [[Adoni]] and that a few of Venkatadri’s own officers might be secretly helping the enemy. To secure the safe return of Venkatadri’s wife and family from Asad Khan [[Rama Raya]] wisely suggested making peace with [[Bijapur Sultanate]] for the time being.&lt;ref name=&quot;aos&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bos&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;cos&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dos&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Listening [[Rama Raya]]’s advice Venkatadri approached Asad Khan and won his support with a generous bribe sent by his brother. With Asad Khan acting as mediator Venkatadri opened peace talks with [[Ibrahim Adil Shah I]] and these were quickly accepted. After peace was concluded Asad Khan returned to [[Bijapur]] with the Sultan. Venkatadri having secured the safe release of his family withdrew from the field and went back to [[Vijayanagara]].&lt;ref name=&quot;aos&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bos&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;cos&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dos&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===First Vijaynagara Invasion of Bijapur (1543)===<br /> ====Battle of Bhima River (1543)====<br /> The death of Quli Qutb Shah in September 1543 set off fresh troubles in the Deccan. His successor [[Jamsheed Quli Qutb Shah]] of Golkonda tried to remove his brother Ibrahim who had taken shelter at [[Devarakonda]] and later fled to [[Bidar]]. There Ibrahim gained the backing of Kasim Barid who marched toward Golkonda hoping to increase his power. This alarmed [[Burhan Nizam Shah I]] of Ahmadnagar who feared Kasim’s ambitions and moved to support [[Jamsheed Quli Qutub Shah]] even capturing Koheer in Barid territory. Forced to abandon his plans Kasim Barid withdrew toward [[Bijapur]]. Soon after [[Burhan Nizam Shah I]] formed an alliance against [[Ibrahim Adil Shah I]] of Bijapur, bringing together [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate]], [[Golkonda Sultanate]], and [[Vijayanagar Empire]]. Rama Raya of Vijayanagar joined eagerly and a joint plan was made [[Vijayanagar]] would attack [[Bijapur]] from the south, [[Golkonda]] from the east, and the Ahmednagar forces would strike from the north-east.&lt;ref name=&quot;kos&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=THE HISTORY OF VIJAYANAGAR EMPIRE VOL.1|url=http://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12385|publisher=POPULAR PRAKASHAN, BOMBAY|date=1956|first=M. H.|last=GOPAL|pages=188–190}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nos&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The History Of The Vijayanagar Empire|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.480302|date=1917|last=M.h. Rama Sharma|pages=188–190}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Acting on the alliance’s plan Burhan Nizam Shah I led a campaign into Bijapur territory defeating its armies and causing widespread damage as he advanced toward [[Sholapur]]. At the same time [[Jamsheed Quli Qutb Shah]] of Golkonda captured Kakni, pushed up to the outskirts of [[Gulbarga]] and laid siege to Etgeer. On the Vijayanagar front [[Rama Raya]] sent his brother Venkatadri with a large army to seize [[Raichur]] and secure the [[Raichur Doab]]. Near the [[Bhima River]] Venkatadri defeated [[Ibrahim Adil Shah I]]’s forces and drove him from the Battlefield a victory later recorded in the Narasabupaliyam inscriptions.&lt;ref name=&quot;kos&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nos&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Aravidu Dynasty Of Vijayanagara|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282973|date=1927|last=Henry Heras|page=78}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=South India Under The Vijayanagar Empire Vol. 1|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.189282|date=1927|first=H.|last=Heras|pages=77–78}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Battle of Khaspur====<br /> Facing pressure from three sides, [[Ibrahim Adil Shah I]] and his ally Kasim Barid tried to ease the situation by attacking [[Paranda Fort]] on the [[Nizam Shahi]] border. This forced [[Burhan Nizam Shah I]] and his allies to turn back to relieve the fort, reducing the threat to [[Sholapur]]. Yet, when Ibrahim and Kasim attempted to block their enemies at Khaspur they were defeated and forced to flee abandoning their camp and baggage. Kasim Barid escaped toward [[Bidar]] but was chased by Jamsheed almost to the city gates. Bijapur almost collapsed and only the sudden withdrawal of [[Jamsheed Quli Qutub Shah]] who returned to [[Golkonda]] with rich spoils, saved [[Ibrahim Adil Shah I]] from disaster.&lt;ref name=&quot;kos&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nos&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Taking advantage of this break [[Ibrahim Adil Shah I]] called his minister Asad Khan for advice and chose a policy of peace and division. He offered the [[Sholapur]] districts to [[Burhan Nizam Shah I]] who accepted the settlement as the monsoon approached. [[Rama Raya]] was also given gifts to soften his stand. With his allies gone and unrest growing at home [[Rama Raya]] had little option but to agree bringing the [[Bijapur]] campaign to an end.&lt;ref name=&quot;kos&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nos&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ====First Battle of Kalyani====<br /> After defeating [[Jamshed Quli Qutb Shah]] at Golconda and returning to Bijapur, [[Ibrahim Adil Shah I]] entered into a secret alliance with [[Burhan Nizam Shah I]] of Ahmadnagar against [[Bidar Sultanate]] and [[Vijayanagara Empire]]. As agreed [[Burhan Nizam Shah I]] attacked [[Ali Barid Shah I]] of Bidar and captured the fort of Kandhar. Around this time Amir Barid Shah unaware of the secret pact went to [[Ibrahim Adil Shah I]] seeking shelter but was instead arrested by his former ally.&lt;ref name=&quot;pos&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Further sources of Vijaynagar History-1 (N. Venkataramanayya)|url=http://archive.org/details/vijaynagar-history-n.-venkataramanayya|last=Further sources of Vijaynagar History-1 by N. Venkataramanayya|page=253}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> With Bidar weakened [[Ibrahim Adil Shah I]] then marched south and claimed to have occupied parts of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]]. However these claims are doubtful as there is no clear evidence of Vijayanagara losing any territory during this period. In fact [[Rama Raya]] later fought against [[Ahmadnagar]] showing that Vijayanagara’s military strength and political power remained firm despite Bijapur’s campaigns.&lt;ref name=&quot;pos&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Rama Raya]] understood that the real reason for the conflict with Bijapur was the influence of [[Burhan Nizam Shah I]] of Ahmadnagar. Instead of attacking Bijapur again he chose to break the alliance between the Sultanates by moving directly against [[Ahmadnagar]]. To carry out this plan [[Rama Raya]] organized his army carefully as he had to pass through regions controlled by [[Golkonda Sultanate]] and [[Bidar Sultanate]]. He divided his forces into three parts. [[Rama Raya]] himself advanced against the Sultan of [[Golkonda]], while his brother [[Tirumala Deva Raya]] marched toward [[Bidar]]. A third army led by [[Hande Hanumappa Nayaka]] of Sonnalapuram, moved straight into [[Ahmadnagar]] territory.&lt;ref name=&quot;jos&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Aravidu Dynasty Of Vijayanagara|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282973|date=1927|last=Henry Heras|pages=75–77}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;zos&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=South India Under The Vijayanagar Empire Vol. 1|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.189282|date=1927|first=H.|last=Heras|pages=75–77}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> According to Hindu literary sources, this campaign included the capture of Kaliyani a major battle with the combined Sultanate armies and the sack of Ahmadnagar. While the ''Vasucharitramu'' gives few details, the ''Annals of Hande Anantapuram'' describe the events clearly. After the three Vijayanagara armies reunited they fought the allied forces of [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate]], [[Golkonda Sultanate]] and [[Bidar Sultanate]] and won a victory. As their troops defeated the three Sultans fled the field and during the pursuit Hande Hanumappa Nayaka captured [[Burhan Nizam Shah I]].&lt;ref name=&quot;jos&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;zos&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Famous battles in Indian history|url=http://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.75359|date=1969|first=T. G.|last=Subrahmanyam|page=96}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Basava Kalyan Fort 1.1.JPG|thumb|Basava Kalyan Fort]]<br /> <br /> ====Siege of Ahmednagar (1543)====<br /> After capturing [[Burhan Nizam Shah I]], Rama Raya continued his march and laid siege to [[Ahmadnagar]]. The city could not resist the strong Vijayanagara army for long and soon fell. [[Rama Raya]] ordered the capital of the Nizam Sultans to be destroyed and according to the ''Ramarajiyamu'' castor seeds were sown on its ruins as a symbol of complete ruin. Because of this act the poem praises him as the “Destroyer of the Fortifications of Ahmadnagar.” With [[Burhan Nizam Shah I]] held captive Rama Raya achieved his main aim by forcing him to break his alliance with [[Ibrahim Adil Shah I]] of Bijapur. Having secured this political victory [[Rama Raya]] released the Sultan and returned to [[Vijayanagara]].&lt;ref name=&quot;zos&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;jos&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Ahmednagar Invasion of Bidar===<br /> After his defeat in the war of 1544 AD, [[Jamsheed Quli Qutb Shah]] of Golkonda remained bitter and looked for a chance to take revenge on [[Ali Barid Shah I]] of Bidar. Once his army was strengthened he marched against [[Bidar]] forcing Ali Barid to prepare for war. The two forces met at Narayankerra, where a battle took place but neither side gained a clear victory. When Jamsheed later turned his attention toward [[Kaulas Fort]] Ali Barid struck suddenly at the Qutb Shahi camp at Narayankerra, defeated Jamsheed’s troops and forced him to withdraw.&lt;ref name=&quot;vps&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=THE HISTORY OF VIJAYANAGAR EMPIRE VOL.1|url=http://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12385|publisher=POPULAR PRAKASHAN, BOMBAY|date=1956|first=M. H.|last=GOPAL|pages=193–194}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ups&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The History Of The Vijayanagar Empire|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.480302|date=1917|last=M.h. Rama Sharma|pages=193–194}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Though defeated [[Jamsheed Quli Qutub Shah]] quickly recovered and captured [[Kaulas Fort]], Narayankerra, and Ahswabad. To strengthen his position he invited [[Burhan Nizam Shah I]] of Ahmadnagar to support him. Burhan still angry with Ali Barid for refusing help during the Battle of Hoorchean in 1546 AD, readily agreed. Seeking revenge, [[Burhan Nizam Shah I]] marched against [[Bidar]] and began the campaign by laying siege to Ausa.&lt;ref name=&quot;vps&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ups&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Battles of Ausa and Narayankerra====<br /> Fearing [[Burhan Nizam Shah I]]’s advance, [[Ali Barid Shah I]] asked [[Ibrahim Adil Shah I]] for help and offered to hand over Kalyani in return. Ibrahim agreed and sent Yekhlas Khan with five thousand cavalry to defend Bidar. The forces of [[Bijapur Sultanate]] and [[Bidar Sultanate]] joined together at Kalyani and fought Burhan’s army near Ausa and the Golkonda troops at Narayankerra. In both battles the allied armies were defeated leaving [[Bidar]] badly exposed.&lt;ref name=&quot;vps&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ups&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pps&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=History of Indian Nation : Medieval India|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=US5gEAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Jamsheed+Qutub+Shah+Captured+Medak&amp;pg=PA239&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=Jamsheed%20Qutub%20Shah%20Captured%20Medak&amp;f=false|publisher=K. K. Publications|date=2022-02-20|language=en|first=Muzaffar H. Syed &amp;|last=Others|page=239}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;apz&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The History Of The Nizam Shahi Kings Of Ahmadnagar|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.72241|date=1923|last=Wolseley Coloneal|page=94}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Capture of Udgir and Kandhar====<br /> After his victory at Ausa, [[Burhan Nizam Shah I]] moved against [[Udgir]] and captured the fort. Encouraged by this victory he advanced further and laid siege to [[Kandhar]]. Though the defenders resisted bravely they were overcome in battle and Kandhar soon fell into Burhan’s hands without further resistance.&lt;ref name=&quot;vps&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ups&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pps&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;apz&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> At the same time [[Rama Raya]] of Vijayanagara sent troops under his brother Venkatadri to support his [[Ahmednagar]] and [[Golconda]] allies against [[Bidar]]. Soon after [[Jamsheed Quli Qutb Shah]] marched from [[Kaulas Fort]] and joined Burhan at Ausa. With their forces united Jamsheed led an advance on [[Medak]] and captured the fortress from Ali Barid’s officers, further weakening the power of the Bidar Sultanate in the region.&lt;ref name=&quot;vps&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ups&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Udgir Fort.jpg|thumb|Udgir Fort]]<br /> [[File:Indien2012 1327 Kandhar.jpg|thumb|Kandhar fort]]<br /> <br /> ====Battle of Bidar====<br /> Venkatadri led the [[Vijayanagara Army]] against Ali Barid’s forces during the campaign. A battle took place between the two sides and Venkatadri won a clear victory. The enemy army was defeated and forced to withdraw. Venkatadri captured [[Ali Barid Shah I]]’s royal insignia and military band.&lt;ref name=&quot;aps&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;vps&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ups&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Ali Barid Shah of Bidar.jpg|thumb|Ali Barid Shah of Bidar]]<br /> <br /> ===Second Vijaynagara Invasion of Bijapur (1549)===<br /> ====Second Battle of Kalyani====<br /> After his plans failed during Abdulla’s rebellion against his brother [[Ibrahim Adil Shah I]]. [[Burhan Nizam Shah I]] tried to secure his position by forming an alliance with [[Rama Raya]]. After the death of Asad Khan, Burhan sent envoys with gifts to [[Rama Raya]] proposing friendship and cooperation, which Rama Raya accepted with gifts in return. This growing alliance alarmed [[Ibrahim Adil Shah I]] who openly insulted the Vijayanagara ambassadors staying at his court. They were treated so harshly that they left [[Bijapur]] in anger and reported to [[Rama Raya]] that their lives were in danger. Deeply offended by this insult, [[Rama Raya]] encouraged [[Burhan Nizam Shah I]] to move against [[Ali Barid Shah I]] an ally of Bijapur and advised him to capture Kalyani. Acting together Burhan launched the campaign with [[Vijayanagara Army]] actively supporting him during the siege of Kalyani.&lt;ref name=&quot;xps&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=History Of The Rise Of The Mahomedan Power In India Vol.3|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.189197|date=1829|first=John|last=Briggs|pages=62–63}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=A social history of the Deccan, 1300-1761 : eight Indian lives|url=http://archive.org/details/socialhistoryofd0000eato|publisher=Cambridge, UK; New York : Cambridge University Press|date=2005|isbn=978-0-521-25484-7|others=Internet Archive|first=Richard Maxwell|last=Eaton|page=96}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Burhan Nizam Shah I]] first moved against Sholapur but on [[Rama Raya]]’s advice he turned his attention to the more important fort of Kalyani. The combined armies of [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate]] and [[Vijayanagara Empire]] marched there and began the siege. Alarmed by this [[Ibrahim Adil Shah I]] marched out to help his ally [[Ali Barid Shah I]] and relieve the fort. However, when he faced the allied forces he was defeated and forced to retreat. With Ibrahim driven away the allies cut off all contact between Kalyani and the outside and the garrison soon began to suffer from hunger.&lt;ref name=&quot;xps&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;rfc&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Kingdom Of Ahmadnagar|url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.118595|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|date=1966|first=Radhey|last=Shyam|pages=89–90}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;kfc&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The History Of The Nizam Shahi Kings Of Ahmadnagar|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.72241|date=1923|last=Wolseley Coloneal|pages=71–73}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Determined to save the fort [[Ibrahim Adil Shah I]] returned once more and camped close to the allied army. [[Burhan Nizam Shah I]] strengthened his siege works and continued the attack. Ibrahim then sent his fast [[Maratha]] cavalry to harass the besiegers making sudden raids and cutting their supply routes. As these attacks continued, food became scarce in the allied camp causing hardship and slowly weakening their position.&lt;ref name=&quot;xps&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;rfc&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;kfc&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> As the siege of Kalyani continued and food became scarce, [[Burhan Nizam Shah I]] held a council to decide what to do next. Some nobles advised retreat, but others including Shaikh Jafar and Qasim Beg urged a surprise attack on [[Ibrahim Adil Shah I]]’s camp. This plan was supported by [[Vijayanagara]] commanders Sadasiva Nayak and Bhopal Rai, who were confident after earlier successes. Acting on this advice Saifuddin Ain-ul-Mulk led a sudden assault on the Bijapur camp, catching the enemy completely unprepared.&lt;ref name=&quot;xps&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;rfc&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;kfc&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The attack threw [[Ibrahim Adil Shah I]]’s camp into confusion. Taken by surprise while bathing, he fled in haste towards Bid and then [[Paranda]] leaving his camp and supplies behind. His army scattered in disorder, abandoning tents, baggage, and stores. After the battle Rai Chaitpal a former officer of [[Burhan Nizam Shah I]] who had defected to Bijapur side was captured. To set an example against betrayal [[Burhan Nizam Shah I]] ordered his execution.&lt;ref name=&quot;xps&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;rfc&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;kfc&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The defeat of the [[Bijapur]] army terrified the commandant of Kalyani. Seeing no hope of winning he sent a message to [[Burhan Nizam Shah I]] asking for mercy. He promised to surrender the fort in exchange for the safety of his life and property. Burhan agreed to his terms and the fort of Kalyani was captured giving a major victory to the Allied Army.&lt;ref name=&quot;xps&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;rfc&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;kfc&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Siege of Paranda====<br /> After losing at Kalyani, [[Ibrahim Adil Shah I]] tried to attack Ahmadnagar to protect his lands. He quickly reached [[Paranda]] found it open, and captured it easily. He gave the fort to a loyal officer and raided nearby districts, taking wealth and tributes. When [[Burhan Nizam Shah I]] marched to stop him Ibrahim retreated to [[Bijapur]] with his spoils. The Bijapuri governor left Paranda in fear causing the garrison to abandon it. Burhan returned three days later and regained the fort without a fight. Angry at the governor’s cowardice, Ibrahim ordered him to be executed.&lt;ref name=&quot;rfc&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;kfc&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;zon&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Medieval History of Maharashtra (B.G. Kunte)|url=http://archive.org/details/medieval-history-of-maharashtra-bg-kunte|date=1967|last=B. G. Kunte|page=95}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Gazetteer Bombay Presidency Ahmadnagar Vol-i (1884)|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.235970|date=1884|last=Husbandmen|page=367}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Third Invasion of Bijapur (1552)===<br /> ====Capture of Raichur and Mudgal====<br /> After the successful campaign against Bijapur, [[Ibrahim Adil Shah I]] tried to take back the important fort of Kalyani. [[Burhan Nizam Shah I]] asked [[Rama Raya]] for help. Rama Raya sent ambassadors and agreed to join the alliance. The two leaders met near [[Raichur]] to plan their strategy. Rama Raya would capture [[Raichur]] and [[Mudgal]], while supporting Burhan in taking [[Sholapur]] and [[Gulbarga]]. The allied forces took [[Raichur]] by force and [[Mudgal]] surrendered without a fight. Rama Raya then left his brother Venkatadri in charge to help Burhan with the campaign and returned to [[Vijayanagar]].&lt;ref name=&quot;eon&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Aravidu Dynasty Of Vijayanagara|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282973|date=1927|last=Henry Heras|page=84}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;zon&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;npc&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=THE HISTORY OF VIJAYANAGAR EMPIRE VOL.1|url=http://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12385|publisher=POPULAR PRAKASHAN, BOMBAY|date=1956|first=M. H.|last=GOPAL|pages=201–202}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Raichur Fort 1.jpg|thumb|Raichur Fort]]<br /> <br /> ==== First Siege of Gulbarga (1552)====<br /> With Venkatadri’s help the Sultan of Ahmadnagar quickly captured [[Sholapur]] and strengthened its defenses before returning to his capital. However, the attempt to take [[Gulbarga]] failed. According to Ahmadnagar’s records, [[Burhan Nizam Shah I]] was left without support when [[Rama Raya]] returned to Vijayanagar leaving the army too weak to continue. Misunderstandings between Burhan and Venkatadri may have caused this. Soon after, [[Burhan Nizam Shah I]] died and his son [[Hussain Nizam Shah I]] became the ruler. To ensure peace, Hussain held talks with [[Ibrahim Adil Shah I]]. The two kings met at their border discussed their differences and reached an agreement ending the war for a time.&lt;ref name=&quot;eon&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;zon&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;npc&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Gulbarga Fort..jpg|thumb|Gulbarga Fort.]]<br /> <br /> ===Saif Ain-ul-Mulk's Rebellion===<br /> In 1552, [[Burhan Nizam Shah I]] with the support of [[Rama Raya]] captured and strengthened Sholapur. After Burhan’s death peace was briefly made between his son [[Hussain Nizam Shah I]] and [[Ibrahim Adil Shah I]] but conflict soon returned. Encouraged by Khwaja Jahan and advised by Saif Ain-ul-Mulk, Ibrahim supported Prince Ali Nizam Shah’s claim to the [[Ahmadnagar]] throne, promising Bijapur the forts of Kalyani and [[Sholapur]]. The rival armies met near Sholapur where Saif led a bold attack and initially broke the enemy front. However, due to confusion and false reports that Saif had betrayed him [[Ibrahim Adil Shah I]] fled the battlefield. Saif fought his way out with heavy losses, but when he later sought help Ibrahim angrily refused, accused him of disobedience and harshly rejected his loyal service.&lt;ref name=&quot;jpc&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Medieval History Of The Deccan|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.174781|date=1968|last=S.k.sinha|pages=45–50}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;yfc&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=History of the Rise of the Mahomedan Power in India, Till the Year AD 1612|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=PTjhqWHCRIwC&amp;dq=seif+khan+and+ibrahim+Adil+Shah&amp;pg=PA106&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=seif%20khan%20and%20ibrahim%20Adil%20Shah&amp;f=false|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date=2013-03-28|isbn=978-1-108-05556-7|language=en|first=Mahomed Kasim|last=Ferishta|pages=105–111}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dfc&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Cambridge History of India, Volume 3: Turks and Afghans|url=http://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory0000wols|publisher=MACMILLAN|date=1928-01-01|others=Internet Archive|last=Wolseley Haid|pages=443–444}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> When Saif Ain-ul-Mulk saw that the king would not support him he went to his own lands and collected taxes to pay his soldiers. The forces sent by Ibrahim Adil Shah I to stop him were defeated twice which greatly increased Saif’s strength and confidence. With growing wealth and army, he began to act like an independent ruler. [[Ibrahim Adil Shah I]] finally marched against him in person but Saif used clever tactics and struck at the right moment. In the battle Saif attacked the center of the royal army caused confusion and forced the king to flee. Saif won a victory captured the royal camp, elephants, and artillery, and then marched toward Bijapur. Panic spread in the city as Saif attacked its outskirts and tried to cut off supplies.&lt;ref name=&quot;jpc&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;yfc&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dfc&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Battle of Bijapur====<br /> To defeat Saif Ain-ul-Mulk, [[Ibrahim Adil Shah I]] sought help from [[Rama Raya]] and sent him a huge gift of gold. Rama Raya responded by sending his brother Venkatadri with an army. Saif tried to attack Venkatadri’s camp at night by surprise but the plan failed. Venkatadri was already prepared and ordered his soldiers to light oil-soaked torches which exposed the attackers in the darkness. In the sudden counterattack, many of Saif’s men were killed and he narrowly escaped with Salabat Khan. Rumors of his death caused panic and his army scattered before morning. When Saif returned and found his camp deserted he fled toward [[Ahmadnagar]] territory hoping for protection but he was betrayed and killed bringing his rebellion to an end.&lt;ref name=&quot;jpc&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;yfc&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dfc&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Ahmednagar Invasion of Bijapur (1557-1558)===<br /> When news of [[Hussain Nizam Shah I]]’s victories and his powerful army spread [[Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah Wali]] of Golconda chose to join hands with him. He sent his trusted diplomat Mustafa Khan to [[Ahmadnagar]] where he was warmly received and a treaty was soon agreed upon. The plan was that both rulers would first attack [[Gulbarga]] together and once it was captured it would be handed over to Hussain Nizam Shah I. After that, they would jointly move against [[Bidar]] which would go to Ibrahim Qutb Shah. To confirm the alliance Qasim Beg from [[Ahmadnagar]] returned to [[Golconda]] with Mustafa Khan. As decided both kings marched from their capitals met near Gulbarga and together surrounded the fort.&lt;ref name=&quot;con&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Indian Antiquary A Journal Of Oriental Research Vol.50|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.57586|date=1921|first=Richard|last=Carnac|pages=101–102}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;han&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Client Challenge|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/629624959/Haroon-Khan-Sherwani-History-of-the-Qutb-Sh%C4%81h%C4%AB-Dynasty-Munshiram-Manoharlal-Publishers-1974|website=www.scribd.com|access-date=2026-01-30|pages=122–123}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Second Siege of Gulbarga (1558)====<br /> The [[Gulbarga Fort]] was very strong and difficult to attack with a deep water-filled ditch and walls that even cannon fire could not easily damage. [[Hussain Nizam Shah I]] laid siege to the fort and ordered his commanders and artillery leaders to press the attack, and for many weeks both sides fought with great determination. After heavy fighting, the walls were finally breached and a fierce battle followed in which many important commanders were killed but the defenders still held out. When the situation became desperate, the garrison appealed to [[Ibrahim Adil Shah I]] who in turn asked [[Rama Raya]] for help. Rama Raya’s intervention caused [[Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah Wali]] to secretly abandon his alliance with [[Hussain Nizam Shah I]] and withdraw from [[Gulbarga]]. Enraged by this betrayal Hussain punished Qasim Beg and made changes in his court, but realizing that continuing the siege was no longer practical he finally lifted it and returned to [[Ahmadnagar]].&lt;ref name=&quot;con&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;han&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Vijayanagara Invasion of Ahmednagar (1558-1559)===<br /> [[Hussain Nizam Shah I]] did not respect the treaties he had made with his neighbours and took advantage of the young age of [[Ali Adil Shah I]] by invading Bijapur. Unable to resist the attack [[Ali Adil Shah I]] fled to Vijayanagar and sought refuge with [[Rama Raya]] asking for his help. As a signer of the Four Kings peace, [[Rama Raya]] felt it was his duty to protect [[Ali Adil Shah I]] and defend the agreement. He therefore marched north with his army with [[Ali Adil Shah I]] accompanying him. At the same time [[Rama Raya]] sent messages to [[Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah Wali]] urging him to join the campaign as another signatory of the treaty. Though Ibrahim Qutb Shah secretly sympathised with [[Hussain Nizam Shah I]] and was unwilling to fight him he joined the alliance with his army, fearing the consequences of refusing [[Rama Raya]]’s call.&lt;ref name=&quot;trp&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Further Source Of Vijayanagara History Vol I 1946 By K A Nilakanta Sastri|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.280075|date=1946|last=K A Nilakanta Sastri|pages=254–256}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mos&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=THE HISTORY OF VIJAYANAGAR EMPIRE VOL.1|url=http://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12385|publisher=POPULAR PRAKASHAN, BOMBAY|date=1956|first=M. H.|last=GOPAL|pages=208–212}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Ali Adil Shah I.jpg|thumb|Ali Adil Shah I]]<br /> <br /> ==== Second Siege of Ahmednagar and Capture of Kalyani (1558)====<br /> When the allied armies advanced, [[Hussain Nizam Shah I]] quickly withdrew into his own territory and left the defence of Kalyani to Bhopal Ray a trusted Hindu officer. Feeling unsafe even in his capital he placed it under a strong garrison and moved to [[Paithan]] on the Godavari. The allies sent part of their army to continue the siege of Kalyani and marched with the rest to [[Ahmadnagar]] which they closely surrounded for nearly two months. Although Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah secretly tried to help the garrison, the fall of the fort seemed certain. To hasten the end of the war, [[Rama Raya]] ordered his general Sadasiva Nayaka to raid the countryside up to the Godavari. During this campaign Sadasiva Nayaka fought Nizam Shahi forces at [[Jamkhed]] where a fierce battle took place. While some sources disagree about the result there is strong reason to believe that Sadasiva Nayaka gained the upper hand. Soon after, [[Hussain Nizam Shah I]] made peace with Rama Raya especially after learning that Bhopal Ray had surrendered the fort of Kalyani to the allies.&lt;ref name=&quot;trp&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mos&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Battle of Godavari and Capture of Daulatabad====<br /> The [[Vijayanagara Army]] crossed the Godavari and carried out heavy attacks as far as [[Daulatabad]] causing great damage along the way. During this campaign, Venkatadri defeated [[Hussain Nizam Shah I]] in battle and forced him to retreat in haste crossing the Godavari by boat to escape. Venkatadri closely pursued him and soon captured [[Daulatabad Fort]]. These repeated defeats finally convinced [[Hussain Nizam Shah I]] that continuing the war was useless. To secure peace and end further losses he agreed to surrender the important fort of Kalyani to [[Ali Adil Shah I]].&lt;ref name=&quot;trp&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Daulatabad Fort vrvbajel0924 (352).jpg|thumb|Daulatabad Fort]]<br /> <br /> ===Second Vijaynagara Invasion of Ahmednagar (1561-1562)===<br /> ====Third Siege of Ahmednagar (1562)====<br /> After peace in 1559, conflict rose again in 1562 when [[Hussain Nizam Shah I]] formed a close alliance with [[Ibrahim Qutb Shah Wali]] sealed by the marriage of his daughter Bibi Jamal at Kalyani. Soon after the celebrations both rulers laid siege to Kalyani which forced Ali Adil Shah to seek help from Rama Raya of Vijayanagar. [[Rama Raya]] responded strongly sending Venkatadri ahead with a large force and later marching himself with an even bigger army joined by the forces of [[Bijapur]], [[Bidar]], and [[Berar Sultanate|Berar]]. Alarmed by this powerful alliance, Hussain and Ibrahim abandoned the siege and retreated, though they were pursued and suffered losses along the way. The allies then besieged [[Ahmadnagar]] but continuous resistance, supply problems, heavy monsoon floods, and severe losses weakened their position. [[Rama Raya]] finally lifted the siege and withdrew south, while [[Ali Adil Shah I]] continued limited fighting with the [[Hussain Nizam Shah I]]. Though the campaign caused widespread destruction, it ended without a decisive victory.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=THE HISTORY OF VIJAYANAGAR EMPIRE VOL.1|url=http://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12385|publisher=POPULAR PRAKASHAN, BOMBAY|date=1956|first=M. H.|last=GOPAL|pages=213–215}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The History Of The Vijayanagar Empire|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.480302|date=1917|last=M.h. Rama Sharma|pages=213–215}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Kingdom Of Ahmadnagar|url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.118595|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|date=1966|first=Radhey|last=Shyam|pages=113–115}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Indischer Maler um 1565 001.jpg|thumb|Hussain Nizam Shah I]]<br /> <br /> ===Vijaynagara Invasion of Golconda===<br /> ====Battle of Tarpully====<br /> After returning from Ahmadnagar, [[Rama Raya]] and his allies camped at Tarpully, about thirty miles from [[Golconda]]. Ibrahim Qutb Shah tried to drive them away but failed, as the allied army was far stronger. Rama Raya pressed his advantage and did not allow [[Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah Wali]] time to recover or reorganize his forces. He ordered Venkatadri along with Jagadeva Rao and Ain-ul-Mulk to raid the areas around the [[Golconda]] capital and cause widespread damage. At the same time, he sent his nephew Siddhiraju Timmaraju, the governor of Kondavidu, with fifty thousand infantry to attack [[Kondapalli]] and [[Masulipatnam]]. He also encouraged Sitapati (Cittapa Khan) and Vidiadri to march from [[Rajahmundry]] and strike [[Ellore]].&lt;ref name=&quot;jas&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Further Source Of Vijayanagara History Vol I 1946 By K A Nilakanta Sastri|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.280075|date=1946|last=K A Nilakanta Sastri|pages=260–262}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;tas&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=THE HISTORY OF VIJAYANAGAR EMPIRE VOL.1|url=http://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12385|publisher=POPULAR PRAKASHAN, BOMBAY|date=1956|first=M. H.|last=GOPAL|pages=215–216}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;cas&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The History Of The Vijayanagar Empire|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.480302|date=1917|last=M.h. Rama Sharma|pages=215–216}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Battle of Korkul====<br /> While [[Rama Raya]] stayed with the main army and plundered the areas around the enemy’s capital [[Ibrahim Qutb Shah Wali]] sent Muzahid Khan to face Venkatadri. The two forces met near Korkul where fighting continued for several days. the battle ended without a decisive victory for either army.&lt;ref name=&quot;tas&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;cas&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Jagadeva Rao persuaded the local chiefs of [[Pangal]], Rovilkonda, and Ghanpur to surrender their forts to Rama Raya, and Kasi Rao also handed over the keys of Indrakonda. Soon after, [[Rama Raya]]’s allies began attacking the southern regions of [[Golconda]] from many directions. The Raja of Kandbir moved against [[Kondapalli]], while Shitab Khan and Vidiadri advanced from [[Rajahmundry]] and attacked [[Eluru]]. At the same time, Chinnapa Naidu of Venkatagiri, with his sons Nayanappa and Timma, captured the fort of [[Gandikota]]. Surrounded by enemies and confined to his capital, the Sultan of Golconda prepared to fight at Tarpalli. At this moment, [[Ali Barid Shah I]] proposed peace and asked [[Ibrahim Qutb Shah Wali]] to send his minister Mustafa Khan for talks. Acting secretly, Mustafa Khan won the support of Jagadeva Rao and with his help met [[Ali Adil Shah I]] before approaching Rama Raya. After negotiations [[Rama Raya]] reluctantly agreed to withdraw, but only on the condition that he retained the forts of Ghanpur and [[Pangal]]. This was accepted, the alliance broke up, and each ruler returned to his own kingdom.&lt;ref name=&quot;jas&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;tas&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;cas&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Talikota Campaign===<br /> ====Formation of Shahi League====<br /> [[Ali Adil Shah I]] sent Kishwar Khan Lari to the court of the [[Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah Wali]] to quietly discuss a new plan and take steps to carry it out if possible. [[Ibrahim Qutb Shah Wali]] still angry over Rama Raya’s arrogance and his seizure of [[Golconda]] lands in the recent war readily agreed. The main difficulty was the old rivalry between [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate]] and [[Bijapur Sultanate]] which could only be solved through marriage ties. For this reason, Ibrahim sent his minister Mustafa Khan first to [[Bijapur]] and then to [[Ahmadnagar]]. Mustafa convinced [[Hussain Nizam Shah I]] that unity among the Muslim rulers once strong under the Bahmanis was necessary to check Vijayanagar’s power. His efforts succeeded, and marriage alliances were arranged between the two houses with Sholapur given as dowry. Political treaties were then sworn, and [[Golconda Sultanate]] and [[Bidar Sultanate]] also joined the league. It was agreed that all would meet at [[Sholapur]] and march together against [[Rama Raya]], while Ali Adil Shah sent an envoy to [[Vijayanagar]] demanding the return of Yadagiri, [[Bagalkot]], [[Raichur]], and [[Mudgal]] as a pretext to break the old alliance.&lt;ref name=&quot;ras&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=THE HISTORY OF VIJAYANAGAR EMPIRE VOL.1|url=http://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12385|publisher=POPULAR PRAKASHAN, BOMBAY|date=1956|first=M. H.|last=GOPAL|pages=216–221}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pta&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The History Of The Vijayanagar Empire|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.480302|date=1917|last=M.h. Rama Sharma|pages=216–221}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Battle====<br /> When [[Rama Raya]] learned about the alliance formed against him he showed no fear and remained proud and confident. He treated the hostility of the Shahi rulers as unimportant and even dismissed their ambassadors from his court with insult. This act led the allied kings to openly prepare for war and gather their armies at [[Sholapur]]. In response, [[Rama Raya]] sent his brother Erra Timma Raja with a huge force to guard the crossings of the [[Krishna River]] and his brother Venkatadri followed with another army for support. He also ordered all his governors and vassals to rush to the capital with men, money, and supplies. Soldiers from every region and community poured in, and the wealth of many ports and cities was used to equip them. Though already in his eighties, [[Rama Raya]] finally marched towards the frontier with a massive army.&lt;ref name=&quot;ras&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pta&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> On 26 December 1564, the Deccan Sultans met at Sholapur in the plains of Bijapur and later marched towards [[Talikota]] where [[Ali Adil Shah I]] received his allies with great splendour. Although no battle was fought there the place became famous because of this gathering. When the allied armies reached the [[Krishna River]] they found all the ferries and fords guarded by the [[Vijayanagara]] forces, who had also built strong field defences with cannon. After careful search the Sultans realised that only one crossing was possible. To mislead the enemy, they pretended for three days to move elsewhere, which made the [[Vijayanagara]] troops abandon their posts. Taking advantage of this the Sultans crossed the river without resistance and advanced rapidly to the Hoodery River. Though taken by surprise [[Rama Raya]] remained confident, rejected peace offers from the Sultans, and marched forward with a huge army to face them in battle.&lt;ref name=&quot;ras&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pta&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Talikota Battle formation.jpg|thumb|Talikota Battle formation]]<br /> <br /> On the morning of 2 January 1565, the armies of [[Vijayanagara Empire]] and the [[Deccan Sultanates]] faced each other in full strength. [[Rama Raya]] arranged his vast army carefully placing his brothers Venkatadri and Erra Timmaraja on the left and right wings, while he himself led the centre with great confidence. The Deccan forces, though smaller, were well organised and relied heavily on powerful artillery under the command of the skilled officer Rumi Khan. When the battle began the Vijayanagara army opened the attack with rockets and cannon fire but the Deccan gunners replied with deadly effect, causing heavy losses. Encouraged by [[Rama Raya]]’s rewards and generosity, the Hindu troops fought fiercely and at first threw the enemy wings into confusion. However, the steady advance of [[Hussain Nizam Shah I]] in the centre and the devastating fire of the artillery turned the tide. A sudden cavalry charge broke into [[Rama Raya]]’s lines, creating panic. In the confusion, [[Rama Raya]] was captured and executed, and Venkatadri was killed in the battle Rama Raya's death quickly spread fear through the [[Vijayanagara Army]]. Leaderless the troops fled in disorder and were pursued with great slaughter. The defeat was complete, leading to immense plunder for the victors and the eventual sack of the great capital of [[Vijayanagara]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ras&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pta&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Battle of Talikota (formatted).jpg|thumb|Battle of Talikota (formatted)]]<br /> <br /> ==Administration==<br /> The ''Ramarajiyamu'' states that Venkatadri ruled from the town of Kandanol in the present Kurnool district. In 1547, he showed generosity by remitting taxes for the [[Brahmins]] living in the villages of Kanala, Damagatla, and Bannum, all of which were also in the [[Kurnool]] region. This period appears to belong to the early stage of [[Rama Raya]]’s administration. Later records suggest that Venkatadri was transferred and placed in charge of the [[Chola]] country during the second phase of his governorship.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Aravidu Dynasty Of Vijayanagar|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.77307|date=1927|last=Rev Henry Heras|page=30}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Family==<br /> Venkatadri had two wives, Rangamma and Krishnamma. Through these marriages he had two sons named Rangappa and Rama Raja III.&lt;ref name=&quot;aps&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Aravidu Dynasty Of Vijayanagar|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.77307|date=1927|last=Rev Henry Heras|page=24}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Aravidu Rama Raja I]]<br /> * [[Aravidu Dynasty]]<br /> * [[Vijayanagara Empire]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;!-- Inline citations added to your article will automatically display here. See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:REFB for instructions on how to add citations. --&gt;<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Vijayanagara generals]]<br /> [[Category:Indian warriors]]<br /> [[Category:Indian military personnel]]<br /> [[Category:Aravidu dynasty]]<br /> [[Category:1565 deaths]]</div>

MyronMccreary8 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nagendra_Raut&diff=519892 2026-04-20T05:27:58Z

<p>MyronMccreary8: creating a details</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Nagendra Raut<br /> | image =<br /> | caption = <br /> | office = Member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | term_start = 14 November 2025<br /> | term_end = <br /> | constituency = [[Sursand Assembly constituency|Sursand]]<br /> | predecessor = [[Dilip Kumar Ray]]<br /> | successor = <br /> | birth_place = <br /> | birth_date = <br /> | spouse = <br /> | party = [[Janata Dal (United)]]<br /> | alma_mater = [[Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bihar University|Bihar University, Muzaffarpur]]<br /> | profession = Politician, Professor<br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> '''Nagendra Raut''' is an Indian politician from [[Bihar]]. He was elected as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] in [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]], representing the Sursand constituency. He is a member of the [[Janata Dal (United)]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=PROF. NAGENDRA RAUT (Winner) SURSAND (SITAMARHI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://www.myneta.info/Bihar2025/candidate.php?candidate_id=2511|access-date=2025-11-16|website=myneta.info}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bihar election results 2025: Full list of Nitish Kumar-led JD(U)'s winners|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bihar-election-results-2025-full-list-of-nitish-kumar-led-jd-u-s-winners-101763117267561.html|date=2025-11-14|access-date=2025-11-16|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sursand Election Result 2025 Highlights: Prof. Nagendra Raut of JDU Wins|url=https://www.news18.com/elections/sursand-election-result-2025-live-updates-highlights-assembly-seat-winner-leading-mla-margin-9706039.html|date=2025-11-15|access-date=2025-11-16|publisher=[[News18]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sursand (Bihar) Assembly Election Results 2025: Prof. Nagendra Raut of JD(U) Wins|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/sursand-bihar-assembly-election-results-2025-live-winner-runner-up-candidates-10363245/|date=2025-11-14|access-date=2025-11-16|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Raut, Nagendra}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Janata Dal (United) politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Bihar MLAs 2025–2030]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> <br /> {{Bihar-JDU-politician-stub}}</div>

MyronMccreary8 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Udoipur&diff=542373 2026-04-16T21:43:10Z

<p>MyronMccreary8: data</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Village in Arunachal Pradesh, India}}<br /> '''Udoipur''' ({{langx|ccp|𑄅𑄘𑄰𑄛𑄪𑄢𑄴}}) is a village in [[Arunachal Pradesh]], India. According to the 2011 census it had a population of 3,203.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Udoipur Bl. I - IV Village Population - Diyun - Changlang, Arunachal Pradesh |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/264354-udoipur-bl-i--iv-arunachal-pradesh.html |access-date=2026-01-17 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{coord missing|Arunachal Pradesh}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Villages in Changlang district]]<br /> <br /> {{ArunachalPradesh-geo-stub}}</div>

MyronMccreary8 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khedbrahma_Assembly_constituency&diff=509694 2026-04-15T23:21:22Z

<p>MyronMccreary8: adding the data added tags</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Khedbrahma<br /> | state = Gujarat<br /> | district = [[Sabarkantha district|Sabarkantha]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Sabarkantha Lok Sabha constituency|Sabarkantha]]<br /> | established = 1962<br /> | reservation = ST<br /> | type= SLA<br /> | constituency_no = 29<br /> | mla = [[Tushar Amarsinh Chaudhary|Dr.Tushar Amarsinh Chaudhary]]<br /> | party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<br /> | electors = {{formatnum:284148}}&lt;ref name=election2022/&gt;{{update after|2028|2}}<br /> }}<br /> '''Khedbrahma''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].&lt;ref name=gjceo&gt;{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS &amp; Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt; It is part of [[Sabarkantha district|Sabarkantha]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].<br /> <br /> This assembly seat represents the following segments,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date= 5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> # Khedbrahma Taluka<br /> # Vijaynagar Taluka<br /> <br /> == Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Member<br /> !Image<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Party<br /> |-<br /> |[[1962 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br /> |Maljibhai Sangrambhai Dabhi ||<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1967 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br /> |[[Jethabhai Rathod]] ||<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1972 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<br /> | Maljibhai Sangrambhai Dabhi ||<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1975 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1975]]<br /> |Khatubhai Kaudoji Katara ||<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1980 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br /> |Jagdishchandraji Doljibhai Damor ||<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|rowspan=1|dab=yes}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1985 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br /> |Kaljibhai Ratnaji Katara ||<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1990 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1990]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/khedbrahma-gujarat-assembly-constituency|title=Khedbrahma Assembly constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly constituency}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |Becharbhai Khatuji Bara ||<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1995 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1995]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/gujarat/assembly-constituencies/1995-election-results.html|title = Gujarat Assembly Election Results in 1995}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |rowspan=3|[[Amarsinh Chaudhary]] ||rowspan=3|<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=7}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1998 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1998]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2002 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2002]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2007]]<br /> |rowspan=3|[[Kotwal Ashvinbhai Laxmanbhai|Ashvinbhai Laxmanbhai Kotwal]] <br /> |-<br /> |[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<br /> |[[Tushar Amarsinh Chaudhary|Dr.Tushar Amarsinh Chaudhary]] || [[File:Tusharbhai Chaudhary addressing at the launch of the first Inter-operable, Electronic Toll Collection System based on Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Technology at Toll Plazas of Mumbai – Vadodara Section.jpg|75px]]<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> === 2022 ===<br /> &lt;!-- this section is transcluded on Electoral history of the MLA--&gt;&lt;section begin=&quot;Assembly Election 2022&quot;/&gt; <br /> {{Election box begin|<br /> |title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]: Khedbrahma&lt;ref name=election2022&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = [[Tushar Amarsinh Chaudhary|Dr.Tushar Amarsinh Chaudhary]]<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |votes = 67,349<br /> |percentage = 32.67<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = [[Ashvin Kotwal]]<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |votes = 65,685<br /> |percentage = 31.86<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Gameti Bipinchandra Rupasibhai<br /> |party = Aam Aadmi Party<br /> |votes = 55,590<br /> |percentage = 26.96<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above]]<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |votes = 7,331<br /> |percentage = 3.56<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 1,664<br /> |percentage = 0.81<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = <br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors<br /> |reg. electors = {{formatnum:2,82,875}} <br /> |ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;Gujarat Elections ECI&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Gujarat Legislative Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link|<br /> |winner = Indian National Congress<br /> |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}&lt;section end=&quot;Assembly Election 2022&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> === 2017 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 2017]]: Khedbrahma&lt;ref name=election2017&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Ashwin Kotwal<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |votes = 85,916<br /> |percentage = 47.89<br /> |change = -11.39<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = [[Ramilaben Bara]]<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |votes = 74,785<br /> |percentage = 41.69<br /> |change = +16<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 11,131<br /> |percentage = 6.2<br /> |change = -27.39<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 1,79,403<br /> |percentage = 75.96<br /> |change = +0.2<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors<br /> |reg. electors = {{formatnum:236186}}<br /> |ref=&lt;ref name=election2017/&gt;<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link|<br /> |winner = Indian National Congress<br /> |loser = <br /> |swing =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2012===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2012]]}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2012 to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat |access-date=9 June 2014 |archive-date=26 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126215052/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ashwin Kotval|party=Indian National Congress|votes=88,488|percentage=59.28|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ramabhai Solanki|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=38,351|percentage=25.69|change=}}<br /> {{Election box majority||votes=50,137|percentage=33.59|change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes=149,268|percentage=75.76|change=}}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link|<br /> |winner = Indian National Congress<br /> |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |swing =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> '''2004 by election'''<br /> <br /> ● Bara Ramilaben Bahecharbhai (BJP) : 44,600 Votes : 43.51%<br /> <br /> ● Gameti Vaishaliben Suryakantbhai (INC) : 44,006 Votes : 42.93%<br /> <br /> ● Rathod Savitaben Dineshbhai (IND) : 8,745 Votes : 8.53%<br /> <br /> ● Parmar Kantibhai Anabhai (BSP) : 5,165 Votes : 5.04%<br /> <br /> ===1995===<br /> * Amarsinh Bhilabhai Chaudhari (INC) : 59,822 votes <br /> * Bara, Becharbhai Khatuji (BJP) : 33,310<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[List of constituencies of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]<br /> * [[Sabarkantha district]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat}}<br /> {{coord|24.03|73.04|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]<br /> [[Category:Sabarkantha district]]<br /> [[Category:Khedbrahma]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]<br /> [[Category:1962 establishments in Gujarat]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]</div>

MyronMccreary8 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chandrapur,_Maharashtra_Assembly_constituency&diff=493469 2026-04-15T23:20:17Z

<p>MyronMccreary8: Adding a data</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Chandrapur<br /> | map_image = 71-Chandrapur, Maharashtra.svg<br /> | map_caption = Kishore Jorgewar, present MLA of Chandrapur<br /> | mla = [[Kishore Jorgewar]]<br /> | party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> | alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br /> | state = [[Maharashtra]]<br /> | district = [[Chandrapur district|Chandrapur]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Chandrapur Lok Sabha constituency|Chandrapur]]<br /> | established = 1976 &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - DPACO 1976 |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> | reservation = SC<br /> | incumbent_image = Kishor G Jorgewar.jpg<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | constituency_no = 71<br /> | electors = 374,360<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Chandrapur Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|constituencies]] of [[Maharashtra]] state, western India. This constituency is located in [[Chandrapur district]]. The delimitation of the constituency happened in 2008.&lt;ref name=&quot;ECI-20081126&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Geographical scope==<br /> The constituency comprises parts of Chandrapur taluka viz. Ghugus revenue circle and<br /> [[Chandrapur Municipal Corporation]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ECI-20081126&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=2008-11-26|publisher=Election Commission of India|pages=258|accessdate=2015-08-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Election<br /> ! Member<br /> ! colspan=2|Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[1952 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || rowspan=2 | Laxmanrao Krishnaji Wasekar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br /> |- <br /> | [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] <br /> |- <br /> | [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Ramchandrarao Rajeshwarrao Potdukhe || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}<br /> |- <br /> | [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Adv. Eknathrao Salwe|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br /> |- <br /> | [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]] <br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;4&quot; |{{Center|''1978 onwards : Name changes to Chandrapur''}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Nareshkumar Chunnalal Puglia|Nareshkumar Puglia]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|rowspan=2|dab=yes}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Shyam Gopalrao Wankhede<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Sudhir Mungantiwar]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Nanaji Sitaram Shamkule|Nanaji Shamkule]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<br /> | Rowspan=2|[[Kishor Jorgewar]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> ===Assembly Election 2024=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Chandrapur&lt;ref name=&quot;Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Chandrapur&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Chandrapur |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S1371.htm |accessdate=12 December 2024 |date=23 November 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212153811/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S1371.htm |archivedate=12 December 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Chandrapur Constituency Election Results 2024&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=The Times of India |title=Chandrapur Constituency Election Results 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/maharashtra/constituency-show/chandrapur |accessdate=12 December 2024 |date=23 November 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212160409/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/maharashtra/constituency-show/chandrapur |archivedate=12 December 2024 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;election2019&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} <br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Kishor Jorgewar| Kishor Gajanan Jorgewar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,06,841 |percentage = 49.17% |change={{increase}}26.85 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pravin Nanaji Padwekar |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 84,037 |percentage = 38.68% |change={{increase}}31.58 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Brijbhushan Mahadeo Pazare |party=Independent politician |votes = 14,598 |percentage = 6.72% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Raju Chinnayya Zode |party=Independent politician |votes = 5,711 |percentage = 2.63% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 2,255 |percentage = 1.04% |change={{increase}}0.18 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Manoj Gopichand Lade |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,891 |percentage = 0.87% |change={{decrease}}0.01 }} <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 22,804 |percentage = 10.50% |change= {{decrease}}25.63 }} <br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 2,19,523 |percentage = 58.64% |change= {{increase}}7.26 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 2,17,268}} <br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,74,360|ref = |change= {{decrease}}5.49 }} <br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}9.28 }} <br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 2019=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Chandrapur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|title=General Election to Vidhan Sabha Trends &amp; Results Oct-2019|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=28 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121065754/http://results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|archive-date=21 November 2019|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} <br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Kishor Jorgewar| Kishor Gajanan Jorgewar]]|party=Independent politician |votes = 1,17,570 |percentage = 58.46% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Nanaji Sitaram Shamkule]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 44,909 |percentage = 22.33% |change={{decrease}}19.92 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Anirudha Dhonduji Wankar |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 15,403 |percentage = 7.66% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mahesh Marotrao Mendhe |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 14,284 |percentage = 7.10% |change={{decrease}}5.93 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Namdeo Atmaram Gedam |party=Peoples Party of India (Democratic) |votes = 3,956 |percentage = 1.97% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhikkhu S. Buddhasharan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,772 |percentage = 0.88% |change={{decrease}}3.45 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,730 |percentage = 0.86% |change={{decrease}}0.19 }} <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 72,661 |percentage = 36.13% |change= {{increase}}20.17 }} <br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 2,03,694 |percentage = 51.42% |change= {{decrease}}3.06 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 2,01,119}} <br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,96,117|ref = |change= {{increase}}10.57 }} <br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}16.21 }} <br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 2014=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Chandrapur&lt;ref name=&quot;election2014&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} <br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Nanaji Sitaram Shamkule]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 81,483 |percentage = 42.25% |change={{decrease}}1.89 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Kishor Jorgewar| Kishor Gajanan Jorgewar]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 50,711 |percentage = 26.29% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Mahesh Marotrao Mendhe |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 25,140 |percentage = 13.03% |change={{decrease}}20.99 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Aniruddha Dhondu Wankar |party=Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 14,683 |percentage = 7.61% |change={{increase}}5.08 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ankalesh Natthuji Khaire |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 8,357 |percentage = 4.33% |change={{decrease}}4.88 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ashok Namdeorao Nagpure |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 7,459 |percentage = 3.87% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 2,026 |percentage = 1.05% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nalboga Chinnaji Bhimayya |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,698 |percentage = 0.88% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 30,772 |percentage = 15.96% |change= {{increase}}5.84 }} <br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 1,95,115 |percentage = 54.46% |change= {{increase}}3.82 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,92,866}} <br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,58,250|ref = |change= {{increase}}17.59 }} <br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}1.89 }} <br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 2009=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Chandrapur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} <br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Nanaji Sitaram Shamkule]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 67,255 |percentage = 44.14% |change={{decrease}}5.86 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bita Ghansham Ramteke|party=Indian National Congress |votes = 51,845 |percentage = 34.02% |change={{decrease}}1.66 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Tanuja Dewaji Khobragade|party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 14,035 |percentage = 9.21% |change={{increase}}3.20 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Deshak Girish Khobragade|party=Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 3,865 |percentage = 2.54% |change={{decrease}}0.17 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Pravin Hemchandra Khobragade|party=Republican Party of India (A) |votes = 3,012 |percentage = 1.98% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Dhanraj Harishchandra Sawarkar |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,021 |percentage = 1.33% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patkotwar Prabhakar Govindrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,897 |percentage = 1.24% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,410 |percentage = 10.11% |change= {{decrease}}4.19 }} <br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 1,52,444 |percentage = 50.04% |change= {{decrease}}11.70 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,52,376}} <br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,04,673|ref = |change= {{increase}}0.00 }} <br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}5.86 }} <br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 2004=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Chandrapur}} <br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Sudhir Mungantiwar|Sudhir Sachchidanand Mungantiwar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 94,003 |percentage = 49.99% |change={{decrease}}1.51 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gajanan Balaji Gawande (Guruji)|party=Indian National Congress |votes = 67,102 |percentage = 35.69% |change={{increase}}2.78 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adv. Nandkishor Mandlik |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 11,311 |percentage = 6.02% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bharat Somaji Thulkar |party=Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 5,091 |percentage = 2.71% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sonpimpale Shatrughan Vyankatrao (Patrakar) |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,613 |percentage = 1.39% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Meshram Vinod Dinanath |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,044 |percentage = 1.09% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dhote Parshuram Alias Baliraj |party=Shivrajya Party |votes = 1,490 |percentage = 0.79% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 26,901 |percentage = 14.31% |change= {{decrease}}4.29 }} <br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 1,88,696 |percentage = 61.93% |change= {{increase}}3.79 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,88,025}} <br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,04,673|ref = |change= {{increase}}7.33 }} <br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}1.51 }} <br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 1999=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Chandrapur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} <br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Sudhir Mungantiwar|Sudhir Sachchidanand Mungantiwar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 84,688 |percentage = 51.51% |change={{increase}}2.85 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Vinayak Baburao Bangade |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 54,109 |percentage = 32.91% |change={{increase}}12.33 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Deepak Shankarlal Jaiswal |party=Independent politician |votes = 22,251 |percentage = 13.53% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adv. Vijay Ganpatrao Mogare |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,836 |percentage = 1.12% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 30,579 |percentage = 18.60% |change= {{decrease}}9.48 }} <br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 1,69,165 |percentage = 59.59% |change= {{decrease}}14.43 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,64,417}} <br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,83,868|ref = |change= {{increase}}5.89 }} <br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}2.85 }} <br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 1995=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Chandrapur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} <br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Sudhir Mungantiwar|Sudhir Sachchidanand Mungantiwar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 94,379 |percentage = 48.66% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shyam Gopalrao Wankhede |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 39,915 |percentage = 20.58% |change={{decrease}}22.79 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rajakhan Maheboobkhan |party=Janata Dal |votes = 29,167 |percentage = 15.04% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Rajkumar Udaybhan Tirpude |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 6,832 |percentage = 3.52% |change={{increase}}2.66 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Jayant Pandurang Padwekar|party=Republican Party of India (Khobragade) |votes = 6,449 |percentage = 3.32% |change={{decrease}}13.60 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Vinayak Baburao Bangade|party=Independent politician |votes = 6,182 |percentage = 3.19% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Wamanrao Raghobaji Bankar|party=Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 2,478 |percentage = 1.28% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 54,464 |percentage = 28.08% |change= {{increase}}3.49 }} <br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 1,96,693 |percentage = 73.37% |change= {{increase}}13.33 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,93,956}} <br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,68,087|ref = |change= {{increase}}19.09 }} <br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}5.29 }} <br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 1990=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Chandrapur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} <br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Shyam Gopalrao Wankhede |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 57,622 |percentage = 43.37% |change={{decrease}}9.26 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Gayacharam Mahaviraprasad Trivedi |party=Independent politician |votes = 24,947 |percentage = 18.78% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Jayant Pandurang Padwekar|party=Republican Party of India (Khobragade) |votes = 22,486 |percentage = 16.93% |change={{decrease}}12.16 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Dilip Ramchandra Potdukhe |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 12,653 |percentage = 9.52% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Ganpat Govindrao Amrutkar |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 8,949 |percentage = 6.74% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Deorao Kawduji Kolhe|party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,148 |percentage = 0.86% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kumre Udhao Raghoba |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,074 |percentage = 0.81% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 32,675 |percentage = 24.59% |change= {{increase}}1.05 }} <br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 1,34,561 |percentage = 59.78% |change= {{decrease}}0.03 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,32,853}} <br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,25,110|ref = |change= {{increase}}42.48 }} <br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}9.26 }} <br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 1985=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Chandrapur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} <br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Shyam Gopalrao Wankhede |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 49,099 |percentage = 52.63% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Girish Dewaji Khobragade|party=Republican Party of India (Khobragade) |votes = 27,133 |percentage = 29.09% |change={{increase}}24.03 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Chandansingh Sadhusinh Chandel|party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 14,870 |percentage = 15.94% |change={{decrease}}9.44 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Gulab Panurang Rajukar|party=Independent politician |votes = 695 |percentage = 0.75% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 21,966 |percentage = 23.55% |change= {{increase}}4.53 }} <br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 94,776 |percentage = 59.99% |change= {{increase}}9.41 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 93,283}} <br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,57,989|ref = |change= {{increase}}19.86 }} <br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{increase}}8.23 }} <br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 1980=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Chandrapur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} <br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Nareshkumar Chunnalal Puglia]] |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 29,048 |percentage = 44.40% |change={{decrease}}3.04 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Chandansinh Sadhusinh Chandel |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 16,606 |percentage = 25.38% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Datta Pandhare |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 8,708 |percentage = 13.31% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Ganpat Govindrao Amrutkar |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 6,355 |percentage = 9.71% |change={{decrease}}1.67 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sayyad Majherbhai |party=Republican Party of India (Khobragade) |votes = 3,309 |percentage = 5.06% |change={{decrease}}25.96 }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Thakre Madhao Balajipant |party=Independent politician |votes = 774 |percentage = 1.18% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,442 |percentage = 19.02% |change= {{increase}}2.60 }} <br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 66,665 |percentage = 50.58% |change= {{decrease}}18.79 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 65,419}} <br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,31,810|ref = |change= {{increase}}12.54 }} <br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{decrease}}3.04 }} <br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 1978=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Chandrapur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} <br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Nareshkumar Chunnalal Puglia]] |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 38,018 |percentage = 47.44% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Rajaram Tulsiram Dumbere |party=Republican Party of India (Khobragade) |votes = 24,857 |percentage = 31.02% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Ganpat Govindrao Amrutkar|party=Communist Party of India |votes = 9,124 |percentage = 11.39% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Eknath Salve |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 4,739 |percentage = 5.91% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Madhao Balaji Thakre|party=Independent politician |votes = 893 |percentage = 1.11% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Lahamage Vishwas Ramrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 760 |percentage = 0.95% |change= ''New'' }} <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,161 |percentage = 16.42% |change= }} <br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 82,225 |percentage = 70.20% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 80,140}} <br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,17,124|ref = |change= }} <br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = |swing= }} <br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}<br /> {{coords|19.97|79.29|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Chandrapur]]<br /> [[Category:Chandrapur district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]<br /> [[Category:1962 establishments in Maharashtra]]</div>

MyronMccreary8 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dornakal_Assembly_constituency&diff=497613 2026-04-14T03:25:13Z

<p>MyronMccreary8: Adding a entry</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Telangana legislative assembly in India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Dornakal<br /> | map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Telangana (101-Dornakal highlighted).png<br /> | map_caption = Location of Dornakal Assembly constituency within Telangana<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | constituency_no = 101<br /> | established = 1951<br /> | state = [[Telangana]]<br /> | district = [[Mahabubabad district|Mahabubabad]]<br /> | reservation = ST<br /> | mla = [[Jatoth Ram Chander Naik]]<br /> | party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br /> | electors = 1,87,450<br /> | loksabha_cons= [[Mahabubabad Lok Sabha constituency|Mahabubabad]] <br /> }}<br /> '''Dornakal Assembly constituency''' is a ST reserved constituency of [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. This region is occupied by more scheduled tribes in highest number. It is one of 12 constituencies in combined [[Warangal district]], and one of the constituencies of [[Mahabubabad district]]. It is part of [[Mahabubabad Lok Sabha constituency]].<br /> <br /> Ram Chander Naik is the current MLA of the constituency.<br /> <br /> ==Mandals==<br /> The Assembly Constituency presently comprises the following Mandals:<br /> {{srn}}<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash&quot;<br /> !Mandal<br /> |-<br /> | [[Dornakal]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Maripeda]] <br /> |-<br /> | [[Narsimhulapet]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Kuravi]]<br /> |-<br /> | Chinna Gudur<br /> |-<br /> | Danthalapally<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Duration<br /> ! Member<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Political party<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=4|[[Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> |-<br /> | 1957–62<br /> |rowspan=4| [[Nukala Ramachandra Reddy|N. Ramchandra Reddy]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=11}} <br /> |-<br /> | 1962–67<br /> |-<br /> | 1967–72<br /> |-<br /> | 1972–78<br /> |-<br /> | 1978–83<br /> |rowspan=3| [[Surendra Reddy|Ramashayam Surender Reddy]]<br /> |-<br /> | 1983–85<br /> |-<br /> | 1985–89<br /> |-<br /> | 1989–94<br /> |rowspan=4| [[Dharamsoth Redya Naik]]<br /> |-<br /> | 1994–99<br /> |-<br /> | 1999–04<br /> |-<br /> | 2004–09<br /> |-<br /> | 2009–14<br /> | [[Satyavathi Rathod]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=4|[[Telangana]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2014–2018<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Dharamsoth Redya Naik]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | 2018–23<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}<br /> |-<br /> | 2023–incumbent<br /> | [[Jatoth Ram Chander Naik]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> <br /> === Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2023 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|Telangana Assembly Elections, 2023]]: Dornakal (Assembly constituency)&lt;ref name=&quot;Telangana Assembly Election Results 2023: Dornakal&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Telangana Assembly Election Results 2023: Dornakal |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S29101.htm |access-date=9 June 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250609152424/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S29101.htm |archive-date=9 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dornakal Constituency Election Results 2023&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Dornakal Constituency Election Results 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/telangana/constituency-show/dornakal |access-date=9 June 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250609152642/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/telangana/constituency-show/dornakal |archive-date=9 June 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; }}{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> | party = Indian National Congress<br /> | candidate = [[Jatoth Ramachandru Naik]]<br /> | votes =1,15,587<br /> | percentage =60.01 <br /> | change = <br /> }}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharat Rashtra Samithi|candidate=D.S. Redya Naik|votes=62,456|percentage=32.42|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Ratna Azmeera|votes=2,773|percentage=1.44|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Bhukya Gopikrishna|votes=2,244|percentage=1.16|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Guguloth Parvathi Naik|votes=1,892|percentage=0.98|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Bhukya Sangeetha|votes=1,817|percentage=0.94|change=}}{{Election box candidate|party=Telangana Jaghir Party|candidate=Ravi Kumar Vankudothu|votes=1,471|percentage=0.76|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=1,471|percentage=0.76|change=}}{{Election box majority|votes=53,131|percentage=27.59|change=}}{{Election box turnout|votes=1,92,623|percentage=|change=}}{{Election box gain with party link<br /> | winner =Indian National Congress<br /> |loser =Bharat Rashtra Samithi <br /> | swing = <br /> }}{{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2018 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]: Dornakal}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> | party = Telangana Rashtra Samithi<br /> | candidate = D.S. Redya Naik<br /> | votes = 88,307<br /> | percentage = 50.73%<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Telugu Desam Party <br /> | candidate =Jatoth Ramachandru Naik<br /> | votes = 70,926<br /> | percentage = 40.74%<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Independent politician<br /> | candidate = Banoth Ravinder<br /> | votes = 4,117 <br /> | percentage = 2.37%<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Independent politician<br /> | candidate = Bhukya Gopi Krishna<br /> | votes = 2,107 <br /> | percentage = 1.21%<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = None of the above<br /> | candidate = [[None of the Above]] <br /> | votes = 2,036<br /> | percentage = 1.17%<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> | votes = 17,381<br /> | percentage = <br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> | votes = 1,74,076 <br /> | percentage = 88.96%<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> | winner = Telangana Rashtra Samithi<br /> |loser = Indian National Congress<br /> | swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2014 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|Telangana Assembly Elections, 2014]]: Dornakal (Assembly constituency)}}&lt;ref&gt;{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065229/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=997&amp;cid=101 Dornakal Results]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Indian National Congress<br /> | candidate = D.S. Redya Naik <br /> | votes = 84,170<br /> | percentage = 51.45%<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Telangana Rashtra Samithi<br /> | candidate = [[Satyavathi Rathod]]<br /> | votes = 60,639<br /> | percentage = 37.07%<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Telugu Desam Party<br /> | candidate = Jatoth Ramachandru Naik <br /> | votes = 8,384 <br /> | percentage = 5.1%<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> | votes = 23,531<br /> | percentage = <br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> | votes = 1,63,591 <br /> | percentage = 87.27%<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> | winner = Indian National Congress<br /> |loser = Telugu Desam Party<br /> | swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[List of constituencies of Telangana Legislative Assembly]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Telangana}}<br /> {{coord|17.45|80.15|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Telangana]]<br /> [[Category:Hanamkonda district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Telangana]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]</div>

MyronMccreary8 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rajesh_Panditrao_Ekade&diff=528616 2026-04-11T20:37:16Z

<p>MyronMccreary8: New New Biography</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Rajesh Panditrao Ekade<br /> | native_name = <br /> | image = <br /> | office = Member of [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | term_start = 2019<br /> | term_end = 2024<br /> | predecessor = [[Chainsukh Madanlal Sancheti|Chainsukh Sancheti]]<br /> | successor = Chainsukh Sancheti<br /> | office1 = <br /> | prime_minister1 = <br /> | predecessor1 = <br /> | successor1 = <br /> | birth_date = <br /> | birth_place = Nandura<br /> | occupation = [[Politician]]<br /> | children = <br /> | party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br /> | constituency1 = [[Malkapur Assembly constituency|Malkapur]]<br /> | profession = <br /> | spouse = <br /> | sibling = <br /> | website = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Rajesh Panditrao Ekade''' is a leader of [[Indian National Congress]] and a member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] elected from [[Malkapur Assembly constituency]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 October 2019 |title=मलकापूर निवडणूक निकाल : भाजपच्या बालेकिल्ल्यात काँग्रेसचे राजेश एकडे विजयी; संचेती पराभूत|url=https://www.lokmat.com/buldhana/malkapur-election-results-2019-maharashtra-vidhan-sabha-election-results-2019-rajesh-ekade-win/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101230140/https://www.lokmat.com/buldhana/malkapur-election-results-2019-maharashtra-vidhan-sabha-election-results-2019-rajesh-ekade-win/ |archive-date=1 November 2022 |access-date=1 November 2022 |website= [[Lokmat]] |language=Marathi<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; in [[Buldhana]] city.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 November 2022 |title=EKADE RAJESH PANDITRAO(INC):Constituency- MALKAPUR(BULDHANA) Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://myneta.info/maharashtra2019/expense.php?candidate_id=7895 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101225028/https://myneta.info/maharashtra2019/expense.php?candidate_id=7895 |archive-date=1 November 2022 |access-date=1 November 2022 |website= [[Association for Democratic Reforms|myneta.info]] |language=English<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Positions held==<br /> * 2019: Elected to [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 October 2019 |title=राज्यातील विजयी उमेदवारांची यादी येथे पाहा|url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/maharashtra/mumbai-news/vidhan-sabha-nivadnuk-list-of-winning-candidates-in-the-state/articleshow/71749478.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026162142/https://maharashtratimes.com/maharashtra/mumbai-news/vidhan-sabha-nivadnuk-list-of-winning-candidates-in-the-state/amp_articleshow/71749478.cms |archive-date=26 October 2022 |access-date=26 October 2022 |website= [[Maharashtra Times]] |language=Marathi<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 October 2019 |title=Maharashtra Election 2019 Winners Full List: Check full list of winning candidates in Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha Chunav 2019 |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/maharashtra-assembly-election-2019-winners-full-list/1744244/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026205732/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/maharashtra-assembly-election-2019-winners-full-list/1744244/ |archive-date=26 October 2022 |access-date=26 October 2022 |website=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|language=English<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2019–2024]]<br /> [[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:People from Buldhana]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> <br /> {{Maharashtra-INC-politician-stub}}</div>

MyronMccreary8 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Gwalior_(1754)&diff=490132 2026-04-11T15:14:08Z

<p>MyronMccreary8: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Military conflict in Gwalior}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox military conflict<br /> | conflict = Battle of Gwalior (1754)<br /> | partof = <br /> | image_size = 400<br /> | date = 1754–1755<br /> | place = [[Gwaior]]<br /> | map_type = <br /> | map_relief = <br /> | map_size = <br /> | map_marksize = <br /> | map_caption = <br /> | map_label = <br /> | territory = Marathas capture [[Gwalior Fort]]<br /> | result = [[Maratha]] victory&lt;ref name=RP1 /&gt;<br /> | status = <br /> | combatant1 = {{flag|Maratha Empire}}<br /> | combatant2 = [[Kingdom of Gohad]]<br /> | commander1 = [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] Vitthal Sadashiv Vinchulkar<br /> | commander2 = Rana Bhim Singh{{KIA}}<br /> | casualties1 = Unknown<br /> | casualties2 = Unknown<br /> | image = Gwalior_Fort_front.jpg<br /> | caption = <br /> }}<br /> The '''Battle of Gwalior''' took place between the [[Marathas|Maratha Empire]] and the [[Kingdom of Gohad]] between 1754 and 1755. The Marathas were ultimately victorious and defeated the forces of Gohad.<br /> <br /> ==Background== <br /> While Marathas were busy in [[Battle of Kumher]] the Jat Ruler of Gohad recovered his territory and captured Gwalior fort, taking advantage of absence of main Maratha army. [[Raghunathrao]] dispatched Vitthal Sadashiv Vinchulkar, on his arrival Rana Bhim Singh fled to Gwalior fort and locked himself in.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Andhare |first=B. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qWYeAAAAMAAJ |title=Bundelkhand Under the Marathas, 1720-1818 A.D.: A Study of Maratha-Bundela Relations |date=1984 |publisher=Vishwa Bharati Prakashan |pages=94–98 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=RP1&gt;{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Raj Pal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TKhuAAAAMAAJ |title=Rise of the Jat Power |date=1988 |publisher=Harman Publishing House |isbn=978-81-85151-05-2 |pages=87–93 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Battle==<br /> Vitthal Sadashiv Vinchulkar defeated and cut the Jat Army, reaching the house of Rana Bhim Singh. Rana refused to surrender, but finally was defeated and beheaded.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Raj Pal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TKhuAAAAMAAJ |title=Rise of the Jat Power |date=1988 |publisher=Harman Publishing House |isbn=978-81-85151-05-2 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> ==Aftermath==<br /> Marathas captured the fort of Gwalior and Nanasahehb build tomb of Rana Bhim Singh there. The fort was recaptured by his son in 1761 but was then again captured by [[Mahadji Scindia|Mahadji Shinde]] in 1765.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Battles involving the Maratha Empire]]<br /> [[Category:1754 in India]]<br /> [[Category:1755 in India]]<br /> [[Category:Battles involving the Jats]]</div>

MyronMccreary8 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Hindus&diff=539439 2026-04-09T20:24:02Z

<p>MyronMccreary8: </p> <hr /> <div>{{refimprove|date=December 2017}}<br /> {{Short description|Members of the Tamil ethnolinguistic group who adhere to Hinduism}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox religious group<br /> | group = Tamil Hindus<br /> &lt;br/&gt; தமிழ் இந்துக்கள்{{br}}&lt;small&gt;''Tamiḻ intukkaḷ''&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | flag = Tamil Om.svg<br /> | flag_caption = [[Tamils|Tamil]] [[Aum]] symbol.<br /> | image = Ganesh Paris 2004 DSC08471.JPG<br /> | image_caption = Celebrations of [[Murugan]] by [[Tamils in France|French Tamils]] in [[Paris]].<br /> | poptime = <br /> | languages = '''Majority'''&lt;br/&gt;[[Tamil language|Tamil]]&lt;br/&gt;<br /> '''Sacred'''&lt;br/&gt;[[Old Tamil]] and [[Sanskrit]]<br /> | rels = '''[[Hinduism]]'''&lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Shaivism]], [[Vaishnavism]], [[Shaktism]], [[Ayyavazhi]]. <br /> }}<br /> {{Tamils}}<br /> {{Hinduism}} <br /> '''Tamil Hindus''' ({{Langx|ta|தமிழ் இந்துக்கள்}}) are the [[Tamil language|Tamil-speaking]] people who follow [[Hinduism]]. <br /> <br /> Hinduism was the first religion to reach the ancient Tamil kingdoms. Tamil Nadu is home to one of the largest functioning Hindu temples in the world. Tamil influence was one of the contributing factors in survival of [[Hinduism in Sri Lanka]] and its spreading in [[South East Asia]]. Before the [[Vedic period]], many of them followed the ancient [[Dravidian folk religion]]. The Hinduism practiced by Tamils today is a fusion of Vedic and Dravidian traditions. There are notable population of Tamil Hindus in [[Sri Lanka]] and in [[States and union territories of India|Indian states]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], with small populations in [[Kerala]] and [[Karnataka]]. Though they are present in many countries as diaspora. During the [[Sri Lankan Civil War]], many Tamils emigrated and Hindu temples were built abroad by the [[Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora]] to maintain their religion, tradition and culture.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Bradley|first=Mark|date=2018|title=Sri Lankan Tamil Hindus and other Tamis in the Montréal diaspora|url=https://core.ac.uk/display/162675443|language=en-gb |journal=The South Asianist |volume=6 |number=1 |pages=98–119 |issn=2050-487X}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|98}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2019-12-28|title=Success story of a 'victim diaspora'|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/success-story-of-a-victim-diaspora/article30415963.ece|access-date=2021-05-27|issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Religion ==<br /> [[Perumal (deity)|Perumal]] ({{langx|ta|பெருமாள் |translit=Perumāl}})&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ramachandran |first=Nalini |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-AtBEAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=perumal+god+great+one&amp;pg=PT113 |title=Gods, Giants and the Geography of India |date=2021-09-03 |publisher=Hachette UK |isbn=978-93-91028-27-5 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; or '''Tirumal''' ({{langx|ta|திருமால்|translit=Tirumāl}} {{Pronunciation|Ta-திருமால்.ogg}}) is a [[Hindu deities|Hindu deity]] and considered the most worshiped god in the [[Sangam literature]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Tieken |first=Herman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XyNXEAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Tirum%C4%81l&amp;pg=PA186 |title=Kāvya in South India: Old Tamil Caṅkam Poetry |date=2021-12-28 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-48609-6 |pages=186 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Perumal is worshipped mainly among Tamil Hindus of [[South India]] and its [[Tamil diaspora|diaspora]], who consider [[Vishnu|Perumal]] to be a form of [[Vishnu]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qplaAAAAcAAJ&amp;dq=perumal+tamil+name++vishnu&amp;pg=PA532 |title=Cyclopaedia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia, Commercial, Industrial and Scientific: Products of the Mineral, Vegetable and Animal Kingdoms, Useful Arts and Manufactures. Ed. by Edward Balfour |date=1873 |publisher=[Dr.:] Scottish and Adelphi Press |pages=532 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam]] one of the temples dedicated to Perumal and is often listed as one of the largest functioning [[Hindu temple]] in the world.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Vater |first=Tom |title=Moon Spotlight Angkor Wat|year=2010 |publisher=Perseus Books Group |location=USA |isbn=978-1-59880-561-1 |page=40}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Jones |first=Victoria |title=Wonders of the World Dot-to-Dot|year=2004 |publisher=Sterling Publishing |location=New York |isbn=1-4027-1028-3 |page=4}}&lt;/ref&gt; The temple is an active Hindu house of worship and follows the [[Thenkalai|Tenkalai]] tradition of [[Sri Vaishnavism]] of Hindus. There are many more temples for [[Maha Vishnu]] located in Tamil Nadu. Most of the 108 [[Divya Desams]] and 108 [[Abhimana Kshethram]]s of [[Lord Vishnu]]. [[Murugan]] is also one of the important gods and is considered by many to be the patron god of the [[Tamil language]] and [[Tamil people]]. There are a lot of temples dedicated to [[Murugan]] in [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Sri Lanka]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/tracing-the-roots-of-the-tamil-god/article6808508.ece |title=Tracing the roots of the Tamil God|work=The Hindu|date=21 January 2015|last1=Shrikumar|first1=A.}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Six Abodes of Murugan]] in Tamil Nadu are considered to be the most sacred abodes of Murugan and was mentioned in ancient [[Sangam literature]]. Most of the Tamil Hindus are followers of the [[Shaiva Siddhanta]] branch of [[Shaivism]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ishimatsu|first=Ginette|date=1999-10-01|title=The making of Tamil Shaiva Siddhānta|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/006996679903300304|journal=Contributions to Indian Sociology|language=en|volume=33|issue=3|pages=571–579|doi=10.1177/006996679903300304|s2cid=144541494 |issn=0069-9667|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Vaishnavism]], and [[Shaktism]].{{Sfn|Venkatesan|2014}} Many [[Tamils]] of rural regions have their [[Village deities of South India|village deities]], and earlier had been followers of the [[Dravidian folk religion]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Valk|first1=Ülo|last2=Lourdusamy|first2=S.|date=2007|title=Village Deities of Tamil Nadu in Myths and Legends: The Narrated Experience|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/30030456|journal=Asian Folklore Studies|volume=66|issue=1/2|pages=179–199|jstor=30030456 |issn=0385-2342}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Other Tamil deities includes Ayyanar, Karuppar, Muniyaiya, Mariamman.<br /> <br /> == Culture ==<br /> {{Main|Tamil culture}}<br /> <br /> === Festivals ===<br /> <br /> Thaipusam or Thaipoosam is the festival of the Tamil Hindus which falls on the full moon in the Tamil month of Thai. The festival is celebrated by Tamil Hindus in various countries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://murugan.org/research/duraiswamy-vaikasi-visakam.htm |title=Vaikasi Visakam and Lord Murukan LALALALA|publisher=Murugan.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Cuisine ===<br /> {{Main|Tamil cuisine}}<br /> Most of the [[Tamil cuisine]] is directly influenced by the [[Hindu culture]], though there is a mixture of both a [[Vegetarianism|vegetarian]] and a [[non-vegetarian]] diet. Most of it has its influence of [[South India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2016-07-03|title=Amma canteen: Where an Indian meal costs only seven cents|language=en-GB|work=[[BBC News]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-36659670|access-date=2021-09-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; On special occasions, traditional Tamil dishes are served in a traditional manner, using banana leaves in place of utensils. After eating, the banana leaves are then used as a secondary food for cattle. A typical breakfast meal consists of [[idli]] or [[Dosa (food)|dosa]] with chutney. Lunch includes rice, [[Sambar (dish)|sambar]], [[Curd]], [[kuzhambu]], and [[Rasam (dish)|rasam]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tamil Cuisine - Tamil Food|url=https://tamilnation.org/culture/cuisine/cuisine.htm|access-date=2021-09-09|website=tamilnation.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=11 Best Tamil Recipes|url=https://food.ndtv.com/lists/10-best-tamil-recipes-1231500|access-date=2021-09-09|website=NDTV Food|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Though many of them consume non-vegetarian, but not [[beef]] due to religious prohibition.{{Sfn|Venkatesan|2014}}<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> {{Div col}}<br /> * [[Tamil Jain]]<br /> * [[Tamil Muslim]]<br /> * [[List of Tamil people]]<br /> {{Div col end}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Sources==<br /> * {{Cite encyclopedia|year=2014|title=Tamils: Hinduism|encyclopedia=[[Oxford Bibliographies Online]]|url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195399318/obo-9780195399318-0049.xml|last=Venkatesan|first=Archana|doi=10.1093/OBO/9780195399318-0049|url-access=subscription}}<br /> <br /> {{Portal|Hinduism|Tamils}}<br /> <br /> {{Hinduism in India by region}}<br /> [[Category:Social groups of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Hindus| Tamil]]<br /> [[Category:Hindu ethnic groups]]<br /> [[Category:Hindu communities]]</div>

MyronMccreary8 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saroj_Khan&diff=533264 2026-03-30T06:17:47Z

<p>MyronMccreary8: entry</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian dancer and choreographer (1948–2020)}}<br /> {{Fan POV|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2013}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Saroj Khan <br /> | image = Saroj Khan in March 2020 (cropped).jpg<br /> | caption = Khan in 2020<br /> | image_size = <br /> | birth_name = Saroj Kishanchand Sadhu Singh Nagpal<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1948|11|22}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Bombay State]], India<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|2020|7|03|1948|11|22|df=y}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.mumbailive.com/en/bollywood/bollywood-famous-choreographer-saroj-khan-passes-away-52236/ | title=Renowned Choreographer Saroj Khan Passes Away Due To Cardiac Arrest | publisher=Mumbai Live | date=3 July 2020 | access-date=3 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India<br /> | occupation = Choreographer<br /> | years_active = 1958–2020<br /> | spouse = {{plainlist|<br /> *{{marriage|[[B. Sohanlal]]|1961|1965|end=separated}}<br /> *{{marriage|Sardar Roshan Khan|1975}}<br /> }}<br /> | children = 4<br /> | website = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Saroj Khan''' (born '''Saroj Kishanchand Sadhu Singh Nagpal'''; 22 November 1948&amp;nbsp;– 3 July 2020)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/saroj-khan-dead-6473463/ | title=Choreographer Saroj Khan passes away | work=The Indian Express| date=3 July 2020 | access-date=3 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; was an Indian dance [[Choreography (dance)|choreographer]] in [[Bollywood|Hindi cinema]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/saroj-khan-passes-away/articleshow/76761141.cms | title=Ace choreographer Saroj Khan passes away due to cardiac arrest in Mumbai | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=3 July 2020 | access-date=3 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; She was best known for the dance form [[mujra]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Madhuri to break into mujra only once when Varun enters kotha in Kalank, Saroj Khan gives spoilers|url=https://english.newsnationtv.com/entertainment/bollywood/madhuri-to-break-into-mujra-only-once-when-varun-enters-kotha-in-kalank-saroj-khan-gives-spoilers-218542.html|access-date=2020-07-21|website=News Nation English|date=24 August 2018 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Natasha Coutinho|date=Aug 24, 2018|title=Madhuri Dixit, Saroj Khan reunite for a mujra|url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/madhuri-dixit-saroj-khan-reunite-for-a-mujra/articleshow/65523544.cms|access-date=2020-07-21|website=Pune Mirror|language=en|archive-date=21 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721055652/https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/madhuri-dixit-saroj-khan-reunite-for-a-mujra/articleshow/65523544.cms|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-08-24|title=Kalank: Madhuri Dixit's mujra song to be choreographed by Remo and Saroj Khan|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/240818/kalank-madhuri-dixit-mujra-song-choreographed-by-remo-and-saroj-khan.html|access-date=2020-07-21|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Desk|first=India com Viral News|date=2020-07-03|title='Mother of Dance': Netizens Mourn the Demise of Choreographer Saroj Khan, Say 'Another Legend Gone'|url=https://www.india.com/viral/mother-of-dance-netizens-mourn-the-demise-of-bollywood-choreographer-saroj-khan-say-another-legend-gone-4074112/|access-date=2020-07-05|website=India News, Breaking News, Entertainment News {{!}} India.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Desk|first=India com Viral News|date=2020-07-05|title=Amul India Pays Doodle Tribute to 'Mother of Dance/Choreography in India' Saroj Khan|url=https://www.india.com/viral/amul-india-pays-doodle-tribute-to-mother-of-dance-choreography-in-india-saroj-khan-4076092/|access-date=2020-07-05|website=India News, Breaking News, Entertainment News {{!}} India.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the first woman choreographer in Bollywood.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Bhagat|first=Shalini Venugopal|date=2020-07-03|title=Saroj Khan, Choreographer Who Made Bollywood Sparkle, Dies at 71|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/03/world/asia/saroj-khan-dead.html|access-date=2020-07-07|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt; With a career spanning over forty years, she choreographed over 3000 songs and received several accolades, including four [[National Film Awards]] and [[List of Filmfare Award records#Most awards for Best Choreography|record]] eight [[Filmfare Awards]] for [[Filmfare Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]].<br /> <br /> ==Personal life==<br /> She was born Nirmala Nagpal. Her parents, Kishanchand Sadhu Singh and Noni Singh, migrated to India after [[partition of India]]. She started her career as a child artist at the age of three with the film ''Nazarana'' as baby Shyama,&lt;ref name=&quot;Encyc&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=Gulzar|author2=Govind Nihalani |author3=Saibal Chatterjee |title=Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC&amp;pg=PT597|access-date=13 June 2013|year=2003|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7991-066-5|pages=573}}&lt;/ref&gt; and was a [[background dancer]] in the late 1950s. She learnt dance while working under film choreographer [[B. Sohanlal]], who she married at the age of 13 while he was 43 years and was already married with 4 children which she did not know at the time of marriage.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.orissapost.com/birthday-girl-saroj-khan-married-a-43-year-old-man-at-the-age-of-13/ | title=Birthday girl Saroj Khan married a 43-year-old man at the age of 13 | work=Orissa Post| date=22 November 2019 | access-date=3 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> After having three children (including one that died as an infant),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/hindi/when-saroj-khan-buried-her-eight-month-old-daughter-and-went-to-shoot-for-dum-maro-dum-song-hours-later/videoshow/76806182.cms|title=When Saroj Khan buried her eight-month-old daughter and went to shoot for 'Dum Maro Dum' song hours later|website=The Times of India|access-date=23 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; the couple separated; after their separation, she married businessman Sardar Roshan Khan in 1975 and changed her name after converting to Islam. The couple have one child together: a daughter, Sukaina Khan, who is known to run a dance institute in [[Dubai]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/movies/saroj-khan-death-her-original-name-was-nirmala-nagpal-first-marriage-at-the-age-of-13-heres-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-late-choreographer-1276595| title=Saroj Khan Death: Her Original Name Was Nirmala Nagpal, First Marriage at the Age of 13, Here's All You Need To Know About The Late Choreographer! | publisher=Abp News | date=3 July 2020 | access-date=3 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Khan moved to choreography, first as an assistant choreographer and later getting her break as an independent choreographer, with actress [[Sadhana Shivdasani|Sadhana]]'S ''[[Geeta Mera Naam]]'' (1974). However, she had to wait many years to receive acclaim, which came with her work with [[Sridevi]]; their songs together such as ''Hawa Hawai'' in ''[[Mr. India (1987 film)|Mr India]]'' (1987), ''Main Teri Dushman, Dushman Tu Mera'' in ''[[Nagina (1986 film)|Nagina]]'' (1986) and ''Mere Haathon Mein'' in ''[[Chandni (1989 film)|Chandni]]'' (1989), and later her collaborations with [[Madhuri Dixit]], starting with the hit &quot;[[Ek Do Teen (song)|Ek Do Teen]]&quot; in ''[[Tezaab]]'' (1988), ''[[Thanedaar#Tamma Tamma Loge|Tamma Tamma Loge]]'' in ''[[Thanedaar]]'' (1990)&lt;ref name=&quot;times.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = 'Tamma tamma loge' got okayed in the 48th take: Saroj Khan| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Tamma-tamma-loge-got-okayed-in-the-48th-take-Saroj-Khan/articleshow/20221574.cms | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130923072259/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-23/news-interviews/39474489_1_saroj-khan-sanjay-dutt-madhuri-dixit-nene | url-status = live | archive-date = 23 September 2013 | date =23 May 2013 | work = [[The Times of India]]| access-date = 13 June 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and ''Dhak Dhak Karne Laga'' in ''[[Beta (film)|Beta]]'' (1992) are hailed as iconic Bollywood dance numbers. Thereafter, she went on to become one of the most successful Bollywood choreographers.&lt;ref name=&quot;Encyc&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;tribune12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |author = Shoma A. Chatterji | title =Diva of Dance| url = http://www.tribuneindia.com/2012/20121028/spectrum/main2.htm | work =The Tribune | date =28 October 2012 | access-date = 13 June 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2014, Khan worked with Madhuri Dixit again in ''[[Gulaab Gang]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;times&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = Madhuri is still superb: Saroj Khan | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Madhuri-is-still-superb-Saroj-Khan/articleshow/20198605.cms | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130611032630/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-22/news-interviews/39444524_1_indian-dance-saroj-khan-choreographer | url-status = live | archive-date = 11 June 2013 | date =22 May 2013 | work = [[The Times of India]] | access-date = 13 June 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; She was on the advisory board of Rishihood University.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://rishihood.edu.in/board-of-advisors/|title=Board of Advisors|publisher=Rishihood University|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-19|archive-date=25 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200525165339/https://rishihood.edu.in/board-of-advisors/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Television appearances===<br /> Saroj Khan appeared on a reality dance show as a member of the jury in the first season of ''[[Nach Baliye]]'', which aired on [[STAR One]] along with two other judges. She also appeared in the second season of the same show. She has recently been a judge for the show ''Ustaadon Ka Ustaad'', which is aired on [[Sony Entertainment Television (India)]]. She appeared on the 2008 show ''[[Nachle Ve with Saroj Khan]]'', which was aired on [[NDTV Imagine]]. She choreographed for this show. She appeared on Sony's ''[[Boogie Woogie (Indian TV series)|Boogie Woogie]]'' from December 2008 as one of the judges, along with [[Javed Jaffrey]], [[Naved Jaffrey]] and [[Ravi Behl]]. She was a judge on the third season of a popular show – ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa]]'', which began on 27 February 2009 and was aired on [[Sony Entertainment Television (India)]] alongside former ''[[Nach Baliye]]'' judge [[Vaibhavi Merchant]] and actress [[Juhi Chawla]].{{citation needed|date=July 2020}} She also judged the dance reality show ''[[Nachle Ve with Saroj Khan]]''.<br /> <br /> In 2012, ''The Saroj Khan Story'', a documentary produced by PSBT and [[Films Division of India]] and directed by Nidhi Tuli was released.&lt;ref name=&quot;exp&quot;&gt;{{Cite news | title = She's the Dancing Queen | url = http://www.indianexpress.com/news/she-s-the-dancing-queen/931031/0 | work =The Indian Express| date = 1 April 2012 | access-date = 13 June 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mid-day&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |title = The real 'Dhak Dhak' girl | url = http://www.mid-day.com/lifestyle/2012/jun/150612-Mumbai-Guide-The-real-Dhak-Dhak-girl.htm | publisher = MiD DAY | date = 15 June 2012 | access-date = 13 June 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> She appeared in ''[[Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah]]'' as a judge in a dance competition.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.movietalkies.com/news/saroj-khan-to-appear-in-taarak-mehta-ka-ooltah-chasmah/|title=Saroj Khan To Appear In 'Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chasmah'|website=Movie Talkies|date=2 April 2012 |language=en|access-date=2020-01-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> She won three [[National Film Awards]] and eight [[Filmfare Awards]], the most recognition of any choreographer.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Her son Raju Khan is a choreographer and producer.<br /> <br /> == Death ==<br /> Khan was admitted to Guru Nanak Hospital at Bandra, [[Mumbai]] on 17 June 2020, because of breathing difficulties, and died of [[cardiac arrest]] on 3 July 2020 at the age of 71.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Choreographer Saroj Khan passes away |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/saroj-khan-dead-6473463/ |place=New Delhi |date=3 July 2020 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=3 July 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Selected filmography==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Film<br /> !Notes<br /> !Ref.<br /> |-<br /> | 2026<br /> | ''[[Hum Mein Shahenshah Koun]]'' <br /> | Posthumous release <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2019<br /> |''[[Kalank]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Manikarnika: The Queen of Jhansi]]  ''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2016<br /> |''[[Byomkesh Pawrbo]]''<br /> |Bengali<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2015<br /> |''[[Tanu Weds Manu Returns]]  ''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2014<br /> |''[[Gulaab Gang]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Kochadaiiyaan]]  ''<br /> |Tamil<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2013<br /> |''[[ABCD: Any Body Can Dance]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2012<br /> |''[[Rowdy Rathore]]'' <br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Agent Vinod (2012 film)|Agent Vinod]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2010<br /> |''[[Khatta Meetha (2010 film)|Khatta Meetha]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2009<br /> |''[[Life Partner]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Love Aaj Kal (2009 film)|Love Aaj Kal]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Delhi-6]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |2007<br /> |''[[Jab We Met]]''<br /> |Won the National Film Award for Best Choreography<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Namastey London]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Guru (2007 film)|Guru]]''<br /> |Won the Filmfare Award for Best Choreography<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Goal (2007 Hindi film)|Dhan Dhana Dhan Goal]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Saawariya]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Sringaram]]  ''<br /> |Won the National Film Award for Best Choreography<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2006<br /> |''[[Don (2006 Hindi film)|Don - The Chase Begins Again]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Fanaa (2006 film)|Fanaa]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2005<br /> |''[[Mangal Pandey: The Rising]]  ''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2004<br /> |''[[Veer-Zaara]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Swades]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Kuch Naa Kaho]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2003<br /> |''[[Dhund (2003 film)|Dhund: The Fog]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2002<br /> |''[[Saathiya (film)|Saathiya]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Devdas (2002 Hindi film)|Devdas]]''<br /> |Won the Filmfare Award for Best Choreography &amp; National Film Award<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2001<br /> |''[[Lagaan|Lagaan: Once Upon a Time in India]]  ''<br /> |Won the Filmfare Award for Best Choreography<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Hum Ho Gaye Aapke]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2000<br /> |''[[Fiza]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1999<br /> |''[[Taal (film)|Taal]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam]]''<br /> |Won the Filmfare Award for Best Choreography &amp; American Choreography Award<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |1998<br /> |''[[Soldier (1998 Indian film)|Soldier]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Vinashak|Vinashak - Destroyer]]  ''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Choodalani Vundi]]  ''<br /> |Telugu <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |1997<br /> |''[[Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Pardes (1997 film)|Pardes]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Iruvar]]''<br /> |Tamil<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1996<br /> |''[[Khamoshi: The Musical]]  ''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |1995<br /> |''[[Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge]]  ''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Raja (1995 film)|Raja]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Yaraana (1995 film)|Yaraana]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |1994<br /> |''[[Hum Hain Bemisaal]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Mohra]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Anjaam]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |1993<br /> |''[[Baazigar]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Anmol]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Tholi Muddu|Tholi Muddhu]]''<br /> |Telugu<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Aaina (1993 film)|Aaina]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Khal Nayak|Khalnayak]]  ''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Darr]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1992<br /> |''[[Beta (film)|Beta]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Vishwatma]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |1990<br /> |''[[Awaargi]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Thanedaar]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Sailaab (1990 film)|Sailaab]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |1989<br /> |''[[Chandni (1989 film)|Chandni]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[ChaalBaaz|Chaalbaaz]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Nigahen: Nagina Part II]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1988<br /> |''[[Tezaab]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |1987<br /> |''[[Kizhakku Africavil Sheela]]''<br /> |Tamil<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Mr. India (1987 film)|Mr. India]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Hifazat (1987 film)|Hifazat]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1986<br /> |''[[Nagina (1986 film)|Nagina]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1983<br /> |''[[Hero (1983 film)|Hero]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Thai Veedu]]''<br /> |Tamil<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1974<br /> |''[[Geetaa Mera Naam|Geeta Mera Naam]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1970<br /> |''[[Dupatta (1970 film)|Dupatta]]''<br /> |as stage dancer (Punjabi Movie)<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> ;As writer<br /> {{div col|colwidth=30em}}<br /> * ''[[Veeru Dada]]'' (1990)<br /> * ''[[Khiladi (1992 film)|Khiladi]]'' (1992)<br /> * ''[[Hum Hain Bemisaal]]'' (1994)<br /> * ''[[Nazar Ke Samne]]'' (1995)<br /> * ''[[Chhote Sarkar (1996 film)|Chhote Sarkar]]'' (1996)<br /> * ''[[Dil Tera Diwana (1996 film)|Dil Tera Diwana]]'' (1996)<br /> * ''[[Daava]]'' (1997)<br /> * ''[[Judge Mujrim]]'' (1997)<br /> * ''[[Bhai Bhai (1997 film)|Bhai Bhai]]'' (1997)<br /> * ''[[Hote Hote Pyar Ho Gaya]]'' (1999)<br /> * ''[[Benaam (1999 film)|Benaam]]'' (1999)<br /> * ''[[Khanjar: The Knife|Khanjar]]'' (2003)<br /> {{div col end}}<br /> <br /> ==Awards and recognitions==<br /> [[File:The President Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam presenting the Best Choreography Award for the year 2002 to SAROJ KHAN for the number 'Dola re Dola' in 'Devdas' for her creation of captivating dance movements to reflect the spirit of the.jpg|thumb|Khan receiving the [[National Film Award for Best Choreography]] for ''[[Dola Re Dola]]'' by President [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] in December 2003.]]<br /> <br /> Khan was the recipient of the most [[National Film Award for Best Choreography|National Film Awards for Best Choreography]] with three wins.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Desk|first=India com Entertainment|date=2020-07-03|title=Saroj Khan Passes Away at 71: Here's a List of Her Best-Choreographed Songs of The Dance Maestro|url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/saroj-khan-passes-away-at-71-heres-a-list-of-her-best-choreographed-songs-of-the-dance-maestro-4074024/|access-date=2020-07-03|website=India News, Breaking News, Entertainment News {{!}} India.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Khan was the first recipient of the [[Filmfare Award for Best Choreography]]. Filmfare instituted this award after watching the excellent choreography and audience response in Khan's song &quot;Ek Do Teen&quot; from ''[[Tezaab]]''. Khan went on to have a hattrick at the Filmfare Awards winning consistently for 3 years from 1989 to 1991. She also held the record for winning the most Filmfare Awards for Best Choreography, winning 8.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-07-03 |title=A look at veteran choreographer Saroj Khan's list of awards and honours |url=https://zeenews.india.com/people/a-look-at-veteran-choreographer-saroj-khans-list-of-awards-and-honours-2293285.html |access-date=2020-07-03 |website=Zee News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ''The Saroj Khan Story'' is a 2012 Indian [[documentary film]] on Khan's life directed by Nidhi Tuli and produced by [[Public Service Broadcasting Trust]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Movie review |url=http://www.psbt.org/screening/movie_review/427 |website=psbt.org |access-date=27 May 2021 |archive-date=11 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120411120339/http://www.psbt.org/screening/movie_review/427 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === [[National Film Awards]] ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Film<br /> !Nominated work<br /> !Category<br /> !Result<br /> !Ref.<br /> |-<br /> |2003<br /> |''[[Devdas (2002 Hindi film)|Devdas]]''<br /> |&quot;[[Dola Re Dola]]&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[National Film Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]]<br /> |{{Won}}<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;50thawardPDF&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/50nfa.pdf|title=50th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=14 March 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2006<br /> |''[[Sringaram]]''<br /> |All songs<br /> |{{Won}}<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;53rdawardPDF&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/53rd_nff_2006.pdf|title=53rd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=19 March 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2008<br /> |''[[Jab We Met]]''<br /> |&quot;Yeh Ishq Haaye&quot;<br /> |{{Won}}<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;55thawardPDF&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/55th_nff_2007.pdf|title=55th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=26 March 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> '''[[Filmfare Awards]]'''<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+<br /> !Year<br /> !Film<br /> !Nominated work<br /> !Category<br /> !Result<br /> !Ref.<br /> |-<br /> |1989<br /> |''[[Tezaab]]''<br /> |&quot;[[Ek Do Teen (song)|Ek Do Teen]]&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;8&quot; |[[Filmfare Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]]<br /> |{{Won}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1990<br /> |''[[ChaalBaaz]]''<br /> |&quot;Na Jaane Kahan Se&quot;<br /> |{{Won}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1991<br /> |''[[Sailaab (1990 film)|Sailaab]]''<br /> |&quot;[[Humko Aaj Kal Hai Intezaar]]&quot;<br /> |{{Won}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1993<br /> |''[[Beta (film)|Beta]]''<br /> |&quot;Dhak Dhak Karne Laga&quot;<br /> |{{Won}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1994<br /> |''[[Khalnayak]]''<br /> |&quot;Choli Ke Peeche&quot;<br /> |{{Won}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2000<br /> |''[[Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam]]''<br /> |&quot;Nimbooda Nimbooda&quot;<br /> |{{Won}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2003<br /> |''[[Devdas (2002 Hindi film)|Devdas]]''<br /> |&quot;[[Dola Re Dola]]&quot;<br /> |{{Won}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2008<br /> |''[[Guru (2007 film)|Guru]]''<br /> |&quot;[[Barso Re]]&quot;<br /> |{{Won}}<br /> |}<br /> '''[[IIFA Awards]]'''<br /> * 2000 – [[IIFA Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]]: ''[[Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam]]'' for the song &quot;Nimbooda Nimbooda&quot; <br /> * 2003 – Best Choreography: ''[[Devdas (2002 Hindi film)|Devdas]]'' for the song &quot;[[Dola Re Dola]]&quot;<br /> * 2019 – [[IIFA Lifetime Achievement Award|Lifetime Achievement Award]]<br /> '''[[Zee Cine Awards]]'''<br /> * 2003 – [[Zee Cine Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]]: ''[[Devdas (2002 Hindi film)|Devdas]]'' for the song &quot;[[Dola Re Dola]]&quot;<br /> <br /> '''[[American Choreography Awards]]'''<br /> * 2002 – Outstanding Achievement in Feature Film: ''[[Lagaan: Once Upon a Time in India]]'' (2001)<br /> <br /> '''[[Nandi Awards]]'''<br /> * 1998 – Nandi Award for Best Choreographer: ''[[Choodalani Vundi]]''<br /> <br /> '''Kalakar Awards'''<br /> * 2011 – 19th Annual Kalakar Achiever Award for Outstanding Contribution in Dance Choreography<br /> <br /> == Controversies ==<br /> In October 2014, Khan reportedly got upset after being parodied in ''[[Happy New Year (2014 film)|Happy New Year]]''.&lt;ref&gt;Subhash K Jha (28 October 2014) [http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-saroj-khan-angry-after-being-spoofed-in-happy-new-year-2029629 Saroj Khan angry after being spoofed in Happy New Year]. DNA India&lt;/ref&gt; The spoof character was played by [[Kiku Sharda]]. [[Farah Khan]] denied having spoofed Saroj. Farah had earlier allegedly spoofed [[Manoj Kumar]] in her 2007 film ''[[Om Shanti Om]]''.&lt;ref&gt;[http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/i-have-not-spoofed-saroj-khan-in-happy-new-year-farah-khan/ I have not spoofed Saroj Khan in ‘Happy New Year': Farah Khan]. ''The Indian Express''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/farah-khan-we-have-not-shown-saroj-khan-in-happy-new-year-225152-2014-10-30 Farah Khan: We haven't shown Saroj Khan in Happy New Year]. India Today&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In April 2018, Khan made statements defending the practice of [[casting couch]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-04-24|title=Saroj Khan defends casting couch in Bollywood, says it at least provides livelihood|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/saroj-khan-casting-couch-5149516/|access-date=2020-07-21|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; stating that the film industry provides people employment and &quot;doesn't [[rape]] and abandon&quot; them. Following an online backlash, she apologised for her comments.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Goyal|first=Divya|date=24 April 2018|title=Saroj Khan's Shocker on Casting Couch: At Least Film Industry Gives Work, Doesn't Rape And Abandon|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/saroj-khans-shocker-on-casting-couch-its-age-old-at-least-film-industry-gives-work-1841832|access-date=3 July 2020|publisher=[[NDTV]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Indian women in dance]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Commons category}}<br /> * {{Bollywood Hungama person|saroj-khan}}<br /> * {{IMDb name|0451314}}<br /> <br /> {{National Film Award Best Choreography}}<br /> {{FilmfareAwardBestChoreographer}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Saroj}}<br /> [[Category:1948 births]]<br /> [[Category:2020 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian women artists]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian dancers]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian women artists]]<br /> [[Category:Best Choreography National Film Award winners]]<br /> [[Category:Dancers from Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]<br /> [[Category:Indian choreographers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian female dancers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian film choreographers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian women choreographers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Sindhi people]]<br /> [[Category:Women artists from Maharashtra]]</div>

MyronMccreary8 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghimniye&diff=500404 2026-03-24T22:42:03Z

<p>MyronMccreary8: Adding details</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Ghimniye<br /> | native_name =<br /> | native_name_lang =<br /> | settlement_type = village<br /> | image_skyline =<br /> | image_alt =<br /> | image_caption =<br /> | etymology =<br /> | pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India<br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|20.1764881|N|72.8253754|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | coordinates_footnotes =<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = [[India]]<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Palghar district|Palghar]]<br /> | subdivision_type3 = [[Taluka]]<br /> | subdivision_name3 = [[Talasari]]<br /> | established_title =<br /> | established_date =<br /> | founder =<br /> | seat_type = [[Panchayat]]<br /> | seat =<br /> | leader_party =<br /> | leader_title =<br /> | leader_name =<br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_total_km2 =<br /> | elevation_m = 22<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_total = 3722<br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym =<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = &lt;!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --&gt;<br /> | postal_code =<br /> | area_code_type = &lt;!-- [[Telephone numbers in India|STD Code]] --&gt;<br /> | area_code =<br /> | blank_name_sec1 = [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] code<br /> | blank_info_sec1 = 551542<br /> | footnotes =<br /> }}<br /> '''Ghimniye''' is a village in the [[Palghar district]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. It is located in [[Talasari]] [[taluka]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |title=Maharashtra villages |publisher=Land Records Information Systems Division, NIC |accessdate=2015-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095320/http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Geography ==<br /> The village of Ghimniye is located in the state of Maharashtra in western India, and it is part of the rural areas situated on the Deccan Plateau. Administratively, it falls within one of the inland districts of the state, where small agricultural villages are widespread &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Maharashtra {{!}} Capital, Map, Population, &amp; Government {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Maharashtra |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260312004137/https://www.britannica.com/place/Maharashtra |archive-date=2026-03-12 |access-date=2026-03-24 |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.<br /> <br /> == Demographics ==<br /> <br /> According to the [[2011 census of India]], Ghimniye has 698 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 53.87%.&lt;ref name=&quot;census_2011&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |+ Demographics (2011 Census)&lt;ref name=&quot;census_2011&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-2721-F-Census.xlsx |title=District census data |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations |accessdate=2015-08-17 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002001310/http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-2721-F-Census.xlsx |archivedate=2015-10-02 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! !! Total !! Male !! Female<br /> |-<br /> | Population || 3722 || 1849 || 1873<br /> |-<br /> | Children aged below 6 years || 622 || 298 || 324<br /> |-<br /> | [[Scheduled caste]] || 6 || 5 || 1<br /> |-<br /> | [[Scheduled tribe]] || 3554 || 1738 || 1816<br /> |-<br /> | Literates || 1670 || 1000 || 670<br /> |-<br /> | Workers (all) || 1563 || 979 || 584<br /> |-<br /> | Main workers (total) || 1158 || 841 || 317<br /> |-<br /> | Main workers: Cultivators || 220 || 190 || 30<br /> |-<br /> | Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 82 || 53 || 29<br /> |-<br /> | Main workers: Household industry workers || 21 || 18 || 3<br /> |-<br /> | Main workers: Other || 835 || 580 || 255<br /> |-<br /> | Marginal workers (total) || 405 || 138 || 267<br /> |-<br /> | Marginal workers: Cultivators || 193 || 36 || 157<br /> |-<br /> | Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 67 || 30 || 37<br /> |-<br /> | Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 5 || 0 || 5<br /> |-<br /> | Marginal workers: Others || 140 || 72 || 68<br /> |-<br /> | Non-workers || 2159 || 870 || 1289<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Talasari taluka}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Villages in Talasari taluka]]</div>

MyronMccreary8 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ponmagal_Vandhal&diff=525871 2026-03-23T16:33:07Z

<p>MyronMccreary8: New Article</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|2020 film by J.J. Fedrick}}<br /> {{redirect|Ponmagal Vanthal|the TV series|Ponmagal Vanthal (TV series)}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | image = Ponmagal Vandhal.jpg<br /> | caption = Official release poster<br /> | director = J. J. Fredrick<br /> | producer = [[Suriya]]<br /> | writer = J. J. Fredrick<br /> | starring = [[Jyothika]]&lt;br /&gt;[[K. Bhagyaraj]]&lt;br /&gt;[[R. Parthiban]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Thiagarajan|Thiyagarajan]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Pratap Pothen|Pratap K. Pothan]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Pandiarajan|R. Pandiarajan]]<br /> | music = [[Govind Vasantha]]<br /> | cinematography = [[Ramji (cinematographer)|Ramji]]<br /> | editing = [[Ruben (film editor)|Ruben]]<br /> | studio = [[2D Entertainment]]<br /> | distributor = [[Amazon Prime Video]]<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=yes|2020|5|29}}<br /> | runtime = 120 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Tamil<br /> }}<br /> '''''Ponmagal Vandhal''''' ({{translation|The precious girl has arrived}}) is a 2020 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[legal drama]] film written and directed by J. J. Fredrick in his directorial debut, and produced by [[Suriya]] under his banner [[2D Entertainment]]. The film stars [[Jyothika]] leading an [[ensemble cast]] including [[R. Parthiban]], [[K. Bhagyaraj]], [[Thiagarajan|Thiyagarajan]], [[Pratap Pothen|Pratap K. Pothan]] and [[Pandiarajan]]. The film featured music composed by [[Govind Vasantha]], cinematography handled by [[Ramji (cinematographer)|Ramji]] and editing done by [[Ruben (film editor)|Ruben]]. It revolves around a rookie lawyer who leads to the reopening of a notorious 15-year-old case of a dead killer, alleged to have kidnapped and murdered young girls.<br /> <br /> ''Ponmagal Vandhal'' was filmed between July 2019 and January 2020. Initially scheduled for theatrical release on 27 March 2020, it was postponed indefinitely following the closure of theatres due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. The producers later planned for a [[direct-to-streaming]] release through [[Amazon Prime Video]]. Being Amazon's first Indian direct-to-streaming film and the first such Tamil film to be released on a streaming service following pandemic restrictions, the film began streaming from 29 May 2020 and received mixed reviews from critics. However, it became one of the most watched films of the year in streaming services,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Deeksha |date=14 December 2020 |title=The Most Watched Shows, Films on Streaming Platforms in 2020 |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/hot-on-web/what-india-watched-on-streaming-platforms-in-2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231130027/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/hot-on-web/what-india-watched-on-streaming-platforms-in-2020 |archive-date=31 December 2020 |access-date=28 July 2021 |website=[[The Quint]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Jyothika was nominated for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil]].<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> &lt;!-- Per WP:FILMPLOT, it must be less than 700 words --&gt;<br /> In 2004, a North Indian woman named 'Psycho' Jothi is convicted for the murder of 2 young men, Rohit and Diwakar, and the kidnapping and serial killing of numerous young girls, and is revealed to have been killed in an encounter when she attempted to escape. 15 years later, A resident in Ooty named 'Petition' Pethuraj reopens the case, citing that Jothi is innocent and he wishes to pose a defence for her. Venba, Pethuraj's daughter and an amateur lawyer, seeks to revive the case amidst oppositions. After proving that the main eyewitness, Ramar, who had testified against Jothi, was in Chennai at the time of the murder, and that he was merely a character fabricated by the investigating officer [[Deputy Superintendent of Police|DSP]] R. Alexander, Venba is successful in getting a second hearing. This leads to the public prosecutor being replaced with Rajarathinam, a renowned criminal lawyer appointed by a businessman Varadharajan, Rohit's father.<br /> <br /> Rajarathinam is successful in proving that Venba's claims that Ramar was an illegitimate witness is false by nullifying the alibi Venba had discovered. During the next hearing, Venba reveals that Jothi was not a North Indian immigrant, but was in fact a [[Tamils|Tamilian]] woman whose name was Sakthijothi. Sakthijothi had eloped with a man from a different caste and moved to [[Jaipur]] in the early 1990s, and as a result, her husband was murdered by her father and relatives in the name of [[Honor killing|honour killing]]. Venba asks Pethuraj to take the stand, who then testifies that a pregnant Sakthijothi had come to Ooty seeking refuge, and began to stay with Pethuraj and his wife Philomina. One day several years later, Pethuraj heard Sakthijothi's daughter's screams from the road outside the house, and witnessed Sakthijothi chasing after a car in which her daughter was being taken away, which is shown to have been Rohit and Diwakar's. Venba then shows another video footage of Jothi running with a young girl, saying that Jothi did not try to kidnap her, as the girl was Jothi's daughter, revealing that she is in fact Sakthijothi's daughter, Venba Sakthijothi. Upon confronting Varadharajan for hiding various details about the case, Rajarathinam is made to meet Alexander, who reveals several facts about the case that were never bought into light. It is revealed that Jothi had discovered the whereabouts of a dilapidated bungalow in [[Lovedale, India|Lovedale]], which is said to have been a hide-out for Rohit and Diwakar, who used to kidnap and rape young girls there. The corpse of a young girl was found buried outside the bungalow, who was later identified as Angel, a girl who had gone missing during a school convention.<br /> <br /> Venba claims that Alexander had committed [[perjury]] when he testified that he had arrested Jothi in [[Tiruppur]], revealing that the arrest was made by [[sub-inspector]] Suresh Pandian. However, when she requests to summon Suresh Pandian to testify in the next hearing, Rajarathinam reveals that Suresh Pandian had committed suicide the previous night owing to work-pressure. Venba and Pethuraj are at a loss as Suresh Pandian was the ace up their sleeve. After going through an emotional setback, Venba reveals in the next hearing that she was brutally raped by Rohit and Diwakar, going on to reveal that the conviction of Jothi and the death of Suresh Pandian was all a conspiracy by Varadharajan to save his son's and his own reputation, and that DSP Alexander and the entire investigation team were in on the plot, but says she cannot prove this. However, she receives immense support from the public after this, majority of who believe in Jothi's innocence. On the day of judgement, the judge has a change of heart and summons Varadharajan to be present at the next hearing to testify. However, the judge goes on to take a bribe from Varadharajan, promising a favourable verdict, an action which is looked down upon by the former's friend, Karpooram, who reprimands him.<br /> <br /> At the next hearing, Varadharajan takes the stand, and Venba openly accuses him of being a cutthroat criminal who has been building his reputation by silencing all those of who have raised their voice against him. The judge disallows Varadharajan to leave the courtroom until Venba's interrogation is complete, implying that he has reformed. Venba then introduces a witness who she says can confirm Varadharajan's presence at the tea factory where Jothi was shot dead, and disrespectfully asks Varadharajan why he was present there. Varadharajan then mocks the judicial system in anger, saying that they cannot convict him of anything. Venba then paints a picture of the entire crime that took place in 2004. After chasing the car in which Venba was kidnapped, a distraught Sakthijothi ran across the hamlet looking for her daughter, eventually discovering the bungalow outside which she finds Venba's clothes. She goes inside to find Venba struggling for life, and finds the corpse of another girl, who is revealed to have been Angel, who she then buries outside the bungalow. While attempting to make her way back home, she is intercepted by Rohit and Diwakar, and manages to get hold of Rohit's pistol, using which she shoots both of them dead. Despite Pethuraj's reservations, Sakthijothi hands Venba over to the couple, asking them to take care of her, and surrenders herself to Suresh Pandian. Upon Alexander's orders, an oblivious Suresh Pandian brings Sakthijothi to the tea factory, where she is shot dead by Varadharajan himself. Rajarathinam does not make a rebuttal, and Varadharajan is convicted.<br /> <br /> At a memorial service for Sakthijothi, Rajarathinam reveals to Venba that he is aware that she is not Sakthijothi's daughter, but the young girl Angel. It is revealed that upon arriving at the bungalow, Sakthijothi had found not Angel, but Venba to be dead. After burying her daughter's corpse, Sakthijothi had saved the distraught Angel and killed the 2 young men. Upon Rajarathinam questioning why she did so much for a woman she did not even know, Angel reveals that the pain that she and Sakthijothi suffered were the same and that she will continue to live on as Sakthijothi's daughter Venba.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> &lt;!--The actors and actresses are credited in this order:--&gt;<br /> {{cast listing|<br /> * [[Jyothika]] as Venba / Angel / Sakthijothi (imagination)<br /> **[[Akshara Kishor]] as young Venba<br /> * [[R. Parthiban]] as Rajarathnam<br /> * [[K. Bhagyaraj]] as 'Petition' Pethuraj<br /> * [[Thiagarajan|Thiyagarajan]] as Varatharajan<br /> * [[Pratap Pothen|Pratap K. Pothan]] as the Judge<br /> * [[Pandiarajan|R. Pandiarajan]] as Karpooram&lt;ref name=&quot;opening credits&quot;&gt;{{Cite AV media |title=Ponmagal Vandhal |date=29 May 2020 |type=Motion picture |language=ta |publisher=[[2D Entertainment]] |time=4:04 and continues to 7:15}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Subbu Panchu]] as [[Deputy superintendent of police|DSP]] R. Alexander&lt;ref name=&quot;opening credits&quot; /&gt;<br /> * [[Vinodhini Vaidyanathan]] as Venba's neighbour&lt;ref name=&quot;opening credits&quot; /&gt;<br /> * [[Akshara Kishor]] as young Venba&lt;ref name=&quot;opening credits&quot; /&gt;<br /> * [[Vidya Pradeep]] as Sakthi Jothi ('Psycho' Jyothi)&lt;ref name=&quot;opening credits&quot; /&gt; in Cameo Appearance<br /> * Gajaraj as Public Prosecutor&lt;ref name=&quot;opening credits&quot; /&gt;<br /> * [[Semmalar Annam|&lt;!-- don't delink --&gt;Semmalar Annam K]] as victim's mother&lt;ref name=&quot;opening credits&quot; /&gt;<br /> * [[Crane Manohar]] as tea shop owner&lt;ref name=&quot;opening credits&quot; /&gt;<br /> * &lt;!--Don't change his (TSR's) name as in the film, he is credited by his stage name, Donedone Star.--&gt;[[TSR Srinivasan|Donedone Star]] as Zamindar&lt;ref name=&quot;opening credits&quot; /&gt;<br /> * VJ Aashiq as Rajarathinam's assistant&lt;ref name=&quot;opening credits&quot; /&gt;<br /> * Stills Vijay&lt;ref name=&quot;opening credits&quot; /&gt;<br /> * [[Jeeva Ravi]] as Sub-Inspector Suresh Pandian<br /> * Baby Monica as young Angel&lt;ref name=&quot;closing credits&quot;&gt;{{Cite AV media |title=Ponmagal Vandhal |date=29 May 2020 |type=Motion picture |language=ta |publisher=[[2D Entertainment]] |time=2:00:35 and continues to 2:03:01}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Srilatha as Mrs. Suresh Pandian<br /> * Rindhu Ravi as Mrs. Philomina Pethuraj<br /> * [[Bijili Ramesh]] as courtroom watchman (Uncredited)&lt;ref name=&quot;opening credits&quot; /&gt;<br /> * Master Kamalesh as himself (cameo appearance in the song &quot;Pookalin Porvai&quot;)<br /> * [[Gowtham Sundararajan]] as a police officer (cameo appearance in the song &quot;Pookalin Porvai&quot;)<br /> * [[Suriya]] as narrator in at end of the film<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> In July 2019, actor [[Suriya]] announced his next production under his production company [[2D Entertainment]] is titled ''Ponmagal Vandhal'', which was derived from a song in ''[[Sorgam]]'' (1970).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=15 July 2019 |title=Jyotika's next film titled 'Ponmagal Vandhal' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/its-ponmagal-vandhal-for-jyotika/article28435445.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200505155649/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/its-ponmagal-vandhal-for-jyotika/article28435445.ece |archive-date=5 May 2020 |access-date=27 July 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film would star Suriya's wife [[Jyothika]] and be directed by J. J. Frederick in his directorial debut.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 July 2019 |title=Jyothika's next titled 'Pon Magal Vandhal', Suriya unveils title poster |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/jyothika-s-next-titled-pon-magal-vandhal-suriya-unveils-title-poster-105477 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715132131/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/jyothika-s-next-titled-pon-magal-vandhal-suriya-unveils-title-poster-105477 |archive-date=15 July 2019 |access-date=27 July 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 July 2019 |title=Jyotika's next with JJ Fredrick titled PonMagal Vandhal |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/jul/15/jyotikas-next-with-jj-fredrick-titled-ponmagal-vandhal-12961.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124113220/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/jul/15/jyotikas-next-with-jj-fredrick-titled-ponmagal-vandhal-12961.html |archive-date=24 November 2020 |access-date=27 July 2021 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Frederick, who was an alumnus in [[Loyola College, Chennai]]; directed two short films within a year, which opened to critical acclaim and he worked as an assistant to director [[I. Ahmed]] in the proposed project ''Idhayam Murali'', which did not happen.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 May 2020 |title=Jyotika is Ponmagal Vandhal's superhero: Director JJ Fredrick |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/jyotika-film-superhero-ponmagal-vandhal-director-jj-fredrick-6431839/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711144927/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/jyotika-film-superhero-ponmagal-vandhal-director-jj-fredrick-6431839/ |archive-date=11 July 2020 |access-date=27 July 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; He pitched four of his stories to Suriya, and the latter liked one of his stories which eventually became ''Ponmagal Vandhal''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 May 2020 |title='Ponmagal Vandhal' director JJ Fredrick on making the film, casting Jyotika and more |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ponmagal-vandhal-director-jj-fredrick-making-film-casting-jyotika-and-more-125372 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124202310/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ponmagal-vandhal-director-jj-fredrick-making-film-casting-jyotika-and-more-125372 |archive-date=24 November 2020 |access-date=27 July 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Frederick revealed that the film talks about the sexual assault and violence against children which is considered to be a sensitive topic and that had a great impact on the society.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Though he did not approach any non-governmental organisation, he happened to approach many people who were affected by this issue. While writing the script for the film, Frederick consulted legal advisors including Rajasekhar Pandian, a co-producer of the film, and visited court proceedings as a part of his research.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; The technical crew consists of [[Govind Vasantha]] as the music director; [[Ramji (cinematographer)|Ramji]] handled the cinematography for the film and [[Ruben (film editor)|Ruben]] was in charge of the film's editing.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Once Frederick completed the script, he approached Jyothika and eventually she accepted playing the role.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 May 2020 |title=Jyotika and Suriya Backing My Debut Film Ponmagal Vandhal was a Blessing: Director JJ Fredrick |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/jyotika-and-suriya-backing-my-debut-film-ponmagal-vandhal-was-a-blessing-director-jj-fredrick-2643081.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201212103207/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/jyotika-and-suriya-backing-my-debut-film-ponmagal-vandhal-was-a-blessing-director-jj-fredrick-2643081.html |archive-date=12 December 2020 |access-date=27 July 2021 |website=[[News18]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Though he was nervous about approaching a top actor to play the lead, he was also confident about this as he observed other young filmmakers had chance to work with top actors, for instance, [[Pa. Ranjith]] worked with [[Rajinikanth]] twice in ''[[Kabali]]'' and ''[[Kaala (2018 film)|Kaala]]'', and [[Lokesh Kanagaraj]] directed [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] in ''[[Master (2021 film)|Master]]''. The other supporting cast had an ensemble of veteran filmmakers and screenwriters: [[R. Parthiban|Parthiban]], [[K. Bhagyaraj|Bhagyaraj]], [[Pandiarajan]], [[Pratap Pothen|Pratap K. Pothan]] and [[Thiagarajan|Thiyagarajan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Principal photography]] began in July 2019, following the film's announcement.{{Cn|date=March 2025}} During the film's shooting in [[Ooty]], the team faced difficulties to continue production as Ooty received the highest rainfall in close to 80 years, which was considered a &quot;challenging task&quot; according to Frederick.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Jyothika was diagnosed with high fever, as a result of film shooting in the climate, but continued to shoot her portions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Most of the film's portions were shot in a small court room set designed at Adityaram Studios in Chennai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 November 2019 |title=ஜோதிகாவின் 'பொன்மகள் வந்தாள்' படப்பிடிப்பு நிறைவு |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/526925-ponmagal-vanthal-shooting-finished.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806033320/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/526925-ponmagal-vanthal-shooting-finished.html |archive-date=6 August 2021 |access-date=27 July 2021 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt; Following the completion of major schedules in Ooty and [[Kodaikanal]], the team headed to Chennai for the last filming schedule, where the scenes in court room set were filmed.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Though shooting was completed within November 2019, the team had to film patchwork scenes extending the schedule. Production was completed in January 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 January 2020 |title=The shoot of Jo's Ponmagal Vandhal wrapped up |url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/Cinema/2019/11/25021633/1199630/The-shoot-of-Jos-Ponmagal-Vandhal-wrapped-up.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200528151744/https://www.dtnext.in/News/Cinema/2019/11/25021633/1199630/The-shoot-of-Jos-Ponmagal-Vandhal-wrapped-up.vpf |archive-date=28 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=[[DT Next]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> {{Infobox album<br /> | name = Ponmagal Vandhal<br /> | type = Soundtrack<br /> | artist = [[Govind Vasantha]]<br /> | released = 18 May 2020<br /> | recorded = 2019–2020<br /> | genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]<br /> | length = 15:10<br /> | language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br /> | label = [[Sony Music India]]<br /> | producer = [[Govind Vasantha]]<br /> | prev_title = [[Jaanu (2020 film)|Jaanu]]<br /> | prev_year = 2020<br /> | next_title = [[Taish]]<br /> | next_year = 2020<br /> }}<br /> The soundtrack was composed by [[Govind Vasantha]], with lyrics written by [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]] and Uma Devi. A single from the film titled &quot;Vaa Chellam&quot; sung by Jyothika's sister-in-law [[Brindha Sivakumar]], was released on 6 March 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 March 2020 |title=தாயாக என்ன பெத்த தாயே வாடி : ப்ருந்தா குரலில் சிலிர்க்கும் பாடல்! |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/first-single-song-from-ponmagal-vandhal-movie-released/articleshow/74461962.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/dnNY0 |archive-date=2025-03-01 |access-date=28 September 2024 |website=[[Samayam]] |language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt; The second single titled &quot;Vaan Thooralgal&quot;, sung by [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]], was released on 17 April 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 March 2020 |title=வான் தூறல்கள்... |url=https://m-tamil.webdunia.com/article/tamil-cinema-news-movie-film/pon-magal-vandhal-vaan-thooralgal-lyric-120031800052_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250301122558/https://m-tamil.webdunia.com/article/tamil-cinema-news-movie-film/pon-magal-vandhal-vaan-thooralgal-lyric-120031800052_1.html |archive-date=2025-03-01 |access-date=28 September 2024 |website=Webdunia |language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt; The complete album, featuring five tracks, was released by [[Sony Music India]] on 18 May 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mbAhWb9z7dM |title=Ponmagal Vandhal&amp;nbsp;– Jukebox {{!}} Jyotika {{!}} Govind Vasantha {{!}} JJ Fredrick {{!}} Suriya |date=27 May 2020 |last=Sony Music South |author-link=Sony Music |access-date=27 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624034136/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&amp;v=mbAhWb9z7dM |archive-date=24 June 2023 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Track listing<br /> | headline = Track listing<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | title1 = Vaa Chellam<br /> | lyrics1 = [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]]<br /> | extra1 = [[Brindha Sivakumar]]<br /> | length1 = 2:38<br /> | title2 = Pookalin Porvai<br /> | lyrics2 = Vivek<br /> | extra2 = [[Sean Roldan]], Keerthana Vaidyanathan<br /> | length2 = 3:49<br /> | title3 = Vaan Thooralgal<br /> | lyrics3 = Uma Devi<br /> | extra3 = [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]<br /> | length3 = 3:29<br /> | title4 = Kalaigiradhey Kanave<br /> | lyrics4 = Uma Devi<br /> | extra4 = [[Govind Vasantha]]<br /> | length4 = 3:12<br /> | title5 = Vaanamai Naan<br /> | lyrics5 = Uma Devi<br /> | extra5 = [[Saindhavi]], Govind Vasantha<br /> | length5 = 2:07<br /> | total_length = 15:10<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Release ==<br /> ''Ponmagal Vandhal'' was originally scheduled for a theatrical release on 27 March 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 March 2020 |title=Jyotika starrer Ponmagal Vandhal to hit screens on March 27 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/jyotika-ponmagal-vandhal-to-hit-the-screens-on-march-27-6295832/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303145547/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/jyotika-ponmagal-vandhal-to-hit-the-screens-on-march-27-6295832/ |archive-date=3 March 2020 |access-date=28 July 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; But the [[Government of Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu government]] led by Chief Minister [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]] had ordered for a closure of theatres in order to curb [[COVID-19 pandemic]] spread,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lobo |first=Shalini |date=16 March 2020 |title=Coronavirus: Tamil Nadu shuts schools, threatres, malls, gyms, swimming pools, bars until March 31 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/coronavirus-outbreak-tamil-nadu-orders-closure-schools-threatres-malls-gyms-swimming-pools-1656131-2020-03-16 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325212418/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/coronavirus-outbreak-tamil-nadu-orders-closure-schools-threatres-malls-gyms-swimming-pools-1656131-2020-03-16 |archive-date=25 March 2020 |access-date=28 July 2021 |website=[[India Today]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; resulting the film to be postponed indefinitely. In April 2020, the filmmakers started negotiating with the streaming service [[Amazon Prime Video]] to release the film [[Direct-to-streaming|directly]] there, thus becoming the first time in Tamil cinema, that a film premiered on a streaming service, rather than a traditional theatrical release.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=25 April 2020 |title=Jyotika's Ponmagal Vandhal to have digital release? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/jyotikas-ponmagal-vandhal-to-have-digital-release/articleshow/75368310.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427033446/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/jyotikas-ponmagal-vandhal-to-have-digital-release/articleshow/75368310.cms |archive-date=27 April 2020 |access-date=25 April 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 April 2020 |title=Jyotika's Ponmagal Vandhal to skip theatrical release, will have its digital premiere in May |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/jyotika-s-ponmagal-vandhal-to-skip-theatrical-release-will-have-its-digital-premiere-in-may-1670875-2020-04-25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918073316/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/jyotika-s-ponmagal-vandhal-to-skip-theatrical-release-will-have-its-digital-premiere-in-may-1670875-2020-04-25 |archive-date=18 September 2020 |access-date=28 July 2021 |website=[[India Today]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Members of the Tamil Nadu Theatre Owners Association were upset with the developments of the film's direct-to-streaming release, citing that a films made for cinemas should primarily have a theatrical release first and then release on streaming services.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 April 2020 |title='Pon Magal Vandhal' releasing online? TN theatres upset with Suriya |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pon-magal-vandhal-releasing-online-tn-theatres-upset-suriya-123323 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430063811/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pon-magal-vandhal-releasing-online-tn-theatres-upset-suriya-123323 |archive-date=30 April 2020 |access-date=28 July 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The association had also called for a boycott of Suriya's films and films produced by his banner 2D Entertainment, citing potential financial losses for theatres.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 April 2020 |title=Jyotika's Pon Magal Vandhal to have direct OTT release, Tamil Nadu theatre owners oppose decision |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/jyotika-s-pon-magal-vandhal-to-have-direct-ott-release-tamil-nadu-theatre-owners-oppose-decision/story-B1XuDUQJcDLCoWLAabAZ3H.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727192826/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/jyotika-s-pon-magal-vandhal-to-have-direct-ott-release-tamil-nadu-theatre-owners-oppose-decision/story-B1XuDUQJcDLCoWLAabAZ3H.html |archive-date=27 July 2021 |access-date=28 July 2021 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, other Tamil film producers welcomed the move as they have all rights to sell their film to any streaming services to recover the loss and other industries had started this move.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 April 2020 |title=Producers support OTT release of Jyotika's Ponmagal Vandhal |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2020/apr/27/producers-support-ott-release-of-jyotikas-ponmagal-vandhal-2135767.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202032925/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2020/apr/27/producers-support-ott-release-of-jyotikas-ponmagal-vandhal-2135767.html |archive-date=2 December 2020 |access-date=28 July 2021 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 April 2020 |title=Ponmagal Vandhal: Over 30 producers welcome Suriya's decision to release Jyotika's film on OTT |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ponmagal-vandhal-over-30-producers-welcome-suriya-s-decision-to-release-jyotika-s-film-on-ott-1671516-2020-04-27 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925223802/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ponmagal-vandhal-over-30-producers-welcome-suriya-s-decision-to-release-jyotika-s-film-on-ott-1671516-2020-04-27 |archive-date=25 September 2020 |access-date=28 July 2021 |website=[[India Today]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Following a public meeting with distributors, exhibitors and film producers, the members later announced that producers of small and medium-budget films can have options to sell the film rights to streaming services, while no big-budget films can be released directly;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Pradeep |date=2 May 2020 |title=Who will emerge winner in the battle between Tamil Nadu theatres and OTT platforms? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/who-will-emerge-winner-in-the-battle-between-tamil-nadu-theatres-and-ott-platforms/article31489353.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020000410/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/who-will-emerge-winner-in-the-battle-between-tamil-nadu-theatres-and-ott-platforms/article31489353.ece |archive-date=20 October 2020 |access-date=28 July 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 May 2020 |title=No Big Movies for Direct OTT Release, Tamil Producers and Theatre Owners to Work on Guidelines After Lockdown |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/no-big-movies-for-direct-ott-release-tamil-producers-and-theatre-owners-to-work-on-guidelines-after-lockdown-2609501.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121011018/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/no-big-movies-for-direct-ott-release-tamil-producers-and-theatre-owners-to-work-on-guidelines-after-lockdown-2609501.html |archive-date=21 November 2020 |access-date=28 July 2021 |website=[[News18]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; although Suriya sold his big-budget film ''[[Soorarai Pottru]]'' to the same streaming service for a direct-to-streaming release.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 August 2020 |title=Suriya's 'Soorarai Pottru' to release directly on Amazon Prime Video |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/suriyas-soorarai-pottru-release-directly-ott-131340 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128173050/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/suriyas-soorarai-pottru-release-directly-ott-131340 |archive-date=28 November 2020 |access-date=28 July 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ''Ponmagal Vandhal'' was Amazon's first Indian film and the mainstream Tamil film to have a direct-to-streaming release.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=15 May 2020 |title=After 'Gulabo Sitabo', Amazon Prime Video bags Shakuntala Devi biopic, Jyothika's 'Ponmagal Vandhal' |url=https://scroll.in/reel/961992/after-gulabo-sitabo-amazon-prime-video-bags-shakuntala-devi-biopic-jyothikas-ponmagal-vandhal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515221959/https://scroll.in/reel/961992/after-gulabo-sitabo-amazon-prime-video-bags-shakuntala-devi-biopic-jyothikas-ponmagal-vandhal |archive-date=15 May 2020 |access-date=15 May 2020 |work=[[Scroll.in]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 15 May 2020, Amazon Prime Video officially confirmed the release of seven Indian films distributed by the platform, including another Tamil film ''[[Penguin (film)|Penguin]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=15 May 2020 |title='Ponmagal Vandhal' to 'Penguin': Seven films confirmed for straight-to-OTT release |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2020/may/15/ponmagal-vandhal-to-penguin-seven-films-confirmed-for-straight-to-ott-release-2143665.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521135019/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2020/may/15/ponmagal-vandhal-to-penguin-seven-films-confirmed-for-straight-to-ott-release-2143665.html |archive-date=21 May 2020 |access-date=29 May 2020 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The official trailer of this film was released on 21 May 2020;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 May 2020 |title=Ponmagal Vandhal trailer: Jyotika starrer courtroom drama is dark, intense |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/ponmagal-vandhal-trailer-jyotika-amazon-prime-video-6420504/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200521191147/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/ponmagal-vandhal-trailer-jyotika-amazon-prime-video-6420504/ |archive-date=21 May 2020 |access-date=28 July 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Pradeep |date=21 May 2020 |title='Ponmagal Vandhal' trailer: Jyotika fights for justice |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ponmagal-vandhal-trailer-jyotika-fights-for-justice/article31639382.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710133521/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ponmagal-vandhal-trailer-jyotika-fights-for-justice/article31639382.ece |archive-date=10 July 2021 |access-date=28 July 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; to have a wide reach among the audiences across South India, the film's trailer was simultaneously telecasted across 31 television channels in [[Tamil Nadu]], and received over 20 million views through YouTube and televisions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 May 2020 |title=PonMagal Vandhal receives 20 Million plus Views on TV and YouTube |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/PonMagal-Vandhal-receives-20-Million-plus-Views-on-TV-and-YouTube-22802243 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806032429/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/PonMagal-Vandhal-receives-20-Million-plus-Views-on-TV-and-YouTube-22802243 |archive-date=6 August 2021 |access-date=6 August 2021 |website=[[Mid-Day]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film began streaming on Amazon Prime Video from 29 May 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 May 2020 |title=Jyotika on taking Ponmagal Vandhal directly to Amazon Prime: OTT platforms 'give content-driven films a deserving audience' |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/coronavirus-outbreak-jyotika-on-taking-ponmagal-vandhal-directly-to-amazon-prime-ott-platforms-give-content-driven-films-a-deserving-audience-8417021.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201118055215/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/coronavirus-outbreak-jyotika-on-taking-ponmagal-vandhal-directly-to-amazon-prime-ott-platforms-give-content-driven-films-a-deserving-audience-8417021.html |archive-date=18 November 2020 |access-date=28 July 2021 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Critical reception ===<br /> The film received mixed reviews from critics.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 June 2020 |title=Will 'Thalaivi' get a digital only release? Here's what Kangana Ranaut has to say |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/will-thalaivi-get-a-digital-only-release-here-s-what-kangana-ranaut-has-to-say-845591.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606081544/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/will-thalaivi-get-a-digital-only-release-here-s-what-kangana-ranaut-has-to-say-845591.html |archive-date=6 June 2020 |access-date=5 June 2020 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; M. Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated it 2 stars out of 5, saying, &quot;both in its writing and making, there is a strong made-for-TV feel about this project [...] As far as courtroom dramas go, ''Ponmagal Vandhal'' is decidedly lacklustre. Instead of fiery dialogues and charged arguments between the opposing lawyers what we get are emotional statements being passed off as explosive proof.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Suganth |first=M |date=29 May 2020 |title=Ponmagal Vandhal Movie Review : As far as courtroom dramas go, Ponmagal Vandhal is decidedly lackluster. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/ponmagal-vandhal/movie-review/76082878.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200529042454/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/ponmagal-vandhal/movie-review/76082878.cms |archive-date=29 May 2020 |access-date=29 May 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Baradwaj Rangan]] wrote for ''[[Film Companion]]'', &quot;''Ponmagal Vandhal'' is about something everyone should know, worry about, want to do something about. It's about the burden of trauma, a life lived with the memory of childhood abuse that doesn't stop with the event itself but seeps into your cells as you grow up, forever altering your identity, your perception of self. But the director doesn't trust his material. He doesn't trust the audience enough to feel that this &quot;issue&quot; is enough, and doesn't need to be cheaply sensationalised &quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=29 May 2020 |title=Ponmagal Vandhal On Amazon Prime Review: This Courtroom Drama, Starring Jyotika, Needed To Be Much Darker, But It's Content To Remain &quot;Family-Friendly&quot; |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/tamil-review/ponmagal-vandhal-on-amazon-prime-review-this-courtroom-drama-starring-jyotika-needed-to-be-much-darker-but-its-content-to-remain-family-friendly-baradwaj-rangan-jj-fredrick/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604165658/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/tamil-review/ponmagal-vandhal-on-amazon-prime-review-this-courtroom-drama-starring-jyotika-needed-to-be-much-darker-but-its-content-to-remain-family-friendly-baradwaj-rangan-jj-fredrick/ |archive-date=4 June 2020 |access-date=29 May 2020 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pradeep Kumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' commended the film's delivery of a &quot;powerful line of messaging&quot; but noted that it &quot;falls prey to the Tamil cinema formula&quot;, not affording enough time for viewers to process the emotions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Pradeep |date=29 May 2020 |title='Ponmagal Vandhal' review: Does the Jyotika film make a good argument? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/ponmagal-vandhal-review-does-the-jyotika-film-make-a-good-argument/article31701859.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604104506/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/ponmagal-vandhal-review-does-the-jyotika-film-make-a-good-argument/article31701859.ece |archive-date=4 June 2020 |access-date=4 June 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ''[[Rediff.com]]''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s Divya Nair rated 1 out of 5 stars, stating &quot;It is unfair that good actors like Jyotika and Parthiban are wasted in what could have been a spectacular courtroom drama, backed by facts and evidence rather than tears and words.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=Divya |date=1 June 2020 |title=Ponmagal Vandhal review |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/ponmagal-vandhal-review/20200601.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603053616/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/ponmagal-vandhal-review/20200601.htm |archive-date=3 June 2020 |access-date=4 June 2020 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shubhra Gupta of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated 2 out of 5 stars stating &quot;Jyotika carries the film with her performance. But the film fails its own subject by its insensitivity: training the camera on battered and bleeding little girls this way is more prurient than anything else. Wanting to make films about important issues is important, but the execution is even more important.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 May 2020 |title=Ponmagal Vandhal movie review: Jyotika starrer is let down by muddled writing |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/ponmagal-vandhal-review-jyotika-6432700/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605094642/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/ponmagal-vandhal-review-jyotika-6432700/ |archive-date=5 June 2020 |access-date=4 June 2020 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gauthaman Bhaskaran of ''[[News18]]'' rated 1.5 out of 5 stars stating &quot;There is very little novelty in Ponmagal Vandhal, except for the fact that Jyotika's Venba uses tears and emotions to convince the judge with very little hard evidence to prove her point!&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 May 2020 |title=Ponmagal Vandhal Review: A Superb Jyotika Fails To Lift An Unoriginal Plot |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/ponmagal-vandhal-review-an-impressive-jyotika-fails-to-lift-an-unoriginal-plot-2642759.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200531185739/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/ponmagal-vandhal-review-an-impressive-jyotika-fails-to-lift-an-unoriginal-plot-2642759.html |archive-date=31 May 2020 |access-date=4 June 2020 |website=[[News18]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Writing for ''[[The New Indian Express]]'', Sudhir Srinivasan stated &quot;For a film about a buried crime that gets unravelled after an old case is reopened, the court proceedings feel frustratingly spurious.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 May 2020 |title='Ponmagal Vandhal' review: This courtroom drama about big issues has big issues |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2020/may/30/ponmagal-vandhal-review-this-courtroom-drama-about-big-issues-has-big-issues-2149770.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610051500/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2020/may/30/ponmagal-vandhal-review-this-courtroom-drama-about-big-issues-has-big-issues-2149770.html |archive-date=10 June 2020 |access-date=4 June 2020 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In a positive review, Ranjani Krishnakumar of ''[[Firstpost]]'' rated 3.5 out of 5 stars stating &quot;''Ponmagal Vandhal'' fits perfectly into Jyotika's pursuit. Every film is a milestone in her single-minded journey of women's empowerment. This milestone is one of empathy. Ponmagal Vandhal is the story of Venba who put herself in the shoes of another woman. But it is also a clarion call for all of us to believe women's stories.&quot; and further went on to say &quot;To appreciate Jyotika's filmography, one must buy into her pursuit. During promotions for the film, she has been repeatedly saying that the 'message' in the film is what attracted her to it. And that she wants to make films that her children are proud of. Naturally, her films come with a lot of editorialising. ''Ponmagal Vandhal'' is no different.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 May 2020 |title=Ponmagal Vandhal movie review: Jyotika doesn't punch hard but sincerely delivers clarion call to believe women's stories |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ponmagal-vandhal-movie-review-jyotika-doesnt-punch-hard-but-sincerely-delivers-clarion-call-to-believe-womens-stories-8421291.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604143928/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ponmagal-vandhal-movie-review-jyotika-doesnt-punch-hard-but-sincerely-delivers-clarion-call-to-believe-womens-stories-8421291.html |archive-date=4 June 2020 |access-date=4 June 2020 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Janani K of ''[[India Today]]'' gave 3 out of 5 stars, saying it &quot;delivers a strong message about the judicial system, sexual abuse and the trauma that survivors go through. Apart from a few flaws in the screenplay, the film touches upon a sensitive topic that the country doesn't quite pay heed to.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=K. |first=Janani |date=29 May 2020 |title=Ponmagal Vandhal Movie Review: Jyotika's film encourages rape survivors to speak up |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ponmagal-vandhal-movie-review-jyotika-s-film-encourages-rape-survivors-to-speak-up-1683194-2020-05-29 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924135620/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ponmagal-vandhal-movie-review-jyotika-s-film-encourages-rape-survivors-to-speak-up-1683194-2020-05-29 |archive-date=24 September 2020 |access-date=28 July 2021 |website=[[India Today]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ''[[Hindustan Times]]''-based critic Haricharan Pudipeddi wrote &quot;Jyotika's films, unlike most women-centric Tamil films, aren't run-of-the-mill and always serve a purpose. Ponmagal Vandhal, too, has a purpose and it's a laudable attempt by first-time filmmaker JJ Fredrick, who gives us a legal drama that asks quite a few uncomfortable questions about the safety of young girls. The court-room scenes get slightly dramatic, but the message never gets preachy&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 May 2020 |title=Ponmagal Vandhal movie review: Jyotika starrer is a dark, socially relevant legal drama |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/ponmagal-vandhal-movie-review-jyotika-starrer-is-a-dark-socially-relevant-legal-drama/story-C0ScNJvlcHQNsAMEKLTu8L.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621011131/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/ponmagal-vandhal-movie-review-jyotika-starrer-is-a-dark-socially-relevant-legal-drama/story-C0ScNJvlcHQNsAMEKLTu8L.html |archive-date=21 June 2020 |access-date=28 July 2021 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Sowmya Rajendran]] of ''[[The News Minute]]'' gave 3 out of 5 stars and said, &quot;''Ponmagal Vandhal'' is ambitious in what it wants to do and Fredrick has good instincts as a filmmaker. He only needs to trust his material and medium more.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Rajendran |first=Sowmya |author-link=Sowmya Rajendran |date=29 May 2020 |title='Ponmagal Vandhal' review: Jyotika's thriller has the twists, leaves us wanting more |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ponmagal-vandhal-review-jyotikas-thriller-has-twists-leaves-us-wanting-more-125486 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608043108/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ponmagal-vandhal-review-jyotikas-thriller-has-twists-leaves-us-wanting-more-125486 |archive-date=8 June 2020 |access-date=29 May 2020 |work=[[The News Minute]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Accolades ==<br /> At the [[67th Filmfare Awards South]], Jyothika was nominated for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=67th Parle Filmfare Awards South 2022 with Kamar Film Factory |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2022/tamil/nominations |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010132402/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2022/tamil/nominations |archive-date=10 October 2022 |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=[[Filmfare]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title}}<br /> * {{Rotten Tomatoes}}<br /> <br /> {{2D Entertainment}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2020 direct-to-video films]]<br /> [[Category:2020 directorial debut films]]<br /> [[Category:2020 films]]<br /> [[Category:2020 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:2020s legal drama films]]<br /> [[Category:2020 Tamil-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Amazon Prime Video original films]]<br /> [[Category:Films not released in theaters due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Govind Vasantha]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Ooty]]<br /> [[Category:Indian courtroom films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian direct-to-video films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian legal drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]<br /> <br /> {{Improve categories|date=September 2024}}</div>

MyronMccreary8 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raj_Mandir_Cinema&diff=454148 2026-03-23T14:41:15Z

<p>MyronMccreary8: rework information as per guidelines to improve readability</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Cinema in Jaipur, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox building<br /> | name = Raj Mandir Cinema<br /> | native_name = राज मंदिर<br /> | former_names = <br /> | alternate_names = RajMandir<br /> | image = Jaipur Raj Mandir Cinema 15-07-2022 (img2).jpg<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = Raj Mandir<br /> | pushpin_map = India Jaipur##India Rajasthan<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | map_caption = Location of Raj Mandir Cinema in Jaipur##Location in Rajasthan<br /> | altitude = <br /> | building_type = Single Screen Theater<br /> | architectural_style = [[Streamline Moderne]] ([[Art Moderne]])<br /> | structural_system = <br /> | cost = <br /> | client = Kushalchand Surana&lt;ref name=pp&gt;[http://www.screenindia.com/old/20011109/rrajas.html Paradise in Pink City]{{dead link|date=November 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} [[Screen (magazine)]], 9 November 2001.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | owner = <br /> | current_tenants = <br /> | landlord = <br /> | location = Panch Batti<br /> | address = B-16, Panch Batti, Bhagwan Das Rd, Jaipur - 302001<br /> | location_town = [[Jaipur]], Rajasthan<br /> | location_country = [[India]]<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|26.9154985|75.8101639|format=dms|display=inline,title}}<br /> | construction_start_date = <br /> | completion_date = {{start date and age|June 1976}}<br /> | inauguration_date = 1 June 1975<br /> | renovation_date = <br /> | demolished_date = <br /> | destruction_date = <br /> | height = <br /> | diameter = <br /> | floor_count = <br /> | floor_area = <br /> | main_contractor = <br /> | architect = W.M. Namjoshi<br /> | seating_capacity = 854<br /> | architecture_firm = <br /> | structural_engineer = <br /> | services_engineer = <br /> | civil_engineer = <br /> | awards = <br /> | website = https://rajmandircinema.com<br /> | references = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Raj Mandir Cinema''' is a [[movie theatre]] in [[Jaipur]] in [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].&lt;ref&gt;[[#Ba|Brown, p. 172]]&lt;/ref&gt; Situated on the Bhagwan Das Road, near [[Mirza Ismail Road|M.I. Road]], the meringue-shaped auditorium opened in 1976, and over the years has seen many movie premieres of [[Hindi film]]s, and has become a popular symbol of Jaipur. The theatre often referred to as 'Cinema Ka Mandir' is equipped with the latest technology in sound and projection with [[Dolby Atmos]] and [[Dolby|SLS]] [[loudspeakers|speaker]]s, the first in the state of [[Rajasthan]].&lt;ref name=pp/&gt;&lt;ref name=bd&gt;[[#Bi|Bindloss, p. 176]]&lt;/ref&gt; An important landmark and tourist destination, the cinema hall has been accorded the status of largest single screen theatre in [[Asia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Rajasthan Tourism: जयपुर का राज मंदिर है एशिया का सबसे बड़ा सिनेमा हॉल|date= 12 July 2024|url= https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/life-and-style/travel/rajasthan-tourism-raj-mandir-asia-largest-cinema-hall-in-jaipur}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Rajasthan : 'राज मंदिर' नहीं देखा, तो समझो जयपुर ही नहीं देखा.. !|url= https://www.jagran.com/rajasthan/jaipur-rajmandir-is-not-only-a-cinema-hall-in-jaipur-its-a-tourist-desire-of-first-time-visitor-of-pinkcity-23175192.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> [[File:Raj Mandir Cinema, Jaipur 02.jpg|thumb|left|Raj Mandir Cinema interior]] Originally the brainchild of Mehtab Chandra Golcha,{{citation needed|date=June 2025}} it opened on 1 June 1976 with the film &quot;''[[Charas (1976 film)|Charas]]''&quot; which was a charitable fund raiser show organized by Manav Hitkari Sangh. It was designed by architect [[W. M. Namjoshi]] in [[Art Moderne]] style ([[Streamline Moderne]] or late [[Art Deco]]). Known for its large size as well as opulent and meringue interiors, Raj Mandir remains an important part of the tourist circuit, and thus usually remains full despite its size. The Bhuramal Rajmal Surana group, a prominent Jaipur jewelry house, owns and operates the cinema.&lt;ref name=bd/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/asia/news/article.cfm?l_id=3&amp;objectid=10478350|title=Seduced by Bollywood |date=27 November 2007|newspaper=[[New Zealand Herald]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://cinematreasures.org/theater/15815/ Raj Mandir Cinema] raj mandir cinematreasures.org.&lt;/ref&gt; The nine stars on the exterior signify nine gemstones in the [[Navaratna]] style, an homage to the owners' jewelry house.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Harshwal |first1=Prateek |title=Rajmandir Cinema-History, showtime and much more |url=https://www.jaipurlove.com/rajmandir-cinema-jaipur/429/ |website=www.jaipurlove.com |date=26 March 2018 |accessdate=15 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Trailer launch==<br /> [[Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3]] film trailer was launched on 9 October 2024, at the iconic ''Raj Mandir Cinema'' with lead actors [[Kartik Aaryan]], [[Triptii Dimri]] and [[Vidya Balan]] attending the event.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3 trailer launched, its Rooh Baba vs Manjulika and Manjulika|website= [[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |date= 9 October 2024 |url= https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/bollywood/bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-trailer-out-rooh-baba-vs-manjulika-and-manjulika-1503351672.html }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3 out: Trailer launched at Jaipur's Raj Mandir Cinema|url= https://www.business-standard.com/entertainment/bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-out-trailer-launched-at-jaipur-s-raj-mandir-cinema-nc-124100900756_1.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Jaat (film)|Jaat]] film trailer was launched on 24 March 2025, at the ''Raj Mandir Cinema'' with lead actors [[Sunny Deol]], [[Randeep Hooda]], [[Vineet Kumar Singh]], director [[Gopichand Malineni]] and producers Naveen Yerneni and T. G. Prasad.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2025-03-24 |title=Huge crowd gathers at Rajmandir Cinema to catch a glimpse of Sunny Deol in Jaipur |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/jaipur/huge-crowd-gathers-at-rajmandir-cinema-to-catch-a-glimpse-of-sunny-deol-in-jaipur/articleshow/119437391.cms |access-date=2025-06-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; At the launch event Sunny Deol also praised Rajasthani folk deity [[Veer Teja]].&lt;ref name=&quot;p367&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=राजमंदिर में सनी देओल ने लगाए तेजाजी के जयकारे: एक झलक पाने के लिए जाम हुई सड़क; बोले- जाट हूं, सर कटने के बाद भी हाथ हथियार नहीं छोड़ता | website=Dainik Bhaskar | date=24 March 2025 | url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/jaipur/news/sunny-deol-launched-the-trailer-of-jaat-at-raj-mandir-134701631.html | language=hi | access-date=6 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> * Bhuramal Rajmal Surana, owner Of ''Rajmandir Cinema''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2025-03-10 |title=Raj Mandir: The jewel of Jaipur's cinematic legacy for half a centuty |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/raj-mandir-the-jewel-of-jaipurs-cinematic-legacy-for-half-a-centuty/articleshow/118825221.cms |access-date=2025-06-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> *{{cite book|last=Bindloss|first=Joe |editor=Sarina Singh|title=India |publisher=Lonely Planet|year=2007|isbn=978-1-74104-308-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T7ZHUhSEleYC&amp;dq=raj+mandir+jaipur&amp;pg=PA176|ref=Bi}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Brown|first=Lindsay |author2=Amelia Thomas |title=Rajasthan, Delhi and Agra: LONELY PLANET TRAVEL GUIDES |publisher=Lonely Planet|year=2008|isbn=978-1-74104-690-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zz0_zXPb68kC&amp;dq=raj+mandir+jaipur&amp;pg=PA172|ref=Ba}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> <br /> * {{Official website}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Cinemas in India]]<br /> [[Category:Tourist attractions in Jaipur]]<br /> [[Category:1976 establishments in Rajasthan]]<br /> [[Category:Streamline Moderne architecture]]<br /> [[Category:Art Deco architecture in India]]<br /> [[Category:Art Deco cinemas and movie theaters]]<br /> [[Category:Buildings and structures in Jaipur]]<br /> [[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1976]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]</div>

MyronMccreary8 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=HMR_International_School,_Bengaluru&diff=501760 2026-03-16T08:35:36Z

<p>MyronMccreary8: redirect created</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[List of schools in Bengaluru]]<br /> <br /> {{Rcat shell|<br /> {{R to related topic}}<br /> }}</div>

MyronMccreary8 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shaheb_Bibi_Golaam&diff=460669 2026-03-16T06:46:40Z

<p>MyronMccreary8: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|2016 Indian Bengali film}}<br /> {{More citations needed|date=April 2025}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Shaheb Bibi Golaam<br /> | image = Shaheb Bibi Golaam poster.jpg<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = Film Poster<br /> | native_name = <br /> | director = [[Pratim D. Gupta]]<br /> | producer = [[Firdausul Hasan]]<br /> | writer = <br /> | screenplay = <br /> | story = <br /> | based_on = &lt;!-- {{based on |[title of the original work] |[writer of the original work]}} --&gt;<br /> | starring = [[Anjan Dutt]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Swastika Mukherjee]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Ritwick Chakraborty]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Vikram Chatterjee]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Parno Mittra]]<br /> | narrator = <br /> | music = [[Anupam Roy]]<br /> | cinematography = <br /> | editing = <br /> | studio = <br /> | distributor = <br /> | released = {{Film date|2016|08|26|df=yes}}<br /> | runtime = <br /> | country = [[India]]<br /> | language = Bengali<br /> | budget = <br /> | gross = &lt;!-- Please use condensed and rounded values, e.g. &quot;£11.6 million&quot; not &quot;£11,586,221&quot; --&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Shaheb Bibi Golaam''''' is an Indian [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali]] [[thriller film |Psychological thriller film ]] directed by [[Pratim D. Gupta]] and stars [[Anjan Dutt]], [[Swastika Mukherjee]] and [[Ritwick Chakraborty]] in the lead roles. The film depicts the story of a contract killer, a housewife and a taxi driver from a Metropolitan city. The music was released by [[Amara Muzik]].<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> * [[Anjan Dutt]] as Jimmy<br /> * [[Swastika Mukherjee]] as Jaya<br /> * [[Ritwick Chakraborty]] as Javed<br /> * [[Parno Mittra]] as Rumi<br /> * [[Vikram Chatterjee]] as Zico Roy<br /> *[[Alokananda Roy]]<br /> * Sudip Mukherjee<br /> * Suman Mukherjee<br /> * Avishek De Biswas as Nakul<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> <br /> === Development ===<br /> [[Pratim D. Gupta]] clarified the fact that the film is neither an adaptation of the novel [[Saheb Bibi Golam|of the same name]] by [[Bimal Mitra]], nor does it have any connection with the [[Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam|earlier film adaptations]] of the novel. The story of the film has been totally created by Gupta himself and the script was written five years before the development, prior to ''[[Paanch Adhyay]]''.&lt;ref name=telegraph&gt;{{cite news|last1=Nag|first1=Kushali|title=Saheb meets Bibi|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140722/jsp/t2/story_18638209.jsp#.VFOxTzSUdwc|archive-url=https://archive.today/20141031171648/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140722/jsp/t2/story_18638209.jsp%23.VFOxTzSUdwc|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 October 2014|accessdate=31 October 2014|publisher=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)]]|date=22 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Though titles like ''Jimmy Jaya Javed'' and ''Trikaal'' were initially into consideration for the film, it was finally chosen to be ''Shaheb Bibi Golaam''.&lt;ref name=telegraph/&gt;<br /> <br /> === Casting ===<br /> The film marks the first collaboration between the director and the lead actors. Though [[Swastika Mukherjee|Mukherjee]] was initially opted for the female lead in ''[[Paanch Adhyay]]'', the role later switched over to [[Dia Mirza]]. [[Anjan Dutt]] instantly gave a nod to the film when he heard the script while being in a casual discussion with [[Pratim D. Gupta|Gupta]]. Dutt will be playing the role of a middle-aged [[Anglo-Indian]] contract-killer and Mukherjee's character will be that of middle-class housewife. [[Ritwick Chakraborty]] will be portraying the role of a taxi driver, who is in a relationship with the character played by [[Parno Mittra]].&lt;ref name=telegraph/&gt;<br /> <br /> === Filming ===<br /> Shooting for the film started from November 2014.&lt;ref name=telegraph/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Music ==<br /> The music for ''Shaheb Bibi Golaam'' is composed by [[Anupam Roy]] and the lyrics have been penned by Anupam himself. The music rights have been acquired by [[Amara Muzik]]. The full music album was released on 6 August 2016.<br /> <br /> {{track_listing<br /> | extra_column =Singer<br /> | total_length= 21:58<br /> | title1= Mon Bhalo Nei<br /> | extra1= [[Anupam Roy]]<br /> | length1= 5:00<br /> | title2= Tomar Ki Naam<br /> | extra2= [[Shreya Ghoshal]]<br /> | length2= 4:14<br /> | title3= Ghorir Kantar Mawto<br /> | extra3= Tanya Sen<br /> | length3= 3:34<br /> | title4= Tomar Shawhore<br /> | extra4= [[Anjan Dutt]]<br /> | length4= 4:01<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Awards and nominations ==<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Award<br /> !Category<br /> !Recipient(s)<br /> !Result<br /> !{{Refh}}<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;15&quot;|[[2nd Filmfare Awards East]]<br /> | Filmfare Award for Best Film - Bengali<br /> | ''Shaheb Bibi Golaam''<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |rowspan=&quot;15&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Winners of the Filmfare Awards East 2017 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-east-2017/winners |access-date=9 January 2026 |work=[[Filmfare]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Filmfare Award for Best Director - Bengali<br /> | [[Pratim D. Gupta]]<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | Filmfare Award for Best Actress - Bengali<br /> | [[Swastika Mukherjee]]<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |-<br /> | Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor - Bengali<br /> | [[Ritwick Chakraborty]]<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |-<br /> | Filmfare Award for Best Music - Bengali<br /> | [[Anupam Roy]] <br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | Filmfare Award for Best Lyrics - Bengali<br /> | [[Anupam Roy]] for ''Mon Bhalo Nei''<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | Filmfare Award for Best Playback (Female) - Bengali<br /> | [[Shreya Ghoshal]] for ''Tomar Ki Naam''<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | Filmfare Award for Best Playback (Male) - Bengali<br /> | [[Anupam Roy]] for ''Mon Bhalo Nei''<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | Filmfare Award for Best Dialogue - Bengali<br /> | [[Pratim D. Gupta]]<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | | Filmfare Award for Best Screenplay - Bengali<br /> | [[Pratim D. Gupta]]<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |-<br /> | Filmfare Award for Best Editing - Bengali<br /> | Sanjeeb Dutta<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |-<br /> | Filmfare Award for Best Background Score - Bengali<br /> | Neil Adhikari<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |-<br /> | Filmfare Award for Best Story - Bengali<br /> | [[Pratim D. Gupta]]<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | Filmfare Award for Best Cinematography - Bengali<br /> | Gairik Sarkar<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |-<br /> | Filmfare Award for Best Production Design - Bengali<br /> | Saswati Karmakar<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:2016 Bengali-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:2016 films]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Anupam Roy]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Pratim D. Gupta]]<br /> [[Category:Friends Communication films]]</div>

MyronMccreary8 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shraddha_Nigam&diff=458177 2026-03-15T04:37:42Z

<p>MyronMccreary8: improve page for accuracy and updated info after review</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian film and television actress}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Shraddha Nigam<br /> | image = The TV actress Shraddha Nigam at the 36th International Film Festival of India – 2005 in Panaji, Goa on November 27, 2005.jpg<br /> | caption = Nigam at the 36th [[International Film Festival of India]] in Goa, 2005<br /> | birth_date = <br /> | birth_place = <br /> | occupation = Actress<br /> | spouse = {{plainlist|<br /> * {{marriage|[[Mayank Anand]]|2012}}<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Shraddha Nigam''' is an Indian [[film]] and [[television]] [[Actor|actress]], who has appeared in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] and [[Bollywood|Hindi]] films as well as television serials.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://entertainment.in.msn.com/tv/article.aspx?cp-documentid=3032458 |title=Shraddha Nigam upsets Karan Oberoi |date=24 March 2008 |publisher=[[MSN]] |accessdate=1 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314143358/http://entertainment.in.msn.com/tv/article.aspx?cp-documentid=3032458 |archive-date=14 March 2012 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Shraddha's film debut was [[Poonilamazha]], a 1997 Malayalam film. Her Hindi debut was in [[Josh (2000 film)|Josh]] in 2000. She later acted in few Hindi films. Her TV debut was the serial ''Choodiyan''.{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}} [[The Times of India]] wrote that her role as the female lead in ''[[Krishna Arjun (TV series)|Krishna Arjun]]'' &quot;stole hearts&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;In love&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Jambhekar |first=Shruti |title=Shraddha Nigam, Mayank Anand in love |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news/Shraddha-Nigam-Mayank-Anand-in-love/articleshow/9883846.cms |date=7 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171124234741/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Shraddha-Nigam-Mayank-Anand-in-love/articleshow/9883846.cms |archive-date=24 November 2017 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=3 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2010, Shraddha began to focus on her [[fashion design]] line.&lt;ref name=&quot;Divorce&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-i-am-getting-divorced-this-monday-shraddha-nigam-1410425 |title=I am getting divorced this Monday: Shraddha Nigam |newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |date=16 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2012, she was offered a role opposite [[Anuj Saxena]] in a show produced by [[Bhairavi Raichura]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/television/marriage-is-on-the-cards-shraddha-nigam/article1-946481.aspx |title=Marriage is on the cards: Shraddha Nigam |first=Kavita |last=Awaasthi |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=18 October 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808060417/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/television/marriage-is-on-the-cards-shraddha-nigam/article1-946481.aspx |archivedate=8 August 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Personal life==<br /> [[File:Shraddha Nigam and Mayank Anand at Shalom fashion show.jpg|thumb|Shraddha Nigam and Mayank Anand at Shalom fashion show]]<br /> In 2008, Shraddha married television actor [[Karan Singh Grover]]. They divorced 10 months later following reports of his affair with choreographer Nicole Alvarez.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Shraddha-Karan-part-ways/articleshow/5092639.cms? |date=6 October 2009 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |title=Shraddha, Karan part ways}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=I am getting divorced this Monday: Shraddha Nigam |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-i-am-getting-divorced-this-monday-shraddha-nigam-1410425 |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=DNA India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2012, she married [[Mayank Anand]]; the couple have jointly owned a fashion line, MASN, since 2011.&lt;ref name=&quot;In love&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> <br /> === Films ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |+Key<br /> | style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC;&quot;| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}<br /> | Denotes films that have not yet been released<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot; sortable wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;background:;&quot; | Year<br /> ! style=&quot;background:;&quot; | Title<br /> ! style=&quot;background:;&quot; | Role<br /> ! style=&quot;background:;&quot; | Notes<br /> |-<br /> |1996<br /> |''[[Apne Dam Par]]''<br /> |Divya Saxena<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1997<br /> |''[[Poonilamazha (Malayalam film)|Poonilamazha]]''<br /> | Anu<br /> | Malayalam <br /> |-<br /> |2000<br /> |''[[Josh (2000 film)|Josh]]''<br /> |Prakash Sharma's girlfriend<br /> |-<br /> |2000<br /> |''[[Aaghaaz]]''<br /> |Ratna<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2000<br /> |''Aazad''<br /> |Only Song<br /> |Telugu <br /> |-<br /> |2001<br /> |''[[Aśoka (film)|Aśoka]]''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2002<br /> |''The Truth ... Yathharth''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2004<br /> |''[[Athade Oka Sainyam]]''<br /> |Champa<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2007<br /> |''[[Partition (2007 film)|Partition]]''<br /> |Manjula<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2007<br /> |''[[Say Salaam India]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2008<br /> |''Jack N Jhol''<br /> | Pammy<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2010<br /> |''[[Lahore (film)|Lahore]]''<br /> |Neela Chaudhary<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Television ===<br /> * ''[[Choodiyan (TV series)|Choodiyan]]'' ... Rushali<br /> * ''[[Krishna Arjun (TV series)|Krishna Arjun]]'' ... Detective Krishna<br /> * ''[[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii]]''<br /> * ''[[Thodi Si Zameen Thoda Sa Aasmaan]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Back to television |url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/tv/back-to-television/story-MpTSPlSrf7UzTQQDCfHz6O.html |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |website=Hindustan Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * ''[[Dekho Magar Pyaar Se]]'' ... Nikita Malhotra<br /> * ''[[Tu Kahe Agar]]'' <br /> * ''Pyaar Ishq Mohabbat''<br /> * ''Rangbarangi''<br /> * ''[[Saathiya – Pyar ka Naya Ehsaas|Saathiya]]''<br /> * ''Mano Ya Naa Mano''<br /> * ''[[Jeena Isi Ka Naam Hai]]'' ... as a friend of [[Hussain Kuwajerwala]]<br /> * ''Filmy Cocktail'' (Host)<br /> * ''The Best of Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2007'' (Host)<br /> * ''[[Nach Baliye 3]]'' ... performance in one episode with [[Karan Singh Grover]]<br /> * ''[[Shree Adi Manav]]'' ... special appearance in first two episodes as Karishma<br /> * ''[[Crime Patrol (TV series)|Crime Patrol]]'' ... [[Aruna Shanbaug]]<br /> * ''[[Kalakarz]]'' (Host)<br /> *''[[Mistry (TV series)|Mistry]]'' (2025)<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{IMDb name|2119027}}<br /> *{{Bollywood Hungama person|shraddha-nigam}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Nigam, Shraddha}}<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian television actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Indian women television presenters]]<br /> [[Category:Indian television presenters]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses from Indore]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]</div>

MyronMccreary8 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saath_Sobat&diff=531522 2026-03-11T11:51:09Z

<p>MyronMccreary8: New Page</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}{{No plot|date=November 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | image = Saath Sobat.jpg<br /> | caption = Film Poster<br /> | director = Ramesh More<br /> | writer = Ramesh More<br /> | screenplay = Ramesh More<br /> | producer = Dhanaji Maru<br /> | starring = {{plainlist|<br /> *Sangram Samel<br /> *Mrunal Kulkarni<br /> *[[Mohan Joshi]]<br /> *Anil Gawas<br /> }}<br /> | cinematography = <br /> | editing = <br /> | music = <br /> | studio = Maru Enterprises<br /> | distributor = Zee talkies<br /> | released = {{Film date|2023|1|13|df=yes}}<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Marathi<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Saath Sobat''''' ({{Translation|Along with}}) is a 2023 [[India]]n [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language [[Romance film|romantic drama]] film written and directed by Ramesh More and produced by Dhanaji Maru under the banner of Maru Enterprises. The film was theatrically released on 13 January 2023.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title='करोनानंतरही प्रेक्षकांची चित्रपटांना 'साथ सोबत' |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/national-award-winning-director-ramesh-more-talk-about-marathi-movie-saath-sobat-zws-70-3399482/ |access-date=2023-01-20 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kulkarni |first=Priyanka |date=2022-11-25 |title='साथ सोबत' चित्रपट 'या' दिवशी येणार प्रेक्षकांच्या भेटीस |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/bollywood/saath-sobat-marathi-movie-release-on-13-january-1124376 |access-date=2023-01-20 |website=ABP Majha |language=mr}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> <br /> * Sangram Samel&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Sangram Samel: Movies, Photos, Videos, News, Biography &amp; Birthday {{!}} eTimes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Sangram-Samel |access-date=2023-01-20 |newspaper=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> * Mrunal Kulkarni<br /> * [[Mohan Joshi]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Saath Sobat 2023 Cast, Trailer, Videos &amp; Reviews |url=https://www.ottplay.com/movie/saath-sobat-2023/7fcf367700131 |access-date=2023-01-20 |website=OTTPlay }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Anil Gawas&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Saath Sobat Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News &amp; Videos {{!}} eTimes |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-details/saath-sobat/movieshow/96706269.cms |access-date=2023-01-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Release ==<br /> The film was theatrically released on 13 January 2023 in Maharashtra.{{cn|date=March 2026}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> <br /> * {{IMDb name|id=23870662|name=''Saath Sobat''}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2023 films]]<br /> [[Category:2023 romantic drama films]]<br /> [[Category:2023 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:2023 Marathi-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Marathi-language romantic drama films]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Marathi-film-stub}}<br /> {{2020s-romantic-drama-film-stub}}</div>

MyronMccreary8 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uttarakhand&diff=452767 2026-03-09T22:35:50Z

<p>MyronMccreary8: general enhanced article based on references further and updated info for accuracy</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|State in northern India}}<br /> {{distinguish|Uttarkhan}}<br /> {{pp|small=yes}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2024}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian state or territory<br /> | name = Uttarakhand<br /> | official_name = State of Uttarakhand<br /> | image_skyline = {{multiple image<br /> | border = infobox<br /> | total_width = 300<br /> | image_style =<br /> | perrow = 1/2/2/1<br /> | caption_align = center<br /> | image1 = Auli, India.jpg<br /> | caption1 = The [[Garhwal Himalaya]]s from [[Auli, India|Auli]]<br /> | image2 = Ganga aarti of haridwar.jpg<br /> | caption2 = [[Aarti]] at [[Har Ki Pauri]]<br /> | image3 = Badrinath temple DSCN9998.jpg<br /> | caption3 = [[Badrinath Temple]]<br /> | image6 = Kedarnath Temple in Rainy season.jpg<br /> | caption6 = [[Kedarnath Temple]]<br /> | image5 = Jim Corbett National Park (India).jpg<br /> | caption5 = [[Jim Corbett National Park]]<br /> | image4 = Governor’s House, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India.jpg<br /> | caption4 = [[Raj Bhavan, Nainital|Raj Bhavan]] in [[Nainital]]<br /> | Image5। = Triveni Ghat Ganga Aarti, Rishikesh.jpg<br /> | Caption5। = [[Triveni Ghat Ganga Aarti, Rishikesh]]<br /> }}<br /> | type = State<br /> | image_seal = Seal of Uttarakhand.svg<br /> | etymology = Northern Land<br /> | nicknames = Devabhumi; Land of the Gods<br /> | motto = [[Satyameva Jayate]] ([[Sanskrit]])&lt;br /&gt;&quot;Truth alone triumphs&quot;{{force singular}}<br /> | anthem = [[Uttarakhand Devabhumi Matribhumi]] ([[Hindi]], [[Garhwali language|Garhwali]], and [[Kumaoni language|Kumaoni]])&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Now Uttarakhand Will Sing Its Own Official Song|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/Now-Ukhand-will-sing-its-official-song/articleshow/50882569.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=6 February 2016|access-date=12 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026130144/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/Now-Ukhand-will-sing-its-official-song/articleshow/50882569.cms|archive-date=26 October 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&quot;Uttarakhand, Land of the Gods, O Motherland!&quot;<br /> | image_map = IN-UT.svg<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|30.33|78.06|region:IN_type:city|name=Dehradun|display=inline,title}}<br /> | region = North India<br /> | before_was = Part of [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> | formation_date2 = [[Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000|9 November 2000]]<br /> | formation_date3 = formation<br /> | formation_date4 = 9 November 2000<br /> | capital = Bhararisain<br /> | winter_capital = Dehradun<br /> | largestcity = Dehradun<br /> | districts = [[List of districts of Uttarakhand|13]]<br /> | Governor = [[Gurmit Singh (general)|Gurmit Singh]]<br /> | Chief_Minister = [[Pushkar Singh Dhami]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Pushkar Singh Dhami: BJP's Pushkar Singh Dhami to be next Uttarakhand chief minister |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pushkar-singh-dhami-to-be-next-uttarakhand-chief-minister/articleshow/84091689.cms |access-date=4 July 2021 |date=4 July 2021 |language=en |archive-date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002052249/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pushkar-singh-dhami-to-be-next-uttarakhand-chief-minister/articleshow/84091689.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> | legislature_type = Unicameral<br /> | assembly = [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | assembly_seats = 70 seats<br /> | rajya_sabha_seats = 3 seats<br /> | lok_sabha_seats = 5 seats<br /> | judiciary = [[Uttarakhand High Court]]<br /> | area_total_km2 = 53483<br /> | area_rank = 19th<br /> | length_km = 320<br /> | width_km = 385<br /> | elevation_footnotes = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Asian News International |title=Nanda Devi: Operation to retrieve bodies of missing mountaineers hampered by bad weather |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/nanda-devi-operation-to-retrieve-bodies-of-missing-mountaineers-hampered-by-bad-weather-1550180-2019-06-16 |work=India Today |date=16 June 2019 |access-date=12 August 2019 |archive-date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002162407/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/nanda-devi-operation-to-retrieve-bodies-of-missing-mountaineers-hampered-by-bad-weather-1550180-2019-06-16 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | elevation_max_m = 7,817<br /> | elevation_max_point = [[Nanda Devi]]<br /> | elevation_min_m = 187<br /> | elevation_min_point = [[Sharda River|Sharda Sagar Reservoir]]<br /> | population_total = {{Increase}} 11,913,000&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title=Population of Indian states 2025 - StatisticsTimes.com | url=https://statisticstimes.com/demographics/india/indian-states-population.php | access-date=2025-05-23 | website=statisticstimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | population_as_of = 2025<br /> | population_rank = 21th<br /> | population_density = 213&lt;ref name=&quot;Niti Ayog&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Macro and Fiscal Landscape of the State of Uttarakhand |url=https://niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2025-03/Macro-and-Fiscal-Landscape-of-the-State-of-Uttarakhand.pdf |website=[[Niti Ayog]] |access-date=May 20, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | population_urban = 35.90%&lt;ref name=&quot;Niti Ayog&quot;/&gt;<br /> | population_rural = 64.10%&lt;ref name=&quot;Niti Ayog&quot;/&gt;<br /> | population_demonym = [[List of people from Uttarakhand|Uttarakhandi]]<br /> | 0fficial_Langs = [[Hindi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;2011lang&quot; /&gt;<br /> | additional_official = [[Sanskrit]]&lt;ref name=&quot;sanskrit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Trivedi |first=Anupam |title=Sanskrit is second official language in Uttarakhand |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/sanskrit-is-second-official-language-in-uttarakhand/story-wxk51l8Re4vNxofrr7FAJK.html |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=19 January 2010 |access-date=30 August 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120201065836/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NorthIndia/Sanskrit-is-second-official-language-in-Uttarakhand/Article1-499467.aspx |archive-date=1 February 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sanskrit2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Sanskrit second official language of Uttarakhand|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/Sanskrit-second-official-language-of-Uttarakhand/article15965492.ece |work=The Hindu |date=21 January 2010 |access-date=30 August 2017 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303145846/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/Sanskrit-second-official-language-of-Uttarakhand/article15965492.ece|archive-date=3 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | official_script = [[Devanagari]]<br /> | GDP_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;MOSPI&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://mospi.nic.in/sites/default/files/press_releases_statements/State_wise_SDP_01_08_2019_for_uploading.xls|title=MOSPI Gross State Domestic Product|date=1 August 2019|website=[[Ministry of Statistics and Program Implementation]], [[Government of India]]|access-date=16 September 2019|archive-date=26 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426104343/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/uttarakhand-macro-economy-economics-and-statistics-department/1/398361.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=GDP per capita of Indian states - StatisticsTimes.com |url=https://statisticstimes.com/economy/india/indian-states-gdp-per-capita.php |website=statisticstimes.com |access-date=17 April 2021 |archive-date=3 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603211542/https://statisticstimes.com/economy/india/indian-states-gdp-per-capita.php |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | GDP_total = {{IncreaseNeutral}}{{INRConvert|3.78|lc|lk=r}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web| title=Uttarakhand Budget Analysis 2025-26 | url=https://prsindia.org/files/budget/budget_state/uttarakhand/2025/Uttarakhand_Budget_Analysis_2025-26.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250514013435/https://prsindia.org/files/budget/budget_state/uttarakhand/2025/Uttarakhand_Budget_Analysis_2025-26.pdf | archive-date=2025-05-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | GDP_year = 2024–2025<br /> | GDP_rank = 20th<br /> | GDP_per_capita = {{Increase}}{{INRConvert|315000|lk=r}}<br /> | GDP_per_capita_rank = 10th<br /> | HDI = {{Increase}} 0.722 {{color|green|high}} &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=India: Subnational HDI |url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/table/shdi/IND/ |website=Global Data Labs |access-date=8 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | HDI_year = 2023<br /> | HDI_rank = 20th<br /> | literacy = 87.6%&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title=Literacy and education | url=https://mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/reports_and_publication/statistical_publication/social_statistics/WM16Chapter3.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819082513/http://www.mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/reports_and_publication/statistical_publication/social_statistics/WM16Chapter3.pdf | archive-date=19 August 2019 | access-date=31 July 2025 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=TNPSC Current Affairs &amp;#124; TNPSC Monthly Current Affairs | url=https://www.tnpscthervupettagam.com/currentaffairs-detail/nso-survey-for-2017-2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | literacy_year = 2017<br /> | literacy_rank = 13th<br /> | sex_ratio = 963[[female|♀]] / 1000[[male|♂]]&lt;ref name=&quot;pc-census2020&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Census 2011 (Final Data) – Demographic details, Literate Population (Total, Rural &amp; Urban) |url=http://planningcommission.gov.in/data/datatable/data_2312/DatabookDec2014%20307.pdf |website=planningcommission.gov.in |publisher=Planning Commission, Government of India |access-date=3 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127163347/http://planningcommission.gov.in/data/datatable/data_2312/DatabookDec2014%20307.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2018 |url-status=dead |page=4}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | sexratio_year = 2011<br /> | sexratio_rank = 4th<br /> | iso_code = IN-UK &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:IN|title=Standard: ISO 3166 — Codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions|access-date=24 November 2023|archive-date=17 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617031837/https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:IN|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | registration_plate = UK<br /> | website = uk.gov.in<br /> | foundation_day = Uttarakhand Day<br /> | mammal = [[Alpine musk deer]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.gmvnl.com/newgmvn/facts/|title=State Symbols of Uttarakhand |publisher=Garhwal Mandal Vikas Nigam Limited |access-date=1 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130715112114/http://www.gmvnl.com/newgmvn/facts/ |archive-date=15 July 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | bird = [[Himalayan monal]]<br /> | fish = [[Tor putitora|Golden mahseer]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=State Fishes of India|url=http://nfdb.gov.in/PDF/Fish%20%26%20Fisheries%20of%20India/2.State%20Fishes%20of%20India.pdf|publisher=National Fisheries Development Board, Government of India|access-date=26 August 2020|archive-date=10 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010035036/http://nfdb.gov.in/PDF/Fish%20%26%20Fisheries%20of%20India/2.State%20Fishes%20of%20India.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=To protect the endangered 'mahaseer' fish, Uttarakhand set to rope in fishermen|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/dehradun/to-protect-the-endangered-mahaseer-fish-uttarakhand-set-to-rope-in-fishermen/story-BI4UQ3JBbjypkVytn6xjpI.html|author=Sharma, Nihi|work=Hindustan Times|date=1 December 2017|access-date=26 August 2020|archive-date=10 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010134641/https://www.hindustantimes.com/dehradun/to-protect-the-endangered-mahaseer-fish-uttarakhand-set-to-rope-in-fishermen/story-BI4UQ3JBbjypkVytn6xjpI.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | butterfly = [[Papilio bianor|West Himalayan common peacock]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.devalsari.org/images/Photo-Gallery/Common-Peacock-Male-Papilio-Bianor-Polyctor.jpg |title= Common Peacock Male Papilio Bianor Polyctor |access-date=7 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108094143/http://www.devalsari.org/images/Photo-Gallery/Common-Peacock-Male-Papilio-Bianor-Polyctor.jpg |archive-date=8 January 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/dehradun/uttarakhand-to-declare-common-peacock-as-state-butterfly/story-FxHJdVUk9fcVsmPqTvXq1M.html |title=Uttarakhand To Declare Common Peacock As State Butterfly |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=9 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102220838/http://www.hindustantimes.com/dehradun/uttarakhand-to-declare-common-peacock-as-state-butterfly/story-FxHJdVUk9fcVsmPqTvXq1M.html |archive-date=2 January 2017 |date=18 November 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | flower = [[Saussurea obvallata|Brahma Kamal]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://uttaraguide.com/statesigns.php |title=Uttarakhand State Signs &amp;#124; Uttarakhand State Tree |publisher=uttaraguide.com |year=2012 |quote=State Flower : Brahma Kamal |access-date=8 October 2012 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107042757/http://uttaraguide.com/statesigns.php |archive-date=7 November 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | tree = [[Rhododendron arboreum|Burans]]<br /> | image_highway = SH IN-UT.png<br /> | year_start = 9 November 2000<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Uttarakhand''' ({{Indic Transl|hi|Uttarākhaṇḍ|ˈʊt̪ːəɾaːkʰəɳɖ}}, {{literally|Northern Land}}), also known as '''Uttaranchal''' ({{IPAc-en|lang|ˌ|ʊ|t|ə|ˈ|r|æ|n|tʃ|ə|l}}; [[List of renamed places in India|the official name until 2007]]),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Definition of 'Uttaranchal'|publisher=Collins English Dictionary|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/uttaranchal|access-date=16 May 2021|archive-date=30 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160730042201/http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/uttaranchal|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; is a [[States and union territories of India|state]] in [[North India|northern India]]. The state is bordered by [[Himachal Pradesh]] to the northwest, [[Tibet]] to the north, [[Nepal]] to the east and [[Uttar Pradesh]] to the south. Uttarakhand has a total area of {{cvt|53,483|km2}}, equal to 1.6% of the total area of India. [[Dehradun]] serves as the state capital, with [[Nainital]] being the judicial capital. The state is divided into two divisions, [[Garhwal division|Garhwal]] and [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]], with a total of [[List of districts of Uttarakhand|13 districts]]. The forest cover in the state is 45.4% of the state's geographical area. The cultivable area is 16% of the total geographical area. The two major rivers of the state, the [[Ganges]] and its tributary [[Yamuna]], originate from the [[Gangotri]] and [[Yamunotri]] glaciers respectively. Ranked 6th among the Top 10 Greenest States in India with Best AQI.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/travel/news/top-10-greenest-states-in-india-with-best-aqi-nature-forest-cover-and-eco-friendly-living/ar-AA1CPLio?ocid=winp2fptaskbar&amp;cvid=6852dbe0e5bd4b9aa58090778a8001ad&amp;ei=24 |access-date=2025-04-21 |website=www.msn.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Uttarakhand's history dates back to [[prehistoric times]], with archaeological evidence showcasing human habitation. It was part of the ancient [[Kuru Kingdom|Kuru]] and the [[Panchala|Panchal]] kingdoms during the [[Vedic period|Vedic age]], and later saw the rise of dynasties like the [[Kuninda]]s and influence of [[Buddhism]] as evidenced by [[Ashokan edicts]]. Though primarily driven by agriculture and [[hydropower]], the state's economy is now dominated by the service industry. The service sector comprises primarily travel, tourism, and hotel industry. The Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) of Uttarakhand is {{INRConvert|3.78|lc|lk=on|year=2025}}. The state contributes [[List of Lok Sabha members from Uttarakhand|five]] seats to the lower house Lok Sabha &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bisht |first=Brijmohan |date=2013-03-07 |title=Lok Sabha Elections 2024 Uttarakhand - Lok Sabha Seats in Uttarakhand |url=https://www.euttaranchal.com/uttarakhand/lok-sabha-seats-in-uttarakhand.php |access-date=2025-03-31 |website=www.euttaranchal.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Uttarakhand|three]] seats to the upper house Rajya Sabha.<br /> <br /> Inhabitants of the state are called either [[Garhwali people|Garhwali]] or [[Kumaoni people|Kumaoni]] depending on their region of origin. [[Hinduism]] is practiced by more than three-fourths of the population, with [[Islam]] being the next-largest religious group. [[Hindi]] is the most widely spoken language and is also the official language of the state, along with native regional languages include [[Garhwali language|Garhwali]], [[Jaunsari language|Jaunsari]], [[Rongpo language|Rongpo]], [[Jad language|Bhotia]], [[Gujari language|Gurjari]] and [[Kumaoni language|Kumaoni]]. The state is often referred to as the &quot;Devabhumi&quot; ({{lit|Land of the Gods}}), due to its religious significance and numerous [[Hindu temple]]s and [[Hindu pilgrimage sites in India|pilgrimage centres]] found throughout the state.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-12-26 |title=About Uttarakhand - Uttarakhand Tourism |url=https://uttarakhandtourism.net/about-uttarakhand/ |access-date=2025-03-31 |website=uttarakhandtourism.net |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Along with several historical, natural and religious tourist destinations, including [[Char Dham]], [[Haridwar]], [[Rishikesh]], [[Panch Kedar]], [[Himalayas]], and [[Sapta Badri]]. Uttarakhand is also home to two [[World Heritage sites]].<br /> <br /> ==Etymology==<br /> {{See also|List of Indian state and union territory name etymologies}}<br /> Uttarakhand's name is derived from the [[Sanskrit]] words ''uttara'' ({{lang|sa|[[wikt:उत्तर|उत्तर]]}}) meaning 'north', and ''khaṇḍa'' ({{lang|sa|[[wikt:खण्ड|खण्ड]]}}) meaning 'section' or 'part', altogether simply meaning 'Northern Part'.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Escape to Uttarakhand: Your Himalayan Getaway |url=https://www.traveldreams.in/uttarakhand/ |access-date=2025-03-31 |website=Traveldreams |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The name finds mention in early [[Hindu scriptures]] as the combined region of &quot;Kedarkhand&quot; (present day [[Garhwal division|Garhwal]]) and &quot;Manaskhand&quot; (present day [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]]). Uttarakhand was also the ancient [[Puranic]] term for the central stretch of the Indian [[Himalayas]].&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated2001&quot;&gt;Kandari, O. P., &amp; Gusain, O. P. (Eds.). (2001). Garhwal Himalaya: Nature, Culture &amp; Society. Srinagar, Garhwal: Transmedia.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- However, the region was given the name ''Uttaranchal'' by the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]-led [[Government of India|union government]] and [[Government of Uttarakhand|Uttarakhand state government]] when they started a new round of state reorganisation in 1998. Chosen as per BJP claims for its allegedly less-separatist connotations, since the proposed state name Uttarakhand had been used exclusively in all major statehood protests. The name change generated widespread controversy among many activists and citizens who saw it as a political act meant to hijack credit from the activist party [[Uttarakhand Kranti Dal]].&lt;ref&gt;Negi, B. (2001). &quot;Round One to the Lobbyists, Politicians and Bureaucrats.&quot; ''The Indian Express'', 2 January.&lt;/ref&gt; The name Uttarakhand remained popular in the region, while Uttaranchal was promulgated only through official usage.&lt;ref name=&quot;Name1_UK&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Parliament okays bill to rename Uttaranchal | website=The Times of India | date=7 December 2006 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/parliament-okays-bill-to-rename-uttaranchal/articleshow/737781.cms | access-date=24 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> In August 2006, [[Union Council of Ministers]] assented to the demands of the [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|Uttaranchal Legislative Assembly]] and leading members of the [[Uttarakhand movement|Uttarakhand statehood movement]] to rename Uttaranchal state as Uttarakhand. Legislation to that effect was passed by the Uttaranchal Legislative Assembly in October 2006,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url = https://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20061013/nation.htm#5 | agency = United News of India | title = Uttaranchal becomes Uttarakhand | work = The Tribune (India) | date = 13 October 2006 | access-date = 22 January 2013 | url-status=live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130511030304/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20061013/nation.htm#5 | archive-date = 11 May 2013 | df = dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; and the Union Council of Ministers brought in the bill in the winter session of Parliament. The bill was passed by the Parliament and signed into law by then [[President of India|President]] [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] in December 2006, and since 1 January 2007 the state has been known as Uttarakhand.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Uttaranchal-is-Uttarakhand-BJP-cries-foul/articleshow/1014926.cms | title = Uttaranchal is Uttarakhand, BJP cries foul | last = Chopra | first = Jasi Kiran | date = 2 January 2007 | access-date = 22 January 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130510141050/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-01-02/india/27880083_1_bjp-cries-uttaranchal-assembly-polls | archive-date = 10 May 2013 | url-status=live | work = [[The Times of India]] | df = dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt;<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> {{Main|History of Uttarakhand}}<br /> <br /> {{See also|Garhwal Kingdom|Kumaon Kingdom|Landhaura|Timli state|Uttarakhand movement}}<br /> <br /> Archaeological evidence supports the existence of humans in the region since [[prehistoric times]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Bahuguna |first1=Vijay |last2=Joshi |first2=Maheshwar |title=Prehistoric rock engravings and painting: New discoveries in Uttarakhand Himalaya |url=https://www.academia.edu/31515391 |access-date=14 February 2024 |archive-date=14 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214163652/https://www.academia.edu/31515391/Prehistoric_rock_engravings_and_painting_New_discoveries_in_Uttarakhand_Himalaya |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Though initially, it was believed that due to harsh climate and mountainous terrain, this was a barren and uninhabited land. But after various excavations and the study of ancient literature, it is now established that the history of Uttarakhand goes back to Stone Age.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Danish |first=Mohd |date=1 January 2022 |title=The Prehistoric Rock Shelter Paintings Of Lakhudiyar, Kumaon Uttarakhand, India-A Study |url=https://www.academia.edu/112534908 |journal=Zeichen JOURNAL |access-date=14 February 2024 |archive-date=14 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214163652/https://www.academia.edu/112534908/The_Prehistoric_Rock_Shelter_Paintings_Of_Lakhudiyar_Kumaon_Uttarakhand_India_A_Study |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Evidences of [[Stone Age]] settlements have been found in various parts of Kumaon and Garhwal, particularly notable are the rock shelters at [[Lakhudiyar Caves|Lakhudyar]], [[Almora district|Almora]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Uttarakhand: ASI ने किया बड़ा खुलासा, लखुडियार की गुफाएं खोलेंगी आदि मानव कालीन रहस्य, यहां जानें सबकुछ |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttarakhand/nainital/lakhudiyar-caves-will-reveal-the-secrets-of-ancient-human-era-in-almora-2023-12-27 |access-date=14 February 2024 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi |archive-date=14 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214163652/https://www.amarujala.com/uttarakhand/nainital/lakhudiyar-caves-will-reveal-the-secrets-of-ancient-human-era-in-almora-2023-12-27 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Rectangle designs, Painted Rock Shelter, Prehistoric art, Lakhudiyar caves, Hindu, Almora, Uttarakhand, India, One Lakh caves, India.jpg|thumb|left|Stone age paintings at Lakhudiyar Caves, Almora]]<br /> <br /> The region formed a part of the [[Uttarakuru]] Kingdom during the [[Vedic period|Vedic age]] of [[Ancient India]]. Among the first major dynasties of Kumaon were the [[Kuninda]]s in the second century BCE who practised an early form of [[Shaivism]]. [[Ashokan edicts]] at Kalsi show the early presence of [[Buddhism]] in this region.<br /> <br /> Ancient rock paintings, rock shelters, [[paleolithic age]] stone tools (hundreds of thousands of years old), and [[megaliths]] provide evidence that the mountains of the region have been inhabited since prehistoric times. There are also archaeological remains that show the existence of early [[Vedic period|Vedic]] ({{circa|1500 BCE}}) practices in the area.&lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Uttarakhand|url=http://britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/736432/Uttarakhand|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.|access-date=17 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702082101/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/736432/Uttarakhand|archive-date=2 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Pauravas]], [[Khasas]], [[Kirata]]s, [[Nanda Empire|Nandas]], [[Maurya Empire|Mauryas]], [[Kushan Empire|Kushanas]], [[Kuninda Kingdom|Kunindas]], [[Gupta Empire|Guptas]], [[Karkota Empire|Karkotas]], [[Pala Empire|Palas]], [[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty|Gurjara-Pratiharas]], [[Katyuri kings|Katyuris]], [[Doti|Raikas]], [[Chand kings|Chands]], [[Parmar (clan)|Parmar]]s or [[Panwar]]s, [[Khas Kingdom|Mallas]], [[Shah dynasty|Shahs]] and the [[British Raj|British]] have ruled Uttarakhand in turns.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated2001&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Among the first major dynasties of Garhwal and Kumaon were the [[Kuninda kingdom|Kunindas]] in the second century BCE who practised an early form of [[Shaivism]] and traded salt with Western [[Tibet]]. It is evident from the [[Ashoka]]n edict at Kalsi in Western Garhwal that [[Buddhism]] made inroads in this region. [[Folk Hinduism|Shamanic Hindu]] practices deviating from Hindu orthodoxy also persisted here. However, Garhwal and Kumaon were restored to nominal [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic Hindu]] rule due to the travels of [[Shankaracharya]] and the arrival of migrants from the plains.{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}<br /> <br /> {{multiple image<br /> | perrow = 2<br /> | total_width = 400<br /> | caption_align = center<br /> | align = left<br /> | image1 = Sun Temple, Katarmal.jpg<br /> | caption1 = [[Katarmal]] Sun Temple constructed by the [[Katyuri Kings]] in the 9th century CE<br /> | image2 = Dandeshwar temple complex (6133874878).jpg<br /> | caption2 = [[Jageshwar]] Temples Complex are a group of over 100 Hindu temples dated between 7th and 12th century.<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Between the 4th and 14th centuries, the Katyuri dynasty dominated lands of varying extents from the Katyur valley (modern-day [[Baijnath, Uttarakhand|Baijnath]]) in Kumaon. The historically significant temples at [[Jageshwar]] are believed to have been built by the Katyuris and later remodelled by the Chands. Other peoples of the [[Tibeto-Burman]] group known as [[Kirata]] are thought to have settled in the northern highlands as well as in pockets throughout the region, and are believed to be ancestors of the modern day [[Uttarakhand Bhotiya|Bhotiya]], [[Raji people|Raji]], [[Jad people|Jad]], and [[Ban Rawats|Banrawat]] people.&lt;ref&gt;Saklani, D. P. (1998). Ancient communities of the Himalaya. New Delhi: Indus Pub. Co.&lt;/ref&gt; During the medieval period, the region was consolidated under the [[Katyuri kings|Katyuri rulers]] of Kumaon also known as 'Kurmanchal Kingdom'.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Pāṇḍe |first=Badarīdatta |title=History of Kumaun : English version of &quot;Kumaon ka itihas&quot; |date=1993 |publisher=Shree Almora Book Depot |isbn=81-900209-5-1 |oclc=645861049}}&lt;/ref&gt; After the fall of Katyuris, the region was divided into the [[Kumaon Kingdom]] and the [[Garhwal Kingdom]].<br /> {{multiple image<br /> | perrow = 2<br /> | direction = vertical<br /> | total_width = 220<br /> | caption_align = center<br /> | align = left<br /> | image1 = Srinagar, Garhwal, 19th century.jpg<br /> | caption1 = Rope bridge across [[Alaknanda River]] at [[Srinagar, Uttarakhand|Srinagar]], 1784–94 – the capital of the [[Garhwal Kingdom]]<br /> | image2 = Fort and the capital city of Kali Kumaon, Champawat, 1815.jpg<br /> | caption2 = Fort of [[Champawat]], 1815 – the first capital of the [[Chand kings]] of [[Kumaon Kingdom]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> By the medieval period, the region was consolidated under the [[Garhwal Kingdom]] in the west and the [[Kumaon Kingdom]] in the east. During this period, learning and new forms of painting (the [[Pahari painting|Pahari]] school of art) developed.&lt;ref&gt;Pande, B. D. (1993). History of Kumaun: English version of &quot;Kumaun Ka Itihas&quot;. Almora, U.P., India: Shyam Prakashan: Shree Almora Book Depot.&lt;/ref&gt; Modern-day Garhwal was likewise unified under the rule of [[Parmar (clan)|Parmars]] who, along with many other [[Rajputs]] and [[Brahmins]], also arrived from the plains.&lt;ref&gt;Rawat, A. S. (1989). History of Garhwal, 1358–1947: an erstwhile kingdom in the Himalayas. New Delhi: Indus Pub. Co.&lt;/ref&gt; In 1791, the expanding [[Gorkha Kingdom|Gorkha Empire]] of [[Nepal]] overran [[Almora]], the seat of the Kumaon Kingdom. It was annexed to the [[Kingdom of Nepal]] by [[Amar Singh Thapa]]. In 1803, the Garhwal Kingdom also fell to the Gurkhas. After the [[Anglo-Nepalese War]], this region was ceded to the [[Company rule in India|British]] as part of the [[Treaty of Sugauli]] and the erstwhile Kumaon Kingdom along with the [[Garhwal District|eastern region of Garhwal Kingdom]] was merged with the [[Ceded and Conquered Provinces]]. In 1816, the Garhwal Kingdom was re-established from a smaller region in [[Tehri Garhwal district|Tehri]] as a [[princely state]].<br /> [[File:Rang Mahal Landhaura.jpg|thumb|Rang Mahal of [[Landhaura]]]]<br /> In the southern part of Uttarakhand in [[Haridwar district]] (earlier part of [[Saharanpur district|Saharanpur]] till 1988) the dominance and kingship (rajya) was exercises by some local Hindu rulers, the area was under control of Parmar (Panwar) chief in eastern [[Saharanpur district|Saharanpur]] including [[Haridwar district|Haridwar]] in kingship of Raja Sabha Chandra of [[Jhabrera (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Jabarhera]] (Jhabrera). The Panwar clan held more than 500 villages there in upper Doab, and that situation was confirmed in 1759 in a grant by a Rohilla governor of 505 villages and 31 hamlets to one Manohar Singh (written in some records as Raja Nahar Singh son of Sabha Chandra). In 1792 [[Ram Dayal Singh|Ram Dayal]] and his son Sawai Singh were ruling the area but due to some family reasons Ramdayal left Jhabrera and went to Landhaura village, now some villages were under the control of Raja Ramdayal Singh at [[Landhaura]], and some under his son Sawai Singh at Jhabrera. Hence, there were two branches of Jhabrera State (riyasat) main branch at [[Jhabrera]] and the second one at [[Landhaura]], both father and son were ruling simultaneously without any conflicts till the death of Raja Sawai Singh of [[Jhabrera|Jabarhera]] in 1803. After the death of Sawai Singh total control of powers transferred to Ram Dayal Singh at Landhaura, but some villages were given to descendants of Sawai Singh and her widow to collect revenue.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tareekh Gurjar Vol 5-تاریخ گرجر جلد پنجم.pdf |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B2AJAVIyLgQwa1BfSm8xb0V3SDA/view |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=Google Docs}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Chauhan 1998&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Chauhan |first=Rana Ali Hasan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ZmvnQEACAAJ |title=A Short History of the Gurjars: Past and Present |date=1998 |publisher=Chauhan Publications |isbn=978-969-8419-00-4 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> By 1803 the Landhaura villages numbered 794 under [[Raja Ram Dayal Singh]]. Raja Ram Dayal Singh died on 29 March 1813.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Atkinson|first=Edwin Thomas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w2xZmwEACAAJ&amp;q=Landhaura%7Ctitle%3DStatistical|title=Statistical, Descriptive and Historical Account of the North-Western Provinces of India: 2.:Meerut division part 1|date=1875|publisher=North-Western Provinces Government|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; These holdings, at least those in the original grant made by the Rohilla governor, were initially recognised by the British in land settlements concluded with Ram Dayal and his heirs. As the years passed, more and more settlements appear to have been made with the village communities, however, and by 1850 little remained of the once vast estate of the Landhaura Khübars.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Raheja|first=Gloria Goodwin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V6oYqw1BWAQC&amp;pg=PA1|title=The Poison in the Gift: Ritual, Prestation, and the Dominant Caste in a North Indian Village|date=June 1988|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-70728-0|language=en|access-date=16 June 2021|archive-date=17 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617111159/https://books.google.com/books?id=V6oYqw1BWAQC&amp;pg=PA1|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; There are many temples and Ghats on Ganga built by Rajas of Landhaura estate, therefore they also famous as ' Haridwari Rajas' in folk history and literature. Famous [[Daksheswar Mahadev Temple|Dakshamahadev Temple]] at Kankhal was built by Queen DhanKaur of Landhaura in 1810 A.D.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nirvana India Enterprise |url=https://www.haridwartemple.com/article/id/1023/daksha-mahadev-temple |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=www.haridwartemple.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:Ram Mahal.jpg|thumb|Ram Mahal of [[Timli state|Timli estate]]]]<br /> Next the Timli estate Founded in Dehradun mid-15th century by Chaudhari Ram Singh, a member of the [[Chokar]] Hindu family, the estate remained under the rule of this dynasty until its eventual annexation.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chauhan 1998&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Murtaza |first1=Mahnoor |last2=Shad |first2=Dr Elizabeth |date=2024-03-05 |title=An overview of Ada Jafri's Autobiography &quot;Jo Rahi So Bekhabri Rahi&quot; |url=https://ojs.lgu.edu.pk/index.php/nooretahqeeq/article/view/2136 |journal=Noor e Tahqeeq |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=6–17 |doi=10.54692/nooretahqeeq.2024.08012136 |issn=2521-0157|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1548, two chieftains, Pohda Singh and Lal Karan, from the Titron region in Saharanpur district, crossed the [[Sivalik Hills|Sivalik hills]], conquered the entire Dehradun area, and established the [[Timli state|Timli estate]]. They also founded a town named Timli Chaudhari Bhagwan Singh have power of magistrate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Handa |first=O. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XTfmGNfaoC4C&amp;dq=Bhagwan+Singhji+Choudhari&amp;pg=PA222 |title=Art &amp; Architecture of Uttarakhand |date=July 2009 |publisher=Pentagon Press |isbn=978-81-8274-417-2 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Williams |first=George Robert Carlisle |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6wQ3AQAAMAAJ&amp;dq=Timlee+Goojur&amp;pg=RA1-PA101 |title=Historical and Statistical Memoir of Dehra Doon |date=1874 |publisher=Printed at the Thomason Civil Engineering College Press |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Walton |first=h G. Ed |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.94182 |title=Dehra Dun, a Gazetteer, vol.1 |date=1911}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Raja Ranjit Singh of [[Samthar State|Samthar state]], born in 1943, was married at a young age to a princess from the Chokar family, which ruled in Timli estate in [[Dehradun]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tareekh Gurjar Vol 5-تاریخ گرجر جلد پنجم.pdf |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B2AJAVIyLgQwa1BfSm8xb0V3SDA/view |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=Google Docs}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Handa |first=O. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XTfmGNfaoC4C&amp;dq=Timli+State&amp;pg=PA251 |title=Art &amp; Architecture of Uttarakhand |date=July 2009 |publisher=Pentagon Press |isbn=978-81-8274-417-2 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Ceded Conquered Provinces details.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Map of Uttarakhand as part of United Province |Uttarakhand as a part of the [[Ceded and Conquered Provinces]]]]<br /> <br /> After India attained independence from the [[British Raj|British]], the Garhwal Kingdom was merged into the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]], where Uttarakhand composed the Garhwal and Kumaon Divisions.&lt;ref&gt;Saklani, A. (1987). The history of a Himalayan princely state: change, conflicts and awakening: an interpretative history of princely state of Tehri Garhwal, U.P., A.D. 1815 to 1949 A.D. (1st ed.). Delhi: Durga Publications.&lt;/ref&gt; Until 1998, Uttarakhand was the name most commonly used to refer to the region, as various political groups, including the [[Uttarakhand Kranti Dal]] (Uttarakhand Revolutionary Party), began agitating for separate statehood under its banner. Although the erstwhile hill kingdoms of Garhwal and Kumaon were traditional rivals the inseparable and complementary nature of their geography, economy, culture, language, and traditions created strong bonds between the two regions.&lt;ref&gt;Aggarwal, J. C., Agrawal, S. P., &amp; Gupta, S. S. (Eds.). (1995). Uttarakhand: past, present, and future. New Delhi: Concept Pub. Co.&lt;/ref&gt; These bonds formed the basis of the new political identity of Uttarakhand, which gained significant momentum in 1994, when demand for separate statehood achieved almost unanimous acceptance among both the local populace and national political parties.&lt;ref&gt;Kumar, P. (2000). The Uttarakhand Movement: Construction of a Regional Identity. New Delhi: Kanishka Publishers.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The most notable incident during this period was the [[Rampur Tiraha firing case]] on the night of 1 October 1994, which led to a public uproar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=HC quashes CBI report on Rampur Tiraha firing|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/HC-quashes-CBI-report-on-Rampur-Tiraha-firing/articleshow/104312.cms |date=31 July 2003 |access-date=28 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020023855/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-07-31/india/27185864_1_quashes-rampur-tiraha-open-fire|archive-date=20 October 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 24 September 1998, the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] and [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]] passed the Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Bill, which began the process of forming a new state.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19980924/26750834.html Reorganisation Bill passed by UP Govt] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090907185215/http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19980924/26750834.html |date=7 September 2009 }} ''[[The Indian Express]]'', 24 September 1998.&lt;/ref&gt; Two years later the [[Parliament of India]] passed the [[Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000]] and thus, on 9 November 2000, Uttarakhand became the 27th state of the [[Republic of India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bhaskar |first=Arushi |date=9 November 2022 |title=Uttarakhand Foundation Day: The long struggle for the hill state |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/uttarakhand-foundation-day-the-long-struggle-for-the-hill-state-8258545/ |access-date=31 December 2022 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en |archive-date=31 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231120258/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/uttarakhand-foundation-day-the-long-struggle-for-the-hill-state-8258545/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Uttarakhand is also well known for the mass agitation of the 1970s that led to the formation of the [[Chipko movement|Chipko environmental movement]]&lt;ref&gt;Guha, R. (2000). The unquiet woods: ecological change and peasant resistance in the Himalaya (Expanded ed.). Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press.&lt;/ref&gt; and other social movements. Though primarily a [[livelihood]] movement rather than a forest conservation movement, it went on to become a rallying point for many future [[environmentalists]], environmental protests, and movements the world over and created a precedent for non-violent protest.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Robbins|first=Paul|title=Political Ecology: A Critical Introduction|publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]]|page=194 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BLFoFf3fbi0C&amp;dq=Chipko+movement&amp;pg=PA194 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110042140/https://books.google.com/books?id=BLFoFf3fbi0C&amp;pg=PA194&amp;dq=Chipko+movement|archive-date=10 January 2016|url-status=live|date=9 August 2004|isbn=978-1-4051-0266-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; It stirred up the existing civil society in India, which began to address the issues of tribal and marginalised people. So much so that, a quarter of a century later, ''[[India Today]]'' mentioned the people behind the &quot;forest satyagraha&quot; of the Chipko movement as among &quot;100 people who shaped India&quot;.&lt;ref name=ITD&gt;{{cite web|last=Agarwal|first=Anil|title=The Chipko Movement |url=http://www.india-today.com/itoday/millennium/100people/chipko.html|work=India Today |access-date=29 July 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140823085113/http://www.india-today.com/itoday/millennium/100people/chipko.html|archive-date=23 August 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; One of Chipko's most salient features was the mass participation of female villagers.&lt;ref&gt;Mishra, A., &amp; Tripathi, (1978). '''Chipko''' movement: Uttaranchal women's bid to save forest wealth. New Delhi: People's Action/Gandhi Book House.&lt;/ref&gt; It was largely female activists that played pivotal role in the movement. [[Gaura Devi]] was the leading activist who started this movement, other participants were [[Chandi Prasad Bhatt]], [[Sunderlal Bahuguna]], and Ghanshyam Raturi, the popular Chipko poet.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Chipko Movement, India |url=http://iisd.org/50comm/commdb/desc/d07.htm |publisher=International Institute for Sustainable Development|access-date=29 July 2012|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321223139/http://www.iisd.org/50comm/commdb/desc/d07.htm|archive-date=21 March 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Geography ==<br /> {{Main|Geography of Uttarakhand|List of mountain peaks of Uttarakhand}}<br /> <br /> {{See also|Ecology of the Himalayas|Geology of the Himalayas}}<br /> [[File:India Uttarakhand relief map.svg|thumb|left|alt=Uttarakhand Relief Map|Topography map of Uttarakhand, showing elevations shaded from green to brown (higher)]]<br /> <br /> Uttarakhand has a total area of {{cvt|53,483|km2}},&lt;ref name=&quot;Uttarakhand&quot; /&gt; of which 86% is mountainous and 65% is covered by forest.&lt;ref name=Uttarakhand /&gt; Most of the northern part of the state is covered by high [[Himalaya]]n peaks and glaciers. In the first half of the nineteenth century, the expanding development of Indian roads, railways, and other physical infrastructure was giving rise to concerns over indiscriminate logging, particularly in the [[Himalaya]]. Two of the most important rivers in Hinduism originate in the glaciers of Uttarakhand, the [[Ganges]] at [[Gangotri]] and the [[Yamuna]] at [[Yamunotri]]. They are fed by myriad lakes, glacial melts, and streams.&lt;ref&gt;Negi, S. S. (1991). Himalayan rivers, lakes, and glaciers. New Delhi: Indus Pub. Co.&lt;/ref&gt; These two along with [[Badrinath]] and [[Kedarnath]] form the [[Chota Char Dham]], a holy pilgrimage for the Hindus.&lt;ref name=char1&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.india.com/business/chardham-to-get-rail-connectivity-indian-railways-pilgrimage-linking-project-to-cost-rs-43-29-crore-2124237/ |title=Chardham to get rail connectivity; Indian Railways pilgrimage linking project to cost Rs 43.29k crore, India.com, 12-May-2017 |access-date=28 February 2023 |archive-date=6 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106041458/https://www.india.com/business/chardham-to-get-rail-connectivity-indian-railways-pilgrimage-linking-project-to-cost-rs-43-29-crore-2124237/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://gov.ua.nic.in/transport/chardham.htm Chard Dham Yatra] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090512200341/http://gov.ua.nic.in/transport/chardham.htm |date=12 May 2009 }} – Govt. of Uttarakhand, Official website.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140502222038/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/dehradun/char-dham-yatra-kicks-off-as-portals-open/article1-1214974.aspx Char Dham yatra kicks off as portals open – Hindustan Times&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.indiapilgrimtours.com/articles/destination-profiles-of-the-holy-char-dhams-uttarakhand |title=Destination Profiles of the Holy Char Dhams, Uttarakhand&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |date=18 April 2013 |access-date=28 February 2023 |archive-date=9 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309154546/https://www.indiapilgrimtours.com/articles/destination-profiles-of-the-holy-char-dhams-uttarakhand/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Uttarakhand lies on the southern slope of the Himalaya range, and the climate and vegetation vary greatly with elevation, from glaciers at the highest elevations to [[subtropical]] forests at the lower elevations. The highest elevations are covered by ice and bare rock. Below them, between {{convert|3000|and|5000|m|ft}} are the [[western Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows]]. The temperate [[western Himalayan subalpine conifer forests]] grow just below the tree line. At {{convert|3000|to|2600|m|ft}} elevation they transition to the temperate [[western Himalayan broadleaf forests]], which lie in a belt from {{convert|2600|to|1500|m|ft}} elevation. Below {{convert|1500|m|ft}} elevation lie the [[Himalayan subtropical pine forests]]. The [[Upper Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests]] and the drier [[Terai-Duar savanna and grasslands]] cover the lowlands along the Uttar Pradesh border in a belt locally known as [[Bhabar]]. These lowland forests have mostly been cleared for agriculture, but a few pockets remain.&lt;ref&gt;Negi, S. S. (1995). Uttarakhand: land and people. New Delhi: MD Pub.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Climate===<br /> Uttarakhand has a [[temperate climate|temperate]] but varies greatly from north to south.&lt;ref name=&quot;Climate&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Climate of Uttarakhand |url=https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climate%20of%20Uttarakhand.pdf |publisher=IMD Pune |access-date=28 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; The climatic conditions experienced in the state vary [[Subtropics|subtropical]] in the southern part to [[Alpine climate|alpine]] in the upper reaches of the Himalayan mountain in the northern parts. The winter season from December to February, is extreme with temperatures fluctuating anywhere between {{convert|comma=5|5|°C}} to {{convert|comma=5|20|°C}}. In higher altitudes and mountainous regions, temperatures often drop below freezing point.&lt;ref name=&quot;Climate&quot;/&gt; Cold winds blow across Uttarakhand, especially in the higher altitudes and mountainous regions. These winds bring cold temperatures and often carry moisture, contributing to the heavy snowfall in places like the Himalayan ranges and hill stations.&lt;ref name=&quot;Climate&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> During Pre-monsoon or hot weather season from March to May, temperature starts to rise and steadily rises till it reaches its peak in May to the middle of June, when the mean maximum temperature in southern parts and valleys of the state is at about {{convert|comma=5|34|°C}} C to {{convert|comma=5|38|°C}}, But in recent days the maximum temperature has increased up to 40&amp;nbsp;°C (104&amp;nbsp;°F). and mean minimum temperature is at about {{convert|comma=5|20|°C}} to {{convert|comma=5|24|°C}} C.&lt;ref name=&quot;Daily Weather&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Daily Weather Report For Uttarakhand |url=https://mausam.imd.gov.in/dehradun/mcdata/DWR.pdf |publisher=Meteorological Centre, Dehradun |access-date=28 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; June to September constitutes the [[southwest monsoon]] season and the period of October and November is of post monsoon season. The state receives rainfall mainly due monsoon depressions originating in the [[Bay of Bengal]] during the [[southwest monsoon]] season. The total annual rainfall for the state as a whole is 133&amp;nbsp;cm and total annual number of rainy days are about 63&amp;nbsp;cm. Although, rainfall in the state varies from place to place due to its rugged topography. Precipitation is not heavy and occurs in the form of rain and snow. Winds are generally light of the order of 1 to 4 kmph in the valleys and 5 to 10 kmph at elevations of 2&amp;nbsp;km increasing further with higher altitudes.<br /> <br /> === Flora and fauna ===<br /> {{See also|Indomalayan realm}}<br /> {| class=&quot;toccolours&quot; style=&quot;margin:1em; float:right; width:25%&quot;<br /> |+ '''State symbols of Uttarakhand'''<br /> |-<br /> | '''State animal'''<br /> | [[Alpine musk deer]] (''Moschus chrysogaster'')|| [[File:Moschus chrysogaster.jpg|50px]]<br /> |-<br /> | '''State bird'''<br /> | [[Himalayan monal]] (''Lophophorus impejanus'')|| [[File:Himalayan Monal Adult Female Tungnath Rudraprayag Uttarakhand India 14.06.2013.jpg|50px]]<br /> |-<br /> | '''State tree'''<br /> | [[Burans]] (''Rhododendron arboreum'') || [[File:Natural flowers, Chopta, Uttarakhand.jpg|50px]]<br /> |-<br /> | '''State flower'''<br /> | [[Brahma Kamal]] (''Saussurea obvallata)''|| [[File:Brahma Kamal.jpg|50px]]<br /> |-<br /> | '''State fruit'''<br /> | [[Kafal]] (''Myrica esculenta)''|| [[File:Kafal(blackberry) 2014-06-04 08-48.jpg|50px]]<br /> |-<br /> | '''State sport'''<br /> | [[Association football|Football]] || [[File:Football in Bloomington, Indiana, 1995.jpg|50px]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Uttarakhand has a diversity of flora and fauna. It has a recorded forest area of {{cvt|34,666|km2}}, which constitutes 65% of the total area of the state.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Uttarakhand Annual Plan 2011–12 Finalisation Meeting Between Hon'ble Dputy Chairman, Planning Commission &amp; Hon'ble Chief Minister, Uttarakhand|url=http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/stateplan/present/Uttarakhand.pdf|publisher=planningcommission.nic.in|access-date=3 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515134301/http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/stateplan/present/Uttarakhand.pdf|archive-date=15 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; The vegetation of the state majorly comprises alpine trees and tropical rainforests. The state is home to rare species of plants and animals, many of which are protected by sanctuaries and reserves. [[National parks of India|National parks]] in Uttarakhand include the [[Jim Corbett National Park]] (the oldest national park of India) in [[Nainital district|Nainital]] and [[Pauri Garhwal District]], and [[Valley of Flowers National Park]] &amp; [[Nanda Devi National Park]] in [[Chamoli District]], which together are a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]]. A number of plant species in the valley are internationally threatened, including several that have not been recorded from elsewhere in Uttarakhand.&lt;ref name=&quot;unesco335&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/335/|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=3 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625213230/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/335|archive-date=25 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Rajaji National Park]] in [[Haridwar District|Haridwar]], [[Dehradun District|Dehradun]] and [[Pauri Garhwal District]] and [[Govind Pashu Vihar National Park]] &amp; [[Gangotri National Park]] in [[Uttarkashi District]] are some other protected areas in the state.&lt;ref name=wildlife&gt;{{cite web|title=Wildlife Eco-Tourism in Uttarakhand |url=http://www.uttarakhandforest.org/Data/SC_WildlifeEco-tourism.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091123040254/http://www.uttarakhandforest.org/Data/SC_WildlifeEco-tourism.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 November 2009 |publisher=uttarakhandforest.org |access-date=14 July 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Bengal tigers]] and [[leopards]] are found in areas that are abundant in hills but may also venture into the lowland jungles. Smaller felines include the [[jungle cat]], [[fishing cat]], and [[leopard cat]]. Other mammals include four kinds of deer ([[Muntjac|barking]], [[sambar deer|sambar]], [[hog deer|hog]] and [[chital]]), [[Sloth bear|sloth]], [[Brown bear|Brown]] and [[Asian black bear|Himalayan black bears]], [[Indian grey mongoose]]s, [[otter]]s, [[Martes flavigula|yellow-throated martens]], [[bharal]], [[Indian pangolin]]s, and [[langur]] and [[rhesus macaque|rhesus]] monkeys. In the summer, [[Asian elephant|elephants]] can be seen in [[herd]]s of several hundred. [[Marsh crocodile]]s (''Crocodylus palustris''), [[gharial]]s (''Gavialis gangeticus'') and other reptiles are also found in the region. Local crocodiles were saved from extinction by captive breeding programs and subsequently re-released into the [[Ramganga]] river.&lt;ref&gt;Riley, Laura; William Riley (2005):208. Nature's Strongholds: The World's Great Wildlife Reserves. Princeton University Press. {{ISBN|0-691-12219-9}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Several freshwater terrapins and turtles like the [[Indian sawback turtle]] (''Kachuga tecta''), [[brahminy river turtle]] (''Hardella thurjii''), and [[Ganges softshell turtle]] (''Trionyx gangeticus'') are found in the rivers. Butterflies and birds of the region include [[Papilio helenus|red helen]] (''Papilio helenus''), the [[Hypolimnas bolina|great eggfly]] (''Hypolimnos bolina''), [[Danaus genutia|common tiger]] (''Danaus genutia''), [[Pareronia avatar|pale wanderer]] (''Pareronia avatar''), [[jungle babbler]], [[tawny-bellied babbler]], [[great slaty woodpecker]], [[red-breasted parakeet]], [[orange-breasted green pigeon]] and [[chestnut-winged cuckoo]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Sharma1998&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=K. P. Sharma|title=Garhwal &amp; Kumaon: A Guide for Trekkers and Tourists|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jSelsX-adscC&amp;pg=PA56 |year=1998 |publisher=Cicerone Press Limited |isbn=978-1-85284-264-2 |pages=56– |access-date=9 July 2012 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603060215/http://books.google.com/books?id=jSelsX-adscC&amp;pg=PA56|archive-date=3 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2011, a rare migratory bird, the [[bean goose]], was also seen in the [[Jim Corbett National Park]]. A critically endangered bird, last seen in 1876 is the Himalayan quail endemic to the western Himalayas of the state.&lt;ref name=corbett&gt;{{cite web|title=A Rare Visit of Ben Goose at Corbett|url=http://www.corbett-national-park.com/blog/a-rare-visit-of-ben-goose-at-corbett.html|publisher=corbett-national-park.com|access-date=15 April 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415132138/http://www.corbett-national-park.com/blog/a-rare-visit-of-ben-goose-at-corbett.html|archive-date=15 April 2015|date=11 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Evergreen oaks]], [[rhododendrons]], and [[conifers]] predominate in the hills. [[Prunus cerasoides]] (pahiyya), ''[[Sal (tree)|sal]]'' (''Shorea robusta''), [[silk cotton tree]] (''Bombax ciliata''), ''[[Dalbergia sissoo]]'', ''[[Mallotus philippensis]]'', ''[[Acacia catechu]]'', ''[[Bauhinia racemosa]]'', and ''[[Bauhinia variegata]]'' (camel's foot tree) are some other trees of the region. ''[[Albizia chinensis]]'', the sweet sticky flowers of which are favoured by sloth bears, are also part of the region's flora.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sharma1998&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> A decade long study by Prof. [[Chandra Prakash Kala]] concluded that the Valley of Flowers is endowed with 520 species of higher plants (''[[angiosperm]]s'', ''[[gymnosperm]]s'' and ''[[pteridophyte]]s''), of these 498 are [[flowering plant]]s. The park has many species of medicinal plants including ''[[Dactylorhiza hatagirea]]'', ''[[Picrorhiza kurroa]]'', ''[[Aconitum violaceum]]'', ''[[Polygonatum multiflorum]]'', ''[[Fritillaria roylei]]'', and ''[[Podophyllum hexandrum]]''.&lt;ref&gt;Kala, C.P. 2005. The Valley of Flowers; A newly declared World Heritage Site. Current Science, 89 (6): 919–920.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Kala, C.P. 2004. The Valley of Flowers; Myth and Reality. International Book Distributors, Dehradun, India&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the summer season of 2016, a large portion of forests in Uttarakhand caught fires and rubbled to ashes during [[2016 Uttarakhand forest fires|Uttarakhand forest fires]] incident, which resulted in the damage of forest resources worth billions of rupees and death of 7 people with hundreds of wild animals died during fires. During the [[2021 Uttarakhand forest fires]], there was widespread damage to the forested areas in Tehri district.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=PTI|date=6 April 2021|title=Indian Air Force Battles Uttarakhand Forest Blaze, 75 New Fires Reported|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/indian-air-force-battles-uttarakhand-forest-blaze-75-new-fires-reported-2407790|access-date=7 April 2021|work=NDTV|archive-date=6 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210406195312/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/indian-air-force-battles-uttarakhand-forest-blaze-75-new-fires-reported-2407790|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A number of native plants are deemed to be of medicinal value.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}} The government-run [[Herbal Research and Development Institute]] carries out research and helps conserve medicinal herbs that are found in abundance in the region. Local traditional healers still use herbs, in accordance with classical [[Ayurvedic]] texts, for diseases that are usually cured by modern medicine.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Ethnomedicinal Investigation of Medicinal Plants of Chakrata Region (Uttarakhand) Used in the Traditional Medicine for Diabetes by Jaunsari Tribe|first1=Ankit|last1=Kumar|first2=Sonali|last2=Aswal|first3=Ashutosh|last3=Chauhan|first4=Ruchi Badoni|last4=Semwal|first5=Abhimanyu|last5=Kumar|first6=Deepak Kumar|last6=Semwal|date=1 June 2019|journal=Natural Products and Bioprospecting|volume=9|issue=3|pages=175–200|doi=10.1007/s13659-019-0202-5|pmid=30968350|pmc=6538708}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;134&quot;&gt;<br /> Golden mahseer (Tor putitora) Babai River.jpg| [[Golden Mahseer]] (''Tor putitora'')<br /> File:Brännässla (Urtica Dioica).jpg|[[Urtica dioica|Kandali]] (''Urtica dioica'')<br /> Davidraju Common peacock-shillong.jpg|[[West Himalayan Common Peacock]] (''Papilio bianor polyctor'')<br /> File:Wild Himalaya Cherry's blooming at Doi suthep-pui national park.jpg|[[Prunus cerasoides|Paiyya]] (Prunus cerasoides)<br /> Himalayan Monal, Male (28466143101).jpg| [[Himalayan Monal]] (''Lophophorus impejanus'')<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> == Demographics ==<br /> {{See also|List of cities in Uttarakhand by population|List of people from Uttarakhand|Garhwali people|Kumaoni people}}<br /> {{Historical population<br /> | source = [[Census of India]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title= A - 2 DECADAL VARIATION IN POPULATION SINCE 1901|publisher=Office of the Census Commissioner |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A-2_Data_Tables/05%20A-2%20Uttarakhand.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226074646/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A-2_Data_Tables/05%20A-2%20Uttarakhand.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2022|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Census Population&quot;&gt;{{Citation|url=http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2006-07/chapt2007/tab97.pdf|title=Census Population|work=Census of India|publisher=Ministry of Finance India|access-date=18 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219073658/http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2006-07/chapt2007/tab97.pdf|archive-date=19 December 2008|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 1901 |1979866<br /> | 1911 |2142258<br /> | 1921 |2115984<br /> | 1931 |2301019<br /> | 1941 |2614540<br /> | 1951 | 2945929<br /> | 1961 | 3610938<br /> | 1971 | 4492724<br /> | 1981 | 5725972<br /> | 1991 | 7050634<br /> | 2001 | 8489349<br /> | 2011 | 10086292<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The native people of Uttarakhand are generally called Uttarakhandi and sometimes specifically either [[Garhwali people|Garhwali]] or [[Kumaoni people|Kumaoni]] depending on their place of origin in either the [[Garhwal division|Garhwal]] or [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]] region. According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Uttarakhand has a population of 10,086,292 comprising 5,137,773 males and 4,948,519 females, with 69.77% of the population living in rural areas. The state is the 20th most populous state of the country having 0.83% of the population on 1.63% of the land. The population density of the state is 189 people per square kilometre having a 2001–2011 decadal growth rate of 18.81%. The gender ratio is 963 females per 1000 males.&lt;ref name=&quot;Census2011&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Uttarakhand Profile |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/stock/profiles/en/IND005_Uttarakhand.pdf |website=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=18 March 2020 |archive-date=19 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919150703/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/stock/profiles/en/IND005_Uttarakhand.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;census&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Census of India-2011 (Uttarakhand)|language=hi|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/uttarakhand/ppt_figures_press_rel.pdf|publisher=Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India (ORGI)|access-date=17 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125075341/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/uttarakhand/ppt_figures_press_rel.pdf|archive-date=25 November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Demography&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Demography|url=http://uk.gov.in/pages/view/428-demography|publisher=Government of Uttarakhand|access-date=17 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120103061346/http://uk.gov.in/pages/view/428-demography|archive-date=3 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; The crude birth rate in the state is 18.6 with the [[total fertility rate]] being 2.3. The state has an [[infant mortality rate]] of 43, a [[maternal mortality rate]] of 188 and a [[crude death rate]] of 6.6.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Annual Health Survey 2010–2011 Fact Sheet|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/vital_statistics/AHSBulletins/AHS_Baseline_Factsheets/Uttarakhand.pdf|publisher=Government of India|access-date=17 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018163102/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/vital_statistics/AHSBulletins/AHS_Baseline_Factsheets/Uttarakhand.pdf|archive-date=18 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Social groups ===<br /> Uttarakhand has a multiethnic population spread across two geocultural regions: Garhwal, and Kumaon, including members of the native [[Garhwali people|Garhwali]] and [[Kumaoni people|Kumaoni]] communities as well as migrant groups, dominated by the [[Rajput]]-[[Brahmin]] hegemony.&lt;ref name=&quot;IE_2017&quot;/&gt; Rajputs (of various clans) constitute around 35% of the state's population, followed by Brahmins at 20% to 25%,&lt;ref name=&quot;IE_2017&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Bhardwaj |first1=Ashutosh |title=Uttarakhand elections: Across the border; next door to UP, new caste calculus |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/uttarakhand-assembly-elections-2017/uttarakhand-elections-across-the-border-next-door-to-up-new-caste-calculus-4525289/ |access-date=16 June 2023 |work=The Indian Express |date=15 February 2017 |language=en |archive-date=16 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616105022/https://indianexpress.com/elections/uttarakhand-assembly-elections-2017/uttarakhand-elections-across-the-border-next-door-to-up-new-caste-calculus-4525289/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AajTak_Feb2022&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=माहेश्वरी |first1=सुधांशु |title=उत्तराखंड: जहां सिर्फ ब्राह्मण-ठाकुर जाति वाले CM बने, कांग्रेस क्यों खेल रही दलित कार्ड? |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/uttarakhand-assembly-elections/story/uttarakhand-election-brahmin-thakur-cm-dalit-congress-harish-rawat-ntc-1408958-2022-02-10 |access-date=16 June 2023 |work=Aaj Tak |date=10 February 2022 |language=hi |archive-date=16 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616103521/https://www.aajtak.in/elections/uttarakhand-assembly-elections/story/uttarakhand-election-brahmin-thakur-cm-dalit-congress-harish-rawat-ntc-1408958-2022-02-10 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; According to a 2007 study by [[Centre for the Study of Developing Societies]], Uttarakhand has the highest percentage of [[Brahmin]]s of any state in India, with approximately 20% of the population.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |title=Brahmins in India |url=http://outlookindia.com/article/Brahmins-In-India/234783 |magazine=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |date=4 June 2007 |access-date=17 July 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531222946/http://www.outlookindia.com/article/Brahmins-In-India/234783 |archive-date=31 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Uttarakhand is among the few Indian states where the historic [[Forward caste|Upper Caste]] forms a major share of the population.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Of the rest 18.3% of the population is classified as [[Other Backward Class]]es (OBCs) [[Gurjar]]s majorly.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Cātaka |first=Govinda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5vyAAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=gurjar+garhwal+kumoun |title=Bhāratīya loka saṃskr̥ti kā sandarbha: Madhya Himālaya |date=1990 |publisher=Takshaśilā Prakāśana |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Nauṭiyāla |first=Śivānanda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xbu1AAAAIAAJ&amp;q=gurjar+garhwal+kumoun |title=Gaṛhvāla-darśana |date=1988 |publisher=Sulabha Prakāśana |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Handbook of Social Welfare Statistics|year=2018|url=https://socialjustice.nic.in/writereaddata/UploadFile/HANDBOOKSocialWelfareStatistice2018.pdf|pages=238|access-date=17 January 2022|archive-date=18 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118182657/https://socialjustice.nic.in/writereaddata/UploadFile/HANDBOOKSocialWelfareStatistice2018.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=उत्तराखंड:21 विधानसभा क्षेत्रों में चलती है OBC की सियासत, भाजपा,कांग्रेस सहित सभी राजनीतिक दल आरक्षण की पैरवी पर उतरे |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttarakhand/story-uttarakhand-politics-of-obc-runs-in-21-assembly-constituencies-bjp-congress-all-political-parties-support-reservation-4333928.amp.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228034254/https://www.livehindustan.com/uttarakhand/story-uttarakhand-politics-of-obc-runs-in-21-assembly-constituencies-bjp-congress-all-political-parties-support-reservation-4333928.amp.html |archive-date=28 February 2022 |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=Hindustan |date=11 August 2021 |language=hi-IN |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Pastoral Gujjar - A Study in Uttarakhand {{!}} Exotic India Art |url=https://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/pastoral-gujjar-study-in-uttarakhand-ubf236/ |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=www.exoticindiaart.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 18.76% of the population belongs to the [[Scheduled Castes]] (an official term for the lower castes in the traditional [[caste system in India]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;Demography&quot; /&gt; [[Scheduled Tribes]] such as the [[Jaunsari people|Jaunsaris]], [[Bhotiyas of Uttarakhand|Bhotiyas]], [[Tharu people|Tharus]], [[Bhoksa people|Buksas]], [[Raji people|Rajis]], [[Jad people|Jads]], and [[Banrawats]] constitute 2.89% of the population.&lt;ref name=&quot;Demography&quot; /&gt; Several non-scheduled tribal groups such as [[Shaukas]] and [[Gurjar]]s are also found here.&lt;ref name=&quot;exoticindiaart.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Pastoral Gujjar - A Study in Uttarakhand {{!}} Exotic India Art |url=https://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/pastoral-gujjar-study-in-uttarakhand-ubf236/ |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=www.exoticindiaart.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Van Gujjar people|Van Gurjars]] (found in [[Sivalik Hills|Shivalik hills]]) and [[Bhotiya]] are nomadic tribes while [[Jaunsari people|Jaunsaris]] are completely settled tribe.&lt;ref name=&quot;exoticindiaart.com&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pal |first=Sanchari |date=2016-09-03 |title=Nomads of the Himalayas : A Fascinating Glimpse into the Rarely-Seen Forest World of the Van Gujjars |url=https://thebetterindia.com/67099/van-gujjars-himalayas-tribe-buffaloes/ |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=The Better India |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Shepherds Of Uttarakhand |url=https://himalayashelter.com/blogs/shepherds-of-uttarakhand/ |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=himalayashelter.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Languages ===<br /> The official language of Uttarakhand is [[Hindi]],&lt;ref name=&quot;2011lang&quot; /&gt; which according to the 2011 census is spoken natively by {{sigfig|43.365|2}}% of the population,&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011-C16&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Uttarakhand|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10225/download/13337/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0500.XLSX|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]|access-date=23 July 2022|archive-date=9 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809134456/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10225/download/13337/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0500.XLSX|url-status=live}} Figures for Jaunsari also include speakers of Jaunpuri.&lt;/ref&gt; and is also used throughout the state as a lingua franca.<br /> <br /> The major regional languages of Uttarakhand are [[Garhwali language|Garhwali]], which according to the 2011 census is spoken by {{sigfig|23.025|2}}% of the population, mostly in the western half of the state, [[Kumaoni language|Kumaoni]], spoken in the eastern half and native to {{sigfig|19.941|2}}%, and [[Jaunsari language|Jaunsari]], whose speakers are concentrated in Dehradun district in the southwest and make up {{sigfig|1.345|2}}% of the state's population. These three languages are closely related, with Garhwali and Kumaoni in particular making up the [[Central Pahari]] language subgroup. The languages have been part of various scattered conservation efforts due to their active decline beginning in the later quarter of the 20th century. The decline is hypothesized to be the result of heavy state-sponsored promotion of Hindi as the official language.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Garga |date=21 February 2016 |title=Why imposing Hindi on all is as bad an idea as insisting that India is a Hindu country |url=http://scroll.in/article/803869/why-imposing-hindi-on-all-is-as-bad-an-idea-as-insisting-that-india-is-a-hindu-country |access-date=14 February 2024 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US |archive-date=3 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003212604/https://scroll.in/article/803869/why-imposing-hindi-on-all-is-as-bad-an-idea-as-insisting-that-india-is-a-hindu-country |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> All the languages enumerated so far belong to the [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] family. Apart from a few other minority Indo-Aryan languages, like [[Buksa language|Buksa Tharu]] and [[Rana Tharu language|Rana Tharu]] (of Udham Singh Nagar district in the south-east), [[Mahasu Pahari]] (found in Uttarkashi in the north-west), and [[Doteli language|Doteli]],&lt;ref name=&quot;ethnologue20192&quot;&gt;{{cite news |year=2019 |editor-last1=Eberhard |editor-first1=David M. |title=India – Languages |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/IN/languages |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401120331/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/IN/languages |archive-date=1 April 2019 |website=Ethnologue |publisher=SIL International |edition=22nd |editor-last2=Simons |editor-first2=Gary F. |editor-last3=Fennig |editor-first3=Charles D.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Uttarakhand is also home to a number of indigenous [[Sino-Tibetan languages]], most of which are spoken in the north of the state. These include [[Jad language|Jad]] (spoken in Uttarkashi district in the north-west), [[Rongpo language|Rongpo]] (of Chamoli district), and several languages of Pithoragarh district in the north-east: [[Byangsi language|Byangsi]], [[Chaudangsi language|Chaudangsi]], [[Darmiya language|Darmiya]], [[Raji language|Raji]] and [[Rawat language|Rawat]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sharma |first=S.R. |year=1993 |title=Tibeto-Burman Languages of Uttar Pradesh-- an Introduction |journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute |volume=53 |pages=343–348 |jstor=42936456}}&lt;/ref&gt; Another indigenous Sino-Tibetan language, [[Rangas language|Rangas]], became extinct by the middle of the 20th century. Additionally, two non-indigenous Sino-Tibetan languages are also represented: [[Kulung language (Nepal)|Kulung]] (otherwise native to Nepal) and [[Standard Tibetan|Tibetan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ethnologue20192&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The Indian classical language [[Sanskrit]] has been declared a second official language,&lt;ref name=&quot;sanskrit3&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Trivedi |first=Anupam |date=19 January 2010 |title=Sanskrit is second official language in Uttarakhand |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/sanskrit-is-second-official-language-in-uttarakhand/story-wxk51l8Re4vNxofrr7FAJK.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120201065836/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NorthIndia/Sanskrit-is-second-official-language-in-Uttarakhand/Article1-499467.aspx |archive-date=1 February 2012 |access-date=30 August 2017 |newspaper=Hindustan Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sanskrit22&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=21 January 2010 |title=Sanskrit second official language of Uttarakhand |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/Sanskrit-second-official-language-of-Uttarakhand/article15965492.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303145846/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/Sanskrit-second-official-language-of-Uttarakhand/article15965492.ece |archive-date=3 March 2018 |access-date=30 August 2017 |work=The Hindu}}&lt;/ref&gt; by the BJP government for its allegedly historic association with the region.<br /> <br /> There are also sizeable populations of speakers of some of India's other major languages: [[Urdu]] ({{sigfig|4.218|2}}%) and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] ({{sigfig|2.610|2}}%), both mostly found in the southern districts, [[Bengali language|Bengali]] ({{sigfig|1.496|2}}%) and [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] ({{sigfig|0.945|2}}%), both mainly present in Udham Singh Nagar district in the south-east, and [[Nepali language|Nepali]] ({{sigfig|1.055|2}}%, found throughout the state, but most notably in Dehradun and Uttarkashi).&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011-C16&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;<br /> |- style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;<br /> ! colspan=4| Uttarakhand: mother-tongue of population, according to the 2011 Census.&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011-C16&quot;/&gt;<br /> |- style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;<br /> ! Mother tongue code<br /> ! Mother tongue<br /> ! People<br /> ! Percentage<br /> |- style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;<br /> || 002007 || [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | 150,893<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | 1.5%<br /> |- style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;<br /> || 006102 || [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | 95,330<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | 0.9%<br /> |- style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;<br /> || 006195 || [[Garhwali language|Garhwali]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | 2,322,406<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | 23.0%<br /> |- style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;<br /> || 006240 || [[Hindi]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | 4,373,951<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | 43.4%<br /> |- style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;<br /> || 006265 || [[Jaunsari language|Jaunsari]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | 135,698<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | 1.3%<br /> |- style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;<br /> || 006340 || [[Kumaoni language|Kumaoni]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | 2,011,286<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | 19.9%<br /> |- style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;<br /> || 006439 || [[Mahasu Pahari|Pahari]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | 16,984<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | 0.2%<br /> |- style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;<br /> || 010014 || [[Tharu languages|Tharu]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | 48,286<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | 0.5%<br /> |- style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;<br /> || 013071 || [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | 5,989<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | 0.1%<br /> |- style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;<br /> || 014011 || [[Nepali language|Nepali]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | 106,394<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | 1.1%<br /> |- style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;<br /> || 016038 || [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | 263,258<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | 2.6%<br /> |- style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;<br /> || 022015 || [[Urdu]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | 425,461<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | 4.2%<br /> |- style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;<br /> || 031001 || [[Bhotiyas of Uttarakhand|Bhoti]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | 9,207<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | 0.1%<br /> |- style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;<br /> || 046003 || [[Halam tribe|Halam]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | 5,995<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | 0.1%<br /> |- style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;<br /> || 053005 || [[Gujari language|Gujari]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | 9,470<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | 0.1%<br /> |- style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;<br /> || 115008 || [[Standard Tibetan|Tibetan]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | 10,125<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | 0.1%<br /> |- style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;<br /> |style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | –<br /> || [[Languages of India|Others]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | 95,559<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | 0.9%<br /> |- style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; class=&quot;sortbottom&quot;<br /> | colspan=2 | Total<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | 10,086,292<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | 100.0%<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Religion ===<br /> {{Pie chart<br /> | thumb = right<br /> | caption = Religion in Uttarakhand (2011)&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Population by religion community – 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=Census of India, 2011|publisher=The Registrar General &amp; Census Commissioner, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|archive-date=25 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |label1 = [[Hinduism]] |value1 = 82.97 |color1 = DarkOrange<br /> |label2 = [[Islam]] |value2 = 13.95 |color2 = Green<br /> |label3 = [[Sikhism]] |value3 = 2.34 |color3 = navy<br /> |label4 = [[Christianity]] |value4 = 0.37 |color4 = Red<br /> |label5 = [[Buddhism]] |value5 = 0.15 |color5 = gold<br /> |label6 = [[Jainism]] |value6 = 0.09 |color6 = pink<br /> |label7 = Other or not stated |value7 = 0.13 |color7 = black<br /> }}<br /> <br /> More than four-fifths of Uttarakhand's residents are [[Hindus]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot; /&gt; [[Muslims]], [[Sikhs]], [[Christians]], [[Buddhist]]s, and [[Jain]]s make up the remaining population, with the Muslims being the largest minority.&lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot; /&gt; Hill regions are almost entirely Hindu, while the plains regions have a significant minority of Muslims and Sikhs.&lt;ref name=&quot;Demography&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Administrative divisions ==<br /> {{Main|Administrative divisions of Uttarakhand}}<br /> <br /> {{See also|List of districts of Uttarakhand|List of tehsils of Uttarakhand|List of parganas of Uttarakhand|List of community development blocks of Uttarakhand|List of urban local bodies in Uttarakhand|List of municipal corporations in Uttarakhand}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Kumaon Garhwal.jpg|thumb|Kumaon and Garhwal in Uttarakhand]]<br /> <br /> Uttarakhand is divided into 13 [[Districts of Uttarakhand|districts]] under two divisions viz. [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]] and [[Garhwal division|Garhwal]]. Each division is administered by a [[divisional commissioner]]. Four new districts named Didihat, Kotdwar, Ranikhet, and Yamunotri were declared by then Chief Minister of Uttarakhand, [[Ramesh Pokhriyal]], on 15 August 2011 but yet to be officially formed.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Uttarakhand CM announces four new districts|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/uttarakhand/uttarakhand-cm-announces-four-new-districts_726353.html|publisher=Zee News |access-date=1 July 2012 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120814065854/http://zeenews.india.com/news/uttarakhand/uttarakhand-cm-announces-four-new-districts_726353.html|archive-date=14 August 2012|date=15 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{static row numbers}}{{sort under}}{{Table alignment}}{{row hover highlight}}<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-text hover-highlight&quot; &quot;style=&quot;font-size: 100%&quot; <br /> |+Population by divisions &amp; districts<br /> ! class=unsortable | Division<br /> ! class=unsortable | Districts<br /> ! class=unsortable | Population&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;(as of 2011)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011-C16&quot; /&gt;<br /> |- valign=top<br /> ! rowspan=7 {{vert header|stp=1|va=middle|[[Garhwal division]]}}<br /> | [[Chamoli district|Chamoli]] <br /> | 391,605<br /> |- valign=top<br /> | [[Dehradun district|Dehradun]] <br /> | 1,696,694<br /> |- valign=top<br /> | [[Pauri Garhwal district|Pauri Garhwal]] <br /> | 687,271<br /> |- valign=top<br /> | [[Rudraprayag district|Rudraprayag]]<br /> | 242,285<br /> |- valign=top<br /> | [[Tehri Garhwal district|Tehri Garhwal]]<br /> | 618,931<br /> |- valign=top<br /> | [[Uttarkashi district|Uttarkashi]]<br /> | 330,086<br /> |- valign=top<br /> | [[Haridwar district|Haridwar]]<br /> | 1,890,422<br /> |-class=&quot;sorttop static-row-header&quot;<br /> ! Colspan=2 | '''Garhwal division total'''<br /> ! 5,857,294<br /> |- valign=top<br /> ! rowspan=6 {{vert header|stp=1|va=middle|[[Kumaon division]]}}<br /> | [[Almora district|Almora]] <br /> | 622,506<br /> |- valign=top<br /> | [[Bageshwar district|Bageshwar]]<br /> | 259,898<br /> |- valign=top<br /> | [[Champawat district|Champawat]]<br /> | 259,648<br /> |- valign=top<br /> | [[Nainital district|Nainital]]<br /> | 954,605<br /> |- valign=top<br /> | [[Pithoragarh district|Pithoragarh]]<br /> | 483,439<br /> |- valign=top<br /> | [[Udham Singh Nagar district|Udham Singh Nagar]]<br /> | 1,648,902<br /> |-class=&quot;sorttop static-row-header&quot;<br /> ! Colspan=2 |'''Kumaon division total'''<br /> ! 4,229,998<br /> |-class=&quot;sorttop static-row-header&quot;<br /> ! Colspan=2 |'''Uttarakhand state total'''<br /> ! 10,087,292<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Each district is administered by a [[district magistrate]]. The districts are further divided into sub-divisions, which are administered by [[sub-divisional magistrate]]s; sub-divisions comprise [[tehsil]]s which are administered by a [[tehsildar]] and [[community development block]]s, each administered by a [[block development officer]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}<br /> <br /> [[Municipal governance in India|Urban areas]] are categorised into three types of municipalities based on their population; [[Municipal Corporation (India)|municipal corporations]], each administered by a [[Municipal Commissioner (India)|municipal commissioner]], [[Municipal Council (India)|municipal councils]] and, [[nagar panchayat]]s (town councils), each of them administered by a [[chief executive officer]]. [[Panchayati raj in India|Rural areas]] comprise the three tier administration; [[District Councils of India|district councils]], [[Panchayat samiti|block panchayats]] (block councils) and [[gram panchayat]]s (village councils).{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}} All state and local government offices have a five-year term.<br /> <br /> According to the 2011 census, [[Dehradun district|Dehradun]], and [[Udham Singh Nagar district|Udham Singh Nagar]] are the most populous districts, each of them having a population of over one million.&lt;ref name=&quot;census&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Government and administration ==<br /> {{Main|Government of Uttarakhand}}<br /> <br /> {{See also|Elections in Uttarakhand|Local elections in Uttarakhand}}<br /> <br /> Following the [[Constitution of India]], Uttarakhand, like all Indian states, has a [[parliamentary system]] of [[representative democracy]]. The [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] is [[Unicameralism|unicameral]] consists of 70 members who are elected for five-year terms.&lt;ref name=&quot;Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|url=http://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/uttranchal.htm|publisher=legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in|access-date=3 July 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120409004806/http://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/uttranchal.htm|archive-date=9 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Assembly meetings are presided over by the [[Speaker of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|Speaker]], or the Deputy Speaker in the Speaker's absence. The [[Uttarakhand Council of Ministers]] is appointed by the Governor of Uttarakhand on the advice of the Chief Minister of Uttarakhand and reports to the Legislative Assembly. [[Leader of the Opposition in the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition]] leads the Official Opposition in the Legislative Assembly. The state contributes five seats to [[Lok Sabha]], the lower house of the [[Indian Parliament]], and three seats to [[Rajya Sabha]], the upper house.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Our Parliament|url=http://www.parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/intro/p1.htm|publisher=Parliamentofindia.nic.in|access-date=3 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709235221/http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/intro/p1.htm|archive-date=9 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Government of Uttarakhand]] is a [[Democracy|democratically]] elected body in India with the [[List of governors of Uttarakhand|governor]] as its constitutional head and is appointed by the [[president of India]] for a five-year term. The leader of the party or coalition with a majority in the Legislative Assembly is appointed as the [[List of chief ministers of Uttarakhand|chief minister]] by the governor, and the council of ministers is appointed by the governor on the advice of the chief minister. The governor remains a ceremonial head of the state, while the chief minister and his council are responsible for day-to-day government functions. The Council of Ministers consists of [[Cabinet (government)|Cabinet Ministers]] and [[Minister of State|Ministers of State]] (MoS). The Secretariat headed by the [[Chief Secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] assists the council of ministers. The Chief Secretary is also the administrative head of the government. Each government department is headed by a minister, who is assisted by an [[Additional Chief Secretary (India)|Additional Chief Secretary]] or a [[Principal Secretary (India)|Principal Secretary]], who is usually an officer of [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS), the Additional Chief Secretary/Principal Secretary serves as the administrative head of the department they are assigned to. Each department also has officers of the rank of Secretary, Special Secretary, Joint Secretary etc. assisting the Minister and the [[Additional Chief Secretary (India)|Additional Chief Secretary]]/[[Principal Secretary (India)|Principal Secretary]].<br /> <br /> For administration, the state is divided into two divisions and 13 districts. [[Divisional Commissioner]], an IAS officer is the head of administration on the divisional level. The administration in each district is headed by a [[District collector|District Magistrate]], who is also an IAS officer, and is assisted by several officers belonging to state services. District Magistrate being the head of the district administration, is responsible for maintaining law and order and providing public services in the district. At the block level, the Block Development Officer (BDO) is responsible for the overall development of the [[Block (district subdivision)|block]]. The [[Uttarakhand Police]] is headed by an IPS officer of the rank of [[Director general of police]]. A [[Superintendent of Police]], an IPS officer assisted by the officers of the Uttarakhand Police Service, is entrusted with the responsibility of maintaining law and order and related issues in each district. The Divisional Forest Officer, an officer belonging to the [[Indian Forest Service]] manages the forests, environment, and wildlife of the district, assisted by the officers of Uttarakhand Forest Service and Uttarakhand Forest Subordinate Service.<br /> <br /> The judiciary in the state consists of the [[Uttarakhand High Court]] in [[Nainital]], district courts and session courts in each district or Sessions Division, and lower courts at the [[tehsil]] level. The president of India appoints the chief justice of the High Court of the Uttarakhand judiciary on the advice of the [[Chief Justice of India|Chief Justice]] of the [[Supreme Court of India]] as well as the governor of Uttarakhand . Subordinate Judicial Service, categorised into two divisions viz. Uttarakhand civil judicial services and Uttarakhand higher judicial service are another vital part of the judiciary of Uttarakhand . While the Uttarakhand civil judicial services comprise the Civil Judges (Junior Division)/Judicial Magistrates and civil judges (Senior Division)/Chief Judicial Magistrate, the Uttarakhand higher judicial service comprises civil and sessions judges.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Justice Malimath to be acting CJ of U'khand HC|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/justice-malimath-to-be-acting-cj-of-ukhand-hc/articleshow/77024888.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=18 July 2020|access-date=28 July 2020|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728233652/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/justice-malimath-to-be-acting-cj-of-ukhand-hc/articleshow/77024888.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The State Politics is heavily dominated by the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)]] since 2017 with the [[Indian National Congress]] as the chief Opposition.<br /> <br /> == Culture ==<br /> {{See also|List of Uttarakhand state symbols}}<br /> <br /> === Architecture and crafts ===<br /> {{See also|List of Monuments of National Importance in Uttarakhand|List of State Protected Monuments in Uttarakhand}}<br /> &lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;134&quot;&gt;<br /> File:Hanol Mahasu04.jpg|[[Mahasu Devta Temple]] at Hanol, notable for its [[Hindu temple architecture|traditional wooden architecture]]<br /> File:Architectural details of a Dharamshala, estb. 1822, Haridwar.jpg|Architectural details of a [[Dharamshala (type of building)|Dharamshala]], established 1822, Haridwar [[File:Rang_Mahal_Landhaura.jpg|thumb|Rang Mahal [[Landhaura]] ]]<br /> File:Solani Aquaduct Of Ganges Canal.jpg|[[Solani aqueduct]] on [[Ganges Canal]] at [[Roorkee]], built during the [[British Raj]]<br /> File:The Deputy Chairman, Planning Commission, Shri K.C. Pant speaking at the releasing of the Uttaranchal crafts map at the exhibition of &quot;Artistic Crafts Maps of Jharkhand.jpg|The releasing of the Uttaranchal crafts map<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> Among the prominent local crafts is [[wood carving]] known as ''[[Likhai]]'', which appears most frequently in the [[Hindu temple architecture|ornately decorated temples]] of the Kumaon region in Uttarakhand. Intricately carved designs of floral patterns, deities, and geometrical motifs also decorate the doors, windows, ceilings, and walls of village houses. Paintings and murals are used to decorate both houses and temples.<br /> <br /> [[File:Abhisarika-nayika-mola-ram.jpg|thumb|right|''Abhisarika Nayika'', a painting by [[Mola Ram]]]]<br /> <br /> [[Pahari painting|Garwhali Miniature painting]] is a form of miniature painting that flourished in the region between the 17th and 19th century. [[Mola Ram]] is credited as the true father of the Garhwali Branch of the wider Pahari School. Kumaoni art often is geometrical in nature, while Garhwali art is known for its closeness to nature.<br /> <br /> [[Aipan art|'''Aipan''']] is a GI certified Kumaoni ritual folk art&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=GI tag for 7 indigenous products of Uttarakhand |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/gi-tag-for-7-indigenous-products-of-ukhand/articleshow/86623486.cms |access-date=14 February 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=14 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214165154/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/gi-tag-for-7-indigenous-products-of-ukhand/amp_articleshow/86623486.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; done mainly during special ceremonies, the festival of Diwali, marriages and other religious rituals. Its predominantly female practitioners believe that it invokes a divine power which brings about good fortune and deters evil. The art is special as it is done on empty walls, which are brick-red in colour, called ''geru''. The actual art is done with a white paste made of [[rice flour]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=pratibha |date=15 July 2015 |title=D'source Design Gallery on Aipan Uttarakhand Part 1 |url=https://www.dsource.in/gallery/aipan-uttarakhand-part-1 |access-date=14 February 2024 |website=www.dsource.in |language=en |archive-date=14 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214163654/https://www.dsource.in/gallery/aipan-uttarakhand-part-1 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> '''Jyuti patta''' is a class of water color paintings done on rituals, called Jyuti. Some scholars also consider Jyuti to be synonymous with the word mother of the world. To give concrete form to the deity, two-dimensional geometry is given expression in the form of frescoes. This is a geometric or decorative semi-graphic structure in which different colours and symbols are used. This structure called Jyuti also gets a new dimension by the use of ochre or biswar of Tepan. Jyunti is prepared on the surface of wall or paper and the composition is given with cotton and a brush of limiter. In this artform, various qualities of a specific deity are shown.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Uttranchal - Juthi Mathruka pattu |url=https://ignca.gov.in/coilnet/utrn0042.htm |access-date=14 February 2024 |website=ignca.gov.in |archive-date=29 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929223804/https://ignca.gov.in/coilnet/utrn0042.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Other crafts of Uttarakhand include handcrafted [[gold jewellery]], [[basketry]] from Garhwal, [[shawl|woollen shawls]], [[scarf|scarves]], and [[carpet|rugs]]. The latter are mainly produced by the Bhotiyas of northern Uttarakhand.{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}<br /> <br /> === Arts and literature ===<br /> {{See also|Dehradun Literature Festival}}<br /> [[File:Sumitra nandan pant museum, kausani.jpg|thumb|alt=Sumitranandan Pant museum, Kausani|Sumitranandan Pant Museum, [[Kausani]]|left]]<br /> <br /> Uttarakhand's diverse ethnicities have created a rich literary tradition in languages including Hindi, Garhwali, Kumaoni, Jaunsari, and Tharu. Many of its traditional tales originated in the form of lyrical [[ballad]]s and chanted by itinerant singers and are now considered classics of [[Hindi literature]]. [[Abodh Bandhu Bahuguna]], [[Badri Datt Pandey]], [[Ganga Prasad Vimal]]; [[Mohan Upreti]], [[Naima Khan Upreti]], [[Prasoon Joshi]], [[Shailesh Matiyani]], [[Shekhar Joshi]], [[Shivani]], [[Taradutt Gairola]], [[Tom Alter]]; [[Lalit Kala Akademi Fellowship|Lalit Kala Akademi fellow]] – [[Ranbir Singh Bisht]]; [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]ees – [[B. M. Shah]], [[Narendra Singh Negi]]; [[Sahitya Akademi Award]]ees – [[Leeladhar Jagudi]], [[Shivprasad Dabral Charan]], [[Manglesh Dabral]], [[Manohar Shyam Joshi]], [[Ramesh Chandra Shah]], [[Ruskin Bond]] and [[Viren Dangwal]]; [[Jnanpith Award]]ee and [[Sahitya Akademi Fellowship|Sahitya Akademi fellow]] [[Sumitranandan Pant]] are some major literary, artistic and theatre personalities from the state. prominent philosophers, Indian independence activists and social-environmental activists; [[Anil Prakash Joshi]], [[Basanti Devi (environmentalist)|Basanti Devi]], [[Gaura Devi]], [[Govind Ballabh Pant]], [[Chandi Prasad Bhatt]], [[Deep Joshi]], [[Hargovind Pant]], [[Kalu Singh Mahara]], [[Kunwar Singh Negi]], [[Mukandi Lal]], [[Nagendra Saklani]], [[Sri Dev Suman]], [[Ram Prasad Nautiyal]], [[Sunderlal Bahuguna]] and [[Vandana Shiva]] are also from Uttarakhand.{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}<br /> <br /> {{Clear}}<br /> <br /> === Cuisine ===<br /> {{Main|Cuisine of Uttarakhand}}<br /> <br /> {{See also|Kumaoni cuisine}}<br /> [[File:Bal mithai.jpg|thumb|[[Bal Mithai]], a popular sweet from Kumaon]]<br /> <br /> The primary food of Uttarakhand is vegetables with wheat being a staple, although non-vegetarian food is also served. A distinctive characteristic of Uttarakhand cuisine is the sparing use of tomatoes, milk, and milk-based products.<br /> <br /> Coarse grain with high fibre content is very common in Uttarakhand due to the harsh terrain. Crops most commonly associated with Uttarakhand are [[Buckwheat]] (locally called ''Kotu'' or ''Kuttu'') and the regional crops, ''Maduwa'' and ''Jhangora'', particularly in the interior regions of Kumaon and Garhwal. Generally, either [[Ghee|Desi Ghee]] or [[Mustard oil]] is used for the purpose of cooking food. Simple recipes are made interesting with the use of hash seeds ''[[Jakhya]]'' as spice, [[chutney]] made of [[Bhang]] is also a regional cuisine.<br /> <br /> [[Bal Mithai]] is a popular fudge-like sweet. Other popular dishes include Dubuk, Chains, Kap, Bhatiya, Jaula, Phana, Paliyo, Chutkani and Sei. In sweets; Swal, Ghughut/Khajur, Arsa, [[Rock candy|Mishri]], Gatta and [[Gulgula (doughnut)|Gulgulas]] are popular.<br /> <br /> Many regional variations of [[Kadhi]] called ''Jhoi'' or ''Jholi'' is also popular.&lt;ref&gt;Subodh Upadhyay, ''An Essence of Himalaya'', a book about Uttarakhand cuisine&lt;/ref&gt; Another staple of the Kumaon region is a black soybean dal referred to as ''Bhatt'' or ''chudkani''. A grinded dal ''chaisu'' is also popular in the Garhwal region.<br /> <br /> The state has a predominant non-vegetarian population, with some estimates suggesting 75% of the population being non-vegetarian. Various boar, chicken, mutton and hare recipes are popular in the region. A popular mutton dish ''bhutwa'', is made from goat intestine and other offcuts.<br /> <br /> === Dances and music ===<br /> [[File:Chanchari dance.jpg|thumb|left|Women performing chanchari, a popular folk dance from [[Bageshwar district|Danpur region]] in [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]]]]<br /> <br /> The dances of the region are connected to life and human existence and exhibit myriad human emotions. Langvir Nritya is a dance form for males that resembles gymnastic movements. Barada Nati folk dance is another dance of [[Jaunsar-Bawar]], which is practised during some religious festivals. Other well-known dances include Hurka Baul, Jhora-Chanchri, Chhapeli, Thadya, Jhumaila, [[Pandav Lila|Pandav]], Chauphula, and [[Chholiya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=उत्तराखंड में छोलिया है सबसे पुराना लोकनृत्य, जानिए इसकी खास बातें|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttarakhand/dehradun-city-choliya-is-the-oldest-folk-dance-of-uttarakhand-19707465.html|access-date=21 July 2020|website=Dainik Jagran|language=hi|archive-date=21 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721045319/https://www.jagran.com/uttarakhand/dehradun-city-choliya-is-the-oldest-folk-dance-of-uttarakhand-19707465.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Folk Dances Of North India|url=http://www.culturalindia.net/indian-dance/folk-dances/north-india.html |publisher=culturalindia.net|access-date=29 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718052314/http://www.culturalindia.net/indian-dance/folk-dances/north-india.html|archive-date=18 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Music is an integral part of the Uttarakhandi culture. Popular types of folk songs include Mangal, Basanti, Khuder and Chhopati.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Folk Songs of Uttarakhand|url=http://www.aboututtarakhand.com/Know-Abouts/Folk-Song/Folk-Songs.html |website=aboututtarakhand.com|access-date=29 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717183928/http://www.aboututtarakhand.com/Know-Abouts/Folk-Song/Folk-Songs.html|archive-date=17 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; These folk songs are played on instruments including [[Dhol]], [[Damau]], Turri, [[Ransingha]], [[Dholak|Dholki]], Daur, [[Thali (percussion)|Thali]], [[Bhankora]], Mandan and [[Bagpipe|Mashakbaja]]. &quot;[[Bedu Pako Baro Masa]]&quot; is a popular folk song of Uttarakhand with international fame and legendary status within the state. It serves as the cultural anthem of Uttarakhandi people worldwide.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Bedu Pako |url=http://www.bedupako.com|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215050139/http://bedupako.com/|archive-date=15 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.euttarakhand.com/bedu-pako-song|title=Bedu Pako Song – From Uttarakhand to Globe|date=16 November 2016|work=Uttarakhand Stories – Connect to Uttarakhand with eUttarakhand and Share Stories|access-date=9 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909222126/https://www.euttarakhand.com/bedu-pako-song|archive-date=9 September 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Music is also used as a medium through which the gods are invoked. ''[[Jagar (ritual)|Jagar]]'' is a form of spirit worship in which the singer, or ''Jagariya'', sings a ballad of the gods, the ballads evoke local deities with allusions to great epics, like [[Mahabharat]] and [[Ramayana]], that describe the adventures and exploits of the god being invoked.<br /> <br /> [[B. K. Samant]], [[Basanti Bisht]], [[Chander Singh Rahi]], [[Girish Tiwari|Girish Tiwari 'Girda']], Gopal Babu Goswami, Heera Singh Rana, [[Jeet Singh Negi]], [[Meena Rana]], [[Mohan Upreti]], [[Narendra Singh Negi]] and [[Pritam Bhartwan]] are popular [[Indian folk music|folk singers]] and musicians from the state, so are [[Music of Bollywood|Bollywood]] singer [[Jubin Nautiyal]] and [[country music|country]] singer [[Bobby Cash (singer)|Bobby Cash]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Dylan of hills singes CM |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070130/asp/nation/story_7324156.asp |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=30 January 2007 |access-date=29 July 2012 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021153616/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070130/asp/nation/story_7324156.asp|archive-date=21 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Clear}}<br /> <br /> === Fairs and festivals ===<br /> The festivals of [[Kumbh Mela]] at [[Haridwar]], [[Ramlila]], [[Ramman (festival)|Ramman]] of [[Garhwal division|Garhwal]], the traditions of [[Vedic chant]]ings and [[Yoga]] are [[UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists|included in the list]] of [[Intangible cultural heritage]] of the [[UNESCO]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Kumbh Mela&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title= Kumbh Mela | url= https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/kumbh-mela-01258 | publisher= UNESCO Culture Sector | access-date= 7 December 2017 | archive-date= 7 December 2020 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201207210911/https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/kumbh-mela-01258 | url-status= live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ramlila&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Ramlila – the Traditional Performance of the Ramayana |url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=38 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |access-date=7 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006063939/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=38 |archive-date=6 October 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ramman&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title= Ramman, religious festival and ritual theatre of the Garhwal Himalayas, India | url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&amp;pg=00011&amp;RL=00281 | publisher= UNESCO Culture Sector | access-date= 14 January 2013 | archive-date= 5 November 2015 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151105115039/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&amp;pg=00011&amp;RL=00281 | url-status= live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;vedic&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=The Tradition of Vedic Chanting |url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=37 |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |access-date=7 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628222637/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=37 |archive-date=28 June 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Yoga&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title= Yoga | url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/yoga-01163 | publisher= UNESCO Culture Sector | access-date= 2 December 2016 | archive-date= 7 December 2016 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161207184240/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/yoga-01163 | url-status= live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> *''[[Kumauni Holi]]'', in forms including Baithki Holi, Khari Holi, and Mahila Holi, all of which start from [[Vasant Panchami]], are festivals and musical affairs that can last almost a month.{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}<br /> *''Almora Dussehra'' is a regional variant of Dussehra, dating back to 1936. It is distinct for burning fifteen distinct effigies, each representing the members of the Hindu mythological villain Ravana's entire bloodline. The effigies are all ornate and exquisitely designed. They are paraded through the city of Almora before finally being set on fire to symbolise the triumph of good over evil.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=अल्मोड़ा का दशहरा: यहां होता है पूरे रावण कुल का दहन, एक दो नहीं फूंके जाते हैं 15 पुतले, विदेशी भी हैं मुरीद |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttarakhand/almora/almora-dussehra-mahotsav-2023-2023-10-20 |access-date=3 May 2024 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *''[[Ramman (festival)|Ramman]]'' is an agro-religious festival and ritual masked theatre endemic to the Garhwali People in the Saloor Dungra village of the Painkhanda Valley in the Chamoli district. The festival serves as an offering to the village deity, Bhumichetrapal or Bhumiyal Devta, in the courtyard of the village temple. Every day of the festival, the Devta takes a round of the village. The festival lasts for ten days during which time the local epic of Rama is sung and masked dances depicting different aspects of life take place in the courtyard of the Bhumiyal Devta's temple.<br /> <br /> [[File:Third Shahi Snan in Hari Ki Pauri.jpg|thumb|right|Pilgrims gather for the third ''Shahi Snan'' (&quot;royal bath&quot;) at [[Har Ki Pauri]] in [[Haridwar, Uttarakhand]] on 14 April 2010 during [[Haridwar Kumbh Mela]].]]<br /> <br /> *''[[Haridwar Kumbh Mela]]'', one of the major [[Hindu pilgrimage sites|Hindu pilgrimages]], takes place in Uttarakhand. [[Haridwar]] is one of the four places in India where this mela is organised. Haridwar most recently hosted the Purna [[Kumbh Mela]] from [[Makar Sankranti]] (14 January 2010) to Vaishakh Purnima Snan (28 April 2010). Hundreds of foreigners joined Indian pilgrims in the festival, which is considered the largest religious gathering in the world.&lt;ref name=AFP&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/incoming/millions-dip-in-ganges-at-worlds-biggest-religious-festival-1944892.html |title=Millions dip in Ganges at world's biggest religious festival |access-date=3 November 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206131616/https://www.independent.co.uk/incoming/millions-dip-in-ganges-at-worlds-biggest-religious-festival-1944892.html |archive-date=6 February 2018 |date=13 April 2010 }}, [[The Independent]], 14 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *''Phool-Dei'' is a folk festival which welcomes the spring season in the state. The festival is celebrated on the first day of the Hindu month, Chaitra. In some places, the festival is celebrated as carnival and the celebration goes on for a month. The term 'Dei' refers to a ceremonial pudding which is the key food in this festival that is made from jaggery. White flour and curd are also offered. Young children gather together and go to every house in their village/towns with plates full of rice, jaggery, coconut, green leaves, and flowers. In return, they are presented with blessings and gifts like sweets, jaggery, and money. The wishing and blessing part also include placing flowers and rice on the doorsteps of the houses by the children. People of village sing and dance on their folk songs to celebrate the festival of spring along with exchanging wishes for well-being and prosperity of their family and relatives.<br /> *''Harela'' is a kumaoni festival hypothesized to date back to the indigenous population. 10–11 days before the Sankranti of Shravan, a bed is made by adding soil in bamboo pots etc. Grains grown during the rainy season like paddy, maize, urad etc. are sown, this is called Hariyala. Harakali Mahotsav, Idols of Gauri Maheshwar, Ganesha and Karkitkeya are made from clay, coloured in them and worshiped with various fruits, flowers, dishes and sweets in a bed of greenery on the night of the month of Sanat. On the second day, the Harela of Uttarang Puja is placed on the head. Sisters and daughters-in-law apply tilak and tilak and put Harela on their heads. They are given gifts.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Uttranchal - Kumaon Ke Parvoutsav v Tyohar (Festival) |url=http://ignca.nic.in/coilnet/utrn0005.htm |access-date=14 February 2024 |website=ignca.nic.in |archive-date=23 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023015314/http://www.ignca.nic.in/coilnet/utrn0005.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *''[[Ganga Dussehra]]'', Vasant Panchami, Makar Sankranti, Ghee Sankranti, Khatarua, [[Vat Savitri]], and Phul Dei (The festival of spring) are other major festivals. In addition, various fairs like [[Kanwar Yatra]], [[Kandali Festival]], [[Ramman (festival)|Ramman]], [[Kartik Purnima|Kauthig]], [[Nauchandi Mela]], Giddi Mela, Uttarayani Mela and [[Nanda Devi Raj Jat]] take place.<br /> <br /> == Economy ==<br /> {{Main|Economy of Uttarakhand}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Vannage du riz, Uttarakhand, India.jpg|left|thumb|upright|alt=Rice winnowing|A woman winnowing rice, an important food crop in Uttarakhand]]<br /> <br /> The Uttarakhand state is the second fastest growing state in India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/business-others/madhya-pradesh-now-fastest-growing-state-uttarakhand-pips-bihar-to-reach-second/|title=Madhya Pradesh now fastest growing state, Uttarakhand pips Bihar to reach second|date=8 September 2014|work=The Indian Express|access-date=6 May 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503223718/http://indianexpress.com/article/business/business-others/madhya-pradesh-now-fastest-growing-state-uttarakhand-pips-bihar-to-reach-second/|archive-date=3 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Its gross state domestic product (GSDP) (at constant prices) more than doubled from {{INR}}24,786 crore in FY2005 to {{INR}}60,898 crore in FY2012. The real GSDP grew at 13.7% (CAGR) during the FY2005–FY2012 period. The contribution of the service sector to the GSDP of Uttarakhand was just over 50% during FY 2012. Per capita income in Uttarakhand is {{INR}} 198738 (FY 2018–19), which is higher than the national average of {{INR}} 126406 (FY 2018–19).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |last=Gusain |first=Raju |date=31 October 2014 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/state-of-the-states/story/20141110-uttarakhand-macro-economy-economics-and-statistics-department-805710-2014-10-30 |title=Uttarakhand's per capita income up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426104343/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/uttarakhand-macro-economy-economics-and-statistics-department/1/398361.html |archive-date=26 April 2015 |magazine=India Today |access-date=31 October 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/uttarakhand-per-capita-income-rises-to-rs-1-03-lakh-114071101356_1.html|title=Uttarakhand per capita income rises to Rs 1.03 lakh |author=Shishir Prashant|date=11 July 2014|newspaper=Business Standard India|access-date=6 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502134236/http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/uttarakhand-per-capita-income-rises-to-rs-1-03-lakh-114071101356_1.html|archive-date=2 May 2015 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the [[Reserve Bank of India]], the total foreign direct investment in the state from April 2000 to October 2009 amounted to US$46.7&amp;nbsp;million.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Uttarakhand |url=http://www.ibef.org/download/Uttarakhand_060710.pdf|publisher=India Brand Equity Foundation |access-date=17 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710231926/http://www.ibef.org/download/Uttarakhand_060710.pdf |archive-date=10 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Like most of India, agriculture is one of the most significant sectors of the economy of Uttarakhand. [[Basmati]] rice, wheat, soybeans, groundnuts, coarse cereals, pulses, and [[oil seeds]] are the most widely grown crops. Fruits like apples, oranges, pears, peaches, lychees, and plums are widely grown and important to the large food processing industry. Agricultural export zones have been set up in the state for lychees, horticulture, herbs, medicinal plants, and basmati rice. During 2010, wheat production was 831 thousand tonnes and rice production was 610 thousand tonnes, while the main cash crop of the state, sugarcane, had a production of 5058 thousand tonnes. As 86% of the state consists of hills, the yield per hectare is not very high. 86% of all croplands are in the plains while the remaining is from the hills.&lt;ref name=&quot;phd&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Uttarakhand: The State Profile |url=http://www.phdcci.in/admin/userfiles/file/Research-Bureau/Uttarakhand.pdf |publisher=PHD Chamber of Commerce and Industry |access-date=17 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021054815/http://www.phdcci.in/admin/userfiles/file/Research-Bureau/Uttarakhand.pdf |archive-date=21 October 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The state also holds the GI tag for Tejpatta ([[Cinnamomum tamala]]) or Indian bay leaf, which is known to add flavour to dishes and also possesses several medicinal properties.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Tejpatta gets GI tag |work=Tribune |date=7 June 2016 |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/tejpatta-gets-gi-tag-247787 |access-date=22 May 2022 |language=en |archive-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522110959/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/tejpatta-gets-gi-tag-247787 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;float:right; width:260px; margin:0 0 1em 1em; background:#f4f5f6; border:#c6c7c8 solid; font-size:90%;&quot;<br /> | colspan=2 style=&quot;background:#c2d6e5; text-align:center;&quot;| Economy of Uttarakhand at a Ggance&lt;ref name=&quot;mospi.nic.in&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url = http://mospi.nic.in | title = Uttarakhand Economy at a Glance | date = 1 August 2012 | work = State Domestic Product and other aggregates (2004–05 series) | publisher = [[Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation]] | access-date = 1 August 2012 | url-status=live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121009194142/http://www.mospi.nic.in/ | archive-date = 9 October 2012 | df = dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> (figures in [[crore]]s of [[Indian rupee]]s)<br /> |-<br /> ! Economy at a glance (FY-2012) || In Indian rupees<br /> |-<br /> | GSDP (current) || {{INR}}95,201<br /> |-<br /> | Per capita income|| {{INR}}103,000<br /> |}<br /> Other key industries include tourism and hydropower, and there is prospective development in IT, ITES, biotechnology, pharmaceuticals and automobile industries. The service sector of Uttarakhand mainly includes tourism, information technology, higher education, and banking.&lt;ref name=&quot;phd&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> During 2005–2006, the state successfully developed three Integrated Industrial Estates (IIEs) at [[Haridwar]], [[Pantnagar]], and [[Sitarganj]]; Pharma City at Selakui; Information Technology Park at Sahastradhara ([[Dehradun]]); and a growth centre at Sigaddi ([[Kotdwar]]). Also in 2006, 20 industrial sectors in public private partnership mode were developed in the state.&lt;ref name=ppp&gt;{{cite web|title=Uttaranchal (Uttarakhand)|url=http://www.pppinindia.com/infrastructure-uttaranchal.php |publisher=Government of India |access-date=29 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103053153/http://pppinindia.com/infrastructure-uttaranchal.php |archive-date=3 November 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Transportation ==<br /> {{See also|Char Dham Highway|Char Dham Railway}}<br /> Uttarakhand has {{cvt|2,683|km}} of roads, of which {{cvt|1,328|km}} are national highways and {{cvt|1,543|km}} are [[state highways]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ppp&quot; /&gt; The state has 14 national highways, comprising 2.2% of the total national highways length in India.&lt;ref name=&quot;NH Share&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=List of National Highways in Uttarakhand |url=https://pwd.uk.gov.in/files/PWD/Length_of_NH.pdf |publisher=PWD Uttarakhand |access-date=28 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Uttarakhand Transport Corporation]] (UTC), established on 31 October 2003 after reorganizing the State Road Transport Corporation (SRTC). The corporation provides transportation in the state with connecting services to adjoining states. The UTC buses are the most common and affordable mode of transportation in Uttarakhand. As of 2012, approximately 1000 buses are being plied by the UTC on 35 nationalised routes along with many other non-nationalised routes. There are also private transport operators operating approximately 3000 buses on non-nationalised routes along with a few interstate routes in Uttarakhand and the neighbouring state of [[Uttar Pradesh]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Historical Information|url=http://transport.uk.gov.in/pages/display/54-history|publisher=Government of Uttarakhand|access-date=29 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523044129/http://transport.uk.gov.in/pages/display/54-history|archive-date=23 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; For travelling locally, the state, like most of the country, has [[auto rickshaw]]s and [[cycle rickshaw]]s. In addition, remote towns and villages in the hills are connected to important road junctions and bus routes by share mode of transportation.{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}<br /> <br /> As over 86% of state's terrain consists of hills, railway services are very limited in the state and are largely confined to the plains. In 2011, the total length of railway tracks was about {{cvt|345|km}}.&lt;ref name=ppp /&gt; The most important railway station in [[Kumaon division|Kumaun Division]] of Uttarakhand is at [[Kathgodam]]. Kathgodam is the last terminus of the [[Broad-gauge railway|broad-gauge]] line of North East Railways that connects Nainital with Delhi, Dehradun, and [[Howrah]]. Other notable railway stations are at [[Pantnagar railway station|Pantnagar]], [[Lalkuan Junction railway station|Lalkuan]] and [[Haldwani railway station|Haldwani]]. [[Dehradun railway station]] is a railhead of the Northern Railways.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Dehradun Railway Station|url=http://www.euttaranchal.com/uttaranchal/dehradun-railway-station.php|publisher=euttaranchal.com|access-date=29 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120814042602/http://www.euttaranchal.com/uttaranchal/dehradun-railway-station.php|archive-date=14 August 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haridwar station is situated on the Delhi–Dehradun and Howrah–Dehradun railway lines. One of the main railheads of the Northern Railways, Haridwar Junction Railway Station is connected by broad gauge line. Roorkee comes under Northern Railway region of Indian Railways on the main [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] – [[Mughal Sarai]] trunk route and is connected to major Indian cities. Other railheads are [[Rishikesh]], [[Kotdwar]] and [[Ramnagar, Nainital|Ramnagar]] linked to Delhi by daily trains.{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}<br /> <br /> [[Jolly Grant Airport]] in Dehradun and [[Pantnagar Airport]] in [[Pantnagar]] are the major airports and the main gateway to the state. Jolly Grant Airport is the busiest airport in the state with six daily flights to [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi Airport]]. Pantnagar Airport of the Kumaon region have 1 daily air service to Delhi and return too. The state has also proposed creating the [[Naini Saini Airport]] in [[Pithoragarh]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Govt seeks Rs 25 cr from Centre for Naini-Saini airport|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/govt-seeks-rs-25-cr-from-centre-for-naini-saini-airport-112121202003_1.html |newspaper=[[Business Standard]] |date=12 December 2012 |access-date=7 August 2014 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808060502/http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/govt-seeks-rs-25-cr-from-centre-for-naini-saini-airport-112121202003_1.html|archive-date=8 August 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Bharkot Airport]] in [[Chinyalisaur]] in Uttarkashi district and [[Gauchar Airport]] in [[Gauchar]], Chamoli district.<br /> <br /> == Tourism ==<br /> {{Main|Tourism in Uttarakhand}}<br /> <br /> &lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;134&quot;&gt;<br /> Valley of flowers uttaranchal full view.JPG|[[Valley of Flowers National Park]]<br /> Ali bugyal2.jpg|View of a [[Bugyal]] (meadow) in Uttarakhand<br /> Har Ki Dun.jpg|[[Har Ki Doon]], a high-altitude [[hanging valley]]<br /> Rishikesh view across bridge.jpg|[[Rishikesh]] view and 13 stories Shiva temple across [[Lakshman Jhula]] bridge over the [[Ganges]]<br /> Kedarnath Temple - OCT 2014.jpg|[[Kedarnath Temple]] is one of the 12 [[Jyotirlingas]]<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> [[File:Schematic Tourist Map of Uttarakhand.jpg|thumb|Schematic tourist map of Uttarakhand]]<br /> <br /> Uttarakhand has many tourist spots due to its location in the Himalayas. There are many ancient temples, forest reserves, national parks, hill stations, and mountain peaks that draw large number of tourists. There are 44 nationally protected monuments in the state.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Alphabetical List of Monuments&amp;nbsp;– Uttarakhand|url=http://www.asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_uttranchal.asp|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India|access-date=29 July 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507125806/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_uttranchal.asp|archive-date=7 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Oak Grove School (Jharipani, Mussoorie)|Oak Grove School]] in the state is on the tentative list for World Heritage Sites.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Tentative Lists|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/state|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=29 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922025437/https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/state|archive-date=22 September 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Two of the most holy rivers in [[Hinduism]] the [[Ganges]] and [[Yamuna]], originate in Uttarakhand. [[Binsar Devta]] is a popular Hindu temple in the area.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Bineshwar Mahadev Temple |url=https://www.euttaranchal.com/tourism/bineshwar-mahadev-temple.php |website=eUttaranchal |access-date=16 February 2025}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Binsar Mahadev Temple, Pauri Garhwal |url=https://uttarakhandguide.com/packages/binsar-mahadev-temple-pauri-garhwal/ |website=Uttarakhand Guide |access-date=16 February 2025}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Uttarakhand has long been called &quot;Land of the Gods&quot;&lt;ref name=Uttarakhand&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nainitaltourism.com/Uttarakhand_Uttaranchal.html|title=Info about Uttarakhand|publisher=Nainital Tours &amp; Package|access-date=20 December 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121125105932/http://www.nainitaltourism.com/Uttarakhand_Uttaranchal.html|archive-date=25 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; as the state has some of the holiest [[Hindu]] shrines, and for more than a thousand years, pilgrims have been visiting the region in the hopes of salvation and purification from sin. [[Gangotri]] and [[Yamunotri]], the sources of the Ganges and Yamuna, dedicated to [[Ganga in Hinduism|Ganga]] and [[Yamuna in Hinduism|Yamuna]] respectively, fall in the upper reaches of the state and together with [[Badrinath]] (dedicated to [[Vishnu]]) and [[Kedarnath]] (dedicated to [[Shiva]]) form the [[Chota Char Dham]], one of Hinduism's most spiritual and auspicious pilgrimage circuits. Haridwar, meaning &quot;Gateway to the God&quot;, is a prime Hindu destination. [[Haridwar]] hosts the [[Haridwar Kumbh Mela]] every twelve years, in which millions of pilgrims take part from all parts of India and the world. [[Rishikesh]] near Haridwar is known as the preeminent [[yoga]] centre of India. The state has an abundance of temples and shrines, many dedicated to local deities or manifestations of Shiva and [[Durga]], references to many of which can be found in Hindu scriptures and legends.&lt;ref&gt;Dilwali, A., &amp; Pant, P. (1987). The [[Garhwal division|Garhwal]] Himalayas, ramparts of heaven. New Delhi: Lustre Press.&lt;/ref&gt; Uttarakhand is, however, a place of pilgrimage for the adherents of other religions too. [[Piran Kaliyar]] Sharif near [[Roorkee]] is a pilgrimage site to [[Muslim]]s, [[Guru Ram Rai Darbar Sahib|Gurudwara Darbar Sahib]], in [[Dehradun]], [[Gurudwara Shri Hemkund Sahib|Gurudwara Hemkund Sahib]] in [[Chamoli district]], [[Gurudwara Nanakmatta Sahib]] in [[Nanakmatta]] and [[Gurudwara Reetha Sahib]] in [[Champawat district]] are pilgrimage centres for [[Sikh]]s. [[Tibetan Buddhism]] has also made its presence with the reconstruction of [[Mindrolling Monastery#Mindrolling in India|Mindrolling Monastery]] and its [[Buddha]] [[Stupa]], described as the world's highest at [[Clement Town]], [[Dehradun]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Dalai Lama Consecrates Stupa at Mindroling Monastery|work=VOA |date=29 October 2002 |url=http://www.voatibetanenglish.com/content/a-28-a-2002-10-29-4-1-90251907/1267487.html|publisher=Voice of America Tibetan|access-date=29 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921142137/http://www.voatibetanenglish.com/content/a-28-a-2002-10-29-4-1-90251907/1267487.html|archive-date=21 September 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Incredible India {{!}} Uttarakhand |url=https://www.incredibleindia.org/content/incredible-india-v2/en/destinations/states/uttarakhand.html |access-date=22 July 2022 |website=www.incredibleindia.org |archive-date=22 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722105345/https://www.incredibleindia.org/content/incredible-india-v2/en/destinations/states/uttarakhand.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Auli, India|Auli]] and [[Munsiari]] are well-known skiing resorts in the state.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Skiing in Uttarakhand |url=https://www.visituttrakhand.com/skiing}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The state has 12 national parks and wildlife sanctuaries, which cover 13.8% of the total area of the state.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Celebrating Uttarakhand Sthapna Diwas! Ten best cities of Uttarakhand one must visit|url=https://humaribaat.com/celebrating-uttarakhand-sthapna-diwas-ten-best-cities-of-uttarakhand-one-must-visit/ |agency=Humari Baat |issue=Travel |publisher=Humari Baat |date=11 November 2017 |access-date=29 December 2017 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229172351/https://humaribaat.com/celebrating-uttarakhand-sthapna-diwas-ten-best-cities-of-uttarakhand-one-must-visit/|archive-date=29 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; They are located at different altitudes varying from 800 to 5400 metres. The oldest national park on the Indian sub-continent, [[Jim Corbett National Park]], is a major tourist attraction.&lt;ref name=wildlife /&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Mt.Kedarnath.jpg|thumb|[[Garhwal Himalaya]] mountain range in [[Kedarnath]], Uttarakhand|left]]<br /> <br /> [[Vasudhara Falls]], near [[Badrinath]], is a waterfall with a height of {{convert|122|m|ft}} set in a backdrop of snow-clad mountains.&lt;ref name=&quot;harsh&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Bisht|first=Harshwanti|title=Tourism in Garhwal Himalaya : with special reference to mountaineering and trekking in Uttarkashi and Chamoli Districts|year=1994|publisher=Indus Pub. Co.|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788173870064|pages=41, 43|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6C6DGU73WzsC|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110042140/https://books.google.com/books?id=6C6DGU73WzsC|archive-date=10 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; The state has always been a destination for [[mountaineering]], [[hiking]], and [[rock climbing]] in India. A recent development in [[adventure tourism]] in the region has been whitewater [[rafting]] in Rishikesh. Due to its proximity to the Himalaya ranges, the place is full of hills and mountains and is suitable for trekking, climbing, skiing, camping, rock climbing, and paragliding.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Destination for Adventure Sports|url=http://mapsofindia.com/maps/uttaranchal/uttaranchaltourist.htm|publisher=mapsofindia.com|access-date=29 July 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120814113714/http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/uttaranchal/uttaranchaltourist.htm|archive-date=14 August 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Roopkund]] is a trekking site, known for the mysterious skeletons found in a lake, which was featured by [[National Geographic Channel]] in a documentary.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=UTET|url=http://www.whatismyresults.com/2013/09/UTET-answer-Key-UTET-Result.html|work=Uttarakhand|access-date=29 July 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130912011106/http://www.whatismyresults.com/2013/09/UTET-answer-Key-UTET-Result.html|archive-date=12 September 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; The trek to Roopkund passes through the meadows of [[Bugyal]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}<br /> <br /> [[New Tehri]] city has [[Tehri Dam]], with a height of {{Convert|260.5|m|ft}} is the tallest dam in India. It is currently ranked No 10 on the [[List of tallest dams|List of Tallest Dams]] in the world. Tehri Lake with a surface area of {{Convert|52|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, is the [[List of lakes of India|biggest lake]] in the state of Uttarakhand. It has good options for Adventure Sports and various water sports like Boating, Banana Boat, Bandwagon Boat, Jet Ski, Water Skiing, Para-sailing, Kayaking.{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}<br /> <br /> == Education ==<br /> {{Main|Education in Uttarakhand}}<br /> <br /> {{See also|List of institutions of higher education in Uttarakhand}}<br /> The educational system prevailing in the state's schools specifies an initial 10-year course of study, which is divided into three stages: lower primary, upper primary, and secondary school—known as 4+3+3, which signifies the number of years for each stage. After the first 10 years of schooling, students typically enroll in Higher Secondary Schooling in one of the three major streams—[[liberal arts]], [[commerce]], or [[science]]. Upon completing the required coursework, students can enroll in general or professional undergraduate (UG) degree-college programmes. Schools in the state are either managed by the government or by private trusts. The majority of public schools are affiliated with the [[Uttarakhand Board of School Education]] (UBSE) use Hindi as a medium of instruction. Private schools in Uttarakhand—which use English as the language of instruction—are affiliated to one of three administering bodies, [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]], [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations|CISCE]], or [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education|ICSE]].<br /> <br /> Uttarakhand has more than 20 universities, including one [[Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University|central university]], twelve [[state universities]], three [[deemed universities]], one [[Indian Institutes of Technology|IIT]] in [[Indian Institute Of Technology Roorkee|Roorkee]], one [[IIM]] in [[IIM Kashipur|Kashipur]] and an [[AIIMS]] in [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh|Rishikesh]]. Inaugurated by [[Jawahar Lal Nehru]] in 1960, [[G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology]], provides research and training in agriculture and engineering. Located in Bharsar and Ranichauri, [[Veer Chandra Singh Garhwali Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry]], is a state agricultural university and has two campuses, one is in Bharsar town of [[Pauri Garhwal district]] and other is in Ranichauri town of [[Tehri Garhwal district]]. [[Kumaun University]]; located in Nainital, is one of the oldest universities in the region.<br /> <br /> Uttarakhand is home to some of premier institutes of India that hold the status of national importance due to their significant contributions to education, research, and national development. Founded in 1906, [[Forest Research Institute (India)|Forest Research Institute]] (FRI) is the oldest institutions of its kind. Its campus hosts the [[Indira Gandhi National Forest Academy]] (IGNFA), the staff college that trains officers selected for the [[Indian Forest Service]] (IFS). Located in [[Dehradun]], [[The Doon School]] has been consistently ranked as the best all-boys residential school in [[India]]. Established in 1959, [[Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration]] (LBSNA), [[Mussoorie]], trains civil servants for the [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS). The [[Indian Military Academy]] (IMA), is officer training academy for the [[Indian Army]]. The academy trains officer cadets for the Permanent Commission into the Army.<br /> <br /> == Sports ==<br /> {{See also|Maharana Pratap Sports College}}<br /> [[File:Dehradun cricket stadium.jpg|thumb|[[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium, Dehradun|Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]] in [[Dehradun]]]]<br /> <br /> Due to its mountainous terrain and rivers, Uttarakhand attract tourists and adventure seekers for [[extreme sport|adventure sports]], such as [[paragliding]], [[sky diving]], [[rafting]] and [[bungee jumping]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://tribuneindia.com/2010/20101218/dplus.htm |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India : Latest news, India, Punjab, Chandigarh, Haryana, Himachal, Uttarakhand, J&amp;K, sports, cricket |access-date=6 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524034007/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20101218/dplus.htm |archive-date=24 May 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Uttarakhand is home to some of the highest peaks in India, including [[Nanda Devi]] and [[Tirsuli]], popular for mountaineering expeditions and climbing activities. Traditional sports [[Mallakhamb]] (pole gymnastics), [[Gatka]] (a form of [[martial arts]]) and [[Gulli Danda]] (similar to cricket) are preserved, are preserved but have limited exposure. More recently, [[golf]] has also become popular with [[Ranikhet]] being a favorite destination.{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}<br /> <br /> The [[Cricket Association of Uttarakhand]] is the governing body for [[Cricket in India|cricket]] activities. The [[Uttarakhand cricket team]] represents Uttarakhand in [[Ranji Trophy]], [[Vijay Hazare Trophy]] and [[Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]]. [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium, Dehradun|Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]] in [[Dehradun]] is the home ground of Uttarakhand cricket team.{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}} Uttarakhand has state-level associations for various sports that organize tournaments and promote talent development.<br /> <br /> The [[Uttarakhand State Football Association]] is the governing body for [[Football in India|association football]]. The [[Uttarakhand football team]] represents Uttarakhand in the [[Santosh Trophy]] and other leagues. The [[Indira Gandhi International Sports Stadium]] in [[Haldwani]] is the home ground of Uttarakhand football team.{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}<br /> <br /> == Notable people ==<br /> {{See also|List of people from Uttarakhand}}<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> {{Portal|India|Asia|Geography}}<br /> * [[Outline of Uttarakhand]]<br /> * [[Himalayan states]]<br /> * [[Indian Himalayan Region]]<br /> * [[Mountain Temples and Temple Mountains]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;2011lang&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |title=Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 50th report (July 2012 to June 2013) |publisher=Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India |access-date=4 December 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |archive-date=8 July 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;/references&gt;<br /> <br /> == Further reading ==<br /> {{Refbegin|30em}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Rivett-Carnac|first=J. H.|title=Archaeological Notes On Ancient Sculpturings On Rocks in Kumaon, India|url=https://archive.org/stream/archaeologicalno00rive#page/n7/mode/2up|year=1879|location=Calcutta|publisher=G.H. Rouse}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Upreti|first=Ganga Dutt|title=Proverbs &amp; folklore of Kumaon and Garhwal|url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924089930774#page/n7/mode/2up|year=1894|publisher=Lodiana Mission Press}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Oakley|first=E. Sherman|title=Holy Himalaya: The Religion, Traditions and Scenery of Himalayan Province (Kumaon and Garwhal)|url=https://archive.org/stream/holyhimalayareli00oaklrich#page/n7/mode/2up|year=1905|publisher=Oliphant Anderson &amp; Ferrier|location=London}}<br /> * {{cite book |author1=Raja Rudradeva |editor=Haraprasada Shastri |title=Syanika Shastra: A Book on Hawking |url=https://archive.org/stream/syanikasatraorbo00rudruoft#page/n3/mode/2up |year=1910 |publisher=Asiatic Society |location=Calcutta }}<br /> * Handa, Umachand (2002). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=7_Ct9gzvkDQC History of Uttaranchal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207090054/https://books.google.com/books?id=7_Ct9gzvkDQC |date=7 December 2023 }}''. Indus Publishing. {{ISBN|81-7387-134-5}}.<br /> * Husain, Z. (1995). ''Uttarakhand Movement: The Politics of Identity and Frustration, A Psycho-Analytical Study of the Separate State Movement, 1815–1995''. Bareilly: Prakash Book Depot. {{ISBN|81-85897-17-4}}<br /> * Sharma, D. (1989). ''Tibeto-Himalayan languages of Uttarakhand''. Studies in Tibeto-Himalayan languages, 3. New Delhi, India: Mittal Publications. {{ISBN|81-7099-171-4}}<br /> * Phonia, Kedar Singh (1987). ''Uttarakhand: The Land of Jungles, Temples and Snows''. New Delhi, India: Lancer Books.<br /> * Mukhopadhyaya, R. (1987). ''Uttarakhand Movement: A Sociological Analysis''. Centre for Himalayan Studies special lecture, 8. Raja Rammohunpur, Distt. Darjeeling: University of North Bengal.<br /> * Thapliyal, Uma Prasad (2005). ''Uttaranchal: Historical and Cultural Perspectives''. B. R. Pub. Corp., {{ISBN|81-7646-463-5}}.<br /> * Negi, Vijaypal Singh, Jawaharnagar, P.O. Agastyamuni, Distt. Rudraprayag, ''The Great Himalayas'' 1998,<br /> {{Refend}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{Sister project links |species=no|n= Uttarakhand|wikt=Uttarakhand|voy=Uttarakhand|q=no |s=no |b=no |v=no}}<br /> '''Government'''<br /> * [http://uk.gov.in/ Uttarakhand Government Portal]<br /> * [http://uttarakhandtourism.gov.in/ Uttarakhand Tourism]<br /> <br /> '''General information'''<br /> * {{Britannica|736432}} <br /> * [http://mountainshepherds.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/map-uttarakhand.pdf Map of Uttarakhand] with places of interest and historical attractions, mountainshepherds.com.<br /> * {{OSM relation|374810}}<br /> <br /> {{Geographic Location<br /> | Centre = Uttarakhand<br /> | North = [[Tibet Autonomous Region]], {{flag|China}}<br /> | Northeast =<br /> | East = [[Sudurpashchim Province]], {{flag|Nepal}}<br /> | Southeast =<br /> | South = [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> | Southwest = [[Haryana]]<br /> | West =<br /> | Northwest = [[Himachal Pradesh]]<br /> }}<br /> {{Navboxes|list=<br /> {{Uttarakhand}}<br /> {{Garhwal}}<br /> {{Kumaon}}<br /> {{Municipalities of Uttarakhand}}<br /> {{Hindu temples in Uttarakhand}}<br /> {{States and territories of India}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Uttarakhand]]<br /> [[Category:North India]]<br /> [[Category:States and union territories of India]]<br /> [[Category:States and territories established in 2000]]<br /> [[Category:2000 establishments in India]]</div>

MyronMccreary8 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Niranjan_Sudhindra&diff=522140 2026-03-09T15:07:44Z

<p>MyronMccreary8: New New Data</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian actor}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Niranjan Sudhindra<br /> | image =<br /> | caption = Niranjan Sudhindra - Latest Photoshoot<br /> | birth_name = <br /> | birth_date = 20 August 1996<br /> | birth_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]<br /> | occupation = {{hlist|Actor }}<br /> | relatives = <br /> | honours = <br /> | yearsactive = 2009–present<br /> | notable role = <br /> }}<br /> '''Niranjan Sudhindra''' (born 20 August 1996) is an Indian actor who works in [[Kannada language|Kannada]] films. He made his debut as a child actor in ''[[Bellary Naga]]'' (2009).<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> <br /> Niranjan Sudhindra was born to Sudhindra Kumar B.M. and Veena S.K. He is the nephew of [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] and [[Priyanka Upendra]]. He has a younger brother Nidarshan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Niranjan Sudhindras next has shades of uncle Upendra's Om|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/niranjan-sudhindras-next-has-shades-of-uncle-upendras-om/articleshow/89567508.cms |access-date=2022-02-22|website=Times of India|date=15 February 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Niranjan Sudhindra grew up in Bangalore and graduated in Business Administration from PES University.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Niranjan Sudhindras|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/person/niranjan-sudhindra/1072491 |access-date=|website=Book My Show|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a student he was drawn to acting and western dance. He acted in many plays and was part of a theatre troupe Thaksh theatrics. He also took part in dance competitions held in [[Mumbai]], [[Kolkata]] and [[Bangalore]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Niranjan Sudhindra Interview my aunt Priyanka Upendra is the highlight and beauty of 2nd Half |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2018/may/30/the-niranjan-sudhindra-interview-my-aunt-priyanka-upendra-is-the-highlight-and-beauty-of-2nd-half-1821581.html |access-date=2018-05-30|website=New Indian Express|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> In 2018, Niranjan began his adult acting career with ''[[2nd Half]]'', a crime thriller directed by Yogi Devagange. The film also stars his aunt [[Priyanka Upendra]] and Niranjan plays a prominent role.<br /> <br /> Niranjan's debut film as a lead was ''Namma Hudugaru'' (2022), directed by H.B. Siddu, and he played the lead role opposite Radhya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nam Hudugaru film release on July 8th actor Niranjan Sudhindra interview |url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/celebrity-interviews/nam-husugaru-film-release-on-july-8th-actor-niranjan-sudhindra-interview-vcs-reoplz |access-date=2022-07-08|website= Asianet News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A romantic drama set in a village, the movie evoked mixed reviews among the critics. However, Niranjan’s individual performance as Barma, a happy-go-lucky college student, was appreciated.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Namma Hudugaru movie review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/namma-hudugaru/movie-review/92751318.cms |access-date=2022-07-08|website= Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Niranjan's next feature film Superstar was directed by Ramesh Venkatesh Babu, and he plays the role of a dancer who becomes a household name. He is paired with social media sensation Zaara Yesmin, who is making her debut in Kannada.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title= Zaara Yesmin to make her film debut with Superstar |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2020/dec/30/zaara-yesmin-to-make-herfilm-debut-with-superstar-2242859.html |access-date=2020-11-30|website= The New Indian Express|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; This film has improvised the title of his uncle [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]]’s 2002 hit [[Super Star (2002 film)|Super Star]], and is said to be a commercial entertainer with lots of song and dance numbers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title= I have to do justice to title of Superstar Niranjan Sudhindra |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2020/dec/07/i-have-to-do-justice-to-titleof-superstarniranjan-sudhindra-2232693.html|access-date=2020-12-07|website= The New Indian Express|date=7 December 2020 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Raghavendra V is the music director and Chethan Kumar has penned the lyrics.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title= Niranjan Sudhindra's debut film as hero titled Superstar|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/aug/14/niranjan-sudhindrass-debut-film-as-hero-titled-super-star-19802.html |access-date=2020-08-14|website= Cinema Express|date=14 August 2020 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Yash (actor)|Yash]] will be doing voiceover for the film teaser.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title= Rocking Star Yash to lend his voice for Niranjan Sudhindra's Superstar|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/aug/18/rocking-star-yash-to-lend-his-voice-for-niranjan-sudhindras-super-star-19849.html |access-date=2020-08-18|website= New Indian Express|date=17 August 2020 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> Niranjan’s upcoming projects include ''Hunter: On Duty'', directed by Vinay Krishna. He will be the lead actor and paired with Sowmya Menon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title= First look poster of Niranjan Sudhindra's Hunter On Duty released |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/first-look-poster-of-niranjan-sudhindras-hunter-on-duty-released/articleshow/89744214.cms |access-date=2022-02-22|website= Times of India|date=22 February 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=I realise an artiste's life is unpredictable: Niranjan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/i-realise-an-artistes-life-is-unpredictable-niranjan/articleshow/99987879.cms |access-date=2023-05-05|website= The Times Of India|date=5 May 2023 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He has also signed a movie ''Q'', an action thriller, directed by [[Nagashekar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title= Nagashekar to direct Niranjan Sudhindra in an action thriller titled Q |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/feb/14/nagashekar-to-direct-niranjan-sudhindra-in-an-action-thriller-titled-q-2419008.html |access-date=2022-02-14|website= New Indian Express|date=14 February 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Filmography ==<br /> {{BLP unreferenced section|date= May 2023}}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+Key<br /> | style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC;&quot;| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}<br /> | Denotes films that have not yet been released<br /> |}<br /> {| Class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! Year <br /> ! Film !! Role !! Notes<br /> |-<br /> | 2009 <br /> | ''[[Bellary Naga]]''|| ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2018<br /> | ''[[2nd Half]]''|| Niru || <br /> |-<br /> | 2022<br /> | ''Namma Hudugaru''|| Barma || <br /> |-<br /> | 2026<br /> | ''[[Seetha Payanam]]'' || Abhi || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb name| nm12135372 }}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Sudhindra, Niranjan}}<br /> [[Category:1996 births]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Kannada actors]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male film actors]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors from Bengaluru]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> <br /> {{India-film-actor-1990s-stub}}</div>

MyronMccreary8 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digi_Yatra&diff=497041 2026-03-09T10:16:10Z

<p>MyronMccreary8: Adding post</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian aviation check-in system based on facial recognition technology}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox project<br /> | name = Digi Yatra<br /> | logo = Digiyatra logo.jpg<br /> | country = India<br /> | current_status = Active<br /> | launch_date = {{Start date and age|2022|12|01|df=yes}}<br /> | launch_place = At [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]], [[Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport|Varanasi]], and [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru]] Airports<br /> | slogan = ''A New Digital Experience for Air Travellers''<br /> | owner = Digi Yatra Foundation (DYF)<br /> | native_name = <br /> | abbreviation =<br /> |logo_alt=Logo for the Digi Yatra Foundation}}<br /> <br /> '''Digi Yatra''' ({{lit|Digital Journey}}) is an industry-led digital initiative coordinated by the [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Ministry of Civil Aviation]] in [[India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Digi Yatra- A New Digital Experience for Air Travellers{{!}} National Portal of India |url=https://www.india.gov.in/spotlight/digi-yatra-new-digital-experience-air-travellers |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004120511/https://www.india.gov.in/spotlight/digi-yatra-new-digital-experience-air-travellers |archive-date=2023-10-04 |access-date=2022-12-02 |website=www.india.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; Digi Yatra utilizes [[Facial recognition system|facial recognition]] to verify passenger identities at various checkpoints, such as check-in, security, and boarding gates, without the need for physical documents. Specific queues and check-ins have been set up in fifteen airports for passengers who have registered through the Digi Yatra app. Another 13 airports are expected to be launched in April 2024. It aims to provide a paperless travel experience to air passengers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-12-01 |title=Digi Yatra, a paperless airport entry facility launched: All you need to know |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/technology/digi-yatra-a-paperless-airport-entry-facility-launched-all-you-need-to-know-101669885284413.html |access-date=2022-12-02 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=2 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202173416/https://www.hindustantimes.com/technology/digi-yatra-a-paperless-airport-entry-facility-launched-all-you-need-to-know-101669885284413.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Livemint |date=2022-08-17 |title=Explained: What is Digi Yatra, how it will work and other questions answered |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/explained-what-is-digiyatra-how-it-will-work-and-other-questions-answered-11660701094885.html |access-date=2022-12-02 |website=mint |language=en |archive-date=2 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202173410/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/explained-what-is-digiyatra-how-it-will-work-and-other-questions-answered-11660701094885.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What is Digi Yatra for air travel, which allows passengers a paperless entry at THESE airports? |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-what-is-digiyatra-for-air-travel-which-allows-passengers-a-paperless-entry-at-these-airports-3007169 |access-date=2022-12-02 |website=DNA India |language=en |archive-date=2 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202173411/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-what-is-digiyatra-for-air-travel-which-allows-passengers-a-paperless-entry-at-these-airports-3007169 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Ownership ==<br /> Digi Yatra was launched by the &quot;Digi Yatra Foundation&quot;, which is a private [[Nonprofit organization|not-for-profit]] company owned by the [[Airports Authority of India]] (26%) and 5 other private airports - [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]], [[Cochin International Airport|Cochin]], [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bangalore]], [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai]] and [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]] all having a 14.8% stake each.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://digiyatrafoundation.com/about-us/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316184122/https://digiyatrafoundation.com/about-us/ |archive-date=2024-03-16 |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=[[DigiYatra|Digiyatra Foundation]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Majumder |first1=Arindam |last2=P |first2=Suraksha |date=2024-04-16 |title=Digiyatra CEO denies storing passenger data |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/digiyatra-ceo-denies-storing-passenger-data/articleshow/109354687.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416195621/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/digiyatra-ceo-denies-storing-passenger-data/articleshow/109354687.cms |archive-date=2024-04-16 |access-date=2024-04-17 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389}}&lt;/ref&gt; Being a private company, it is not answerable to RTI requests under the [[Right to Information Act, 2005]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-03-15 |title=Digi Yatra Not Under RTI as Run by a Private 'Non-Profit Body': Ministry of Civil Aviation |url=https://thewire.in/tech/digi-yatra-not-under-rti-as-run-by-a-private-non-profit-body-ministry-of-civil-aviation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323002647/https://thewire.in/tech/digi-yatra-not-under-rti-as-run-by-a-private-non-profit-body-ministry-of-civil-aviation |archive-date=2023-03-23 |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> The app was developed by [[Hyderabad]]-based startup Dataevolve Solutions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2 February 2023 |title=This Hyderabad-based startup is behind the airport walk-in app DigiYatra |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/this-hyderabad-based-startup-is-behind-the-airport-walk-in-app-digiyatra-9989271.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624234515/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/this-hyderabad-based-startup-is-behind-the-airport-walk-in-app-digiyatra-9989271.html |archive-date=2023-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; The company was selected through the national start-up challenge conducted by [[NITI Aayog]] under [[Atal Innovation Mission]] (AIM).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2023-02-02 |title=Digi Yatra to be implemented at Kolkata, Pune, Vijayawada and Hyderabad Airports by March 2023 |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1895743 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624090210/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1895743 |archive-date=2023-06-24 |access-date=2024-04-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> It was launched on 1 December 2022 in its first phase in [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bangalore]], [[Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport|Varanasi]] and [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-12-02 |title=Facial recognition technology introduced at 3 airports in India under Digi Yatra initiative |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/aviation/digiyatra-launch-for-passengers-at-3-airports-scindia-data-stored-in-encrypted-format-8301696/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202173411/https://indianexpress.com/article/business/aviation/digiyatra-launch-for-passengers-at-3-airports-scindia-data-stored-in-encrypted-format-8301696/ |archive-date=2022-12-02 |access-date=2022-12-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nigam |first=Saumya |date=2022-12-02 |title=DigiYatra launched in Delhi, Bengaluru and Varanasi Airports: Everything you need to know |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/technology/news/digiyatra-launched-in-delhi-bengaluru-and-varanasi-airports-everything-you-need-to-know-2022-12-02-828205 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202173413/https://www.indiatvnews.com/technology/news/digiyatra-launched-in-delhi-bengaluru-and-varanasi-airports-everything-you-need-to-know-2022-12-02-828205 |archive-date=2022-12-02 |access-date=2022-12-02 |website=India TV News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In April 2023, it was expanded to [[Vijayawada]], [[Kolkata]], [[Hyderabad]], and [[Pune]] airports.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Roshni |date=2023-03-03 |title=DigiYatra App: How to use it for airport check-ins |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/digiyatra-app-how-to-use-it-for-airport-check-ins-2342165-2023-03-03 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306140250/https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/digiyatra-app-how-to-use-it-for-airport-check-ins-2342165-2023-03-03 |archive-date=2023-03-06 |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=[[India Today]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; In June 2023, [[Delhi Airport]]’s Terminal 3 (T3), announced that passengers traveling from T3 could use Digi Yatra from the airport premises without using the Digi Yatra mobile application.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-06-09 |title=IGI Airport allows passengers to use DigiYatra without mobile app |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/airlines-aviation-igi-airport-allows-passengers-to-use-digiyatra-without-mobile-app-3118886/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608212336/https://www.financialexpress.com/business/airlines-aviation-igi-airport-allows-passengers-to-use-digiyatra-without-mobile-app-3118886/ |archive-date=2023-06-08 |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=Financial Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-06-08 |title=Delhi's IGI Airport introduces app free 'DigiYatra' for passengers |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/passengers-at-delhis-igi-airport-can-use-digiyatra-without-app-download-11686214376860.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608094627/http://www.livemint.com/news/india/passengers-at-delhis-igi-airport-can-use-digiyatra-without-app-download-11686214376860.html |archive-date=2023-06-08 |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the same month, Digi Yatra announced that their service reached one million users.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2023-06-22 |title=Digi Yatra App user registration crosses 1 million mark |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/digi-yatra-app-user-registration-crosses-1-million-mark/article66997905.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622220024/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/digi-yatra-app-user-registration-crosses-1-million-mark/article66997905.ece |archive-date=2023-06-22 |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=[[Business Line]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; In August 2023, Ahmedabad's [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport]] implemented the Digi Yatra system.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-08-29 |title=Ahmedabad: Digi Yatra to facilitate seamless travel |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/digi-yatra-to-facilitate-seamless-travel/articleshow/103153025.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121100208/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/digi-yatra-to-facilitate-seamless-travel/articleshow/103153025.cms |archive-date=2023-11-21 |access-date=2023-11-21 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> During the [[2024 CrowdStrike incident]], DigiYatra and most other airport and airline digital infrastructure at the [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi Airport]] were unsuable.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Sonali |first= |date=2024-07-19 |title=Delhi Airport continues to face disruption, chaos: DigiYatra down, long queues intact at IndiGo counters after Microsoft Outage |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/industry/aviation/story/delhi-airport-continues-to-face-disruption-chaos-digiyatra-down-long-queues-intact-at-indigo-counters-after-microsoft-outage-437900-2024-07-20 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240720152719/https://www.businesstoday.in/industry/aviation/story/delhi-airport-continues-to-face-disruption-chaos-digiyatra-down-long-queues-intact-at-indigo-counters-after-microsoft-outage-437900-2024-07-20 |archive-date=2024-07-20 |access-date=2024-07-20 |work=[[Business Today (India)]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Privacy concerns and controversies ==<br /> Western media and affiliates have been highlighting issues with Digi Yatra. According to a January 2024 survey, 29% of passengers in the Digi Yatra biometric system were signed up without their knowledge. Security personnel and staff at Indian airports have allegedly been capturing the face biometrics of passengers and non-consensually enrolling them in Digi Yatra, without even informing the passenger what they are doing it for.&lt;ref name=&quot;BU&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=McConvey |first1=Joel R. |date=2024-01-29 |title=Digi Yatra still ruffling feathers among air travelers, but keeps growing |url=https://www.biometricupdate.com/202401/digi-yatra-still-ruffling-feathers-among-air-travelers-but-keeps-growing |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129220714/https://www.biometricupdate.com/202401/digi-yatra-still-ruffling-feathers-among-air-travelers-but-keeps-growing |archive-date=2024-01-29 |access-date=2024-04-10 |work=Biometric Update}}&lt;/ref&gt; Another 15% of passengers only signed up for the app because they could not find the regular gate.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=28 January 2024 |title='Didn't find regular queue': Fliers still confused about DigiYatra, reveals survey |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/didnt-find-regular-queue-fliers-still-confused-about-digiyatra-reveals-survey-415086-2024-01-28 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128062816/https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/didnt-find-regular-queue-fliers-still-confused-about-digiyatra-reveals-survey-415086-2024-01-28 |archive-date=2024-01-28 |access-date=2024-04-10 |work=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In April 2024, the app stopped working without passengers being given any prior notice. The app remained down for several days, and the foundation issued a statement about it being down for infrastructure upgrades. They had to migrate users to a new app, and in process, completely bricked the old app to ensure everyone moved to the newer version.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lobo |first=Simone |date=2024-04-03 |title=DigiYatra app users asked to download new app |url=https://www.medianama.com/2024/04/223-digiyatra-app-users-asked-to-download-new-app/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403110849/https://www.medianama.com/2024/04/223-digiyatra-app-users-asked-to-download-new-app/ |archive-date=2024-04-03 |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=MediaNama |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=Digi Yatra gets an all-new app, old one will not work at airports: How to download and other details |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/technology/digi-yatra-gets-an-all-new-app-old-one-will-not-work-at-airports-how-to-download-and-other-details-12615601.html |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en |archive-date=10 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610055510/https://www.moneycontrol.com/europe/?url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/technology/digi-yatra-gets-an-all-new-app-old-one-will-not-work-at-airports-how-to-download-and-other-details-12615601.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; A major difference between the two apps was that the new app was published on [[Google Play|Google Play Store]] under a domain controlled by the foundation, while the previous app was published under a domain owned by Data Evolve, the company that initially developed the app. Avinash Kommireddi, the CEO of Dataevolve solutions, had also been arrested for siphoning ₹36.5 crores of funds from [[Andhra Pradesh Police]] in an e-challan scam just a few months before this change.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Reddy |first=U Sudhakar |date=2023-10-31 |title=ED issues ECIR in Andhra e-challan scam involving ex-DGP's son-in-law |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/ed-issues-ecir-in-andhra-e-challan-scam-involving-ex-dgps-son-in-law/articleshow/104840247.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107145857/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/ed-issues-ecir-in-andhra-e-challan-scam-involving-ex-dgps-son-in-law/articleshow/104840247.cms |archive-date=2023-11-07 |access-date=2024-04-10 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kumar PV |first=Ramana |date=2023-11-22 |title=Ex-AP DGP's Nephew Arrested for Siphoning Police's E-challan Money |url=https://www.news18.com/india/ex-ap-dgps-son-in-law-arrested-for-siphoning-polices-e-challan-money-8672620.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222134146/https://www.news18.com/india/ex-ap-dgps-son-in-law-arrested-for-siphoning-polices-e-challan-money-8672620.html |archive-date=2023-12-22 |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=News18 |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Kommireddi Avinash vs The State : S.H.O, Tadepalli,P.S<br /> <br /> Crl.M.P.No. 65 of 2024 in Crime No. 628/2023 of Tadepalli,P.S&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Digi Yatra also forces users to sign up using [[Aadhaar]]. They have stated that there are plans to integrate other ID proofs, but there has been no progress on this as of December 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=FAQ |url=https://digiyatrafoundation.com/faq/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316184049/https://digiyatrafoundation.com/faq/ |archive-date=2024-03-16 |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=DigiYatra Foundation |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Internet Freedom Foundation]] has raised concerns about the &quot;privacy, surveillance, exclusion errors and lack of institutional accountability and transparency&quot; with Digi Yatra.&lt;ref name=&quot;BU&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-01-16 |title=Resist Surveillance Tech, Reject Digi Yatra |url=https://internetfreedom.in/reject-digiyatra/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314024503/https://internetfreedom.in/reject-digiyatra/ |archive-date=2024-03-14 |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=[[Internet Freedom Foundation]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Privacy experts have said that Digi Yatra suffers from a poor governance structure and the lack of information and disclosures, despite it being a partly government-run service, have made it unreliable.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; In 2026, in response to a PIL filed in Kerala alleging commercial use of personal data by Digi Yatra, the Kerala HC is seeking cooperation through a data protection board as an adjudicatory body established under compliance with the [[Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023]] and [[Digital Personal Data Protection Rules, 2025]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Amit |date=2026-03-09 |title=Kerala HC Issues Notice on PIL Against Digi Yatra Data Use |url=https://www.medianama.com/2026/03/223-kerala-high-court-issues-notice-pil-data-privacy-violations-digi-yatra/ |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=MEDIANAMA |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Modi administration initiatives]]<br /> [[Category:Facial recognition]]<br /> [[Category:Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)]]<br /> [[Category:Ministry of Tourism (India)]]<br /> [[Category:Identity management]]</div>

MyronMccreary8 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bharti_Enterprises&diff=461802 2026-03-07T05:25:33Z

<p>MyronMccreary8: basic corrected article to improve readability additionally and added references to improve readability</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian multinational conglomerate company}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2014}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2014}}<br /> {{Infobox company<br /> | name = Bharti Enterprises Limited<br /> | logo = Bharti Logo.svg<br /> | logo_size = <br /> | logo_upright = &lt;!-- default = 1 --&gt;<br /> | logo_alt = <br /> | logo_caption = <br /> | image = <br /> | image_size = <br /> | image_upright = &lt;!-- default = 1 --&gt;<br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = [[Corporate headquarters|Headquarters]] in [[Vasant Kunj, Delhi]]<br /> | type = [[Privately held company|Private]]<br /> | industry = [[Conglomerate (company)|Conglomerate]]<br /> | founded = {{Start date and age|1976}}&lt;ref name=&quot;About Us&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.bharti.com/about.html |website=www.bharti.com |access-date=21 May 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | founder = [[Sunil Bharti Mittal]]<br /> | hq_location = Bharti Crescent, 1 Nelson Mandela Road, [[Vasant Kunj]]<br /> | hq_location_city = [[Delhi]]<br /> | hq_location_country = India&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Contact Us |url=https://www.bharti.com/contact.html |website=www.bharti.com |access-date=21 May 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | area_served = Worldwide<br /> | key_people = Sunil Bharti Mittal (chairman)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Leadership |url=https://www.bharti.com/leadership.html |website=www.bharti.com |access-date=21 May 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | brands = [[Bharti Airtel|Airtel]]<br /> | services = {{plainlist|<br /> * [[Telecommunication]]s<br /> * [[Digital television]]<br /> * [[Real estate]]<br /> * [[Hospitality industry|Hospitality]]<br /> * [[Life insurance]]}}<br /> | revenue = <br /> | revenue_year = &lt;!-- Year of revenue data (if known) --&gt;<br /> | operating_income = <br /> | income_year = &lt;!-- Year of operating_income data (if known) --&gt;<br /> | net_income = &lt;!-- or: | profit = --&gt;<br /> | net_income_year = &lt;!-- or: | profit_year = --&gt;&lt;!-- Year of net_income/profit data (if known) --&gt;<br /> | assets = <br /> | assets_year = &lt;!-- Year of assets data (if known) --&gt;<br /> | equity = <br /> | equity_year = &lt;!-- Year of equity data (if known) --&gt;<br /> | owner = &lt;!-- or: | owners = --&gt;<br /> | num_employees = {{decrease}} 14,485&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/companies/bharti-enterprises/?sh=420deb4a3320|title=Bharti Enterprises|website=[[Forbes]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | num_employees_year = 2021<br /> | subsid = {{plainlist|<br /> * [[Bharti Airtel]]<br /> * [[Indus Towers]] <br /> * [[OneWeb]]<br /> * Bharti Real Estate<br /> * Bharti Realty<br /> * Bharti Global Limited<br /> * Bharti Hexacom<br /> * Gourmet Investments<br /> * Beetel Teletech<br /> * Norlake Hospitality<br /> }}<br /> | website = {{URL|https://www.bharti.com/}}<br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Bharti Enterprises Limited''' is an Indian [[multinational corporation|multinational]] [[Conglomerate (company)|conglomerate]], headquartered in [[Delhi]]. It was founded in 1976 by [[Sunil Bharti Mittal]]. Bharti Enterprises owns businesses spanning across [[telecommunication]]s, [[manufacturing]], [[insurance]], [[real estate]], [[hospitality]]. The group's flagship company, [[Bharti Airtel]], is a telecom service provider with operations in more than 18 countries across Asia, Africa and Europe. The company ranks amongst the top two [[List of mobile network operators|mobile network operators globally]] by number of subscribers.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The company was founded by [[Sunil Bharti Mittal]] with his two siblings in 1976. The company initially started manufacturing bicycles before diversifying into other sectors. It entered into telecommunications industry in 1995.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Bharti Airtel Ltd. - Money Control |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/company-facts/bhartiairtel/history/BA08 |work=Money Control}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Shivendra |date=2023-11-22 |title=Bharti Airtel begins IPO process of subsidiary Bharti Hexacom: Report |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/ipos/fpos/bharti-airtel-begins-ipo-process-of-subsidiary-bharti-hexacom-report/articleshow/105414762.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-03-22 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Companies==<br /> [[File:Bharti-Airtel-Country-Map.PNG|thumb|right|300px|Coverage map of Bharti Airtel across 18 countries]]<br /> Bharti is present in many sectors with the largest revenue contribution coming from the telecom industry.<br /> <br /> ===Bharti Airtel===<br /> {{Main|Bharti Airtel}}<br /> Bharti Telecom (BTL), is a [[holding company]] of Bharti Airtel with Bharti Enterprises and [[SingTel]] owning 50.56 percent and 49.44 percent, respectively, in BTL, which in turn owns 35.80 percent of Bharti Airtel.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Das |first1=Saikat |last2=Parbat |first2=Kalyan |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/companies/airtel-promoter-arm-to-raise-rs-1380-cr-to-participate-in-the-rights-issue/articleshow/87113123.cms |title=Airtel promoter arm to raise Rs 1,380 cr, to participate in the rights issue |work=The Economic Times |date=2021-10-19 |accessdate=2021-11-15 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Bharti Airtel is the third largest mobile operator in the world, in subscriber base, and has a presence across 18 countries.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Airtel|title=Airtel: Latest News, Videos and Photos {{!}} Times of India|date=2017-09-22|website=The Times of India|access-date=2017-09-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; The company is India's second largest integrated telecom company in customer base and offers mobile, fixed line, high speed home broadband, M-commerce, DTH and enterprise service.<br /> <br /> === Indus Towers ===<br /> {{main|Indus Towers}}<br /> Indus Towers Limited is an telecommunications infrastructure company offering passive [[Infrastructure as a service|infrastructure services]] to mobile network operators and other wireless services providers. Headquartered in [[Gurugram]], [[Haryana]], Indus Towers was incorporated in November 2007 by [[Bharti Infratel]] (a subsidiary of Bharti Airtel), [[Vodafone India|Vodafone Essar]], and [[Idea Cellular]], to provide shared telecom infrastructure to telecom operators on a non-discriminatory basis.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=TERI and Indus Towers jointly ink MoU on developing innovative renewable energy solutions |language=en-US |work=The Financial Express |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/archive/teri-and-indus-towers-jointly-ink-mou-on-developing-innovative-renewable-energy-solutions/318567/ |access-date=2017-07-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Bharti Infratel merged with Indus Towers on 19 November 2020, creating one of the largest [[Cell site|mobile tower]] infrastructure operators in the world.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=20 November 2020 |title=Largest tower company in world outside China! Indus Towers, Bharti Infratel merger complete |publisher=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]] |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/sectors/telecom/largest-tower-company-indus-towers-bharti-infratel-merger-complete/story/422492.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Post-merger, Bharti Airtel holds a 36.73% stake in Indus Towers, with [[Vodafone|Vodafone Group]] holding 28.12%,&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=19 November 2020 |title=Bharti Infratel, Indus Towers merger done; VIL sells Indus stake for ₹3,760 cr |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/bharti-infratel-indus-towers-merger-complete-vodafone-idea-sells-indus-stake-for-rs-3-760-cr-11605806024934.html |access-date=21 May 2023 |website=mint |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and 3.1% shares held by [[Providence Equity]].&lt;ref name=&quot;shareholding&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-11-19 |title=Bharti Infratel, Indus Towers complete merger process |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/bharti-infratel-indus-towers-complete-merger-process/article33135455.ece |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Indus Towers has over 192,874 towers and 342,831 co-locations and a nationwide presence covering all 22 telecom circles.&lt;ref name=&quot;livemint.com&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Guha |first1=Ishita |date=28 January 2021 |title=Indus Towers Q3 net profit up 2% at ₹1,360 crore |publisher=[[Livemint]] |url=https://www.industowers.com/investor/company-profile/}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In June 2024, Vodafone sold its entire stake in the company to Bharti Airtel, thus the company become a direct subsidiary of Bharti Airtel.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=19 June 2024 |title=Vodafone sells 18.0% stake in Indus Towers|publisher=Vodafone|url=https://www.vodafone.com/news/corporate-and-financial/indus-share-sale}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Beetel Teletech===<br /> Beetel Teletech Limited, formerly Brightstar Telecommunications India Limited, was founded in 1985. The company manufactures and distributes mobile accessories, IT peripherals, network and enterprise solutions, and landline phones. Its manufacturing unit is located in [[Ludhiana]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. It is also a major distributor of IT and telecom products from international brands such as [[Avaya]], [[Poly Inc.|Poly]], [[Samsung]], [[Panasonic]], [[Huawei]], [[QSC Audio Products|QSC]], [[Radwin]], [[Ruckus Networks|Ruckus]], [[RAD Data Communications|RAD]] and Actelis.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Introduction |url=https://www.beetel.in/introduction/ |access-date=21 May 2023 |website=Beetel}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Beetel Teletech launched a 7-inch [[Android (operating system)|Android]] tablet priced at {{INRConvert|9.999|k|year=2011}} in India on 18 August 2011. The offering was intended to capitalise on the expected demand for cheap computing devices in the world's fastest-growing and second-largest mobile phone market.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Bharti Unit Launches Android Tablet in India|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424053111903596904576515333409395922|access-date=18 August 2011|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|date=17 August 2011|first=Kenan|last=Machado|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117185009/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424053111903596904576515333409395922|archive-date=17 January 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Bharti Realty===<br /> Bharti Realty is the in-house [[real estate]] arm for Bharti Group and facilitates by extending support to the Group Companies for identifying, developing and maintaining real estate.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Sarkar |first=John |date=2019-12-10 |title=Bharti Realty talks to French chain Lafayette for 1st store |work=Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/bharti-realty-talks-to-french-chain-lafayette-for-1st-store/articleshow/72451856.cms |accessdate=2021-11-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was established on 8 December 2003.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bharti Realty Limited. Information - Bharti Realty Limited. Company Profile, Bharti Realty Limited. News on The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/company/ |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=The Economic Times |language=en |archive-date=8 May 2019 |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20190508200151/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/company/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bharti Realty Ltd - Company Profile and News |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/0557280D:IN |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=Bloomberg.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Gourmet Investments ===<br /> Gourmet Investments Pvt Ltd was founded in 2012 by Ramit Mittal, the eldest son of Bharti Enterprises' vice chairman and managing director Rakesh Mittal, with support from the Bharti family office.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The man behind Ministry of Crab |url=https://www.dailyo.in/lifestyle/bharti-mittal-ramit-mittal-restaurants-food-industry-gourmet-food-crabs-fine-dining-22373 |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=www.dailyo.in |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The company signed a 50:50 joint venture partnership agreement with British restaurant chain [[PizzaExpress]] in 2012, and opened the first outlet in [[Mumbai]] later that year.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UK's PizzaExpress to debut in India soon; hires CEO |url=https://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-uks-pizzaexpress-to-debut-in-india-soon-hires-ceo/20120702.htm |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=Rediff |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-04-26 |title=UK legacy brand PizzaExpress now in Bengaluru |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/uk-legacy-brand-pizzaexpress-now-in-bengaluru/article66777337.ece |access-date=2023-05-21 |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Sinha |first=Sanjeev |date=2015-03-23 |title=We want PizzaExpress to become the benchmark for pizzas in India: Sanjay Nandrajog |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/opinion/interviews/we-want-pizzaexpress-to-become-the-benchmark-for-pizzas-in-india-sanjay-nandrajog/articleshow/46659859.cms |access-date=2023-05-21 |issn=0013-0389}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> in 2018, Gourmet Investments partnered with Sri Lankan restaurant chain Ministry of Crab, owned by cricketers [[Kumar Sangakkara|Kumara Sangakara]], [[Mahela Jayawardene]] and chef [[Dharshan Munidasa]], to launch outlets in India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=www.ETRetail.com |title=Gourmet Investments to bring Sri Lankan seafood joint to India - ET Retail |url=https://retail.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/food-entertainment/food-services/gourmet-investments-to-bring-sri-lankan-seafood-joint-to-india/62381755 |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=ETRetail.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The first outlet was opened at [[Khar, Mumbai|Khar]], Mumbai in February 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mumbai Welcomes Ministry of Crab |url=http://bwhotelier.businessworld.in/article/Mumbai-Welcomes-Ministry-of-Crab/18-02-2019-167269 |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=BW Hotelier |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2019, the company acquired some Indian outlets of the American restaurant chain [[Chili's]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2019-03-11 |title=Bharti co GIPL in talks to buy Chili’s |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/bharti-co-gipl-in-talks-to-buy-chilis/articleshow/68350714.cms |access-date=2023-05-21 |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gourmet Investments operates 16 outlets of PizzaExpress, Chili's and Ministry of Crab as of February 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Haidar |first=Faizan |last2=Bhushan |first2=Ratna |date=2023-02-07 |title=Bharti Family Office firm to bring US-based food chain PF Chang's to India |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/food/bharti-family-office-firm-to-bring-us-based-food-chain-pf-changs-to-india/articleshow/97668217.cms |access-date=2023-05-21 |issn=0013-0389}}&lt;/ref&gt; In February 2023, Gourmet Investments reportedly signed an agreement with American restaurant chain [[P. F. Chang's]] to open outlets in India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Haidar |first=Faizan |last2=Bhushan |first2=Ratna |date=2023-02-07 |title=Bharti Family Office firm to bring US-based food chain PF Chang's to India |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/food/bharti-family-office-firm-to-bring-us-based-food-chain-pf-changs-to-india/articleshow/97668217.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-05-21 |issn=0013-0389}}&lt;/ref&gt; The P. F. Chang's outlet in India was opened in Mumbai in January 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=PF Chang's, America's Iconic Asian Restaurant, Launches Flagship Outlet In India |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/news/pf-changs-americas-iconic-asian-restaurant-debuts-in-india/90853/1 |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nath |first=Aatish |date=2024-01-12 |title=P.F. Chang’s arrives in India at Mumbai’s Lower Parel |url=https://www.cntraveller.in/story/pf-changs-arrives-in-india-at-mumbais-lower-parel/ |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=Condé Nast Traveller India |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Bharti AXA Life Insurance ===<br /> Bharti AXA Life Insurance Company Limited is a joint venture between Bharti Enterprises and French insurance company [[Axa|AXA]] established in 2006. Bharti Enterprises holds a 51% stake in the joint venture, with AXA holding the remaining 49%.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bharti AXA Life Insurance posts maiden profit of Rs 5 cr in FY18 |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-bharti-axa-life-insurance-posts-maiden-profit-of-rs-5-cr-in-fy18-2622466 |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=DNA India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The company has a nationwide presence through 251 branches across India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jermoe |first=Karthik |date=2023-02-28 |title=Bharti AXA-Unity Bank in bancassurance tie-up to tap 1.5 mn customers |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/bharti-axa-life-insurance-unity-bank-establish-bancassurance-partnership-123022800790_1.html |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Bharti Enterprises sought to exit its insurance services business beginning negotiations with [[Reliance Industries]] to sell its stake in both Bharti AXA Life Insurance and Bharti AXA General Insurance in 2016. However, no agreement was reached.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-08-11 |title=Insurer ICICI Lombard in talks to buy Bharti AXA |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/insurer-icici-lombard-in-talks-to-buy-bharti-axa/story-s7TaYwvfayq00XfGJktbZP.html |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A consortium of the [[Hinduja Group]] and the [[Abu Dhabi Investment Authority]] reportedly entered negotiations to acquire Bharti AXA Life Insurance in December 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2021-12-03 |title=Hinduja and ADIA combine in talks to but AXA stake in life insurance JV with Bharti |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/insure/hinduja-and-adia-combine-in-talks-to-but-axa-stake-in-life-insurance-jv-with-bharti/articleshow/88054247.cms |access-date=2023-05-21 |issn=0013-0389}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-12-01 |title=Hinduja-ADIA consortium in talks to buy AXA stake In life insurance JV with Bharti |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/hinduja-adia-consortium-in-talks-to-buy-axa-stake-in-life-insurance-jv-with-bharti-7782431.html |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Bharti Space &amp; OneWeb ===<br /> {{main|OneWeb}}<br /> <br /> A 50% stake in [[OneWeb]] was acquired in July 2020, being a joint venture with the [[Government of the United Kingdom|UK Government]] for [[Broadband#Computer networks|broadband]] [[Satellite Internet access|satellite Internet services]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=3 July 2020 |title=UK government takes £400m stake in satellite firm OneWeb |publisher=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-53279783}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Norlake Hospitality ===<br /> Norlake Hospitality Limited is a real estate and hospitality property developer in Europe and the United States, in partnership with London-based hospitality company Ennismore.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bharti Website: Our Companies |url=https://www.bharti.com/our-company-international.html |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=www.bharti.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Headquartered in London, it was founded on 18 May 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=NORLAKE HOSPITALITY LIMITED overview - Find and update company information - GOV.UK |url=https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/08075340 |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Emtel ===<br /> Bharti Enterprises acquired a 25% stake in [[Emtel]] which is a Mauritius-based telecommunications company, on 27 April 2015 through its subsidiary, Indian Continent Investment Limited (ICIL).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Brief Rationale Emtel Limited (&quot;Emtel&quot;) |url=http://www.careratingsafrica.com/downloads/Emtel%20Limited-%20Brief%20Rationale%2012-June%202020.pdf |website=Care Ratings Africa |access-date=21 May 2023 |page=2 |archive-date=21 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521221844/http://www.careratingsafrica.com/downloads/Emtel%20Limited-%20Brief%20Rationale%2012-June%202020.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === BT Group ===<br /> Bharti announced that it would acquire a 24.5% stake in British telecommunications company [[BT Group]] on 12 August 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Aulakh |first=Gulveen |date=2024-08-12 |title=Bharti Enterprises to pick up 24.5% stake in UK’s British Telecom Group {{!}} Company Business News |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/bharti-enterprises-bt-group-sunil-bharti-mittal-india-uk-trade-telecom-investment-bharti-televentures-altice-uk-11723448499321.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250121150746/https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/bharti-enterprises-bt-group-sunil-bharti-mittal-india-uk-trade-telecom-investment-bharti-televentures-altice-uk-11723448499321.html |archive-date=21 January 2025 |access-date=2025-07-15 |work=mint |language=en |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The acquisition was completed on 16 December 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=UK govt approves Bharti Global's acquisition of 24.5% stake in BT |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/uk-govt-approves-bharti-global-s-acquisition-of-24-5-stake-in-bt-124121701191_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250101051127/https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/uk-govt-approves-bharti-global-s-acquisition-of-24-5-stake-in-bt-124121701191_1.html |archive-date=1 January 2025 |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en-US |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Philanthropy==<br /> [[File:Bharti School of Management.jpg|thumb|Bharti School of Management in [[IIT Delhi]] campus.]]<br /> Bharti Foundation is the philanthropic arm of Bharti Enterprises. The Foundation has established schools in villages across India and offers free quality education with free books, uniform and mid day meals to poor children.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://online.barrons.com/article/SB125935466529866955.html |title= The 25 Best Givers |author= Suzanne McGee |date= 30 November 2009 |work= Barron's|access-date=1 April 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Satya Bharti School Program' – the Foundation's flagship program is running 254 schools in six States serving over 45,000 rural children, free of cost. The other educational initiatives including the – Satya Bharti School, Quality Support and Learning Centre Programs, are currently reaching out to over 350,000 underprivileged children in 16 states. Other Program of the Foundation making considerable impact among the underprivileged sections is – 'Satya Bharti Abhiyan' (Sanitation).<br /> <br /> In 2017, the Bharti Family pledged 10% of wealth (approx. Rs 70 billion) towards Philanthropy to set up Satya Bharti University, a world-class University to offer education to deserving youth from economically weaker sections of society.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}<br /> <br /> ==Former companies==<br /> === Hike ===<br /> {{main|Hike Messenger}}<br /> Hike Private Limited was founded by [[Kavin Bharti Mittal]] in 2012. The company launched Hike Messenger, a [[freeware]], [[cross-platform]] [[instant messaging]] (IM), [[Voice over IP]] (VoIP) application, on 12 December 2012.&lt;ref name=&quot;hikeblog&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=December 12, 2012 |title=Hike Launches Globally |url=http://hike.in/blog/launch/12-12-12-hike-goes-global-win-an-iphone-5/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402081817/http://hike.in/blog/launch/12-12-12-hike-goes-global-win-an-iphone-5/ |archive-date=April 2, 2015 |access-date=August 12, 2014 |publisher=Bharti SoftBank}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hike Messenger had more than 100 million registered users as of August 2016. It was rebranded as Hike Sticker Chat in April 2019. The app was shut down in January 2021. The company stated that it would pivot to building a new bite-sized gaming service named Rush.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2021-01-19 |title=Hike shuts messaging app, shifts focus to new social offerings |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/hike-shuts-down-hike-sticker-chat-to-pivot-to-other-social-products/articleshow/80328203.cms |access-date=2023-05-21 |issn=0013-0389}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ===Centum Learning===<br /> Centum Learning Limited, formerly Bharti Learning Systems Limited, was a wholly owned subsidiary of Bharti Enterprises established in 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2022-09-15 |title=Upgrad acquires corporate training platform Centum Learning |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/startups/upgrad-acquires-centum-learning/articleshow/94221161.cms |access-date=2023-05-21 |issn=0013-0389}}&lt;/ref&gt; Centum Learning was acquired by education technology firm upGrad in a [[Stock swap|share swap]] deal in September 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-09-15 |title=upGrad acquires corporate training solutions provider Centum Learning |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/startup/upgrad-acquires-corporate-training-solutions-provider-centum-learning-14731801.htm |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=cnbctv18.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Del Monte Foods ===<br /> Bharti Enterprises and investment group E.L. Rothschild established a 50:50 joint venture called FieldFresh Foods in 2004 to produce and export fresh vegetables and fruits. In 2007, Singapore-based Del Monte Pacific Limited (a subsidiary of [[Del Monte Foods]]) acquired a 40.1% stake from Rothschild for $20.8 million.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Bhushan |first=Ratna |date=2024-03-01 |title=Bharti Enterprises loses appetite for Del Monte JV, to focus on telecom |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/food/bharti-enterprises-loses-appetite-for-del-monte-jv-to-focus-on-telecom/articleshow/108082879.cms |access-date=2025-07-15 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}&lt;/ref&gt; The company also sold processed food and beverage products in India and South Asia under the Del Monte brand.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bharti Website: Our Companies |url=https://www.bharti.com/our-company-india.html |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=www.bharti.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The company was renamed Del Monte Foods Private Limited in 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Del Monte Foods was acquired by Agro Tech Foods Ltd in a share swap deal on 6 February 2025, with Bharti Enterprises receiving a 21% stake and Del Monte Pacific getting a 14% stake in Agro Tech Foods.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=www.ETHospitalityWorld.com |title=Agro Tech Foods completes acquisition of Del Monte Foods from Bharti Enterprises - ET HospitalityWorld |url=https://hospitality.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/operations/food-and-beverages/agro-tech-foods-completes-acquisition-of-del-monte-foods-from-bharti-enterprises/118019868 |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=ETHospitalityWorld.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Bharti AXA General Insurance===<br /> Bharti AXA General Insurance Company Limited was a joint venture between Bharti Enterprises and French insurance company [[Axa|AXA]] incorporated on 13 July 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bharti AXA General Insurance Company Limited Information |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/company/ |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=The Economic Times |language=en |archive-date=8 May 2019 |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20190508200151/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/company/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bharti Enterprises held a 51% stake in the joint venture, with AXA holding the remaining 49%. The company had a nationwide presence through 135 branches across India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=About us |url=https://www.bharti-axagi.co.in/about-us |website=bharti-axagi.co.in |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325032324/https://www.bharti-axagi.co.in/about-us |archive-date=25 March 2021 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bharti Enterprises sought to exit its insurance services business beginning negotiations with [[Reliance Industries]] to sell its stake in both Bharti AXA General Insurance and Bharti AXA Life Insurance in 2016. However, no agreement was reached.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> On 21 August 2020, Bharti AXA General Insurance and [[ICICI Lombard]] signed a definitive agreement for the latter to acquire the former in an all stock deal. Per the terms of the agreement, shareholders of Bharti AXA General Insurance received 2 shares of ICICI Lombard for every 115 shares they held.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2020-08-22 |title=ICICI Lombard signs definitive agreement to acquire non-life insurance business of Bharti AXA |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/icici-lombard-signs-definitive-agreement-to-acquire-non-life-insurance-business-of-bharti-axa/article32419262.ece |access-date=2023-05-21 |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Laskar |first=Anirudh |date=2020-08-22 |title=ICICI Lombard, Bharti AXA to merge general insurance businesses |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/icici-lombard-bharti-axa-to-merge-general-insurance-businesses-11598068493984.html |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=mint |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The acquisition was completed on 8 September 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-09-09 |title=ICICI Lombard ceases to be ICICI Bank subsidiary post Bharti AXA merger |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/icici-lombard-ceases-to-be-icici-bank-subsidiary-post-bharti-axa-merger-11631199555368.html |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=mint |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Bharti AXA General Insurance Merger with ICICI Lombard |url=https://www.icicilombard.com/info-center/bharti-axagi-merger-announcement-customer-faqs}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bharti Enterprises received 18.23 million shares in ICICI Lombard and AXA received 17.52 million shares,&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;/&gt; worth a combined total of EUR 664 million.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ICICI Lombard, Bharti AXA merger completed |url=https://www.insurancebusinessmag.com/asia/news/breaking-news/icici-lombard-bharti-axa-merger-completed-309572.aspx |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=www.insurancebusinessmag.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority|Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India]] granted in-principle approval to the acquisition in November 2020,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-11-27 |title=Irdai approves acquisition of Bharti AXA General Insurance by ICICI Lombard |url=https://www.livemint.com/insurance/news/irdai-approves-acquisition-of-bharti-axa-by-icici-lombard-11606487217313.html |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=mint |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and final approval on 3 September 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Livemint |date=2021-09-04 |title=Irdai grants final approval to Bharti AXA - ICICI Lombard deal |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/irdai-grants-final-approval-to-bharti-axa-icici-lombard-deal-11630712607875.html |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=mint |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Bharti Infratel ===<br /> {{main|Bharti Infratel}}<br /> <br /> Bharti Infratel Limited was a telecommunications infrastructure company that provided telecom infrastructure such as telecom towers, fiber networks and other related infrastructure.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Investor Relations - Bharti Infratel |url=https://www.bharti-infratel.com/cps-portal/web/company-profile.html |access-date=24 June 2020 |website=www.bharti-infratel.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Headquartered in [[Gurugram]], [[Haryana]], the company was established by Bharti Airtel in July 2007 by [[Corporate spin-off|spinning-off]] its [[Cell site|mobile towers]] to a new wholly owned subsidiary. Bharti Infratel was the first Indian company to start a tower infrastructure sharing business. It was India's largest consolidated tower infrastructure company, directly owning 95,372 towers as on 31 March 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Company Profile |url=http://www.bharti-infratel.com/cps-portal/web/company-profile.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706103906/http://www.bharti-infratel.com/cps-portal/web/company-profile.html#1 |archive-date=6 July 2020 |website=Bharti Infratel}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Bharti Infratel was merged with Indus Towers on 19 November 2020. Prior to the merger, Bharti Infratel held a 42% stake in Indus Towers. Bharti Airtel now holds a 36.73% stake in Indus Towers.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Bharti Wal-Mart===<br /> Bharti Wal-Mart Private Limited was a 50:50 joint venture between Bharti Retail (a subsidiary of Bharti Enterprises) and [[Walmart]] that operated a chain of [[Cash and carry (wholesale)|wholesale cash-and-carry]] retail stores in India. The two companies announced that they had signed an agreement to establish the company on 5 August 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bharti Enterprises and Wal-Mart Join Hands in Wholesale Cash-and-Carry to Serve Small Retailers, Manufacturers and Farmers |url=https://corporate.walmart.com/newsroom/2007/08/05/bharti-enterprises-and-wal-mart-join-hands-in-wholesale-cash-and-carry-to-serve-small-retailers-manufacturers-and-farmers |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=Corporate - US |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2007-01-20 |title=Wal-Mart to enter India in Bharti retail venture |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bharti-walmart-idUSDEL23218120061127 |access-date=2023-05-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; In February 2009, Bharti Wal-Mart announced that the stores would be branded Best Price Modern Wholesale and that the first store would open in Punjab.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2009-02-03 |title=New name for Bharti JV with Wal-Mart |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/new-name-for-bharti-jv-with-wal-mart/articleshow/4067297.cms |access-date=2023-05-21 |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; The first Best Price Modern Wholesale opened in [[Amritsar]] in May 2009.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bhandari |first=Bhupesh |last2=Rai |first2=Amit Ranjan |date=2009-11-10 |title=Inside Bharti Walmart |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/management/inside-bharti-walmart-109111000014_1.html |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bharti and Walmart ended the partnership in October 2013, with Walmart acquiring Bharti's stake in the joint venture. At the time the partnership was called off, Bharti Wal-Mart operated 19 Best Price Modern Wholesale stores.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tandon |first=Suneera |date=2013-10-09 |title=Wal-Mart, Bharti end India venture, look to move on |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/ZhVnG46uEx5HBJEG9I1ISP/Bharti-WalMart-go-separate-ways.html |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=mint |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Bharti Retail/Easyday ===<br /> Bharti Retail Limited was established as a wholly owned subsidiary of Bharti Enterprises at the time it began its joint venture with Walmart. Bharti Retail operated a chain of convenience stores, supermarkets and hypermarkets under the brand name Easyday. The stores were wholly owned by Bharti Retail, while Bharti Wal-Mart provided the back-end, wholesaling and logistical support for the Easyday stores.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Mallet |first=Victor |last2=Kazmin |first2=Amy |date=2015-05-04 |title=Bharti Retail and Future Group to merge |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/984d0c34-f25b-11e4-892a-00144feab7de |access-date=2023-05-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In May 2015, [[Future Group]] acquired Bharti Retail in a deal worth around {{INRConvert|500|c|year=2015}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2015-05-05 |title=Kishore Biyani's Future group acquires Bharti Retail in an all-stock deal valued at Rs 500 crore |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/retail/kishore-biyanis-future-group-acquires-bharti-retail-in-an-all-stock-deal-valued-at-rs-500-crore/articleshow/47148446.cms |access-date=2023-05-21 |issn=0013-0389}}&lt;/ref&gt; Following the acquisition, Bharti Enterprises received 9% stakes in Future Retail Limited (manages retail operations) and Future Enterprises Limited (manages infrastructure, investments and assets).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-05-04 |title=Future Group's retail business to merge with Bharti Retail |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/475575/future-groups-retail-business-merge.html |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; At the time of the acquisition, Bharti Retail operated 216 Easyday stores.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Portal|Companies}}<br /> {{Bharti Enterprises}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Companies based in Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Conglomerate companies established in 1976]]<br /> [[Category:Multinational companies headquartered in India]]<br /> [[Category:Indian companies established in 1976]]<br /> [[Category:Bharti Enterprises| ]]<br /> [[Category:1976 establishments in Delhi]]</div>

MyronMccreary8 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nossa_Senhora_dos_M%C3%A1rtires&diff=522545 2026-03-06T12:47:49Z

<p>MyronMccreary8: New Entry</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Cargo ship wrecked in 1606 at the mouth of the River Tagus, near Lisbon, Portugal}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox ship<br /> |display_title=ital<br /> |section1={{Infobox ship/career<br /> |hide_header=<br /> |country= Portugal<br /> |flag={{shipboxflag|Portugal|1578}}<br /> |name=''Nossa Senhora dos Mártires''<br /> |namesake=<br /> |owner= [[Casa da Índia]]<br /> |operator=<br /> |registry= Lisbon, [[Kingdom of Portugal]]<br /> |route=<br /> |ordered=<br /> |builder=Ribeira das Naus<br /> |original_cost=<br /> |yard_number=<br /> |way_number=<br /> |laid_down=<br /> |launched=<br /> |completed=<br /> |christened=<br /> |acquired=<br /> |maiden_voyage=<br /> |in_service=1605<br /> |out_of_service=1606<br /> |identification=<br /> |fate=Sank after hitting a rock<br /> |notes= <br /> }}<br /> <br /> |section2={{Infobox ship/characteristics<br /> |hide_header=<br /> |header_caption=<br /> |class=<br /> |type=[[Carrack]]<br /> |tonnage=<br /> |length=<br /> |beam=<br /> |height=<br /> |draught=<br /> |draft=<br /> |depth=<br /> |armament=<br /> |decks=<br /> |deck_clearance=<br /> |ramps=<br /> |ice_class=<br /> |sail_plan=<br /> |power=<br /> |propulsion=<br /> |speed=<br /> |capacity= <br /> |crew=<br /> |notes= <br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> [[File:Peppercorns p1160010.jpg|thumb|Peppercorns of ''Piper nigrum'', the major cargo of the ''Nossa Senhora dos Mártires'' at its demise.]]<br /> The '''''Nossa Senhora dos Mártires''''' was a cargo ship that wrecked in 1606 at the mouth of the [[River Tagus]], near Lisbon, Portugal, and subsequently excavated between 1996 and 2001. The ship had been seeking safer anchorage in the Tagus during strong winds, but she struck a submerged rock and went down close to shore with no loss of life. Also known as The Pepper Wreck, it is so called because its major cargo at the time was peppercorns of black pepper, ''[[Piper nigrum]]'', which carpeted the river and were harvested along with the fittings and other cargo by the population.<br /> <br /> The [[Museu Nacional de Arqueologia]] identified the debris on the bottom in 1993 and designated the site as São Julião da Barra 2 (SJB2).&lt;ref&gt;Castro (2005) page 4.&lt;/ref&gt; The ship was of a type called the &quot;[[Nau (ship)|''nau'']]&quot;, a cargo vessel, used as an [[Indiaman]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia|title=Indiaman|encyclopedia=The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition|year=2000|url=https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Indiaman|accessdate=2023-12-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; Constructed in 1605 in the Ribeira das Naus, the royal shipyard in Lisbon, it set sail under captain Manuel Barreto in that year as part of an [[Naval fleet|armada]], or convoy, consisting of ten ships: four [[galleon]]s and six naus, sent out by the Casa da Índia, a government trade organization,&lt;ref&gt;Castro (2005) page 13.&lt;/ref&gt; to [[Goa]], then under Dutch blockade. After loading a cargo of pepper, classified by the government along with all [[spice]]s as ''drogas'' (&quot;drugs&quot;, literally meaning &quot;dry goods&quot;) it completed the return voyage and anchored off the mouth of the Tagus. A strong wind caused some other ships to pull anchor, inspiring their captains to move further into the river. Seeking to follow their example, the ''Nossa Senhora dos Mártires'' struck a rock and went down suddenly on 14 September 1606. Although scanty, the hull remains have preserved carpenters marks that allowed a tentative reconstruction of the ship's hull.<br /> <br /> Until the 2008 discovery of the ''[[Bom Jesus (ship)|Bom Jesus]]'' shipwreck near [[Oranjemund]] in Namibia, this [[shipwreck]] was the only known Portuguese Indiaman from the 16th and early 17th centuries not destroyed by treasure hunters.<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> &lt;references/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Bibliography==<br /> * {{cite book|title=The Pepper Wreck: A Portuguese Indiaman at the Mouth of the Tagus River|first=Filipe Vieira de|last=Castro|publisher=Texas A&amp;M University Press|year=2005|isbn=978-1-58544-390-1}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{cite web|url=http://nautarch.tamu.edu/shiplab/Index-virtualnau.htm|title=Virtual Nau: A Project by Audrey Wells|first=Filipe|last=Castro|year=2007|publisher=Texas A&amp;M Department of Anthropology|accessdate=30 November 2008}}<br /> <br /> {{coord missing|Portugal}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Nossa Senhora dos Martires}}<br /> [[Category:Age of Sail ships of Portugal]]<br /> [[Category:Shipwrecks of Portugal]]<br /> [[Category:Maritime incidents in 1606]]<br /> [[Category:17th century in Portugal]]<br /> [[Category:17th-century ships]]<br /> <br /> {{Merchantship-stub}}</div>

MyronMccreary8 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abdul_Hadi_Awang&diff=458295 2026-03-06T09:54:41Z

<p>MyronMccreary8: improved lead to improve readability further and corrected details</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Malaysian politician}}<br /> {{Multiple issues|<br /> {{BLP sources|date=November 2019}}<br /> {{Expert needed|1=Malaysia|reason=poorly-sourced article, particularly in the controversies section; not always neutral in tone|date=February 2026}}<br /> }}<br /> {{EngvarB|date=October 2014}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}<br /> {{Malay name|Abdul Hadi|Awang|note=on}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | honorific-prefix = [[Malay styles and titles#Honorary styles|Yang Berhormat]] [[Malay styles and titles#Tan Sri|Tan Sri]] [[Malay styles and titles#State titles|Dato' Seri]] [[Ulama|Tuan Guru]]<br /> | name = Abdul Hadi Awang<br /> | native_name = {{lang|ms|{{Script|Arab|عبدالهادي أواڠ}}}}<br /> | honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|size=100|country=MYS|PSM|SSMT|MP}}<br /> | image = Majlis pelancaran pembangunan Kompleks PAS Melaka 38 (Abdul Hadi Awang).jpg<br /> | caption = Abdul Hadi in 2024<br /> | office2 = Malaysian Islamic Party{{!}}President of the Malaysian Islamic Party<br /> | order2 = 7th<br /> | term_start2 = 12 June 2002&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.akauntanharaki.com/2016/06/12-jun-2002-tuan-guru-haji-abdul-hadi.html|title=12 Jun 2002 : Tuan Guru Haji Abdul Hadi Awang Pangku Jawatan Presiden PAS|date=12 June 2016|access-date=29 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;br/&gt; (Acting: 12 June 2002 – 12/14 September 2003)<br /> | term_end2 = <br /> | predecessor2 = Fadzil Noor<br /> | successor2 = <br /> | deputy2 = {{Indented plainlist|<br /> * Hassan Shukri (2003–2005)<br /> * [[Nasharudin Mat Isa]] (2005–2011)<br /> * [[Mohamad Sabu]] (2011–2015)<br /> * [[Tuan Ibrahim Tuan Man]] (since 2015)<br /> }}<br /> | 1blankname2 = Spiritual Leader<br /> | 1namedata2 = {{Plainlist|<br /> * [[Nik Abdul Aziz Nik Mat]] (until 2015)<br /> * [[Haron Din]] (2015–2016)<br /> * [[Hashim Jasin]] (since 2016)<br /> }}<br /> | constituency_MP3 = [[Marang (federal constituency)|Marang]]<br /> | parliament3 = Malaysian<br /> | term_start3 = 8 March 2008<br /> | term_end3 = <br /> | predecessor3 = [[Abdul Rahman Bakar]] ([[Barisan Nasional|BN]]–[[UMNO]])<br /> | successor3 = <br /> | majority3 = {{Plainlist|<br /> * 2,747 ([[2008 Malaysian general election|2008]])<br /> * 5,124 ([[2013 Malaysian general election|2013]])<br /> * 21,954 ([[2018 Malaysian general election|2018]])<br /> * 41,729 ([[2022 Malaysian general election|2022]])<br /> }}<br /> | term_start4 = 21 October 1990<br /> | term_end4 = 21 March 2004<br /> | predecessor4 = Abdul Rahman Bakar (BN–UMNO)<br /> | successor4 = Abdul Rahman Bakar (BN–UMNO)<br /> | majority4 = {{Plainlist|<br /> * 161 ([[1990 Malaysian general election|1990]])<br /> * 882 ([[1995 Malaysian general election|1995]])<br /> * 12,700 ([[1999 Malaysian general election|1999]])<br /> }}<br /> | constituency_AM5 = [[Ru Rendang]]<br /> | assembly5 = Terengganu State Legislative<br /> | majority5 = {{Plainlist|<br /> * 531 ([[1986 Malaysian state elections|1986]])<br /> * 853 ([[1990 Malaysian state elections|1990]])<br /> * 1,394 ([[1995 Malaysian state elections|1995]])<br /> * 3,843 ([[1999 Malaysian state elections|1999]])<br /> * 1,435 ([[2004 Malaysian state elections|2004]])<br /> * 2,686 ([[2008 Malaysian state elections|2008]])<br /> * 2,819 ([[2013 Malaysian state elections|2013]])<br /> }}<br /> | term_start5 = 3 August 1986<br /> | term_end5 = 9 May 2018<br /> | predecessor5 = ''New constituency''<br /> | successor5 = [[Ahmad Samsuri Mokhtar]] ([[Malaysian Islamic Party|PAS]])<br /> | constituency_AM6 = Marang<br /> | assembly6 = Terengganu State Legislative<br /> | majority6 = 133 ([[1982 Malaysian state elections|1982]])<br /> | term_start6 = 22 April 1982<br /> | term_end6 = 3 August 1986<br /> | predecessor6 = Tengku Zahid Musa ([[Barisan Nasional|BN]]-[[UMNO]])<br /> | successor6 = ''Constituency abolished''<br /> | order1 = 8th<br /> | office1 = Leader of the Opposition (Malaysia){{!}}Leader of the Opposition<br /> | monarch1 = [[Sirajuddin of Perlis|Syed Sirajuddin]]<br /> | primeminister1 = {{Indented plainlist|<br /> * [[Mahathir Mohamad]] (2002–2003)<br /> * [[Abdullah Ahmad Badawi]] (2003–2004)<br /> }}<br /> | term_start1 = 9 September 2002<br /> | term_end1 = 2 March 2004<br /> | predecessor1 = [[Fadzil Noor]]<br /> | successor1 = [[Lim Kit Siang]]<br /> | order = 11th<br /> | office = Menteri Besar of Terengganu<br /> | monarch = [[Mizan Zainal Abidin of Terengganu|Mizan Zainal Abidin]]<br /> | constituency = [[Ru Rendang]]<br /> | term_start = 2 December 1999<br /> | term_end = 25 March 2004<br /> | predecessor = [[Wan Mokhtar Ahmad]]<br /> | successor = [[Idris Jusoh]]<br /> | office7 = Other Positions<br /> | subterm7 = 2020–2022<br /> | suboffice7 = [[Special Envoy of the Prime Minister of Malaysia|Special Envoy of Malaysia]] to the [[Middle East]]<br /> | subterm8 = 1990–2004<br /> | suboffice8 = [[Malaysian Islamic Party]]<br /> | subterm9 = 2008–2020<br /> | suboffice9 = Malaysian Islamic Party<br /> | office10 = <br /> | subterm10 = 2020–<br /> | suboffice10 = [[Perikatan Nasional]]<br /> | office11 = Faction represented in the &lt;br&gt; [[Terengganu State Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | suboffice11 = Malaysian Islamic Party<br /> | subterm11 = 1982–2018<br /> | birth_name = Abdul Hadi bin Awang<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1947|10|20|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Marang (district)|Marang]], [[Terengganu]], [[Malayan Union]]<br /> | citizenship = Malaysia<br /> | party = [[Malaysian Islamic Party|PAS]]<br /> | otherparty = {{Indented plainlist|<br /> * [[Alliance Party (Malaysia)|Alliance]] (1971–1973)<br /> * [[Barisan Nasional|BN]] (1974–1978)<br /> * [[Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah|APM]] (1990–1996)<br /> * [[Barisan Alternatif]] (1998–2004)<br /> * [[Pakatan Rakyat]] (2008–2015)<br /> * [[Gagasan Sejahtera]] (2016–2020)<br /> * [[Perikatan Nasional|PN]] (since 2020)<br /> }}<br /> | occupation = {{Hlist|Politician|[[Ulama|religious teacher]]}}<br /> | relations = {{Indented plainlist|<br /> * Zaharudin Muhammad (son-in-law)<br /> * [[Mohd Akmal Kamaruddin]] (son-in-law)<br /> * [[Mohd Shukri Ramli]] (affinal)<br /> }}<br /> | spouse = {{Plainlist|<br /> * Zainab Awang Ngah<br /> * Norzita Taat<br /> }}<br /> | parents = {{Plainlist|<br /> * Awang Mohamad Abd Rahman (father)<br /> * Aminah Yusuf (mother)<br /> }}<br /> | children = 14 (including [[Muhammad Khalil Abdul Hadi|Muhammad Khalil]])<br /> | education = {{Plainlist|<br /> * [[Islamic University of Madinah]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])<br /> * [[Al-Azhar University]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]])<br /> }}<br /> | website = {{URL|http://presiden.pas.org.my/v2/}}<br /> | office8 = Faction represented in [[Dewan Rakyat]]<br /> | constituency1 = [[Marang (federal constituency)|Marang]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Abdul Hadi bin Awang''' ({{langx|ms-Arab|{{Script/Arabic|عبدالهادي بن اواڠ}}|label=[[Jawi script|Jawi]]}}; born 20 October 1947) is a Malaysian politician and [[ulama|religious teacher]] serving as the [[Dewan Rakyat|Member of Parliament]] (MP) for [[Marang (federal constituency)|Marang]] from 1990 to 2004 and again since 2008. A president of [[Malaysian Islamic Party]] (PAS), he served as the 11th [[Menteri Besar of Terengganu]] from 1999 to 2004. Hadi previously was the 8th opposition leader from 2002 to 2004 and was formerly a vice-president of the [[International Union of Muslim Scholars]].<br /> <br /> Born in [[Terengganu]]. Hadi received his education in neighbourhood schools before furthering his studies at the [[Islamic University of Madinah]] between 1969 and 1973, and later at [[Al-Azhar University]].&lt;ref&gt;Hooker, Othman, Clive (2003), pp. 232–3&lt;/ref&gt; Upon his return to Malaysia, he joined [[Malaysian Islamic Youth Movement|Angkatan Belia Islam Malaysia]] in 1977, where he quickly became its Terengganu state chief. A year later, Hadi joined PAS and contested the Marang state constituency in the [[1978 Malaysian general election|1978 general election]].&lt;ref&gt;Haddad, Voll, Esposito (1991), pg 50&lt;/ref&gt; He rose quickly through the ranks. He became the deputy president of PAS in 1989 when [[Fadzil Noor]] was elected to the party presidency. He remained as the deputy until 2002, when Fadzil died of a [[Myocardial infarction|heart attack]], resulting in Hadi succeeding him as the president of PAS and has been the longest-serving president in the party's history.<br /> <br /> Hadi is a highly controversial politician in the country. Since the 1980s, he has routinely made incendiary remarks against non-Muslim minorities as well as local [[Muslims]] who do not subscribe to his [[Ultraconservatism|ultraconservative]] religious views. Consequently, he has often been the target of investigation by the [[Royal Malaysia Police]].<br /> <br /> ==Early life, family and education==<br /> <br /> Hadi was born on 20 October 1947, in Kampung Rusila, [[Marang District|Marang]], [[Terengganu]]. He is the fifth child of nine siblings; four of them are already deceased.<br /> <br /> His father was Haji Awang Mohamad bin Abd Rahman while his mother was Hajjah Aminah binti Yusuf. They are also deceased.&lt;ref&gt;[http://partipas.tripod.com/faq/Tghadi_bio.htm Biodata Timbalan Presiden]&lt;/ref&gt; His father who was Tok Guru in Kampung Rusila was also a political activist of [[Hizbul Muslimin|Hizbul Muslimin Terengganu]]. Similarly, his bonds were the place of reference and the focus of society, especially in religious matters. Hizbul Muslimin was banned by the colonists, at the will of the ruling party. A few years after the ban, Haji Awang Mohammad emerged as one of the earliest to introduce the struggle of the Malay Se-Malaya (PAS) Society in Terengganu.<br /> <br /> Hadi was given an early education by his father beginning in 1955. Later, he was educated formally at the Rusila National School before continuing his secondary education at Marang Religious School. He then pursued Sanawi's degree at the Sultan Zainal Abidin Religious Secondary School, Kuala Terengganu. In addition, he studied religion, Arabic and politics with his father.<br /> <br /> He furthered his studies at the [[Islamic University of Madinah]] for a [[Sharia|Shariah]] bachelor's degree funding by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia with the support of the then-vice president of the Islamic University of Madinah [[Ibn Baz|Sheikh Abdul Aziz bin Abdullah bin Baz]].<br /> <br /> After about four years in the [[Arabian Peninsula]] from 1969 to 1973, he earned his first degree in Islamic Shariah. He furthered his master's degree at [[Al-Azhar University]], [[Cairo]], Egypt, in political science (''Siyasah Syar'iyyah'') from 1974 to 1976.<br /> <br /> ==Early career==<br /> ===Community education===<br /> Shortly after finishing his studies and returning to his homeland, in 1976, his father died. Hadi then decided to continue his father's duty of being a ''[[Khutbah|khatib]]'' and delivering ''khutbah'' (a sermon) every Friday morning.<br /> <br /> ===Non-government organization===<br /> He served as an officer for the Terengganu Islamic Foundation from 1977 to 1978, and at the same time as Terengganu Chief of [[Malaysian Islamic Youth Movement|Angkatan Belia Islam Malaysia]] (ABIM).<br /> <br /> In 1978, he began teaching at the Maahad Al-Ikhwan (Institut Berakan), a private school set up by a few young PAS youths in Mengadang Akar, Kuala Terengganu.<br /> <br /> In 1982, when ABIM President, [[Anwar Ibrahim]] left the organization and joined the [[United Malays National Organisation]] (UMNO), Hadi joined PAS with [[Fadzil Noor]] and Nakhaie Ahmad.<br /> <br /> Along with these three, some of the ABIM leaders who joined PAS included [[Mohamad Sabu]], Abdul Ghani Shamsuddin, [[Husam Musa]], [[Tuan Ibrahim Tuan Man]], Abu Bakar Chik, [[Muhamad Mustafa]] and Mohammad Daud Iraqi.<br /> <br /> ==Political career==<br /> ===Early political career===<br /> {{Conservatism in Malaysia|People}}<br /> Hadi has been active in politics since 1964 when he was studying in high school. He has been entrusted as a branch secretary in the PAS village Rusila, Marang.<br /> <br /> In 1976, he was appointed Terengganu PAS Youth Chief and the Central PAS Youth Council Exco. In 1977, he was elected to the Central PAS Working Committee. In 1978, he was appointed acting Vice President of the Central Center and later confirmed to the post in 1980. In 1983, he and Nakhaei Ahmad were once again elected as PAS Vice Presidents. In 1989, he was elected PAS Deputy President after Fadzil Noor was elected as President of PAS.<br /> <br /> Following the death of Fadzil Noor, he was appointed Acting President of PAS in 2003. He officially became the PAS President after being ratified at the convention in 2005.<br /> <br /> At the 61st PAS Muktamar, he was challenged for the first time for the post of PAS President by [[Ahmad Awang]]. However, he managed to defeat his challenger with a majority of 695 votes.<br /> <br /> ===Rose to prominence===<br /> He joined the election after returning home in 1978 where he was entrusted to contest the 1978 General Election in Marang state constituency representing PAS. He lost by 64 votes to BN's Tengku Zahid Tengku Musa. In the [[1982 Malaysian general election|1982 General Election]], he was nominated by PAS again for the Marang seat and won with a majority of 320 votes, but lost in the [[Dungun (federal constituency)|Dungun Parliament]], which was also contested, to Haji Awang Jabar.<br /> <br /> In the 1982 election, four other PAS leaders in Terengganu won their state seats—Haji Mustafa Ali, Haji Harun Taliib, Haji Abu Bakar Chik, and Haji Wan Abdul Mutalib Embong.<br /> <br /> In 1986, he retained the [[Ru Rendang]] seat (the new name for Marang seat after redelineation) defeating Abdul Latif Muda and has retained it until present day. However, for the [[Marang (federal constituency)|Marang]] parliamentary seat that year, he lost to [[Abdul Rahman Bakar]]. He won the seat in 1990 and in subsequent general elections except during the [[2004 Malaysian general election|2004 General Election]].<br /> <br /> After PAS's victory in Terengganu in November 1999, he was appointed as [[Menteri Besar of Terengganu]] until March 2004, as well as being the Marang Member of Parliament. He was also the [[Leader of the Opposition (Malaysia)|Federal Opposition Leader]] from 2003 to 2004, replacing Fadzil Noor.<br /> <br /> ==Menteri Besar of Terengganu==<br /> <br /> ===Early time===<br /> Hadi was elected the 11th [[Menteri Besar of Terengganu]] officially on Tuesday, 22 Syaaban 1420 corresponding to 2 November 1999, when he was 52 years old. The ceremony for the declaration of the appointment of the Chief Minister and 10 members of the State Executive Council was held at [[Istana Maziah]], Kuala Terengganu, on 2 December 1999.<br /> <br /> He was also the state commissioner for Terengganu when he was appointed Menteri Besar to replace [[Wan Mokhtar Ahmad]] after PAS won 28 of the 32 state seats in Terengganu in the 10th general election. The party also won seven out of eight parliamentary seats; the other parliamentary seat was won by [[People's Justice Party (Malaysia)|Parti Keadilan Rakyat]].<br /> <br /> ===Hadi I cabinet of Terengganu===<br /> <br /> #YAB Tan Sri Dato' Seri Tuan Guru Haji Abdul Hadi Awang<br /> #*Menteri Besar<br /> #*Chairman of the Land, Mines and Forestry Committee<br /> #*Chairman of the Finance and Investment Committee<br /> #YB Dato' Haji Mustafa Ali<br /> #*State Executive Councilor<br /> #*Chairman of the Economic, Petroleum, Industrial and Human Resources Development Committee<br /> #(Allahyarham) YB Dato' Tuan Guru Haji Harun Taib<br /> #*State Executive Councilor<br /> #*Chairman of the Committee on Education, Da'wah and Shariah Implementation<br /> #YB Dato' Haji Wan Abdul Mutalib Embong<br /> #*State Executive Councilor<br /> #*Chairman of the Local Government, Housing and Environment Committee<br /> #(Allahyarham) YB Dato' Ustaz Abu Bakar Chik<br /> #*State Executive Councilor<br /> #*Chairman of the Committee on Agriculture, Fisheries and Livestock<br /> #YB Tun Dato' [[Salleh Abas|Mohd Salleh Abas]]<br /> #*State Executive Councilor<br /> #*Chairman of Hisbah Committee and Special Duties<br /> #YB Dato' Haji [[Mohd Abdul Wahid Endut]]<br /> #*State Executive Councilor<br /> #*Chairman of the Committee on Entrepreneur Development, Small Business and Consumer Affairs<br /> #YB Dato' Haji [[Yahaya Ali]]<br /> #*State Executive Councilor<br /> #*Chairman of the Infrastructure Development Committee, Public Utilities and Communications<br /> #YB Ustaz Haji Abu Bakar Abdullah<br /> #*State Executive Councilor<br /> #*Chairman of the Welfare, Social and Health Committee<br /> #(Allahyaham) YB Ustaz Haji Awang Dagang Jusoh<br /> #*State Executive Councilor<br /> #*Chairman of Women and Non-Muslim Affairs Committee<br /> #YB Ustaz Haji [[Wan Hassan Mohd Ramli]]<br /> #*State Executive Councilor<br /> #*Chairman of the Sports, Culture and Tourism Committee<br /> <br /> ===Achievement===<br /> <br /> The achievement of Hadi while serving as the [[Menteri Besar of Terengganu]] were encouraging despite being denied the petroleum royalty as provided under the Petroleum Development Act of 1974.<br /> <br /> Among his achievements were in the education sector where he helped consolidate both formal and informal educational institutions in the country. He instituted a higher zakat (funds) collection from 2000 to 2004 with a total of RM122.4 million compared to 1990-1999 under the UMNO administration where the total was only RM85 million. In the case of land reform, he reduced the land charge premium from 20% to 10% and exceeded the target to settle an arrears of 50,000 land dispute cases each year.<br /> <br /> He instituted transparency in logging activities increasing the premium of RM60.6 million to 15,000 hectare in 2003 compared to premium of RM17.9 million for the same amount of hectares during the UMNO administration in 1997. He helped to reduce the poverty rate from 17.3% to 14%;<br /> <br /> He helped introduce Five Working Days policy in 1999, which was followed by the Federal Government in 2000. He introduced 90 days maternity leave and seven days leave for fathers. He assisted with the abolition of the pedicab permit and the fees for small traders, abolished toll collection at the [[Sultan Mahmud Bridge]], and re-established the Islamic Law in the state constitution with the introduction of several laws based on the [[Quran|Al-Quran]] and [[Sunnah|As-Sunnah]].<br /> <br /> ==International involvement==<br /> ===While an overseas student===<br /> Hadi began to work internationally in Madinah when he became the Head of Malaysian Students of the [[Islamic University of Madinah]]. In addition, he is also responsible for the Confederation of Southeast Asian Students in Medina.<br /> <br /> At Medina, two [[Ikhwan]] figures, Professor Dr. Muhammad Al-Wakeel and Sheikh Said Hawwa became his mentors for Siasah Syar'iyyah. He also learned from Dr. Abdul Satar Al Khudsi who was active in the Muslim Brotherhood at that time.<br /> <br /> In Egypt, he became the secretary of the Syariah Section and the Law of the Federation of the Arab Republic of Egypt.<br /> <br /> ===Represents Malaysian Islamic movement===<br /> As PAS senior leader, Hadi not only led the Islamic movement in Malaysia, but was also actively involved on the international stage with other Islamic movements addressing the problems of the [[Ummah]] (Islamic community).<br /> <br /> In 1990 he was a member of the Joint Coordinating Committee of Islamic Political Parties to address Palestinian issues, based in Amman, Jordan. He was a supporter of Harakah al-Muqawwamat al-Islamiyyah ([[Hamas|HAMAS]]). Along with the leadership of HAMAS, as a member of the Muslim Brotherhood he supported the defense of the Palestinian issue. He urged the Government of Malaysia to recognize the victory of Hamas as a legitimate government. He led a delegation of PAS parliamentarians and Islamic NGOs in an attempt to enter Gaza City but was barred.<br /> <br /> Hadi was involved with the Al-Majma 'al-Alami li al-Taqrib Baina al-Mazahib al-Islamiah (International Council for Approach of Islamic Schools), based in [[Tehran]], [[Iran]], and the International Committee of the International Secretariat for the Defense of Baitul Maqdis based in [[Amman]], [[Jordan]]. He was a member of delegate MPs of Islamic parties led by Dr. Najmuddin Erbakan, a former Turkish Prime Minister, who met with [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|UN Secretary-General]], [[Boutros Boutros-Ghali]], and met the United States Senate; the delegates of Parti Islam MPs who visited Europe headed by Dr. Necmettin Erbakan; a delegate of Islamic party leaders from around the world who met the rulers and presidents of the countries of [[West Asia]] before the [[Gulf War]]; a delegate of the world leaders of Islamic movements who visited [[Baghdad]] at the invitation of Iraq's Prime Minister, [[Saddam Hussein]] during the Gulf War crisis; a member of the delegation of Islamic movement leaders across the globe headed by Muslim Brotherhood leader Sheikh [[Mustafa Mashhur]] who visited [[Afghanistan]], to help enforce the Islamic state and to avoid conflicts between Muslim pilgrims who were cracking after the Russian withdrawal from Afghanistan. In addition to Hadi, [[Fadzil Noor]], then-President of PAS, also participated.<br /> <br /> Hadi was a member of the International Islamic Movement Secretariat Committee headquartered in [[Istanbul]], [[Turkey]] in 1994. He was often invited to attend the Ijtima 'Am organized by Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan, and some Indonesian Islamic movements such as the Prosperous Justice Party and the Star Moon Party.<br /> <br /> He was a speaker at the International Seminar on Islamic Unity in the face of Bosnia-Herzegovina problems and represented PAS at the 5th World Islamic Organization's Muktamar in Istanbul in 1996. He gave a speech titled &quot;Islamic Awakening: His Lack of Wisdom&quot; at the International Islamic Revival Conference in Tehran on 24 September 2011. The conference, attended by 700 delegates from all Muslim countries, discussed the latest conflicts in West Asia such as Egypt, Tunisia, Libya, Yemen, Syria and Palestine.<br /> <br /> He represented Malaysia's Islamic movement (PAS) to the 22nd International Muslim Community Congress in Istanbul, Turkey in May 2013. It was also attended by the leader of Tunisia's An-Nahdah, [[Rached Ghannouchi]]; from Palestinian HAMAS, [[Ismail Haniyeh]] and [[Khaled Mashal]]; from [[Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt|Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood]], [[Mohammed Badie]]; from [[Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan]], [[Munawar Hasan|Syed Munawar Hassan]]; and from the [[Muslim Brotherhood in Syria|Syrian Muslim Brotherhood]], Riyadh al-Sakfa. The congress also heard a keynote address by two Islamic State leaders, Dr. [[Mohamed Morsi]] (Egypt) and [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] (Iran).<br /> <br /> Hadi was appointed as Deputy President of the World Muslim Ulama Union, together with Dr. [[Ahmed Raissouni]] and Sheikh Al-Khalili headed by Dr. [[Yusuf al-Qaradawi]] in 2014.<br /> <br /> He delivered the prime lectures at [[S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies]] (RSIS), [[Nanyang Technological University]] in [[Singapore]] on 28 April 2015.<br /> <br /> ==Controversies and issues==<br /> ===Amanat Hadi===<br /> Amanat Hadi refers to the dark period in the 1980s, when Hadi Awang was a PAS firebrand. It was the beginning of the era of &quot;''kafir mengkafir''&quot; (calling fellow Muslims infidels due to different political beliefs) which Hadi had popularized throughout the villages of Malaysia.<br /> <br /> however, Tuan Guru Haji Abdul Hadi Awang himself, in several later explanations, denied ever declaring any specific individual an infidel solely because of political differences. According to him, the issues raised concerned legal and governance principles, not an attempt to divide the Muslim community.<br /> <br /> Hadi delivered this infamous Amanat Hadi sermon at Kampung Banggol, Peradong, [[Kuala Terengganu]] on 7 April 1981, and thereafter his image appeared on posters on the walls of PAS offices across the nation at the same time.<br /> <br /> Hadi claimed that UMNO perpetuated the unIslamic rule of [[colonialism]], and therefore the struggle of PAS and its supporters against UMNO is jihad and that those who died in the struggle are [[Shahid|Al-Shahid]] (martyrs).<br /> <br /> Later in 1983, an Amanat Hadi poster was used in the [[Selising]] by-election in [[Kelantan]] and thereafter became a flagship battle clarion call for PAS in other elections.<br /> <br /> In one bold stroke, Hadi drew a line that separates PAS and UMNO.<br /> <br /> Indeed, there were separate [[Imam]]s for daily prayers, separate &quot;''kenduris''&quot; (wedding feasts etc.), abattoirs, funeral rites, [[Friday prayer|Friday prayers]], even separate burial sites.<br /> <br /> Families were separated, husbands and wives were separated through an acrimonious divorce, and children left in limbo that eventually led to a large scale division of the Muslim ummah.<br /> <br /> As such, the Amanat Hadi continues to be debated within Malaysian political history, viewed differently by supporters and critics alike. Any assessment of the event should therefore consider the historical context, the original source of the speech, as well as the clarifications and denials issued by the parties involved.<br /> <br /> === Seditious remarks against Christians ===<br /> Hadi has alleged that [[Christian Missionaries|Christian missionaries]] have brought their work to Malaysia only after experiencing failure in the West. &quot;Christianity is no longer saleable in countries where the education level is high,&quot; he said. Hadi alleged that preachers would often back down from challenges to debate with their Muslim counterparts because &quot;they know they would lose&quot;. &quot;This is transgression in the name of religion. It is a danger that must be fought,&quot; Hadi said in an article in one of the edition of [[Harakah (newspaper)|Harakah]] released on 18 January 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Reporters|first=F. M. T.|date=2016-01-18|title=Christianity rejected by the educated, says Hadi|url=https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2016/01/18/christianity-rejected-by-the-educated-says-hadi/|access-date=2021-01-30|website=Free Malaysia Today (FMT)|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In December 2020, two Sabahans have filed a lawsuit against Hadi as a public interest matter. Maklin Masiau and Lawrence Jomiji Kinsil @ Maximilhian ask the court to find Hadi guilty of violating Section 3 of the [[Sedition Act 1948|Sedition Act]]. Hadi was appointed the Prime Minister's special envoy to the Middle East on 2 April. The position carries a status equivalent to a minister. It is said to involve advising the Prime Minister on enhancing Malaysia's interests in the region. The duo claims that Hadi had made a seditious statement in PAS newspaper Harakah against Christians and Christian missionaries on 18 January 2016. They said they initiated the lawsuit because the public prosecutor had not charged Hadi for those remarks after four years. They also included various news reports in January 2016 and August 2020 as part of their court filing to support their case. The lawsuit was filed on 9 December in the [[High court (Malaysia)|High Court]] in [[Kuala Lumpur]]. The court papers had been delivered to the PAS headquarters yesterday. The [[Christian Federation of Malaysia]] — an umbrella body which represents churches nationwide — questioned the sincerity of PAS' [[Pasir Puteh (federal constituency)|Pasir Puteh]] MP [[Nik Muhammad Zawawi Salleh]]'s so-called &quot;apology.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Lim|first=Ida|title=Two Christian Sabahans sue Hadi, want court to declare him unfit for minister-level post over alleged seditious remark {{!}} Malay Mail|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2020/12/15/two-christian-sabahans-sue-hadi-wants-court-to-declare-him-unfit-for-minist/1932265|access-date=2021-01-30|website=www.malaymail.com|date=15 December 2020 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Hadi has applied to quash two Sabahans' originating summons over the PAS president's alleged seditious remark against Christians published in a newspaper, five years ago.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Friday|first=29 Jan 2021 08:45 PM MYT|title=Hadi Awang applies to strike out suit over alleged seditious remark against Christians {{!}} Malay Mail|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2021/01/29/hadi-awang-applies-to-strike-out-suit-over-alleged-seditious-remark-against/1945228|access-date=2021-01-30|website=www.malaymail.com|date=29 January 2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Remarks against Joe Biden ===<br /> On 30 January 2021, former deputy foreign affairs minister [[Marzuki Yahya]] has criticised Hadi over his comments on the new administration in the [[United States]]. Hadi had said having a new president in the [[White House]] was meaningless for [[Islamic world]] as President [[Joe Biden]] will continue with [[Zionism|Zionist]]-influenced policies. He had also said the only difference between Biden and his predecessor [[Donald Trump]] was Biden's softer and more diplomatic approach. Marzuki said Hadi's remarks could be seen as an attempt to disrupt bilateral ties between Malaysia and the US. He added that Malaysia always held to the principle of non-intervention in another country's domestic affairs. A principle of Malaysia's foreign policy was to resolve any disputes through negotiations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Bakar|first=Adam Abu|date=2021-01-30|title=Hadi under fire after unfriendly remarks about Joe Biden|url=https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2021/01/30/hadi-under-fire-after-unfriendly-remarks-about-joe-biden/|access-date=2021-01-30|website=Free Malaysia Today (FMT)|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Personal life==<br /> Hadi established a household with Hajah Zainab binti Awang Ngah in 1976. His second marriage was in 1991 to Dr. Norzita Taat. The result of his marriage with his two wives was 14 children, 11 from his first wife; three from his second wife.<br /> <br /> His eldest son, [[Muhammad Khalil Abdul Hadi]], is an alumnus of [[Iman University|Al-Eman University]], [[Yemen]] and used to hold the post of PAS Dewan Pemuda's Chief and Chairman of the International Lajnah, the PAS Dewan Pemuda.<br /> <br /> ===Health===<br /> On 1 July 2023, Hadi was hospitalised to undergo treatment due to poor health. Muhammad Khalil asked for well-wishes for his father on his health and longevity. Meanwhile, an aide to him has shared that the latter was in stable condition and under strict observation to ensure his recovery.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2023/07/01/hadi-admitted-to-hospital-son-asks-well-wishers-to-pray-for-his-health|title=Abdul Hadi admitted to hospital, son asks well-wishers to pray for his health|website=The Star|date=1 July 2023|accessdate=2 July 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 2 July 2023, [[Menteri Besar of Kelantan|Deputy Menteri Besar of Kelantan]] and Vice President of PAS [[Mohd Amar Abdullah]] revealed that Hadi had been transferred to a regular ward from the Cardiac Care Unit (CCU) after his condition improved and visitors were prohibited to allow the latter to rest and recover properly.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2023/07/02/hadi039s-condition-improves-moved-to-regular-ward|title=Hadi's condition improves, moved to regular ward|website=The Star|date=2 July 2023|accessdate=2 July 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin:0.5em ; font-size:95%&quot;<br /> |+ [[Dewan Rakyat|Parliament of Malaysia]]<br /> !|Year<br /> !|Constituency<br /> !colspan=2|Candidate<br /> !|Votes<br /> !|Pct<br /> !colspan=2|Opponent(s)<br /> !|Votes<br /> !|Pct<br /> !|Ballots cast<br /> !|Majority<br /> !|Turnout<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=2|[[1982 Malaysian general election|1982]]<br /> |rowspan=2|'''P036 [[Dungun (federal constituency)|Dungun]]'''<br /> |rowspan=2 {{Party shading/PAS}} |<br /> |rowspan=2|Abdul Hadi Awang ([[Malaysian Islamic Party|PAS]])<br /> |rowspan=2 align=&quot;right&quot; |10,172<br /> |rowspan=2|42.46%<br /> |{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}}|<br /> |{{nowrap|'''Awang Abdul Jabar'''}} ([[United Malays National Organisation|'''UMNO''']])<br /> |align=&quot;right&quot; |13,447<br /> |56.13%<br /> |rowspan=2|24,789<br /> |rowspan=2|3,275<br /> |rowspan=2|79.79%<br /> |-<br /> |bgcolor={{party color|Parti Rakyat Malaysia}} |<br /> |Abdul Hamid Embong ([[Parti Rakyat Malaysia|PSRM]])<br /> |align=right|337<br /> |align=right|1.41%<br /> |-<br /> |[[1986 Malaysian general election|1986]]<br /> |rowspan=3|'''P034 [[Marang (federal constituency)|Marang]]'''<br /> |{{Party shading/PAS}} |<br /> |Abdul Hadi Awang ([[Malaysian Islamic Party|PAS]])<br /> |align=&quot;right&quot; |13,015<br /> |48.80%<br /> |{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |<br /> |'''[[Abdul Rahman Bakar]]''' ([[United Malays National Organisation|'''UMNO''']])<br /> |align=&quot;right&quot; |'''13,654'''<br /> |'''51.20%'''<br /> |27,433<br /> |639<br /> |82.61%<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=2|[[1990 Malaysian general election|1990]]<br /> |rowspan=2 {{Party shading/PAS}} |<br /> |rowspan=2|{{nowrap|'''Abdul Hadi Awang'''}} ([[Malaysian Islamic Party|'''PAS''']])<br /> |rowspan=2 align=right|'''17,736'''<br /> |rowspan=2|'''49.98%'''<br /> |{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |<br /> |[[Abdul Rahman Bakar]] ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])<br /> |align=&quot;right&quot; |17,575<br /> |49.53%<br /> |rowspan=2|36,172<br /> |rowspan=2|161<br /> |rowspan=2|84.70%<br /> |-<br /> |{{Party shading/Independent}} |<br /> |Wan Deraman Wan Nik ([[Independent politician|IND]])<br /> | align=right|176<br /> | align=right|0.50%<br /> |-<br /> |[[1995 Malaysian general election|1995]]<br /> |rowspan=10|'''P037 [[Marang (federal constituency)|Marang]]'''<br /> |{{Party shading/PAS}} |<br /> |'''Abdul Hadi Awang''' ([[Malaysian Islamic Party|'''PAS''']])<br /> |align=&quot;right&quot; |'''21,945'''<br /> |'''51.03%'''<br /> |{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |<br /> |[[Abdul Rahman Bakar]] ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])<br /> |align=&quot;right&quot; |21,063<br /> |48.97%<br /> |44,212<br /> |882<br /> |81.69%<br /> |-<br /> |[[1999 Malaysian general election|1999]]<br /> |{{Party shading/PAS}} |<br /> |'''Abdul Hadi Awang''' ([[Malaysian Islamic Party|'''PAS''']])<br /> |align=&quot;right&quot; |'''30,183'''<br /> |'''63.18%'''<br /> |{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |<br /> |Muda Mamat ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])<br /> |align=&quot;right&quot; |17,483<br /> |36.60%<br /> |48,611<br /> |12,700<br /> |83.05%<br /> |-<br /> |[[2004 Malaysian general election|2004]]<br /> |{{Party shading/PAS}} |<br /> |Abdul Hadi Awang ([[Malaysian Islamic Party|PAS]])<br /> |align=&quot;right&quot; |27,913<br /> |49.56%<br /> |{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |<br /> |'''[[Abdul Rahman Bakar]]''' ([[United Malays National Organisation|'''UMNO''']])<br /> |align=&quot;right&quot; |'''28,076'''<br /> |'''49.85%'''<br /> |57,186<br /> |163<br /> |88.84%<br /> |-<br /> |[[2008 Malaysian general election|2008]]<br /> |{{Party shading/PAS}} |<br /> |'''Abdul Hadi Awang''' ([[Malaysian Islamic Party|'''PAS''']])<br /> |align=&quot;right&quot; |'''33,435'''<br /> |'''52.08%'''<br /> |{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |<br /> |Ahmad Ramzi Mohamad Zubir ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])<br /> |align=&quot;right&quot; |30,688<br /> |47.80%<br /> |65,008<br /> |2,747<br /> |86.89%<br /> |-<br /> |[[2013 Malaysian general election|2013]]<br /> |{{Party shading/PAS}} |<br /> |'''Abdul Hadi Awang''' ([[Malaysian Islamic Party|'''PAS''']])<br /> |align=&quot;right&quot; |'''42,984'''<br /> |'''53.04%'''<br /> |{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |<br /> |Yahya Khatib Mohamad ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])<br /> |align=&quot;right&quot; |37,860<br /> |46.72%<br /> |81,836<br /> |5,124<br /> |90.13%<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=2|[[2018 Malaysian general election|2018]]<br /> |rowspan=2 {{Party shading/PAS}} |<br /> |rowspan=2|'''Abdul Hadi Awang''' ([[Malaysian Islamic Party|'''PAS''']])<br /> |rowspan=2 align=&quot;right&quot; |'''53,749'''<br /> |rowspan=2|'''59.27%'''<br /> |{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |<br /> |Mohamad Nor Endut ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])<br /> |align=&quot;right&quot; |31,795<br /> |35.06%<br /> |rowspan=2|92,046<br /> |rowspan=2|21,954<br /> |rowspan=2|87.75%<br /> |-<br /> |{{Party shading/Keadilan}} |<br /> |Zarawi Sulong ([[Parti Amanah Negara|AMANAH]]) <br /> |align=&quot;right&quot; |5,138<br /> |align=&quot;right&quot; |5.67%<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=3|[[2022 Malaysian general election|2022]]<br /> |rowspan=3 bgcolor={{party color|Perikatan Nasional}} |<br /> |rowspan=3|'''Abdul Hadi Awang''' ([[Malaysian Islamic Party|'''PAS''']])<br /> |rowspan=3 align=right|'''73,115'''<br /> |rowspan=3|'''67.04%'''<br /> |{{party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |<br /> |Jasmira Othman ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])<br /> | align=right|31,386<br /> |28.78%<br /> |rowspan=3|110,312<br /> |rowspan=3|41,729<br /> |rowspan=3|82.78%<br /> |-<br /> |{{party shading/PH}} |<br /> |Azhar Abdul Shukur ([[National Trust Party (Malaysia)|AMANAH]])<br /> |align=right|4,140<br /> |align=right|3.80%<br /> |-<br /> |bgcolor={{party color|Homeland Fighter's Party}} |<br /> |Zarawi Sulong ([[Parti Bumiputera Perkasa Malaysia|PUTRA]])<br /> |align=right|427<br /> |align=right|0.39%<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin:0.5em ; font-size:95%&quot;<br /> |+ [[Terengganu State Legislative Assembly]]<br /> !|Year<br /> !|Constituency<br /> !colspan=2|Candidate<br /> !|Votes<br /> !|Pct<br /> !colspan=2|Opponent(s)<br /> !|Votes<br /> !|Pct<br /> !|Ballots cast<br /> !|Majority<br /> !|Turnout<br /> |-<br /> |[[1978 Malaysian general election|1978]]<br /> |rowspan=2|'''N21 Marang'''<br /> |{{Party shading/PAS}} |<br /> |Abdul Hadi Awang ([[Malaysian Islamic Party|PAS]])<br /> |align=&quot;right&quot; |2,618<br /> |49.36%<br /> |{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |<br /> |'''Tengku Zahid Musa''' ([[United Malays National Organisation|'''UMNO''']])<br /> |align=&quot;right&quot; |'''2,686'''<br /> |'''50.64%'''<br /> |7,142<br /> |68<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[1982 Malaysian general election|1982]]<br /> |{{Party shading/PAS}} |<br /> |{{nowrap|'''Abdul Hadi Awang'''}} ([[Malaysian Islamic Party|'''PAS''']])<br /> |align=&quot;right&quot; |'''3,606'''<br /> |'''50.94%'''<br /> |{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |<br /> |Tengku Zahid Musa ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])<br /> |align=&quot;right&quot; |3,473<br /> |49.06%<br /> |7,251<br /> |133<br /> |85.33%<br /> |-<br /> |[[1986 Malaysian general election|1986]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;7&quot;|'''N19 [[Ru Rendang]]'''<br /> |{{Party shading/PAS}} |<br /> |'''Abdul Hadi Awang''' ([[Malaysian Islamic Party|'''PAS''']])<br /> |align=&quot;right&quot; |'''3,470'''<br /> |'''54.14%'''<br /> |{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |<br /> |Abdul Latif Muda ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])<br /> |align=&quot;right&quot; |2,939<br /> |45.86%<br /> |6,567<br /> |531<br /> |82.68%<br /> |-<br /> |[[1990 Malaysian general election|1990]]<br /> |{{Party shading/PAS}} |<br /> |'''Abdul Hadi Awang''' ([[Malaysian Islamic Party|'''PAS''']])<br /> |align=&quot;right&quot; |'''4,750'''<br /> |'''54.93%'''<br /> |{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |<br /> |Abdul Latif Muda ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])<br /> |align=&quot;right&quot; |3,897<br /> |45.07%<br /> |8,799<br /> |853<br /> |83.54%<br /> |-<br /> |[[1995 Malaysian general election|1995]]<br /> |{{Party shading/PAS}} |<br /> |'''Abdul Hadi Awang''' ([[Malaysian Islamic Party|'''PAS''']])<br /> |align=&quot;right&quot; |'''6,285'''<br /> |'''56.24%'''<br /> |{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |<br /> |Abu Bakar Othman ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])<br /> |align=&quot;right&quot; |4,891<br /> |43.76%<br /> |11,348<br /> |1,394<br /> |80.73%<br /> |-<br /> |[[1999 Malaysian general election|1999]]<br /> |{{Party shading/PAS}} |<br /> |'''Abdul Hadi Awang''' ([[Malaysian Islamic Party|'''PAS''']])<br /> |align=&quot;right&quot; |'''7,881'''<br /> |'''66.02%'''<br /> |{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |<br /> |Tengku Zainuddin Tengku Zahid ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])<br /> |align=&quot;right&quot; |4,038<br /> |33.83%<br /> |12,125<br /> |3,843<br /> |81.37%<br /> |-<br /> |[[2004 Malaysian general election|2004]]<br /> |{{Party shading/PAS}} |<br /> |'''Abdul Hadi Awang''' ([[Malaysian Islamic Party|'''PAS''']])<br /> |align=&quot;right&quot; |'''7,736'''<br /> |'''54.06%'''<br /> |{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |<br /> |Tengku Zainuddin Tengku Zahid ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])<br /> |align=&quot;right&quot; |6,301<br /> |44.04%<br /> |14,446<br /> |1,435<br /> |89.38%<br /> |-<br /> |[[2008 Malaysian general election|2008]]<br /> |{{Party shading/PAS}} |<br /> |'''Abdul Hadi Awang''' ([[Malaysian Islamic Party|'''PAS''']])<br /> |align=&quot;right&quot; |'''9,379'''<br /> |'''58.36%'''<br /> |{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |<br /> |[[Razali Idris]] ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])<br /> |align=&quot;right&quot; |6,693<br /> |41.64%<br /> |16,209<br /> |2,686<br /> |86.23%<br /> |-<br /> |[[2013 Malaysian general election|2013]]<br /> |{{Party shading/PAS}} |<br /> |'''Abdul Hadi Awang''' ([[Malaysian Islamic Party|'''PAS''']])<br /> |align=&quot;right&quot; |'''11,468'''<br /> |'''56.83%'''<br /> |{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |<br /> |Nik Dir Nik Wan Ku ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])<br /> |align=&quot;right&quot; |8,649<br /> |42.86%<br /> |20,347<br /> |2,819<br /> |89.78%<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Writing results==<br /> {{Expert needed|Malaysia|talk=|reason=To determine which of Hadi's writings are noteworthy from this list (see edit mode) of 98 texts|date=November 2019}}<br /> &lt;!--#Mukhtasar Tarikh Harakah Islamiah Fi Maliziya (Ringkasan Sejarah Gerakan Islam di Malaysia), Kesatuan Ulamak Muslimin Sedunia, 2017 (Published in Arabic)<br /> <br /> #Al-Islam wa 'Alaqatuhu bil-Irhab (Islam dan Hubungannya dengan Keganasan), Kesatuan Ulamak Muslimin Sedunia, 2017 (Published in Arabic)<br /> #Fiqh Al-Solaah : Bagi Memahami Ibadah Sembahyang, 2015<br /> #Islam Satu-satunya Penyelesaian : Maktabah Barakah, 2014<br /> #Tafsir At-Tibyan : Tafsir Surah Al-Baqarah Ayat 83-160, Penerbitan Harakah, 2014<br /> #Tafsir At-Tibyan : Tafsir Surah Al-Baqarah Ayat 1-82, Penerbitan Harakah, 2014<br /> #Tafsir Surah Al-Kahfi, Aisyah Humaira Publications, 2014<br /> #Fiqh siyasah Khulafa ar-Rasyidin : Amirul Mukminin Umar ibn Alkhatab : MDQ Enterprise, 2013<br /> #Amanat Haji Hadi: Antara Fitnah dan Fakta : Akademi Tarbyah Dewan Pemuda PAS Malaysia, 2013<br /> #Aqidah dan Perjuangan (with Ustaz [[Fadzil Noor]]) : Jundi Resources, 2012<br /> #Siapa Menganut Ajaran Sesat? : Jundi Resources, 2012<br /> #Islam dan Nasionalisme : Jundi Resurces, 2012<br /> #Tafsir At-Tibyan dalam Mentafsirkan Al-Quran Surah Al Hujurat, Jundi Resources, 2011<br /> #Konsep Asas Negara Berkebajikan, Dewa Ulama PAS Pusat, 2011<br /> #Tafsir At Tibyan Dalam Mentafsirkan Al-Quran: Surah As Saff : Jundi Resources. 2011<br /> #Politik dan Agama Mengikut Perspektif Islam : Jundi Resources, 2011<br /> #Maqasid Syariah : Dewan Ulama PAS Pusat, 2011<br /> #Qazaf : Dalam Isu Fitnah Zina dan Liwat, Jundi Resources, 2011<br /> #Meniti Kehidupan Insan (Koleksi Terbaik Khutbah Tuan Guru Haji Abdul Hadi Awang), WNS Publicators &amp; Distributors, 2010<br /> #Taktik &amp; Strategi Berpolitik Gaya Khulafa ar-Rasyidin : PTS Islamika, 2010.<br /> #Palestin Daripada Perampas Jalanan Kepada Peta Jalanan : Jundi Resources, 2010<br /> #Bagaimana Islam Memerintah Negara : PTS Islamika, 2009.<br /> #Islam : Adil untuk Semua : PTS Islamika, 2009.<br /> #Tafsir At Tibyan Surah Yasin : Nufair Street, 2009<br /> #Mutiara 2 Tok Guru: Membangun Ummah (with Tuan Guru [[Nik Abdul Aziz Nik Mat]]): Nufair Steert, 2008<br /> #Beriman kepada Qadak &amp; Qadar : PTS Publications &amp; Distributors, 2008<br /> #Beriman kepada Hari Akhirat : PTS Islamika, 2008.<br /> #فلسطين من قطاع الطريق إلى خريطة الطريق Muassisah Al-Risalah Al-Alamiyah, 2007 <br /> #Beriman kepada Malaikat &amp; Kitab : PTS Islamika, 2007.<br /> #Beriman kepada Rasul : PTS Publications, 2007.<br /> #Beriman kepada Allah : PTS Islamika; 2007.<br /> #Inilah Akidah Muslim : PTS Publications &amp; Distributors, 2007.<br /> #Fahaman dan Ideologi Umat Islam : PTS Islamika, 2007.<br /> #Takwa : Takut tetapi Rindu : PTS Publications &amp; Distributors, 2007.<br /> #Islam dan Demokrasi : PTS Islamika, 2007.<br /> #Ramadan: Tetamu Yang Dirindui : PTS Islamika, 2007.<br /> #Muqaddimah Aqidah Muslimin (edisi baru): Sarjana Media, 2006.<br /> #Hadharah Islamiyyah bukan Islam Hadhari : Nufair Street, 2005.<br /> #Islam: Fikrah, Harakah &amp; Daulah : Dewan Pustaka Fajar, 2005<br /> #At Tibyan Dalam Mentafsirkan Al-Quran: Surah Al-Baqarah. Nufair Street, 2004<br /> #شبهات وعقبات حول تطبيق الشريعة في ماليزيا : Darul Tauzi' wal-Nasyr al-Islamiyyah, 2004<br /> #اهمية الموقف الاسلامي الموحد تجاه العولمة : Percetakan Yayasan Islam Terengganu Sdn Bhd, 2003<br /> #Globalisasi : Pendirian Islam Mengenainya, Urusetia Penerangan Negeri Terengganu, 2003<br /> #Suruhan Jaya Pilihanraya (SPR) Khianat Amalan Demokrasi Berparlimen? : Angkatan Edaran Enterprise, 2003<br /> #Sekolah Agama Rakyat Pertahan Benteng Kekuatan Ummah : Jabatan Penerangan PAS Pusat, 2003<br /> #Tafsir Surah Al-Hasyr &amp; Al-Fil : As-Syabab Media, 2002.<br /> #Dari Mimbar Masjid Rusila : Khutbah Jumaat &amp; Hari Raya : As-Syabab Media, 2002<br /> #Tafsir Surah al-Hujurat : As-Syabab Media, 2002.<br /> #At Tibyan Dalam Mentafsirkan Al-Quran Surah Luqman : As-Syabab Media, 2002<br /> #Amanat Haji Hadi : Jabatan Penerangan PAS Pusat, 2002<br /> #Konsep Negara Islam dan Matlamatnya : Yayasan Islam Terengganu, 2002<br /> #Ketaatan dan Ubudiyah : Urusetia Penerangan Kerajaan Negeri Terengganu, 2002.<br /> #Qazaf: Mangsa Fitnah : Jabatan Penerangan dan Penyelidikan PAS Pusat, 2001.<br /> #Angkara Minyak : Tumbangkan Kerajaan Haji Hadi (with Dato' Tarmizi Mohd Jam), Rangkaian Minda Pubs, 2000<br /> #Tafsir Surah Yaasin : Menyelami Lubuk Hati Al-Quran : Penerbitan Muttaqin, 2000<br /> #Medan Kehidupan : Urusetia Penerangan Kerajaan Negeri Terengganu, 2000<br /> #Tafsir al-Quran Surah al-Baqarah : Siri 6 (Jihad Di Jalan Allah): Dewan Muslimat Sdn Bhd, 2000<br /> #Tafsir al-Quran Surah al-Baqarah : Siri 5 (Mencapai Dua Kemenangan): Dewan Muslimat Sdn Bhd, 2000<br /> #Lahirnya Beberapa Firqah di Kalangan Umat Islam : Darul Huda Enterprise, 1999.<br /> #Tafsir al-Quran Surah al-Baqarah : Siri 4 (Tauhid Rububiyyah dan Uluhiyyah): Dewan Muslimat Sdn Bhd, 1999<br /> #Tafsir al-Quran Surah al-Baqarah : Siri 3 (Usaha Jahat Yahudi): Dewan Muslimat Sdn Bhd, 1999<br /> #Tafsir Surah Yasin : Menyelami Lubuk Hati Al-Quran, Penerbitan Muttaqin Sdn Bhd. 1999<br /> #Tafsir al-Quran Surah al-Baqarah : Siri 2 (Umat Yang Dimurkai): Dewan Muslimat Sdn Bhd, 1998<br /> #Tafsir al-Quran Surah al-Baqarah : Siri 1 (Petunjuk Golongan Muttaqin): Dewan Muslimat Sdn Bhd, 1998<br /> #Khutbah Jumaat dan Hari Raya, Institut Tarbiah Johor &amp; An-Naas Enterprise, 1996<br /> #Sistem Pemerintahan Negara Islam : Dewan Muslimat Sdn Bhd, 1995<br /> #Penghujung Kehidupan : Dewan Muslimat Sdn Bhd, 1995<br /> #Isu Hudud : Haji Hadi jawab Mahathir : Jabatan Penerangan PAS Pusat, 1994.<br /> #Antara Wawasan dan Jumud : Lujnah Penerangan dan Dakwah, PAS Kawasan Parlimen Balik Pulau, 1993<br /> #At Tibyan Dalam Mentafsirkan Al-Quran Surah Al-Hasyr : Lajnah Tarbiyah dan Latihan Kepimpinan PAS Pusat, 1993<br /> #At Tibyan Dalam Mentafsirkan Al-Quran Surah Al-Saff : Lajnah Tarbiyah dan Latihan Kepimpinan PAS Pusat, 1993<br /> #Aqidah dan Kepimpinan, Jabatan Penerangan PAS Pusat, 1992<br /> #Beriman kepada Rasul : Pustaka Aman, 1992<br /> #Fiqh Al-Harakah dari Sirah Nabawiyyah (Jilid 2) : Dewan Pustaka Fajar, 1992<br /> #Kaedah Islam dan Implikasi Perang Teluk (Siri Suara PAS di Parlimen) : Jabatan Penerangan, Penyelidikan dan Dkawah PAS Pusat, 1991.<br /> #Beriman kepada Hari Akhirat : Pustaka Aman Press Sdn Bhd, 1991<br /> #Beriman kepada Qada dan Qadar : Pustaka Aman, 1990<br /> #Beriman kepada Malaikat dan Beriman kepada Kitab : Pustaka Aman, 1990<br /> #Beriman kepada Allah (Siri Aqidah Muslimin), Pustaka Aman Press Sdn Bhd, 1988<br /> #Dari Mimbar Masjid Rusila : Iman dan Amal, Pustaka Istiqamah, 1988<br /> #Muqaddimah Aqidah Muslimin : Pustaka Aman, 1988<br /> #Perpecahan Bangsa dan Penyelesaian (with Ustaz Fadzil Noor) : Dewan Pemuda PAS Malaysia &amp; G.G Edar, 1988<br /> #Fiqh Al-Harakah dari Sirah Nabawiyyah (Jilid 1) : Dewan Pustaka Fajar, 1987<br /> #Tarbiah Islamiah Harakiah : Peranannya dalam Pembentukan Jamaah : GG Edar, 1987<br /> #Konsep Negara Islam dan Matlamatnya : GG Edar, 1986<br /> #Uslub Dakwah : GG Edar, 1986<br /> #Muqaddimah Aqidah Muslimin : Gedung Gua, 1985<br /> #Konsep dan Matlamat Negara Islam : Simposium Negara Islam, 1985<br /> #Rahsia Kekuatan Tentera Allah : Penerbitan Mujahid, 1984<br /> #Hizbullah dan Hizbul Syaitan : Penerbitan Gedung Ummah, 1984<br /> #Jika Islam mentadbir : wawancara U.P.I. Paul Wedel dengan Haji Abdul Hadi b. Hj. Awang : Penerbitan Gedung Ummah, 1984<br /> #Islam Tulen : Himpunan Khutbah : Penerbitan Gedung Ummah, 1984<br /> #Siapa Menganut Ajaran Sesat? : GG Edar, 1984<br /> #Batas-batas Iman dan Kufur : Pustaka Damai, 1983<br /> #Era Generasi Gemilang (with Fathi Yakan), Penerbitan Gedung Ummah, 1983<br /> #Islam : Menyelesaikan Masalah Ummat dan Negara : Media Islam, 1981<br /> #Kebangkitan Ummat Islam : Satu Gagasan : Media Islam, 1981<br /> #Ke arah penyelarasan dan pengembelingan tenaga ahli dan masyarakat untuk memperkuatkan gerakan dakwah Islamiah : Seminar Pembangunan Islam Terengganu, 1977---&gt;<br /> <br /> ==International recognition==<br /> Abdul Hadi Awang has been listed as one of the world's 500 most influential Muslims by [[The Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre]] based in Amman, Jordan. He was given this recognition in the category of Preachers &amp; Spiritual Guides ''The Muslim 500: The World's 500 Most Influential Muslims'' 2016 edition.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Muslim 500: The World's Most Influential Muslims (2016 Edition)|url=https://www.themuslim500.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/TheMuslim500-2016-low.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Honours==<br /> ===Honours of Malaysia===<br /> * {{Flag|Malaysia}}<br /> ** [[File:Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia - PSM.svg|50px]] Commander of the [[Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia#Commander|Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia]] (PSM) – '''Tan Sri''' (2021)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=13 November 2021|title=Former Chief Justice and ex-FELDA chairman head King's birthday honours list|url=https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/former-felda-chairman-raja-muhammad-alias-receives-tun-title-heads-kings-birthday-honours|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113025308/https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/former-felda-chairman-raja-muhammad-alias-receives-tun-title-heads-kings-birthday-honours|archive-date=13 November 2021|access-date=13 November 2021|website=The Edge Markets}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ** [[File:MY Pingat Pertabalan Yang di-Pertuan Agong XVII ribbon.png|50px]] Recipient of the [[Orders, decorations, and medals of Malaysia#Honorary orders and medals|17th Yang di-Pertuan Agong Installation Medal]] (2024)<br /> * {{Flag|Terengganu}}<br /> ** [[File:MY-TER Order of Sultan Mahmud I of Terengganu - SSMT.svg|50px]] Knight Grand Companion of the [[Order of Sultan Mahmud I of Terengganu]] (SSMT) – '''Dato' Seri''' (2001)&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.istiadat.gov.my/index.php/component/semakanlantikanskp/|title=SEMAKAN PENERIMA DARJAH KEBESARAN, BINTANG DAN PINGAT|publisher=[[Prime Minister's Department (Malaysia)]]|access-date=25 October 2018|archive-date=17 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017142036/http://www.istiadat.gov.my/index.php/component/semakanlantikanskp/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Character awards ===<br /> # On 15 April 2011, he was awarded the 'Alim Rabbani' award by Yala Islamic University, Pattani, and [[Thailand]] in conjunction with the Multaqa Muslimat Yala Islamic University. He is the first overseas Thai to receive the recognition.{{citation needed|date=June 2022}}<br /> # On 26 September 2014, he was selected as the Terengganu Tani Icon 2014 in the Terengganu Farmers, Raiders and Fishermen Carnivals 2014 at Itqanul Muluk Square, Kuala Berang, Terengganu.{{citation needed|date=June 2022}}<br /> # On 16 May 2015, he was awarded the &quot;Murabbi Ummah Tokoh&quot; Award in conjunction with the Malaysian Islamic Educators Association 3.0 organized by the [[National Educator Awakening Association Movement]] at the Kedah State PAS Complex.{{citation needed|date=June 2022}}<br /> #On 1 September 2019, he was awarded the 'Tokoh Maal Hijrah Terengganu' award by the Sultan of Terengganu in conjunction with the new year of 1441 according to Islamic Calendar.{{citation needed|date=June 2022}}<br /> <br /> ===Recognition through writing===<br /> # Jamhuri Badiuzzaman, ''Haji Abdul Hadi Awang : Hamba Allah Pemimpin Ummah'', Pustaka Bunda, 1984.<br /> # Mohd Nasir Awang, ''Masa Untuk Tok Guru Buktikan - PAS Mampu Pimpin Malaysia''. Penerbitan Pemuda, 2000<br /> # Mohd Nasir Awang, ''Terengganu Lepasi Pantang - Kuasa Yang Menjerat?,'' Rangkaian Minda Publishing, Julai 2001<br /> # Riduan Mohamad Nor, ''Abdul Hadi Awang : Murabbi, Ideolouge, Pemimpin.'' Jundi Resources, 2011<br /> # Mohamed Jusoh, ''Prinsip Haji Hadi'' BYG Publishers &amp; Distribuors. 2016<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> * [[:ms:Masjid Kampung Rusila|Masjid Kampung Rusila]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> * Farish Ahmad Noor, ''Islam Embedded: The Historical Development of the Democratic Action Party DAP, 1951–2003'', Malaysian Sociological Research Institute, 2004, {{ISBN|983-99866-8-6}}<br /> * Haddad, Yvonne Yazbeck, Voll, John Obert, Esposito, John L., ''The Contemporary Islamic Revival: A Critical Survey and Bibliography'', [[Greenwood Publishing Group]], 1991, {{ISBN|0-313-24719-6}}<br /> * Hooker, Virginia Matheson, Othman, Norani, Kessler, Clive S., ''Malaysia: Islam, Society and Politics'', Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2003, {{ISBN|981-230-161-5}}<br /> * Saw, Swee-Hock, K. Kesavapany, ''Malaysia: Recent Trends and Challenges'', Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2006, {{ISBN|981-230-339-1}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150218051746/http://www.pas.org.my/presiden President of PAS official website]<br /> <br /> {{s-start}}<br /> {{s-off}}<br /> {{s-bef|before=[[Fadzil Noor]]}}<br /> {{s-ttl|title=[[List of Malaysian Leaders of the Opposition|Leader of the Opposition of Malaysia]]|years=2002–2004}}<br /> {{s-aft|after=[[Lim Kit Siang]]}}<br /> |-<br /> {{s-bef|before=[[Wan Mokhtar Ahmad]]}}<br /> {{s-ttl|title=[[List of Menteris Besar of Terengganu|Menteri Besar of Terengganu]]|years=1999–2004}}<br /> {{s-aft|after=[[Idris Jusoh]]}}<br /> |-<br /> {{s-ppo}}<br /> {{s-bef|before=[[Fadzil Noor]]}}<br /> {{s-ttl|title=President of the [[Malaysian Islamic Party]]|years=2002–present}}<br /> {{s-inc}}<br /> |-<br /> {{s-par|my}}<br /> {{s-bef|before=Abdul Rahman Bakar}}<br /> {{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament for [[Marang (district)|Marang]]|years=2008–present}}<br /> {{s-inc}}<br /> |-<br /> {{s-new|constituency}}<br /> {{s-ttl|title=Member of [[Terengganu State Legislative Assembly]] for [[Ru Rendang (state constituency)|Ru Rendang]]|years=1986–2018}}<br /> {{s-aft|after=[[Ahmad Samsuri Mokhtar]]}}<br /> |-<br /> {{s-bef|before=Tengku Zahid Musa}}<br /> {{s-ttl|title=Member of [[Terengganu State Legislative Assembly]] for [[Marang, Terengganu|Marang]]|years=1982–1986}}<br /> {{s-non|reason=Constituency abolished}}<br /> {{s-end}}<br /> <br /> {{Malaysia 15th FedRep}}<br /> {{Special Envoys of the Prime Minister of Malaysia}}<br /> {{Leaders of the Opposition (Malaysia)}}<br /> {{Commander of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia}}<br /> {{Portal bar|Malaysia|Biography|Politics}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Awang, Abdul Hadi}}<br /> [[Category:1947 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Malaysian politicians of Malay descent]]<br /> [[Category:Malaysian Muslims]]<br /> [[Category:Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]<br /> [[Category:Islamic democracy activists]]<br /> [[Category:Malaysian Muslim Brotherhood members]]<br /> [[Category:Presidents of Malaysian Islamic Party]]<br /> [[Category:Malaysian Islamic Party politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Leaders of the opposition (Malaysia)]]<br /> [[Category:Members of the Terengganu State Legislative Assembly]]<br /> [[Category:Terengganu state executive councillors]]<br /> [[Category:Chief ministers of Terengganu]]<br /> [[Category:Islamic University of Madinah alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Al-Azhar University alumni]]<br /> [[Category:International Union of Muslim Scholars members]]<br /> [[Category:Anti-Christian sentiment in Malaysia]]<br /> [[Category:Commanders of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia]]<br /> [[Category:Malaysian MPs 1990–1995]]<br /> [[Category:Malaysian MPs 1995–1999]]<br /> [[Category:Malaysian MPs 1999–2004]]<br /> [[Category:Malaysian MPs 2008–2013]]<br /> [[Category:Malaysian MPs 2013–2018]]<br /> [[Category:Malaysian MPs 2022–]]</div>

MyronMccreary8 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sakha_Sakhi&diff=532031 2026-03-04T07:31:45Z

<p>MyronMccreary8: new</p> <hr /> <div>{{No plot|date=January 2025}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | image = Sakha Sakhi.jpg<br /> | caption = Poster<br /> | director = [[Dayal Padmanabhan]]<br /> | screenplay = Dayal Padmanabhan<br /> | based_on = {{Based on|''[[Thiruda Thirudi]]'' (2003)|[[Subramaniam Siva]]}}<br /> | producer = Yathish Babu<br /> | starring = [[Sunil Raoh]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Chaya Singh]]<br /> | cinematography = Chandru D<br /> | editing = Vinod Manohar<br /> | music = [[Sadhu Kokila]]<br /> | studio = Sri Annapoorneshwari Creations<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=yes|2005|12|14}}<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Kannada<br /> }}<br /> '''''Sakha Sakhi''''' ({{translation|Male friend, female friend}}) is a 2005 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[Romantic comedy|romantic comedy film]] directed by [[Dayal Padmanabhan]]. A remake of the Tamil film ''[[Thiruda Thirudi]]'' (2003), the film stars [[Sunil Raoh]] and [[Chaya Singh]], who reprises her role from the original.&lt;ref name=&quot;V&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2005 |title=Tiruda Tirudi as Sakha Sakhi in Kannada! |url=http://www.viggy.com/english/current_sakha_sakhi.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240922195305/http://www.viggy.com/english/current_sakha_sakhi.asp |archive-date=22 September 2024 |access-date=14 January 2025 |website=[[Viggy.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> {{Cast listing|<br /> *[[Sunil Raoh]] as Siva<br /> *[[Chaya Singh]] as Viji<br /> *Vasu<br /> *[[Sadhu Kokila]]<br /> *[[Doddanna]]<br /> *[[Suja Varunee|Suja]]<br /> *[[Sujibala]]<br /> *[[Joe Simon (director)|Joe Simon]]<br /> *[[Sanketh Kashi]]<br /> *[[Sihi Kahi Chandru]]<br /> *[[Vinayak Joshi]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> [[Rockline Venkatesh]] was briefly attached to this film as a producer. The film was made with little publicity.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2005 |title=No news but still in news! |url=http://www.viggy.com/english/chow_films_without_publicity.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240922195306/http://www.viggy.com/english/chow_films_without_publicity.asp |archive-date=22 September 2024 |access-date=14 January 2025 |website=[[Viggy.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> The music was composed by [[Sadhu Kokila]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 July 2005 |title=Sakha Sakhi (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/sakha-sakhi-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/700390332 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20250114170104/https://music.apple.com/us/album/sakha-sakhi-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/700390332 |archive-date=14 January 2025 |access-date=14 January 2025 |website=[[Apple Music]] }}&lt;/ref&gt; The film notably didn't feature the &quot;Manmadha Raasa&quot; song from the original, which was already reused by Sadhu Kokila in ''[[Kalasipalya (film)|Kalasipalya]]'' (2003).&lt;ref name=&quot;V&quot; /&gt; Nonetheless, the song &quot;Mast Kudure&quot; was partially inspired by that song. The song &quot;Ammani Ammani&quot; is based on &quot;Kannamma Kannamma&quot; from Tamil film ''[[Dum (2003 Tamil film)|Dum]]'' (2003). The songs &quot;Chanda Kanthare&quot; and &quot;Ninna Nodidetige&quot; were based on &quot;Azhaga Irukkanga&quot; and &quot;Unnai Paartha Piragu&quot; from ''Thiruda Thirudi''.<br /> <br /> {{Track listing<br /> | headline = Track listing<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | title1 = Ammanni Ammanni<br /> | lyrics1 = <br /> | extra1 = [[Rajesh Krishnan]], Latha, Malathi<br /> | length1 = 4:49<br /> | title2 = Bandaalapo Bandalo<br /> | lyrics2 = <br /> | extra2 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Nanditha (singer)|Nanditha]], Archana<br /> | length2 = 4:57<br /> | title3 = Chana Kathare Hudgeeru<br /> | lyrics3 = <br /> | extra3 = [[Gurukiran]], [[Chaitra H. G.]]<br /> | length3 = 4:12<br /> | title4 = Mast Kudure<br /> | lyrics4 = <br /> | extra4 = [[Manikka Vinayagam]], [[Sunitha Upadrashta|Sunitha]]<br /> | length4 = 4:52<br /> | title5 = Ninna Noididtige<br /> | lyrics5 = <br /> | extra5 = [[Hemanth (singer)|Hemanth]], Nanditha<br /> | length5 = 2:46<br /> | total_length = 21:36<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> [[R. G. Vijayasarathy]] of ''[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]'' wrote, &quot;With the main attractive point missing out in the film,''Sakha Sakhi'' falls flat down the ground with a bad handling of the project and poor taste of the director [...] and its below the belt dialogues&quot; and added that &quot;Sadhu Kokila's comedy is in poor taste. His music is also just ordinary&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vijayasarathy |first=R. G. |author-link=R. G. Vijayasarathy |date=16 December 2006 |title=Sakha Sakhi Kannada Movie Review |url=https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/2697/kannada/sakha-sakhi/659/review.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125185617/https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/2697/kannada/sakha-sakhi/659/review.htm |archive-date=25 November 2020 |access-date=14 January 2025 |website=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] |via=Nowrunning}}&lt;/ref&gt; A critic from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote that &quot;Chaya Singh in the lead is ''Saka Saki'''s only redeeming feature. Sunil Rao tries to look natural as a street smart boy, but his body language and emoting fail to satisfy. An eminently forgettable film&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vijayasarathy |first=R. G. |date=19 December 2006 |title=Saka Sakhi: An apology of a film |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/saka/20051219.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422111716/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/saka/20051219.htm |archive-date=22 April 2023 |access-date=14 January 2025 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; S. N. Deepak of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote &quot;A remake of a successful Tamil film Thiruda Thirudi, Sakha Sakhi is a romantic comedy about two friends. It comes across as another effort at engaging the teenaged audience for over 120 minutes with some measured ingredients. It is an amalgamation of love, sentiment and comedy&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/Dec182005/movies18205320051217.asp|website=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=18 December 2005|title=Sakha Sakhi|first=S. N.|last=Deepak|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060518140035/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/Dec182005/movies18205320051217.asp|archive-date=18 May 2006|access-date=1 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Box office ==<br /> The film was a box office failure, which was attributed to the lack of publicity and the &quot;Manmadha Raasa&quot; song. Regarding the film's failure, Chaya Singh said she was not bothered about her image and how she is focusing on the quality of films and not the quantity.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Daithota |first=Madhu |date=31 October 2006 |title='I'm not bothered about my image' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bangalore-times/im-not-bothered-about-my-image/articleshow/262691.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628120413/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bangalore-times/Im-not-bothered-about-my-image/articleshow/262691.cms |archive-date=28 June 2018 |access-date=14 January 2025 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> *{{IMDb title}}<br /> *{{Rotten Tomatoes}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2005 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:2005 Kannada-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2005 romantic comedy films]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Dayal Padmanabhan]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Sadhu Kokila]]<br /> [[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]<br /> [[Category:Kannada remakes of Tamil films]]</div>

MyronMccreary8 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mukha_Chithram&diff=463874 2026-03-03T21:22:52Z

<p>MyronMccreary8: adjusted content also and fixed typos</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|1991 film by Suresh Unnithan}}<br /> {{For|the 2022 Telugu film|Mukhachitram}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Mukha Chithram<br /> | image = Mukha Chithram VCD cover.jpeg<br /> | caption = VCD cover<br /> | director = [[Suresh Unnithan]]<br /> | producer = Anil placheril&lt;br /&gt;Renjith&lt;br /&gt;Murali&lt;br /&gt;Jayan Mulangad<br /> | writer = J. Pallassery<br /> | screenplay = <br /> | starring = [[Jayaram]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Jagathy Sreekumar]]&lt;br /&gt;[[KPAC Lalitha]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Sunitha (actress)|Sunitha]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Jagadheesh]]<br /> | music = [[Mohan Sithara]]<br /> | cinematography = [[Ramachandra Babu]]<br /> | editing = J. Murali<br /> | studio = Rajaputhra Films<br /> | distributor = <br /> | released = {{Film date|df=yes|1991|7|12|India|ref1=}}<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Malayalam<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Mukha Chithram''''' ({{Translation|''[[Portrait]]''}}) is a 1991 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[comedy drama]] and [[mystery film]] directed by [[Suresh Unnithan]]. The film stars [[Jayaram]], [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]], [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]], [[Jagathy Sreekumar]], [[KPAC Lalitha]], [[Sunitha (actress)|Sunitha]] and [[Jagadheesh]] in lead roles. The film has musical score by [[Mohan Sithara]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/movies/mukha-chithram.html|title=Mukha Chithram|accessdate=2014-09-20|publisher=filmibeat.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/mukha-chithram-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304092223/http://spicyonion.com/title/mukha-chithram-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=4 March 2016|title=Mukha Chithram|accessdate=2014-09-20|publisher=spicyonion.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://bharatmovies.rave-staging.com/malayalam/info/mukha-chithram.htm|title=Mukha Chithram|accessdate=2014-09-20|publisher=bharatmovies.rave-staging.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Premise==<br /> Out of desperation, a school teacher asks a street musician, Mathukutty, to act as a qualified bandmaster in his school band. However, both of them struggle while keeping up the pretence.<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> {{colbegin}}<br /> *[[Jayaram]] as Mathukutty / Sethumadhavan / Vareechan<br /> *[[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] as Savithrikutty / Lakshmikutty<br /> *[[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as Kannan Mash<br /> *[[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as Govinda Menon Mash<br /> *[[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]] as Gomathy Teacher<br /> *[[Sunitha (actress)|Sunitha]] as Sunanda Teacher<br /> *[[Jagadish]] as M. K. Pushkaran<br /> *[[Sankaradi]] as Sunanda's Father<br /> *[[Kollam Thulasi]]<br /> *[[Nedumudi Venu]] as Fr. Felix<br /> *[[N. L. Balakrishnan]] as Bahuleya Kurup<br /> *[[Meena Ganesh]] as Seller<br /> *[[Prof.Aliyar Kunju]] as Teacher<br /> *Rajaputhra Renjith<br /> *Sivaram<br /> {{colend}}<br /> <br /> ==Soundtrack==<br /> The songs was composed by Mohan Sithara and the lyrics were penned by [[O. N. V. Kurup]].<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=&quot;1&quot;<br /> ! Song || Playback || Duration<br /> |-<br /> | ''Chembaranthin''<br /> | K.J. Yesudas<br /> | 5:19<br /> |-<br /> | ''Ponnavani Vattam''<br /> | K.J. Yesudas, Chorus<br /> | 5:42<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Awards==<br /> ;[[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards|Kerala Film Critics Award]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vm80upPK61w&amp;t=29s |title=Film Critics Award 1991 |via=[[YouTube]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Special Award - Jagathy Sreekumar<br /> * Special Award - Suresh Unnithan<br /> ;[[Kerala State Film Awards|Kerala State Film Award]]<br /> * [[Best Actress]]- [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2019/kerala-state-film-award-for-best-actress-records-and-trivia-nimisha-sajayan-urvashi/articlecontent-pf282770-283251.html | title=Kerala State Film Award for the Best Actress: Records &amp; Trivia! | date=March 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb title|0353767}}<br /> * {{YouTube|id=pVj3J2tdLe0|title=Mukha Chithram}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1991 films]]<br /> [[Category:1991 Malayalam-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Mohan Sithara]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{1990s-Malayalam-film-stub}}</div>

MyronMccreary8 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saathiya_(film)&diff=450525 2026-03-03T11:50:04Z

<p>MyronMccreary8: Content refined for better accuracy</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|2002 film by Shaad Ali}}<br /> {{AI-generated|date=September 2025}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Saathiya<br /> | image = Saathiya film poster.jpg<br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | director = [[Shaad Ali]]<br /> | writer = [[Mani Ratnam]] {{infobox | decat = yes | child = yes <br /> | label1 = Dialogues by<br /> | data1 = [[Gulzar]]<br /> }}<br /> | based_on = {{based on|''[[Alai Payuthey]]''|Mani Ratnam}}<br /> | producer = Bobby Bedi<br /> | starring = {{ubl|[[Rani Mukerji]]|[[Vivek Oberoi]]}}<br /> | cinematography = [[Anil Mehta]]<br /> | editing = [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]<br /> | music = [[A. R. Rahman]]<br /> | studio = {{Plainlist|<br /> *[[Kaleidoscope Entertainment]]<br /> *[[Yash Raj Films]]<br /> }}<br /> | distributor = Yash Raj Films<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=yes|2002|12|20}}<br /> | runtime = 139 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Hindi<br /> | budget = {{INR|7.5 crore}}&lt;ref name=&quot;boxofficeindia.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=601|title=Saathiya - Movie - Box Office India|website=boxofficeindia.com|access-date=6 April 2018|archive-date=6 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406231254/https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=601|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | gross = {{INR|29.1 crore}}&lt;ref name=&quot;boxofficeindia.com&quot;/&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Saathiya''''' ({{Translation|Companion}}) is a 2002 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Musical film|musical]] [[Romance film|romantic drama]] film directed by [[Shaad Ali]] in his directorial debut, written by [[Mani Ratnam]], and produced by [[Yash Raj Films]] and [[Kaleidoscope Entertainment]]. A remake of Ratnam's ''[[Alai Payuthey]]'' (2000), the film stars [[Rani Mukerji]] and [[Vivek Oberoi]], with [[Sandhya Mridul]], [[Tanuja]], [[Satish Shah]], [[Swaroop Sampat]], and [[Sharat Saxena]] in supporting roles.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=Jhunjhunwala, Udita |date=21 December 2002 |title=Saathiya |url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/hindimoviesreview/2002/december/39633.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030202113210/http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/hindimoviesreview/2002/december/39633.htm |archive-date=2 February 2003 |access-date=26 October 2011 |work=[[Mid-Day]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The narrative follows Aditya and Suhani, a young couple who elope and marry despite parental opposition, only to find their relationship tested by personal struggles and a sudden tragedy.<br /> <br /> The cinematography and editing were handled by [[Anil Mehta]] and [[A. Sreekar Prasad]] respectively. The soundtrack was composed by [[A. R. Rahman]], who composed the music for the original film, with lyrics written by [[Gulzar]]. The music, particularly the title track &quot;Saathiya&quot; sung by [[Sonu Nigam]], was particularly well received and went on to win several awards.<br /> <br /> ''Saathiya'' was released theatrically on 20 December 2002, and received critical acclaim for its direction, performances, screenplay, and music. It emerged as a commercial success, earning ₹291 million (US$3.4 million) and ranking as the [[List of Hindi films of 2002|eighth highest-grossing Hindi film of the year]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Saathiya |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=601 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913135452/http://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=601 |archive-date=13 September 2017 |access-date=13 September 2017 |website=[[Box Office India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> At the [[48th Filmfare Awards]], ''Saathiya'' received eight nominations and won six awards, including [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress|Best Actress (Critics)]] (Mukerji), [[Filmfare Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]] (Ratnam), and [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]] (Sonu Nigam for &quot;Saathiya&quot;).&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Saathiya Awards: List of Awards won by Hindi movie Saathiya |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/saathiya/movieawards/61304144.cms |access-date=2022-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114081849/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/saathiya/movieawards/61304144.cms |archive-date=14 November 2022 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> Aditya Sehgal is devastated when his wife, Suhani, goes missing following an argument over their faltering marriage. As he searches for her across [[Mumbai]], the narrative shifts into a [[Flashback (narrative)|flashback]] tracing the evolution of their relationship.<br /> <br /> Aditya first meets Suhani at a wedding and is immediately smitten. Despite initial hesitation, Suhani gradually reciprocates his feelings. However, their romance is strained by socio-economic differences—Aditya hails from a wealthy business family, while Suhani belongs to a [[Middle class|middle-class]] household. When their parents disapprove, particularly after Aditya’s father insults Suhani’s father, the couple elopes and secretly marries.<br /> <br /> Complications arise when Suhani reveals her marriage during a proposal for her elder sister, leading to her expulsion from her home. Simultaneously, Aditya’s parents discover the truth and disown him. Isolated from their families, the couple begins a modest life in a small apartment, struggling with the realities of marriage, career pressures, and domestic responsibilities.<br /> <br /> Tensions escalate after Suhani accuses Aditya of [[infidelity]], resulting in a heated argument. Later that evening, Suhani is struck by a car while walking home, unbeknownst to Aditya. Believing she has left him in anger, he waits for her return.<br /> <br /> After realizing she is missing, Aditya begins a city-wide search. He eventually learns that Suhani has been admitted to a hospital under a different name and is in critical condition. The driver responsible for the accident, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer Yeshwant Rao, initially claims responsibility. However, his wife, Savitri, later reveals she was the actual driver, and Yeshwant had taken the blame to protect her.<br /> <br /> As Suhani regains consciousness, Aditya rushes to her side, confessing the anguish he endured during her absence. Suhani reciprocates, and the two reconcile, reaffirming their love for each other.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> {{Cast listing|<br /> *[[Rani Mukerji]] as Suhani Sharma<br /> *[[Vivek Oberoi]] as Aditya Sehgal<br /> *[[Shah Rukh Khan]] as Yeshwant Rao, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] (cameo appearance)<br /> *[[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] as Savritri Rao (cameo appearance)<br /> *[[Sandhya Mridul]] as Dina Sharma, Suhani's sister<br /> *[[Tanuja]] as Shobhna Sharma, Suhani's mother<br /> *[[Satish Shah]] as [[Barrister]] Om Seghal, Aditya's father<br /> *[[Swaroop Sampat]] as Shanti Seghal, Aditya's mother<br /> *[[Sharat Saxena]] as Chandraprakash Sharma, Suhani's father<br /> *[[Tinnu Anand]] as Daruwala<br /> *[[Virendra Saxena]] as Jeevan<br /> *[[Ujjwal Rana]] as Raghu<br /> *[[Anju Mahendru]] as Prema<br /> *Shehnaz Anand as Radha<br /> *Chandrashekhar Gautam as Zafar<br /> *Karl Katranga as Homi<br /> *Kumal Kumar as Bhaskar<br /> *Prerna Sharma as Prerna <br /> *Pubali Sanyal as Anju<br /> *Trishla Patel as Nancy<br /> *Aarya Mehta as Chhoti<br /> *[[Aditya Srivastava]] as [[Assistant commissioner of police|ACP]] Aditya Singh Rathore<br /> *[[Deepraj Rana]] as Police Inspector<br /> *[[Jaya Bhattacharya]] as Vidya<br /> *[[Karthik Kumar]] as Shyam<br /> *[[Manu Rishi]] as Doctor<br /> *Paritosh Sand as Ved<br /> *[[Sanjay Mishra]] as Brij<br /> *[[Vaishali Thakkar]] as Suhani's friend<br /> *[[Vinay Apte]] as Senior Police Inspector<br /> *[[Shamita Shetty]] as dancer in the song &quot;Chori Chori&quot; (special appearance)<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> <br /> === Development ===<br /> ''Saathiya'' marked the directorial debut of [[Shaad Ali]], a former assistant of [[Mani Ratnam]]. Ali collaborated with lyricist [[Gulzar]] to adapt the screenplay and dialogues for a Hindi-speaking audience.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Casting ===<br /> Shaad had initially intended for [[Abhishek Bachchan]] to play the lead role, however Bachchan declined the offer.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-12-20 |title=15 years of Saathiya: Abhishek Bachchan, not Vivek Oberoi was supposed to star opposite Rani Mukerji |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/15-years-of-saathiya-abhishek-bachchan-not-vivek-oberoi-was-supposed-to-star-opposite-rani-mukerji/story-FL0yv7HA5UiCcwatlvRtvL.html |access-date=2026-03-03 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The role was then given to [[Vivek Oberoi]], who had recently gained recognition for his debut in ''[[Company (2002 film)|Company]]'', which released the same year.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Selvaraj, Sreeram |date=17 December 2002 |title=''Saathiya'' is like an exam for me |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/dec/17shaad.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113160130/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/dec/17shaad.htm |archive-date=13 November 2012 |access-date=25 April 2013 |work=Rediff.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Rani Mukerji]] was cast as Suhani. Initially reluctant to take on the role due to her hesitation about remaking an acclaimed film, she eventually accepted after being persuaded by [[Aditya Chopra]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Jha, Subhash K |date=21 March 2003 |title=People are happy with me in Saathiya. So am I |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/rani/20030321.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527032428/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/rani/20030321.htm |archive-date=27 May 2021 |access-date=25 April 2020 |work=Rediff.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Filming ===<br /> The film was primarily shot in [[Mumbai]], with one song &quot;Mere Yaar Milade&quot; shot in [[Dhanushkodi]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. Several songs, including “Saathiya” and “Chalka Chalka Re,” were filmed across urban and suburban locations in Mumbai, with a focus on natural lighting and handheld camerawork to enhance realism.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Remembering Saathiya |website=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/remembering-saathiya-a-r-rahmans-melodic-hit/article66285874.ece}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Soundtrack==<br /> {{Infobox album<br /> | name = Saathiya<br /> | type = [[Soundtrack]]<br /> | artist = [[A. R. Rahman]]<br /> | cover = <br /> | alt = <br /> | released = 18 October 2002 (Digital Release)&lt;br /&gt;20 December 2002 (Film Release)<br /> | recorded = [[Panchathan Record Inn]]<br /> | venue = <br /> | studio = <br /> | genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature Film soundtrack]], [[ambient music|Ambient]]<br /> | length = 44:03<br /> | label = [[YRF Music]] (digital)&lt;br&gt;[[Saregama]] (physical)<br /> | producer = [[A. R. Rahman]]<br /> | prev_title = [[Kadhal Virus]]<br /> | prev_year = 2002<br /> | next_title = [[Parasuram (2003 film)|Parasuram]]<br /> | next_year = 2003<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The soundtrack of ''Saathiya'' was composed by [[A. R. Rahman]], with lyrics written by [[Gulzar]]. It features nine songs, most of which were adapted from Rahman’s original compositions for [[Mani Ratnam]]’s Tamil film ''[[Alai Payuthey]]'' (2000). Two tracks, “Mere Yaar Mila De” and “Naina Milaike,” were newly composed for the Hindi version, replacing “Evano Oruvan” and “Alaipayuthey,” respectively. Rahman experimented with a blend of [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] influences and contemporary arrangements, incorporating [[Classical music|classical]], [[Sufi music|Sufi]], and [[Electronic music|electronic]] elements.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title='Lyrics Today Aren't Poetry, Just Bad Prose' {{!}} Saibal Chatterjee {{!}} 26 June 2006 |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article/lyrics-today-arent-poetry-just-bad-prose/231659 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204084130/http://www.outlookindia.com/article/lyrics-today-arent-poetry-just-bad-prose/231659 |archive-date=4 February 2016 |access-date=31 October 2015 |website=www.outlookindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The title track “Saathiya,” sung by [[Sonu Nigam]], was particularly well-received and went on to win several awards.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=17 May 2003 |title=Devdas bags laurels at IIFA 2003 Awards |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-05-17/news-interviews/27272764_1_playback-singer-lifetime-achievement-award-director-award |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203044753/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-05-17/news-interviews/27272764_1_playback-singer-lifetime-achievement-award-director-award |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=24 May 2012 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to ''[[Box Office India]]'', the ''Saathiya'' soundtrack was the second highest-selling Bollywood album of 2002, with approximately two million units sold—just behind ''[[Humraaz]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Music Hits 2000–2009 (Figures in Units) |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=286&amp;catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080215081557/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=286&amp;catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5&amp;PHPSESSID=108b9056cd4ca14236f9c6119d34dcce |archive-date=15 February 2008 |website=[[Box Office India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Reception ===<br /> The music album was praised by music critics for its innovation and lyrical depth. [[Taran Adarsh]] of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' described the music as “melodious and easy on the ears,” naming the title track as the standout.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Saathiya Review – Bollywood Hungama |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/57072 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120903034326/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/57072 |archive-date=3 September 2012 |access-date=31 October 2015 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Cine Urban'' commended the digital sound mix and visual presentation of the songs in the film, while ''[[Mrbrown]]'' highlighted “Chhalka Chhalka Re,” “Chupke Se,” and “Aye Udi Udi Udi” as musical highlights.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Urban Cinefile SAATHIYA |url=http://www.urbancinefile.com.au/home/view.asp?a=7144&amp;s=Reviews |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304104840/http://www.urbancinefile.com.au/home/view.asp?a=7144&amp;s=Reviews |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=31 October 2015 |website=Urban Cine File}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Movie Report Archive: January 2003 |url=http://mrbrownmovies.com/movierpt03-01.html#saathiya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016210210/http://mrbrownmovies.com/movierpt03-01.html#saathiya |archive-date=16 October 2015 |access-date=31 October 2015 |website=mrbrownmovies.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Glamsham'' wrote that Rahman created “a different genre of music” with a unique, upbeat sound that stood out among his contemporaries.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Saathiya : music review@glamsham.com |url=http://www.glamsham.com/music/reviews/saathiya.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304114536/http://www.glamsham.com/music/reviews/saathiya.asp |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=31 October 2015 |website=glamsham.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> At the [[48th Filmfare Awards]], ''Saathiya'' won [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]] (A. R. Rahman) and [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]] (Sonu Nigam for “Saathiya”).{{track listing<br /> | headline = ''Saathiya''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/saathiya-original-motion-picture/673594500|title=Saathiya (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)|website=iTunes (India)|date=18 October 2002|access-date=31 October 2015|archive-date=6 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306090609/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/saathiya-original-motion-picture/id673594500|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | total_length = 44:03<br /> | title1 = Saathiya<br /> | extra1 = [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Clinton Cerejo]]<br /> | length1 = 05:57<br /> | title2 = Chhalka, Chhalka Re<br /> | extra2 = [[Mahalaxmi Iyer]], [[Vaishali Samant]], [[Richa Sharma (singer)|Richa Sharma]], Shoma<br /> | length2 = 05:45<br /> | title3 = Aye Udi Udi<br /> | extra3 = [[Adnan Sami]]<br /> | length3 = 04:36<br /> | title4 = Chupke Se<br /> | extra4 = [[Sadhana Sargam]], Murtuza Khan, Qadir Khan<br /> | length4 = 06:04<br /> | title5 = O Humdum Soniyo Re<br /> | extra5 = [[KK (singer)|K K]], [[Kunal Ganjawala]], [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]<br /> | length5 = 03:57<br /> | title6 = Mere Yaar Mila De<br /> | extra6 = [[A. R. Rahman]]<br /> | length6 = 05:43<br /> | title7 = Naina Milaike<br /> | extra7 = [[Sadhana Sargam]], [[Madhushree]]<br /> | length7 = 05:14<br /> | title8 = Maangalyam<br /> | extra8 = [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]], [[K. K.]], [[Kunal Ganjawala]], [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]<br /> | length8 = 01:43<br /> | title9 = Chori Pe Chori<br /> | extra9 = [[Asha Bhosle]], [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]<br /> | length9 = 05:01<br /> | note9 = Rap lyrics and vocals: [[Blaaze|Blaazé]]<br /> | all_writing = [[Gulzar]]<br /> | title10 = <br /> | length10 = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Reception==<br /> ===Box office===<br /> ''Saathiya'' emerged as a commercial success, earning approximately ₹291.5 million (US$3.4 million) worldwide. It ranked as the [[List of Hindi films of 2002|eighth highest-grossing Hindi film of the year]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Top Worldwide Grossers 2002 |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/worldwide-total-gross.php?year=2002 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322065513/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/worldwide-total-gross.php?year=2002 |archive-date=22 March 2021 |access-date=21 March 2021 |website=Box Office India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== India ====<br /> In India, the film collected a net revenue of ₹152.55 million and a gross revenue of ₹247.1 million. The film had a strong opening, with a first-day collection of ₹5.3 million and a first-week total of ₹37.8 million.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Saathiya - Movie - Box Office India |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=601 |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=www.boxofficeindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Overseas ====<br /> Internationally, ''Saathiya'' grossed approximately $925,000 (₹45.2 million). In the United States and Canada, the film earned $312,660.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Saathiya (2002) - Financial Information |url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Saathiya |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=The Numbers}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Critical reception===<br /> ''Saathiya'' received generally positive reviews from critics, with praise directed towards its performances, direction, music, and realistic portrayal of romantic relationships. Several reviewers, however, noted issues with pacing and narrative consistency.<br /> <br /> Writing for ''Nowrunning'', Subhash K. Jha described the film as &quot;a gentle study of love and marital blues in urban India&quot; and praised its realistic tone and spontaneity. He commended [[Rani Mukerji]] and [[Vivek Oberoi]] for their &quot;believable&quot; performances, and highlighted the film’s technical merits, particularly [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]’s editing and [[Anil Mehta]]’s cinematography, which he called &quot;wonderfully chiselled and lively.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2002-11-03 |title=Saathiya Review {{!}} Saathiya Hindi Movie Review by Subhash K. Jha |url=https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/170/bollywood.hindi/saathiya/65/review.htm |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=NOWRUNNING |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Sukanya Verma]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' noted that the film’s simple narrative structure was effectively executed, avoiding unnecessary subplots. She appreciated director [[Shaad Ali]]’s focused storytelling and observed that the lead pair’s chemistry added emotional depth to the film.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=rediff.com: Movies: The Rediff Review: Saathiya |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2002/dec/20saath.htm |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=m.rediff.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Manish Gajjar of the ''[[BBC]]'' described the film as &quot;a touching love story with a difference&quot; and praised the lead performances, noting that &quot;Oberoi shows great promise&quot; and that Mukerji &quot;plays the character with great conviction.&quot; He also lauded [[A. R. Rahman]]’s soundtrack as &quot;melodious&quot; and highlighted the film’s direction and emotional tone.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Gajjar |first=Manish |title=Saathyia |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/films/2003/01/saathyia.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111022433/http://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/films/2003/01/saathyia.shtml |archive-date=11 November 2012 |access-date=8 January 2012 |publisher=BBC}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In a review for ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'', David Rooney called the film &quot;a slick, emotionally satisfying romantic drama.&quot; He praised the musical score by [[A. R. Rahman]] and described Mukerji’s performance as &quot;expressive,&quot; effectively capturing the transition from youthful romance to mature resilience. Rooney also cited the production values and cinematography as contributing to the film's overall appeal.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Elley |first=Derek |date=2002-12-31 |title=Saathiya |url=https://variety.com/2002/film/reviews/saathiya-1200544229/ |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Udita Jhunjhunwala of ''[[Mid-Day]]'' commended Mukerji for her &quot;understated&quot; portrayal of Suhani, stating the role &quot;fits her like a glove.&quot; She criticized the first half for &quot;choppy editing and rushed pacing,&quot; and felt that the climax was &quot;overly commercial,&quot; but acknowledged the film’s emotional sincerity.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=Jhunjhunwala, Udita |date=21 December 2002 |title=Saathiya |url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/hindimoviesreview/2002/december/39633.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030202113210/http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/hindimoviesreview/2002/december/39633.htm |archive-date=2 February 2003 |access-date=26 October 2011 |work=[[Mid-Day]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Taran Adarsh]] of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' was more critical, rating the film 1.5 out of 5. He praised the soundtrack and cinematography but criticized the screenplay, stating that the second half &quot;falls flat&quot; and that the film &quot;relies too heavily on its music to sustain interest.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2002-12-20 |title=Saathiya Review 1.5/5 {{!}} Saathiya Movie Review {{!}} Saathiya 2002 Public Review {{!}} Film Review |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/saathiya/critic-review/saathiya-movie-review/ |access-date=2025-05-14 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Accolades==<br /> {{Main|List of accolades received by Saathiya (film)}}<br /> <br /> The film received several accolades, including six [[Filmfare Awards]], three [[IIFA Awards]], three [[Screen Awards]] and four [[Zee Cine Awards]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Dhirad |first=Sandeep |date=2006 |title=Filmfare Nominees and Winners |url=https://sites.google.com/site/deep750/FilmfareAwards.pdf?attredirects=0 |url-status=live |pages=116–119 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019034032/https://sites.google.com/site/deep750/FilmfareAwards.pdf?attredirects=0 |archive-date=19 October 2015 |access-date=26 August 2021 |work=[[Filmfare]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Legacy ==<br /> ''Saathiya'' is regarded as one of the more influential romantic dramas in Hindi cinema from the early 2000s. The film was noted for its realistic portrayal of post-marital conflict and for subverting conventional Bollywood tropes by not adhering to a traditional &quot;happily ever after&quot; narrative structure.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Why Rani Mukerji and Vivek Oberoi's Saathiya is one of the most liked contemporary love stories |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/throwback-thursday-why-rani-and-vivek-s-saathiya-is-one-of-the-most-liked-contemporary-love-stories-1631700-2019-12-26 |access-date=26 February 2021 |website=India Today|date=26 December 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The film marked a significant milestone in [[Vivek Oberoi]]’s early career, becoming his third box-office success in his debut year following ''[[Company (2002 film)|Company]]'' and ''[[Road (2002 film)|Road]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=20 years of Saathiya: The moment Vivek Oberoi realised he became a star, film's shoot had to be cancelled due to crowd |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/20-years-of-saathiya-moment-vivek-oberoi-realised-he-became-a-star-8334914/lite/ |access-date=22 December 2022 |website=Indian Express|date=20 December 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt; It also played a pivotal role in establishing [[Rani Mukerji]] as a leading actress in Hindi cinema. Although she had experienced only moderate success prior to ''Saathiya'', her performance in the film was widely praised and is often cited as one of the most defining roles of her career.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=21 March 2020 |title=Rani Mukerji movies that etched her name in the portals of Hindi cinema |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/rani-mukerji-movies-that-etched-her-name-in-the-portals-of-hindi-cinema-47190.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324064409/https://www.filmfare.com/features/rani-mukerji-movies-that-etched-her-name-in-the-portals-of-hindi-cinema-47190.html |archive-date=24 March 2021 |access-date=26 March 2020 |work=Filmfare}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 August 2014 |title=Rani Mukerji's Top 10 Performances |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-rani-mukerjis-top-10-performances/20140819.htm#4 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425121309/https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-rani-mukerjis-top-10-performances/20140819.htm#4 |archive-date=25 April 2021 |access-date=6 February 2021 |website=Rediff.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The song “Chalka Chalka Re,” adapted from the original Tamil track “Yaaro Yaarodi” from ''[[Alai Payuthey]]'' (2000), gained renewed visibility when the original version was featured in the 2008 English-language romantic comedy ''[[The Accidental Husband]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=15 years of Saathiya: Here are some unknown facts of the Rani Mukerji and Vivek Oberoi starrer |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/15-years-of-saathiya-abhishek-bachchan-not-vivek-oberoi-was-supposed-to-star-opposite-rani-mukerji/story-FL0yv7HA5UiCcwatlvRtvL_amp.html |access-date=24 November 2020 |website=Hindustan Times|date=20 December 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}&lt;!--added above External links/Sources by script-assisted edit--&gt;<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{IMDb title|id=0330843|title=Saathiya}}<br /> <br /> {{Shaad Ali}}<br /> {{Madras Talkies}}<br /> <br /> {{Mani Ratnam}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2002 films]]<br /> [[Category:2002 Hindi-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian romantic musical films]]<br /> [[Category:Hindi remakes of Tamil films]]<br /> [[Category:Yash Raj Films films]]<br /> [[Category:Films about marriage]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by A. R. Rahman]]<br /> [[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]<br /> [[Category:2002 directorial debut films]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Shaad Ali]]<br /> [[Category:2002 romantic drama films]]<br /> [[Category:2000s romantic musical films]]<br /> [[Category:Films produced by Mani Ratnam]]<br /> [[Category:2002 musical films]]<br /> [[Category:Madras Talkies films]]</div>

MyronMccreary8 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Right_Here,_Right_Now_(film)&diff=472924 2026-03-03T11:48:35Z

<p>MyronMccreary8: adjust structure further and cleaned formatting</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Right Here Right Now<br /> | image =<br /> | runtime = 29 minutes<br /> | producer = [[ReCyclewala Productions]]<br /> | director = [[Anand Gandhi]]<br /> | music = [[Sachin Sanghvi]]<br /> | country = [[India]]<br /> | language = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<br /> | released = {{Film date|2003|06}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Right Here Right Now''''' is a [[short film]] written and directed by [[Anand Gandhi]]. It earned critical acclaim and wide audience appreciation in the following years at the Indo-British Film and Video Festival. It has achieved a near-cult status in the Indian parallel cinema.<br /> <br /> ==Synopsis==<br /> {{More plot|date=August 2024}}<br /> * How a one act of bad experience generates the chain of bad experiences.<br /> * How a one act of good experience generates the chain of good experiences.<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> <br /> * Anuradha Chandan as Mother<br /> * [[Rupesh Tillu]] as Rickshawwala<br /> * Tushar Joshi as Uncle<br /> * Trishla Patel as the Girl in love<br /> * Parul Bheda as Maidservant<br /> * [[Induben Mehta]] as the Granny<br /> <br /> ==Awards and festivals==<br /> * Winner, Best Film (International Short), Syracuse International Film Festival, NY<br /> * Winner, Best Film (Audience Choice Award), [[shnit shortfilmfestival]], Switzerland<br /> * Winner, Best Film of the Year award at the Mocha Film Club, Mumbai<br /> * Official Selection, Tribeca International Film Festival, NY<br /> * Official Selection, Rome International Film Festival<br /> * Official Selection, Indo-British Digital Short Film Festival, India<br /> <br /> == Music trivia ==<br /> * All the soundtracks are original scores composed for the film by [[Sachin Sanghvi]].<br /> * The voices in the songs &quot;Jheeni&quot; &amp; &quot;Red Blossom Cherry&quot; are [[Sachin Sanghvi]], [[Naresh Iyer]] and [[Amit Trivedi]].<br /> * &quot;Jheeni&quot; is a modified lyric from the 15th Century mystic poet [[Kabir]]'s song &quot;Jheeni re chadariya&quot;.<br /> * The song &quot;Red Blossom Cherry&quot; is inspired from a Zen Story. In the story, a man is being chased by a vicious snake until he reaches the edge of a cliff. He jumps from the fear of the snake, and clings to a tree. There's a landing ground below, but before he can land, he hears a lion's roar from below. The branch he's clinging to starts dangling. In the midst of all this, he spots a Cherry. He plucks it and eats it. The snake of the past, the lion of the future and the cherry of now!<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title|0410521|Right Here Right Now}}<br /> * [http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k4/may/may59.htm] &quot;Indian Short Film Wins International Award&quot;<br /> * [http://www.anandgandhi.com] [[Anand Gandhi]]'s official homepage.<br /> * [http://www.thestatesman.net/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=337980&amp;catid=47] &quot;Of our time - The Statesman&quot;<br /> * {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110724091337/http://www.talent-film.net/filmaholix/?FILMID=5445]}} &quot;About the film on filmaholiX&quot;<br /> <br /> [[Category:2003 films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian short films]]<br /> [[Category:2003 Hindi-language films]]<br /> {{2000s-Hindi-film-stub}}<br /> {{short-film-stub}}</div>

MyronMccreary8 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sattam_Sirikkiradhu&diff=472588 2026-03-03T05:18:05Z

<p>MyronMccreary8: added details per standard format and added references</p> <hr /> <div>{{Multiple issues|<br /> {{No plot|date=October 2023}}<br /> {{More citations needed|date=October 2023}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Sattam Sirikkiradhu<br /> | director = [[T. R. Ramanna]]<br /> | starring = [[Vijayakanth]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Jyothi (actress)|Jyothi]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Prathap K. Pothan]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Mucherla Aruna]]<br /> | music = [[T. Rajendar]]<br /> | studio = EVR Films<br /> | editing =Kiruba Shankar<br /> | producer =Indrarajan<br /> |cinematography =K. S. Rao<br /> | released = {{Film date|1982|7|2|df=y}}<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Tamil<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Sattam Sirikkiradhu''''' ({{translation|The law is laughing}})&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Naig |first1=Udhav |date=28 December 2023 |title=Vijayakanth death: A look at the film journey of Vijayakanth |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vijayakant-the-angry-young-man-of-kollywood-who-turned-into-a-mass-hero/article67682386.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228050728/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vijayakant-the-angry-young-man-of-kollywood-who-turned-into-a-mass-hero/article67682386.ece |archive-date=28 December 2023 |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; is a 1982 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film, directed by [[T. R. Ramanna]]. The film stars [[Vijayakanth]], [[Jyothi (actress, born 1963)|Jyothi]], [[Pratap Pothen]] and [[Mucherla Aruna]]. It was released on 2 July 1982.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=1 December 2002 |title=நட்சத்திர படப் பட்டியல் |url=https://ibb.co/cTSgjhM |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202064212/https://ibb.co/cTSgjhM |archive-date=2 February 2024 |access-date=2 February 2024 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |pages=41-43 |language=Ta}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> *[[Vijayakanth]] as Subash<br /> *[[Jyothi (actress, born 1963)|Jyothi]]<br /> *[[Pratap Pothen]] as Raj<br /> *[[Mucherla Aruna]]<br /> *[[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]]<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> Soundtrack was composed by [[T. Rajendar]], who also wrote the lyrics.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sattam Sirikkirathu Tamil FIlm EP VInyl Record by T Rajender |url=https://macsendisk.com/product/sattam-sirikkirathu-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-t-rajender/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023095703/https://macsendisk.com/product/sattam-sirikkirathu-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-t-rajender/ |archive-date=23 October 2023 |access-date=23 October 2023 |website=Macsendisk}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Track listing<br /> | headline = Track listing<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | title1 = Kanakambaram Poo Vangu<br /> | extra1 = T. S. Kalyanam<br /> | title2 = Malare Malare Unakindru<br /> | extra2 = P. Susheela<br /> | title3 = Kangal Kallanadu<br /> | extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki<br /> | title4 = Malai Mugapinil<br /> | extra4 = Kalyanam, S. Janaki<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> *{{IMDb title}}<br /> {{T. R. Ramanna}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1982 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:1982 Tamil-language films]]<br /> [[Category:1982 films]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by T. R. Ramanna]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by T. Rajendar]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{1980s-Tamil-film-stub}}</div>

MyronMccreary8 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_China&diff=467651 2026-02-28T19:07:35Z

<p>MyronMccreary8: enhance section as per guidelines and cleaned formatting</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|none}}<br /> {{About|Sikhism in mainland China|Hong Kong|Sikhism in Hong Kong|Sikhism as a religion|Sikhism}}<br /> {{Infobox religious group<br /> | group = Sikhism in China&lt;br&gt;{{small|锡克教在中国}}<br /> | pop =Unknown<br /> | langs = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]{{·}}[[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]]{{·}}[[Cantonese]]{{·}}[[Lhasa Tibetan|Tibetan]]{{•}}[[Hindi]]{{•}}[[Urdu]]<br /> |image=03-Men of the Loodiaah (Ludhiana) Sikh Regiment in China, Circa 1860..jpg||flag=Khanda (Sikh Symbol).svg|regions=[[Shanghai]]{{·}}[[Hong Kong]]{{·}}[[Yiwu]]{{·}}[[Keqiao, Shaoxing|Keqiao]]{{·}}[[Tibet]]|religions=[[Sikhism]]|image_caption=Men of the Loodiaah (Ludhiana) Sikh Regiment in China, ca.1860|flag_size=50px}}<br /> {{Sikhism sidebar}}'''Sikhism in China''' is a minority religion in the [[People's Republic of China]] ({{Langx|cmn|锡克教在中国|lit=Sikhism in China|translit=Xí kè jiào zài zhōngguó}}). [[Sikhism]] originated from the [[Punjab]] region of the northern [[Indian subcontinent]].<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> <br /> === Sikh gurus ===<br /> <br /> ==== Guru Nanak ====<br /> [[File:Depiction of Baba Foosa, from an embroidered silk panel depicting Guru Nanak from China (cropped).jpg|thumb|An embroidered silk panel depicting Guru Nanak from China]]<br /> [[Guru Nanak]] is traditionally locally referred to as ''Baba Foosa'' in [[China proper]] and as ''Nanak Lama'' in [[Tibet]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Baker |first=Janet |date=2019-10-02 |title=Guru Nanak: 550th birth anniversary of Sikhism's founder: Phoenix Art Museum, The Khanuja Family Sikh Art Gallery, 17 August 2019–29 March 2020 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17448727.2019.1685641 |journal=Sikh Formations |language=en |volume=15 |issue=3–4 |pages=499 |doi=10.1080/17448727.2019.1685641 |s2cid=210494526 |issn=1744-8727|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=Booklet on Guru Nanak Dev's teachings released |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/ludhiana/booklet-on-guru-nanak-dev%E2%80%99s-teachings-released-859755 |access-date=2023-02-19 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en |quote=Rare is a saint who has travelled and preached as widely as Guru Nanak Dev. He was known as Nanakachraya in Sri Lanka, Nanak Lama in Tibet, Guru Rimpochea in Sikkim, Nanak Rishi in Nepal, Nanak Peer in Baghdad, Wali Hind in Mecca, Nanak Vali in Misar, Nanak Kadamdar in Russia, Baba Nanak in Iraq, Peer Balagdaan in Mazahar Sharif and Baba Foosa in China, said Dr S S Sibia, director of Sibia Medical Centre.}}&lt;/ref&gt; In [[Janamsakhis|popular Sikh tradition]], particularly the ''Puratan Janamsakhi'',&lt;ref&gt;Cheuk, Ka-Kin. 2017. “China, including Hong Kong.” In Knut A. Jacobsen, Gurinder S. Mann, Eleanor Nesbitt, and Kristina Myrvold, eds, Brill’s Encyclopedia of Sikhism, 473–479. Leiden: Brill. https://www.academia.edu/37142074/Sikhs_in_China_including_Hong_Kong_2017_&lt;/ref&gt; Guru Nanak is believed to have visited Tibet during his distant travels.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Trilochan |title=Guru Nanak: Founder of Sikhism: A Biography |publisher=Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee |year=1969}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Rp|pages=345–369}} Nanak's travel itinerary through Tibet would have started by departing from [[Manikaran]], onward to the [[Tibetan Plateau|Tibetan plateau]], reaching [[Lahaul and Spiti district|Lahaul and Spiti]] (northeast of [[Kullu district|Kulu]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Gill |first1=Savinder Kaur |title=Two Gurus One Message: The Buddha and Guru Nanak: Legacy of Liberation, Egalitarianism and Social Justice |last2=Wangmo |first2=Sonam |publisher=Library of Tibetan Works and Archives |year=2019 |pages=302–304}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nanak would have travelled through both the [[Rohtang Pass]] and Chandan Kala Pass to reach [[Spiti]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; From there, Nanak went through the Sprang (Prang) Pass to reach Tibet through an old trade route between India and Tibet.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Nanak would have then passed through both Chomurti and Boling to reach the sacred lake of [[Lake Manasarovar|Mansarovar]], and finally [[Mount Kailash]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Nanak would have encountered many members of the ''[[Siddha]]'' tradition on this route through Tibet.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; According to Sikh lore, in the area of lake Mansarovar and Mount Kailash, a dialogue is said to have taken place between Siddhas residing at the location and Nanak's retinue.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Chauhan |first1=G. S. |title=Shri Guru Nanak Dev: Life, Travels and Teachings |last2=Rajan |first2=Meenakshi |date=January 2019 |publisher=All India Pingalwara Charitable Society Amritsar |edition=2nd |pages=176–178}}&lt;/ref&gt; They wanted to know how Nanak had successfully traversed the mountainous landscape and terrain to reach the sacred area, with Nanak replying that it was through faith in the divine.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; The Siddhas are then said to have posed questions to the guru about the state of affairs in the [[Indian subcontinent]] and the status of the commonfolk, to which Guru Nanak responded that India was in turmoil and suffering due to oppressive rulers.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Guru Nanak then stated that true spirituality and religion was in decline in India due to hypocrisy, prudishness, bribe-taking, and evil.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; In response to one of the questions posed by the Siddhas, Guru Nanak is said to have reprimanded them for escaping to this distant site away from the happenings of the subcontinent, leaving the masses behind without a spiritual guide.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Guru Gobind Singh ====<br /> [[Guru Gobind Singh]] makes mention of [[China proper|China]], Tibet, and [[Manchuria]] in the Akal Ustat section of the ''[[Dasam Granth]]'', stating:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=I. J. |date=8 February 2012 |title=Sikhi: The Global Vision That Was |url=https://www.sikhnet.com/news/sikhi-global-vision-was |website=SikhNet}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Kharag |first=Ranjit Singh |title=Golden Crystals: Essays on Sikh History |publisher=Unistar |year=2013 |isbn=9789351130482 |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Karamjit |pages=124}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{Blockquote|text=&quot;[[Gurkha|Gorkhas]] sing thy praises, the residents of China and Manchuria bow their heads before thee and the Tibetans destroy their own sufferings by remembering thee. Those who meditate on thee obtain perfect glory, and prosper greatly. One cannot know thy limit, O Infinitely Glorious Lord! Thou art the Giver of all, therefore thou are Boundless.&quot;|author=Guru Gobind Singh|title=''Dasam Granth''|source=[[Akal Ustat|Akāl Ustat]] composition}}<br /> <br /> === Sikh Confederacy ===<br /> [[File:Yarkandi traders from Xinjiang, China in Amritsar, ca.1903.png|thumb|Yarkandi traders from Xinjiang, China in Amritsar, c. 1903]]<br /> In the 18th century during the reign of the [[Sikh Confederacy|Sikh Misls]] in [[Amritsar]], increased stability led to the development of an import and export-based economy.&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Patwant |title=The Sikhs |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf – Random House Publishing Group |year=1999 |isbn=9780307429339 |page=88 |quote=Amritsar, already a thriving city, received a further boost after the consolidation of Sikh power. It exported goods to Yarkand, Turfan, Chinese Turkestan, Afghanistan, Bokhara, Persia, Arabia and places further afield. Kafilas (caravans) carried merchandise over regular routes, one such being from Amritsar to Bokhara via Kabul. Articles from Amritsar were first carried to Kabul where traders from Bokhara took delivery and sold them in Central Asia and Russia. Exports out of Amritsar included shawls, silks and woollen cloth, metalware and agricultural products, while imports included gold, raw silk, horses and arms. The trading communities of the city, each specializing in something different, imported a wide range of goods for distribution in Kashmir, Ladakh and other remote areas of the country.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Many goods were exported to [[Yarkant County|Yarkand]], [[Turpan|Turfan]], and [[Chinese Turkestan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot; /&gt; The goods exported from Amritsar consisted of shawls, silks and woolen cloth, metalware, and agricultural products.&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot; /&gt; The imported goods were gold, raw silk, horses, and weapons.&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot; /&gt; Caravans took the goods back and forth along the Sikh Road, from Amritsar to [[Kabul]], and then to [[Bukhara]], where they were further distributed.&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Sikh Empire ===<br /> [[File:Hand-coloured engraving of a Sikh and Mandarin, published in 'The Modern Voyager and Traveller' (London, 1828).jpg|thumb|Hand-coloured engraving of a Sikh and Mandarin, published in 'The Modern Voyager and Traveller' (London, 1828)]]<br /> In March 1831, [[Victor Jacquemont|Victor Jacquemon]], a French botanist and geologist, paid a visit to [[Lahore]] during the reign of [[Ranjit Singh]] and met with the ruler.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt; During a discussion between the Frenchman and the Sikh ruler, the latter inquired about Tibet and wanted to know details about the region.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt; Jacquemon responded that Tibet was a land of &quot;high altitude, cold weather, barren land&quot; and was a &quot;poor country&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt; After hearing this description, Ranjit Singh is said to have replied that &quot;he will not bother to conquer a poor country.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1834, after Zorawar Singh's success against Ladakh, Ranjit Singh forbade him from taking further action to avoid any conflicts with the Chinese.&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Duggal |first=Kartar Singh |title=Maharaja Ranjit Singh: the Last to Lay Arms |publisher=Abhinav Publications |year=2001 |isbn=9788170174103 |page=133}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> According to [[Sohan Lal Suri|Sohan Lal Suri's]] ''Umdat-ut-Tawarikh'', [[Zorawar Singh (Dogra general)|Zorawar Singh]], a [[Dogra dynasty|Dogra general]] of the [[Sikh Empire]], expressed interest in expanding into western Tibet for territorial gains during a meeting with Maharaja Ranjit Singh in the village of [[Jandiala Sher Khan]] in March 1836.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;Singh, Inderjeet. &quot;Revisiting Zorawar Singh Campaign in Tibet During 1841.&quot; ''The Tibet Journal'', vol. 43, no. 1, 2018, pp. 17–33, {{jstor|26634903}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, Ranjit Singh did not grant permission for the proposed Tibetan military expedition.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt; Ranjit Singh remarked that the [[Daoguang Emperor|Chinese emperor]] possesses an army consisting of 1.2 million soldiers so a war against them would not favour him.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Kumar |first=Amit |title=Precious Threads and Precarious Lives: Histories of Shawl and Silk Industries of Kashmir, 1846–1950 |publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis |year=2022 |isbn=9781000594553 |quote=Moreover, when the General [Zorawar Singh] visited Ranjit Singh to pay his tributes, he proposed to the Maharaja that the Sikh army should now march over to western Tibet also. Understanding well the repercussions of stretching his empire close to the Chinese territory, Ranjit Singh is said to have told the general that the &quot;King of China had 12 Lakhs [1.2 million] of soldiers. How could possession of that country be established?&quot; The exultant general, writes the chronicler, replied, &quot;By the grace of ever triumphant glory of the Maharaja he would take possession of it.&quot; However, Ranjit Singh very well knew that bringing his territory close to the Chinese (given the size and strength of the Chinese army) would not be a wise decision, and thus, the then-feudatory Dogras desisted from invading Tibet in 1836–1837. Eventually, the death of Ranjit Singh and the declining amount of wool that was coming into Kashmir made the Dogra army rethink attacking western Tibet and motivated them to finish what they had started in 1834.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> According to [[Giani Gian Singh|Giani Gian Singh's]] ''Raj Khalsa'', after the triumph of Zorawar Singh over the [[Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh]], Zorawar Singh was rewarded with a ''siropa'' (robe of honour) and other gifts.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt; Zorawar Singh then petitioned Ranjit Singh again for a campaign against the Tibetans for the purpose of annexing it into the Sikh Empire but the idea was again turned down as the time was not &quot;opportune&quot; as per Ranjit Singh.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt; According to Inderjeet Singh, the Sikh monarch may have declined the proposition to invade Tibet because the terrain was difficult and the region was poor in natural resources.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> After the Chinese did not respond to the Sikh hostilities against Ladakh, [[Nau Nihal Singh]] permitted Zorawar Singh to capture [[Skardu|Iskardu]] of the [[Maqpon dynasty]] of [[Baltistan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot; /&gt; Eventually, a later Sikh ruler, [[Sher Singh]], agreed to Zorawar Singh's proposed campaign against Tibet.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt;[[File:Letter of exchange from the 1842 Treaty of Chushul between the Tibetans of the Qing Dynasty and Dogras of the Sikh Empire.jpg|thumb|Letter of exchange from the 1842 Treaty of Chushul between the [[Tibet under Qing rule|Tibetans]] (protectorate of the Qing Dynasty) and [[Dogra dynasty|Dogras]] (vassals of the Sikh Empire)]]<br /> Zorawar Singh led an [[Dogra–Tibetan war|invasion force into Tibet]] in May 1841.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Powers |first1=John |title=Historical Dictionary of Tibet |last2=Templeman |first2=David |date=2012 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |page=390}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Guo&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Guo |first=Rongxing |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pZvDCgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA5 |title=China's Regional Development and Tibet |publisher=Springer |year=2015 |isbn=978-981-287-958-5 |page=5}}&lt;/ref&gt; The invasion force consisted of three divisions and reached lake Mansarovar in September of the same year, where an encampment was established.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Whilst initially successful against the local Tibetan forces, the Tibetan winter set-in and the invading forces were defeated and routed on 12 December 1841 by the Qing-Tibetan forces, with Zorawar Singh being beheaded.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Guo&quot; /&gt; The Qing-Tibetan forces then attempted to invade Ladakh but were repelled.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guo&quot; /&gt; The war ended with the Treaty of Chushul between the Sikh Empire and [[Qing dynasty|Qing Dynasty]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Guo&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The Tibetan word for a [[Punjabi Sikhs|Punjabi Sikh]] is ''Singpa''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Das |first=Sarat Chandra |title=A Tibetan-English Dictionary, with Sanskrit Synonyms |publisher=Asian Educational Services |year=1989 |isbn=9788120604551 |edition=reprint, revised |pages=1202}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Alomes |first=Anna |title=The Tibetan Journey to Democracy |publisher=Library of Tibetan Works and Archives |year=2022 |isbn=9789390752904 |series=Tibetan Political History Studies |page=144}}&lt;/ref&gt; When the Tibetans captured prisoners-of-war during the Dogra-Sikh invasion, the POWs were initially taken to central Tibet.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Shakabpa |first=Tsepon Wangchuk Deden |title=One Hundred Thousand Moons: An Advanced Political History of Tibet |publisher=Brill |year=2010 |isbn=9789004177321 |edition=Illustrated |series=Volume 23 of Brill's Tibetan Studies Library |pages=577 |translator-last=Maher |translator-first=Derek F. |chapter=Eleventh and Twelfth Dalai Lamas}}&lt;/ref&gt; Instead of executing the POWs, the Tibetans decided to show mercy and disperse them to localities across Tibet.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Atwill |first=David G. |title=Islamic Shangri-La: Inter-Asian Relations and Lhasa's Muslim Communities, 1600 to 1960 |publisher=University of California Press |year=2018 |isbn=9780520299733 |pages=26–27, 176 |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In March 1856, a treaty between Tibet and the [[Kingdom of Nepal]], known as the [[Treaty of Thapathali]], was signed. Clause 4 of the treaty freed the remaining Sikh/Dogra prisoners-of-war still held in Tibetan captivity whom were captured in 1841.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://tibet.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/political-treaties-of-tibet...pdf |title=Political Treaties of Tibet (821 to 1951) |publisher=Department of Information &amp; International Relations (DIIR) – Central Tibetan Administration |year=1990 |chapter=Treaty Between Nepal and Tibet, March 1856 |quote=4. Chouthon Kura (Article Four): The Government of Gorkha is to withdraw its troops from the occupied territories of Kuti and Kerong and Jhung and return to the Tibetans the sepoys, sheep, and yaks captured during the war, when the conditions of the treaty were fulfilled. The Tibetans, in return, are also to give back to the Gorkhali cannons and also the Sikh prisoners-of war who had been captured in 1841 in the war between Bhot and the Dogra ruler.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Atwill |first=David G. |title=Islamic Shangri-La: Inter-Asian Relations and Lhasa's Muslim Communities, 1600 to 1960 |publisher=University of California Press |year=2018 |isbn=9780520299733 |pages=26–27, 176 }}&lt;/ref&gt; This clause was included in the treaty at the behest of [[Gulab Singh]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Kashmir]] to free the remaining prisoners, possibly for [[political capital]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=McKay |first=Alex |title=Tibet and Her Neighbours: A History |publisher=Edition Hansjörg Mayer |year=2003 |isbn=9783883757186 |page=139}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=56 Prisoners Released From Tibet |url=https://www.spink.com/media/view?id=232 |access-date=8 June 2024 |website=Spink}}&lt;/ref&gt; Of the original soldiers whom were taken as prisoners by the Tibetans, 34 could not be located but 106 were successfully assembled in [[Kathmandu]] at the British residence.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt; However, only 56 of these mustered 106 original soldiers wished to return to India and the rest opted to remain in Tibet, as many had since settled in southern Tibet since the war, had married local women and thus now had a family, and were running businesses.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt; The 56 former POWs who opted to return were each awarded with silver medals bearing a bust of [[Surendra Bikram Shah|Maharaja Surendra Bikram Shah]] of Nepal and a robe of honour.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> According to [[Tsepon W. D. Shakabpa]], more than 200 of these POWs preferred to remain in Tibet rather than be repatriated back to their homeland.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot; /&gt; These Dogra-Sikh POWs settled in [[Lhasa]], [[Yarlung Valley|Yarlung]], [[Qonggyai County|Chongye]], and other parts of southern Tibet.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot; /&gt; Eventually, the former POWs married local Tibetan women, adopted Tibetan customs, and took up professions as butchers, fruit-tree cultivators, amid other jobs.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot; /&gt; The former POWs introduced the cultivation of apricots, apples, grapes, and peaches to Tibet.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt; Since they were outsiders, they were stigmatized by the local Tibetans and thus formed relations with other marginalized groups within Tibetan society, such as Muslims, which led to former POWs slowly adopting Islam themselves.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot; /&gt; The former POWs came to be known as ''Singpa Khache'' by the local Tibetans, which blends the Tibetan word for a Sikh and Muslim together.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot; /&gt; The Singpa Khache came to become an important group within Lhasa's Muslim community and they had the honour of serving meat dishes to the [[Dalai Lama]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot; /&gt; However, David G. Atwill argues that the Singpa Khache descend instead from Muslim soldiers that were in Zorawar Singh's invading army.&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot; /&gt; Of the nearly 200 [[Tibetan Muslims|Barkor Khache]] families that resided in Lhasa in the early 1950s, approximately 20% were of Singpa Khache background.&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot; /&gt; Many descendants reside in the [[Shannan, Tibet|Lhokha region]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Colonial period ===<br /> In the colonial-era, Sikhs in China were most prominent in Hong Kong, with Shanghai following next.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Kahlon |first=Swarn Singh |title=Sikhs in Asia Pacific: Travels Among the Sikh Diaspora from Yangon to Kobe |publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis |year=2016 |isbn=9781351987417 |chapter=9. Sikhs in China: Sikh Migration of Great Historical Interest}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Rp|page=212}}[[File:'North China Herald' newspaper snippet about the opening ceremony of Gurdwara Shanghai on Tung Pao-hsing Road in Shanghai, China, 1908.png|thumb|'North China Herald' newspaper snippet about the opening ceremony of Gurdwara Shanghai on Tung Pao-hsing Road in Shanghai, China, 1908]]<br /> [[Jagatjit Singh|Maharaja Jagatjit Singh]] of [[Kapurthala State]] visited China, [[Japan]] and [[Java]] ([[Indonesia]]) between 18 October 1903 to 1 February 1904, afterwards publishing a memoir recounting his journey through these lands.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;/&gt;{{Rp|pages=213–214}} In his memoir, he recounts about his experience in Shanghai and surrounding parts of China, including him making a donation to the local Sikh cause for constructing a Sikh temple in [[Tianjin|Tientsin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;/&gt;{{Rp|pages=213–214}}&lt;ref name=&quot;:29&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Jagat-Jit |title=My Travels in China, Japan and Java, 1903 |publisher=Hutchinson |year=1905 |page=43 |chapter=My Travels in the Far East – Tien-Tsin}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jagajit Singh would return to Shanghai many times over the years, with local Sikhs hosting him for dinner at a local hotel.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sikhs, including the Maharaja Jagatjit Singh of Kapurthala, 218 Chusan Road (Zhoushan Lu), Shanghai |url=https://hpcbristol.net/visual/Jn-s30 |access-date=8 June 2024 |website=Historical Photographs of China – University of Bristol}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Sikhs in China had been observing the Chinese migrating to Canada, seeing as it was an attractive destination for settlement, and emulated the Chinese by attempting to migrate to Canada themselves whilst alerting their friends and family back home in India on the prospect.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;/&gt;{{Rp|page=212}} Many Sikhs who were aboard the ill-fated ''[[Komagata Maru incident|Komagata Maru]]'' en route to Canada hailed from Shanghai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;/&gt;{{Rp|page=212}}&lt;ref name=&quot;:022&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=McLeod |first1=W. H. |title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism |last2=Fenech |first2=Louis E. |publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield |year=2014 |isbn=9781442236011 |edition=3rd |series=Historical Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, and Movements Series}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Rp|page=132}}<br /> <br /> According to Cao Yin, Shanghai played a pivotal role in the establishment of a [[Sikh diaspora]] throughout the world as Shanghai was often the first-stop in the global migration of Sikhs throughout the globe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Accounts of the Sikh population in Shanghai at various times are spurious and contradicting. One source claims a population of &quot;a few thousand&quot; Sikhs in Shanghai by 1890.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot; /&gt;{{Rp|page=220}} According to another source, by 1907, there were 850 Sikhs in Shanghai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Prior to 1908, the gurdwara located on Boone Road (now Tonggu Road) in Shanghai served the needs of the Sikh community.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02442&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Vathyam |first=Meena |url=https://www.academia.edu/37962437 |title=Tears and Toil: The History of Shanghai Sikh Gurdwaras |work=The Shanghai Sikh Gurdwara |publisher=Academia.edu |year=2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, during a ''[[Guru Nanak Gurpurab]]'' celebration in 1907, the local Sikhs decided to become affiliated with the [[Chief Khalsa Diwan]] based in Amritsar but the Boone Road gurdwara was too small to suit their needs and the growing Sikh population.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02442&quot;/&gt; Thus, it was decided that a new temple premises needed to be constructed.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02442&quot;/&gt; A committee, led by Jalmeja Singh, and Gurdwara Building Fund was established for the effort of constructing a new, larger Sikh temple funded by donations from local Sikhs.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02442&quot;/&gt; The local Shanghai Sikhs had been desiring a larger gurdwara for several years and had been making requests to the community for donations and the Shanghai Municipal Council for land for the temple.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02442&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The Dong Baoxing Road Gurdwara's foundation stone was laid on 11 August 1907 on a Sunday.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02442&quot;/&gt; The Old Sikh Gurdwara at 326 Dong Baoxing Road was opened in 1908.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Vathyam |first=Meena |date=2018-01-01 |title=Tears and Toil: The History of Shanghai Sikh Gurdwaras |url=https://www.academia.edu/37962437 |journal=The Shanghai Sikh Gurdwara}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Gordon Road Gurdwara was opened on 21 July 1916 on a Friday.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02442&quot;/&gt; Both the newer Gordon Road and older Dong Baoxing Road gurdwaras were under the same management committee, however the latter came to be visited by watchmen and visitors whilst the former was used by Sikh policemen of the Shanghai police.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02442&quot;/&gt; The purpose of the British constructing the Gordon Road Gurdwara was to isolate Sikh policemen from Ghadarite elements at the Dong Baoxing Road Gurdwara by giving them a separate place of worship which was under the supervision of the Shanghai Municipal Council and restricted to policemen.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02442&quot;/&gt; Furthermore, the construction of the Gordon Road Gurdwara was a gesture of gratitude for the participation of Sikhs in World War I.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02442&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Rabindranath Tagore]] visited Dong Baoxing Road Gurdwara during his 1924 visit.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rabindranath Tagore, with group outside Sikh Gurdwara, Shanghai |url=https://hpcbristol.net/visual/Jn-s38 |access-date=8 June 2024 |website=Historical Photographs of China – University of Bristol}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Sikh community in Shanghai was divided along regional lines from back in Punjab: the [[Majha]]is and the [[Malwa (Punjab)|Malwais]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vathyam |first=Meena |date=March 2016 |title=Sikhs in Shanghai |url=https://www.historic-shanghai.com/sikhs-in-shanghai/ |website=Historic Shanghai}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:02442&quot;/&gt; There were also noticeable differences in viewpoints between the older and younger generations of Sikhs in Shanghai, specifically with regards to loyalty to the British and revolutionist tendencies.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt; The Sikhs were not the only members of the Indian community in the city, there were also [[Parsis]], [[Dawoodi Bohra|Bohra Muslims]], and [[Sindhis]] whom had established communities in the city during the colonial-period – however the Sikhs formed the largest component of the Indian population of Shanghai at the time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> A major brawl took place in August 1926 at the Dong Baoxing Road Gurdwara, when the gurdwara's new working committee secretary could not be inducted.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02442&quot;/&gt; In the brawl, Manjha and Malwa Sikhs faced-off against each other using hatchets, pistols, battle-axe, and sticks.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02442&quot;/&gt; When Shanghai Municipal Police Detective Sergeant J. Knight arrived at the gurdwara due to the fight, he found both sides 10 yards from one another.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02442&quot;/&gt; Each side claimed the first side to back down and leave were &quot;losers&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02442&quot;/&gt; The incident led to the injuries of five Sikhs, including one who was hospitalized for a skull fracture.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02442&quot;/&gt; Due to this event, the gurdwara was temporarily closed and a guard was put-in-place.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02442&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Schools and hockey associations were founded by Shanghai's Sikhs.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt; Eventually, there came to be a young generation of Shanghai Sikhs who were born or raised in Shanghai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt; In 1922, the Thomas Hanbury School for Boys opened a special class in a separate building to cater to twelve of these young Sikh boys.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt; However, the class was shortly shut-down as educating the Sikhs meant empowering them, which could lead to a development of a national consciousness.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt; Religious and informal means of education for Sikhs in Shanghai was carried-out by the official gurdwaras but also unofficial ones.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> According to [[Khushwant Singh]], some of the Sikh men residing in Shanghai in this era fetishized White women, especially blondes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:37&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Khushwant |date=18 July 2012 |title=Sikhs of Shanghai |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Punjab/Chandigarh/Sikhs-of-Shanghai/SP-Article1-891238.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120720194723/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Punjab/Chandigarh/Sikhs-of-Shanghai/SP-Article1-891238.aspx |archive-date=20 July 2012 |access-date=11 June 2024 |work=Hindustan Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Sikh men were attracted to the ''gori chamri'' (white skin) of the White women.&lt;ref name=&quot;:37&quot; /&gt; Ralph Shaw, a British journalist who lived in Shanghai between 1937 and 1949, narrates a story in his book ''Sin City'' about an incident where a Sikh man in Shanghai is alleged to have groped the buttocks of a British woman who was watching a race.&lt;ref name=&quot;:37&quot; /&gt; The Sikh man alleged to have groped the woman defended himself by explaining that the woman felt a bottle of beer in his pants' pocket and that it must have happened when he tried to take it out in order to drink some of it.&lt;ref name=&quot;:37&quot; /&gt; A judge did not believe this explanation and gave the Sikh man a heavy fine for the groping.&lt;ref name=&quot;:37&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1932, Indian hockey player [[Dhyan Chand]] visited the Dong Baoxing Road Gurdwara at a time when [[January 28 incident|Chinese and Japanese forces were engaged in conflict in the city]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:02442&quot;/&gt; In Chand's autobiography, ''Goal!,'' he records that the Sikh temple was heavily damaged in the fighting and that Japanese soldiers looked at him suspiciously when he left the gurdwara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02442&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Chand |first=Dhyan |url=http://www.bharatiyahockey.org/granthalaya/goal/1932/ |title=Goal! |publisher=Sport &amp; Pastime |year=1952 |pages=6 |chapter=1932 |quote=The atmosphere in the city was quite tense due to the Sino-Jap clash over Manchuria. We were told to keep within bounds and avoid any trouble spots. We visited a small Sikh temple on the outskirts of the city. The temple had suffered much damage in clashes between the Chinese and Japanese soldiers. As we came out of the temple, Japanese soldiers eyed us with suspicion. We had lunch on board our ship and sailed for Kobe at about 4 pm.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:Mounted Shanghai Municipal Police (including Sikhs) taking part in Japanese victory parade through the International Settlement, Shanghai, 3 December 1937.jpg|thumb|Mounted Shanghai Municipal Police (including Sikhs) taking part in Japanese victory parade through the International Settlement, Shanghai, 3 December 1937]]<br /> Many Sikh policemen in Shanghai started returning to India in the late 1930s after the Japanese success in the [[Battle of Shanghai]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Between the late 1930s and early 1940s, the International Settlement came to be increasingly threatened by the Japanese advance, thus the majority of Sikhs in Shanghai emigrated away taking their families with them, mostly returning to the Punjab.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> During the 1930s and 1940s, some Jewish refugees fleeing the [[Nazi Germany|Nazis]] took shelter in China.&lt;ref name=&quot;:30&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Goldfarb |first=Susanne |year=1980 |version=7 February 1980 and 8 October 1980 |title=Interview with Susanne Goldfarb |url=https://whs.aviaryplatform.com/collections/601/collection_resources/80294/ |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=Oral Histories: Wisconsin Survivors of the Holocaust – Wisconsin Historical Society}}&lt;/ref&gt; Holocaust survivor, Susanne Goldfarb, recounted a story of an Indian man being married to a Jewish lady from an [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox]] family background.&lt;ref name=&quot;:30&quot; /&gt; The marriage took place within a Sikh gurdwara in Shanghai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:30&quot; /&gt; The parents of the Jewish lady sat in ''[[Shiva (Judaism)|shiva]]'' (seven-day mourning) to protest their daughter being married to a [[Gentile|non-Jew]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:30&quot; /&gt; This interracial couple later settled in Hong Kong.&lt;ref name=&quot;:30&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> When [[Subhas Chandra Bose|Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose]] visited China, he was a guest-of-honour at the Dong Baoxing Road Gurdwara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02442&quot;/&gt; Sikhs who were part of the Indian National Army in Shanghai worked in the area of and even inside the Dong Baoxing Road Gurdwara to mobilize volunteers and funds.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02442&quot;/&gt;&lt;gallery&gt;<br /> File:Photograph of Maharaja Jagatjit Singh of Kapurthala State and his wife visiting Beijing, China in 1903.jpg|Photograph of Maharaja [[Jagatjit Singh]] of [[Kapurthala State]] and his wife visiting Beijing, China in 1903<br /> File:Rabinder Nath Tagore with Sikhs in Shanghai 1924.jpeg|Rabinder Nath Tagore with Sikhs in Shanghai, 1924<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Sikh professions in colonial China ====<br /> <br /> ===== Traders and explorers in Western China =====<br /> [[File:AurelSteinWithDog.jpg|thumb|Photograph of Aurel Stein with his expedition team, including R.B. Lal Singh, in the [[Tarim Basin]], c. 1910.]]<br /> Punjabi [[Khatri]] Sikh and Hindu traders worked along the [[Silk Road]], from Ladakh to Central Asia (including Chinese areas).&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Fewkes |first=Jacqueline H. |title=Trade and Contemporary Society along the Silk Road: An Ethno-history of Ladakh |publisher=Routledge |year=2011 |isbn=978-0415693158 |pages=72–73 |chapter=British Indian Punjab: Lalas and Gaddis}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Roy |first=Anjali |title=Imperialism and Sikh Migration: The Komagata Maru Incident |publisher=Routledge |year=2017 |isbn=9781351802970}}&lt;/ref&gt; At one point, the Khatri trade network consisted of around 200 ''[[Bullock cart|gaddis]]'' in the Chinese part of Central Asia.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; Punjabi Khatris played an important role in the trade between [[Leh]] and [[Yarkant County|Yarkund]] in [[Xinjiang]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Robert Barkley Shaw|Robert Shaw]] recounts in ''Visits to High Tartary, Yarkand, and Kashgar'' that a Sikh merchant by the name of Tara Singh accompanied him to Yarkund in modern-day Xinjiang in 1867.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Shaw |first=Robert |title=Visits to High Tartary, Yarkand, and Kashgar (Formerly Chinese Tartary), and Return Journey Over the Karakoran Pass |publisher=John Murray |year=1871 |edition=1st |pages=397}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Rai Bahadur Lal Singh (1860–1930), a Sikh cartographer, was a companion of [[Aurel Stein]], who journeyed with him across the Silk Road.&lt;ref name=&quot;:022&quot;/&gt;{{Rp|page=190}} Lal Singh was with Stein when the latter is credited with mapping the [[Taklamakan Desert|Taklamakan Mountains]] and discovering the [[Mogao Caves|Cave of Thousand Buddhas]] in [[Dunhuang|Duanhuang]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:022&quot; /&gt;{{Rp|page=190}}<br /> <br /> ===== Soldiers =====<br /> Sikhs soldiers in the [[British Indian Army]] arrived in China soon after the [[Second Anglo-Sikh war|annexation]] of the [[Sikh Empire]], with Sikh soldiers taking part in the [[Taiping Rebellion]] (1850–1864), [[Second Opium War]] (1856–60), [[Boxer Rebellion]] (1899–1901), and [[World War I]] in China.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bedi |first=Harchand Singh |date=29 November 2011 |title=Contribution of Sikhs in China |url=https://www.sikhnet.com/news/contribution-sikhs-china |website=SikhNet}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;/&gt;{{Rp|pages=214–216}}<br /> <br /> The British utilized the [[Sikh Regiment]] during the Taiping Rebellion.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;/&gt;{{Rp|pages=214–216}}<br /> [[File:'Guinea-Gold' cigarette advertisement featuring a Sikh and Gurkha soldier during the Boxer Rebellion of China, 1900.jpg|thumb|'Guinea-Gold' cigarette advertisement featuring a Sikh and Gurkha soldier during the Boxer Rebellion of China, 25th of August, 1900.]]<br /> In the Second Opium War, the Sikhs participated as part of the [[Sikh Light Infantry|15th Punjab Pioneers]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;/&gt;{{Rp|pages=214–216}} The Sikh soldiers who participated in the action of the Second Opium War almost entirely drew from the [[Mazhabi Sikh|Mazhabi]] caste and were around 1,000 men in-total.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;/&gt;{{Rp|pages=214–216}} They departed from Lucknow on 11 February 1860 and arrived in Hong Kong via the Calcutta to Singapore route.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;/&gt;{{Rp|pages=214–216}} On June 1, the Mazhabi Sikh troops sailed for Northern China.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;/&gt;{{Rp|pages=214–216}} Peh-tang surrendered by the end of July, the capture of Taku Fort followed, and the next site of action would be Tientsin, with the city being surrounded by the allied coalition by September 5.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;/&gt;{{Rp|pages=214–216}} Next, they marched toward Peking, which fell to the allies and a treaty was signed on 13 October 1860 by Lord Elgin and the Chinese.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;/&gt;{{Rp|pages=214–216}} Following the capture of Peking, the Mazhabi Sikh soldiers participated in the [[Old Summer Palace|looting of the Old Summer Palace]], bringing treasures back to India afterwards as a result.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;/&gt;{{Rp|pages=214–216}} The Sikh soldiers in the Pioneers left Peking on November 9, embarking from Tientsin, for Hong Kong, and then onward returning to India.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;/&gt;{{Rp|pages=214–216}} After the war, the Sikh soldiers of the Pioneers who saw action were awarded the China Medal with two clasps: 'Taku Forts, 1860', and 'Peking, 1860'.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;/&gt;{{Rp|pages=214–216}}<br /> [[File:Sikh troops in front of the barricaded entrance to the British Legation during the Boxer Rebellion, Peking, August 1900.jpg|thumb|Sikh troops in front of the barricaded entrance to the British Legation during the Boxer Rebellion, Peking, August 1900]]<br /> During the Boxer Rebellion, the [[24th Punjabis|24th Punjab Regiment]] saw action during the [[Battle of Yangcun|Battle of Yang Tsun]] alongside the [[14th Infantry Regiment (United States)|14th American Regiment]], with the battle ending by a joint American-Sikh bayonet charge.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;/&gt;{{Rp|pages=214–216}} A relief force of 3,000 soldiers from Sikh Regiments helped [[Battle of Peking (1900)|lift the siege on Beijing by the Boxers]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;/&gt;{{Rp|pages=214–216}}<br /> <br /> During World War I, Sikh soldiers were stationed as part of the [[Concessions in Tianjin|Garrison of Tianjin]] in China, participating in the [[Siege of Tsingtao]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;/&gt;{{Rp|pages=214–216}} On November 7, 1914, both regiments of the 24th Sikhs and half the 36th Sikhs were sent from Tientsin in September 1914 as representatives of the Allies and participate in the capture of Tsingtao from the Germans.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;/&gt;{{Rp|pages=214–216}}&lt;gallery&gt;<br /> File:Officers of the Sikh regiment, Tientsin ?, 1900 (CHANDLESS 24).jpeg|Officers of the Sikh Regiment, Tianjin, 1900<br /> File:Sikh and Muslim soldiers with medals, Indian Army, Beijing, ca.1900.jpg|Sikh and Muslim soldiers with medals, Indian Army, Beijing, c. 1900<br /> File:Sikh soldier guarding the Bronze Ox, Summer Palace, Beijing, ca.1900.jpg|Sikh soldier guarding the Bronze Ox, Summer Palace, Beijing, c. 1900<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ===== Policemen =====<br /> [[File:Chinese and Sikh policemen (S.M.P.), Shanghai, ca.1930.jpg|thumb|Chinese and Sikh policemen (S.M.P.), Shanghai, c. 1930]]<br /> During the 1800s and 1900s, many Sikh [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] people were recruited from [[British India]] to work as officers for the [[Shanghai Municipal Police]] and [[Hong Kong Police]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;/&gt;{{Rp|pages=216–218}} The British could not recruit enough European men to serve as policemen in China and European recruits were too expensive.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bhandari |first=Bibek |date=9 March 2018 |title=The Forgotten History of Sikhs in Shanghai |url=https://www.sixthtone.com/news/1001893 |access-date=25 May 2024 |website=Sixth Tone}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;/&gt;{{Rp|pages=216–218}} However, the British were reluctant to hire too many Chinese men for the role as they did not trust the Chinese, so they decided to hire Sikhs from the Punjab to fill the positions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;/&gt;{{Rp|pages=216–218}}&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> A contingent of Sikh policemen arrived in Hong Kong in 1867.&lt;ref name=&quot;:022&quot;/&gt;{{Rp|page=107}}&lt;ref name=&quot;:38&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=The Sikh Diaspora: Migration and the Experience Beyond Punjab |publisher=South Asia Books |year=1989 |isbn=9788170010470 |editor-last=Barrier |editor-first=Norman Gerald |edition=1st |editor-last2=Dusenbery |editor-first2=Verne A.}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Rp|page=21}} Recruitment of Sikhs in the Shanghai police-force began in 1884 and the recruitment of Sikhs in the Tianjin police-force began in 1886 or 1896.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;/&gt;{{Rp|pages=216–218}}&lt;ref name=&quot;:38&quot; /&gt;{{Rp|page=21}} Indian Sikhs were also employed by the British to work as policemen in Tientsin ([[Tianjin]]), Amoy ([[Xiamen]]), and Hankow ([[Hankou]], Wuhan).&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vathyam |first=Meena |date=19 September 2014 |title=A Fascinating Visual History of Sikhs in Old Shanghai |url=https://scroll.in/article/660988/A-fascinating-visual-history-of-Sikhs-in-old-Shanghai |website=Scroll India}}&lt;/ref&gt; Initially, recruitment for these police roles in China were done directly in India but as time went on and more Sikhs settled in the Far East looking for work, more recruits came from local Sikhs who resided in China already.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;/&gt;{{Rp|pages=216–218}}<br /> <br /> ====== Shanghai Police ======<br /> The [[Shanghai Municipal Police|Shanghai International Police]] was founded in 1854, responsible for policing the [[Shanghai International Settlement|International Settlement of Shanghai]] (until 1943), and it was deployed by the British at ports important to British commercial interests in the early 20th century.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;/&gt;{{Rp|pages=216–218}} A Sikh branch of the Shanghai International Police was established in 1884, being founded by Sikh ex-military men who had been stationed in China.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;/&gt;{{Rp|pages=216–218}} This Sikh-specific police branch reached a size of 800 policemen, almost all of whom were Sikh.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;/&gt;{{Rp|pages=216–218}} The first batch of Sikhs who joined the Shanghai police consisted of one inspector and fifteen constables.&lt;ref name=&quot;:110&quot; /&gt; This first batch of Sikh policemen in Shanghai were stationed out of Gordon Road police station.{{Efn|The road is known as 'Jiangning Road' today.|group=note}}&lt;ref name=&quot;:110&quot; /&gt; By 1886, some Sikhs in the Shanghai Police were tasked with working as traffic controlmen and street patrollers in the International Settlement.&lt;ref name=&quot;:110&quot; /&gt; These Sikh policemen wore [[khaki]]s in the summertime and heavy, dark coats during the wintertime.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Almeida |first=Rhea |date=8 June 2018 |title=The Captivating History of Sikhs in Old Shanghai |url=https://homegrown.co.in/homegrown-explore/the-captivating-history-of-sikhs-in-old-shanghai-in-photos-and-text |access-date=25 May 2024 |website=Homegrown}}&lt;/ref&gt; A black-and-white [[Baton (law enforcement)|truncheon]] was carried by the Sikh traffic policemen to frighten the Chinese, particularly rickshaw drivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt; Sikh policemen also worked as [[riot police]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Kaur |first=Mejindarpal |url=https://ichra.unitedsikhs.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/CivilAndHumanRightsReport2013.pdf |title=Global Sikh Civil &amp; Human Rights Report (2012–2013) |publisher=United Sikhs |year=2014 |pages=50–56 |chapter=China &amp; Hong Kong }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Sikh policemen in Shanghai were paid considerably less than their White counterparts but slightly more than their fellow Chinese policemen.&lt;ref name=&quot;:110&quot; /&gt; According to ''Shanghai in Foreign Concession'' by Ma Changlin, Sikhs policemen were &quot;easy to train and control&quot; and &quot;inclined to obey instructions and disciplined.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:110&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> By 1920 there were 573 policemen in Sikh branch.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}} In 1930, out of the 691 Indian policemen who were employed by the Shanghai International Settlement police, 594 were constables and 88 were sergeants.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02442&quot;/&gt; As per the Shanghai Municipal Police force's Indian unit's terms of service, there was a rule that a Sikh policeman had to serve the force for at-least five years before he could become eligible to be promoted to ''[[havildar]]'' (equivalent to a sergeant).&lt;ref name=&quot;:33&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Yao |first=Cin |date=Spring 2017 |title=The Murder of Buddha Singh and the Rise of British Trans-Regional Surveillance |url=https://www.iias.asia/sites/iias/files/theNewsletter/2019-06/IIAS_NL76_FULL.pdf |journal=The Newsletter |publisher=International Institute for Asian Studies |issue=76 |page=22}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was practically impossible for any Sikh policeman from an ordinary background to be promoted to the rank of ''[[jemadar]]'', which was the highest possible rank for a Sikh serving in the unit.&lt;ref name=&quot;:33&quot; /&gt; By 1936, out of the total 4,739 policemen of the Shanghai Municipal Police, 558 of them were Sikhs belonging to the Sikh contingent.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; The Indian police unit of the SMP was disbanded in 1945 and its remaining policemen were repatriated back to India or moved to Hong Kong or Singapore.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:02442&quot;/&gt;[[File:Shanghainese newspaper clipping reporting on the miraculous survival of convicted murderer Atma Singh, whose execution failed when the noose broke, ca.1937.jpg|thumb|Shanghainese newspaper clipping reporting on the miraculous survival of convicted murderer Atma Singh, whose execution failed when the noose broke, c. 1937]]Two prominent Sikh policemen of Shanghai remembered in infamy are Bawa Singh and Atma Singh.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; On a late night in 1936, Bawa visited the home of Atma, where Atma's wife was sleeping.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Atma's wife demanded that Bawa leave the premises, an order which he obliged.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; When Atma came to learn that Bawa visited his wife late into the night, he searched for him while wielding a meat cleaver, finding Bawa at a quarry at the Pootoo Road Police Station on Gordon Road.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Atma then assaulted Bawa, nearly dismembering both of the victim's forearms and causing a deep wound on his forehead.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Bawa died later in hospital and the incident caused a big stir in Shanghai at the time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Bawa was sentenced to death by hanging but on the day of the hanging, the rope broke and Bawa survived the attempted execution.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Thereafter, Bawa's sentence was commuted to life imprisonment, and he served his sentence in India.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Some members of the local Sikh community at the time considered the failed execution as a miracle of divine intervention.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+Number of Sikh policemen in the Shanghai Police&lt;ref name=&quot;:110&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Mukherjeeand |first1=Bivash |last2=Qin |first2=Xu |date=2009-08-12 |title=Lording over the locals: When red turbans were a familiar sight |url=https://archive.shine.cn/feature/art-and-culture/Lording-over-the-locals-When-red-turbans-were-a-familiar-sight/shdaily.shtml |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=Shanghai Daily}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vathyam |first=Meena |date=14 November 2016 |title=Sikhs: A piece of history that remains fragmentary |url=https://archive.shine.cn/feature/art-and-culture/Sikhs-A-piece-of-history-that-remains-fragmentary/shdaily.shtml |access-date=8 June 2024 |website=Shanghai Daily}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:02442&quot;/&gt;<br /> !Year<br /> !Number<br /> |-<br /> |1884<br /> |16<br /> |-<br /> |1910<br /> |159<br /> |-<br /> |1920<br /> |513<br /> |-<br /> |1934<br /> |634<br /> |-<br /> |1940<br /> |529 or 557<br /> |-<br /> |1942<br /> |464<br /> |}&lt;gallery&gt;<br /> File:Sikh policemen at the time of the 1905 Shanghai riots.jpg|Sikh policemen at the time of the 1905 Shanghai riots<br /> File:Sikh policeman, Hankow Bund, China, ca.1910–20.jpg|Sikh policeman, Hankow Bund, China, ca.1910–20<br /> File:Shanghai constables (Sikh troopers), International Settlement, Shanghai, ca.1915–1935.jpg|Shanghai constables (Sikh troopers), International Settlement, Shanghai, c. 1915–1935<br /> File:Sikh policemen on horseback, Shanghai, ca.1930.jpg|Sikh policemen on horseback, Shanghai, c. 1930<br /> File:KITLV A1372 - Sikh politieagent te Shanghai, KITLV 169681.tiff|Sikh policeman in Shanghai, c. 1933<br /> File:Shanghai Sikh 1935.jpg|&lt;bdi&gt;Sikh policeman directing traffic inside Shanghai's International Settlement, c. 1935&lt;/bdi&gt;<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ===== Guards and watchmen =====<br /> Outside of policing professions, Shanghai-based Sikhs at the time also worked as watchmen or guards at banks, wharves, nightclubs, and hotels.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt; Many Sikhs were employed as prison guards.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;/&gt;{{Rp|page=219}} Between 1925 and 1930, the Ward Road Gaol (now [[Tilanqiao Prison|Tilanqao Prison]]) became a prison, it mainly housed inmates of a Chinese background and the staff were mostly British and Sikhs.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;/&gt;{{Rp|page=219}} The majority of the [[Prison warden|warders]] were Sikhs.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;/&gt;{{Rp|page=219}} The prison had a very bad reputation for poor conditions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;/&gt;{{Rp|page=219}}<br /> <br /> ===== Money-lenders =====<br /> Most Sikhs also had a side-job of money-lending, as per Ralph Shaw's ''Sin City''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; Sikh money-lenders had a reputation of being &quot;ruthless&quot; and charging highly excessive rates to their debtors.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; Many of the Chinese debtors of the Sikh money-lenders defaulted on their debts, which meant they would become indebted for the rest of their lives.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===== Other professions =====<br /> Some Sikhs in Shanghai also worked as warehouse workers, at big-business [[Hong (business)|hongs]], and as commissionaires at hotels, restaurants, and nightclubs.&lt;ref name=&quot;:110&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Relationship between local Chinese and Sikhs in colonial China ====<br /> [[File:Caricature of a Shanghai Sikh policeman beating a Chinese &quot;coolie&quot;, from 'The Rattle', July 1896.png|thumb|Caricature of a Shanghai Sikh policeman beating a Chinese &quot;[[coolie]]&quot;, from 'The Rattle', July 1896]]<br /> <br /> Many of the local [[Shanghainese people|Shanghainese]] are said to have disliked the Sikh policemen of Shanghai, viewing them as abusers of the local population (specifically rickshaw drivers and hawkers) with little or no provocation, subjecting victims to shoe and baton beatings.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;/&gt;{{Rp|pages=216–218}} The Shanghainese derided the Sikh policemen as being &quot;dogs&quot; of their British overlords and called them &quot;annoying red-hat flies&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;/&gt;{{Rp|pages=216–218}} Many Sikhs refused to eat food prepared by Chinese people based on caste-based beliefs.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; Due to this, interactions between the local Chinese and Sikh communities were limited and unintegrated with one another.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> However, Claude Markovits remarked that these harsh actions by the Sikh policemen were necessary for keeping the locals in-check and obedient to the law. He specifically remarks that local rickshaw drivers tended to drive dangerously, posing risks to the surrounding traffic, and that the Chinese held little regard for laws and rules of the administration, often urinating and spitting in public areas.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;/&gt;{{Rp|pages=216–218}} Furthermore, Sikh policemen dispersed [[Triad (organized crime)|gangs of local Chinese]] engaging in gambling and fights.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;/&gt;{{Rp|pages=216–218}}<br /> [[File:Photograph of Nanking Road, Shanghai just after the Nanking Road Incident, 30 May 1925.jpg|thumb|Photograph of Nanking Road, Shanghai just after the Nanking Road Incident (now spelt as 'Nanjing'), 30 May 1925. Sikh troops reinforcing Chinese soldiery, with two casualties of the incident visible in the frame of the image towards the right-side lying in the roadway.]]<br /> <br /> [[Second Revolution (Republic of China)|During the 1913 China unrest]], Stafford M. Cox reported to the chairman of the Shanghai Municipal Council, [[Edward Charles Pearce]], on 29 July 1913 that Chinese youth stated that they could live with Chinese or foreigners guarding the city but that they would resist &quot;black slaves&quot; (referring to Sikhs).&lt;ref name=&quot;:34&quot; /&gt; According to [[Frank Dikötter]], during the late Qing and early Republican periods of Chinese history, Sikhs were classified as &quot;black&quot; and therefore inferior even to the &quot;White imperialists&quot; (Europeans) in Chinese eyes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:34&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> During the [[May Thirtieth Movement]] in 1925, on the orders of Inspector Edward Everson, Sikh policemen, alongside Chinese policemen, opened fire on anti-imperialist Chinese protesters at Louza Police Station on Nanjing Road, which led to many casualties, including nine fatalities.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Vathyam |first=Meena |url=https://www.academia.edu/3203406 |title=Hong Tou A-san |publisher=Academia.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Sikh policemen were solely blamed for this incident by the local Chinese, even though Chinese policemen also were involved in the firing.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot; /&gt; This incident triggered further unrest against foreigners and imperialism throughout China.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot; /&gt;[[File:Caricature of a Shanghai Sikh policeman wearing the standard, red-turbaned uniform, from 'The Rattle', 1896.png|thumb|Caricature of a Shanghai Sikh policeman wearing the standard, red-turbaned uniform, from 'The Rattle', 1896]]A local slur used against Sikhs developed based on the uniform of the Sikhs.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;/&gt;{{Rp|pages=216–218}}&lt;ref name=&quot;:022&quot;/&gt;{{Rp|page=153}} The Shanghainese called Sikh policemen ''Hong Tou Ah-San'' ({{Langx|cmn|紅头阿三|lit=red-headed number three|translit=hhongdhou'akse|label=[[Shanghainese]]}}, [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]: [ɦòŋ̩dɤ̋.ᴀ̄ʔsᴇ᷆]; {{Langx|cmn|hóngtóu ā sān}}&lt;ref&gt;钱乃荣、许宝华、汤珍珠. 《上海话大词典》. 上海辞书出版社. 2007. {{ISBN|978-7-5326-2248-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;), which was in-reference to the Sikh policemen's red-turban (uniform worn by traffic wardens) and them being third in-rank on the hierarchal, social classification system (British as the first in-rank and the Chinese ranked second, Indians ranked third below both).&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:022&quot;/&gt;{{Rp|page=153}} However, another theory is that the &quot;a san&quot; portion has nothing to do with the number three but rather is an imitation of how the Sikh policemen were addressed by the Shanghainese with the words &quot;I say!&quot; or &quot;Oh sir!&quot;, which sounds similar to ''Aye Sir'' in their local dialect.&lt;ref name=&quot;:022&quot;/&gt;{{Rp|page=153}}&lt;ref name=&quot;:110&quot; /&gt; Some believe the phrase is derived from the English phrase &quot;I see&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:110&quot; /&gt; Meena Vathyam states that the Sikhs in Shanghai used pidgin English they had learnt, so they would say &quot;I savvy&quot;, which when transliterated to Chinese becomes &quot;A-san&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot; /&gt; The ''Hong Tou Ah-San'' term can be interpreted in various ways, from less extreme to pejridicial.&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot; /&gt; ''Hongtou Asan'' can variously be translated as &quot;red-headed monkeys&quot;, &quot;red-headed rascals&quot;, or &quot;turbaned number threes&quot; in English.&lt;ref name=&quot;:34&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The local Shanghainese also referred to Sikhs as &quot;black devils&quot; ({{Langx|cmn|黑鬼|lit=black devil|translit=Hēi guǐ|label=[[Chinese language|Chinese]]}}&lt;ref name=&quot;:34&quot; /&gt;) due to considering them as belonging to an &quot;inferior race&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:34&quot; /&gt; In the eyes of the local Chinese, the Sikhs were ''heigui'' who were under the command of ''baigui'' ({{Langx|cmn|白鬼|lit=white devil|translit=Bái guǐ|label=[[Chinese language|Chinese]]}}), the British.&lt;ref name=&quot;:34&quot; /&gt; Another term used against Sikhs by local Chinese was &quot;red-bottomed monkeys&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot; /&gt; Sikhs also were referred to as &quot;big-headed ghosts&quot; ({{Langx|cmn|大头鬼|links=|label=Chinese}}) by local Chinese.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=中国新闻周刊 – Issues 17–33 |publisher=中国新闻社 |year=2006 |pages=87 |language=zh |trans-title=China News Weekly}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> According to Cao Yin, the animosity that local Chinese people held against the Sikhs at the time was fueled by their internalized racial hierarchical categorization: the Chinese considered themselves temporarily &quot;inferior&quot; to the White race by the current circumstances (whilst believing that they had the potential to become equals to the White race) but as &quot;superior&quot; to the Indian race, thus Sikhs being in a position of power as policemen over &quot;superior&quot; Chinese people fueled their hatred toward them.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt; [[Discrimination based on skin tone|Colourism]] also played a role, since Sikhs tended to be darker-skinned than the Chinese.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt; Meena Vathyam postulates that the local Chinese felt humiliated by and resented that Sikhs, fellow Asians from a neighbouring country, were imposing British-made laws on them.&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> According to Claude Markovitz, since most Sikh men in China were bachelors or had left their wives back in India, many of them had to turn to local prostitutes to satisfy their sexual and emotional needs.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;/&gt;{{Rp|pages=219–220}} Most Sikh men visiting prostitutes were clients of ethnic Chinese prostitutes, as their rates were affordable for them.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;/&gt;{{Rp|pages=219–220}} However, a minority of the Sikh men in China found deeper connections and actual romance with local Chinese women, with some even going as far as marrying a local Chinese woman in many cases.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;/&gt;{{Rp|pages=219–220}}&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt; The mixed-race children of such couples were very stigmatized as both the Indian and Chinese community at the time looked down upon interracial marriages.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;/&gt;{{Rp|pages=219–220}}&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt; Markovitz further claims that Sikh men in China tended to do well with local women due to their attractive physiques.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;/&gt;{{Rp|pages=219–220}}<br /> <br /> There is evidence of ethnic Chinese visiting the Shanghai Gurdwara whilst it was active as a Sikh temple.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot; /&gt;{{Rp|page=220}} An account of a Chinese woman who lived next door to the Sikh temple states she used to visit the gurdwara as a child and that Sikhs bringing a lot of milk would come.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot; /&gt;{{Rp|page=220}} The local Chinese referred to the Shanghai Gurdwara as ''Yindu Miao'' ({{Langx|cmn|印度庙|lit=Indian temple|translit=Yìndù miào|label=[[Chinese language|Chinese]]}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot; /&gt;{{Rp|page=220}}<br /> <br /> In August 1909 on a Sunday, a Sikh residing in Shanghai by the name of [[Nidhan Singh Chugha|Nidhan Singh]] married an ethnic Chinese woman at the Dongbaoxing Road gurdwara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:02442&quot;/&gt; The Chinese bride was a native of Pootung (Pudong), had a well-known desire to convert to Sikhism that was known to the Indian community, and she was very happy to be married.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02442&quot;/&gt; This Chinese woman converted to Sikhism and was baptized as Gursharan Kaur whilst her husband was baptized as Jagjit Singh in an ''[[Amrit Sanskar|Amrit Sanchar]]'' ceremony.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:02442&quot;/&gt; The wedding ceremony itself was an ''[[Anand Karaj]]'', where the bride was led by the groom four times in a circumabulation around the Guru Granth Sahib, with a bow given before the scripture after every revolution.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02442&quot;/&gt; A large amount of local Sikhs attended the interracial Sino-Sikh wedding, including 20 women.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02442&quot;/&gt; This was the first interracial Chinese-Sikh wedding to take place at the Dongbaoxing Road gurdwara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02442&quot;/&gt;[[File:Sikh men of Macau with Chinese wives and their mixed-race children, Khalsa Diwan Macau, Macau, China, 27 March 1927.jpg|thumb|Sikh men of Macau with Chinese wives and their mixed-race children, Khalsa Diwan Macau, China, 27 March 1927]]On 27 March 1927, a photograph was taken showcasing the Sikh congregation of the local Khalsa Diwan chapter in Macau.&lt;ref name=&quot;:39&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Gurnam |date=13 April 2023 |title=Sikh and Interracial Relationships |url=https://asiasamachar.com/2023/04/13/sikh-and-interracial-relationships/ |access-date=16 June 2024 |work=Asia Samachar}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot;&gt;[Unknown]. &quot;Khalsa Diwan, Macau, China.&quot; P. N.p., 27 Mar. 1927. ''Original Format: University of British Columbia. Library. Rare Books and Special Collections. BC-2162.'' Web. 16 June 2024. UBC Library Digitization Centre Special Projects. {{doi|10.14288/1.0065884}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:41&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Woolman |first=Jessica |date=19 December 2014 |title=Rare Sikh Sangat photo in Macau at UBC Library |url=https://about.library.ubc.ca/2014/12/19/rare-sikh-sangat-photo/ |access-date=16 June 2024 |website=University of British Columbia}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the photograph, Sikh men can be seen posing with their local Chinese wives and mixed-race children.&lt;ref name=&quot;:39&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:41&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Some Shanghai Sikh families employed Chinese women as ''[[Amah (occupation)|amahs]]'', such as in the case with the Sangha family.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sikh family group, with amah, in a photographer's studio, Shanghai |url=https://hpcbristol.net/visual/Jn-s20 |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=Historical Photographs of China – University of Bristol}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Harbhajan Singh Sangha, Mohinder Kaur Sangha, Ranjit Singh Sangha, with their amah, Shanghai |url=https://hpcbristol.net/visual/Jn-s72 |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=Historical Photographs of China – University of Bristol}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Sikh policemen in Shanghai were taught the [[Shanghainese|Shanghainese dialect]], the local [[Wu Chinese|Wu lect]] spoken in the city, by the Shanghai Municipal Council.&lt;ref name=&quot;:110&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:1st Chinese Regiment soldiers, outside Queen's House, Weihaiwei, China, ca.1900.jpg|thumb|1st Chinese Regiment soldiers, outside Queen's House, Weihaiwei, China. The turbans of the 1st Chinese Regiment was adopted from Sikhs.]]<br /> <br /> According to Barbara-Sue White, the turbans worn by members of the [[Weihaiwei Regiment|1st Chinese Regiment]] (also known as the Weihaiwei Regiment) was an adoption of the turbans worn by Sikhs.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=White |first=Barbara-Sue |title=Turbans and Traders: Hong Kong's Indian Communities |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1994 |isbn=9780195852875 |pages=122}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Sikh women in colonial China ====<br /> Sikh women also resided with their Sikh husbands during the colonial-era of Shanghai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; Most Sikh soldiers in Shanghai arrived as bachelors, however some were already married and would bring their wives with them to Shanghai at a later date.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; The lives of Sikh women in Shanghai during the colonial period was centered on the gurdwara for their socialization and communal needs.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; The Indian clothing (such as the ''[[shalwar kameez]]'' and ''[[dupatta]]'') worn by Sikh women in Shanghai are said to have aroused the curiosity of local Chinese onlookers.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; However, since their husbands were &quot;symbols of oppression&quot; in Shanghai, there were barriers between the local Chinese and Sikh women.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===== Princess Sumair =====<br /> In the 1940s, Princess Sumair, who claimed to be a familial relative of [[Bhupinder Singh of Patiala|''maharaja'' Bhupinder Singh]] of [[Patiala State]], she also claimed to be the cousin of famous Sikh painter [[Amrita Sher-Gil|Amrita Shergil]], resided in Shanghai during the period of [[Second Sino-Japanese War|Japanese-occupation]] and lived a scandalous lifestyle focused on money, fashion and men.{{Efn|Various sources have described her relationship to Bhupinder Singh of Patiala State as her being either a sister, daughter, or niece of his.|group=note}}&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ward |first=Edward |title=I've Lived Like a Lord |publisher=Joseph |year=1970 |pages=39}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ehr/114.458.1026 | doi=10.1093/ehr/114.458.1026 | title=Shorter notice. Secret War in Shanghai. Bernard Wasserstein | date=1999 | last1=Lowe | first1=P. | journal=The English Historical Review | volume=114 | issue=458 | pages=1026–1027 | url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Wasserstein |first=Bernard |date=September 1998 |title=Collaborators and Renegades in Occupied Shanghai |url=https://www.historytoday.com/archive/collaborators-and-renegades-occupied-shanghai |journal=History Today |volume=48 |issue=9}}&lt;/ref&gt; She was described as a &quot;nymphomaniac&quot; and &quot;worshipper of lesbian cult&quot; by Bernard Wasserstein in ''Secret War in Shanghai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;'' She arrived in Shanghai in July 1940 after being disowned by [[Phulkian dynasty|her family]] due to her reportedly &quot;loose morals&quot; and her real name was Rajkumari Sumair Apjit Singh.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=McRobbie |first=Linda Rodriguez |title=Princesses Behaving Badly: Real Stories from History Without the Fairy-Tale Endings |publisher=Quirk Books |year=2013 |isbn=9781594746659 |chapter=4. Claim to Be One of Many: Princess Sumaire}}&lt;/ref&gt; She became entangled with [[Axis powers|the Axis]] during her time in Shanghai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; She was [[Bisexuality|bisexual]] and [[Bigamy|bigamous]], as she married a [[Japanese Americans|Japanese-American]] man without divorcing her Indian husband.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rea |first=Christopher |date=July–August 2016 |title=Shanghailanders |url=https://reviewcanada.ca/magazine/2016/07/shanghailanders/ |website=Literary Review of Canada}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is rumoured she eloped with an American soldier and disappeared from Shanghai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; However, later events of her life in Europe and America are on historical record, where she worked as a fashion designer and seller.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Sikh revolutionary activities in colonial China ====<br /> Many Shanghai-based Sikhs were [[Indian independence movement|pro-Indian revolutionaries]], being supporters of the [[Ghadar Movement|Ghadar Party]] and also of the [[Indian National Army]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt; On 16 November 1910 during the Guru Nanak Gurpurab celebrations, Duleep Singh, a Sikh who was a Shanghai Tramways employee, was arrested for giving a provocative anti-British speech to assembled crowd of Sikh watchmen and ex-policemen.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02442&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The Shanghai Gurdwara became a centre of activity for the Ghadarites based in India and across the globe between the years 1913–17.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt; Both pro-British and anti-British views occupied the same space of the gurdwara, leading to tensions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02442&quot;/&gt; Speeches given and literature produced by the Ghadarites promoted sedition against the British overlords.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt; In 1914, the Ghadar newspaper began to be circulated in Shanghai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02442&quot;/&gt; In 1915 during the Guru Nanak Gurpurab celebration, a pro-British speech was given at the Dong Baoxing Road Gurdwara in-which it was stated that true Sikhs are loyal to the British and rousing for anti-British Sikhs to be arrested.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02442&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> In July 1915, two Ghadarite Sikhs, Kesar Singh and Ganda Singh (both may have worked either as policemen or watchmen), attacked the secretary of the Dong Baoxing Road Gurdwara, Boota Singh.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02442&quot;/&gt; Kesar and Ganda were sentenced to nine months imprisonment for their actions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02442&quot;/&gt; By 1917, the Ghadar movement in Shanghai was extinguished by the British and its Sikh supporters were executed by hanging or deported based on treason.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> During the 1920s and 1930s, Shanghai-based Sikhs also helped the [[Chinese nationalism|Chinese nationalist movement]] by trying to overthrow British hegemony in Shanghai and shutting down British activities in the city.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt; Harbaksh Singh was a mastermind of the Indian nationalist activities and published seditious material as the editor of the Hindu Jagawa from the Hindustan Association in the Rue du Consulat within the French Concession.&lt;ref name=&quot;:33&quot; /&gt; On 29 June 1925, an Akali Jatha consisting of 25-men from Shanghai arrived in Bombay via the China mail-steamer, ''Sicilia'', to participate in the Jaito Morcha of the Gurdwara Reform movement.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=30 June 2025 |title=From The Hindu, June 30, 1925: Shanghai Akali Jatha |url=https://www.thehindu.com/archives/from-the-hindu-june-30-1925-shanghai-akali-jatha/article69752219.ece |access-date=13 November 2025 |work=The Hindu}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> During the Second Sino-Japanese War and Japanese occupation of Shanghai, older generations of Sikhs tended to remain loyal to the British whilst younger Sikhs were inclined toward anti-British activities, such as joining the Indian National Army.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> According to Yin Cao, the role that Shanghai-based Sikhs played in both the Indian independence movement and Chinese nationalist movement has been disregarded by both the national histories of modern India and China.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt; According to him, the Chinese national history focuses on the contributions made by the Chinese themselves, ignoring non-Chinese who assisted with their nationalist movement.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt; Meanwhile, the Indian national history focuses on the efforts of the [[Indian National Congress]], and ignores the efforts of the Sikh diaspora in the independence movement.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> On 2 August 1914, a Ghadarite Sikh writer stated the following:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Tatla |first=Darshan S. |date=April 2013 |title=A Sikh Manifesto? A Reading of the Ghadar Literature |journal=The Panjab: Past and Present |publisher=Punjabi University, Patiala |volume=44 (Part 1) |issue=The Ghadar Movement (Special Issue) |pages=77}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Verse translation|ਚੀਨੇ ਭਾਈ ਹਨ ਵੀਰਨੋ ਐਸ਼ਿਆ ਦੇ, ਭਾਈਆਂ ਨਾਲ ਨਾ ਤੁਸਾਂ ਫਸਾ ਜਾਵੇ ।<br /> ਸਗੋਂ ਤੁਸਾਂ ਕਰਨੀ ਮਦਤ ਚੀਨਿਆਂ ਦੀ, ਦੁਸ਼ਮਣ ਉਹਨਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਮਤਾਂ ਦਬਾ ਜਾਵੇ ।<br /> ਹਿੰਦ ਚੀਨ ਟਰਕੀ ਸਕੇ ਹੈਨ ਭਾਈ, ਵੈਰੀ ਇਹਨਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਦਾਗ ਨਾ ਲਾ ਜਾਵੇ ।|Remember Chinese are brothers; let not the enemy tell you otherwise<br /> Instead you should support the Chinese, let the enemy not suppress them<br /> Hindustan, Turkey, China are like real brothers, allow not the enemy to defeat them!|attr1=ਦੁਖੀਆ ਸਿੰਘ|attr2=Dukhia Singh}}<br /> <br /> In the ''[[Kirti]]'' issue of August 1927, the Ghadarite Sikhs appealed to the Chinese nationalists to help protect their right of asylum by shielding Dasaundha Singh from being arrested.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sekhon |first=Buta Singh |date=April 2013 |title=Ghadar Party: Ideology and Activities |journal=The Panjab: Past and Present |publisher=Punjabi University, Patiala |volume=44 (Part 1) |issue=The Ghadar Movement (Special Issue) |pages=155}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;gallery&gt;<br /> File:Photograph of a Jatha (band) of Shanghai Sikhs who came to Punjab to participate in the Jaito Morcha of February 1924.jpg|Photograph of a ''[[Jatha]]'' (band) of Shanghai-based Sikhs who came to Punjab to participate in the ''[[Akali movement|Jaito Morcha]]'' of February 1924.<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ===== Assassination of Buddha Singh =====<br /> Buddha Singh was born in the Majha region of the Punjab in the 1870s and moved to Shanghai from India in February 1902 to join the Shanghai Municipal Police force.&lt;ref name=&quot;:33&quot; /&gt; Buddha rose through the police ranks quickly, becoming a ''havildar'' in February 1906 and becoming a ''jemadar'' in 1911, which was remarkable given his background.&lt;ref name=&quot;:33&quot; /&gt; He also worked as a treasurer for the local Sikh community and in 1908 he was bestowed with the position as the Sikh community's secretary.&lt;ref name=&quot;:33&quot; /&gt; The Shanghai Municipal Police decided to use the rising-stardom of Buddha Singh to achieve their own interests.&lt;ref name=&quot;:33&quot; /&gt; Buddha Singh, a highly ranked officer (''[[jemadar]]''), was captain E. I. M. Barrett's informant on the happenings within the Dong Baoxing Road Gurdwara, as the gurdwara commonly housed the impoverished, misfortunate, and travellers for free.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02442&quot;/&gt; After the start of World War I, Buddha Singh was pro-active at stomping-out anti-British currents within the local Sikh community.&lt;ref name=&quot;:33&quot; /&gt; In July 1914, he began investigating the circulation of a Ghadarite publication and found out that seven members of the Sikh community who were Ghadarites were responsible for the distribution of the seditious Ghadar newspaper.&lt;ref name=&quot;:33&quot; /&gt; Furthermore, he uncovered that these seven men also acted as recruiters of local Sikh men for Ghadarite activities in India, also being responsible for their transport.&lt;ref name=&quot;:33&quot; /&gt; The findings of his investigation were forwarded to the Shanghai Municipal Police and Buddha advocated that these seven men should be arrested.&lt;ref name=&quot;:33&quot; /&gt; However, the Ghadarites caught wind of this and burnt the seditious newspapers and absconded from Shanghai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:33&quot; /&gt; In the morning of 15 July 1914, days after Buddha Singh gave the list of the names of the seven Ghadarites to the S.M.P., he was attacked by an ex-policeman named Lal Singh who wielded a heavy stick.&lt;ref name=&quot;:33&quot; /&gt; Lal Singh was a Ghadar member himself and was friends with the seven men accused.&lt;ref name=&quot;:33&quot; /&gt; On 25 July 1914, Buddha Singh was attacked by a group of three Ghadarite Sikhs, who tried to blind Buddha by aiming for his eyes and head during the attack after knocking him over.&lt;ref name=&quot;:33&quot; /&gt; As a result of this attack, Buddha was in a state of unconsciousness for several days.&lt;ref name=&quot;:33&quot; /&gt; A month earlier in June 1914, Buddha had received a Ghadarite threat-letter which accused him of being disloyal to the Indian people and that he will be killed as a result.&lt;ref name=&quot;:33&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> On 21 November 1915 during the Guru Nanak Gurpurab celebrations at the Dong Baoxing Road Gurdwara, Buddha Singh was in charge of the celebration and during it, a resolution was passed that requested all Shanghai-based Sikhs to declare their loyalty to the [[British Raj]] and dedicate themselves to the British during the First World War.&lt;ref name=&quot;:33&quot; /&gt; Buddha Singh founded the Shanghai Sikh Scout Troop in August 1917 to promote patriotism and obedience amongst the Sikh youth of Shanghai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:33&quot; /&gt; He also campaigned a movement to promote donations to be made to the Red Cross by the Shanghai Sikh community for the benefit of wounded Sikh soldiers in the war.&lt;ref name=&quot;:33&quot; /&gt; During the First World War, there was little activity against the British in Shanghai by Sikhs and Buddha's efforts did not go wasted to achieve this result.&lt;ref name=&quot;:33&quot; /&gt; In 1917, the Shanghai Municipal Council graded the Sikh unit of the S.M.P. as &quot;excellent&quot; as there was no reported cases of insubordination and there was good discipline exhibited.&lt;ref name=&quot;:33&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1917, Buddha Singh was conferred the title of [[Sikh titles|''Sirdar Sahib'']] by the [[Shanghai Municipal Police]] due to his pro-British work during the First World War, and the Sikh Women's Association gifted him a gold Sikh emblem at the gurdwara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02442&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:33&quot; /&gt; The Sirdar Sahib title had been the most prestigious title that a Sikh in Shanghai had been bestowed with by the British yet.&lt;ref name=&quot;:33&quot; /&gt; The ceremony for bestowing the title on Buddha Singh was held at the [[Former Consulate-General of the United Kingdom, Shanghai|British Consulate]], with attendance by all the highly-prominent British officials of Shanghai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:33&quot; /&gt; Buddha Singh was presented with the insignia by Everard Fraser himself, who was the British Consul-General at the time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:33&quot; /&gt; Many local Sikhs were angry at Buddha Singh, whom they characterized as a puppet of the British, believing he misappropriated the gurdwara's funds to [[Sycophancy|brown-nose]] British officials with gifts.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02442&quot;/&gt; Death threats against Buddha's life were commonplace.&lt;ref name=&quot;:33&quot; /&gt; On 3 October 1923, Buddha was travelling aboard a ship that was heading to Hong Kong when four Sikhs told him that he will be killed in the future and that whoever kills him will be considered a [[Martyrdom in Sikhism|martyr]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:33&quot; /&gt; In his communications with his friends, Buddha Singh often remarked that the death threats against his life were serious and that he would one day be killed.&lt;ref name=&quot;:33&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In January 1924, an article titled ''One Who Seeks the Blood of His Brethren for His Own Personal Benefit'' published in the ''Hind Jagawa'' by Harbaksh Singh of the [[Shanghai French Concession|Rue du Consulat]] severely criticized Buddha Singh and stated that he was &quot;the one who seeks the blood of his brethren for his own benefit&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02442&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:33&quot; /&gt; Furthermore, Buddha Singh was accused of misappropriating gurdwara funds to buy gifts for British officials to curry up favour to them.&lt;ref name=&quot;:33&quot; /&gt; This article was considered seditious and therefore Harbaksh Singh was remanded to custody in Amoy Road Gaol.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02442&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:33&quot; /&gt; Harbaksh Singh was charged with published seditious literature that would lead to a breaching of public peace.&lt;ref name=&quot;:33&quot; /&gt; The S.M.P. confiscated all copies of the seditious literature at the Hindustan Association which was located in the Rue du Consulat of the French Concession.&lt;ref name=&quot;:33&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Blockquote|text=&quot;... outwardly [Buddha Singh] seems to love his people, but inwardly, he is against them and on the side of the government&quot;.|author=Harbaksh Singh|title=Hind Jagawa (1923)|source=''One Who Seeks the Blood of His Brethren for His Own Personal Benefit''}}<br /> <br /> The Ghadarites devised a plan to assassinate Buddha Singh.&lt;ref name=&quot;:33&quot; /&gt; The Ghadarites wanted to murder Buddha in-order to throw the Sikh police unit in disarray and also to support the Chinese nationalist movement.&lt;ref name=&quot;:33&quot; /&gt; On the morning of 6 April 1927, Buddha Singh was assassinated by being shot whilst he was in front of the gate of the Central Police Station located within the Shanghai International Settlement.&lt;ref name=&quot;:33&quot; /&gt; His assassin was Harbant Singh, a Ghadar party member.&lt;ref name=&quot;:33&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In the aftermath of Buddha Singh's murder, the British had nearly all prominent Ghadarites in custody within 2 months of the event.&lt;ref name=&quot;:33&quot; /&gt; Additionally, the British increased the salaries and living conditions of Shanghai's Sikhs.&lt;ref name=&quot;:33&quot; /&gt; According to Cin Yao, the murder of Buddha Singh helped kickstart British surveillance activities in the late 1920s and early 1930s to prevent revolutionary Sikhs and Indians from North America to travel to India through a Southeast and East Asian route.&lt;ref name=&quot;:33&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === People's Republic of China (1949–present) ===<br /> After the [[Proclamation of the People's Republic of China|advent of Communist rule in 1949]], many Sikhs who had been employed as watchmen in China left the [[Mainland China|mainland]] and departed for resettlement in Hong Kong, immigrated to [[Western world|the West]], or returned to India.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;/&gt;{{Rp|page=212}}&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt; Dozens of copies of the central Sikh scripture, the ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'', were brought from China to India by these returning Sikhs rather than being left behind in China.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; However, it is said that around 260 Sikhs (most of them married to Chinese women) still remained in Shanghai afterwards.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; Many Sikh men had settled permanently in China by this time and had married local Chinese women, bearing [[Chindians|mixed offspring]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; After 1949, the Chinese increasingly began to view Sikhs as an &quot;undisciplined community&quot; and &quot;hated enemy&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Despite this, some Sikhs opted to remain in Shanghai and remained there throughout the 1950s.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt; In 1963, there were around 27 Sikhs in the city of Shanghai and most of them were engaged in the dairy industry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02442&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> During the [[Cultural Revolution]], three gurdwaras' presidents and compounds were apprehended by Chinese authorities and no form of compensation was given to the remaining Sikhs.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02442&quot;/&gt; The Tientsin gurdwara was heavily vandalized and desecrated in September 1966 during the [[Cultural Revolution]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:36&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=http://www.claudearpi.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/WhitePaper13NEW.pdf |title=Notes, Memoranda and Letters Exchanged and Agreements Signed Between the Governments of India and China: White Paper, Issue 13 |publisher=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |year=1967 |pages=52–58 |chapter=Note given by the Embassy of India in China, to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China, September 28, 1966 – No. 237.}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 16 September 1966, Shankar Rao, then the first secretary of the [[Embassy of India, Beijing|Indian embassy in Beijing]], visited the Tientsin Sikh temple and found it in a deplorable state due to damage caused by Chinese nationals, some of whom were seen by eyewitnesses as [[Red Guards|wearing red arm-bands]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:36&quot; /&gt; The windows of the gurdwara were smashed, images of [[Hindu deities|Indic deities]] were ripped apart, a painting of Guru Nanak was missing, and the Guru Granth Sahib of the temple was torn apart with its pages left strewn around the room.&lt;ref name=&quot;:36&quot; /&gt; The wooden platform where the Sikh scripture was placed upon was damaged and the mattress of the same platform was ripped.&lt;ref name=&quot;:36&quot; /&gt; Shankar Rao presented a page of the desecrated Guru Granth Sahib and torn image of the deity Hanuman as evidence for the defilement of the Tientsin Sikh temple in a meeting with the Chinese deputy section chief of the consular department on 19 September 1966.&lt;ref name=&quot;:36&quot; /&gt; The Indian embassy officials requested that the Chinese government extend protection to the Tientsin Sikh gurdwara to ward off similar attacks in the future, to investigate the attack to bring its perpetrators to justice, and to compensate for the damages caused to the site.&lt;ref name=&quot;:36&quot; /&gt; However, the Chinese government rejected this request and the evidence provided.&lt;ref name=&quot;:36&quot; /&gt; Furthermore, they rejected that any damage had been inflicted on the Tientsin Sikh temple.&lt;ref name=&quot;:36&quot; /&gt; According to the Chinese government's narrative, the Red Guards simply requested that the caretaker of the Tientsin Sikh temple remove the sign-board and photograph within the temple.&lt;ref name=&quot;:36&quot; /&gt; This explanation was rejected by the Indian embassy due to the physical evidence contrary-wise at the scene of the incident.&lt;ref name=&quot;:36&quot; /&gt; To the surprise of the Indian embassy, the Chinese government defended the attack on the Tientsin Sikh temple, lauding it as a &quot;just and proper&quot; action, &quot;revolutionary&quot;, and that there was nothing to complain about and that the protest by the Indian embassy was &quot;unjust&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:36&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Most of the remaining Sikhs left Shanghai in 1973 after the [[Sino-Indian War]] in 1962, these fleeing Shanghai Sikhs shifted to Hong Kong.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://archive.shine.cn/feature/art-and-culture/Sikhs-A-piece-of-history-that-remains-fragmentary/shdaily.shtml|title=Sikhs: A piece of history that remains fragmentary|date=2016-11-11|website=archive.shine.cn|access-date=2019-06-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt; In 1973, there were two Sikhs remaining in Shanghai: Gurmukh Singh and Kapul Singh, both of whom were dairy business owners.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02442&quot;/&gt; Gurmukh was using a room in the former Dong Baoxing Gurdwara as a place of residence and remarked that he had grown weary of feeling isolated.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02442&quot; /&gt; Gurmukh and Kapul left China by embarking for India from Hong Kong.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02442&quot; /&gt; Three or four Chinese women who had been married to Indian nationals and their mixed-race children had to be left behind because the Chinese government considered the wives and children to be Chinese citizens.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02442&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Current status ====<br /> The majority of the Sikh population residing in China today can be found in eastern China, specifically the areas of Shanghai, [[Shaoxing]] and Yiwu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot; /&gt; The current population of Sikhs in China is unknown, however [[United Sikhs]] estimated in a 2012–2013 report that the Sikh population in mainland China was around 7,500 and the population in Hong Kong as around 10,000, giving a total figure of 17,500 Sikhs in all of China.&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot; /&gt; According to a United Sikhs report from 2012 to 2013, there are presently around 50 Sikhs residing in modern Shanghai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot; /&gt; It also reported that there are around 10 Sikh families living in Shaoxing.&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot; /&gt; The report claims that around 120 Sikhs reside in Yiwu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot; /&gt; Sikhism is not an officially recognized religion by the Chinese government.&lt;ref name=&quot;:35&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Vermander |first1=Benoît |title=Shanghai Sacred: The Religious Landscape of a Global City |last2=Hingley |first2=Liz |last3=Zhang |first3=Liang |date= 2018 |publisher=University of Washington Press |isbn=9780295741697}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Rp|page=124}}<br /> <br /> Sikhs began to return to Shanghai after a policy change which opened up the city to international exchanges.&lt;ref name=&quot;:35&quot; /&gt;{{Rp|pages=107–108}} The Sikh presence in Shanghai is a shell of its historical self but is slowly rebuilding due to business enterprises.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;/&gt;{{Rp|page=212}} Most Sikhs in Shanghai today are working in technology-related sectors.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; Many Sikhs residing in China today are on a [[Visa policy of mainland China|Z-class work visa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Rana |first=Yudhvir |date=22 September 2019 |title=Now Sikhs face turban plight and identity issue in China too |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/now-sikhs-face-turban-plight-and-identity-issue-in-china-too/articleshow/71247088.cms |access-date=9 June 2024 |work=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; Apart from mainland China, many Sikh businessmen and Indians also reside in Hong Kong.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}<br /> <br /> A secret gurdwara is maintained on the top-floor of a luxurious, private residence located in an affluent neighbourhood on the outskirts of Shanghai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kaur |first=Anju |date=18 May 2011 |title=Shanghai's Secret Gurdwara |url=https://www.sikhchic.com/article-detail.php?id=2433&amp;cat=20 |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=SikhChic (originally published on Sikh News Network)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot; /&gt; It was established in around 2006 by a Sikh businessman.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt; Regular religious service and caretaking of the gurdwara is carried out by a full-time ''[[granthi]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot; /&gt; Daily ''[[kirtan]]'' is [[Nitnem|performed in the morning and evening]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot; /&gt; Every Sunday, around 30 people attend services at the site.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt; During [[Gurpurb|Gurpurab]] celebrations, around 100 people visit the gurdwara, including [[Sindhi Hindus|Sindhis]] and [[Hindus]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:27&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Rana |first=Yudhvir |date=19 August 2017 |title=Doklam standoff fails to affect services at Shanghai gurdwara |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/amritsar/doklam-standoff-fails-to-affect-services-at-shanghai-gurdwara/articleshow/60126778.cms |access-date=9 June 2024 |work=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; Only members of the local Sikh and [[Indians in China|Indian community]] are aware of the gurdwara and its existence is kept hidden from the Chinese government to avoid trouble.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt; The caretakers of the secret gurdwara state that they have yet to obtain permission from the Chinese government to carry out religious services.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt; After gathering enough funds, the local community is planning to obtain a permit from the Chinese government to legitimize the establishment of a gurdwara building for the community's religious needs.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt; Practitioners of religions that do not have official recognition by the Chinese government face hurdles in the setting up of official, permanent religious institutions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot; /&gt; Religious personnel appointments, religious publications, and seminary applications require Chinese government approval.&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot; /&gt; However, in 2017 ''[[The Times of India]]'' reported on the gurdwara and that it was founded by Satbir Singh, whose family has been living and working in Hong Kong and Shanghai for decades.&lt;ref name=&quot;:27&quot; /&gt; It was reported that relations between the local Chinese and Sikh residents are warm and friendly and that many Chinese friends of the Sikh congregates visit the gurdwara alongside them.&lt;ref name=&quot;:27&quot; /&gt; Negative events between the [[China–India relations|relations of India and China]] do not effect the relationship between the Sikhs and local Chinese.&lt;ref name=&quot;:27&quot; /&gt; There are closely forged bonds between the Sikh and [[Hinduism in China|Hindu communities]] in modern Shanghai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:35&quot; /&gt;{{Rp|page=168}}<br /> <br /> One of the only official gurdwaras remaining in [[mainland China]] that is still functioning and carrying out its original purpose is a gurdwara located in [[Yiwu]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:27&quot; /&gt; There is a Sikh gurdwara located in [[Keqiao, Shaoxing|Keqiao]] which is beside a [[Hindu temple]], with both sites being maintained by a [[Hindu priest]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mukherjee |first=Bivash |date=15 September 2018 |title=The Sindhis of Shanghai: how an Indian diaspora cracked China |url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/society/article/2163911/sindhis-shanghai-how-indian-diaspora-cracked-china |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915044915/https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/society/article/2163911/sindhis-shanghai-how-indian-diaspora-cracked-china |archive-date=15 September 2018 |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=South China Morning Post |quote=Labelled &quot;Little India&quot; in China, the transformation of Keqiao &quot;from a local Chinese textile market to an international textile export centre&quot; is credited to these Indian traders. A Hindu temple and a gurdwara stand side-by-side in the heart of the district, managed by a single Indian Hindu priest who looks after both places of worship. Ningbo, which lies on the shore of the East China Sea, is also coming into its own with a port that is second only to Shanghai in terms of annual cargo throughput.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:27&quot; /&gt; The name of the gurdwara in Keqiao is Sach Dham and was it established in October 2011.&lt;ref name=&quot;:28&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Cheuk |first=Ka-Kin |url=https://indiachinainstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/CKK-Feb-2012.pdf |title=Indians in the Chinese Textile City: Middleman Traders in Upgrading Economy |date=April 2012 |publisher=Emerging Scholars Symposium, Indian China Institute, The New School for Social Research |page=16 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Many of the attendees of the Keqiao gurdwara are [[Nanakpanthi|ethnic Sindhi followers of Guru Nanak]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:28&quot; /&gt; The granthi of the Keqiao Sikh temple is recorded as complaining about the low amount of attendees and how visitors would spend minimal time in the temple premises.&lt;ref name=&quot;:28&quot; /&gt; Hong Kong's gurdwaras still function normally.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> According to Ka-Kin Cheuk, whilst the modern gurdwaras of Hong Kong and Shanghai show strong communal and social bonds, the gurdwara at Keqiao does not show the same social bonding between the congregates.&lt;ref name=&quot;:28&quot; /&gt; He explains this by claiming this is due to how the Keqiao temple is mostly attended by Sindhis, who have not formed &quot;one coherent community&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:28&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> There are some ethnic Chinese in Shanghai whom are practitioners of [[3HO|Sikh-influenced]] ''[[kundalini yoga]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:35&quot; /&gt;{{Rp|pages=166–167}} Kundalini yoga started making inroads amongst some Chinese of Shanghai from 2010 onwards.&lt;ref name=&quot;:35&quot; /&gt;{{Rp|pages=166–167}} The kundalini yoga practiced in the city was [[Yogi Bhajan|developed by a Sikh]] and incorporates Sikh philosophy and chanting elements.&lt;ref name=&quot;:35&quot; /&gt;{{Rp|pages=166–167}} However, many Chinese practitioners of this Sikh brand of kundalini yoga reject the chanting practices.&lt;ref name=&quot;:35&quot; /&gt;{{Rp|pages=166–167}} They believe that practicing kundalini is good for energy and strengthening the nervous system.&lt;ref name=&quot;:35&quot; /&gt;{{Rp|pages=166–167}} A Taiwanese woman in the city, who practices kundalini yoga and runs a yoga studio, does so by wearing a [[Dastar|turban]] and believes it protects her from headaches.&lt;ref name=&quot;:35&quot; /&gt;{{Rp|pages=166–167}} Another woman of Chinese origin in the city, named Irina, also practices and teaches kundalini yoga and wears a turban and gown, both white in-colour.&lt;ref name=&quot;:35&quot; /&gt;{{Rp|pages=166–167}}<br /> <br /> In the 2000s, Chinese manufacturing of ''[[kirpan]]s'' nearly wiped-out local Sikh manufacturers of the article of faith in India.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Bhatia |first=Ramaninder Kaur |date=13 August 2007 |title=Guru Nanak looks Chinese in China-made idols |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/guru-nanak-looks-chinese-in-china-made-idols/articleshow/2276282.cms |access-date=5 August 2025 |work=Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some statues of Guru Nanak manufactured in China during that time depict him with a more East Asian-akin phenotype and like a ''[[lama]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Over the years since the 1990s, the Amritsari kirpan-manufacturing industry, mostly located in Sultanwind Gate, Kulfi Wali Gali, Sultanwind, East Mohan Nagar, Dana Mandi, and 100 Feet Road, reduced from hundreds of manufacturing-units to thirty or four due to competition with cheaper, fast-produced, Chinese-manufactured kirpans created in bulk, as opposed to the slow and manually-crafted Amritsari kirpans, which may be higher-quality but more expensive and numerically lesser due to their slow manufacturing time.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Kaur |first=Usmeet |date=3 June 2017 |title=Daggers drawn: Amritsar's kirpan industry losing its cutting edge to China |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/amritsar-s-kirpan-industry-losing-its-cutting-edge-over-chinese-daggers/story-OgSaqbbMR6UysmBgwgcpLK.html |access-date=5 August 2025 |work=Hindustan Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2019, it was reported that the Chinese government banned Sikhs from wearing [[Dastar|turbans]] when obtaining identification documents (drivers' licences, visas, etc.) and they face questions from Chinese officials on their [[Kesh (Sikhism)|beards]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot; /&gt; Sikhs are often forced to remove their turbans and ''[[patka]]s'' when being photographed, such as to obtain mobile [[SIM card]]s.&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot; /&gt; Sikhs who refuse to remove their religious head garbs are denied access to services.&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot; /&gt; In the past, the Chinese government did not pressure Sikhs to remove their headwear in this manner.&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot; /&gt; It was reported that a Sikh driving his vehicle in China was stopped by the police.&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot; /&gt; The Chinese police told the Sikh that in-order to live in China, he has to shave-off his beard and remove his turban.&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot; /&gt; Sikhs residing in China petitioned the [[List of diplomatic missions of India|Indian consulate in Shanghai]] to bring the matter up with their Chinese counterparts through diplomatic channels but nothing was done.&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Gurdwara==<br /> <br /> === Extant gurdwaras ===<br /> There are a small number of [[gurdwara]] (Sikh temples) in China:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2014-04-19 |title=A Fascinating Visual History of Sikhs in Old Shanghai |url=https://barusahib.org/general/3102/ |access-date=2022-08-30 |website=The Kalgidhar Society, Baru Sahib |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Gurdwara Shanghai]], [[Shanghai]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://gurdwaar.com/Gurdwara+Shanghai/27087445|title=Gurdwara Shanghai, Shanghai, Shanghai, China|publisher=Gurdwaar.com|access-date=May 22, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; – construction starting in 1907 on Dong Baoxing Road on land allotted by the Shanghai Municipal Council.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; It is now a residential complex and clinic and no longer a functioning Sikh temple.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;/&gt;{{Rp|page=212}}&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=虹口区志 |script-title= |trans-title=The Annals of Hongkou District |url=http://shtong.gov.cn/node2/node4/node2249/node4418/node20222/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505170121/http://shtong.gov.cn/node2/node4/node2249/node4418/node20222/index.html |archive-date=5 May 2012 |website=上海市地方志办公室 (Office of Shanghai Local Annals)}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Khalsa Diwan Sikh Temple]], [[Hong Kong]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.khalsadiwan.com/|title=Khalsa Diwan|publisher=Khalsadiwan.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; – remains functional<br /> * A gurdwara is located in [[Yiwu]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:27&quot; /&gt;<br /> * Gurdwara Sach Dham is located [[Keqiao, Shaoxing|Keqiao]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:28&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:27&quot; /&gt; – maintained by a Hindu priest and catering to a tiny, mostly ethnic Sindhi, congregation.&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:28&quot; /&gt;<br /> * A secret gurdwara is maintained on the top-floor of a luxurious, private residence located in an affluent neighbourhood on the outskirts of Shanghai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt; It was established by Satbir Singh and his family.&lt;ref name=&quot;:27&quot; /&gt; It is located in a luxurious villa in Hongqiao.&lt;ref name=&quot;:35&quot; /&gt;{{Rp|page=108}}<br /> * A gurdwara is reported to be on Jinhui Road South in Shanghai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot; /&gt;<br /> &lt;gallery&gt;<br /> File:Inauguration in 1908 of Sikh Gurdwara in Shanghai.jpg|Inauguration in 1908 of Sikh Gurdwara in Shanghai<br /> File:Old Sikh Gurdwara in Shanghai.jpg|Picture of Old Sikh Gurdwara in Shanghai which is used for residential purpose now<br /> File:Yindu Xikejiaotang Jiuzhi.JPG|Bauxing Road Gurdwara Monument for Sikhism heritage in China<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> === Lost gurdwaras ===<br /> [[File:Tien chin 1912.jpg|thumb|[[Tianjin|Tientsin]] map from ca.1912 identifying the location of a Sikh temple in the city. The temple is now lost.]]<br /> By the 1930s, aside from the Shanghai Gurdwara, there apparently were two more gurdwaras located in the city of Shanghai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot; /&gt;{{Rp|page=221}} However, Swarn Singh Kahlon was unable to authenticate their location, fate, or even existence, when he investigated.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot; /&gt;{{Rp|page=220}} Aside from Shanghai, there were other gurdwaras which had been established in Tientsin and Hankou.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot; /&gt;{{Rp|page=221}}<br /> <br /> Specific details are as follows:<br /> * Gordon Road Gurdwara, Shanghai – a former gurdwara that was located on Gordon Road (today's Jiangning Road) which was meant only for Sikh policemen.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt; The architect who designed the gurdwara was R. C. Turner, who had earlier designed the Dong Baoxing Road Gurdwara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02442&quot;/&gt; It was inaugurated and opened on Friday, 21 July 1916.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Vathyam |first=Meena |url=https://www.academia.edu/37962437 |title=Tears and Toil: The History of Shanghai Sikh Gurdwaras |work=The Shanghai Sikh Gurdwara |year=2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:02442&quot;/&gt; Motivations behind its establishment may be related to the British wanting to keep closer surveillance of Sikh policemen to prevent revolutionary activities from festering like what had occurred at the gurdwara on Dong Baoxing Road.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt; Compared to the earlier Dong Baoxing Road Gurdwara, the Gordon Road Gurdwara was much larger, had a library, cookhouse, ''granthi'' quarters, and a committee room.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02442&quot;/&gt; It had enough room for 500 parishioners.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02442&quot;/&gt; The gurdwara in the present-day is hidden behind a building material's market.&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot; /&gt; It is in a precarious state, with its current condition being described as &quot;full of rubbish dumps, waste water flowing, flies and mosquitoes, and a terrible smell&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot; /&gt;<br /> * There was a gurdwara located on No.218 Chusan Road (now Zhoushan Road/Zhoushan Lu&lt;ref name=&quot;:26&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sikhs, including the Maharaja Jagatjit Singh of Kapurthala, 218 Chusan Road (Zhoushan Lu), Shanghai |url=https://hpcbristol.net/visual/Jn-s30 |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=Historical Photographs of China – University of Bristol}}&lt;/ref&gt;) in a neighbourhood of Shanghai's Hongkou district.&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot; /&gt; The structure is a three-story building that does not bear resemblance to other buildings in its vicinity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot; /&gt; This gurdwara was used as a place of residence for [[Expulsions and exoduses of Jews|Jewish refugees]] during [[World War II]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot; /&gt; Maharaja Jagatjit Singh of Kapurthala State was photographed visiting the vicinity of this area in the 1930s.&lt;ref name=&quot;:26&quot; /&gt;<br /> * A gurdwara existed in [[Tianjin|Tientsin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot; /&gt;{{Rp|page=221}} Its construction cost was assisted by a donation made by Jagajit Singh of Kapurthala in 1903–04.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;/&gt;{{Rp|pages=213–214}}&lt;ref name=&quot;:29&quot; /&gt; The Tientin gurdwara was heavily vandalized in September 1966 during the [[Cultural Revolution]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:36&quot; /&gt;<br /> * A gurdwara existed in [[Hankou]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot; /&gt;{{Rp|page=221}}<br /> * A gurdwara existed on Boone Road (today's Tanggu Road) in Shanghai, prior to 1908.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02442&quot;/&gt; In 1904, a large and decorated volume of the Guru Granth Sahib was delivered to this gurdwara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02442&quot;/&gt; The secretary of the gurdwara was B. Tek Singh.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02442&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Tibetans and Sikhism ==<br /> [[File:True-colour photograph - ‘Group of Tibetans at the “Golden Temple” of the Sikhs’, 15 January 1914.jpg|thumb|True-colour photograph – &quot;Group of [[Tibetan people|Tibetans]] at the 'Golden Temple' of the Sikhs&quot;, 15 January 1914]]Trilochan Singh claims that, for centuries, [[Tibetan people|Tibetans]] have been making pilgrimages to the Golden Temple shrine in Amritsar to pay homage to Guru Nanak's memory.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{Rp|page=338}} However, Tibetans seem to have confused Nanak with the visit of [[Padmasambhava]] centuries earlier, and have superimposed details of Padmasambhava onto Nanak out of reverence (believing the essence of both figures is one and the same) or mistaken chronology.{{Efn|Padmasambhava is alternatively known as 'Guru Rinpoche'.|group=note}}&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; According to Tibetan scholar [[Tarthang Tulku]], many Tibetans believe Guru Nanak was an incarnation of Padmasambhava.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Both [[Tibetan Buddhism|Buddhist]] and [[Bon|Bon Tibetans]] made pilgrimages to the Golden Temple in Amritsar, however they revered the site for different reasons.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;Lucia Galli, &quot;Next stop, Nirvana. When Tibetan pilgrims turn into leisure seekers&quot;, Mongolian and Siberian, Central Asian and Tibetan Studies [Online], 51 | 2020, posted online on December 9, 2020, accessed on May 21, 2024. {{doi|10.4000/emscat.4697}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:Painting of a dark-complexioned Padmasambhava surrounded by 356 smaller depictions of various forms of Padmasambhava, from eastern Tibet, circa 17th century.jpg|thumb|Painting of a dark-complexioned Padmasambhava surrounded by 356 smaller depictions of various forms of Padmasambhava, from eastern Tibet, circa 17th century.]]<br /> Between 1930 and 1935, the Tibetan spiritual leader, Khyungtrül Rinpoche (Khyung-sprul Rinpoche), travelled to India for a second time, visiting the Golden Temple in Amritsar during this visit.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=McKay |first=Alex |title=Pilgrimage in Tibet |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |isbn=9781136807169}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Rp|page=78}}&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt; Whilst visiting Amritsar in 1930 or 1931, Khyung-sprul and his Tibetan entourage walked around the Golden Temple while making offerings.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;{{Rp|page=78}} Khyung-sprul referred to the Golden Temple as &quot;Guru Nanak's Palace&quot; ([[Tibetic languages|Tibetan]]: ''Guru Na-nig-gi pho-brang'').&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;{{Rp|page=78}} Khyung-sprul returned to the Golden Temple in Amritsar for another time during his third and final visit to India in 1948.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;{{Rp|page=80}}<br /> <br /> Several years later after the 1930–31 visit of Khyung-sprul, a Tibetan [[Bon]]po monk by the name of Kyangtsün Sherab Namgyel (''rKyang-btsun Shes-rab-rnam rgyal'') visited the Golden Temple at Amritsar and offered the following description:&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;{{Rp|page=78}}<br /> <br /> {{Blockquote|text=&quot;Their principal ''gshen'' is the Subduing ''gshen'' with the 'bird-horns'. His secret name is Guru Nanak. His teachings were the Bon of Relative and Absolute Truth. He holds in his hand the Sword of Wisdom ... At this holy place the oceanic assembly of the tutelary gods and buddhas ... gather like clouds&quot;|author=Kyangtsün Sherab Namgyel}}<br /> <br /> Kyangtsün Sherab Namgyel conflated the essence of Sikhism with the &quot;sphere of the supreme Bon&quot; and believed the Golden Temple in Amritsar was a &quot;a citadel for the life-force of the eternal [Bon] tantras&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt; He referred to Amritsar as &quot;Gyakhar Bachö&quot; (rGya mkhar ba chod) due to the similarities of Sikhs (beards and turbans) to descriptions of ancient Bonpos.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt; He refers to the Sikh turbans as &quot;bird horns&quot; (''bya ru''), which is believed to be a unique feature of the eighteen kings of Zhangzhung and early Bonpo priests.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Another Tibetan, Dzamyag, identifies the Golden Temple as the most sacred shrine of Sikhism but believed it held sacred objects connected to Padmasambhava and his consort Mandāravā:&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Blockquote|text=We visited some ornaments [kept] in a shrine [and] said to be, according to the tradition, the body ornaments of princess Mandāravā, and, in [another] shrine [we saw] the ritual objects said to be those of Guru Rinpoche.|author=translated by Lucia Galli|title=Kha stag ʼDzam yag (1997)|source=page 146}}<br /> <br /> According to some Tibetans, the ''[[Temple tank|sarovar]]'' of the Golden Temple in Amritsar was linked to the lake of Padmasambhava.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Popular culture ==<br /> There are many depictions and portrayals of Sikhs in media where the setting is Shanghai during its [[Treaty ports|treaty-port]] era.&lt;ref name=&quot;:34&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Jackson |first=Isabella |date=November 2012 |title=The Raj on Nanjing Road: Sikh Policemen in Treaty-Port Shanghai |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41683041 |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=46 |issue=6 |pages=1672–1704 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X12000078 |jstor=41683041 |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Caricature]]s and newspaper cartoons of prototypical Shanghai Sikh policemen were often drawn by both Chinese and European artists.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ''[[The Adventures of Tintin]]'' contains many depictions and references to Sikhs of Shanghai during the colonial-period.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt; In ''[[The Blue Lotus]]'' of the fifth volume of 'The Adventures of Tintin', set in 1931, Shanghai-based Sikh policemen play a role in the story.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:34&quot; /&gt; Sikhs are depicted directing traffic and also Sikhs are ordered to punish Tintin in the municipal jail.&lt;ref name=&quot;:34&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In [[Kazuo Ishiguro|Kazuo Ishiguro's]] book, ''[[When We Were Orphans]]'', Sikh policemen are described as stacking sandbags during the 1937 Japanese aggression against Shanghai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:34&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In [[Bruce Lee|Bruce Lee's]] film ''[[Fist of Fury|Jing Wu Men (Fist of Fury)]]'' (1972), Bruce Lee attacks a Sikh guard who bars him from entering the Shanghai Public Gardens.&lt;ref name=&quot;:34&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Memoirs and popular histories authored by former British [[Shanghailander]]s contain stereotypes of Shanghai's Sikhs.&lt;ref name=&quot;:34&quot; /&gt; One written by former policeman Daniel Cormie states that the Sikh policemen of Shanghai possessed the disposition of ten-year-old children due to them being &quot;happy, carefree and entirely uninhibited&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:34&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Within China today, Sikhs of the era are depicted in a negative manner for political reasons as an enemy oppressing the Chinese people on behalf of their British overlords.&lt;ref name=&quot;:34&quot; /&gt; A painting titled ''Xueji'' ('Blood Sacrifice') by Ma Hongdao depicts the Nanjing Road Incident of 1925 in a manner where only Sikh policemen are solely depicted as firing on the Chinese protesters, completely ignoring the fact that ethnic Chinese policemen also were present at the actual historical event and partook in the shooting.&lt;ref name=&quot;:34&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Sikhs are commonly featured in the Shanghai City Museum's exhibitions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:022&quot;/&gt;{{Rp|page=153}}&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt; The Shanghai Public Security Museum on 518 Ruijin Road South contains a life-size wax statue of a Sikh policeman near the entranceway on the ground floor.&lt;ref name=&quot;:110&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot; /&gt; On other floors of the museum, there are sepia-stained photographs of Sikh traffic police at-work.&lt;ref name=&quot;:110&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> According to Cao Yin, Sikhs feature as voiceless backdrops in many films and novels on colonial-era Shanghai, being delegated to the sidelines as part of an [[Orientalism|orientalist]] view of the city.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt; They do not feature as main characters but only part of the background setting, merely as objects to exoticize the historical setting of the Shanghai International Settlement, standing silently wearing red-turbans, comparable to trees on the side of the road.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt; This manner of portrayal ignores the efforts that the Sikh community made to modernize the city of Shanghai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> {{Portal|Sikhism|China}}<br /> * [[Sikhism in Hong Kong]]<br /> * [[Sikhism in South Korea]]<br /> * [[Sikhism in Japan]]<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{Reflist|group=note}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == Further reading ==<br /> * {{Cite book |last=Cao |first=Yin |title=From Policemen to Revolutionaries: A Sikh Diaspora in Global Shanghai, 1885–1945 |publisher=Brill |year=2017 |isbn=978-9004344082}}<br /> {{Asia topic|Sikhism in}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Religion in China]]<br /> [[Category:Sikhism by country|China]]<br /> [[Category:Sikhism in Asia|China]]</div>

MyronMccreary8 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Riyaz_Khan&diff=451158 2026-02-23T03:33:22Z

<p>MyronMccreary8: Expanded content with additional details</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian actor}}<br /> {{Use British English|date=June 2013}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Riyaz Khan<br /> | image = Riyaz Khan at the Aagam Audio Launch.jpg<br /> | caption = Riyaz Khan promoting ''[[Aagam (film)|Aagam]]'' in 2016<br /> | birth_name = <br /> | birth_date =<br /> | birth_place = [[Fort Kochi]], [[Kerala]], India<br /> | years active = 1993–present<br /> | height = 5 ft 7 in<br /> | occupation = {{hlist|Actor||bodybuilder}}<br /> | parents =<br /> | spouse = {{married|[[Uma Riyaz Khan]]|1992}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Here's how Uma and Riyaz Khan celebrated their 29th wedding anniversary&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=The Times of India |title=Here's how Uma and Riyaz Khan celebrated their 29th wedding anniversary |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/heres-how-uma-and-riyaz-khan-celebrated-their-29th-wedding-anniversary/articleshow/84435900.cms |accessdate=9 August 2022 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809183528/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/heres-how-uma-and-riyaz-khan-celebrated-their-29th-wedding-anniversary/articleshow/84435900.cms |archivedate=9 August 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | children = 2, inc. [[Shariq Hassan]]&lt;ref name=DC20160513&gt;{{cite news |last=Sivaram |first=Sravia |title=Riyaz Khan's son all set to make debut |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/130516/riyaz-khan-s-son-all-set-to-make-debut.html |date=13 May 2016 |newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=25 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003125811/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/130516/riyaz-khan-s-son-all-set-to-make-debut.html |archive-date=3 October 2016 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Riyaz Khan''' is an Indian actor and bodybuilder. He predominantly works in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] and [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] films and television series, besides acting in a few [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] films, as well as two [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] films. Riyaz debuted in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] through the 1994 film ''[[Sukham Sukhakaram]]'', directed by [[Balachandra Menon]].<br /> <br /> ==Early and personal life==<br /> Khan was born to Rasheed, a Malayalam film producer and Rasheeda Baanu at [[Fort Kochi]], [[Kerala]]. He has a sister, Roshini. Since his father was a movie producer and all the South Indian movies were then shot in [[Madras]], now known as [[Chennai]], his family migrated there.<br /> <br /> He did his primary education from [[Chennai]] and pursued his bachelor's degree from the [[United States]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Mangalam20140813&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=പുതിയ മുഖം... പുതിയ ഭാവം... |trans-title=The new face... has a new look... |language=ml |url=http://www.mangalam.com/mangalam-varika/217504?page=0,0 |date=13 August 2014 |website=Mangalam |publisher=[[Mangalam Publications]] |access-date=22 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027232458/http://www.mangalam.com/mangalam-varika/217504?page=0,0 |archive-date=27 October 2014 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1992, he married actress [[Uma Riyaz Khan|Uma Riyaz]], who is the daughter of Tamil music director Kamesh and actress [[Kamala Kamesh]]. The couple has two sons including actor [[Shariq Hassan]].<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> <br /> His notable films include ''[[Badri (2001 film)|Badri]]'' (2001), ''[[Baba (2002 film)|Baba]]'' (2002),'' [[Ramana (film)|Ramana]]'' (2002), ''[[Balettan]]'' (2003), ''[[Winner (2003 film)|Winner]]'' (2003), ''[[Runway (2004 film)|Runway]]'' (2004), ''[[Vesham]]'' (2004) ''[[Power of Women (film)|Power of Women]]'' (2005) ''[[Ghajini (2005 film)|Ghajini]]'' (2005), ''[[Thirupathi (2006 Tamil film)|Thirupathi]]'' (2006), ''[[Stalin (2006 film)|Stalin]]'' (2006) and ''[[Pokkiri Raja (2010 film)|Pokkiri Raja]]'' (2010).<br /> <br /> He has also made significant contributions to television, appearing in popular Tamil serials like ''[[Nandini (TV series)|Nandini]]'' (2017-2018) and ''[[Kannana Kanne (TV series)|Kannana Kanne]]'' (2020-2023) which was aired on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]].<br /> <br /> He is also a brand ambassador of a Chennai-based fitness studio called Inshape Health &amp; Fitness.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Kallarakkal |first=Shezina |title=Inshape fitness studio gets a new look |url=http://chennaionline.com/City360/CityFeature/20090426050412/Inshape-fitness-studio-gets-a-new-look.col |date=26 June 2009 |website=Chennaionline |access-date=22 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217141928/http://chennaionline.com/City360/CityFeature/20090426050412/Inshape-fitness-studio-gets-a-new-look.col |archive-date=17 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> <br /> ===Malayalam===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Year !! Title !! Role !! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Notes<br /> |-<br /> | 1994 || ''[[Sukham Sukhakaram]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | 1996 || ''Nandhagopalante Kusruthikal'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2000 || ''Raakkilikal'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2001 || ''Ennum Sambavami Yuge Yuge'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2003 || ''[[Balettan]]'' || Bhadran ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=6 | 2004 || ''[[Symphony (film)|Symphony]]'' || Sathyanath ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Vajram (2004 film)|Vajram]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Jalolsavam]]'' || Dubai Jose / Cheenkanni Jose ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Runway (2004 film)|Runway]]'' || Chinnadan Babu ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Mayilattam (film)|Mayilattam]]'' || Ripper Vasu||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Vesham]]'' || Deepak ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; | 2005 || ''[[Five Fingers (2005 film)|Five Fingers]]'' || Hari Narayanan IPS ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kochi Rajavu]]'' || Siva ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Sarkar Dada]]'' || Abbas ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Isra'' || Revanna ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Hai'' || Vinu/Vinodkumar /Vishnu / Vishnuprasad ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Pauran]]'' || Thomachan ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | 2006 || ''Highway Police'' || C.I. Jayachandran ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Lion (Malayalam film)|Lion]]'' || Harshan ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Bada Dosth]] '' || C.I. Niranjan Das ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Narakasuran]]'' || Supt. of Police Rajan ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Yes Your Honour]]'' || Gopikrishnan ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; | 2007 || ''Subhadram '' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Payum Puli]] '' || Isaac John ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[The Speed Track]]'' || Tinu Nalinakshan ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Rakshakan]]'' || Vedimara Zakir ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[July 4 (film)|July 4]]'' || Danny ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Indrajith'' || Rajendran ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2008 || ''[[Shambu (2008 film)|Shambu]]'' || Parthasaradhi ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 2009 || ''[[Duplicate (2009 film)|Duplicate]]'' || ACP Antony Rosarrio ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Thirunakkara Perumal'' || Jose ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Rahasya Police]]'' || Kallan Keshu ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | 2010 || ''[[Pokkiri Raja (2010 film)|Pokkiri Raja]]'' || Maheendran ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[The Thriller]]'' || Paramadayil Subhash ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Avan (2010 film)|Avan]]'' || Dharman||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Vandae Maatharam]]'' || Balan || <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | 2011 || ''Campus Days'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Snehaadaram'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Pachuvum Kovalanum]]'' || ACP John Kuruvila ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Oru Nunakkadha'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;9&quot; | 2012 || ''[[Manthrikan]]'' || Giri ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[The Hitlist]]'' || CI Simon ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Casanovva]]'' || Joseph ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Grandmaster (2012 film)|Grandmaster]]'' || Jerome Jacob ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Simhasanam (2012 film)|Simhasanam]]'' || SP Vetrivel Maaran IPS ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Scene Onnu Nammude Veedu]]'' || Amal ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Mayamohini]]'' || Sanjay Mishra ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Mr. Marumakan]]'' || ACP Madhuram Ramachandran ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Karma Yodha]]'' || Sathan Sunny ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 2013 || ''[[120 Minutes]]'' || V. Gulothangan || &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title='120 Minutes' is a complete thrill and suspense |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/120-Minutes-is-a-complete-thrill-and-suspense/articleshow/15117684.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228084522/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/120-Minutes-is-a-complete-thrill-and-suspense/articleshow/15117684.cms |archive-date=28 February 2022 |access-date=25 April 2020 |website=keralaboxoffice.com|via=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Nadodimannan]]'' || C.I. George TV ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Mumbai Police (film)|Mumbai Police]]'' || Sniper Hitman ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 2014 || ''[[Seconds (2014 film)|Seconds]]'' || Aby Thomas || <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Villali Veeran]]'' || Giridhar Vishwanathan ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Shadow Man (2014 film)|Shadow Man]]'' || Surya ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; | 2015 || ''Ilanjikkavu P.O.'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''TP 51'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Red Alert (2015 film)|High Alert]]'' || || &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://en.msidb.org/m.php?7237|title=Red Alert [2012]|website=en.msidb.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Ithinumappuram]]'' || Karthikeyan ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Samrajyam II: Son of Alexander]]'' || Sanjaydas ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Two Countries]]'' || Kiran ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | 2016 || ''Pachakkallam'' || S.I. Madhuram ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Dhanayathra'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Aneezya'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Chinnadada'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2017 || ''Pakal Pole'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2018 || ''Nimisham'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Monnam Niyamam'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2019 || ''[[Jack &amp; Daniel]]'' ||NRI guest at hotel (Cameo) ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2022 || ''[[Aaraattu (2022 film)|Aaraattu]]'' || Damodarji||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Mathamgi'' || Soorya Narayanan ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=3 | 2024 || ''[[Once Upon a Time in Kochi]]'' ||Sharp Shooter D'cruz ||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-05-29 |title=Once Upon A Time In Kochi Trailer: A police procedural centered around drug abuse in Kochi |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/videos/2024/May/29/once-upon-a-time-in-kochi-trailer-a-police-procedural-centered-around-drug-abuse-in-kochi |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[DNA (2024 film)|DNA]]'' || Peter John Vinayakam ||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-05-11 |title=Raai Laxmi's DNA gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/May/11/raai-laxmis-dna-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Marco (2024 film)|Marco]]'' || C.I. Imran Malik ||Deleted Cameo appearance <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2025 || ''[[Painkili]]'' || Peter ||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Santhosh |first=Vivek |date=2024-12-01 |title=Anaswara Rajan and Sajin Gopu's film titled Painkili, first look out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Dec/01/anaswara-rajan-and-sajin-gopus-film-titled-painkili-first-look-out |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Bha Bha Ba]]''<br /> |Torpedo<br /> |Cameo appearance <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Tamil===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |+<br /> ! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes<br /> |-<br /> | 1993 || ''[[Athma (film)|Athma]]'' || Naveen ||<br /> |-<br /> | 1994 || ''[[Chinna Madam]]'' || Gopal's friend ||<br /> |-<br /> | 1999 || ''[[Kallazhagar]]'' || Jamal ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2000 || ''[[Maayi]]'' || Marriage guest ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | 2001 || ''[[Nageswari]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Badri (2001 film)|Badri]]'' || Vetri||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Samudhiram]]'' || Ramesh ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Asokavanam (2001 film)|Asokavanam]]'' || Mohan ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Aalavandhan]]'' || Sultan ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | 2002 || ''[[Shree (2002 film)|Shree]]'' || Velayudham||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Baba (2002 film)|Baba]]'' || Ramaswamy's son ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Ramanaa (film)|Ramanaa]]'' || Rishi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kadhal Azhivathillai]]'' || Vasanth||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;7&quot; | 2003 || ''[[Arasu (2003 film)|Arasu]]'' || Sabhapathy's son ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Success (2003 film)|Success]]'' || Kicha ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Unnai Charanadaindhen]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Bheeshmar]]'' || Doctor Sakthi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Winner (2003 film)|Winner]]'' || Kattadurai||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Ottran]]'' || Beer Mohammed || <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Enakku 20 Unakku 18]]'' || kumar||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2004 || ''[[Varnajalam]]'' || Royapuram Guna ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Jana (film)|Jana]]'' || Bhandari's brother ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | 2005 || ''[[Gurudeva (film)|Gurudeva]]'' || Deva's unwanted suitor ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Power of Women (film)|Power of Women]]'' || Shyam ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Chinna (2005 film)|Chinna]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Ghajini (2005 film)|Ghajini]]'' || Police Inspector ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2006 || ''[[Thirupathi (2006 Tamil film)|Thirupathi]]'' || Soori||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Perarasu (film)|Perarasu]]'' || Kabali ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | 2007 ||''[[Muruga (film)|Muruga]]'' || Selvam ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Parattai Engira Azhagu Sundaram]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Cheena Thaana 001]]'' || Gowri Shankar ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Nam Naadu (2007 film)|Nam Naadu]]'' || Krishna Kumar I.P.S ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; | 2008 || ''[[Akku (2008 film)|Akku]]'' || Aadhi Narayanan ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Vambu Sandai]]'' || Narayanan ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Vaitheeswaran]]'' || ACP Shakthi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Azhagu Nilayam]]'' || Bhaskar ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Arasangam]]'' || Jaffar || <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Silandhi]]'' || Police Officer ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | 2009 || ''[[Muthirai]]'' || Aadhikesavan's assistant ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Malai Malai]]'' || Deputy Commissioner ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Jaganmohini (2009 film)|Jaganmohini]]'' || Indrajith ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Aadhavan]]'' || ACP Deva ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; | 2010 || ''[[Thairiyam]]'' || Mohan ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Yathumaagi]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Sura (film)|Sura]]'' || ACP Dass||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kutti Pisasu]]'' || Nanjappan||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Maanja Velu]]'' || DGP Easwarapandian ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Vandae Maatharam]]'' || Balan ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2011 || ''[[Ponnar Shankar (film)|Ponnar Sankar]]'' || Vaiyamperumal ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Mambattiyan]]'' || Fake Mambattiyan ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2012 || ''[[Yaarukku Theriyum]]'' || V. Gulothungan || &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-review-yaarukku-theriyum-tamil-is-partly-engaging-1759818|title=Review (Tamil) Yaaruku Theriyum is partly engaging|work=DNA India|access-date=4 May 2022|archive-date=3 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503220728/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-review-yaarukku-theriyum-tamil-is-partly-engaging-1759818|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2013 || ''[[Kantha (film)|Kantha]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2015 || ''[[Masss]]'' || Kamal Ekambaram||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 2016 || ''[[Tharkappu]]'' || Arjun||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Saagasam]]'' || Bar owner ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Aagam (film)|Aagam]]'' || Akilesh Acharya ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2017 || ''[[Vilayattu Aarambam]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2018 || ''[[Bhaskar Oru Rascal]]'' || Riyas Ahemad I.P.S||<br /> |-<br /> | 2021 || ''Maya Maligai'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2022 || ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: I]]'' || Soman Sambhavan ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Sheela'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|2023 || ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: II]]'' || Soman Sambhavan ||<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Raakadhan]]'' || Austin || <br /> |-<br /> |''[[Kapil Returns]]'' || Prakash ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2024 || ''[[Oru Thee]]'' || Police Officer || Direct release on [[Thanthi One]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kUbOvwdiw0Y|title=ஒரே பெண்ணை காதலிக்கும் நாயகனும் அவனது நண்பனும்! நடக்கப்பபோவது என்ன? {{!}} Oru Thee Promo|website=Thanthi One|date=28 August 2024|access-date=6 September 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Petta Rap]]'' || Veeramani || <br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Telugu===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |+<br /> ! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes<br /> |-<br /> | 1991 || ''Madhuranagarilo'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2003 || ''[[Nee Manasu Naaku Telusu]]'' || Kumar ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Dongodu]]'' || Sub-Inspector ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2004 || ''[[Shiva Shankar (film)|Shiva Shankar]]'' || Hemadri ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2005 || ''[[Guru (2005 film)|Guru]]'' || Deva's suitor ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Nayakudu (film)|Nayakudu]]'' || Venugopal ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | 2006 || ''[[Naayudamma]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Stalin (2006 film)|Stalin]]'' || Muddu Krishnayya's son ||<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Veerabhadra (film)|Veerabhadra]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Rajababu (2006 film)|Rajababu]]'' || Goon ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2007 || ''[[Tulasi (2007 film)|Tulasi]]'' || Shankar ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2009 || ''[[Kutti Pisasu|Kaaraa Mazaaka]]'' || Mahendra ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2021 || ''[[WWW (film)|WWW]]'' || Khan ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2023 || ''[[Ala Ila Ela]]'' || Police Officer || <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Kannada===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |+<br /> ! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes<br /> |-<br /> | 2003 || ''[[Veera Kannadiga]]'' || Dhanraj || <br /> |-<br /> | 2005 || ''[[Namma Basava]]'' || Jr Pampapathi ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2006 || ''[[Mohini 9886788888]]'' || Vicky ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2010 || ''[[Kutti Pisasu|Bombat Car]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2012 || ''[[Challenge (2012 film)|Challenge]]'' || V. Gulothangan || &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title='Challenge' engaging, entertaining (Kannada Movie Review) |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/challenge-engaging-entertaining-kannada-movie-review-news-national-mitsOfejjcesi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112013624/https://www.sify.com/movies/challenge-engaging-entertaining-Kannada-movie-review-news-national-mitsOfejjcesi.html |archive-date=2019-11-12 |access-date=2019-11-12 |website=[[Sify]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2023 || ''Sheela'' || ||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Hindi===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |+<br /> ! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes<br /> |-<br /> | 2001 || ''[[Abhay (2001 film)|Abhay]]'' || Sulthan || [[Multiple-language version|Simultaneously shot]] with ''[[Aalavandhan]]''<br /> |-<br /> | 2008 || ''[[Ghajini (2008 film)|Ghajini]]'' || Arjun Yadav || Remake of the [[Ghajini (2005 film)|2005 film of the same name]]<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Television==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !Year!! Title !! Role !! Channel !! Language <br /> |-<br /> | 1998 || ''[[Ramany vs Ramany]]'' || Suresh || rowspan=4 | [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] || rowspan=5| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br /> |-<br /> | 1999–2001 || ''Kudumbam'' || Mouli<br /> |-<br /> | 2000 || ''[[Chithi (TV series)|Chithi]]'' || Anand <br /> |-<br /> | 2002 || ''[[Annamalai (2002 TV series)|Annamalai]]'' || Nallasivam <br /> |-<br /> | 2017–2018 ||rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[Nandini (TV series)|Nandini]]'' || Seiya Nayagi and Rathnavel Bhoopathi ||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]<br /> |-<br /> |2017–2019||Ranganayaki and Krishnamoorthi Bhoopathi||[[Udaya TV]]||[[Kannada]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2019–2022 || ''[[Magarasi (TV series)|Magarasi]]'' || Sendhoora Pandian || rowspan=2 | [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]|| rowspan=2|[[Tamil language|Tamil]] <br /> |-<br /> | 2021 || ''[[Kannana Kanne (TV series)|Kannana Kanne]]'' || Dharmadurai (Special Appearance)<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=2| 2022 || ''[[Swantham Sujatha]]'' || Rudran (Special Appearance) || [[Surya TV]] || rowspan=3| [[Malayalam]]<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kanyadanam (Malayalam TV series)|Kanyadanam]]'' || SP Jagan (Special Appearance) || [[Surya TV]]<br /> |-<br /> |2023 ||''Kumkumacheppu''||Himself (Special Appearance) ||[[Flowers TV]]<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=2| 2024 || ''[[Iniya (TV series)|Iniya]]'' || Inspector Deenadayalan (Special Appearance) || [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] <br /> |-<br /> |''Manathe Kottaram''||Himself (Special Appearance)||[[Zee Keralam]]||[[Malayalam]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Commons category}}<br /> *{{IMDb name|id=1289230|name=Riyaz Khan}}<br /> *[http://en.msidb.org/displayProfile.php?category=actors&amp;artist=Riyaz%20Khan&amp;limit=39 Riyaz Khan at MSI]<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Riyaz}}<br /> [[Category:Male actors from Kochi]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male film actors]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil male actors]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:1972 births]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors in Malayalam television]]</div>

MyronMccreary8 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lawalong,_Chatra&diff=511964 2026-02-11T20:51:03Z

<p>MyronMccreary8: creating new entry</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Lawalong<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | other_name = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = Village<br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|24.150722|N|84.661278|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country <br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} <br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Chatra district|Chatra]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = <br /> | governing_body = <br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | population_total = 2582<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages (*For language details see [[Lawalong#Language and religion]])<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 825404<br /> | area_code_type = Telephone/ STD code<br /> | area_code = 06559<br /> | registration_plate = JH 13<br /> | blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency<br /> | blank1_info_sec1 = [[Chatra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chatra]]<br /> | blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency<br /> | blank2_info_sec1 = [[Simaria (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Simaria]]<br /> | website = {{URL|chatra.nic.in/}}<br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> '''Lawalong''' (also written as Lowalang) is a village and [[gram panchayat]] in the [[Lawalong]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Simaria subdivision]] of the [[Chatra district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].<br /> <br /> ==Geography==<br /> {{OSM Location map<br /> | width=350| height=400| zoom=9<br /> | coord={{coord|24|5|0|N|84|59|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in Chatra district in North Chotanagpur Division'''&lt;br/&gt;M: municipality, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical/ religious centre, P: power plant, T: tourist centre&lt;br/&gt;Abbreviation used - TPS: thermal power station&lt;br/&gt;Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly<br /> |mark-coord1={{coord|24|17|40|N|85|2|0|E}} | label-pos1=bottom|label1= Chiridiri | numbered1=R| mark-title1=[[Chiridiri]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2<br /> |mark-coord2={{coord|24|10|45|N|85|1|27|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Gidhour| numbered2=R| mark-title2=[[Gidhour]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord3={{coord|24|25|10|N|84|49|0|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3= Hunterganj| numbered3=R| mark-title3=[[Hunterganj]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord4={{coord|24|17|55|N|85|9|44|E}} | label-pos4=bottom|label4= Itkhori| numbered4=R| mark-title4=[[Itkhori]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord5={{coord|24|12|35|N|84|39|19|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Kunda| numbered5=R| mark-title5=[[Kunda, Chatra]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord6={{coord|24|9|2|N|84|39|40|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6= Lawalong| numbered6=R| mark-title6=Lawalong, Chatra (R)|shape-color6=black| label-size6=13|label-color6=black &lt;!-- make the subject of the article stand out with black colors --&gt;<br /> |mark-coord7={{coord|24|17|35|N|85|14|33|E}} | label-pos7=top|label7= Mayurhand| numbered7=R| mark-title7=[[Mayurhand]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord8={{coord|24|7|37|N|85|4|8|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Pathalgada| numbered8=R| mark-title8=[[Pathalgada]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord9={{coord|23|42|0|N|85|2|20|E}} | label-pos9=left|label9= Piparwar| numbered9=R| mark-title9=[[Piparwar, Chatra]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord10={{coord|24|17|45|N|84|38|0|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Pratappur| numbered10=R| mark-title10=[[Pratappur, Chatra]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord11={{coord|24|17|35|N|85|0|27|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11= Rajpur| numbered11=R| mark-title11=[[Rajpur, Chatra]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord12={{coord|24|3|42|N|84|56|11|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Simaria| numbered12=R| mark-title12=[[Simaria, Chatra]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord13={{coord|23|52|45|N|85|1|51|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Tandwa| numbered13=R| mark-title13=[[Tandwa]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord14={{coord|24|12|16|N|84|52|37|E}} | label-pos14=bottom|label14=Chatra| numbered14=M| mark-title14= [[Chatra, Jharkhand]] (M) |label-size14=13 |label-color14=#800000<br /> |mark-coord15={{coord|23|42|20|N|85|5|50|E}}| label-pos15=right|label15=Bachra| numbered15=CT| mark-title15= [[Bachra]] (CT) |shape-color15= #A40000<br /> |mark-coord16={{coord|24|23|34|N|84|51|51|E}} | label-pos16=bottom|label16= Kauleshwari |labela16=Temple| numbered16=H| mark-title16=[[Kauleshwari Temple]] (H) | shape-color16=#AA6666<br /> |mark-coord17={{coord|24|7|30|N|84|39|26|E}} | label-pos17=bottom|label17=Lawalong|labela17=Wildlife|labelb17= Sanctuary| numbered17=T|shape-color17= #74C365| mark-title17= [[Lawalong Wildlife Sanctuary]] (T)<br /> |mark-coord18={{coord|23|51|20|N|85|0|44|E}} | label-pos18=left|label18= North Karanpura TPS | numbered18=P| mark-title18= [[North Karanpura Thermal Power Station]] |shape-color18=#967117<br /> |mark-coord19={{coord|23|42|50|N|85|4|0|E}} | label-pos19=top|label19=CCL Piparwar Area |numbered19=0 | mark-title19=[[Piparwar Area]] | label-size19=12| shape-color19=#AA6666<br /> |mark-coord20={{coord|23|49|40|N|84|59|0|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20=CCL Magadh|labela20= Sanghamitra Area |numbered20=0 | mark-title20=[[Magadh Sanghamitra Area]] | label-size20=12| shape-color20=#AA6666<br /> |mark-coord21={{coord|23|53|50|N|85|0|1|E}} | label-pos21=top|label21=CCL Amrapali |labela21=&amp; Chandragupta Area |numbered21=0 | mark-title21=[[Amrapali &amp; Chandragupta Area]] | label-size21=12| shape-color21=#AA6666<br /> |mark-coord22={{coord|23|41|30|N|85|17|0|E}} |label22= Damodar|labela22= River|label-color22 = #77A1CB| label-angle22= 0| label-pos22=top| label-size22=10| mark-size22=0| mark-title22 =none<br /> |mark-coord23={{coord|24|16|0|N|84|51|0|E}} |label23= Lilajan|labela23= River|label-color23 = #77A1CB| label-angle23= -90| label-pos23=top| label-size23=10| mark-size23=0| mark-title23 =none<br /> |mark-coord24={{coord|24|19|0|N|85|9|0|E}} |label24= Mohana|labela24= River|label-color24 = #77A1CB| label-angle24= -90| label-pos24=top| label-size24=10| mark-size24=0| mark-title24 =none<br /> |mark-coord25={{coord|23|56|0|N|84|39|0|E}} |label25= Amanat|labela25= River|label-color25 = #77A1CB| label-angle25= -10| label-pos25=top| label-size25=10| mark-size25=0| mark-title25 =none<br /> |arc-coordA={{coord|24|25|0|N|84|58|0|E}}|arc-textA= BIHAR| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-60| arc-gapA=12.5| arc-radiusA=0.25}}<br /> <br /> ===Location===<br /> Lawalong is located at {{coord|24.150722|N|84.661278|E|display=inline}}.<br /> <br /> ===Area overview===<br /> The map alongside shows that the forests (mark the light shading), covering around 60% of Chatra district, are evenly spread across the district. It is a [[plateau]] area with an elevation of about {{convert|450|m|ft|0}} above mean sea level.&lt;ref name=&quot;blocks&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url = http://chatra.nic.in/blocks.html | title = Chatra - the official website | work = Blocks, Circles &amp; Panchayats – List of villages under Panchayats | publisher = Chatra district authority | access-date = 15 January 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160627231221/http://chatra.nic.in/blocks.html | archive-date = 27 June 2016 | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Efforts are on to get the first unit of the [[NTPC Limited]]’s [[North Karanpura Thermal Power Station]] (3x660 MW), ready in 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/pandemic-delays-ntpcs-mega-project-in-chatra/articleshow/78004765.cms|title = Pandemic delays NTPC's Karanpura mega project in Chatra | publisher= The Times of India, 9 September 2020 | access-date = 15 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;[[North Karanpura Coalfield]] of [[Central Coalfields Limited]], spread over {{convert|1230|km2}} in the southern part of the district, with spill over to neighbouring districts, and having coal reserves of 14 billion tonnes is among the biggest in India. The map provides links to three CCL operational areas.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://sinclairenvironmental.com/karanpura/coalfields.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150516093809/http://sinclairenvironmental.com/karanpura/coalfields.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 May 2015 |title=The North Karanpura Coalfields |work=Jharkhand |publisher=sinclair-environmental |access-date=15 January 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;small&gt;Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the district. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Lowalang (location code 348604) had a total population of 2,582, of which 1,416 (55%) were males and 1,166 (45%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 456. The total number of literate persons in Lowalang was 1,466 (68.96% of the population over 6 years).&lt;ref name=census2011&gt;{{cite web| url =https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2002_PART_B_DCHB_CHATRA.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Chatra, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Page 119: District Primary Census Abstract, 2011 census |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 12 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Civic administration==<br /> ===Police station===<br /> Lawalong police station serves Lawalong CD block.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url= https://jhpolice.gov.in/chatra | title= District Police Profile – Chatra | work= Contact Number | publisher= Jharkhand Police | access-date= 12 January 2021 | archive-date= 17 January 2021 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210117060335/https://jhpolice.gov.in/chatra | url-status= dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===CD block HQ===<br /> Headquarters of Lawalong CD block is at Lawalong village.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3ff4d5fbbafdf976cfdc032e3bde78de5/uploads/2017/06/2018030936.jpg | title= Administrative Boundary Map, Chatra District, Jharkhand|publisher= Chatra district administration| access-date = 12 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Lawalong Wildlife Sanctuary==<br /> The beat office of Lawalong Beat of [[Lawalong Wildlife Sanctuary]] is situated at Lawalong village.&lt;ref name=lawalong&gt;{{cite web |url =http://jharenvis.nic.in/files/lawalongMP_PartI.pdf |title =Management Plan of Lawalong Wildlife Sanctuary |work =The protected Area – the Existing Situation |access-date =7 January 2021 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20090410055819/http://jharenvis.nic.in/files/lawalongMP_PartI.pdf |archive-date =2009-04-10 |url-status =dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = https://wildtrails.in/lawalong-chatra-wildlife-sanctuary/| title= Lawalong (Chatra) Wildlife Sanctuary |publisher=Wild Trails | access-date = 7 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Chatra District}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Villages in Chatra district]]<br /> [[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]<br /> <br /> {{Jharkhand-geo-stub}}</div>

MyronMccreary8 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Painter_and_the_Pest&diff=540638 2026-02-07T04:55:18Z

<p>MyronMccreary8: data</p> <hr /> <div>{{Multiple issues|<br /> {{unreliable sources|date=September 2025}}<br /> {{refimprove|date=September 2025}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Italic title}}[[File:The Painter and the Pest.jpg|thumb|Akumal Ramachander with Harold Shapinsky in a still from The Painter and the Pest]]<br /> <br /> '''''The Painter and the Pest''''' is a 1985 documentary film produced by Bandung Productions and released by British [[Channel 4]] Television on June 2, 1985. It chronicles the story of the discovery of an unknown and impoverished abstract expressionist painter from New York, [[Harold Shapinsky]], by an Indian professor [[Akumal Ramachander]] leading to his international recognition and fame.<br /> <br /> The documentary was directed by Greg Lanning and narrated by [[Salman Rushdie]], who opined that it was one of those happy instances in which the East has repaid the West by discovering something the West had forgotten.&lt;ref&gt;<br /> ''[https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/19850630-discovery-of-an-obscure-american-artist-by-an-indian-schoolteacher-sparks-off-a-storm-770190-2013-12-19 Discovery of an obscure American artist by an Indian schoolteacher sparks off a storm]'', ''India Today, June 30, 1985''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Walker |first=John Albert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wYjN74Ej-JUC&amp;dq=%22The+Painter+and+the+Pest%22+-wikipedia&amp;pg=PA31 |title=Arts TV: A History of Arts Television in Britain |date=1993 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-86196-435-2 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-02-05 |title=The Man Who Found Shapinsky |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/society/the-man-who-found-shapinsky-news-295633 |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> == Synopsis ==<br /> In 1984, Akumal Ramachander, an English professor and small time art promoter from India, was visiting the United States. At the University of Chicago he met graduate student David Shapinsky, who got Ramachander to view slides of his father Harold Shapinsky’s artwork. Harold Shapinsky was a hitherto unknown and impoverished abstract expressionist painter from New York. Enamoured by Shapinsky’s work, Akumal visited Shapinsky in his New York apartment and had the paintings professionally photographed.<br /> <br /> Ramachander’s resolute efforts in championing Shapinsky’s work in New York and London led to Shapinsky having his first solo exhibition in his 40 year career at London’s Mayor Gallery in 1985. The resulting international recognition and fame of Shapinsky led to his revival as an important abstract expressionist, late in his career.&lt;ref&gt;''[https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1985/12/16/a-strange-destiny A Strange Destiny]'', Lawrence Weschler, December 8,1985, The New Yorker&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt; ''[https://www.howlarts.org/event/harold-shapinsky-abstract-soul/ Harold Shapinsky: Abstract Soul]'', Howl! Arts &lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> == Production and release ==<br /> In describing Shapinsky’s “fairy tale” success story, Paula Span of the Washington Post wrote that, while in London promoting Shapinsky, Ramachander had contacted his friend Salman Rushdie, who in turn got political activist and filmmaker [[Tariq Ali]] to arrange the production of a documentary about the Ramachander-Shapinsky story. [[Lawrence Weschler]] in ''The Wanderer in the Perfect City'' was present during the filming at Shapinsky's studio. He described the cramped conditions in which director Greg Lanning had to contend with in filming the interaction between Shapinsky and James Mayor of the Mayor Gallery.&lt;ref&gt;''[https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/first/w/weschler-city.html A Wanderer in the Perfect City]'', Lawrence Weschler, ''Shapinsky's Karma (1985), The New York Times Archive''&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> The documentary, which managed to feature the opening day events of the Shapinsky exhibition in May 1985, first aired on Channel 4 Television in June 1985 while the exhibition was underway. The documentary, along with Salman Rushdie’s article appearing in The Observer, evidently played a role in the success of the exhibition. Paula Span noted that the Mayor Gallery normally attracted about 20 to 30 visitors per day, but the Shapinsky exhibition was drawing in 50 an hour.&lt;ref&gt;<br /> ''[https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/style/1985/07/28/drawing-a-crowd/1105e992-54ad-418d-bcfd-0a72388dd4ab/ Drawing a Crowd]'', ''The Washington Post Archives, July 27, 1985''&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1985 documentary films]]</div>

MyronMccreary8 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nirmal_Chander_Vij&diff=472851 2026-02-06T14:40:11Z

<p>MyronMccreary8: cleanup structure per sources and cleaned formatting</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|20th Chief of Army Staff}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | office2 = 20th [[Chief of Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]]<br /> | term2 = 1 January 2003 – 31 January 2005<br /> | president2 = [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]<br /> | primeminister2 = [[Manmohan Singh]]<br /> | predecessor2 = [[Sundararajan Padmanabhan]]<br /> | successor2 = [[Joginder Jaswant Singh|J. J. Singh]]<br /> | honorific_prefix = [[General (India)|General]]<br /> | name = Nirmal Chander Vij<br /> | honorific_suffix = [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal|PVSM]], [[Uttam Yudh Seva Medal|UYSM]], [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal|AVSM]]<br /> | image = General Nirmal Chander Vij.jpg<br /> | image_size = 250px<br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1943|1|3|df=y}}<br /> | death_date = <br /> | birth_place = [[Jammu]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|State of Jammu and Kashmir]], [[British Raj]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(now in [[Jammu]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]])&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | death_place = <br /> | serviceyears = 1962–2005<br /> | nickname = <br /> | allegiance = {{flag|India}}<br /> | branch = {{army|India}}<br /> | rank = [[File:General of the Indian Army.svg|25px]] [[General (India)|General]]<br /> | unit = [[Dogra Regiment]]<br /> | commands = [[File:IA_Southern_Command.svg|20px]] [[Southern Command (India)|Southern Army]]&lt;br/&gt;[[File:Gajraj corps.png|20px]] [[IV Corps (India)|IV Corps]]&lt;br/&gt;[[File:Sudarshan Chakra Corps (Cropped).jpg|20px]] [[XXI Corps (India)|XXI Corps]]<br /> | awards = [[File:Param Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]&lt;br&gt;[[File:Uttam Yudh Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Uttam Yudh Seva Medal]]&lt;br&gt;[[File:Ati Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]<br /> | battles = [[Sino-Indian War]] &lt;br&gt;<br /> [[Kargil war]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> [[General (India)|General]] '''Nirmal Chander Vij''' [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal|PVSM]], [[Uttam Yudh Seva Medal|UYSM]], [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal|AVSM]] (born 3 January 1943, in [[Jammu]]) was the 20th [[Chief of Army Staff of the Indian Army|Chief of Army Staff]] of the [[Indian Army]]. He held the office from 1 January 2003 to 31 January 2005.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/gen-nc-vij-takes-over-as-new-chief-of-army-staff/66385/|title=Gen NC Vij Takes Over As New Chief Of Army Staff|date=1 January 2003|work=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]]|access-date=10 March 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;army&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTemp1PTC2C.aspx?MnId=kvdthG/15rY=&amp;ParentID=oYjJbpqKulY=|title=General Nirmal Chander Vij, PVSM, UYSM, AVSM (31 Dec 2002 to 31 Jan 2005)|work=[[Indian Army]]|access-date=10 March 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life and education ==<br /> General Vij was born on 3 January 1943&lt;ref&gt;Shankar Prasad, ''The Gallant Dogras: An Illustrated History of the Dogra Regiment'' (Lancer Publishers, 2005) p433&lt;/ref&gt; at [[Jammu]]. He completed his studies at the [[SRML Higher Secondary School]], Jammu and joined the [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]] (NDA) in 1959. He was commissioned into the [[Dogra Regiment]] on 11 December 1962.{{cn|date=September 2021}}<br /> <br /> == Military career ==<br /> Within weeks of his commissioning, he saw action in the [[Walong]] sector in the [[Sino-Indian War|1962 Indo-China War]]. Since then he has served in the eastern sector six times, the last time being as the [[General officer commanding]] [[IV Corps (India)|IV Corps]]. Vij has served as the [[General staff officer]] of an [[infantry division]], a director in the Military Operations Directorate as a [[colonel]] and deputy director general of perspective planning (strategic planning) as a [[brigadier]] at Army HQ in [[New Delhi]].&lt;ref name =&quot;army&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://getahead.rediff.com/news/2002/oct/31army.htm|title= N C Vij appointed new army chief |last=Press Trust of India |author-link=Press Trust of India |work=[[Rediff]]|access-date=10 March 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Vij served as the Major General General Staff (MGGS) at the Western Command in [[Chandimandir]], [[Chandigarh]] ([[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]). During the 1999 [[Kargil War]], he served as the Director General Military Operations (DGMO). In 1999, he broke the military tradition to brief members of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) on operations in [[Kargil War|Kargil]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050201/asp/nation/story_4322226.asp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203163232/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050201/asp/nation/story_4322226.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 February 2013|title=Army baton in hand, &quot;Tiger&quot; roars|last=DUTTA|first=SUJAN |date=1 February 2005|work=The Telegraph|access-date=10 March 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was criticized for appearing, in his professional capacity before a group of senior BJP leaders, and briefing them.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1616/16160220.htm|title=Now, the cover-up|last=Swami|first=Praveen|date=13 August 1999|work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|publisher=[[The Hindu Group]]|access-date=10 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110702140431/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1616/16160220.htm|archive-date=2 July 2011|url-status=usurped}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> For his services as the DGMO, he was awarded{{When|date=November 2021}} the [[Uttam Yudh Seva Medal]]. He was involved was the planning and execution of [[Operation Khukri]] – to extricate trapped Indian peacekeeping troops in [[Sierra Leone]]. The formations he has commanded include a mountain brigade involved in active counter-insurgency operations in the north east, an elite [[RAPID]] (Reorganised Army Plains Infantry Division) unit, the [[XXI Corps (India)|XXI Strike Corps]] based at [[Bhopal]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]&lt;ref name=&quot;HT&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/of-commanders-and-their-command/story-EHeznqPlR1ZwhUNQCdMYlL.html|title=Of commanders and their command|date=2006-12-09|access-date=2021-07-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the [[IV Corps (India)|IV Corps]] based at [[Tezpur]], [[Assam]]. He is also a recipient of the [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]] (PVSM). On 1 October 2000, Vij was appointed as the GOC of Southern Command at [[Pune]] and led the army's rescue efforts during the [[2001 Gujarat earthquake]]. In October 2001, he was appointed as the [[Vice Chief of Army Staff (India)|Vice Chief of Army Staff]] (VCOAS) at New Delhi and in January 2002, he was appointed as the 10th Colonel of the [[Dogra Regiment]] and the [[Dogra Scouts]].<br /> <br /> He was appointed as the Chairman Chiefs of Staff Committee (COSC) on 1 January 2005. He is married to Rita Vij and they have a son, Nalin, who is a software engineer in the United States.&lt;ref name=&quot;army&quot;/&gt; General Vij retired on 31 January 2005, after completing more than 42 years service.<br /> <br /> == Post retirement ==<br /> He was the founder-Vice Chairman of the [[National Disaster Management Authority (India)|National Disaster Management Authority]], in 2005, with an equivalent rank of a Union Minister of State.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ndma.gov.in/ndma/ncvij.htm|title=Gen. N.C.Vij PVSM, UYSM, AVSM (Retd) Vice Chairman|work=National Disaster Management Agency|access-date=10 March 2010|archive-date=7 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090807042533/http://ndma.gov.in/ndma/ncvij.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was the Director of the [[Vivekananda International Foundation]] think tank in New Delhi. In 2021, his book &quot;The Kashmir Conundrum: The Quest for Peace in a Troubled Land&quot; was published by Harper Collins.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-12-23|title=New book by Army ex-chief Gen. Vij offers 'complete picture', way forward on Jammu &amp; Kashmir|url=https://theprint.in/softcover/new-book-by-army-ex-chief-gen-vij-offers-complete-picture-way-forward-on-jammu-kashmir/785764/|access-date=2021-12-29|website=ThePrint}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=22 December 2021|title=Former Army Chief Gen(retd) NC Vij Claims Jammu And Kashmir To Be Free Of Militancy In 8–10 Years|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/former-army-chief-genretd-nc-vij-claims-jammu-and-kashmir-to-be-free-of-militancy-in-8-10-years/406338|access-date=2021-12-29|website=Outlook India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Recent controversy ==<br /> Builders by name Adarsh Housing Cooperative Society have been constructing buildings in the prime government land in [[Mumbai]]. The permission for construction on this government land has been taken in name of providing the affordable accommodation to war widows and the land had been reserved for this purpose. However, many politicians, top military officials, other bureaucrats and their relatives have taken the ownership of the flats.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/cm-link-in-adarsh-housing-society-scam/703869|title=Maha CM link in Adarsh Housing scam|date=28 October 2010|access-date=30 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Ashok Chavan]], former chief minister of [[Maharashtra]], resigned under pressure for his role in this scam. CBI is probing the scam. Gen N C Vij along with two other former military chiefs – [[Deepak Kapoor|General Deepak Kapoor]], and [[Madhvendra Singh|Admiral Madhvendra Singh]] offered to give up their apartments.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Army-Navy-chiefs-offer-to-return-flats/articleshow/6838674.cms|title=Army, Navy chiefs offer to return flats|access-date=30 October 2010 | work=The Times Of India|date=30 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Awards ==<br /> {| style=&quot;margin:1em auto; text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |<br /> | {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Param Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}<br /> | [[File:Uttam Yudh Seva Medal ribbon.svg|105px]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[File:Ati Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|105px]]<br /> | [[File:IND Samanya Seva medal.svg|105px]]<br /> | {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Special Service Medal Ribbon.svg|width=106}}<br /> | [[File:IND Paschimi Star Ribbon.svg|105px]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[File:IND Operation Vijay star.svg|105px]]<br /> | [[File:IND Siachen Glacier Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]<br /> | [[File:IND Raksha Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]<br /> | {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Sangram Medal Ribbon.svg|width=106}}<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Operation Vijay medal.svg|width=106}}<br /> | {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Sainya Seva Medal Ribbon.svg|width=106}}<br /> | {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND High Altitude Medal Ribbon.svg|width=106}}<br /> | {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 50th Anniversary Independence medal.svg|width=106}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 25th Anniversary Independence medal.svg|width=106}}<br /> | {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 30 Years Long Service Ribbon.svg|width=106}}<br /> | {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 20YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|width=106}}<br /> | {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 9YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|width=106}}<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin:1em auto; text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> | [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]<br /> | [[Uttam Yudh Seva Medal]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[Vishisht Seva Medal]]<br /> | [[Samanya Seva Medal]]<br /> | [[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Special Service Medal]]<br /> | [[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Paschimi Star]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Operation Vijay Star]]<br /> | [[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Siachen Glacier Medal]]<br /> | [[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Raksha Medal]]<br /> | [[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Sangram Medal]]<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Operation Vijay Medal]]<br /> | [[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Sainya Seva Medal]]<br /> | [[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|High Altitude Service Medal]]<br /> | [[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|50th Anniversary of Independence Medal]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|25th Anniversary of Independence Medal]]<br /> | [[Indian military decorations#Long service awards|30 Years Long Service Medal]]<br /> | [[Indian military decorations#Long service awards|20 Years Long Service Medal]]<br /> | [[Indian military decorations#Long service awards|9 Years Long Service Medal]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Dates of rank ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:white&quot;<br /> ! Insignia !! Rank !! Component !! Date of rank<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; | [[File:Second Lieutenant of the Indian Army.svg|35px]] || [[Second Lieutenant]] || [[Indian Army]] || 11 December 1962&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=210 |date=22 June 1963 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; | [[File:Lieutenant_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Lieutenant]] || Indian Army || 11 December 1964&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=109 |date=27 February 1965 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; | [[File:Captain_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]] || Indian Army || 11 December 1968&lt;ref name=&quot;captain&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=601 |date=28 June 1969 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; | [[File:Major_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Major (rank)|Major]] || Indian Army || 11 December 1975&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=1534 |date=6 November 1976 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; | [[File:Lieutenant_Colonel_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Lieutenant-Colonel]] || Indian Army || 20 October 1982&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=898 |date=11 June 1983 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; | [[File:Colonel_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Colonel]] || Indian Army || 28 May 1986<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; | [[File:Brigadier_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Brigadier]] || Indian Army || 25 September 1990&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=1446 |date=22 August 1992 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; | [[File:Major_General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Major general#India|Major General]] || Indian Army || 1 October 1993&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=1775 |date=23 December 1995 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; | [[File:Lieutenant_General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Lieutenant-General]] || Indian Army || 1 November 1996 (seniority from 3 June 1996)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=794 |date=31 May 1997 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; | [[File:General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[General (India)|General]]&lt;br&gt;(COAS) || Indian Army || 1 January 2003&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=632 |date=10 May 2003 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{s-start}}<br /> {{s-mil}}<br /> {{s-bef| before = [[Srinivasapuram Krishnaswamy]]}}<br /> {{s-ttl| title= [[Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee]] | years = 2004–2005}}<br /> {{s-aft| after = [[Arun Prakash]]}}<br /> {{s-bef| before = [[S. Padmanabhan|Sundararajan Padmanabhan]]}}<br /> {{s-ttl|title = [[Chief of Army Staff of the Indian Army|Chief of Army Staff]]|years = 2003–2005 }}<br /> {{s-aft|after = [[Joginder Jaswant Singh]]}}<br /> {{s-bef|before = [[S. Padmanabhan|Sundararajan Padmanabhan]]}}<br /> {{s-ttl|title = [[General officer commanding#Usage in the Indian Army|General Officer Commanding-in-Chief]] [[Southern Command (India)|Southern Command]]|years = 2000–2001}}<br /> {{s-aft|after = [[Gurbaksh Singh Sihota]]}}<br /> {{s-end}}<br /> <br /> {{Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee}}<br /> {{Chief of the Army Staff India}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Vij, Nirmal Chander}}<br /> [[Category:1943 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Chiefs of Army Staff (India)]]<br /> [[Category:People from Jammu (city)]]<br /> [[Category:Vice chiefs of Army Staff (India)]]<br /> [[Category:National Defence College, India alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Uttam Yudh Seva Medal]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]</div>

MyronMccreary8 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=C._H._Kanaran&diff=492641 2026-02-06T02:33:51Z

<p>MyronMccreary8: Adding a article</p> <hr /> <div><br /> {{Short description|Indian politician (1909–1972)}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = C. H. Kanaran<br /> | image = <br /> | caption = <br /> | office = State Secretary of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist) – Kerala|Communist Party of India (Marxist), Kerala]]<br /> | term_start = 1964<br /> | term_end = 1972<br /> | preceded = ''Position established''<br /> | succeeded = [[E. K. Nayanar]]<br /> | office1 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | term_start1 = 1965<br /> | term_end1 = 1967<br /> | preceded1 = Hameed Ali Shemnad<br /> | succeeded1 = E. V. Kumaran<br /> | constituency1 = [[Nadapuram Assembly constituency|Nadapuram]]<br /> | term_start2 = 1957<br /> | term_end2 = 1960<br /> | preceded2 = ''Constituency established''<br /> | succeeded2 = Hameed Ali Shemnad<br /> | constituency2 = [[Nadapuram Assembly constituency|Nadapuram]]<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1909||}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Azhiyur]], [[Kozhikode district]], [[Kerala]], [[British Raj|British India]]<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1972|10|20|1909||}}<br /> | death_place = <br /> | party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<br /> | spouse = Parvati<br /> | source = http://niyamasabha.org/codes/members/m274.htm Legislative Assembly<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''C. H. Kanaran''' (1909 – 20 October 1972) was a political leader who represented the [[Nadapuram Assembly constituency|Nadapuram constituency]] in the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|1st Kerala Legislative Assembly]]. He entered the Kerala Legislative Assembly as a [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] representative. He worked as a teacher in his early days. C.H. Kanaran was a member of the Madras Legislative Assembly from 1951–56. After the formation of the CPI(M), he was the state secretary of the party for a long time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Members - Kerala Legislature |url=http://niyamasabha.org/codes/members/m274.htm |access-date=2025-08-09 |website=niyamasabha.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He had shown interest in national struggles even during his school days. He was a complete rationalist. When the [[Congress Socialist Party]] started building peasant organizations, he withdrew from the rationalist campaign and started organizing the peasants. He won the elections to the Madras Legislative Assembly in 1946. He spent a long time in hiding during the period when the Communist Party was banned. He was arrested in 1948. When the party split, he stood firmly with the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]. He died in 1972.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early years==<br /> He was born in 1909 in [[Azhiyur]], [[Kozhikode district]], to Ananthan, a small trader, and Cheekoli Karayi Narayani. He received his primary education at a government school in Punnole. Kanaran, who passed his matriculation in 1929 from Thalassery B.E.M.P. School, became active in the freedom struggle immediately. Even during his school days, CH was interested in extracurricular activities.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=C.H Kanaran |url=https://www.cpimkerala.org/eng/chkanaran-42.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220035842/https://www.cpimkerala.org/eng/chkanaran-42.php |archive-date=2019-12-20 |access-date=2025-08-09 |website=CPIM Kerala}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Political struggle==<br /> In 1932, Kanaran also became an active participant in the [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)|Non-Cooperation Movement]] led by Gandhiji. During this time, he had to serve a 13-month prison sentence for speaking against the British government. During his imprisonment, Kanaran was able to get to know many leaders. After his release from prison, he worked as a teacher. During this period, he organized rationalists and formed the Free Thought Society. It was a time when socialist thought was spreading in Kerala. CH was also attracted to the socialist movement that emerged under the leadership of [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad|EMS]] and [[P. Krishna Pillai]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Bhaskaran |first=C. |title=Early Communist Movement in Kerala |publisher=Chinta Publishers |year=2010 |isbn=81-262-0482-6 |quote=C. H. Kanaran in the Communist Party}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He organized the beedi workers of Thalassery and led a procession from Thalassery to Kuttiadi in 1936-37 . This was the first strike led by CH. It was the organizational activities led by Kanaran that transformed the Thalassery beedi workers' union into a class organization. The strikes conducted at the New Darbar beedi company elevated him to a prominent leader among the workers. Following this strike, Kanaran had to spend time in jail. Kanaran took a leading position in many peasant struggles that took place in North Kerala.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Communist Movement==<br /> CH, who was imprisoned following the strike at the New Darbar Beedi Company, came out with the new ideas of communism in mind. At that time, all socialist thinkers in Kerala were converting to communism. CH and P. Krishna Pillai represented Kerala in the party plenum held in Bombay in 1942. In 1946, he won the election to the Madras Legislative Assembly. When the Communist Party was banned in the country following the Second Congress in 1948, CH also went into hiding. In 1957, he won from the Nadapuram constituency and entered the first Kerala Legislative Assembly. CH was one of the main architects of the [[Land reform in Kerala|Land Reforms Act]] passed by the first Kerala Legislative Assembly.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> When the party split in 1964, C.H. was one of the 32 members who left the National Council and formed the CPI(M). He remained steadfast with the party since then. His organizational skills also helped to keep the members in the CPI(M). The state conference held prior to the 7th Congress elected Kanaran as the state secretary. He also served as the CPM state secretary from 1964 to 1972. When the party was banned following the 7th Congress, Kanaran was also imprisoned. While in prison, he contested and won the general elections held during his imprisonment, but could not serve as a member of the legislature as the legislature was not in session.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> His wife was Parvati, and they had two sons and two daughters.<br /> <br /> The centenary celebrations of CH were inaugurated by CPI(M) General Secretary [[Prakash Karat]] at a function held at the Town Hall in Thalassery on 29 July 2009.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Members of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]<br /> [[Category:1909 births]]<br /> [[Category:1972 deaths]]<br /> {{Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}</div>

MyronMccreary8 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manish_Tewari&diff=474420 2026-01-31T15:50:32Z

<p>MyronMccreary8: improved details after review and cleaned formatting</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician and lawyer born 1965}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Manish Tewari<br /> | image = Manish Tewari.jpg<br /> | image size = <br /> | caption = Tewari in 2014<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1965|12|08}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Manish Tewari Biography|url=http://www.nriinternet.com/NRIcongressparty/Indian_Leaders/A_Z/T/Manish_Tewari/BIO/index.htm|publisher=NRIInternet.com|access-date=4 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | birth_place = [[Chandigarh]], [[East Punjab|Punjab]], [[India]] <br /> | residence = [[Chandigarh]], [[India]]<br /> | death_date = <br /> | death_place = <br /> | office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]<br /> | constituency = [[Chandigarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chandigarh]]<br /> | term_start = 4 June 2024<br /> | predecessor = [[Kirron Kher]]<br /> | constituency1 = [[Anandpur Sahib (Lok Sabha constituency)|Anandpur Sahib]]<br /> | term_start1 = 23 May 2019<br /> | term_end1 = 4 June 2024<br /> | predecessor1 = [[Prem Singh Chandumajra]]<br /> | successor1 = [[Malwinder Singh Kang]]<br /> | constituency2 = [[Ludhiana (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ludhiana]]<br /> | term_start2 = 16 May 2009<br /> | term_end2 = 18 May 2014<br /> | predecessor2 = [[Sharanjit Singh Dhillon]]<br /> | successor2 = [[Ravneet Singh Bittu]]<br /> | office3 = [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Minister of Information and Broadcasting (Independent Charge)]]<br /> | predecessor3 = [[Ambika Soni]]<br /> | successor3 = [[Prakash Javdekar]]<br /> | primeminister3 = [[Manmohan Singh]]<br /> | term_start3 = 28 October 2012<br /> | term_end3 = 26 May 2014<br /> | office4 = President of [[Indian Youth Congress]]<br /> | term_start4 = 1998<br /> | term_end4 = 2003<br /> | predecessor4 = Satyajit D. Gaekwad<br /> | successor4 = [[Randeep Surjewala]]<br /> | office5 = President of [[National Students Union of India]]<br /> | term_start5 = 1986<br /> | term_end5 = 1993<br /> | predecessor5 = [[Mukul Wasnik]]<br /> | successor5 = Saleem Ahmad<br /> | party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br /> | spouse = Naznin Shifa Tewari<br /> | occupation = [[Politician]]<br /> | nationality = [[India]]n<br /> | alma_mater = [[Delhi University]]<br /> | education = [[Bachelor of Laws]]<br /> }}<br /> '''Manish Tewari''' (born 8 December 1965) is an Indian lawyer and politician. He is a member of the [[Indian National Congress]] and represents [[Chandigarh Lok Sabha constituency|Chandigarh]] in the current [[18th Lok Sabha]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sethi |first=Chitleen K. |date=2024-06-04 |title=Congress's Manish Tewari wrests Chandigarh from BJP after 10 yrs, Sanjay Tandon loses by slim margin |url=https://theprint.in/elections/congresss-manish-tewari-wrests-chandigarh-from-bjp-after-10-yrs-sanjay-tandon-loses-by-slim-margin/2116584/ |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; He represented [[Anandpur Sahib (Lok Sabha constituency)|Anandpur Sahib]] in the [[17th Lok Sabha]]. He was [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Minister of Information and Broadcasting]] from 2012 to 2014 and a [[Member of parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]] from [[Ludhiana (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ludhiana]] from 2009 to 2014. He contested and won from [[Chandigarh Lok Sabha constituency|Chandigarh]] in the [[2024 Indian general election in Chandigarh|2024 Indian general election]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Bullish Wins &amp; Bearish Losses: Here are the key contests and results of 2024 Lok Sabha polls&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=The Economic Times|title=Bullish Wins &amp; Bearish Losses: Here are the key contests and results of 2024 Lok Sabha polls|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/bullish-wins-bearish-losses-here-are-the-key-contests-of-2024-lok-sabha-results/articleshow/110713130.cms?from=mdr|accessdate=27 July 2024|date=6 June 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727153249/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/bullish-wins-bearish-losses-here-are-the-key-contests-of-2024-lok-sabha-results/articleshow/110713130.cms?from=mdr|archivedate=27 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Personal life==<br /> Manish Tewari was born on 8 December 1965 in [[Chandigarh]], [[India]]&lt;ref name=&quot;goi&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://archive.india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=4430|title=Detailed profile: Shri Manish Tewari|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=16 October 2019}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; to [[Hindu]] [[Brahmin]] father [[V.N. Tiwari]], an author of [[Punjabi language]] and professor at the Panjab University; and [[Jat Sikh]] mother [[Amrit Tewari]], a dentist who worked as Professor and Head, Oral Health Sciences Center, and Dean at [[Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite tweet |user=ManishTewari |number=1065193887461867520 |title=Actually Prabhu ji @PrabhuChawla &quot;I am half a Jat Sikh too - from my mother's side &amp; proud of the Hindu- Sikh syncretism that is my DNA. My Late Father called it Punjabiyat. While I was growing up religion, caste &amp; the rest of it was alien to me. I discovered that I was a Hindu1/2&quot; |date=Nov 21, 2018 |access-date=Sep 14, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Tribune_Jan2018&quot;/&gt; His father was killed by [[Khalistan|Khalistani]] [[Militancy in Punjab|militants]] in 1984. His mother died in 2018 following a cardiac arrest.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tribune_Jan2018&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Robin |date=15 January 2018 |title=Prof Amrit Tewari, former PGI Dean, passes away at 80 |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/prof-amrit-tewari-former-pgi-dean-passes-away-at-80-528752 |work=The Tribune |access-date=24 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tewari's maternal grandfather, Sardar Tirath Singh was a lawyer and a minister in Congress' government in the state of Punjab.{{cn|date=September 2024}}<br /> <br /> He studied from [[St. John's High School, Chandigarh|St. John's High School]], Chandigarh. Tewari attained a [[Bachelor's of Arts]] degree from [[Panjab University, Chandigarh]] and later a [[Bachelor of Laws]] from the [[University of Delhi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;goi&quot;/&gt; During his time at the Panjab University, he led the sports teams in [[swimming]] and [[water polo]].&lt;ref name=&quot;goi&quot;/&gt; Tewari married Naznin Shifa, a [[Parsi]] in March 1996 and now resides in [[Lodhi Gardens]], [[New Delhi]]. The couple has a daughter, Ineka Tewari.&lt;ref name=&quot;goi&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> [[File:Manish Tewari addressing a Press Conference on ‘Digitization and related issues’, in New Delhi. The Secretary, Ministry of Information &amp; Broadcasting, Shri Uday Kumar Varma and the Principal Director General (M&amp;C) (1).jpg|left|thumb|Manish Tewari addressing a Press Conference on ‘Digitization and related issues’, in New Delhi.]]<br /> Tewari was the president of [[National Students' Union of India|National Students Union of India]] from 1988 to 1993&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Tewari, Shri Manish |url=http://164.100.47.194/loksabha/members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4430 |website=Parliament of India |access-date=24 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Indian Youth Congress(I) from 1998 to 2000. He lost the [[2004 Indian general election|2004 Lok sabha elections]] but successfully contested the [[2004 Indian general election|2009 Lok Sabha elections]] by defeating [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]'s candidate Gurcharan Singh Galib by a margin of over 100,000 votes. In the [[2012 Indian cabinet reshuffle|2012 Indian Cabinet reshuffle]] he was made Union Minister for Information and Broadcasting&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cabinet reshuffle: Manmohan Singh's new team a mix of youth and experience|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/the-list-of-new-ministers-in-manmohan-cabinet-119824-2012-10-27|website=India Today|date=2012-10-28|access-date=2026-01-31|language=en|last=PTI}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Tewari, an advocate by profession, presently practices in the Supreme Court of India and the High Courts of Delhi as well as Punjab and Haryana.<br /> <br /> As a member of parliament he has been active in drafting a Private member's Bill to bring the intelligence agencies under parliamentary oversight.&lt;ref name=Intel&gt;{{cite news|title=Indian spy agencies to come under parliament oversight? |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/indian-spy-agencies-to-come-under-parliament-oversight/articleshow/9601416.cms |access-date=20 April 2012 |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=14 August 2011 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240525222846/https://www.webcitation.org/674KI9B9H?url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/indian-spy-agencies-to-come-under-parliament-oversight/articleshow/9601416.cms |archive-date=25 May 2024 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; While he was scheduled to contest polls from his constituency Ludhiana, in March 2014 he was admitted to hospital for heart ailment.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/manish-tewari-unlikely-to-contest-lok-sabha-polls/|title = Manish Tewari unlikely to contest Lok Sabha polls|date = 16 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Days later he expressed his unwillingness to contest parliamentary elections owing to his ill health. He has been replaced by Ravneet Singh Bittu, the grandson of former Punjab Chief Minister Beant Singh.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/manish-tewari-not-to-contest-lok-sabha-polls/|title=Manish Tewari not to contest Lok Sabha polls|date=25 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Manish Tewari was a speaker at Bridge India's webinar on &quot;India's foreign policy: Taking stock at the end of Year One&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bridge India's webinar series|url=https://www.bridgeindia.org.uk/event/our-covid-19-webinar-series/|access-date=2021-11-02|website=Bridge India|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2022, it was reported that Tewari may be a candidate in the [[2022 Indian National Congress presidential election]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 22, 2022 |title=Kamal Nath, Manish Tewari may contest in Congress chief polls |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/madhya-pradesh-chief-minister-kamal-nath-mp-manish-tewari-may-contest-in-congress-chief-polls/cid/1888130 |access-date=2022-09-28 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:The Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Information &amp; Broadcasting, Shri Manish Tewari addressing the gathering, at Mullanpur, Distt. Ludhiana of Punjab on October 23, 2013.jpg|thumb|Manish Tewari addressing the gathering, at Mullanpur, District. Ludhiana of Punjab on 23 October 2013]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{wikiquote}}<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091005000723/http://manishtewari.info/ www.manishtewari.info] <br /> * {{Twitter}}<br /> * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=218JtyDtgTw HT Leadership Summit Discussion featuring Manish Tewari and Mahua Moitra]<br /> <br /> {{Cabinet of Manmohan Singh}}<br /> {{17th LS members from Punjab}}<br /> {{Ministers of Information and Broadcasting}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Tewari, Manish}}<br /> [[Category:Indian Youth Congress presidents]]<br /> [[Category:India MPs 2009–2014]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Chandigarh]]<br /> [[Category:Lok Sabha members from Punjab, India]]<br /> [[Category:Union ministers of state of India with independent charge]]<br /> [[Category:Ministers for information and broadcasting of India]]<br /> [[Category:1965 births]]<br /> [[Category:People from Ludhiana district]]<br /> [[Category:India MPs 2019–2024]]<br /> [[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]<br /> [[Category:Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance candidates in 2024 Indian general election]]</div>

MyronMccreary8 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vinnarasi_Madha_Church,_Kandikuppam&diff=544700 2026-01-25T22:13:17Z

<p>MyronMccreary8: info</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Roman Catholic Church in Tamil Nadu, India}}<br /> {{Infobox church<br /> | name = Vinnarasi Madha Church<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|12.54390|78.31107|display=inline,title}}<br /> | fullname = Our Lady Of Queen Of Heaven Church<br /> | other name = Queen of Heaven Church <br /> <br /> | image = Vinnarasi Madha Church, Kandikuppam.jpg<br /> | caption = Front View of the church<br /> <br /> | location = [[Kandikuppam]], [[Bargur]], [[Krishnagiri]], [[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | country = [[India]]<br /> <br /> | denomination = [[Catholic Church|Catholic]]<br /> | religious institute = [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]]<br /> | cult = [[Catholic devotions]]<br /> | founded date = 1929<br /> | founder = Fr. Ignatius &amp; Fr. Dominic<br /> <br /> | status = [[Parish church]]<br /> | functional status = Active<br /> | architectural type = [[Church (building)|Church]]<br /> | style = [[Medieval architecture|Medieval]]<br /> | years built = 1977<br /> <br /> | parish = [[Kandikuppam]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://dharmapuridiocese.org/parishes/lists.html | title=Dharmapuri Diocese | access-date=2022-10-28 | archive-date=2022-10-28 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028070952/https://dharmapuridiocese.org/parishes/lists.html | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | deanery = [[Krishnagiri]]<br /> | archdiocese = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Pondicherry and Cuddalore|Pondicherry and Cuddalore]]<br /> | diocese = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Dharmapuri|Dharmapuri]]<br /> | episcopalarea = [[Catholic Bishops' Conference of India|TNBC]]<br /> | district = [[Krishnagiri district|Krishnagiri]]<br /> | archbishop = [[Francis Kalist]]<br /> | bishop = Lawrence Pius Dorairaj<br /> | priest = Fr. M. Albert William V.F.<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''The Vinnarasi Madha Church''', also called ''Our Lady of [[Queen of Heaven]] Church'', is a Roman Catholic [[Parish]] Church in [[Kandikuppam]] village, [[Krishnagiri district]], in the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is situated on the Krishnagiri - Bargur National Highway [[National Highway 48 (India)|NH48]]. It is the place of worship for about 3000 [[Roman Catholic (term)|Catholics]] living in that village. Under this parish administration there are 4 Churches ([[Chapel]]s), a Divine center and Middle School. This church is servers under the administration of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Dharmapuri|Dharmapuri Diosceses]].<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> <br /> Since 1792, there have been Catholics around [[Kandikuppam]] village.<br /> <br /> According to Rev Fr. Leo Debian's record &lt;ref&gt;History of Elthagiri Parish by - Rev Fr. Leo Debian&lt;/ref&gt; at first settlement of Catholics happened in Kockanoor village near Kandikuppam. This record states were two families (Jaadi Manim and Kollapatti families) lived in Maruderi Village in the banks of [[Ponnaiyar River|South Pennar River]] near [[Kaveripattinam, Krishnagiri|Kaveripatinam]]. After the invasion of Tipu Sultan, they moved to present-day [[Punganur]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]] then returned to South and settled in Kockanoor, while their branch families settled in [[Elathagiri]]. <br /> Kandikuppam became a sub-station of [[Elathagiri]] in 1929. A primary school was built during this time, then in 1973 the school became St. Xavier Middle School. Elathagiri Parish Priest Rev. Fr. Joshua [[Paris Foreign Missions Society|MEP]] bought a plot of land in 1954 in Kandikuppam near the [[National Highway 48 (India)|Madras Highways]] (where the present Church is located). Later, additional lands were acquired in 1965, 1972, 1973, and 1985 to surround this Church land.<br /> <br /> Fr. Jean Pierre Martin [[Paris Foreign Missions Society|MEP]] was born in [[France]] on 29-12-1881, became a priest on 29-6-1905, and came to India on 16-8-1905 to serve in the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kumbakonam|Kumbakonam Diocese]]. After that he served in various parishes including Michaelpatti, Thooluurpatti, and Kottapalayam. He served as a lecturer at [[St. Peter's Pontifical Seminary|St. Peter's Seminary]], [[Uzhavarkarai]], [[Puducherry (union territory)|Pondicherry]], from 1919 to 1930. In 1930, [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Salem|Salem]] became a new diocese, and from 1930 to 1932, he served as parish priest at [[Our Lady Of Refuge Church, Elathagiri|Elathagiri Church]]. From 1933 to 1960, he was a professor at [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]] Suramangalam [[Seminary]]. After 1960, he moved back to Kandikuppam and worked with local people, helping them with their education and missionary service. He spent the rest of his days in [[Wellington, Tamil Nadu|Ooty-Wellington]] Missionary homage due to his age, he died on 10-2-1969, and his graveyard is still present in [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Salem|Salem Bishop House]].<br /> <br /> [[File:Vinnarasi Madha Church Inugration board.jpg|thumb|200 px|left|Foundation Stone]]<br /> <br /> Elathagiri men's hostel Warden Rev. Fr. Ignatius Kalathil and Elathagiri St. Anthony's School headmaster Rev Fr. Dominic showed interest in building a church in Kandikuppam with the help and support of local people and Salem diocese charity Vinnarasi Madha Church was built. On 15-9-1977, this church started its service to Kandikuppam villagers with the blessing of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Pondicherry and Cuddalore|Pondicherry]] [[Archbishop]] [[Venmani S. Selvanather|V. S. Selvanathan]]&lt;ref&gt;History of Dharamapuri Diocese - by Rev. Fr. A. Susairaj&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Kandikuppam became a parish on 1-6-1979 with Rev. Fr. Felix Rafel [[Paris Foreign Missions Society|MEP]] as its first parish priest. Fr. Felix was born in [[France]] on 7-2-1915 and became a priest in 7-10-1945. in 7-10-1945 and came to India to serve under [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Salem|Salem Diocese]]. He served in various places like Perunkuruchi, [[Denkanikottai]], Kosavampatti, and [[Vellalapalayam]] before serving in Kandikuppam as Parish priest from 1979 to 1981. Then till 1992 he Severed in [[Pudupalayam]] Parish then he went back to his home land France and he died in 11-4-1997.<br /> <br /> In 1981 to 1986 Rev. Fr. Ignatius become a 2nd Parish priest for during his time [[Congregation of the Immaculate Conception|CIC Madurai Sisters]]&lt;ref&gt;https://cicmadurai.org&lt;/ref&gt; stayed in Kandikuppam and started their service to church and Schools.<br /> <br /> Rev Fr. Henry George promoted [[Kottur, Bargur|Kottur]] St Antony's Church into a Parish Church for [[Bargur]] on 23-1-1998. Rev Fr. Maria Joseph built a new priest stay house on 28-4-2003 with in the Church campus. During the period of Rev. Fr. Arulsamy, the Ambiyam project was successfully implemented with in all families with the help of the Dioceses. A shopping complex was also constructed in the east side of the church, which contributes to the revenue of the church.<br /> <br /> == Substations ==<br /> <br /> ''There are five substations comes under Kandikuppam Parish.''<br /> <br /> *In 1990 a land was brought in '''[[Achamangalam]]''' during the period of Rev. Fr. Henry George. From 20-5-1999 [[Infant Jesus of Prague|Kulandhai Yesu]] Church was constructed and started this service for Achamangalam villagers.<br /> *For the Catholics who live near '''Kamraj Nagar''' (Adaikalapuram) a Chapel was built in 1996 in the name of [[Our Lady of Laus|Adaikala Annai]]<br /> *[[Our Lady of Good Health|Arokiya Mary Chapel]] was built for '''Kockanoor''' villager and started its service since 8-9-1999. <br /> * In 2005 [[Anthony the Great|Vanathu Anthoniyar]] Chapel was built for the Catholics who live near '''Thandavanpallam''' village.<br /> <br /> {{Gallery<br /> |title=Sub-stations churchs of Kandikuppam Parish<br /> |width=200 | height=170<br /> |align=center<br /> |footer=photo:aultabulta<br /> |File:Infant Jesus Church, Achamangalam, Kandikuppam.jpg<br /> |alt1= Infant Jesus Church, Achamangalam, Kandikuppam<br /> |Infant Jesus Church, Achamangalam, Kandikuppam.<br /> |File:Our Lady of Refugee Chapel, Adaikalapuram, Kandikuppam.jpg<br /> |alt2=Our Lady of Refugee Chapel, Adaikalapuram, Kandikuppam.<br /> |Our Lady of Refugee Chapel, Adaikalapuram, Kamaraj Nagar, Kandikuppam.<br /> |File:Velankanni Madha Chapel, Kandikuppam.jpg<br /> |alt3=Velankanni Madha Chapel, Kandikuppam<br /> |Velankanni Arokiya Madha Chapel, Arokiya Nagar, Kockanoor, Kandikuppam<br /> |File:Vannathu Chinappar Chapel, Kandikuppam.jpg<br /> |alt4=Vannathu Andhoniyar Chapel, Kandikuppam<br /> |Vannathu Andoniyar Chapel, Andhoniyar Nagar, Thandavanpallam, Kandikuppam<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == List of Parish Priests ==<br /> [[File:Vinnarasi Madha Church, Interiour, Kandikuppam.jpg|thumb|300 px|right|Vinarasi Madha Church Interior]]<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |+ <br /> |-<br /> ! Years served !! Name&lt;ref&gt;https://www.church.catholictamil.com/p/765.html&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 1979-1981 || Rev. Fr. Felix Rafel MEP<br /> |-<br /> | 1981-1986 || Rev. Fr. Ignatius Kalathil<br /> |-<br /> | 1987-1989 || Rev. Fr. Thomas Keeranchira<br /> |-<br /> | 1989-1991 || Rev. Fr. M. Dominic<br /> |-<br /> | 1991-1992 || Rev. Fr. A. Rosario<br /> |-<br /> | 1992-1994 || Rev. Fr. S. Arokiyasamy<br /> |-<br /> | 1994-1999 || Rev Fr. s. Henry George<br /> |-<br /> | 1999-2004 || Rev. Fr. S. Mario Joseph<br /> |-<br /> | 2004-2008 || Rev. Fr. M. Arulsamy<br /> |-<br /> | 2008-2013 || Rev. Fr. S. Sowariyappan<br /> |-<br /> | 2013-2015 || Rev Fr. S. Arokiya James<br /> |-<br /> | 2015-2018 || Rev. Fr. A. Arpudharaj<br /> |-<br /> | 2018-2021 || Rev. Fr. A. Madhalaimuthu<br /> |-<br /> | From 2021 || Rev. Fr. M. Albert William<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Roman Catholic Diocese of Dharmapuri}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Churches in Krishnagiri district]]<br /> [[Category:Roman Catholic church buildings in Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Roman Catholic church buildings in the Diocese of Dharmapuri]]</div>

MyronMccreary8 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thenumgal_Poulose_Jacob&diff=468742 2026-01-22T02:25:25Z

<p>MyronMccreary8: corrected citations as per guidelines</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian surgeon}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Thenumgal Poulose Jacob<br /> | image = The President, Shri Pranab Mukherjee presenting the Padma Shri Award to Prof. (Dr.) Thenumgal Poulose Jacob, at an Investiture Ceremony-II, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on April 26, 2014.jpg<br /> | imagesize = <br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1934|06|12}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Aluva]], [[Kerala]], India<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|2024|11|22|1934|06|12|df=y}}<br /> | death_place = [[Chennai]], India<br /> | restingplace = <br /> | restingplacecoordinates = <br /> | occupation = Surgeon<br /> | yearsactive = <br /> | known for = Vascular surgery<br /> | spouse = Esther<br /> | domesticpartner = <br /> | children = {{unbulleted list|Hasum Jacob Thenumgal|Siji Jacob}}<br /> | parents = Thenumgal Poulose&lt;br&gt;Mariam<br /> | website = <br /> | signature = <br /> | awards = [[Padma Shri]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Indian name|Jacob|Thenumgal Poulose}}'''Thenumgal Poulose Jacob''' was an Indian surgeon specializing in vascular surgery,&lt;ref name=&quot;Dr Neelam Kler to be conferred with Padma Bhushan award&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.indiamedicaltimes.com/2014/01/26/dr-neelam-kler-to-be-conferred-with-padma-bhushan-award/ | title=Dr Neelam Kler to be conferred with Padma Bhushan award | publisher=India Medical Times | date=26 January 2014 | access-date=25 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Congratulations&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://probecure.com/Updatedetail.aspx?ID=%2010024&amp;Type=CONGRATS | title=Congratulations | publisher=Probe Cure | date=26 April 2014 | access-date=25 July 2016 | archive-date=23 May 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523125203/http://probecure.com/Updatedetail.aspx?ID=%2010024&amp;Type=CONGRATS | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; and the founder Head of the Department of Vascular Surgery at [[Madras Medical College]].&lt;ref name=&quot;History of the Department&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.mmc.tn.gov.in/Department/vascular%20surgery/dep_vascularsurgery.html | title=History of the Department | publisher=Madras Medical College | date=2016 | access-date=25 July 2016 | archive-date=24 November 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171124105415/http://www.mmc.tn.gov.in/Department/vascular%20surgery/dep_vascularsurgery.html | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Born in [[Aluva]], in the south Indian state of [[Kerala]], to Thenumgal Poulose and Mariam in a [[Malayali]] family,&lt;ref name=&quot;Rich Padma haul for Keralites&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/rich-padma-haul-for-keralites/article5618350.ece | title=Rich Padma haul for Keralites | work=The Hindu | date=26 January 2014 | access-date=25 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; he did his under-graduate studies at [[UC College]] before graduating in medicine from [[Stanley Medical College]], Chennai, and secured his MS degree from the same institution.&lt;ref name=&quot;Inganeyum Oru Doctor Ivideyundu&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/health/features/jacob-t-p-(dr)-malayalam-news-1.553362 | title=Inganeyum Oru Doctor Ivideyundu | publisher=Mathrubhumi News | date=24 September 2015 | access-date=25 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; He started his practice under government service at [[Madras Medical College]] where he helped establish the department of vascular surgery in 1978 and served as its founder head until his superannuation &lt;!--retirement?--&gt; in 1993.&lt;ref name=&quot;History of the Department&quot; /&gt; The Government of India awarded him the fourth highest civilian honour of the [[Padma Shri]], in 2014, for his contributions to medical science.&lt;ref name=&quot;Padma Awards&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2016 | access-date=3 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is married to Esther and the couple has a daughter, Siji Jacob, an academic and a son, Hasum Jacob Thenumgal, an engineer at TCS.&lt;ref name=&quot;Inganeyum Oru Doctor Ivideyundu&quot; /&gt; He is in private practice at ''T. P. Jacob Clinic'' in [[Royapuram]], [[Chennai]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Jacob on Practo&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.practo.com/chennai/doctor/dr-t-p-jacob-vascular-surgeon | title=Jacob on Practo | publisher=Practo | date=2016 | access-date=25 July 2016 | archive-date=20 August 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820074743/https://www.practo.com/chennai/doctor/dr-t-p-jacob-vascular-surgeon | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; and is also a consultant vascular surgeon at MV Hospitals for Diabetes, Royapuram.&lt;ref name=&quot;Our Staff &quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.mvdiabetes.com/our-staff.htm | title=Our Staff | publisher=MV Hospitals | date=2016 | access-date=25 July 2016 | archive-date=27 February 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227193930/http://www.mvdiabetes.com/our-staff.htm | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Vascular surgery]]<br /> <br /> {{portal|India|Medicine}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{cite web | url=http://mathrubhuminews.in/ee/ReadMore/4531/ten-malayalees-honoured-with-padma-awards/E | title=Ten Malayalees honoured with Padma awards | publisher=Mathrubhumi News | work=TV Report | date=January 2014 | access-date=25 July 2016 | archive-date=19 April 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419071758/http://mathrubhuminews.in/ee/ReadMore/4531/ten-malayalees-honoured-with-padma-awards/E | url-status=dead }}<br /> <br /> {{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Medicine}}<br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Jacob, Thenumgal Poulose}}<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> [[Category:People from Aluva]]<br /> [[Category:Scientists from Kochi]]<br /> [[Category:Malayali people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian vascular surgeons]]<br /> [[Category:Indian medical academics]]<br /> [[Category:Indian medical administrators]]<br /> [[Category:1934 births]]<br /> [[Category:2024 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian surgeons]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-med-bio-stub}}</div>

MyronMccreary8 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dholbajja&diff=496873 2026-01-21T13:07:44Z

<p>MyronMccreary8: Adding new article</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Village in Bihar, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}<br /> {{more citations needed|date=February 2016}}<br /> <br /> '''Dholbajja''' is a village in the Forbesganj subdivision of [[Araria district]], in the state of [[Bihar]], [[India]]. The Pin code is 854318.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiamapia.com/Araria/dholbazza.html|title = Dholbazza Pin Code, Dholbazza, Araria Map, Latitude and Longitude, Bihar}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [https://archive.today/20140901053459/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-25/patna/29471045_1_woman-kidnapper-araria-alert-villagers ]<br /> * https://pincode.org.in/bihar/araria/d/dholbazza<br /> <br /> {{coord missing|Bihar}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Villages in Araria district]]<br /> <br /> {{Araria-geo-stub}}</div>

MyronMccreary8 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uttar_Pradesh_Sametata_Khud_Ko&diff=542939 2026-01-20T06:54:42Z

<p>MyronMccreary8: done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|De facto anthem of Uttar Pradesh, India}}<br /> {{Infobox anthem<br /> |title = {{lang|hi|उत्तर प्रदेश समेटता ख़ुद को इतिहास के पन्नों में}}<br /> |transcription = {{lang|hi-latn|italic=no|Uttar Pradesh Sameṭta Khud ko Itihās ke Pannoñ Meñ}}<br /> |english_title = &quot;Uttar Pradesh Covers Itself in the Pages of History&quot;<br /> |type = song<br /> |image = Seal of Uttar Pradesh.svg<br /> |image_size = 150px<br /> |caption = [[Emblem of Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> |prefix = Unofficial state<br /> |country = [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> |author = <br /> |lyrics_date = <br /> |composer = <br /> |music_date = <br /> |adopted = <br /> |until =<br /> |sound =<br /> |sound_title = }}<br /> &quot;'''{{lang|hi-latn|italic=no|Uttar Pradesh Sameṭta Khud ko Itihās ke Pannoñ Meñ}}'''&quot;{{efn|{{langx|hi|उत्तर प्रदेश समेटता ख़ुद को इतिहास के पन्नों में}}, {{IPA|hi|ˈʊt̪ːɐɾ pɾɐˈd̪eːʃ sɐˈmeːʈtaː kʰʊd̪ koː ɪt̪ɪˈɦaːs keː ˈpɐnːõː meː|pron}}; {{lit}} &quot;Uttar Pradesh Covers Itself in the Pages of History&quot;}} is the song of the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]], which was adopted in 2022 as part of the [[75th Anniversary of Indian Independence]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/melodies-of-freedom-list.htm | title=Melodies of Freedom &amp;#124; Indian Freedom Songs Amrit Mahotsav }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/uttar-pradesh-may-get-its-official-state-song-soon-101628358065843.html|title = Uttar Pradesh may get its official state song soon|date = 7 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Lyrics==<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ![[Hindi language|Hindi]] lyrics in [[Devanagari]]<br /> !Hindi lyrics in the [[Devanagari transliteration|Roman alphabet]]<br /> ![[English language|English]] translation<br /> |- style=&quot;vertical-align:top;white-space:nowrap;&quot;<br /> |&lt;poem&gt;{{lang|hi|उत्तर प्रदेश समेटता ख़ुद को इतिहास के पन्नों में<br /> पिढ़ियों की संस्कार संस्कृति से<br /> अपना एक अस्तित्व दिखाया<br /> उत्तर प्रदेश ने भारत को और भी महान बनाया।<br /> <br /> हिम पर्वत उत्तर में हिमाचल के<br /> रेतीले पहाड़ सजे दक्षिण में<br /> लिए पश्चिम में राजधानी भारत की<br /> घने जंगलों में मिले पुष्प पशु पूरब में।<br /> <br /> पवित्र त्रिवेणी में संगम गंगा जमुना का<br /> स्वर गूंजते लोक गीतों के त्योहारों में<br /> शीत लहर और ताप का अनोखा संगम<br /> उत्तर प्रदेश संजोए विविधता हर पार्श्व में।<br /> <br /> लखनऊ जिसकी राजधानी<br /> प्रयागराज न्याय का स्थान है<br /> योग व कर्मयोग से बना<br /> हर क्षण उन्नत उत्तर प्रदेश को प्रणाम है।।}}&lt;/poem&gt;<br /> |&lt;poem&gt;Uttar Pradesh sameṭta khud ko itihās ke pannoñ meñ<br /> Piṛhiyoñ ki sanskār sanskriti se<br /> Apna ek astitv dikhāya <br /> Uttar pradesh ne Bhārat ko aur bhi mahān banāya.<br /> <br /> Him parvat Uttar meñ Himācal ke<br /> Retile pahāṛ saje dakṣiṇ meñ<br /> Lie pashcim meñ rājdhāni Bhārat ki<br /> Ghane jangaloñ meñ mile puṣp pashu pūrab meñ.<br /> <br /> Pavitr triveni meñ sangam ganga jamuna ka<br /> Svar gūnjate lok gītoñ ke tyohāroñ meñ<br /> {{not a typo|Shīt}} lahar aur tāp ka anokha sangam<br /> Uttar Pradesh sanjoe vividhta har pārshv meñ.<br /> <br /> Lakhnau jiski rājdhāni<br /> Prayāgrāj nyāy ka sthān hai<br /> Yog va karmayog se bana<br /> Har kṣaṇ unnat Uttar Pradesh ko praṇām hai.&lt;/poem&gt;<br /> |&lt;poem&gt;Uttar Pradesh covers itself in the pages of [[History of Uttar Pradesh|history]]<br /> from the culture of generations<br /> Showing one's existence<br /> Uttar Pradesh made India even greater.<br /> <br /> Snowy peaks in the north of [[Himalayas|Himachal]]<br /> Sandy dunes in the south<br /> For the [[Delhi|capital]] of India in the west<br /> Flowers and animals found in dense forests in the east.<br /> <br /> The confluence of [[Ganges]] and [[Yamuna]] at Holy Triveni<br /> In the festival of resonating folk songs<br /> A unique combination of cold and heat<br /> Uttar Pradesh cherishes diversity in every aspect.<br /> <br /> [[Lucknow]], whose capital<br /> [[Prayagraj]] is the place of justice<br /> Made of yoga and karmayoga<br /> Every moment I salute to advanced Uttar Pradesh.&lt;/poem&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[List of Indian state songs]]<br /> *[[Emblem of Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/melodies-of-freedom-detail.htm?10 State Song of Uttar Pradesh]<br /> <br /> {{Indian state songs}}<br /> {{National anthems of Asia}}<br /> {{Uttar Pradesh}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Indian state songs]]<br /> [[Category:Symbols of Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Songs in Hindi]]<br /> [[Category:2022 songs]]</div>

MyronMccreary8 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rajesh_Shringarpure&diff=475122 2026-01-08T04:23:18Z

<p>MyronMccreary8: reworked content per sources and corrected details</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian television actor}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Rajesh Shringarpure<br /> | native_name =<br /> | image = Rajesh Shringarpure at the screening of 'Daddy'.jpg<br /> | caption = Shringarpure in 2017<br /> | image_size = <br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1977|10|29}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-10-29 |title=Happy Birthday Rajesh Shringarpure: A look at the best Marathi movies of the actor |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/happy-birthday-rajesh-shringarpure-a-look-at-the-best-marathi-movies-of-the-actor/photostory/78925320.cms |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India<br /> | occupation = Actor<br /> | years_active = 1995–present<br /> | spouse = {{marriage|Dimple Shringarpure|2005}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-05-16 |title=Bigg Boss Marathi : Rajesh Shringarpure Kisses Resham Tipnis And Declares His Love For Her on National Television Despite Being Married |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-marathi-rajesh-shringarpore-kisses-resham-tipnis-and-declares-his-love-for-her-on-national-television-despite-being-married-3058276/ |access-date=2022-05-18 |publisher=India.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Rajesh Shringarpure''' (born 29 October 1977) is an Indian film and television actor who appears in [[Hindi cinema]] and [[Marathi cinema]].He had played the role of [[Malhar Rao Holkar]] in television serial ''[[Punyashlok Ahilyabai]]'' on which is being aired on [[Sony Entertainment Television]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/rajesh-shringarpure-the-competition-should-be-with-oneself-to-do-better/articleshow/83459618.cms|title=Rajesh Shringarpure says the competition should be with oneself to do better|website=The Times of India|agency=Indo-Asian News Service|date=12 June 2021|access-date=28 June 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Rajesh is best known for his negative role in ''[[Sarkar Raj]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Prachi Kadam |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hollywood/news-interviews/Prez-Obama-is-my-co-star-Rajesh-Shringarpure/articleshow/17439155.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411033313/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-01/news-interviews/35529655_1_marathi-films-second-film-hollywood-debut |url-status=live |archive-date=11 April 2013 |title=Prez Obama is my co-star: Rajesh Shringarpure |date=1 December 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=7 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.in/movies/2008/jun/13rajesh.htm |title=Meet the villain in Sarkar Raj |publisher=Rediff.in |date=13 June 2008 |accessdate=7 May 2013 |archive-date=12 April 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130412232624/http://www.rediff.in/movies/2008/jun/13rajesh.htm |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also played an important role in ''[[Murder 3]]''. He is known for his brawny looks. He played the role of [[Seleucus I Nicator]] in the TV series ''[[Chandragupta Maurya (2011 TV series)|Chandragupta Maurya]]'' (2011). In 2018, Shringarpure has participated in the first season of ''[[Bigg Boss Marathi (season 1)]]'', which airs on [[Colors Marathi]].<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> ==Filmography==<br /> * 1995 – ''[[Param Vir Chakra (film)|Param Vir Chakra]]'' as Army officer Rajesh (Hindi)<br /> *1997 – ''[[Dharma Karma]]'' (Hindi)<br /> * 2008 – ''[[Sarkar Raj]]'' as Sanjay Somji<br /> * 2008 – ''Mi Amruta Boltey (Marathi)''<br /> * 2010 – ''Shri Shambu Maza Navsacha'' (Marathi)<br /> * 2011 – ''Chitkabrey – The Shades of Grey'' as Joginder Singh Grewal / Jaggi<br /> * 2011 – ''Swarajya'' as Ram Pathare<br /> * 2012 – ''Matter (2012 film)'' as Ronnie (Marathi)<br /> * 2012 – ''Chakradhar'' as Devraj<br /> * 2012 – ''[[Seal Team Six: The Raid on Osama Bin Laden]]'' as CIA agent Waseem<br /> * 2013 – ''[[Murder 3]]'' as Police officer Kabir<br /> * 2013 – ''[[Shortcut Romeo]]'' as Rahul<br /> * 2013 – ''[[Ek Thi Rani Aisi Bhi]]'' as Madhorao Scindia<br /> * 2013 – ''Gandhi of the Month'' as Dr. Shailesh Nathu<br /> * 2014 – ''[[Sangharsh (2014 film)|Sangharsh]]'' as Ravi Shinde alias Bhau<br /> * 2015 – ''Yudh'' as Guru Nayak<br /> * 2015 – ''[[Ek Adbhut Dakshina Guru Dakshina|Guru Dakshina]]''<br /> * 2016 – ''[[Direct Ishq]]'' as Rawde Bhau<br /> * 2016 – ''[[Kaul Manacha (Marathi movie)|Kaul Manacha]]'' (Marathi)<br /> * 2017 – ''[[Daddy (2017 film)|Daddy]]'' as Ram Naik<br /> * 2017 – ''Love Betting''<br /> * 2019 – ''Nashibvaan'' as Dhananjay Jadhav (Marathi)<br /> * 2019 – ''[[Kulkarni Chaukatla Deshpande]]'' as Satish (Marathi)<br /> * 2019 – ''[[Romeo Akbar Walter]]'' as Prasoon Awasthi<br /> <br /> ==Television==<br /> * 1999–2000 Jai Mata Ki as [[Agni]]dev / Bhagwan [[Vishnu]]<br /> * 2000–2001 ''[[Om Namah Shivay (1997 TV series)|Om Namah Shivay]]'' as [[Arjuna]]<br /> * 2001–2002 ''[[Draupadi (2001 TV series)|Draupadi]]'' as [[Arjuna]]<br /> * 2001 Jaane Anjaane&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/2001/20011007/spectrum/tv.htm|title=Watch out for more on the father-son rift|access-date=2001-10-07|archive-date=5 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705113959/https://m.tribuneindia.com/2001/20011007/spectrum/tv.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; as Badal<br /> * 2001–2002 Om Namo Narayan&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/2001/20011021/spectrum/tv.htm|title=Another mythological offering|access-date=2001-10-21|archive-date=5 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705122205/https://m.tribuneindia.com/2001/20011021/spectrum/tv.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; as Bhagwan [[Shiva]]<br /> * 2001–2002 Jai Santoshi Maa as Bhagwan [[Shiva]]<br /> * 2001–2013 ''[[Char Divas Sasuche]]''<br /> * 2003 Ghar Sansaar&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030309/spectrum/tv.htm|title=Soapy tales|access-date=2003-03-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; as Amit<br /> * 2003 ''[[Shree Ganesh]]'' as Maharaj [[Nala]]<br /> * 2004 ''[[Sahib Biwi Gulam]]'' as Bhootnath<br /> * 2004–2008 ''[[Saarrthi]]'' as [[Krishna]]<br /> * 2007–2008 ''[[Sangam (TV series)|Sangam]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/its-a-no-to-pyre-scene_4756?ri=3&amp;rv=579 |title=It's a 'No' to pyre scene... |date=2008-03-12 |website=India Forums Dot Com|access-date=2020-02-09 |archive-date=20 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720162009/https://www.indiaforums.com/article/its-a-no-to-pyre-scene_4756?ri=3&amp;rv=579 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; as Shekhar Bhatia<br /> * 2009 ''[[Basera (2009 TV series)|Basera]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/supriya-pilgaonkar-asks-parents-to-get-smart_13690?ri=3&amp;rv=579 |title=Supriya Pilgaonkar asks parents to get smart! |date=2009-08-18 |website=India Forums Dot Com|access-date=2020-02-09 |archive-date=20 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720163052/https://www.indiaforums.com/article/supriya-pilgaonkar-asks-parents-to-get-smart_13690?ri=3&amp;rv=579 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; as Sachin Deshmukh<br /> * 2010 ''[[Ek Chutki Aasman]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/hemangi-to-go-thro-domestic-violence-in-ek-chutki-aasman_21938?ri=3&amp;rv=579 |title=Hemangi to go thro' domestic violence in Ek Chutki Aasman.. |date=2010-11-16 |website=India Forums Dot Com|access-date=2020-02-09 |archive-date=20 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720170557/https://www.indiaforums.com/article/hemangi-to-go-thro-domestic-violence-in-ek-chutki-aasman_21938?ri=3&amp;rv=579 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; as Ganesh<br /> * 2010 ''[[Krishnaben Khakhrawala]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/rajesh-shringharpure-to-be-the-trump-card-in-krishnaben-khakrawala_22201?ri=3&amp;rv=579 |title=Rajesh Shringharpure to be the trump card in Krishnaben Khakrawala! |date=2010-11-25 |website=India Forums Dot Com|access-date=2020-02-09 |archive-date=20 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720170612/https://www.indiaforums.com/article/rajesh-shringharpure-to-be-the-trump-card-in-krishnaben-khakrawala_22201?ri=3&amp;rv=579 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; as Ravi Patel<br /> * 2011 ''[[Sanskaar Laxmi]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/aamir-dalvi-turns-autistic-for-zee-tvs-sanskaar-lakshmi_23282?ri=3&amp;rv=579 |title=Aamir Dalvi turns autistic for Zee TV's Sanskaar Lakshmi.. |date=2011-01-11 |website=India Forums Dot Com|access-date=2020-02-19 |archive-date=20 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720162959/https://www.indiaforums.com/article/aamir-dalvi-turns-autistic-for-zee-tvs-sanskaar-lakshmi_23282?ri=3&amp;rv=579 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; as Harsukh Purohit<br /> * 2011 ''[[Chandragupta Maurya (2011 TV series)|Chandragupta Maurya]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/chandragupta-maurya-to-see-major-drama-before-leap_27604?ri=3&amp;rv=579 |title=Chandragupta Maurya to see major drama before leap.. |date=2011-07-25 |website=India Forums Dot Com|access-date=2020-02-19 |archive-date=20 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720163126/https://www.indiaforums.com/article/chandragupta-maurya-to-see-major-drama-before-leap_27604?ri=3&amp;rv=579 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; as [[Seleucus I Nikator]]<br /> * 2014 ''[[Encounter (Indian TV series)|Encounter]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/sony-tvs-encounter-launch-11-april-rajesh-promod-aditya-parag-and-adaa-feature-the-first |title=Sony TV's Encounter to launch on 11 April; Rajesh, Promod, Aditya, Parag and Adaa to feature in the first episode |date=2014-03-29 |website=Tellychakkar Dot Com|access-date=2020-02-19 |archive-date=19 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219080542/https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/sony-tvs-encounter-launch-11-april-rajesh-promod-aditya-parag-and-adaa-feature-the-first |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; as Shankar &quot;Shankya&quot; Mane (Episode 1 – Episode 3)<br /> * 2017 ''[[Meri Durga]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/just-rajesh-shringarpure-back-tv-space-star-plus-durga-160225 |title=Just In: Rajesh Shringarpure back to TV space with Star Plus' Durga |date=2016-02-25 |website=Tellychakkar Dot Com|access-date=2020-02-19 |archive-date=19 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219080543/https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/just-rajesh-shringarpure-back-tv-space-star-plus-durga-160225 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; as Coach Rajveer Rana<br /> * 2018 ''[[Bigg Boss Marathi (season 1)]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=16 April 2018|title=Meet the Rajesh Shringarpure|url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/meet-the-contestants-of-bigg-boss-marathi-mahesh-manjrekar-5139089/|website=The Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt; as Contestant (evicted on day 35) <br /> * 2019 ''[[Jhansi Ki Rani (2019 TV series)|Jhansi Ki Rani]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/the-colors-mega-show-jhansi-ki-rani-ropes-in-this-seasoned-actor_144406?ri=3&amp;rv=579 |title=The Colors MEGA show 'Jhansi Ki Rani' ropes in THIS seasoned actor |date=2019-01-15 |website=India Forums Dot Com|access-date=2020-02-19 |archive-date=20 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720175143/https://www.indiaforums.com/article/the-colors-mega-show-jhansi-ki-rani-ropes-in-this-seasoned-actor_144406?ri=3&amp;rv=579 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; as Morapant Tambe<br /> * 2021–2023 ''[[Punyashlok Ahilyabai]]'' as [[Malhar Rao Holkar]]<br /> * 2024 ''[[Murshid (TV series)|Murshid]]''<br /> * 2024 ''[[Lakshmi Niwas (TV series)|Lakshmi Niwas]]'' as Shrikant Inamdar<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=7 December 2012 |title=Rajesh Shringarpure plays a CIA agent in Hollywood film |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-07/news-interviews/35648227_1_hollywood-project-cia-agent-kranti-kanade |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411042752/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-07/news-interviews/35648227_1_hollywood-project-cia-agent-kranti-kanade |archive-date=11 April 2013 |accessdate=7 May 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb name|2517742|Rajesh Shringarpure}}<br /> * {{Bollywood Hungama person|28568|Rajesh Shringarpure}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Shringarpure, Rajesh}}<br /> [[Category:Indian male film actors]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> [[Category:1977 births]]</div>

MyronMccreary8 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amit_Banerjee_(cricketer)&diff=485998 2026-01-04T19:31:41Z

<p>MyronMccreary8: Adding data</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 1987)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2016}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox cricketer<br /> | name = Amit Banerjee<br /> | image = <br /> | country = <br /> | fullname = Amit Ajoy Banerjee<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1987|10|25|df=yes}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Uttarpara]], India<br /> | death_date = <br /> | death_place = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | batting = <br /> | bowling = <br /> | role =<br /> <br /> | club1 = <br /> | year1 = <br /> | clubnumber1 = <br /> | club2 = <br /> | year2 = <br /> | clubnumber2 =<br /> <br /> | date = 25 March 2016<br /> | source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/807333.html ESPNcricinfo<br /> }}<br /> '''Amit Banerjee''' (born 25 October 1987) is an Indian [[cricket]]er who plays as a [[bowler (cricket)|bowler]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cricketassociationofbengal.com/newspage/news483.php |title=Both innings tonnes for Shahbaz |work=The Cricket Association of Bengal |access-date=3 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; He played four [[first-class cricket|first-class]] matches for [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]] in 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/807333.html |title=Amit Banerjee |access-date=25 March 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[List of Bengal cricketers]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{cricinfo|ref=ci/content/player/807333.html}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Banerjee, Amit}}<br /> [[Category:1987 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian cricketers]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]<br /> [[Category:Bengal cricketers]]<br /> [[Category:Cricketers from West Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:People from Uttarpara]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-cricket-bio-1987-stub}}</div>

MyronMccreary8 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shapit&diff=534632 2025-12-29T00:26:39Z

<p>MyronMccreary8: data</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Shapit <br /> | image = Shapit 1982.jpeg<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | director = [[Rajdutt]]&lt;br&gt;[[Arvind Deshpande]]<br /> | producer = Madhukar Rupji&lt;br&gt;Sudha Chitale&lt;br&gt;Vinay Newalkar<br /> | screenplay = G.R. Kamat<br /> | story = Snehal Dasnurkar<br /> | starring = [[Madhu Kambikar]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Kuldeep Pawar]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Nilu Phule]]&lt;br/&gt;Yashwant Dutt<br /> | music = [[Sudhir Phadke]]<br /> | cinematography = <br /> | editing = <br /> | studio = <br /> | distributor = <br /> | released = {{Film date|df=yes|1982|12|30}}<br /> | runtime = <br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Marathi<br /> | budget = &lt;!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--&gt;<br /> | gross = &lt;!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--&gt;<br /> }}<br /> '''''Shapit''''' is a [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language film was released on 30 December 1982. It is produced by Madhukar Rupji, Sudha Chitale, Vinay Newalkar under the banner of Troyka Films Combine and directed by [[Rajdutt]] &amp; [[Arvind Deshpande]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pune International Film Festival |url=https://www.piffindia.com/shapit.php |access-date=2024-02-24 |website=www.piffindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2014-05-25 |title=Social Movie waves or bubbles |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/social-movies-wave-or-bubble-553119/ |access-date= |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film won [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Marathi|President's silver medal for Best Feature Film in Marathi]] at the [[National Film Awards]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=30th National Film Awards |url=https://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/87_30thNfacatalogue.pdf |access-date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181108025901/https://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/87_30thNfacatalogue.pdf |archive-date=8 November 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> Shapit is a movie that talks about how some people have lots of money and power while others don't have much at all. It shows how the rich often treat the poor and people from lower castes unfairly, making their lives harder. In the movie, we see how these differences in social status and money affect everyday life. It's a reminder that the world isn't always fair, and some people have more opportunities just because they were born into wealth or a higher caste. The movie shines a light on these inequalities and makes us think about how we can make things more equal for everyone.<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> * [[Madhu Kambikar]] as Bijli<br /> * Yashwant Dutt as Bali <br /> * [[Nilu Phule]] as Rangya; Bijli's father<br /> * [[Kuldeep Pawar]] as Raosaheb Inamdar<br /> * Shahaji Kale as Shrimant Inamdar; Raosaheb's Father <br /> * Meena Naik as Raosaheb's wife<br /> * Suhas Bhalekar as Sarja<br /> * Suhas Mastakar as Birja<br /> * [[Ashutosh Gowariker]] <br /> * Mangala Sansgiri<br /> * Vanamali Nivaskar<br /> <br /> ==Soundtrack==<br /> The music has been directed by [[Sudhir Phadke]] and all lyrics were written by Sudhir Moghe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Shapit |url=https://www.hungama.com/album/shapit/1874439/ |access-date=2024-02-24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Track listing===<br /> *&quot;Dis Jatil Dis Yetil&quot; (Lyricist(s): Sudhir Moghe) - [[Suresh Wadkar]], [[Asha Bhosle]]<br /> *&quot;Dola Asun Baghana&quot; - Asha Bhosle<br /> *&quot;Man Majha Bhulala Bai&quot; - Asha Bhosle<br /> <br /> == Awards ==<br /> ; [[30th National Film Awards]]<br /> * [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Marathi]]<br /> <br /> ; [[Maharashtra State Film Awards]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=सुधीर वासुदेव नांदगावकर |first=चैतन्य कुंटे |url=http://archive.org/details/20190823_20190823_0935 |title=शिल्पकार चरित्रकोश खंड ७ – चित्रपट, संगीत |date=2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Film]]<br /> * [[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Actress]] for [[Madhu Kambikar]]<br /> * [[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Director]] for [[Rajdutt]] &amp; [[Arvind Deshpande]]<br /> * [[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer]] for [[Asha Bhosle]]<br /> * [[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer]] for [[Suresh Wadkar]] <br /> ; [[Filmfare Awards Marathi]]<br /> * [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Marathi|Filmfare Award for Best Film — Marathi]]<br /> * [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Marathi|Filmfare Award for Best Actress — Marathi]] for [[Madhu Kambikar]]<br /> * [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Marathi|Filmfare Award for Best Director — Marathi]] for [[Rajdutt]] &amp; [[Arvind Deshpande]]<br /> * [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Marathi|Filmfare Award for Best Actor — Marathi]] for Yashwant Dutt<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb title|0258959}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1982 films]]<br /> [[Category:1980s Marathi-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Films about the caste system in India]]<br /> [[Category:Best Marathi Feature Film National Film Award winners]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Sudhir Phadke]]<br /> [[Category:1982 Indian films]]</div>

MyronMccreary8