https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=MyrnaAcuna04Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]2026-08-06T04:06:55ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.43.6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Angrez&diff=540390The Angrez2026-05-08T16:07:02Z<p>MyrnaAcuna04: Added A Post</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = The Angrez<br />
| image = Angrez.jpg<br />
| director = [[Kuntaa Nikkil]]<br />
| producer = M. Sridhar Rao <br />
| writer = Kuntaa Nikkil<br />
| starring = [[The Angrez#Cast|See ''Cast'']]<br />
| music = Mallinath Maruth<br />
| cinematography = [[Anji (cinematographer)|Anji]]<br />
| editing = <br />
| studio = <br />
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2005|10|02}}<br />
| runtime = 110 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = [[Dakhini]]<br />English<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''The Angrez''''' ({{translation|'The Englander'}}) is a 2005 Indian [[Hyderabadi Urdu|Hyderabadi]]-language [[comedy film]] written and directed by [[Kuntaa Nikkil]], who co-stars in the film alongside an ensemble cast. In this film, the word "Angrez" refers to [[Englanders]] and [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|non-resident Indians]]. The film was a trend-setter at that time, as it was one of the first to effectively and humorously, often resorting to the [[slapstick]] kind, portray the dialect of the [[Old City, Hyderabad]] and the Hyderabadi tongue. The film also portrays the fascination for American materialism, the hype around the IT industry and the lifestyle and culture it has spawned.<br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
The movie revolves around three sets of people.<br />
# The Angrez – Two guys who come from the [[United States]] to serve in an IT company.<br />
# Ismail ‘Bhai’ & gang – A bunch of locals from the Old City Area<br />
# Mama a.k.a. Annaa & gang – Local gangsters<br />
<br />
Two [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|NRI]]s, Pranay and Rochak, come to [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] from [[New Jersey]] to take up jobs in their friend's company and settle in Hyderabad. Based in the old city, Ismail bhai ([[Dheer Charan Srivastav]]) and the gang meet up near Charminar and start their daily routine with gossips, babble and talks of bravery. Ismail bhai is apparently the gang leader and his gang comprises Saleem ‘Pheku’ ([[Mast Ali]]) - a habitual liar, Jahangir – a self claimed hardcore gangster, Gafoor and Chaus who all follow Ismail Bhai throughout the film.<br />
<br />
While visiting the old city, Pranay and Rochak meet Ismail's gang at a hotel in the old city. Ismail's gang gets into a spat with Pranay and Rochak. Rochak and Pranay are guided to safety by their guide as they are chased by the Ismail bhai gang. Pranay and Rochak are dating their office co-workers, while Ismail bhai and his gang keep planning a strategy to seek their revenge.<br />
<br />
Meanwhile, Ramesh, Pranay's cousin (who is also their butler) colludes with Mama, the typical gangster of the Hyderabadi underworld, to kidnap Pranay for ransom. Mama and his goons take up the assignment and the plan is set in motion.<br />
<br />
Ismail Bhai is still enraged as he believes that the harmless spat is now a matter worth dying for and is a matter of his ''izzat'' (honour). On the other side of the town, Mama and his gang enter the residence of the NRIs, at the same time the Ismail bhai gang after sniffing out their whereabouts go into the NRI's house at night to seek their revenge and restore Ismail bhai's image. Mama and gang mistakenly [[kidnap]] Rochak. Ismail Bhai and gang return from their mission failing as usual. Rochak finds out the mastermind behind the kidnapping and bribes the guard and warns Pranai of his cousin's intentions.<br />
<br />
Ismail Bhai and Mama gang have a brush against each other. Pranay and Rochak succeed in making the two gangs fight against each other and manage their escape. As Mama and his gang is nabbed by the [[Hyderabad Police]], Ismail bhai and gang returns to Charminar after being heavily assaulted by Mama and his goons. And life, in Hyderabadi style, goes on as usual for the Ismail Bhai's gang.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{{Cast listing|<br />
* [[Kuntaa Nikkil]] as Pranay Nerella <br />
* [[Ganesh Venkatraman]] as Rochak Suddala<br />
* [[Mast Ali]] as Saleem Pheku<br />
* [[Dheer Charan Srivastav]] as Ismail Bhai<br />
* [[Aziz Naser]] as Jahangir<br />
* [[RK Mama|RK]] as Mama<br />
* [[Raghu Karumanchi]] as Nerella Ramesh, Pranay's cousin<br />
* [[Tara D'Souza]] as Sheetal<br />
* [[Soumya Bollapragada]] as Tanya<br />
*Shehnaz as Lotus<br />
* Jeevan Shekhar Reddy as Prasad, Pranai and Rochak's guide cum colleague<br />
;Uncredited<br />
*Kranthi Kiran Kamaraju as Prakash<br />
*[[Srikanth Iyengar]] as Raju, software company owner<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
When a half-hour promo was shot on DV camera nobody was willing to produce the movie. Then Sreedhar Rao stepped forward and decided to produce the movie since he felt that the movie had highlighted the core culture of the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/05/22/stories/2007052250580100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101228163345/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/05/22/stories/2007052250580100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 December 2010 |title= When Feroz Phekoo met Ismail Bhai |date=22 May 2007|work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=2 March 2010}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Release and reception==<br />
The film was first released at a single screening at Rama Krishna theater in Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/na-telugu-na-hindi-hum-hai-deccani/articleshow/18793045.cms|title=Na Telugu, na Hindi, hum hai Deccani|work=The Times of India|date=4 March 2013}}</ref> The producer petitioned the Department of Tourism to promote the film to raise interest in the Hyderabad area.<ref name="thehindu">{{cite news<br />
|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/01/21/stories/2006012102620400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071220002306/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/01/21/stories/2006012102620400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 December 2007 |title=Full throttle ahead |last=Chowdhary |first=Sunita<br />
|date=21 January 2006 |work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=26 February 2009}}</ref><br />
The directors and producers believe that this movie covers the entire [[Culture of Hyderabad, India|Hyderabadi culture]], right from bonalu to baraat, from [[biryani]] to the [[pub]] life. The five-minute [[rap]] song 'Hyderabadi Biryani' was shot in 77 different locations of Hyderabad like the Chudi Bazaar, Taramati Baradari and Tank Bund. The producers had to do a lot of running about since there were only a few takers. Released with just two prints, the film gradually headed for the fifth week and then was all set for a country wide opening.<ref name="thehindu"/><br />
<br />
==Influence==<br />
Though the movie failed to attract the mainstream film industry, it started off the infectious trend of making comedy movies based on the Hyderabadi culture. In a matter of a year and a half, there were about a half a dozen releases, but none of them quite succeeded in creating the effect and the charm of the original, though these movies were popular among the Old City residents. The success of The Angrez can be attributed to the spontaneity of the humour whereas in the movies that followed, the humour looks forced.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/08/30/stories/2006083000810100.htm |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121107164122/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/08/30/stories/2006083000810100.htm |url-status= dead |archive-date= 7 November 2012 |title= Nawabs in the land of Nizams|author= Chowdhry Sunita |date= 30 August 2006 |work= [[The Hindu]] |accessdate=1 March 2010}}</ref> The film not only gained popularity in Andhra Pradesh and the other parts of India but also among the large diaspora in the Middle-East and the US, attributed to the Internet and availability of original as well as unlicensed DVDs. With unauthorized DVDs being released in huge numbers, several raids were conducted and lakhs of illicit copies were recovered.<ref name="Ali Bin Abdullah">{{cite web|url= http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article2197.ece |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150402134547/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article2197.ece |url-status= dead |archive-date= 2 April 2015 |title= Earthy, transcontinental too |author= Ali Bin Abdullah|date= 7 November 2008 |work=The New Indian Express|accessdate=10 March 2010}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Sequel==<br />
A sequel to the movie ''[[The Angrez 2]]'' was released in the year 2015.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Singh|first1=T. Lalith|title=Angrez returns with loads of Hyderabadi humour|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/angrez-returns-with-loads-of-hyderabadi-humour/article7217982.ece|accessdate=12 September 2015|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=18 May 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[List of Hyderabadi-language films]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{IMDb title|2612156}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Angrez, The}}<br />
[[Category:2005 films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:2005 Hindi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]<br />
[[Category:2005 comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:English-language Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Islamic comedy and humor]]<br />
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]<br />
[[Category:Films about Indian Americans]]<br />
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in New Jersey]]<br />
[[Category:Films about businesspeople]]<br />
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Andhra Pradesh Police]]<br />
[[Category:2000s Urdu-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Films about kidnapping in India]]</div>MyrnaAcuna04https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vinita_Vasu&diff=544694Vinita Vasu2026-05-08T03:10:30Z<p>MyrnaAcuna04: Added New Entry</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}<br />
<br />
{{BLP sources|date=September 2019}}<br />
<br />
'''Vinita Vasu''' is a visual artist and designer residing in [[Delhi]], [[India]]. She directed a short film named ''Beaming Blossom'' which won her a Special Festival Mention Award at the Children's International Cine Festival in the year 2016.<br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
In a career spanning over a decade, Vasu has worked in paint and varied media. She paints on walls, fabrics, canvas, paper, fiberglass, bottles, boards, pebbles, and stones. Born in [[Kerala]], and brought up in Delhi, Vasu won all the art competitions she participated in, during her school years. However, she could not pursue a degree in fine art education.<br />
<br />
She explains that "In my works colors, shapes and patterns are used to celebrate the journey of life. Although my consciousness is the fundamental source of all my creations, it reflects the phenomenal visual experience of body, mind, and soul."<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=TFOD Profile Of The Week: Vinita Vasu, New Delhi |url=https://www.tfod.in/art-design-articles/6222/tfod-profile-of-the-week-vinita-vasu-new-delhi |access-date=2022-07-25 |website=www.tfod.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Notable work ==<br />
Her artworks are often a statement against negative perceptions of women from her perspective as someone who grew up in Delhi. In her own words, “There are bondages of various kinds that women everywhere face. In Delhi, where I come from, women cannot walk free at night without fear. But I look at the positive side, at the hope that these women bear rather than dwelling on the dark side.”<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== Exhibitions ==<br />
*Group Show at Bhatia Art Gallery, Noida in 2006.<br />
*Painting Exhibition in Junior Level All India Artist at AIFACS, New Delhi In 2006.<br />
*Painting Exhibition at AIFACS (Solo Show) in Nov. 2008.<ref name=HindustanTimes>Breaking the Silence. Hindustan Times. [http://epaper.hindustantimes.com/PUBLICATIONS/HT/HD/2011/10/11/ArticleHtmls/Breaking-the-silence-11102011751004.shtml Breaking the Silence. 11 October 2011]{{dead link|date=August 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><br />
*Group Exhibition at Art Mall, New Delhi in Jan. 2009.<br />
*Selection in 80th and 81st Annual All India Art Exhibition at AIFACS, in 2009.<br />
*Selected in Top 75 at All India Art Competition, [[Raja Ravi Varma]]'s, Rang Rasiya in 2009.<br />
*Solo show at Travancore Art Gallery, New Delhi, Feb. 2010.<ref name=HindustanTimes /><ref>[http://www.buzzintown.com/mumbai/event--paintings-vinita-vasu/id--191041.html Paintings by Vinita Vasu. Travancore Art Gallery, Delhi 2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331221417/http://www.buzzintown.com/mumbai/event--paintings-vinita-vasu/id--191041.html |date=2012-03-31 }} Retrieved 12 October 2011</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/03/25/stories/2010032566410300.htm |title=Engagements. In the Capital Today |newspaper=The Hindu |date=25 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531060442/http://www.hindu.com/2010/03/25/stories/2010032566410300.htm |archive-date=31 May 2010}}</ref><br />
*Selected in Painting section at AUTUMN @ CWG 2010 All India Art Exhibition cum Competition 24 September to 27 November 2010 by Gallery Indraprastha.<br />
*Participated in "STREE" at Art Mall, New Delhi, in March 2011.<br />
*Group Exhibition at Russian Centre of Science and Culture, New Delhi 14 September to 30 September 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://rusembassy.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3183%3Apainting-exhibition-inspired-by-russia-opened-at-rcsc&catid=4%3Aembassy-news&lang=en |title=Painting exhibition "Inspired by Russia" opened at RCSC |website=Embassy of Russia in the Republic of India |date=14 September 2011 |access-date=12 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425054522/http://rusembassy.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3183%3Apainting-exhibition-inspired-by-russia-opened-at-rcsc&catid=4%3Aembassy-news&lang=en |archive-date=25 April 2012}}</ref><br />
*Solo Show at Capitol Art Lounge, The Ashok, Chanakya Puri, New Delhi, 18 September to 14 October 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=An exhibition of paintings by Vinita Vasu at Capitol (Art Lounge), The Ashok, Chanakyapuri |url=https://www.delhievents.com/2011/09/exhibition-of-paintings-by-vinita-vasu.html |website=Delhi Events |date=September 2011 |access-date=17 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924042040/http://www.delhievents.com/2011/09/exhibition-of-paintings-by-vinita-vasu.html |archive-date=24 September 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* participated in International Mask Art Exhibition held at Rabindra Bhawan Art Gallery, New Delhi from 1–5 January 2012<br />
<br />
== Thy Mistike Shi ==<br />
Thy Mistike Shi, solo show at The Capitol Lounge, Hotel Ashoka, [[Chanakyapuri]], 2011.<ref name=HindustanTimes /><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
*Malayala Manorama (Daily dt. 19 September 2011)<br />
*Mathrubhoomi (Daily dt. 19 September 2011)<br />
*Hindustan Times (Dt: 8 October 2011), [http://epaper.hindustantimes.com/PUBLICATIONS/HT/HD/2011/10/11/ArticleHtmls/Breaking-the-silence-11102011751004.shtml Hindustan Times, Breaking the Silence]{{dead link|date=January 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}<br />
*[http://rusembassy.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3183%3Apainting-exhibition-inspired-by-russia-opened-at-rcsc&catid=4%3Aembassy-news&lang=en Russian Embassy]<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*[http://vinitavasu.com/ Artist's website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202114146/http://vinitavasu.com/ |date=2 February 2011 }}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Vasu, Vinita}}<br />
[[Category:Indian women painters]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Malayali people]]<br />
[[Category:Painters from Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian painters]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian women artists]]<br />
[[Category:Women artists from Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century women painters]]</div>MyrnaAcuna04https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Telugu_films_of_2025&diff=512718List of Telugu films of 20252026-05-06T12:42:02Z<p>MyrnaAcuna04: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|none}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}<br />
{{Tollywood films}}<br />
<br />
This is a list of [[Telugu-language]] films produced in [[Telugu cinema]] in India that were released in the year 2025.<br />
<br />
== Box office collection ==<br />
The [[List of highest-grossing Telugu films]] released in 2025, by worldwide [[box office]] [[gross revenue]], are as follows: The rank of the films in the following table depends on the estimate of worldwide collections as reported by organizations classified as green by Wikipedia.The total collection of movies is 1580 crores.[https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/top-10-highest-grossing-telugu-movies-of-2025-og-sankranthiki-vasthunam-game-changer-mirai-kuberaa-daaku-maharaaj-hit3-hari-hara-veera-mallu-thandel-kingdom/articleshow/125957586.cms]{{efn|See [[WP:RSP]], [[WP:ICTFSOURCES]]}} There is no official tracking of [[List of highest-grossing films in India|domestic box office figures]] within India.<br />
<!-- Note: When contributing to this section, please ensure that all references used for ranking are from green sources as specified in [[WP:ICTFSOURCES]] or [[WP:RSPSS]]. It is crucial to verify that the references do not originate from unreliable sources, in accordance with [[WP:FRUIT]]. Use '!scope="row" style with background:#b6fcb6;' to indicate running films when applicable.--><br />
<br />
:{{legend|#b6fcb6|size=50%|''Background shading indicates that a film is currently showing in theatres worldwide.''}}<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; background:#ccc;"|'''#'''<br />
|Implies that the film is multilingual and the gross collection figure includes the worldwide collection of the other simultaneously filmed version.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+Highest worldwide gross of 2025<br />
!Rank<br />
!Title<br />
!Production company<br />
!Worldwide gross<br />
!Ref<br />
|-<br />
! style="text-align: center;" |1<br />
| ''[[Mahavatar Narsimha]]''{{efn-lg|name="mn"|There is no clear evidence of a primary language. The film's main languages are deemed to be Hindi, Kannada, Tamil and Telugu according to the [[Central Board of Film Certification|Indian film censorship body]].}}<br />
| {{ubl||Kleem Productions}}<br />
| style="text-align:right; background:#ccc;" | {{INR|300{{ndash}}325 crore}} '''#'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |{{efn|name="mahavatar"|''Mahavatar Narsimha''{{'}}s reported worldwide grosses vary between<br />
₹300 crore (''[[Hindustan Times]]'',<ref>{{cite web |title=Mahavatar Narsimha OTT release date: When and where to watch mythological epic that became India's biggest animated hit |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/mahavatar-narsimha-ott-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-mythological-epic-that-became-india-s-biggest-animated-hit-101758202695503.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=29 September 2025 |language=en |date=18 September 2025}}</ref> ''[[Cinema Express]]'',<ref>{{cite web |title=Mahavatar Narsimha finally gets OTT release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Sep/18/mahavatar-narsimha-finally-gets-ott-release-date |website=Cinema Express |access-date=29 September 2025 |language=en |date=18 September 2025}}</ref> ''[[News18]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Mahavatar Narsimha OTT Release Date: When And Where To Watch Mythological Epic That Became A Box Office Blockbuster |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/web-series/mahavatar-narsimha-ott-release-date-when-where-to-watch-mythological-epic-box-office-blockbuster-ws-kl-9581810.html |website=News18 |access-date=29 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref>) –<br />
₹324.5 crore (''[[The Economic Times]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Mahavatar Narsimha OTT release date confirmed: When and where to watch Ashwin Kumar's mythological blockbuster online |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/mahavatar-narsimha-ott-release-date-confirmed-where-and-when-to-watch-ashwin-kumars-animated-blockbuster-online/articleshow/123980571.cms?from=mdr |website=The Economic Times |access-date=29 September 2025 |date=19 September 2025}}</ref>) –<br />
₹325 crore (''[[DNA India]]''<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wadhwa |first1=Aman |title=Mahavatar Narsimha OTT release date: When, where to watch Ashwin Kumar's blockbuster animated film |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-mahavatar-narsimha-ott-release-date-when-where-to-watch-ashwin-kumar-blockbuster-animated-film-netflix-3180718 |website=DNA India |access-date=29 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref>)}}<br />
|-<br />
! 2<br />
| ''[[They Call Him OG]]''<br />
| [[DVV Entertainment]]<br />
| align="right" | {{INR|294–300 crore}}<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | {{efn|''They Call Him OG'' grossed ₹293.65 crore (''[[News18]]'';<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 October 2025 |title=Pawan Kalyan's They Call Him OG Ends Theatrical Run With Rs 293.65 Crore Worldwide Collection |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/telugu-cinema/pawan-kalyans-they-call-him-og-ends-theatrical-run-with-rs-293-65-crore-worldwide-collection-aa-ws-l-9653596.html |access-date=28 October 2025 |website=News18}}</ref> ''[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]''<ref>{{cite web |title='They Call Him OG' OTT release: When and where to watch Pawan Kalyan-starrer action drama |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/when-and-where-to-watch-pawan-kalyan-starrer-action-drama/cid/2128421 |website=The Telegraph (India) |access-date=23 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref>) {{ndash}} ₹294 crore (''[[Daily News and Analysis]] ''<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wadhwa |first1=Aman |title=They Call Him OG OTT release date: When, where to watch Pawan Kalyan-starrer action blockbuster |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-they-call-him-og-ott-release-date-when-where-to-watch-pawan-kalyan-starrer-action-blockbuster-netflix-3184851 |website=DNA India |access-date=23 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref>) {{ndash}} ₹300 crore (''[[The Economic Times]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=They Call Him OG OTT release update: When and where to watch Pawan Kalyan's Telugu blockbuster movie after theatrical run |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/they-call-him-og-ott-release-update-when-and-where-to-watch-pawan-kalyans-telugu-blockbuster-movie-after-theatrical-run/articleshow/124350947.cms?from=mdr |website=The Economic Times |access-date=23 October 2025 |date=7 October 2025}}</ref>)}}<br />
|-<br />
!3<br />
| ''[[Sankranthiki Vasthunam]]''<br />
| [[Sri Venkateswara Creations]]<br />
| align="right" | {{INR|258{{ndash}}300 crore}}<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | {{efn|''[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-26 |title=Saiyaara becomes 2nd biggest movie of 2025; THESE are top 10 highest-grossing films of the year |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/entertainment/saiyaara-becomes-2nd-biggest-movie-of-2025-these-are-top-10-highest-grossing-films-of-the-year/3927364/ |access-date=2025-10-13 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref> reported ₹258 crore and ''[[NDTV]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Latha |date=2025-02-06 |title=Is South Cinema Finally Done With Violence? |url=https://www.ndtv.com/opinion/is-south-cinema-finally-done-with-violence-7649636 |access-date=2025-10-13 |website=[[NDTV]] |language=en}}</ref> ''[[CNN-News18|News18]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Sameeksha |date=2025-03-03 |title=First Blockbuster Of 2025: This Telugu Movie Is Topping OTT Charts After Entering Rs 300-Crore Club |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/first-blockbuster-of-2025-this-telugu-movie-is-topping-ott-charts-after-entering-rs-300-crore-club-ws-ab-9247463.html |access-date=2025-10-13 |website=[[CNN-News18|News18]] |language=en}}</ref> ''[[The Hans India]]'',<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2025-01-30 |title=Venkatesh creates a record as 'Sankranthiki Vasthunnam' reaches 300 Cr milestone |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/venkatesh-creates-a-record-as-sankranthiki-vasthunnam-reaches-300-cr-milestone-940962 |access-date=2025-10-13 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en}}</ref> ''[[The Hindu]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-02 |title=Telugu cinema 2025: Hits prove elusive as the industry struggles to regain momentum |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/telugu-cinema-2025-hits-prove-elusive-as-the-industry-struggles-to-regain-momentum/article69758700.ece |access-date=2025-10-13 |website=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> ''[[The Economic Times]]'' have reported the {{INR|300 crore}} gross.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-11 |title=Sankranthiki Vasthunnam sequel announced. When will the superhit Telegu movie be released? |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/sankranthiki-vasthunnam-sequel-announced-when-will-the-superhit-telegu-movie-be-released/articleshow/118135526.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-10-13 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>}}<br />
|-<br />
!4<br />
| ''[[Game Changer (film)|Game Changer]]''<br />
| Sri Venkateswara Creations<br />
| align="right" | {{INR|195 crore}}<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name=":TFE">{{Cite web |date=2025-07-26 |title=Saiyaara becomes 2nd biggest movie of 2025; THESE are top 10 highest-grossing films of the year |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/entertainment/saiyaara-becomes-2nd-biggest-movie-of-2025-these-are-top-10-highest-grossing-films-of-the-year/3927364/ |access-date=2025-07-26 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!5<br />
| ''[[Mirai (2025 film)|Mirai]]''<br />
|People Media Factory<br />
| rowspan="1" align="right" | ₹187 crore <br />
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Mirai OTT release: When and where to watch Teja Sajja, Manchu Manoj's fantasy film |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/mirai-ott-release-when-and-where-to-watch-teja-sajja-manchu-manojs-fantasy-film-jiohotstar-101759842878438.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=13 October 2025 |language=en |date=7 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mirai Starts Streaming on OTT With Changes |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mirai-starts-streaming-on-ott-with-changes-1909136 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |access-date=13 October 2025 |language=en |date=10 October 2025}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!6<br />
| ''[[Daaku Maharaaj]]''<br />
| {{ubl|[[S. Radha Krishna|Sithara Entertainments]],|Fortune Four Cinemas,|Srikara Studios}}<br />
| align="right" | {{INR|130 crore}}<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2025-02-21 |title='Daaku Maharaaj' roars on Netflix after massive box office run |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/daaku-maharaaj-roars-on-netflix-after-massive-box-office-run-947785 |access-date=2025-09-25 |website=The Hans India |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!7<br />
| ''[[Akhanda 2: Thaandavam]]''<br />
| {{ubl|14 Reels Plus,|IVY Entertainment}}<br />
| rowspan="1" align="right" | {{INR|120–128 crore}}<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |title=Balakrishna’s Akhanda 2: Thaandavam Locks Netflix OTT Release Date |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/balakrishnas-akhanda-2-thaandavam-locks-netflix-ott-release-date-1928375 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |access-date=14 April 2026 |language=en |date=5 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-12 |title=The Raja Saab worldwide box office collection day 3: Prabhas film earns ₹158 crore despite dip, beats Akhanda 2 lifetime |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/the-raja-saab-worldwide-box-office-collection-day-3-prabhas-film-earns-158-crore-despite-dip-beats-akhanda-2-lifetime-101768186895538.html |access-date=2026-01-17 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!8<br />
| ''[[HIT: The Third Case]]''<br />
| {{ubl|[[Wall Poster Cinema]],|Unanimous Productions}}<br />
| align="right" | {{INR|120 crore}}<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |title=HIT 3 OTT release date confirmed: Nani's crime thriller to stream earlier than expected. Where and when to watch? |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/hit-3-ott-release-date-confirmed-nanis-crime-thriller-to-stream-earlier-than-expected-where-and-when-to-watch/articleshow/121379947.cms |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=24 May 2025 |access-date=25 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!9<br />
| ''[[Kuberaa]]''{{efn-lg|name="tt"|The film was produced in both the Telugu and Tamil languages}}<br />
| {{ubl|Sree Venkateswara Cinemas LLP,|[[Amigos Creations]]}}<br />
| style="text-align:right; background:#ccc;" |{{INR|115{{ndash}}132 crore}} '''#'''<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |{{efn|''Kuberaa''{{'}}s reported worldwide grosses vary between ₹115 crore (''[[Hindustan Times]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 September 2025 |title=Lokah Chapter 1 worldwide box office collection day 8: Kalyani film soars past ₹120 crore, beats Marco, Kuberaa lifetime |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/lokah-chapter-1-worldwide-box-office-collection-day-8-kalyani-priyadarshan-film-120-crore-beats-marco-kuberaa-lifetime-101757047123950.html |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>) – ₹132 crore (''[[The Hans India]]'';<ref>{{cite web |last1=Keval |first1=Varun |date=10 July 2025 |title=Kubera Movie to Stream on This OTT Platform from July 18 |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/ott-web-series/kubera-movie-to-stream-on-amazon-prime-from-july-18-after-big-box-office-success-986955 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250725051502/https://www.thehansindia.com/ott-web-series/kubera-movie-to-stream-on-amazon-prime-from-july-18-after-big-box-office-success-986955 |archive-date=25 July 2025 |access-date=21 July 2025 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en}}</ref> ''[[News18]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Dhanush-Nagarjuna's Kuberaa Locks OTT Release Date: When And Where To Watch |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/tamil-cinema/dhanush-nagarjunas-kuberaa-locks-ott-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-ws-l-aa-9449157.html |access-date=13 September 2025 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>)}}<br />
|-<br />
!10<br />
|''[[Hari Hara Veera Mallu]]''<br />
| [[A. M. Rathnam|Mega Surya Production]]<br />
| align="right" | {{INR|114 crore}}<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Hari Hara Veera Mallu on OTT: Pawan Kalyan period drama to stream on Prime Video |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/hari-hara-veera-mallu-on-ott-pawan-kalyan-period-drama-to-stream-on-prime-video-2773876-2025-08-20 |website=India Today |access-date=13 October 2025 |language=en |date=20 August 2025}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== January–March ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! colspan="2" style="width:6%;" |Opening<br />
! style="width:20%;" |Title<br />
! style="width:10%;" |Director<br />
! style="width:45%;" |Cast<br />
! style="width:30%;" |Production company<br />
! class="unsortable" style="width:1%;" |{{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="15" style="text-align:center;background:#ffa07a;textcolor:#000;" |'''J<br />A<br />N<br />U<br />A<br />R<br />Y'''<br />
| style="text-align:center;background:#ffdacc;" |'''2'''<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Katha Kamamishu]]''<br />
| Goutham{{Ndash}}Karthik<br />
| {{Hlist|[[Indraja]]|[[Karuna Kumar]]|Kritika Roy|Krishna Prasad|Harshini Koduru|Venkatesh Kakumanu|Stuthee Roy|Moin}}<br />
| {{ubl|iDream Media,|Three Whistles Talkies}}<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Katha Kamamishu OTT release date: When and where to watch Indraja, Karuna Kumar's film |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/katha-kamamishu-ott-release-date-when-where-to-watch-the-indraja-karuna-kumar-film/581386f441704 |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#ffdacc;" |'''3'''<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''Dreamcatcher''<br />
| Sandeep Kakula<br />
| {{Hlist|Prashanth Krishna|Aneesha Dama|Srinivas Ramireddy|Aishwarrya Holakkal}}<br />
| Ciel Motion Pictures<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QkpKLb7P6S0 |title=Dreamcatcher Theatrical Trailer- Telugu Film {{!}} Prashanth Krishna {{!}} Aneesha Dama {{!}}Aishwarrya Holakkal |date=2024-12-22 |last=Ciel Motion Pictures |access-date=2025-01-03 |via=YouTube}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''Prema Charithra Krishna Vijayam''<br />
| Madhusudhan Hawaldhar<br />
| {{Hlist|[[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]]|Yashwanth|Suhasini|[[Nagendra Babu]]|[[Ali (actor)|Ali]]}}<br />
| {{ubl|Amba Movies,|Ram Films}}<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Content |first1=Tfpc |date=2025-01-01 |title=Superstar Krishna's last movie "Prema Charitra - Krishna Vijayam" Release Update |url=https://tfpc.in/superstar-krishnas-last-movie-prema-charitra-krishna-vijayam-release-update/ |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=TFPC |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#ffdacc;" |'''9'''<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''Break Out''<br />
| Subbu Cherukuri<br />
| {{Hlist|Raja Goutham|[[Chakrapani Ananda]]|G. Bala|[[Kireeti Damaraju]]|[[Chitram Seenu]]}}<br />
| Anil Moduga Films<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Break Out OTT release date: When and where to watch Raja Goutham's thriller |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/break-out-ott-release-date-when-where-to-watch-the-raja-goutham-thriller/ff883c19cc389 |access-date=2025-01-09 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Neeli Megha Shyama]]''<br />
| Ravi S Varmaa<br />
| {{Hlist|[[Vishwadev Rachakonda]]|Payal Radhakrishna}}<br />
| Moonshine Entertainments<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neeli Megha Shyama OTT release date: When to watch the Viswadev Rachakonda film |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/neeli-megha-shyama-ott-release-date-when-to-watch-the-viswadev-rachakonda-film/08a7ec1e48377 |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;background:#ffdacc;" |'''10'''<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Game Changer (film)|Game Changer]]''<br />
| [[S. Shankar]]<br />
| {{Hlist|[[Ram Charan]]|[[Kiara Advani]]|[[Anjali (actress)|Anjali]]|[[S. J. Suryah]]|[[Srikanth (actor, born 1968)|Srikanth]]}}<br />
| [[Sri Venkateswara Creations]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nyayapati |first=Neeshita |date=12 October 2024 |title=Game Changer release date: Ram Charan, Kiara Advani film takes his dad Chiranjeevi's Vishwambhara Sankranthi slot |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/game-changer-release-date-ram-charan-kiara-advani-film-takes-his-dad-chiranjeevis-vishwambhara-sankranthi-slot-101728735153898.html |access-date=13 October 2024 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;background:#ffdacc;" |'''12'''<br />
| style="text-align:left;"|''[[Daaku Maharaaj]]''<br />
| [[K. S. Ravindra|Bobby Kolli]]<br />
| {{Hlist|[[Nandamuri Balakrishna]]|[[Bobby Deol]]|[[Shraddha Srinath]]}}<br />
| {{ubl|[[S. Radha Krishna|Sithara Entertainments]],|Fortune Four Cinemas}}<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=2024-11-15 |title=Nandamuri Balakrishna-Bobby Kolli's film titled Daaku Maharaaj |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Nov/15/nandamuri-balakrishna-bobby-kollis-film-titled-daaku-maharaaj |access-date=2024-11-15 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;background:#ffdacc;" |'''14'''<br />
| style="text-align:left;"|''[[Sankranthiki Vasthunam]]''<br />
| [[Anil Ravipudi]]<br />
| {{Hlist|[[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]]|[[Meenakshi Chaudhary]]|[[Aishwarya Rajesh]]}}<br />
| [[Sri Venkateswara Creations]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=2024-11-20 |title=Venkatesh-starrer Sankranthiki Vasthunam gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Nov/20/venkatesh-starrer-sankranthiki-vasthunam-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#ffdacc;" |'''23'''<br />
| style="text-align:left;"|''[[Wife Off]]''<br />
| Bhanu Yerubandi<br />
| {{Hlist|Divya Sree Gurugubelli|Abhinav Manikanta|Nikhil Gajula}}<br />
| Tamada Media<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Bhavana |date=2025-01-19 |title=ETV Win Announces Crime Thriller Wife Off |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ott/etv-win-announces-crime-thriller-wife-off-1855232 |access-date=2025-01-30 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#ffdacc;" |'''24'''<br />
| style="text-align:left;"|''[[Gandhi Tatha Chettu]]''<br />
| Padmavathi Malladi<br />
| {{Hlist|Sukriti Veni Bandreddi|[[Chakrapani Ananda|Anand Chakrapani]]|[[Rag Mayur]]}}<br />
| {{ubl|[[Mythri Movie Makers]],|[[Sukumar Writings]],|Gopi Talkies}}<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=2025-01-01 |title=Sukumar's daughter's debut Gandhi Tatha Chettu locks release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Jan/01/sukumars-daughters-debut-gandhi-tatha-chettu-locks-release-date |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;"|''[[Hathya]]''<br />
| Srividya Basawa<br />
| {{Hlist|[[Dhanya Balakrishna]]|[[Ravi Varma (East Godavari actor)|Ravi Varma]]|[[Pooja Ramachandran]]}}<br />
| Mahaakaal Pictures<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-01-18 |title=Hathya trailer: A determined cop attempts to unravel a political murder case against many barriers |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Jan/18/hathya-trailer-a-determined-cop-attempts-to-unravel-a-political-murder-case-against-many-barriers |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;"|''Thalli Manasu''<br />
| V. Sreenivas<br />
| {{Hlist|[[Rachitha Mahalakshmi]]|[[Kamal Kamaraju]]|[[Aadarsh Balakrishna]]}}<br />
| Muthyala Movie Makers<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-10 |title=Thalli Manasu: మనసుకు హత్తుకునే కథతో.. తల్లి మనసు మూవీ ..రిలీజ్ ఎప్పుడంటే? |url=https://www.v6velugu.com/director-muthyala-subbaiah-son-thalli-manasu-movie |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=V6 Velugu |language=te}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#ffdacc;" |'''30'''<br />
| style="text-align:left;"|''[[Pothugadda]]''<br />
| Raksha Veeram<br />
| {{Hlist|[[Shatru (actor)|Shatru]]|[[Aadukalam Naren]]|Prudhvi Dandamudi|Vismaya Sri}}<br />
| 24 Cinema Street<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-29 |title=Pothugadda OTT release: Here's when and where you can watch Raksha Veeran's Telugu thriller online |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/pothugadda-ott-release-date-heres-when-and-where-you-can-watch-raksha-veerans-telugu-thriller-online-1369791 |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#ffdacc;" |'''31'''<br />
| style="text-align:left;"|''[[Coffee with a Killer]]''<br />
| [[R. P. Patnaik]]<br />
| {{Hlist|Temper Vamsi|[[Ravi Prakash]]|Siva Karthik|[[Srinivasa Reddy]]|[[Ravi Babu]]}}<br />
| Sevenhills Productions<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-28 |title=Coffee With A Killer skips theatrical release, Satyam Rajesh starrer to stream directly on THIS OTT platform |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/coffee-with-a-killer-skips-theatrical-release-satyam-rajesh-starrer-to-stream-directly-on-this-ott-platform-1369724 |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Racharikam]]''<br />
| Suresh Lankalapalli<br />
| {{hlist|Vijay Shankar|[[Apsara Rani]]|[[Varun Sandesh]]|Vijay Ram Raju}}<br />
| Chill Bross Entertainment<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2025-01-28 |title='Racharikam' pre-release event makes buzz |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/racharikam-pre-release-event-makes-buzz-940408 |access-date=2025-02-01 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="14" style="text-align:center; background:#dcc7df; textcolor:#000;" |'''F<br />E<br />B<br />R<br />U<br />A<br />R<br />Y'''<br />
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef;" |'''7'''<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''Bhavani Ward 1997''<br />
| GD Narasimmha<br />
| {{Hlist|Gayathri Gupta|Ganesh Reddy|Pooja Kendre|Sai Satish|Jabardasth Apparo}}<br />
| GDR Motion Picture<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2025-02-05 |title='Bhavani Ward 1997'creates buzz with pre-release event |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/bhavani-ward-1997creates-buzz-with-pre-release-event-942537 |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Oka Padhakam Prakaram]]''<br />
| [[Vinod Vijayan]]<br />
| {{hlist|[[Sairam Shankar]]|[[P. Samuthirakani|Samuthirakani]]|[[Ashima Narwal]]|[[Shruti Sodhi]]}}<br />
| {{ubl|Vinod Vijayan Films,|Vihari Cinema House}}<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-01-10 |title=Oka Padhakam Prakaram trailer: Sai Raam Shankar is mystified by a 'devilish' criminal in the upcoming thriller |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Jan/10/oka-padhakam-prakaram-trailer-sai-raam-shankar-is-mystified-by-a-devilish-criminal-in-the-upcoming-thriller |access-date=2025-01-12 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;"|''[[Thandel]]''<br />
| [[Chandoo Mondeti]]<br />
| {{Hlist|[[Naga Chaitanya]]|[[Sai Pallavi]]}}<br />
| [[Geetha Arts]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=2024-11-05 |title=Naga Chaitanya and Sai Pallavi starrer Thandel gets an official release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Nov/05/naga-chaitanya-and-sai-pallavi-starrer-thandel-gets-an-official-release-date |access-date=2024-11-06 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef;" |'''14'''<br />
| style="text-align:left;"|''[[Brahma Anandam]]''<br />
| RVS Nikhil<br />
| {{hlist|Raja Goutham|[[Brahmanandam]]|[[Vennela Kishore]]|[[Priya Vadlamani]]}}<br />
| Swadharm Entertainments<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=2025-01-16 |title=BrahmaAnandam teaser: A hilarious heartwarming story of a grandfather and grandson |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Jan/16/brahmaanandam-teaser-a-hilarious-heartwarming-story-of-a-grandfather-and-grandson |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;"|''[[Laila (2025 film)|Laila]]''<br />
| Ram Narayan<br />
| {{hlist|[[Vishwak Sen]]|Akansha Sharma}}<br />
| Shine Screens<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-03 |title=Vishwak Sen's 'Laila' goes on floors; first look out |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vishwak-sens-laila-goes-on-floors-first-look-out/article68362656.ece |access-date=2024-07-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;"|''[[Nidurinchu Jahapana]]''<br />
| Prasanna Kumar Devarapalli<br />
| {{hlist|[[Aanand Vardhan]]|Navami Gayak|[[Roshni Sahota]]}}<br />
| AR Entertainments<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-01-27 |title=Indra child artist Aanand Vardhan to debut as a hero with Nidurinchu Jahapana |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Jan/27/indra-child-artist-aanand-vardhan-to-debut-as-a-hero-with-nidurinchu-jahapana |access-date=2025-02-01 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;"|''[[Thala (2025 film)|Thala]]''<br />
| Amma Rajasekhar<br />
| {{hlist|Amma Raagin Raj|Ankitha Naskar|[[Ester Noronha]]|[[Satyam Rajesh]]}}<br />
| Deepa Arts<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=2025-01-28 |title=Thala trailer: A devoted son who would go to any lengths for his mother |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Jan/28/thala-trailer-a-devoted-son-who-would-go-to-any-lengths-for-his-mother |access-date=2025-01-31 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef;" |'''21'''<br />
| style="text-align:left;"|''[[Baapu]]''<br />
| Daya<br />
| {{hlist|[[Brahmaji]]|[[Aamani]]|Kethiri Sudhakar Reddy|[[Dhanya Balakrishna]]}}<br />
| {{ubl|Comrade Film Factory,|Atheera Productions}}<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-28 |title=Rashmika Mandanna unveils teaser for 'Baapu' |url=https://telugucinema.com/news/rashmika-mandanna-unveils-teaser-for-baapu |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=Telugu Cinema |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Ramam Raghavam]]''<br />
| [[Dhanraj (actor)|Dhanraj]]<br />
| {{hlist|[[Samuthirakani]]|[[Dhanraj (actor)|Dhanraj]]|[[Satya (Telugu actor)|Satya]]|[[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]]|[[Srinivasa Reddy|Srinivas Reddy]]}}<br />
| Slate Pencil Stories<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-02-08 |title=Ramam Raghavam to get an early release |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Feb/08/ramam-raghavam-to-get-an-early-release |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef;" |'''26'''<br />
| style="text-align:left;"|''[[Mazaka]]''<br />
| [[Trinadha Rao Nakkina]]<br />
| {{hlist|[[Sundeep Kishan]]|[[Ritu Varma]]|[[Rao Ramesh]]|[[Anshu Ambani|Anshu]]|[[Murali Sharma]]}}<br />
| {{ubl|AK Entertainments,|Hasya Movies,|[[Zee Studios]]}}<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=2025-02-07 |title=Sundeep Kishan's Mazaka officially pushed to this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Feb/07/sundeep-kishans-mazaka-officially-pushed-to-this-date |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef;" |'''27'''<br />
| style="text-align:left;"|''Takita Tadimi Tandana''<br />
| Raj Lohith<br />
|{{hlist|Ganaaditya|Priya Kommineni|[[Gangavva]]|Jaya Naidu Maida|Satish Saripalli}}<br />
| Yellow Mango Entertainment<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-10 |title=Takita Tadimi Tandana: సినిమాటోగ్రఫీ మంత్రి కోమటిరెడ్డి చేతులు మీదుగా 'తకిట తదిమి తందాన' మూవీ ఫస్ట్ లుక్ విడుదల.. |url=https://zeenews.india.com/telugu/no-rev/content-is-the-key-for-any-film-takita-tadimi-tandana-movie-first-look-poster-revealed-by-telangana-cinematography-minister-komatireddy-venkat-reddy-ta-203787 |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=Zee News Telugu |language=te}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef;" |'''28'''<br />
| style="text-align:left;"|''Bandi''<br />
| Tirumala Raghu<br />
| {{hlist|[[Aditya Om]]}}<br />
| Gully Cinema<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bandi trailer: Aditya Om's forest thriller looks gripping, release date locked |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/bandi-trailer-aditya-oms-forest-thriller-looks-gripping-release-date-locked/fec605f85e482 |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;"|''Guard''<br />
| Jaga Peddi<br />
| {{hlist|Viraj Reddy Cheelam|Mimi Leonard}}<br />
| Anu Productions<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-01-25 |title=Guard Teaser: A young security guard must protect his people at all costs |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Jan/25/guard-teaser-a-young-security-guard-must-protect-his-people-at-all-costs |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''Nenekkaduna''<br />
| Madhav Kodad<br />
| {{hlist|[[Mahaakshay Chakraborty|Mimoh Chakraborty]]|Sasha Chettri|[[Posani Krishna Murali]]|[[Tanikella Bharani]]}}<br />
| Ajagava Arts<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-25 |title=Mithun Chakravarthy's Son Mimoh Set For Tollywood Debut With Nenekkadunna |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/mithun-chakravarthys-son-mimo-set-for-tollywood-debut-with-nenekkadunna-article-118557462 |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="22" style="text-align:center; background:#98fb98; textcolor:#000;" |'''M<br />A<br />R<br />C<br />H'''<br />
| rowspan="9" style="text-align:center; background:#a8e4bc;" |'''7'''<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[14 Days Girlfriend Intlo]]''<br />
| Sriharsha Manne<br />
| {{hlist|[[Ankith Koyya]]|Shriya Kontham|[[Vennela Kishore]]}}<br />
| Satya Arts Entertainment<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-01 |title='14 Days Girlfriend Intlo' trailer: A laugh riot with a good dose of romance |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/14-days-girlfriend-intlo-trailer-a-laugh-riot-with-a-good-dose-of-romance-1864276 |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Jigel]]''<br />
| Malli Yeluri<br />
| {{hlist|[[Thrigun]]|[[Megha Chowdhury]]}}<br />
| {{ubl|Sri Indira Combines,|Apple Creations}}<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Digital |first=Hans India |date=2025-02-25 |title=Govinda Responds to Divorce Rumors with Sunita Ahuja: 'I Am in the Process of…' |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/bollywood/govinda-responds-to-divorce-rumors-with-sunita-ahuja-i-am-in-the-process-of-948856 |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Naari: The Women]]''<br />
| Surya Vantipalli<br />
| {{hlist|[[Aamani]]|Vikas Vasishta|Mounika Reddy|Nitya Sri|Karthikeya Dev}}<br />
| {{ubl|SHE Films,|Hyderabad Studios}}<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2025-02-16 |title='Naari' gains momentum with viral clip, set for Women's Day release |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/naari-gains-momentum-with-viral-clip-set-for-womens-day-release-946221 |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''Neerukulla 35km''<br />
| Ramesh Plassi<br />
| {{hlist|RK Maste|Riddhi Oberoi}}<br />
| Bitla Films<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-07 |title='నీరు కుళ్ళ' మూవీ రివ్యూ.. ఈ లేటెస్ట్ హర్రర్ మూవీ ఎలా ఉందంటే! |url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/neerukulla-telugu-movie-review-and-rating-sr-2737759.html |access-date=2025-03-28 |website=telugu.news18.com |language=te}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''Pourusham''<br />
| Sheraz Mehdi<br />
| {{hlist|Sheraz Mehdi|[[Suman (actor)|Suman]]|[[Ravi Varma (East Godavari actor)|Ravi Varma]]}}<br />
| {{ubl|UVT Studios,|Shriya Productions}}<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-06 |title=Pourusham - The Manhood Releasing On October 7th Will Impress All: Director Sheraz Mehdi At Pre-Release |url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/movies/pourusham-manhood-releasing-march-7th-will-impress-all-director-sheraz-mehdi-pre-release |access-date=2025-03-06 |website=Sakshi Post |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''Raa Raja''<br />
| B. Shivaprasad<br />
| {{hlist|Sugi Vijay|Mounika}}<br />
| Shree Padmini Cinemas<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-06 |title=Raa Raja releasing on March 7, Watch it in Theatres: Director B Shiva Prasad |url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/movies/raa-raja-releasing-march-7-watch-it-theatres-director-b-shiva-prasad-384211 |access-date=2025-03-06 |website=Sakshi Post |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Shivangi Lioness]]''<br />
| Devaraj Bharani Dharan<br />
| {{hlist|[[Anandhi (actress)|Anandhi]]|[[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar]]}}<br />
| First Copy Movies<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-03-01 |title=Shivangi trailer: A strong-willed housewife battles multiple societal barriers at once in this murder mystery |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Mar/01/shivangi-trailer-a-strong-willed-housewife-battles-multiple-societal-barriers-at-once-in-this-murder-mystery |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Viral Prapancham]]''<br />
| Brijesh Tangi<br />
| {{hlist|Priyanka Sharma|[[Nitya Shetty]]|[[Sai Ronak]]|Sunny Naveen}}<br />
| {{ubl|Revolutionary Talkies,|Anil Moduga Films}}<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-06 |title=Experimental film 'Viral Prapancham' gears up for release |url=https://telugucinema.com/news/experimental-film-viral-prapancham-gears-up-for-release |access-date=2025-03-06 |website=Telugu Cinema |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[W/O Anirvesh]]''<br />
| Ganga Sapthasikhara<br />
| {{hlist|Ram Prasad|Gemini Suresh|Nazia Khan|Sai Prasanna}}<br />
| Gajendra Productions<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raju |first=Sirigadhi |date=2025-03-02 |title=Hero Shivaji Launches W/O Anirvesh Trailer |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/hero-shivaji-launches-wo-anirvesh-trailer-950161 |access-date=2025-03-06 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:#a8e4bc;" |'''14'''<br />
| style="text-align:left;"|''[[1000 Waala]]''<br />
| Afzal Shaik<br />
| {{hlist|Amith Dream Star| Sharukh Baig| Navitha Gangat| Mukhtar Khan}}<br />
| {{ubl|Superhit Movie Makers}}<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/1000-waala/ET00437401|title=1000 Wala Telugu Movie (2025)|website=Bookmyshow.com|date=14 March 2025}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Court (2025 film)|Court]]''<br />
| Ram Jagadeesh<br />
| {{hlist|[[Priyadarshi Pulikonda]]|Harsh Roshan|Sridevi|[[Sivaji (Telugu actor)|Sivaji]]}}<br />
| [[Wall Poster Cinema]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-20 |title=Nani's Court – State vs A Nobody Release Date Announced; Priyadarshi To Play A Lawyer |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/nanis-court-state-vs-a-nobody-release-date-announced-priyadarshi-to-play-a-lawyer-article-117382863 |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;"|''[[Dilruba (film)|Dilruba]]''<br />
| Viswa Karun<br />
| {{hlist|[[Kiran Abbavaram]]|[[Rukshar Dhillon]]|Kathy Davison}}<br />
| {{ubl|Sivam Celluloids,|Yoodlee Films}}<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dilruba postponed: Kiran Abbavaram's romantic drama locks a new release date |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/dilruba-postponed-kiran-abbavarams-romantic-drama-locks-a-new-release-date/ec0f8339d2308 |access-date=2025-02-12 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;"|''Raakshasa''<br />
| Kashi K<br />
| {{hlist|Chintalapudi Venkatt| Sandhya Thota| Bahubali Prabhakar| [[Chatrapathi Sekhar]]}}<br />
| {{ubl|Unique Media}}<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/raakshasa/ET00436611|title=Raakshasa Telugu Movie (2025)|website=Bookmyshow.com|date=14 March 2025}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;"|''Lamp''<br />
| Rajashekar Raj<br />
| {{hlist|Vinod Nuvvula| Avantika Jo| Madhupriya| Koti Kiran}}<br />
| {{ubl|Charitha Cinema Arts}}<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/hyderabad/movies/lamp/ET00436605|title=Lamp Telugu Movie (2025)|website=Bookmyshow.com|date=14 March 2025}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#a8e4bc;" |'''21'''<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Anaganaga Australia Lo]]''<br />
| Taraka Rama<br />
| {{hlist|Jyothinath Goud|Saanya Bhatnagar}}<br />
| Sahaana Art Creations<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2025-03-21 |title='Anaganaga Australia Lo' offers thrilling cinematic experience |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/anaganaga-australia-lo-offers-thrilling-cinematic-experience-955990 |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''Artiste''<br />
| Ratanrishi<br />
| {{hlist|Santosh Kalwacherla|Krisheka Patel}}<br />
| Sjk Entertainment<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Artiste - Official Trailer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/telugu/artiste-official-trailer/videoshow/119258091.cms |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;"|''[[Kaalamega Karigindhi]]''<br />
| Singara Mohan<br />
| {{hlist|Vinay Kumar|Shravani Majjari|Aravind Mudigonda|Nomina Tara}}<br />
| Singaara Creative Works<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-03-15 |title=Kaalamega Karigindhi..? trailer: A heartbroken man revisits the memories of lost love |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Mar/15/kaalamega-karigindhi-trailer-a-heartbroken-man-revisits-the-memories-of-lost-love |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;"|''[[Pelli Kani Prasad]]''<br />
| Abhilash Reddy<br />
| {{hlist|[[Saptagiri (actor)|Saptagiri]]|Priyanka Sharma}}<br />
| Thama Media<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-03 |title=Prabhas launches Pelli Kaani Prasad's teaser |url=https://telugucinema.com/news/prabhas-launches-pelli-kaani-prasads-teaser |access-date=2025-03-03 |website=Telugu Cinema |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;"|''[[Tuk Tuk (film)|Tuk Tuk]]''<br />
| Supreeth C Krishna<br />
| {{hlist|Harsh Roshan|Karthikeya Dev|Madhu Sudhan Rapeti}}<br />
| {{ubl|Chithravaahini Productions,|RYG Cinemas}}<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-02-26 |title=Tuk Tuk gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Feb/26/tuk-tuk-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-03-03 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;"|''[[Shanmukha (film)|Shanmukha]]''<br />
| Shanumugam Sappani<br />
| {{hlist|[[Aadi Saikumar]]|[[Avika Gor]]}}<br />
| Sapbro Productions<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-03-14 |title=Shanmukha trailer: Aadi Saikumar and Avika Gor connect the dots between spirituality and a series of crimes |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Mar/14/shanmukha-trailer-aadi-saikumar-and-avika-gor-connect-the-dots-between-spirituality-and-a-series-of-crimes |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#a8e4bc;" |'''28'''<br />
| style="text-align:left;"|''[[Robinhood (2025 film)|Robinhood]]''<br />
| [[Venky Kudumula]]<br />
| {{hlist|[[Nithiin]]|[[Sreeleela]]|[[Vennela Kishore]]}}<br />
| [[Mythri Movie Makers]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-18 |title=Robinhood: After postponement from Christmas 2024, Nithiin starrer to clash with THIS film? Check details |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/robinhood-after-postponement-from-christmas-2024-nithiin-starrer-to-clash-with-this-film-check-details-1368163 |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;"|''[[Mad Square]]''<br />
| Kalyan Shankar<br />
| {{hlist|Narne Nithin|[[Sangeeth Sobhan]]|Ram Nitin}}<br />
| {{ubl|[[S. Radha Krishna|Sithara Entertainments]],|Fortune Four Cinemas,|Srikara Studios}}<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-01-18 |title=MAD Square to clash against Hari Hara Veera Mallu and Robinhood |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Jan/18/mad-square-to-clash-against-hari-hara-veera-mallu-and-robinhood |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
== April–June ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! colspan="2" style="width:6%;" |Opening<br />
! style="width:20%;" |Title<br />
! style="width:10%;" |Director<br />
! style="width:45%;" |Cast<br />
! style="width:30%;" |Production company<br />
! class="unsortable" style="width:1%;" |{{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="17" style="text-align:center; background:#F88379; textcolor:#000;" |A<br />P<br />R<br />I<br />L<br />
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#d88579;" ; |4<br />
| style="text-align:left;"|''[[28 Degree Celsius]]''<br />
| Anil Viswanath<br />
| {{hlist|[[Naveen Chandra]]|[[Shalini Vadnikatti]]}}<br />
| {{ubl|Veeranjaneya Productions,|Riverside Cinemas}}<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2025-03-25 |title=Naveen Chandra's '28°C' trailer gets a grand launch |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/naveen-chandras-28c-trailer-gets-a-grand-launch-957113 |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;"|''[[LYF: Love Your Father]]''<br />
| Pavan Ketharaju<br />
| {{hlist|Sri Harsha|[[S. P. Charan]]|[[Kashika Kapoor]]}}<br />
| {{ubl|Manisha Arts and Media,|Annapareddy Studios}}<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Harsh |first1=B. H. |title=LYF - Love Your Father to release on April 4 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Mar/17/lyf-love-your-father-to-release-on-april-4 |work=Cinema Express |date=17 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; background:#d88579;" ; |'''10'''<br />
| style="text-align:left;"|''[[Jack (2025 film)|Jack]]''<br />
| [[Bhaskar (director)|Bhaskar]]<br />
| {{hlist|[[Siddhu Jonnalagadda]]|[[Vaishnavi Chaitanya]]}}<br />
| [[Sri Venkateswara Cine Chitra]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-18 |title=Siddu Jonnalagadda's Jack gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Dec/18/siddu-jonnalagaddas-jack-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#d88579;" ; |'''11'''<br />
| style="text-align:left;"|''[[Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi (2025 film)|Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi]]''<br />
| Nitin{{Ndash}}Bharath<br />
| {{hlist|[[Pradeep Machiraju]]|Deepika Pilli}}<br />
| Monks & Monkeys<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=2025-03-16 |title=Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Mar/16/akkada-ammayi-ikkada-abbayi-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;"|''Cherasaala''<br />
| Ram Prakash Gunnam<br />
| {{hlist|Ram Prakash Gunnam|Srijith|Nishkala|Ramya}}<br />
| S Rai Creations<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2025-04-08 |title='Cherasaala' director Ram Prakash Gunnam promises emotion and entertainment |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/cherasaala-director-ram-prakash-gunnam-promises-emotion-and-entertainment-961058 |access-date=2025-04-19 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;"|''Premaku Jai''<br />
| Srinivas Mallam<br />
| {{hlist|Anil Buragani|R Jwalitha}}<br />
| Eswara Parameswara Creations<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=2025-04-10 |title='Premaku Jai' Hits Theatres on April 11 |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/premaku-jai-hits-theatres-on-april-11-961690 |access-date=2025-04-19 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; background:#d88579;" ; |'''17'''<br />
| style="text-align:left;"|''[[Odela 2]]''<br />
| Ashok Teja<br />
| {{hlist|[[Tamannaah Bhatia]]|[[Hebah Patel]]|[[Vasishta N. Simha]]}}<br />
| {{ubl|Madhu Creations,|[[Sampath Nandi|Sampath Nandi Teamworks]]}}<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Odela 2: Tamannaah Bhatia's Film To Release On This Date |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/tamannaah-bhatia-starrer-odela-2-to-hit-screens-on-april-17-7982349 |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#d88579;" ; |'''18'''<br />
| style="text-align:left;"|''[[Arjun Son of Vyjayanthi]]''<br />
| Pradeep Chilukuri<br />
| {{hlist|[[Nandamuri Kalyan Ram]]|[[Vijayashanti]]|[[Saiee Manjrekar]]|[[Sohail Khan]]}}<br />
| {{ubl|Ashoka Creations,|[[N. T. R. Arts]]}}<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=2025-04-03 |title=Arjun S/O Vyjayanthi Releasing Worldwide April 18 |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/arjun-so-vyjayanthi-releasing-worldwide-april-18-959685 |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;"|''[[Dear Uma]]''<br />
| Sai Rajesh Mahadev<br />
| {{hlist|[[Pruthvi Ambaar]]|Sumaya Reddy}}<br />
| Suma Chitra Arts<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-04-05 |title=Dear Uma gets a release date |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2025/Apr/05/dear-uma-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;"|''Jagamerigina Satyam''<br />
| Tirupathi Pale<br />
| {{hlist|Avinash Verma|Aadya Reddy|Neelima Pathakamasetty}}<br />
| Amrutha Satyanarayana Creations<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2025-04-18 |title='Jagamerigina Satyam' review: Showcases Telangana life that strikes a chord |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/jagamerigina-satyam-review-showcases-telangana-life-that-strikes-a-chord-963892 |access-date=2025-04-19 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;"|''Madhuram''<br />
| Rajesh Chikile<br />
| {{hlist|Uday Raj|Vaishnavee Singh}}<br />
| {{ubl|Neo Studios,|GK Media}}<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2025-04-18 |title='Madhuram' review: A nostalgic ode to tender young love |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/madhuram-review-a-nostalgic-ode-to-tender-young-love-963900 |access-date=2025-04-19 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#d88579;" ; |'''25'''<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Chaurya Paatham]]''<br />
| Nikhil Gollamari<br />
| {{hlist|Indhra Ram|Payala Radhakrishna}}<br />
| Nakkina Narratives<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=2025-04-16 |title=Chaurya Paatam trailer: A rural heist comedy with a parody twist |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Apr/16/chaurya-paatam-trailer-a-rural-heist-comedy-with-a-parody-twist |access-date=2025-04-19 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Sarangapani Jathakam]]''<br />
| [[Mohana Krishna Indraganti]]<br />
| {{hlist|[[Priyadarshi Pulikonda]]|[[Roopa Koduvayur]]}}<br />
| [[Sridevi Movies]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-04-12 |title=Sarangapani Jathakam gets a new release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Apr/12/sarangapani-jathakam-gets-a-new-release-date |access-date=2025-04-19 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;"|''Sodara''<br />
| Manmohan Menampalley<br />
| {{hlist|[[Sampoornesh Babu]]|Sanjosh}}<br />
| Cans Entertainment<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2025-04-11 |title='Sodaraa' trailer launch event creates buzz |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/sodaraa-trailer-launch-event-creates-buzz-961931 |access-date=2025-04-19 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;"|''Suryapet Junction''<br />
| Rajesh Nadendla<br />
| {{hlist|Eeswar|Naina Sarwar|[[Abhimanyu Singh]]}}<br />
| Yoga Lakshmi Art Creations<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-20 |title=Suryapet Junction To Hit Theatres on April 25 |url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/movies/suryapet-junction-hit-theatres-april-25-399646 |access-date=2025-04-20 |website=Sakshi Post |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;"|''ALCC''<br />
| Leleedhar Rao Kola<br />
| {{hlist|Srikar Komanduri|J P Naveen|Sham Nayak}}<br />
| L R Film Circuits<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |last=techteam |date=2025-04-21 |title='ALCC' Movie Big Ticket Launch in the Presence of Esteemed Directors! |url=https://www.telugutimes.net/en/cinemas/cinema-news/alcc-movie-big-ticket-launch-in-the-presence-of-esteemed-directors-315988.html |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=English site |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;"|''Shiva Shambho''<br />
| Renigunta Narsing<br />
| {{hlist|[[Suman (actor)|Suman]]|[[Tanikella Bharani]]|Doraveti Chenayya}}<br />
| Anantha Arts<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2025-04-22 |title=All set for 'Shiva Shambho' grand release on April 25 |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/all-set-for-shiva-shambho-grand-release-on-april-25-964905 |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="17" style="text-align:center; background: #9ACD32; textcolor:#000;" |'''M<br />A<br />Y'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; background:#C5E384;" ; |'''1'''<br />
| style="text-align:left;"|''[[HIT: The Third Case]]''<br />
| [[Sailesh Kolanu]]<br />
| {{hlist|[[Nani (actor)|Nani]]|[[Srinidhi Shetty]]|[[Rao Ramesh]]|[[Tisca Chopra]]}}<br />
| {{ubl|[[Prashanti Tipirneni|Wall Poster Cinema]],|Unanimous Productions}}<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-05 |title=Nani's Hit: The 3rd Case to release on this date; makers release teaser |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Sep/05/nanis-hit-the-3rd-case-to-release-on-this-date-makers-release-teaser |access-date=2024-10-04 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:#C5E384" ; |'''9'''<br />
| style="text-align:left;"|''[[Blind Spot (2025 film)|Blind Spot]]''<br />
| Rakesh Varma<br />
| {{hlist|[[Naveen Chandra]]|[[Ali Reza (actor)|Ali Reza]]|[[Rashi Singh]]|[[Ravi Varma (East Godavari actor)|Ravi Varma]]}}<br />
| Mango Mass Media<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-04-19 |title=Blind Spot trailer: Naveen Chandra must battle twisted perceptions to unravel a suicide case |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Apr/19/blind-spot-trailer-naveen-chandra-must-battle-twisted-perceptions-to-unravel-a-suicide-case |access-date=2025-05-07 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;"|''Common Man Pellam''<br />
| Gaddam Ramana Reddy<br />
| {{hlist|[[Indraja]]|[[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]]|[[Jayasudha]]|[[Suman (actor)|Suman]]|[[Rupa Lakshmi]]|[[Muralidhar Goud]]}}<br />
| RK Cinemas<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Archana |title=CM Pellam: సీఎం వస్తున్నాడు.. పక్కకు తప్పుకోండి తమ్ముళ్లు.. 'CM పెళ్ళాం' మూవీ డీటైల్స్ ఇవే..! |url=https://rtvlive.com/common-man-pellam-movie-launching/ |access-date=2025-05-07 |website=rtvlive.com |language=te}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;"|''[[Kaliyugam (2025 film)|Kaliyugam 2064]]{{efn-lg|name="tt"|}}''<br />
| Pramodh Sundar<br />
| {{hlist|[[Shraddha Srinath]]|[[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]]|Iniyan Subramani|Asmal}}<br />
| {{ubl|RK International,|Prime Cinemas}}<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/listicle/latest-telugu-ott-releases-may-3-to-may-10-2025-to-watch-on-aha-prime-video-netflix-sony-liv-theatres-and-more/bafd6902eb387|title=Latest Telugu OTT releases (May 3 to May 10, 2025) to watch on Aha, Prime Video, Netflix, Sony LIV, theatres, and more|website=OTTPlay|accessdate=19 September 2025}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Single (film)|Single]]''<br />
| [[Caarthick Raju]]<br />
| {{hlist|[[Sree Vishnu]]|[[Ketika Sharma]]|[[Ivana (actress)|Ivana]]}}<br />
| {{ubl|[[Geetha Arts]],|Kalya Films}}<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-03 |title=Multiple films compete across 3 weekends in April 2025 |url=https://telugucinema.com/box-office/telugu-cinema-release-dates |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=Telugu Cinema |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Subham]]''<br />
| Praveen Kandregula<br />
| {{hlist|Harshith Reddy|Gavireddy Srinivas|Charan Peri|Shriya Kontham|Shravani Lakshmi|Shalini Kondepudi}}<br />
| {{ubl|Tralala Moving Pictures,|Kanakavalli Talkies}}<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-18 |title=Samantha Ruth Prabhu Announces Release Date Of Her Maiden Telugu Production Subham |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/samantha-ruth-prabhu-announces-release-date-of-first-production-film-subham-article-151448885 |access-date=2025-04-19 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; background:#C5E384" ; |'''15'''<br />
| style="text-align:left;"|''[[Anaganaga (film)|Anaganaga]]''<br />
| Sunny Sanjay<br />
| {{hlist|[[Sumanth]]|Kajal Choudhary|Viharsh}}<br />
| Krishi Entertainments<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-05-03 |title=Anaganaga to premiere on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/May/03/anaganaga-to-premiere-on-this-date |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#C5E384" ; |'''16'''<br />
| style="text-align:left;"|''[[23 Iravai Moodu]]''<br />
| Raj Rachakonda<br />
| {{hlist|Teja|Tanmai|[[Jhansi (actress)|Jhansi]]|Pawon Ramesh|[[Thagubothu Ramesh]]|Praneeth}}<br />
| Studio 99<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-05-02 |title=Raj Rachakonda's 23 gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/May/02/raj-rachakondas-23-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;"|''[[Eleven (film)|Eleven]]{{efn-lg|name="tt"|}}''<br />
| Lokkesh Ajls<br />
| {{hlist|[[Naveen Chandra]]|Reyaa Hari|[[Shashank (actor)|Shashank]]}}<br />
| AR Entertainment<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-04-05 |title=Naveen Chandra's Eleven gets new release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Apr/05/naveen-chandras-eleven-gets-new-release-date |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''Triguni''<br />
| Vaithahavya Vadlamani<br />
| {{hlist|Kushal Yella|Prerna Chowdhary|Subbu Chandragiri|Anudeep Sharma}}<br />
| {{ubl|Mahi Media Works,| Vamsi Writings}}<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-14 |title=Horror-Thriller Triguni Ready for Release, Finishes Censor Formalities |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/horror-thriller-triguni-ready-for-release-finishes-censor-formalities-1872826 |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; background:#C5E384" ; |'''22'''<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''Veeraaraju 1991''<br />
| Ruudra Viraaj<br />
| {{hlist|Ruudra Viraaj|[[Ajay Ghosh]]|[[Banerjee (actor)|Banerjee]]|[[Goparaju Ramana]]|Archana}}<br />
| Royal Star Productionss<br />
|style="text-align: center;" |<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=ABN |date=2025-05-21 |title=Theater Movies: ఈ వారం.. దేశ వ్యాప్తంగా థియేటర్లలోకి వచ్చే సినిమాలివే {{!}} These Movies Are coming to Theaters this week in whole country ktr |url=https://www.chitrajyothy.com/2025/tollywood/these-movies-are-coming-to-theaters-this-week-in-whole-country-ktr-63098.html |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=Chitrajyothy Telugu News |language=te}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#C5E384" ; |'''23'''<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Oka Brundavanam]]''<br />
| Sathya Botcha<br />
| {{hlist|Balu|Shinnova|Sanvitha}}<br />
| Seer Studios<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=":0" /><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Vaibhavam]]''<br />
| Sathvik<br />
| {{hlist|Ruthvik|Iqra Idrisi|Raghu G|Ananth Athreya}}<br />
| Rama Devi Productions<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name=":0" /><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#C5E384;" ; |'''30'''<br />
| style="text-align:left;"|''[[Bhairavam]]''<br />
| Vijay Kanakamedala<br />
| {{hlist|[[Bellamkonda Sreenivas]]|[[Nara Rohith]]|[[Manchu Manoj]]|[[Aditi Shankar]]|[[Anandhi (actress)|Anandhi]]}}<br />
| [[K. K. Radhamohan|Sri Sathya Sai Arts]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2025-05-09 |title='Bhairavam' sets stage for a high-octane summer showdown; locks May 30 release |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/bhairavam-sets-stage-for-a-high-octane-summer-showdown-locks-may-30-release-969700 |access-date=2025-05-10 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Shashtipoorthi]]''<br />
| Pavan Prabha<br />
| {{hlist|[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]]|[[Archana (actress)|Archana]]|Rupeysh Choudhary|[[Aakanksha Singh]]}}<br />
| Maa Aaie Productions<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-05-06 |title=Shashtipoorthi makers set a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/May/06/shashtipoorthi-makers-set-a-release-date |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;|''X Roads''<br />
| Shashi Preetam<br />
| {{hlist|Snehal Kamat|Ajit Shukla|Anirudh Mantripragada|Santosh Anantharaman}}<br />
| Aishwarya Krishna Priya Production<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=X Roads (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in ghatikachalam |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/hyderabad/x-roads/ET00446411 |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#C5E384;" ; |'''31'''<br />
| style="text-align:left;|''[[Ghatikachalam]]''<br />
| Amar Kamepalli<br />
| {{hlist|Nikhil Devadula|Prabhakar Podakandla|Jogi Naidu|Aarvika Gupta}}<br />
| Oasis Entertainment<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=2025-05-23 |title=Ghatikachalam trailer: A youngster struggles with inner darkness in psychological thriller |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/May/23/ghatikachalam-trailer-a-youngster-struggles-with-inner-darkness-in-psychological-thriller |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef;" ; |'''J<br />U<br />N<br />E'''<br />
| rowspan="4" style="text-align: center; background:#ede3ef;" |'''6'''<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Badmashulu]]''<br />
| Shankar Cheguri<br />
| {{hlist|Mahesh Chinthala|Vidyasagar Karampuri|[[Muralidhar Goud]]}}<br />
| Thara Story Tellers<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2025-05-24 |title=Priyadarshi unveils fun-filled song 'Zindagi Bilale' from 'Badmashulu' |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/priyadarshi-unveils-fun-filled-song-zindagi-bilale-from-badmashulu-973881 |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Gamblers (2025 film)|Gamblers]]''<br />
| KSK Chaitanya<br />
| {{hlist|[[Sangeeth Sobhan]]|Prashanthi Charuolinga}}<br />
| {{ubl|Reshmas Studios,|Snap & Clap Entertainments}}<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-05-23 |title=Sangeeth Shobhan's Gamblers gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/May/23/sangeeth-shobhans-gamblers-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Paderu 12th Mile]]''<br />
| Nooka Sahibu<br />
| {{hlist|[[Satyam Rajesh]] |Shravan|[[Prabhakar (actor)|Prabhakar]] |[[Sameer (Telugu actor)|Sameer]]|Suhana}}<br />
| Sai Lakshmi Ganapati Creations<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=ABN |date=2025-06-02 |title=విడుదలకు సిద్ధం {{!}} Paderu 12th Mile Set for June 6 Release |url=https://www.chitrajyothy.com/2025/cinema-news/paderu-12th-mile-set-for-june-6-release-63381.html |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=Chitrajyothy Telugu News |language=te}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Sri Sri Sri Raja Vaaru]]''<br />
| [[Satish Vegesna]]<br />
| {{hlist|Narne Nithiin|Sampada Hulivana|[[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]]|[[Rao Ramesh]]}}<br />
| Sri Vedakshara Movies<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=123telugu |date=2025-05-18 |title=NTR's brother-in-law Narne Nithiin's debut movie finally gears up for release |url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/ntrs-brother-in-law-narne-nithiins-debut-movie-finally-gears-up-for-release.html |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=www.123telugu.com |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef;" ; |'''20'''<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Kuberaa]]{{efn-lg|name="tt"|}}''<br />
| [[Sekhar Kammula]]<br />
| {{hlist|[[Dhanush]]|[[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]]|[[Rashmika Mandanna]]}}<br />
| {{ubl|Sree Venkateswara Cinemas LLP,| [[Amigos Creations]]}}<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Choudhury |first=Anjali |date=2025-02-27 |title=Kubera release date: Nagarjuna, Dhanush and Rashmika Mandanna's crime drama to hit big screens on THIS day |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/kubera-release-date-nagarjuna-dhanush-and-rashmika-mandannas-crime-drama-to-hit-big-screens-on-this-day-1374751 |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[8 Vasantalu]]''<br />
| Phanindra Narsetti<br />
| {{hlist|Ananthika Sanilkumar|Hanu Reddy|Raviteja Duggirala}}<br />
| [[Mythri Movie Makers]]<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-05-29 |title=Ananthika Sanilkumar's 8 Vasantalu to release on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/May/29/ananthika-sanilkumars-8-vasantalu-to-release-on-this-date |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef;" ; |'''27'''<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Kannappa (film)|Kannappa]]''<br />
| Mukesh Kumar Singh<br />
| {{hlist|[[Vishnu Manchu]]|[[Mohan Babu]]|[[R. Sarathkumar]]|[[Preity Mukhundhan]]}}<br />
| {{ubl|AVA Entertainment,| [[24 Frames Factory]]}}<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Vishnu Manchu, Akshay Kumar's Kannappa release postponed: Need a few more weeks |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vishnu-manchu-akshay-kumar-prabhas-kannappa-release-postponed-vfx-2701206-2025-03-30 |access-date=30 March 2025 |work=India Today |date=30 March 2025 }}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
== July–September ==<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+<br />
!colspan="2" style="width:6%;" |Opening<br />
!style="width:20%;" |Title<br />
!style="width:10%;" |Director<br />
!style="width:45%;" |Cast<br />
!style="width:30%;" |Production company<br />
!class="unsortable" style="width:1%;" |{{Refh}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="17" style="text-align:center; background:plum; textcolor:#000;" |'''J<br />U<br />L<br />Y'''<br />
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#f1daf1;" |'''4'''<br />
| style="text-align:left;"|''[[Thammudu (2025 film)|Thammudu]]''<br />
| [[Venu Sriram]]<br />
| {{hlist|[[Nithiin]]|[[Sapthami Gowda]]|[[Laya (actress)|Laya]]|[[Varsha Bollamma]]}}<br />
| [[Sri Venkateswara Creations]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=2025-05-04 |title=Nithiin's Thammudu set to release on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/May/04/nithiins-thammudu-set-to-release-on-this-date |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;"|''[[Uppu Kappurambu]]''<br />
| Ani I. V. Sasi<br />
| {{hlist|[[Suhas (Telugu actor)|Suhas]]|[[Keerthy Suresh]]}}<br />
| Ellanar Films<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=2025-05-16 |title= Suhas-Keerthy Suresh's Uppu Kappurambu set for direct OTT premiere on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Jun/16/suhas-keerthy-sureshs-uppu-kappurambu-set-for-direct-ott-premiere-on-this-date |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;"|''[[Show Time (film)|Show Time]]''<br />
| Madhan Dakshinamurthy<br />
| {{hlist|[[Naveen Chandra]]|[[Kamakshi Bhaskarla]]|[[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]]|[[Raja Ravindra]]}}<br />
| SkyLine Movies<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-21 |title= Release date locked for Naveen Chandra's Showtime |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Jun/21/release-date-locked-for-naveen-chandras-showtime |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;"|''[[Solo Boy]]''<br />
| P. Naveen Kumar<br />
| {{hlist|Gautham Krishna|Shweta Avasthi|Ramya Pasupuleti}}<br />
| Sevenhills Productions<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-03 |title='Solo Boy' gears up for July 4 release |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/solo-boy-gears-up-for-july-4-release-984882 |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=The Hans India |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; background:#f1daf1;" |'''5'''<br />
| style="text-align:left;"|''Lopaliki Ra Cheptha''<br />
| Konda Venkata Rajendra<br />
| {{hlist| Konda Venkata Rajendra|Manisha Jashnani|Sushmita Anala|Sancharai}}<br />
| Mass Bunk Movies<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2025-06-23 |title=Trailer of horror-comedy 'Lopaliki Ra Cheptha'launched |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/trailer-of-horror-comedy-lopaliki-ra-chepthalaunched-982114 |access-date=2025-07-05 |website= The Hans India |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" style="text-align: center; background:#f1daf1;" |'''11'''<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[The 100 (film)|The 100]]''<br />
| Raghav Omkar Sasidhar<br />
| {{hlist|[[Sagar (actor)|Sagar]]|Misha Narang|[[Dhanya Balakrishna]]}}<br />
| {{ubl|Kria Film Corp,|Dhamma Productions}}<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2025-06-23 |title=RK Sagar returns to cinema with intense crime thriller 'The 100' |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/rk-sagar-returns-to-cinema-with-intense-crime-thriller-the-100-982113 |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''Dheerga Ayushman Bhava''<br />
| M. Purnanand<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |{{hlist|Karthik Raju|[[Mishti Chakraborty]]|[[Nagineedu]]|[[Aamani]]|[[Y. Kasi Viswanath]]|[[Satyam Rajesh]]|[[Getup Srinu]]|[[Thagubothu Ramesh]]|[[Noel Sean]]|[[Gundu Sudarshan]]|[[Prudhvi Raj]]}}<br />
| Tripura Creations<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=ABN |date=2025-07-07 |title=Karthik Raju: ఫ్యామిలీ ఎంటర్ టైనర్ గా దీర్ఘాయుష్మాన్ భవ {{!}} Dheergayushman Bahava coming into theaters on 11th July |url=https://www.chitrajyothy.com/2025/tollywood/dheergayushman-bahava-coming-into-theaters-on-11th-july-64456.html |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=Chitrajyothy Telugu News |language=te}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Oh Bhama Ayyo Rama]]''<br />
| Ram Godhala<br />
| {{hlist|[[Suhas (Telugu actor)|Suhas]]|Malavika Manoj|[[Ali (actor)|Ali]]}}<br />
| V Arts<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-07-05 |title=Oh Bhama Ayyo Rama trailer: A topsy-turvy romance changes life of an aspiring filmmaker in unexpected ways |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Jul/05/oh-bhama-ayyo-rama-trailer-a-topsy-turvy-romance-changes-life-of-an-aspiring-filmmaker-in-unexpected-ways |access-date=2025-07-07 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''Paramapadha Sopanam''<br />
| Naga Shiva<br />
| {{hlist|Ambati Arjun|Jennifer Immanuel}}<br />
| S Media<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-07 |title=8 South films to watch in theaters this week: Freedom to Oh Bhama Ayyo Rama |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/8-south-films-to-watch-in-theaters-this-week-freedom-to-oh-bhama-ayyo-rama-1393112 |access-date=2025-07-07 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''Virgin Boys''<br />
| Dayanandh Gaddam<br />
| {{hlist|Geetanand|Mitraaw Sharma|Shrihan|Ronith|[[Kaushal Manda]]}}<br />
| Rajguru Films<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=2025-07-06 |title=Virgin Boys trailer: A campus comedy about friendship, desires and growing up |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Jul/06/virgin-boys-trailer-a-campus-comedy-about-friendship-desires-and-growing-up |access-date=2025-07-07 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#f1daf1;" |'''18'''<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Junior (2025 film)|Junior]]{{efn-lg|name="tk"|The film was produced in both the Telugu and Kannada languages}}''<br />
| Radha Krishna Reddy<br />
| {{hlist|Kireeti Reddy|[[Sreeleela]]|[[Genelia D'Souza]]}}<br />
| [[Vaaraahi Chalana Chitram]]<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cinema Buzz Junior Movie: Kireeti Reddy's Debut Film 'Junior' to Release in July |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/kannada-telugu-bilingual-film-junior-to-release-in-july-3542967 |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Kothapallilo Okappudu]]''<br />
| Praveena Paruchuri<br />
| {{hlist|Manoj Chandra|Monika T|Usha Bonela}}<br />
| Paruchuri Vijaya Praveena Arts<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=2025-07-04 |title=Kothapallilo Okappudu teaser: A rural tale centred on a recording dance organiser |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Jul/04/kothapallilo-okappudu-teaser-a-rural-tale-centred-on-a-recording-dance-organiser |access-date=2025-07-07 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''Police Vari Heccharika''<br />
| Babji<br />
| {{hlist|Sunny Akhil|[[Subhalekha Sudhakar]]|[[Ajay Ghosh]]|Jaya Vahini|[[Himaja]]|[[Sayaji Shinde]]|[[Ravi Kale]]|[[Y. Kasi Viswanath]]|[[Tulasi (actress)|Tulasi]]}}<br />
| Thoolikaa Tanishq Creations<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=ABN |date=2025-07-09 |title=Police Vari Hechcharika: సందేశంతో వినోదం {{!}} Babji Directs Message Driven Comedy |url=https://www.chitrajyothy.com/2025/tollywood/babji-directs-message-driven-comedy-64494.html |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=Chitrajyothy Telugu News |language=te}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''Veede Mana Varasudu''<br />
| Ramesh Uppu<br />
| {{hlist|Lavanya Reddy|Ramesh Uppu|Saameta Gandhi|Vijay Rangaraju}}<br />
| RS Arts<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-01 |title=Veede Mana Varasudu: ఘనంగా 'వీడే మన వారసుడు' మూవీ ప్రీ రిలీజ్ వేడుక.. జూలై 18న మూవీ రిలీజ్ |url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/hero-krishna-sai-veede-mana-varasudu-movie-pre-release-event-details-slb-2835155.html |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=telugu.news18.com |language=te}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; background:#f1daf1;" |'''24'''<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Hari Hara Veera Mallu]]''<br />
| {{ubl|[[Krish Jagarlamudi|Krish]]|[[Jyothi Krishna (director)|Jyothi Krishna]]}}<br />
| {{hlist|[[Pawan Kalyan]]|[[Bobby Deol]]|[[Nidhhi Agerwal]]}}<br />
| [[A. M. Rathnam|Mega Surya Production]]<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-02 |title=Hari Hara Veera Mallu trailer gets a thumbs-up from Pawan Kalyan. Watch |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/hari-hara-veera-mallu-trailer-gets-a-thumbs-up-from-pawan-kalyan-watch-2749469-2025-07-02 |access-date=2025-07-07 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; background:#f1daf1;" |'''25'''<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Mahavatar Narsimha]]''<br />
| Ashwin Kumar<br />
|{{hlist|Animated characters}}<br />
|Kleem Productions <br> [[Hombale Films]]<br />
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=How Mahavatar Narsimha Became A Viral Hit In Hindi With 1200% Increase In Box Office Collection In 10 Days |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/how-mahavatar-narsimha-became-a-viral-hit-in-hindi-with-1200-increase-in-box-office-collection-9015906 |website=NDTV}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center; background:#f1daf1;" |'''31'''<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Kingdom (2025 film)|Kingdom]]''<br />
| [[Gowtam Tinnanuri]]<br />
| {{hlist|[[Vijay Deverakonda]]|[[Satyadev (actor)|Satyadev]]|Bhagyashri Borse}}<br />
| {{ubl|[[S. Radha Krishna|Sithara Entertainments]],|Fortune Four Creations,|Srikara Studios}}<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-07 |title=Vijay Deverakonda's Kingdom gets NEW release date, promo promises his intense comeback |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/vijay-deverakondas-kingdom-gets-new-release-date-promo-promises-his-intense-comeback-1393135 |access-date=2025-07-08 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="14" style="text-align:center; background:#49daf6;" |'''A<br />U<br />G<br />U<br />S<br />T'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; background:#91e8f9;" |'''1'''<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Thank You Dear]]''<br />
| Thota Srikanth Kumar<br />
| {{hlist|Dhanush Raghumudri|[[Hebah Patel]]|Rekha Nirosha}}<br />
| Mahalakshmi Productions<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=2025-07-29 |title=Dhanush, Hebah's 'Thank You Dear' trailer release |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/dhanush-hebahs-thank-you-dear-trailer-release-992159 |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" style="text-align: center; background:#91e8f9;" |'''8'''<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''Balu Gadi Love Story''<br />
| L. Srinivaas Thej<br />
| {{hlist|Akula Akhiil|Dharshika Menon}}<br />
| Bhaamas Creations<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=ABN |date=2025-08-05 |title=Balu Gadi Love story: 'బాలుగాడి లవ్ స్టోరీ' అదే ట్విస్ట్ {{!}} Balu gadi love story on august 8th avm |url=https://www.chitrajyothy.com/2025/cinema-news/balu-gadi-love-story-on-august-8th-avm-65324.html |access-date=2025-08-07 |website=Chitrajyothy Telugu News |language=te}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Bakasura Restaurant]]''<br />
| SJ Shiva<br />
| {{hlist|[[Praveen (actor)|Praveen]]|[[Harsha Chemudu]]|Jai Krishna|Vivek Varma Dandu|Amar Lathu|Ram Patas|Shining Phani}}<br />
| SJ Movies<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=2025-07-17 |title=Bakaasura Restaurant gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Jul/17/bakaasura-restaurant-gets-release-date |access-date=2025-07-17 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''Bhalare Sitram''<br />
| Lakshma Reddy Tumma<br />
| {{hlist|Shiva Rajput|Divya Dicholkar|Kosuri Mounika Rani|Vinjarapu Krishna|Panddu Chelimi}}<br />
| AR Entertainments<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''Maathru''<br />
| John Jakki<br />
| {{hlist|[[Srikanth (actor, born 1979)|Sriram]]|[[Nandini Rai]]|Sugi Vijay|Rupali Bushan|[[Ali (actor)|Ali]]|[[Aamani]]|[[Ravi Kale]]|Devi Prasad}}<br />
| Shree Padmini Cinemas<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Sanjiv |title=తెలుగులో డిఫరెంట్ సైంటిఫిక్ థ్రిల్లర్గా మాతృ.. కీలక పాత్రలో సీనియర్ హీరోయిన్ ఆమని, బిగ్ బాస్ బ్యూటీ నందిని |url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-scientific-thriller-movie-mathru-release-date-announced-starrer-sriram-actress-aamani-bigg-boss-nandini-rai-121754156837396.html |access-date=2025-08-07 |website=Hindustantimes Telugu |language=te}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''Raju Gaani Savaal''<br />
| Ravinder Lelijala<br />
| {{hlist|Ravinder Lelijala|Sandhya Rathod|Rittika Chakraborty|Ravinder Bommakanti}}<br />
| LR Productions<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-19 |title=Raju Gani Saval Movie: రాజు గాని సవాల్ మూవీ ట్రైలర్ రిలీజ్..! |url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/raju-gani-saval-movie-trailer-out-now-bh-2852523.html |access-date=2025-08-06 |website=telugu.news18.com |language=te}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; background:#91e8f9;" |'''22'''<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Meghalu Cheppina Prema Katha]]''<br />
| Vipin<br />
| {{hlist|Naresh Agastya|Rabiya Khatoon}}<br />
| Sunethra Entertainment<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2025-07-25 |title='Meghalu Cheppina Prema Katha' trailer: Melodies, love, and dreams |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/meghalu-cheppina-prema-katha-trailer-melodies-love-and-dreams-990995 |access-date=2025-07-27 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Paradha]]''<br />
| [[Praveen Kandregula]]<br />
| {{hlist|[[Anupama Parameswaran]]|[[Darshana Rajendran]]|[[Sangeetha Krish]]}}<br />
| Ananda Media<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-21 |title=Anupama's 'Black Magic' wish comes true, Darshana joins her in Telugu film 'Paradha', set for Aug 22 release |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/anupamas-black-magic-wish-comes-true-darshana-joins-her-in-telugu-film-paradha-set-for-aug-22-release/articleshow/123428678.cms |access-date=2025-08-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''University''<br />
| [[R. Narayana Murthy]]<br />
| {{hlist|[[R. Narayana Murthy]]|[[Krishneswara Rao]]}}<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=telugu |first=NT News |date=2025-08-13 |title=రాజీలేకుండా బతకడం అందరికీ సాధ్యంకాదు |url=https://www.ntnews.com/cinema/r-narayana-murthy-university-paper-leak-movie-releasing-on-august-22nd-2105876 |access-date=2025-08-21 |website=www.ntnews.com |language=te}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#91e8f9;" |'''27'''<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Kanya Kumari (film)|Kanya Kumari]]''<br />
| Srujan Attada<br />
| {{hlist|Geeth Saini|Sreecharan Rachakonda}}<br />
| Radical Pictures<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=2025-08-11 |title=Presenter Madhu Shalini's Kanya Kumari locks release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Aug/11/presenter-madhu-shalinis-kanya-kumari-locks-release-date |access-date=2025-08-12 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''Spruha: The Blackout''<br />
| Srireddy Mallidi<br />
| {{hlist|Vinay|Yamini|Kanchan Bamne|Sonia Naidu}}<br />
| JK Entertainments<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapally locks Ganesh Chaturthi release date |title=Mass Jathara locks Ganesh Chaturthi release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/May/29/mass-jathara-locks-ganesh-chaturthi-release-date |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=Cinema Express |date=29 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Sundarakanda (2025 film)|Sundarakanda]]''<br />
| Venkatesh Nimmalapudi<br />
| {{hlist|[[Nara Rohith]]|[[Sridevi Vijaykumar]]|[[Virti Vaghani]]}}<br />
| Sandeep Picture Palace<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=2025-07-25 |title=Nara Rohith's Sundarakanda locks release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Jul/25/nara-rohiths-sundarakanda-locks-release-date |access-date=2025-07-27 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#91e8f9;" |'''29'''<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Arjun Chakravarthy]]''<br />
| Vikrant Rudra<br />
| {{hlist|Vijaya Rama Raju|Sijaa Rose|[[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]]}}<br />
| Gannet Celluloid<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-08-11 |title=Arjun Chakravarthy gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Aug/11/arjun-chakravarthy-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-08-12 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Tribanadhari Barbarik]]''<br />
| Mohan Srivatsa<br />
| {{hlist|[[Sathyaraj]]|[[Vasishta N. Simha]]|[[Satyam Rajesh]]|[[Udaya Bhanu (actress)|Udaya Bhanu]]}}<br />
| Vaanara Celluloid<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-08-19 |title=Tribanadhari Barbarik gets a new release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Aug/19/tribanadhari-barbarik-gets-a-new-release-date |access-date=2025-08-21 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="8" style="text-align:center; background:#FFE5B4;" ; |'''S<br />E<br />P<br />T<br />E<br />M<br />B<br />E<br />R'''<br />
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#FFE5B4;" |'''5'''<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Ghaati]]''<br />
| [[Krish Jagarlamudi]]<br />
| {{hlist|[[Anushka Shetty]]|[[Vikram Prabhu]]|[[Chaitanya Rao Madadi]]}}<br />
| [[First Frame Entertainments]]<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-08-06 |title=Anushka Shetty's Ghaati set to release on this date; makers unveil new trailer |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Aug/06/anushka-shettys-ghaati-set-to-release-on-this-date-makers-unveil-new-trailer |access-date=2025-08-06 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Little Hearts (2025 film)|Little Hearts]]''<br />
| Sai Marthand<br />
| {{hlist|Mouli Tanuj Prasanth|Shivani Nagaram}}<br />
| {{ubl|Bunny Vas Works,|Vamsi Nandipati Entertainments,|Bairagi Kathalu,|[[ETV Win]]}}<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-08-01 |title=Little Hearts to hit big screens on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Aug/01/little-hearts-to-hit-big-screens-on-this-date |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#FFE5B4;" |'''12'''<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Kishkindhapuri]]''<br />
| Koushik Pegallapati<br />
| {{hlist|[[Bellamkonda Sai Sreenivas]]|[[Anupama Parameswaran]]}}<br />
| Shine Screens<br />
|style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bellamkonda Sreenivas, Anupama Parameswaran's Horror Thriller Kishkindhapuri Gets Release Date |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/regional-cinema/bellamkonda-sreenivas-anupama-parameswarans-horror-thriller-kishkindhapuri-gets-release-date-ws-l-9496006.html |access-date=2025-09-22 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Mirai (2025 film)|Mirai]]''<br />
| [[Karthik Gattamneni]]<br />
| {{hlist|[[Teja Sajja]]|[[Manoj Manchu]]|[[Ritika Nayak]]}}<br />
| People Media Factory<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-28 |title=Mirai teaser out: Manchu Manoj, Teja Sajja's fantasy film eyes September release |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/mirai-teaser-out-manchu-manoj-teja-sajja-fantasy-film-eyes-september-release-2731950-2025-05-28 |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; background:#FFE5B4;" |'''19'''<br />
| style="text-align:left;" | ''[[Beauty (2025 film)|Beauty]]''<br />
| J S S Vardhan<br />
| {{hlist|[[Ankith Koyya]]|Nilakhi Patra|[[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]]}}<br />
| {{ubl|Vanara Celluloid,|[[Zee Studios]],|A Maruthi Team Product}}<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-08-30 |title=Ankith Koyya: Beauty is a unique triangular love story |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Aug/30/ankith-koyya-beauty-is-a-unique-triangular-love-story |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;" | ''Daksha''<br />
| Vamsee Krishna Malla<br />
| {{hlist|[[Mohan Babu]]|[[Lakshmi Manchu]]|[[Viswant Duddumpudi]]|[[P. Samuthirakani]]|[[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]]}}<br />
| {{ubl|[[Sree Lakshmi Prasanna Pictures]],|Manchu Entertainment}}<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2025-08-28 |title=Manchu Lakshmi's 'Daksha' gears up for Sept 19 release |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/manchu-lakshmis-daksha-gears-up-for-sept-19-release-1001197 |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''Ilanti Cinema Meereppudu Chusundaru''<br />
| Super Raja<br />
| {{hlist|Super Raja|Vamshi Gone|Chandana|Deepthi|Ramya}}<br />
| Raja Productions<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=ABN |date=2025-09-16 |title=Theater Movies: ఈ వారం, Sep19.. థియేటర్లలో రిలీజయ్యే సినిమాలివే {{!}} upcoming new theatrical movies this week in india srk |url=https://www.chitrajyothy.com/2025/tollywood/upcoming-new-theatrical-movies-this-week-in-india-srk-66399.html |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=Chitrajyothy Telugu News |language=te}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; background:#FFE5B4" ; |'''25'''<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[They Call Him OG]]''<br />
| [[Sujeeth]]<br />
| {{hlist|[[Pawan Kalyan]]|[[Emraan Hashmi]]|[[Priyanka Mohan]]|[[Arjun Das]]}}<br />
| [[D. V. V. Danayya|DVV Entertainment]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pawan Kalyan's Upcoming Film OG To Release On THIS Date {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/pawan-kalyans-upcoming-film-og-to-release-on-this-date-74122.html |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== October–December ==<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+<br />
!colspan="2" style="width:6%;" |Opening<br />
!style="width:20%;" |Title<br />
!style="width:10%;" |Director<br />
!style="width:45%;" |Cast<br />
!style="width:30%;" |Production company<br />
!class="unsortable" style="width:1%;" |{{Refh}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="11" style="text-align:center; background:#77bc83;" |'''O<br />C<br />T<br />O<br />B<br />E<br />R'''<br />
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#00FF7F;" |'''10'''<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Ari: My Name is Nobody]]''<br />
| Jayashankarr<br />
| {{hlist|[[P. Sai Kumar|Sai Kumar]]|[[Subhalekha Sudhakar]]|[[Anasuya Bharadwaj|Anasuya]]|[[Srikanth Iyengar|Srikanth]]|[[Harsha Chemudu|Harsha]]}}<br />
| {{ubl|Arvy Cinemas|Sree Cinema Studios}}<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2025-10-04 |title='Ari: My Name is Nobody' locks Oct 10 release |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/ari-my-name-is-nobody-locks-oct-10-release-1011881 |access-date=2025-10-09 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Constable (film)|Constable]]''<br />
| Aryan Subhan<br />
| {{hlist|[[Varun Sandesh]]|Madhulika Varanasi}}<br />
| Jagruthi Movie Makers<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2025-10-07 |title='Constable' is inspired by real-life incidents: Varun Sandesh |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/constable-is-inspired-by-real-life-incidents-varun-sandesh-1012637 |access-date=2025-10-09 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Mutton Soup]]''<br />
| Ramachandra Vattikuti<br />
| {{hlist|Raman Reddy Korivi|Varsha Viswanath|Gemini Suresh}}<br />
| Alukka Studios<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutton Soup trailer: Gemini Kiran's suspense thriller is all about a dish going wrong |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/mutton-soup-trailer-gemini-kirans-suspense-thriller-is-all-about-a-dish-going-wrong/6c3707bb88455 |access-date=2025-10-09 |website=www.ottplay.com}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left; "| ''[[Sasivadane]]''<br />
| Sai Mohan Ubbana<br />
| {{hlist|[[Rakshit Atluri]]|[[Komalee Prasad]]}}<br />
| AG Film Company<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2025-08-19 |title=Sasivadane to release on October 10, 2025 |url=https://telanganatoday.com/sasivadane-to-release-on-october-10-2025 |access-date=2025-09-29 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#00FF7F;" |'''16'''<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Mithra Mandali]]''<br />
| Vijayendar S<br />
| {{hlist|[[Priyadarshi Pulikonda]]|Niharika NM|[[Rag Mayur]]|Vishnu Oi}}<br />
| {{ubl|Sapta Aswa Media Works,|Vyra Entertainments}}<br />
|style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Cinema Express |date=2025-09-01 |title=Mithra Mandali locks Diwali release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Sep/01/mithra-mandali-locks-diwali-release-date |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#00FF7F;" |'''17'''<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Telusu Kada]]''<br />
| [[Neeraja Kona]]<br />
| {{hlist|[[Siddhu Jonnalagadda]]|[[Raashii Khanna]]|[[Srinidhi Shetty]]}}<br />
| People Media Factory<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=2025-06-02 |title=Siddu Jonnalagadda's Telusu Kada to release on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Jun/02/siddu-jonnalagaddas-telusu-kada-to-release-on-this-date |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center; background:#00FF7F;" |'''18'''<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[K-Ramp]]''<br />
| Jains Nani<br />
| {{hlist|[[Kiran Abbavaram]]|[[Yukti Thareja]]}}<br />
| {{ubl|Hasya Movies,|Ruudransh Celluloid}}<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-10-19 |title=K-Ramp OTT release: Where to watch Kiran Abbavaram's Telugu family entertainer after its theatrical run |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/k-ramp-ott-release-where-to-watch-kiran-abbavarams-telugu-family-entertainer-after-its-theatrical-run/articleshow/124681215.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-10-27 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center; background:#00FF7F;" |'''24'''<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''Vidhrohi''<br />
| Venkata Subramanyam<br />
| {{hlist|Shivakumar Ramachandravapu|[[Ravi Prakash]]|Charishma Sreekar|[[Thagubothu Ramesh]]|[[Madhunandan]]}}<br />
| {{ubl|AJ Magic Movies,|IBM Movies}}<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title='విద్రోహి' విజయం సాధించాలి : అల్లరి నరేశ్ {{!}} Vidrohi Trailer Released By Allari Naresh {{!}} Sakshi |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/vidrohi-trailer-released-allari-naresh-2573803 |access-date=2025-10-27 |website=www.sakshi.com |language=te}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#00FF7F;" |'''31'''<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Baahubali: The Epic]]''<br />
| [[S. S. Rajamouli]]<br />
| {{hlist|[[Prabhas]]|[[Rana Daggubati]]|[[Anushka Shetty]]}}<br />
| [[Arka Media Works]]<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-10 |title=SS Rajamouli announces Baahubali The Epic on 10th anniversary of Prabhas starrer |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/story/baahubali-the-epic-release-date-announced-rajamouli-prabhas-anushka-shetty-rana-daggubati-2753717-2025-07-10 |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Karmanye Vadhikaraste]]''<br />
| Amardeep Challapalli<br />
| {{hlist|[[Brahmaji]]|[[Shatru (actor)|Shatru]]|[[Mahendran (actor)|Mahendran]]}}<br />
| Ushaswini Films<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-20 |title=Karmanye Vadhikaraste All Set for Release on 31st October |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/karmanye-vadhikaraste-all-set-for-release-on-31st-october-1911425 |access-date=2025-11-01 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Mass Jathara]]''<br />
| Bhanu Bhogavarapu<br />
| {{hlist|[[Ravi Teja]]|[[Sreeleela]]|}}<br />
| {{ubl|[[S. Radha Krishna|Sithara Entertainments]],|Fortune Four Cinemas,|Srikara Studios}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Cinema Express |date=2025-10-25 |title=Mass Jathara release to be delayed again, to avoid clash with Baahubali: Reports |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Oct/25/mass-jathara-release-to-be-delayed-again-to-avoid-clash-with-baahubali-reports |access-date=2025-10-27 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="25" style="text-align:center; background:#7FFFD4;" |'''N<br />O<br />V<br />E<br />M<br />B<br />E<br />R'''<br />
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#dbfff8;" |'''7'''<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Chiranjeeva]]''<br />
| [[Abhinaya Krishna]]<br />
| {{hlist|[[Raj Tarun]]|Kushitha Kallapu}}<br />
| {{ubl|Streamline Productions,|[[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]]}}<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-02 |title=Raj Tarun's Chiranjeeva gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Oct/02/raj-taruns-chiranjeeva-gets-release-date |access-date=2025-10-14 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Jatadhara]]''{{efn-lg|name="th"|The film was produced in both the Telugu and Hindi languages}}<br />
| {{hlist|Venkat Kalyan|Abhishek Jaiswal}}<br />
| {{hlist|[[Sudheer Babu]]|[[Sonakshi Sinha]]|[[Divya Khosla Kumar]]}}<br />
| Ess Kay Gee Entertainment<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=2025-09-15 |title=Sudheer Babu and Sonakshi Sinha's supernatural drama Jatadhara locks release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Sep/15/sudheer-babu-and-sonakshi-sinhas-supernatural-drama-jatadhara-locks-release-date |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Krishna Leela (2025 film)|Krishna Leela]]''<br />
| Devan<br />
| {{hlist|Devan|[[Dhanya Balakrishna]]}}<br />
| Mahasen Visuals<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-08 |title=కృష్ణ లీల మూవీ రివ్యూ.. హీరోయిన్ను హీరోనే చంపితే.. పునర్జన్మల కాన్సెప్ట్తో డిఫరెంట్ లవ్ స్టోరీ ఎలా ఉందంటే? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/telugu/entertainment/krishna-leela-movie-review-in-telugu-and-rating-dhanya-balakrishnan-devan-love-story-krishna-leela-explained-261762561349565.html |access-date=2025-11-08 |website=Hindustan Times |language=te}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Premistunnaa]]''<br />
| Bhanu Shankar<br />
| {{hlist|Sathvik Varma|Preethi Neha}}<br />
| IBM Production House LLP<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Telugu |first=ntv |date=2025-11-07 |title=Premisthunna Movie Review: ప్రేమిస్తున్నారివ్యూ |url=https://ntvtelugu.com/reviews/premisthunna-movie-review-satvik-verma-preeti-neha-891483.html |access-date=2025-11-08 |website=NTV Telugu |language=te-IN}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[The Girlfriend (2025 film)|The Girlfriend]]''<br />
| [[Rahul Ravindran]]<br />
| {{hlist|[[Rashmika Mandanna]]|[[Dheekshith Shetty]]}}<br />
| {{ubl|Dheeraj Mogilineni Entertainments,|Mass Movie Makers}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dey |first=Bristi |date=2025-10-06 |title=Rashmika Mandanna charms in The Girlfriend teaser; film to release on November 7 |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2025/Oct/06/rashmika-mandanna-charms-in-the-girlfriend-teaser-film-to-release-on-november-7 |access-date=2025-10-19 |website=Indulgexpress |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[The Great Pre-Wedding Show]]''<br />
| Rahul Srinivas<br />
| {{hlist|[[Thiruveer]]|Teena Sravya|Rohan Roy}}<br />
| {{ubl|7M Productions,|Puppet Show Productions}}<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=2025-09-16 |title=The Great Pre-Wedding Show teaser: A bumbling photographer's humorous tale |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Sep/16/the-great-pre-wedding-show-teaser-a-bumbling-photographers-humorous-tale |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#dbfff8;" |'''13'''<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''Yenugu Thondam Ghatikachalam''<br />
| [[Ravi Babu]]<br />
| {{hlist|[[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]]|[[Varshini Sounderajan]]}}<br />
| {{ubl|[[Flying Frogs]],|[[ETV Win]]}}<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yenugu Thondam Ghatikachalam OTT release date: When, where to stream Ravi Babu's new comedy caper |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/yenugu-thondam-ghatikachalam-ott-release-date-when-where-to-stream-ravi-babus-new-comedy-caper/b180166d14975 |access-date=2025-11-02 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center; background:#dbfff8;" |'''14'''<br />
| style="text-align: left;" |''Cmantham''<br />
| Sudhakar Paani<br />
| {{hlist|Vajrayogi|Shreya Bharti}}<br />
| TR Dream Productions<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2025-11-09 |title=CMantham' gears up for Nov 14 theatrical release |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/seemantham-gears-up-for-nov-14-theatrical-release-1021920 |access-date=2025-11-17 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: left;" |''[[Gopi Galla Goa Trip]]''<br />
| Rohit Penumatsa<br />
| {{hlist|Ajith Mohan|Raju Shivarathri}}<br />
| {{ubl|Raasta Films,|Aurelis Arts,|Awwal Number,|Avanti Cinema}}<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2025-11-13 |title='A fairytale from Telangana to Goa': Rohit and Camp Sasi on 'Gopi Galla Goa Trip' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rohit-and-camp-sasi-our-film-is-like-a-fairytale-from-rural-telangana-to-goa/article70274062.ece |access-date=2025-11-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Jigris]]''<br />
| Harish Reddy Uppula<br />
| {{hlist|Krishna Burugula|Ram Nitin|Mani Vaka|Dheeraj Athreya}}<br />
| Mount Meru Pictures<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Telugu |first=ntv |date=2025-10-23 |title=Jigris Movie: ప్రభాస్కు విషెష్ చెబుతూ.. రిలీజ్ డేట్ అనౌన్స్ చేసిన 'జిగ్రీస్' టీమ్! |url=https://ntvtelugu.com/news/jigris-movie-release-date-locked-on-prabhas-birthday-883440.html |access-date=2025-10-27 |website=NTV Telugu |language=te-IN}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: left;" |''[[Love OTP]]''{{efn-lg|name="tk"}}<br />
| [[Aniissh Tejeshwar]]<br />
| {{hlist|[[Aniissh Tejeshwar]]|[[Rajeev Kanakala]]|Swaroopini|Jahnvika Kalakeri}}<br />
| Bhavaprita Productions<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-14 |title=Aniissh Tejeshwar juggles love, laughter and dual roles in Love OTP |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/aniissh-tejeshwar-juggles-love-laughter-and-dual-roles-in-love-otp/articleshow/125297385.cms |access-date=2025-11-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: left;" |''[[Rolugunta Suri]]''<br />
| Anil Kumar Palla<br />
| {{hlist|Nagarjuna Palla|Aadhya Reddy}}<br />
| Tapasvi Art Creations<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2025-11-13 |title='Rolugunta Suri' promises a heartfelt rural drama, set for theatrical release on Nov 14 |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/rolugunta-suri-promises-a-heartfelt-rural-drama-set-for-theatrical-release-on-nov-14-1023065 |access-date=2025-11-17 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Santhana Prapthirasthu]]''<br />
| Sanjeev Reddy<br />
| {{hlist|Vikranth Reddy|[[Chandini Chowdary]]}}<br />
| {{ubl|[[Madhura Sreedhar Reddy|Madhura Entertainment]],|Nirvi Arts}}<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-11 |title=Chandini Chowdary's Santhana Prapthirasthu gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Oct/11/chandini-chowdarys-santhana-prapthirasthu-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-10-23 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: left;" |''Seetha Prayanam Krishna Tho''<br />
| style="text-align: left;" |Devender<br />
| {{hlist|Dinesh|B. Roja Bharathi}}<br />
| Kushi Talkies<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Velugu |first=V6 |date=2025-11-13 |title=సీత ప్రయాణం కృష్ణతో..నవంబర్ 14న రిలీజ్ |url=https://www.v6velugu.com/seetha-prayanam-krishna-tho-release-on-november-14 |access-date=2025-11-17 |website=V6 Velugu |language=te}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center; background:#dbfff8;" |'''21'''<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[12A Railway Colony]]''<br />
| Nani Kasaragadda<br />
| {{hlist|[[Allari Naresh]]|[[Kamakshi Bhaskarla]]}}<br />
| Srinivasaa Silver Screen<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name=":1" /><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: left;" |''Itlu Mee Yedava''<br />
| Thrinadh Katari<br />
| {{hlist|Thrinadh Katari|Sahithi Avancha|Devi Prasad|[[Goparaju Ramana]]|[[Tanikella Bharani]]}}<br />
| Sanjeevani Productions<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2025-11-14 |title='Itlu Mee Edava' set for grand release on Nov 21 |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/itlu-mee-edava-set-for-grand-release-on-nov-21-1023340 |access-date=2025-11-27 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Happy Journey (2025 film)|Happy Journey]]''<br />
| Chaithanya Konda<br />
| {{hlist|Hariharan Kone|Tejaswi Ishani Ghosh}}<br />
| Future Bright Films<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=ABN |date=2025-11-21 |title=Happy Journey Review: బండి సంజయ్ సపోర్ట్ చేసిన.. 'హ్యాపీ జర్నీ' మూవీ రివ్యూ {{!}} Happy Journey Movie Review Backed by Bandi Sanjay srk |url=https://www.chitrajyothy.com/2025/film-reviews/happy-journey-movie-review-backed-by-bandi-sanjay-srk-67963.html |access-date=2025-11-30 |website=Chitrajyothy Telugu News |language=te}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Paanch Minar]]''<br />
| Ram Kadumula<br />
| {{hlist|[[Raj Tarun]]|[[Rashi Singh]]}}<br />
| Connect Movies<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-16 |title=Paanch Minar trailer: An underdog cab driver crosses paths with gangsters |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Nov/16/paanch-minar-trailer-an-underdog-cab-driver-crosses-paths-with-gangsters |access-date=2025-11-17 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: left;" |''[[Premante]]''<br />
| Navaneeth Sriram<br />
| {{hlist|[[Priyadarshi Pulikonda]]|[[Anandhi (actress)|Anandhi]]}}<br />
| Sree Venkateswara Cinemas<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-02 |title=Premante Teaser: Priyadarshi and Anandhi navigate a 'thrilling' marriage |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Nov/02/premante-teaser-priyadarshi-and-anandhi-navigate-a-thrilling-marriage |access-date=2025-11-17 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''Premalo Rendosaari''<br />
| Saailu Kampati<br />
| {{hlist|Ramana Sake|Vanitha Gowda}}<br />
| Siddha Creations<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title='Prema Lo Rendo Sari' Racing Ahead in Theatres, OTT Release Soon |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/general/prema-lo-rendo-sari-racing-ahead-in-theatres-ott-release-coming-soon-1920105 |website=Deccan Chronicle |date=27 November 2025 |access-date=30 November 2025}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Raju Weds Rambai]]''<br />
| Saailu Kampati<br />
| {{hlist|Akhil Raj Uddemari|Tejaswi Rao}}<br />
| {{ubl|Dholamukhi Subaltern Films,|Mission Tales,|[[ETV Win]]}}<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rachavelpula |first=Kausalya |date=2025-10-29 |title='Little Hearts' team reunites for a real-life story–Raju Weds Rambai |url=https://www.ntvenglish.com/movie-news/little-hearts-team-reunites-for-a-real-life-story-raju-weds-rambai.html |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=NTV ENGLISH |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#dbfff8;" |'''28'''<br />
| style="text-align: left;" |''Andhaka''<br />
| Devaraj Peddinti<br />
| {{hlist|Aryan Baer|Anand Raj Bethi|Siri Jupalli|Sai Sohan}}<br />
| Baer Productions<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=ABN |date=2025-11-26 |title=Theater Movies: నవంబర్ చివరి వారం.. ఇండియా వ్యాప్తంగా థియేటర్లలో రిలీజయ్యే సినిమాలివే {{!}} this week theatrical releases telugu hindi tamil english kannada malayalam movies srk |url=https://www.chitrajyothy.com/2025/south-cinema/this-week-theatrical-releases-telugu-hindi-tamil-english-kannada-malayalam-movies-srk-68077.html |access-date=2025-11-27 |website=Chitrajyothy Telugu News |language=te}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Andhra King Taluka]]''<br />
| Mahesh Babu P<br />
| {{hlist|[[Ram Pothineni]]|[[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]]|[[Bhagyashri Borse]]}}<br />
| [[Mythri Movie Makers]]<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2025-08-21 |title=Andhra King Taluka: Ram Pothineni Starrer To Hit Screens On THIS Date |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!entertainment/andhra-king-taluka-ram-pothineni-starrer-to-hit-screens-on-this-date-enn25082104300 |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: left;" |''Maruva Tarama''<br />
| Chaitanya Varma Nadimpalli<br />
| {{hlist|Hariish Dhanunjaya|Athulya Chandra|Avantika Nalwa|[[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]]}}<br />
| Silver Screen Pictures<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=మనసుకు హత్తుకునేలా 'మరువ తరమా' ట్రైలర్.. ఫిదా అయిపోయిన రాహుల్ రవీంద్రన్ |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/rahul-ravindran-praises-maruva-tarama-trailer-calls-it-an-emotional-and-poetic-love-journey/articleshow/125555842.cms |access-date=2025-11-27 |website=Samayam Telugu |language=te}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: left;" |''Not All Movies Are The Same: Dual''<br />
| Suresh Sagiraju<br />
| {{hlist|Vallabh Teja|Soundarya Ramdas|Rexon Raj|Raghu Vardhan}}<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=What to Watch This Week: 'Stranger Things 5', 'Tere Ishk Mein', 'Revolver Rita', and More |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/what-to-watch-this-week-stranger-things-5-tere-ishk-mein-revolver-rita-and-more |access-date=2025-11-27 |website=The Hollywood Reporter India |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="15" style="text-align:center; background:#F4CA16; textcolor:#000;" |'''D<br />E<br />C<br />E<br />M<br />B<br />E<br />R'''<br />
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#F8DE7E;" |'''12'''<br />
| style="text-align: left;" |''[[Akhanda 2: Thaandavam]]''<br />
| [[Boyapati Srinu]]<br />
| {{hlist|[[Nandamuri Balakrishna]]|[[Aadhi Pinisetty]]|[[Samyuktha (actress)|Samyuktha]]}}<br />
| {{ubl|14 Reels Plus,|IVY Entertainment}}<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-10 |title=Akhanda 2 ready to roar: Balakrishna's film locks new release date after legal row |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/akhanda-2-release-date-december-12-madras-high-court-legal-clearance-2833544-2025-12-10 |access-date=2025-12-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: left;" |''[[Drive (2025 film)|Drive]]''<br />
| [[Jenuse Mohamed]]<br />
| {{hlist|[[Aadhi Pinisetty]]|[[Madonna Sebastian]]}}<br />
| [[Bhavya Creations]]<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-04 |title=Drive teaser: A powerful media tycoon must remain on the run to keep his world intact |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Dec/04/drive-teaser-a-powerful-media-tycoon-must-remain-on-the-run-to-keep-his-world-intact |access-date=2025-12-05 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#F8DE7E;" |'''13'''<br />
| style="text-align: left;" |''[[Mowgli (2025 film)|Mowgli]]''<br />
| [[Sandeep Raj]]<br />
| {{hlist|Roshan Kanakala|Sakshi Mhadolkar|[[Bandi Saroj Kumar]]}}<br />
| People Media Factory<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-10 |title=Sandeep Raj's Mowgli RELEASE DATE Announced, Here's When Film Will Hit Screens In India And US |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/sandeep-rajs-mowgli-release-date-announced-heres-when-film-will-hit-screens-in-india-and-us-article-153271107 |access-date=2025-12-10 |website=www.timesnownews.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:#F8DE7E;" |'''19'''<br />
| style="text-align: left;" |''Failure Boys''<br />
| Venkata Reddy<br />
| {{hlist|Avitej|Pradeep Kumar|Arjun Ambati|Koyal Das|Supoorna}}<br />
| Sri Guru Dhakshina Murthy Films<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=ABN |date=2025-12-08 |title=Failure Boys: బాబూమోహన్ అతిథిగా ప్రీ రిలీజ్ ఫంక్షన్ {{!}} Failure Boys Pre-Release Event Held Ahead of December 12 Release Onava |url=https://www.chitrajyothy.com/2025/tollywood/failure-boys-prerelease-event-held-ahead-of-december-12-release-onava-68368.html |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=Chitrajyothy Telugu News |language=te}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: left;" |''Fighter Shiva''<br />
| Prabhas Nimmala<br />
| {{hlist|Manikanth|Ayra Bansal|Kajal|Koyal Das|[[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]]|Vikas Vasishta|[[Madhusudhan Rao (actor)|Madhusudhan Rao]]|Laxman Meesala}}<br />
| {{ubl|Aruna Giri Arts,|Koundinya Productions}}<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2025-12-20 |title=Fighter Shiva: Blends dreams, suspense, and clean entertainment |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/fighter-shiva-blends-dreams-suspense-and-clean-entertainment-1032543 |access-date=2025-12-22 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: left;" |''[[Gurram Paapi Reddy]]''<br />
| Murali Manohar<br />
| {{hlist|Naresh Agastya|[[Faria Abdullah]]}}<br />
| {{ubl|MJM Motion Pictures,|Bura & Saddi Creative Arts LLP}}<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-08 |title=Gurram Paapi Reddy marks its territory with December 19 release |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Dec/08/gurram-paapi-reddy-marks-its-territory-with-december-19-release |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: left;" |''[[Mario (2025 film)|Mario]]''<br />
| Kalyanji Gogana<br />
| {{hlist|[[Hebah Patel]]|Anirudh Sreevatsav|[[Rakendu Mouli]]}}<br />
| {{ubl|Silver Screen Productions,|Kalyanji Content Pictures,|Rizwan Entertainment}}<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prakash |first=Lok |title=Hebah Patel: వరుస సినిమాలతో రెచ్చిపోతున్న హెబ్బా పటేల్.. 'ఈషా' రిలీజ్ కు రెడీ..! |url=https://rtvlive.com/cinema/hebah-patel-is-releasing-two-films-back-to-back-in-december-mario-december-19-and-eesha-december-25-10901483 |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=rtvlive.com |language=te}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: left;" |''[[Missterious (film)|Missterious]]''<br />
| Mahi Komatireddy<br />
| {{hlist|Rohit Sahni|Riya Kapoor|[[Bala Rajwadi]]}}<br />
| Ashley Creations<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2025-12-16 |title=‘Missterious’ climax will be memorable – Director Mahi Komati Reddy |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/missterious-climax-will-be-memorable-director-mahi-komati-reddy-1031591 |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center; background:#F8DE7E;" |'''25'''<br />
| style="text-align: left;" |''[[Bad Girlz]]''<br />
| Phani Pradeep<br />
| {{hlist|Anchal Gowda|Payal Chengappa|Roshini|Yashna}}<br />
| {{ubl|Prashvitha Entertai9ment,|Neeli Neeli Aakasam Creations,|NVL Creations}}<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-15 |title=Bad Girlz set for December 25 release |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Dec/15/bad-girlz-set-for-december-25-release |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Champion (2025 film)|Champion]]''<br />
| Pradeep Advaitham<br />
| {{hlist|[[Roshan Meka]]|[[Anaswara Rajan]]}}<br />
| {{ubl|[[Vyjayanthi Movies|Swapna Cinema]],|[[Anandi Art Creations]],|[[Zee Studios]]}}<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-06 |title=Roshan's 'Champion' joins the Christmas 2025 race |url=https://telugucinema.com/news/roshans-champion-joins-the-christmas-2025-race |access-date=2025-10-06 |website=Telugu Cinema |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Dhandoraa]]''<br />
| Muralikanth Devasoth<br />
| {{hlist|[[Sivaji (Telugu actor)|Sivaji]]|[[Navdeep]]|[[Nandu (Telugu actor)|Nandu]]|[[Bindu Madhavi]]}}<br />
| Loukya Entertainments<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-10 |title='Dhandoraa' to hit screens this Christmas |url=https://telugucinema.com/press-release/dhandoraa-to-hit-screens-this-christmas |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=Telugu Cinema |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Eesha (film)|Eesha]]''<br />
| Srinivas Manne<br />
| {{hlist|[[Thrigun]]|[[Hebah Patel]]|Akhil Raj|Siri Hanmanth}}<br />
| HVR Productions<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=కొత్త డేట్ ఫిక్స్ {{!}} Eesha movie releasing in theatres on December 25 {{!}} Sakshi |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/eesha-movie-releasing-theatres-december-25-2645824 |access-date=2025-12-10 |website=www.sakshi.com |language=te}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Patang (2025 film)|Patang]]''<br />
| Praneeth Prattipati<br />
| {{hlist|Pranav Kaushik|Preethi Pagadala |Vamsi Pujit}}<br />
| {{ubl|Cinematic Elements,|Rishaan Cinemas}}<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-20 |title=Patang finally gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Oct/20/patang-finally-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-10-23 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Shambhala (2025 film)|Shambhala]]''<br />
| Ugandhar Muni<br />
| {{hlist|[[Aadi Saikumar]]|Archana Iyer|[[Swasika]]}}<br />
| Shining Pictures<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-05 |title=Aadi Saikumar's Shambhala gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Oct/18/aadi-saikumars-shambhala-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-10-19 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: left;" |''[[Vrusshabha]]''{{efn-lg|name="tm"|The film was produced in both the Telugu and Malayalam languages}}<br />
| |[[Nanda Kishore]]<br />
| {{hlist|[[Mohanlal]]|[[Samarjit Lankesh]]|Nayan Sarika}}<br />
| {{ubl|Connekkt Media,|[[Balaji Motion Pictures]],|Abishek S Vyas Studios}}<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-08 |title='Vrusshabha' new release date: Mohanlal's film set for Christmas 2025; makers say, 'A king's arrival is royal' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/vrusshabha-new-release-date-mohanlals-film-set-for-christmas-2025-makers-say-a-kings-arrival-is-royal/articleshow/125176974.cms |access-date=2025-12-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Lists of Telugu-language films]]<br />
* [[List of Telugu films of 2024]]<br />
* [[List of Telugu films of 2026]]<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
{{reflist|group=lower-greek}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Indian film list}}{{2025 films}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Lists of Telugu films by year|2025]]<br />
[[Category:2025 Telugu-language films|*]]<br />
[[Category:2020s Indian films|*]]<br />
[[Category:2025 in Indian cinema|Telugu]]<br />
[[Category:Lists of 2025 films by language]]</div>MyrnaAcuna04https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lalmuanpuia_Punte&diff=511801Lalmuanpuia Punte2026-04-19T23:47:20Z<p>MyrnaAcuna04: info.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian politician|bot=PearBOT 5}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Lalmuanpuia Punte<br />
| image = Lalmuanpuia Punte.jpg<br />
| caption = Lalmuanpuia Punte in 2023<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1967|5|16|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = Tuahzawl, [[Mamit District]], [[Mizoram]]<br />
| constituency = [[Hrangturzo Assembly constituency]]<br />
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]] in the 9th [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| term = 2023 - Present<br />
| predecessor =<br />
| party = [[Zoram People's Movement]]<br />
| spouse = Lalhmachhuani (Chawki)<br />
| children = <br />
| alma_mater = <br />
| source = https://www.mizoramassembly.in/members/details/83 <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Lalmuanpuia Punte''' is a [[Hmar people|Hmar]] politician currently serving as a political Advisor<ref>{{Cite web |title=4 MLAs APPOINTED AS ADVISERS TO CHIEF MINISTER |url=https://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/post/4-mlas-appointed-as-advisers-to-chief-minister |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=dipr.mizoram.gov.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Advisers to Chief Minister |url=https://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/page/adviser-to-chief-minister |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=dipr.mizoram.gov.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Bikash |date=2023-12-14 |title=Four ZPM MLAs appointed as advisors to Mizoram CM |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/mizoram-assembly-elections/four-zpm-mlas-appointed-as-advisors-to-mizoram-cm/articleshow/105998987.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-05-22 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> to [[Lalduhoma]], the [[Chief Minister]] of [[Mizoram]]. He is also an [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]] in the 9th [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly]] from [[Hrangturzo Assembly constituency]] and is from the [[Zoram People's Movement]] party, the current ruling party in [[Mizoram]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mizoram Legislative Assembly |url=https://www.mizoramassembly.in/members/details/83 |access-date=2024-10-05 |website=www.mizoramassembly.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Hmar people]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Mizoram MLAs 2023–2028]]<br />
[[Category:1967 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
<br />
{{Mizoram-politician-stub}}</div>MyrnaAcuna04https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bameng_Assembly_constituency&diff=489433Bameng Assembly constituency2026-04-18T23:41:32Z<p>MyrnaAcuna04: Made some entry added tags.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Arunachal Pradesh State, India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Bameng<br />
| state = [[Arunachal Pradesh]]<br />
| district = [[East Kameng district|East Kameng]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Arunachal West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arunachal West]]<br />
| established = 1990<br />
| reservation = ST<br />
| type= SLA<br />
| constituency_no = 8<br />
| map_image = Bameng Assembly constituency map.svg<br />
| mla = [[Kumar Waii]]<br />
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br />
| electors = 13,960<br />
<br />
}}<br />
'''Bameng''' is one of the 60 [[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] state in [[India]].<ref name=ceoarunachal-ACs>{{cite web |url=http://ceoarunachal.nic.in/gismaps.html |title=GIS Maps of State, Districts & ACs|website=ceoarunachal.nic.in |accessdate= 27 June 2020 |archive-date=2020-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627145610/http://ceoarunachal.nic.in/gismaps.html}}</ref> It is part of [[East Kameng district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]]. As of 2024, it is represented by [[Kumar Waii]] of the [[Indian National Congress]].{{update after|2024|7}}<br />
<br />
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Election<br />
! Member<br />
! colspan=2|Party<br />
|-<br />
| [[1990 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || Dongle Sonam || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1995 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || Medhi Dodum || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1999 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || Mekup Dolo || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || rowspan=3 | [[Kumar Waii]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || [[Goruk Pordung]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name="Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024">{{cite news |title=Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S028.htm |access-date=17 May 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=2 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250517130834/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S028.htm |archive-date=17 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="Bameng (ST) Constituency Election Results 2024">{{cite news |title=Bameng (ST) Constituency Election Results 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/constituency-show/bameng |access-date=17 May 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=2 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250517130806/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/constituency-show/bameng |archive-date=17 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref>|| [[Kumar Waii]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Election results ==<br />
===Assembly Election 2024 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bameng<ref>{{cite news |last1=India TV News |last2= |first2= |date=2 June 2024 |title=Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024: Complete list of constituency-wise winners |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/arunachal-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-list-of-constituency-wise-leading-winning-candidates-parties-bjp-congress-pema-khandu-updates-2024-06-02-934271 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603080244/https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/arunachal-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-list-of-constituency-wise-leading-winning-candidates-parties-bjp-congress-pema-khandu-updates-2024-06-02-934271 |archive-date=3 June 2024 |access-date=3 June 2024 |work= |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Election Results 2024 Arunachal Pradesh: Full list of winners on all 60 Legislative Assembly seats of Arunachal Pradesh">{{cite news |last1=The Indian Express |date=2 June 2024 |title=Election Results 2024 Arunachal Pradesh: Full list of winners on all 60 Legislative Assembly seats of Arunachal Pradesh |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/election-results-2024-arunachal-pradesh-full-list-of-winners-on-all-60-legislative-assembly-seats-of-arunachal-pradesh-9366866/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603080201/https://indianexpress.com/elections/election-results-2024-arunachal-pradesh-full-list-of-winners-on-all-60-legislative-assembly-seats-of-arunachal-pradesh-9366866/ |archive-date=3 June 2024 |access-date=3 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024: Complete list of constituency-wise winners">{{cite news |last1=India TV News |last2= |first2= |date=2 June 2024 |title=Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024: Complete list of constituency-wise winners |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/arunachal-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-list-of-constituency-wise-leading-winning-candidates-parties-bjp-congress-pema-khandu-updates-2024-06-02-934271 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603080244/https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/arunachal-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-list-of-constituency-wise-leading-winning-candidates-parties-bjp-congress-pema-khandu-updates-2024-06-02-934271 |archive-date=3 June 2024 |access-date=3 June 2024 |work= |language=en}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kumar Waii]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,554 |percentage=52.36% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Doba Lamnio |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=5,919 |percentage=47.28% |change={{decrease}}4.31 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=635 |percentage=5.07% |change= {{increase}}1.05 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,518 |percentage=89.67% |change= {{increase}}1.57 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,960 |ref = |change= {{increase}}25.83 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}0.76 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 2019 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bameng}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Goruk Pordung]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=5,043 |percentage=51.60% |change={{increase}}13.48 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kumar Waii]] |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=4,650 |percentage=47.58% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=81 |percentage=0.83% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=393 |percentage=4.02% |change= {{decrease}}17.98 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,774 |percentage=88.10% |change= {{increase}}3.74 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,094 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.76 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}8.52 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 2014 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bameng<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2014/Stat_Rep_Arunachal_Pradesh_2014.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813080618/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2014/Stat_Rep_Arunachal_Pradesh_2014.pdf|archive-date=13 August 2021|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kumar Waii]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,080 |percentage=60.12% |change={{decrease}}11.09 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vijay Sonam |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,221 |percentage=38.12% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Madang Sonam |party=Independent politician |votes=81 |percentage=0.96% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=68 |percentage=0.80% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,859 |percentage=22.00% |change= {{decrease}}20.42 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,450 |percentage=84.37% |change= {{decrease}}0.63 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,016 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.35 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}11.09 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 2009 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bameng<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/stat_AR_Aug2009.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404184244/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/stat_AR_Aug2009.pdf|archive-date=4 April 2017|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kumar Waii]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,647 |percentage=71.21% |change={{increase}}18.25 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tagung Neri |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=2,283 |percentage=28.79% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,364 |percentage=42.42% |change= {{increase}}36.49 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,930 |percentage=84.99% |change= {{increase}}19.80 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,330 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}16.54 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 2004 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bameng<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AR_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324145008/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AR_2004.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kumar Waii]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,860 |percentage=52.96% |change={{increase}}22.40 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mekup Dolo |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,428 |percentage=47.04% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=432 |percentage=5.93% |change= {{decrease}}7.37 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,288 |percentage=63.08% |change= {{increase}}3.75 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,179 |ref = |change= {{increase}}3.33 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1999 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bameng<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AR99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AR99.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Mekup Dolo |party=Independent politician |votes=2,916 |percentage=43.86% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Medi Ram Dodum |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,032 |percentage=30.57% |change={{decrease}}42.62 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tage Lapung |party=Arunachal Congress |votes=1,700 |percentage=25.57% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=884 |percentage=13.30% |change= {{decrease}}33.07 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,648 |percentage=64.89% |change= {{decrease}}1.54 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,819 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.22 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1995 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1995 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bameng<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-AR95.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144239/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-AR95.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Medhi Dodum |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,525 |percentage=73.18% |change={{increase}}37.34 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Donglo Sonam |party=Janata Dal |votes=1,658 |percentage=26.82% |change={{increase}}4.16 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,867 |percentage=46.37% |change= {{increase}}40.72 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,183 |percentage=64.29% |change= {{decrease}}9.83 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,816 |ref = |change= {{increase}}2.45 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1990 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bameng<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statistical%20Report%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statistical%20Report%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dongle Sonam |party=Independent politician |votes=2,895 |percentage=41.49% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mai Sonam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,501 |percentage=35.85% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dokoi Jomo |party=Janata Dal |votes=1,581 |percentage=22.66% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=394 |percentage=5.65% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,977 |percentage=74.64% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,581 |ref = |change= }}<br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of constituencies of the Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br />
* [[East Kameng district]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh}}<br />
<br />
{{coord|27.55|92.95|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:East Kameng district]]<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Arunachal Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1990]]<br />
[[Category:1990 establishments in Arunachal Pradesh]]</div>MyrnaAcuna04https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alizeh_Agnihotri&diff=485574Alizeh Agnihotri2026-04-17T19:03:43Z<p>MyrnaAcuna04: Made first biography basic info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian actress (born 2000)}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Alizeh Agnihotri<br />
| image = Alizeh Agnihotri grace the premiere of Kill (cropped).jpg<br />
| caption = Agnihotri in 2024<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1996|11|1}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra, India<br />
| other names = Alizeh<br />
| occupation = Actress<br />
| father = [[Atul Agnihotri]]<br />
| mother = [[Alvira Khan]]<br />
| relatives = {{ubl|[[Salim Khan family]]|[[Rati Agnihotri]] (Aunt)|[[Tanuj Virwani]] (Cousin)}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alizeh Agnihotri on working with uncle Salman Khan: Why not, but...|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/alizeh-agnihotri-on-working-with-uncle-salman-khan-exclusive-2475002-2023-12-12 |first=Anita |last=Britto |access-date=5 February 2024 |website=[[India Today]] |date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205155147/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/alizeh-agnihotri-on-working-with-uncle-salman-khan-exclusive-2475002-2023-12-12 |archive-date=5 February 2024 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Alizeh Agnihotri''' (born 1 November 1996), credited [[mononym]]ously as '''Alizeh''', is an Indian actress who works in [[Hindi films]]. She is the niece of [[Salman Khan]], the daughter of actor [[Atul Agnihotri]] and producer [[Alvira Khan]]. She made her debut in the 2023 film ''[[Farrey]]''.<ref name=Filmfare>{{cite web |title=Filmfare Awards 2024 Winners – Complete List|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2024/winners |website=[[Filmfare]] |access-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240318154936/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2024/winners |archive-date=18 March 2024}}</ref><ref name="Bio">{{Cite web |date=23 November 2023 |title=Alizeh Agnihotri Biography: Know Everything About The Farrey Star and Salman Khan's Niece, Family, and More |url=https://www.jagrantv.com/en-show/alizeh-agnihotri-biography-know-everything-about-the-farrey-star-and-salman-khan-s-niece-family-and-more-rc1047750 |access-date=5 February 2024 |website=JagranTV.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205155148/https://www.jagrantv.com/en-show/alizeh-agnihotri-biography-know-everything-about-the-farrey-star-and-salman-khan-s-niece-family-and-more-rc1047750 |archive-date=5 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
Agnihotri was born on 1 November 1996<ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DQhJ2ljCBqC/ |access-date=2025-12-12 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref> in [[Mumbai]] to actor, producer and director [[Atul Agnihotri]] and [[Alvira Khan]].<ref name="Bio" /> She is the younger child to the couple and has an elder brother named Ayaan Agnihotri.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 December 2023 |title=Meet Alizeh Agnihotri: Know everything about her lifestyle, relationship with Salman Khan, family, Bollywood debut, and more |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/meet-alizeh-agnihotri-know-everything-about-her-lifestyle-relationship-with-salman-khan-family-bollywood-debut-and-more/3328171/ |access-date=5 February 2024 |website=Financial Express |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918031034/https://www.financialexpress.com/life/lifestyle-meet-alizeh-agnihotri-know-everything-about-her-lifestyle-relationship-with-salman-khan-family-bollywood-debut-and-more-3328171/ |archive-date=18 September 2024 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=September 2024}}<br />
<br />
Agnihotri pursued her schooling at [[Dhirubhai Ambani International School]] in Mumbai and completed her [[B.A.]] at [[SOAS University of London]] in Developmental Studies in 2022.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sahani |first1=Alaka |title=Salman Khan made me promise that I won't overact: Alizeh Agnihotri |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/salman-khan-made-me-promise-that-i-wont-overact-alizeh-agnihotri-9088518/lite/ |website=The Indian Express |publisher=The Indian Express Pvt. Ltd. |access-date=21 September 2024 |language=en |date=31 December 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
In 2023, Agnihotri made her official debut with film ''[[Farrey]]''. The movie was premiered at [[54th International Film Festival of India]] and it was released theatrically, on 24 November 2023.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} Alaka Sahani of [[The Indian Express]] gave 3 stars out of 5 and praised Agnihotri's performance and said "it is Agnihotri, whose intelligence as well as ambition is at the centre of Farrey, holds the story together and keeps her character relatable. She also deftly portrays Niyati's transitions at different stages of the movie."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sahani |first1=Alaka |title=Farrey movie review: Alizeh Agnihotri leads a near-perfect cast in this teenage drama that scores high |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/farrey-movie-review-alizeh-agnihotri-leads-a-near-perfect-cast-in-this-teenage-drama-that-scores-high-9035651/ |access-date=24 November 2023 |work=The Indian Express |date=24 November 2023 |language=en |archive-date=24 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124181759/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/farrey-movie-review-alizeh-agnihotri-leads-a-near-perfect-cast-in-this-teenage-drama-that-scores-high-9035651/ |url-status=live }}</ref> For her performance in the film, she won various accolades including [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut]].<ref name=Filmfare /><br />
<br />
== Media image ==<br />
In 2024, Alizeh was placed in the "35 most influential young Indians" list by ''[[GQ (Indian edition)|GQ]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meet GQ's Most Influential Young Indians of 2024|url=https://www.gqindia.com/content/gq-most-influential-young-indians-2024|access-date=27 April 2024 |date=25 April 2024|website=GQ India |first=Sanjana |last=Ray |display-authors=et al |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240805075851/https://www.gqindia.com/content/gq-most-influential-young-indians-2024<br />
|archive-date=5 August 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> and was featured on various magazine covers including ''[[Hello! (magazine)| Hello!]]'', ''[[The Word (UK magazine)|The Word]]'', and ''[[Grazia]]''.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}<br />
Alizeh is also a celebrity endorser for several brands and products, including [[Being Human Foundation|Being Human Clothing]], [[Tory Burch LLC]], and [[Nykaa]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/advertising/salman-khan-introduces-alizeh-agnihotri-as-the-face-of-being-human-women-collection/104309404|title=Salman Khan introduces Alizeh Agnihotri as the face of Being Human women collection|newspaper=ET BrandEquity|date=10 October 2023 |access-date=30 September 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Filmography ==<br />
=== Films ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
!Year<br />
!Title<br />
!Role<br />
!class="unsortable"|Notes<br />
!class="unsortable"|Ref.<br />
|-<br />
| 2023<br />
| ''[[Farrey]]''<br />
| Niyati Singh<br />
| debut film<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |title='Farrey' Actress Alizeh Says, 'I Want To Do A Film That I Enjoy' |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/movies/farrey-actress-alizeh-agnihotri-says-i-want-to-do-a-film-that-i-enjoy-1649356 |website=news.abplive.com |publisher=ABP Live |access-date=5 February 2024 |language=en |date=12 December 2023}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Awards and nominations ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Award<br />
!Category<br />
!Work<br />
!Result<br />
!{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=6|2024<br />
|[[69th Filmfare Awards]]<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]]<br />
|rowspan=6|''[[Farrey]]''<br />
|{{Won}}<br />
|<ref name=Filmfare /><br />
|-<br />
|[[Zee Cine Awards]]<br />
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]]<br />
|{{Won}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 Zee Cine Awards Winners |website=Zee Cine Awards |url=https://zeecineawards.com/2024-2/ |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417021812/https://zeecineawards.com/2024-2/ |archive-date=17 April 2024 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Pinkvilla Screen and Style Icons Awards]]<br />
|rowspan="2"|Best Debut Actress<br />
|{{Won}}<br />
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/pinkvilla-screen-and-style-icons-awards-complete-list-of-winners-ft-kiara-advani-akshay-kumar-karan-johar-and-more-1287517?amp|title=Pinkvilla Screen & Style Icons Awards: Complete list of winners ft. Kiara Advani, Akshay Kumar, Karan Johar and more|website=Pinkvilla |first=Apeksha |last=Juneja |date=19 March 2024 |access-date= 19 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319032548/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/pinkvilla-screen-and-style-icons-awards-complete-list-of-winners-ft-kiara-advani-akshay-kumar-karan-johar-and-more-1287517?amp |archive-date=19 March 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[IReel Awards|News 18 Reel Awards]]<br />
|{{Won}}<br />
|<ref>{{cite news|first=Dishya|last=Sharma|title=News18 Showsha Reel Awards 2024 Winners: Animal Wins Best Film; Varun Dhawan, Shraddha Kapoor Best Actors|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/news18-showsha-reel-awards-2024-winners-animal-wins-best-film-varun-dhawan-shraddha-kapoor-best-actors-8809368.html|website=[[CNN-News18|News 18]]|date=10 March 2024|access-date=10 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322160514/https://www.news18.com/movies/news18-showsha-reel-awards-2024-winners-animal-wins-best-film-varun-dhawan-shraddha-kapoor-best-actors-8809368.html |archive-date=22 March 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Indian Film Festival of Melbourne]]<br />
|Best Actress<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
| <ref>{{cite news|title='Laapataa Ladies', 'Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani' lead in nominations for IFFM 2024|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/entertainment/laapataa-ladies-rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani-lead-in-nominations-for-iffm-2024-19441264.htm |website=[[CNBC TV18]]|date=10 July 2024|access-date=10 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710132011/https://www.cnbctv18.com/entertainment/laapataa-ladies-rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani-lead-in-nominations-for-iffm-2024-19441264.htm |archive-date=10 July 2024|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[International Indian Film Academy Award]]<br />
|[[IIFA Award for Star Debut of the Year – Female|Star Debut of the Year – Female]]<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/salman-khans-niece-alizeh-agnihotri-celebrates-best-debutant-win-farrey-iifa-2024-calls-rewarding-incredible-journey/|title=Salman Khans niece Alizeh Agnihotri celebrates Best Debutant win for Farrey at IIFA 2024; calls it Rewarding and incredible journey|newspaper=Bollywood Hungama |date=30 September 2024 |access-date=30 September 2024}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{commons-inline}}<br />
* {{IMDb name|id=nm13208117}}<br />
* {{instagram|alizehagnihotri}}<br />
{{Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut}}<br />
{{Zee Cine Award for Best Female Debut}}<br />
{{IIFAAwardBestFemaleDebut}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Alizeh}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:1996 births]]<br />
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]<br />
[[Category:Zee Cine Awards winners]]<br />
[[Category:International Indian Film Academy Awards winners]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Family of Salim Khan]]</div>MyrnaAcuna04https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gurazala_Assembly_constituency&diff=501466Gurazala Assembly constituency2026-04-15T23:04:25Z<p>MyrnaAcuna04: Created new entry</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Gurazala<br />
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (100- highlighted).png<br />
| map_caption = Location of Gurazala Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh<br />
| mla = [[Yarapathineni Srinivasa Rao]]<br />
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br />
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
| district = [[Palnadu district|Palnadu]]<ref>{{Cite web<br />
|url= https://palnadu.ap.gov.in/subdivision-blocks/<br />
|title= Mandals<br />
|website= palnadu.ap.gov.in<br />
|access-date=2025-08-25<br />
}}</ref><br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Narasaraopet Lok Sabha constituency|Narasaraopet]]<br />
| constituency_no = 100<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| electors = 268,469<br />
| established = 1955<br />
| type = SLA<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Gurazala Assembly constituency''' is a constituency in [[Palnadu district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|format=PDF|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Narasaraopet Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="constituencies">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|date=17 December 2018|website=The Election Commission of India|pages=22, 31|format=PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Yarapathineni Srinivasa Rao]] is the current [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm|title=Assembly Election 2019|website=Election Commission of India|access-date=24 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524074223/http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm|archive-date=24 May 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> As of 2019, there are a total of 268,469 electors in the constituency.<ref name="electors">{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|format=PDF|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> The constituency was established in 1955, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1955)''.<br />
<br />
== Mandals ==<br />
{{srn}}<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"<br />
!Mandal<br />
|-<br />
| Gurazala <br />
|-<br />
| Dachepalli<br />
|-<br />
| Piduguralla<br />
|-<br />
| Machavaram<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year<br />
! Member<br />
! colspan="2" | Political party<br />
|-<br />
| [[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election|1955]]<br />
| Mandava Bapaiah Chowdary<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Krishikar Lok Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br />
| rowspan=2 | Kotha Venkateswarlu<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<br />
| Mandapati Nagireddy<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]<br />
| Gadipudi Mallikarjuna Rao<br />
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |<br />
| [[Indian National Congress (I)]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]<br />
| Julakanti Nagi Reddy<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br />
| Mutyam Anki Reddy<br />
|-<br />
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<br />
| Kaviti Venkata Narsi Reddy<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]<br />
| [[Yarapathineni Srinivasa Rao]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]<br />
| rowspan=2 |[[Janga Krishna Murthy]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<br />
| rowspan=2| [[Yarapathineni Srinivasa Rao]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<br />
| [[Kasu Mahesh Reddy]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br />
| [[Yarapathineni Srinivasa Rao]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
=== 2024 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gurazala}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|candidate = [[Yarapathineni Srinivasa Rao]]<br />
|votes = 1,28,201<br />
|percentage = 55.01<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = YSR Congress Party<br />
|candidate = [[Kasu Mahesh Reddy]]<br />
|votes = 98,715<br />
|percentage = 42.36<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress <br />
|candidate = Tiyyagura Yalamanda Reddy<br />
|votes = 2,156<br />
|percentage = 0.93<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = NOTA<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above]]<br />
|votes = 1,888<br />
|percentage = 0.81<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 29,486<br />
|percentage = 12.65<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 2,33,046<br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
|winner = Telugu Desam Party <br />
|loser = YSR Congress Party<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2019===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gurazala<ref>{{Cite web | title= AP 2019 Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11673-andhra-pradesh-legislative-assembly-election-2019/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | website= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Kasu Mahesh Reddy]]|party=YSRCP|votes=1,17,204|percentage=52.07|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Yarapathineni Srinivasa Rao]]|votes=88,591|percentage=39.36|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Janasena Party|candidate=Chintalapudi Srinivasa Rao|votes=12,503|percentage=5.55|change=New}}<br />
{{Election box majority||votes=28,613|percentage=12.83|change=}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=2,25,114|percentage=83.81|change=+3.20}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 268,598|change = }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
|winner = YSR Congress Party<br />
|loser = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2014 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gurazala<ref>{{Cite web | title= 2014 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4055-andhra-pradesh-2014/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | website= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Yarapathineni Srinivasa Rao]]|party= Telugu Desam Party|votes=94,827|percentage=48.85%|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[Janga Krishna Murthy]]|votes=87,640|percentage=45.15%|change=}}<br />
{{Election box majority||votes=7,187|percentage=3.72|change=}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,94,112|percentage=81.35%|change=}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 238,623|change = }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|winner = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|loser = <br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2009===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gurazala<ref>{{Cite web | title= 2009 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4054-andhra-pradesh-2009/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | website= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Yerapatineni Srinivasa Rao]]|party= Telugu Desam Party|votes=72,250|percentage=43.58|change=-1.22}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Ala Venkateswarlu]]|votes=62,229|percentage=37.53|change=-13.02}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Praja Rajyam Party|candidate=[[Gurram Gopi Sridhar]]|votes=24,563|percentage=14.82|change=}}<br />
{{Election box majority||votes=10,021|percentage=6.05|change=}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=165,849|percentage=78.21|change=+10.04}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 212,059|change = }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
|winner = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|loser = Indian National Congress<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2004===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gurazala<ref>{{Cite web | title= 2004 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4053-andhra-pradesh-2004/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | website= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Janga Krishna Murthy]]|party= Indian National Congress|votes=73,358|percentage=50.55|change=+2.12}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Yarapatineni Srinivasarao]]|votes=65,015|percentage=44.80|change=-3.53}}<br />
{{Election box majority||votes=8,343|percentage=5.75|change=}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=145,147|percentage=68.17|change=+3.51}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 212,908|change = }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|winner = Indian National Congress<br />
|loser = <br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 1999 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title=[[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gurazala<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1999 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4052-andhra-pradesh-1999/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | website= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Janga Krishna Murthy]]|party= Indian National Congress |votes=64,035|percentage=48.43% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Yerapatineni Srinivasa Rao]]|party=Telugu Desam Party|votes=63,904|percentage=48.33%|change=}} <br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=131 |percentage=0.10% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box turnout|votes=135,969|percentage=66.49%|change=}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 204,508|change = }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Indian National Congress |loser= Telugu Desam Party |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===1994===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gurazala<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1994 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4051-andhra-pradesh-1994/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | website= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Yerapatineni Srinivasa Rao]]|party= Telugu Desam Party |votes=62,943 |percentage=51.85% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Rameshchandra Dath Kanakam]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=38,976|percentage=32.11%|change=}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=23,967 |percentage=19.74% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box turnout|votes=124,082|percentage=67.61%|change=}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 183,515 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Telugu Desam Party |loser= Indian National Congress |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 1989 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title=[[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gurazala<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1989 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4050-andhra-pradesh-1989/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | website= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Venkata Narsi Reddy Kaviti]]|party= Indian National Congress |votes=68,939 |percentage=58.54% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Sambasiva Rao Rachamadugu (Anumalasetty)]]|party=Telugu Desam Party|votes=45,794|percentage=38.89%|change=}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=23,145 |percentage=19.65% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box turnout|votes=121,390|percentage=68.88%|change=}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 176,245|change = }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Indian National Congress |loser= Telugu Desam Party |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===1985===<br />
{{Election box begin|title=[[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gurazala<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1985 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4049-andhra-pradesh-1985/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | website= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Anki Reddy Mutyam]] |party= Telugu Desam Party |votes=46,111 |percentage=50.43% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Venkata Narsi Reddy Kaviti]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=42,508|percentage=46.49%|change=}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,603|percentage=3.94% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box turnout|votes=92,750|percentage=68.98%|change=}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 134,461 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner= Telugu Desam Party |loser= |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 1983 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gurazala<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1983 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4048-andhra-pradesh-1983/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | website= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate = [[Julakanti Nagi Reddy]]|party= Telugu Desam Party |votes=39,742 |percentage=53.08% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Kasu Venkata Krishna Reddy]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=27,020|percentage=36.09%|change=}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,722 |percentage=16.99% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box turnout|votes=76,232|percentage=59.70%|change=}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 127,689 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Telugu Desam Party |loser= Indian National Congress (I)|swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===1978===<br />
{{Election box begin|title=[[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gurazala<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1978 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4047-andhra-pradesh-1978/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | website= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Gadipudi Mallikarjuna Rao]]|party= Indian National Congress (I)|votes=44,652 |percentage=54.58% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Nagireddy Mandapati]]|party=Communist Party of India|votes=21,404|percentage=26.16%|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Mahammad Mohiddin]]|party=Janata Party|votes=9,643|percentage=11.79%|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Kola Subba Reddy]]|party=Independent (politician)|votes=5,151|percentage=6.30%|change=}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=23,248 |percentage=28.42% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box turnout|votes=83,809|percentage=70.91%|change=}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 118,197 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|winner= Indian National Congress (I) |loser= Communist Party of India |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 1972 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title=[[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Gurazala]]<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1972 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4046-andhra-pradesh-1972/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | website= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref> }}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Nagireddy Mandapati]]|party= Communist Party of India |votes=29,659 |percentage=55.82% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Kotha Venkateswarlu]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=21,282|percentage=40.05%|change=}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,377 |percentage=15.77% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box turnout|votes=54,467|percentage=58.57%|change=}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 92,998 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Communist Party of India |loser= Indian National Congress |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===1967===<br />
{{Election box begin|title=[[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gurazala<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1967 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4045-andhra-pradesh-1967/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | website= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Kotha Venkateswarlu]]|party= Indian National Congress |votes=20,876 |percentage=43.02% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[C.M. Gadipudi]]|party=Independent (politician)|votes=13,799|percentage=28.44%|change=}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,077 |percentage=14.58% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box turnout|votes=51,222|percentage=67.14%|change=}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 76,291 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner= Indian National Congress ||loser= |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 1962 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title=[[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gurazala<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1962 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4044-andhra-pradesh-1962/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | website= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Kotha Venkateswarlu]]|party= Indian National Congress |votes=21,323 |percentage=48.78% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Kola Subba Reddy]]|party=Communist Party of India|votes=16,708|percentage=38.22%|change=}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,615 |percentage=10.56% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box turnout|votes=45,500|percentage=62.57%|change=}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 72,717 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Indian National Congress ||loser= Krishikar Lok Party |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===1955===<br />
{{Election box begin|title=[[1955 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gurazala<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1955 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4042-andhra-pradesh-1955/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | website= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate= [[Mandava Bapaiah Chowdary]]|party= Krishikar Lok Party |votes=23,306 |percentage=59.30% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Kola Subba Reddy]]|party=Communist Party of India|votes=15,219|percentage=38.72%|change=}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,087 |percentage=20.58% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box turnout|votes=39,301|percentage=62.07%|change=}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 63,317 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner= Krishikar Lok Party ||loser= |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}<br />
{{Palnadu district}}<br />
{{coord|16.55|79.64|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Palnadu district]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1955]]</div>MyrnaAcuna04https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pottangi_Assembly_constituency&diff=526074Pottangi Assembly constituency2026-04-15T23:01:55Z<p>MyrnaAcuna04: stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Constituency of the Odisha legislative assembly in India}}<br />
{{About| the assembly constituency|its eponymous town|Pottangi}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Pottangi<br />
| state = [[Odisha]]<br />
| constituency_no = 145<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| map_image = <br />
| map_caption = <br />
| map_alt = <br />
| division = Southern Division<br />
| district = [[Koraput district|Koraput]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Koraput Lok Sabha constituency|Koraput]]<br />
| established = 1957<br />
| reservation = ST<br />
| incumbent_image =<br />
| mla = [[Rama Chandra Kadam]]<br />
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br />
| electors = 1,87,219{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Pottangi''' is a [[Legislative Assembly of Odisha|Vidhan Sabha]] [[List of constituencies of Odisha Legislative Assembly|constituency]] of [[Koraput district]], [[Odisha]], India.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=145|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324062534/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=145|url-status=usurped|archive-date=24 March 2014|title= Orissa Assembly Election 2009 |work=empoweringindia.org |quote= Constituency: Pottangi (145) District: Koraput|accessdate= 21 March 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
[https://ceoodisha.nic.in/acmaps/AC145.pdf Map of Pottangi Constituency]<br />
<br />
This constituency includes [[Damanjodi]], Pottangi block, Nandapur block, Semiliguda block and 3 [[Gram panchayat]]s (Litiguda, Dumuripadar and Mathalput) of Koraput block.<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf Assembly Constituencies and their Extent]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls Seats of Odisha]</ref><br />
<br />
==Members of Legislative Assembly==<br />
<br />
{{bar box<br />
|float=right<br />
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S18/partycomp84.htm|title= 84 - Pottangi (ST) Assembly Constituency|work=eci.nic.in |year=2006 |quote=List Of Winning Candidates |accessdate= 23 March 2014}}</ref>|titlebar=#ddd<br />
|width=300px<br />
|barwidth=275px<br />
|bars=<br />
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|33.70}} <br />
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|35.14}}<br />
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|47.12}}<br />
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|41.60}}<br />
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|47.12}}<br />
{{bar percent|2000|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|64.46}}<br />
{{bar percent|1995|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|49.10}}<br />
{{bar percent|1990|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|70.68}}<br />
{{bar percent|1985|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|43.69}}<br />
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|61.86}}<br />
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Janata Party}}|52.87}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Since its formation in 1951, 14 elections were held till date.<br />
<br />
List of members elected from Pottangi constituency are:<ref name=prevMLAs>{{cite web|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual - 2011 - List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly - (1951–2004) |access-date=6 October 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archive-date=17 December 2013 }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web|title= Pottangi Assembly Constituency, Orissa|url=http://www.elections.in/orissa/assembly-constituencies/pottangi.html|publisher=Compare Infobase Limited|accessdate= 22 March 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Member<br />
!colspan=2|Party<br />
|-<br />
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name=":2" /><br />
|[[Rama Chandra Kadam]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |title=State Election, 2019 to the Legislative Assembly of Odisha |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11679-odisha-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |url-access=limited |access-date=7 October 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref><br />
|[[Pitam Padhi]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Biju Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name=":1" /><br />
|Prafulla Kumar Pangi<br />
|-<br />
|[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=":0" /><br />
|[[Rama Chandra Kadam]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]<br />
|rowspan=2|[[Jayaram Pangi]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Biju Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]<br />
|[[Rama Chandra Kadam]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<br />
|[[Jayaram Pangi]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br />
|rowspan=2|Chandrama Santha<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br />
|[[Jayaram Pangi]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]<br />
|Dissari Sannu<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4"| {{center|''1967-1971 : Constituency did not exist''}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]<br />
|Pangi Musuri Santa<br />
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1957 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br />
|Malu Santha<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Election results ==<br />
<br />
=== 2024 ===<br />
Voting were held on 13th May 2024 in 1st phase of Odisha Assembly Election & 4th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4th June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Rama Chandra Kadam]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Prafulla Kumar Pangi by a margin of 1,919 votes.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Pottangi Assembly Election Results 2024: Pottangi Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/pottangi-constituency-result-18145 |access-date=2025-06-25 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Election box begin |<br />
|title = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]]: Pottangi}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = [[Rama Chandra Kadam]]<br />
|votes = 52,202<br />
|percentage = 33.70<br />
|change = {{up}}1.47<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Biju Janata Dal<br />
|candidate = Prafulla Kumar Pangi<br />
|votes = 50,283<br />
|percentage = 32.46<br />
|change = {{down}}2.68<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = Nandibali Chaitanya<br />
|votes = 35,461<br />
|percentage = 22.89<br />
|change = {{up}}5.09<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = None of the above<br />
|votes = 6,420<br />
|percentage = 4.14<br />
|change = {{up}}0.22<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 1,919<br />
|percentage = 1.24<br />
|change = {{down}}1.76<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 1,54,922<br />
|percentage = 82.75<br />
|change = {{up}}6.49<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|<br />
|winner = Indian National Congress<br />
|loser = Biju Janata Dal<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2019 ===<br />
In 2019 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Pitam Padhi]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Rama Chandra Kadam]] by a margin of 4,255 votes.<ref name="election2019" /><br />
<br />
{{Election box begin|<br />
|title = [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]]: Pottangi<ref name="FP Ass Cand">{{cite web |title=List of Contesting Candidates(Phase-I) (AC/ PC) |url=http://ceoorissa.nic.in/docs/Election/2019/Form7A/Phase%201/Form%207%20A%20to%20English%28Phase-I%29.pdf |website=ceoorissa.nic.in |publisher=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Odisha |accessdate=14 April 2019}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Biju Janata Dal<br />
|candidate = [[Pitam Padhi]]<br />
|votes = 51,244<br />
|percentage = 35.14<br />
|change = ''-''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = [[Rama Chandra Kadam]]<br />
|votes = 46,989<br />
|percentage = 32.23<br />
|change = ''-''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = Rama Chandra Pangi <br />
|votes = 25,956<br />
|percentage = 17.8<br />
|change = ''-''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = None of the above<br />
|votes = 5,715<br />
|percentage = 3.92<br />
|change = ''-''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 4,255<br />
|percentage = 3.00<br />
|change = ''-''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 1,45,812<br />
|percentage = 76.26<br />
|change = ''-''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|<br />
|winner = Biju Janata Dal<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2014 ===<br />
In 2014 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Prafulla Chandra Pangi defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Rama Chandra Kadam]] by a margin of 12,564 votes.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
{{Election box begin |<br />
|title = [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]]: Pottangi}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Biju Janata Dal<br />
|candidate = Prafulla Chandra Pangi<br />
|votes = 46,839<br />
|percentage = 38.1<br />
|change = ''-''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = [[Rama Chandra Kadam]]<br />
|votes = 36,075<br />
|percentage = 29.35<br />
|change = ''-''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = Krushna Chandra Jani<br />
|votes = 9,401<br />
|percentage = 7.65<br />
|change = ''-''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = None of the above<br />
|votes = 4,995<br />
|percentage = 4.06<br />
|change = ''-''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 12,564<br />
|percentage = 8.75<br />
|change = ''-''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 1,22,966<br />
|percentage = 71.00<br />
|change = ''-''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|<br />
|winner = Biju Janata Dal<br />
|loser = Indian National Congress<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2009 ===<br />
In 2009 election, [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Rama Chandra Kadam]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Prafulla Chandra Pangi by a margin of 5,436 votes.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
{{Election box begin|<br />
|title = [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]]: Pottangi<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = [[Rama Chandra Kadam]]<br />
|votes = 41,451<br />
|percentage = 41.60<br />
|change = ''-''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Biju Janata Dal<br />
|candidate = Prafulla Kumar Pangi<br />
|votes = 36,015<br />
|percentage = 36.14<br />
|change = ''-''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = Dhanpati Eading<br />
|votes = 9,257<br />
|percentage = 9.29<br />
|change = ''-''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 5,436<br />
|percentage = 5.46{{efn|% of total valid votes}}<br />
|change = ''-''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 99,646<br />
|percentage = 59.96{{efn|2004 Voter turnout was 65.10%}}<br />
|change = {{up}}5.14<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|<br />
|winner = Indian National Congress<br />
|loser = Biju Janata Dal<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{wikisource|Vizagapatam/Gazetteer/Pottangi Taluk}}<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Koraput district}}<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha|state=expanded}}<br />
{{coords|18.57|82.97|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]<br />
[[Category:Koraput district]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]<br />
[[Category:1957 establishments in Orissa]]</div>MyrnaAcuna04https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lauriya_Assembly_constituency&diff=511946Lauriya Assembly constituency2026-04-15T23:00:02Z<p>MyrnaAcuna04: done.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Bihar legislative assembly in India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
|name = Lauriya Assembly constituency<!-- The name of the constituency --><br />
|type= SLA<br />
| map_image = 5-Lauriya constituency.svg<br />
| map_caption = <br />
| map_alt = <br />
|mla = [[Vinay Bihari]] <!--Name of the current MLA. Leave blank for former constituencies--><br />
|incumbent_image = File:Vinaybihari.jpg<br />
|party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]<br />
|region = <br />
|state = [[Bihar]]<br />
|district = [[West Champaran district|Paschim Champaran]]<br />
|division = <br />
|loksabha_cons = [[Valmiki Nagar Lok Sabha constituency|Valmiki Nagar]]<br />
|constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|5]]<br />
|established = 1957<br />
| electors = 252,171<br />
|reservation = None<br />
|abolished = <!-- year abolished --><br />
}}<br />
'''Lauriya Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[West Champaran district|Paschim Champaran district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]].<br />
<br />
Lauriya is one of six assembly constituencies in the [[Valmiki Nagar (Lok Sabha constituency)]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 5 amongst 243 constituencies.<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
As per orders of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, 5. Lauriya Assembly constituency is composed of the following: Yogapatti [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]]; and Siswania, Kataiya, Marahiya Pakari, Mathia, Lauriya, Belwa Lakhanpur, Gobaraura, Bahuarwa, Dhobani Dharampur, Dhamaura, Daniyal Prasauna, Sathi, Singhpur Satawaria, Basantpur and Baswariya Parautola [[gram panchayat]]s of Lauriya CD Block.<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Name<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web|title=Lauriya Election and Results 2020, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/lauriya.html|access-date=2022-01-30|website=Elections in India}}</ref><br />
! colspan="2" |Party<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="4"|{{center|''Before 1957: See Shikarpur-cum-Lauriya''}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |Subh Narayan Prasad<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br />
|rowspan="2"| Shatru Mardan Sahi<br />
|{{party name with color|Independent politician}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<br />
|Fulena Rao<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br />
| rowspan="3" |Vishwa Mohan Sharma<br />
|-<br />
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |Ran Vijay Shahi<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]<br />
|Vishwa Mohan Sharma<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |Pradeep Singh<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]<br />
| rowspan="4" |[[Vinay Bihari]]<br />
|{{party name with color|Independent politician}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
=== 2025 ===<br />
<br />
<br />
Detailed Results at:<br />
https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/ConstituencywiseS045.htm<br />
{{Election box begin|title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Lauriya<ref name="election2025">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-15 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/ae/2025/16 |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = [[Vinay Bihari]]<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:96510}}<br />
|percentage = 50.36<br />
|change = +0.88<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = Ran Kaushal Pratap Singh<br />
|party = Vikassheel Insaan Party<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:69544}}<br />
|percentage = 36.29<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = Sunil Kumar<br />
|party = Jan Suraaj Party<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:15722}}<br />
|percentage = 8.2<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = The Plurals Party<br />
|candidate = Pappu Kumar Thakur<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:4035}}<br />
|percentage = 2.11<br />
|change = +1.18<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|candidate = Mohammad Haroon<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:3442}}<br />
|percentage = 1.8<br />
|change = -9.32<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:2394}}<br />
|percentage = 1.25<br />
|change = -0.89<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:26966}}<br />
|percentage = 14.07<br />
|change = -4.35<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:191647}}<br />
|percentage = 76.0<br />
|change = +14.55<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link<br />
| <br />
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|loser = <br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
<br />
=== 2020 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|<br />
|title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2020]]: [[Lauriya]]<ref name="election2020"/>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = [[Vinay Bihari]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:77927}}<br />
|percentage = 49.48<br />
|change = +9.01<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal<br />
|candidate = Shambhu Tiwari<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:48923}}<br />
|percentage = 31.06<br />
|change = +2.99<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|candidate = Ran Kaushal Pratap Singh<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:17515}}<br />
|percentage = 11.12<br />
|change = +4.77<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Neelam Singh<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:1906}}<br />
|percentage = 1.21<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Doctor Mahto<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:1541}}<br />
|percentage = 0.98<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = The Plurals Party<br />
|candidate = Ajitesh Kumar<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:1462}}<br />
|percentage = 0.93<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:3368}}<br />
|percentage = 2.14<br />
|change = +0.4<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:29004}}<br />
|percentage = 18.42<br />
|change = +6.02<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:157495}}<br />
|percentage = 61.45<br />
|change = -1.32<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link<br />
| <br />
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
<br />
=== 2015 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|<br />
|title=[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Lauriya<ref name="election2015">{{cite web |date=2018-08-20 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2015 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3904-bihar-2015/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = [[Vinay Bihari]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:57351}}<br />
|percentage = 40.47<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal<br />
|candidate = Ran Kaushal Pratap Singh<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:39778}}<br />
|percentage = 28.07<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Shambhu Tiwari<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:20793}}<br />
|percentage = 14.67<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|candidate = Sunil Kumar<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:8994}}<br />
|percentage = 6.35<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Nationalist Congress Party<br />
|candidate = Pradeep Singh<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:3195}}<br />
|percentage = 2.25<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Santosh Kumar Rai<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:2280}}<br />
|percentage = 1.61<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Navin Kumar<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:1908}}<br />
|percentage = 1.35<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Communist Party of India<br />
|candidate = Ram Babu Kumar Sankritya<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:1729}}<br />
|percentage = 1.22<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:2459}}<br />
|percentage = 1.74<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:17573}}<br />
|percentage = 12.4<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:141706}}<br />
|percentage = 62.77<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link<br />
| <br />
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|loser = Independent politician<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
<br />
===2010===<br />
{{Election box begin|<br />
|title=[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Lauriya}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
| <br />
|party = Independent politician<br />
|candidate = [[Vinay Bihari]]<br />
|votes = 38,381<br />
|percentage = 33.44<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| <br />
|party = Janata Dal (United)<br />
|candidate = Pradeep Singh<br />
|votes = 27,500<br />
|percentage = 23.96<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| <br />
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal<br />
|candidate = Shambhu Tiwari<br />
|votes = 22,140<br />
|percentage = 19.29<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| <br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = Vishwa Mohan Sharma<br />
|votes = 9,582<br />
|percentage = 8.35<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| <br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|candidate = Santosh Kumar Rao<br />
|votes = 4,133<br />
|percentage = 3.60<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
| <br />
|votes = 10,881<br />
|percentage = 9.48<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
| <br />
|votes = 1,14,776<br />
|percentage = 60.14<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link<br />
| <br />
|winner = Independent politician<br />
|loser = Janata Dal (United)<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}<br />
<br />
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}<br />
{{Tirhut Division topics}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of West Champaran district]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]<br />
[[Category:1957 establishments in Bihar]]</div>MyrnaAcuna04https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ram_Mandir_Dharma_Dhwaj&diff=528986Ram Mandir Dharma Dhwaj2026-04-11T14:47:41Z<p>MyrnaAcuna04: creating</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Ram Mandir flag}}<br />
{{Being merged|Ram Mandir Dhwajarohan|date=January 2026|discuss=Talk:Ram Mandir Dhwajarohan#Proposed merge of Dharma Dhwaj into Ram Mandir Dhwajarohan#Dharma Dhwaja|dir=to}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}{{Infobox flag<br />
| Name = Dharma Dhwaj<br />
| Image = Shri Ram Janambhoomi Mandir Dhwaja.jpg<br />
| Imagetext = Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi hoisting the Dharma Dhwaj<br />
| Use = <br />
| Symbol = <br />
| Proportion = <br />
| Adoption = <br />
| Design = A right‑angled triangular [[Saffron_(color)|saffron]] flag with the [[Surya|Sun]], [[Om]], and [[Kovidara|Kovidara tree]] symbols<br />
| Designer = <br />
}}<br />
{{Hinduism|expanded=Related}}<br />
Dharma Dhwaj (lit. flag of [[dharma]]) is the religious flag called ''[[dhvaja]]'' installed atop the [[Ram Mandir]] at [[Ayodhya]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]. <ref name=":0">{{cite news |title=Ayodhya Ram Mandir Flag Hoisting Highlights |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ayodhya-ram-mandir-event-live-updates-flag-hoisting-ceremony/<br />
|work=The Indian Express |date=25 November 2025 |access-date=25 November 2025}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite news |title=PM Modi hoists saffron Dharma Dhwaj atop Ayodhya's Ram Mandir |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/watch-pm-narendra-modi-hoists-saffron-dharma-dhwaj-atop-ayodhyas-ram-mandir/articleshow/<br />
|work=The Times of India |date=25 November 2025 |access-date=25 November 2025}}</ref> The flag-hoisting marked the [[ritual]] completion of the [[temple]]’s construction during the formal Dhwajarohan ceremony held on 25 November 2025. <ref>{{cite news |title=PM Narendra Modi hoists sacred flag at Ayodhya's Ram Mandir, marking the completion of historic mandir |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/pm-modi-hoists-saffron-flag-at-ram-janmabhoomi-temple-marks-completion-of-historic-mandir/articleshow/125557609.cms<br />
|work=The Economic Times |date=25 November 2025 |access-date=25 November 2025}}</ref> The Dharma Dhwaj bears sacred symbols — the radiant [[Sun]], the sacred syllable “[[Om]]”, and the [[Bauhinia variegata|Kovidara]] tree — signifying spiritual heritage, Lord [[Rama]]’s [[Solar dynasty|lineage]], and traditional [[Hindu]] symbolism.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Service |first1=Statesman News |title=Kovidara Tree: PM Modi hoists Dharma Dhwaj in Ayodhya with this plant, know its significance and medicinal value |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/lifestyle/kovidara-tree-pm-modi-hoists-dharma-dhwaj-in-ayodhya-with-this-plant-know-its-significance-and-medicinal-value-1503517127.html |work=The Statesman |date=25 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ayodhya Ram Temple flag hoisting ceremony: What do Sun, Om and Tree on 'Dharma Dhwaj' signify? |url=https://economictimes.com/news/new-updates/ayodhya-ram-temple-flag-hoisting-ceremony-what-do-sun-om-and-tree-on-dharma-dhwaj-signify-explained/articleshow/125557685.cms<br />
|work=The Economic Times |date=25 November 2025 |access-date=25 November 2025}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite news |title=PM Narendra Modi hoists sacred 11-kg saffron flag at Ram Mandir during Dhwajarohan ceremony |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pm-modi-hoists-sacred-11-kg-saffron-flag-at-ram-mandir-during-dhwajarohan-ceremony-2825539-2025-11-25<br />
|work=India Today |date=25 November 2025 |access-date=25 November 2025}}</ref> The saffron flag — measuring 22 feet × 11 feet — was hoisted on a 42-foot flagpole rising from the temple spire, as part of the renovation and finalization process of the temple complex. <ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{cite news |title=Historic moment in Ayodhya: PM Narendra Modi hoists Dharma Dhwaj atop Ram Mandir |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/historic-moment-in-ayodhya-pm-narendra-modi-hoists-dharma-dhwaj-at-shri-ram-janmabhoomi-mandir/articleshow/125558119.cms<br />
|work=The Times of India |date=25 November 2025 |access-date=25 November 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
The idea of a ''dharma dhwaj'' is rooted in long‑standing [[Hindu temple]] [[Hinduism#Practices|practice]], where flags or banners are raised on [[temple]] spires to denote the active presence and protection of the presiding [[Hindu deities|deity]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Eck |first=Diana L. |title=India: A Sacred Geography |publisher=Harmony |year=2012 |isbn=978-0385531931 |pages=120–122}}</ref> In this context, the Dharma Dhwaj of Ayodhya's Ram Mandir is intended to signify that Lord Rama is enthroned at his traditional birthplace and that the construction of the temple has reached ritual completion.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
The flag was hoisted on 25 November 2025, coinciding with the observance of [[Vivaha Panchami]], a festival associated with the divine marriage of [[Rama]] and [[Sita]].<ref name="News18Flag">{{cite news |title='Sun, Om & Kovidara Tree; Automated Mast': All About Saffron Flag That Will Crown Ram Mandir |url=https://www.news18.com/india/sun-om-automated-mast-all-about-saffron-flag-that-will-crown-ram-mandir-today- |work=News18 |date=24 November 2025 |access-date=25 November 2025}}</ref> The ceremony, held within the Ram Mandir complex, was led by Indian prime minister [[Narendra Modi]] in the presence of religious leaders, political dignitaries and invited devotees.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
== Design and symbolism ==<br />
{{Main article|Dhvaja}}<br />
The Dharma Dhwaj is a [[Saffron (color)|saffron]]‑coloured, right‑angled triangular flag mounted on a mast fixed to the main ''shikhara'' of the [[Ram Mandir]].<ref name="News18Flag"/><ref name="ETExplained">{{cite news |title=Ayodhya Ram Temple flag hoisting ceremony: What do Sun, Om and Tree on 'Dharma Dhwaj' signify? |url=https://economictimes.com/news/new-updates/ayodhya-ram-temple-flag-hoisting-ceremony-what-do-sun-om-and-tree-on-dharma-dhwaj-signify-explained/articleshow/ |work=The Economic Times |date=25 November 2025 |access-date=25 November 2025}}</ref> Saffron (''bhagwa'') is traditionally associated with renunciation, sacrifice and commitment to ''dharma'', and is widely used in [[Hindu]] religious and monastic contexts.<ref>{{cite book |last=Flood |first=Gavin |title=An Introduction to Hinduism |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0521438780 |page=14}}</ref><br />
<br />
The flag carries several prominent symbols:<br />
* a stylised '''Sun''' (''[[Surya]]''), representing the [[Suryavamsha|Solar dynasty]] to which Lord Rama belongs, and symbolising illumination, vitality and the sustaining power of righteousness;<ref name="ETExplained"/><br />
* the sacred syllable '''[[Om]]''' (ॐ), denoting the primordial sound and the essence of [[Vedic]] and [[Upanishadic]] spiritual tradition;<ref name="ETExplained"/><br />
* a '''sacred tree''' motif, often identified with the [[Bauhinia variegata|Kovidara]] or a similar auspicious tree, symbolising shelter, continuity and the flourishing of ''dharma'' across generations.<ref name="ETExplained"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Service |first1=Statesman News |title=Kovidara Tree: PM Modi hoists Dharma Dhwaj in Ayodhya with this plant, know its significance and medicinal value |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/lifestyle/kovidara-tree-pm-modi-hoists-dharma-dhwaj-in-ayodhya-with-this-plant-know-its-significance-and-medicinal-value-1503517127.html |work=The Statesman |date=25 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Flagstaff and Engineering ==<br />
The Dharma Dhwaj is mounted on a tall metallic mast anchored to the superstructure of the [[Ram Mandir]].<ref name="ETInfra">{{cite news |title=Ayodhya Ram Mandir flag: Made with parachute fabric, withstands 200 kmph winds |url=https://economictimes.com/news/india/ayodhya-ram-mandir-flag-made-with-parachute-fabric-withstands-200-kmph-winds/articleshow/ |work=The Economic Times |date=25 November 2025 |access-date=25 November 2025}}</ref> At the height of 161 feet, the flag is 22 feet long and 11 feet wide. It is made of parachute-grade fabric and is designed to withstand harsh weather and strong wind up to 60 kmph.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Avaneesh |date=2025-11-25 |title=Why Ram Temple Dharma Dhwaja is a new cultural milestone for Ayodhya |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/why-ram-temple-dharma-dhwaja-is-a-new-cultural-milestone-for-ayodhya-2825780-2025-11-25 |access-date=2025-11-26 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> It is designed by Gujarati artisans using high‑strength materials such as premium silk threads along with modern engineering methods to retain the traditional appearance of a temple ''dhwaja‑stambha''.<ref name="ETInfra"/> The mast in Ayodhya as a custom‑fabricated, heavy structure equipped with a mechanised system for raising and lowering the flag, blending ritual requirements with contemporary safety standards.<ref name="News18Flag"/><ref>{{cite news |title=42‑foot flagstaff installed at Shri Ram Janmabhoomi temple in Ayodhya |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/42-foot-flag-pole-installed-at-shri-ram-janmabhoomi-temple-in-ayodhya-ahead-of-akshay-tritiya/articleshow/ |work=The Times of India |date=29 April 2025 |access-date=25 November 2025}}</ref>. <br />
<br />
The main shikhara of the temple measures 161 feet in height, above which a 42-foot custom-fabricated flagpole was installed to mount the Dharma Dhwaj.<ref>{{cite news |title=42-foot flag pole installed at Shri Ram Janmabhoomi temple in Ayodhya ahead of Akshay Tritiya |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/42-foot-flag-pole-installed-at-shri-ram-janmabhoomi-temple-in-ayodhya-ahead-of-akshay-tritiya/articleshow/120720240.cms |work=The Times of India |date=29 April 2025 |access-date=27 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ayodhya set for historic Dhwajarohan as Ram Mandir construction reaches completion |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/national/story/ayodhya-set-for-historic-dhwajarohan-as-ram-mandir-construction-reaches-completion-1308331-2025-11-25 |website=India Today NE |date=25 November 2025 |access-date=27 November 2025}}</ref> The [[Flagpole|mast]] incorporates a motorised raising mechanism and a 360-degree rotating assembly to allow the flag to align with shifting winds and prevent tangling.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ahmedabad-based company making flag for Ayodhya Ram Temple |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/ahmedabadbased-company-making-flag-for-ayodhya-ram-temple-101762449455542.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=2025 |access-date=27 November 2025}}</ref> The final flag installation as a fusion of traditional temple dhwaja-stambha design with contemporary structural engineering.<ref name="ETInfra" /><br />
<br />
==Religious Significance==<br />
The Dhwajarohan (flag-hoisting) ceremony at Shri Ram Janmabhoomi Mandir took place on 25 November 2025, when a saffron banner called Dharma Dhwaj was hoisted atop the temple’s spire. <ref>{{cite news |title='PM Narendra Modi hoists saffron flag atop Ram Mandir in Ayodhya' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pm-modi-hoists-sacred-11-kg-saffron-flag-at-ram-mandir-during-dhwajarohan-ceremony-2825539-2025-11-25 |work=India Today |date=25 November 2025 |access-date=27 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Watch: PM Narendra Modi hoists saffron Dharma Dhwaj atop Ayodhya's Ram Mandir |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/watch-pm-narendra-modi-hoists-saffron-dharma-dhwaj-atop-ayodhyas-ram-mandir/articleshow/125558213.cms |work=The Times of India |date=25 November 2025 |access-date=27 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ayodhya Ram Mandir flag: Made with parachute fabric, withstands 200 kmph winds and more interesting facts |url=https://economictimes.com/news/india/ayodhya-ram-mandir-flag-made-with-parachute-fabric-withstands-200-kmph-winds-and-more-interesting-facts/125534510.cms |work=The Economic Times |date=25 November 2025 |access-date=27 November 2025}}</ref> The sacred symbols of the Sun, Om, and the “Kovidara” tree (or Kovidar tree) draw on religious/ancestral symbolism as per the Temple Trust.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{cite news |title='Sun, Om & tree': What the symbols on Ayodhya Ram Temple's 'Dharma Dhwaj' signify |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sun-om-tree-what-the-symbols-on-ayodhya-ram-temples-dharma-dhwaj-signify-explained/articleshow/125555728.cms |work=The Times of India |date=26 November 2025 |access-date=27 November 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
The flag-hoisting followed several days of religious rituals ([[yajna]], [[Navagraha]] worship, chanting of Vedic mantras and recitation of scriptures) conducted by priests from Ayodhya and [[Varanasi|Kashi]] under the direction of the temple trust, ahead of the formal ceremony. <ref>{{cite news |title=At Ram Mandir, vedic rituals begin for flag hoisting ceremony |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/at-ram-mandir-vedic-rituals-begin-for-flag-hoisting-ceremony-101763753050459.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=22 November 2025 |access-date=27 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Vedic ritual for Ram temple flag hoisting ceremony to commence on Friday |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Nov/21/vedic-ritual-for-ram-temple-flag-hoisting-ceremony-to-commence-on-friday-2129575.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=21 November 2025 |access-date=27 November 2025}}</ref> The Dhwajarohan is marked as the “formal completion” of the temple complex. It signifies as the opening of all entrances and readiness of the temple for full ritual functioning. <ref>{{cite news |title=Why Ram Temple Dharma Dhwaja is a new cultural milestone for Ayodhya |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/why-ram-temple-dharma-dhwaja-is-a-new-cultural-milestone-for-ayodhya-2825780-2025-11-25 |work=India Today |date=25 November 2025 |access-date=27 November 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Ram Mandir]]<br />
* [[Ram Janmabhoomi]]<br />
* [[Ram Mandir Dhwajarohan]]<br />
* [[Ayodhya]]<br />
* [[Vivaha Panchami]]<br />
* [[Dhvaja]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Religious flags]]<br />
[[Category:Flags of India]]<br />
[[Category:November 2025 in India]]<br />
[[Category:Ayodhya]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu symbols]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu iconography]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu temple architecture]]<br />
[[Category:Hinduism]]</div>MyrnaAcuna04https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shaukat_Hayat&diff=534746Shaukat Hayat2026-04-11T07:40:36Z<p>MyrnaAcuna04: Added A Page</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian writer (1950–2021)}}<br />
{{Orphan|date=April 2024}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Shaukat Hayat<br />
| image = Shaukat Hayat pic.jpg<br />
| image_size = <br />
| caption = Shaukat Hayat<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1950|12|1}}<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2021|4|21|1950|12|1}}<br />
| occupation = President, Pragmatic Writers Guild<br />
| spouse = Irshad Parween<br />
| children = Ana Hayat (daughter) <br>Atam Hayat (son)<br />
| parents = <br />
| father = Syed Mahfoozul Haque<br />
| mother = Qamrun Nisa<br />
| yearsactive = 1970–2021<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Shaukat Hayat''' ([[Urdu]] : شوکت حیات) (1 December 1950 – 21 April 2021), was a modern and post-modern Indian writer who wrote in Urdu, Hindi. His stories often include allegory, flat narration and sometimes core values of the progressive movement, and sometimes deviate from storytelling altogether. He is best known for his story "Gumbad ke Kabutar".<br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
Hayat was born in [[Patna]], Bihar, India. He graduated in Science from the [[Patna University|Patna University Science College]] in 1970 and later pursued his Masters (Gold Medalist) in Urdu from [[Magadh University]]. He was [[National Eligibility Test|UGC(Net Qualified)]].<br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Hayat's "Gumbad ke Kabutar" received acclaim from veteran critics of Urdu, including Mehdi Jafar and Waris Alvi, who praised his mastery over literature and language. Hayat's stories are about social, political and economic realities; the pain, loneliness and disappointment that may be found in a few of his stories are the reflection of his experiences in life, all he has gone through. Joginder Pal in his book ''New Urdu Fictions'' names Hayat as "the innovator of new trend of Urdu Fiction referred to as 'Anaam Kahani', that is, 'The Nameless Story.'"<ref name="Pāl2004">{{cite book|author=Jogindar Pāl|title=New Urdu Fictions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WV9cXXsO5IQC&pg=PA286|year=2004|publisher=Katha|isbn=978-81-87649-85-4|pages=286–}}</ref><br />
<br />
As of 2014 Hayat was the President of "Pragmatic Writers Guild, Patna" and his stories are taught in post graduate courses at various universities in India and abroad.<br />
<br />
== Achievements ==<br />
Hayat is recipient of "Katha Award<ref>[http://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/holding-up-a-mirror-to-india-197010801018_1.html " Holding Up A Mirror To India"], ''Business Standard'', Nilanjana S Roy | January 27, 2013</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.katha.org/translation-awards.html |title=Katha translation awards |access-date=7 March 2017 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305040122/http://katha.org/translation-awards.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>" in the year 1996 for his story "Gumbad Ke Kabootar". The story was later translated in English by Dr. [[Sara Rai]] titled "Pigeons of the dome". The English translation of this story is included in the book ''The Eastern brew'' by Syed Sarwar Husain. The same story has also been included as the cover story & title for the Rakshanda Jalil's book for which she took special permission from him. Hayat is also recipient of "Lifetime Achievement Award" from [[Bihar Urdu Academy]] in 2010. A few of his stories which are used as a reference & benchmark in modern Urdu literature are viz."Baang", "Dhalaan Pe Ruke Hue Kadam", "Koobad", "Mr.Glad", "Maadhav", "Shikanja" etc. His novelette ''Sarpat Ghoda'' received wide critical acclaim.<br />
<br />
== Death ==<br />
Hayat died on 21 April 2021. He was survived by his wife, one son and a daughter.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.inquilab.com/news/articles/many-traumas-in-one-day-shaukat-hayat-shahid-Ali-maulabakhsh-fahim-ahmad-passed-away-26235|title=اردوزبان وادب ایک دن میں کئی صدموں شوکت حیات,شاہدعلی, مولابخشر,فہیم احمدکی رحلت|date=22 April 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Bibliography ==<br />
* ''Baang'' (Collection of Short Stories,1976)<br />
* ''Afsaana Workshop Me Shaukat Hayat'' (Essays,1985)<br />
* ''Gumbad Ke Kabootar'' (Collection of Short Stories, 2010)<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/SASearchSystem/sauser/writerinfo.jsp?wrids=2561 Shaukat Hayat (Who’s Who of Indian Writers)]<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hayat, Shaukat}}<br />
[[Category:1950 births]]<br />
[[Category:2021 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian essayists]]<br />
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian writers]]<br />
[[Category:Writers from Patna]]<br />
[[Category:English-language Indian writers]]</div>MyrnaAcuna04https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vishnu_Hari_inscription&diff=544918Vishnu Hari inscription2026-04-09T16:06:32Z<p>MyrnaAcuna04: Added New Stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Sanskrit inscription}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}<br />
<br />
{{Ayodhya debate}}<br />
The '''Vishnu Hari inscription''' (or '''Hari-Vishnu inscription''') is the name given to a [[Sanskrit]] language inscription found in the [[Uttar Pradesh]] state of India. It records the construction of a temple by Anayachandra, a feudatory of the king named Govindachandra, and also contains a eulogy of Anayachandra's dynasty. Its date portion is missing, and its authenticity has been a matter of controversy.<br />
<br />
The inscription is said to have been found among the debris of the [[Babri mosque]] in [[Ayodhya]] when a group of Hindu activists [[Demolition of the Babri Masjid|demolished the mosque]] in 1992. They had long claimed that the mosque was constructed after destroying a [[Hindu temple]] marking the birthplace of the Hindu deity [[Rama]] (an incarnation of [[Vishnu]]). Those who believe that a temple existed at the Babri mosque site consider the inscription as evidence of their claim, identifying the king as the 12th century [[Gahadavala]] king [[Govindachandra (Gahadavala dynasty)|Govindachandra]].<br />
<br />
Others have claimed that the inscription was planted at the Babri mosque site by Hindu activists. According to one theory, the inscription is actually the ''Treta Ka Thakur'' inscription, which was found at another mosque in Ayodhya by [[Alois Anton Führer]] in the 19th century and later transferred to the [[State Museum Lucknow|Lucknow State Museum]]. The theory posits that it was brought to Ayodhya from Lucknow museum, and planted at the Babri mosque site. Yet another theory claims that it is a 17th-century inscription that was later planted at the site.<br />
<br />
== Physical features ==<br />
<br />
The Vishnu-Hari inscription contains 20 lines with several [[Sanskrit]] language [[shloka|verses]]. It is written in [[Nagari script]], inscribed on a 1.10 m x 0.56 m sandstone.{{sfn|Braj Basi Lal|2003|p=124}}{{sfn|K. M. Shrimali|2002|p=614}} It is said to have been embedded in the lower portion of a wall of the demolished [[Babri mosque]].{{sfn|A. G. Noorani|2003|p=131}}<br />
<br />
== Language ==<br />
<br />
The language of the inscription is [[Sanskrit]]. It has 29 verses, which feature the following [[Sanskrit prosody|metres]]:{{sfn|Kishore Kunal|2016|pp=316-331}}<br />
<br />
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|<br />
# Possibly Shardula-vikridita<br />
# Shardula-vikridita<br />
# Unknown<br />
# Unknown<br />
# Vasanta-tilaka<br />
# Vasanta-tilaka<br />
# Vasanta-tilaka<br />
# Shikharini<br />
# Upajati<br />
# Shardula-vikridita<br />
# Anushtup<br />
# Harini<br />
# Shardula-vikridita<br />
# Malini<br />
# Malini<br />
# Rathoddhata<br />
# Vasanta-tilaka<br />
# Anushtup<br />
# Vasanta-tilaka<br />
# Shardula-vikridita<br />
# Shardula-vikridita<br />
# Upajati<br />
# Upajati<br />
# Vasanta-tilaka<br />
# Vasanta-tilaka<br />
# Anushtup<br />
# Shardula-vikridita<br />
# Vasanta-tilaka<br />
# Upajati<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Content ==<br />
<br />
[[Archaeological Survey of India]] epigraphists [[K. V. Ramesh (archaeologist)|K. V. Ramesh]] and M. N. Katti have translated the inscription based on its widely circulated photographs.{{sfn|Pushpa Prasad|2003|p=351}} [[Kishore Kunal]] (2016) came up with another translation, with support from the Sanskrit scholars Govind Jha and Bhavanath Jha.{{sfn|Kishore Kunal|2016|p=316}}<br />
<br />
The inscription starts with obeisance to gods, and then describes a glorious dynasty. Verses 6-18 narrate the heroic exploits of the dynasty's members including Karna or Mame, Sallakshana, and Alhana.{{sfn|Kishore Kunal|2016|pp=321-326}} According to Kishore Kunal, these appear to be Gahadavala subordinates who preceded Anayachandra as governors of the Saketa [[rajamandala|mandala]] (region).{{sfn|Kishore Kunal|2016|p=328}} Verses 19-21 describe the activities of Alhana's successor Anayachandra, including the construction of a Vishnu-Hari temple at Ayodhya. The rest of the verses describe his successor Ayushchandra.{{sfn|Kishore Kunal|2016|pp=326-330}}<br />
<br />
=== Verse 1: Obeisance to Shiva ===<br />
<br />
The only surviving portion of the first verse is "[[Om Namah Shivaya|Namah shiva[ya]]]", which means "Obeisance to [[Shiva]]". The damaged portion has enough space to accommodate a verse in the Shardulavikridita [[Sanskrit prosody|metre]].{{sfn|Pushpa Prasad|2003|p=355}} It presumably contained a verse praising Shiva.{{sfn|Kishore Kunal|2016|p=316}}<br />
<br />
=== Verse 2: Obeisance to Vamana ===<br />
<br />
This verse praises [[Vishnu]]'s dwarf [[avatar]] [[Vamana]], calling him as ''Trivikrama'' (the one who strode over the [[trailokya|three worlds]] in three steps). It describes him as the embodiment of the sixteen branches of knowledge (''mahavidya'').{{sfn|Kishore Kunal|2016|p=317}}{{sfn|K. V. Ramesh|2003|p=102}}<br />
<br />
According to K. V. Ramesh's translation, the next part of the verse states that Vamana holds the universe in his palm "like (holding) the Moon, whose ''kulagiri'', whose falling rocks (while striking one another) create noise had, out of arrogance...". According to Ramesh, Kulagiri here refers to the seven great mountain ranges described in the ancient Indian literature: [[Eastern Ghats|Mahendra]], [[Malaya Mountains|Malaya]], [[Sahya Mountains|Sahya]], Śuktimat, [[Riksha Mountains|Riksha]], [[Vindhya]], and [[Pariyatra Mountains|Páripátra]].{{sfn|K. V. Ramesh|2003|p=102}}<br />
<br />
According to Kishore Kunal's translation the verse states that Vamana, in his palm, holds the universe "which gets distributed by cloud Samvarta and Pramad, as they strike against the rocks of Kulagiri and create echo".{{sfn|Kishore Kunal|2016|p=317}}<br />
<br />
=== Verses 3-4: Praise of the dynasty ===<br />
<br />
The third verse cannot be read clearly.{{sfn|Kishore Kunal|2016|p=317}} K. V. Ramesh translated the surviving portion as "The illustrious Bhargava ([[Parashurama]])... an ornament of the earth... like insects... with firm hands upraised... having increased, events brought into existence, barren faces...".{{sfn|K. V. Ramesh|2003|p=102}} K. V. Ramesh's reading includes the word "sanklimiriva", which is not a familiar Sanskrit word. According to Kishore Kunal, this is a misreading: the actual word appears to be "panktibhirinas".{{sfn|Kishore Kunal|2016|p=317}}<br />
<br />
Kishore Kunal reconstructed the verse as describing a dynasty praised as "ornament of the world", and counting Bhargava among its long line of powerful kings. According to this interpretation, the verse further states that blessings were showered on this dynasty by "the Sun and a galaxy of kings". It ends with the claim that a number of heroes, who were always eager to help others, were born in this dynasty.{{sfn|Kishore Kunal|2016|p=317}}<br />
<br />
Verse 4 describes the aforementioned dynasty as determined to protect (or resurrect) the [[Kshatriyas]] who had been weakened in the battles against Bhargava ([[Parashurama]]).{{sfn|Kishore Kunal|2016|p=318}}{{sfn|K. V. Ramesh|2003|p=102}}<br />
<br />
This verse refers to the [[tandava]] (violent dance) of the god [[Shiva]], who is described as the Lord of the goddess [[Chandi]]. According to K. V. Ramesh's interpretation, during this dance, "from the rocking head jewel... [incomplete] genuine reputations which emanated from the opening in the skull-shaped spherical half of the universe".{{sfn|K. V. Ramesh|2003|p=102}} Kishore Kunal's reconstruction states that the fame of the dynasty's members emanated through the upper cavity in the skull-shaped [[world egg]] (''brahmanda''), which was "placed like the gem on the matted hair of the dancing Shiva".{{sfn|Kishore Kunal|2016|p=318}}<br />
<br />
=== Verse 5: ''Apratima-vikrama'' ===<br />
<br />
The first line of verse 5 contains the expression ''vaṃśyan-tad-eva-kulam''. K. V. Ramesh has translated the word "''kulam''" as "dynasty" or "family". According to his translation, the first line of the verse states that the noble family (the aforementioned dynasty) was "the birthplace of valour" which had erased the sufferings of the others (i.e. the other Kshatriya clans).{{sfn|Kishore Kunal|2016|p=319}}<br />
<br />
Kishore Kunal rejects this translation as inaccurate, because the preceding word "''vaṃśa''" also means "family" or "dynasty". Here, the word "''kulam''" refers to the residence of the family. This second meaning of the word is attested in Sanskrit dictionaries, ancient Sanskrit thesauruses such as ''[[Amarakosha]]'' and ''Haimakosha'', as well as ancient texts such as ''[[Raghuvaṃśa]]''.{{sfn|Kishore Kunal|2016|p=319}} According to Kishore Kunal's translation, the first line describes the place of the inscription as "the abode of the dynasty which had succeeded in ending all anxiety" (about Parashurama's war). It further describes the place as the birthplace of ''apratima-vikrama'' ("the man with unmatched valour"). Kishore Kunal identifies the man described in this phrase as [[Rama]], and the place of the inscription as his birthplace (''janmabhoomi''). According to [[Ramayana]], Rama had forced Parashurama to retreat to Mahendragiri after his marriage with [[Sita]]. Also, Rama has been given similar epithets in other texts: for example, in ''Rama-raksha-stotram'', he has been called ''Aprameya-vikrama''; in the ''[[Ramayana]]'' (Kishkindha 11.93), he has been called ''Vikrama-vare'' ("first in heroic worth").{{sfn|Kishore Kunal|2016|pp=318-319}}<br />
<br />
K. V. Ramesh reads an expression in the second line as ''Mame-[[ऽ]]-janiṣṭa''. Based on this reading, he interprets the expression to mean that the hero referred to in this expression was named "Mame". This hero was "the abode of thousands of perfect and valorous deeds", and "the utmost favourite of the world".{{sfn|Kishore Kunal|2016|p=320}}<br />
<br />
Kishore Kunal reads this expression as ''ma-no-janiṣṭa'' ("may not generate"). In the inscription, the two letters preceding "''no''" (Ramesh's "''me''") are "''ma''" (म). According to Kishore Kunal, a comparison of these three letters makes it clear that the third letter is "''no''", not "''ma''".{{sfn|Kishore Kunal|2016|pp=319-320}} Based on this reading, Kishore Kunal translates the line as: "Here resides the person who is illuminous with glory on account of thousands of valorous deeds. He may not generate greed in us even for the most sought after wealth by the world."{{sfn|Kishore Kunal|2016|p=318}}<br />
<br />
=== Verses 6-7: Karna or Mame ===<br />
<br />
The verse describes a hero as praying daily to overcome his desire for material wealth and sensual pleasures. The hero is described by the epithet ''dinesh-vatsa'' ("the son of the Sun"), a synonym of "Karna", which is a common Sanskrit given name. According to K. V Ramesh, this expression refers to the king "Mame" described in the previous verse. According to Kishore Kunal, it refers to another king whose name was Karna.{{sfn|Kishore Kunal|2016|p=321}}<br />
<br />
The verse states that the hero described in the previous verse fought sportive battles. As a result of these battles, the women of the rival Meda and [[Bhilla]] tribes had to take refuge in the forests. There, the thorny trees wrote on (scratched) their breasts, hips and loins, as if imitating amorous activities.{{sfn|Kishore Kunal|2016|p=321}}{{sfn|K. V. Ramesh|2003|p=102}}<br />
<br />
=== Verses 8-14: Sallakshana ===<br />
<br />
Verse 8 describes the transfer of power from the aforementioned hero to his son Sallakshana. It is said that the heroic father first sent his fame to the [[svarga|heaven]]. When he himself wished to go to heaven, he gave his throne and his wealth to his son Sallakshana, just like the [[Surya|Sun]] gives his lustre to the [[Agni|Fire]].{{sfn|Kishore Kunal|2016|p=322}}<br />
<br />
Verse 9 eulogizes Sallakshana, stating that he acquired super-human valour. According to K. V. Ramesh's translation, this happened because of "some unknown power of the gift of that realm, which had no bounds and was other-worldly".{{sfn|K. V. Ramesh|2003|p=102}} According to Kishore Kunal's translation, Sallakshana's "boundless glory was beyond anybody's tolerance", as this was because of "the power of that gift" (the bequeathal from his father).{{sfn|Kishore Kunal|2016|p=322}}<br />
<br />
Verse 10 states that Sallakshana's hand was a sword, his arm was his great army, and his fame was always palatable, just like lavish delicacies.{{sfn|Kishore Kunal|2016|p=323}} (K. V. Ramesh translates the first part as "the sword was at the tip of his fingers").{{sfn|K. V. Ramesh|2003|p=102}} The verse further declares that these personal instruments allowed him to spread an empire without obstructions or worries, even without inheriting a kingdom{{sfn|Kishore Kunal|2016|p=323}} ("even without a kingdom to rule", according to Ramesh).{{sfn|K. V. Ramesh|2003|p=102}}<br />
<br />
Verse 11 states that Sallakshana could fight battles for long durations, holding his ruthless sword which quickly ended the lives (of his enemies).{{sfn|Pushpa Prasad|2003|p=353}}{{sfn|Kishore Kunal|2016|p=323}}<br />
<br />
Verse 12 states that Sallakshana's eulogies were sung in the tranquil surroundings of the [[Malaya Mountains]], on the banks of the heavenly [[Ganga river]], at the [[Himalaya]]n cave-entrances and the cave residences of the hunter-tribes. According to Ramesh's translation, these eulogies were first composed by "the semi-divine beings moving about in the skies", and sung by "accomplished womenfolk".{{sfn|K. V. Ramesh|2003|p=102}} According to Kishore Kunal's translation, the eulogies were first composed by the [[Siddha]]s (accomplished spiritual masters), and sung by "the band of the wives of the air travellers" (the [[apsara]]s).{{sfn|Kishore Kunal|2016|p=323}}<br />
<br />
Verse 13 boasts that on the advice of the elders, the divine damsels sculpted his images and worshipped his arms to get (matching) husbands. Such worship took place in several regions, including the Himalayan terrains, the pristine Malaya Mountains, and the banks of the heavenly Ganga river.{{sfn|Kishore Kunal|2016|p=324}}{{sfn|K. V. Ramesh|2003|p=102}}<br />
<br />
Verse 14 has multiple interpretations. K. V. Ramesh read a word used to describe Sallakshana as ''ejyagva'', but this word has no meaning. Kishore Kunal read this word as ''rajyaddār'' ("one who has pleasing wives").{{sfn|Kishore Kunal|2016|p=324}} Ramesh translated the first part of the verse as "He who is to be offered oblations... by the beautiful for the realization of their desires... himself by the worlds".{{sfn|K. V. Ramesh|2003|p=102}} Kishore Kunal reconstructs this part to mean that Sallakshana "deserved oblations from handsome persons who concealed themselves from the world to oobtain desired things". The last part of the verse describes Sallakshana's residence as full of wealth and comforts, and where many sing his glory.{{sfn|Kishore Kunal|2016|p=324}}<br />
<br />
=== Verses 15-17: Alhana ===<br />
<br />
Verse 15 states that when Sallakshana started enjoying the company of the heavenly damsels (i.e. died), his son succeeded him. This son looked like his father, was wise and free from sins, and pleased his excited subjects.{{sfn|Kishore Kunal|2016|p=324}}<br />
<br />
Verse 16 names the son as Alhana, describing him as beloved of the good people and like a sharp [[saw]] to the warmongers. It states that Alhana "retrieved the splendour of the habitually fickle-minded Goddess" using fair means.{{sfn|K. V. Ramesh|2003|p=103}}<br />
<br />
Verse 17 describes Alhana as an extraordinary man, who melted away the long-accumulated arrogance of his enemies, when he confronted them. It further states that his mere look uncovered the cloaks of good and bad deeds in people.{{sfn|K. V. Ramesh|2003|p=103}}<br />
<br />
Verse 18 boasts that Alhana destroyed the manliness (of his enemies) and made the fearful effeminate. The people could not believe that his reputation dwarfed the lofty mountains.{{sfn|K. V. Ramesh|2003|p=103}}<br />
<br />
=== Verse 19-20: Meghasuta-Anayachandra ===<br />
<br />
The next two verses describe a feudatory who became the ruler of Saketa-mandala (the region around [[Ayodhya]]). According to K. V. Ramesh, this person was Meghasuta, who was a nephew of Alhana, and superseded a man named Anayachandra. Kishore Kunal rejects this translation, pointing out that no ruler named Anayachandra has been described in the preceding verses. According to him, Alhana's successor was Anayachandra, who was a son of Alhana's brother Megha (''Megha-suta'' means "son of Megha"). The name "Anayachandra" can be interpreted as "the moon amongst darkness generated by injustice".{{sfn|Kishore Kunal|2016|p=326}}<br />
<br />
Verse 19 states that Alhana's successor became the ruler of Saketa-mandala (the region around [[Ayodhya]]). This happened by the grace of Govindachandra, the Lord of the Earth.{{sfn|Kishore Kunal|2016|p=326}}<br />
<br />
Verse 20 describes the battle prowess of Alhana's successor. According to K. V. Ramesh's translation, he "put an end to the arrogant warriors who were dancing in unrestrained frenzy in the battles constantly fought by him".{{sfn|K. V. Ramesh|2003|p=103}} According to Kishore Kunal, he "used to cut the neck of his frenzied enemies in his constant battles", and dispelled arrogant warriors.{{sfn|Kishore Kunal|2016|p=327}} The verse states that the ruler provided a large army (to his people), and mentions the [[Kalpavriksha]] (a mythological wish-fulfilling tree). K. V. Ramesh's translation reads that this army was "replete with (soldiers comparable to) the wish-fulfilling trees". {{sfn|K. V. Ramesh|2003|p=103}} According to Kishore Kunal, the army "surpassed the pride of everlasting helpfulness (friendship) of a Kalpa-tree".{{sfn|Kishore Kunal|2016|p=327}}<br />
<br />
=== Verse 21: Construction of the temple ===<br />
<br />
Verse 21 states that the aforementioned ruler (Anayachandra or Meghasuta) erected the temple of Vishnu-Hari to find the easiest way to cross over "the ocean of worldly attachments" (i.e. attain [[moksha]] or salvation). The temple was built using blocks of large sculpted stones: no preceding king had built a temple on this scale. The ''[[shikhara]]'' ([[spire]]) of the temple was adorned with a golden ''[[kalasha]]'' ([[cupola]]).{{sfn|Kishore Kunal|2016|p=327}}{{sfn|Braj Basi Lal|2003|p=124}}<br />
<br />
Those who oppose the claim about the existence of a Rama temple at the Babri mosque site point out that the verse does not talk about the construction of a ''Rama'' temple. Historian [[Irfan Habib]] notes that the inscription begins with an invocation to [[Shiva]]: Based on this, Habib concludes that the temple mentioned in the inscription was a Shiva temple.{{sfn|Kishore Kunal|2016|p=315}} Archaeologist Sita Ram Roy (1996) argues that the term ''mandira'' mentioned in the inscription does not refer to a temple at all, but to the mansion of a king named "Vishnu Hari". Ramesh disputed Roy's assertion in his deposition before the Allahabad High Court.{{sfn|Meenakshi Jain|2017|p=106}}<br />
<br />
Historians Sita Ram Roy and [[Ram Sharan Sharma]] argue that the term "Vishnu-Hari" does not appear in the text ''[[Vishnu sahasranama]]'', which lists a thousand names of Vishnu (although "Vishnu" and "Hari" appear separately as the deity's name).{{sfn|Ram Sharan Sharma|2003|p=137}}{{sfn|Meenakshi Jain|2017|p=106}} [[Meenakshi Jain]] notes that ''Ayodhya Mahatmya'' mentions "Vishnu Har" as one of the seven representations of Vishnu on the banks of the Sarayu river.{{sfn|Meenakshi Jain|2017|p=106}}<br />
<br />
Kishore Kunal, based on his interpretation of Verse 5 and Verse 27 (which refers to [[Ravana]]), argues that the temple described in the inscription was a Rama temple constructed by Anayachandra, a feudatory of the [[Gahadavala]] king [[Govindachandra (Gahadavala dynasty)|Govindachandra]]. According to him, the temple deity is called "Vishnu-Hari" in this verse for poetic effect: "Vishnu" [[alliteration|alliterates]] with the preceding word ''Vyuhai'', while "Hari" alliterates with the succeeding word ''Hiranya''. Kishore mentions that several texts composed around the 10th century mention Rama as Vishnu and Hari, presenting the ''[[Agastya Samhita]]'' as an example.{{sfn|Kishore Kunal|2016|p=328}}<br />
<br />
=== Verses 22-29: Ayushchandra ===<br />
<br />
Verse 22 names the next feudatory ruler as Ayushchandra, the son of Alhana. It states that Anayachandra's shoulders were "tireless shoulders were like safety latches" for the stability of Govindachandra's kingdom.{{sfn|Kishore Kunal|2016|p=328-329}} (According to K. V. Ramesh's reading, this expression refers to Alhana, not Ayushchandra.{{sfn|K. V. Ramesh|2003|p=103}})<br />
<br />
Verse 23 praises Ayushchandra as a great poet, stating that the great poets could not find his match in Sahasanka or [[Shudraka]]. It further boasts that others feared Ayushchandra: the only one who dared draw the bowstring in his presence was [[Kamadeva]], the god of love.{{sfn|Kishore Kunal|2016|p=329}} According to [[Ajay Mitra Shastri]]'s interpretation, Ayushchandra was the composer of the inscription.{{sfn|A.M. Shastri|1993|p=37}}<br />
<br />
Verse 24 continues to applaud Ayushchandra. According to K. V. Ramesh, it states Ayushchandra "was of good conduct and abhorred strife".{{sfn|K. V. Ramesh|2003|p=103}} Kishore Kunal translates this part to state that Ayushchandra "pacified dissension through his righteous conduct".{{sfn|Kishore Kunal|2016|p=329}} The verse states that the city of Ayodhya was home to "towering abodes, intellectuals and temples".{{sfn|K. V. Ramesh|2003|p=103}} It further states that while residing at Ayodhya, Ayushchandra constructed "thousands of wells, tanks, rest-houses and ponds" in Saketa-mandala (the province of Ayodhya). According to Kishore Kunal, this verse proves that Ayodhya had "many grand temples" before the Muslim conquest.{{sfn|Kishore Kunal|2016|p=329}}<br />
<br />
Verse 25 states that damsels sang praises of Ayushchandra. K. V. Ramesh's translation states that these damsels were "as attractive as the female musk-deer and does", and sang about Ayushchandra's fame as they rested on the "cool surfaces of the Himalayan rocks".{{sfn|K. V. Ramesh|2003|p=103}} Kishore Kunal's translation states that damsels sang of Ayushchandra's praises to prevent their husbands from falling asleep, as they rested "on beds as spotless as the wide surface of a golden mountain"; this fame of Ayushchandra was "very pleasant to the ears of the young musk-deer".{{sfn|Kishore Kunal|2016|pp=329-330}}<br />
<br />
Verse 26 praises the splendid physique and gentle demeanour of Ayushchandra, stating that he was a source of joy to good people, just like the holy city of [[Varanasi|Kashi]] was a source of salvation for them.{{sfn|K. V. Ramesh|2003|p=103}}{{sfn|Kishore Kunal|2016|p=330}}<br />
<br />
Verse 27 compares Ayushchandra to the four avatars of Vishnu:{{sfn|Kishore Kunal|2016|pp=330-331}}<br />
* the one who separated the demon [[Hiranyakashipu]] from his skeleton ([[Narasimha]])<br />
* the one who subdued the demon [[Banasura]] in the battle ([[Krishna]])<br />
* the one who suppressed the arms of the demon [[Bali (demon)|Bali]] ([[Vamana]])<br />
* the one who performed many valorous deeds and killed the evil [[Ravana|ten-headed demon]] ([[Rama]])<br />
<br />
Verse 28 states that the king, with his fierce arms, annihilated the fear caused by the westerners (''pashchatyas''). [[Ajay Mitra Shastri]],{{sfn|A.M. Shastri|1993|p=37}} K. V. Ramesh and some others identify these "westerners" as [[Ghaznavid]] Muslim invaders, but others such as [[A. G. Noorani]] believe that no such conclusion can be drawn from this verse.{{sfn|A. G. Noorani|2003|p=127}} [[Irfan Habib]] argued that the term "westerners" could refer to the "Rashtrakutas of Kannauj and Badaun", the neighbours of the Gahadavalas.{{sfn|Meenakshi Jain|2017|p=107}} The verse is incomplete; Kishore Kunal reconstructs its second line as "The brilliance of the mighty great ruler (spreads) in the east and west like a festive occasion."{{sfn|Kishore Kunal|2016|p=331}}<br />
<br />
Verse 29 states that the illustrious Ayushchandra became world-famous because of his subjects' acts of merit ([[Punya (Hinduism)|Punya]]).{{sfn|Pushpa Prasad|2003|p=355}}<br />
<br />
== Identification ==<br />
<br />
=== Identification as the Rama temple inscription ===<br />
<br />
Several historians consider the Vishnu-Hari inscription (along with other evidence) as the proof that the Babri Masjid was erected over the remains of a Hindu temple; these include [[M. G. S. Narayanan]],{{sfn|M. G. S. Narayanan|2014}} [[Ajay Mitra Shastri]],{{sfn|A.M. Shastri|1993|pp=37-38}} and [[Meenakshi Jain]].{{sfn|Meenakshi Jain|2017|p=103}} Indologist [[Hans T. Bakker]] has stated that there was a Vishnu Hari temple at the Chakratirtha ghat in Ayodhya in the twelfth century. Four other temples from this period included a ''Harismriti'' temple at the Gopratara ghat, ''Chandra Hari'' temple on the west side of the Svargadwara ghat, ''Dharma Hari'' temple on the east side of the Svargadwara ghat, and a Vishnu temple at the [[Ram Janmabhoomi]] site. One of these temples was swept away by the [[Sarayu River (Ayodhya)|Sarayu river]], the fate of another (''Harismiriti'' temple) is unknown, but the other three were replaced by mosques, including the temple at the Janmabhoomi, according to Bakker.{{sfn|Hans T. Bakker|1991|p=91}}<ref>{{harvnb|Meenakshi Jain|2013|p=103}} citing {{citation |last=Bakker |first=Hans |title=Ayodhya, Part 1: The History of Ayodhya from the 7th century BC to the middle of the 18th century |publisher=Egbert Forsten |location=Groningen |year=1986 |page=54 |isbn=9069800071}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Identification as Treta Ka Thakur inscription ===<br />
Some scholars such as [[Irfan Habib]] have alleged that the Vishnu-Hari inscription was brought to Ayodhya from the [[State Museum Lucknow|Lucknow State Museum]] and planted at the Babri mosque site. Their theory states that the Vishnu-Hari inscription is actually the Treta Ka Thakur inscription, which was found by [[Alois Anton Führer]] in the 19th century.{{sfn|Kishore Kunal|2016|p=313}}<br />
<br />
The Treta Ka Thakur inscription is mentioned as "Inscription No XLIV" in Führer's 1899 book ''The Sharqi Architecture of Jaunpur'' (1899). It was discovered in the ruins of the Treta Ka Thakur mosque in Ayodhya. Führer describes it as a 20-line sandstone inscription, broken off at both the ends, and also fragmented into two parts at the middle. According to his book, it was dated 1184 CE (1241 [[Vikrama Samvat|VS]]), and was issued during the reign of [[Jayachandra]] (a grandson of Govindachandra). Führer mentions that the inscription praises Jayachandra for building a Vishnu temple. According to Führer, the sandstone slab containing the inscription originally belonged to the Vishnu temple, and was later used for building the Treta Ka Thakur mosque commissioned by the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Aurangzeb]].{{sfn|Kishore Kunal|2016|p=303}} (The term ''Treta Ka Thakur'' literally means "the lord of [[Treta Yuga]]", that is, Rama.{{sfn|Kishore Kunal|2016|p=304}}) Führer's book states that inscription was kept at the [[Faizabad]] Local Museum.{{sfn|Kishore Kunal|2016|p=303}} The inscription was never published in the ''[[Epigraphia Indica]]'' or any other text.{{sfn|Kishore Kunal|2016|p=304}}<br />
<br />
Führer's Treta Ka Thakur inscription is said to have been transferred from Faizabad to the Lucknow Museum, where it was marked as Inscription No. 53.4.{{sfn|Kishore Kunal|2016|p=304}} The 1950-54 Annual Report of the Lucknow Museum describes Inscription No. 53.4 as a 20-line sandstone inscription measuring 2'4" x 10.5".{{sfn|Kishore Kunal|2016|p=307}} According to the Museum records, the inscription was obtained from Faizabad in 1953. The Lucknow Museum register dates the inscription No. 53.4 to the 10th century, while Führer's inscription was dated 1184 CE. According to the Lucknow Museum officials, the registry entries were based on "general nature of the inscription", not on its actual reading. This explains the discrepancy in the dates.{{sfn|Kishore Kunal|2016|p=310}}<br />
<br />
After the mosque's demolition, allegations arose that the Vishnu-Hari inscription was actually Führer's inscription: it had been brought to Ayodhya from the Lucknow Museum, where it had been replaced with another inscription. In 1994, Varanasi-based scholar Jahnavi Shekhar Roy visited the Lucknow State Museum, and made a copy of the purported Inscription No. 53.4 kept there. He concluded that it was not the inscription described in Führer's 1899 book. He wrote that the Inscription No. 53.4 at Lucknow did not mention a temple or the king Jayachandra. Its two ends were not missing, unlike Führer's inscription, which is described as "broken off at either end".{{sfn|Kishore Kunal|2016|p=305}}<br />
<br />
In 2003, scholar Pushpa Prasad wrote an article describing the Lucknow Museum's Inscription No. 53.4 in ''Proceedings Of The Indian History Congress, 2003''. Citing [[palaeographic]] grounds, she claimed that its two fragments originate from two different epigraphs: the top one records a Gahadavala land grant, and the bottom one mentions a [[Chandela]] invocation to a deity.{{sfn|Kishore Kunal|2016|p=307}} According to her, the handwritings on two fragments are from two different scribes. Moreover, the letters in the upper fragment are smaller in size, compared to the letters on the upper fragment.{{sfn|Kishore Kunal|2016|p=309}}<br />
<br />
Based on the articles by Roy and Prasad, a section of scholars alleged that the inscription now marked as No. 53.4 in Lucknow museum is not Führer's Treta Ka Thakur inscription. According to Habib (2007), Führer's inscription was stolen from Lucknow Museum, and planted as the Vishnu-Hari inscription in the Babri mosque debris. Fuhrer's inscription was dated 1184 CE, which means that it would have been issued during the reign of Govindachandra's grandson Jayachandra. Habib alleged that the Hindu activists deliberately damaged the date portion of the inscription to hide this fact. He points out that the inscriptions of Govindachandra mention grandiloquent royal titles such as ''Ashva-pati Nara-pati Gaja-pati''. But this particular inscription does not mention any such title for Govindachandra. Therefore, he concludes that the "Govindachandra" mentioned in this inscription was not the Gahadavala monarch, but a "weak Gahadavala princeling" of the same name, who was a contemporary of Jayachandra.{{sfn|Kishore Kunal|2016|p=313}} Habib theorizes that Ayodhya came under the control of the imperial Gahadavalas, sometime after 1184 CE, during Jayachandra's reign.{{sfn|Kishore Kunal|2016|p=315}}<br />
<br />
Kishore Kunal (2016) criticizes Habib's theory, and concludes that the Vishnu-Hari inscription is different from Führer's Treta Ka Thakur inscription. According to him, the Lucknow Museum Inscription No. 53.4 is indeed Führer's inscription.{{sfn|Kishore Kunal|2016|pp=311-312}}<br />
<br />
Kishore criticizes Pushpa Prasad's conclusions about Inscription No. 53.4.{{sfn|Kishore Kunal|2016|p=307}} He disagrees with her contention that the handwritings on the two fragments look different.{{sfn|Kishore Kunal|2016|p=309}} According to him, the topmost letters in the upper fragment are the smallest, and their size gradually increases towards the bottom of the upper fragment. The size increases further in the lower fragment. Kishore concludes that the engraver probably started with small letters, but then realized that the remaining space was more than sufficient, and therefore, gradually enlarged the letters. He further points out that several other historical inscriptions also feature variations in letter size, presenting the ''[[Prayaga prashasti]]'' of [[Samudragupta]] as an example.{{sfn|Kishore Kunal|2016|p=309}} Kishore further notes that four letters broken in the upper fragment continue in the lower fragment, which clearly indicates that the two fragments belong to the same inscription. The surviving text appears to be Sanskrit verse written in the ''shardulavikridita'' [[Sanskrit prosody|metre]].{{sfn|Kishore Kunal|2016|pp=309-310}} The surviving text, as deciphered by Bhavanath Jha, is unintelligible because the sentences are not complete.{{sfn|Kishore Kunal|2016|pp=311-312}} The extant words in each verse form only one-fourth of a typical ''shardulavikridita'' metre verse. Based on this, Kishore theorizes that the portion containing these two fragments formed the left part of a four-times larger inscription. The surviving text does not offer any evidence to show that the upper portion describes a land grant, or that the lower part describes invocation to a deity, thus invalidating Prasad's claim.{{sfn|Kishore Kunal|2016|pp=309-310}}<br />
<br />
Kishore notes that the Lucknow Museum has no record of any other pre-1953 inscription transferred from the now-defunct Faizabad Museum.{{sfn|Kishore Kunal|2016|p=311}} According to him, around 40% of the content from the first four lines of Inscription No. 53 appears to have been deliberately removed by a [[saw]] or a [[chisel]]. This part probably mentioned the date of the inscription (1241 [[Vikrama Samvat|VS]]), as mentioned in Führer's 1899 book. Since the surviving text does not mention Jayachandra or the construction of a temple, Kishore theorizes that Führer may have dated it to Jayachandra's reign on the basis of its date, and because it appears to praise a king. Similarly, Führer probably assumed that it records the construction of a temple, because it was found at the ruined Treta Ka Thakur mosque, which is said to have been constructed over the ruins of a temple.{{sfn|Kishore Kunal|2016|p=310}}<br />
<br />
According to Kishore, Irfan Habib misleadingly translates the line ''Govindachandra-kshitipāla-rājya-sthariryāya'' in Verse 22 as "for the stability of Govindachandra's kingdom". This translation omits the word ''kshitpala'', which means "the protector (ruler) of the earth". In addition, the Verse 19 describes Govindachandra as ''dharaṇīndra'' ("the master of the world"). These royal epithets indicate Govindachandra could not have been a "weak Gahadavala princeling", as claimed by Habib. According to Kishore, this Govindachandra was indeed the Gahadavala monarch.{{sfn|Kishore Kunal|2016|pp=313-314}} Kishore also notes that Ayodhya has been mentioned in the inscriptions of the Gahadavala monarchs before Jayachandra, including the dynasty's founder [[Chandradeva]] as well as in the other inscriptions of Govindachandra. Thus, Habib's theory that Ayodhya came under Jayachandra's control after 1184 CE is inaccurate.{{sfn|Kishore Kunal|2016|p=315}}<br />
<br />
=== Other identifications ===<br />
<br />
Archaeologist Sita Ram Roy (1996) dates the inscription to the 18th century,{{sfn|Meenakshi Jain|2017|p=105}} arguing that the [[Nagari script|Nagari]] characters of the inscription are far more developed than the characters that appear in a 1098 CE inscription of the Gahadavala dynasty's founder [[Chandradeva]].{{sfn|Ram Sharan Sharma|2003|p=136}} K. M. Shrimali of [[Delhi University]] agreed with Roy's dating, although Roy subsequently told the Allahabad High Court that he had not seen the "full photograph, estampage of the inscription or its decipherment" at the time of making this assertion.{{sfn|Meenakshi Jain|2017|p=106}}<br />
<br />
Historian [[Ram Sharan Sharma]] argues that the word the Sanskrit ''mandira'', which occurs in this inscription, originally meant "dwelling" and was not used to describe a Hindu shrine in any Sanskrit text until the 18th century. Moreover, no earlier sources including the writings of the 17th century saint [[Tulsidas]], refer to any temple at Rama's birthplace. Based on these arguments, Sharma concludes that the Vishnu-Hari inscription is a 17th-century inscription that was mysteriously "thrust and concealed in the brick-wall" of the 16th century Babri mosque.{{sfn|Ram Sharan Sharma|2003|p=137}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
=== Bibliography ===<br />
<br />
{{refbegin}}<br />
* {{cite book |author=A. G. Noorani |author-link=A. G. Noorani |title=The Babri Masjid Question, 1528-2003: 'a Matter of National Honour' |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4kJuAAAAMAAJ |year=2003 |publisher=Tulika |isbn=978-81-85229-78-2 }}<br />
* {{cite journal |author=A.M. Shastri |author-link=Ajay Mitra Shastri |title=Ayodhyā and God Rāma |journal=Purātattva |volume=23 |year=1993 |editor=K.N. Dikshit |publisher=Indian Archaeological Society |pages=35–39 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.532789/page/n43/mode/1up }}<br />
* {{cite book |author=Braj Basi Lal |author-link=B. B. Lal (archaeologist) |editor=Robert Layton, Peter G. Stone and Julian Thomas |title=Destruction and Conservation of Cultural Property |chapter=The Excavations at Ayodhya |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hEOFAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA136 |year=2003 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-60498-2 }}<br />
* {{cite journal |author=Hans T. Bakker |title=Ayodhya: A Hindu Jerusalem |journal=Numen |volume=38 |number=1 |year=1991 |pages=80–109 |jstor=3270005}}<br />
* {{cite journal |author=K. V. Ramesh |author-link=K. V. Ramesh (archaeologist) |title=Ayodhya Vishnu-Hari Temple Inscription |journal=Purātattva |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qNxtAAAAMAAJ |year=2003 |publisher=Indian Archaeological Society |pages=98–104 }}<br />
* {{cite book |author=Kishore Kunal |authorlink=Kishore Kunal |title=Ayodhya Revisited |chapter=A tale of two edicts (Tretā Ka Ṭhākura and Vishṇu-hari inscriptions) |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gKKaDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA312 |publisher=Ocean |isbn=978-81-8430-357-5 |year=2016 }}<br />
* {{cite journal |author=M. G. S. Narayanan |authorlink=M. G. S. Narayanan |title=A warning from history by MGS Narayanan |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/up-front/story/20140818-mgs-narayanan-warning-from-history-romila-thapar-804877-2014-08-08 |journal=India Today |date=8 August 2014 }}<br />
* {{citation |author=Jahnawi Shekhar Roy |chapter=A Note on Ayodhya inscription |editor=Lallanji Gopal |title=Ayodhyā: History, Archaeology, and Tradition : Papers Presented in the Seminar Held on Feb. 13-15, 1992 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LEJuAAAAMAAJ |year=1994 |publisher=All India Kashiraj Trust |pages=114–}}<br />
* {{cite book |author=K. M. Shrimali |chapter=Ayodhya: A Review of the Archaeological Evidence |title=The Making of History: Essays Presented to Irfan Habib |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ejrBraqBaLQC&pg=PA614 |year=2002 |publisher=Anthem |isbn=978-1-84331-038-9 }}<br />
* {{cite journal |author=Pushpa Prasad |title=Three Recently Found Inscriptions at Ayodhya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NHQMAQAAMAAJ |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress (64th Session Mysore) |volume=64 |year=2003 |publisher=Indian History Congress |pages=348–361 |jstor=44145475 }}<br />
* {{citation |author=Irfan Habib |authorlink=Irfan Habib |title=Medieval Ayodhya (Awadh), Down to The Mughal Occupation |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=67 |year=2006 |pages=358–382 |jstor=44147957 }}<br />
* {{cite book |author=Meenakshi Jain |authorlink=Meenakshi Jain |title=Rama and Ayodhya |publisher=Aryan Books |location=New Delhi |year=2013 |isbn=978-8173054518}}<br />
* {{cite book |author=Meenakshi Jain |title=The Battle for Rama: Case of the Temple at Ayodhya |year=2017 |publisher=Aryan |isbn=9788173055799 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zf4xtAEACAAJ}}<br />
* {{cite book |author=Ram Sharan Sharma |author-link=Ram Sharan Sharma |editor=Robert Layton, Peter G. Stone and Julian Thomas |title=Destruction and Conservation of Cultural Property |chapter=The Ayodhya Issue |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hEOFAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA136 |year=2003 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-60498-2 }}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
{{Wikiquote}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sanskrit inscriptions in India]]<br />
[[Category:Ayodhya dispute]]</div>MyrnaAcuna04https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayushman_Bharat_Digital_Mission&diff=488547Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission2026-04-02T12:05:48Z<p>MyrnaAcuna04: Made the stub and citations.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Government agency in India}}<br />
The '''Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM)''' (previously known as '''National Digital Health Mission''') is implemented by the [[National Health Authority]] (NHA), an [[List of Government of India agencies|agency of the Government of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Press Information Bureau |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1813660 |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=www.pib.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Government of India press release of ABDM launch |url=https://abdm.gov.in:8081/uploads/5be80b852edb8a9add7eb18eebe40124_35bf44d360.pdf}}</ref> The ABDM aims to develop the backbone necessary to support the integrated digital health infrastructure of the country. It bridges the existing gap amongst different stakeholders of Healthcare ecosystem through digital highways.<ref>{{Cite web|title=NDHM|url=https://ndhm.gov.in/home/ndhm}}</ref> The Mission aims to create an integrated healthcare system that will link practitioners and patients digitally by giving them access to real-time health records. This will promote prompt and structured healthcare across the country<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mantri |first1=Manisha |last2=Sunder |first2=Gaur |last3=Kadam |first3=Sanjay |last4=Abhyankar |first4=Aditya |date=2024-04-11 |title=A perspective on digital health platform design and its implementation at national level |journal=Frontiers in Digital Health |volume=6 |article-number=1260855 |doi=10.3389/fdgth.2024.1260855 |doi-access=free |issn=2673-253X |pmid=38665619|pmc=11043488 }}</ref> leading to the creation of a national digital health ecosystem that supports universal health coverage in an efficient, accessible, inclusive, affordable, timely and safe manner.<ref>{{Cite web|title=FHIR Implementation Guide for Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission|url=https://www.nrces.in/ndhm/fhir/r4/index.html}}</ref><br />
<br />
To achieve this objective, digital building blocks in the form of [[digital public goods]] in [[federated architecture]] are being commissioned. These are based on a wide range of data, information and infrastructure services, duly leveraging open, interoperable, standards-based digital systems that will ensure security, confidentiality and privacy of health-related personal information.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ndhm.gov.in/home/ndhm|title=NHA &#124; Official website Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission }}</ref><br />
<br />
The program aligns with other government programs, including the [[Aadhaar]] identification program and the [[Ayushman Bharat Yojana]] healthcare program.<ref name="Dans 2020">{{cite web |last1=Dans |first1=Enrique |title=How India's National Digital Health Mission Is Set To Revolutionize Healthcare |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/enriquedans/2020/08/17/how-indias-national-digital-health-mission-is-set-to-revolutionize-healthcare |website=[[Forbes]] |language=en |date=17 August 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Responses==<br />
''[[Forbes]]'' remarked that because of the large population of [[India]] any precedent for data management in the NDHM (now renamed as ABDM) would establish a model for other national health programs to study.<ref name="Dans 2020"/><br />
<br />
Commentators for ''[[The Ken]]'' criticized the announcement of the program for being very expensive with no publicly stated plan for either allocating money to achieve it nor for sustainably funding it in the longer term.<ref name="Singh September 2020">{{cite web |last1=Singh |first1=Seema |last2=Porecha |first2=Maitri |title=The rush and hush of India's National Digital Health Mission |url=https://the-ken.com/story/behind-the-rush-and-hush-of-indias-digital-health-mission/ |website=[[The Ken]] |date=22 September 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[National Health Claims Exchange]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{official website|http://ndhm.gov.in/}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Medical and health government agencies of India]]<br />
[[Category:Identity documents of India]]</div>MyrnaAcuna04https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vida_Dutton_Scudder&diff=544252Vida Dutton Scudder2026-03-30T20:34:49Z<p>MyrnaAcuna04: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|American educator, writer, and welfare activist (1861–1954)}}<br />
[[File:Vida Dutton Scudder 001.jpg|thumb|Scudder, {{circa|1890}}]]<br />
'''Julia Vida Dutton Scudder''' (1861–1954) was an American [[educator]], [[writer]], and [[Social welfare provision|welfare]] activist in the [[social gospel]] movement.<br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
She was born in [[Madurai]], [[British Raj|India]], on December 15, 1861, the only child of David Coit Scudder (of the [[Scudder family of missionaries in India]]) and Harriet Louise (Dutton) Scudder. After her father, a Congregationalist missionary, was accidentally drowned in 1862, she and her mother returned to the family home in Boston. Apart from travel in Europe, she attended private secondary schools in Boston, and was graduated from the Boston Girl's Latin School in 1880. Scudder then entered [[Smith College]], where she received her BA degree in 1884.<ref name=bio>''Dictionary of American Biography'' (1977) Supplement 5, p. 616., Charles Scribner's Sons, New York.</ref><br />
<br />
In 1885 she and [[Clara French]] were the first American women admitted to the graduate program at [[Oxford University|Oxford]], where she was influenced by [[York Powell]] and [[John Ruskin]]. While in England she was also influenced by [[Leo Tolstoi]] and by [[George Bernard Shaw]] and [[Fabian socialism]]. Scudder and French returned to Boston in 1886.<ref name=bio/><ref name=cyclo>''The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography'' (1902) James T. White & Company, New York, Reprint of 1891 edition.</ref><br />
<br />
==Academic career and social activism==<br />
Scudder taught English literature from 1887 at [[Wellesley College]], where she became an associate professor in 1892 and full professor in 1910.<ref name=cyclo/><ref name=columb>''The Illustrated Columbia Encyclopedia'' (1963) 3rd ed. Vol. 18, p. 5575., Columbia University Press, New York.</ref><br />
<br />
She was one of the founders, in 1887, of the [[College Settlements Association]], along with [[Helena Dudley]], [[Katharine Coman]], [[Katharine Lee Bates]], and other women.<ref name="davis/">{{cite book|last1=Davis|first1=Allen F.|title=Spearheads for Reform: The Social Settlements and the Progressive Movement 1890–1914|date=1984|publisher=Rutgers University Press|location=New Brunswick, New Jersey|isbn=0-8135-1072-4|page=11|edition=Second}}</ref> She and [[Emily Greene Balch]] were also involved with the establishment of the CSA's third [[settlement house]] venture, [[Denison House (Boston)|Denison House]] in Boston.<ref name="barbuto/">{{cite book|last1=Barbuto|first1=Domenica M.|title=American Settlement Houses and Progressive Reform: An Encyclopedia of the American Settlement House Movement|date=1999|publisher=The Oryx Press|location=Phoenix, Arizona|isbn=1-57356-146-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/americansettleme0000barb_r9g2/page/53 53]|url=https://archive.org/details/americansettleme0000barb_r9g2/page/53}}</ref> Scudder was its primary administrator from 1893 to 1913.<ref name=bio/><br />
<br />
When French died in 1888, Scudder joined the Society of the Companions of the Holy Cross, a group of Episcopal women dedicated to intercessionary prayer and social reconciliation. Also in 1888, she joined the Society of Christian Socialists, which, under [[William Dwight Porter Bliss]], established the [[Church of the Carpenter, Boston|Church of the Carpenter]] in Boston and published ''The Dawn''.<ref name=bio/><ref name=cyclo/><br />
<br />
In 1893, Scudder was a delegate to the convention of the Boston Central Labor Union.<ref name=columb/> Later, she helped organize the Federal Labor Union, a group of professional people who associated themselves with the [[American Federation of Labor]].<ref name=bio/><br />
<br />
Having received a leave of absence from Wellesley for 1894–1896, Scudder spent a year in Italy and France studying modern Italian and French literature.<ref name=cyclo/><br />
<br />
In 1903, Scudder helped organize the Women's Trade Union League. The same year she became director of the Circolo Italo-Americano at Denison House.<ref name=bio/><br />
<br />
Moving farther to the left, in 1911, she co-founded the Episcopal Church Socialist League and joined the [[Socialist Party of America|Socialist Party]]. Scudder attempted to reconcile the conflicting doctrines of [[Marxism]] and [[Christianity]]. She became controversial in 1912 when she supported striking textile workers in [[Lawrence, Massachusetts]], and spoke at a strike meeting, but Wellesley resisted calls for her dismissal as a professor.<ref name=columb/> In Scudder's famous speech, she declared,<br />
<br />
<blockquote>I would rather never again wear a thread of woolen than know my garments had been woven at the cost of such misery as I have seen and known past the shadow of a doubt to have existed in this town.&nbsp;... If the wages are of necessity below the standard to maintain man and woman in decency and in health, then the woolen industry has not a present right to exist in Massachusetts.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Vorse |first1=Mary Heaton |author-link=Mary Heaton Vorse |website=Marxists.org |title=Lawrence Strike |url=https://www.marxists.org/subject/women/authors/vorse/lawrence.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |journal=[[American Magazine]] |volume=74-75 |last1=Tarbell |first1=Ida M. |author-link=Ida Tarbell |date=1912 |page=475 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XkQ9AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA475 |title=A Woman and Her Raiment }}</ref></blockquote><br />
<br />
In 1913, Scudder ended her association with Denison House and moved to [[Wellesley, Massachusetts]], with her elderly mother, who died in 1920.<ref name=bio/><br />
<br />
Unlike [[Eugene Victor Debs]] and other Socialist leaders, Scudder supported President [[Woodrow Wilson]]'s decision to intervene in the [[First World War]] in 1917. In 1919 she founded the Church League for Industrial Democracy.<br />
<br />
From 1919 until her death in 1954, Scudder lived in a [[Boston Marriage]] with [[Florence Converse]].<ref>Lillian Faderman (1991) ''Odd Girls and Twilight Lovers, A History of Lesbian Life in Twentieth-Century America'' pp. 23–24., Penguin Books Ltd, London.</ref> In Wellesley they resided at 45 Leighton Road.<ref name=who>''Who Was Who in America'' (1960) Marquis Who's Who, Inc., Chicago.</ref> Scudder's closest friend Helena Dudley lived with Scudder from 1922 until Dudley's death in 1932.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Davis |first1=Allen F. |chapter=Dudley, Helena Stuart |editor-last1=James |editor-first1=Edward T. |title=Notable American Women, 1607–1950: A Biographical Dictionary, Volume 2 |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |date=1971 |isbn=9780674627345 |url=https://archive.org/details/notableamericanw02jame_0 |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/notableamericanw02jame_0/page/527 527] }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |journal=Bryn Mawr Alumnae Bulletin |title=Helena S. Dudley |volume=XII |issue=8 |date=November 1932 |url=https://archive.org/stream/brynmawralumnaeb12bryn#page/n320/mode/1up/search/Helena+Dudley |page=23}}<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
In the 1920s, Scudder embraced [[pacifism]]. She joined the Fellowship of Reconciliation in 1923, the same year she gave a series of lectures before the [[Women's International League for Peace and Freedom]] in [[Prague]].<br />
<br />
==Later life==<br />
Scudder retired from Wellesley in 1927 and received the title of professor emeritus.<ref name=columb/><ref name=who/> She became the first dean of the Summer School of Christian Ethics in 1930 at Wellesley. In 1931 she lectured weekly at the [[New School for Social Research]] in New York. Having studied the [[Franciscans]] extensively after her retirement for Wellesley, she published ''The Franciscan Adventure'', in 1931 which established her as one of the leading Franciscan scholars of her time.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.episcopalchurch.org/library/glossary/scudder-vida-dutton|title=Scudder, Vida Dutton|date=2012-05-22|work=Episcopal Church|access-date=2018-10-24|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
She published an autobiography, ''On Journey'', in London in 1937, and a collection of essays, ''The Privilege of Age'', in New York in 1939.<br />
<br />
Scudder had received the degree of LHD from Smith College in 1922. From [[Nashotah House]], an Episcopal seminary in [[Nashotah, Wisconsin]], she received an LLD degree in 1942.<ref name=who/><br />
<br />
Vida Dutton Scudder died at her home in [[Wellesley, Massachusetts]], on October 9, 1954,<ref>[[Theresa Corcoran]], ''Virginia Dutton Scudder'', Twayne Publishers, 1982. ISBN 0-8057-7354-1</ref> and is buried alongside Florence Converse at Newton Cemetery, [[Newton, Massachusetts]].<ref>[[Lillian Faderman]], ''Odd Girls and Twilight Lovers: A History of Lesbian Life in Twentieth-Century America'', Penguin Books Ltd, 1991, pages 23-24. {{ISBN|0-231-07488-3}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Veneration==<br />
Scudder is honored with a [[feast day]] on the [[Calendar of saints (Episcopal Church in the United States of America)|liturgical calendar of the Episcopal Church (USA)]] on October 10.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bEq7DwAAQBAJ |title=Lesser Feasts and Fasts 2018 |date=2019-12-17 |publisher=Church Publishing, Inc. |isbn=978-1-64065-235-4 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Works==<br />
* ''How the Rain Sprites Were Freed''. Boston: [[D. Lothrop]], 1883.<br />
* ''Poems by George Macdonald'', 1887 (edited with Clara French).<ref name=bio/><ref name=cyclo/><br />
* ''Mitsu-Yu-Nissi; or, The Japanese Wedding''. Chicago: [[T.S. Denison]] 1887.<br />
* ''Macaulay's Essay on Lord Clive''. Boston: Sibley and Ducker, 1889 (edited).<br />
* ''An Introduction to the Writings of John Ruskin''. Boston: Leach, Shewell and Sanborn, 1890 edited.<br />
* ''Topical Outlines for the Study of Modern English Literature''. Boston: Frank Wood, 1892.<br />
* ''Shelley's Prometheus Unbound'', 1892 (edited).<br />
* ''The Witness of Denial''. New York: E.P. Dutton, 1895.<br />
* ''The Life of the Spirit in the Modern English Poets''. Boston and New York, Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1895.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A50nAAAAMAAJ |title=The Life of the Spirit in the Modern English Poets - Vida Dutton Scudder - Google Boeken |access-date=2013-12-02|last1=Scudder |first1=Vida Dutton |year=1895 }}</ref><br />
* ''Socialism and Spiritual Progress: A Speculation''. Boston: Church Social Union, 1896.<br />
* ''Social Ideals in English Letters.'' Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1898 (enlarged edition, 1923).<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YbgLAAAAMAAJ |title=Social Ideals in English Letters - Vida Dutton Scudder - Google Boeken |date=2000-01-01 |access-date=2013-12-02|last1=Scudder |first1=Vida Dutton }}</ref><br />
* ''Christian Simplicity''. Boston: Christian Social Union, 1898.<br />
* ''Introduction to the Study of English Literature'', 1901 <ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S9YcAAAAMAAJ |title=Introduction to the Study of English Literature - Vida Dutton Scudder - Google Boeken |access-date=2013-12-02|last1=Scudder |first1=Vida Dutton |year=1914 }}</ref><br />
* ''A Listener in Babel: Being a Series of Imaginary Conversations held at the Close of the Last Century and Reported by Vida D. Scudder''. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1903.<br />
* ''Saint Catherine of Siena as Seen in Her Letters''. London: J.M. Dent, 1905; New York: E.P. Dutton, 1905 (edited and translated).<br />
* ''The Disciple of a Saint, Being the Imaginary Biography of Raniero di Landoccio dei Pagliaresi''. New York: E.P. Dutton, 1907 (reissued in 1921 and 1927).<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qpJifQIxqBcC |title=The Disciple of a Saint: Being the Imaginary Biography of Raniero Di ... - Vida Dutton Scudder - Google Boeken |access-date=2013-12-02|last1=Scudder |first1=Vida Dutton |year=1907 }}</ref><br />
* ''Works of John Woolman'', 1910 (edited for Everyman's Library).<br />
* ''Bede's History of England'', 1911 (edited for Everyman's Library).<br />
* ''Socialism and Character''. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1912.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_zlJAAAAIAAJ |title=Socialism and Character - Vida Dutton Scudder - Google Boeken |date=2008-02-29 |access-date=2013-12-02|last1=Scudder |first1=Vida Dutton }}</ref><br />
* ''English Poems'', 1915 (edited for Lake English Classics).<br />
* ''The Church and the Hour: Reflections of A Socialist Churchwoman''. New York, E.P. Dutton, 1917.<br />
* ''Le Morte D'Arthur of Sir Thomas Malory and Its Sources'', 1917 (edited and translated).<br />
* ''Social Teachings of the Christian Year: Lectures Delivered at the Cambridge Conference, 1918''. New York: E.P. Dutton, 1921.<br />
* ''Brother John: A Tale of the First Franciscans''. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1927.<br />
* ''The Franciscan Adventure: A Study in the First Hundred Years of the Order of St. Francis of Assisi''. London and Toronto: J.M. Dent, 1931; New York: E.P. Dutton, 1931.<br />
* ''The Christian Attitude Toward Private Property''. Milwaukee: Morehouse, 1934.<br />
* ''On Journey''. London: J.M. Dent and Sons, 1937.<br />
* ''The Privilege of Age: Essays Secular and Spiritual''. New York: E.P. Dutton, 1939.<br />
* ''Father Huntington, Founder of the Order of the Holy Cross''. New York: E.P. Dutton, 1940.<br />
* [http://anglicanhistory.org/women/adelynroodsketch.html Letters to Her Companions], by [[Emily Malbone Morgan]]. Edited by Vida Dutton Scudder, with a biographical sketch by Emily Sophie Brown. Privately printed, 1944.<br />
* ''My Quest for Reality''. Wellesley: Published by the Author, 1952.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* Peter J. Frederick, ''Knights of the Golden Rule: The Intellectual As Christian Social Reformer in the 1890s.'' Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 1976.<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://findingaids.smith.edu/repositories/2/resources/447 Vida Dutton Scudder papers] at the Sophia Smith Collection of Women's History, Smith College<br />
* {{Gutenberg author | id=38765}}<br />
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Vida Dutton Scudder}}<br />
<br />
{{Portal bar|Christianity|Biography|Saints|Socialism}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Scudder, Vida Dutton}}<br />
[[Category:1861 births]]<br />
[[Category:1954 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:American activists]]<br />
[[Category:American Christian socialists]]<br />
[[Category:American Episcopalians]]<br />
[[Category:American non-fiction writers]]<br />
[[Category:American women non-fiction writers]]<br />
[[Category:Anglican pacifists]]<br />
[[Category:Anglican saints]]<br />
[[Category:Anglo-Catholic socialists]]<br />
[[Category:Christian female saints of the Late Modern era]]<br />
[[Category:LGBTQ Anglicans]]<br />
[[Category:American LGBTQ writers]]<br />
[[Category:Wellesley College faculty]]<br />
[[Category:Women's Trade Union League people]]<br />
[[Category:Writers from Madurai]]<br />
[[Category:Female Christian socialists]]<br />
[[Category:LGBTQ people from Massachusetts]]<br />
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ writers]]<br />
[[Category:American women academics]]<br />
[[Category:College Settlements Association]]</div>MyrnaAcuna04https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nathu_La&diff=520793Nathu La2026-03-28T12:21:05Z<p>MyrnaAcuna04: stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Mountain pass on the Sikkim, India–China border}}<br />
{{Distinguish|Naku La}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox mountain pass<br />
| name = Nathu La<br />
| photo = {{Photomontage<br />
| photo1a = Location of Nathula.svg<br />
| photo2a = Nathu La, a mountain pass in the Himalayas on the Indo-China Border.jpg<br />
| photo3a = Nathula Pass Border trade road - panoramio.jpg<br />
| size = 260<br />
| spacing = 2<br />
| color = white<br />
| border = 0<br />
| color_border = \<br />
| text =<br />
| text_background =<br />
| foot_montage =<br />
}}<br />
| photo_caption =Chumbi Valley visible from the Indian side (center). The main gate between the two sides (bottom). The stone walls were constructed in a build-up to the 2006 reopening.<ref name="Friendship" /><br />
| elevation_m = 4310<br />
| elevation_ref =<ref name="OSM" />{{sfnp|ENVIS Centre on Eco-Tourism, Sikkim|2006|p=32}}<br />
| traversed =<br />
| location = [[Sikkim]], India – [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]], China<br />
| range = [[Dongkya Range]], [[Himalaya]]<br />
| map = India Sikkim#China Tibet<br />
| label_position = top<br />
| coords = {{coord|27.38681|N|88.83095|E|type:pass|format=dms|display=inline,title}}<br />
| topo =<br />
}}<br />
{{Infobox Chinese<br />
| order =<br />
| s =<br />
| t =<br />
| p =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Nathu La'''{{efn|Alternative spellings and variations include '''Nathu-la''',{{sfn|Harris|2013|p=ix}} '''Nathula''',<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gokhale |first=Nitin A.|title=Hallelujah, Nathula! |newspaper=Outlook India |date=3 October 2003 |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/hallelujah-nathula/221603 }}</ref> '''Natu La''',<ref><br />
[https://books.google.com/books?id=7ee9OTGEspwC&pg=PP1 India, Sikkim], United States, Central Intelligence Agency, 1981.<br />
</ref><br />
'''Natö-la''', '''Natöla''',<ref><br />
{{citation |last=Shakabpa |first=Tsepon Wangchuk Deden |title=One Hundred Thousand Moons: An Advanced Political History of Tibet |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lGyrymfDdI0C |year=2009 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-17732-1 |ref={{sfnref|Shakabpa, One Hundred Thousand Moons|2009}} |page=643}}<br />
</ref> '''Natoi La''',<ref><br />
{{citation |title=Sessional papers. Inventory control record 1, Volume 67 |publisher=Great Britain, Parliament, House of Commons |year=1904 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6hVHAQAAMAAJ&q=%22natoi+la |page=28}}: "Yatung is situated about eight miles from the Jeylap-la in the valley of the Yatung Chhu at its junction with the Chamdi Chhu which runs down from '''Natoi-la'''."</ref> '''Nathui La''',{{sfn|Smith|1913|pp=325–327}} '''Gnatui''',{{sfn|Edgar|1874|pp=53, 57, 121}} as well as its Tibetan transcription '''Rnathos La'''.<ref><br />
{{citation |title=Opening of new pilgrimage route in Tibet by China makes it easier for Indian pilgrims |newspaper=Jiefang Daily |date=29 October 2015 |url=https://niasindiainchina.in/wp-content/uploads/kalins-pdf/singles/china-opens-new-pilgrimage-route-lowers-threshold-for-indian-prayers-into-tibet.pdf |via=India in the Chinese Media (niasindiainchina.in)}}<br />
</ref> and a Chinese transliteration '''Natuila'''.{{sfn|Balazs|2021|p=149}}}}<!-- END LONG FOOTNOTE --> ({{bo|t=རྣ་ཐོས་ལ་|w=Rna thos la|s=Na tö la}}, [[Sikkimese language|Sikkimese]]: རྣ་ཐོས་ལ་) is a [[mountain pass]] in the [[Dongkya Range]] of the [[Himalayas]] between China's [[Yadong County]] in Tibet, and the Indian states of [[Sikkim]]. The pass, at {{convert|4310|m|abbr=on}}, connects the towns of [[Kalimpong]] and [[Gangtok]] to the villages and towns of the lower [[Chumbi Valley]].<br />
<br />
The pass was surveyed by [[John Ware Edgar|J. W. Edgar]] in 1873, who described the pass as being used for trade by Tibetans. [[Francis Younghusband]] used the pass in 1903–04, as did a diplomatic British delegation to Lhasa in 1936–37, and [[Ernst Schäfer]] in 1938–39. In the 1950s, trade in the [[Kingdom of Sikkim]] used this pass. Diplomatically sealed by China and India after the 1962 [[Sino-Indian War]], the pass saw skirmishes between the two countries in coming years, including the [[Nathu La and Cho La clashes|clashes in 1967]] which resulted in fatalities on both sides. Nathu La has often been compared to [[Jelep La]], a mountain pass situated at a distance of 3 miles (4.8&nbsp;km).<br />
<br />
The next few decades saw an improvement in ties leading to the re-opening of Nathu La in 2006. The opening of the pass provides an alternative route to the pilgrimage of [[Mount Kailash]] and [[Lake Manasarovar]], and was expected to bolster the economy of the region by playing a key role in the growing Sino-Indian trade. However, while trade has had a net positive impact, it under-performed,<ref>[https://theleaflet.in/nathula-pass-border-trade-a-potential-waiting-to-be-tapped/ Economic under performance]</ref> and is limited to specific types of goods and to specific days of the week. Weather conditions including heavy snowfall restricts border trade to around 7 to 8 months.<br />
<br />
Roads to the pass have been improved on both sides. Rail routes have been brought closer. It is part of the domestic tourist circuit in south-east Sikkim. Soldiers from both sides posted at Nathu La are among the closest along the entire Sino-India border. It is also one of the five [[Border Personnel Meeting point]]s between the two armies of both countries. [[2020–2021 China–India skirmishes|2020 border tensions]] and the [[COVID-19 pandemic|coronavirus pandemic]] have affected tourism and movement across the pass.<br />
<br />
== Climate ==<br />
{{Weather box|collapsed =<br />
|location = Nathula<br />
|metric first = Yes<br />
|single line = Yes<br />
|Jan high C = - 8<br />
|Feb high C = -7<br />
|Mar high C = - 3<br />
|Apr high C = - 1<br />
|May high C = 3<br />
|Jun high C = 5<br />
|Jul high C = 7<br />
|Aug high C = 10<br />
|Sep high C = 8<br />
|Oct high C = 6<br />
|Nov high C = 1<br />
|Dec high C = -6<br />
|Year high C =<br />
|Jan low C = -28 <br />
|Feb low C = -25<br />
|Mar low C = -14<br />
|Apr low C = - 5<br />
|May low C = 0 <br />
|Jun low C = 2 <br />
|Jul low C = 3<br />
|Aug low C = 4<br />
|Sep low C = 2 <br />
|Oct low C = -5<br />
|Nov low C = -10<br />
|Dec low C = -20<br />
|Year low C =<br />
|Jan precipitation mm = 15 <br />
|Feb precipitation mm = 34 <br />
|Mar precipitation mm = 57 <br />
|Apr precipitation mm = 83 <br />
|May precipitation mm = 95 <br />
|Jun precipitation mm =129<br />
|Jul precipitation mm = 175<br />
|Aug precipitation mm = 135<br />
|Sep precipitation mm = 129 <br />
|Oct precipitation mm = 50<br />
|Nov precipitation mm = 30<br />
|Dec precipitation mm = 18<br />
|Year precipitation mm =<br />
| source = https://en.climate-data.org/asia/india/sikkim/Nathula-633509/<br />
|date=December 2017}}<br />
<br />
== Name and meaning ==<br />
The name "Nathu La" is traditionally interpreted as "the whistling pass",<ref>{{Cite book |last=O'Brien |first=Derek |author-link=Derek O'Brien (politician) |chapter=India. Major Passes |title=The Puffin Factfinder |publisher=Penguin UK |date=2011 |isbn=978-81-8475-878-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QBI4Z-UMpJAC }}</ref> or more commonly as the "listening ears pass".<ref name="toi-1">{{cite news |last=Pradhan |first=Keshav |date=6 July 2006 |title=In the good ol' days of Nathu-la |page=10 |work=[[The Times of India]], Mumbai |publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/In-the-good-ol-days-of-Nathu-la/articleshow/1709108.cms |quote=Today the 85-year-old Nima recalls how he and his companions literally dragged the mules over the pass – which means listening ears – singing to keep their spirits high.}}<br />
</ref>{{sfn|Arora|2008|p=4}} The Chinese government explains it as "a place where snow is deepest and the wind strongest".<ref name="Chinese Embassy">{{Cite web |date=4 June 2019 |title=Chinese Embassy Publishes Tibet Advertorial in Indian Media |url=http://in.chineseembassy.org/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609024749/http://in.china-embassy.org/eng/gdxw/t1669516.htm |archive-date=9 June 2019 |access-date=2021-10-27 |website=in.chineseembassy.org (中华人民共和国驻印度共和国大使馆; Embassy of the People's Republic of China in India ) |quote=In Tibetan language, Nathula means a place where the "snow is deepest and the wind strongest".}}</ref> According to [[G. S. Bajpai]], it means "flat ground from where the hill features gradually rise to right and left".{{sfn|Bajpai|1999|p=183-184}} Lepcha people who are native to the region call it ma-tho hlo/na tho lo; which may have possibly evolved to the present usage of the word.<br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
[[File:1923_SoI_map_of_lower_Chumbi_Valley.jpg|thumb|right|290px|Map of south-east Sikkim and lower Chumbi Valley ([[Survey of India]], 1923): Nathu La, labelled 'Natu La', depicted with a cart track passing through it.]]<br />
Nathu La is a mountain pass on the [[Dongkya Range]] that separates Sikkim and the Chumbi Valley at an elevation of {{convert|14250|ft|m}}.<ref name="Waddell"><br />
{{citation |last=Waddell |first=L. Austin |author-link=Laurence Waddell |title=Lhasa and its Mysteries |year=1905 |location=London |publisher=John Murray |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.79988 |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref |Waddell, Lhasa and its Mysteries|1905}} |page=106}}: "For this, the Nathu Pass (14,250 feet), a goat-track, 10 miles to the north of the Jelep and over the same ridge, was opened out by Mr White."<br />
</ref>{{Efn|Other elevations mentioned include {{convert|14140|ft|m}},<ref name="OSM"><br />
{{Cite web |title=Node: Nathu La (3179568394) |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/node/3179568394 |access-date=2021-10-25 |website=OpenStreetMap}}<br />
</ref> and {{convert|14790|ft|m}}.{{sfnp|ENVIS Centre on Eco-Tourism, Sikkim|2006|p=43}}}} <!-- END OF LONG FOOTNOTE --> The pass is {{convert|52|-|54|km}} east of [[Gangtok]], the capital of Sikkim,<ref name="Prospect"><br />
{{cite news |last=Saha |first=Sambit |date=8 September 2003 |title=Trading post: Prospects of Nathu-La |work=[[Rediff.com]] |url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2003/sep/08trading.htm |url-status=live |access-date=4 December 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060224111833/http://www.rediff.com/money/2003/sep/08trading.htm |archive-date=24 February 2006 |df=dmy-all}}<br />
</ref>{{sfnp|ENVIS Centre on Eco-Tourism, Sikkim|2006|p=43}} and {{convert|35|km|mi}} from [[Yatung Shasima]], the headquarters of the [[Yadong County]] (or the [[Chumbi Valley]]).<ref><br />
[https://www.openstreetmap.org/directions?engine=fossgis_osrm_car&route=27.38681%2C88.83096%3B27.48930%2C88.90506#map=12/27.4381/88.8749&layers=C Nathu La to Yatung], OpenStreetMap, retrieved 26 October 2021.</ref><br />
<br />
Nathu La is one of the three frequently-used passes between Sikkim and the Chumbi Valley, the other two being [[Cho La (Sikkim and Tibet)|Cho La]] and [[Jelep La]]. Historically, Nathu La served Gangtok, while Cho La served the former Sikkim capital [[Tumlong]] and Jelep La served [[Kalimpong]] in West Bengal.<ref>{{cite book|title=Narratives of the mission of George Bogle to Tibet, and of the journey of Thomas Manning to Lhasa|last=Markham|first=Clements R|year=1876|location=London|publisher=Trubner|page=civ|url=https://archive.org/details/narrativesmissi00manngoog}}</ref> Nathu La is mere {{convert|3|mi|km}} northwest of Jelep La, as the crow flies,<ref name=Brown><br />
{{citation |last=Brown |first=Percy |title=Tours in Sikhim and the Darjeeling District |editor-last=Townsend |editor-first=Joan |edition=Revised |publisher=W. Newman & Co |location=Calcutta |year=1934 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.2586/page/144 |via=archive.org |page=144}}</ref> but the travel distance could be as much as {{convert|10|mi}}.<ref name="Waddell" /> On the Tibetan side, the Chola route led to [[Chumbi]], the Nathu La route led to a village called [[Chema, Tibet|Chema]] and the Jelep La route led to [[Rinchengang]], all in the lower Chumbi Valley.<br />
<br />
Even today, heavy snowfall causes the closure of the pass, with temperatures as low as {{convert|-25|C|F}} and strong winds.{{sfn|Hasija|2012|p=6}}<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The Nathu La and Jelep La passes were part of the trade routes of the [[British Empire]] during the 19th and early 20th century.{{sfn|Arora|2008|p=4}}<br />
<br />
=== British Empire ===<br />
The British Raj [[Treaty of Tumlong|brought]] the Kingdom of Sikkim under their protectorate in 1861 and wished to promote trade with Tibet through Sikkim.<br />
In 1873, [[John Ware Edgar|J. W. Edgar]], the [[Deputy commissioner]] at [[Darjeeling]], was asked to investigate the trading conditions and make recommendations for a preferred route.{{sfn|Arora|2008|p=9}} Edgar reported active trade running through the Nathu La pass ("Gnatui pass" in his terminology), which was linked to Gangtok as well as Darjeeling.<ref><br />
{{harvnb|Edgar|1874|p=32}}: "There was scarce a day during my stay in East Sikkim that I did not meet people either coming from, or on their way to, Darjeeling with goods, the value of which at first sight seemed quite disproportioned to the labour that had to be undergone in taking them to market."</ref><br />
The traders found significantly higher value for their goods at Darjeeling than at Gangtok.{{sfn|Edgar|1874|p=32}} However, Edgar preferred the neighbouring Jelep La pass on physical grounds, and recommended building a road to that pass along with a trade mart close to it.{{sfn|Arora|2008|p=10}}<br />
Edgar wrote,<br />
{{Blockquote|text=On the whole, I am not inclined to recommend that Guntuck [Gangtok] should be chosen for the mart, and rather think that ... Dumsong [Damsang] might be preferable to any of the lower elevations of Sikhim. It is true that the distance from the Jeylep Pass [Jelep La] to Dumsong is greater than that from the Gnatui to Guntuck,.... But to counterbalance this, the best route from the Thibet boundary to the foot of the Chola range is that by the Jeylep Pass.{{sfn|Edgar|1874|p=78}}}}<br />
<br />
In 1903–04 [[Francis Younghusband]] led a British military [[British expedition to Tibet|expedition]] into Lhasa consisting of 1,150 soldiers and over 10,000 support staff and pack animals.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Powers |first1=John |last2=Holzinger |first2=Lutz |title=History As Propaganda: Tibetan Exiles Versus the People's Republic of China |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=2004 |isbn=978-0-19-517426-7 |page=80 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0AVaq8EMXZcC }}</ref> The first choice of crossing into the Chumbi Valley had been a pass north of Nathu La, the Yak La.{{sfn|Landon|1905|p=38}} Yak La provided the shortest route from Gangtok to Sikkim's eastern frontier, however the eastern descent proved too steep and dangerous.{{sfn|Landon|1905|p=38}} Both Nathu La and Jelep La were used by the expedition, with Nathu La becoming the main communication channel.{{sfn|Landon|1905|p=34}}<br />
<br />
In 1936–37, a diplomatic British delegation to Lhasa including [[Basil Gould|B. J. Gould]] and [[Freddie Spencer Chapman|F. S. Chapman]] used the Nathu La pass.{{sfn|Chapman|1940|p=4|loc=Introduction by Sir Charles Bell}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=British Photography in Central Tibet 1920–1950 |url=http://tibet.prm.ox.ac.uk/mission.php.html|access-date=2021-10-28|website=The Tibet Album}}</ref> Chapman writes that during their journey from Gangtok to Nathu la, just at the foot of the pass, was a road leading to the right and a signbord indicating [[Kupup]].{{sfn|Chapman|1940|p=22|loc=Chapter Two: To Phari}} This route would have put them onto the Kalimpong-Lhasa route via Jelep La.{{sfn|Chapman|1940|p=22|loc=Chapter Two: To Phari}} Chapman writes that "From Gangtok the mule-track starts for the Natu La, and from Kalimpong the longer and more difficult road leaves for the Jelep La. By these two passes the road from Lhasa crosses the main range of the Himalaya on its way to India..."{{sfn|Chapman|1940|pp=9–10|loc=Chapter One: Preparations}} Chapman goes on to write that from the summit of the pass, if it were not for the mist, the delegation would have been able to see [[Jomolhari|Chomolhari]].{{sfn|Chapman|1940|p=23|loc=Chapter Two: To Phari}} At the summit, Chapman writes of groups of stones and [[prayer flag]]s these were not only for the protection of travelers, but they marked the boundary between Sikkim and Tibet.{{sfn|Chapman|1940|p=23|loc=Chapter Two: To Phari}} The road near the pass was paved with stones.{{sfn|Chapman|1940|p=23|loc=Chapter Two: To Phari}} The first stop after the pass was Champithang,{{sfn|Chapman|1940|p=23|loc=Chapter Two: To Phari}} a resting place for the British on the way to Lhasa.<ref>{{Cite web|date=1 August 1936|title=1936–1937 Lhasa Mission Diary. Champithang Bungalow. 13,350 ft, 23 mile march.|url=http://tibet.prm.ox.ac.uk/mission_1936-8-1.html|access-date=2021-10-28|website=tibet.prm.ox.ac.uk (The Tibet Album, British Photography in Central Tibet 1920–1950)}}</ref><br />
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 135-S-07-06-26, Tibetexpedition, Überquerung eines Passes.jpg|thumb|290x290px|The [[1938–39 German expedition to Tibet|German expedition to Tibet]] crossing Nathu La.]]<br />
In 1938–39 [[Ernst Schäfer]] led a [[1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet|German expedition to Tibet]] legally via Nathu La on the orders of [[Heinrich Himmler]].<ref><br />
{{Cite web |last=Schulz |first=Matthias |title=German Nazi belief in a lost civilisation lead to one of the most bizarre expeditions in history |website=Australian Financial Review |date=2017-04-10 |url=https://www.afr.com/world/europe/german-nazi-belief-in-a-lost-civilisation-lead-to-one-of-the-most-bizarre-expeditions-in-history-20170409-gvgylw}}<br />
</ref><ref><br />
{{Cite web |last=Balikci-Denjongpa |first=Anna |title=German Akay (1915–2005) |publisher=Bulletin of Tibetology, Namgyal Institute of Tibetology |url=http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/bot/pdf/bot_2005_01_06.pdf |access-date=29 October 2021}}<br />
</ref> This expedition also came across no gates or barriers at the pass, the border; only a ''[[ladze]],'' prayer flags and a [[cairn]].<ref><br />
{{Cite web |last=Engelhardt |first=Isrun |date=2007 |title=Tibet in 1938–39: The Ernst Schäfer Expedition to Tibet |url=https://info-buddhism.com/Tibet-1938-1939-Ernst-Schaefer-Expedition-Engelhardt.html |access-date=2021-10-29 |website= |publisher=Serinda Publications |via=info-buddhism.com}}<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
=== Post founding of PRC and independent India ===<br />
In 1949, when the Tibetan government expelled the Chinese living there, most of the displaced Chinese returned home through the Nathu La–Sikkim–Kolkata route.<ref name="Sweetness">{{cite news |last=Arpi |first=Claude |author-link=Claude Arpi |date=6 July 2006 |title=Nathu La: 'Sweetness and light' |url=http://specials.rediff.com/news/2006/jul/06sld03.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060718041751/http://specials.rediff.com/news/2006/jul/06sld03.htm |archive-date=18 July 2006 |access-date=1 December 2006 |work=Rediff.com |df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />
<br />
The [[Kingdom of Sikkim]] had flourishing trade during the 1950s. Calcutta was linked with Lhasa via Chumbi Valley, with Nathu La being one of the main routes for passage. The majority of trade between China and India during those years was via this route.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Jha |first=Prashant |date=August 2006 |title=A break in the ridgeline |work=[[Himal Southasian]] |url=http://www.himalmag.com/2006/august/special_report_1.htm |access-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061030023958/http://www.himalmag.com/2006/august/special_report_1.htm |archive-date=30 October 2006}}</ref> Some traders from India even set up their shop in Yadong.<ref name=":4"/> Goods exported to China included medicines, fuel, and disassembled cars. India imported wool and silk.<ref name=":4"/><ref name=":Boquérat">{{Cite journal |last=Boquérat |first=Gilles |date=2007 |title=Sino-Indian Relations in Retrospect |journal=Strategic Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=18–37 |jstor=45242394 |issn=1029-0990 }}</ref> Mules and horses would be the main transit vehicle during those years.<ref name=":Boquérat" /><br />
<br />
Construction to make the Gangtok–Nathu La road motorable started in 1954.<ref name=":Mehta">{{Cite journal |last=Mehta |first=Jagat S |date=2002 |title=Catalysing Graduated Modernisation Through Diplomacy: Nehru's Visit to Bhutan 1958 |journal=World Affairs: The Journal of International Issues |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=89, 90 |jstor=45064894 |issn=0971-8052 }}</ref> It was completed and formally opened in the presence of the [[Chogyal|Chogyal of Sikkim]] by Jawaharlal Nehru on 17 September 1958.<ref name=":Mehta" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=8 April 1959 |title=Lok Sabha Debates. Seventh Session (Second Lok Sabha) |url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/1683/1/lsd_02_07_08-04-1959.pdf |access-date=25 October 2021 |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat, New Delhi |page=25}}</ref> At the time the motorable road ended at Sherathang.<ref name=":Mehta" /> However, the Chinese did not take up the construction of the road on their side at the time.<ref name=":Mehta" /> The Dalai Lama, [[Tenzin Gyatso]], used this pass to travel to India for the 2,500th birthday celebration of [[Gautama Buddha]], in the autumn of 1956.<ref name=":Boquérat" /><ref name="Dalai Lama">{{cite news |last=Ray |first=Sunanda K Datta |author-link=Sunanda K. Datta-Ray |date=10 July 2006 |title=Nathu La: It's more than revival of a trade route |work=[[Phayul.com]] |url=http://www.phayul.com/news/article.aspx?id=13200&t=1&c=1 |url-status=live |access-date=2 December 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061016230502/http://www.phayul.com/news/article.aspx?id=13200&t=1&c=1 |archive-date=16 October 2006 |df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:1965 Sikkim (30249403143).jpg|thumb|Sikkim, Chumbi Valley, with the Nathu La pass ([[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]], 1965).|left|373x373px]]<br />
After the People's Republic of China took control of Tibet in 1950 and suppressed a [[1959 Tibetan uprising|Tibetan uprising in 1959]], the passes into Sikkim became a conduit for refugees from Tibet.{{sfn|Abdenur|2016|p=30}} During the 1962 [[Sino-Indian War]], Nathu La witnessed skirmishes between soldiers of the two countries. Shortly thereafter, the passage was sealed and remained closed for more than four decades.{{sfn|Abdenur|2016|p=30}}<br />
<br />
During the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]], China exerted pressure on India diplomatically and militarily.{{sfn|Balazs|2021|p=149}} In September 1965, China reinforced Yatung and nearby mountain passes with another infantry regiment.{{sfn|Balazs|2021|pp=149–150}} India also had a build-up in this area.{{sfn|Balazs|2021|p=150}} On the south-eastern front of Sikkim the four passes of Nathu La, Jelep La, Cho La and Dongju had 9, 37, 1 and 9 Indian positions respectively.{{sfn|Balazs|2021|p=151}} This build-up was influenced by the region's proximity to East Pakistan,{{sfn|Balazs|2021|p=150}} and the tensions that remained following the 1962 war.{{sfn|Balazs|2021|p=148}} Following Chinese pressure, Indian troops at Nathu La and Jelep La received orders to withdraw.{{sfn|Balazs|2021|p=151}} Nathu La was under Major General [[Sagat Singh]] and he refused to withdraw.{{sfn|Balazs|2021|p=151}} As a result, in the coming few days, Jelep La was occupied by the Chinese while Nathu La remained defended under India.{{sfn|Balazs|2021|pp=151–152}}<br />
<br />
The coming months saw both sides tussle over dominance in Chumbi Valley.{{sfn|Balazs|2021|p=154}} Numerous Indian incursions were reported by Chinese sources.{{sfn|Balazs|2021|pp=154–155}} At Nathu La, [[differing perceptions of the Line of Actual Control]] among frontline troops on both sides factored in to the increasing tensions.{{sfn|Balazs|2021|pp=154–155}} Trench digging, laying of barbed wires, patrolling, celebrating Independence Day, every action became contentious.{{sfn|Balazs|2021|pp=156–157}} Between 7 and 13 September 1967, China's People's Liberation Army (PLA) and the Indian Army had a number of [[Nathu La and Cho La clashes|border clashes at Nathu La and Cho La]], including the exchange of heavy artillery fire.<ref name="sreedhar">{{cite web<br />
|url = http://ignca.nic.in/ks_41065.htm<br />
|title = China Becoming A Superpower and India's Options<br />
|access-date = 1 December 2006<br />
|author = Sreedhar<br />
|year = 1998<br />
|work = Across the Himalayan Gap: An Indian Quest for Understanding China (Ed. Tan Chung)<br />
|publisher = Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts, New Delhi<br />
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070212015549/http://ignca.nic.in/ks_41065.htm<br />
|archive-date = 12 February 2007<br />
|df = dmy-all<br />
}}</ref>{{sfn|Balazs|2021|pp=156–159}} Numerous casualties were reported on both sides.{{sfn|Balazs|2021|p=159}}<br />
<br />
In [[1975 in Sikkim|1975]], following a [[1975 Sikkimese monarchy referendum|referendum]], Sikkim acceded to India and Nathu La became part of Indian territory.{{sfn|Abdenur|2016|p=29}} China, however, refused to acknowledge the accession,{{sfn|Abdenur|2016|p=31}} but the two armies continued to maintain informal communication at the border despite the freeze in diplomatic relations.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gokhale |first=Vijay |author-link=Vijay Keshav Gokhale |title=The Long Game: How the Chinese Negotiate with India |publisher=Penguin Random House India |date=2021 |isbn=978-93-5492-121-6 |pages=71–72 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vYE0EAAAQBAJ}}</ref> In 1988 the visit of Prime Minister [[Rajiv Gandhi]] to China marked the beginning of fresh talks between the two countries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India-China Political Relations |url=http://eoibeijing.gov.in/eoibejing_pages/MjM, |access-date=2021-11-06 |website=Embassy of India, Beijing}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== 2006 re-opening ===<br />
In 2003, with the thawing of [[Sino-Indian relations]], Indian Prime Minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]'s visit to China led to the resumption of talks on opening the border.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Malik |first=Mohan |date=October 2004 |title=India–China Relations: Giants Stir, Cooperate and Compete |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA627492.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029061349/https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA627492.pdf |archive-date=29 October 2021 |url-status=live |access-date=29 October 2021 |website=Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies |pages=3–4 |via=[[Defense Technical Information Center]] (DTIC)}}</ref> The border agreements signed in 2003 were pursuant to the "Memorandum on the Resumption of Border Trade" signed in December 1991, and "Protocol on Entry and Exit Procedures for Border Trade" signed in July 1992. The 2003 "Memorandum on Expanding Border Trade" made applicable and expanded the provisions of the 1991 and 1992 agreements to Nathu La.{{sfn|Hsu|2005|p=5}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 2003 |title=Documents signed between India and China during Prime Minister Vajpayee's visit to China |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/7692/Documents+signed+between+India+and+China+during+Prime+Minister+Vajpayees+visit+to+China |access-date=2021-10-29 |website=www.mea.gov.in (Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India)}}</ref><br />
<br />
In August 2003, the Chief Minister of Sikkim [[Pawan Kumar Chamling|Pawan Chamling]] shook hands with a [[People’s Liberation Army|PLA]] soldier along the border and followed it up by giving his wristwatch. The PLA soldier in return gave the Chief Minister a packet of cigarettes. This signaled the return of trade to Nathu La.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rai |first=Tina |date=6–12 August 2003 |title=The first exchange over Nathula |url=http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/now/pdf/NOW_2003_08_06.pdf |access-date=4 November 2021 |website=Digital Himalaya project, University of Cambridge |publisher=Sikkim Matters Now |page=4}}</ref> The formal opening was postponed a number of times between mid-2004 to mid-2006.{{sfn|Hsu|2005|pp=10, 13, 18}}<ref>{{Cite news |agency=PTI, IANS |title=India, China to reopen Silk Route in October |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/india-china-to-reopen-silk-route-in-october/story-ak7BtuVsRZ68u3OsIpYfGL.html |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=2005-09-11}}</ref> Finally, after remaining sealed for decades, Nathu La was officially opened on 6 July 2006,<ref name="bbc-1" /> becoming one of the three open trading border posts between China and India at the time, the other two being [[Shipkila|Shipki La]] and [[Lipu-Lekh pass|Lipulekh pass]].<ref name="zee">{{cite web |date=6 July 2006 |title=Nathula reopens for trade after 44 years |url=http://www.zeenews.com/articles.asp?aid=307263&sid=NAT |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930185314/http://www.zeenews.com/articles.asp?aid=307263&sid=NAT |archive-date=30 September 2007 |access-date=6 July 2006 |work=Zee News |df=dmy-all}}</ref> The reopening, which was a part of a number of political moves by China and India with regard to the formal recognition of Tibet and Sikkim as part of either country respectively,{{sfn|Hsu|2005|pp=8–9}}<ref name="toi-2">{{cite news |last=Pradhan |first=Keshav |date=6 July 2006 |title=Trading Heights |page=10 |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Trading-Heights/articleshow/1709103.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023143451/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-07-06/india/27820656_1_nathu-la-india-china-border-india-and-china |archive-date=23 October 2012}}</ref> coincided with the birthday of the reigning [[Dalai Lama]].<ref name="toi-2"/><br />
<br />
The opening of the pass was marked by a ceremony on the Indian side that was attended by officials from both countries. A delegation of 100 traders from each side crossed the border to respective trading towns. Despite heavy rain and chilly winds, the ceremony was marked by the attendance of many officials, locals, and international and local media.<ref name="bbc-1">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5150682.stm |title=Historic India–China link opens |date=6 July 2006 |access-date=6 July 2006 |work=[[BBC News]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060707022630/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5150682.stm |archive-date=7 July 2006 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name=":4"/> The barbed wire fence between India and China was replaced by a 10&nbsp;m (30&nbsp;ft) wide stone-walled passageway.<ref name="Friendship">{{cite news|last=Hong'e|first=Mo|date=6 July 2006|title=China, India raise national flags at border pass to restart business|publisher=China View|agency=Xinhua|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-07/06/content_4800709.htm|access-date=26 November 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024013010/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-07/06/content_4800709.htm|archive-date=24 October 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> 2006 was also marked as the year of Sino-Indian friendship.<ref name="SI Friendship">{{cite web|url= http://meaindia.nic.in/pressrelease/2006/01/23pr01.htm |title=Activities planned for India–China Friendship Year – 2006 |date=23 January 2006 |access-date=16 February 2007 |publisher=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071020114246/http://meaindia.nic.in/pressrelease/2006/01/23pr01.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = 20 October 2007}}</ref> It has been postulated that the reasons for opening the pass on both sides included economic and strategic ones, including that of stabilizing the borderlands.<ref name=":4"/><br />
<br />
The narrative surrounding the reopening of the pass highlighted border trade, the ancient [[Silk Road]],{{sfn|Harris|2013|p=89}} and the ancient linkages between the two "civilisations".{{sfn|Harris|2013|pp=92–93}} [[Anthropologist]] Tina Harris explains that this state-based narrative diverged from the regional narrative.{{sfn|Harris|2013|pp=92–93}} While silk had been one of the commodities traded, this region saw a much larger trade of wool.{{sfn|Harris|2013|pp=92–93}} A trader told Harris that the route should have been called the "wool route".{{sfn|Harris|2013|p=90}} Harris explains that this narrative of Nathu La rather highlighted the "contemporary global discourse"—that of a globalising and inter-connected Asia finding its place in the world, of which Sikkim and Chumbi Valley were a part.{{sfn|Harris|2013|p=92}}<br />
<br />
=== Post 2006 ===<br />
{{Multiple image<br />
| image1 = The Indo-China Conference hall (Indian side, BSF maintained).jpg<br />
| image2 = Officers at Nathu La.JPG<br />
| caption1 = The Indo–China BPM point at Nathu La on the Indian side.<br />
| caption2 = Indian and Chinese officers at Nathu La. A barbed wire separates them.<br />
| align = right<br />
| perrow = 2/2<br />
| image3 = Nathu La Border.jpg<br />
| caption3 = A Chinese post at Nathu La. [[Jomolhari]] visible in the distance.<br />
| image4 = Documents being signed during the State Visit of Chinese President Xi Jinping to India.jpg<br />
| caption4 = MoU being signed to open an alternative pilgrimage route through Nathu La.<br />
}}<br />
Nathu La is one of the five officially agreed [[Border Personnel Meeting point|Border Personnel Meeting (BPM) point]]s between the [[Indian Army]] and the [[People's Liberation Army]] of China for regular consultations and interactions between the two armies.<ref name="ti1"><br />
{{cite news |title=Indian soldiers prevent Chinese troops from constructing road in Arunachal |newspaper=The Times of India|date=28 October 2014 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Indian-soldiers-prevent-Chinese-troops-from-constructing-road-in-Arunachal/articleshow/44953671.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201040539/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Indian-soldiers-prevent-Chinese-troops-from-constructing-road-in-Arunachal/articleshow/44953671.cms |archive-date=1 December 2017}}<br />
</ref><br />
During the [[2008 Tibetan unrest]], hundreds of Tibetans in India marched to and protested at Nathu La.<ref><br />
{{Cite news |last=Stratton |first=Allegra |title=Tibet protesters disrupt Olympic flame ceremony |newspaper=The Guardian |date=2008-03-24 |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/mar/24/tibet.olympicgames2008}}<br />
</ref><ref><br />
{{Cite web |title=Three hundred Tibetans begin march to China-India border |website=Radio Free Asia |date=20 March 2020 |url=https://www.rfa.org/english/multimedia/Tibet_March-20080320.html-03312008133648.html}}<br />
</ref><br />
In 2009, [[Narendra Modi]], as the [[Chief Minister of Gujarat]], visited the pass.<ref><br />
{{Cite news |title=Modi celebrates Diwali with jawans at Nathu La pass |newspaper=The Times of India |date=17 October 2009 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/modi-celebrates-diwali-with-jawans-at-nathu-la-pass/articleshow/5132800.cms}}<br />
</ref><br />
In 2010, the [[Queen's Baton Relay]] for the [[Commonwealth Games]] that year also stopped at main trade gate at the pass.<ref><br />
{{Cite web |last=Kundu |first=Amalendu |title=Queen's Baton lost and found |website=The Times of India |date=18 July 2010 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/queens-baton-lost-and-found/articleshow/6182376.cms}}<br />
</ref><br />
In 2015, Nathu La opened for tourists and pilgrims going to [[Kailash mansarovar|Kailash Mansarovar]].<ref><br />
{{Cite web |last=Basheer |first=K. P. M.|title=After half-a-century, Nathu La Pass opens for Kailash-Manasarovar pilgrims on Thursday |website=The Hindu Business Line |date=16 June 2015 |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/variety/after-halfacentury-nathu-la-pass-opens-for-kailashmanasarovar-pilgrims-on-thursday/article7322492.ece}}<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
Amidst the [[2017 China–India border standoff]] centered around [[Doklam]], the pilgrimage via Nathu La was cancelled.<ref><br />
{{Cite news |title=Kailash Mansarovar Yatra through Nathu La pass cancelled as India-China border standoff continues |newspaper=Scroll.in |date=30 June 2017 |url=https://scroll.in/latest/842282/kailash-mansarovar-yatra-through-nathu-la-pass-cancelled-as-india-china-border-standoff-continues}}<br />
</ref> The border tensions also affected trade through the pass.<ref><br />
{{Cite news |last=Gurung |first=Wini Fred|title=Doklam standoff affecting trade through Nathu La |publisher=Observer Research Foundation |date=18 July 2017 |url=https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/doklam-standoff-affecting-trade-through-nathu-la/}}<br />
</ref><br />
The standoff officially ended at the end of August 2017;<ref name="PLA anniversary"><br />
{{Cite news |agency=PTI |title=Indian, Chinese armies meet at Nathu La on 91st anniversary of PLA foundation |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=2018-08-01 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indian-chinese-armies-meet-at-nathu-la-on-91st-anniversary-of-pla-foundation/story-O3Xw5czcj5z4Rmiwxq9TXK.html}}<br />
</ref> and in October India's Defence Minister [[Nirmala Sitharaman]] made a goodwill visit to Nathu La, also briefly interacting with Chinese soldiers at the pass.<ref><br />
{{Cite web |last=Varma |first=K. J. M. |title=Nirmala Sitharaman's visit to Nathu La strikes a chord with Chinese media |newspaper=Livemint |date=2017-10-09 |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/3hDghIWyf0ViA4aV9nkxdO/Nirmala-Sitharamans-visit-to-Nathu-La-strikes-a-chord-with.html}}<br />
</ref> In 2018, a "Special Border Personnel meeting" took place at the pass to mark the foundation day of the PLA.<ref name="PLA anniversary"/> On [[International Day of Yoga|Yoga Day]] in 2019, Chinese soldiers and civilians participated in joint yoga exercises at Nathu La.<ref><br />
{{Cite news |agency=PTI |date=21 June 2019 |title=Chinese armymen, civilians do yoga with Indian defence personnel along India-China border |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chinese-armymencivilians-do-yoga-with-indian-defence-personnel-along-india-china-border/articleshow/69891985.cms |access-date=2021-10-30 |newspaper=The Times of India}}<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
In 2019 road conditions impacted movement across the pass.<ref name="standoff"><br />
{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Shiv Sahay |date=2020-09-12 |title=India–China standoff casts shadow on Nathu La border trade |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-china-standoff-casts-shadow-on-nathu-la-border-trade/article32588696.ece |url-access=limited |access-date=2021-10-29 |issn=0971-751X}}<br />
</ref> In April 2020, following the [[coronavirus pandemic]], the Sikkim government closed the pass.<ref name="Sikkim closes"><br />
{{Cite web |last=Giri |first=Pramod|title=Covid-19: Sikkim closes Nathu La trade route with China, suspends Kailash Yatra |website=Hindustan Times |date=2020-04-23 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/covid-19-sikkim-closes-nathu-la-trade-route-with-china-suspends-kailash-yatra/story-3Q30Wo1eZ9tqdUqMcUgzdN.html}}<br />
</ref> The Kailash-Mansarovar pilgrimage through Nathu La would also remain shut.<ref name="Sikkim closes"/> Further, fresh political and [[2020–2021 China–India skirmishes|border tensions and skirmishes in 2020]] also affected trade.<ref name="standoff"/> This coronavirus pandemic–border tension situation continued into 2021, impacting movement across the pass.<ref><br />
{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Ashwani |title=Indo-China Bilateral Trade From Shipki La Called Off For Two Consecutive Years |website=Outlook India |date=3 September 2021 |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-indo-china-bilateral-trade-from-shipki-la-called-off/393520}}<br />
</ref> As of October 2024, the pass is popular with tourists on the Indian side.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-15 |title=Sikkim to build massive 1,000-car parking lot to accommodate more tourists at Nathu La – CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/travel/destinations/sikkim-to-build-massive-1000-car-parking-lot-to-accommodate-more-tourists-at-nathu-la-19476553.htm |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Flora and fauna==<br />
[[File:On way to Nathu La you can see many such beautiful lakes.jpg|thumb|left|[[Lake Tsomgo]] near Nathu La.]]<br />
[[File:Nathu La Fauna 1.jpg|thumb|left|Vegetation of the region.]]<br />
In 1910 Scottish botanist [[William Wright Smith|W. W. Smith]] visited the area. Vegetation he listed included species of ''[[Caltha scaposa]]'', ''[[Cochlearia]]'', ''[[Potentilla]], [[Saussurea]]'', ''[[Rhododendron]]'', ''[[Cassiope]]'', ''[[Primula]]'', ''[[Corydalis]]'', [[Arenaria (plant)|''Arenaria'']], ''[[Saxifraga]], [[Chrysosplenium]], [[Pimpinella]], [[Cyananthus]], [[Campanula]], [[Androsace]], [[Eritrichium]], [[Lagotis (plant)|Lagotis]]'' and ''[[Salvia]]''.{{sfn|Smith|1913|p=326, 350, 355, 359, 370, 375, 389, 390, 394, 398, 405, 406}} ''Rhododendrons nobile'' and marmots have been seen on the ascent of the pass.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Buchanan|first=W. J.|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.2038|title=Notes on Tours in Darjeeling and Sikkim (with Map)|publisher=Darjeeling Improvement Fund|year=1916|page=13|via=PAHAR. Internet Archive.}}</ref><br />
<br />
Because of the steep elevation increase around the pass, the vegetation graduates from [[sub-tropical]] forest at its base, to a temperate region, to a wet and dry [[alpine climate]], and finally to cold [[tundra]] desert devoid of vegetation. Around Nathu La and the Tibetan side, the region has little vegetation besides scattered shrubs. Major species found in the region include dwarf [[rhododendron]]s (''[[Rhododendron anthopogon]]'', ''[[Rhododendron setosum|R. setosum]]'') and [[juniper]]s. The meadows include the genera ''[[Poa]]'', ''[[Meconopsis]]'', ''[[Pedicularis]]'', ''[[Primula]]'', and ''[[Aconitum]]''. The region has a four-month growing season during which grasses, [[sedges]], and [[medicinal herb]]s grow abundantly and support a host of insects, wild and domestic herbivores, larks, and finches.{{sfnp|ENVIS Centre on Eco-Tourism, Sikkim|2006|p=44}} The nearby [[Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary]] has rare, endangered [[Spathoglottis|ground orchida]] and rhododendrons interspersed among tall junipers and [[silver fir]]s.{{sfnp|ENVIS Centre on Eco-Tourism, Sikkim|2006|p=114}}<br />
<br />
There are no permanent human settlements in the region, though it has a large number of defence personnel who man the borders on both sides. A small number of nomadic Tibetan graziers or ''Dokpas'' herd yak, sheep and [[pashmina]]-type goats in the region. There has been intense grazing pressure due to domestic and wild herbivores on the land. Yaks are found in these parts, and in many hamlets they serve as [[pack animal|beasts of burden]].{{sfnp|ENVIS Centre on Eco-Tourism, Sikkim|2006|p=44}} The region around Nathu La contains many endangered species, including [[Goa (antelope)|Tibetan gazelle]], [[snow leopard]], [[Tibetan wolf]], [[Tibetan snowcock]], [[lammergeier]], raven, [[golden eagle]], and [[ruddy shelduck]]. [[Dhole|Feral dog]]s are considered a major hazard in this region. The presence of [[landmine]]s in the area causes casualties among yak, [[argali|nayan]], [[kiang]], and Tibetan wolf.{{sfnp|ENVIS Centre on Eco-Tourism, Sikkim|2006|p=44}}<br />
<br />
The avifauna consists of various types of [[Laughingthrush|laughing thrushes]], which live in shrubs and on the forest floor. The [[blue whistling-thrush]], [[Phoenicurus|redstart]]s, and [[forktail]]s are found near waterfalls and hill-streams. The mixed hunting species present in the region include [[warbler]]s, [[Old World babbler|tit-babbler]]s, [[treecreeper]]s, [[white-eye]]s, [[wren]]s, and [[Rosefinch|rose finches]]. [[Bird of prey|Raptors]] such as [[black eagle]], [[black-winged kite]] and [[kestrel]]s; and [[pheasant]]s such as [[monals]] and [[blood pheasant]] are also found.{{sfnp|ENVIS Centre on Eco-Tourism, Sikkim|2006|p=44}}<br />
<br />
{{Clear}}<br />
<br />
==Economy==<br />
=== Trade ===<br />
{{image frame<br />
|content={{Graph:Chart<br />
|vAnnotatonsLine=2012<br />
|vAnnotatonsLabel=Trade list expanded<br />
| width=240<br />
| height=200<br />
| xAxisTitle=Year<br />
| yAxisTitle=Rs in millions<br />
| y1Title=Export<br />
| y2Title=Import<br />
| legend=<br />
| type=area<br />
| showSymbols =<br />
| x=2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014<br />
| y1=2.787,0.887,5.8,13.5,40.254,37.886,59.881,77.556,160.443<br />
| y2=0.688,1.083,0.135,0.296,,,10.141,11.670,10.253<br />
|colors=#800000aa,#80ff8000<br />
}}<br />
|caption=Sikkim-TAR trade via Nathu-la, volume of exports and imports{{sfn|Lama|2016|p=51}}<br />
|border=no<br />
}}<br />
Up until 1962, before the pass was sealed, goods such as pens, watches, cereals, cotton cloth, edible oils, soaps, building materials, and dismantled scooters and four-wheelers were exported to Tibet through the pass on mule-back. Two hundred mules, each carrying about {{convert|80|kg}} of load, were used to ferry goods from Gangtok to Lhasa, which used to take 20–25 days. Upon return, silk, raw wool, musk pods, medicinal plants, country liquor, precious stones, gold, and silverware were imported into India.<ref name="Historic trade">{{cite web<br />
|last = Roy<br />
|first = Ambar Singh<br />
|title = Nathula 'Pass'port to better trade prospects with China<br />
|work = Hindu Business Line<br />
|publisher = [[The Hindu]]<br />
|url = http://www.blonnet.com/2003/11/25/stories/2003112502160200.htm<br />
|date = 25 November 2003<br />
|access-date = 6 July 2006<br />
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070929120935/http://www.blonnet.com/2003/11/25/stories/2003112502160200.htm<br />
|archive-date = 29 September 2007<br />
|df = dmy-all<br />
}}</ref> Most of the trade in those days was carried out by the [[Marwaris|Marwari community]], which owned 95% of the 200 authorised firms.<ref name="toi-2"/><br />
<br />
The Nathu La Trade Study Group (NTSG) was set up by the [[Government of Sikkim|state government of Sikkim]] in 2003 to study the scope of [[border trade]] in Sikkim with specific focus on Nathu La, which was scheduled to reopen.{{sfn|Subba|2013|pp=1–2}} The informal group, consisting of civil servants and trade experts, was headed by [[Mahendra P. Lama]] and submitted its report in 2005.<ref name="last lap"><br />
{{cite news |last=Mazumdar |first=Jaideep |title=Last Lap To Lhasa |website=Outlook India |date=3 October 2005 |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/last-lap-to-lhasa/228778 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031064449/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/last-lap-to-lhasa/228778 |archive-date=31 October 2021}}<br />
</ref><ref><br />
{{cite news |last=Das |first=Pushpita |date=4 July 2006 |title=Nathu La: Pass To Prosperity But Also A Challenge |url=https://idsa.in/idsastrategiccomments/NathuLaPassToProsperityButAlsoAChallenge_PDas_040706 |access-date=2021-10-31 |website=Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses}}<br />
</ref> The report laid down two projections, a "higher projection", and a "lower projection".{{sfn|Lama|2008|p=111}} The lower projection estimated border trade through Nathu La at {{INRConvert|353|c|lk=on}} by 2010, {{INRConvert|450|c|lk=on}} by 2015 and {{INRConvert|574|c|lk=on}} by 2020.{{sfn|Lama|2008|p=111}} The higher projection estimated border trade through Nathu La {{INRConvert|12203|c|lk=on}} by 2015.{{sfn|Lama|2008|p=111}} India's [[Confederation of Indian Industry]] (CII) gave an even higher estimation that trade could cross USD 10&nbsp;billion in a decade.{{sfn|Hsu|2005|p=15}}<ref name="last lap"/><br />
<br />
These figures were also based upon policy recommendations in the paper. While the trade may not have met the study group's estimate, which 15 years later seem "over ambitious", it has benefitted the impacted areas positively.{{sfn|Chettri|2018|pp=18–20}} Ancillary benefits were also highlighted by the report such as revenue for truckers even with low volumes of vehicle movement.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Gargi |date=1 July 2006 |title=The dragons of Nathula |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/the-dragons-of-nathula-106070101007_1.html |access-date=31 October 2021}}</ref> Since July 2006, trading is open Mondays through Thursdays.<ref name="bbc-1" /> In 2006 India exempted 29 items for export and 15 items for import from duty. In 2012, 12 more items were added to the list.{{sfn|Chettri|2018|p=13}}<ref name="trade items"><br />
{{cite web<br />
|title = Trade Between India And China Through Nathu La Pass<br />
|author = Ministry of Commerce & Industry, Government of India<br />
|date = 23 August 2006<br />
|work = Press Information Bureau: Press releases<br />
|publisher = NIC<br />
|url-status = live<br />
|url = http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=20154<br />
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071210005128/http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=20154<br />
|archive-date = 10 December 2007<br />
}}<br />
</ref> Apart from illegal items, China did not put any restrictions on the border trade in 2006.<ref name="port-closes" /><br />
{{hidden<br />
| India's export and import list with respect to Nathu La trade (2006 list with 2012 additions){{sfn|Chettri|2018|p=13}}<br />
|<big>'''Exports'''</big>{{Columns-list|colwidth=18em|<br />
'''2006'''<br />
# Agriculture Implements<br />
# Blankets<br />
# Copper Products<br />
# Clothes<br />
# Cycles<br />
# Coffee<br />
# Tea<br />
# Barley<br />
# Rice<br />
# Flour<br />
# Dry Fruits<br />
# Dry and Fresh Vegetables<br />
# Vegetable Oil<br />
# Gur and Misri<br />
# Tobacco<br />
# Snuff<br />
# Cigarettes<br />
# Canned Food<br />
# Agro Chemical<br />
# Local Herbs<br />
# Dyes<br />
# Spices<br />
# Watches<br />
# Shoes<br />
# Kerosene<br />
# Stationary<br />
# Utensil<br />
# Wheat<br />
# Textiles<br />
'''2012'''<br />
# Processed Food Items<br />
# Flowers<br />
# Fruit and Spices<br />
# Religious Products<br />
# Readymade Garment<br />
# Handicraft and Handloom Products<br />
# Local Herbal Medicine}}<br />
<big>'''Imports'''</big>{{Columns-list|colwidth=18em|<br />
'''2006'''<br />
# Goat Skin<br />
# Sheep Skin<br />
# Wool<br />
# Raw Silk<br />
# Yak Tails<br />
# China Clay<br />
# Borax<br />
# Yak Hair<br />
# Szaibelyita<br />
# Butter<br />
# Goat Cashmere (Pasham)<br />
# Common Salt<br />
# Horses<br />
# Goats<br />
# Sheep<br />
'''2012'''<br />
# Readymade Garments<br />
# Shoes<br />
# Carpets<br />
# Quilt/Blankets<br />
# Local Herbal Medicine}}<br />
|headerstyle=background:#ccccff<br />
|style=text-align:center; width: 60%;<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" width="440px" style="float:right;"<br />
|+Projection of trade (high and low) by NTSG and actual present volume of trade from 2006 to 2015<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 80px;" |Years<br />
!NTSG Projection (₹ crore)<br />
!Actual Trade (₹ crore)<br />
!Percentage fulfilled<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" |Low projections<br />
|-<br />
|2006–2010<br />
|353<br />
|6.54<br />
|1.85%<br />
|-<br />
|2006–2015<br />
|450<br />
|114.60<br />
|25.46%<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" |High projections<br />
|-<br />
|2006–2010<br />
|2266<br />
|6.54<br />
|0.29%<br />
|-<br />
|2006–2015<br />
|12203<br />
|114.60<br />
|0.93%<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" style="text-align: center; font-size: 8pt" |Sources: NTSG report 2005; Department of Commerce and Industries (Sikkim) 2016{{sfn|Chettri|2018|p=20}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The reopening of the pass was expected to stimulate the economy of the region and bolster Indo-Chinese trade, however the result has been underwhelming.<ref name="port-closes">{{cite news|date=15 October 2006|title=Nathu La Pass on Sino-Indian border closes|publisher=China Daily|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2006-10/15/content_708347.htm|url-status=live|access-date=19 February 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070119120843/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2006-10/15/content_708347.htm|archive-date=19 January 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In 2008, [[Mahendra P. Lama]] commented upon the mismatch in projections and actual trade during the first two years, "this is mostly attributed to poor road conditions, nascent infrastructural facilities, limited tradable items and lukewarm attitude of the policy-makers."{{sfn|Lama|2008|p=112}} Road limitations also constricted the size and number of trucks that can use the route.{{sfn|Lama|2008|pp=113–114}} Further, there is a large mismatch between Indian and Chinese thinking with regard to trade through Sikkim, and a large mismatch with regard to on-the-ground infrastructure development with regard to supporting trade through Nathu La.{{sfn|Lama|2008|p=115-116}} In 2010 and 2011 there were no imports from China via the pass according to Government of Sikkim data.{{sfn|Lama|2016|pp=50–51}} Weather also restricts trade to about 7 to 8 months and roughly between May and November.{{sfn|Bhutia|2021|loc=India-China Border Trade at Nathu La}}<br />
<br />
There were concerns among some traders in India that Indian goods would find a limited outlet in Tibet, while China would have access to a ready market in Sikkim and West Bengal.<ref name="tribunemarket">{{cite news<br />
|title = Nathu-la shows the way: It opens a new route to amity<br />
|work = The Tribune<br />
|url = http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060708/edit.htm#2<br />
|date = 8 August 2006<br />
|access-date = 2 December 2006<br />
|url-status = live<br />
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061215125216/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060708/edit.htm#2<br />
|archive-date = 15 December 2006<br />
|df = dmy-all<br />
}}<br />
</ref> A concern of the Indian government is also the trafficking of wildlife products such as tiger and leopard skins and bones, bear gall bladders, otter pelts, and [[shahtoosh]] wool into India. The Indian government has undertaken a program to sensitise the police and other law enforcement agencies in the area.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/06/23/stories/2006062322050300.htm |title=Doubts over traffickers using re-opened Nathula Pass |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=6 July 2006 |date=23 June 2006 |first=Bindu Shajan |last=Perappadan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930235321/http://www.hindu.com/2006/06/23/stories/2006062322050300.htm |archive-date=30 September 2007 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Tourism===<br />
Nathu La is part of the tourist circuit in eastern Sikkim.{{sfn|Harris|2013|p=100}} On the Indian side, only citizens of India can visit the pass on Thursdays to Sundays, after obtaining permits one day in advance in Gangtok.{{sfn|Hasija|2012|p=3}}{{sfnp|ENVIS Centre on Eco-Tourism, Sikkim|2006|p=45}} There is no '[[no man's land]]' at the pass. Minimal military presence and barbed wire separates both sides. Tourists informally shake hands and take photographs with the Chinese soldiers and army office in the background.{{sfn|Hasija|2012|p=5}} Only meters apart, soldiers at Nathu La are among the closest soldiers along the entire [[Sino Indian border|Sino-India border]].<ref><br />
{{cite news |last=Singh |first=Sushant |date=2017-09-13 |title=50 years before Doklam, there was Nathu La: Recalling a very different standoff |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/50-years-before-doklam-there-was-nathu-la-recalling-a-very-different-standoff-4840703/ |access-date=2021-10-28 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}<br />
</ref> Domestic tourism at the pass was opened up in 1999.<ref>{{cite news |last=Pramanik |first=Probir |date=11 September 1999 |agency=UNI |title=Travel industry's new hotspot in icy belt: Nathula |url=https://www.rediff.com/business/1999/sep/11turism.htm |access-date=2021-11-03 |website=Rediff}}</ref><gallery caption="Tourist locations on the Indian side"><br />
File:NATHULA.JPG|Stairs leading to the Indian side of the border.<br />
File:Nathu La 100.jpg|"Pass of Listening Ears"<br />
File:Nathu La-Stairs.JPG|A visual from the stairs. The Natula memorial visible at right center.<br />
File:SAHID SMARAK AT NATHULLA BORDER.JPG|The Natula memorial.<br />
File:Trade Channel.jpg|The main trade road connecting both sides.<br />
File:NATHULA2.JPG|The Chinese army office taken from the Indian Army office at the pass.<br />
</gallery><br />
The pass provides an alternative pilgrimage route to [[Mount Kailash]] and [[Lake Manasarovar]].<ref name="review">{{cite news |last=Vinayak |first=G |date=28 July 2004 |title=Nathu La: closed for review |work=The Rediff Special |publisher=[[Rediff.com]] |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2004/jul/28spec2.htm |url-status=live |access-date=26 November 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060222225540/http://www.rediff.com/news/2004/jul/28spec2.htm |archive-date=22 February 2006 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> The route through Nathu La, as compared to the original route through Lipulekh pass, requires pilgrims to make a much easier and shorter trek.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mathur |first=Nandita |date=2015-06-23 |title=The shorter route to Kailash Mansarover |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/vaqy8cPtDmUahSMU1wfiLK/The-shorter-route-to-Kailash-Mansarover.html |access-date=2021-11-06 |website=Livemint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Chaudhury |first=Dipanjan Roy |date=22 February 2018 |title=Kailash Mansarovar Yatra through both Nathu La, Lipulekh Pass routes opened after Sino-Indian understanding |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/kailash-mansarovar-yatra-through-both-nathu-la-lipulekh-pass-routes-opened-after-sino-indian-understanding/articleshow/63023464.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2021-11-06}}</ref> However, with new road construction by the Border Roads Organisation, the Lipulekh pass route has also been made easier.<ref>{{Cite news |title=New road will shorten Kailash Mansarovar yatra by six days |work=The Economic Times |agency=IANS |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/now-you-can-drive-to-kailash-mansarovar-from-delhi/articleshow/75622054.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2021-11-06}}</ref> [[Baba Harbhajan Singh|Baba Harbhajan Singh memorial and shrine]] is also part of the Nathu La tourist circuit.{{sfn |Hasija |2012 |p=4}}<br />
<br />
=== Mail exchange ===<br />
{{anchor | Mail | Exchange | Mail exchange | Dak }}<br />
[[File:Flip side of a notice on the route to Nathula.jpg|thumb|Notice seen driving back from Nathu La.]]<br />
Twice a week at 8:30&nbsp;am in an exchanging lasting only 3 minutes, on Thursdays and Sundays, the international [[surface mail]] between India and China is exchanged by postmen of the respective countries at Nathu La's [[Sherathang]] border post. While the volume of mail is declining due the advent of email and internet, it is mostly from the [[Refugees in India#Tibet|Tibetan Refugees in India]] or among the locals with relatives on both sides of the border. This arrangement reduces the mail delivery time for the people of border areas to few days which would otherwise takes weeks to be delivered via the circuitous logistics chain. In this short exchange, no words is spoken as both sides do not understand each other's language, mail is exchanged, an acknowledgement letter is signed, sometimes empty mail bags are exchanged due to dwindling mail volume. This system, since the [[history of Sikkim#Independent monarchy|times of chogyals]], continues uninterrupted even during the India-China disputes at 14,000 altitude where temperature drops to {{convert|-20|C|F}}.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |last=Pramanik |first=Probir |date=2017-04-16 |title=You've got mail, at 14,000 ft: Sikkim man delivers letters between lndia, China |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/you-ve-got-mail-at-14-000-ft-sikkim-man-delivers-letters-between-lndia-china/story-wa1ptIC94UpvYv1CIX1I9L.html |access-date=2021-10-25 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> An agreement between China and India in 1992 gave official recognition to the process.<ref>{{cite news |last=Pramanik |first=Probir |date=20 March 2021 |title=Mailman builds bridge over border |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/mailman-builds-bridge-over-border/cid/933951 |access-date=2021-11-03 |website=The Telegraph India}}</ref><ref name=":0"/><br />
<br />
===Transport===<br />
{{Maplink |frame=yes |frame-width=260 |frame-height= |zoom=10 |frame-lat=27.36 |frame-long=88.71 |frame-align=right |type=line |id=Q55473498 |stroke-width=3 |text=[[National Highway 310 (India)|National Highway (NH) 310]] Gangtok–Nathu La road alignment in red.}}<br />
<br />
The Gangtok–Nathu La road was first made motorable in 1958.<ref name=":Mehta" /><ref name=":7"/> At the time it only existed to Sherathang after which the journey was on foot. China had not developed the road during those years.<ref name=":Mehta" /><br />
<br />
The stretch has several sinking zones and parts are prone to landslides.<ref name="Kaur"><br />
{{cite news |last=Kaur |first=Naunidhi |date=2 August 2003 |title=A route of hope |work=Volume 20 – Issue 16 |publisher=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline Magazine]] |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2016/stories/20030815001505100.htm |url-status=usurped |access-date=2 December 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071210110143/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2016/stories/20030815001505100.htm |archive-date=10 December 2007 |df=dmy-all}}<br />
</ref> The flow of vehicles is regulated and road maintenance is supported by the [[Border Roads Organisation]], a wing of the Indian Army.<ref name="BRO"><br />
{{cite news |last=Dutta |first=Sujan |date=20 November 2006 |title=Nathu-la wider road reply to Beijing |publisher=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]] |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061121/asp/nation/story_7029464.asp |access-date=2 December 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930045720/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061121/asp/nation/story_7029464.asp |archive-date=30 September 2007 |df=dmy-all}}<br />
</ref> The road has an average rise of {{Convert|165|ft|m}} per km over a stretch of {{Convert|52|km|mi}}.<ref name="BRO"/> Around 2006, plans were made to widen the road.{{sfn|Harris|2013|p=89}} Double-laning commenced in 2008.<ref><br />
{{cite news |title=BRO undertakes double laning of Gangtok-Nathula road |website=Outlook India |date=7 May 2008 |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/bro-undertakes-double-laning-of-gangtok-nathula-road/569053}}<br />
</ref> Also known as the ''JN Marg'',{{sfn|Hasija|2012|p=3}} and later known as [[National Highway 310 (India)|National Highway (NH) 310]], an alternative axis was constructed in 2020.<ref><br />
{{cite news |title=Gangtok-Nathu La route alternate alignment commissioned |website=Sikkim Express |date=30 October 2020 |url=http://www.sikkimexpress.com/gangtok-nathu-la-route-alternate-alignment-commissioned}}<br />
</ref><br />
2006 also marked the inauguration of a railroad from Beijing to Lhasa via the [[Qinghai–Tibet railway|Qinghai–Tibet line]]. In 2011, the railroad began to be extended to [[Shigatse]].{{sfn|Harris|2013|p=89}} There has been talk of extending the [[Qinghai-Tibet Railway]] to [[Yadong]].<ref><br />
{{cite news |date=29 June 2006 |title=China to build three railways in Tibet |publisher=China Daily |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2006-06/29/content_629162.htm |url-status=live |access-date=22 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725041928/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2006-06/29/content_629162.htm |archive-date=25 July 2008 |df=dmy-all}}<br />
</ref><ref><br />
{{cite news |last=Arpi |first=Claude |title=The Tibet–India Railway |website=Indian Defence Review |date=14 June 2017 |url=http://www.indiandefencereview.com/spotlights/the-tibet-india-railway/}}<br />
</ref> [[China National Highway 318]] (Shanghai to [[Zhangmu]]) is connected to Chumbi Valley from Shigatse via provincial road S204, about 30&nbsp;km from Nathu La and Jelep La.<ref><br />
{{Cite web |last=Surana |first=Praggya |editor-last=Nagal |editor-first=Lt Gen Balraj |title=Manekshaw Paper 70: China Shaping Tibet for Strategic Leverage |publisher=Centre for Land Warfare Studies |location=New Delhi |date=2018 |url=https://www.claws.in/static/MP70_China-Shaping-Tibet-for-Strategic-Leverage.pdf |page=16}}<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
India has been planning an extension of rail services from [[Sevoke]] in West Bengal's [[Darjeeling district]] to Sikkim's capital [[Gangtok]], {{convert|38|mi}} from Nathu La.<ref><br />
{{Cite web |title=North Bengal–Sikkim Railway Link |url=https://www.railway-technology.com/projects/northbengalsikkimrai/ |access-date=2021-10-25 |website=Railway Technology}}<br />
</ref> The intention to construct this sometime in the future was confirmed in March, 2023, by the Minister of Railways [[Ashwini Vaishnaw]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vande Bharat train will run in Sikkim's Rangpo by next year|url=https://www.news9live.com/state/north-east/vande-bharat-train-will-run-in-sikkims-rangpo-by-next-year-au1001-2069228|access-date=9 April 2023|website=news9live.com|date=7 March 2023 }}</ref> However, so far, the actual broad gauge line construction has been limited to a [[Sivok–Rangpo line|45 km extension]] from Sevoke to [[Rangpo]], due for completion in 2022.<ref><br />
{{cite news |last=Hazarika |first=Myithili |title=Sikkim could finally be added to India's rail map by 2022, 13 years after project began |website=ThePrint |date=2020-08-08 |url=https://theprint.in/neye/sikkim-could-finally-be-added-to-indias-rail-map-by-2022-13-years-after-project-began/477619/}}<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
===Bibliography===<br />
{{refbegin|35em|indent=yes}}<br />
* {{Citation |last=Edgar |first=John Ware |title=Report on a visit to Sikhim and the Thibetan frontier in October, November, and December, 1873 |year=1874 |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924023017829 |publication-date=1874 |place=Calcutta |publisher=Bengal Secretariat Press |author-link=John Ware Edgar |via=Internet Archive}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Landon |first=Perceval |author-link=Perceval Landon |title=The Opening of Tibet: An Account of Lhasa and the Country and People of Central Tibet and of the Progress of the Mission Sent There by the English Government in the Year 1903–4 |date=1905 |publisher=Doubleday, Page & Company |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CnFwAAAAMAAJ }}<br />
* {{Citation |last=Smith |first=W. W. |title=Records of the Botanical Survey of India. Vol 6. No 7. The Alpine and Sub-Alpine Vegetation of South-East Sikkim. |date=1913 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.1962 |publisher=Superintendent Government Printing, India |author-link=William Wright Smith |via=PAHAR. Internet Archive}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Chapman |first=F. Spencer |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.529747 |title=Lhasa: The Holy City |publisher=Readers Union Ltd. [[Chatto & Windus]]. |year=1940 |author-link=Freddie Spencer Chapman |orig-date=1938 |via=Internet Archive}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Bajpai |first=G. S. |author-link=G. S. Bajpai |title=China's Shadow Over Sikkim: The Politics of Intimidation |publisher=Lancer Publishers |date=1999 |isbn=978-1-897829-52-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EB2l6dr_JlwC }}<br />
* {{Cite journal |last=Carrington |first=Michael |date=2003 |title=Officers, Gentlemen and Thieves: The Looting of Monasteries during the 1903/4 Younghusband Mission to Tibet |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=81–109 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X03001033 |jstor=3876552 |s2cid=144922428 |issn=0026-749X }}<br />
* {{Citation |last=Hsu |first=Kuei Hsiang |title=The Impact of Opening up Sikkim's Nathu-La on China-India Eastern Border Trade |date=2005 |place=Taipei City, Taiwan |publisher=Conference paper presented at the 527th MTAC Commissioner Meeting.}}<br />
* {{Citation |title=Ecodestination of India. Sikkim Chapter. |date=4 June 2006 |url=http://www.scstsenvis.nic.in/Sikkim%20chapter.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070619234731/http://www.scstsenvis.nic.in/Sikkim%20chapter.pdf |publisher=Environmental Information System Centre on Eco-Tourism, Sikkim. |ref={{sfnref |ENVIS Centre on Eco-Tourism, Sikkim |2006}} |archive-date=19 June 2007}}<br />
* {{Citation |last=Lama |first=Mahendra P. |title=Connectivity Issues in India's Neighbourhood |date=24 May 2008 |url=http://www.aitd.net.in/pdf/studies/2.%20Connectivity%20Issues%20%20in%20India's%20Neighbourhood.pdf |work=India-China Border Trade Connectivity: Economic and Strategic Implications and India's Response |pages=93–126 |postscript= |publication-place=India International Centre, New Delhi |publisher=Asian Institute of Transport Development, New Delhi. |author-link=Mahendra P. Lama}}<br />
* {{Cite web |last=Hasija |first=Namrata |date=1 April 2012 |title=Nathu La: Amidst the "Listening Ears" (A Trip Report) |url=http://www.ipcs.org/issue_briefs/issue_brief_pdf/SR116-NathuLa-Namrata.pdf |url-status=live |website=Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies, New Delhi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027012337/http://www.ipcs.org/issue_briefs/issue_brief_pdf/SR116-NathuLa-Namrata.pdf |archive-date=27 October 2021}}<br />
* {{Cite journal |last=Subba |first=Bhim B |date=January 2013 |title=India, China and the Nathu La: Realizing the Potential of a Border Trade |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep09218 |journal=Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies, New Delhi}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Harris |first=Tina |title=Geographical Diversions: Tibetan Trade, Global Transactions|publisher=University of Georgia Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-8203-4573-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RU58AAAAQBAJ }}<br />
* {{cite periodical |last1=Arora |first1=Vibha |title=Routing the Commodities of the Empire through Sikkim (1817-1906) |number=9 |periodical=Commodities of Empire Working Paper |publisher=[[Open University]] |year=2008 |issn=1756-0098 |url=http://www.open.ac.uk/Arts/ferguson-centre/commodities-of-empire/working-papers/WP09.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924060812/http://www.open.ac.uk/Arts/ferguson-centre/commodities-of-empire/working-papers/WP09.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2015}}<br />
* — {{Citation |last=Arora |first=Vibha |chapter=Routeing the Commodities of the Empire through Sikkim (1817–1906) |chapter-url=http://link.springer.com/10.1057/9781137283603_2 |title=Global Histories, Imperial Commodities, Local Interactions |pages=15–37 |editor=Jonathan Curry-Machado |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |date=2013 |doi=10.1057/9781137283603_2 |isbn=978-1-349-44898-2}}<br />
* {{Cite book|title=India China: Rethinking Borders and Security |date=2016 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=978-0-472-13006-1 |author1=[[L. H. M. Ling]] |author2=Adriana Erthal Abdenur |author3=Payal Banerjee |author4=Nimmi Kurian |author5=[[Mahendra P. Lama]] |author6=Bo Li |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IIsxDQAAQBAJ }}<br />
* — {{Citation |last=Abdenur |first=Adriana Erthal |chapter=Trans-Himalayas: From the Silk Road to World War II |date=2016 |chapter-url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3998/mpub.6577564.6 |pages=20–38 |title=Rethinking Borders and Security |publisher=University of Michigan Press |doi=10.3998/mpub.6577564 |jstor=10.3998/mpub.6577564 |isbn=978-0-472-13006-1|doi-access=free }}<br />
* — {{Citation |last=Lama |first=Mahendra P. |chapter=Borders as Opportunities: Changing Matrices in Northeast India and Southwest China |date=2016 |chapter-url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3998/mpub.6577564.7 |pages=39–59 |title=Rethinking Borders and Security |publisher=University of Michigan Press |doi=10.3998/mpub.6577564 |jstor=10.3998/mpub.6577564 |isbn=978-0-472-13006-1 |author-link=Mahendra P. Lama |doi-access=free }}<br />
* {{Cite journal |last=Chettri |first=Pramesh |date=2018-06-21 |title=India-China Border Trade Through Nathu La Pass: Prospects and Impediments |url=https://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/himalaya/vol38/iss1/7 |journal=HIMALAYA, the Journal of the Association for Nepal and Himalayan Studies |volume=38 |issue=1 |issn=2471-3716}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Bhutia |first=Dechen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pJs3EAAAQBAJ |title=Linking India and Eastern Neighbours: Development in the Northeast and Borderlands |publisher=SAGE Publishing India |year=2021 |isbn=978-93-91370-78-7 |editor-last=Srikanth |editor-first=H. |chapter=9: Reviving Border Trade and Tourism along Nathu La in Sikkim |lccn=2021941443 |editor-last2=Majumdar |editor-first2=Munmun |via=Google Books}}<br />
* {{Cite thesis |title=Wars, fought and unfought: China and the Sino-Indian border dispute |publisher=S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore |date=February 2021 |doi=10.32657/10356/150314 |first=Daniel |last=Balazs |hdl=10356/150314|doi-access=free |hdl-access=free }}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
'''Books'''<br />
* {{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.1699 |title=Report on the Engineer Operations of the Tibet Mission Escort 1903–04 |date=1905 |publisher=Office of the Superintendent, Government Printing, India |location=Calcutta |via=PAHAR. Internet Archive.}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Minney |first=R. J. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.175067 |title=Midst Himalayan Mists |date=1920 |publisher=Butterworth and Co. |author-link=R. J. Minney |via=Internet Archive |location=Calcutta; London.}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Easton |first=John |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006111865 |title=An unfrequented highway through Sikkim and Tibet to Chumolaori |date=1929 |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |isbn=978-81-206-1268-6 |location=New York}}<br />
* {{Citation |last=Macdonald |first=David |title=Touring in Sikkim and Tibet |date=1930 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.06756 |publisher=Self-published (1930), [[Thacker's Indian Directory|Thacker, Spink & Co.]] (1943) and Asian Educational Services (1999) |isbn=978-81-206-1350-8 |author-link=David MacDonald (trade agent)}}<br />
* {{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3148 |title=Notes, Memoranda And Letters – India-China White Paper Vol 1–14 |date=1959 |publisher=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |via=PAHAR. Internet Archive.}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Moraes |first=Dom |author-link=Dom Moraes |title=Gone away, an Indian journal |date=1960 |publisher=Heinemann |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/goneawayindianjo00mora |via=Internet Archive}}<br />
* {{Cite book |url=http://dspace.cus.ac.in/jspui/bitstream/1/23/1/sikkim%20tryst%20with%20Nathula.pdf |title=Sikkim's tryst with Nathu La: What awaits India's East and Northeast? |publisher=[[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Institute of Asian Studies]]. Anshah Publishing House|year=2009 |isbn=978-81-8364-050-3 |editor-last=Ray |editor-first=Jayanta Kumar |editor-last2=Bhattacharya |editor-first2=Rakhee |editor-last3=Bandyopadhyay |editor-first3=Kausik |url-access=limited}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last1=Forbes |first1=Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g8J3lSfHQ0oC |title=China's Ancient Tea Horse Road |last2=Henley |first2=David |publisher=Cognoscenti Books |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-300-46486-0 |language=en}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Harris |first=Tina |url=https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/id/858b45d6-da37-4809-bb96-4562e32a6989/621899.pdf |title=The Art of Neighbouring. Making Relations Across China's Borders |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |year=2017 |isbn=978-94-6298-258-1 |editor-last=Saxer |editor-first=Martin |pages=145–166 |chapter=6: The Mobile and the Material in the Himalayan Borderlands |doi=10.5117/9789462982581 |doi-broken-date=12 July 2025 |editor-last2=Zhang |editor-first2=Juan}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Fatma |first=Eram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yb2rDwAAQBAJ |title=IndiaChina Border Trade: A Case Study of Sikkim's Nathu La |year=2017 |publisher=KW Publishers Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-86288-64-6 |language=en |url-access=limited}}<br />
<br />
'''Journals'''<br />
* {{Cite journal |last=Lunt |first=James |author-link=James Lunt |date=1968 |title=The Nathu La |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03071846809424869 |journal=Royal United Services Institution. Journal |language=en |volume=113 |issue=652 |pages=331–334 |doi=10.1080/03071846809424869 |issn=0035-9289 |url-access=limited}}<br />
* {{Cite journal |last=Jacob |first=Jabin T. |date=2007 |title=The Qinghai–Tibet Railway and Nathu La – Challenge and Opportunity for India |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/000944550604300106 |journal=China Report |language=en |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=83–87 |doi=10.1177/000944550604300106 |s2cid=154791778 |issn=0009-4455|url-access=subscription }}<br />
* {{Cite journal |last=Harris |first=Tina |date=2008 |title=Silk Roads and Wool Routes: Contemporary Geographies of Trade Between Lhasa and Kalimpong |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14736480802261541 |journal=India Review |language=en |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=200–222 |doi=10.1080/14736480802261541 |s2cid=154522986 |issn=1473-6489|url-access=subscription }}<br />
* {{Cite journal |last=Datta |first=Karubaki |date=2014 |title=Tibet trade through the Chumbi Valley – growth, rupture and reopening |url=http://inet.vidyasagar.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/1815 |journal=Vidyasagar University Journal of History 2013–2014 |volume=2 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}<br />
<br />
'''Think tanks'''<br />
* {{Citation |last=Mohanty |first=Satyajit |title=Nathu La. Bridging the Himalayas. |date=2008 |url=http://www.ipcs.org/issue_briefs/issue_brief_pdf/2072999087IPCS-IssueBrief-No73.pdf |work=IPCS Issue Brief 73 |publisher=Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies, New Delhi}}<br />
* {{Cite journal |last=Ranade |first=Jayadeva |date=2012 |title=Nathu La & the Sino-Indian Trade: Understanding the Sensitivities in Sikkim |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep09228 |journal=Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies, New Delhi}}<br />
* {{Citation |last=Wangchuk |first=Pema |title=India, China and the Nathu La: Converting Symbolism into Reality |date=2013 |url=http://www.ipcs.org/issue_briefs/issue_brief_pdf/IB202-CRP-Pema-NathuLa.pdf |work=IPCS Issue Brief 202 |publisher=Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies, New Delhi}}<br />
* {{Citation |last=Pazo |first=Panu |title=India, China and the Nathu La: Securing Trade & Safeguarding the Eco System |date=2013 |work=IPCS Issue Brief 206 |publisher=Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies, New Delhi}}<br />
* {{Cite journal |last=Singh |first=VK |date=Autumn 2014 |title=The Skirmish at Nathu La (1967) |url=https://archive.claws.in/images/journals_doc/2042471866_VKSingh.pdf |journal=Scholar Warrior |publisher=Center For Land Warfare Studies (CLAWS) |pages=142–149 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}<br />
* {{Citation |last=Bhandari |first=R.K. |title=Urgent Need for Steps to Make Nathu La Route to Kailash Mansarovar Safe for Pilgrims |date=2 December 2014 |url=https://www.vifindia.org/article/2014/december/02/urgent-need-for-steps-to-make-nathu-la-route-to-kailash-mansarovar-safe-for-pilgrims |work=VIF India}}<br />
<br />
'''News'''<br />
* {{cite news |first1=Justin |last1=Huggler |first2=Clifford |last2=Coonan |title=China reopens a passage to India |work=[[The Independent]] |date=20 June 2006 |url=http://news.independent.co.uk/world/asia/article1090865.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018005814/http://news.independent.co.uk/world/asia/article1090865.ece |archive-date=18 October 2006 }}<br />
* {{Cite web |last=Madan |first=Tanvi|title=How the U.S. viewed the 1967 Sikkim skirmishes between India and China |url=https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/how-the-u-s-viewed-the-1967-sikkim-skirmishes-between-india-and-china/ |website=Brookings Institution |date=2017-09-13}}<br />
* {{cite news |title=China's social media hails Nirmala Sitharaman's 'namaste' as its foreign ministry downplays gesture |website=Firstpost |date=10 October 2017 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/chinas-social-media-hails-nirmala-sitharamans-namaste-as-its-foreign-ministry-downplays-gesture-4127065.html }}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}<br />
* {{wiktionary-inline|Nathu La}}<br />
* {{wikiquote-inline|Nathula}}<br />
* {{Commons category-inline}}<br />
* {{wikinews-inline|India, China reopen Nathu La pass}}<br />
<br />
{{Mountain passes of China}}<br />
{{Mountain passes of India}}<br />
{{Xigazê}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nathu La}}<br />
[[Category:Mountain passes of Sikkim]]<br />
[[Category:Mountain passes of Tibet]]<br />
[[Category:Mountain passes of China]]<br />
[[Category:Mountain passes of India]]<br />
[[Category:China–India border crossings]]<br />
[[Category:Mountain passes of the Himalayas]]<br />
[[Category:Yadong County]]<br />
[[Category:Gangtok district]]<br />
[[Category:Tourism in Northeast India]]</div>MyrnaAcuna04https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tara_Sutaria&diff=453318Tara Sutaria2026-03-25T15:51:43Z<p>MyrnaAcuna04: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian actress and singer (born 1995)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Tara Sutaria<br />
| image = File:Tara Sutaria snapped at Gigi restaurant in Bandra (cropped 2).jpg<br />
| caption = Sutaria in 2023<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1995|11|19|df=yes}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India<br />
| occupation = {{Hlist|Actress|singer}}<br />
| years_active = 2010–present<br />
| partner(s) = <br />
| alma mater = [[St. Andrew's College of Arts, Science and Commerce|St. Andrew's College]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Tara Sutaria''' (born 15 November 1995) is an Indian actress and singer who works in [[Hindi]] films.<ref name="birthdaybash"/> She began her career as a singer in [[Disney Channel (Indian TV channel)|Disney India]]'s reality show ''[[Big Bada Boom]]'' (2010) and transitioned to acting with the channel's sitcoms ''[[The Suite Life of Karan and Kabir]]'' (2012) and ''[[Oye Jassie]]'' (2013). Sutaria made her film debut in 2019 with ''[[Student of the Year 2]]'', for which she won the [[Zee Cine Award for Best Female Debut]]. She then played the leading lady in the androcentric action films ''[[Marjaavaan]]'' (2019) and ''[[Ek Villain Returns]]'' (2022). An against-[[Typecasting|type]] performance came in the survival thriller ''[[Apurva (2023 film)|Apurva]]'' (2023).<br />
<br />
==Early life and education==<br />
Tara Sutaria was born on 19 November 1995<ref name="birthdaybash">{{cite web |url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/inside-tara-sutaria-and-her-other-half-pias-birthday-bash-with-buddies-see-pics-7630903/lite/ |title=Inside Tara Sutaria and her 'other half' Pia's birthday bash with buddies. See pics |website=The Indian Express |date=19 November 2021 |access-date=19 November 2021 |archive-date=19 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119101427/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/inside-tara-sutaria-and-her-other-half-pias-birthday-bash-with-buddies-see-pics-7630903/lite/ |url-status=live }}</ref> in [[Mumbai]]. Her father, Himanshu Sutaria, is a [[Hindu]], and her mother, Tina Sutaria, is a [[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrian]] belonging to the [[Parsi]] community.<ref>{{cite news |author=Joginder Tuteja |date=6 May 2019 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/tiger-shroff-incredible-dance-partner-tara-sutaria-student-year-2-co-star/ |title=Tiger Shroff is an incredible dance partner" – Tara Sutaria on her Student of the Year 2 co-star |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=10 May 2019 |archive-date=9 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509202838/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/tiger-shroff-incredible-dance-partner-tara-sutaria-student-year-2-co-star/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Happy Birthday, Tara Sutaria. Incredible@25 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/photos/entertainment/happy-birthday-tara-sutaria-incredible-25-99379#photo-411707 |access-date=24 November 2021 |publisher=NDTV |date=18 November 2020 |archive-date=24 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124142330/https://www.ndtv.com/photos/entertainment/happy-birthday-tara-sutaria-incredible-25-99379#photo-411707 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Sutaria DOB">{{Cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/tara-sutaria-birthday-bash-soty-2-star-inside-photos-5453405/ |title=Inside photos from SOTY 2 star Tara Sutaria's birthday bash |work=[[The Indian Express]] |author=Kriti Sonali |date=19 November 2018 |access-date=10 February 2019 |archive-date=12 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212070607/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/tara-sutaria-birthday-bash-soty-2-star-inside-photos-5453405/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Her name means "star" in [[Sanskrit]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tara - Baby Name Meaning, Origin and Popularity |url=https://www.thebump.com/b/tara-baby-name |access-date=25 June 2023 |website=thebump.com |archive-date=29 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529114709/https://www.thebump.com/b/tara-baby-name |url-status=live }}</ref> She has a twin sister named Pia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/pia-sutaria-can-t-help-missing-her-twin-tara-sutaria-in-this-throwback-post-2478392 |title=Tara Sutaria And Twin Pia In A Precious Throwback |publisher=NDTV |access-date=3 July 2021 |archive-date=15 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115193917/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/pia-sutaria-can-t-help-missing-her-twin-tara-sutaria-in-this-throwback-post-2478392 |url-status=live }}</ref> Both trained in [[classical ballet]], [[modern dance]] and [[Latin American dance]]s at the School of Classical Ballet and Western Dance, [[Royal Academy of Dance]], [[United Kingdom]] and the Imperial Society for Teachers of Dancing, United Kingdom. She has been a professional singer since she was seven years old, having sung in operas and competitions since then.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/here-are-some-interesting-facts-about-student-of-the-year-2-debutante-tara-sutaria/articleshow/63730359.cms?from=mdr |title=Here are some facts about 'Student of the Year 4' debutante Tara Sutaria |work=[[The Times of India]] |author=Pratibha Devasenapathy |date=24 May 2018 |access-date=25 April 2019 |archive-date=5 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005030701/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/here-are-some-interesting-facts-about-student-of-the-year-2-debutante-tara-sutaria/articleshow/63730359.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/tara-sutaria-student-of-the-year-2-photos-videos-5133013/ |title=Who is Tara Sutaria? |date=11 April 2018 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=25 April 2019 |archive-date=2 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502082228/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/tara-sutaria-student-of-the-year-2-photos-videos-5133013/ |url-status=live }}</ref> She received bachelor's degree in Mass Media from [[St. Andrew's College of Arts, Science and Commerce]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Arundhati |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/the-balancing-act/story-817vS90afXAxPpc3xE9SNP.html |title=The balancing act |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=27 April 2019 |date=8 September 2013 |archive-date=27 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427020018/https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/the-balancing-act/story-817vS90afXAxPpc3xE9SNP.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
===Early television career (2010–2013)===<br />
Sutaria started her association with [[Disney Channel India]] as a [[VJ (media personality)|video jockey]] and continued to be associated with them, having two successful sitcoms to her credit. She has also been recording music in India and abroad for films, advertisements, and her own original work. Her song "Slippin' Through My Fingers" is part of the Ashwin Gidwani Production of Bharat Dhabholkar's Blame It On Yashraj. She has also played the lead role of Sandy in Raell Padamsee's production of the musical ''[[Grease (musical)|Grease]]''.<br />
<br />
She has recorded and performed solo concerts in London, Tokyo, Lavasa and Mumbai. She has performed with Louiz Banks and Mikey McCleary and has also been a soloist for the Stop-Gaps Choral Ensemble, singing at the NCPA for over a decade. She was one of the top seven finalists of the 2008 "Pogo Amazing Kids Awards" in the singer category. She received recognition for her roles of Vinnie in ''[[The Suite Life of Karan & Kabir]]'' and Jassie in ''[[Oye Jassie]].''<ref name="allnew"/><ref name="bratpack">{{Cite web |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/the-brat-pack/1189090/ |title=The brat pack - Indian Express |website=The Indian Express |access-date=9 September 2019 |archive-date=11 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211212704/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/the-brat-pack/1189090/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Expansion to films (2019–present)===<br />
[[File:Tara Sutaria at an event for Bobbi Brown India.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Sutaria in 2019]]<br />
Sutaria was among two actresses selected for the part of [[Princess Jasmine]] in the American fantasy film ''[[Aladdin (2019 film)|Aladdin]]'' (2019), but lost the role to [[Naomi Scott]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ford |first1=Rebecca |last2=Galuppo |first2=Mia |title='Aladdin': Disney Struggles to Find Stars for Its Live-Action Movie |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/aladdin-movie-disney-struggles-find-stars-1019690 |access-date=11 July 2017 |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=11 July 2017 |archive-date=11 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711155829/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/aladdin-movie-disney-struggles-find-stars-1019690 |url-status=live }}</ref> She made her film debut later that year with [[Punit Malhotra]]'s coming-of-age teen film ''[[Student of the Year 2]]'' alongside [[Tiger Shroff]] and [[Ananya Panday]]. Produced by [[Karan Johar]], it served as a standalone sequel to ''[[Student of the Year]]'' (2012) and narrates the story of a college student (portrayed by Shroff) who competes to win an annual school championship. Reviewing the film for ''[[The Indian Express]]'', Shubhra Gupta wrote, "Tara Sutaria is perfectly put together and yet looks assembly-line produced".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/student-of-the-year-2-movie-review-rating-tiger-shroff-5721050/ |title=Student of the Year 2 review: Everything is dispiritedly familiar |last=Gupta |first=Shubhra |date=10 May 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=12 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510102515/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/student-of-the-year-2-movie-review-rating-tiger-shroff-5721050/ |archive-date=10 May 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> She received a nomination for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2020/nominations |title=Nominations for Filmfare Awards 2020 |work=Filmfare |access-date=3 February 2020 |archive-date=3 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203105210/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2020/nominations |url-status=live }}</ref> It did not perform well commercially.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=5039 |title=Student Of The Year 2 Drops In Week Two |date=24 May 2019 |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=26 May 2019 |archive-date=26 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626222524/https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=5039 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
Later in 2019, Sutaria played the role of Zoya, a mute music teacher, alongside [[Sidharth Malhotra]], [[Riteish Deshmukh]] and [[Rakul Preet Singh]], in [[Milap Zaveri]]'s action film ''[[Marjaavaan]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/marjavaan-tara-sutaria-to-romance-sidharth-malhotra-in-milap-zaveri-s-next-1379230-2018-10-31 |title=Marjavaan: Tara Sutaria to romance Sidharth Malhotra in Milap Zaveri's next |date=31 October 2018 |website=[[India Today]] |access-date=25 April 2019 |archive-date=2 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502082911/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/marjavaan-tara-sutaria-to-romance-sidharth-malhotra-in-milap-zaveri-s-next-1379230-2018-10-31 |url-status=live }}</ref> The film had a worldwide gross of ₹65.35 crores.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/scoop-tara-sutaria-plays-mute-sidharth-malhotra-starrer-marjaavaan/ |title=SCOOP! Tara Sutaria plays a mute in Sidharth Malhotra starrer Marjaavaan :Bollywood Film News - Bollywood Hungama |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=28 September 2019 |language=en |access-date=30 September 2019 |archive-date=30 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930110456/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/scoop-tara-sutaria-plays-mute-sidharth-malhotra-starrer-marjaavaan/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In a scathing review for ''[[The Hindu]]'', [[Namrata Joshi]] found the film to be "loud, overcooked and overdone" and wrote that Sutaria was reduced to "smiling and weeping alternately".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/marjaavaan-movie-review-death-by-masala-film/article29982463.ece |title='Marjaavaan' movie review: Death by masala film |last=Joshi |first=Namrata |date=15 November 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=17 November 2019 |archive-date=29 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129085044/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/marjaavaan-movie-review-death-by-masala-film/article29982463.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2021 Sutaria and debutante [[Ahan Shetty]] starred in the [[Milan Luthria]] directed romantic thriller ''[[Tadap (2021 film)|Tadap]]'', a remake of [[Telugu film]] ''[[RX 100 (film)|RX 100]]'' (2018).<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/bollywood/tara-sutaria-ahan-shettys-tadap-to-release-on-december-320210824132826/ |title=Tara Sutaria, Ahan Shetty's 'Tadap' to release on December 3 |access-date=26 August 2021 |archive-date=26 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826043911/https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/bollywood/tara-sutaria-ahan-shettys-tadap-to-release-on-december-320210824132826/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It received mixed reviews from critics.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/tadap-movie-review-ahan-shetty-makes-an-aggressive-but-starry-debut-101638524516011.html |title=Tadap movie review: Ahan Shetty makes an aggressive but starry debut |author=Monika Rawal Kukreja |date=3 December 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=3 December 2021 |archive-date=3 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203101811/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/tadap-movie-review-ahan-shetty-makes-an-aggressive-but-starry-debut-101638524516011.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Rachana Dubey of ''[[Times of India]]'' wrote, "Tadap unabashedly plays to the gallery with action, music, and well-shot visuals, she further praised the performances of Shetty, Sutaria and Shukla.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/tadap/movie-review/88065053.cms |title=Tadap Movie Review: Ahan Shetty makes an intense debut, though the story leaves you craving for more |author=Rachana Dubey |date=3 December 2021 |work=The Times of India |access-date=3 December 2021 |archive-date=3 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203052949/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/tadap/movie-review/88065053.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The film underperformed at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tadap - Movie - Box Office India |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=6151 |access-date=6 November 2023 |website=[[Box Office India]] |archive-date=13 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113195234/https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=6151 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Quote box<br />
| quote = "The films I've done or the way I've been presented have been a reason for people to believe that I'm just a one or two-dimensional actress and that I can't do other stuff, which has been extremely infuriating."<br />
| source = —Sutaria, 2023<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-15 |title=Tara Sutaria on being stereotyped as a glamorous actor: 'People believe I'm just two-dimensional actress…' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/tara-sutaria-on-being-stereotyped-as-a-glamorous-actor-people-believe-im-just-two-dimensional-actress-9027477/ |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
| align = right<br />
| width = 25%<br />
| bgcolor = #E0E6F8<br />
}}<br />
<br />
In her first release of 2022, she reunited with Shroff in [[Ahmed Khan (choreographer)|Ahmed Khan]]'s actioner ''[[Heropanti 2]]''<ref>{{cite news |title=Tara Sutaria joins Tiger Shroff in Heropanti 2, says 'can't think of a better way to kick start birthday month' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/tara-sutaria-joins-tiger-shroff-in-heropanti-2-says-can-t-think-of-a-better-way-to-kick-start-birthday-month/story-XEnTHNyhgohv3MizYsLOIN.html |access-date=15 February 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=30 October 2020 |language=en |archive-date=3 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303024359/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/tara-sutaria-joins-tiger-shroff-in-heropanti-2-says-can-t-think-of-a-better-way-to-kick-start-birthday-month/story-XEnTHNyhgohv3MizYsLOIN.html |url-status=live }}</ref> which received negative reviews from critics with Saibal Chaterjee from NDTV stating, “Tara Sutaria is as clueless as the screenplay writer about the manner in which the character should be projected.”<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/heropanti-2-review-neither-tiger-shroff-nor-nawazuddin-siddiqui-can-salvage-this-smashup-2931480 |title=Heropanti 2 Review: Neither Tiger Shroff Nor Nawazuddin Siddiqui Can Salvage This Smashup |publisher=[[NDTV]] |access-date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007234610/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/heropanti-2-review-neither-tiger-shroff-nor-nawazuddin-siddiqui-can-salvage-this-smashup-2931480 |url-status=live }}</ref> It was a major commercial failure at the box office.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/heropanti-2-day-1-box-office-collection-tiger-shroff-starrer-off-to-a-fair-start-1105238.html |title='Heropanti 2' day 1 box office collection: Tiger Shroff-starrer off to a fair start |website=Deccan Herald |date=30 April 2022 |access-date=30 April 2022 |archive-date=1 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220501080331/https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/entertainment/entertainment-news/heropanti-2-day-1-box-office-collection-tiger-shroff-starrer-off-to-a-fair-start-1105238.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/tiger-shroff-and-tara-sutaria-unveil-a-new-poster-for-heropanti-2-releasing-on-eid-2022-double-the-entertainment/ |title=Tiger Shroff and Tara Sutaria unveil a new poster for Heropanti 2 releasing on Eid 2022: "Double the entertainment" |date=12 February 2022 |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=16 March 2022 |archive-date=16 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316051507/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/tiger-shroff-and-tara-sutaria-unveil-a-new-poster-for-heropanti-2-releasing-on-eid-2022-double-the-entertainment/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In her second release of the year, she starred as Aarvi Malhotra opposite [[Arjun Kapoor]] in [[Mohit Suri]]'s action thriller ''[[Ek Villain Returns]],'' which also starred [[John Abraham]] and [[Disha Patani]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/tara-sutaria-joins-aditya-roy-kapur-in-ek-villain-sequel/articleshow/74565860.cms |title=Tara Sutaria joins Aditya Roy Kapur in Ek Villain sequel |first=Himesh |last=Mankad |date=11 March 2020 |work=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |access-date=11 March 2020 |archive-date=16 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200316121029/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/tara-sutaria-joins-aditya-roy-kapur-in-ek-villain-sequel/articleshow/74565860.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="release date">{{cite news |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/john-abraham-arjun-kapoor-disha-patani-tara-sutaria-starrer-ek-villain-returns-gets-new-release-date-hit-theatres-july-29/ |title=John Abraham, Arjun Kapoor, Disha Patani, Tara Sutaria starrer Ek Villain Returns gets a new release date; to hit theatres on July 29 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=10 May 2022 |access-date=10 May 2022 |archive-date=10 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510150222/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/john-abraham-arjun-kapoor-disha-patani-tara-sutaria-starrer-ek-villain-returns-gets-new-release-date-hit-theatres-july-29/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The film received mixed reviews from critics with Sutaria experiencing her third consecutive commercial disappointment.<ref name=":13">{{cite web |title=Disha Patani Distributes Laddus As Ek Villain Returns Opens at Rs 7 Cr; Arjun Kapoor Pens Sweet Note |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/disha-patani-distributes-laddus-as-ek-villain-returns-opens-at-rs-7-cr-arjun-kapoor-pens-sweet-note-5658811.html |website=[[News 18]] |date=31 July 2022 |access-date=3 August 2022 |quote=Ek Villain Returns opened at a surprising Rs 7.05 crore despite receiving mixed reviews from the critics. |archive-date=26 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026185436/https://www.news18.com/amp/news/movies/disha-patani-distributes-laddus-as-ek-villain-returns-opens-at-rs-7-cr-arjun-kapoor-pens-sweet-note-5658811.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Sukanya Verma]] of [[Rediff.com]] opined that "Tara Sutaria is exactly how she was in her first, second, third and fourth film".<ref>{{cite web |title=Ek Villain Returns Review |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/ek-villain-returns-review/20220729.htm |website=[[Rediff]] |access-date=30 July 2022 |archive-date=30 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730151817/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/ek-villain-returns-review/20220729.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Critics found her roles to be limited to androcentric films in which she performed poorly.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tusing |first=David |date=22 August 2022 |title=The biggest Bollywood box office flops of 2022: from 'Dhaakad' to 'Laal Singh Chaddha' |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/film/2022/08/22/the-biggest-bollywood-box-office-flops-of-2022-from-dhaakad-to-laal-singh-chaddha/ |access-date=20 February 2024 |website=The National |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=5 blockbusters, 2 hits, 39 flops! Was 2022 the worst year in the history of Bollywood? - #BigStory |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/5-blockbusters-2-hits-39-flops-was-2022-the-worst-year-in-the-history-of-bollywood-bigstory/articleshow/96553109.cms |access-date=20 February 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
Keen to showcase her acting skills, Sutaria played the eponymous role in the crime thriller [[Apurva (2023 film)|''Apurva'']] (2023), which released on [[Disney+ Hotstar]] to mixed reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Today's ENT Wrap: Tara Sutaria's Apurva Gets Mixed Reviews, Salman Khan's Tiger 3 Grosses Rs 240 Crore Worldwide And More |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/bollywood/todays-ent-wrap-tara-sutarias-apurva-gets-mixed-reviews-salman-khans-tiger-3-grosses-rs-240-crore-worldwide-and-more-article-105235345 |access-date=18 November 2023 |website=Zoom TV |language=en |archive-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118171150/https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/bollywood/todays-ent-wrap-tara-sutarias-apurva-gets-mixed-reviews-salman-khans-tiger-3-grosses-rs-240-crore-worldwide-and-more-article-105235345 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=14 November 2023 |title=Top Must-Watch OTT Releases This Week: Leo, Apurva, Chithha, The Crown 6, and More Movies and Web Series |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/top-must-watch-ott-releases-this-week-leo-apurva-chithha-the-crown-6-and-more-movies-and-web-series-837635 |access-date=14 November 2023 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en |archive-date=14 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114115928/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/top-must-watch-ott-releases-this-week-leo-apurva-chithha-the-crown-6-and-more-movies-and-web-series-837635 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 November 2023 |title=Tara Sutaria on being stereotyped as a glamorous actor: 'People believe I'm just two-dimensional actress…' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/tara-sutaria-on-being-stereotyped-as-a-glamorous-actor-people-believe-im-just-two-dimensional-actress-9027477/ |access-date=22 February 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Despite disliking the film, [[Deepa Gahlot]] wrote, "If at all the film does anything, it is to offer Tara Sutaria a role that allows her to act, rather than just dress up and play pretty love interest to the leading man".<ref>{{cite web|title=Apurva Review: Give It A Miss|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/apurva-review/20231115.htm|website=Rediff.com|access-date=15 November 2023|date=15 November 2023|archive-date=17 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117092926/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/apurva-review/20231115.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 November 2023 |title=Tara Sutaria on being stereotyped as a glamorous actor: 'People believe I'm just two-dimensional actress…' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/tara-sutaria-on-being-stereotyped-as-a-glamorous-actor-people-believe-im-just-two-dimensional-actress-9027477/ |access-date=5 March 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Following a three-year hiatus, Sutaria will appear alongside [[Yash (actor)|Yash]] in the [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] action film ''[[Toxic: A Fairy Tale for Grown-Ups]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Bengaluru Schedule Of Yash And Kiara Advani-starrer Toxic Ends |url=https://www.news18.com/india/bengaluru-schedule-of-yash-and-kiara-advani-starrer-toxic-ends-9078676.html#:~:text=Alongside%20Yash,%20Kiara%20will%20play,Kyle%20Paul%20and%20Benedict%20Garrett. |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Media image ==<br />
[[File:Tara Sutaria on sets of Dance Deewane Junior.jpg|thumb|Sutaria in 2022]]<br />
<br />
Sutaria became the eighth highest trending personality on [[Google]] in India, in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=See what was trending in 2019 – India |url=https://trends.google.com.pk/trends/yis/2019/IN/ |access-date=28 September 2020 |website=Google Trends |archive-date=15 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115193841/https://trends.google.com.pk/trends/yis/2019/IN/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In [[The Times of India|Times' 50 Most Desirable Women]] list, Sutaria was placed 13th in 2019 and 12th in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MEET THE TIMES 50 MOST DESIRABLE WOMEN 2019 - Times of India ► |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/meet-indias-most-desirable-divas/articleshow/77805527.cms |access-date=7 August 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=7 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807040245/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/meet-indias-most-desirable-divas/articleshow/77805527.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Times Most Desirable Women of 2020 - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/the-times-most-desirable-woman-of-2020-rhea-chakraborty-living-through-a-trial-by-fire-gracefully/articleshow/83312150.cms |access-date=7 August 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=8 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608013431/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/the-times-most-desirable-woman-of-2020-rhea-chakraborty-living-through-a-trial-by-fire-gracefully/articleshow/83312150.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
Sutaria supports a number of causes such as animal welfare and feminism.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tara Sutaria Feeds Starving Stray Dogs, Urges Fans To 'Do The Same' |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/tara-sutaria-feeds-starving-stray-dogs-urges-fans-to-do-the-same-6302647.html |access-date=13 November 2022 |website=News18 India |date=3 November 2022 |language=en |archive-date=10 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221110073123/https://www.news18.com/amp/news/movies/tara-sutaria-feeds-starving-stray-dogs-urges-fans-to-do-the-same-6302647.html |url-status=live }}</ref> She has ramp walked at the [[Lakme Fashion Week]] and has been [[cover model]] for various magazines.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tara Sutaria turns up HEAT on ramp in black lehenga at Lakme Fashion Week 2022 |url=https://zeenews.india.com/photos/entertainment/tara-sutaria-turns-up-heat-on-ramp-in-black-lehenga-at-lakme-fashion-week-2022-photos-2522182/amp |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=Zee News |language=en |archive-date=16 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016111509/https://zeenews.india.com/photos/entertainment/tara-sutaria-turns-up-heat-on-ramp-in-black-lehenga-at-lakme-fashion-week-2022-photos-2522182/amp |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tara Sutaria enchants in an embellished number on Hello! Magazine cover |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/tara-sutaria-enchants-embellished-number-hello-magazine-cover/ |access-date=28 August 2022 |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=28 June 2022 |language=en |archive-date=9 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709191231/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/amp/news/features/tara-sutaria-enchants-embellished-number-hello-magazine-cover/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Sutaria is a celebrity endorser for several brands and products including [[Bobbi Brown|Bobbi Brown Cosmetics]], Hazoorilal Legacy Jewellers and Nature 4 Nature.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bobbi Brown India unveils Tara Sutaria as brand ambassador for skincare range |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/brandwagon/bobbi-brown-india-unveils-tara-sutaria-as-brand-ambassador-for-skincare-range/2912928/lite/ |access-date=17 December 2022 |website=The Financial Express |date=14 December 2022 |language=en |archive-date=17 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217034128/https://www.financialexpress.com/brandwagon/bobbi-brown-india-unveils-tara-sutaria-as-brand-ambassador-for-skincare-range/2912928/lite/ |url-status=live }}</ref> For the latter's adfilm, she featured alongside [[Ishaan Khattar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tara Sutaria and Ishaan Khatter skip the concrete jungle in Nature 4 Nature campaign |url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/advertising/tara-sutaria-and-ishaan-khatter-skip-the-concrete-jungle-in-nature-4-nature-campaign/95197990 |access-date=28 November 2022 |website=The Economics Times |language=en |archive-date=31 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031115140/https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/amp/news/advertising/tara-sutaria-and-ishaan-khatter-skip-the-concrete-jungle-in-nature-4-nature-campaign/95197990 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
{{Pending films key}}<br />
=== Films ===<br />
*''All films are in Hindi unless otherwise noted.''<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|- <br />
! Year<br />
! Title<br />
! Role<br />
! class="unsortable"| Notes<br />
! class="unsortable"| Ref.<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"|2019<br />
| ''[[Student of the Year 2]]''<br />
| Mridula "Mia" Chawla<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Will Smith visits the sets of 'Student Of The Year 2' - 'Student Of The Year 2': All you need to know about the film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/student-of-the-year-2-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-film/will-smith-visits-the-sets-of-student-of-the-year-2/photostory/66116735.cms |access-date=17 October 2021 |website=The Times of India |archive-date=17 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017085951/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/student-of-the-year-2-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-film/will-smith-visits-the-sets-of-student-of-the-year-2/photostory/66116735.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Marjaavaan]]''<br />
| Zoya Ahmed <br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tara Sutaria to play a mute character in Marjaavaan |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/tara-sutaria-to-play-a-mute-character-in-marjaavaan-36459.html |access-date=8 November 2021 |website=filmfare.com |language=en |archive-date=8 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108082252/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/tara-sutaria-to-play-a-mute-character-in-marjaavaan-36459.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2021<br />
| ''[[Tadap (2021 film)|Tadap]]''<br />
| Ramisa Nautiyal<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2 March 2021 |title=FIRST LOOK: Ahan Shetty and Tara Sutaria starrer Tadap looks intense, release date revealed : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/first-look-ahan-shetty-tara-sutaria-starrer-tadap-looks-intense-release-date-revealed/ |access-date=17 October 2021 |language=en |archive-date=2 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302045239/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/first-look-ahan-shetty-tara-sutaria-starrer-tadap-looks-intense-release-date-revealed/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"| 2022<br />
| ''[[Heropanti 2]]'' <br />
| Inaaya Saran<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Photos: Tiger Shroff and Tara Sutaria get clicked post their shoot in the city for 'Heropanti 2' - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/photos-tiger-shroff-and-tara-sutaria-get-clicked-post-their-shoot-in-the-city-for-heropanti-2/articleshow/81939815.cms |access-date=17 October 2021 |website=The Times of India |date=7 April 2021 |language=en |archive-date=6 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210406202628/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/photos-tiger-shroff-and-tara-sutaria-get-clicked-post-their-shoot-in-the-city-for-heropanti-2/articleshow/81939815.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ek Villain Returns]]'' <br />
| Aarvi Malhotra<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 March 2022 |title='Ek Villain Returns': Arjun Kapoor, Tara Sutaria wrap up filming with director Mohit Suri |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-ek-villain-returns-arjun-kapoor-tara-sutaria-wrap-up-filming-with-director-mohit-suri-2940643/ |work=Daily News and Analysis |access-date=17 March 2022 |archive-date=17 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317181311/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-ek-villain-returns-arjun-kapoor-tara-sutaria-wrap-up-filming-with-director-mohit-suri-2940643 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2023<br />
| ''[[Apurva (2023 film)|Apurva]]''<br />
| Apurva Kashyap<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/tara-sutaria-begins-shooting-apurva-calls-tale-true-strength/ |title=Tara Sutaria begins shooting for Apurva; calls it 'a tale of the true strength' |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=30 October 2022 |access-date=30 October 2022 |archive-date=31 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031165518/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/amp/news/features/tara-sutaria-begins-shooting-apurva-calls-tale-true-strength/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2026<br />
| {{Pending film|[[Toxic (2026 film)|Toxic]]}}<br />
| Rebecca<br />
|[[Kannada]]-[[English language|English]] Bilingual film; Post-production<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2024-10-07 |title=Yash and Kiara Advani gear up for romantic sequences in Toxic amid Mumbai schedule: Report : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/yash-kiara-advani-gear-romantic-sequences-toxic-amid-mumbai-schedule-report/ |access-date=2025-01-10 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Television ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|- <br />
! Year<br />
! Title<br />
! Role<br />
! class="unsortable"| Notes<br />
! class="unsortable"| Ref.<br />
|-<br />
| 2010<br />
| ''[[Big Bada Boom]]''<br />
| Herself<br />
|<br />
|<ref name="throwback">{{Cite news |last=Basu |first=Nilanjana |date=19 January 2021 |title=Throwback: A Glimpse Of Tara Sutaria's Life As A Singer Before She Joined Films |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/throwback-a-glimpse-of-tara-sutarias-life-as-a-singer-before-she-joined-films-2354529 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512100920/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/throwback-a-glimpse-of-tara-sutarias-life-as-a-singer-before-she-joined-films-2354529 |archive-date=12 May 2022 |access-date=6 May 2022 |publisher=NDTV}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2011<br />
| ''[[Entertainment Ke Liye Kuch Bhi Karega]]''<br />
| Contestant<br />
| Season 4<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=ABP News |date=11 April 2018 |title='SOTY 2' actress Tara Sutaria in her teens did four TV shows including 'Entertainment Ke Liye Kuch Bhi Karega' |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/movies/soty-2-actress-tara-sutaria-in-her-teens-did-four-tv-shows-including-entertainment-ke-liye-kuch-bhi-karega-864273 |access-date=17 October 2021 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en |archive-date=18 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218224004/https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/movies/soty-2-actress-tara-sutaria-in-her-teens-did-four-tv-shows-including-entertainment-ke-liye-kuch-bhi-karega-864273 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2012<br />
| ''[[Best of Luck Nikki]]''<br />
| Nina / Tina<br />
| Cameo appearance <br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 May 2019 |title=Tara Sutaria is not nervous for her debut Student of the Year 2, says 'I have been an ambassador for Disney' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/tara-sutaria-is-not-nervous-for-her-debut-student-of-the-year-2-says-i-have-been-an-ambassador-for-disney/story-uh2Gt9j3q9GwtZ7JwsY4zJ.html |access-date=8 November 2021 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=8 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108082252/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/tara-sutaria-is-not-nervous-for-her-debut-student-of-the-year-2-says-i-have-been-an-ambassador-for-disney/story-uh2Gt9j3q9GwtZ7JwsY4zJ.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2012–2013<br />
| ''[[The Suite Life of Karan & Kabir]]''<br />
| Vinita "Vinnie" Mishra<br />
| <br />
|<ref name="allnew">{{Cite news |last=Announcement |date=5 April 2012 |title=Disney Channel launches all new family sitcom: 'The Suite Life of Karan and Kabir' on April 8 |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/press-releases/disney-channel-launches-all-new-family-sitcom-the-suite-life-of-karan-and-kabir-on-april-8-112040500097_1.html |access-date=17 October 2021 |archive-date=11 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011165400/https://www.business-standard.com/article/press-releases/disney-channel-launches-all-new-family-sitcom-the-suite-life-of-karan-and-kabir-on-april-8-112040500097_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2013–2014<br />
| ''[[Oye Jassie]]''<br />
| Jaspreet "Jassie" Singh<br />
|<br />
|<ref name="bratpack"/><br />
|-<br />
| 2013<br />
| ''[[Shake It Up (Indian TV series)|Shake It Up]]''<br />
| Herself<br />
| Cameo appearance <br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Birthday Special! Here are some lesser known facts about Tara Sutaria |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/tara-sutaria-37499.html |access-date=17 October 2021 |website=filmfare.com |language=en |archive-date=17 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017085950/https://www.filmfare.com/features/tara-sutaria-37499.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Music video appearances===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|- <br />
! Year<br />
! Title<br />
! Singer(s)<br />
! class="unsortable"| Ref.<br />
|-<br />
| 2020<br />
| "Masakali 2.0"<br />
| [[Tulsi Kumar]], [[Sachet Tandon]]<br />
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Masakali 2.0 teaser out: Sidharth Malhotra romancing Tara Sutaria is Marjaavaan 2.0 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/masakali-2-0-teaser-out-sidharth-malhotra-romancing-tara-sutaria-is-marjaavaan-2-0-1664296-2020-04-07 |access-date=7 April 2020 |work=India Today |date=7 April 2020 |language=en |archive-date=7 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407162120/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/masakali-2-0-teaser-out-sidharth-malhotra-romancing-tara-sutaria-is-marjaavaan-2-0-1664296-2020-04-07 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2023<br />
| "Mulaqat"<br />
| [[Prateek Kuhad]]<br />
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Mulaqat Prateek Kuhad |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/try-this/listen/prateek-kuhad-and-tara-sutaria-in-the-singers-new-single-mulaqat/cid/1975643 |work=Telegraph |date=27 October 2023 |language=en |access-date=1 November 2023 |archive-date=1 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101134053/https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/try-this/listen/prateek-kuhad-and-tara-sutaria-in-the-singers-new-single-mulaqat/cid/1975643 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 2025<br />
| "Pyaar Aata Hai"<br />
| [[Shreya Ghoshal]], Rito Riba<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-03-05 |title=Pyaar aata hai: Ishaan Khatter, Tara Sutaria, Shreya Ghoshal weave magic with a melody |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/pyaar-aata-hai-ishaan-khatter-tara-sutaria-shreya-ghoshal-weave-magic-with-a-melody-1503404663.html |access-date=2025-03-10 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| "Thodi Si Daaru"<br />
| [[AP Dhillon]], Shreya Ghoshal<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-03-05 |title=AP Dhillon and Tara Sutaria's chemistry in 'Thodi Si Daaru' is too hot to handle |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/tara-sutaria-ap-dhillons-chemistry-in-thodi-si-daaru-is-too-hot-to-handle-aa-9446497.html |access-date=2025-07-30 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Discography==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"<br />
|-<br />
! Year<br />
! Album<br />
! Song<br />
! Co-singer(s)<br />
! class="unsortable"| Ref. <br />
|-<br />
|2021<br />
|{{Non-album single}}<br />
|"Hum Hindustani"<br />
|Various<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 August 2021 |title=Amitabh Bachchan, Lata Mangeshkar and Others Collaborate for Patriotic Song 'Hum Hindustani' |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/amitabh-bachchan-lata-mangeshkar-and-others-collaborate-for-patriotic-song-hum-hindustani-4072577.html |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=12 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812064901/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/amitabh-bachchan-lata-mangeshkar-and-others-collaborate-for-patriotic-song-hum-hindustani-4072577.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2022<br />
|''[[Ek Villain Returns]]''<br />
|"Shaamat" <br />
|[[Ankit Tiwari]]<br />
|<ref>{{cite news |title=FIRST LOOK: Tara Sutaria makes singing debut with 'Shaamat' in Ek Villain Returns: 'An incomparable feeling' |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/first-look-tara-sutaria-make-singing-debut-shaamat-ek-villain-returns-july-16-incomparable-feeling/ |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=15 July 2022 |access-date=14 August 2022 |archive-date=19 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019130256/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/first-look-tara-sutaria-make-singing-debut-shaamat-ek-villain-returns-july-16-incomparable-feeling/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Awards and nominations ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Award<br />
!Category<br />
!Work<br />
!Result<br />
!Ref.<br />
|-<br />
|2019<br />
|[[26th Screen Awards|Screen Awards]]<br />
|[[Screen Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]]<br />
| rowspan="3" |''[[Student of the Year 2]]''<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=26th Star Screen Awards {{!}} 2019 |url=https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/star-screen-awards/7050 |access-date=16 November 2021 |website=Disney+ Hotstar |language=en |archive-date=16 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116083408/https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/star-screen-awards/7050 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2020<br />
|[[65th Filmfare Awards|Filmfare Awards]]<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]]<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Filmfare Awards 2020 Nominations {{!}} 65th Filmfare Awards 2020 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2020/nominations |access-date=16 November 2021 |website=filmfare.com |language=en |archive-date=3 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203105210/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2020/nominations |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Zee Cine Awards]]<br />
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]]<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Zee Cine Awards 2020 Winners: Complete list of winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/zee-cine-awards/2020/123 |access-date=16 November 2021 |newspaper=The Times of India |archive-date=16 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116125024/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/zee-cine-awards/2020/123 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2022<br />
|[[Pinkvilla Style Icons Awards]]<br />
|Stylish Emerging Talent – Female<br />
|{{N/A}}<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 June 2022 |title=Pinkvilla Style Icons Awards Winners List: Find out who won what at the starry night |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/pinkvilla-style-icons-awards-winner-list-find-out-who-won-what-at-the-starry-night-1145089 |access-date=4 October 2022 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004094031/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/pinkvilla-style-icons-awards-winner-list-find-out-who-won-what-at-the-starry-night-1145089 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2024<br />
|[[Pinkvilla Screen and Style Icons Awards]]<br />
|Best Actress OTT – Popular Choice<br />
| ''[[Apurva (2023 film)|Apurva]]''<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/pinkvilla-screen-and-style-icons-awards-kareena-kapoor-khan-to-ananya-panday-nominees-for-best-actor-female-ott-popular-choice-1285808?amp|title=Pinkvilla Screen & Style Icons Awards: Kareena Kapoor Khan to Ananya Panday, nominees for Best Actor Female OTT Popular Choice|website=Pinkvilla|date=12 March 2024 |access-date= 18 March 2024}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{Portal | Bollywood}}<br />
* [[List of Indian film actresses]]<br />
* [[List of Hindi film actresses]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{Twitter}}<br />
* {{IMDb name}}<br />
* {{BH person}}<br />
{{Commons category}}<br />
{{Zee Cine Award for Best Female Debut}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sutaria, Tara}}<br />
[[Category:1995 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian dancers]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian dancers]]<br />
[[Category:Parsi women singers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]<br />
[[Category:Dancers from Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]<br />
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Zoroastrians]]<br />
[[Category:Zee Cine Awards winners]]<br />
[[Category:Parsi actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Parsi people]]<br />
[[Category:St. Andrew's College of Arts, Science and Commerce alumni]]</div>MyrnaAcuna04https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81t%E1%B9%9Bvi%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87u&diff=519467Mātṛviṣṇu2026-03-25T15:18:52Z<p>MyrnaAcuna04: created.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox royalty<br />
| name = Mātṛviṣṇu<br />
| title = [[Maharaja]]<br>Vishayapati<br />
| image = File:Vishnu temple mandapa at Eran, Madhya Pradesh.jpg<br />
| image_size = 220px<br />
| caption = [[Mandapa]] of the Vishnu Temple at Eran<br />
| successor = [[Dhanyaviṣṇu]]<br />
| death_date = 498 CE, [[Eran]]<br />
| death_place = <br />
| burial_place = [[Eran]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
| era name = Classical<br />
| religion = [[Vaishnavism]]<br />
| module = {{Infobox military person<br />
| embed = yes<br />
| battles = [[First Battle of Eran]]<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''{{IAST|Mātṛviṣṇu}}''' was a [[Brahmin]] and a feudatory of the [[Gupta Empire]]. He is mentioned in several inscriptions of [[Eran]], [[Central India]], who fought along with the emperor [[Bhanugupta]] in the [[First Battle of Eran]] in which he was martyred.<ref name=Bakker>{{Cite book |last=Bakker |first=Hans T. |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=ZLnVDwAAQBAJ}} |title=The Alkhan: A Hunnic People in South Asia |date=2020-03-12 |publisher=Barkhuis |isbn=978-94-93194-00-7 |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|33}} In 484 CE, he is described as being a [[maharaja]] and the {{IAST|Vishayapati}} (district officer) of Eran under the reign of Maharaja Surasmichandra, who governed the region between the [[Yamuna]] and the [[Narmada River]]. He comes from a family of pious Brahmins; his grandfather was {{IAST|[[Indraviṣṇu]]}} and his forefather was {{IAST|[[Varuṇaviṣṇu]]}}, both known for their participation in studies of scripture and enactment of sacrificial rites.<ref name=Sharma>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Tej Ram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WcnnB-Lx2MAC |title=Personal and Geographical Names in the Gupta Inscriptions |date=1978 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|116}}<br />
<br />
== Etymology ==<br />
Mātṛviṣṇu is mentioned in the [[Eran boar inscription of Toramana|Eran Stone Boar Inscription]] from the reign of Toramana (500–515 CE), and in the Eran Stone Pillar Inscription of [[Budhagupta]]. {{IAST|Mātṛ}} may signify one of the seven [[Matrikas|{{IAST|Mātṛkās}}]] or possibly, [[Mātariśvan|Vedic Mātariśvan]] (read [[Agni]]) and its concatenation with ''[[Vishnu|Viṣṇu]]'' underlines a unique theological or cultural synthesis pertinent of the [[Gupta period]].<ref name=Sharma/>{{rp|41}}<br />
<br />
== Religious activities ==<br />
[[File:20150712 im Keshava-Tempel - Krishna als Janardhana.JPG|thumb|{{center|Sculpture of Janardana, [[Chennakeshava Temple, Somanathapura|Somanathapura]]}}]]<br />
The stone pillar in [[Eran]] was installed by Mātṛviṣṇu and is called the Column of Janārdana ([[Vishnu|Viṣṇu]]/[[Krishna|Kṛṣṇa]]) - a thin, 13-metre-high column. He established, with his younger brother [[Dhanyaviṣṇu]], a twin temple complex dedicated to Viṣṇu on the southern banks of the [[Bina River (India)|Bina River]].<ref name=Balogh>{{Cite book |last=Balogh |first=Dániel |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=frnVDwAAQBAJ|page=330}} |title=Hunnic Peoples in Central and South Asia: Sources for their Origin and History |date=2020-03-12 |publisher=Barkhuis |isbn=978-94-93194-01-4 |language=en|p=330}}</ref> [[Janardana|Janārdana]]'s emblem ([[Garuda]]) stands out on the pillar. This complex grew during [[Budhagupta]]'s reign, reflecting the imperial standard and the pride of [[Gupta Empire]].{<ref name=Bakker/>{{rp|73}}<br />
<br />
== Military achievements ==<br />
<br />
=== Testimonials ===<br />
Mātṛviṣṇu is described in the [[Eran]] Stone Pillar Inscription of [[Budhagupta]] as a mighty and triumphal king, whose renown spread "to the frontiers of the four oceans". He also claimed to have been chosen by the “goddess of sovereignty” as her consort — language that echoed the epithets used for [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] emperors such as [[Samudragupta]] and [[Skandagupta]]. His self-titled [[Maharaja]], while demonstrating his subordination to it within the Gupta administrative system, shows that he asserted some measure of authority.<ref name=Goyal>{{Cite book |last = Goyal | first =S. R. |url=https://archive.org/details/goyal-1967_202412 |title=A history of the Imperial Guptas. With a Foreword by R. C. Majumdar. |date=1967}}</ref>{{rp|11}}<br />
<br />
=== First Battle of Eran ===<br />
{{main|First Battle of Eran}}<br />
[[File:Eran archaeological site map, 1880 sketch.jpg|left|thumb|upright=1.3|{{center|Eran archaeological site map, 1880 sketch}}]]<br />
Mātṛviṣṇu perished during the [[First Battle of Eran]] ([[Betwa River|Betwa Valley]]). His brother [[Dhanyaviṣṇu]] commissioned a [[Varaha|Varāhamūrti]] (boar idol) at [[Eran]] and supervised the building of a temple in memory of his brother. The acts are etched to stone 'deeds' from the first year of the reign of [[Toramana]], signifying a shift of allegiance to the marauding [[Alchon Huns|Huna]] forces.{<ref name=Bakker/>{{rp|75}}<br />
<br />
The inscriptions reveal that in these regions, the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] administration was fragmented, and the feudal system (mamsa) prevalent then enabled local chiefs to change their loyalty when it suited them. The defection of [[Dhanyaviṣṇu]] to the [[Alchon Huns|Hunas]] after the death of Mātṛviṣṇu demonstrates how local feudatories supported the conquest of the [[Gupta Empire]] by [[Toramana]]. This transition took place not long after 484 CE, probably within a generation.<ref name=Goyal/>{{rp|341}}<br />
<br />
== Legacy ==<br />
Mātṛviṣṇu's contributions to religious architecture, monuments, sculptures, and his royal pretensions are facets of the networks of loyalty and power that characterized politics in distinctly [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]]-era [[India]]. The surviving inscriptions of Mātṛviṣṇu and his family aid in reconstructing the cultural, religious, and administrative world of an emperor.<ref name=Goyal/>{{rp|406}}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[Bhanugupta]]<br />
* [[Second Battle of Eran]]<br />
* [[Dhanyaviṣṇu]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:People from the Gupta Empire]]<br />
[[Category:Indian maharajas]]<br />
[[Category:5th-century Indian people]]<br />
[[Category:Vassal rulers of the Gupta Empire]]<br />
[[Category:5th-century deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Indian warriors]]<br />
[[Category:5th-century births]]<br />
[[Category:Ancient Indian people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian military leaders]]<br />
[[Category:498 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Alchon Huns]]</div>MyrnaAcuna04https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Secretariat_Building,_New_Delhi&diff=470456Secretariat Building, New Delhi2026-03-24T03:42:22Z<p>MyrnaAcuna04: cleaned up references after review and corrected details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Building on Raisina Hill, New Delhi, India which housed the Cabinet Secretariat}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox Historic building<br />
|name = Secretariat Building<br />
|native_name = <br />
|image = [[File:Delhi India Government.jpg|frameless|250px]]<br />
|caption = North Block of the building<br />
|pushpin_map = India Delhi<br />
|map_caption = Location in New Delhi, India<br />
|location = New Delhi, India<br />
|coordinates = {{Coord|28|36|54|N|77|12|21|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}<br />
|current_tenants = <br />
|architect = [[Herbert Baker]]<br />
|floor_area = {{convert|148000|sqft|abbr=on}}<br />
|client = <br />
|engineer = <br />
|construction_start_date = {{start date and age|1912}}<br />
|completion_date = {{start date and age|1927}}<br />
|architectural_style = [[Indo-Saracenic]]<br />
|size = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Secretariat Building''' or '''Central Secretariat''' housed the most important offices and ministries of the [[Government of India]], including the [[Cabinet Secretariat (India)|Cabinet Secretariat]], at [[Raisina Hill]], [[New Delhi]]. The Secretariat buildings are two blocks of symmetrical buildings, '''North Block''' and '''South Block''', on opposite sides of the great axis of [[Kartavya Path|Rajpath]], and flanking the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhavan]] (President's House). The buildings were designed by [[Herbert Baker]] and form a part of [[Lutyens' Delhi|Lutyens' layout]] for New Delhi. As part of the [[Central Vista Redevelopment Project]], the Government of India commissioned the nearby [[Seva Teerth]] (Executive Enclave) and the [[Kartavya Bhavan]] (Common Central Secretariat) to modernize and consolidate central government offices with phased moves from the Secretariat Building occurring in 2025–2026. The North Block and South Block buildings are currently being repurposed as the [[Yuge Yugeen Bharat|Yuge Yugeen Bharat National Museum]].<ref name="yuge-pib">{{cite web |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2114398 |title=Yuge Yugeen Bharat National Museum announcement |publisher=Press Information Bureau |date=24 March 2025 |accessdate=25 February 2026}}</ref><ref name="toi-yuge">{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/yuge-yugeen-bharat-museum-indias-5000-year-journey-under-one-roof-as-delhis-north-block-set-to-begin-new-chapter/articleshow/126479611.cms |title='Yuge Yugeen Bharat Museum': India's 5,000-year journey under one roof |publisher=The Times of India |date=Jan 2026 |accessdate=25 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=13 February 2026 |title=PM addresses the inaugural event of Seva Teerth and Kartavya Bhavan-1 & 2 in New Delhi |url=https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/pm-addresses-the-inaugural-event-of-seva-teerth-and-kartavya-bhavan-1-2-in-new-delhi/ |accessdate=25 February 2026 |publisher=Prime Minister's Office}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=12 February 2026 |title=PM to inaugurate Seva Teerth and Kartavya Bhavan-1 & 2 on 13th February |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2226845&lang=1&reg=3 |accessdate=25 February 2026 |publisher=Press Information Bureau}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=13 February 2026 |title=PM Modi inaugurates new office Seva Teerth, says we've ... |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/prime-minister-office-seva-teerth-kartavya-path-new-office-facility-inauguration-narendra-modi-ministries-2867548-2026-02-13 |accessdate=25 February 2026 |publisher=India Today}}</ref><br />
<br />
Seva Teerth is an integrated administrative complex housing the new [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Prime Minister's Office]] (PMO), the Cabinet Secretariat, and the [[National Security Council (India)|National Security Council Secretariat]] and the Kartavya Bhavan houses key ministries and departments that previously occupied the Secretariat Building and various older ministerial and government buildings across New Delhi.<ref name="pib-sevateerth">{{cite web |date=12 February 2026 |title=PM to inaugurate Seva Teerth and Kartavya Bhavan-1 & 2 on 13th February |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2226845&lang=1&reg=3 |accessdate=25 February 2026 |publisher=Press Information Bureau}}</ref><ref name="pmindia">{{cite web |date=13 February 2026 |title=PM addresses the inaugural event of Seva Teerth and Kartavya Bhavan-1 & 2 in New Delhi |url=https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/pm-addresses-the-inaugural-event-of-seva-teerth-and-kartavya-bhavan-1-2-in-new-delhi/ |accessdate=25 February 2026 |publisher=Prime Minister's Office}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
{{Main|Imperial Civil Service|Imperial Secretariat Service}}<br />
[[File:Inauguration of New Delhi 1931.jpg|thumb|left|The 1931 series celebrated the inauguration of [[New Delhi]] as the seat of government. The one [[rupee]] stamp shows [[George V]] with the "asking Alexandria" and Dominion Columns.]]<br />
The planning of [[New Delhi]] began in earnest after [[Delhi]] was made capital of the [[British Indian Empire]] in 1911. [[Edwin Lutyens]] was assigned responsibility for town planning and the construction of [[Viceroy's House]] (now [[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhavan]]); [[Herbert Baker]], who had practised in [[South Africa]] for two decades, 1892–1912, joined in as the second in command. Baker took on the design of the next most important building, the Secretariat, which was the only building other than Viceroy's House to stand on [[Raisina Hill]]. As the work progressed relations between Lutyens and Baker deteriorated; the hill placed by Baker in front of Viceroy's House largely obscured Viceroy's House from view on the Rajpath from [[India Gate]], in breach of Lutyens' intentions; instead, only the top of the dome of Viceroy's House is visible from far away. To avoid this, Lutyens wanted the Secretariat to be of lower height than Viceroy's House, but Baker wanted it of the same height, and in the end it was Baker's intentions that were fulfilled.<ref name=htbb>{{cite news|title=The building Blocks of British empire|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/The-building-Blocks-of-British-empire/Article1-706587.aspx|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=7 June 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807201346/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/The-building-Blocks-of-British-empire/Article1-706587.aspx|archive-date=7 August 2011}}</ref> The project was contracted by Sardar Bahadur Basakha Singh Sandhu and [[Sardar Bahadur]] [[Sobha Singh (builder)|Sir Sobha Singh]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dayal |first=Mala |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DVJwAjsOBz0C&dq=%22sujan+singh%22+%22lodge%22&pg=PA9 |title=Celebrating Delhi |date=2010 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-670-08482-1 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
After the capital of India moved to Delhi, a temporary secretariat building was constructed in a few months in 1912 in [[North Delhi]]. Most of the government offices of the new capital moved here from the 'Old Secretariat' in [[Old Delhi]], a decade before the new capital was inaugurated in 1931. Many employees were brought into the new capital from distant parts of [[British India]], including the [[Bengal Presidency]] and [[Madras Presidency]]. Subsequently, housing for them was developed around [[Gole Market]] area.<ref name=ht>{{cite news |title=Capital story: Managing a New Delhi |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Capital-story-Managing-a-New-Delhi/Article1-740284.aspx |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=1 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121208125953/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Capital-story-Managing-a-New-Delhi/Article1-740284.aspx |archive-date=8 December 2012 }}</ref><br />
<br />
The Old Secretariat Building now houses the [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Architectural marvels for the new capital|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/Architectural-marvels-for-the-new-capital/Article1-723169.aspx|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=20 July 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102085932/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/Architectural-marvels-for-the-new-capital/Article1-723169.aspx|archive-date=2 November 2014}}</ref> The nearby [[Sansad Bhavan|Parliament House]] was built much later, and hence was not constructed around the axis of Rajpath. Construction of Parliament House was begun in 1921, and the building was inaugurated in 1927.<ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=opvy1zGI2EcC&pg=PA104 |title= Encyclopedia of 20th Century Architecture|volume= 1|first= R. Stephen|last= Sennott |year= 2004|page=104|publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn|isbn=978-1579584337}}</ref><br />
<br />
Since [[Independence Day (India)|independence]] the complex has been used to house central government ministries and secretariats.<br />
<br />
Today, the area is served by the [[Central Secretariat metro station|Central Secretariat]] station of the [[Delhi Metro]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Central Secretariat – Sarita Vihar Corridor Opens for Commuter Operations {{sic|Tomorrow|nolink=y}} |url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/press_reldetails.aspx?id=OZixKt2MNIslld |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101019204123/http://delhimetrorail.com/press_reldetails.aspx?id=OZixKt2MNIslld |archive-date=2010-10-19 |website=www.delhimetrorail.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Architecture==<br />
[[File:Simon Fieldhouse, Drawing of the Secretariat Building, New Delhi (2007).jpg|left|145px|thumb|[[Elevation (view)#Elevation|Elevation]] of Secretariat Building, showing the four ''[[chhatri]]s'' around the central dome.]]<br />
[[File:Secretariat_Building,_New_Delhi_by_Shagil_Kannur_3.jpg|thumb|Secretariat Building, New Delhi at night]]<br />
The Secretariat Building was designed by the prominent [[United Kingdom|British]] architect [[Herbert Baker]] in [[Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture]]. Both the identical buildings have four levels, each with about 1,000 rooms, in the inner courtyards to make space for future expansions. In continuation with the Viceroy's House, these buildings also used cream and red [[Dholpur]] sandstone from Rajasthan, with the red sandstone forming the base. Together the buildings were designed to form two squares. They have broad corridors between different wings and wide stairways to the four floors and each building is topped by a giant dome, while each wings end with [[colonnade]]d balcony. Much of the building is in classical architectural style, yet it incorporated from [[Mughal architecture|Mughal]] and [[Rajasthani architecture]] style and motifs in its architecture. These are visible in the use of ''[[jali]]'', i.e. perforated screens. Another feature of the building is the structure known as the ''[[chatri]]'', i.e. dome-shaped pavilions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-a-guard-stands-in-front-of-a-chhattri-on-a-platform-by-the-south-block-28876668.html|title=A guard stands in front of a chhattri on a platform by the South Block Secretariat Building in New Delhi, India|publisher=Alamy|access-date=4 January 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
The style of architecture used in Secretariat Building is unique to Raisina Hill. In front of the main gates on buildings are the four "dominion columns", given by Canada, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. At the time of their unveiling in 1930, India was also supposed to become a [[British dominion]] soon. However, India became independent within the next 17 years and the Secretariat became the seat of power of a sovereign India. In the years to follow the building ran out of accommodation.<ref name=htbb/><br />
<br />
===Similarities with Union Buildings, Pretoria===<br />
{|class="wikitable" align="right" width="50%" style="font-size:90%;"<br />
|+[[Union Buildings]] Pretoria and Secretariat Building, New Delhi, both designed by Herbert Baker<br />
|width="50%" align="center" valign="right"|[[File:RSA Pretoria 12.jpg|180px]]<br />
|width="50%" align="center" valign="right"|[[File:Indiagovtdelhi.JPG|180px]]<br />
|-<br />
|valign="right"| The Bell tower and colonnaded balcony, Union Buildings<br />
|valign="right"| The Bell tower and colonnaded balcony, Secretariat Building<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
Prior to coming to India, Baker had an established practice in South Africa over twenty years and designed various prominent buildings there, especially the [[Union Buildings]], in [[Pretoria]], built from 1910 to 1913, though designed in 1908. It is the official seat of the [[South African government]], house the offices of the [[President of South Africa]], and like the Secretariat Building, it also sits atop a hill, known as the [[Meintjieskop]].<br />
<br />
But the similarities between the two building show a clear influence of the former, especially in the basic structure of two wings and colonnaded balconies at the end with almost identical symmetrical bell towers. Both buildings have a similar symmetrical design in case of the Union Building the two wings are joined by a semi-circular colonnade, while with Secretariat building, the North and South Blocks are separated and face each other. The colour scheme is reversed while the roof of Union Building is covered with red tiles, in secretariat red sandstone is used in the ground floor walls only, the rest is the same pale sandstone.<ref name=htbb/><br />
<br />
==Ministries and offices in the Secretariat Building==<br />
<br />
The Secretariat Building houses the following ministries:<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"<br />
|+ '''Housing of the Secretariat Building:'''<br />
! scope="col" | Ministry/Department Serial <br />
! scope="col" | Name of Ministry/Department <br />
! scope="col" | Ministry/Department abbreviated as <br />
! scope="col" | Block<br />
|-<br />
| Ministry No. 1 || [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] || MoD || South<br />
|-<br />
| Ministry No. 2 || [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]] || MoF || North<br />
|-<br />
| Ministry No. 3 || [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] || MEA || South<br />
|-<br />
| Ministry No. 4 || [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] || MHA || North<br />
|-<br />
| Office || [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Prime Minister's Office]] || PMO || South<br />
|-<br />
|Office || [[Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs]] || CBIC || North<br />
|-<br />
|Office || [[Chairperson, Central Board of Direct Taxes|Central Board of Direct Taxes]] || CBDT || North<br />
|-<br />
|Office || [[National Security Council (India)|National Security Council]] || NSC || South<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The Secretariat Building consists of two buildings: the North Block and the South Block. Both the buildings flank the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhavan]].<br />
<br />
* The '''South Block''' houses the [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Prime Minister's Office]], Ministry of Defence and the Ministry of External Affairs.<br />
* The '''North Block''' primarily houses the Ministry of Finance and the Home Ministry.<br />
<br />
The terms 'North Block' and 'South Block' are often used to refer to the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of External Affairs respectively.<br />
<br />
==Gallery==<br />
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px"><br />
File:The Secretariat Building Dome in New Delhi, India.jpg|The Secretariat Building Dome in New Delhi, India<br />
File:The Secretariat Building in New Delhi, India.jpg|The Secretariat Building in New Delhi, India<br />
File:North Block, Secretariat Building, New Delhi - 1.jpg|The North Block catching rays of the early morning sun.<br />
File:New Delhi government block 03-2016 img1.jpg|The North Block houses key government offices.<br />
File:North Block, Raisina Hill, New Delhi 04.jpg|North Block, front view<br />
File:Central dome of Secretariat Building, New Delhi.jpg|Central dome of Secretariat Building, New Delhi.<br />
File:Secretariat Building, New Delhi by Shagil Kannur.jpg|The Secretariat Building at night<br />
File:Rashtrapati Bhavan dawn - IMG 2053-6.JPG|Colonnaded balconies and the tower with [[Flag of India|Indian flag]].<br />
File:Rashtrapati Bhavan Illuminated on Republic Day-2010 Eve.jpg|Secretariat Building illuminated on Republic Day.<br />
Image:Rashtrapati Bhavan-Delhi-India4445.JPG|[[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Prime Minister's Office]], also showing the "Dominion Column".<br />
Image:thesecretariatbuildingsindelhi.JPG|The Secretariat Building, with North Block (left) and South Block (right), view looking towards [[India Gate]] in the east.<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Kartavya Path]]<br />
* [[Kartavya Bhavan]]<br />
* [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]]<br />
* [[India Gate]]<br />
* [[Central Vista Redevelopment Project]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category|Secretariat Building, New Delhi}}<br />
* [http://cabsec.nic.in/ Cabinet Secretariat, Government of India, Official website]<br />
*[http://meaindia.nic.in/onmouse/southblock.htm Ministry of External Affairs' website: About South Block]<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110218012526/http://www.simonfieldhouse.com/india.htm Historic Architecture of "New Delhi" – India]<br />
<br />
{{Administrative headquarters in India}}<br />
{{Delhi landmarks|state=collapsed}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Government buildings in Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Cabinet Secretariat of India]]<br />
[[Category:Sandstone buildings in India]]<br />
[[Category:Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture]]<br />
[[Category:Herbert Baker buildings and structures]]<br />
[[Category:1927 establishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:Government buildings completed in 1927]]</div>MyrnaAcuna04https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_political_science&diff=448707Outline of political science2026-03-20T18:32:36Z<p>MyrnaAcuna04: Article enhanced with better details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|1=Overview of and topical guide to political science}}<br />
&lt;!--... Attention: THIS IS AN OUTLINE<br />
<br />
part of the set of 870+ outlines listed at<br />
[[Wikipedia:Contents/Outlines]].<br />
<br />
Wikipedia outlines are<br />
a special type of list article.<br />
They make up one of Wikipedia's<br />
content navigation systems<br />
<br />
See [[Wikipedia:Outlines]] and <br />
[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Outlines]] for more details.<br />
Further improvements<br />
to this outline are on the way<br />
...--&gt;<br />
The following [[Outline (list)|outline]] is provided as an overview of and topical guide to politics and political science:<br />
{{Politics}}<br />
<br />
'''[[Politics]]''' &amp;ndash; the exercise of power; process by which groups of people make [[Group decision making|collective decisions]]. Politics is the art or science of running governmental or state affairs (including behavior within civil [[government]]s), institutions, fields, and special interest groups such as the [[corporation|corporate]], [[academia−|academic]], and [[religion|religious]] segments of society.<br />
<br />
'''[[Political science]]''' &amp;ndash; the field concerning the theory and practice of [[politics]] and the description and analysis of [[political system]]s and political behavior.<br />
<br />
{{TOC limit|limit=2}}<br />
<br />
== Fields of study of political science==<br />
{{Div col}}<br />
* [[Comparative politics]]<br />
** [[Democratization]]<br />
** [[Political polarization|Polarization]]<br />
** [[Politicization]]<br />
** [[Multi-level governance]]<br />
** ''see {{section link||Electoral systems}} and {{section link||Political institutions}}''<br />
* [[Development studies]]<br />
* [[Geopolitics]] and [[political geography]]<br />
** [[Area studies]] <br />
** [[Globalization]] studies<br />
* [[Gender and politics]]<br />
* [[Institutional theory]]<br />
** [[New institutionalism]]<br />
* [[International relations]]<br />
** [[Security studies]]<br />
*** [[Critical security studies]]<br />
*** [[Copenhagen school (international relations)|Copenhagen School]]<br />
*** [[Paris school (security studies)|Paris school]]<br />
*** [[Welsh School (security studies)|Welsh school]]<br />
* [[Nationalism studies]]<br />
** [[Banal nationalism]]<br />
** [[Diaspora politics]]<br />
** [[Irredentism]]<br />
** [[Nationalism and gender]]<br />
** [[Nationalist historiography]]<br />
** [[Postnationalism]]<br />
** [[Revanchism]]<br />
* [[Political behavior]]<br />
** [[Political activism]]<br />
*** [[Political movement]]<br />
* [[Political economy]]<br />
* [[Political fiction]]<br />
** [[Political satire]]<br />
* Political [[research methodology]]<br />
* [[Political sociology]]<br />
* [[political philosophy|Political theory and philosophy]]<br />
** [[Political spectrum]]<br />
*** [[Left–right political spectrum]]<br />
* [[Positive political theory]]<br />
** [[Game theory]]<br />
* [[Postcolonialism]]<br />
* [[Psephology]] – study of elections<br />
** [[Voting theory]]<br />
** ''see {{section link||Electoral systems}}''<br />
* [[Policy analysis]] and [[Policy studies]]<br />
** [[Foreign policy analysis]]<br />
** [[Public administration]] and [[local government]] studies<br />
** [[Public law]]<br />
* [[Strategic studies]]<br />
{{End div col}}<br />
<br />
== Related disciplines ==<br />
{{Div col}}<br />
* [[Anthropology]]<br />
** [[Political anthropology]]<br />
* [[Economics]]<br />
** [[Political economy]]<br />
* [[Geography]]<br />
** [[Political geography]]<br />
* [[History]]<br />
** [[Political history]]<br />
* [[Jurisprudence]]<br />
** [[Constitutional law]]<br />
** [[International legal theory]]<br />
** [[Political jurisprudence]]<br />
* [[Philosophy]]<br />
** [[Ethics]]<br />
** [[Political philosophy]]<br />
* [[Psychology]]<br />
** [[Political psychology]]<br />
* [[Sociology]]<br />
** [[Political sociology]]<br />
{{End div col}}<br />
<br />
== Political theory ==<br />
{{Main|Political theory}}<br />
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|<br />
* [[Anarchist schools of thought]] hold that all forms of [[hierarchy]] and [[authority]] are illegitimate.<br />
** [[Social anarchism]] views [[Individualism|individual freedom]] as interrelated with [[Mutual aid (organization theory)|mutual aid]].&lt;ref name="Suissa, Judith 2001"&gt;Suissa, Judith (2001). "Anarchism, Utopias and Philosophy of Education". ''Journal of Philosophy of Education'' 35 (4). pp. 627–646. {{doi|10.1111/1467-9752.00249}}.&lt;/ref&gt; <br />
** [[Individualist anarchism]] <br />
* [[Democratic theory]]<br />
** [[Athenian democracy]] a form of [[Greek democracy]] in which free male citizens had a direct vote on all government actions.<br />
** [[Republicanism]] a strain of political thought which was common among the [[city-states]] of the [[Italian Renaissance]], such as the [[Republic of Venice]].<br />
** [[Representative democracy]]<br />
** [[Direct democracy]]<br />
*** [[Popular initiative|Initiative]]<br />
*** [[Referendum]]<br />
** [[Radical democracy]]<br />
*** [[Deliberative democracy]]<br />
*** [[Participatory democracy]]<br />
** [[Liberal democracy]]<br />
** [[Illiberal democracy]]<br />
* [[International relations theory]]<br />
** [[Power in international relations]]<br />
** [[Realism in international relations]]<br />
*** [[Neorealism (international relations)]]<br />
** [[Idealism in international relations]]<br />
*** [[Liberalism (international relations)]]<br />
*** [[Neoliberalism (international relations)]]<br />
** [[Marxist international relations theory]]<br />
** [[Functionalism in international relations]]<br />
** [[Critical international relations theory]]<br />
* [[Majoritarianism]]<br />
* [[Marxist schools of thought]]<br />
** [[Marxism-Leninism]]<br />
** [[Maoism]]<br />
** [[Trotskyism]]<br />
** [[Left communism]]<br />
** [[Anti-revisionism]]<br />
** [[Western Marxism]]<br />
*** [[Structural Marxism]]<br />
*** [[Neo-Marxism]]<br />
*** [[The Frankfurt School]]<br />
*** [[Autonomism]]<br />
*** [[Analytical Marxism]]<br />
*** [[Marxist Humanism]]<br />
*** [[Marxist feminism]]<br />
*** [[Post-Marxism]]<br />
* [[Metapolitics]]<br />
* [[Peace and conflict studies]]<br />
** [[Democratic peace theory]]<br />
** [[Power transition theory]]<br />
** [[Hegemonic stability theory]]<br />
* [[Political geography]]<br />
* [[Political symbolism]]<br />
* [[Postcolonialism]]<br />
** [[Decoloniality]]<br />
*** [[Blue water thesis]]<br />
** [[Three-world model]]<br />
*** [[Third-Worldism]]<br />
* [[Theories of state]]<br />
** [[Consent of the governed]]<br />
*** [[Social contract]]<br />
*** [[Secession]]<br />
*** [[Right of rebellion]]<br />
** [[Form of government]]<br />
** [[Islamic state]]<br />
** [[Nationalism]]<br />
** [[Patriotism]]<br />
** [[Sovereignty]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Decision-making ==<br />
===[[Election]]===<br />
{{Div col}}<br />
* [[Electoral system]]s{{anchor|Electoral systems}}<br />
** [[Plurality voting]] allows each voter to vote for a single candidate, with the candidate with most votes being the winner. It is often combined with [[single-member district]]s, resulting in a [[majoritarian democracy]].<br />
*** [[Cardinal voting|Cardinal voting system]]s<br />
**** [[Approval voting]]<br />
**** [[Satisfaction approval voting]]<br />
**** [[Majority judgment]]<br />
**** [[STAR voting]]<br />
*** [[First-past-the-post voting]]<br />
*** [[Single non-transferable vote]]<br />
*** [[Limited voting]]<br />
*** [[Plurality-at-large voting]]<br />
*** [[General ticket]]<br />
** [[Proportional representation]] ensures that proportions of representation allocated in the elected body reflect their proportions of support among the [[Election|electorate]].&lt;ref name=JSM7&gt;{{cite book|last1=Mill|first1=John Stuart|author-link=John Stuart Mill|title=Considerations on Representative Government|chapter=Chapter VII, Of True and False Democracy; Representation of All, and Representation of the Majority only |chapter-url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/5669/5669-h/5669-h.htm#link2HCH0007 |year=1861 |publisher=Parker, Son, &amp; Bourn |location=London|title-link=Considerations on Representative Government}}&lt;/ref&gt; Often combined with [[multi-member district]]s to produce [[consensus democracy]].<br />
*** [[Party-list proportional representation]]<br />
****[[Gallagher index|proportionality measure]]s<br />
** [[Mixed electoral system]]s<br />
*** [[Mixed-member proportional representation]]<br />
*** [[Parallel voting]]<br />
*** [[Scorporo]]<br />
*** [[Majority bonus system]]<br />
*** [[Alternative vote plus]]<br />
*** [[Dual-member proportional representation]]<br />
*** [[Rural-urban proportional representation]]<br />
* [[Suffrage]]<br />
** [[Disfranchisement]]<br />
** [[Right of foreigners to vote]]<br />
** [[Right of expatriates to vote in their country of origin]]<br />
** [[Youth suffrage]]<br />
*** [[Age of candidacy]]<br />
*** [[Demeny voting]]<br />
** [[Wasted vote]]<br />
* [[Voting]]<br />
** [[Compulsory voting]]<br />
** [[Electronic voting]]<br />
** [[None of the above]]<br />
** [[Secret ballot]]<br />
* [[Game theory]]<br />
* [[Political campaign]]<br />
* [[Political communications]]<br />
* [[Political compass|Political qualifications]]<br />
{{End div col}}<br />
<br />
===[[Order of succession]]===<br />
* [[Primogeniture]]<br />
<br />
===[[Sortition]]===<br />
* [[Citizens' assembly]]<br />
<br />
== Political institutions ==<br />
[[File:US Supreme Court.JPG|thumb|Institutions are often the framework within which politics happens. Pictured is the [[Supreme Court of the United States]].]]<br />
<br />
===Government===<br />
* [[Government]]<br />
* [[Legitimacy (political)|Legitimacy]]<br />
* [[Authority]]<br />
**[[Tripartite classification of authority]]<br />
***[[Traditional authority]]<br />
***[[Charismatic authority]]<br />
***[[Rational-legal authority]]<br />
* [[Rule of law]]<br />
* [[Constitution]]<br />
* [[State (polity)]], a centralized political organization that regulates law and society within a territory.<br />
** [[Sovereign state]], a sovereign polity in international law, commonly referred to as a country. <br />
*** [[Microstate]], a sovereign state having a very small population or land area, usually both. <br />
*** [[Multinational state]], sovereign entity that comprises two or more nations or states.<br />
** [[Nation state]], a state where the majority identify with a single nation (with shared culture or ethnic group)<br />
** [[Constituent state]], a political subdivision of a state.<br />
** [[Federated state]], constituent states part of a federation.<br />
** [[Fragile state]], characterized by weak state capacity or weak state legitimacy leaving citizens vulnerable. <br />
** [[Failed state]], a state which has lost its ability to fulfill fundamental security and development functions, lacking effective control over its territory and borders.<br />
** [[Vassal state]], any state that has a mutual obligation to a superior state or empire.<br />
** [[Buffer state]], a country geographically lying between two rival or potentially hostile great powers.<br />
** [[Stateless nation]], an ethnic group or nation that does not possess its own sovereign state.<br />
<br />
===Branches of government===<br />
The [[separation of powers]] is typically set in the [[constitution]] or [[basic law]] in order to achieve [[checks and balances]] within government. The typical model has three branches, and is referred to as the '''''trias politica'''''.<br />
<br />
* [[Legislature]], deliberates and passes [[law]]s.<br />
** [[Unicameralism]]<br />
** [[Bicameralism]]<br />
*** [[Upper house]]<br />
*** [[Lower house]]<br />
** [[Tricameralism]]<br />
** [[Tetracameralism]]<br />
** [[Multicameralism]]<br />
* [[Executive (government)|Executive]], executes laws.<br />
** [[Head of state]], formal, often symbolic, leader of state. Sometimes has [[veto]] power over proposed legislation.<br />
*** [[Monarch]]<br />
*** [[President (government title)|President]]<br />
** [[Head of government]], the person(s) in charge of day-to-day affairs of the state. Usually heads a [[Cabinet (government)|cabinet]], a [[Council of Ministers]] or a [[Council of State]].<br />
*** [[Chancellor]]<br />
*** [[Chief executive]]<br />
*** [[Chief minister]]<br />
*** [[First minister]]<br />
*** [[Premier]]<br />
*** [[Prime minister]]<br />
* [[Judiciary]], often involved in politics through [[judicial review]].<br />
** [[Supreme court]]<br />
** [[Constitutional court]]<br />
<br />
[[File:Number of political parties in the Hellenic Parliament by election year and electoral system (1910-2015).svg|thumb|Political parties, and their number, are important aspects of representative systems. The number of political parties in the [[Hellenic Parliament]] of [[Greece]] has varied across time.]]<br />
<br />
===[[Political parties]]===<br />
* [[Party system]]s<br />
** [[Nonpartisan democracy]]<br />
** [[One-party state]]<br />
** [[Dominant-party system]]<br />
** [[Two-party system]]<br />
** [[Multi-party system]]<br />
** [[Effective number of parties]]<br />
** [[Party discipline]]<br />
** [[Political faction]]s<br />
* Party [[coalition government]]s<br />
** [[Hung parliament]]<br />
** [[Confidence and supply]]<br />
** [[Minority government]]<br />
** Rainbow coalition<br />
** [[Grand coalition]]<br />
** [[National unity government]]<br />
** [[Majority government]]<br />
<br />
== Political behavior ==<br />
<br />
===[[Theories of political behaviour]]===<br />
{{Div col}}<br />
* [[Political culture]]<br />
** [[Civic political culture]]<br />
** [[Parochial political culture]]<br />
** [[Patrimonialism]], a political culture which sees no difference between personal and political power.<br />
*** [[Neopatrimonialism]]<br />
*** [[Prebendalism]]<br />
* [[Peace and conflict studies]]<br />
** [[Aggressionism]]<br />
** [[Greed versus grievance]]<br />
* [[Political psychology]]<br />
** [[Impressionable years hypothesis]]<br />
** [[Postmaterialism]]<br />
** [[Right-Wing Authoritarianism]]<br />
** [[Social Dominance Orientation]]<br />
** [[System Justification Theory]]<br />
{{End div col}}<br />
<br />
===[[Political strategy]]===<br />
{{Div col}}<br />
{{See also|Political warfare}}<br />
* [[Accelerationism]] <br />
* [[Political campaign]]ing<br />
** [[Campaign advertising]]<br />
** [[Campaign finance]]<br />
** [[Campaign management tools]]<br />
** [[Canvassing]]<br />
** [[Grassroots fundraising]]<br />
** [[Smear campaign]]<br />
** [[Opposition research]]<br />
** [[Push poll]]<br />
** [[Retail politics]]<br />
* [[Power politics]]<br />
** [[Balance of power (international relations)|Balance of power]]<br />
** [[Bandwagoning]]<br />
** [[Blackmail]]<br />
** [[Brinkmanship]]<br />
** [[Buck passing]]<br />
** [[Coercion]]<br />
** [[Hard power]]<br />
** [[Sharp power]]<br />
** [[Soft power]]<br />
** [[Smart power]]<br />
** [[Power projection]]<br />
** [[Power vacuum]]<br />
** [[Realpolitik]]<br />
* [[Cloward–Piven strategy]]<br />
** [[Starve the beast]]<br />
* [[Propaganda]]<br />
** [[Disinformation]]<br />
** [[Fearmongering]]<br />
** [[Frameup|Framing]]<br />
** [[Indoctrination]]<br />
** [[Loaded language]]<br />
** [[Lying press]]<br />
** [[National mythology]]<br />
** [[Rally 'round the flag effect]]<br />
{{End div col}}<br />
<br />
===[[Voting behavior]]===<br />
{{Div col}}<br />
* [[Abstention]]<br />
* [[Abstentionism]]<br />
** [[Election boycott]]<br />
* [[Economic voting]]<br />
* [[Altruism theory of voting]]<br />
* [[Coattail effect]]<br />
* [[Split-ticket voting]]<br />
** [[Straight-ticket voting]]<br />
* [[Tactical voting]]<br />
** [[Vote pairing]]<br />
* [[Paradox of voting]]<br />
* [[Protest vote]]<br />
** [[Spoilt vote]]<br />
** [[Voter apathy]]<br />
{{End div col}}<br />
<br />
== Political dysfunction ==<br />
{{Div col}}<br />
* [[Political warfare|Political conflict]]<br />
** [[Civil disobedience]]<br />
*** [[Boycott]]<br />
*** [[Demonstration (protest)|Demonstration]]<br />
*** [[Nonviolence]]<br />
*** [[Picketing]]<br />
*** [[Strike action]]<br />
*** [[Tax resistance]]<br />
** [[Civil war]]<br />
*** [[Wars of national liberation]]<br />
** [[Insurgency]]<br />
*** [[Asymmetric warfare]]<br />
*** [[Assassination]]<br />
*** [[Guerrilla warfare]]<br />
** [[Law of war]]<br />
*** [[International criminal law]]<br />
*** [[Just war theory]]<br />
*** [[War crime]]<br />
** [[Revolution]]<br />
*** [[Bourgeois revolution]]<br />
*** [[Communist revolution]]<br />
*** [[Democratic revolution]]<br />
*** [[Nonviolent revolution]]<br />
*** [[Social revolution]]<br />
*** [[Political revolution (Trotskyism)]]<br />
*** [[Vanguardism]]<br />
*** [[World revolution]]<br />
** [[Terrorism]]<br />
*** [[Nationalist terrorism|Nationalist-separatist terrorism]]<br />
*** [[Propaganda of the deed]]<br />
*** [[Religious terrorism|Religious extremist terrorism]]<br />
*** [[Right-wing terrorism]]<br />
*** [[Left-wing terrorism]]<br />
* [[Political corruption]]<br />
** [[Bribery]]<br />
** [[Cronyism]]<br />
** [[Economics of corruption]]<br />
** [[Nepotism]]<br />
** [[Political patronage]]<br />
*** [[Clientelism]]<br />
*** [[Earmark (politics)|Earmark]]<br />
*** [[Political machine]]<br />
*** [[Pork barrel]]<br />
*** [[Slush fund]]<br />
*** [[Spoils system]]<br />
{{End div col}}<br />
<br />
== Types of polities and forms of government ==<br />
{{Main|List of forms of government}}<br />
{{See also|Polity}}<br />
<br />
===By level of social organisation===<br />
{{Div col}}<br />
* [[Traditional authority]], political society which has not gone through [[state formation]].<br />
** [[Band society]]<br />
** [[Big man (anthropology)|Big man]]<br />
** [[Chiefdom]]<br />
** [[Empire]] (before [[New Imperialism]]).<br />
* [[Local government]]<br />
* [[Unitary state]] ([[Political unitarism|Unitarism]])<br />
** [[City-state]]<br />
** [[Nation state]]<br />
* [[Federalism]]<br />
** [[Confederation]]<br />
** [[Federation]]<br />
* [[Regional integration]]<br />
** [[Intergovernmental organization]]<br />
** [[Supranational union]]<br />
*** [[European Union]] ([[European studies]])<br />
** [[Trade bloc]]<br />
* [[Global governance]]<br />
** [[World state]]<br />
{{End div col}}<br />
<br />
===By formal power structure===<br />
{{Div col}}<br />
* [[Feudalism]]<br />
** [[Fengjian|Chinese feudalism]]<br />
** [[Indian feudalism]]<br />
* [[Monarchy]]/[[Diarchy]]<br />
** [[Absolute monarchy]]<br />
** [[Constitutional monarchy]]<br />
** [[Elective monarchy]]<br />
** [[Federal monarchy]]<br />
* [[Republic]]<br />
** [[Parliamentary system]]<br />
*** [[Westminster system]]<br />
** [[Presidential system]]<br />
*** [[Semi-presidential system]]<br />
*** [[President for life]]<br />
{{End div col}}<br />
<br />
===By source of power===<br />
{{Div col}}<br />
* [[Autocracy]], the source of power is the leader.<br />
* [[Democracy]], the source of power are the people through [[popular sovereignty]].<br />
* [[Ethnocracy]], the source of power is [[ethnicity]].<br />
* [[Meritocracy]], the source of power is talent.<br />
** Noocracy, talent is measured by [[wisdom]].<br />
** [[Technocracy]], talent is measured by [[expertise]].<br />
* [[Stratocracy]], the source of power is the [[military]].<br />
** [[Military dictatorship]]<br />
** [[Military junta]]<br />
* [[Theocracy]], the source of power is [[God]](s).<br />
** [[Christian republic]]<br />
** [[Halachic state]]<br />
** [[Hindu nation]]<br />
** [[Islamic state]]<br />
* [[Oligarchy]], the source of power is the [[elite]].<br />
** [[Aristocracy]], the elite are hereditary.<br />
** [[Gerontocracy]], the elite are the [[elderly]].<br />
* [[Plutocracy]], the source of power is [[wealth]].<br />
{{End div col}}<br />
<br />
== Political ideologies and philosophies ==<br />
{{Div col}}<br />
{{main|List of political ideologies}}<br />
<br />
* [[Authoritarianism]]<br />
** [[Absolutism (European history)|Absolutism]]<br />
** [[Totalitarianism]]<br />
* [[Left-wing politics]], usually focused on increasing [[egalitarianism]].<br />
** [[Far-left politics]]<br />
*** [[Anarchism]]<br />
*** [[Communism]]<br />
****[[Autonomism]]<br />
****[[Dengism]]<br />
****[[Leninism]]<br />
****[[Maoism]]<br />
****[[Marxism–Leninism]]<br />
****[[Stalinism]]<br />
****[[Titoism]]<br />
****[[Trotskyism]]<br />
** [[Socialism]]<br />
*** [[Agrarian socialism]]<br />
*** [[Democratic socialism]]<br />
*** [[Liberal socialism]]<br />
*** [[Libertarian socialism]]<br />
*** [[Market socialism]]<br />
*** [[Socialism (Marxism)|Marxist socialism]] ([[Scientific socialism|Scientific]])<br />
*** [[Religious socialism]]<br />
*** [[Scientific socialism]]<br />
*** [[Social democracy]]<br />
** [[Centre-left politics]]<br />
*** [[Gradualism#Politics and society|Gradualism]]<br />
*** [[Progressivism]]<br />
*** [[Reformism]]<br />
** [[Green politics]]<br />
*** [[Green anarchism]]<br />
*** [[Ecofeminism]]<br />
*** [[Eco-socialism]]<br />
* [[Centrism]], usually defined by highly pragmatic politics.<br />
** [[Radical centrism]]<br />
** [[Syncretic politics]]<br />
** [[Third Position]]<br />
** [[Third Way]]<br />
* [[Liberalism]], defined by high valuing of [[liberty]].<br />
** [[Classical liberalism]]<br />
** [[Conservative liberalism]]<br />
** [[Neoliberalism]]<br />
** [[Social liberalism]]<br />
** [[Modern liberalism in the United States|Modern liberalism]] (in the United States) <br />
* [[Right-libertarianism]], often defined as high valuation of [[private property]]<br />
** [[Paleolibertarianism]]<br />
** [[Minarchism]]<br />
** [[Anarcho-capitalism]]<br />
* [[Right-wing politics]], often defined by opposition to social change, and a veneration of tradition.<br />
** [[Centre-right politics]]<br />
*** [[Christian democracy]]<br />
*** [[Compassionate conservatism]]<br />
*** [[Liberal conservatism]]<br />
*** [[One-nation conservatism]]<br />
*** [[Progressive conservatism]]<br />
** [[Conservatism]]<br />
*** [[Fiscal conservatism]]<br />
*** [[Fusionism]]<br />
*** [[Libertarian conservatism]]<br />
*** [[National conservatism]]<br />
*** [[Neoconservatism]]<br />
*** [[Paleoconservatism]]<br />
*** [[Social conservatism]]<br />
*** [[Traditional conservatism]]<br />
** [[Far-right politics]], political ideas which are described as [[reactionary]], [[ultranationalism|ultranationalist]], [[chauvinism|chauvinistic]], [[xenophobia|xenophobic]] or [[racism|racist]].&lt;ref&gt;Carlisle, Rodney P., ed., ''The Encyclopedia of Politics: The Left and the Right, Volume 2: The Right'' (Thousand Oaks, California, United States; London, England; New Delhi, India: Sage Publications, 2005) p. 693.&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
*** [[Alt-right]]<br />
*** [[Fascism]]<br />
*** [[Nazism]]<br />
* [[Identity politics]], political ideologies concerned with the interests of the members of a specific group.<br />
** [[Black power]]<br />
** [[Feminism]]<br />
** [[Gay pride]]<br />
** [[Indigenism]]<br />
** [[Islamism]]<br />
** [[Nationalism]], based on the centrality of the [[nation]].<br />
*** [[Civic nationalism]]<br />
*** [[Ethnic nationalism]]<br />
*** [[Expansionist nationalism]]<br />
*** [[Irredentism]]<br />
*** [[Pan-nationalism]]<br />
*** [[Racial nationalism]]<br />
*** [[Left-wing nationalism]]<br />
*** [[National liberalism|Liberal nationalism]]<br />
*** [[Territorial nationalism]]<br />
*** [[Secessionism]]<br />
** [[Zionism]]<br />
* [[Environmentalism]]<br />
{{End div col}}<br />
<br />
== Governments of the world ==<br />
{{Africa in topic|Government of}}<br />
{{North America in topic|Government of}}<br />
{{South America in topic|Government of}}<br />
{{Asia in topic|Government of|TW=Government of the Republic of China}}<br />
{{Government of Europe}}<br />
{{Oceania in topic|Government of}}<br />
<br />
== Political issues and policies ==<br />
<br />
===[[Rights]]===<br />
{{Div col}}<br />
* [[Animal rights]]<br />
* [[Civil and political rights]], usually related to topics of [[negative liberty]].<br />
** [[Freedom of assembly]]<br />
** [[Freedom of association]]<br />
** [[Right to asylum]]<br />
** [[Freedom from discrimination]]<br />
** [[Freedom of education]]<br />
** [[Freedom of information]]<br />
** [[Freedom of movement]]<br />
** [[Freedom of speech]]<br />
** [[Freedom of the press]]<br />
** [[Freedom of thought]]<br />
** [[Right to petition]]<br />
** [[Right to protest]]<br />
** [[Right to property]]<br />
** [[Freedom of religion]]<br />
** [[Right to life]]<br />
* [[Economic, social and cultural rights]], usually cover issues of [[positive liberty]].<br />
** [[Digital rights]]<br />
** [[Labor rights]]<br />
*** [[Equal pay for equal work]]<br />
** [[Right to an adequate standard of living]]<br />
** [[Right to clothing]]<br />
** [[Right to development]]<br />
** [[Right to education]]<br />
** [[Right to food]]<br />
** [[Right to health]]<br />
** [[Right to housing]]<br />
** [[Right to Internet access]]<br />
** [[Right to science and culture]]<br />
** [[Right to social security]]<br />
** [[Right to water]]<br />
** [[Right to work]]<br />
* [[LGBT rights by country or territory|LGBT rights]]<br />
* [[Minority rights]]<br />
** [[Affirmative action]]<br />
* [[Women's rights]]<br />
** [[Abortion law]]<br />
{{End div col}}<br />
<br />
===[[Economic policy]]===<br />
{{Div col}}<br />
* [[Agricultural policy]] <br />
** [[Agricultural subsidy]]<br />
** [[Land reform]]<br />
* [[Energy policy]]<br />
** [[Nuclear energy policy]]<br />
** [[Renewable energy policy]]<br />
* [[Fiscal policy]]<br />
** [[Budgetary policy]]<br />
* [[Industrial policy]]<br />
** [[Import substitution industrialization]]<br />
* [[Investment policy]]<br />
** [[Sovereign wealth fund]]<br />
* [[Monetary policy]]<br />
** [[Capital requirement]]<br />
** [[Central bank]]<br />
** [[Contractionary monetary policy]]<br />
** [[Expansionary monetary policy]]<br />
* [[Tax policy]]<br />
** [[Internet taxation]]<br />
** [[Tax cut]]<br />
** [[Tax competition]]<br />
** [[Tax holiday]]<br />
** [[Tax reform]]<br />
*** [[Flat tax]]<br />
*** [[Tax harmonization]]<br />
{{End div col}}<br />
<br />
===[[Foreign policy|Foreign]] and [[security policy]]===<br />
{{Div col}}<br />
* [[Arms control]]<br />
** [[Nuclear disarmament]]<br />
*** [[Nuclear-free zone]]<br />
*** [[Nuclear nonproliferation]]<br />
* [[Criminal justice]]<br />
** [[Capital punishment]]<br />
** [[Life imprisonment]]<br />
** [[Mandatory sentencing]]<br />
* [[Space policy]]<br />
** [[Extraterrestrial real estate]]<br />
** [[Militarization of space]]<br />
*** [[Space force]]<br />
* [[Counter-terrorism]]<br />
** [[Anti-terrorism legislation]]<br />
* [[International trade#Regulation of international trade|International Trade]]<br />
* [[Military policy]]<br />
** [[Military recruitment]]<br />
*** [[Conscription]]<br />
** [[Military-industrial complex]]<br />
{{End div col}}<br />
<br />
===[[Social policy]]===<br />
{{Div col}}<br />
* [[Cultural policy]]<br />
** [[Arts council]]<br />
* [[Environmental policy]]<br />
** [[Politics of global warming|Climate change policy]]<br />
** [[Fisheries management]]<br />
* [[Drug policy]] <br />
** [[Drug decriminalization]]<br />
** [[Drug policy reform]]<br />
** [[Harm reduction]]<br />
** [[Legality of cannabis]]<br />
** [[Legal status of cocaine]]<br />
** [[Legal drinking age]]<br />
** [[Legal status of methamphetamine]]<br />
** [[Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms]]<br />
** [[Legal status of Salvia divinorum]]<br />
* [[Education policy]] and [[Education reform|reform]]<br />
** [[Education reform]]<br />
* [[Immigration]] <br />
** [[Family reunification]]<br />
** [[Immigration equality]]<br />
** [[List of countries that regulate the immigration of felons|Immigration of felons]]<br />
** [[Immigration law]] <br />
** [[Immigration reform]]<br />
** [[Open border]]<br />
** [[Permanent residency]]<br />
** [[Work permit]]<br />
* [[Race relations]]<br />
** [[Affirmative action]]<br />
** [[Institutional racism]]<br />
** [[Racial profiling]]<br />
** [[White privilege]]<br />
* [[Religion and politics]]<br />
** [[Separation of church and state]]<br />
* [[Health policy]] <br />
** [[Legality of euthanasia]]<br />
** [[Stem cell controversy]]<br />
** [[Universal healthcare]]<br />
** [[Health care reform]]<br />
* [[Welfare state]]<br />
** [[Guaranteed minimum income]]<br />
** [[Job guarantee]]<br />
** [[Welfare reform]]<br />
** [[Unemployment benefits]]<br />
** [[Universal Basic Income]]<br />
** [[Workfare]]<br />
{{End div col}}<br />
<br />
== {{Anchor|Politics by region}}Politics by continent ==<br />
&lt;!-- This Anchor tag serves to provide a permanent target for incoming section links. Please do not remove it, nor modify it, except to add another appropriate anchor. If you modify the section title, please anchor the old title. It is always best to anchor an old section header that has been changed so that links to it will not be broken. See [[Template:Anchor]] for details. This text is produced using {{subst:Anchor comment}} --&gt;<br />
{{Africa in topic|Politics of}}<br />
{{Asia in topic|Politics of}}<br />
{{Politics of Europe}}<br />
{{North America in topic|Politics of}}<br />
{{Oceania in topic|Politics of}}<br />
{{South America in topic|Politics of}}<br />
<br />
=== Foreign relations by continents ===<br />
{{Africa in topic|Foreign relations of}}<br />
{{Asia in topic|Foreign relations of}}<br />
{{Foreign relations of Europe}}<br />
<br />
{{North America in topic|Foreign relations of}}<br />
{{Oceania in topic|Foreign relations of}}<br />
{{South America in topic|Foreign relations of}}<br />
<br />
=== Political parties by continent ===<br />
{{Africa in topic|List of political parties in}}<br />
{{Asia in topic|List of political parties in}}<br />
{{List of political parties in Europe}}<br />
{{North America in topic|List of political parties in}}<br />
{{Oceania in topic|List of political parties in}}<br />
{{South America in topic|List of political parties in}}<br />
<br />
== History of politics ==<br />
<br />
* [[History of political science]]<br />
* [[History of political thinking]]<br />
* [[Political history]]<br />
** [[List of years in politics]]<br />
<br />
== Political scholars ==<br />
<br />
* [[List of political scientists]]<br />
* [[List of political philosophers]]<br />
** [[List of social and political philosophers]]<br />
* [[List of political theorists]]<br />
<br />
== Influential literature ==<br />
<br />
* ''[[The Art of War]]'' &amp;ndash; by [[Sun Tsu]] ({{Circa|544}}–496 BC)<br />
* ''[[History of the Peloponnesian War]]'' by [[Thucydides]] ({{Circa|460|400 BC}})<br />
* ''[[The Republic (Plato)|The Republic]]'' and ''[[Laws (dialogue)|Laws]]'' &amp;ndash; by [[Plato]] (427–347 BC)<br />
* ''[[Politics (Aristotle)|The Politics]]'' and ''[[Nicomachean Ethics]]'' &amp;ndash; [[Aristotle]] (384–322 BC)<br />
* ''[[Arthashastra]]'' &amp;ndash; [[Chanakya|{{IAST|Chāṇakya}}]]&lt;ref&gt;Mabbett 1964 "References to the work in other Sanskrit literature attribute it variously to {{IAST|Viṣṇugupta}}, {{IAST|Cāṇakya}} and {{IAST|Kauṭilya}}. The same individual is meant in each case. The ''[[Panchatantra|Pańcatantra]]'' explicitly identifies [[Chanakya]] with {{IAST|Viṣṇugupta}}."&lt;/ref&gt; ({{Circa|350}}–283 BC)<br />
* ''[[Meditations]]'' &amp;ndash; ''[[Marcus Aurelius|Marcus Aurelius, Roman Emperor 161–180 CE]]''<br />
* ''[[The Prince]]'' &amp;ndash; by [[Niccolò Machiavelli]] (1469–1527)<br />
* ''[[The Book of Five Rings]]'' &amp;ndash; [[Miyamoto Musashi]] ({{Circa|1584}}––1645)<br />
* ''[[Leviathan (Hobbes book)|Leviathan]]'' &amp;ndash; [[Thomas Hobbes]] (1588–1679)<br />
* ''[[The Wealth of Nations]]'' &amp;ndash; by [[Adam Smith]] (1723–1790)<br />
* ''[[On War]]'' &amp;ndash; by [[Carl von Clausewitz]] (1780–1831)<br />
* ''[[The Communist Manifesto]]'' &amp;ndash; by [[Karl Marx]] (1818–1883)<br />
* ''[[A Theory of Justice]]'' &amp;ndash; by [[John Rawls]] (1921-2002)<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
{{Outline footer}}&lt;!-- Most of these topics need to be placed in the outline above --&gt;<br />
{{Portal|Politics}}<br />
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|<br />
* [[Anthropology]]<br />
* [[Constitutional economics]]<br />
* [[Debate]]<br />
* [[Food politics]]<br />
* [[Government simulation game]]<br />
* [[Music and politics]]<br />
* [[Policy]]<br />
* [[Rule According to Higher Law]]<br />
* [[Office politics]]<br />
* [[Official statistics]]<br />
* [[Organizational politics]]<br />
* [[Political activism]]<br />
* [[Political corruption]]<br />
* [[Political criticism]]<br />
* [[Political economy]]<br />
* [[Political fiction]] ([[Politics in fiction|list]])<br />
* [[Political movement]]<br />
* [[Political party]] ([[List of political parties by country|list by country]])<br />
* [[Political power]]<br />
* [[Political psychology]]<br />
* [[Theories of Political Behavior]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
*Roskin, M.; Cord, R. L.; Medeiros, J. A.; Jones, W. S. (2007). ''Political Science: An Introduction''. 10th ed. New York: [[Pearson Prentice Hall]]. {{ISBN|978-0-13-242575-9}} (10). {{ISBN|978-0-13-242575-9}} (13).<br />
*Tausch, A.; Prager, F. (1993). ''Towards a Socio-Liberal Theory of World Development''. Basingstoke: Macmillan; New York: [[St. Martin's Press]].<br />
*''[[Oxford Handbooks of Political Science]]'' &amp;ndash; ten-volume set covering the political science topics [[political methodology]], [[public policy]], [[political theory]], [[political economy]], [[comparative politics]], contextual political analysis, [[international relations]], Law and Politics, [[Theories of political behavior|political behavior]], and [[political institutions]]. The general editor of the series is [[Robert E. Goodin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Dryzek |first1=John S. |last2=Honig |first2=Bonnie |last3=Phillips |first3=Anne |date=27 Aug 2006 |title=Oxford Handbook of Political Theory |url=http://www.oup.com.au/titles/higher_ed/social_science/politics/9780199270033 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305042142/http://www.oup.com.au/titles/higher_ed/social_science/politics/9780199270033 |archive-date=Mar 5, 2016 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199270033}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=The Oxford Handbook of Political Theory|first=Mary|last=Walsh|date=1 May 2008|journal=Contemporary Political Theory|volume=7|issue=2|pages=232–234|doi=10.1057/cpt.2008.2|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{sisterlinks|Political science}}<br />
* [https://www.apsanet.org/ American Political Science Association]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/19980215221318/http://www.essex.ac.uk/ECPR/ European Consortium for Political Research]<br />
* [https://www.ipsa.org/ International Political Science Association]<br />
* [https://www.psa.ac.uk/ Political Studies Association of the UK]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304092151/http://www.politicalscience.org/ PROL: Political Science Research Online (prepublished research)]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20020616040916/http://www2.truman.edu/polisci/design.htm Truman State University, "Political Science Research Design Handbook"]<br />
* {{Cite web |date=13 November 2006 |title=A New Nation Votes - American Election Returns, 1787 - 1825 |url=http://dca.tufts.edu/features/aas/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061208183011/http://dca.tufts.edu/features/aas/ |archive-date=Dec 8, 2006 |website=American Antiquarian Society -- Election Records Project}}<br />
* {{Cite web |title=POLITICAL Domain Links IV |url=http://www.p-jones.demon.co.uk/linksIV.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020140819/http://www.p-jones.demon.co.uk/linksIV.htm |archive-date=Oct 20, 2014 |website=Hodges' Health Career Model}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Political Science}}<br />
[[Category:Outlines of laws and legal topics|Politics]]<br />
[[Category:Outlines|Politics]]<br />
[[Category:Political science| 1]]<br />
[[Category:Politics]]<br />
[[Category:Society-related lists|Politics]]</div>MyrnaAcuna04https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Najafgarh_drain_bird_sanctuary&diff=520058Najafgarh drain bird sanctuary2026-03-13T11:10:40Z<p>MyrnaAcuna04: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{About|bird sanctuary and wetland ecosystem|the drain|Najafgarh drain|lake or jheel|Najafgarh lake}}<br />
{{EngvarB|date=February 2021}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}<br />
[[File:Delhi aerial photo 03-2016 img2.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of Najafgarh Drain]]<br />
<br />
'''Najafgarh drain bird sanctuary''' and wetland ecosystem is composed of the [[wetland]] [[ecosystem]] and [[wildlife habitat]] on several kilometres of the [[Najafgarh drain]] (Delhi end of [[Sahibi River]] before it falls into [[Yamuna]]) which passes through southwest [[Delhi]] in India's capital territory. It includes the portion draining the depression or basin area that formed the once famous but now partially drained [[Najafgarh lake]] (Najafgarh jheel). It is a refuge to thousands of migratory waterbirds every winter. The winter months are the best time to visit it to see many flocks of wintering waterbirds. It is currently classified as a [[Reserved forests and protected forests of India|Protected Forest]].<ref>[http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/environment/Environment/Home/Achievements/ Plantation/Greening of Delhi] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111126100652/http://www.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/environment/Environment/Home/Achievements |date=26 November 2011 }}, Department of Environment, Government of NCT of Delhi, India website, {{cite web|url=http://www.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/e5d6a2804e0153e1b13cb53cf97f2eae/1-21.pdf?MOD%3DAJPERES |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-12-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006180249/http://www.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/e5d6a2804e0153e1b13cb53cf97f2eae/1-21.pdf?MOD=AJPERES |archive-date=6 October 2011 }}</ref><ref>[http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_forest/Forest/Home/Forests+of+Delhi/Recorded+Forest Recorded Forests (Notified Forest Areas in Delhi)], Forest Department, Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi, India, [https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:V48EOp-4YnsJ:www.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/e5d6a2804e0153e1b13cb53cf97f2eae/1-21.pdf%3FMOD%3DAJPERES+delhi+airport+najafgarh+drain+birds&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgHf_kltmUAtbU59pAAd8gfGPh7wODG1CCLfjl10mvyx13jvqOPqupfaw7B_HFEgH_tBhpnmMkzZBR9MpQGK_CaKS-qA4gZ46MeDbzgyqhJT8t5nGtHTL34-jFb_650_OYmk7wP&sig=AHIEtbTcy0YSNcsWBtQ0OENviJMP0lIoIA]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_forest/Forest/Search+Results/ |title=Search for Najafgarh drain on Forest Department, Government of NCT of Delhi, India website |access-date=4 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317094505/http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_forest/Forest/Search%2BResults/ |archive-date=17 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20120805234949/http://www2.wii.gov.in/envis/paupdates/update39october2002.htm "Bird sanctuary proposed in Najafgarh" – Protected Area Update, No. 39 October 2002, Kalpavriksh]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080922143809/http://www.hindu.com/2008/06/29/stories/2008062960760300.htm Another city forest opened – Delhi will soon have 32 of them, says Sheila, New Delhi, Jun 29, 2008, The Hindu Newspaper]</ref> <br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
The area came to be recognised as an important wildlife habitat after a local naturalist studying the area during 1986 to 1989 called attention to it, recommending it to be conserved as a bird sanctuary. After this, the Delhi wildlife department posted 16 guards in the area to control illegal bird hunters, including diplomats from various international embassies located in Delhi, India's capital. Delhi Administration officials were tasked with declaring about 25&nbsp;km stretch of the drain in rural Delhi, including where it passes through the core area of the now partially drained Najafgarh Lake, protected under the Wildlife Act after Lt. Governor of Delhi Mr. [[H.L. Kapur]] was invited to the area for touring the site where he also heard accounts of local villagers telling of the rampant illegal hunting of waterbirds that went on here every year. The staff of the Flood Control and Irrigation Department, numbering about 40, were also given the additional responsibility of protecting the wildlife on and around the [[Drainage basin]].<ref name=bird1>[A bird sanctuary for Delhi soon, By Nirupama Subramanian, Express News Service, City, New Delhi, 7 March 1988, Indian Express Newspaper]</ref><ref name=bird2>[Flamingos flock to Capital, By N. Suresh, New Delhi, 7 January 1988, The Times of India]</ref><ref name=bird3>[Down by the wetlands, on the wild side, Najafgarh drain, By Vivek Menon, 9 March 1991, Weekend, New Delhi, Indian Express Newspaper (Vivek Menon formerly with [[WWF-India]] now with [[Wildlife Trust of India]])]</ref><br />
<br />
==Wetland==<br />
<br />
The Najafgarh drain itself acts as an elongated water body or lake. It has trees planted on both its embankments and an inspection road running on one embankment. During the winter months it attracts vast quantities of migratory birds, and supports local wildlife year-round.<ref>[http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=40725 DTTDC to develop bird sanctuary near Najafgarh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130415033834/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=40725 |date=15 April 2013 }}, 12 January 2003, The Indian Express</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/article81562.ece Migratory birds are giving Delhi the go-by], 17 January 2010, [[The Hindu]]</ref><ref>[http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=197471 Najafgarh jheel may chirp again]{{dead link|date=February 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, 20 August 2006, The Indian Express</ref> The wetland ecosystem and wildlife habitat on several kilometres of less polluted Najafgarh drain in rural Delhi before entering the main city, including the former ''Najafgarh lake'' or ''Najafgarh jheel'' area, is very important habitat to [[bird migration|migratory]] [[waterbirds]] as well as local [[wildlife]]. It has been earmarked to be declared a [[bird sanctuary]] for Delhi.<ref name=bird1/><ref name=bird2/><ref name=bird3/> Sections of the forested embankments of Najafgarh drain are currently classified as the [[Reserved forests and protected forests of India|Protected Forests]].<ref>[http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/environment/Environment/Home/Achievements/ Plantation/Greening of Delhi] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111126100652/http://www.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/environment/Environment/Home/Achievements |date=26 November 2011 }}, Department of Environment, Government of NCT of Delhi, India website, {{cite web|url=http://www.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/e5d6a2804e0153e1b13cb53cf97f2eae/1-21.pdf?MOD%3DAJPERES |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-12-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006180249/http://www.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/e5d6a2804e0153e1b13cb53cf97f2eae/1-21.pdf?MOD=AJPERES |archive-date=6 October 2011 }}</ref><ref>[http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_forest/Forest/Home/Forests+of+Delhi/Recorded+Forest Recorded Forests (Notified Forest Areas in Delhi)], Forest Department, Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi, India, [https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:V48EOp-4YnsJ:www.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/e5d6a2804e0153e1b13cb53cf97f2eae/1-21.pdf%3FMOD%3DAJPERES+delhi+airport+najafgarh+drain+birds&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgHf_kltmUAtbU59pAAd8gfGPh7wODG1CCLfjl10mvyx13jvqOPqupfaw7B_HFEgH_tBhpnmMkzZBR9MpQGK_CaKS-qA4gZ46MeDbzgyqhJT8t5nGtHTL34-jFb_650_OYmk7wP&sig=AHIEtbTcy0YSNcsWBtQ0OENviJMP0lIoIA]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_forest/Forest/Search+Results/ |title=Search for Najafgarh drain on Forest Department, Government of NCT of Delhi, India website |access-date=4 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317094505/http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_forest/Forest/Search%2BResults/ |archive-date=17 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20120805234949/http://www2.wii.gov.in/envis/paupdates/update39october2002.htm "Bird sanctuary proposed in Najafgarh" – Protected Area Update, No. 39 October 2002, Kalpavriksh]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080922143809/http://www.hindu.com/2008/06/29/stories/2008062960760300.htm Another city forest opened – Delhi will soon have 32 of them, says Sheila, New Delhi, Jun 29, 2008, The Hindu Newspaper]</ref> Bird watchers also visit the area now and conduct annual bird-counts.<ref>{{Cite book | url= https://archive.org/stream/NLBW32_78/NLBW32_78_djvu.txt | title=Nlbw32_78}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Issues==<br />
<br />
[[Bird strike]]s on aircraft at the nearby [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]] have been a concern.<ref>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/PDAET/articleshow/4158220.cms], [https://web.archive.org/web/20120403025741/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-02-20/news/28460924_1_bird-hits-delhi-airport-national-bird-control-committee Most bird hits at Delhi airport], 20 Feb 2009, TNN, [[The Economic Times]], New Delhi, India. Retrieved 4 May 2011</ref><ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/in-igi-backyard-a-new-bird-sanctuary/593768/0 In IGI backyard, a new ‘bird sanctuary’], 22 Mar 2010, The Indian Express</ref><ref>[http://www.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/30dad7804eef611babe1bbfe99daf05a/MINUTES+AEMC_28April09.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=30dad7804eef611babe1bbfe99daf05a], [https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:K8A2wMfyKpMJ:www.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/30dad7804eef611babe1bbfe99daf05a/MINUTES%2BAEMC_28April09.pdf%3FMOD%3DAJPERES%26CACHEID%3D30dad7804eef611babe1bbfe99daf05a+delhi+airport+najafgarh+drain+birds&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShe_rd73VWFvAR-Oe0sPq7iPuYAsjpLvlEgkFdvOBCr9KUCwCnhtnUt9nTGOma-1lyr8Vttv4dTJ1tzG5pByZFj7MDNkbgDh7xLK3fKvVlfnwpFvqQLIs4ncHyJDOl21g60Sjyq&sig=AHIEtbRBQpcKgInwVJ9WuWECPuDk8iyGGg Minutes of the Airfield Environment Management Committee Meeting, 28 04 2009]</ref><ref>{{usurped|1=[https://archive.today/20130126100942/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2008073053750400.htm&date=2008/07/30/&prd=th& MCD to tackle bird menace at airport]}}, New Delhi, 30 July 2008, The Hindu</ref><ref>[https://www.oneindia.com/2008/07/29/mcd-to-initiate-steps-to-curb-bird-hit-menace-around-igi-airport-1217343872.html MCD to initiate steps to curb bird hit menace around IGI airport], [IST], 27 July 2008, Oneindia</ref><ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/news-articles/times-of-india-the/mi_8012/is_20080730/spots-bird-activity-igi-delhi/ai_n39494928/ Seven spots of bird activity near IGI, Delhi], 30 Jul 2008, Times of India</ref> The airport has undertaken several steps to mitigate the issue of bird strikes, including the positioning of 25 zone guns along the runway, deployment of 50 bird chasers, installation of reflective tapes, bursting of crackers, scarecrow devices on jeeps, regular grass cutting and pesticide spraying.<ref>[http://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/airfare-hike-in-new-delhi/1/11502.html Bird menace hikes airlines costs at Delhi], S.P.S. Pannu, New Delhi, 20 December 2010, business today, [[India Today]] GROUP</ref><ref><br />
[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/tackling-winged-menace-at-airport/577385/0 Tackling winged menace at airport], 9 Feb 2010, New Delhi, The Indian Express</ref><ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20071001/delhi.htm#5 'Bird chasers' at airport], 1 Oct 2010, The Tribune</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Watchdog-seeks-report-on-airport-bird-chasers/Article1-499060.aspx | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125100037/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Watchdog-seeks-report-on-airport-bird-chasers/Article1-499060.aspx | url-status=dead | archive-date=25 January 2013 | title=Hindustan Times – Archive News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Bird-hit-Delhi-airport-gets-extension-to-use-crackers/Article1-602734.aspx | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125062720/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Bird-hit-Delhi-airport-gets-extension-to-use-crackers/Article1-602734.aspx | url-status=dead | archive-date=25 January 2013 | title=Hindustan Times – Archive News}}</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20120907194611/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Hi-tech-airport-fails-to-tackle-flying-menace/Article1-693041.aspx Hi-tech airport fails to tackle flying menace], New Delhi, 3 May 2011, [[Hindustan Times]]</ref><ref>[http://birdstrikeindia.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715000107/http://birdstrikeindia.com/|date=15 July 2011}}, [http://birdstrikeindia.com/?p=18] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027220949/http://birdstrikeindia.com/?p=18|date=27 October 2011}}, [http://www.birdstrikecontrol.com/news/birdstrike_news/panel-revived-to-tackle-igi-bird-menace/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110112102300/http://www.birdstrikecontrol.com/news/birdstrike_news/panel-revived-to-tackle-igi-bird-menace/|date=12 January 2011}}</ref> Birds most commonly involved in bird strikes are the Pariah or [[Black kite|Black Kite]], [[Red-wattled lapwing|Red-wattled Lapwing]], [[Cattle egret|Cattle Egret]], [[pigeons]] and [[Crow|crows.]]<ref>[http://www.mid-day.com/news/2009/jan/210109-Ministry-of-Civil-Aviation-Us-Aircraft-Hudson-river-bird-audit-Mumbai-International-Airport.htm India's first Airport bird audit], Mumbai, 2009-01-21, MiD DAY</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Najafgarh drain]], Delhi<br />
* Nearby [[Najafgarh lake]] or Najafgarh jheel (now completely drained by Najafgarh drain)<br />
* [[Najafgarh]] town, Delhi<br />
* [[National Zoological Park Delhi]]<br />
* [[Asola Bhatti Wildlife Sanctuary]], Delhi<br />
* [[Sultanpur National Park]], bordering Delhi in adjoining [[Gurgaon District]], Haryana<br />
* [[Okhla Sanctuary]], bordering Delhi in adjoining [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
* [[Bhalswa horseshoe lake]], Northwest, Delhi<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* Delhi Master Plan 2021: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120727124325/http://delhi-masterplan.com/zonal-plans-mpd-2021/zone-l-west-delhi-iii.php Planning Zone-L, West Zone –III of Master Plan of Delhi 2021] – Note the ''Najafgarh Lake Area'' shown therein.<br />
* [http://www.dda.org.in/planning/docs/L%20zone%20(draft).pdf Draft Zonal Development Plan Planning Zone- 'L', Annexure-Iv-A Land Use Modifications up to 2006 in Planning Zone-“L”.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903041436/http://www.dda.org.in/planning/docs/L%20zone%20(draft).pdf |date=3 September 2013 }}<br />
* [http://www.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/DoIT_Irrigation/irrigation+and+flood+control/extra2/flood+problem+due+to+sahibi+river Flood Problem due to Sahibi River, Department of Irrigation and Flood Control, Government of NCT of Delhi, India.]<br />
* [http://www.green-ensys.org/site/publications/Wastewater%20management%20in%20Najafgarh%20drainage%20basin.pdf Wastewater Management in Najafgarh Drainage Basin – Key to Water Quality Improvement in River Yamuna] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111205553/http://www.green-ensys.org/site/publications/Wastewater%20management%20in%20Najafgarh%20drainage%20basin.pdf |date=11 November 2021 }}, by Asit Nema of Foundation for Greentech Environmental Systems1 and Dr. Lalit Agrawal of Tokyo Engineering Consultants, Japan2<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110814120836/http://delhiplanning.nic.in/PD/2008-09/Writeup/26-42%20%5BFlood%20Control%5D.pdf Flood Control – The National Capital Territory of Delhi]<br />
* [http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/article19406.ece ‘Part of Najafgarh drain to be covered’], 12 September 2009, The Hindu<br />
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110516053619/http://www.haryana-online.com/Fauna/Birds/how_sultanpur_happened.htm How Sultanpur happened: Sultanpur and Najafgarh Jheels – by Peter Jackson]}}, {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110516053542/http://www.haryana-online.com/Fauna/Birds/peter_jackson.htm]}}<br />
* [http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=59995 ‘Reviving old ponds way out of water woes’]{{dead link|date=January 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, 9 August 2003, The Indian Express<br />
* [http://www.governancenow.com/news/regular-story/action-plans-polluted-areas-delhi-soon Action plans on polluted areas in Delhi soon], GN Bureau, New Delhi, 17 March 2010, Governance Now<br />
* [https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:-El8dIOzqkwJ:www.greensystems.net/images/Dr.Sharma%2520NCR%2520Planning%2520board%2520proposal.pdf+delhi+airport+najafgarh+drain+birds&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjhbihuGSYs5_rSivXrLO2N2CjqgXEXNVHeteUMUPkv-B3szQww1FL5CFYQveUkenriZow93Jf2W8yFsvlm3noD2YhFeFT0LF3GPr58B1KOBS3nZjH4Cnklte2B4nLtul4jl9QE&sig=AHIEtbR8FogSquJ5O7cDN-fVCq-spjNzZg Proposal for ground water recharge in National Capital Region (NCR) by Dr. S. K. Sharma, Ground water expert], [https://web.archive.org/web/20111110051227/http://www.greensystems.net/images/Dr.Sharma%20NCR%20Planning%20board%20proposal.pdf], [https://web.archive.org/web/20110410050916/http://www.indiawaterportal.org/taxonomy/term/2891]<br />
* [https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:RabaBQDqo68J:www.wsscc.org/sites/default/files/india_singh_delhis_watery_woes_2006.pdf+bird+count+najafgarh+drain&hl=en&gl=ca&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjlgc68wrZgBbj0hEmWVk7HauQdWLh_BVFYvxYGw32kvR4U2mGAyaRPANgdq0RzGq6dzdIsioYliM4z5dvO5ZDY_I6_v1aFeTkZfywGTFbM3pRISW75Q2F_5Jf8aBgwHsZaOXra&sig=AHIEtbQHJIrk1sity8tW--Nbc_11UUCAQg], [https://web.archive.org/web/20110928022355/http://www.wsscc.org/sites/default/files/india_singh_delhis_watery_woes_2006.pdf Delhi's Watery Woes] by Arun Kumar Singh<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110820100406/http://m.pressmart.com/Home.aspx?event=HTDelhi&dt=19082010&page=755_003&mdl= Birds are back at Najafgarh Jheel], 19 08 2010, Delhi Edition, Hindustan Times<br />
* [http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/article66609.ece No more water-logging at airport with new drain in place], New Delhi, 17 December 2009, The Hindu<br />
* [https://archive.today/20130103075233/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Walls-to-be-constructed-around-Najafgarh-drain/Article1-196591.aspx Walls to be constructed around Najafgarh drain], New Delhi, 29 December 2006, Hindustan Times<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070313143310/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=225921 Groundwater to be recharged at Najafgarh, Mungeshwar drains], 10 March 2007, The Indian Express<br />
* [Book: A Guide to the Birds of the Delhi Area (1975) by Usha Ganguli, a member of the Delhi Birdwatching Society. She includes sections from "The Imperial Gazetteer of India" annual colonial records of British India from Delhi detailing local wildlife and extent of water accumulation in Najafgarh Jheel basin yearly.]<br />
* [Birdwatching Articles from 1961 -70 from Najafgarh lake by Usha Ganguli in "[[Newsletter for Birdwatchers]]" edited by Zafar Futehally]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121109220145/http://www.hindu.com/2010/01/17/stories/2010011753740300.htm Migratory birds are giving Delhi the go-by], 17 Jan 2010, The Hindu<br />
* [http://news.oneindia.in/2006/08/30/law-najafgarh-landfill-two-last-new-delhi-1156946715.html Law-Najafgarh-Landfill Two Last New Delhi]{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, 30 August 2006, oneindia news.<br />
* [http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/lib/2006/July/27/PI%202707%20GURGAON.doc Gurgaon polluting Najafgarh drain, draws Minister's ire]-[http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/node/235442], by Rajesh Kumar, New Delhi, 27 July 2006, [[The Pioneer (Indian newspaper)|The Pioneer]]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120425051921/http://m.pressmart.com/Home.aspx?event=HTDelhi&dt=03112011&page=751_007&mdl= Winged visitors are back at Najafgarh Lake], New Delhi, 3/11/2011, Hindustan Times. Also see [https://web.archive.org/web/20120425051943/http://m.pressmart.com/Home.aspx?event=HTDelhi&dt=29102011&page=751_006&mdl=]<br />
* [http://www.deccanherald.com/content/220114/migratory-birds-vanish-wetlands-shrink.html Migratory birds vanish as wetlands shrink], New Delhi, 17 Jan 2012, (IANS), [[Deccan Herald]] Newspaper<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120403121445/http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/Delhi%20Gazeetter%201912.pdf Chapter J.- Descriptive· pages from the Gazeteers, Delhi, 1912]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110728104132/http://nidm.gov.in/idmc/Proceedings/Flood/B2%20-%2036.pdf Urban Flooding and its Management], 2006. India Disaster Management Congress.IIPA Campus, IP Estate, Near ITO Road, New Delhi. National Institute of Disaster Management, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India<br />
* [http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/Delhi.pdf Action Plan, Abatement of Pollution in Critically Polluted Area of Najafgarh Dran Basin Including Okhla, Naraina, Anand Parbat and Wazirpur Indl Areas, Delhi Pollution Control Committee, 4th Floor, ISBT Building, Kashmere Gate, Delhi-6, March, 2011]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20240117023812/http://force.org.in/BLUE_DELHI_DECLARATION_WHITE_PAPER.pdf Blue Delhi Declaration, White Paper on: Aiming for Sustainability and Self Sufficiency in Delhi Water Management – Evaluating Delhi’s Current Water Assets vis a vis their Utilisation]<br />
* [https://www.scribd.com/doc/45314818/Urban-Flooding Urban Flooding Demography and Urbanization by Shashikant Nishant Sharma] snsharma.phd[@]gmail.com 11/1/2010, School of Planning and Architecture, Delhi<br />
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12674375 Biodegradation of wastewater of Najafgarh drain, Delhi using autochthonous microbial consortia : a laboratory study.] by Sharma G, Mehra NK, Kumar R. Source Limnology Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi-1 10 007, India.<br />
* [http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/news/city-get-its-1st-bird-sanctuary City to get its 1st bird sanctuary], 15 February 2005, [[Asian Age]] (New Delhi)<br />
* [http://www.asianage.com/content/new-camp-jazz-tourism-city-soon New camp to jazz up tourism in city soon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515123838/https://www.asianage.com/content/new-camp-jazz-tourism-city-soon |date=15 May 2023 }}, 19 Apr 2010, Asian Age (New Delhi)<br />
* [http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20071001/delhi.htm#10 Delhiites to cool off with aqua sports], New Delhi, 30 September 2007, Tribune News Service, The Tiribune, Chandigarh<br />
* [http://www.indiawaterportal.org/node/17361 Proposal for groundwater recharge in National Capital Region – A report by SK Sharma and Green Systems] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718124433/http://www.indiawaterportal.org/node/17361 |date=18 July 2012 }}, Submitted by Samir Nazareth on 22 April 2011, India waterportal – Safe, sustainable water for all<br />
* Delhi Smart Cities: [http://www.delhismartcities.com/ Project details of all over Delhi NCR. Specially all Zone of West delhi under Land Pooling Policy and Master Plan of Delhi 2021] – "Najafgarh Lake Area" shown therein.<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/DOIT_Forest/forest/home Forest Department, Government of NCT of Delhi, India.]<br />
* [http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_forest/Forest/Home/Forests+of+Delhi/Recorded+Forest Recorded Forests (Notified Forest Areas in Delhi)], Forest Department, Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi, India<br />
* [http://delhi.gov.in:/wps/wcm/connect/doit_tourism/Tourism/Home/Infrastructure/Tourism+Infrastructure Tourism Infrastructure], Tourism department, Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi, India<br />
* [http://delhi.gov.in:/wps/wcm/connect/doit_irrigation/Irrigation+and+Flood+Control/Home/About+Us Irrigation & Flood Control Department], Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi, India<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111126100652/http://www.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/environment/Environment/Home/Achievements Plantation/Greening of Delhi], Department of Environment, Government of NCT of Delhi, India<br />
* [http://www.facebook.com/topic.php?uid=5448197410&topic=7219 facebook Topic: Delhi – Najafgarh Drain Birdwatching Report]<br />
* [http://www.facebook.com/topic.php?uid=121103404605452&topic=35 facebook: Checklist of the Birds of the Najafgarh Jheel Region – Including adjoining areas of Dhansa Barrage and the Najafgarh Drain in Delhi], by Sajit P. Mohanan<br />
* [http://www.migrantwatch.in/location.php?id=1481 "migrantwatch" Location: Najafgarh Drain, Najafgarh, Delhi]<br />
* [https://archive.today/20130104143235/http://groups.google.com/group/delhibirdpix/search?group=delhibirdpix&q=najafgarh+drain&qt_g=Search+this+group A Search for: Najafgarh drain on the Google group "delhibirdpix"]<br />
* [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/u-turn-haryana-will-identify-najafgarh-lake-as-wetland/articleshow/56382251.cms U-turn: Haryana will identify Najafgarh lake as wetland, TNN, Times of India, Jan 7, 2017]<br />
<br />
{{coord|28.504|76.944|display=title}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Najafgarh Drain Bird Sanctuary (Proposed)}}<br />
[[Category:Reserved forests of India]]<br />
[[Category:Wetlands of India]]<br />
[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Bird sanctuaries of Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Proposed protected areas]]</div>MyrnaAcuna04https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=44th_Merwara_Infantry&diff=46724344th Merwara Infantry2026-03-12T21:25:47Z<p>MyrnaAcuna04: update article also</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox military unit<br />
|unit_name=44th Merwara Infantry<br />
|image=<br />
|caption=<br />
|dates=1824-1922<br />
|country=[[British Raj|Indian Empire]]<br />
|branch=Army<br />
|type=Infantry<br />
|size=<br />
|command_structure=[[Bengal Army]] (to 1895)<br>[[Bengal Command]]<br />
|garrison=<br />
|ceremonial_chief=<br />
|ceremonial_chief_label=<br />
|colonel_of_the_regiment=<br />
|nickname=<br />
|motto=<br />
|colors=Red; faced green<br />1870 French grey, 1891 yellow<br />
|march=<br />
|mascot=<br />
|battles=Central India<br />[[Second Anglo-Afghan War|1879 - 80 Afghanistan]]<br />
|notable_commanders=<br />
|anniversaries=<br />
}}<br />
The '''44th Merwara Infantry''' was an infantry regiment of the [[British Indian Army]]. They could trace their origins to 1824, when the Sylhet Light Infantry was raised. This first 44th eventually became the 44th Gurkhas and later [[8th Gurkha Rifles]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.britishempire.co.uk/forces/armyunits/indianinfantry/44thmharwara.htm|title = The British Empire, Imperialism, Colonialism, Colonies}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Mhairwara Local Battalion became a civil unit in 1861, but returned to a military role as the Mhairwara Battalion in 1871. It became the 44th Merwara Infantry in 1903, after the [[Kitchener Reforms|Kitchener reforms]] of the Indian Army. During [[World War I]] the regiment was part of the [[12th Indian Division]] and took part in the [[Battle of Shaiba]], the [[Battle of Khafajiya]] and the [[Battle of Nasiriyah (1915)|Battle of Nasiriya]] in the [[Mesopotamia Campaign]].<br />
<br />
Further reforms of the army were undertaken after World War I and nine single battalion regiments were disbanded. Being one of the nine, the 44th Merwara Infantry were disbanded on 20 June 1921.<ref>Sumner p.15</ref><br />
<br />
==Previous names==<br />
*The Mhairwara Local Battalion - 1822<br />
*14th (Mhairwara) Local Battalion - 1823<br />
*9th (Mhairwara) Local Battalion - 1826<br />
*The Mhairwara Battalion - 1843<br />
*The Ajmer and Mhairwara Police Corps - 1861<br />
*The Mhairwara Battalion - 1871<br />
*44th Merwara Infantry - 1903<ref>''Quarterly Indian Army List January 1919'', p. 1199</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Frederick George Lister]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
*{{cite book|last1=Barthorp|first1=Michael|last2=Burn|first2=Jeffrey|year=1979|title=Indian infantry regiments 1860-1914|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=0-85045-307-0}}<br />
*{{cite book|last=Sumner|first=Ian|title=The Indian Army 1914-1947|year=2001|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=1-84176-196-6}}<br />
*''Quarterly Indian Army List January 1919''. Army Headquarters India. Calcutta, 1919.<br />
<br />
[[Category:British Indian Army infantry regiments]]<br />
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1824]]<br />
[[Category:Bengal Presidency]]<br />
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1921]]<br />
[[Category:1824 establishments in British India]]<br />
<br />
{{BritishIndia-mil-stub}}<br />
{{India-mil-unit-stub}}<br />
{{UK-mil-unit-stub}}</div>MyrnaAcuna04https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sandesh_Museum_of_Communication&diff=532508Sandesh Museum of Communication2026-03-11T14:28:07Z<p>MyrnaAcuna04: Added New Details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Museum in Bangalore, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2023}}<br />
'''Sandesh Museum of Communication''' is a museum in [[Bangalore]] and is dedicated to the [[postage stamps and postal history of India|postal history of India]] and different modes of communication. The museum opened its doors in 2019 and is located inside a 140-year-old [[post office]], preserved and refurbished as a museum.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-10-09 |title=A 200-year-old heritage building in Bengaluru houses museum showcasing India's postal history |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/a-200-year-old-heritage-building-in-bengaluru-houses-museum-showcasing-indias-postal-history-11414701.html |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=Firstpost}}</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
[[File:Philatelic Museum, Bangalore, India.jpg|thumb|upright|Display at Philatelic Museum, Bangalore]]<br />
The structure previously housed a Government Museum in 1865, established by a Scottish surgeon [[Edward Balfour]]. The museum gives its name to 'Museum Road' the thoroughfare on which it is located. After its opening it was very popular. In coming years the museum was shifted to Kasturba Road. Over the years the building was used as the residence for a supervisor of a jail and a bank, before being part of the General Post Office.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news |date=2019-10-16 |title=Bengaluru's Museum of Communication celebrates India's postal history through artefacts and interactive sessions |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/bengalurus-museum-of-communication-celebrates-indias-postal-history-through-artefacts-and-interactive-sessions/articleshow/71503343.cms |access-date=2023-05-02 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Collection ==<br />
[[File:Stamp cancellation machine.jpg|thumb|upright|Stamp Canceling Machine from Morico, displayed at Museum of Communication, Bangalore]]<br />
There are six halls and the collection is divided into six segments.<br />
<br />
First, the Sandesha section displays stamps from different periods mostly dedicated to different Indian festivals and literature, Hindustani and Carnatic Museum, and [[Cinema of India|Indian cinema]]. The collection divided in three themes Birth of the Nation (1857–1947), [[Culture of India|Indian culture]], and Mysore Anche (1701–1889).<ref name="bindugopalrao">{{Cite web |last=Bindu |date=2020-03-22 |title=Postal Museum Bengaluru |url=http://www.bindugopalrao.com/postal-museum-bengaluru/ |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=Bindu Gopal Rao, Freelance Writer & Photographer |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Second, Samparka is dedicated to all the instruments involved in the process of communication, such as handle cradle machine, adding and listening machine, morse transmitter, mail bomb detector and petromax light.<ref name="bindugopalrao"/><br />
<br />
The third, Samputa gallery tells the story of postal inspector who was in charge of the quality of the postal service, his annual reports were pasted in a book to be preserved and a report from 1889 is on display here along with old [[mail bag]]s and sorting cases of the postman, and archival images of floating post office on [[Dal Lake]].<ref name="bindugopalrao"/><br />
<br />
The fourth gallery is called Samvahana which is the name of the VSAT satellite used for transferring [[money order]]s in mid 1900's and one of the antennas was extant at the Bangalore General Post Office a few years ago. The VSAT apparatus is displayed in this gallery.<ref name="bindugopalrao"/><br />
<br />
A fifth gallery named as Sangathi displays notable objects such as restored post-office clocks, brass weights and rain coats and coloured bags used by [[postman]].<ref name="bindugopalrao"/><br />
<br />
Sixth gallery Sangraha, exhibits the philatelic collection with one of the prominent on show is a [[Penny Black]], originally introduced in the United Kingdom in 1840. Apart from this the gallery has a philascope and Signascope for viewing different aspects of a stamp, like its [[watermark]], paper irregularities and [[Grill (philately)|grills]].<ref name="bindugopalrao"/><br />
<br />
The gallery hosts a children's activity area with interactive quiz machines.<ref name="auto"/><ref name="bindugopalrao"/><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{coord|12.97286|77.60379|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Museums in Bengaluru]]<br />
[[Category:2019 establishments in Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Museums established in 2019]]<br />
[[Category:Philatelic museums]]<br />
[[Category:Philately of India]]</div>MyrnaAcuna04https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hathigumpha_inscription&diff=458117Hathigumpha inscription2026-03-05T22:50:07Z<p>MyrnaAcuna04: reworked page additionally and added references</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Inscription in a cavern in Odisha, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox artifact<br />
|name=Hathigumpha inscription<br />
|image=Hathigumpha inscription (2020).jpg<br />
| image_size =270px<br />
|material=Stone, rock-cut<br />
|writing=Prakrit<br />
|created=2nd century BCE-<br>1st century CE<ref name="TPV"/><br />
|period=Kalinga<br />
|place=[[Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves|Udayagiri Hills]], Bhubaneswar, Odisha<br />
|location={{coord|20|15|47|N|85|47|08|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
|map=<br />
{{Location map<br />
|India<br />
|float=center<br />
|relief=yes<br />
|label=Udayagiri Odisha<br />
|lat_deg=20.2631<br />
|lon_deg=85.7856<br />
}}<br />
{{OSM Location map<br />
|coord={{coord|20.2631|N|85.7856|E}}<br />
|float=center<br />
|zoom=10<br />
|width=230<br />
|height=150<br />
|label=Hathigumpha<br />
|label-pos=top<br />
|caption={{center|Location of inscription}}<br />
|mark-coord={{coord|20.2631|N|85.7856|E}}<br />
|mark=Archaeological site icon (red).svg<br />
|mark-size1=12<br />
}}}}<br />
{{Jainism}}<br />
The '''Hathigumpha Inscription''' (<small>pronounced:</small> ɦɑːt̪ʰiːgumpʰɑː) is a [[Jain]] inscription consisting of seventeen lines written in [[Prakrit]] language incised in [[Brahmi script]] in a cavern called Hathigumpha in [[Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves|Udayagiri]] hills, near [[Bhubaneswar]] in [[Odisha]], India.<ref>{{harvnb|Sircar|1965|p=213}}: "The Hathigumpha inscription is a Jain record of King Kharavela of Kalinga."</ref> Dated between the second century BCE and the first century CE,<ref name="Alan_2003">{{cite book |author=Alain Daniélou |title=A Brief History of India |url=https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofin00dani|url-access=registration |date=11 February 2003 |publisher=Inner Traditions / Bear & Co |isbn=978-1-59477-794-3 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofin00dani/page/139 139]–141}}</ref><ref name="Sudhakar_1974"/><ref name="Rama_1942">{{cite book |author=Rama Shankar Tripathi |title=History of Ancient India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rOVpOG6MPMcC&pg=PA199 |year=1942 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0018-2 |pages=199–201}}</ref> it was inscribed by the [[Jainism|Jain]] king [[Kharavela]] of the [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalinga]] kingdom.{{Sfn|Krishan|1996|p=23}}{{refn|group=note|The inscription is loaded with Jaina phrases, though the inscription explicitly states in verse 17 that he is ''sava-pasamda-pujako'' (worshipper of every religious sect).<ref name="Norman472–473">{{cite journal |last=Norman |first=K. R. |title=Review of Shashi Kant: The Hᾱthīgumphᾱ inscription of Khᾱravela and the Bhabru edict of Aśoka—a critical study |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume=36 |issue=2 |year=1973 |doi=10.1017/s0041977x00134536 |pages=472–473|s2cid=179013997 }}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
The Hathigumpha Inscription presents, among other topics, a biographical sketch of a king in the eastern region of ancient India (now part of and near [[Odisha]]). It also includes information on religious values, public infrastructure projects, military expeditions and their purposes, society and culture. Paleographically, the inscription dates from the middle of the first century BCE to the early first century CE.<ref name="TPV">{{cite book |last1=Verma |first1=Thakur Prasad |title=The Palaeography Of Brahmi Script |date=1971 |page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.130329/page/n95 86] |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.130329}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Shimada |first1=Akira |title=Early Buddhist Architecture in Context: The Great Stūpa at Amarāvatī (ca. 300 BCE-300 CE) |year=2012 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-23326-3 |page=57 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pfUyAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA57 |language=en |access-date=26 December 2019 |archive-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030215542/https://books.google.com/books?id=pfUyAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA57 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Location and history==<br />
The Hathigumpha inscription ({{Translation|"Elephant Cave" inscription}}) of Kharavela is found at Udayagiri, about {{convert|5|km}} west of Bhubaneswar international airport. The Udayagiri hills host many ancient rock-cut caves such as the [[Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves|Rani Gumpha]]. Among these, to the west of Rani Gumpha, is a cavern called Hathigumpha on the southern face of Udayagiri hills.{{refn|group=note|The Hathigumpha is between the Sarpa Gumpha (on its right) and Svargapuri and Mancapuri Gumpha (left).}} The inscription is named after this cavern. It is found partly in front and partly on the ceiling of the cave.<ref name=ei20p71>{{cite book |author1=K P Jayaswal |author2=R D Banerji |title=Epigraphia Indica Volume XX |year=1920 |url=https://archive.org/details/epigrahiaindicav014769mbp |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |pages=71–72}}, {{PD-notice}}</ref> Though dated to between 2nd-century BCE and 1st-century CE, the inscription was unknown to the scholars till they were rediscovered by A. Sterling and published in ''Asiatic Researches XV'' in 1825. An eye-copy prepared by Kittoe was published by [[James Prinsep]] in 1837, followed by a trace by [[Alexander Cunningham]] in 1877.<ref name=ei20p71/> R.L. Mitra published a modified version in his ''Antiquities of Orissa'' in 1880.<br />
<br />
[[File:Hathigumpha.JPG|thumb|300px|left|Entrance of the Hathigumpha monument. The pillared front, steps and other structures were added in 19th and 20th centuries to help conserve the monument.]]<br />
The first cast of this important inscription was published by [[Bhagwan Lal Indraji]] in 1884, followed by publication of an ink impression in 1906 by Bloch.<ref name=ei20p71/> Indraji was the first scholar to declare that the king eulogised in the Hathigumpha inscription was named Kharavela,<ref name="asiatic_soc">{{cite web |title=Full text of "Annual address delivered to the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta, 2nd February, 1898" |author=A. F. Rudolf Hoernlé|author-link=Rudolf Hoernlé |url=https://archive.org/stream/annualaddressdel00hoeruoft/annualaddressdel00hoeruoft_djvu.txt |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bengal]] |year=1898|access-date=4 September 2014}}</ref> but the cast impression, his translation and interpretation had many errors.<ref>J.F. Fleet (1910), The Hathigumpha Inscription, The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, pp. 824–828, {{JSTOR|25189732}}</ref><br />
<br />
The translations, disputes, problems with Hathigumpha inscription and various corrections have attracted the attention of scholars such as Kielhorn, Fleet, Luders, Banerji, Jayaswal, Konow, Thomas, Majumdar, Barua, Pandey, Sircar and many others.<ref name=ei20p71/><ref name=Majumdar1922>{{cite book |last=Majumdar |first=R.C. |title=Second Note on the Hathigumpha Inscription of Khâravela |year=1922 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LHszyQEACAAJ |access-date=16 August 2021 |archive-date=16 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816033711/https://books.google.com/books?id=LHszyQEACAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>M. S. Pandey (1964), ''A Note on the Hathigumpha Inscription'', Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, Vol. 26, PART 1, pp. 132-136, {{JSTOR|44133109}}</ref> According to Walter Spink, a historian known for his studies on Ajanta and other cave monuments of India, early misreadings and misinterpretations of the Hathigumpha inscription have led to errors and incorrect theories being widely held about the history of Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Deccan region and early India.<ref name="Spinkp95">{{cite journal |last=Spink |first=Walter |title=On the Development of Early Buddhist Art in India |journal=The Art Bulletin |volume=40 |issue=2 |year=1958 |doi=10.2307/3047760 |pages=99, context: 95–120 |jstor=3047760}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Description==<br />
This inscription, consisting of seventeen lines has been incised in Prakrit language and [[Brāhmī script|Brahmi]] script. The inscription starts on the overhanging brow of Hathigumpha cavern and the first eight lines are visible at the front. The remaining nine lines continue on the same rock, but given the sloping shape of the cavern, it appears on the cavern's roof. The seventeen lines cover about 15 feet by 5.5 feet of the stone's surface.<ref name="Kantp6">{{cite book |last=Kant |first=Shashi |title=The Hāthīgumphā Inscription of Khāravela and the Bhabru Edict of Aśoka: A Critical Study (2nd Edition, published in 2000) |publisher=Prints India |year=1971 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GEo_AAAAMAAJ |pages=6–8 |access-date=16 August 2021 |archive-date=16 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816115033/https://books.google.com/books?id=GEo_AAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }} (Note: Sections of Shashi Kant book is exact copy of ''EI-Vol.XX'', the ASI publication in 1920)</ref> Below this inscribed rock, the cavern's walls are rock-cut and some sections polished. These too have inscriptions, but these were added between the 10th and 11th-century, and are called minor Hathigumpha inscriptions. Closer to the floor, there are small rock cut partitions which do not form a wall between the cells.<ref name=ei20p71/><br />
<br />
{{Quote box<br />
|quote=Composed as it is in a very obscure Prakrit, and its characters badly weathered by centuries of exposure to the elements and in places quite illegible, the Hathigumpha inscription has long been the subject of a great controversy among historians and paleographers.<br />
|source=— [[Arthur Llewellyn Basham]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Kant |first=Shashi |title=The Hāthīgumphā Inscription of Khāravela and the Bhabru Edict of Aśoka: A Critical Study (2nd Edition, published in 2000) |publisher=Prints India |year=1971 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GEo_AAAAMAAJ |pages=vii |access-date=16 August 2021 |archive-date=16 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816115033/https://books.google.com/books?id=GEo_AAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|bgcolor=#FFD0AA<br />
|width=30em<br />
|align=right<br />
}}<br />
A hand writing analysis suggests that three different ancient scribes likely worked together to produce this inscription.<ref name=ei20p71/> The scribes likely chiseled the irregular overhanging rock and then deep incised the Brahmi text. Lines 1–6 of the main Hathigumpha inscription are well preserved, while last four Lines 16–17 show losses in the left part and the rest of these lines partially preserved. The other seven lines – Lines 7 through 15 – in the middle are problematic and can be read in many different ways.{{sfn|B Barua|1929|pp=3–4}} According to Jayaswal, a scholar whose ink impressions and readings are among the most cited in the studies related to Hathigumpha inscription:{{sfn|B Barua|1929|pp=3–4}}<br />
*Line 5 has 13 syllables obliterated<br />
*Half of Line 6 record is missing, while Line 7 record is mostly gone (these are 6th and 7th year of Kharavela's reign)<br />
*Lines 8 through 15 show much natural damage and large gaps, making them prone to misreadings<br />
These middle lines have been eroded and corrupted by natural processes over 2,000 some years. Processes such as rains, dripping water, dust, hornets and such causes have leveled or corrupted some Brahmi characters. In some cases so much that it is difficult to distinguish whether a cut is a chisel mark or a part of an ''aksara'' (letter). In other cases, the natural processes have added an angular-stroke or mark that can be included or rejected as an intended modification. The different hand writing styles found in the inscription further complicate what and how to read the letters. Thus, variant casts and ink impressions of the Hathigumpha inscriptions have been published, in part fueling the disagreements, interpretations and different scholarly translations.<ref name=ei20p71/>{{sfn|B Barua|1929|pp=3–4}}<br />
<br />
==Date==<br />
The mid and late-19th century scholarship suggested that this inscription may be from the 3rd or 2nd-century BCE. According to Buhler, the palaeographical analysis suggests this inscription cannot be earlier than the 2nd-century BCE, or later than 1st-century BCE.<ref name=ei20p72/> In 1920, Jayaswal and Banerji stated that this inscription cannot be placed before the 2nd-century, and may be a bit later.<ref name=ei20p72>{{cite book |author1=K P Jayaswal |author2=R D Banerji |title=Epigraphia Indica Volume XX |year=1920 |url=https://archive.org/details/epigrahiaindicav014769mbp |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |pages=72–76 with footnotes}}, {{PD-notice}}</ref> On palaeographic grounds and considering it with information in other ancient Indian inscriptions, Sircar places this in the second half of the 1st-century BCE, or possibly in the first decades of the 1st-century CE.<ref>D. Sircar (1965), Select Inscriptions Volume 1, Calcutta University Press, page 213–214 footnote 1</ref><br />
<br />
==Inscription==<br />
The seventeen lines of the inscription has been variously translated by many. The translation published by Jayaswal and Banerji in '' Epigraphia Indica Volume 20'' (public domain), with alternate readings by other scholars, is as follows:<ref name=ei20p83>{{cite book |last1=Jayaswal|first1=Kashi Prasad|last2=Banerji|first2=Rakhaldas Bandyopadhyay |editor-last=Sastri|editor-first=Hiranand |title=Epigraphia Indica Volume XX |url={{Google books|2m1DAAAAYAAJ|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|section=No.7- The Hathigumpha Inscription of Kharavela |section-url=https://archive.org/details/epigrahiaindicav014769mbp/page/n97/mode/2up?view=theater |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India|location=New Delhi|year=1983 |pages=83–89 with footnotes}}, {{PD-notice}}</ref><br />
{|class="wikitable" align=center style=" background: transparent; "<br />
|+ Hathigumpha inscription<br />
|-style="text-align: center;"<br />
|width=40px style="background: #ffad66;"|Lines<br />
|Translation<br>(Jayaswal and Banerji)<ref name=ei20p83/><br />
|width=400px|Notes<br />
|-style="text-align: left;"<br />
|L1<br />
|<poem><small>Salutation to the Arhats [Jinas]. Salutation to all the Siddhas. <br />
By illustrious Kharavela, the Aira (Aila), the Great King, the descendant of<br />
Mahameghavahana, the increaser (of the glory) of the Cheti (Chedi) dynasty, <br />
(endowed) with excellent and auspicious marks and features, <br />
possessed of virtues which have reached (the ends of) the four quarters,<br />
overlord of Kalinga,</small></poem><br />
|The opening dedication ([[Namokar Mantra]]) and other lines confirm that [[Jainism]] was well established in Kalinga, and that this is a Jaina inscription. It mentions the ancient Chedi dynasty of Greater India.<ref name=ei20p83/> Barua interprets the lengths of lines differently; to him, L1 and L2 are the first line.{{sfn|B Barua|1929|pp=40–41, for his rationale, see footnote 6 on pages 41–42}}<br />
|-style="text-align: left;"<br />
|L2<br />
|<poem><small>for fifteen years, with a body ruddy and handsome were played youthsome sport; <br />
after that (by him who) had mastered (royal) correspondence, currency, <br />
finance, civil and religious laws (and) who had become well-versed in all (branches) of learning, <br />
for nine years (the office of) Yuvaraja (heir apparent) was administered. <br />
Having completed the twenty-fourth year, at that time, <br />
(he) who had been prosperous (vardhamana) since his infancy(?) <br />
and who (was destined) to have wide conquests as those of Vena,</small></poem> <br />
|This corresponds to the [[Ashrama (stage)|stages of life]] described in ''Brihaspati Sutra'', where first 25 years are student's youthful life, thereafter comes manhood with household-social responsibilities.<ref name=ei20p83/> Barua translates the five skills learnt by the crown prince as "writing, coinage, account, administration and procedures".{{sfn|B Barua|1929|pp=40–41}}<br />
|-style="text-align: left;"<br />
|L3<br />
|<poem><small>then in the state of manhood, obtains the imperial (maharajya) coronation <br />
in the dynasty of Kalinga. As soon as he is anointed, <br />
in the first (regnal) year (he) causes repairs of the gates, <br />
the walls and the buildings (of the city), (which had been) damaged by storm; <br />
in the city of Kalinga (he) causes the erection of the embankments of the lake (called after) <br />
Khibira Rishi, (and) of (other) tanks and cisterns,<br />
(also) the restoration of all the gardens (he) causes to be</small></poem> <br />
|A list of public works and infrastructure projects completed at state's expense (see Line 4).<ref name=ei20p83/> <br />
|-style="text-align: left;"<br />
|L4<br />
|<poem><small>done at (the cost of) thirty-five-hundred-thousands, <br />
and (he) gratifies the People. And in the second year (he), <br />
disregarding Satakamni, despatches to the western regions an army strong in cavalry,<br />
elephants, infantry (nara) and chariots (ratha) and <br />
by that army having reached the Kanha-bemna, he throws the city of the Musikas <br />
into consternation. Again in the third year,</small></poem> <br />
|The first war with Satakamni, with a list of military regiments in ancient India<ref name=ei20p86>{{cite book |author1=K P Jayaswal |author2=R D Banerji |title=Epigraphia Indica Volume XX |year=1920 |url=https://archive.org/details/epigrahiaindicav014769mbp |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |pages=86–89 with footnotes}}, {{PD-notice}}</ref><br />
|-style="text-align: left;"<br />
|L5<br />
|<poem><small> (he) versed in the science of the Gandharvas (i.e., music), <br />
entertains the capital with the exhibition of dapa, dancing, singing and instrumental music <br />
and by causing to be held festivities and assemblies (samajas); <br />
similarly in the fourth year, 'the Abode of Vidyadharas' built by the former<br />
Kalingan king(s), which had not been damaged before (...lost...) <br />
with their coronets rendered meaningless, with their helmets (?) (bilma) <br />
cut in twain (?), and with their umbrellas and</small></poem> <br />
|A list of arts and culture in ancient India;<ref name=ei20p86/> it is unclear what ''dapa'' was, but much later texts suggest a form of stage acting by small moving teams.<ref name=ei20p86/> However, Barua reads "dampa", and translates it to "combat" (sort of wrestling).{{sfn|B Barua|1929|pp=40–41}}<br />
|-style="text-align: left;"<br />
|L6<br />
|<poem><small>bhingaras cast away, deprived of their <br />
jewels (i.e., ratana, Skt. ratna, precious objects) all the<br />
Rathikas and Bhojakas (he) causes to bow down at his feet. <br />
Now in the fifth year he brings into the capital from the road of <br />
Tansauliya the canal excavated in the year one hundred-and-three of King Nanda<br />
(... lost ...) Having been (re-)anointed (he while) celebrating <br />
the Rajasuya, remits all tithes and cesses,</small></poem> <br />
|Another major public water infrastructure project, plus tax exemptions<ref name=ei20p86/> According to Barua, this water canal project extended a previously dug canal; it brought water to Kalinga capital, and helps dates king Nanda to 103 years before the fifth year of Kharavela reign. He adds that it can also be read a bit differently and then it would be 300 years earlier.{{sfn|B Barua|1929|pp=42–43 with footnotes}} [[Dineshchandra Sircar|Sircar]] agrees with Barua, then adds that it must be 300 years as the Nanda dynasty was overthrown by 326 BCE, and Kharavela is definitely not from the 3rd-century BCE.{{sfn|Sircar|1965|loc= [https://archive.org/details/dli.calcutta.11040/page/214/mode/2up?view=theater Footnote 7]|page=215}}<br />
|-style="text-align: left;"<br />
|L7<br />
|<poem><small>bestows many privileges (amounting to) hundreds of thousands <br />
or the City-Corporation and the Realm-Corporation. In the seventh year of his reign, <br />
his famous wife of Vajiraghara obtained the dignity of auspicious motherhood <br />
(... lost ...). Then in the eighth year, (he) with a large army having <br />
sacked Goradhagiri</small></poem> <br />
|a child is born to his wife and him;<ref name=ei20p86/> According to Sircar, this ink impression and reading is doubtful and Kharavela's wife from Vajiragraha family is problematic and unlikely. Similarly the alleged achievements of Kharavela here are problematic and doubtful, states Sircar.{{sfn|Sircar|1965|loc= [https://archive.org/details/dli.calcutta.11040/page/216/mode/2up?view=theater Footnote 1 and 3]|page=216}}<br />
|-style="text-align: left;"<br />
|L8<br />
|<poem><small>causes pressure on Rajagaha (Rajagriha). On account of the loud <br />
report of this act of valour, the Yavana (Greek) King Dimi[ta] retreated to Mathura <br />
having extricated his demoralized army and transport (... lost ...).<br />
(He) gives (... lost ...) with foliage</small></poem> <br />
|a mention of Greek rule and claims of their retreat to Mathura;<ref name=ei20p86/> Scholars debate on whether this refers to Demetrios of Bactria, though it most likely references another Indo-Greek ruler who had his base in Mathura.{{sfn|Sircar|1965|loc= [https://archive.org/details/dli.calcutta.11040/page/216/mode/2up?view=theater Footnote 5]|page=216}}<br />
|-style="text-align: left;"<br />
|L9<br />
|<poem><small>Kalpa (wish-fulfilling) trees, elephants, <br />
chariots with their drivers, houses, residences and resthouses. <br />
And to make all these acceptable (he) gives at a fire sacrifice (?) <br />
exemption (from taxes) to the caste of Brahmins. <br />
Of Arhat (... lost ...)</small></poem> <br />
|mention he made donations and paid reverence to the Arhats and Siddhas, consistent with his role as a devout Jain ruler.<ref>Bühler, Georg (1888). "The Hathigumpha Inscription of Kharavela". ''Epigraphia Indica''. Vol. 1. pp. 33–46. Archaeological Survey of India.</ref><ref>Banerji, R. D. (1929). "Notes on the Hathigumpha Inscription". ''Epigraphia Indica''. Vol. 20. pp. 71–89. Archaeological Survey of India.</ref><ref>Sircar, D. C. (1965). ''Select Inscriptions Bearing on Indian History and Civilization'', Vol. 1. University of Calcutta.</ref><ref>Jain, Kailash Chand (1974). ''Lord Mahāvīra and His Times''. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 9788120803658.</ref> He also adds that a Jain king would not be expected to perform the Rajasuya sacrifice, and assumes that the scribe must have intended a different similar word with the meaning "royal fortune".{{sfn|Sircar|1965|loc= [https://archive.org/details/dli.calcutta.11040/page/216/mode/2up?view=theater Footnote 8 and 9]|page=216}}<br />
|-style="text-align: left;"<br />
|L10<br />
|<poem><small> (... lost ...)(He) causes to be built . . . . a royal <br />
residence (called) the Palace of Great Victory (Mahavijaya) at the cost <br />
of thirty-eight hundred thousands. And in the tenth year (he), following <br />
(the threefold policy) of chastisement, alliance and conciliation sends out <br />
an expedition against Bharatavasa (and) brings about the conquest of the <br />
land (or, country) (... lost ...) and obtains jewels and precious things of the<br />
(kings) attacked.</small></poem> <br />
|another claim of war and conquest<ref name=ei20p86/> However, Sircar doubts that this part is being accurately read.{{sfn|Sircar|1965|loc= [https://archive.org/details/dli.calcutta.11040/page/216/mode/2up?view=theater Footnotes 6-13]|page=216}}<br />
|-style="text-align: left;"<br />
|L11<br />
|<poem><small>(... lost ...) And the market-town (?) Pithumda founded by<br />
the Ava King he ploughs down with a plough of asses; and (he) thoroughly breaks <br />
up the confederacy of the T[r]amira (Dramira) countries of one hundred and <br />
thirteen years, which has been a source of danger to (his) Country (Janapada).<br />
And in the twelfth year he terrifies the kings of the Utarapatha with <br />
(... lost ...) thousands of</small></poem> <br />
|breaks up the confederacy of Tamil kings, later a victory over Utarapatha (northwest);<ref name=ei20p86/><br />
|-style="text-align: left;"<br />
|L12<br />
|<poem><small>(... lost ...) And causing panic amongst the people of Magadha <br />
(he) drives (his) elephants into the Sugamgiya (Palace), and (he) makes the <br />
King of Magadha, Bahasatimita, bow at his feet. And (he) sets up (the image) <br />
'the Jina of Kalinga' which had been taken away by King Nanda (... lost ...) and<br />
causes to be brought home the riches of Amga and Magadha along with <br />
the keepers of the family jewels of (... lost ...)</small></poem> <br />
|Victory over Magadha, sets up an image of Jina of Kalinga, previously taken away by King Nanda<ref name=ei20p88>{{cite book |author1=K P Jayaswal |author2=R D Banerji |title=Epigraphia Indica Volume XX |year=1920 |url=https://archive.org/details/epigrahiaindicav014769mbp |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |pages=87–89 with footnotes}}, {{PD-notice}}</ref> Barua reads the "honored seat of Jina" which was taken away by king Nanda to be brought back to Kalinga in a royal procession.{{sfn|B Barua|1929|pp=44–45 with footnotes}} According to Sircar, the readings here linking to Purhyamitra Sunga is doubtful and chronologically not possible.{{sfn|Sircar|1965|loc= [https://archive.org/details/dli.calcutta.11040/page/216/mode/2up?view=theater Footnote 6]|page=217}}<br />
|-style="text-align: left;"<br />
|L13<br />
|<poem><small>(... lost ...) (He) builds excellent towers with carved <br />
interiors and creates a settlement of a hundred masons, giving them exemption from <br />
land revenue. And a wonderful and marvellous enclosure of stockade for <br />
driving in the elephants (he)(... lost ...) and horses, elephants, jewels and rubies <br />
as well as numerous pearls in hundreds (he) causes to be brought here <br />
from the Pandya King.</small></poem> <br />
|sets up a school of masons (artisans and architects) and builds carved towers, gains wealth from the Pandyas.<ref name=ei20p88/> According to Barua, this portion states that Kharavela set up streets, gates and temples, and "one hundred Vasukis (dragon chiefs) sent him precious stones, rare and wonderful elephants, horses and such animals". Pandya king sent him gifts of clothes and ornaments.{{sfn|B Barua|1929|pp=45–46 with footnotes}}<br />
|-style="text-align: left;"<br />
|L14<br />
|<poem><small>(... lost ...).(he) subjugates. In the thirteenth year, <br />
on the Kumari Hill where the Wheel of Conquest had been well-revolved <br />
(i.e., the religion of Jina had been preached), (he) offers respectfully<br />
royal maintenances, China clothes (silks) and white clothes (to the Jain monks).<br />
on the religious life and conduct at the Relic Memorial. By Kharavela, <br />
the illustrious, a layman devoted to worship, <br />
is realised (the nature of) jiva and deha</small></poem><br />
|donations to preachers of Jainism in pursuit of soul and body<ref name=ei20p88/><br />
|-style="text-align: left;"<br />
|L15<br />
|<poem><small>(... lost ...)bringing about a Council of the wise ascetics and sages, <br />
from hundred (i.e., all) quarters, the monks (samanas) of good deeds and <br />
who have fully followed (the injunctions) (... lost ...)<br />
near the Relic Depository of the Arhat, on the top of the hill, <br />
(... lost ...) with stones (... lost ...) brought from<br />
many miles (yojanas) quarried from excellent mines (he builds) <br />
shelters for the Sinhapatha Queen Sindhula. (... lost ...)</small></poem> <br />
|sets up a council of advisors consisting of ascetics and sages from different parts of ancient India<ref name=ei20p88/><br />
|-style="text-align: left;"<br />
|L16<br />
|<poem><small>(... lost ...)Patalaka(?)………(he) sets up four columns <br />
inlaid with beryl (... lost ...) at the cost of twenty-five hundred thousands; <br />
(he) causes to be compiled expeditiously the (text) of the seven-fold Angas<br />
of the sixty-four (letters). He is the King of Peace, the King of Prosperity, <br />
the King of Monks (bhikshus), the King of Religion (Dharma), who has been seeing, <br />
hearing and realising blessings (kalyanas)-</small></poem> <br />
|mentions 7 ''angas'' and 64 ''lipis''<ref name=ei20p88/><br />
|-style="text-align: left;"<br />
|L17<br />
|<poem><small>(... lost ...) accomplished in extraordinary virtues, <br />
respector of every sect, the repairer of all temples, one whose chariot and army are <br />
irresistible, one whose empire is protected by the chief of the<br />
empire (himself), descended from the family of the Royal Sage Vasu, <br />
the Great conqueror, the King, the illustrious Kharavela.</small></poem> <br />
|mention of respect for all religions, patron of all temples, and the closing praise of the king.<ref name=ei20p88/><br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
==Significance==<br />
{{main|Kharavela#Reign}}<br />
[[File:Kharabela inscription, Hatigumpha, Khandagiri, Bhubaneswar.jpg|thumb|Hathigumpha inscription of King Khāravela at Udayagiri Hills as first drawn in ''"Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum'', Volume I: Inscriptions of Asoka by [[Alexander Cunningham]]", 1827]]<br />
<br />
The Hathigumpha Inscription is the main source of information about the Jain [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalinga]] ruler [[Kharavela]]. His year-by-year achievements in this inscription, states Richard Salomon, "approximates the character of a pure panegyric".<ref>{{cite book |last=Salomon |first=R. |title=Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-19-535666-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYrG07qQDxkC |page=111 |access-date=16 August 2021 |archive-date=6 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706004809/http://books.google.com/books?id=XYrG07qQDxkC |url-status=live }}</ref> This is an early prototype of ''[[prashasti]]'' style of inscriptions.<ref name="Thaparp329"/><br />
<br />
The disagreements between scholars is in reading with interpolations, interpreting, dating and then linking the names of places and people mentioned with other records and general chronology of ancient events assuming a particular reading is correct. Notable mentions in the Hathigumpha Inscription include:<ref>{{cite book |author1=K P Jayaswal |author2=R D Banerji |title=Epigraphia Indica Volume XX |year=1920 |url=https://archive.org/details/epigrahiaindicav014769mbp |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |pages=73–89 with footnotes}}, {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref>D. Sircar (1965), Select Inscriptions Volume 1, Calcutta University Press, pages 211–217 with footnotes</ref><br />
*major public infrastructure projects in ancient India (these lines can be clearly read)<br />
*charitable donations to monks, public, Brahmins<br />
*festivals and arts<br />
*a war against the [[Satavahana]] king [[Satakarni]]. This mention has been a key contributor to the mis-dating of many Buddhist monuments in the central India, states Walter Spink. First the Hathigumpha inscription was dated between the 3rd and 2nd-century BCE, then Satakarni was treated as a contemporary of Kharavela based on this reading. This error compounded, leading to the widely repeated belief in modern Indian literature that the earliest Andhra dynasties started in late 3rd to early 2nd-century BCE, that these ancient Andhra rulers and others built the Chaitya halls at [[Bhaja Caves|Bhaja]], [[Nasik Caves|Nasik]], [[Kondana Caves|Kondane]] and some Krishna river valley sites between 300 BCE and 100 BCE. This error has multiplied, says Spink, whereby many other inscriptions, coins, texts mentioning the names of Andhra kings, along with monuments have been dated to far more ancient period, than what later discoveries and scholarship has found. This error has also affected the chronology of art development in Indian history. Many of these monuments and dates should be shifted forward by 200 to 300 years, to 1st-century CE and early 2nd-century CE.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Spink |first=Walter |title=On the Development of Early Buddhist Art in India |journal=The Art Bulletin |volume=40 |issue=2 |year=1958 |doi=10.2307/3047760 |pages=99–101 with footnotes |jstor=3047760}}</ref><br />
[[File:Hathigumpha inscription (2020) Satakani detail.jpg|thumb|100px|"[[Satakarni]]" in the inscription.]]<br />
*a Nanda king building a water canal, which was then extended by Kharavela to the Kalinga capital. This Nanda king is by one interpretation 130 years senior (largely disputed), by another reading about 300 years prior to Kharavela.{{sfn|Singh|2016|p=273, 444–445}} If Kharavela is placed in the 1st-century BCE and this reading is assumed to reflect real events over 300 years in ancient India, then this interpretation implies a historical record keeping between the 4th-century BCE and 1st-century BCE, places a public water infrastructure project by an Indian ruler also in the 4th-century BCE, along with a Jaina tradition of image worship.{{sfn|Singh|2016|p=273, 444–445}}<br />
*a Nanda king taking away "Ka[li]ngajinam". This has been interpreted as either taking away a Jaina image or its seat from Kalinga or conquering a place in Kalinga, which was then brought back to Kalinga by Kharavela.<ref name=ei20p88/>{{sfn|B Barua|1929|pp=44–45 with footnotes}} In 1925, Glasenapp suggested that may mean an idol of a Jina.<ref>{{cite book |author=Helmuth von Glasenapp |title=Jainism: An Indian Religion of Salvation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WzEzXDk0v6sC&pg=PA431 |year=1999 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1376-2 |pages=431– |access-date=19 August 2021 |archive-date=19 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819122517/https://books.google.com/books?id=WzEzXDk0v6sC&pg=PA431 |url-status=live }}</ref> Modern era scholars such as Rao and Thapar too interpret it as a Jaina image (idol) was taken away by Nanda king (c. 5th-century BCE) and then it being brought back by Kharavela (c. 2nd century BCE).<ref>B.S.L. Hanumantha Rao (1992), Religion, Politics and Society in Early Deccan, Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, Vol. 53, p. 47, {{JSTOR|44142769}}</ref><ref>Thapar, R. (2004). Early India: From the origins to AD 1300. University of California Press, pp. 211–213</ref> According to Sonya Quintalla, this should not be interpreted to be an idol or image. The ancient archaeological sites related to Jainism such as a part of the Mathura site at Kankali Tila confirms that there were no anthropomorphic idol-image worship in these centuries of Jainism, rather there was the practice of worshipping non-figural objects. According to her, even in Udayagiri, the Mancapuri cave nearby shows a worship gathering and there is no anthropomorphic figural idol or image there. Thus, the interpretation of this word as idol or image, and it being taken away centuries before Kharavela cannot be correct.<ref>Quintanilla, S. R. (2007). History of early stone sculpture at Mathura, ca. 150 BCE-100 CE. Brill, p. 47</ref><br />
[[File:Hathigumpha inscription (2020) Yavana Dimita detail.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|{{center|Actual, fairly damaged portion, and the disputed reading 𑀫𑀥𑀼𑀭𑀁𑀅𑀧𑀬𑀢𑁄𑀬𑀯𑀦𑀭𑀸𑀚𑀸𑀤𑀺𑀫𑀺𑀢 "Madhuraṁ apayāto Yavana-rāj[ā] D[i]mi[ta]" ("The Yavana king Demetrius retreated to Mathura"). This reading is considered as "extremely doubtful".<ref name="TPV"/>}}]]<br />
*some [[Yavana]] (Greek) king, forcing him to retreat to [[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathura]]. The name of the Yavana king is not clear. [[R. D. Banerji]] and [[K.P. Jayaswal]] in 1920 read the name of the Yavana king as "Dimita", and identify him with [[Demetrius I of Bactria]]. Romila Thapar too, in ''The Past Before Us'' published in 2013, states that it is "probably the Indo-Greek king Demetrios".<ref name="Thaparp329">{{cite book |last=Thapar |first=Romila |title=The Past Before Us |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-674-72651-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aei9AAAAQBAJ |page=329 |access-date=16 August 2021 |archive-date=29 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929052054/https://books.google.com/books?id=aei9AAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{refn|group=note|One of many chronological problems, explains D.C. Sircar, with identifying this damaged word in the inscription with Demetrios is that it he is generally dated to about 180 BCE, which would place Kharavela in early 2nd-century BCE, the Nanda kings in early 5th-century BCE, the Mauryas before the Indo-Greeks, and make the Mauryas contemporary or earlier than the most accepted dates for the death of the Buddha and his contemporary Mahavira. This is grossly inconsistent with other known records.}} However, according to [[Ramaprasad Chanda]] and other scholars, this identification results in "chronological impossibilities".<ref name="Sudhakar_1974">{{cite book |author=Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya |title=Some Early Dynasties of South India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=78I5lDHU2jQC&pg=PA20 |year=1974 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-2941-1 |pages=44–50 |access-date=22 May 2016 |archive-date=29 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529125755/https://books.google.com/books?id=78I5lDHU2jQC&pg=PA20 |url-status=live }}</ref> This interpolated reading, states Sircar, is suspect by Banerji and Jayaswal's own admission, and cannot be true based on other inscriptions and ancient records about Indo-Greek kings.{{sfn|Sircar|1965|page=216}} According to Sailendra Nath Sen, the Yavana ruler was certainly not Demerius; he might have been a later Indo-Greek ruler of eastern Punjab.<ref name="Sailendra_1999">{{cite book |author=Sailendra Nath Sen |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA176 |year=1999 |publisher=New Age International |isbn=978-81-224-1198-0 |pages=176–177 |access-date=11 October 2016 |archive-date=16 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516094438/https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA176 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
According to Salomon, the "readings, translations, and historical interpretations" of the Hathigumpha inscription "varies widely by different scholars", and it is not possible to establish its single standard version. These interpretations have created significantly different histories of ancient India, some with phantom eras, states Salomon. Newly discovered inscriptions at Guntupalli in Andhra Pradesh have shed further light on this inscription.<ref>{{cite book |last=Salomon |first=R. |title=Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-19-535666-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYrG07qQDxkC |pages=142, 165 with footnote 12, Section 5.5.1.17 on p. 195 |access-date=16 August 2021 |archive-date=6 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706004809/http://books.google.com/books?id=XYrG07qQDxkC |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Indian inscriptions]]<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{reflist|group=note}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
===Bibliography===<br />
* {{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.calcutta.11040 |section=BOOK II. Inscriptions of the Post Maurya Period Down to the Gupta Age: No. 91 - Hāthigumphā Cave Inscription of Khāravela|section-url=https://archive.org/details/dli.calcutta.11040/page/213/mode/2up?view=theater |title=Select Inscriptions Bearing On Indian History And Civilization, Volume I: From the Sixth Century B.C. to the Sixth Century A.D. |last=Sircar|first=Dineshchandra|author-link=Dineshchandra Sircar|date=1965 |publisher=[[University of Calcutta]]|oclc=785763290|place=Calcutta }}<br />
* Epigraphia Indica, Vol. XX (1929–30). Delhi: Manager of Publications, 1933.<br />
* Sadananda Agrawal: Śrī Khāravela, Published by Sri Digambar Jain Samaj, Cuttack, 2000.<br />
* {{cite book |author=B Barua |title=Old Brahmi Inscriptions in the Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves |year=1929 |publisher=University of Calcutta |oclc=6055302}}; For his updated analysis: B Barua (1938), ''Hathigumpha Inscription of Kharavela'', Indian Historical Quarterly XIV, pp.&nbsp;459–85<br />
* {{Citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kDyJh--iaL0C |title=The Buddha Image: Its Origin and Development |first=Yuvraj |last=Krishan |date=1996 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |isbn=9788121505659}}<br />
* {{citation |last=Singh |first=Upinder|author-link=Upinder Singh |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq2iCwAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Pearson PLC]] |year=2016 |isbn=978-81-317-1677-9}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/epigrahiaindicav014769mbp Epigraphia Indica, Vol. XX (1929–30). Delhi: Manager of Publications, Reprinted 1983.]<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232906/http://www.sdstate.edu/projectsouthasia/upload/HathigumphaInscription.pdf Full text of the Hathigumpha inscription in English]<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120523121146/http://gujaratisbs.webs.com/Abstracts%202010/Mr%20%20Gautam%20More.pdf Comparative study of the Inscriptions of Kharavela and Vasishithiputra Pulumavi]<br />
*[http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Journal/journalvol3/pdf/9-10.pdf Palaeography, language and art of Hatigumpha inscription] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20211119093753/http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Journal/journalvol3/pdf/9-10.pdf archive])<br />
<br />
{{Jain history}}<br />
{{Jainism topics}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hathigumpha Inscription}}<br />
[[Category:2nd-century BC inscriptions]]<br />
[[Category:1st-century BC inscriptions]]<br />
[[Category:1st-century inscriptions]]<br />
[[Category:1825 archaeological discoveries]]<br />
[[Category:Indian inscriptions]]<br />
[[Category:Mahameghavahana dynasty]]<br />
[[Category:150 BC]]<br />
[[Category:Jain inscriptions]]<br />
[[Category:Prakrit inscriptions]]</div>MyrnaAcuna04https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doab&diff=448828Doab2026-03-05T01:54:42Z<p>MyrnaAcuna04: Improved readability and structure</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Land between two converging, or confluent, rivers}}<br />
{{Other uses|Do Ab (disambiguation){{!}}Do Ab|DOAB}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Doab<br />
| native_name =<br />
| native_name_lang = &lt;!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. "fr" for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead --&gt;<br />
| settlement_type = Natural region<br />
| image_skyline = Punjabdoabs1.jpg<br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = A map showing the different ''doabs'' in the northern subcontinent<br />
| image_flag = <br />
| flag_alt = <br />
| image_seal = <br />
| seal_alt = <br />
| image_shield = <br />
| shield_alt = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| motto = <br />
| image_map =<br />
| map_alt = <br />
| map_caption =<br />
| pushpin_map = <br />
| pushpin_label_position = <br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = <br />
| coordinates = <br />
| coor_pinpoint = <br />
| coordinates_footnotes = <br />
| subdivision_type = Region<br />
| subdivision_name = [[Indian subcontinent]]<br />
| subdivision_type1 = <br />
| subdivision_name1 = <br />
| subdivision_type2 = <br />
| subdivision_name2 = <br />
| subdivision_type3 = <br />
| subdivision_name3 = <br />
&lt;!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion --&gt;<br />
&lt;!-- for references: use &lt;ref&gt; tags --&gt;<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_urban_footnotes = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;<br />
| area_rural_footnotes = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;<br />
| area_metro_footnotes = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;<br />
| area_magnitude = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;<br />
| area_note = <br />
| area_water_percent = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_blank1_title = <br />
| area_blank2_title = <br />
&lt;!-- square kilometres --&gt;<br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| area_land_km2 = <br />
| area_water_km2 = <br />
| area_urban_km2 = <br />
| area_rural_km2 = <br />
| area_metro_km2 = <br />
| area_blank1_km2 = <br />
| area_blank2_km2 = <br />
&lt;!-- hectares --&gt;<br />
| area_total_ha = <br />
| area_land_ha = <br />
| area_water_ha = <br />
| area_urban_ha = <br />
| area_rural_ha = <br />
| area_metro_ha = <br />
| area_blank1_ha = <br />
| area_blank2_ha = <br />
| length_km = <br />
| width_km = <br />
| dimensions_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| population_total = <br />
| population_as_of = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_note = <br />
| timezone1 = <br />
| utc_offset1 = <br />
| timezone1_DST = <br />
| utc_offset1_DST = <br />
| website = &lt;!-- {{URL|example.com}} --&gt;<br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
'''''Doab''''' ({{IPAc-en|lang|ˈ|d|oʊ|ɑː|b}}) is a term used in [[South Asia]]&lt;ref name=oed-doab-cite-1&gt;{{citation|title=doab or duab, n.|publisher=OED Online, Oxford University Press |date=March 2014|url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/56229|access-date=24 April 2019}} Quote: "Originally and chiefly in South Asia: (the name of) a strip or narrow tract of land between two rivers; spec. (with) the area between the rivers Ganges and Jumna in northern India."&lt;/ref&gt; for the tract&lt;ref name=oed-doab-cite-2&gt;{{citation|title=doab or duab, n.|publisher=OED Online, Oxford University Press |date=March 2014|url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/56229|access-date=24 April 2019}} Quote: "confluence, land between two rivers, used in India of the tongue of land between the Ganges and Jumna, and of similar tracts in the Punjab, etc., lit. ‘two waters’ "&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=oed-doab-cite-1/&gt; of land lying between two [[confluence|confluent]] rivers. It is similar to an [[interfluve]].&lt;ref name=doab-websters-unabridge&gt;{{citation|title=Doab.|publisher=Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged.|year=2013|url=http://www.merriam-websterunabridged.com/unabridged/doab|access-date=24 April 2019}} Quote: " a tract of land between two rivers : interfluve"&lt;/ref&gt; In the ''Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary'', [[R. S. McGregor]] refers to its Persian origin in defining it as ''do-āb'' ({{lang|fa|{{nq|دوآب}}}}, literally "two [bodies of] water") "a region lying between and reaching to the confluence of two rivers."<br />
<br />
=={{anchor| Khadir | Bangar | Barani | Bagar| Nali | Nalli | Naali| khadir | bangar | barani | nali | nalli | naali| bagar}} Khadir, bangar, barani, nali and bagar==<br />
{{main|Khadir and Bangar}}<br />
{{See also|Bagar tract| Dhani_(settlement_type) | Chak_(village) | label 2 = Dhani | label 3 = Chak}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Khadir-and-bangar.jpg|thumb|150px|In any ''doab'', ''khadir'' land (green) lies next to a river, while ''bangar'' land (olive) has greater elevation and lies further from the river]]<br />
Since [[North India]] and [[Pakistan]] are coursed by a multiplicity of Himalayan rivers that divide the plains into ''doabs'' (i.e. regions between two rivers), the [[Indo-Gangetic plains]] consist of alternating regions of river, ''khadir'' and ''bangar''. The regions of the ''doabs'' near the rivers consist of low-lying, [[floodplains]], but usually, very fertile ''khadir'' and the higher-lying land away from the rivers consist of ''bangar'', less prone to flooding but also less fertile on average.&lt;ref name="encybritt2010"&gt;{{Citation | title=Pakistan: Soils | publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010 | url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1404392/bhangar | quote=''... khaddar soils. Away from the river, toward the middle of the doabs, older alluvial soils (called bangar) are widely distributed ...''}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=ravi1&gt;[https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=hi&amp;tl=en&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.khaskhabar.com%2Flocal%2Fdelhi-ncr%2Fdelhi-news%2Fnews-art-of-living-responsible-to-damage-yamuna-khadar-said-ngt-news-hindi-1-277190-KKN.html Damage to Yamuna Khadar, Ravi Shankar's Art of Living Responsible: NGT], [http://www.khaskhabar.com Khas Khabar]. 7 Dec 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
Khadir may also be called '''nali''' or '''naili''' in northern [[Haryana]], where it refers to the fertile [[prairie]] tract between the [[Ghaggar-Hakra River|Ghaggar]] river and the southern limits of the [[Drishadvati river|Saraswati channel depression]], which gets flooded during the rainy season.&lt;ref name=nali1&gt;[https://archive.org/stream/imperialgazettee14grea/imperialgazettee14grea_djvu.txt "The imperial gazeteers of India, 1908"], [[British Raj]], page 288.&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
Within bangar area, the '''barani''' is any low rain area where the rain-fed dry farming is practiced, which nowadays are dependent on the tubewells for irrigation.&lt;ref name=bag1/&gt; '''[[Bagar tract]]''', an example of barani land, is the dry sandy tract of land on the border of Rajasthan state adjoining the states of Haryana and Punjab.&lt;ref name=bag1&gt;E. Walter Coward, 1980, [https://books.google.com.sg/books?isbn=0801498716 "Irrigation and Agricultural Development in Asia: Perspectives from the social sciences"], [[Cornell University]] press, {{ISBN|0801498716}}.&lt;/ref&gt; '''Nahri''' is any [[canal]]-irrigated land,&lt;ref name=nali1/&gt; for example, the ''Rangoi tract'' which is an area irrigated by the ''Rangoi channel/canal'' made for the purpose of carrying flood waters of Ghagghar river to dry areas.&lt;ref name=rangoi1&gt;1987, [http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/gazetteer_india_hisar.pdf "gazetteer of India: Hisar District"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140501213030/http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/gazetteer_india_hisar.pdf |date=1 May 2014 }}, page 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=landtypes1&gt;1987, [http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/hisar_1987/Revenue_Administration.pdf "Gazeteers of Hisar district, 1987"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107072120/http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/hisar_1987/Revenue_Administration.pdf |date=7 November 2017 }}, [[Government of Haryana]], page 162.]&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
Historically, villages in the ''doabs'' have been officially classified as ''khadir'', ''khadir-bangar'' (i.e. mixed) or ''bangar'' for many centuries, and different agricultural tax rates applied based on a tiered land-productivity scale.&lt;ref name="ref81pifip"&gt;{{Citation | title=Land Revenue Settlement of the Gurgaon District | author=F.C. Channing | year=1882 | publisher=Government of India | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=75kIAAAAQAAJ | quote=''... The rates here applied were the same as those applied in the Bangar and Khadar circles and the same comparisons hold good ...''}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name="ref23qixic"&gt;{{Citation | title=Final report on the settlement of land revenue in the Delhi District | author=Oswald Wood, R. Maconachie | year=1882 | publisher=Government of India, 1882 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=23EIAAAAQAAJ | quote=''... The Khadar-Bangar chak lies along the river; 37 villages are purely Khadar and 39 partly Khadar partly Bangar. The villages nearest the river are subject to inundations, but where the water runs off in time, the natural fertility of the ...''}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
=={{anchor| The Doab | Ganges-Yamuna Doab | Ganga-Yamuna Doab |}} The Doab==<br />
{{multiple image<br />
| align = right<br />
| header_background = #FDF5E6<br />
| header = The Doab<br />
| direction = vertical<br />
| footer_align = center<br />
| image_style = border:none;<br />
| total_width = 300<br />
| image1 = Ganga-Yamuna Doab.png<br />
| image2 = DoabUnitedProvincesIGI1908.jpg<br />
| caption1 = Area depicting the Ganges-Yamuna Doab.<br />
| caption2 = A 1908 map of the Doab, [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
''The Doab'' designates the flat alluvial tract between the [[Ganges]] and [[Yamuna]] rivers extending from the [[Sivalik Hills]] to the two rivers' confluence at [[Prayagraj]]. It is also called as ''Ganges-Yamuna Doab'' or ''Ganga Doab''. The region has an area of about 23,360 square miles (60,500 square km); it is approximately {{convert|500|mi|km|0}} in length and {{convert|60|mi|km|0}} in width.&lt;ref name=ymd1&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/place/Ganges-Yamuna-Doab Ganges-Yamuna Doab], [[Encyclopædia Britannica]].&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
The [[British Raj]] divided the ''Doab'' into three administrative districts, viz., [[Upper Doab]] (Meerut), Middle Doab (Agra) and Lower Doab (Allahabad).&lt;ref name=ymd1/&gt;{{Citation needed|reason=about the British claim|date=December 2017}}<br />
<br />
Currently the following states and districts form part of ''The Doab'':&lt;ref name=ymd1/&gt;<br />
<br />
===Upper Doab===<br />
Main article : [[Upper Doab]]<br />
*'''[[Uttarakhand]]''':<br />
[[Dehradun district|Dehradun]] and [[Haridwar district|Haridwar]]<br />
<br />
*'''[[Uttar Pradesh]]''':<br />
[[Saharanpur district|Saharanpur]], [[Shamli district|Shamli]], [[Muzaffarnagar district|Muzaffarnagar]], [[Baghpat district|Baghpat]], [[Meerut District|Meerut]], [[Ghaziabad district, India|Ghaziabad]], [[Hapur district|Hapur]], [[Gautam Budh Nagar District|Gautam Buddh Nagar]] and [[Bulandshahr district|Bulandshahr]]<br />
<br />
*'''[[Delhi]]'''{{citation needed|date=September 2013}}<br />
<br />
===Central or Middle Doab===<br />
[[Etah district|Etah]], [[Kasganj district|Kasganj]], [[Aligarh district|Aligarh]], [[Agra district|Agra]], [[Hathras district|Hathras]], [[Firozabad district|Firozabad]], [[Mainpuri district|Mainpuri]] and [[Mathura district|Mathura]] is in the trans-Yamuna region of [[Braj]].<br />
<br />
===Lower Doab===<br />
[[Farrukhabad district|Farrukhabad]], [[Kannauj district|Kannauj]], [[Etawah district|Etawah]], [[Auraiya district|Auraiya]], [[Kanpur district (disambiguation)|Kanpur]] (Urban &amp; Rural), [[Fatehpur district|Fatehpur]], [[Kaushambi district|Kaushambi]] and [[Allahabad district|Allahabad]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/archaeology-of-lower-ganga-yamuna-doab-2-volumes-2007703973.html|title=Archaeology Of Lower Ganga-Yamuna Doab 2 Volumes}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
==The Punjab Doabs==<br />
[[File:Lower Bari Doab canal.jpg|thumb|View of a canal in the lower Bari Doab of the Punjab Doabs]]{{Punjabis}}<br />
<br />
Each of the tracts of land lying between the confluent rivers of the [[Punjab region]] of Pakistan and India has a distinct name, said to have been coined by Raja [[Todar Mal]], a minister of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Akbar]]. The names (except for "Indus Sagar") are a combination of the first letters, in the Persian alphabet, of the names of the rivers that bound the Doab. For example, "Chaj" ({{lang|fa|چج}}) = '''''Ch'''''anāb ({{lang|fa|چناب}}, "Chenab") + '''''Je'''hlam'' ({{lang|fa|جہلم}}, "Jhelum"). The names are from east to west.{{Citation needed|date=December 2017}}<br />
<br />
===Sind Sagar Doab===<br />
{{main article|Sind Sagar Doab}}<br />
<br />
The [[Sind Sagar Doab]] lies between the [[Indus River|Indus]] and [[Jhelum River|Jhelum]] rivers.{{Citation needed|date=December 2017}}<br />
<br />
===Chaj Doab===<br />
{{main article|Chaj Doab}}<br />
The [[Chaj Doab]] lies between the [[Jhelum River|Jhelum]] and the [[Chenab River|Chenab]] rivers.{{Citation needed|date=December 2017}}<br />
<br />
===Rachna Doab===<br />
{{main article|Rachna Doab}}<br />
The [[Rachna Doab]] (considerable portion of the Rechna Doab is [[Majha]]&lt;ref name=majhaArea/&gt;) lies between the [[Chenab River|Chenab]] and the [[Ravi River|Ravi]] rivers.{{Citation needed|date=December 2017}}<br />
<br />
===Bari Doab===<br />
{{Main|Bari Doab}}<br />
{{See also|Bar Region}}<br />
The [[Bari Doab]] (considerable portion of the Bari Doab is [[Majha]]&lt;ref name=majhaArea&gt;Kakshi, S.R.; Pathak, Rashmi; Pathak, S.R.Bakshi R. (2007-01-01). Punjab Through the Ages. Sarup &amp; Sons. {{ISBN|978-81-7625-738-1}}. Retrieved 12 June 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;) lies between the [[Ravi River|Ravi]], [[Beas River|Beas]] and [[Sutlej]] rivers.{{Citation needed|date=December 2017}}<br />
<br />
===Bist Doab===<br />
{{main article|Bist Doab}}<br />
The [[Bist Doab]] (or [[Doaba]]) - between the [[Beas River|Beas]] and the [[Sutlej]] rivers.{{Citation needed|date=December 2017}}<br />
<br />
==Other doabs==<br />
<br />
===Raichur Doab===<br />
{{main article|Raichur Doab}}<br />
The [[Raichur Doab]] is the triangular region of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Karnataka]] states which lies between the [[Krishna River]] and its tributary the [[Tungabhadra River]], named for the town of [[Raichur]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2017}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Ap (water)]]<br />
* [[Interamnia (disambiguation)|Interamnia]], an ancient Latin placename, meaning "between rivers"&lt;!-- The two are compared in: &lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Banarsi Prasad Saksena |author-link=Banarsi Prasad Saksena |chapter=The Khaljis: Alauddin Khalji |editor=Mohammad Habib and Khaliq Ahmad Nizami |title=A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526) |volume=5 |edition=Second |year=1992 |publisher=The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9cmAQAAMAAJ |oclc=31870180 |pages=192-193 }}&lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;<br />
* [[Mesopotamia]], in {{langx|grc|links=no|Μεσοποταμία}} '[land] between rivers'.<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
*{{citation|last=McGregor|first=Ronald Stuart|author-link=R. S. McGregor|title=The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MILAQgAACAAJ&amp;pg=PA513|access-date=11 September 2013|year=1993|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=513|isbn=978-0-19-864339-5}}<br />
{{Hydrography of Uttar Pradesh}}<br />
{{GeoSouthAsia}}<br />
{{PunjabGeography}}<br />
{{Historical regions of North India|state=expanded}}<br />
<br />
{{Uttarakhand}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Doab| ]]<br />
[[Category:Geography of Haryana]]<br />
[[Category:Geography of Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Doabs of Punjab, Pakistan| ]]<br />
[[Category:Geography of Rajasthan]]<br />
[[Category:Geography of Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Regions of Haryana]]<br />
[[Category:Regions of Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Regions of Punjab, India]]<br />
[[Category:Regions of Rajasthan]]<br />
[[Category:Regions of Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Persian words and phrases]]<br />
[[Category:Natural regions of India]]<br />
[[Category:Landforms]]</div>MyrnaAcuna04https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kanna_Nalama&diff=472163Kanna Nalama2026-03-04T04:53:24Z<p>MyrnaAcuna04: basic improved content based on references</p>
<hr />
<div>{{More plot|date=November 2025}}<br />
{{More citations needed|date=November 2025}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| director = [[K. Balachander]]<br />
| producer = Muthaiah<br />Arunachalam<br />
| screenplay = K. Balachander<br />
| story = Madhusudhan<br />
| starring = {{ubl|[[Gemini Ganesan]]|[[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]]|[[Major Sundarrajan]]|[[Kumari Padmini]]|[[S. V. Sahasranamam]]}}<br />
| music = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]<br />
| cinematography = N. Balakrishnan<br />
| editing = N. R. Kittu<br />
| studio = Rathnasabapathi Films<br />
| released = {{film date|1972|1|12|df=y}}<br />
| runtime = 158 minutes<ref name="Dharap">{{Cite book |last=Dharap |first=B. V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-cEzAQAAIAAJ&q=Kanna+Nalama+balachander |title=Indian Films |publisher=Allied Publishers |year=1973 |pages=6}}</ref><br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
}}<br />
'''''Kanna Nalama''''' ({{Translation|Are you well, darling?}})<ref name="Dharap" /> is a 1972 Indian [[Tamil language]] film, written and directed by [[K. Balachander]]. The film stars [[Gemini Ganesan]] and [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]], with [[Major Sundarrajan]], [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] and [[V. S. Raghavan]] in supporting roles. It was released on 12 January 1972.<ref>{{Cite web |title=கண்ணா நலமா / Kanna Nalama (1972) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/kanna-nalama |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118181144/https://screen4screen.com/movies/kanna-nalama |archive-date=18 November 2023 |access-date=23 June 2021 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
The movie features Gemini and Jeyathi, initially a childless couple. After several years of prayers they were blessed with a boy. While Jeyanthi was in the hospital for delivery, an earthquake occurs and her baby Raju is confused with another, Babu. One day when Gemini goes from Trichy to Madras for a meeting with his boss Major Sundarrajan, Sundarrajan claimed that Gemini resembled his own son. At first he doubts his wife and then Gemini found that their children were exchanged. Sundarrajan came to Gemini's house to exchange their children. At first they did not accept but finally agreed to exchange. When Babu comes to meet his mother, he is killed in a car accident. The Sundarans then kept Raju.<br />
<br />
After Raju went with his father he found he was unable to live with them. He falls sick and Jeyanthi loses her memory. Doctors are unable to help him and ask his mother to come. As soon as Jeyathi arrives, Raju is cured and Sundaran's family sends Raju to Gemini and Jeyanthi.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{Cast listing|<br />
* [[Gemini Ganesan]] as Anand<br />
* [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]] as Seetha<br />
* [[Major Sundarrajan]] as Sattanathan<br />
* [[S. V. Sahasranamam]] as Sattanathan's Family Doctor<br />
* [[Kumari Padmini]] as Santha<br />
* [[M. R. R. Vasu]] as Manorama's Husband<br />
* [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as K. Manorama<br />
* [[V. S. Raghavan]] as Lawyer<br />
*[[Master Prabhakar]] as Mani<br />
*[[T. K. S. Natarajan]] as House rent collector<br />
* Hari Krishnan as Doctor<br />
* G. Dhanapal<br />
* I. S. R.<br />
* R. R. Gopal<br />
* Gemini Mahalingam<br />
* Aaraavamudhan<br />
* Subbiah<br />
* Thangaraj<br />
* Master Sekar<br />
* Master Ramu as Jayanthi's Son<br />
* Master Viswesvar Rao as Mani<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
The music was composed by [[M. S. Viswanathan]], with lyrics by [[Kannadasan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Songs from KANNA NALAMA (1972) |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/kanna-nalama-17532/songs |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118181533/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/kanna-nalama-17532/songs |archive-date=18 November 2023 |access-date=18 November 2023 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"<br />
! Song !! Singers<br />
|-<br />
| "Naan Ketten" || [[P. Susheela]]<br />
|-<br />
| "Petredutha Ullam" || [[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[P. Susheela]]<br />
|-<br />
| "Pakkathu Rajavukku" || [[L. R. Eswari]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
''Film World'' gave the film a favourable review, appreciating the writing and direction of Balachander.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=1972 |editor-last=Ramachandran |editor-first=T. M. |title=Kanna Nalama |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZnhTAAAAYAAJ&q=%22kanna+nalama%22 |access-date=November 29, 2025 |magazine=Film World |page=46}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title}}<br />
<br />
{{K. Balachander}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1972 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:1972 Tamil-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1972 films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by K. Balachander]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan]]<br />
[[Category:Films with screenplays by K. Balachander]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]<br />
<br />
{{Improve categories|date=November 2025}}</div>MyrnaAcuna04https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dharam_Veer_(film)&diff=470476Dharam Veer (film)2026-03-03T23:27:30Z<p>MyrnaAcuna04: brief refine formatting based on references additionally and corrected details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|1977 Hindi film starring Dharmendra and Jeetendra}}<br />
{{distinguish| Dharmaveer (Marathi film)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Dharam Veer<br />
| image = Dharam Veer (film).jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical publicity poster<br />
| director = [[Manmohan Desai]]<br />
| producer = Subhash Desai<br />
| screenplay = Prayag Raj<br />K. B. Pathak<br />
| story = {{ubl|Jeevanprabha M. Desai|Pushpa Sharma}}<br />
{{Infobox <br />
| decat = yes <br />
| child = yes <br />
| label1= Dialogues by <br />
| data1 = [[Kader Khan]]<ref name="Rediff_interview2012">{{cite news |title=The Kader Khan interview you must read |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/special/the-kader-khan-interview-you-must-read/20190101.htm |publisher=Rediff}}</ref>}}<br />
| starring = [[Dharmendra]]<br />[[Zeenat Aman]]<br />[[Jeetendra]]<br />[[Neetu Singh]]<br />[[Pran (actor)|Pran]]<br />[[Jeevan (Hindi actor)|Jeevan]]<br />[[Ranjeet]]<br />
| music = [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]<br />
| cinematography = N. V. Srinivas<br />
| editing = Kamlakar Karkhanis<br />
| studio = S. S. Movietone<br />
| distributor = [[Shemaroo Entertainment]]<br />
| released = {{Film date|1977|09|06|df=y}}<br />
| runtime = 163 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<br />
| budget =<br />
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR|130.4 million}} (India/UK) <br> 32 million tickets ([[Soviet Union]])<br />
}}<br />
'''''Dharam-Veer''''' is a 1977 [[Hindi]]-language [[Period film|period]] [[Action film|action]]-[[drama film]], directed by [[Manmohan Desai]], produced by Subhas Desai under the [[Mehboob Studios]] and [[R. K. Films|R.K. Studios]] banner, starring [[Dharmendra]], [[Zeenat Aman]], [[Jeetendra]], [[Neetu Singh]] and [[Pran (actor)|Pran]].<br />
<br />
Its music was composed by Laxmikant–Pyarelal. [[Dharmendra]]'s younger son [[Bobby Deol]] appears briefly playing the childhood version of his father's character.<br />
<br />
''Dharam-Veer'' takes place in a mythical kingdom and tells the tale of [[twin brothers]] Dharam and Veer played by Dharamendra and Jeetendra respectively, who get separated at birth but still become best friends in childhood, not knowing that they were real brothers, and later turn against each other due to various conspiracies of the villains and in the end reunite. The film became the [[List of highest-grossing Hindi films|second highest-grossing film of 1977]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-04-22 |title=BoxOfficeIndia.Com-The complete Hindi film box office site |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/70-79.htm |access-date=2023-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060422055222/http://boxofficeindia.com/70-79.htm |archive-date=22 April 2006 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
Maharani Meenakshi is a princess who, one day while out hunting, is rescued from a handful of attackers by a hunter-warrior, Jwala Singh, who lives alone in the jungle, accompanied only by his pet falcon, Sheroo. She offers him a reward for saving her life, but he only wants her hand in marriage, which her father had previously denied him.<br />
<br />
During the night, they are awakened by another tiger, and Jwala goes to slay it. The tiger kills a villager, and Jwala puts his poncho over him to cover the dead body. He wrestles with the tiger, and they both fall over a cliff. The Princess sees the villager's dead body, thinks it is Jwala's, and goes into shock. Her father eventually marries her off into another royal family. Unbeknownst to Jwala, Meenakshi is pregnant with his child.<br />
<br />
Satpal Singh, Meenakshi's brother, is told in a prophecy that he will be killed by his eldest nephew, Dharam, the future king of the land. To prevent this, he pleads poverty and moves in with his sister. The Queen gives birth to a healthy baby boy. Satpal takes the baby minutes after it is born and tosses it out of a window. Instead of falling to its death, however, the baby is caught by Sheroo, who flies him to his master. Jwala has been injured by a tiger and is being healed by a poor arrowsmith and his wife. They are childless and are pleased when the bird brings the baby, believing it to be a gift. They explain what happened to Jwala when he awakes, and he assents to them keeping and raising the child as their own. In the meanwhile, we learn that the Queen gave birth to twins, and Satpal only dealt with the firstborn. He is satisfied that the prophecy has been averted and now plans to help himself further by swapping his sister's baby with his own. While he is asleep, though, his wife swaps the children back.<br />
<br />
As the children grow up, Satpal mistreats his own child, whom he believes to be the prince, and dotes on the prince, whom he thinks is his own son. The twins grow up. The elder, Dharam, grows up to be an arrowsmith like his foster father. The younger, Veer, is the crown prince. The boys become best friends and do not realize that this is because they are actually twin brothers.<br />
<br />
Dharam is smitten with a princess, Pallavi, who gets angry when he proposes to her. She orders her troops to arrest Dharam and forces him to endure grueling and life-threatening trials. This includes making him participate in gladiatorial-style combat in her personal coliseum and torturing him by whipping. Eventually, Dharam escapes and kidnaps her. Then she stabs and badly injures him, but he lets her go. Later, an injured Dharam meets Jwala Singh, who is a master of swordsmanship. Jwala Singh cures him and later teaches Dharam the skills of swordsmanship, resulting in Dharam also becoming a master swordsman. Eventually, Pallavi realizes that she has fallen in love with Dharam, and the two declare their love for each other. Meanwhile, Veer also falls in love with a gypsy girl, Rupa.<br />
<br />
Once the truth about his son is revealed to Satpal, he attempts to get rid of Veer. Before doing so, he realizes he must first break the bond between him and his staunchest supporter, Dharam. The Kingdom has "an eye for an eye" as the ultimate law. Dharam's father is accused of shoddily preparing a chariot wheel, which caused a soldier to lose his hands. In reality, Satpal and his son Ranjeet sabotaged it. The Queen is forced to chop off Dharam's father's hands in retribution. Dharam vows never to forgive Veer for this. Satpal and his son then kill Dharam's mother and use one of the prince's royal arrows. Dharam finds this and accuses the prince of the murder. In retribution for the mother he has lost, Dharam demands the Queen become his mother. Although Veer strongly protests, the Queen submits, stating that she must be seen to uphold the law or no one will. For this act, Veer begins to bitterly hate Dharam. Veer challenges Dharam to a duel, and Dharam accepts. Satpal and his son know that in this duel, Dharam will kill Veer, and they will get Dharam executed for Veer's murder. While the boys are fighting, the poor blacksmith reveals the story of how Dharam came to him and his wife. He shows the Queen the cloth the baby was wrapped in. The Queen realizes that this was, in fact, her own child, whom she believed to have been carried off by a falcon. She stops the fight just in time to stop the brothers from killing each other and reveals their relationship. Reunited, the brothers now face the challenge of disposing of the forces that Satpal Singh has gathered. In the end, Satpal is killed by Dharam.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
*[[Dharmendra]] as Dharam Singh<br />
*[[Zeenat Aman]] as [[Princess]] Pallavi – Dharam’s nemesis, later girlfriend<br />
*[[Jeetendra]] as Veer Singh – Dharam’s twin brother<br />
*[[Neetu Singh]] as Roopa – Veer’s girlfriend<br />
*[[Pran (actor)|Pran]] as Jwala Singh – Dharam’s and Veer’s father <br />
* The Baaz as "wonder bird" Sheroo <br />
*[[Indrani Mukherjee]] as [[Maharani]] Meenakshi – Dharam’s and Veer’s mother<br />
*[[Jeevan (Hindi actor)|Jeevan]] as Satpal Singh <br />
*[[Ranjeet]] as Ranjeet Singh <br />
*[[Sujit Kumar]] as [[Raja|Rajkumar]] Sujan Singh<br />
* Dev Kumar as Dev Singh <br />
*[[Pradeep Kumar (actor)|Pradeep Kumar]] as [[Maharaja]] Pratap Singh <br />
*[[B. M. Vyas]] as [[Rajguru]]<br />
*Azaad Irani as Azad Singh<br />
*[[D. K. Sapru]] as Maharaja<br />
*[[Chand Usmani]] as Roopmati Singh <br />
*Neelam as Dhano<br />
*Master [[Bobby Deol|Bobby]] as Young Dharam Singh<br />
* Hercules as Ramdin Lohar (Dharam’s adoptive father)<br />
<br />
== Music and soundtrack ==<br />
The music of the film was composed by [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]] and the lyrics were penned by [[Anand Bakshi]] and [[Vitthalbhai Patel]]. The soundtrack of the movie proved to be as popular and successful as the movie itself.<br />
<br />
{| class=wikitable <br />
! #<br />
! Title<br />
! Singer(s)<br />
! Duration<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|"Hum Banjaaro ki Baat Mat Pucho ji"<br />
|[[Kishore Kumar]], [[Lata Mangeshkar]]<br />
|06:42<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|"Mei Galiyon Ka Raja Tu Mehlo ki Rani"<br />
|[[Mohammed Rafi]]<br />
|05:30<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|"Band ho Mutthi To Laakh Ki"<br />
|Lata Mangeshkar, [[Asha Bhosle]] (this song is penned by Vithhalbhai Patel)<br />
|06:07<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|"O Meri Mehbooba"<br />
|Mohammed Rafi<br />
|06:29<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|"Saat Ajube is Duniya"<br />
|Mohammed Rafi, [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]]<br />
|06:12<br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
|"Saat Ajube is Duniya" (sad)<br />
|Mohammed Rafi and [[Nitin Mukesh]]<br />
|01:07<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Box office ==<br />
In India, the film grossed {{INRConvert|130|m|year=1977|mode=historical}}. This made it the second highest-grossing film of 1977 at the Indian box office, after ''[[Amar Akbar Anthony]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Box Office 1977 |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=183&catName=MTk3Nw== |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090323192239/boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=183&catName=MTk3Nw== |website=[[Box Office India]] |archive-date=2009-03-23 |url-status=dead |access-date=2 March 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[List of highest-grossing Indian films in the overseas markets|Overseas]] in the United Kingdom, the film had 23 shows in 5 cities. Driven by the success of Mohammad Rafi's songs, the film grossed £50,000 in the UK, equivalent to {{INRConvert|{{#expr:50000*(1000/{{To USD|1000|IND|year=1977}}) round -1}}|year=1977|mode=historical}}.<ref>{{cite news |title=United Kingdom Evolution - £100k To £4 Million Of Pathaan |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=7602 |access-date=2 March 2023 |work=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
Combined, the film grossed an estimated {{INRConvert|{{#expr:130+0.438140 round 2}}|m|year=1977|mode=historical}} in India and the United Kingdom.<br />
<br />
In addition, the film sold 32 million tickets in the [[Soviet Union]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dharam Veer |url=https://www.kinopoisk.ru/film/97001/ |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=[[KinoPoisk]] |language=ru}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|0213611|Dharam Veer}}<br />
<br />
{{Manmohan Desai}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dharam Veer (Film)}}<br />
[[Category:1977 films]]<br />
[[Category:1977 Hindi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1977 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Manmohan Desai]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]<br />
[[Category:Indian fantasy action films]]<br />
[[Category:1970s historical fantasy films]]<br />
[[Category:1970s fantasy action films]]<br />
[[Category:Films about royalty]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in the British Raj]]<br />
[[Category:Indian epic films]]<br />
[[Category:Historical epic films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian historical fantasy films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian buddy drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian historical action films]]<br />
[[Category:Films based on Indian folklore]]<br />
[[Category:Films about birds]]<br />
[[Category:Films about princesses]]<br />
[[Category:Films about princes]]<br />
[[Category:Films about kings]]<br />
[[Category:Films about queens]]<br />
[[Category:Films about brothers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian historical drama films]]<br />
[[Category:1977 fantasy films]]</div>MyrnaAcuna04https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melle_(film)&diff=466486Melle (film)2026-03-03T20:34:42Z<p>MyrnaAcuna04: refined content for clarity and corrected details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Melle<br />
| image = Melle_(film).jpg<br />
| native_name = മെല്ലെ<br />
| director = Binu Ulahannan<br />
| producer = Joney C. David<br />
| screenplay = Binu Ulahannan<br />
| starring = [[Amith Chakalakkal]]<br />
| music = Vijay Jacob<br />
| cinematography = Santhosh Anima<br />
| editing = Sunesh Sebastian<br />
| studio = Vista VFX<br />
| distributor = Triyega Productions<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2017|10|20|India}}<br />
| runtime = 115 min<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = [[Malayalam]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Melle''' is Indian [[Malayalam]] [[Romance film|romantic]] film written and directed by Binu P. Ulahannan. The film is produced by Triyega productions and stars [[Amith Chakalakkal]] and Thanuja Karthik in lead roles with [[Joju George]], [[Joy Mathew]], [[P. Balachandran]], Vivek Bhaskar Haridas in supporting roles. Cinematography is done by Santhosh Anima, Jimmy jib operated by Webly, Aison & Chester editing by Sunesh Sebastian, music by Donald Mathew and Vijay Jacob, film score by [[Vijay Jacob]]. Film is produced by Johny C. David under the banner of Triyega Productions.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/music-review-melle/articleshow/59269789.cms|title=Music review - Melle - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-10-13}}</ref> [[Muzik 247]] is the music label.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.triyega.com|title=Melle - the upcoming Malayalam movie|last=Ulahannan|first=Binu|website=www.triyega.com|access-date=2017-09-13}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
* [[Amith Chakalakkal]] as Dr.Reji<br />
* Thanuja Karthik as Uma <br />
* [[Joju George]]<br />
* [[Joy Mathew]]<br />
* P. Balachandran<br />
* Karthik Vishnu<br />
* Vivek Bhaskar Haridas<br />
* Krishnaprabha<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
''Melle'' is directed by Binu Ulahannan and produced by Johny C. David. Starring [[Joju George]], [[Joy Mathew]], [[P. Balachandran]], Vivek Bhaskar, Haridas, Krishnaprabha, Meenakshi Rameshbabu, Ambika Mohan, Haris Beegam.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/triyegaproductions/|title=Security Check Required|website=www.facebook.com|access-date=2017-09-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | access-date=2017-09-18 | url=http://www.kerala9.com/movie/melle | title=Melle Malayalam Movie: Cast, Trailer, Release Date, News, and More | language=en | website=kerala9.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Music ==<br />
The music of the film was composed by Donald Mathew and [[Vijay Jacob]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lyricsing.com/movie/melle|title=Melle (2017) - All Songs Lyrics & Videos|website=Lyricsing|access-date=2017-10-13}}</ref> Soundtrack consists four tracks. The track "Hridayam" is sung by the singer [[Vijay Yesudas]] and another song "Konji Konji Pookum" was sung by [[Shweta Mohan]].{{Track listing|headline=Soundtrack|extra_column=Singer(s)|title1=Konji Konji Pookum|extra1=[[Shweta Mohan]]|length1=5:09|title2=Punjapadathe|extra2=[[Vaikom Vijayalakshmi]]|length2=2:56|title3=Hridayam|extra3=[[Vijay Yesudas]]|length3=2:57|title4=Melle Manasinullil|extra4=[[Shweta Mohan]]|length4=4:31|all_writing=|title8=|length8=|title9=|length9=|title10=|length10=|title11=|length11=|title12=|length12=|title13=|length13=|title14=|length14=|title15=|length15=|title16=|length16=|title17=|length17=|title18=|length18=|title19=|length19=|title20=|length20=|total_length=|title5=|title6=|length6=|title7=|length7=|length5=}}<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/music/shweta-mohan-s-%E2%80%98konji-konji%E2%80%99-song-from-upcoming-movie-melle-malayalam-movies-1.1989268|title=Shweta Mohan's 'Konji Konji' song from upcoming movie 'Melle'|work=Mathrubhumi|access-date=2017-10-13}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Release ==<br />
''Melle'' released in theaters on 20 October 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/amith-chakalakkal-in-melle-movie-first-look-poster-out.html|title='Honey Bee' fame Amith Chakalakkal to be the lead in 'Melle'|work=OnManorama|access-date=2017-10-13}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title|7244092}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2017 films]]<br />
[[Category:2017 Malayalam-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2017 directorial debut films]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{2010s-Malayalam-film-stub}}</div>MyrnaAcuna04https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Queen_(2018_film)&diff=527596Queen (2018 film)2026-03-03T20:33:08Z<p>MyrnaAcuna04: done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Queen<br />
| image = Poster of Malayalam Movie Queen.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = [[Dijo Jose Antony]]<br />
| producer = Shibu K. Moideen<br>Rinshad V<br />
| writer = Sharis Mohammed<br>Jebin Joseph Antony<br />
| starring = {{plainlist|<br />
* [[Saniya Iyappan]]<br />
* [[Dhruvan]]<br />
* [[Ashwin Jose]]<br />
* Eldho Mathew<br />
* Arun H. Das<br />
}}<br />
| music = [[Jakes Bejoy]]<br />
| cinematography = Suresh Gopi<br />
| editing = Sagar Dass<br />
| studio = Arabian Dreams Entertainment<br />
| distributor = Central Pictures<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2018|1|12|India}}<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Malayalam<br />
| runtime = 157 minutes<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Queen''''' is a 2018 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[drama film|drama]] [[thriller film]] directed by [[Dijo Jose Antony]] and produced by Arabian Dreams Entertainment Co by Shibu K Moideen & Rinshad Vellodathil. It features [[Saniya Iyappan]] as a student in Mechanical Engineering batch.<ref>{{cite news |title=Queen, a film on a girl in Mechanical Engineering batch|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/queen-a-film-on-a-girl-in-mechanical-engineering-batch/articleshow/56894685.cms|publisher=Times of India}}</ref> The idea was inspired from the 2015 Onam Celebration that took place in [[College of Engineering, Adoor|College of Engineering Adoor]], Pathanamthitta, which was a massive controversy, and Sree Buddha College of Engineering, Pattoor, [[Alappuzha]] an institution in Kerala where a mass gang of boys and their only female classmate of the Mechanical Engineering Department made a dramatic entry making it a unique event becoming viral on internet, too.<ref>{{Citation|title=Adoor IHRD engineering college students used FIRE engine for Onam Celebration| date=23 August 2015 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8NXH4bStBmM|language=en|access-date=2020-04-14}}</ref><br />
<br />
''Queen'' was released in India on 12 January 2018, where it became a commercial success at the box office. [[Saniya Iyappan]] won [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut – South]] for her performance in the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-66th-filmfare-awards-south-2019_-38163.html|title=Winners of the 66th Filmfare Awards (South) 2019|website=Filmfare|date=21 December 2019|access-date=4 April 2020}}</ref> It was remade in Tamil as ''[[Friendship (2021 film)|Friendship]]'' in 2021 starring [[Harbhajan Singh]], [[Arjun Sarja]] and Losliya Mariyanesan.<br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
Chinnu is a first semester [[Mechanical engineering|mechanical branch]] student, who joins the college and soon becomes a lovable character within the entire first year batch of the college. Her classmates discover that she is an orphan and a cancer patient. During her time at the hospital, Chinnu's friends keep her company and makes friends with other patients. Chinnu recovers from the cancer through chemotherapy and surgery, where she visits college during [[Onam]] celebrations just to have fun with her friends and enjoy the campus life. Chinnu returns home in the evening to recuperate completely, but she gets kidnapped and sexually assaulted causing her death. Chinnu's friends and the people from the community fight for justice, where Adv. Mukundan also helps them. The real culprits are caught and delivered a death sentence by the trial court. In the aftermath, the students turn to social services and the film ends with the message that "women are not opportunities, but responsibilities of men".<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{{colbegin}}<br />
* [[Salim Kumar]] as Adv. Mukundan Unni (Extended Cameo) (Character from the movie [[Meesa Madhavan]])<br />
* [[Saniya Iyappan]] as Chinnu<br />
* [[Dhruvan]] as Balu<br />
* [[Aswin Jose]] as Muneer / Kooli<br />
* Eldho Mathew as Eldho<br />
* Arun Haridas as Jaban<br />
* Sooraj Kumar as Varghese Kurien / Varkichan<br />
* Sam Sibin as Shankar / Gymman<br />
* Muhasin Moozi as Shyam / Shyama<br />
* Jenson Alappat as Madapravu Ajith<br />
* [[Vijayaraghavan]] as Principal Alex Abhraham<br />
* [[Nandu (Malayalam actor)|Nandu]] as Adv. Kaaloor<br />
* [[Kalasala Babu]] as Judge<br />
* [[Sreejith Ravi]] as Minister<br />
* Junice I V as Comrade Naushadikka<br />
* Midhun A. E. as Senior student<br />
* Monika Thomas Puthuran as Eliza<br />
* Sunil K Babu as Viswaroopan (Buji)<br />
* [[Niyas Backer]] as Head of Mechanical Department<br />
* [[Dijo Jose Antony]] as Professor at Mechanical Department, Signing Professor at Marriage (Guest Appearance)<br />
* [[Aneesh G Menon]] as Minister's assistant<br />
* [[Sethu Lakshmi]] as Mother Thresiamma<br />
* [[Santhosh Keezhattoor]] as Bride's father<br />
* Malini Sivaraman as Bride's friend<br />
* [[Baby Meenakshi]] as Bride's sister<br />
* Jaimi Afzal as Bride<br />
* [[Leona Lishoy]]<br />
* Deepika Mohan as Balu's mother<br />
* Hochimin K C<br />
* Unni Meghalan as Unni<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
The movie was produced by Shibu K Moideen and Rinshad Vellodathil, from the studio Arabian Dreams Entertainment.<br />
<br />
==Music==<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Queen<br />
| type = soundtrack<br />
| artist = [[Jakes Bejoy]]<br />
| cover =<br />
| alt =<br />
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2018|1|3}}<br />
| recorded =<br />
| venue =<br />
| studio =<br />
| genre = [[Filmi]]<br />
| length =<br />
| label = [[Satyam Audios]]<br />
| producer =<br />
| prev_title = [[10 Endrathukulla (soundtrack)|10 Endrathukulla]]<br />
| prev_year = 2015<br />
| next_title = [[Mannar Vagaiyara]]<br />
| next_year = 2018<br />
| misc = {{Singles<br />
| name = Queen<br />
| type = soundtrack<br />
| single1 = Lal Anthem<br />
| single1date = 23 January 2018<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
The original songs for the film were composed by [[Jakes Bejoy]], with lyrics written by [[Joe Paul (lyricist)|Joe Paul]], Sharis Muhammed, and Jyothish T. Kasi. The soundtrack album was released by [[Satyam Audios]] on 3 January 2018.<ref>{{cite web|author=Satyam Audios|title=Queen (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)|url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/queen-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1331342208|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317102117/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/queen-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1331342208|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 March 2018|publisher=[[iTunes]]|access-date=16 March 2018|date=3 January 2018}}</ref> [[Dijo Jose Antony]] and Arun Nandakumar choreographed the songs "Saare Njangal" and "Podi Parane" respectively.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}<br />
<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| headline = Queen (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
<br />
| title1 = Saare Njangal<br />
| extra1 = Jakes Bejoy, [[Benny Dayal]], Ziya Ul Haque, Kavitha Gopi, Zonobia Safar<br />
| length1 = 4:30<br />
<br />
| title2 = Aarandda<br />
| extra2 = Ajaey Shravan, Kesav Vinod, Jakes Bejoy<br />
| length2 = 2:04<br />
<br />
| title3 = Vennilave<br />
| extra3 = [[K. S. Harisankar]], [[Sooraj Santhosh]], Ziya Ul Haque, Ajaey Shravan<br />
| length3 = 5:27<br />
<br />
| title4 = Podipaarana<br />
| extra4 = Ajaey Shravan, Kesav Vinod, Sunilkumar P. K.<br />
| length4 = 4:35<br />
<br />
| title5 = Ponnumkasavinte<br />
| extra5 = [[Neha Nair]]<br />
| length5 = 4:24<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Release==<br />
The film was released on 12 January 2018 across 84 theaters in [[Kerala]].<br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
===Critical response===<br />
Arjun R Krishnan from ''[[Malayala Manorama]]'' has written that 'Queen', the debut work by director [[Dijo Jose Antony]], presents quite a few contemporary issues in a titillating cinematic wrap and rated the movie 3.5 out of 5.<ref>{{cite news |title=Queen: placing friendship as a panacea.|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2018/01/12/queen-quick-review-absorbingly-beautiful.html|publisher=[[Malayala Manorama]]}}{{Rating|3.5|5}}</ref><br />
<br />
The film, however, was not received well by some critics. [[Anna M. M. Vetticad|Anna MM Vetticad]] of [[Firstpost]] refused to rate the film, calling it a 'non-film', and was outraged by the fact that this 'nondescript' film managed to get released not only in Kerala, but outside it as well, when far superior films were struggling to find theaters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/queen-movie-review-this-is-not-a-review-this-is-a-protest-4334535.html|title=Queen movie review: This is not a review, this is a protest|date=2018-02-04|website=Firstpost|language=en|access-date=2019-09-03}}</ref> Sowmya Rajendran of [[The News Minute]] wrote that the film does a disservice to rape survivors by suggesting that the rape and murder of the female protagonist in the film is tragic only because she was an orphan, a cancer patient, and blameless in all respects. She also criticized the film's concluding message that men should see women as their responsibility and assume the role of their protectors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/its-blameless-victim-malayalam-film-queen-does-disservice-rape-survivors-75917|website=www.thenewsminute.com|access-date=2019-09-03|title=With its 'blameless victim', Malayalam film 'Queen' does a disservice to rape survivors|date=5 February 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|tt6774420}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Indian coming-of-age films]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in universities and colleges]]<br />
[[Category:2018 Malayalam-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Films about rape in India]]<br />
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:2010s coming-of-age films]]<br />
[[Category:2018 thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Jakes Bejoy]]<br />
[[Category:Indian legal drama films]]</div>MyrnaAcuna04https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Show_Time_(film)&diff=535257Show Time (film)2026-03-03T09:29:58Z<p>MyrnaAcuna04: Added New Post</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian Telugu-language film by Madhan Dakshinamurthy}}<br />
{{Distinguish|Showtime (film)|text=2002 American film [[Showtime (film)|Showtime]]}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Show Time<br />
| image = Show Time poster.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = Madhankumar Dhakshinamoorthy<br />
| writer = Madhankumar Dhakshinamoorthy<br />
| based_on = ''[[Noodles (film)|Noodles]]'' (2023) by Madhankumar Dhakshinamoorthy<br />
| producer = Kishore Garikipati<br />
| starring = {{plainlist|<br />
* [[Naveen Chandra]]<br />
* [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]]<br />
* [[Kamakshi Bhaskarla]]<br />
}}<br />
| cinematography = Vinod Raja Thiyagaraja<br />
| editing = Sarath Kumar<br />
| music = [[Shekar Chandra]]<br />
| studio = SkyLine Movies<br />
| distributor = [[Anil Sunkara|AK Entertainments]]<br />
| released = {{Film date|2025|07|04|df=y}}<br />
| runtime = 108 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Telugu<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Show Time''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[thriller film]] written and directed by Madhankumar Dhakshinamoorthy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-04 |title=Show Time Review: షో టైమ్ రివ్యూ.. కామెడీ చేస్తూ భయపెట్టే సినిమా, ఎలా ఉందంటే..! |url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/hero-naveen-chandra-show-time-movie-review-and-rating-slb-2838085.html |access-date=2025-07-22 |website=telugu.news18.com |language=te}}</ref> The film features [[Naveen Chandra]], [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]] and [[Kamakshi Bhaskarla]] in important roles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Telugu |first=ntv |date=2025-07-04 |title=ShowTime Review : నవీన్ చంద్ర షో టైమ్ రివ్యూ |url=https://ntvtelugu.com/reviews/naveen-chandra-showtime-review-823235.html |access-date=2025-07-22 |website=NTV Telugu |language=te-IN}}</ref><br />
<br />
The film was released on 4 July 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-06-21 |title=Release date locked for Naveen Chandra's Showtime |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Jun/21/release-date-locked-for-naveen-chandras-showtime |access-date=2025-07-22 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> This movie is a remake of the director's own Tamil film ''[[Noodles (film)|Noodles]]'' (2023).<br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
A joyous moment in the neighborhood goes awry on a chance confrontation and doubles up the protagonist's woes in a freak accident. Show Time is a drama filled with suspense, thrill, humor, and loads of entertainment for the family. The film starts with night time Surya playing with his friends and kids from other house, it's big fun all having, seeing this ci Lakshmi warns them to not cause noise that finally turns into quarrel and Surya with his wife challenge c.i lakshmikanth show the complaint letter of them making nuisance to others and wife Shanthi tells she will complain to human rights, so c.i goes away from there with his assistant. Next few days suspicious things happen and Surya is warned by shopkeeper that the c.i is very dangerous to fight with. Another day night suddenly Surya sees some stranger lying dead and asks Shanthi who is he for which Shanthi tells he is a robber tried to steal away her gold chain and got dead by her hitting to protect herself. Surya become nervous and takes body to another room. Surya gets phone number of advocate varada from the shopkeeper and so Surya invite adv varada to his home and tells of the killing due to which varada becomes very afraid and tells they should dispose the body in the front of house and surrender to police and later varada plan to rescue them. So varada tells pick the body and dispose in front of the house when he knock once and varada goes to the front and sees if anybody coming on the street so knocks once and Surya about to dispose, someone comes on the road so varada knocks twice indicating don't dispose the body, like this time goes and tired varada enters inside and closes the door, Surya tells his shanthi's family visiting them today after seven years of married life, by this time a stranger knocks , Surya dispose body in another room.stranger is c.i lakshmikanth who now show complaint paper against Surya, Surya now tensed is silent without much back talking against c.i lakshmikanth. C.i makes Surya repent with his wife by bending down and rising telling he won't go for argument with police hereafter and makes Surya bring everyone who were with Surya in the previous night and makes everyone to bend and rise. One boy among them meanwhile has camera recording c.i lakshmikanth torture and this c.i tries to catch the boy as Surya blocks the c.i , the boy escapes and post the video in social media, the same time c.i loses balance and falls over the chest of the dead person who now wakes with deep breath, seeing this Surya become courageous and the advocate also starts give back to c.i good reply thus driving away the wicked c.i lakshmikanth. By this time shanthi's family members visit them and film again ends with night Surya cheering with the friends.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
* [[Naveen Chandra]] as Surya<br />
* [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]] as Advocate A. Varada Rajulu<br />
* [[Kamakshi Bhaskarla]] as Shanthi<br />
* [[Raja Ravindra]] as [[Telangana Police|CI]] Lakshmi Kanth<br />
* Manik Reddy as Venkat Rao<br />
* Gosukonda Lakshmi Sujatha<br />
* Gemini Suresh<br />
* Vani Shalini<br />
* Uha Reddy Solipuram as Vyshu, Surya and Shanthi's daughter<br />
* [[Surya (Telugu actor)|Surya]] as Shanthi's father<br />
* Prabhavathi Varma as Shanthi's mother<br />
* Gavireddy Srinivas<br />
* Rohini Reddy Noni<br />
* BHEL Prasad Rao<br />
<br />
== Release and reception ==<br />
''Show Time'' was released on 4 July 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Velugu |first=V6 |date=2025-07-21 |title=OTT Thriller: ఓటీటీలోకి నవీన్ చంద్ర లేటెస్ట్ తెలుగు క్రైమ్ థ్రిల్లర్.. స్ట్రీమింగ్ డేట్ ఇదే |url=https://www.v6velugu.com/naveen-chandra-show-time-movie-ott-release-date-announced |access-date=2025-07-22 |website=V6 Velugu |language=te}}</ref> The film was later released on [[Amazon Prime Video]] and [[Sun NXT]] on 25 July 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-07-19 |title=Naveen Chandra's Show Time gets an OTT release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Jul/19/naveen-chandras-show-time-gets-an-ott-release-date |access-date=2025-07-22 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
BH Harsh of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' rated the film 2.5 out of 5 and opined that "''Show Time'' constantly dwindles between being a tense atmospheric thriller to being a bland narrative where things often get stagnant".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-07-06 |title=Show Time Movie Review: An uneven thriller with few surprises up its sleeve |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2025/Jul/06/show-time-movie-review-an-uneven-thriller-with-few-surprises-up-its-sleeve |access-date=2025-07-22 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> ''[[The Hindu]]'' felt that the film had a potential premise but was weakened by the screenplay and narration.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nadadhur |first=Srivathsan |date=2025-07-04 |title='Show Time' movie review: Naveen Chandra's crime thriller flatters to deceive |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/show-time-movie-review-naveen-chandras-telugu-crime-thriller-flatters-to-deceive/article69768119.ece |access-date=2025-07-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Echoing the same, Shreya Varanasi of ''[[The Times of India]]'' stated, "an intense crime thriller weighed down by a stretched screenplay".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Show Time Movie Review: An intense crime thriller weighed down by a stretched screenplay |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/show-time/movie-review/122268758.cms |access-date=2025-07-22 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title|37432084}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:2025 Telugu-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2025 films]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]<br />
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Telangana Police]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Shekar Chandra]]<br />
[[Category:2025 thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu-language thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Tamil films]]</div>MyrnaAcuna04https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lakeerein&diff=511576Lakeerein2026-03-02T04:43:20Z<p>MyrnaAcuna04: done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Lakeerein<br />
| image = Lakeerein poster.jpeg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = Durgesh Pathak<br />
| story = Durgesh Pathak<br/>Surya Saxena<br />
| producer = {{Plainlist|<br />
* Naval K Tandon <br />
* Kavita Pathak <br />
* Dinesh Kumar <br />
}}<br />
| screenplay = Dilip Shukla<br />
| starring = {{Plainlist|<br />
* [[Ashutosh Rana]] <br />
* [[Bidita Bag]] <br />
* [[Gaurav Chopra]] <br />
* [[Tia Bajpai]] <br />
* Rajesh jais <br />
}}<br />
| music = <br />
| cinematography = Naren A Gedia <br />
| editing = {{Plainlist|<br />
* Harkirat Singh Lal <br />
* Sunder Pathuri <br />
* Parag <br />
}}<br />
| studio = {{Plainlist|<br />
* Image & Creation<br />
* BTC Multimedia <br />
* Blackpearl Movies<br />
}}<br />
| distributor = [[Reliance Entertainment]]<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|11|03}}<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = [[Hindi]]<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Lakeerein''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[legal drama]] film directed by Durgesh Pathak. It stars [[Ashutosh Rana]], [[Bidita Bag]], [[Gaurav Chopra]] and [[Tia Bajpai]]. It addresses the complex and often underreported issue of marital rape within the confines of marriage.<ref>{{Cite web |last=FC |first=Team |date=10 October 2023 |title=Ashutosh Rana and Tia Bajpai's Next is Lakeerein |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/news/ashutosh-rana-and-tia-bajpayees-next-is-lakeerein |access-date=24 October 2023 |website=filmcompanion.in |language=en}}</ref> It is produced by Image & Creation, BTC Multimedia, and Blackpearl Movies and distributed by the [[Reliance Entertainment]]. It explores the legal, societal, and emotional challenges its victims face. The film was released on 3 November 2023. <ref>{{Cite news |title=Lakeerein |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/lakeerein/movieshow/104343603.cms |access-date=24 October 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Synopsis==<br />
Lakeerein tells the powerful story of Kavya, played by Tia Bajpai, who seeks justice against her husband, Professor Vivek Agnihotri, portrayed by Gaurav Chopra, for marital rape, a deeply troubling issue often overlooked due to societal misconceptions about consent in marriage. The film, set in Lucknow and Ayodhya, delves into Kavya's emotional journey and its impact on those around her, like her friend Anita and maid Naseema, who've also suffered similarly. Advocate Geeta Bishwas,<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2020 |title=Getting the right mix of roles: Bidita |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/getting-the-right-mix-of-roles-bidita/story-LPVh3zGPSKCbYYuBd5bFMI.html |access-date=24 October 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> played by Bidita Bag, challenges the legal differentiation between married and unmarried women when recognizing rape, sparking a vital conversation about societal values and justice.<ref>{{Cite news |last=ANI |date=10 October 2023 |title=Ashutosh Rana, Bidita Bag's courtroom drama 'Lakeerein' gets release date |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ashutosh-rana-bidita-bags-courtroom-drama-lakeerein-gets-release-date/article67403230.ece |access-date=24 October 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{{Castlist|<br />
* [[Ashutosh Rana]] as Dudhari Singh<br />
* [[Bidita Bag]] as Geeta Biswas<br />
* [[Gaurav Chopra]] as Professor Vivek Damodar Agnihotri<br />
* [[Tia Bajpai]] as Kavya Agnihotri<br />
* [[Rajesh Jais]] as Purushottam Bharti<br />
* Saharsh Shukla as Adv. Sagar Srivastava<br />
* Aman Verma as Ravi Verma<br />
* Mukesh Bhatt as Rambabu<br />
* Anil Rastogi as Padam Singh<br />
* Aditi Dixit as Naseema<br />
* Kasim as Ali Mohd.<br />
* Meenakshi Arya as Anita<br />
* Purnima Tiwari as Neelu<br />
* Rehan Kedwai as Altaf Bhai, Geeta's driver<br />
* Samreen Siddiqui as anchor<br />
* Aayushi Sharma as field reporter}}<br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
The film is directed by Durgesh Pathak and Produced by Kavita Pathak, Naval Kishore Tandon, Dinesh Kumar, co-produced by Swarnika Pandey, Naren A Gedia, Aabha Tandon, Varun Mishra, Soni Mishra, and Pawan Gaur. The film has been shot at various locations of [[Lucknow]], [[Ayodhya]] and other cities.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 February 2020 |title=Gaurav, Ashutosh & Bidita shoot for film in Lucknow |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/its-lights-camera-and-action-again-in-lucknow/articleshow/74027377.cms |access-date=24 October 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/lakeerein/ Lakeerein] on [[Bollywood Hungama]]<br />
* [https://imdb.com/title/tt29371859 Lakeerein] on [[IMDb]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian legal drama films]]<br />
[[Category:2023 drama films]]<br />
[[Category:2023 films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian courtroom films]]<br />
[[Category:2023 Hindi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]</div>MyrnaAcuna04https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luv_Ki_Arrange_Marriage&diff=513797Luv Ki Arrange Marriage2026-03-02T04:39:00Z<p>MyrnaAcuna04: entry</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2024 Hindi film directed by Ishrat R. Khan}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Luv Ki Arrange Marriage<br />
| image = Poster of Luv Ki Arrange Marriage.jpg<br />
| caption = Official release poster<br />
| director = Ishrat R. Khan<br />
| writer = [[Raaj Shaandilyaa]]<br />
| producer = [[Vinod Bhanushali]]<br />Kamlesh Bhanushali <br />[[Raaj Shaandilyaa]]<br />Vimal Lahoti<br />
| starring = [[Sunny Singh (actor)|Sunny Singh]]<br />[[Avneet Kaur]]<br />[[Annu Kapoor]]<br />[[Supriya Pathak]]<br />
| cinematography = Arun Prasad<br />
| editing = <br />
| music = Prini Siddhant Madhav<br/>Amol-Abhishek<br/>[[Jaidev Kumar]]<br/>Sadhu S. Tiwari<br/>[[Meet Bros]]<br/>[[Sandesh Shandilya]]<br />
| studio = Bhanushali Studios<br />[[Thinkink Picturez]]<br />
| distributor = [[ZEE5]]<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|06|14}}<br />
| runtime = 120 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| budget = <!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--><br />
| gross = <!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Luv Ki Arrange Marriage''''' ({{translation|Luv's Arranged Marriage|i=y}}) is a 2024 Indian Hindi-language [[romantic comedy]]-[[Drama (film and television)|drama]] film directed by Ishrat R. Khan. The film is written by [[Raaj Shaandilyaa]], and produced by [[Vinod Bhanushali]], Kamlesh Bhanushali, [[Raaj Shaandilyaa]] and Vimal Lahoti, under the banner of Bhanushali Studios and [[Thinkink Picturez]]. It stars [[Sunny Singh (actor)|Sunny Singh]] and [[Avneet Kaur]] in lead roles, alongside [[Annu Kapoor]], [[Supriya Pathak]] and [[Rajpal Yadav]] in key roles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2023 |title=Sunny Singh and Avneet Kaur to star in fam-com 'Luv Ki Arrange Marriage' |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/sunny-singh-and-avneet-kaur-to-star-in-fam-com-luv-ki-arrange-marriage-23277785 |access-date=1 June 2024 |website=Mid-Day |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=फैमिली कॉमेडी सिनेमा को मिली नई संजीवनी, विनोद और राज ने शुरू की नई फिल्म |url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/bollywood/sunny-singh-avneet-kaur-raaj-shaandilyaa-vinod-bhanushali-film-luv-ki-arrange-marriage-shooting-started-2023-03-28 |access-date=1 June 2024 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><br />
<br />
The film premiered on 14 June 2024, on [[ZEE5]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 June 2024 |title=Luv Ki Arrange Marriage: Sunny Singh-Avneet Kaur starrer to release on ZEE5 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/luv-ki-arrange-marriage-trailer-sunny-singh-avneet-kaur-starrer-release-zee5-date/ |access-date=1 June 2024 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Premise==<br />
Set in a small city, with its own quirks, the film highlights that love is ageless and that the boundaries between romance and family can blur in the most delightful yet chaotic ways.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 May 2024 |title=Avneet Kaur, Sunny Singh's 'Luv Ki Arrange Marriage' to be out on OTT soon |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/web-series/article/avneet-kaur-sunny-singhs-luv-ki-arrange-marriage-to-be-out-on-ott-soon-23351991 |access-date=1 June 2024 |website=[[Mid-Day]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Synopsis==<br />
When Luv meets Ishika, he falls in love with her and decides to propose marriage. However, the situation takes an unexpected turn and things get funny when Luv's widowed father develops feelings for Ishika's mother, leading to amusing complications. As the story unfolds, the question emerges as to whether Luv will be willing to sacrifice his own love story for the sake of his father's newfound romance. The narrative progresses as it explores which couple will ultimately have a more triumphant and enduring love story.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
*[[Sunny Singh (actor)|Sunny Singh]] as Luv<br />
*[[Avneet Kaur]] as Ishika<br />
*[[Annu Kapoor]] as Prem, Luv's father<br />
*[[Supriya Pathak]] as Supriya, Ishika's mother<br />
*[[Rajpal Yadav]] as Pyare, Supriya's friend and secret lover<br />
*[[Mushtaq Khan]] as Mr. Mishra, Luv's uncle<br />
*[[Sudhir Pandey]] as Mr. Bala, Ishika's grandfather<br />
*Paritosh Tripathi as Jugnu<br />
*Poornima Sharma as Ishika's sister<br />
*Geetika Mehandru as Supriya's maid<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
<br />
=== Casting ===<br />
[[Sunny Singh (actor)|Sunny Singh]] and [[Avneet Kaur]] were cast to play the leads. Actors [[Annu Kapoor]], [[Supriya Pathak]], [[Rajpal Yadav]] and [[Sudhir Pandey]] were cast in supporting roles, playing pivotal characters in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2023 |title=Avneet Kaur and Sunny Singh team up for family entertainer Luv Ki Arrange Marriage |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/bollywood/avneet-kaur-and-sunny-singh-team-up-for-family-entertainer-luv-ki-arrange-marriage-shoot-begins |access-date=1 June 2024 |website=[[Free Press Journal]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Filming ===<br />
[[Principal photography]] took place from March 2023 to May 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 March 2023 |title=Sunny Singh, Avneet Kaur to star in fam-comedy 'Luv Ki Arrange Marriage' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sunny-singh-avneet-kaur-to-star-in-fam-comedy-luv-ki-arrange-marriage/articleshow/99061960.cms |access-date=1 June 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The film was shot in different locations of [[Madhya Pradesh]], including [[Orchha]] and [[Bhopal]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2023 |title=Sunny Singh, Avneet Kaur To Star In Fam-Comedy 'Luv Ki Arrange Marriage' |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/sunny-singh-avneet-kaur-to-star-in-fam-comedy-luv-ki-arrange-marriage--news-274034 |access-date=1 June 2024 |website=Outlook India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=फिल्म जगत को भा रहा ओरछा का सौंदर्य: 'लव कि अरेंज मैरिज' फिल्म शूटिंग शुरू |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/mp/niwari/news/love-ki-arrange-marriage-film-shooting-started-team-members-said-historical-heritage-and-river-best-131138675.html |access-date=1 June 2024 |website=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Luv Ki Arrange Marriage<br />
| type = Soundtrack<br />
| artist = Prini Siddhant Madhav<br/>Amol-Abhishek<br/>[[Jaidev Kumar]]<br/>Sadhu S. Tiwari<br/>[[Meet Bros]]<br/>[[Sandesh Shandilya]]<br />
| cover = <br />
| alt = <br />
| released = 13 June 2024<br />
| recorded = <br />
| venue = <br />
| studio = <br />
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]<br />
| length = 22:27<br />
| language = Hindi<!--Do not link per WP:OL--><br />
| label = Hitz Music<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The film's background score is composed by [[Amar Mohile]]. <br />
<br />
The music for the film is composed by Prini Siddhant Madhav, Amol-Abhishek, [[Jaidev Kumar]], Sadhu S. Tiwari, [[Meet Bros]] and [[Sandesh Shandilya]]; while the lyrics are written by Arafat Mehmood, Abhishek Talented, [[Kumaar]], Rohit Sharma, [[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]] and Anil Pandey. The songs are sung by [[Salman Ali]], [[Nakash Aziz]], [[Sukhwinder Singh]], [[Amit Gupta]], [[Meet Bros]], Piyush Mehroliyaa, Chaitalee Chaaya and [[Dev Negi]]. <br />
<br />
{{Tracklist<br />
| headline = Track list<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| total_length = <br />
| title1 = Ishq Ki Chhav Tale<br />
| length1 = 5:11<br />
| lyrics1 = Arafat Mehmood<br />
| music1 = Prini Siddhant Madhav<br />
| extra1 = [[Salman Ali]]<br />
| title2 = Jab Bhi Naachey<br />
| length2 = 3:17<br />
| lyrics2 = Abhishek Talented<br />
| music2 = Amol-Abhishek<br />
| extra2 = [[Nakash Aziz]]<br />
| title3 = Dil Samajhdaar<br />
| length3 = 4:08<br />
| lyrics3 = [[Kumaar]]<br />
| music3 = [[Jaidev Kumar]]<br />
| extra3 = [[Sukhwinder Singh]]<br />
| title4 = Bairagi<br />
| length4 = 3:08<br />
| lyrics4 = Rohit Sharma<br />
| music4 = Sadhu S. Tiwari<br />
| extra4 = [[Amit Gupta]]<br />
| title5 = Ghodi<br />
| length5 = 3:00<br />
| lyrics5 = [[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]]<br />
| music5 = [[Meet Bros]]<br />
| extra5 = [[Meet Bros]], Piyush Mehroliyaa, Chaitalee Chaaya<br />
| title6 = Dahiya<br />
| length6 = 3:11<br />
| lyrics6 = Anil Pandey<br />
| music6 = [[Sandesh Shandilya]]<br />
| extra6 = [[Dev Negi]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Release ==<br />
The poster was released on 30 May 2024,<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 May 2024 |title=Sunny Singh and Avneet Kaur unite for Luv Ki Arrange Marriage; first look poster OUT |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/sunny-singh-and-avneet-kaur-unite-for-luv-ki-arrange-marriage-first-look-poster-out-1311478 |access-date=1 June 2024 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref> followed by the official trailer on 31 May 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Luv Ki Arrange Marriage Trailer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/web-series/hindi/luv-ki-arrange-marriage-trailer-sunny-singh-and-avneet-kaur-starrer-luv-ki-arrange-marriage-official-trailer/videoshow/110598200.cms |access-date=1 June 2024 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> The film premiered on 14 June 2024, on [[ZEE5]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Luv Ki Arrange Marriage (2024) |url=https://www.zee5.com/movies/details/luv-ki-arrange-marriage/0-0-1z5570723 |access-date=14 June 2024 |website=ZEE5 |language=en-IN}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
<br />
=== Critical response ===<br />
Simran Khan of ''[[Times Now]]'' gave the film 3 stars (out of 5) and wrote, "While setting up comedy and romance well, the film sometimes stretches thin, however, it offers a light-hearted take on love and delivers laughs and heartwarming scenes despite its flaws".<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 June 2024 |title=Luv Ki Arrange Marriage Movie Review: Sunny Singh, Avneet Kaur, Annu Kapoor Starrer Offers Comedy, Confusion |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/web-series/luv-ki-arrange-marriage-movie-review-sunny-singh-avneet-kaur-annu-kapoor-starrer-offers-comedy-confusion-review-110938557 |access-date=23 June 2024 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> Archika Khurana of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film 2 stars (out of 5) and wrote, "Beyond the scenic backdrop and decent acting, the story lacks substance, making it a bland tale of love, destiny, and a twist of fate".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Luv Ki Arrange Marriage Review : Sunny Singh and Avneet Kaur's rom-com is a bland tale of love, destiny, and a twist of fate |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/luv-ki-arrange-marriage/ottmoviereview/111092916.cms |access-date=23 June 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> [[Deepa Gahlot]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' rated the film 1 star (out of 5) and commented, "If this were a French farce, nobody would have batted an eyelid if the father of the groom and the mother of the bride fell in love and wanted to marry, but here, some crude comedy is generated with a dash of melodrama".<ref>{{cite news |last=Gahlot |first=Deepa |author-link=Deepa Gahlot |date=14 June 2024 |title=Luv Ki Arrange Marriage Review: Loud Comedy |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/review/luv-ki-arrange-marriage-review/20240614.htm |work=[[Rediff.com]]}}{{rating|1|5}}</ref> ''[[Pratidin Time]]'' wrote, "The film embraces small-town charm and a touch of boldness, yet stays within cultural boundaries, navigating with restraint and modesty, while avoiding explicit content; it leaves a lasting impression despite its imperfections, showcasing that love transcends boundaries, even in unexpected settings".<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 June 2024 |title=Luv Ki Arrange Marriage Review |url=https://www.pratidintime.com/entertainment/luv-ki-arrange-marriage-review |access-date=23 June 2024 |website=Pratidin Time |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title|tt27330732}}<br />
*[https://www.zee5.com/movies/details/luv-ki-arrange-marriage/0-0-1z5570723 Luv Ki Arrange Marriage] official site<br />
<br />
[[Category:2024 films]]<br />
[[Category:2024 Hindi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:ZEE5 original films]]<br />
[[Category:2024 romantic comedy-drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language romantic comedy-drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]</div>MyrnaAcuna04https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=East_Calcutta_Girls%27_College&diff=498070East Calcutta Girls' College2026-02-27T11:15:31Z<p>MyrnaAcuna04: Created stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox university <br />
| name = East Calcutta Girls' College<br />
| image_name = East_Calcutta_Girl's_College.jpg<br />
| established = {{start date|1992}}<br />
| type = Undergraduate and Postgraduate <br />
| city = [[Lake Town, Kolkata]] <br />
| state = [[West Bengal]]<br />
| country = India <br />
| coordinates = {{coord|22|36|07.19|N|88|24|10.81|E|display=title}}<br />
| pushpin_map = India Kolkata#India<br />
| campus = Urban <br />
| affiliations = [[West Bengal State University]] <br />
| website = {{URL|https://ecgcollege.in/}}<br />
| logo = <br />
| logo_size = 100px<br />
| logo_alt = <br />
| footnotes =<br />
}}<br />
'''East Calcutta Girls' College''', established in 1992, is a women's [[college]] in [[Lake Town, Kolkata]]. It offers [[undergraduate]] [[Course (education)|courses]] in commerce, arts and sciences. It is affiliated to [[West Bengal State University]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Affiliated College of West Bengal State University |url=http://www.wbsubcollegeinfo.org/list_colleges.php |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029065002/http://www.wbsubcollegeinfo.org/list_colleges.php |archivedate=2012-10-29 }}</ref> Until 2008, the college was affiliated to [[Calcutta University]].{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}<br />
<br />
==Departments==<br />
===Science===<br />
*Geography <br />
*Chemistry<br />
*Physics<br />
*Mathematics <br />
*Botany<br />
*Zoology<br />
*Computer Science<br />
<br />
===Arts===<br />
<br />
*Bengali<br />
*English<br />
*Economics<br />
*History<br />
*Political Science<br />
*Philosophy<br />
*Education<br />
*Journalism<br />
*Sociology<br />
<br />
===Commerce===<br />
<br />
==Accreditation==<br />
East Calcutta Girls' College is recognized by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC).<ref>[http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/browse_reco_colleges.php?st=West%20Bengal Colleges in WestBengal, University Grants Commission] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116042454/http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/browse_reco_colleges.php?st=West%20Bengal |date=16 November 2011 }}</ref> It was accredited by the [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] (NAAC), and awarded B grade (March 2015 - February 2020).<ref>{{cite news|title=Institutions Accredited/ Re- accredited by NAAC whose accreditation validity period is over |url=http://www.naac.gov.in/sites/naac.gov.in/files/Validity_expired_institutions.pdf |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512054834/http://www.naac.gov.in/sites/naac.gov.in/files/Validity_expired_institutions.pdf |archivedate=2012-05-12 }}</ref><br />
==Notable alumni==<br />
*[[Darshana Banik]], Model and Actress<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Education in India]]<br />
*[[List of colleges in West Bengal]]<br />
*[[Education in West Bengal]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{West Bengal State University}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1992]]<br />
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to West Bengal State University]]<br />
[[Category:Women's universities and colleges in West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:1992 establishments in West Bengal]]<br />
<br />
{{Kolkata-university-stub}}</div>MyrnaAcuna04https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saadat_Ali_Khan_I&diff=531496Saadat Ali Khan I2026-02-26T05:31:19Z<p>MyrnaAcuna04: stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Nawab of Awadh from 1722 to 1739}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox royalty<br />
| name = Saadat Khan<br />
| title = [[Nawab of Awadh]]<br/>Burhan ul Mulk<br />Bahadur Jang<br /> Mir Atish (Commander of Arsenal)<br/> Khuld-e-Ashian<ref group="nt">Posthumous title</ref><br />
| image = Burhan ul Mulk Sa'adat Khan.jpg<br />
| caption = Saadat Khan<br />
| succession = 1st [[Nawab of Oudh]]<br />
| reign = 26 January 1722{{Spaced ndash}}19 March 1739<ref>[http://www.lucknow.nic.in/Saadat.htm Saadat Ali Khan – Burhan-ul-mulk (1720–1739)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628220502/http://lucknow.nic.in/Saadat.htm |date=28 June 2009 }}</ref><br />
| full name = <br />
| predecessor = ''Position established''<br />
| successor = [[Safdarjung|Safdar Jung]]<br />
| spouse = <br />
| issue = One Son (died infant of smallpox) and Five daughters<br />
| father = Muhammad Nasir<br />
| mother = <br />
| birth_date = {{circa|1680}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Nishapur]], [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]], [[Safavid Iran]]<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|1739|3|19|1680|||df=y}}<br />
| death_place = [[Delhi]], [[Delhi Subah]], [[Mughal Empire]]<br />
| burial_date = <br />
| burial_place = Sadat Ali Khan Tomb, Kaiser Bagh, Lucknow<br />
| royal house = Nishapuri-Iranian<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Saadat Khan Nishapuri''' (born '''Mir Muhammad Amin'''; {{circa|1680}} – 19 March 1739) was the first [[Nawab of Awadh|Nawab]] of the [[Kingdom of Awadh]] from 26 January 1722 to 1739 and the son of Muhammad Nasir.<ref name="HoA">[https://web.archive.org/web/20010901224326/http://www.indiancoins.8m.com/awadh/AwadhHist.html#BURHANULMULK HISTORY OF AWADH (Oudh) a princely State of India by Hameed Akhtar Siddiqui]</ref> At age 25, he accompanied his father on the final campaign of the [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Aurangzeb]] against the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]], and the emperor awarded him the title of Khan Bahadur for his service.<br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Khan's date of birth has not been recorded. According to historian [[Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava]], Khan was born in {{circa|1680}} and his birth name was Mir Muhammad Amin. His father was Mir Muhammad Nasir,{{sfn|Srivastava|1954|p=2}} a merchant in [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]].<ref name="Allen">{{cite book |title=An Oriental Biographical Dictionary |date=1881 |publisher=Asiatic Society |page=227 |url=https://archive.org/details/orientalbiograp00benggoog}}</ref> Khan had one elder brother, Mir Muhammad Baqar.{{sfn|Srivastava|1954|p=2}} One of their ancestors was Mir Shamsuddin, a ''[[sayyid]]'' (descendant of Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]]) and a ''[[qadi|kazi]]'' (Islamic judge) in [[Nishapur]]. He was a twenty-first-generation descendant of [[Musa al-Kadhim]], the seventh imam of [[Shia Islam]].{{sfn|Srivastava|1954|p=1}} {{sfn|Srivastava|1954|p=2}}<br />
<br />
The [[Safavid dynasty]] began declining at the end of the 17th century. [[Sultan Husayn]] (the last Safavid monarch) alienated his court's nobility, and Khan's family was reduced to poverty.{{sfn|Srivastava|1954|p=3}} To [[Migration of Iranians to India during the 16th–18th centuries|try his luck in India]], Khan's father and elder brother migrated to [[Bengal]] in late 1707 during the reign of [[Mughal emperor|Mughal Emperor]] [[Bahadur Shah I]]. From there they went to Bihar, settled in [[Patna]] and were granted an allowance by [[Murshid Quli Khan]], the first Nawab of Bengal.{{sfn|Srivastava|1954|p=4}} At this time, Khan lived in [[Nishapur]]. According to historian Kamaluddin Haider, his wife ridiculed him for being a hanger-on in her father's house. Stung, Khan migrated to India in search of a job. According to historian Ghulam Ali, he arrived in Patna in 1708 or 1709. Khan's father died before his arrival, and was buried "some distance away from his new home".{{sfn|Srivastava|1954|p=5}} In 1709, the brothers started for [[Delhi]] in search of employment.{{sfn|Srivastava|1954|p=6}}<br />
<br />
Khan was employed by an ''amil'' (village head), and lived in poverty during his first year in Delhi. In July 1710, he and his brother were employed by [[Muhammad Muradyab Khan|Sarbuland Khan]]. Sarbuland Khan, a fellow Persian and ''sayyid'', was the ''[[faujdar]]'' (garrison commander) of [[Kara-Manikpur]] in [[Prayagraj]] and made Khan his ''mir manzil'' (camp superintendent).{{sfn|Srivastava|1954|p=6}} After the defeat and death of [[Azim-ush-Shan]] (Sarbuland Khan's employer), [[Jahandar Shah]] ascended the Mughal throne and transferred Sarbuland Khan to [[Ahmedabad]]; Khan accompanied him in November 1712.{{sfn|Srivastava|1954|p=7}} By the end of the year, the relationship between Khan and Sarbuland Khan had deteriorated. Heavy rain and high winds tore down Khan's tents; Sarbuland Khan had to spend the night in a bullock cart, and criticised Khan for putting the tents up in a poor place. Khan disagreed, and Sarbuland Khan accused him of behaving like a ''haft hazari'' (master of seven thousand troops). Khan replied that that was an "auspicious prophecy" of his career; after moving to Delhi and becoming a ''haft hazari'', he would rejoin Sarbuland Khan's service.{{sfn|Srivastava|1954|p=8}}<br />
<br />
On 12 January 1713, [[Farrukhsiyar]] ascended the Mughal throne with the help of the [[Sayyid brothers]]. During his reign Khan arrived at Delhi. With the patronage of Muhammad Jafar, a friend of Farrukhsiyar, Khan succeeded in getting a ''[[mansabdar|mansab]]'' of a ''hazari'' (1,000 horses) and became the commander of the Wala-Shahi regiment.{{sfn|Srivastava|1954|p=9}} Jafar's death in 1716 left Khan without any patron in the royal court. He failed to get any promotion in the following three years.{{sfn|Srivastava|1954|p=10}}<br />
<br />
In 1719, Farrukshiyar was deposed by the Sayyid brothers with the help of [[Maratha Empire|Marathas.]]<br />
<br />
During the reign of [[Shah Jahan II]], Khan accompanied [[Syed Hassan Ali Khan Barha]] (the elder Sayyid brother) in his expedition against [[Maharaja of Jaipur|Maharaja]] [[Jai Singh II]] of [[Jaipur State|Jaipur]].{{sfn|Srivastava|1954|p=10}} Khan's ''husn-i-akhlaq'' (elegance of manners) and military skill won him the patronage of Syed Hussain Ali Khan, the younger Sayyid brother. Hussain Ali Khan appointed him ''[[faujdar]]'' (garrison commander) of [[Hindaun]] and [[Bayana]] in present-day [[Rajasthan]] on 6 October 1719, and Khan took charge in November.{{sfn|Srivastava|1954|p=10}} The [[Rajput]] and [[Jat people|Jat]] [[zamindar]]s (landlords) were rebelling; Khan began recruiting more troops, and borrowed from the ''[[Vizier|wazir]]'' (minister) of the province. With the help of auxiliary troops, Khan suppressed the rebellion in the area; the zamindars, attacked one by one, were forced to surrender. After restoring law and order within six months of his appointment, Khan was promoted to the rank of 15&nbsp;''sad-izat'' (commander of 1,500 horses) in the army.{{sfn|Srivastava|1954|p=11}}<br />
<br />
By the end of 1719, friction arose between [[Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I|Nizam-ul-Mulk]] and the Sayyid brothers. Nizam-ul-Mulk killed Dilawar Khan (Syed Hussain Ali Khan's agent) at the [[Asirgarh Fort]] in June 1720 and killed Sayyid Alam Khan, a relative (nephew, brother's son ) of the Sayyid brothers, in August. Hussain Ali Khan decided to march to the [[Deccan Plateau]], and Hassan Ali Khan agreed to march towards Delhi.{{sfn|Srivastava|1954|p=12}} Mughal Emperor [[Muhammad Shah]] also started for the Deccan from [[Agra]]. A few days before Shah began his journey, a conspiracy was hatched at the royal camp to kill Hussain Ali Khan. The chief conspirator was [[Muhammad Amin Khan Turani]], an uncle of Nizam-ul-Mulk.{{sfn|Srivastava|1954|p=12}} Khan switched his allegiance to the conspirators,{{sfn|Srivastava|1954|p=13}} for reasons not documented in contemporary records. [[Khafi Khan]] writes that Khan was incited to join the conspiracy due to his anger at the murder of Farrukhsiyar.{{sfn|Srivastava|1954|p=14}} The conspirators met frequently to outline a plan to assassinate Hussain Ali Khan,{{sfn|Srivastava|1954|p=16}} who was killed by Haidar Beg Daulat on 8 October 1720.{{sfn|Srivastava|1954|p=17}} The following day, Muhammad Shah held a royal ''[[Durbar (court)|durbar]]'' and rewarded Khan and his co-conspirators.{{sfn|Srivastava|1954|p=19}} He was given the title Saadat Khan Bahadur (lord of good fortune), and was promoted to 5,000 ''[[Mansabdar#Zat and Sawar|zat]]'' and 3,000 horses. According to an anonymous Persian historian, Khan plundered Hussain Ali Khan's treasury with the consent of the Mughal Emperor.{{sfn|Srivastava|1954|p=20}}<br />
<br />
==Governor of Akbarabad==<br />
Khan was promoted to a rank of 6,000 ''zat'' and 5,000 horses, and was appointed governor of [[Agra Subah|Akbarabad province]] (present-day Agra), on 15 October 1720.{{sfn|Srivastava|1954|p=21}} He received the title ''Burhan-ul-Mulk'',{{sfn|Haig|1937|p=348}} and appointed Nilkanth as his deputy.{{sfn|Srivastava|1954|p=21}}<br />
<br />
When he reached Akbarabad, Khan decided to put down a [[Jat people|Jat]] rebellion and defeated the Jats of [[Mathura]] and [[Bharatpur, Rajasthan|Bharatpur]]. They fled to their mud forts on the Delhi-Mathura road. Khan besieged them, capturing four of the forts.{{sfn|Srivastava|1954|p=24}} Nilkanth's troops fought [[Muhkam Singh]] (a son of Jat leader [[Churaman]]) in September 1721, and Nilkanth was killed in the battle.{{sfn|Srivastava|1954|p=26}}<br />
<br />
In October, Khan decided to fight [[Churaman]]. Churaman's nephew, [[Badan Singh]], defected to the Mughal side.{{sfn|Srivastava|1954|p=26}} However, Khan Dauran dismissed Khan as governor of Akbarabad.{{sfn|Haig|1937|p=348}}<br />
<br />
==Governor of Awadh==<br />
[[File:Sa’adat Khan and Khan Dauran seated on a terrace.jpg|thumb|Sa’adat Khan and [[Khan Dowran VII|Khan Dauran]] seated on a terrace]]<br />
After his dismissal from Agra, Khan went to Delhi. He was appointed governor of [[Awadh]] (in present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]]) on 9&nbsp;September 1722 after the transfer of provincial governor Girdhar Bahadur.{{sfn|Srivastava|1954|p=29}} Khan gathered his troops including Kalika Prasad Tandon<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tandon|first=Seetaram|url=https://www.historyofkhatris.com|title=History of Khatris in India|publisher=Seetaram Tandon|year=2001|isbn=978-9354077326|location=Lucknow|pages=Last}}</ref> and recruited more before leaving for the province. During his journey, he stayed at [[Farrukhabad]]. [[Muhammad Khan Bangash]], the [[Pathans of Uttar Pradesh|Hindustani Pathan]] chief, gave him information about the strength of [[Shaikhzada]]s (a community which ruled [[Lucknow]]).{{sfn|Srivastava|1954|p=32}} He advised Khan to befriend the [[sheikh]]s of [[Kakori]], adversaries of the Shaikhzadas, before entering Lucknow. Khan did so, and the sheikhs informed him about the strengths and weaknesses of the Shaikhzadas of Lucknow. He then marched towards Lucknow, and camped on the city's outskirts. Khan crossed the [[Gomti River]] by night, and silently entered the city with his artillery. After pulling down the sword which hung on the gates of the city, he attacked the Shaikhzadas at the Akbari Gate. In the ensuing battle, the Shaikhzadas were defeated and driven from Panchmahala (their palace).{{sfn|Srivastava|1954|p=33}}<br />
<br />
At the start of Khan's governorship of Awadh, its zamindars refused to follow Mughal regulations.{{sfn|Alam|1986|p=204}} Khan tried to solve Awadh's fiscal and ''[[jagir]]dar'' problems, sending agents to assess crop yields. He soon realized that, except for the zamindars, no one (including the local officials) welcomed his scheme; ''jagirdar'' agents tried to prevent its implementation.{{sfn|Alam|1986|p=205}} The ''jagirdar''{{'s}} ''amils'' (personal staff) viewed his scheme as an attempt by Khan to subvert the existing ''jagirdar'' system. This alarmed him, since he did not want to alienate the ''jagirdars''. In response, he offered a discount on the ''jagir'' assessment paid by the ''jagirdars''. Saiyad Ghulam Ali, author of ''Imad-us-Sadat'', calls this system ''ijara''.{{sfn|Alam|1986|p=206}} This scheme stabilised provincial administration, since the ''jagirdars'' no longer had to send their staff to the fields; the ''amils'' (appointed by the governor) were now accountable to him, and local officials were to approach them directly to resolve disputes. Thus, Khan ended the administrative authority of the ''jagirdars'' over their ''jagirs''.{{sfn|Alam|1986|p=207}} In 1730, Burhan-ul-Mulk sent Mir Muhammad Salah Khan Baraha and Sayyid Munawwar Ali Tirmizi of Bilgram to the qasbahs around Lucknow to recruit men for his army.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_qDeAAAAMAAJ&q=In+1730+,+Burhan+-+ul+-+Mulk+sent+Mir+Muhammad+Salah+Khan+and+Sayyid+Munawwar+Ali+Tirmizi+of+Bilgram+,+to+the+qasbahs|title=The Sepoys and the Company Tradition and Transition in Northern India, 1770-1830 |author=Seema Alavi |date=1995 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-563484-6 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Confrontation with Nader Shah==<br />
In early 1739, Persian ruler [[Nader Shah]] invaded India. To help Mughal emperor [[Muhammad Shah]], Khan marched with a cavalry of 30,000 from [[Awadh]]. During his stay at [[Panipat]], Nader Shah's army tried vainly to intercept him. On 12 February, Khan joined Muhammad Shah's forces at [[Karnal]]. When Nader Shah learned about the reinforcement, he moved his camp three miles from the Mughal side.{{sfn|Irvine|1922|pp=341–342}}<br />
<br />
The Persian army clashed with Khan's troops on 22 February. When he heard the news, Khan picked up the sword he had laid in front of Muhammad Shah and asked his permission to attack the Persian army. According to historian Hari Charan Das, the Mughal emperor distrusted the Persian Khan and made him swear allegiance in the name of the [[Quran]]. [[Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I|Nizam-ul-Mulk]] further delayed his advance by claiming that Khan's troops were tired from a month-long march, and Khan would soon have to retreat because there were only three hours of daylight left. Nusrat Jung told him that the Mughal forces were not ordered to fight during the day.{{sfn|Irvine|1922|p=343}} Khan, refusing to heed their pleas, ordered his troops to assemble.{{sfn|Irvine|1922|p=343}} Although they were tired and most were reluctant to fight, 4,000 cavalry and 1,000 infantry joined him.{{sfn|Irvine|1922|p=344}}<br />
<br />
When the Persian soldiers saw Khan advancing, they pretended to flee the battlefield; Khan chased them two miles from the Mughal camp, and sent couriers to Muhammad Shah asking for reinforcements. Khan Dauran, commander of the right wing and nearest to Khan, was dispatched with 8,000 horses. During the afternoon, the Mughal emperor joined Khan on the battlefield. Khan formed the right wing of the imperial army, on the east.{{sfn|Irvine|1922|p=344}}<br />
<br />
On 23 February 1739 at 1 pm, he began advancing towards Nader Shah's army. Shah's army shot arrows at Khan and his troops, and Khan charged them. The Persian army strategically retreated, leaving their weapons. Khan thought that they had fled, and again sent couriers to the Mughal emperor requesting reinforcements. The Persian army then began a cavalry attack, which killed many in Khan's army.{{sfn|Srivastava|1954|p=63}} Khan's nephew Sher Jung, lost control of his war elephant which charged khan's elephant and drove it into the Persian ranks. Khan started shooting arrow in to enemy ranks to avoid capture. A [[Turkmens|Turkmen]] soldier in the Persian army from [[Nishapur]], Khan's birthplace, recognized him; he climbed to the ''[[howdah]]'' (seat on an elephant), hailed Khan and asked him to surrender. Khan was taken as a prisoner to Nader Shah's camp.{{sfn|Srivastava|1954|p=64}}<br />
<br />
After the [[Isha prayer]], he was brought before Nader Shah. Asked why he fought against a Persian of the same religion ([[Shia Islam]]), Khan replied that he did not want to betray the Mughal emperor.{{sfn|Srivastava|1954|p=65}} During their conversation, Shah appreciated Khan's patriotism and love of his religion. He asked Khan to outline a plan in which he could extort money from Muhammad Shah and return to Persia to fight the Turks. Khan replied that [[Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I|Nizam-ul-Mulk]] "is the key of the empire of India", and advised Shah to negotiate with him. Shah and Khan wrote to the Nizam the next morning, and the Mughals agreed to pay {{INR convert|5|m|year=1739}} to the Persian conqueror.{{sfn|Srivastava|1954|p=66}}<br />
<br />
On 25 February, Muhammad Shah made [[Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung II]], the eldest son of Nizam-ul-Mulk, ''[[mir bakshi]]'' (equivalent to an army's paymaster general).{{sfn|Srivastava|1954|p=67}} This angered Khan, who desired the appointment and told Nader Shah that {{INR convert|5|m|year=1739}} was a small portion of the Mughal treasury. He advised Nader Shah to conquer [[Delhi]] (where he could loot jewels, cash and other valuables), Shah gave Khan permission to attack the city. When Muhammad Shah arrived at the Persian camp, he was arrested and his [[harem]] was confiscated. Nader Shah made Khan the army's ''wakil-i-mutaliq'' (regent plenipotentiary), and Muhammad Shah was also forced to accept him.{{sfn|Srivastava|1954|p=68}}<br />
<br />
Khan and Tehmasp Khan Jalair started for Delhi with an army of 4,000 horses on 7 March.{{sfn|Srivastava|1954|p=68}} Khan carried a letter from Muhammad Shah to Lutfullah Khan Sadiq, the governor of Delhi, asking Sadiq to give Jalair the key to the palaces. Khan reached Delhi on 9 March, and welcomed both the emperors in [[Shalimar Bagh, Delhi|Shalimar Bagh]] eight days later.{{sfn|Srivastava|1954|p=69}} On the night of 19/20 March he retired to his house, and died before dawn.{{sfn|Srivastava|1954|p=70}} There is no consensus amongst historians about his cause of death. According to historian Abul Qasim Lahori, Khan died of "bodily ailments". Haricharan Das believes that he succumbed to a cancer which had developed in his legs.{{sfn|Srivastava|1954|p=70}} Rustam Ali, the author of ''Tarikh-i-Hind'', says that Khan committed suicide by drinking poison after humiliation by Nader Shah.{{sfn|Srivastava|1954|p=72}}<ref>{{Citation |title=Táríkh-i Hindí, of Rustam Ἀlí |date=2013 |work=The History of India, as Told by its Own Historians: The Muhammadan Period |volume=8 |pages=40–69 |editor-last=Elliot |editor-first=Henry Miers |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/history-of-india-as-told-by-its-own-historians/tarikhi-hindi-of-rustam-li/8CDF3948972A48AD11F18A1787378A55 |access-date=2025-12-07 |series=Cambridge Library Collection - Perspectives from the Royal Asiatic Society |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-05590-1 |editor2-last=Dowson |editor2-first=John}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Issue and succession==<br />
Sadat Khan married first at [[Nishapur]], Khorasan, Persia before 1706, a daughter of his uncle, Mirza Muhammad Yusuf, married second at [[Delhi]], 1709, a daughter (d.s.p. soon after her marriage) of Ashraf Ali Khan Bahadur a military officer in the Imperial army, married third at Delhi 1710 a daughter of Sayyid Talib Muhammad Khan Asaf Jahi, married for the fourth time at [[Agra]], 1720, Riti Begum Sahiba, daughter of Nawab Muhammad Taqi Khan Bahadur, sometime [[Subadar]] of Agra. Married (fourth or one of the above?), a daughter of Khwaja Zachariah, a descendant of Khwaja Ahrar. He had also married Khadija Khanum Sahiba, a former slave girl from the household of Sayyid Talib Muhammad Khan, presented to him in the dower of the latter's daughter. He had five daughters. He gave his eldest daughter in marriage to his nephew, Muhammad Muqim, better known as [[Safdar Jang|Safdar Jung]]. Khan's sister was Safdar Jung's mother; his father was Sayadat Khan, a descendant of [[Qara Yusuf]]. Safdar Jung succeeded Sadat Khan as ruler of [[Awadh]].<ref name="beale">[[An Oriental Biographical Dictionary|An Oriental Biographical Dictionary: Founded on Materials Collected by the Late Thomas William Beale]] (2nd edition). W. H. Allen (1894), pp. 336–337. {{PD-notice}}</ref> All subsequent [[Nawab of Awadh|Nawabs and Kings of Awadh]] down to [[Wajid Ali Shah]] are thus descended from Sadat Khan through his daughter.<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{Reflist|group=nt}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
===Bibliography===<br />
*{{citation|title = The First Two Nawabs of Awadh | first = Ashirbadi Lal | last = Srivastava | authorlink = Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava | date = 1954 | publisher = Shiva Lal Agarwal | url = https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12411/page/n33 }}<br />
*{{cite book|title = Later Mughals Volume 2 | first = William | last = Irvine | authorlink = William Irvine (historian) | date = 1922 | publisher = S.C. Sarkar of M.C. Sarkar and sons | url = https://archive.org/details/latermughals02irviuoft/page/n5?q=burhan-ul-mulk}}<br />
*{{cite book|title = The Cambridge history of India |volume=4 The Mughul Period | first = Wolseley | last = Haig | authorlink = Wolseley Haig | date= 1937 | publisher = [[S. Chand Group]] | url = https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory04raps/page/348}}<br />
*{{cite book|title = The Crisis of Empire in Mughal North India | first = Muzaffar | last = Alam | authorlink = Muzaffar Alam | date= 1986 | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] |url = https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12757/page/n231?q=burhan-ul-mulk }}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* {{EI3|last=Barnett|first=Richard B.|title=Burhān al-Mulk, Mīr Muḥammad|year=2011|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/burhan-al-mulk-mir-muhammad-COM_23876?s.num=62&s.start=60}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060214025946/http://lucknow.nic.in/Saadat.htm The National Information Centre in Lucknow maintains a page on him]<br />
<br />
{{s-start}}<br />
{{succession box<br />
| before=--<br />
| title=Mughal Governor of Agra<br />
| years=15 Oct 1720 – 9 Sep 1722<br />
| after=--<br />
}}<br />
{{succession box<br />
| before=--<br />
| title=Mughal Governor of Awadh<br />
| years=9 Sep 1722 – 1732<br />
| after=--<br />
}}<br />
{{succession box<br />
| before= new creation<br />
| title=[[Nawab of Awadh|Subadar Nawab of Awadh]]<br />
| years=1732 – 19 Mar 1739<br />
| after=[[Safdarjung|Abu´l Mansur Mohammad Moqim Khan]]<br />
}}<br />
{{s-end}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Saadat Khan of Awadh}}<br />
[[Category:1680s births]]<br />
[[Category:1739 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Shia Muslims]]<br />
[[Category:Nobility from the Mughal Empire]]<br />
[[Category:18th-century Indian nobility]]<br />
[[Category:People from Faizabad]]<br />
[[Category:Nawabs of Oudh State]]<br />
[[Category:Politicians from Nishapur]]<br />
[[Category:18th-century Mughal Empire people]]<br />
[[Category:18th-century Iranian people]]<br />
[[Category:Iranian emigrants to India]]</div>MyrnaAcuna04https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zamduar_College&diff=546467Zamduar College2026-02-19T14:17:49Z<p>MyrnaAcuna04: redirect created</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT[[Bodoland University]]</div>MyrnaAcuna04https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Narayan_Rane&diff=469337Narayan Rane2026-02-02T14:43:57Z<p>MyrnaAcuna04: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=October 2011}}{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| image = Narayan Rane with PM Modi (cropped).jpg<br />
| caption = Official portrait, 2021<br />
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]<br />
| term_start = 4 June 2024<br />
| predecessor = [[Vinayak Raut]]<br />
| constituency = [[Ratnagiri–Sindhudurg Lok Sabha constituency|Ratnagiri–Sindhudurg, Maharashtra]]<br />
| office1 = [[Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises|Union Minister of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises]]<br />
| term_start1 = 7 July 2021<br />
| term_end1 = 9 June 2024<br />
| primeminister1 = [[Narendra Modi]]<br />
| predecessor1 = [[Nitin Gadkari]]<br />
| successor1 = [[Jitan Ram Manjhi]]<br />
| office2 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]<br />
| term_start2 = 3 April 2018<br />
| term_end2 = 2 April 2024<br />
| successor2 = [[Ashok Chavan]]<br />
| constituency2 = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]<br />
| office3 = [[Member of Legislative Council|Member]] of [[Maharashtra Legislative Council]]<br />
| term_start3 = 8 July 2016<br />
| term_end3 = 21 September 2017<br />
| successor3 = [[Prasad Lad]]<br />
| constituency3 = ''elected by MLAs''<br />
| office4 = [[Ministry of Industries (Maharashtra)|Minister of Industries of Maharashtra]]<br />
| term_start4 = 19 November 2010<br />
| term_end4 = 21 July 2014<br />
| 1blankname4 = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]<br />
| 1namedata4 = [[Prithviraj Chavan]]<br />
| predecessor4 = [[Rajendra Darda]]<br />
| successor4 = [[Prakash Mehta]]<br />
| term_start5 = 19 February 2009<br />
| term_end5 = 7 November 2009<br />
| 1blankname5 = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]<br />
| 1namedata5 = [[Ashok Chavan]]<br />
| predecessor5 = <br />
| successor5 = <br />
| office6 = [[Ministry of Ports Development (Maharashtra)|Minister of Ports of Maharashtra]]<br />
| term_start6 = 19 November 2010<br />
| term_end6 = 21 July 2014<br />
| 1blankname6 = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]<br />
| 1namedata6 = Prithviraj Chavan<br />
| predecessor6 = [[Radhakrishna Vikhe Patil]]<br />
| successor6 = [[Devendra Fadnavis]]<br />
| office7 = [[Ministry of Revenue (Maharashtra)|Minister of Revenue of Maharashtra]]<br />
| term_start7 = 7 November 2009<br />
| term_end7 = 11 November 2010<br />
| 1blankname7 = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]<br />
| 1namedata7 = [[Ashok Chavan]]<br />
| predecessor7 = [[Patangrao Kadam]]<br />
| successor7 = [[Balasaheb Thorat]]<br />
| term_start8 = 16 August 2005<br />
| term_end8 = 8 December 2008<br />
| 1blankname8 = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]<br />
| 1namedata8 = [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]<br />
| predecessor8 = Vilasrao Deshmukh<br />
| successor8 = [[Patangrao Kadam]]<br />
| term_start9 = 15 June 1996<br />
| term_end9 = 18 October 1999<br />
| 1blankname9 = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]<br />
| 1namedata9 = [[Manohar Joshi]]<br />
| predecessor9 = [[Sudhir Joshi (politician)|Sudhir Joshi]]<br />
| successor9 = Ashok Chavan<br />
| office10 = [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition in Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| term_start10 = 22 October 1999<br />
| term_end10 = 12 July 2005<br />
| 1blankname10 = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]<br />
| 1namedata10 = Vilasrao Deshmukh<br/>[[Sushilkumar Shinde]]<br />
| predecessor10 = [[Madhukar Pichad]]<br />
| successor10 = [[Ramdas Kadam]]<br />
| office11 = 13th [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]]<br />
| term_start11 = 1 February 1999<br />
| term_end11 = 18 October 1999<br />
| predecessor11 = [[Manohar Joshi]]<br />
| successor11 = [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]<br />
| office12 = Minister of Animal Husbandry, Dairy Development & Fisheries of [[Government of Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]<br />
| term_start12 = 14 March 1995<br />
| term_end12 = 15 June 1996<br />
| 1blankname12 = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]<br />
| 1namedata12 = Manohar Joshi<br />
| predecessor12 = Madhukar Pichad<br />
| successor12 = Radhakrishna Vikhe Patil<br />
| office13 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| term_start13 = 2009<br />
| term_end13 = 2014<br />
| predecessor13 = ''Constituency established''<br />
| successor13 = [[Vaibhav Naik]]<br />
| constituency13 = [[Kudal Assembly constituency|Kudal]]<br />
| term_start14 = 1990<br />
| term_end14 = 2009<br />
| predecessor14 = Vijay Prabhugaonkar<br />
| successor14 = ''Constituency abolished''<br />
| constituency14 = [[Malvan Assembly constituency|Malvan]]<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1952|04|10|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Mumbai|Bombay]], [[Bombay State]], India<br />
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] {{small|(2019–present)}}<br />
| otherparty = [[Maharashtra Swabhiman Paksha]] {{small|(2017–2019)}}<br>[[Indian National Congress]] {{small|(2005–2017)}}<br>[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]] {{small|(1968–2005)}}<br />
| spouse = Neelam N. Rane<br />
| children = {{hlist|[[Nilesh Narayan Rane|Nilesh]]|[[Nitesh Narayan Rane|Nitesh]]}}<br />
| father = Tatu Sitaram Rane<br />
| mother = Lakshmibai Tatu Rane<br />
| residence = [[Malvan]]<br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
| profession = {{hlist|Businessperson|politician}}<br />
| education = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/indian-parliament/shri-narayan-rane|title=Shri Narayan Rane &#124; National Portal of India|website=www.india.gov.in}}</ref><br />
| source = https://sansad.in/ls/members/biographyM/5704?from=members<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Narayan Tatu Rane''' (born 10 April 1952) is an Indian politician and [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]] from [[Ratnagiri-Sindhudurg (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ratnagiri-Sindhudurg]]. He was a [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]] of [[Maharashtra]]. He formerly served as [[Minister of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises]] in the [[Second Modi ministry]]. He has previously held [[Cabinet Minister|Cabinet Ministry positions]] for Industry, Port, Employment and Self-employment; Revenue; and Industry in the [[Government of Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-05-05|title=महाराष्ट्र : नारायण राणे की आत्मकथा आने की खबर से|url=http://arlivenews.com/2019/05/05/maharashtra-ex-cm-narayan-rane-biography-coming-soon-will-expose-many-secrets/|access-date=2020-10-26|website=AR Live News|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
He was a member of [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]] and opposition leader of Vidhan Sabha until July 2005, when he joined [[Indian National Congress]] party. He quit Congress in September 2017 and launched the [[Maharashtra Swabhiman Paksha]]. In 2018, he declared support for [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janta Party]] (BJP) and was elected to the [[Rajya Sabha]] on a BJP nomination.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Will decide on future of my party within a week: Narayan Rane|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/will-decide-on-future-of-my-party-within-a-week-narayan-rane/articleshow/63319160.cms|access-date=2020-10-26}}</ref> On 15 October 2019, he merged his party, [[Maharashtra Swabhiman Paksha]], into the BJP.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-10-15|title=Kept Waiting For Months, Konkan Strongman Narayan Rane Finally Joins BJP With His Outfit|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/kept-waiting-for-months-konkan-strongman-narayan-rane-finally-joins-bjp-with-his-outfit-2347093.html|access-date=2020-10-26|website=News18|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Personal life ==<br />
Narayan Rane was born to Tatu Sitaram Rane and Laxmibai Rane in Chembur, Mumbai, Maharashtra. He dropped out of 11th grade. He has two sons: [[Nilesh Narayan Rane|Nilesh]] and [[Nitesh Narayan Rane|Nitesh Rane]]. Nitesh is a politician and member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Narayan Rane|work=India.gov.in|url=https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/indian-parliament/shri-narayan-rane}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Video shows ex-CM Narayan Rane's MLA son Nitesh throwing slush on engineer|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/video-shows-ex-cm-narayan-rane-s-mla-son-nitesh-throwing-slush-on-engineer/story-55y0by9vxNyvy91Lnr0piN_amp.html&ved=2ahUKEwik-PfKzcvyAhVy73MBHVpPBnYQtwJ6BAgsEAE&usg=AOvVaw3qi9u8z40jLAFNTD6sYMYx&ampcf=1}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Political career==<br />
===Shiv Sena===<br />
Rane joined [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]] in his early twenties and started his political career as local <br />
Shakha Pramukh at Chembur, Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-24|title=A history of Uddhav Thackeray-Narayan Rane enmity — from 'kombdi chor' to 'ghar kombda'|url=https://theprint.in/politics/a-history-of-uddhav-thackeray-narayan-rane-enmity-from-kombdi-chor-to-ghar-kombda/721434/|access-date=2022-02-18|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref> He then became the Councillor of [[Kopargaon]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Minister Profile: Shri Narayan Rane|url=https://msme.gov.in/sites/default/files/MinProfile.pdf}}</ref> Under the BJP-Shiv Sena coalition government, Rane first received the Revenue Ministry portfolio. He succeeded [[Manohar Joshi]] as [[List of chief ministers of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]] in 1999, when Joshi was forced to resign due to a land use controversy.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-10-13|title=Pune land controversy back to haunt Shiv Sena|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/pune-land-controversy-back-to-haunt-shiv-sena/story-WGlNJUfXfe5lgFLcnzKNbP.html|access-date=2022-02-18|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> Later that year, the BJP-Sena alliance led by Rane lost the [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|October 1999 Maharashtra elections]] to an [[Indian National Congress|INC]]-[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]] coalition. The election campaign opened a breach between Rane and [[Uddhav Thackeray]], the president of Shiv Sena. Relations between Thackeray and Rane finally ruptured completely in 2005, when Rane submitted his resignation from the party. In response Thackeray expelled Rane from the party on 3 July 2005, accusing Rane of "gangsterism" and "betrayal of the party."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/rane-expelled-from-sena-attacks-bal-thackeray-uddhav/308318|title= Narayan Rane expelled|website=www.outlookindia.com|access-date=2019-11-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-24|title=A history of Uddhav Thackeray-Narayan Rane enmity — from 'kombdi chor' to 'ghar kombda'|url=https://theprint.in/politics/a-history-of-uddhav-thackeray-narayan-rane-enmity-from-kombdi-chor-to-ghar-kombda/721434/|access-date=2022-02-18|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Indian National Congress===<br />
Rane joined the [[Indian National Congress]] in 2005, receiving his old post as Revenue Minister under the [[Second Deshmukh ministry|Second Deshmukh Ministry]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Narayan Rane quits Congress in open show of revolt, but lacked similar fire when Shiv Sena abandoned him in 2005|url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/narayan-rane-quits-congress-in-open-show-of-revolt-but-lacked-similar-fire-when-shiv-sena-abandoned-him-in-2005-4067287.html|access-date=2022-02-17|website=Firstpost|date=21 September 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-11-13|title=Rane expelled from Sena, attacks Bal Thackeray, Uddhav|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/rane-expelled-from-sena-attacks-bal-thackeray-uddhav/308318|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113104056/https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/rane-expelled-from-sena-attacks-bal-thackeray-uddhav/308318|archive-date=13 November 2019|access-date=2022-02-18|website=outlookindia}}</ref> In a 2005 by-election, he won re-election from his old [[Malvan]] seat in the [[Konkan]] region on a Congress ticket.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|title=Narayan Rane|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/states/uddhav-thackeray-has-no-concept-of-politics-natayan-rane/article21357918.ece|access-date=2019-11-13|newspaper=The Hindu|date=8 December 2017 |last1=Banerjee |first1=Shoumojit }}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|author=Priya Sahgal Delhi |date=December 5, 2005 |title=Shiv Sena rebel Narayan Rane retains Malwan constituency in by-elections|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/20051205-shiv-sena-rebel-narayan-rane-retains-malwan-constituency-in-by-elections-786487-2005-12-05|access-date=2022-02-18|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref> In the wake of [[2008 Mumbai attacks]], [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]], then Chief Minister of Maharashtra resigned, and [[Sonia Gandhi]] elevated [[Ashok Chavan]] as Chief Minister.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ashok Chavan named Maharashtra CM|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/mumterror-ashok-chavan-new-maharashtra-cm/20081205.htm|access-date=2022-02-18|website=Rediff|language=en}}</ref> Rane accused Congress leadership of breaching its promises to make him Chief Minister, and was suspended by the party. After Rane apologized, the INC revoked this suspension.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-24|title=Narayan Rane: The 'Controversy King' Who Made it to PM Modi's Cabinet From a Street Gang in Mumbai|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/as-narayan-rane-is-arrested-for-his-slap-remark-against-uddhav-heres-all-about-the-controversy-king-4121864.html|access-date=2022-02-18|website=News18|language=en}}</ref> [[Prithviraj Chavan]] appointed Rane as Minister of Industry in his first ministry, elevating [[Balasaheb Thorat|Balasheb Thorat]] to Rane's old Revenue portfolio.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Maharashtra portfolios: Ajit Pawar gets finance, Narayan Rane loses revenue|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-maharashtra-portfolios-ajit-pawar-gets-finance-narayan-rane-loses-revenue-1469016|access-date=2022-02-18|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref> Rane resigned from the Cabinet in July 2014 over differences with the party's leadership on the INC's campaign effort.<ref>{{Cite web|title='I am Congress mukt': Narayan Rane quits party; here's a look at former CM's journey|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-i-am-congress-mukt-narayan-rane-quits-party-here-s-a-look-at-former-cm-s-journey-2547367|access-date=2022-02-18|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref> The BJP and SHS went on to claim victory in the [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]], in which Rane lost his bid for re-election to a Shiv Sena candidate.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-09-21|title=Narayan Rane quits Congress in open show of revolt, but lacked similar fire when Shiv Sena abandoned him in 2005|url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/narayan-rane-quits-congress-in-open-show-of-revolt-but-lacked-similar-fire-when-shiv-sena-abandoned-him-in-2005-4067287.html|access-date=2022-02-18|website=Firstpost|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2016, the INC appointed Rane as a member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Council]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-maharashtra-council-polls-narayan-rane-among-10-candidates-elected-unopposed-2219613|title=Maharashtra Council polls: Narayan Rane among 10 candidates elected unopposed|date=3 June 2016|website=DNA India}}</ref> The appointment did not suppress the increasingly public feud between Rane and Congress leadership, however, prompting speculation about Rane's future in the party.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-09-17|title=Congress leader Narayan Rane slams Ashok Chavan, hints at 'decision' during Navratri|url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/congress-leader-narayan-rane-slams-ashok-chavan-hints-at-decision-during-navratri-4053841.html|access-date=2022-02-18|website=Firstpost|language=en}}</ref> On 21 September 2017, Rane resigned both from the INC and from his membership on the Maharashtra Legislative Council.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/narayan-rane-quits-congress/article19728241.ece |title=Finally, Narayan Rane quits Congress |author=Shoumojit Banerjee |newspaper=The Hindu |date=21 September 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Narayan Rane quits Chavan cabinet in Maharashtra|url=http://www.patrika.com/news/narayan-rane-quits-chavan-cabinet-in-maharashtra/1019070|access-date=21 July 2014|work=Patrika Group|issue=21 July 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Maharashtra Swabhiman Paksha ===<br />
<br />
Though press at the time expected Rane's resignation to result in an appointment to [[Devendra Fadnavis]]'s cabinet,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-09-26|title=Ex-Congress leader Narayan Rane meets Amit Shah amid speculations on induction in BJP|url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/ex-congress-leader-narayan-rane-meets-amit-shah-amid-speculations-on-induction-in-bjp-4082687.html|access-date=2022-02-18|website=Firstpost|language=en}}</ref> Shiv Sena, still led by Rane's longtime rival [[Uddhav Thackeray]], threatened to withdraw from the BJP-led coalition if Rane was admitted.<ref>{{cite news |title= Ex-Congress leader Narayan Rane floats new party|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/ex-congress-leader-narayan-rane-floats-new-party/20171001.htm |work=rediff.com |location=MUMBAI |access-date=2 October 2017}}</ref> Temporarily without a party, Rane formed a new political party in October 2017 called the [[Maharashtra Swabhiman Paksha]] and indicated it would ally with [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{cite news |title= Narayan Rane announces new political party|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/narayan-rane-announces-new-political-party/article19781529.ece |work=thehindu.com |location=MUMBAI |access-date=2 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Narayan Rane floats new party, to 'support' BJP govt in Maharashtra |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/narayan-rane-floats-new-party-to-support-bjp-govt-in-maharashtra/articleshow/60899954.cms |work=timesofindia.com |location=MUMBAI |access-date=2 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Rane expected to form separate group in BMC |url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/rane-expected-to-form-separate-group-in-bmc/1154107 |work=Free Press Journal |location=MUMBAI |access-date=14 October 2017}}</ref> However, when Rane ran for Rajya Sabha in 2018, he did so under a BJP party line.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Will decide on future of my party within a week: Narayan Rane|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/will-decide-on-future-of-my-party-within-a-week-narayan-rane/articleshow/63319160.cms|access-date=2022-02-18}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Bharatiya Janata Party ===<br />
Narayan Rane merged his party, [[Maharashtra Swabhiman Paksha]], with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] on October 15, 2019.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/finally-konkan-strongman-narayan-rane-joins-bjp/article29690503.ece|title= Finally Konkan Strongman Narayan Rane joins BJP|newspaper=The Hindu|date= 15 October 2019|access-date=2021-07-07|last1= Banerjee|first1= Shoumojit}}</ref> Following that [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|year's legislative assembly elections]] in Maharashtra, the BJP-Sena alliance broke down completely.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-11-14|title=Maharashtra: The unravelling of India's BJP and Shiv Sena alliance|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-50402748|access-date=2022-02-18}}</ref> During the [[2021 Indian cabinet reshuffle|July 2021 Cabinet reshuffle]], Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi elevated Rane to [[Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises|Minister of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises]]. Political writer [[Aditi Phadnis]] interpreted this as a BJP attempt to make inroads in the [[Marathi people|Marathi]] strongholds of their former allies, Shiv Sena.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/modi-cabinet-rejig-full-list-of-new-ministers-1825111-2021-07-07|title=Modi cabinet rejig: Full list of new ministers|website=India Today|date=7 July 2021 |access-date=2021-07-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Phadnis|first=Aditi|title=The Politics behind Modi's Reshuffle|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/the-politics-behind-modis-reshuffle/20210708.htm|access-date=2022-02-18|website=Rediff|language=en}}</ref> In 2024 he was elected as a <br />
[[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]] from [[Ratnagiri-Sindhudurg (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ratnagiri-Sindhudurg]] Lok Sabha as a BJP candidate.<br />
<br />
==Newspaper ''Prahaar''==<br />
Rane launched the [[Marathi language|Marathi]] daily ''Prahaar'' on 8 October 2008, under the ownership of Rane Prakashan Pvt. Ltd. While he serves as the Consulting Editor, journalist Madhukar Bhave is the editor of the newspaper.<ref>{{Cite web|title=GRAND CEREMONY AND POWERFUL SPEECHES MARK NARAYAN RANE'S NEWSPAPER PRAHAAR'S LAUNCH|url=https://www.nmtv.tv/grand-ceremony-and-powerful-speeches-mark-narayan-ranes-newspaper-prahaars-launch/|access-date=2020-10-26|website=NMTV|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Narayan, Rane, Narayan Rane, Narayan Rane, Narayan rane|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Narayan-Rane|access-date=2020-10-26|website=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Controversies==<br />
In August 2011, Urban Development Deputy Secretary BK Gahart claimed in a deposition before the inquiry committee investigating the Adarsh Housing Society scam that while Rane was Chief Minister in the 1999 Shiv Sena-BJP ministry, he expedited a land allocation at the behest of Adarsh Housing Society.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-08-03|title=Now, Rane faces heat over Adarsh|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/now-rane-faces-heat-over-adarsh/story-m0iosMFzcRKjj3rgnWrCJN.html|access-date=2022-02-18|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> The BJP-Sena opposition unsuccessfully campaigned for Rane's resignation as Industry Minister, but when the inquiry committee completed its report in April 2013, indicting four former [[List of chief ministers of Maharashtra|Chief Ministers of Maharashtra]], Rane was not included.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-08-04|title=Adarsh scam: Opposition up against Narayan Rane|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-adarsh-scam-opposition-up-against-narayan-rane-1572328|access-date=2020-10-26|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
In August 2021, while traveling under the BJP Jan Ashirwad Yatra initiative (a program under which Modi ministers traveled their home constituencies and regions<ref>{{Cite news|last=Anshuman|first=Kumar|title=BJP ministers to start Jan Ashirwad Yatra from today|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bjp-ministers-to-start-jan-ashirwad-yatra-from-today/articleshow/85354265.cms|access-date=2022-02-18}}</ref>), Rane claimed [[Uddhav Thackeray]], the Chief Minister of Maharashtra following the [[2019 Maharashtra political crisis]], forgot the year of India's independence during an [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]] speech, requiring prompting by an aide.<ref>{{Cite web|date=Aug 24, 2021|title=Narayan Rane: 'Would have slapped Uddhav Thackeray'; Narayan Rane's remarks draw Shiv Sena vs BJP clashes in Mumbai {{!}} Mumbai News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/would-have-slapped-uddhav-thackeray-narayan-ranes-remarks-draw-shiv-sena-ire/articleshow/85583118.cms|access-date=2022-02-18|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> Rane went on to declare that, "Had I been there, I would have given him a slap."<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-08-25|title=Narayan Rane: India minister arrested over slap remark gets bail|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-58318798|access-date=2022-02-18}}</ref> [[Maharashtra Police]] arrested Rane in [[Ratnagiri]] on 24 August.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Union Minister Narayan Rane Arrested Over "Slap Thackeray" Remark|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/sena-bjp-supporters-clash-in-mumbai-after-case-against-minister-narayan-rane-for-slap-remark-against-uddhav-thackeray-2517268|access-date=2021-08-24|website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-25|title=Narayan Rane gets late night bail after arrest over 'would have slapped Uddhav Thackeray' remark|url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/narayan-rane-gets-late-night-bail-after-arrest-over-would-have-slapped-uddhav-thackeray-remark-9910391.html|access-date=2022-02-18|website=Firstpost|language=en}}</ref> A court conditionally granted him bail the following day.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-25|title=Hours after arrest, Narayan Rane granted bail in 'slap Uddhav' remark case|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/hours-after-arrest-narayan-rane-granted-bail-in-uddhav-slap-remark-case-7469098/|access-date=2021-08-26|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
In February 2022, an F.I.R. was registered against Rane for allegedly making defamatory and false statements about Disha Salian's death.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Narayan Namboodiri|date=Feb 28, 2022 |title=Disha Salian's death: Union minister Narayan Rane & MLA son booked for defamation {{!}} Mumbai News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/disha-salians-death-union-minister-narayan-rane-mla-son-booked-for-defamation/articleshow/89880972.cms |access-date=2022-04-30 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Bombay High Court declined to grant interim relief to Union Minister [[Narayan Rane]] in a plea seeking protection from arrest concerning his controversial remarks about then-Chief Minister [[Uddhav Thackeray]]. Rane's petition, filed through his counsel [[Aniket Nikam]], sought to quash multiple [[First information report|First Information Reports]] (FIRs) registered against him across [[Maharashtra]]. The court refused an urgent hearing on the matter, leading Rane's legal team to withdraw the plea with the liberty to approach a vacation bench.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vidya |date=2021-08-24 |title=No relief for Narayan Rane from Bombay High Court in ‘slap Uddhav’ case |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bombay-high-court-narayan-rane-uddhav-thackeray-remark-1844716-2021-08-24 |access-date=2025-11-26 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Narayan Rane ministry]]<br />
*[[List of chief ministers of Maharashtra]]<br />
*[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{commons category|Narayan Rane}}<br />
<br />
* [https://www.facebook.com/MeNarayanRane Facebook Page]<br />
<br />
{{S-start}}<br />
{{Succession box|<br />
before=Sudhir Joshi |<br />
title=[[Minister of Revenue (Maharashtra)|Minister of Revenue]]|<br />
years=15 June 1996 – 1 February 1999|<br />
after=[[Diwakar Raote]]|<br />
}}<br />
{{Succession box|<br />
before=[[Manohar Joshi]]|<br />
title=[[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]]|<br />
years=1 February 1999 – 17 October 1999|<br />
after=[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]<br />
}}<br />
{{Succession box|<br />
before=[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]|<br />
title=[[Minister of Revenue (Maharashtra)|Minister of Revenue]]|<br />
years=16 August 2005 – 6 December 2008|<br />
after=[[Patangrao Kadam]]<br />
}}<br />
{{Succession box|<br />
before=[[Ashok Chavan]]|<br />
title=[[Minister of Industry]]|<br />
years=20 February 2009 – 9 November 2009|<br />
after=[[Rajendra Darda]]<br />
}}<br />
{{Succession box|<br />
before=Patangrao Kadam|<br />
title=[[Minister of Revenue (Maharashtra)|Minister of Revenue]]|<br />
years=9 November 2009 – 19 November 2010 |<br />
after=[[Balasaheb Thorat]]<br />
}}<br />
{{Succession box|<br />
before= [[Rajendra Darda]]|<br />
title=[[Minister of Industry]], Port and Employment|<br />
years=20 November 2010 – October 2014|<br />
after=[[Subhash Desai]]<br />
}}<br />
{{Succession box|<br />
before= [[Nitin Gadkari]]|<br />
title=[[Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises|Minister of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises]] |<br />
years=7 July 2021 – 9 June 2024|<br />
after=[[Jitan Ram Manjhi]]<br />
}}<br />
{{S-end}}<br />
<br />
{{Shiv Sena}}<br />
{{Chief Ministers of Maharashtra}}<br />
{{Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
{{Second Narendra Modi Cabinet|state=collapsed}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rane, Narayan}}<br />
[[Category:1952 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Chief ministers of Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Leaders of the opposition in the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]<br />
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 1995–1999]]<br />
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2004–2009]]<br />
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2009–2014]]<br />
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Shiv Sena politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Narendra Modi ministry]]<br />
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]</div>MyrnaAcuna04https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Widows_of_Vidarbha&diff=545734Widows of Vidarbha2026-01-29T06:43:14Z<p>MyrnaAcuna04: Added Entry</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2018 book by Kota Neelima}}<br />
{{Infobox book<br />
| italic title = <!--(see above)--><br />
| name = Widows of Vidarbha: Making of Shadows<br />
| image = File:Widows_of_Vidarbha,_Making_of_Shadows,_by_Kota_Neelima,_2018_book_cover.jpg<br />
| image_size = <br />
| border = <br />
| alt = 2018 book cover, depicting a black silhouette face of a woman wearing a white with grey trim head covering and a grey shoulder covering, against a red background, as well as the book title and author name.<br />
| caption = <br />
| author = [[Kota Neelima]]<br />
| audio_read_by = <br />
| title_orig = <br />
| orig_lang_code = <br />
| title_working = <br />
| translator = <br />
| illustrator = <br />
| cover_artist = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = English<br />
| series = <br />
| release_number = <br />
| subject = <br />
| genre = <br />
| set_in = <br />
| publisher = [[Oxford University Press]]<br />
| publisher2 = <br />
| pub_date = 2018<br />
| english_pub_date = <br />
| published = <br />
| media_type = <br />
| pages = <br />
| awards = <br />
| isbn = 9780199484676<br />
| isbn_note = <br />
| oclc = <br />
| dewey = <br />
| congress = <br />
| preceded_by = <br />
| followed_by = <br />
| native_wikisource = <br />
| wikisource = <br />
| notes = <br />
| exclude_cover = <br />
| website = {{URL|http://www.kotaneelima.com/}}<br />
}}<br />
'''''Widows of Vidarbha: Making of Shadows''''' is a non-fiction book by [[Kota Neelima]] published in 2018 by [[Oxford University Press]]. The book chronicles the lives of 16 widows of farmers in India after their [[Farmers' suicides in India|husbands died from suicide]], and the experiences of the women afterwards.<br />
<br />
==Synopsis==<br />
Based on interviews with 16 widows from the Yavatmal and Amravati districts of [[Vidarbha]], the book explores the impact of farming crises in 2001-2004 and 2012-13 in 18 anecdotes<ref name="Varandani 2019" /> from the viewpoint of women whose [[Farmers' suicides in India|farmer husbands died by suicide]],<ref name="Sharma 2018">{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Suridhi |title=Struggles in the Shadows |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sunday-chronicle/shelf-life/060518/struggles-in-the-shadows.html |access-date=19 September 2021 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=May 6, 2018}}</ref> including how they managed to support their families.<ref name="Banerjee 2018">{{cite news |last1=Banerjee |first1=Poulomi |title=India's invisible widows: It's time for a separate kind of feminism in rural India |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/india-s-invisible-widows-it-s-time-for-a-separate-kind-of-feminism-in-rural-india/story-bxf68b9E6RhClcGxFkWcyL.html |access-date=19 September 2021 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=January 27, 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
In a review for the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', Manjula Narayan writes, "The writing is taut, often ironic, and devoid of unnecessary adjectives and stylistic flourishes. Instead, the author allows the women to speak, putting down the nuances of each of their stories, almost editing herself out. The result is a book that's filled with stark pain, one that's almost unbearably honest."<ref name="Narayan 2018">{{cite news |last1=Narayan |first1=Manjula |title=Review: Widows of Vidarbha by Kota Neelima |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/review-widows-of-vidarbha-by-kota-neelima/story-TSxMikncXssEvcJ6dc22zN.html |access-date=18 September 2021 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=April 27, 2018}}</ref> In a review for ''[[Business Line|The Hindu Business Line]]'', TV Jayan writes, "Each chapter in this book is a real story of gritty women who made all sincere efforts to bring up their children and provide them with education to the extent possible despite all odds in life and limitations imposed on them by the society."<ref name="Jayan 2018">{{cite news|last=Jayan |first=TV |title=Unseen victims of farm distress|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/books/kota-neelima-book-review-widows-of-vidarbha-making-of-shadows/article23349489.ece|newspaper=[[Business Line|The Hindu Business Line]]|date=March 25, 2018|access-date=18 September 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
A review published in ''[[Firstpost]]'' states, "Neelima's book focuses on the voices of the widows of these farmers who are otherwise ignored, shunned and subjugated by their families and the government. It's a deeply relevant contextualisation of the women who never make it to the narrative."<ref>{{cite news |last1=The Ladies Finger |title=Widows of Vidarbha highlights the lesser-known perseverance of the wives of farmers who commit suicide |url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/widows-of-vidarbha-highlights-the-lesser-known-perseverance-of-the-wives-of-farmers-who-commit-suicide-4367853.html |access-date=19 September 2021 |work=[[Firstpost]] |date=February 26, 2018}}</ref> In a review for ''Feminism in India'', Devanshi Varandani writes, "The 18 anecdotes in the book, in a subtle yet effective way, discusses 4 key topics: Identity crisis in the patriarchal society; the urgency of providing quality education to the young generation as an incumbent on the government. Next, the book stresses on the transition in the dreams and hopes of the family members after the demise of farmers. Lastly, the approach of the state and politics."<ref name="Varandani 2019">{{cite news |last1=Varandani |first1=Devanshi |title=Book Review: Widows Of Vidarbha – Making Of Shadows By Kota Neelima |url=https://feminisminindia.com/2019/06/11/widows-of-vidarbha-kota-neelima-review/ |access-date=19 September 2021 |work=Feminism in India |date=June 11, 2019}}</ref> Aekta Kapoor writes in ''eShe'', "The widows in Neelima’s book have learnt to protest in quiet ways, and avoid confrontation so as not to disturb the patriarchy. Theirs is a silent, subversive fight to get their due."<ref name="Kapoor 2018">{{cite news |last1=Kapoor |first1=Aekta |title=It's Near Impossible to Write the Woman's Whole Truth, Says Kota Neelima |url=https://eshe.in/2018/02/12/kota-neelima-widows-of-vidarbha/ |access-date=19 September 2021 |work=eShe |date=February 12, 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/i-miss-him-so-much-the-collateral-damage-of-farmer-suicides-in-vidarbha/41152/ 'I miss him so much': The collateral damage of farmer suicides in Vidarbha] (book excerpt, ''[[ThePrint]]'', March 12, 2018)<br />
* [https://thewire.in/books/hope-and-other-temporary-things-the-story-of-a-widow-in-vidarbha Hope and Other Temporary Things: The Story of a Widow in Vidarbha] (book excerpt, ''[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]'', March 17, 2018)<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2018 non-fiction books]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian books]]<br />
[[Category:Books about politics of India]]<br />
[[Category:Books about human rights]]<br />
[[Category:Books about suicide]]<br />
[[Category:Books about survival skills]]<br />
[[Category:Books about poverty]]<br />
[[Category:Books about families]]<br />
[[Category:Widowhood in India]]</div>MyrnaAcuna04https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=1514_in_India&diff=4694121514 in India2026-01-26T17:24:54Z<p>MyrnaAcuna04: small improve layout for clarity and added references</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|none}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}<br />
Events from the year '''1514 in India'''.<br />
{{year in India|1514}}<br />
<br />
==Events==<br />
* [[Rani Sipri's Mosque]] commissioned.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Guides|first1=Rough|title=The Rough Guide to India|date=2016|publisher=Rough Guides UK|isbn=9780241295397|page=809|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aL_kDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT809|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Births==<br />
* [[Meherji Rana]] [[Parsi]] spiritual leader (died [[1591 in India|1591]])<ref>{{cite web|title=Dastur Meherji Rana (1514-1591) - Author|url=http://data.bnf.fr/17107349/dastur_meherji_rana/|website=data.bnf.fr|access-date=16 April 2018|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Timeline of Indian history]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{India year nav}}<br />
{{Year in Asia|1514}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Years of the 16th century in India]]<br />
[[Category:1514 in Asia]]<br />
[[Category:1510s in India]]<br />
[[Category:1514 by country]]<br />
<br />
{{India-year-stub}}</div>MyrnaAcuna04https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rameswar,_Odisha&diff=529296Rameswar, Odisha2026-01-16T20:17:25Z<p>MyrnaAcuna04: creating</p>
<hr />
<div>{{orphan|date=January 2026}}<br />
{{Short description|Village in Odisha}}<br />
{{more references|date=January 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Rameswar<br />
| native_name = ରାମେଶ୍ୱର<br />
| native_name_lang = or<br />
| settlement_type = [[Village]]<br />
| pushpin_map = India Odisha<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Odisha, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|19.98|N|85.45|E|display=inline,title|region:IN-OR_type:city_source:GNS}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Odisha]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Odisha|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Khordha district|Khordha]]<br />
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]<br />
| subdivision_name3 = [[Tangi, Odisha|Tangi]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 752019<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Rameswar''' (also spelled '''Rameshwar''') is a village located in the [[Khordha district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Odisha]]. It is situated along [[National Highway 16 (India)|National Highway 16]] (NH-16). The village has gained significant administrative and economic importance as the designated starting point of the upcoming Rameswar–Paradip Coastal Highway.<ref name="ExpressCostal">{{cite news |last1=Sahu |first1=Diana |title=Odisha coastal highway stretch between Rameswar and Paradip gets Rs 8,300 crore investment nod |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2025/Nov/20/odisha-coastal-highway-stretch-between-rameswar-and-paradip-gets-rs-8300-crore-investment-nod |access-date=15 January 2026 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=20 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Geography and Transport ==<br />
Rameswar is located in the coastal region of Odisha within the Khordha district. It serves as a key transportation junction due to its location on the Kolkata-Chennai [[National Highway 16 (India)|National Highway 16]].<br />
<br />
The village is the western terminal of the proposed 346-kilometer Rameswar–[[Paradip]] Coastal Highway. In November 2025, the [[Government of India]]'s Public Private Partnership Appraisal Committee (PPPAC) approved an investment of ₹8,300 crore (US$1 billion) for the development of the stretch connecting Rameswar to Paradip.<ref name="OTVCostal">{{cite news |title=Odisha coastal highway stretch between Rameswar and Paradip gets Rs 8300 crore investment nod |url=https://odishatv.in/odisha/odisha-coastal-highway-stretch-between-rameswar-and-paradip-gets-rs-8300-crore-investment-nod-10790883 |access-date=15 January 2026 |work=[[Odisha TV]] |date=20 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref> This infrastructure project aims to reduce travel time between the two locations significantly.<ref>{{cite news |title=Coastal highway project in Odisha gains momentum with Centre's nod |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/coastal-highway-project-in-odisha-gains-momentum-with-centres-nod/articleshow/105342111.cms |access-date=15 January 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=21 November 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
Additionally, the [[Cabinet of India]] has approved a six-lane Capital Region Ring Road project that connects Rameswar to [[Tangi, Odisha|Tangi]], designed to decongest traffic around the cities of [[Bhubaneswar]] and [[Cuttack]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Cabinet approves 6-lane ring road from Rameshwar to Tangi |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2048567 |access-date=15 January 2026 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |date=19 August 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Demographics ==<br />
As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Rameswar falls under the administrative jurisdiction of the Khordha district. The local language spoken is [[Odia language|Odia]].<ref>{{cite web |title=District Census Handbook: Khordha |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2117_PART_B_DCHB_KHORDHA.pdf |access-date=15 January 2026 |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |year=2011}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Khordha district}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Khordha district]]<br />
[[Category:Transport in Odisha]]</div>MyrnaAcuna04https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dhammapada_(Radhakrishnan_translation)&diff=496585Dhammapada (Radhakrishnan translation)2026-01-12T06:56:41Z<p>MyrnaAcuna04: Created post</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|1950 book by Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan}}<br />
{{Infobox book<br />
| name = The Dhammapada: With introductory essays, Pali text, English translation and notes<br />
| title_orig = <br />
| translator = <br />
| image = Radhakrishnan-Dhammapada-1968imprint-dpi50.jpg<br />
| caption = First edition (1968 imprint)<br />
| image_size = <br />
| author = [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]]<br />
| illustrator = <br />
| cover_artist = <br />
| country = <br />
| language = English<br />
| series = <br />
| subject = [[Dhammapada]]<br />
| genre = [[Philosophy]]; [[Spirituality]]<br />
| publisher = [[Oxford University Press]]<br />
| pub_date = 1950; 1954; 1958; 1966; 1968; 1980; 1982; 1984; 1988; 1991; 1992; 1997; 2007<br />
| english_pub_date = <br />
| media_type = <br />
| pages = 194<br />
| isbn = 0-19-564080-2<br />
| oclc = 36531930<br />
<!-- | lccn = 97224027 --><br />
| preceded_by = <br />
| followed_by = <br />
}}<br />
'''''The Dhammapada: With introductory essays, Pali text, English translation and notes''''' is a 1950 book written by [[philosopher]] and (later) [[President of India]], Dr. [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]] (1888–1975), about the [[Dhammapada]], an important [[Buddhist]] [[scripture]]. Originally published in 1950 by [[Oxford University Press]], the book has been republished numerous times by the same publisher, most recently in 1997. A 2007 Indian edition was published by [[Pilgrims Publishing]]. The book has been reviewed in several professional journals.<ref name=ashby52/><ref name=stede52/><ref name=brough51/><ref name=horner51/> All editions have had 194 pages and have used the same title.<br />
<br />
==Outline of book==<br />
[[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan|Radhakrishnan's]] ''Dhammapada'' contains original [[Pali]] text as well as English translations of the [[Dhammapada|Dhammapada's]] 26 chapters. It begins with a preface composed in 1950 in which Radhakrishnan states that<br />
<blockquote><br />
To-day... We have come to recognize that it is either one world or none. The effort to build one world requires a closer understanding among the peoples of the world and their cultures. This translation of the ''[[Dhammapada]]''... is offered as a small contribution to world understanding. The central thesis of the book, that human conduct, [[Noble Eightfold Path#Right action|righteous behaviour]], reflection, and [[meditation]] are more important than vain speculations about the transcendent - has an appeal to the modern mind.... Books so rich in significance... require to be understood by each generation in relation to its own problems.<ref name=rk50>First edition (1950)</ref>{{rp|v}}<br />
</blockquote><br />
The preface also states that <br />
<blockquote><br />
[The ''Dhammapada'''s] teaching - to repress the instincts entirely is to generate neuroses; to give them full rein is also to end up in neuroses - is supported by [[History of psychology|modern psychology]].<ref name=rk50/>{{rp|v}}<br />
</blockquote><br />
Next is a 57-page introduction that is divided into two main sections. The first introductory section, less than 3 pages in length, is entitled simply "The ''Dhammapada''," and briefly summarizes the ''Dhammapada'''s historical context, noting that its verses connect with incidents in the Buddha's life "and illustrate the method of teaching adopted by him."<ref name=rk50/>{{rp|3}} The second section, entitled "Gautama the Buddha,"<ref>"The second Introductory Essay on ''Gautama the Buddha'' is reprinted with the kind permission of the British Academy from the ''Proceedings of the British Academy'', Volume XXIV, being the Annual Lecture on a Master Mind delivered on 28 June 1938." p. vi, Radhakrishnan's 1950 Preface).</ref> has several subsections:<br />
:*I. Life (pp. 4-15). Contains a biographical outline of the Buddha's early life, marriage, renunciation, search for and encounter with truth, founding of his order, some major manners and themes of his teaching, and passing away. Notes that "the Buddha was more definitely opposed to Vedic orthodoxy and ceremonialism than was Socrates to the State religion of Athens, or Jesus to Judaism, and yet he lived till eighty.... Perhaps the Indian temper of religion is responsible for the difference in the treatment of unorthodoxies."<ref name=rk50/>{{rp|15}}<br />
:*II. The Four Truths (pp. 15-26). Describes the [[Four Noble Truths]] taught in Buddhism, that 1) sorrow (''[[duhkha]]'') is pervasive in life as we know it, 2) Sorrow has a cause (''[[samudaya]]''), 3) sorrow can be removed (''[[nirodha]]''), and there is a path (''[[Noble Eightfold Path|marga]]'') beyond sorrow, the [[Noble Eightfold Path|Eightfold Path]].<ref name=rk50/>{{rp|16}}<br />
:*III. The Buddha and the [[Upanishads|Upaniṣads]] (pp. 26-35). "Gautama the Buddha," Radhakrishnan argues, "has suffered as much as anyone from critics without a sense of history. He has been cried up, and cried down, with an equal lack of historical imagination."<ref name=rk50/>{{rp|26}} He explains that "To know what the Buddha actually taught or what his earliest followers thought he did, we must place ourselves in imagination in the India of the sixth century B.C.... Great minds make individual contributions of permanent value to the thought of their age; but they do not, and cannot, altogether transcend the age in which they live.... Even when they are propounding answers which are startlingly new, they use the inadequate ideas and concepts of tradition to express the deeper truths towards which they are feeling their way."<ref name=rk50/>{{rp|26}} He quotes the Buddha as stating that "'there are... four truths of the [[Brahmin|Brāhmins]] which have been realized by me... and made known"<ref name=rk50/>{{rp|29}}<ref name=brahmins>"'there are these four truths of the [[Brahmin|Brāhmins]] which have been realized by me by my own higher knowledge and made known (''Aṅguttara'', iv. 195; ''Saṁyutta'', xxii. 90). He characterizes his ''[[dharma]]'' as ancient (''purāṇa'') - as eternal (''ṥāṥvata'' or ''sanātana''). He compares it to the discovery of an old buried forgotten city (''Nagara Sutta''). He is said to be a knower of the Veda (''vedajña'') or of the [[Vedānta]] (''vedāntajña'') (''Saṁyutta'', i. 168; ''Sutta Nipāta'', 463)." (p. 29, footnote 1).</ref><ref name=muller>Radhakrishnan quotes [[Max Müller]] (1901), who states that Buddhism is "the highest Brāhmanism popularized, everything esoteric being abolished, the priesthood replaced by monks, and these monks being in their true character the successors and representatives of the enlightened dwellers in the forest of former ages" (Müller, ''Last Essays'', 2nd series, p. 121).</ref> stating that the Buddha's teaching "is derived"<ref name=rk50/>{{rp|29}} from the [[Upanishads|Upaniṣads]].<br />
:*IV. Metaphysical Views (pp. 35-52). Notes that "the Buddha discouraged doctrinal controversies as prejudicial to inward peace and ethical striving."<ref name=rk50/>{{rp|35}} Discusses attempts to view the Buddha as adhering to various [[metaphysics|metaphysical]] positions, especially 1) [[agnosticism]], 2) [[atheism]], or 3) belief in a "transempirical reality in the universe" and a "time-transcending element in the self."<ref name=rk50/>{{rp|36}} Argues that the third interpretation (belief in a transempirical reality) is most consistent with what is known of the Buddha.<br />
:*V. Spiritual Absolutism (pp. 52-57). Here, Radhakrishnan states that "The tradition of teaching by silence has been an ancient one in India,"<ref name=rk50/>{{rp|52}} and argues that "If the Buddha declined to define the nature of this absolute or if he contented himself with negative definitions, it is only to indicate that absolute being is above all determinations. It is difficult to differentiate this supreme being from the Absolute ''[[Brahman]]'' of [[Advaita Vedanta]] or the super-God of [[Christian mysticism]] as formulated in the writings of the [[Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite|pseudo-Dionysius]]."<ref name=rk50/>{{rp|52–53}} "The Buddha's reasons for his silence are quite intelligible,"<ref name=rk50/>{{rp|54}} states Radhakrishnan, and he enumerates five motives for the Buddha's silence.<ref name=fivereasons>1. A climate of bold speculation, pungent speech in which "it was difficult to draw a shap line between the supersititon of the ignorant and the sophistry of the learned" (p. 54); 2. Doctrinal controversies could distract from the need for each adherent to realize the truth by personal effort; 3. The Buddha's mission was "to interest not merely the intellectuals, but the common people" (pp. 54-55); 4. "Fourthly, the affirmative theology, in its anxiety to bring the absolute into relation with the relative, makes the absolute itself relative." (p. 55); 5. "Fifthly, the nature of absolute reality is supra-logical, and it is idle to insist on giving logical accounts of it" (p. 55).</ref><br />
<br />
{|style="float: right; width: 45%; border: 1px solid darkgray; margin: .46em; font-size: 100%;" border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1"<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" align="center" |'''Selected Verses, with Translation:'''<ref>From Radhakrishnan (1950), pp. 58, 151.</ref><br>'''Chapter I: ''Yamakavaggo'' (Twin Verses)<br>Chapter XXI: ''Pakiņņakavaggo'' (Miscellaneous Verses)'''<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| colspan="2" align="left" |<br />
'''Pali (transliterated)'''<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I.1. <br />
|''manopubbaṅgamā dhammā manoseṭṭhā manomayā manasā ce paduṭṭhena bhāsati vā karoti vā tato naṁ dukkham anveti cakkaṁ va vahato padam'' [1]<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
|&nbsp;XXI.1. <br />
|''mattā-sukhapariccāgā passe ce vipula sukham caje mattā-sukhaṁ dhīro sampassaṁ vipulaṁ sukham'' [290]<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
| colspan="2" align="left" |<br />
'''English translation (by [[Radhakrishnan]])''' <br />
|-valign="top"<br />
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I.1. <br />
|(The mental) natures are the result of what we have thought, are chieftained by our thoughts, are made up of our thoughts. If a man speaks or acts with an evil thought, sorrow follows him (as a consequence) even as the wheel follows the foot of the drawer (i.e. the ox which draws the cart). [1]<br />
|-valign="top"<br />
|&nbsp;XXI.1. <br />
|If, by surrendering a pleasure of little worth one sees a larger pleasure, the wise man will give up the pleasure of little worth, and look to the larger pleasure. [290]<br />
|}Also in the fifth section, Radhakrishnan offers his interpretation of three "inadequacies" or "exaggerations" in the Buddha's thought, which "revealed themselves in [Buddhism's] later history and relation to Hinduism."<ref name=rk50/>{{rp|56}} These are that i) "Philosophy is a natural necessity of the human mind,"<ref name=rk50/>{{rp|56}} and the Buddha's hearers were unable to adopt suspended judgement on the ultimate questions; ii) "The Buddha's conception of ''[[dharma]]'' as the absolute reality was not sufficiently concrete for practical purposes";<ref name=rk50/>{{rp|56}} and iii) The Buddha taught that one could renounce householder duties at any age. Radhakrishnan states that these "exaggerations" are understandable if we realize that in the Buddha's time, attempts to lead the spiritual life had to contend with "three great enemies... the theologians, the ritualists, and the worldlings."<ref name=rk50/>{{rp|56}}<br />
<br />
The largest part of the book (pp.&nbsp;58–187) consists of a romanized transliteration of the original [[Pali]] text, plus a verse-by-verse English translation. Two examples are shown in the table at right. Many verses are augmented with footnotes or are followed by commentary, presented in a smaller font size than the verses themselves. The book concludes with a short selected bibliography, a 4-page [[Pali]] index (indicating which verses contain a specified word), and a 2-page general index.<br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
The book has been reviewed in professional journals that include ''[[The Journal of Religion]]'',<ref <br />
name=ashby52>{{cite journal |author=Philip H. Ashby |year=1952 <br />
|title=Untitled <nowiki>[</nowiki>review of the Dhammapada, by Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan<nowiki>></nowiki><br />
|journal=The Journal of Religion |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=147 <br />
|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]<br />
|jstor=1197386 <br />
|issn= 0022-4189}}</ref> ''[[Philosophy (journal)|Philosophy]]'',<ref <br />
name=stede52>{{cite journal |author=Dorothy Stede |year=1952 <br />
|title=Untitled <nowiki>[</nowiki>review of the Dhammapada, by Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan<nowiki>></nowiki> <br />
|journal=[[Philosophy (journal)|Philosophy]] |volume=27 |issue=103 |pages=376–377 <br />
|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] on behalf of Royal Institute of Philosophy<br />
|jstor=3747917 <br />
|issn= 0031-8191}}</ref> ''[[Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies]]'',<ref <br />
name=brough51>{{cite journal |author=J. Brough |year=1951 <br />
|title=Untitled <nowiki>[</nowiki>review of the Dhammapada, by Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan<nowiki>></nowiki><br />
|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London <br />
|volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=1067<br />
|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] on behalf of School of Oriental and African Studies <br />
|jstor= 609048 |doi= 10.1017/s0041977x00124371|s2cid=163091152 <br />
|issn=0041-977X}}</ref> and ''[[Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society|Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland]]''.<ref<br />
name=horner51>{{cite journal |author=I. B. Horner |year=1951 <br />
|title=Untitled <nowiki>[</nowiki>review of the Dhammapada, by Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan<nowiki>></nowiki> <br />
|journal=[[Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society|Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland]]<br />
|volume=1951 |issue=1/2 |pages=123<br />
|publisher=[[Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland]]<br />
|jstor=25222485 |issn=0035-869X}}</ref><br />
<br />
Ashby stated that "the distinct contribution of this volume is the Introduction,"<ref name=ashby52/><ref>Fuller quote: "As is so often the case in new translations of works previously available, the distinct contribution of this volume is the Introduction..." (Ashby, p. 147).</ref> where "[[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan|Radhakrishnan]] sets out in clear and penetrating fashion to give the reader a basic understanding of the thought-world in which Buddhist ethical teaching moves. His discussion of the relation of the teachings of the Buddha to the [[Upanishads]] and his examination of the [[Buddhist philosophy|metaphysical views]] of [[Gautama Buddha|Sakyamuni]] will prove valuable ... [and his] insistence upon the positive nature of the Buddhist conception of [[Nirvana]] is recommended reading for... victims of the 'annihilation-extinction' theory of Nirvana."<ref name=ashby52/><br />
<br />
Horner noted that the same Pali word is translated differently by Radhakrishnan in different places. "[[Pali]] technical terms are, of course, recognized to contain a subtle variety of meanings. Some of these will be appreciated by anyone making... the reasonably intensive study of this volume which it deserves as well as makes possible."<ref name=horner51/>{{rp|123}} For example, "Professor Radhakrishnan translates ''[[Dharma (Buddhism)|dhamma]]'' in the text by 'virtue' and by 'law.... Thus, ''[[asava]]'' is rendered by 'passions', 'taints', 'impurities', and... ''[[Samadhi]]'' is usually 'tranquillity', once (ver. 271) 'meditative calm'."<ref name=horner51/>{{rp|123}}<br />
<br />
Brough described the book as "a convenient presentation of the Pali text, and... a useful introduction to the work for beginners in Pali," although "a comprehensive textual study in the light of the Tibetan and Central Asian parallel verses is still awaited."<ref name=brough51/>{{rp|1067}}<br />
<br />
In the journal ''[[Philosophy (journal)|Philosophy]]'', Stede stated that "On the whole, the translation is clear and accurate."<ref name=stede52/>{{rp|377}} She added that the translated verses are "frequently... supplemented by explanations taken from the early commentator [[Buddhaghosa]] and by comparative passages selected from philosophical and theological texts of East and West. Although perhaps too numerous, these extraneous references give evidence of the translator's wide learning."<ref name=stede52/>{{rp|377}}<br />
<br />
==Editions==<br />
Editions have been published in 1950, 1954, 1958, 1966, 1968, 1980, 1982, 1984, 1988, 1991, 1992, 1996, 1997, and 2007, and include: <br />
*[[Varanasi]], India: [[Pilgrims Publishing]]. (2007). {{ISBN|978-81-7769-545-8}}, {{ISBN|81-7769-545-2}}, {{OCLC|644644182}}.<br />
*London: Oxford University Press (1997), ''The Dhammapada: With introductory essays, Pali text, English translation and notes'', {{ISBN|978-0-19-564080-9}}, {{ISBN|0-19-564080-2}}, {{OCLC| 36531930}}.<br />
*London: Oxford University Press (1950), ''The Dhammapada: With introductory essays, Pali text, English translation and notes''<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* Radhakrishnan's ''[[The Principal Upanishads (book)]]''<br />
* [[Dhammapada (Easwaran translation)|''Dhammapada'' (Easwaran translation)]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://buddhism.lib.ntu.edu.tw/BDLM/en/lesson/pali/lesson_pali3.htm Detailed word-by-word translation of the Dhammapada], including explanation of grammar<br />
<br />
{{Buddhism topics}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhammapada}}<br />
[[Category:Philosophy books]]<br />
[[Category:Books about spirituality]]<br />
[[Category:Buddhism studies books]]<br />
[[Category:1950 non-fiction books]]<br />
[[Category:Indian non-fiction books]]<br />
[[Category:Contemporary Indian philosophy]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian books]]</div>MyrnaAcuna04https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=1958_IFA_Shield_final&diff=4818101958 IFA Shield final2025-12-23T21:18:51Z<p>MyrnaAcuna04: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox football match<br />
| title = 1958 IFA Shield final<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| event = [[IFA Shield|1958 IFA Shield]]<br />
| team1 = [[Mohun Bagan FC|Mohun Bagan]]<br />
| team2 = [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]<br />
| details = East Bengal won after a [[Replay (sports)#Association football|replay]]<br />
| firstleg = Final<br />
| team1score1 = 1<br />
| team2score1 = 1<br />
| date1 = 26 September 1958<br />
| stadium1 = [[East Bengal Ground|East Bengal&ndash;Mohun Bagan Ground]]<br />
| city1 = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]<br />
| referee1 = P. A. Some<br />
| attendance1 = 16,000 (estd.)<br />
| secondleg = Replay<br />
| team1score2 = 0<br />
| team2score2 = 1<br />
| date2 = 29 January 1959<br />
| stadium2 = [[Mohun Bagan Ground|Calcutta Ground]]<br />
| city2 = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]<br />
| referee2 = P. A. Some<br />
| attendance2 = 20,000 (estd.)<br />
| weather = <br />
| previous = 1957<br />
| next = 1959<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''1958 IFA Shield final''' was the 66th final of the [[IFA Shield]], the second oldest football competition in [[India]], and was contested between Kolkata giants [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]] and [[Mohun Bagan FC|Mohun Bagan]] on 26 September 1958 first which ended in a draw and then a replay on 29 January 1959 at the [[East Bengal Ground|East Bengal&ndash;Mohun Bagan Ground]] and [[Mohun Bagan Ground|Calcutta Ground]] in Kolkata respectively.<br />
<br />
East Bengal won the replayed final 1&ndash;0 to claim their 6th IFA Shield title. B.Narayan scored the only goal in the replay final as East Bengal lifted their sixth IFA Shield title.<ref name=rsssf>{{cite web|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|date=10 October 2022|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india-ifahist.html|title=India - List of IFA Shield Finals|work=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation|accessdate=18 November 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Route to the final==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
!colspan="2"| [[Mohun Bagan FC|Mohun Bagan]]<br />
!Round<br />
!colspan="2"| [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]<br />
|- style="background:#C1E0FF"<br />
|Opponent<br />
|colspan="1"|Result<br />
|Round<br />
|Opponent<br />
|colspan="1"|Result<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:left"|International<br />
|colspan="1"|2–0<br />
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Second Round<br />
|style="text-align:left"|Banbehari District XI<br />
|colspan="1"|2–1<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:left"|Gorkha Brigade<br />
|colspan="1"|3–1<br />
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Third Round<br />
|style="text-align:left"|Western Railway<br />
|colspan="1"|5–1<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:left"|Jamshedpur XI<br />
|colspan="1"|2–1<br />
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Quarter–Final<br />
|style="text-align:left"|[[Wari AC|Wari]]<br />
|colspan="1"|3–1<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:left"|[[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]]<br />
|colspan="1"|1–0<br />
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Semi–Final<br />
|style="text-align:left"|[[Hyderabad City Police FC|Andhra Police]]<br />
|colspan="1"|1–0<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Match==<br />
===Summary===<br />
The IFA Shield final began at the [[East Bengal Ground|East Bengal-Mohun Bagan Ground]] in Kolkata on 26 September 1958 in front of a packed crowd as Kolkata giants [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]] and [[Mohun Bagan FC|Mohun Bagan]] faced each other in a [[Kolkata Derby]]. East Bengal reached their tenth final after defeating Andhra Police 1&ndash;0 in the semi-final, having won the title five times previously in 1943, 1945, 1949, 1950, and 1951. Mohun Bagan made their twelfth appearance in the final after they defeated another Kolkata giant [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]] 1&ndash;0 in the semi-final, having won it six times previously in 1911, 1947, 1948, 1952, 1954, and 1956.<ref name=rsssf/> <br />
<br />
Mohun Bagan started the attack in the very first minute as [[Pansanttom Venkatesh]] crossed a ball towards K. Pal but the latter could not bring it down under control and made a handball. East Bengal countered in the next minute as [[Moosa Ghazi]] headed a ball from a cross from B. Narayan but was saved by the Bagan custodian Abani Bose safely. Mohun Bagan took the lead in the twentieth minute after [[Samar Banerjee]] received a pass from [[Chuni Goswami]] and found the net with a powerful shot to make it 1&ndash;0. East Bengal equalized just in the very next minute after [[Mariappa Kempaiah]] volleyed the ball into his own goal trying to clear a shot from [[Hussain Killer]] as the game leveled at 1&ndash;1 before halftime. Both teams tried to break the deadlock in the second half but canceled each other out as the game ended in a draw. The IFA decided to host a replayed final of the match later due to the unavailability of dates.<ref name=final>{{cite news |date=27 September 1958 |title= কেম্পাইয়ার আত্মঘাতী গোলে মোহনবাগান দল জয়লাভে বঞ্চিত |trans-title=Kempaiah's own goal denies victory for Mohun Bagan |language=bn |work=Jugantor }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Details===<br />
{{footballbox<br />
|date=26 September 1958<br />
|time=16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
|team1=[[Mohun Bagan FC|Mohun Bagan]]<br />
|report=<br />
|team2=[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]<br />
|score= 1–1 <br />
|goals1=[[Samar Banerjee|Banerjee]] {{goal|20}}<br />
|goals2=[[Mariappa Kempaiah|Kempaiah]] {{goal|21|o.g.}}<br />
|stadium=[[East Bengal Ground|East Bengal-Mohun Bagan Ground]], [[Kolkata]]<br />
|attendance=16,000 (est.)<br />
|referee=P. A. Some}}<br />
<br />
{| width=92%<br />
|-<br />
|{{Football kit<br />
| pattern_la = <br />
| pattern_b = _collar_buttons_2<br />
| pattern_ra = <br />
| pattern_sh = <br />
| pattern_so =<br />
| leftarm = 234f1e<br />
| body = 800000<br />
| rightarm = 234f1e<br />
| shorts = ffffff<br />
| socks = ffffff<br />
| title = Mohun Bagan<br />
}}<br />
|{{Football kit<br />
|pattern_b = _EastBengal_12_13_Home<br />
|pattern_la = <br />
|pattern_ra =<br />
|pattern_sh =<br />
|pattern_so = _2 gold stripes<br />
|leftarm = FFDF00<br />
|body = FFDF00<br />
|rightarm = FF0000<br />
|shorts = 000000<br />
|socks = FF0000<br />
|title = East Bengal<br />
}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| width="100%"<br />
|valign="top" width="40%"|<br />
{| style="font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"<br />
|colspan="4"|<br />
|-<br />
!width="25"| !!width="25"|<br />
|-<br />
|GK || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Abani Bose<br />
|-<br />
|FB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Sushil Guha<br />
|-<br />
|FB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sailen Manna]] ([[Captain (association football)|c]])<br />
|-<br />
|HB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mariappa Kempaiah]]<br />
|-<br />
|HB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Hussain Ahmed (footballer)|Hussain Ahmed]]<br />
|-<br />
|HB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Narsiya<br />
|-<br />
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Pansanttom Venkatesh]]<br />
|-<br />
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Samar Banerjee]]<br />
|-<br />
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} K. Pal<br />
|-<br />
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Chuni Goswami]]<br />
|-<br />
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Raman<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
|valign="top"|<br />
|valign="top" width="50%"|<br />
{| style="font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align=center<br />
|colspan="4"|<br />
|-<br />
!width="25"| !!width="25"|<br />
|-<br />
|GK || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Sudhir Kumar Karmakar<br />
|-<br />
|FB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Chitto Chanda<br />
|-<br />
|FB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Subhasish Guha<br />
|-<br />
|HB || ||{{flagicon|PAK}} [[Hussain Killer]]<br />
|-<br />
|HB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Bir Bahadur Gurung ([[Captain (association football)|c]])<br />
|-<br />
|HB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ram Bahadur Chettri]]<br />
|-<br />
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} B. Narayan<br />
|-<br />
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Nilesh Sarkar<br />
|-<br />
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[K. P. Dhanraj]]<br />
|-<br />
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Tulsidas Balaram]]<br />
|-<br />
|FW || ||{{flagicon|PAK}} [[Moosa Ghazi]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| width=100% style="font-size: 90%"<br />
<br />
|style="width:60%; vertical-align:top;"|<br />
'''Match rules'''<br />
*60 minutes.<br />
*Replay if scores still level.<br />
*No Substitutes.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Replay==<br />
===Summary===<br />
The replay final began at the [[Mohun Bagan Ground|Calcutta Ground]] in Kolkata on 29 January 1959 after the first game ended in a 1&ndash;1 stalemate.<br />
<br />
The match began at a fast pace as both teams tried to break the deadlock but canceled each other out in the first half as the game remained goalless. The breakthrough came in the third minute of the second half when B. Narayan latched onto a freekick from [[Tulsidas Balaram]] and took a powerful shot that hit the crossbar and hit goalkeeper Abani Bose and found the back of the net as East Bengal took a 1&ndash;0 lead. Mohun Bagan tried to make a comeback but the East Bengal defense led by [[Ram Bahadur Chettri]] held firm and the match ended in a 1&ndash;0 victory for East Bengal as they lifted their sixth IFA Shield title.<ref name=rsssf/><ref name=finalreplay>{{cite news |date=30 January 1959 |title= ইস্টবেঙ্গল দলের ষষ্ঠবার শিল্ড বিজয়ের গৌরব |trans-title=East Bengal wins the Shield title for the sixth time |language=bn |work=Jugantor }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Debayan|last=Sen|date=1 August 2020|url=https://www.espn.in/football/east-bengal/story/4139529/a-century-of-excellence-east-bengals-greatest-hits|title=A century of excellence: East Bengal's greatest hits|work=ESPN|accessdate=18 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Novy|last=Kapadia|date=5 October 2013|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/tulsidas-balaram-the-tormented-genius-of-indian-football|title=Tulsidas Balaram - The tormented genius of Indian football|work=Sportskeeda|accessdate=20 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=28 August 2017|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/ahmed-khan-no-more/article19573941.ece|title=Barefoot footballer Ahmed Khan no more|work=The Hindu|accessdate=20 November 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Details===<br />
{{footballbox<br />
|date=29 January 1959<br />
|time=16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
|team1=[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]<br />
|report=<br />
|team2=[[Mohun Bagan FC|Mohun Bagan]]<br />
|score= 1–0 <br />
|goals1=Narayan {{goal|33}}<br />
|goals2=<br />
|stadium=[[Mohun Bagan Ground|Calcutta Ground]], [[Kolkata]]<br />
|attendance=20,000 (est.)<br />
|referee=P. A. Some}}<br />
<br />
{| width=92%<br />
|-<br />
|{{Football kit<br />
|pattern_b = _EastBengal_12_13_Home<br />
|pattern_la = <br />
|pattern_ra =<br />
|pattern_sh =<br />
|pattern_so = _2 gold stripes<br />
|leftarm = FFDF00<br />
|body = FFDF00<br />
|rightarm = FF0000<br />
|shorts = 000000<br />
|socks = FF0000<br />
|title = East Bengal<br />
}}<br />
|{{Football kit<br />
| pattern_la = <br />
| pattern_b = _collar_buttons_2<br />
| pattern_ra = <br />
| pattern_sh = <br />
| pattern_so =<br />
| leftarm = 234f1e<br />
| body = 800000<br />
| rightarm = 234f1e<br />
| shorts = ffffff<br />
| socks = ffffff<br />
| title = Mohun Bagan<br />
}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| width="100%"<br />
|valign="top" width="40%"|<br />
{| style="font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"<br />
|colspan="4"|<br />
|-<br />
!width="25"| !!width="25"|<br />
|-<br />
|GK || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Sudhir Kumar Karmakar<br />
|-<br />
|FB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ram Bahadur Chettri]]<br />
|-<br />
|FB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Subhasish Guha<br />
|-<br />
|HB || ||{{flagicon|PAK}} [[Hussain Killer]]<br />
|-<br />
|HB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Bir Bahadur Gurung<br />
|-<br />
|HB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Tapan Chowdhuri<br />
|-<br />
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ahmed Khan (footballer)|Ahmed Khan]] ([[Captain (association football)|c]])<br />
|-<br />
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} B. Narayan<br />
|-<br />
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Nilesh Sarkar<br />
|-<br />
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Tulsidas Balaram]]<br />
|-<br />
|FW || ||{{flagicon|PAK}} [[Moosa Ghazi]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
|valign="top"|<br />
|valign="top" width="50%"|<br />
{| style="font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align=center<br />
|colspan="4"|<br />
|-<br />
!width="25"| !!width="25"|<br />
|-<br />
|GK || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Abani Bose<br />
|-<br />
|FB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Sushil Guha<br />
|-<br />
|FB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sailen Manna]] ([[Captain (association football)|c]])<br />
|-<br />
|HB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mariappa Kempaiah]]<br />
|-<br />
|HB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Hussain Ahmed (footballer)|Hussain Ahmed]]<br />
|-<br />
|HB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Narsiya<br />
|-<br />
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Pansanttom Venkatesh]]<br />
|-<br />
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Samar Banerjee]]<br />
|-<br />
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} K. Pal<br />
|-<br />
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Chuni Goswami]]<br />
|-<br />
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Raman<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| width=100% style="font-size: 90%"<br />
<br />
|style="width:60%; vertical-align:top;"|<br />
'''Match rules'''<br />
*60 minutes.<br />
*Joint winners if both finals ends in a draw.<br />
*No Substitutes.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india-ifahist.html IFA Shield Finals]<br />
<br />
{{IFA Shield}}<br />
{{East Bengal Club}}<br />
{{Mohun Bagan Super Giant}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:IFA Shield finals]]<br />
[[Category:1958–59 in Indian football]]<br />
[[Category:East Bengal Club matches]]<br />
[[Category:Mohun Bagan Super Giant matches]]<br />
[[Category:Football competitions in Kolkata]]</div>MyrnaAcuna04https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=HMIS_Madras&diff=501752HMIS Madras2025-12-11T18:19:46Z<p>MyrnaAcuna04: new</p>
<hr />
<div>{{other ships|HMS Madras}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox ship<br />
|section1={{Infobox ship/image<br />
|image=<br />
|image_caption=<br />
}}<br />
<br />
|section2={{Infobox ship/career<br />
|hide_header=<br />
|country=India<br />
|flag={{shipboxflag|British India|naval-1928}} {{shipboxflag|India|naval}}<br />
|name=''Madras''<br />
|ordered=24 September 1940<br />
|awarded=<br />
|builder=[[Cockatoo Docks and Engineering Company]]<br />
|laid_down=4 August 1941<br />
|launched=17 February 1942<br />
|christened=<br />
|acquired=<br />
|commissioned=12 May 1942<br />
|recommissioned=<br />
|decommissioned=1960<br />
|in_service=<br />
|out_of_service=<br />
|renamed=<br />
|reclassified=<br />
|refit=<br />
|captured=<br />
|struck=<br />
|reinstated=<br />
|fate=<br />
|homeport=<br />
}}<br />
<br />
|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics<br />
|hide_header=<br />
|header_caption=<br />
|class={{sclass|Bathurst|minesweeper|1}}<br />
|displacement=1,025&nbsp;tons (full war load)<br />
|length={{convert|186|ft|m|abbr=on}} <br />
|beam={{convert|31|ft|m|abbr=on}} <br />
|draught={{convert|8.5|ft|m|abbr=on}} <br />
|propulsion=Triple expansion, 2 shafts. 2,000&nbsp;hp<br />
|speed={{convert|15|kn}}<br />
|range=<br />
|complement=85<br />
|sensors=Type 128 asdic<br />
|armament=1 × [[QF 12-pounder 12 cwt naval gun|12-pounder gun]] or 1 × 4&nbsp;inchgun, 1 × [[Bofors 40 mm Automatic Gun L/60|40 mm Bofors gun]], 2-3 × [[Oerlikon 20 mm cannon|20 mm Oerlikon guns]], up to 40 [[depth charge]]s<br />
|notes=<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''HMIS ''Madras'' (J237)''' was a {{sclass|Bathurst|minesweeper}} that served in the [[Royal Indian Navy]] (RIN) during [[World War II]].<ref name=u-madras>{{cite web|url=http://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3743.html |title=HMIS Madras (J 237) of the Royal Indian Navy - Indian Minesweeper of the Bathurst class - Allied Warships of WWII |publisher=uboat.net |access-date=2014-06-11}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
HMIS ''Madras'' was ordered in 1940, and built at Cockatoo Docks in Australia. She was commissioned in 1942 into the [[Eastern Fleet]]. She escorted a number of convoys until the end of the war.<ref name=nh-1942>{{cite web|url=http://www.naval-history.net/xDKWD-EF1942b.htm |title=Eastern Fleet, Admiralty War Diary 1942 |publisher=Naval-history.net |access-date=2014-06-11}}</ref><ref name=nh-1943b>{{cite web|url=http://www.naval-history.net/xDKWD-EF1943b.htm |title=Eastern Fleet War Diary 1943 |publisher=Naval-history.net |access-date=2014-06-11}}</ref><ref name=nh-1944>{{cite web|url=http://www.naval-history.net/xDKWD-EF1944-11.htm |title=East Indies Fleet War Diary 1944 |publisher=Naval-history.net |date=1944-12-30 |access-date=2014-06-11}}</ref><ref name=nh-1945>{{cite web|url=http://www.naval-history.net/xDKWD-EF1945.htm |title=East Indies Fleet War Diary 1945 |publisher=Naval-history.net |access-date=2014-06-11}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* {{ship|INS|Chennai|D65}}<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Bathurst class corvette}}<br />
{{Corvettes_of_the_Indian_Navy}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Madras (J237)}}<br />
[[Category:Bathurst-class corvettes of the Royal Indian Navy]]<br />
[[Category:1942 ships]]</div>MyrnaAcuna04https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dhanga_Varman&diff=496638Dhanga Varman2025-12-07T22:03:38Z<p>MyrnaAcuna04: Created info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{for|the village in Bihar|Dhanga, Bihar}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox royalty<br />
| name = Dhangavarman<br />
| title = Srī-kalanjaradhipati<br />
| succession = [[Chandela| King of Chandelas of Jejakabhukti]]<br />
| reign = c. 950-999 CE<br />
| predecessor = [[Yashovarman (Chandela dynasty)|Yashovarman]]<br />
| successor = [[Ganda (Chandela dynasty)|Gandavarman]]<br />
| issue = Ganda Varman<br />
| regnal name = Vinayakapaladeva<br />
| full name = Srīmat Dhanga Varman Deva<br />
[[Sanskrit]]:श्रीमत-धंग-वर्म-देव<br />
| dynasty = [[Chandela|Chandel]]<br />
| house = [[Lunar dynasty|Chandravansh]]<br />
| father = Yashovarman<br />
| mother = Pushpa<br />
| religion = [[Shaivism]]<br />
| image = <br />
| image_size = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
}}<br />
'''Dhangavarman''' (r. c. 950-999 CE), [[IAST]]: Dhaṇga) was a king of the [[Chandela|Chandel]] dynasty of Jejakabhukti. He succeeded his father [[Yashovarman (Chandela dynasty)|Yashovarman]] as the king of the [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|Jejakabhukti Kingdom]] and shifted his military capital to [[Kalanjara]]. On his order, the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri]] king Shankaragana III was killed. The [[Mahoba]] inscription describe that Dhanga Varman's arms equalled [[Sabuktigin]]. The Khajuraho inscription also describes that the rulers of [[Dakshina Kosala|Kosala]], Kratha (part of [[Vidarbha]] region), [[Kuntala country|Kuntala]], and [[Sinhala Kingdom|Simhala]] listened humbly to his officers' commands. While the wives of the kings of [[Andhra Kingdom|Andhra]], [[Anga]], [[Kanchi Kingdom|Kanchi]] and [[Rarh region|Raḍha]] resided in his prisons as a result of his success in wars. He is also notable for having commissioned magnificent temples at [[Khajuraho]], including the [[Vishvanatha Temple, Khajuraho|Vishvanatha temple]].<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
<br />
According to the Khajuraho Inscription No. IV, Dhanga Varman was born to the Chandel (Chandratreya) king [[Yashovarman (Chandela dynasty)|Yashovarman]] and his queen Puppā (Puṣpā) Devī.{{sfn|Dikshit|1976|p=55}}<br />
<br />
The earliest inscription set up during Dhanga varman's reign is the Chaturbhuj inscription of 953-954 CE (1011 [[Vikram Samvat|VS]]). Dhangavarman must have ascended the throne sometime before this. His ascension was probably undisputed, as his brother Krishna had been deputed to protect the kingdom's [[Malwa]] frontier.{{sfn|Mitra|1977|p=56}}<br />
<br />
Other inscriptions from Dhanga's reign include the Nanaora (or Nanyaura) inscription (998 CE) and the Lalaji inscription at Khajuraho (dated variously as 999 CE or 1002 CE CE).{{sfn|Smith|1881|p=10}}<ref name="FK_1892"/> His name also appears in the inscriptions of his descendants.<br />
<br />
== Extent of the kingdom ==<br />
[[File:The end of Long and Prospectus Reign.jpg|thumb|right|A 20th century [[artist's impression]] of Dhanga Varman at the end of his reign, from ''Hutchinson's Story of the Nations'']]<br />
According to the 953-954 CE inscription, Dhanga's kingdom was bounded by the following areas:{{sfn|Mitra|1977|p=57}}{{sfn|Dikshit|1976|p=64}}<br />
* [[Kalanjara]]<br />
* Bhasvat on the banks of Malava river ([[Bhilsa]] on [[Betwa River|Betwa]])<br />
* Kalindi River ([[Yamuna]] near its confluence with [[Ganga]])<br />
* [[Chedi Kingdom|Chedi region]]<br />
* Gopa mountain (''Gopadri'' or [[Gwalior]])<br />
<br />
The 998 CE (1055 VS) According to S. K. Mitra, the Nanyaura copper-plate grant, issued while he stayed at "Kashika" ([[Varanasi]]), indicates that the present-day Varanasi area was also under his control.{{sfn|Mitra|1977|p=60}} However, [[Vincent Arthur Smith|V. A. Smith]] said that the king might have been in Varanasi for a pilgrimage.{{sfn|Smith|1881|p=10}}<br />
<br />
<br />
Dhanga Varman styled himself as Kalanjaradhipati ("Lord of Kalanjara"), but he appears to have retained [[Khajuraho]] as the kingdom's capital. {{sfn|Dikshit|1976|p=55}}<br />
<br />
== Military conquests ==<br />
<br />
Dhanga Varman's inscriptions do not mention the Pratiharas, who are acknowledged as the overlords of the Chandelas in the earlier inscriptions of the dynasty.{{sfn|Mitra|1977|p=57}}<br />
<br />
While Dhanga's inscription claims that the Gopa hill (modern [[Gwalior]] area) was part of his kingdom, a contemporary inscription at the [[Sas-Bahu Temple]] states that the ''Gopadri-durga'' ("Gopa hill fort" or [[Gwalior Fort]]) was in possession of the [[Kachchhapaghata dynasty|Kachchhapaghata]] family, having been conquered by Vajradaman. The Kachchhapaghatas were probably the vassals of the Chandelas at this time, and helped them defeat the Pratiharas.{{sfn|Mitra|1977|pp=57-60}} This theory is corroborated by the fact that the contemporary Muslim historians use the title [[Hakim (title)|Hakim]] (indicating a subordinate status) to describe the chief who defended the Gwalior fort against [[Mahmud of Ghazni]].{{sfn|Dikshit|1976|p=60}} Besides, the [[Mau, Uttar Pradesh|Mau]] inscription claims that Dhanga defeated the ruler of [[Kannauj]], who could have been a Pratihara ruler.{{sfn|Mitra|1977|p=58}}<br />
<br />
An inscription found at [[Mahoba]] states that Dhanga Varman's arms equalled that of the "powerful Hamvira", who had become a "heavy burden for the earth". This probably refers to a Muslim ruler, "Hamvira" being a Sanskritized variant of the title [[Amir (title)|Amir]]. The [[Ghaznavid]]s had reached the north-western frontier of India by this time. [[E. Hultzsch]] identified Hamvira with [[Sabuktigin]] (c. 942–997), while Sisirkumar Mitra identified him with Sabuktigin's successor [[Mahmud of Ghazni|Mahmud]]. There is no historical record of a direct battle between the Ghaznavids and the Chandelas.{{sfn|Mitra|1977|pp=65-66}} [[Jayapala]], the ruler of the Hindu [[Hindu Shahi|Kabul Shahi]] dynasty, faced Ghaznavid invasions in late 10th century. The 16th century historian [[Firishta]] mentions that several [[Hindu king]]s, including the Raja of [[Kalinjar]], dispatched contingents to help Jayapala. The Raja of Kalinjar (Kalanjara) is identified with Dhanga.{{sfn|Mitra|1977|p=68}}<br />
<br />
The Khajuraho inscription claims that the rulers of [[Dakshina Kosala|Kosala]], Kratha (part of [[Vidarbha]] region), [[Kuntala country|Kuntala]], and [[Sinhala Kingdom|Simhala]] listened humbly to his officers' commands. It also claims that the wives of the kings of [[Andhra Kingdom|Andhra]], [[Anga]], [[Kanchi Kingdom|Kanchi]] and [[Rarh region|Raḍha]] resided in his prisons as a result of his success in wars. These appear to be eulogistic exaggerations by a court poet, but suggest that Dhanga did undertake extensive military campaigns.{{sfn|Dikshit|1976|p=56}}{{sfn|Mitra|1977|pp=61-65}}<br />
<br />
Dhanga Varman's claims of military success in eastern India (Anga and Raḍha) may not be without basis. The [[Pala Empire]] had been declining after declarations of independence by the [[Kamboja Pala dynasty|Kambojas]] and the [[Chandra dynasty|Chandras]]. The king of Anga defeated by Dhanga Varman might have been the weakened Pala ruler. The ruler of Raḍha might have been the Kamboja usurper of the Pala kingdom.{{sfn|Dikshit|1976|pp=56-57}} Dhanga did not annex any new territory as part of this campaign: his objective was only to prevent the Kambojas from becoming a threat.{{sfn|Mitra|1977|pp=61-62}} Dhanga Varman's invasion might have weakened the Kambojas, allowing the Pala ruler [[Mahipala]] to restore his imperial rule in Bengal.{{sfn|Dikshit|1976|p=57}}<br />
<br />
Dhanga Varman's boasts about successes in the south (Andhra, Kanchi, Kuntala and Simhala) appear to be poetic exaggerations. But, he might have raided some territories to the south of the [[Vindhyas]].{{sfn|Mitra|1977|pp=63}}{{sfn|Dikshit|1976|p=58}} The ruler of Kosala ([[Dakshina Kosala]] or southern Kosala) might have been the [[Somavamshi dynasty|Somavamshi]] king Mahabhavagupta Janamejaya at this time.{{sfn|Dikshit|1976|p=58}}<br />
<br />
=== Krishna's conquests ===<br />
<br />
Dhanga Varman's younger brother Krishna (also Krishnapa or Kanhapa) was probably the governor of the south-western provinces of his kingdom. He may have been given the responsibility of overseeing the hostilities against the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]]s of Malwa and the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuris of Chedi]].{{sfn|Dikshit|1976|pp=65-66}}<br />
<br />
Krishna's minister Kaundinya Vachaspati claimed to have achieved victory against a [[Chedi Kingdom|Chedi]] ruler. It appears that Dhanga had appointed Krishna to oversee the Chandela operations against the Kalachuris of Chedi. The Chedi king defeated by Kaundinya may have been [[Shankaragana III]]. Narasimha of Sulki dynasty might have aided the Chandelas in this war: his Maser inscription claims that he turned the Kalachuri queens into widows at Krishna-raja's command.{{sfn|Dikshit|1976|p=61}}<br />
<br />
Kaundinya also claimed to have killed a [[Sabar people|Sabara]] chief called Simha, who might have been a small feudatory chief or a Chedi general. His Bhilsa inscription also states that he placed the chiefs of Rālā ''mandala'' (division) and Rodapādi on their thrones. The identification of Rālā is uncertain, although one conjecture identifies it with [[Lata (region)|Lāṭa]] (part of present-day Gujarat). Rodapādi was probably located somewhere on the eastern frontier of the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]] kingdom.{{sfn|Dikshit|1976|p=62}}<br />
<br />
== Administration ==<br />
<br />
Dhanga Varma's chief minister was a [[Brahmin]] named Prabhasa of a Gautama race, who had been appointed after being tested by the standards mentioned in the ''[[Arthashastra]]''.{{sfn|Mitra|1977|p=69}} His royal priest was Yashodhara.{{sfn|Dikshit|1976|p=62}}<br />
<br />
== Religion ==<br />
<br />
Dhanga Varman was a [[Shaivite]]. A Khajuraho inscription states that he installed two [[linga]]s at a Shiva temple: one of emerald and one of ordinary stone. This temple is identified as the [[Vishvanatha Temple, Khajuraho|Vishvanatha Temple]].{{sfn|Dikshit|1976|p=69}}<br />
<br />
He respected other faiths too. He completed the Vaikuntha-natha [[Vishnu]] temple commissioned by his father. A contemporary inscription records the grant of some gardens to a [[Jainism|Jain]] (''[[Parshvanatha temple, Khajuraho|Jinanatha]]'') temple by one Pahilla, who was respected by Dhanga.{{sfn|Mitra|1977|pp=69-70}}<br />
<br />
According to the Nanyaura inscription, Dhanga used to make regular gifts on occasions such as a [[solar eclipse]], believing it to be meritorious for him and his deceased parents. The king also performed the prestigious and expensive ''[[Tulapurusha]]'' gift-giving ceremony.{{sfn|Mitra|1977|p=70}}<br />
<br />
{{Gallery<br />
|title=Shrines dated to Dhanga's reign<br />
|width=300<br />
|align=center<br />
|File:India-5749 - Visvanatha Temple - Flickr - archer10 (Dennis).jpg | [[Vishvanatha Temple, Khajuraho|Vishvanatha Temple]], a Shiva shrine commissioned by Dhanga<br />
|File:Khajuraho Parshvanath temple 2010.jpg | [[Parshvanatha temple, Khajuraho|Parshvanatha temple]] (Jinanatha temple), a [[Jain]] shrine built by a Jain family<br />
|File:A ruin, pillars at Khajuraho, India.jpg | [[Ghantai temple]], a now-ruined Jain shrine constructed sometime after the Parshvnatha temple<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Last days ==<br />
<br />
According to the Khajuraho inscription, after living for more than a hundred autumns, Dhanga attained [[moksha]] by abandoning his body in the waters of [[Ganga]] and [[Yamuna]].<ref name="FK_1892">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G5dEAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA137 |title=Epigraphia Indica |volume=1 |author=F. Kielhorn |author-link=Lorenz Franz Kielhorn |editor=James Burgess |editor-link=James Burgess (archaeologist) |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |year=1892 |pages=137–139 }}</ref>{{sfn|Smith|1881|p=11}} Some scholars have interpreted this as suicide, but according to [[Rajendralal Mitra]], this was a conventional way of announcing a person's death.{{sfn|Smith|1881|p=11}}<br />
<br />
Dhanga was succeeded by his son [[Ganda (Chandela dynasty)|Ganda-deva]].{{sfn|Mitra|1977|p=70}} S. K. Sullerey (2004) dates the end of his reign to 999 CE.{{sfn|Sullerey|2004|p=25}} R. K. Dikshit (1976) dated the end of his reign to 1002 CE.{{sfn|Dikshit|1976|p=55}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
=== Bibliography ===<br />
<br />
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA55 |title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti |first=R. K. |last=Dikshit |publisher=Abhinav |year=1976 |isbn=9788170170464 }}<br />
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=irHN2UA_Z7gC&pg=PA27 |title=The Early Rulers of Khajurāho |first=Sisirkumar |last=Mitra |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1977 |isbn=9788120819979 }}<br />
* {{cite journal |first=Vincent A. |last=Smith |journal=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I_pndNDyhtoC&pg=PA11 |year=1881 |pages=10–11 |title=History of Bundelkhand }}<br />
* {{cite book |first=Sushil Kumar |last=Sullerey |title=Chandella Art |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rj8RusFpYHIC&pg=PA25 |year=2004 |publisher=Aakar Books |isbn=978-81-87879-32-9 }}<br />
<br />
{{Chandelas of Jejakabhukti}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Chandelas of Jejakabhukti]]<br />
[[Category:10th-century Indian monarchs]]</div>MyrnaAcuna04https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lakshmamma_Katha&diff=474865Sri Lakshmamma Katha2025-11-27T07:11:17Z<p>MyrnaAcuna04: improved article</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Sri Lakshmamma Katha <br />
| image = Sri_Lakshmamma_Katha.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| writer = [[Balijepalli Lakshmikantham]]<br />Gopalaraya Sharma<br />{{small|(dialogues)}} <br />
| producer = [[Ghantasala Balaramaiah]]<br />
| director = [[Ghantasala Balaramaiah]]<br />
| starring = [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]]<br />[[Anjali Devi]]<br />
| music = [[C. R. Subburaman]]<br />
| cinematography = P. Sridhar<br />
| editing = G. D. Joshi<br />
| studio = Pratibha Productions<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0155173/ |title=Sri Lakshmamma Katha (Overview) |work=IMDb |access-date=1 July 2018 |archive-date=22 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422035100/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0155173/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
| distributor = Poorna films <br />
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1950|2|26}}<br />
| runtime = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Telugu<br />
| budget =<br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Sri Lakshmamma Katha''''' ({{translation|The Story of Sri Lakshmamma}}) is a 1950 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language film, produced and directed by [[Ghantasala Balaramayya]] under the Pratibha Productions banner.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://telugumoviepedia.com/movie/cast/1477/sri-lakshmamma-katha-cast.html |title=Sri Lakshmamma Katha (Banner) |work=Chitr.com |access-date=21 April 2017 |archive-date=26 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826223814/https://telugumoviepedia.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It stars [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] and [[Anjali Devi]], with music composed by [[C. R. Subburaman]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://spicyonion.com/title/shri-lakshmamma-katha-telugu-movie/ |title=Sri Lakshmamma Katha (Review) |work=Spicy Onion |access-date=21 April 2017 |archive-date=22 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422040212/http://spicyonion.com/title/shri-lakshmamma-katha-telugu-movie/ |url-status=usurped }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sri Lakshmamma Katha (Cast & Crew) |url=http://telugumoviepedia.com/movie/cast/1477/sri-lakshmamma-katha-cast.html |work=Know Your Films |access-date=21 April 2017 |archive-date=26 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826223814/https://telugumoviepedia.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
The film begins at Durgi, where a noble lady, Lakshmamma, is the daughter of a landlord, Musalappa Naidu. She lives with her mother, Peramma, and brothers, Kotaiah Naidu & Chinna Kotaiah Naidu. Besides, Venkaiah Naidu belongs to Lingapuram and stays with his mother, Venkamma, and sister, Pichamma, a leftover wife. Once Venkaiah views Lakshmamma and falls for her. Here, Musalappa accepts the proposal stipulating for matrilocality. Despite the denial of Venkamma & Pichamma, Venkaiah knits Lakshmamma. As time passes, Lakshmamma gives birth to a baby girl named Parvati. Meanwhile, Venkaiah lusts for a courtesan, Rangasani. One night, when he tries to steal Lakshmamma's necklace for her, she obstructs him. So, He batters her severely and quits. Kotayya walks on to retrieve him and, in turn, is mortified. Thus, Lakshmamma sets foot into her in-law's house when the debauchery husband deserts her and is subjected to torments by shrews Venkamma & Pichamma. Once Lakshmamma, Subbaiah & Ramaiah dig out a hidden treasure, they proceed to Kotappakonda temple with their wives. At that time, Venkamma ruses to knit Parvati with Pichamma's mad son, which Lakshmamma opposes. Parallelly, Venkaiah sees Rangasani with someone else. In that rage, he returns home when Venkamma & Pichamma denounce Lakshmamma and make him suspect her purity. Ergo, Venkaiah stabs Lakshmamma with the knife when lighting occurs, Venkaiah loses his eyesight, and Venkamma & Pichamma become dumb. At last, Lakshmamma heels them with her holy power. Finally, Lakshmamma has been adored as a deity at Lingapuram till today.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{{colbegin}}<br />
*[[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] as Venkayya Naidu<br />
*[[Anjali Devi]] as Sri Lakshmamma<br />
*[[Kasturi Siva Rao]] as Rangadu<br />
*Kona Prabhakar Rao as Kotayya Naidu<br />
*Gadepalli as Musalappa Naidu<br />
*Gowrinatha Sastry as Ramayya Naidu<br />
*[[Kandikonda]] as Subbayya Naidu<br />
*[[G. Varalakshmi]] as Pichamma<br />
*Surabhi Balasaraswathi as Chitti<br />
*Suryaprabha as Rangasani<br />
*Seshamamba as Venkamma<br />
*Rajaratnam as Peramma<br />
*Kanthamma as Viswamaata<br />
*Master Kundu as Chinna Kotayya Naidu <br />
*Baby Narayani as Parvathi<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
==Crew==<br />
*'''Art''': S. V. S. Rama Rao<br />
*'''Choreography''': [[Vedantam Raghavayya]]<br />
*'''Dialogues&nbsp;— Lyrics''': [[Balijepalli Lakshmikantham]], Gopalaraya Sharma<br />
*'''Playback''': [[Susarla Dakshinamurthi]], [[P. Leela]], [[Jikki]], C. R. Subburaman, Kasturi Siva Rao, <br />
*'''Music''': [[C. R. Subburaman]]<br />
*'''Editing''': G. D. Joshi<br />
*'''Cinematography''': P. Sridhar<br />
*'''Producer&nbsp;— Director''': [[Ghantasala Balaramayya]]<br />
*'''Banner''': Pratibha Productions<br />
*'''Release Date''': 26 February 1950<br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Sri Lakshmamma Katha<br />
| type = film<br />
| artist = [[C. R. Subburaman]]<br />
| cover =<br />
| alt =<br />
| released = 1950<br />
| recorded =<br />
| venue =<br />
| studio =<br />
| genre = Soundtrack<br />
| length = 28:45<br />
| label =<br />
| producer = [[C. R. Subburaman]]<br />
| prev_title =<br />
| prev_year =<br />
| next_title =<br />
| next_year =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Music composed by [[C. R. Subburaman]]. Lyrics were written by [[Balijepalli Lakshmikantham]], Gopalaraya Sharma. Music released on Audio Company.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cineradham.com/telugu-audio/movie/178/Sri%20Lakshmamma%20katha(1950)/ |title=Sri Lakshmamma Katha (Songs) |work=Cineradham |access-date=21 April 2017 |archive-date=22 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422033912/http://www.cineradham.com/telugu-audio/movie/178/Sri%20Lakshmamma%20katha%281950%29/ |url-status=live }}</ref> <br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
!S. No.!!Song title !!Singers !!length<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|"Annem Punnem Yerugani"<br />
|C. R. Subburaman<br />
|4:22<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|"Cheetiki Maatiki Chittemmante"<br />
|[[Jikki]], [[Kasturi Siva Rao]]<br />
|2:04<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|"Chinnari Bangaru"<br />
|[[P. Leela]]<br />
|3:05<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|"Gummadi Poola Kammani Gaali"<br />
|P. Leela<br />
|2:54<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|"Hayiga Veenula Vinduga"<br />
|[[Susarla Dakshinamurthi]], P. Leela<br />
|3:14<br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
|"Idi Naa Vidhi Krutama"<br />
|P. Leela<br />
|3:28<br />
|-<br />
|7<br />
|"Jeevithame Vrudha Auno"<br />
|P. Leela<br />
|3:15<br />
|-<br />
|8<br />
|"Nattinta Maa Lakshmi"<br />
|P. Leela<br />
|1:39<br />
|-<br />
|9<br />
|"Thaalaga Jaalanu Ra"<br />
|[[A. P. Komala]]<br />
|2:50<br />
|-<br />
|10<br />
|"Velpuvai Velisevu"<br />
|Chorus<br />
|1:54<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Hindu devotional films]]<br />
[[Category:1940s Telugu-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian drama films]]<br />
[[Category:1950 drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by C. R. Subbaraman]]</div>MyrnaAcuna04https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aithanahalli&diff=457586Aithanahalli2025-11-08T18:57:57Z<p>MyrnaAcuna04: fix information further and cleaned formatting</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Aithanahalli<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = village<br />
| image_skyline = Mysore in Karnataka (India).svg<br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = Aithanahalli is in Mysore district<br />
| pushpin_map = <!--India Karnataka--><br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India<br />
| coordinates = <br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mysore]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s<br />
| parts = Piriyapatna<br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = Village Panchayat<br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = <br />
| population_as_of = 2001<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = <!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --><br />
| postal_code = <br />
| registration_plate =KA <br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city<br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = Mysore<br />
| blank2_name_sec1 = Civic agency<br />
| blank2_info_sec1 = Village Panchayat<br />
| website = {{URL|karnataka.gov.in}}<br />
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KA]]<br />
| footnotes =<br />
<br />
}}<br />
<br />
''' Aithanahalli ''' is a village in the southern state of [[Karnataka]], India.<ref name="censusindia">{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/List_of_Village/List_of_Villages_Alphabetical.aspx |title=Census of India : List of Villages Alphabetical Order > Karnataka |work=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |accessdate=2008-12-18 |archive-date=21 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721161209/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/List_of_Village/List_of_Villages_Alphabetical.aspx |url-status=dead }}, Census Village code= 2767500</ref><ref name="yahoomaps">{{cite web|url=http://in.maps.yahoo.com |title=Yahoo! maps India : |accessdate=2009-04-17 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218082545/http://in.maps.yahoo.com/ |archivedate=2008-12-18 }} Aithanahalli, Mysore, Karnataka</ref> It is located in the [[Piriyapatna]] [[taluk]] of [[Mysore district]].<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Mysore]]<br />
* [[Districts of Karnataka]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{cite web|url=http://Mysore.nic.in/|title=Mysuru District Information|publisher=Mysore.nic.in|accessdate=2016-05-01}}<br />
<br />
{{Settlements in Mysore district}}<br />
<br />
{{coord missing|Karnataka}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Mysore district]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Mysore-geo-stub}}</div>MyrnaAcuna04https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manbhum&diff=469615Manbhum2025-11-01T14:25:47Z<p>MyrnaAcuna04: quick added information per standard format additionally</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|East Indian district during the British Raj}}<br />
{{more citations needed|date=July 2013}}<br />
{{Infobox former subdivision<br />
| common_name = Manbhum<br />
|nation = [[British India]]<br />
|subdivision = Former [[Districts of British India|district]]<br />
| today = [[West Bengal]] ([[Purulia district|Purulia]]) [[Jharkhand]] ([[Dhanbad district|Dhanbad]], [[Bokaro district|Bokaro]], [[Ranchi district|Ranchi]], [[Saraikela Kharsawan district|Saraikela Kharsawan]], [[East Singhbhum district|East Singhbhum]])<br />
| event_start = Formation<br />
| year_start = 1833<br />
| event_end = Disestablished by [[Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum)|bifurcation]]<br />
| year_end = 1956<br />
| date_event2= 1846<br />
| event2 = [[Dhalbhum]] curved out and merged with [[Singhbhum district|Singhbhum]]<br />
| date_event3 = 1879<br />
| event3 = [[Khatra subdivision|Khatra, Raipur and Simlapal]] area merged with [[Bankura district|Bankura]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Banerji |first=Amiya Kumar |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.08792/page/12/ |title=West Bengal District Gazetteers: Bankura |date=1968 |publisher=Calcutta, Saraswaty Press |pages=12 |quote=In 1879, Khatra, Raipur and Simlapal police stations corresponding to the parganas of Supur, Ambikanagar, Raipur, Syamsundarpur, Phulkusma, Simlapal and Bhalaidiha were transferred from the Manbhum district}}</ref><br />
| date_event4 = 1912<br />
| event4 = Became part of [[Bihar and Orissa Province]]<br />
| date_event5 = 1937<br />
| event5 =Became part of [[Bihar Province]]<br />
| event_post = <br />
| date_post = <br />
| capital = {{ubl|[[Manbazar]] {{small|(1833)}}|[[Purulia]] {{small|(1838)}}<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TWsoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA116 |title=The Calcutta Review |date=1869 |pages=116 |language=en}}</ref>}}<br />
| image_map = 19s Bengal province map.jpg<br />
| image_map_caption = District map of Bengal administration, 1912<br />
| stat_year1 =1833<br />
| stat_area1 =20449 <br />
| stat_pop1 =<br />
| stat_year2 = 1872<ref>{{Cite book |last=Beverley |first=H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h5Y7AQAAMAAJ |title=Report of the Census of Bengal 1872 |date=1872 |publisher=Bengal Secretariat Press |pages=6–7 |language=en}}</ref><br />
| stat_area2 = 12726<br />
| stat_pop2 = 995570<br />
| stat_year3 = 1901<ref name=Census1901>{{Cite book|last=Gait|first=E. A.|author-link=Edward Albert Gait|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=06YJAAAAIAAJ|title=Census of India – 1901, Vol- VIA – The lower probinces of Bengal and their Feudatourie (Part II, The Imperial Tables)|publisher=Bengal Secretariat Press|year=1909|pages=2–3|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715063025/https://books.google.com/books?id=06YJAAAAIAAJ|archive-date=15 July 2023|access-date=8 July 2023}} [https://indianculture.gov.in/rarebooks/census-india-1901-vol-vi-lower-provinces-bengal-and-their-feudatories-part-ii Alt URL]</ref><br />
| stat_pop3 = 1,301,364<br />
| stat_area3 = 10741<br />
| stat_year4 = 1931<br />
| stat_pop4 = 1,810,890<br />
| stat_area4 = 10606<br />
<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Manbhum District''' was one of the districts of the [[East India]] during the [[British Raj]].<ref name=EB1911>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Manbhum |volume=17 |page=542}}</ref> After [[Partition of India|India's independence]], the district became a part of [[Bihar State]]. Upon the reorganization of the Indian states in the mid-1950s, the Manbhum district was [[Partition (politics)|partitioned]] based on language. The Bengal-speaking areas were included in [[West Bengal]], while the rest were kept with [[Bihar]] (present-day [[Jharkhand]]).<br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
<br />
Manbhum gets its name from the 16th century military general [[Man Singh I]] who is known for his conquests Of Bihar, Odisha and parts of Bengal. He later also served as the governor ([[Subahdar]]) of this region during the reign of King [[Akbar]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Roy |first=B. C. |title=Raja Mansingh and the Final Conquest of Orissa by the Mughals |date=1950 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44140922 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=13 |pages=243–253 |jstor=44140922 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref><br />
<br />
In other versions, the district name derived from [[Manbazar]] or Manbhum ''khas [[pargana]]s''. The headquarters of Jangal mahal region from around 1833 to 1838, when the district was formed.{{sfn|Coupland|1911|p=1–2}}<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
[[File:Southwest Bengal, 1776, by Rennell.jpg|thumb|The jurisdiction of Panchet and Medinipur in Rennell's map (1776), decades after the region was ceded by the EIC, the region later formed as Manbhum district.]]<br />
<br />
The history of Manbhum region predates the 18th century. Before its formation, the [[Panchet]] estate was established through the consolidation of smaller zamindaris, including [[Patkum estate|Patkum]], Barabhum, Sikharbhum, and [[Telkupi]]. Historical records of these region's previous rulers or chiefs are sparse for the period before [[Company rule in India|British East India Company rule in India]]. The company formed [[Jungle Mahals|Jungle-Mahal]] district in 1805, incorporating the Panchet estate and other forested areas into a single administrative unit, with headquarters nearby present-day [[Bankura]] town.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bengal (India) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IBImAQAAIAAJ |title=Bengal District Gazetteers |date=1911 |publisher=Bengal Secretariat Book Depot |pages=215 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Chatterjee |first=Kalyan |title=Representations of Manbhum and Purulia in Orientalist texts and the task of salvaging the past of the region |date=2021-06-17 |work=Rethinking the Local in Indian History |pages=71–86 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781003094395/chapters/10.4324/9781003094395-5 |access-date=2025-01-09 |edition=1 |place=London |publisher=Routledge India |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781003094395-5 |isbn=978-1-003-09439-5|url-access=subscription }}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:The Sketch Map Showing Provincial and District Divisions to Accompany the Administration Report, 1872–73 (Cropped to Bihar, Chota Nagpur, and Odisha).jpg|thumb|Manbhum District as part of the [[Chota Nagpur Division]], [[Bengal Presidency]], 1872]]<br />
In 1833, the [[East India Company]] formed the Manbhum district with its headquarters in [[Manbazar]], covering an area of 7,896 square miles (chiefly Panchet and half of its adjacent [[Midnapore district|Midnapore region]]), by dividing the [[Jungle Mahals|Jungle-Mahal]] region to enhance administrative efficiency. In 1838, the headquarters shifted to [[Purulia]], and over the following years, the district underwent several divisions. These divisions occurred in 1845 ([[Dhalbhum]] curved out with 1,183 square miles area and merged with [[Singhbhum district]]{{sfn|Bhattacharya|1985|pages=7, 102}}), 1846, 1871, and finally, in 1879, reducing its size to 4,112 square miles. In 1901, the district area was 4,147 square miles, inhabited by a population of 1,301,364.<ref name=Census1901/> In 1912, Manbhum became a part of the [[Bihar and Orissa Province]].<br />
<br />
[[File:Manbhum highlight.png|thumb|Manbhum in [[Bihar and Orissa Province]] of [[Bengal Presidency]], 1912.]]<br />
On 1 April 1936, the Bihar and Orissa Province was [[Partition (politics)|partitioned]] into two separate provinces [[Bihar Province|Bihar]] and [[Orissa Province|Orissa]] based on language, though Manbhum continued to remain a part of Bihar. [[Post-independence History of India|Post-independence]], [[Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum)|linguistic tensions]] emerged in the district due to [[Hindi imposition|imposition of Hindi language]] over the native [[Bengali-speaking]] majority. This led to the establishment of the [[States Reorganisation Commission|State Reorganization Commission]] on December 23, 1953. The commission recommended the creation of a new district named Purulia, primarily for Bengali speakers, by carving it out of the former Manbhum district in Bihar. The proposed Purulia district included 19 police stations from Manbhum, while 10 police stations from the Dhanbad sub-division and 2 police stations from the Purulia sub-division of Manbhum remained in Bihar.<br />
<br />
Subsequently, three police stations of [[West Bengal]]—[[Ichagarh block|Ichagarh]], [[Chandil block|Chandil]], and [[Patamda block|Patamda]]—were transferred to Bihar upon a special request from [[Tata Steel|TISCO, Jamshedpur]]. The "[[States Reorganisation Act, 1956|Bengal-Bihar Border Demarcation]]" Bill was passed in [[Parliament of India|Parliament]] on August 17, 1956, and in [[Rajya Sabha]] on August 28, 1956, ultimately receiving the signature of the [[President of India]] on September 1, 1956. Consequently, on November 1, 1956, [[Purulia district|Purulia]] officially became a part of West Bengal, comprising 16 police stations, covering an area of {{convert|2007|sqmi|km2}}, and hosting a population of 1,169,097. However, other areas, including Ichagarh, Chandil, and Patamda, continued to remain under the jurisdiction of Bihar, with the former two became part of Saraikela, while Patamda (an area used to under the Barabhum police station) became part of Dhalbhum (presently East Singhbhum district). Furthermore, on November 15, 2000, South Bihar was bifurcated to form a separate state called [[Jharkhand]] due to demographic disparities between North Bihar and South Bihar. Today, these areas form parts of the [[Dhanbad district|Dhanbad]], [[Bokaro district|Bokaro]], [[Ranchi district|Ranchi]], [[Saraikela Kharsawan district|Saraikela Kharsawan]] and [[East Singhbhum district]]s in Jharkhand.<br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
{{Historical population<br />
|1872|820521 <br />
|1881|1058228<br />
|1891|1193328<br />
|1901|1301364<br />
|1911|1547576<br />
|1921|1548777<br />
|1931|1810890<br />
|1941|2032146<br />
|1951|2279259<br />
|source=Census of India<ref>{{Cite book |title=District Census Reports, 1891 Chota Nagpur Division, Bihar |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/30101/download/33282/20061_1891_DCR.pdf |access-date=15 February 2012 |at=Sec. Manbhum}} [http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/785/1/20061_1891_DCR.pdf Alt URL]</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Tables, Volume-VII, Bihar - Census 1941 |publisher=Director of Census Operations, Bihar |year=1941 |page=10 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/32416/download/35597/20761_1941_TAB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208062921/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/32416/download/35597/20761_1941_TAB.pdf |archive-date=8 December 2024 |access-date=8 December 2024 }}</ref><ref name=censusnote>{{cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28119/download/31301/43944_1911_LIN.pdf |title=A Not on The Linguistic Tables Census of Bihar - Census 1951 |year=1954 |publisher=Director of Census Operations, Bihar |page=14 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208063125/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28119/download/31301/43944_1911_LIN.pdf |archive-date=8 December 2024 |access-date=8 December 2024 }}</ref><br />
}}<br />
{{Pie chart<br />
|caption=Languages of Manbhum (1931)<br />
|value1 = 67.52<br />
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br />
|color1 = dodgerblue<br />
|value2 = 17.76<br />
|label2 = [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]<br />
|color2 = orange<br />
|value3 = 13.37<br />
|label3 = [[Santhali language|Santhali]]<br />
|color3 = green<br />
|other= yes<br />
|other-color = DeepPink<br />
}}<br />
As of the [[1931 Census of India|1931 census]], the Manbhum district recorded a total population of 1,810,890, with 940,009 males and 870,881 females. In terms of linguistic diversity, [[Bengali language|Bengali]] constituted the majority with 1,222,689 individuals, followed by [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] speakers at 321,690 (including [{{approx}} 51,176]<ref name=censusnote/>{{rp|19}} [[Kurmali language|Kurmali]] and [[Panchpargania]])<ref name=Census1931a>{{Cite book |last=Lacey |first=W. G. |url=https://language.census.gov.in/eLanguageDivision/struts/viewFlipBook?book_type=eArchive&folder_name=40831_1931_REA&title=Census%20of%20India%201931,%20Vol-%20VII%20Bihar%20and%20Orissa%20Part%20I%20Report%20by%20W%20G%20Lacey#page/266/mode/1up |title= Census Of India 1931 – Bihar and Orissa |volume=VII |others=Part I, Report |date=1933 |page=233 |publisher=Superintendent, Government printing |jstor=saoa.crl.25797116}} [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.56026/page/n278/ Alt URL] : "In addition to the Munda and Dravidian languages, there are a number of distinctive dialects spoken by various primitive tribes, which in one sense might be called "tribal languages". But they have not been included in the present list, because they are little else than corrupt forms of the main Ariyan languages current in the locality. Kurmali and Panch Pargania are examples of this type, to which some reference has already been made. Both of these have been treated as Hindustani."</ref> and the [[Santhali language|Santhali]] at 242,091. Other noteworthy linguistic groups encompassed [[Koda language|Koda]] (4,623), [[Bhumij language|Bhumij]] (2,918), [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] (1,912), [[Kharia language|Kharia]] (1,995), [[Marwari language|Marwadi]] (1,774), [[Odia language|Odia]] (1,563), [[Karmali language|Karmali]] (1,568), [[Telugu language|Telegu]] (1,332), [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]] (946), [[Khas Kura|Naipal]] (662), [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] (661), [[Mundari language|Mundari]] (789), [[Tamil language|Tamil]] (525), [[Mahali language|Mahali]] (312), and [[Ho language|Ho]] (57).<ref name=Census1931b>{{Cite book |last=Lacey |first=W. G. |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28208/download/31390/20779_1931_BIH.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127025459/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28208/download/31390/20779_1931_BIH.pdf |archive-date= 27 January 2024 |title= Census Of India 1931 – Bihar and Orissa |volume=VII |others=Part II, Tables |date=1932 |pages=114–118, 136–160}} [http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.56027 Alt URL]</ref><br />
<br />
In terms of social demographics, the [[Kudmi Mahato]] comprised the largest percentage at 17.84%, followed by [[Santal people|Santal]] at 15.59%. Other significant caste groups include [[Bauri (caste)|Bauri]] (6.7%), [[Bhumij people|Bhumij]] (5.74%), [[Brahmin|Brahman]] (4.58%), [[Kumhar]] (3.15%), Jolha (3.12%), [[Teli]] (2.68%), [[Gowala (caste)|Goala]], [[Ahir]] and [[Yadav]] (2.26%), [[Rajuar|Rajwar]] (2.15%), [[Kamar (caste)|Kamar]] (1.95%), [[Bhuiya]] (1.86%), [[Rajput]] (1.7%), [[Nai (caste)|Hajam/Nai]](1.38%), [[Dom (caste)|Dom]] (1.36%), [[Hari caste|Hari]] (1.15%), Ghatwar (0.98%), Mochi (0.94%), [[Kora (tribe)|Kora]] (0.86%), [[Kayastha]] (0.8%), [[Dhobi]] (0.79%), Kahar (0.78%), [[Tanti]] (0.65%), [[Mahli]] (0.6%), [[Bania (caste)|Bania]] (0.56%), [[Koeri|Koiri]] (0.54%), [[Chamar]] (0.51%), and [[Kewat]] (0.5%).<ref name=Census1931b/><br />
<br />
When the fragmented parts of Manbhum district, which are present in multiple states, are added together, the percentage of Bengali and Santali population in 2011 stood at 47.52 and 10.38 respectively. Various policies of the then Bihar government and the subsequent Jharkhand government alongwith the large influx of people from other places into the region are believed to be responsible for this demographic change.<ref>https://www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/bihari-influx-altering-jharkhand-demography-congress-mla/amp_articleshow/112089595.cms</ref>{{fv|date=November 2025}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Jungle Mahals]]<br />
*[[Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum)]]<br />
*[[Bihar and Orissa Province]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
=== Source ===<br />
{{refbegin}}<br />
*{{cite book |last1=Coupland |first1=H. |title=Bengal District Gazetteers Manbhum |publisher=The Bengal Secretariat Book Depot Calcutta |year=1911 |url=https://www.indianculture.gov.in/gazettes/bengal-district-gazetteers-manbhum |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529111107/https://www.indianculture.gov.in/gazettes/bengal-district-gazetteers-manbhum|url-status=live|archive-date=29 May 2022}} [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.206875 Alt URL]<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Mukhopadhyay |first=Subhash Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c4QeAAAAMAAJ |title=Glimpses of the History of Manbhum |date=1983 |publisher=S.C. Mukhopadhyay |language=en |oclc=13013416}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Birendra ku. |title=Bengal District Gazetteers (Purulia) |publisher= Narendra Nath Sen, State editor, West Bengal district gazetteers |year=1985 |url=http://purulia.nic.in/services/downloadforms/distgazetprl.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115161915/http://purulia.nic.in/services/downloadforms/distgazetprl.pdf|url-status=live|archive-date=15 November 2016}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=B.K. Gokhale |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.csl.4175 |title=Final report of the survey and settlement operations in the district of Manbhum, 1918-1925 |date=1928 |publisher=Patna, Superintendent, Government Printing}} [https://www.indianculture.gov.in/final-report-survey-and-settlement-operations-district-manbhum-1918-1925 Alt URL]<br />
{{refend}}<br />
{{Bihar topics}}<br />
{{West Bengal topics}}<br />
{{Historical districts of India}}<br />
<br />
{{coord|23|20|N|86|22|E|display=title|region:IN_type:dist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Bengal Presidency]]<br />
[[Category:Former districts of Bihar]]</div>MyrnaAcuna04https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jawahar_Navodaya_Vidyalaya,_Jorhat&diff=474031Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Jorhat2025-11-01T08:36:28Z<p>MyrnaAcuna04: small refine references as per guidelines</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[Titabor#Education]]<br />
<br />
{{Redirect category shell|<br />
{{R to related topic}}<br />
{{R from school}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalayas in Assam]]<br />
[[Category:Schools in Assam]]<br />
[[Category:Education in Jorhat district]]<br />
[[Category:Jorhat district]]<br />
[[Category:1995 establishments in Assam]]<br />
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1995]]</div>MyrnaAcuna04https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taljhari_railway_station&diff=539396Taljhari railway station2025-10-21T19:01:13Z<p>MyrnaAcuna04: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Railway station in Jharkhand, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox station<br />
| name = Taljhari<br />
| style = Indian Railways<br />
| type = [[Passenger train]] station<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| address = [[National Highway 33 (India)|National Highway 80]], [[Taljhari]], [[Sahebganj district]], [[Jharkhand]]<br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| coordinates = {{Coord|25.08235|N|87.741688|E|format=dms}}<br />
| elevation = {{cvt|38|m}}<br />
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]<br />
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone]]<br />
| line = [[Sahibganj loop|Rampurhat-Sahibganj Section]]<br />
| platform = 2<br />
| tracks = 2<br />
| other = <br />
| accessible = <br />
| parking = <br />
| structure = Standard (on ground station)<br />
| code = {{Indian railway code<br />
| code = TLJ<br />
| zone = [[Eastern Railway zone]]<br />
| division = {{rwd|Malda}}<br />
}}<br />
| status = Active<br />
| closed = <br />
| former = [[East Indian Railway Company]]<br />
| opened = <br />
| rebuilt = <br />
| electrified = Yes<br />
| passengers = <br />
| pass_system = <br />
| pass_year = <br />
| pass_percent = <br />
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways|line=Eastern Railway zone|left=Kalian Chak|right=Karanpurato|type=[[Sahibganj loop]]}}<br />
| map_locator = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Taljhari railway station''' is a railway stationon the [[Sahibganj loop|Rampurhat-Sahibganj section]] under the [[Malda railway division]] of [[Eastern Railway zone]]. It is situated beside [[National Highway 33 (India)|National Highway 80]] at [[Taljhari]] in [[Sahebganj district]] in the Indian state of [[Jharkhand]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Taljhari Railway Station Map/Atlas ER/Eastern Zone - Railway Enquiry|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/taljhari-tlj/2451|access-date=2021-06-04|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Taljhari Railway Station (TLJ) : Station Code, Time Table, Map, Enquiry|url=https://www.ndtv.com/indian-railway/taljhari-tlj-station|access-date=2021-06-04|website=www.ndtv.com|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Railway stations in Sahibganj district]]<br />
[[Category:Malda railway division]]</div>MyrnaAcuna04https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=No._22_Squadron_IAF&diff=467938No. 22 Squadron IAF2025-10-12T20:09:10Z<p>MyrnaAcuna04: general adjust article and updated info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use Indian English|date=August 2013}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox military unit<br />
|unit_name= No. 22 Squadron<br />
|image=[[File:No22sqd.jpg|160px|22 Squadron badge]]<br />
|caption=Crest of No 22 Squadron<br />
|dates=15 October 1966 – 29 December 2017<br />
|country=India<br />
|allegiance=<br />
|branch=<br />
|type=<br />
|role=[[Close Air Support|CAS]] <br/> [[Air interdiction|Interdiction]]<br/>[[Ground attack]]<br />
|size=<br />
|command_structure=<br />
|garrison=[[Hasimara Air Force Station|Hasimara AFS]]<br />
|garrison_label=<br />
|nickname="Swifts"<br />
|patron=<br />
|motto=''Sahase Vijayate''<br />Courage Triumphs<br />
|colors=<br />
|colors_label=<br />
|march=<br />
|mascot=<br />
|equipment=<br />
|equipment_label=<br />
|battles=<br />
|anniversaries=<br />
|decorations=<br />
|battle_honours=<br />
|disbanded=<br />
<!-- Commanders --><br />
|commander1=<br />
|commander1_label=<br />
|commander2=<br />
|commander2_label=<br />
|commander3=<br />
|commander3_label=<br />
|notable_commanders=<br />
<!-- Insignia --><br />
|identification_symbol=Flying Swift<br />
|identification_symbol_label=<br />
|identification_symbol_2=<br />
|identification_symbol_2_label=<br />
<!-- Aircraft --><br />
|aircraft_attack=[[Mig 27|Mig 27ML]]<br />
|aircraft_bomber=<br />
|aircraft_electronic=<br />
|aircraft_fighter=<br />
|aircraft_recon=<br />
|aircraft_trainer=<br />
|aircraft_transport=<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''No. 22 Squadron (''Swifts'') ''' was a [[Close Air Support|CAS]] unit based out of [[Hasimara]] AFS. Along with [[No. 222 Squadron IAF]] [[Tiger Sharks]], No. 22 Squadron forms a part of the '''16 Wing''' of the IAF. The squadron operated the [[MiG-27]] till December 2017 and the squadron number-plated since then.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sainiksamachar.nic.in/englisharchives/2018/jan16-18/h11.htm|title=MiG-27 squadron number-plated at Hasimara|publisher=Sainik Samachar|access-date=2021-06-27}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Formation==<br />
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Mig-27ml.jpg|thumb|200px|left|A [[Mig 27]] of the No. 22 Squadron takes off from [[Hasimara Air Force Station]]]] --><!-- FAIR USE of Mig-27ml.jpg: see image description page at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Mig-27ml.jpg for rationale --><br />
No. 22 Sqn, [[Indian Air Force|IAF]] was raised on 15 October 1966 at Airforce Station [[Bareilly]] under the command of Wg Cdr PP Singh as a part of [[Eastern Air Command (India)|Eastern Air Command]], and named "Hell's Angels". The unit was at the time equipped with [[Folland Gnat|Gnat Mk-I ac]] and assigned to [[Ground attack]] and [[Air defence]]. It moved to [[Kalaikunda]] [[Air Force Base|AFB]] under [[Eastern Air Command (India)|Eastern Air Command]] in September 1968, forming a part of the 5 Wing.<ref name="22 Nov">{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1971War/Sabres.html |title=22nd November 1971 |publisher=Bharat-rakshak.com |access-date=2012-07-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111118130237/http://bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1971War/Sabres.html |archive-date=18 November 2011 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==1971 Operations== <br />
{{Main|East Pakistan Operations 1971|Operation Chengiz Khan}}<br />
<br />
===Air defence===<br />
On 22 November 1971, the squadron fought the first engagement that signified the opening of all out war in 1971, four Gnats operating from [[Dum Dum]], engaged [[F86 Sabre|Sabres]] [[Battle of Boyra|over Boyra salient]], shot down two of them, and badly damaged one. The damaged aircraft however made it back to Tezgaon Airfield alongside the undamaged one. Two of the PAF pilots, namely Pervez Mehdi Qureshi, Khaleel Ahmed, ejected over the Boyra salient, and were taken [[POW]]s.<ref name="22 Nov"/><br />
<br />
===Ground attack===<br />
No. 22 did not fly against ground targets until three days after [[Operation Chengiz Khan|the formal declaration of war]]. First of these was on 6 December, against [[Barisal]] Airfield, south of [[Dhaka]]. At 1200 hours, four Gnats flew against the airfield at Brisal, destroying all the hangars, and causing extensive damage to the bunkers around it.<br />
<br />
The squadron also struck the Ishurdi airfield repeatedly between 5 and 8 December, and Jessore on 8 December. On 7 Dec, the squadron destroyed the Army Brigade at Khulna.<ref name="IAF.nic">{{cite web|url=http://indianairforce.nic.in/show_unit.php?ch=17 |title=No 22 Squadron (Swifts) |publisher=Indianairforce.nic.in |access-date=2013-10-27}}</ref><br />
<!-- Commented out: [[File:Gnats from No.22 Sqn.gif|thumb|200px|Gnats from the No. 22 in the [[North-East India|North East]], photo c 1970.]] --> <!-- FAIR USE of Gnats_from_No.22_Sqn.gif: see image description page at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Gnats_from_No.22_Sqn.gif for rationale --><br />
<br />
===Close air support===<br />
The most extensive ground support missions were flown against the [[Pakistani Army]] positions in Jessore. The [[Indian Army]] faced its most difficult task in the capture of Jessore, where the Pakistani Army had dug-in in concrete defences and defended every inch and were also aided by an effective [[artillery barrage]]. No 22 Sqn would strike these positions with [[Unguided bombs]], destroying the defences in pinpoint attacks. Jessore would fall after this bloody confrontation.<ref name="IAF.nic"/><br />
<br />
===Bomber and transport escort===<br />
No. 22 provided crucial [[fighter escort]] to the [[Hawker Hunter|Hunter]]s and [[English Electric Canberra|Canberra]]s on strikes against positions deep inside [[East Pakistan]]. The Pakistani Air Force did not attempt to intercept these flights, and hence allowed these bombers to go through unhampered, causing extensive damage to railyards and strongholds. Gnats from No 22 would also provide fighter escort to the [[An-12]]s and [[Douglas DC-3|Dakota]]s during the [[Tangail Airdrop]] on 11 December 1971.<ref name="IAF.nic"/><br />
<br />
===Anti shipping operations===<br />
The Pakistani ground forces attempted to retreat through small boats, motor launches and barges. The squadron carried out raids on Khulna, Banisol, and Godanad between 7 and 15 December, effectively stopping the escape.<ref name="IAF.nic"/><br />
<br />
==Post-War==<br />
In December 1975, the squadron moved to Hasimara, and in April 1978, it moved to Bagdogra and converted to [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited|HAL]] [[Folland Gnat|Ajeet]] Mk.1 aircraft in March 1982. On 20 December 1985, the unit was awarded the present crest of the [[Swift (bird)|Swift]] by the then [[President of India|President]] [[R. Venkataraman]], and renamed to its current name. In February 1990, the squadron moved back to Hasimara, and converted to [[Mikoyan MiG-27]]ML aircraft.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Images/Special/AirfieldVisits/Hasimara/ |title=The Floggers of Hasimara [www.bharat-rakshak.com&#93; |publisher=Bharat-rakshak.com |access-date=2012-07-15}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Sabre Slayers==<br />
The Squadron earned its name of '''Sabre Slayers''', during Operations in December 1971. In the Battle of Boyra of the war, three intruding [[F-86 Sabre|Sabre]]s of the [[Pakistani Air Force|PAF]] were shot down by the Squadron Pilots. Through the war, Gnats from No.22 repeatedly engaged the [[Pakistan Air Force|PAF]] [[F-86 Sabre|Sabres]] with devastating effect.<ref name="IAF.nic"/><br />
<br />
==Aircraft==<br />
<br />
Aircraft types operated by the squadron<ref name="22brf">{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/22+Sqn|title=No.22 Squadron Falcons - Bharat Rakshak:Indian Air Force|work=bharat-rakshak.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiastrategic.in/topstories4438_Indian_Air%20Force.htm|title=Nos 18 and 22 Squadron Awarded President's Standard|publisher=India Strategic|date=2015-11-28|access-date=2021-06-27}}</ref><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
! Aircraft type!!From!!To!!Air base<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan='2'| [[Folland Gnat|Folland Gnat I]] || 15 October 1966 || December 1969 || [[Bareilly Airport|AFS Bareilly]]<br />
|-<br />
| December 1969 || April 1982 || [[Kalaikunda Air Force Station|AFS Kalaikunda]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hawker Hunter]] || February 1973 || February 1986 || <br />
|-<br />
| [[HAL Ajeet]] || March 1982 || March 1990 || <br />
|-<br />
| [[Mig-23|MiG-23 UB]] || rowspan=2|February 1990 || rowspan=2|29 December 2017 || rowspan='2'|[[Hasimara Air Force Station|AFS Hasimara]]<br />
|- <br />
| [[MiG-27]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Awards ==<br />
# Flt Lt [[RA Massey]] F(P) [[Vir Chakra|Vr C]]- 1971 operations<ref name="IAF.nic"/><br />
# Flt Lt [[M. A. Ganapathy]] F(P) Vr C - 1971 operations<ref name="IAF.nic"/><br />
# Flt Lt [[D Lazarus]] F(P) Vr C - 1971 Operations<ref name="IAF.nic"/><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
{{Indian Air Force}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Indian Air Force aircraft squadrons|022]]<br />
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1966]]<br />
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 2017]]</div>MyrnaAcuna04https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victor_Rodrigues&diff=544239Victor Rodrigues2025-09-29T20:23:18Z<p>MyrnaAcuna04: Added New Info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian writer (1944–2010)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}<br />
{{EngvarB|date=March 2014}}<br />
{{distinguish|Víctor Rodríguez (disambiguation){{!}}Víctor Rodríguez}}<br />
{{Infobox writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] --><br />
| name = Victor Rodrigues<br />
| image = Victor Rodrigues.jpg<br />
| caption = <br />
| pseudonym =<br />
| birth_name = <br />
| birth_date = 8 February 1944<br />
| birth_place = [[Mangalore]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]]<br />
| death_date = 5 July 2010 (aged 66)<br />
| death_place = [[Mangalore]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]<br />
| occupation = Novelist, Short story writer<br />
| nationality = <br />
| period = 1967–2010<br />
| genre = Satire<br />
| subject = Indian society<br />
| movement =<br />
| spouse = Celine Rodrigues<br />
| signature =<br />
| website =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Victor Rodrigues''' (8 February 1944 – 5 July 2010) was a Konkani novelist and short story writer from [[Mangalore]], India. He was among the most prominent novelists in the field of Konkani literature.<ref name="sa1">{{harvnb|George|1992|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=m1R2Pa3f7r0C&pg=PA217 217]}}</ref> Rodrigues specialised in writing serialised novels of extraordinary length running into more than 150 chapters.<ref name="vjp2">{{harvnb|Sardesai|2000|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1YILeUD_oZUC&pg=PA257 257]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
<br />
Victor Rodrigues was born in the Anjelore locality of Mangalore, the eldest child of four children to a [[Mangalorean Catholics|Mangalorean Catholic]] couple, Anthony and Charmine Rodrigues. While he successfully graduated high school, the family's poverty prevented him from enrolling in a college.<ref name="Mithr">{{cite web<br />
|url = http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=80767&n_tit=Mangalore:+Thousands+Bid+Adieu+to+Konkani+Litterateur+Victor+Rodrigues+<br />
|title = Mangalore: Thousands Bid Adieu to Konkani Litterateur Victor Rodrigues<br />
|author = Edward Nazareth<br />
|publisher = [[Daiji World|Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore]]<br />
|date = 7 July 2010<br />
|access-date = 12 January 2011<br />
|url-status = live<br />
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121012034741/http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=80767&n_tit=Mangalore:+Thousands+Bid+Adieu+to+Konkani+Litterateur+Victor+Rodrigues+<br />
|archive-date = 12 October 2012<br />
|df = dmy-all<br />
}}</ref> After his high school graduation, Rodrigues joined Simon & Company and worked as a painter, where he worked for a short period. He then sought a career in painting, after having learnt painting and art from a drawing master of [[St. Aloysius College (Mangalore)|St. Aloysius College]] named Peter. He received a job at Fr. Mullers Hospital in 1960, where he worked until 1972. Rodrigues later migrated to [[Bahrain]] in 1975, where he worked until 1995.<ref name="Anjelore"/> He was married to Celine D'Souza. The union lasted until his death and produced three children—Lolita, Veena and Santhosh.<ref name="Anjelore"/><br />
<br />
== Literary career ==<br />
<br />
While working at Fr. Mullers Hospital, Rodrigues began his literary career writing for ''Mithr'' (Friend) and ''Jhelo'' (Garland), respectively Konkani weekly and fortnightly. He wrote his first novel ''Vibhadlelen Gharane'' (Ruined Family) in 1967 for the Konkani periodicals, ''Mithr'' and ''Jhelo''. He wrote his first health related article on the topic of breast cancer which was published on ''Jhelo''.<ref name="Anjelore"/> During his literary tenure, Rodrigues wrote 23 novels,<ref name="Mithr"/> the most notable being ''Andhkarachea Khondkant'' (Fond of Darkness), ''Rogtachi Bobatt'' (Bloodcurdling Screams), ''Don Max'' and ''Paap ani Shiraap'' (Sin and Curse).<ref name="Poinnari">{{cite web<br />
|url = http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=80596&n_tit=Mangalore+:+Well-known+Writer+Victor+Rodrigues,+Angelore+(66)+Passes+Away<br />
|title = Mangalore : Well-known Writer Victor Rodrigues, Angelore (66) Passes Away<br />
|publisher = [[Daiji World|Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore]]<br />
|date = 5 July 2010<br />
|access-date = 12 January 2011<br />
|url-status = live<br />
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121012034748/http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=80596&n_tit=Mangalore+:+Well-known+Writer+Victor+Rodrigues,+Angelore+(66)+Passes+Away<br />
|archive-date = 12 October 2012<br />
|df = dmy-all<br />
}}</ref> His literary works were published in 21 papers and magazines.<ref name="Anjelore">{{cite web<br />
|url = http://mangalorean.com/printarticle.php?arttype=broadcast&newsid=1035<br />
|title = 'Pap Anim Shirap' Set To Make History<br />
|publisher = Mangalorean.com<br />
|date = 14 June 2005<br />
|access-date = 12 January 2011<br />
|url-status = live<br />
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121011175141/http://www.mangalorean.com/printarticle.php?arttype=broadcast&newsid=1035<br />
|archive-date = 11 October 2012<br />
|df = dmy-all<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
Rodrigues's stories highlighted his revolutionary views and were usually directed against perceived social evils and social customs and systems, which he found degrading.<ref name="Anjelore"/> He penned his articles with the purpose of creating awareness about social justice.<ref name="Mithr"/><br />
His novel, ''Pratikar'' was serialised in the Konkani weekly, ''Poinnari,'' for almost 198 weeks, while ''Paap ani Shiraap'' ran for 219 weeks.<ref name="Poinnari"/> Apart from his novels, he wrote six plays and two biographies of Catholic priests, Fr. Sylvester Menezes and Fr. Marian Fernandes. Rodrigues also wrote a book on traditional medicines, entitled ''Bholaike Daiz'' (Treasure of Health).<ref name="Poinnari"/> His famous serial story, ''Paap ani Shiraap'' was selected by 'Mangalore Tele Films' for the first Konkani TV mega serial.<ref name="Anjelore"/> It was telecasted on DD Chandana channel under the title ''Kanni Ashi Mogachi'' (A Hopeful Love Story).<ref name="Poinnari"/><br />
<br />
Rodrigues was honoured by Karnataka Konkani Sahitya Akademi for his contribution to literature, in the year 2000. He also received the Daiji Dubai Award in 2006, and Francis Danthy Literary Award the same year.<ref name="Poinnari"/><br />
<br />
== Bibliography ==<br />
<br />
=== Stories ===<br />
* ''Bonglyanthli Khun'' (Murder in the Bungalow); published in 1968 by ''Jhelo''.<br />
* ''Maayakache Bhunyar'' (Foundation of the Disappearance); published in 1968 by ''Kannik'' (Gift).<br />
* ''Vidhicha Davlenth'' (In the hands of Destiny); a story of 62 episodes published in 1971 by ''Mithr''.<br />
* ''Phudarachi Deswat'' (Destruction of the Future); published in 1972 by ''Poinnari'' (Traveller).<br />
* ''Madthir Sunn '' (Martyr's Daughter-in-law); published in 1972 on ''Poinnari''.<br />
* ''Andhkaracha Khandkanth'' (Fond of Darkness); a story of 81 episodes published in 1973 on ''Poinnari''.<br />
* ''Shirapachi Bali'' (Curse of Sacrifice); a story of 127 episodes initially published by ''Poinnari'' in 1975, and re-published in the same periodical in 2000.<br />
* ''Ragtachi Bobaat'' (Bloodcurdling Screams); a story of 124 episodes published in 1980 on ''Poinnari''.<br />
* ''Don Max''; a story of 64 episodes published in 1982 on ''Poinnari''.<br />
* ''Dev Boren Karun'' (God bless you); a story of 33 episodes published in 1984 on ''Kannik''.<br />
* ''Prathikar'' (Revenge); a story of 198 episodes which was published in 1986 on ''Poinnari''.<br />
* ''Charles Shobhraj''; a story of 18 episodes which was published in 1986 on ''Poinnari''.<br />
* ''Paap ani Shirap'' (Sin and Curse); a story of 129 episodes which was published in 1991 on ''Poinnari''.<br />
* ''Bhangarachi Istri'' (Golden Iron Box); a story of 25 episodes published in 1992 on ''Ummalo'' (Feelings).<br />
* ''Haun Parikpon Ghetelin'' (I will take Revenge); a story of 64 episodes which was published in 1996 on ''Poinnari''.<br />
* ''Farikpon'' (Retaliation); a story of 24 episodes which was published in 1998 on ''Raknno'' (Guardian).<br />
* ''Dev Poleta'' (God will see); a story of 24 episodes which was published in 1998 on ''Raknno''.<br />
* ''Sukon Gellyo Shelio'' (The Lost Sheep); a story of 32 episodes published in 2000 on ''Poinnari''.<br />
* ''Jaathi Bailen Kazar'' (Marriage out of Caste); published in 1998 by ''Poinnari''.<br />
* ''Jivatachi Desvat'' (Destruction of Godliness); a story of 40 episodes published in 2001 on ''Amchi Maai'' (Our Mother).<br />
* ''Ravan Rajyanthlo Veerappan'' ([[Veerappan]] from the Kingdom of [[Ravana]]); published in 2002 on ''Poinnari''.<br />
<br />
== Citations ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== Bibliography ==<br />
<br />
=== References ===<br />
*{{cite book<br />
|last=Sardesai<br />
|first=Manohar Rai<br />
|authorlink=Manohar Rai Sardesai<br />
|publisher=Sahitya Akademi<br />
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1YILeUD_oZUC<br />
|title=A History of Konkani Literature: From 1500 to 1992<br />
|year=2000<br />
|isbn=81-7201-664-6<br />
|access-date=16 June 2008}}<br />
*{{cite book<br />
|last=George<br />
|first=K.M.<br />
|publisher=Sahitya Akademi<br />
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m1R2Pa3f7r0C<br />
|title=Modern Indian literature, an anthology, Volume 2<br />
|year=1992<br />
|isbn=978-81-7201-324-0<br />
|access-date=16 June 2008}}<br />
<br />
=== Further reading ===<br />
*{{cite book|last=Pinto|first=Pius Fidelis|authorlink=Pius Fidelis Pinto|publisher=Samanvaya Prakashan|title=Dirvyam Zar&nbsp;– A précis of the literary output in Konkani from the pen of the renowned novelist Victor Rodrigues|year=2002|location=Mangalore}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rodrigues, Victor}}<br />
[[Category:1944 births]]<br />
[[Category:2010 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Writers from Mangalore]]<br />
[[Category:Mangaloreans]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Roman Catholics]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]<br />
[[Category:Konkani-language writers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male short story writers]]<br />
[[Category:Konkani short story writers]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]<br />
[[Category:Novelists from Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]</div>MyrnaAcuna04https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pandrethan_Shiva_Temple&diff=524146Pandrethan Shiva Temple2025-09-11T23:09:31Z<p>MyrnaAcuna04: creating</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Hindu temple in Jammu and Kashmir, India}}<br />
{{Infobox temple<br />
| name = Shiva Temple, Pandrethan<br />
| image = Pandrethan Shiva Temple, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India (1981).jpg<br />
| alt = Pandrethan temple<br />
| caption = Shiva Temple at Pandrethan in 1981<br />
| map_type = India Jammu and Kashmir#India<br />
| map_caption = Location in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]], India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|34|3|23|N|74|51|39|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}<br />
| country = India<br />
| state = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]]<br />
| location = Pandrethan, [[Srinagar district|Srinagar]]<br />
| elevation_m = 1614<br />
| deity = [[Shiva]]<br />
|map_size=<br />
|image_upright=1.15<br />
}}<br />
The '''Pandrethan Shiva temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to [[Shiva]] at Pandrethan, in the city of [[Srinagar]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India. The current structure of the temple dates to {{circa|8th–9th century CE}}, and stands at the centre of a [[Irrigation tank|tank]] fed by a natural spring close to the [[Jhelum River]]. The temple, though smaller than others, is one of the best preserved of ancient Kashmiri Hindu stone temples.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
===Pandrethan===<br />
Pandrethan has been identified as the original site of the capital city of Srinagar, founded by [[Ashoka (Gonandiya)|Ashoka]].{{efn|Identified by scholars with the [[Mauryan empire|Mauryan]] emperor [[Ashoka]].{{sfn|Wani|Wani|2023|p=75}}{{sfn|Kaul|2018|p=110}}}} During the 6th century CE, the capital was shifted a few kilometres northwest, resulting in the area being called ''puranadhisthana'', meaning 'old capital' in [[Sanskrit]], with Srinagar being used as a name for the new capital. The present name, Pandrethan, is a corruption of the Sankrit name.{{sfn|Wani|Wani|2023|p=75}} By the 19th century, the area was littered with ancient ruins.{{sfn|Mitra|1977|page=15}}{{sfn|Siudmak|2013|page=197}} Excavations at Pandrethan on the site of ruins of two Buddhist [[stupa]]s and a monastery in 1915 resulted in the discovery of several Budhhist sculptures and fragments.{{sfn|Siudmak|2013|page=197}} During the 1920s, the area was appropriated for military use and cleared of most ruins,{{sfn|Siudmak|2013|page=197}} and by 1930s military barracks had been built close to the Shiva temple.{{sfn|Kak|1933|page=112}} While digging for building the foundations of these barracks, twenty Hindu sculptures were accidentally discovered, including eight sculptures of Shiva, seated as well as standing, five of [[Matrika]] goddesses, and one each of [[Ganga (goddess)|Ganga]] and [[Ganesha]].{{sfn|Kak|1933|page=116}}{{sfn|Mitra|1977|pages=17–18}} These artefacts date variously to the 2nd and 8th century, and later.{{sfn|Kak|1933|pages=115–116}}<ref name=IE2022>{{citation |date=11 March 2022 |last=A |first=Divya |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/govt-felicitates-army-chinar-corps-in-kashmir-for-preserving-ancient-site-7815802 |title=Govt felicitates Army's Chinar Corps in Kashmir for preserving ancient site |work=[[Indian Express]]}}</ref>{{efn|Many of these are housed at the [[Shri Pratap Singh Museum]] and on site near the temple, while many others have been lost.{{sfn|Siudmak|2013|page=197}}{{sfn|Mitra|1977|page=17}}<ref name=IE2022/>}}<br />
[[File:Ruins of a 10th century Hindu temple at Pandrethan near Srinagar Kashmir, 1868 photo.jpg|thumb|left|1868 photograph of the Shiva temple at Pandrethan]]<br />
<br />
===Shiva Temple===<br />
The present building of the Shiva temple, the only ancient remnant from Pandrethan to survive, was built sometime in the 8th–9th century CE.{{sfn|Mitra|1977|pages=13, 20}}{{sfn|Fisher|1989|page=38}}{{sfn|Huntington|Huntington|2013|pages=362–363}} The temple was originally part of a much larger complex. In 1665, the temple, then in a ruined state, was likely visited by [[François Bernier]] during his visit to the Kashmir Valley. During the 19th century, the temple was visited, sketched and photographed by several British and other European visitors, many of whom noted its exceptionally well-preserved stone ceiling.{{sfn|Bilham|Bali|Bhat|Hough|2010|pages=108–110}}<ref>{{citation |last1=Lovell-Hoare |first1=Max |last2=Lovell-Hoare |first2=Sophie |title=Kashmir:Jammu, Kashmir Valley, Ladakh, Zanskar |page=207 |year=2014 |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |isbn=9781841623962}}</ref> Its smaller size and partially submerged condition may have prevented demolition by later Muslim rulers.{{sfn|Mitra|1977|page=20}}{{sfn|Fisher|1989|page=38}} The temple's roof had likely sustained some damage from an [[earthquake]] in 1828, and possibly from two late 18th century earthquakes earlier.{{sfn|Bilham|Bali|Bhat|Hough|2010|pages=114}}<br />
<br />
The temple was earlier wrongly identified by 19th-century colonial visitors as the Meruvardhanaswami temple described in the [[Rajatarangini]] of [[Kalhana]], which was built in the 10th century by Meruvardhana, a minister during the rule of the [[Utpala dynasty]]. However, the Meruvardhanaswami temple was dedicated to [[Vishnu]], while the temple at Pandrethan is a Shiva temple.{{sfn|Mitra|1977|page=20}}{{sfn|Kak|1933|page=114}} Identification of the temple with another, early 12th century Shiva temple mentioned in the Rajatarangini was proposed, but has been rejected by scholars.{{efn|[[Ram Chandra Kak]] proposed that the temple may be the Rilhaneshwara temple, built in 1135 CE by Rilhan, a minister of [[Lohara dynasty#Second Lohara dynasty|Jayasimha]].{{sfn|Kak|1933|page=114}} [[Debala Mitra]] rejects this saying that the temple does not correspond to any mentioned in the Rajatarangini and dates it to the 10th century or earlier.{{sfn|Mitra|1977|page=20}} Susan L. Huntington also disagrees with the 10th or 12th century dating for the temple, instead suggesting an earlier date,{{sfn|Huntington|Huntington|2013|pages=362–363}} as does Robert Fisher.{{sfn|Fisher|1989|page=38}}}} Based on architectural and stylistic features of the structure and sculptures, scholars date the temple to {{circa|8th–9th century CE}}.{{efn|Mitra dates it to the 10th century or earlier based on stylistic features of the sculptures;{{sfn|Mitra|1977|page=20}} Huntington suggests a probable date of {{circa|8th–9th century CE}} based on the style of sculpture in the temple;{{sfn|Huntington|Huntington|2013|page=364}} and Fisher states that the structural style of the temple indicates it dating to the [[Karkota dynasty]], possibly within the rule of [[Lalitaditya Muktapida|Lalitaditya]] ({{circa|724 CE–760 CE}}).{{sfn|Fisher|1989|page=38}} John Siudmak dates the temple to 'not earlier than' 8th or 9th century CE based on architectural features of the building.{{sfn|Siudmak|2013|page=250}}}} The temple is currently situated inside an army cantonment called [[Badami Bagh]].{{sfn|Bilham|Bali|Bhat|Hough|2010|pages=108}} In 2021, the temple underwent further restoration and a park was constructed around it to exhibit artefacts excavated from its surrounding area.<ref name=IE2022/><br />
<br />
==Architecture==<br />
[[File:Pandrethan temple ceiling, 1866.jpg|thumb|1866 drawing of the temple's ceiling]]<br />
The temple is made of ashlar stone masonry, and stands atop a high platform in the middle of a tank. The temple is [[Ratha (architecture)|tri-ratha]] on the outside, and square on the inside. The top consists of a two-storeyed pyramidal roof.{{sfn|Mitra|1977|pages=21–22}} The roof of the temple is unique in being one of the few of such temples to majorly survive, providing an idea of what the now-demolished roofs of Hindu temples at [[Martand Sun Temple|Martand]], [[Avantiswami Temple|Awantipora]] and elsewhere in Kashmir may have looked like.{{sfn|Mitra|1977|page=20}} The pyramidal summit at the top has been lost, and the roof is now topped with a modern dome and [[Kalasha (finial)|three-orbed finial]].{{sfn|Bilham|Bali|Bhat|Hough|2010|page=111}} There are four doors in four directions, with lintels supporting triangular pediments containing [[trefoil arch]]es. The front facing trefoil arch contains a relief of Shiva in his [[Lakulisha]] form, while the remaining three are empty but may have had similar reliefs.{{sfn|Mitra|1977|page=24}}<br />
<br />
The ceiling of the temple is noted for being the best preserved of ancient Kashmiri Hindu stone temples.{{sfn|Fisher|1989|page=38}} It is intricately carved, consisting of three overlapping squares, formed of nine stone slabs.{{sfn|Mitra|1977|page=24}} Four triangular slabs each are arranged to form the bottom and middle squares, while the top square consists of a single square slab with a full-blown lotus relief.{{sfn|Kak|1933|page=113}}<br />
{{multiple image |total_width=400 |perrow=2 |align=right |image1=Lakulish at Payar Temple.JPG |caption1=Architecturally similar, but smaller, Shiva temple at Payar with a [[Lakulisha]] relief in a [[trefoil arch]]|image2=Mirkula Devi Temple. HP.jpg |caption2=Mrikula Devi temple in [[Lahaul|Udaipur, Himachal Pradesh]], contains a wooden replica of the Pandrethan temple's stone ceiling.{{sfn|Hamdani|2021|pages=38–39}}}}<br />
The sanctum likely housed a shiva lingam or image of a three- or four-headed [[Mahadeva (Shiva)|Mahadeva]] originally.{{sfn|Mitra|1977|page=20}} The current shiva-lingam was installed in the temple at a later, modern date.{{sfn|Mitra|1977|page=26}} The temple has great resemblance to a smaller Shiva temple at Payar, near [[Pulwama]].{{sfn|Mitra|1977|page=23}} The Pandrethan temple may have served as inspiration for the ceiling of the Mrikula Devi temple at [[Lahaul|Udaipur, Himachal Pradesh]], which is a replica of the former's stone ceiling but made using wood.{{sfn|Hamdani|2021|pages=38–39}} The Pandrethan temple's ceiling style can also be seen replicated in wood, but without any motifs, at the [[Jamia Masjid, Srinagar|Jamia Masjid]] in Srinagar.{{sfn|Hamdani|2021|page=85}}<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
* {{cite journal |last1=Bilham |first1=Roger |last2=Bali |first2=Bikram |last3=Bhat |first3=M. I. |last4=Hough |first4=S. E. |title=Historical earthquakes in Srinagar, Kashmir: Clues from the Shiva Temple at Pandrethan |journal=Geological Society of America Special Papers |year=2010 |volume=471 |pages=107–117 |doi=10.1130/2010.2471(10)|isbn=978-0-8137-2471-3 }}<br />
* {{citation |last=Fisher |first=Robert E. |year=1989 |chapter=Stone Temples |pages=29–40 |editor-last=Pal |editor-first=Pratapaditya |editor-link=Pratapaditya Pal |title=Art and architecture of ancient Kashmir |publisher=[[Marg (magazine)|Marg publications]] |isbn=81-85026-06-8}}<br />
* {{citation |last=Hamdani |first=Hakim Sameer |year=2021 |title=The Syncretic Traditions of Islamic Religious Architecture of Kashmir (Early 14th–18th Century) |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn= 978-0-367-55009-7 }}<br />
* {{citation |last1=Huntington |first1=Susan L. |last2=Huntington |first2=John C. |year=2013 |orig-year=1985 |title=The Art of Ancient India: Buddhist, Hindu, Jain |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=978-8-120-83617-4 }}<br />
* {{citation |last=Kaul |first=Shonaleeka |title=The Making of Early Kashmir: Landscape and Identity in the Rajatarangini |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-948292-4 |year=2018 |url=https://india.oup.com/product/the-making-of-early-kashmir-9780199482924 }}<br />
* {{citation |last=Kak |first=Ram Chandra |author-link=Ram Chandra Kak |title=Ancient Monuments of Kashmir |publisher=The India Society |location=London |year=1933}}<br />
* {{citation |last=Mitra |first=Debala |author-link=Debala Mitra |title=Pandrethan, Avantipur and Martand |publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] |location=New Delhi |year=1977}}<br />
* {{citation |last=Siudmak |first=John |title=The Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture of Ancient Kashmir and its Influences |year=2013 |publisher=[[BRILL]] |isbn=978-90-04-24315-6}}<br />
* {{citation |first1=Muhammad Ashraf |last1=Wani |first2=Aman Ashraf |last2=Wani |year=2023 |title=The Making of Early Kashmir: Intercultural Networks and Identity Formation |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-032-15830-3 }}<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:8th-century Hindu temples]]<br />
[[Category:9th-century Hindu temples]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu temples in Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
[[Category:Shiva temples]]<br />
[[Category:Srinagar district]]<br />
[[Category:Karkota dynasty]]<br />
[[Category:Utpala dynasty]]</div>MyrnaAcuna04