Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Prayagraj–Jaipur Express

2026-05-07T20:17:51Z

MyIPL:

{{short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Prayagraj–Lalgarh Express
| logo = Ministry of Railways India.svg
| image =
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| states =
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2007|07|01}}
| last =
| operator = [[North Central Railway zone|North Central Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Prayagraj Junction}} (PRYJ)
| stops = 27
| end = {{stnlnk|Lalgarh Junction}} (LGH)
| distance = {{convert|1183|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 21 hours 15 minutes
| frequency = 4 days a week
| class = AC first, AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering, E-catering
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 12403 / 12404
| speed = {{convert|130|km/h|0|abbr=on}} maximum, {{convert|60|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The 12403 / 12404 '''Prayagraj–Lalgarh Express''' is a [[Superfast trains in India|Superfast]] train belonging to [[Indian Railways]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Prayagraj Junction}} and {{stnlnk|Lalgarh Junction}} in India. It is a daily service serving the states of [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Rajasthan]].

It operates as train number 12403 from Prayagraj Junction to Lalgarh
Junction and as train number 12404 in the reverse direction.

Previously it used to run till {{stnlnk|Mathura Junction}} but now is extended till Jaipur and then Lalgarh Junction.

==Coaches==

It has 1 AC 1st Class cum AC 2 tier, 1 AC 2 tier, 2 AC 3 tier, 8 Sleeper class, 7 General class coaches with a total of 19 coaches. As with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.

==Service==

It is a daily train and covers the distance of 782 kilometres in 13 hours 20 mins as 12403 Prayagraj–Jaipur Express (58.94 km/h) and 13 hours 35 mins as 12404 Jaipur–Prayagraj Express (57.07 km/h).

==Traction==

As the route is now fully electrified, it is hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Kanpur|Kanpur Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive from end to end.

==Routeing==

The 12403 / 12404 Allahabad–Jaipur Express runs from {{stnlnk|Prayagraj Junction}} via {{stnlnk|Kanpur Central}},
Jhinjhak,
{{stnlnk|Etawah Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Agra Cantonment}}, {{stnlnk|Mathura Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Alwar}}, {{stnlnk|Bandikui Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Jaipur Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Sikar Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Churu Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Ratangarh Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Bikaner Junction}} to Lalgarh Junction.

==Coach composition==
The coach composition of the train is

* 1 AC I Tier + II Tier (hybrid)
* 2 AC II Tier
* 6 AC III Tier
* 2 AC III Economy
* 5 Sleeper coaches
* 4 General
* 2 Seating Luggage rake/parcel van
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| Loco
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 1
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 2
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 3
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 4
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 5
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 6
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 7
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 8
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 9
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 10
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 11
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 12
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 13
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 14
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 15
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 16
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 17
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 18
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 19
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 20
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 20
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 21
|-
|[[File:BSicon LDER.svg|25px]] ||EOG||GEN||GEN||S1||S2||S3||A1||A2||H1||M1||M2||B1||B2||B3||B4||B5||B6||S4||S5||GEN||GEN||EOG
|}

==Timing==

* 12403 – Leaves Prayagraj Junction daily at night 11:10 PM and reaches Lalgarh Junction next day at afternoon 12:10 PM IST.

* 12404 – leaves Lalgarh Junction every day at 3:20 PM IST and reaches Prayagraj Junction in early morning 4:45 AM IST.

==External links==
*[http://indiarailinfo.com/train/101/297/8/1 Prayagraj–Lalgarh Express] India Rail Info
{{reflist}}
{{Railways in Western India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prayagraj-Jaipur Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Jaipur]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2007]]

B62 Studios

2026-05-02T02:28:05Z

MyIPL: Started basic article w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian film production company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox company
| name = B62 Studios
| logo = B62 studios logo.jpeg
| logo_size = 200px
| trading_name =
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| industry = [[Entertainment]]
| founded = {{start date and age|2020|12|06}}
| founder = {{ubl|[[Aditya Dhar]]|Lokesh Dhar}}
| hq_location_city = [[Mumbai]]
| hq_location_country = India
| key_people = {{ubl|Aditya Dhar|Lokesh Dhar}}
| products = [[Film production]]
}}

'''B62 Studios''' is an Indian [[film production]] company founded in 2021 by filmmaker [[Aditya Dhar]] and his brother Lokesh Dhar.<ref>{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=The Dhurandhar Brothers - How Aditya Dhar & Lokesh Dhar Played The Hollywood Playbook & Redefined Action In shushant Bollywood! |url=https://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-news/the-dhurandhar-brothers-how-aditya-dhar-lokesh-dhar-played-the-hollywood-playbook-redefined-action-in-bollywood/ |access-date=15 February 2026 |work=Koimoi |date=14 December 2025}}</ref> Based in [[Mumbai]], the company primarily produces [[Hindi|Hindi-language]] films in association with [[Jio Studios]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ramachandran |first1=Naman |title=‘Article 370’ Producer B62 Reveals Slate, Plans for East Asian Collaborations (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/asia/article-370-b62-slate-1235937516/ |access-date=15 February 2026 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=11 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Aditya Dhar Renews Deal With Jio Studios, To Start Working On His Next Movie After Dhurandhar revenge
|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/aditya-dhar-renews-deal-with-jio-studios-to-start-working-on-his-next-movie-after-dhurandhar-2-ws-kl-9895708.html |access-date=15 February 2026 |work=[[News18]]}}</ref> It has produced ''[[Article 370 (film)|Article 370]]'' (2024)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |title="Article 370 was a really good film no matter...": Yami Gautam - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/videos/short-videos/article-370-was-a-really-good-film-no-matter-yami-gautam/ |access-date=2026-02-28 |language=en}}</ref>, ''[[Dhoom Dhaam (2025 film)|Dhoom Dhaam]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=‘Dhoom Dhaam’ Movie Review: A Dysfunctional Marriage of Genres |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/streaming/dhoom-dhaam-movie-review-a-dysfunctional-marriage-of-genres |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=The Hollywood Reporter India |language=en}}</ref>, ''[[Baramulla (film)|Baramulla]]''<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Anuj |date=2025-11-07 |title=‘Baramulla’ movie review: Manav Kaul steers this gripping supernatural thriller with a political subtext |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/baramulla-movie-review-manav-kaul-gripping-supernatural-thriller-political-subtext-jammu-amp-kashmir-article-370/article70252131.ece |access-date=2026-02-28 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>, ''[[Dhurandhar]]'' (three films in 2025) and its sequel ''[[Dhurandhar: The Revenge]]'' (2026);<ref>{{Cite web |last=|first= |date=2026-01-03 |title=Aditya Dhar and R Madhavan respond to Suriya's praise for Dhurandhar |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Jan/03/aditya-dhar-and-r-madhavan-respond-to-suriyas-praise-for-dhurandhar |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> ''Dhurandhar duology '' emerged the [[List of highest grossing Indian films|second highest-grossing Indian film series]] of all time.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-16 |title='Dhurandhar' box office day 42: The Ranveer Singh starrer crosses Rs 1300 crore worldwide, Rs 816 crore in India, beats 'Pushpa 2' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/dhurandhar-crosses-rs-1300-crore-worldwide-beats-pushpa-2-benefits-from-makar-sankranti-holiday-prabhas-starrer-the-raja-saab-has-faded/articleshow/126547353.cms |access-date=2026-02-28 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2025-12-05 |title=Dhurandhar Box Office Collection {{!}} India {{!}} Day Wise {{!}} Box Office - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/dhurandhar/box-office/ |access-date=2026-02-28 |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Cast
!Notes
! class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Article 370 (film)|Article 370]]''|| [[Yami Gautam]], [[Priyamani]]
| rowspan="5" |Co-produced with [[Jio Studios]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2024-01-20 |title=Yami Gautam’s political drama ‘Article 370’ to release on February 23 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/yami-gautams-political-drama-article-370-to-release-on-february-23/article67758980.ece |access-date=2026-02-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2025
|''[[Dhoom Dhaam (2025 film)|Dhoom Dhaam]]''{{efn|name=netflix|Released on [[Netflix]].}}|| [[Yami Gautam]], [[Pratik Gandhi]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=‘Dhoom Dhaam’: Yami Gautam, Pratik Gandhi headline a madcap chase that runs out of steam |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/yami-gautam-pratik-gandhi-headline-a-madcap-chase-that-runs-out-of-steam/cid/2083759 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251118140811/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/yami-gautam-pratik-gandhi-headline-a-madcap-chase-that-runs-out-of-steam/cid/2083759 |archive-date=2025-11-18 |access-date=2026-02-05 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Baramulla (film)|Baramulla]]''{{efn|name=netflix}}
|[[Manav Kaul]], [[Bhasha Sumbli]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Statesman News |date=2025-11-07 |title=Baramulla movie: All you should know about Manav Kaul’s chilling Kashmir thriller |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/ott/baramulla-movie-all-you-should-know-about-manav-kauls-chilling-kashmir-thriller-1503508797.html |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Dhurandhar]]''
| [[Ranveer Singh]], [[Akshaye Khanna]], [[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Arjun Rampal]], [[R. Madhavan]]
| <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ray |first=Sanjana |date=19 November 2025 |title=Dhurandhar release date, cast, characters, true story and everything else you need to know |url=https://www.gqindia.com/content/dhurandhar-release-date-cast-characters-true-story-and-everything-else-you-need-to-know |website=GQ India |access-date=19 December 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| 2026
| ''[[Dhurandhar: The Revenge]]''
|[[Ranveer Singh]], [[Arjun Rampal]], [[Sanjay Dutt]], [[R. Madhavan]]
| <ref>{{cite news |title='Dhurandhar 2': The sequel to Ranveer Singh’s intense actioner gets release date |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/dhurandhar-2-the-sequel-to-ranveer-singhs-intense-actioner-gets-release-date/article70362091.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=5 December 2025 |access-date=15 February 2026 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|}

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Nominee/Work
!Result
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan="6" |2025
| rowspan="6" |[[25th IIFA Awards]]
|[[IIFA Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
|''Article 370''
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="6" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Awasthi |first=Pragati |date=2025-03-07 |title=IIFA Awards 2025: Date, time, host, venue, nominees list and more |url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/iifa-awards-2025-date-time-host-venue-nominees-list-and-more-8831806 |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=Wion |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IIFA Awards 2025: Laapataa Ladies Sweeps 10 Awards. Kartik Aaryan Named Best Actor. Check Full List Of Winners |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/iifa-awards-2025-laapataa-ladies-sweeps-with-10-awards-kartik-aaryan-named-best-actor-check-full-list-of-winners-7888397 |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|Aditya Suhas Jambhale
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|[[Yami Gautam]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|[[Priyamani]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]
|[[Jubin Nautiyal]] {{small|for "Dua"}}
|{{won}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Dialogue|Best Dialogue]]
|Arjun Dhawan, [[Aditya Dhar]], Aditya Suhas Jambhale, Monal Thaakar
|{{won}}
|-
| rowspan="8" |2025
| rowspan="8" |[[70th Filmfare Awards]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
|''Article 370''
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="8"|<ref>{{cite news |title=Nominations for The 70th Hyundai Filmfare Awards 2025 With Gujarat Tourism: Full List Out
|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-70th-hyundai-filmfare-awards-2025-with-gujarat-tourism-full-list-out-78037.html|date=28 February 2026|website=Filmfare}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|rowspan="2"|Aditya Suhas Jambhale
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Debut Director|Best Debut Director]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|[[Yami Gautam]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|[[Priyamani]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Story|Best Story]]
|[[Aditya Dhar]] and Monal Thaakar
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]
|Aditya Dhar, Aditya Suhas Jambhale, Arjun Dhawan, Monal Thaakar
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]]
|Veera Kapoor EE
|{{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |2025
| rowspan="3" |[[Filmfare OTT Awards]]
|Best Actress
|Yami Gautam
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominations for Filmfare OTT Awards 2025: Full List Out {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-filmfare-ott-awards-2025-full-list-out-79789.html |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Best Dialoge
|Aditya Dhar
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Background Music
|Clinton Cerejo & Bianca Gomes
|{{nom}}
|-
|2026
|[[Bollywood Hungama OTT India Fest]]
|Best Feature Film
|''[[Baramulla (film)|Baramulla]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Bollywood Hungama OTT India Fest 2026 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/ott-india-fest/winners.php |access-date=28 February 2026 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Film production companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2021]]
[[Category:Mass media companies established in 2021]]
[[Category:Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:2021 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Kanchana (film series)

2026-04-22T13:24:45Z

MyIPL: Started a data

{{short description|Indian film series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}

{{Infobox media franchise
| italic_title = no
| title = Kanchana
| image = Muni logo.png
| caption = Logo
| creator = [[Raghava Lawrence]]
| origin = ''[[Muni (film)|Muni]]'' (2007)
| owner = {{Plainlist|
* [[Saran (director)|Gemini Productions]]
* [[Raghava Lawrence|Raghavendra Productions]]
* [[Sun Pictures]]
* [[Goldmines Telefilms]]
}}
| years = 2007–present
| films = {{Plainlist|
* ''[[Muni (film)|Muni]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Kanchana (2011 film)|Kanchana]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Kanchana 2]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Kanchana 3]]'' (2019)
* ''[[Kanchana 4]]'' (2026)
}}
| soundtracks =
| otherlabel1 = Budget
| otherdata1 = {{Estimation}} {{INR|49}} crore (4 films)
| otherlabel2 = Box office
| otherdata2 = {{Estimation}} {{INR|305}} crore (4 films) 
([[#Box office|See more details]])
}}

'''''Kanchana'''''<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=2019-04-17 |title=why 'Kanchana' is the most successful horror-comedy franchise |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tracing-the-success-of-kanchana-series/article26863857.ece |access-date=2025-08-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-07-24 |title=10 years of Kanchana: Four interesting facts about the film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/10-years-of-kanchana-four-interesting-facts-about-the-film/photostory/84680245.cms |access-date=2025-08-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-27 |title=Kanchana 4: Pooja Hegde, Nora Fatehi join Raghava Lawrence's horror comedy franchise |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/kanchana-4-pooja-hegde-nora-fatehi-join-raghava-lawrences-horror-comedy-franchise-101737988489565.html |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Varma |first=Lipika |date=2024-09-10 |title=Raghava Lawrence's Kanchana 4 set to go on floors in Feb or Jan |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/raghava-lawrence-narrates-kanchana-4-to-pooja-hegde-for-chandramukhi-role-1822562 |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref> also known as '''''Muni''''', is an Indian Tamil-language [[horror film|horror]] [[masala film|masala]] [[film series]] created and directed by [[Raghava Lawrence]], consisting of ''[[Muni (film)|Muni]]'' (2007), ''[[Kanchana (2011 film)|Kanchana]]'' (2011), ''[[Kanchana 2]]'' (2015) and ''[[Kanchana 3]]'' (2019). ''[[Kanchana 4]]'' is in production. All films were successful at the box office and is currently the [[List of highest-grossing Tamil films#Highest-grossing franchises|third highest grossing Tamil film franchise]].

''Kanchana'' was remade in Kannada as ''[[Kalpana (2012 film)|Kalpana]]'' (2012).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2015/Nov/18/upendra-s-challenge-with-kalpana-844362.html|title=Upendra' s Challenge with Kalpana|first=A.|last=Sharadhaa|date=18 November 2015|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> In 2016 the Sri Lankan remake ''[[Maya 3D|Maya]]'' was released.<ref name="Maya">{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Meera |date=28 October 2017 |title=Now, Mersal finds a supporter in Sri Lanka |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/now-mersal-finds-a-supporter-in-sri-lanka/article19941578.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725201932/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/now-mersal-finds-a-supporter-in-sri-lanka/article19941578.ece |archive-date=25 July 2020 |access-date=25 July 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> It was unofficially remade in [[Burmese language|Burmese]] as ''[[Tar Tay Gyi]]'' (2017).<ref name="Tar Tay Gyi">{{Cite web |date=7 June 2018 |title='New wave' directors take movie industry forward |url=https://www.frontiermyanmar.net/en/new-wave-directors-take-movie-industry-forward/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325083532/https://www.frontiermyanmar.net/en/new-wave-directors-take-movie-industry-forward/ |archive-date=25 March 2023 |access-date=25 July 2020 |website=[[Frontier Myanmar]] |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2017, the Bengali language remake was released, titled ''Mayabini''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 October 2018 |title=Akshay Kumar to star in the Hindi remake of 'Kanchana'? |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/akshay-kumar-star-hindi-remake-kanchana-90211 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250528022704/https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/akshay-kumar-star-hindi-remake-kanchana-90211 |archive-date=28 May 2025 |access-date=16 February 2025 |website=[[The News Minute]] |language=en }}</ref> Lawrence himself directed the Hindi remake titled ''[[Laxmii]]'' (2020).<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 June 2020 |title=Akshay Kumar film Laxmmi Bomb to premiere on Disney Plus Hotstar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/laxmmi-bomb-to-premiere-on-disney-plus-hotstar-6480589 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702104201/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/laxmmi-bomb-to-premiere-on-disney-plus-hotstar-6480589/ |archive-date=2 July 2020 |access-date=29 June 2020 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> ''Kanchana 2'' was remade in Kannada as ''[[Kalpana 2]]'' (2016).

== Films ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#ffc;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Film
! Release date
! Director
! Cast
! Producer(s)
! Installment(s)
! Note(s)
|-
| ''[[Muni (film)|Muni]]''
| 9 March 2007
| rowspan="5" | [[Raghava Lawrence]]
| Raghava Lawrence, [[Rajkiran]], [[Vedika]]
| [[Saran (director)|Saran]]
| First Installment
| rowspan="5" | [[Kanchana (film series)]]
|-
| ''[[Kanchana (2011 film)|Muni 2: Kanchana]]''
| 22 July 2011
| Raghava Lawrence, [[R. Sarathkumar]], [[Lakshmi Rai]]
| rowspan="2" | Raghava Lawrence
| Second Installment
|-
| ''[[Kanchana 2|Muni 3: Kanchana 2]]''
| 17 April 2015
| Raghava Lawrence, [[Taapsee Pannu]], [[Nithya Menen]]
| Third Installment
|-
| ''[[Kanchana 3|Muni 4: Kanchana 3]]''
| 19 April 2019
| Raghava Lawrence, [[Oviya]], [[Vedhika|Vedika]], [[Nikki Tamboli]]
| [[Kalanithi Maran]], Raghava Lawrence
| Fourth Installment
|-
| {{Pending film|[[Kanchana 4|Muni 5: Kanchana 4]]}}
| TBA
| Raghava Lawrence, [[Pooja Hegde]], [[Nora Fatehi]]
| [[Goldmines Telefilms|Manish Shah]]
| Fifth and Final Installment
|}

=== ''Muni'' (2007) ===
{{Main|Muni (film)}}
The first installment of the series, based on fictional incidents. A young man, along with his wife and his parents, migrates to Chennai where he gets possessed by the spirit of a kind-hearted person who was murdered by an ambitious and corrupt political leader. ''Muni'' was released on 9 March 2007 and gained positive response.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/happy-birthday-raghava-lawrence-five-times-when-the-actor-proved-he-is-the-master-of-horror-dramas/photostory/78912919.cms|title=Happy Birthday, Raghava Lawrence: Five times when the actor proved he is the 'Master' of horror dramas|work=The Times of India |date=29 October 2020|via=The Economic Times — The Times of India}}</ref> It earned {{INR}}15 crore against a budget of {{INR}}4 crore.<ref name="indiaglitz2007">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/muni-review-tamil-movie-review-8602 |title=Muni Review – Three cheers to Saran and Larencce |work=IndiaGlitz |date=2007-03-09 |access-date=2012-08-06}}</ref>

=== ''Kanchana'' ===
{{Main|Kanchana (2011 film)}}
After the success of ''[[Muni (film)|Muni]]'' Raghava and Sarala Re-unite once again for sequel. The film was titled as ''Kanchana'' and also second installment in this series.<ref name="deccanchronicle1">{{cite web|author=Anupama Subramaniam DC chennai |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/lawrence-gearing-sequel-993 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301120718/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/lawrence-gearing-sequel-993 |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 March 2012 |title=Lawrence gearing up for a sequel |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=2012-02-29 |access-date=2012-08-06}}</ref> The film was released on 22 July 2011 worldwide. The film's soundtrack was composed by [[S. Thaman]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/lawrence-raghava-ritika-singh-pair-up-for-horror-flick-shivalinga-4392938/|title=Lawrence Raghava, Ritika Singh pair up for horror flick Shivalinga|date=24 November 2016}}</ref> ''Kanchana'' opened to mostly positive reviews.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/9224/tamil/kanchana/3218/review.htm |title=Kanchana Review |first=Rohit |last=Ramachandran |publisher=Nowrunning.com |date=2011-07-22 |access-date=2012-08-06 |archive-date=24 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724192910/http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/9224/tamil/kanchana/3218/review.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The film grossed {{INR}}60 crore worldwide becoming the [[List of Tamil films of 2011|fifth highest grossing Tamil film of 2011]].<ref name="k2"/>

=== ''Kanchana 2'' ===
{{Main|Kanchana 2}}
A [[Standalone film|stand-alone]] sequel, ''Kanchana 2'', was commissioned after the success of the previous films and was also directed by Raghava.<ref>{{cite web | title=Kanchana 2 new stills: This tantric looks devious | date=17 March 2015 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/kanchana-2-new-stills-this-tantric-looks-devious/story-EJZQvmZdkh75X9kmLrMcNI.html }}</ref> It stars Raghava Lawrence, [[Taapsee Pannu]] and Kovai Sarala in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Taapsee-is-part-of-Ganga/etarticleshow/17414477.cms|title=Taapsee is part of Ganga|first=V.|last=Lakshmi|work=The Times of India |via=The Economic Times — The Times of India}}</ref> And also the third installment in this series. It was released on 17 April 2015 in around 750 screens worldwide alongside [[Mani Ratnam]]'s ''[[O Kadhal Kanmani]]''. The Telugu version titled ''Ganga''<ref name="kanchana2">{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/muni-3-rechristened-kanchana-2|title='Ganga' Rechristened 'Kanchana 2'|date=23 February 2015|agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]|access-date=5 March 2015}}</ref> was released later on 1 May 2015 in around 550 screens.<ref name="first day">{{cite news|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/ok-kanmani-kanchana-2-first-day-box-office-collection-films-mani-ratnam-raghava-get-629595|title='Ok Kanmani', 'Kanchana 2' First Day Box Office Collection: Films of Mani Ratnam, Raghava Get Fantastic Openings Worldwide|newspaper=IB Times|date=18 April 2015}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">[http://www.ibtimes.co.in/ganga-first-week-collection-ap-t-box-office-lawrence-starrer-grosses-19-3-crore-7-days-631817 'Ganga' First Week Collection at AP/T Box Office: Lawrence Starrer Grosses ₹19.3 Crore in 7 Days]. ''International Business Times''. (8 May 2015). Retrieved 2015-05-29.</ref> Film received positive response from audience.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Kanchana-2/movie-review/46960748.cms|title=Kanchana-2 Movie Review|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=17 April 2015}}</ref> Proving to be similarly successful to the first entry in the series, the film emerged as a huge box office success, becoming the [[List of Tamil films of 2015|third highest grossing Tamil film of 2015]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2015/Aug/06/raghava-lawrences-priceless-gift-795513.html|title=Raghava Lawrence's Priceless Gift|first=Express News|last=Service|date=6 August 2015|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

=== ''Kanchana 3'' ===
{{Main|Kanchana 3}}
The fourth installment in this series, written and directed by Raghava.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/kanchana-3-2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510154429/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/kanchana-3-2019|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 May 2019|title=KANCHANA 3|publisher=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref> The film was titled as ''Naga'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/raghava-lawrence-is-on-a-spree/articleshow/50395449.cms|title=Raghava Lawrence is on a spree|work=The Times of India |date=16 January 2017|via=The Economic Times — The Times of India}}</ref> then changed to ''Kanchana 3'', produced by [[Sun Pictures]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugu.asianetnews.com/entertainment/kanchana-3-twitter-talk-pq6z1q|title=కాంచన 3 ట్విట్టర్ రివ్యూ|website=Asianet News Telugu}}</ref> The film stars [[Raghava Lawrence|Raghava]] in a dual role with [[Oviya (actress)|Oviya]], [[Vedhika]], [[Nikki Tamboli]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/oviya-vedhika-team-up-with-lawrencce-in-kanchana-3/articleshow/60891104.cms |title=Oviya vedhika: Oviya, Vedhika team up with Lawrencce in 'Kanchana 3' |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=15 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110083057/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/oviya-vedhika-team-up-with-lawrencce-in-kanchana-3/articleshow/60891104.cms |archive-date=10 January 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ri Djavi Alexandra. While [[Kovai Sarala]], [[Soori]], [[Tarun Arora]], and [[Kabir Duhan Singh]] play supporting roles. ''Kanchana 3'' was released on [[Good Friday]] in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kanchana-3-to-hit-screens-on-april-19/articleshow/68356087.cms|title=Kanchana 3 to hit screens on April 19|work=The Times of India |date=11 March 2019|via=The Economic Times — The Times of India}}</ref> The film received mixed reviews from audiences, comparisons of ''Kanchana 1'' and 2.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/kanchana-3-movie-final-box-office-collections-report--531341|title=Kanchana 3 Movie final box office collections report|date=22 May 2019|website=thehansindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/kanchana-3-mints-rs-100-crore-in-a-week-119042600955_1.html | title='Kanchana 3' mints Rs 100 crore in a week }}</ref> It earned {{INR}}130 crore worldwide against a budget of {{INR}}20 crore, becoming one of the [[List of Tamil films of 2019|fourth highest grossing Tamil film of 2019]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/tamil-film-kanchana-3-hits-a-jackpot-mints-rs-100-crore-in-a-week/articleshow/69068381.cms?from=mdr|title=Tamil film 'Kanchana 3' hits the jackpot, mints Rs 100-crore in a week|date=2019-04-27|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2019-09-26|archive-date=3 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603161404/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/tamil-film-kanchana-3-hits-a-jackpot-mints-rs-100-crore-in-a-week/articleshow/69068381.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== ''Kanchana 4'' ===
{{Main|Kanchana 4}}

The fifth and final installment in this series, written and directed by Raghava, and stars [[Pooja Hegde]] and [[Nora Fatehi]] in the lead roles is in production.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/mega-exclusive-manish-shah-goldmine-telefilms-gets-back-producing-films-pushpa-rise-part-01-backs-kanchana-4-starring-pooja-hegde-nora-fatehi-raghava-lawrence/|title=MEGA EXCLUSIVE: Manish Shah of Goldmine Telefilms gets back to producing films after Pushpa: The Rise – Part 01; backs Kanchana 4 starring Pooja Hegde, Nora Fatehi,released date.1st single song Raghava Lawrence : Bollywood News — Bollywood Hungama|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=24 January 2025}}</ref> The film was officially announced in April 2019, coinciding with the theatrical success of ''[[Kanchana 3]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 April 2019 |title=இன்னும் ஓரிரு ஆண்டுகளில் காஞ்சனா 4: சூசகமாக வெளியான முனி 5 ஃபர்ஸ்ட் லுக் போஸ்டர்? |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/is-raghava-lawrence-kachana-4-movie-first-look-poster-released-on-muni-4-movie-climax-scene/articleshow/68990915.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001023834/https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/is-raghava-lawrence-kachana-4-movie-first-look-poster-released-on-muni-4-movie-climax-scene/articleshow/68990915.cms |archive-date=1 October 2023 |access-date=21 February 2025 |website=[[Samayam]] |language=ta}}</ref> Production was reportedly set to begin in 2020,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/amitabh-bachchan-to-play-transgender-person-in-kanchana-hindi-remake-with-akshay-kumar-1511413-2019-04-27|title=Amitabh Bachchan to play transgender person in Kanchana Hindi remake with Akshay Kumar?|date=27 April 2019|website=[[India Today]]|accessdate=19 June 2025|archive-date=9 July 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250709035543/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/amitabh-bachchan-to-play-transgender-person-in-kanchana-hindi-remake-with-akshay-kumar-1511413-2019-04-27|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2019/Apr/28/amitabh-bachchan-to-play-a-transgender-person-in-kanchana-remake-1970196.html|title=Amitabh Bachchan to play a transgender person in 'Kanchana' remake?|first=From our online|last=archive|date=28 April 2019|website=[[The New Indian Express]]|accessdate=19 June 2025|archive-date=9 July 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250709035543/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2019/Apr/28/amitabh-bachchan-to-play-a-transgender-person-in-kanchana-remake-1970196.html|url-status=live}}</ref> but was delayed due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] and Lawrence's acting commitments.<ref>{{Cite web |title=மீண்டும் கோலிவுட்டில் பேய் சீசன் ஸ்டார்ட் ஆகிடுச்சு.. அரண்மனை 4 வெற்றிக்கு பின் காஞ்சனா 4 அப்டேட் தந்த லாரன்ஸ் |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/gallery/raghava-lawrence-directional-kanchana-4-movie-shooting-update-gan-sencrs |accessdate=19 June 2025 |website=[[Asianet News]] |language=ta |archive-date=9 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250709035543/https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/gallery/raghava-lawrence-directional-kanchana-4-movie-shooting-update-gan-sencrs |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Principal photography]] commenced on 23 January 2025 in [[Chennai]] and is produced by [[Goldmines Telefilms]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 January 2025 |title=MEGA EXCLUSIVE: Manish Shah of Goldmine Telefilms gets back to producing films after Pushpa: The Rise – Part 01; backs Kanchana 4 starring Pooja Hegde, Nora Fatehi, Raghava Lawrence |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/mega-exclusive-manish-shah-goldmine-telefilms-gets-back-producing-films-pushpa-rise-part-01-backs-kanchana-4-starring-pooja-hegde-nora-fatehi-raghava-lawrence/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126093346/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/mega-exclusive-manish-shah-goldmine-telefilms-gets-back-producing-films-pushpa-rise-part-01-backs-kanchana-4-starring-pooja-hegde-nora-fatehi-raghava-lawrence/ |archive-date=26 January 2025 |access-date=21 February 2025 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 2025 |title=காஞ்சனா - 4 படப்பிடிப்பு துவக்கம்? |url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2025/Jan/28/kanchana-4-shoots-started |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250202202427/https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2025/Jan/28/kanchana-4-shoots-started |archive-date=2 February 2025 |access-date=21 February 2025 |website=[[Dinamani]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Recurring cast and characters ==
'''List indicator'''
* This table lists the main characters who appear in the film series.
* An empty dark grey cell indicates that the character was not in the film, or that the character's presence in the film has yet to be announced.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Actors
! scope="col" colspan="5" style="text-align:cente"| Films
|-
! scope="col" | ''[[Muni (film)|Muni]]''
! scope="col" | ''[[Kanchana (2011 film)|Kanchana]]''
! scope="col" | ''[[Kanchana 2]]''
! scope="col" | ''[[Kanchana 3]]''
! scope="col" | ''[[Kanchana 4]]''
|-
! Year
! style="background:ivory;"| {{small|'''2007'''}}
! style="background:ivory;"| {{small|'''2011'''}}
! style="background:ivory;"| {{small|'''2015'''}}
! style="background:ivory;"| {{small|'''2019'''}}
! style="background:ivory;"|
{{small|'''2026'''}}
|-
! colspan="6" |Introduced in ''Muni''
|-
! scope="row"| [[Lawrence Raghavendra|Raghava Lawrence]]
| Ganesh
| Raghava
| Raghava & Shiva ([[Dual role]])
| Raghava & Kaali ([[Dual role]])
| Raghava
|-
! scope="row" | [[Kovai Sarala]]
| colspan="5" | Sarala
|-
! scope="row" | [[Vedhika]]
| Priya
| {{cEmpty}}
| {{cEmpty}}
| Priya
| {{cEmpty}}
|-
! colspan="6" |Introduced in ''Kanchana''
|-
! scope="row" | [[Raai Laxmi]]
| {{cEmpty}}
| Priya
| {{cEmpty}}
| {{cEmpty}}
| {{cEmpty}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Sriman (actor)|Sriman]]
| {{cEmpty}}
| colspan="4" | Prasad
|-
! scope="row" | [[Devadarshini]]
| {{cEmpty}}
| Kamakshi
| {{cEmpty}}
| colspan="2" | Kamakshi
|-
! colspan="6" |Introduced in ''Kanchana 2''
|-
! scope="row" | [[Taapsee Pannu]]
| {{cEmpty}}
| {{cEmpty}}
| Nandini
| {{cEmpty}}
| {{cEmpty}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Nithya Menen]]
| {{cEmpty}}
| {{cEmpty}}
| Ganga
| {{cEmpty}}
| {{cEmpty}}
|-
! colspan="6" |Introduced in ''Kanchana 3''
|-
! scope="row" | [[Oviya]]
| {{cEmpty}}
| {{cEmpty}}
| {{cEmpty}}
| Kavya
| {{cEmpty}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Nikki Tamboli]]
| {{cEmpty}}
| {{cEmpty}}
| {{cEmpty}}
| Divya
| {{cEmpty}}
|-
! colspan="6" |Introduced in ''Kanchana 4''
|-
! scope="row" | [[Pooja Hegde]]
| {{cEmpty}}
| {{cEmpty}}
| {{cEmpty}}
| {{cEmpty}}
| {{TBA}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Nora Fatehi]]
| {{cEmpty}}
| {{cEmpty}}
| {{cEmpty}}
| {{cEmpty}}
| {{TBA}}
|-
|}

== Crew ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; "
|-
! rowspan="3" | Occupation
! colspan="5" | Film
|-
! ''[[Muni (film)|Muni]]''
! ''[[Muni 2: Kanchana]]''
! ''[[Kanchana 2]]''
! ''[[Kanchana 3]]''
! ''[[Kanchana 4]]''
|-
! style="background:ivory;"| {{small|'''2007'''}}
! style="background:ivory;"| {{small|'''2011'''}}
! style="background:ivory;"| {{small|'''2015'''}}
! style="background:ivory;"| {{small|'''2019'''}}
! style="background:ivory;"| {{small|'''2026'''}}
|-
! Producer(s)
| [[Saran (director)|Saran]]
| colspan="2"| [[Raghava Lawrence]]
| [[Kalanithi Maran]] [[Raghava Lawrence]]
|[[Raghava Lawrence]]
|-
! Director
| colspan="5" rowspan="3"| [[Raghava Lawrence]]
|-
! Story writer
|-
! Screenplay writer
|-
! Dialogue writer
| [[Ramesh Khanna]]
| colspan="4" | [[Raghava Lawrence]]
|-
! Song composer(s)
| Bharadwaj
| [[S. Thaman]]
| [[S. Thaman]] C. Sathya Aswamithra Leon James
| Doo Paa Doo
| {{TBA}}
|-
! Background Score
| [[S. P. Venkatesh|Sangeetharajan]]
| colspan="3" | [[S. Thaman]]
| {{TBA}}
|-
! Director of photography
| [[K. V. Guhan]]
| [[Vetri (cinematographer)|Vetri]] E. Krishnasamy
| Rajavel Oliveeran [[R. B. Gurudev]]
| Vetri [[Sarvesh Murari]]
| {{TBA}}
|-
! Editor(s)
| Suresh Urs
| colspan="2" | Kishore Te.
| [[Ruben (film editor)|Ruben]]
| {{TBA}}
|-
! Art Director(s)
| Mohana Mahendran
| colspan="3" | Jana
| {{TBA}}
|-
! Stunt co-ordinator
| colspan="4" | Super Subbarayan
| {{TBA}}
|-
! Production companies
| [[Saran (director)|Gemini Productions]]
| [[Raghava Lawrence|Raghavendra Productions]] [[Sri Thenandal Films]]
| [[Raghava Lawrence|Raghavendra Productions]] 
| [[Raghava Lawrence|Raghavendra Productions]] [[Sun Pictures]]
| [[Goldmines Telefilms]]
|-
! Distributing company
| [[Saran (director)|Gemini Productions]] [[Sri Thenandal Films]]
| [[Sun Pictures]]
| [[Sun Pictures]] Wellborn International (Kerala)
| [[Sun Pictures]]
| {{TBA}}
|-
! Running time
| 153 minutes
| 170 minutes
| 164 minutes
| 166 minutes
| {{TBA}}
|}

== Release and revenue ==
=== Box office ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="99%" border="1" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! style="text-align:center;"| Film
! style="text-align:center;"| Release date
! style="text-align:center;"| Budget
! style="text-align:center;"| Box office revenue
! style="text-align:center;"| Ref.
|-
|''[[Muni (film)|Muni]]''||9 March 2007||{{INRConvert|4|c}}||{{INRConvert|15|c}}||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-24 |title=Kanchana 3 Box Office Collection Latest Report: Raghava Lawrence starrer K3 Double Mass Hit! |url=https://www.zeebiz.com/india/news-muni-4-kanchana-3-box-office-collection-latest-report-raghava-lawrence-starrer-k3-double-mass-hit-96099 |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=Zee Business |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Varma |first=Lipika |date=2025-03-06 |title=Kanchana 4" A plane crash sequence without Raghava Lawrence- to be canned in Mumbai-Naigaon from 9th March. |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kanchana-4-a-plane-crash-sequence-without-raghava-lawrence-to-be-canned-in-mumbai-naigaon-from-9th-march-1865278 |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kanchana (2011 film)|Kanchana]]''||22 July 2011||{{INRConvert|7|c}}||{{INRConvert|60|c}}||<ref name="k2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-one-of-india-s-most-profitable-ever-made-for-rs-7-crore-earned-rs-108-crore-film-released-in-2011-kanchana-3057657|title=Made for Rs 7 crore, earned Rs 102 crore, this blockbuster movie was released in...|first=DNA Web|last=Team|website=DNA India}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kanchana 2]]''||17 April 2015||{{INRConvert|18|c}}||{{INRConvert|108|c}}||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/kanchana-2-a-blockbuster-collects-over-rs-100-crore/|title='Kanchana 2' a blockbuster, collects over Rs.100 crore|date=9 June 2015}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kanchana 3]]''||19 April 2019||{{INRConvert|20|c}}||{{INRConvert|130|c}}||<ref name="gross">{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bigil-petta-viswasam-kanchana-3-nerkonda-paarvai-kaithi-power-kollywoods-theatrical-takings-in-2019-to-rs-1000-cr-7736851.html|title=Bigil, Petta, Viswasam, Kanchana 3, Nerkonda Paarvai, Kaithi power Kollywood's theatrical takings in 2019 to Rs 1000 cr|publisher=Firstpost|date=4 December 2019}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:centr;"| Total
! style="text-align:centr;"| {{INRConvert|49|c}}
! style="text-align:centr;"| {{INRConvert|305|c}}
!
|}

== Remakes ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Language
! Cast
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
|2012||''[[Kalpana (2012 film)|Kalpana]]''||[[Kannada]]||[[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]], [[Raai Laxmi]], [[Sai Kumar (Kannada actor)|Saikumar]], [[Babu Antony]]||rowspan=5|Remake of ''[[Kanchana (2011 film)|Kanchana]]''||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.desimartini.com/news/kannada/upendra-star-kalpana-2-article23661.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250406112606/https://www.desimartini.com/news/kannada/upendra-star-kalpana-2-article23661.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 April 2025|title=Upendra to Star in Kalpana 2|date=28 August 2015|website=Desimartini}}</ref>
|-
|2016||''[[Maya 3D|Maya]]''||[[Sinhalese language|Sinhalese]]||[[Ranjan Ramanayake]], [[Pubudu Chathuranga]], [[Giriraj Kaushalya]], Nilmini Kottegoda and [[Upeksha Swarnamali]]||<ref name="Maya"/>
|-
|rowspan=2|2017||''[[Tar Tay Gyi]]''||[[Burmese language|Burmese]]||[[Nay Toe]] and [[Shwe Thamee]]||<ref name="Tar Tay Gyi"/>
|-
|''Mayabini''||[[Bengali language|Bengali]] [[Bangladesh]]||[[Symon Sadik]], [[Airin Sultana]], [[Amit Hasan]]||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/south-cinema/kanchana-4-news-kanchana-4-raghava-lawrence-kanchana-4-release-date-everything-we-know-about-tamil-horror-comedy-muni-series-film-1693812|title=Kanchana 4: Raghava Lawrence's Return, Cast, Release Date & Everything We Know About The Film|date=6 June 2024|website=news.abplive.com}}</ref>
|-
|2020||''[[Laxmii]]''||[[Hindi language|Hindi]]||[[Akshay Kumar]], [[Kiara Advani]], [[Ayesha Raza Mishra]], [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]], [[Ashwini Kalsekar]] and [[Sharad Kelkar]]||<ref>{{cite news|title=Akshay Kumar in the remake of Kanchana|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/akshay-kumar-in-the-remake-of-kanchana/articleshow/67640458.cms|access-date=27 November 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en|last1=Lakshmi |first1=V. }}</ref><ref name="multiplex">{{cite web | title=Disney Plus Hotstar Makes Strategic Choice to Bypass India's Theaters, Give More Movies Streaming Premieres | website=Variety | date=29 June 2020 | url=https://variety.com/2020/streaming/news/akshay-kumar-ajay-devgn-hotstar-1234692525/ | access-date=29 June 2020}}</ref>
|-
|2016||''[[Kalpana 2]]''||[[Kannada]]||[[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]], [[Priyamani]] and [[Avantika Shetty]]||Remake of ''[[Kanchana 2]]''||<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/cinema-suddi-spree-fo-sequels-in-sandalwood/article8576202.ece|title=Sequel time in Sandalwood|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=9 May 2016|access-date=18 May 2016|last1=Khajane|first1=Muralidhara}}</ref>
|}

== Legacy ==
Along with ''[[Chandramukhi]]'' (2005), ''Muni'' became a trendsetter for horror comedy films. The success of the film inspired several other horror comedy films including the [[Aranmanai (film series)|''Aranmanai'' film series]] (2014) and ''[[Darling (2015 Tamil film)|Darling]]'' (2015).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/web-stories/like-chandramukhi-horror-comedy-franchises-in-tamil-cinema/photostory/104020153.cms|title=Like Chandramukhi... Horror comedy franchises in Tamil cinema | Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/on-tamil-horrorcomedy-films/article7184988.ece | title=The funny thing about horror | work=The Hindu | date=8 May 2015 | access-date=10 May 2015 | author=K. Jeshi | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510045633/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/on-tamil-horrorcomedy-films/article7184988.ece | archive-date=10 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/darling-a-familiar-ghost-serves-as-humour-fodder-again/article6794215.ece | title=Darling: A familiar ghost serves as humour fodder, again | work=The Hindu | date=16 January 2015 | access-date=10 May 2015 | author=Srinivasan, Sudhir | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510045851/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/darling-a-familiar-ghost-serves-as-humour-fodder-again/article6794215.ece | archive-date=10 May 2015}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Raghava Lawrence}}

[[Category:Fictional universes]]
[[Category:Film series introduced in 2007]]
[[Category:Horror film franchises]]
[[Category:Horror film series]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy horror films]]
[[Category:Indian film series]]

Mallikarjun Khuba

2026-04-20T01:50:57Z

MyIPL: new

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| native_name =
| image =
| caption =
| order =
| office = Member of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly<ref name="LatestLY">{{Cite web |title=Mallikarjun Khuba winner of 2013 Election from Basavakalyan Assembly Constituency |url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/karnataka/2013/basavakalyan/mallikarjun-sidramappa-khuba/ |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=latestly.com}}</ref>
| term_start = 2004<ref name="MyNeta Khuba">{{Cite web |title=Mallikarjun Khuba - 2013 Karnataka Election Candidate, Basavakalyan |url=https://myneta.info/karnataka2013/candidate.php?candidate_id=756 |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>
| term_end = 2008<ref name="IndiaVotes">{{Cite web |title=Mallikarjun Khuba Elected MLA from Basavakalyan Assembly Constituency |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/2013/karnataka/basavakalyan/43/33880/229 |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=IndiaVotes.com}}</ref>
| predecessor = [[M. G. Muley]]
| successor = [[Basavaraj Patil Attur]]
| constituency =
| term_start2 = 2013
| term_end2 = 2018
| predecessor2 = [[Basavaraj Patil Attur]]
| successor2 = [[B. Narayan Rao]]
| constituency3 = [[Basavakalyan Assembly constituency|Basavakalyan]]
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Janata Dal (Secular)]]<ref name="The Hindu">{{Cite web |title=Expelled BJP Leader Mallikarjun Khuba joins JD(S) |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/expelled-bjp-leader-mallikarjun-khuba-joins-jds/article66692079.ece |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> (May 2025{{endash}}present)
| other_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<ref name="OneIndia">{{Cite web |title=Karnataka Elections: Mallikarjun Kharge Quits JD(S), Set To Join BJP |url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/karnataka-elections-mallikarjun-khuba-quits-jd-s-set-join-bjp-2669067.html |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=oneindia.com}}</ref> (until May 2025)
| spouse =
| children =
| parents =
| alma_mater =
| profession =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
}}

'''Mallikarjun Khuba''' is an Indian politician and he served as Member of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] from [[Basavakalyan Assembly constituency]].<ref name="Elections.in">{{Cite web |title=Basavakalyan MLA Mallikarjun Khuba - 2013 Karnataka Assembly Election Results |url=https://www.elections.in/karnataka/assembly-constituencies/2013-election-results.html |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=Elections.in}}</ref> He contest in 2021 bypolls [[Basavakalyan Assembly constituency]] as Independent candidate.<ref name="Deccan Herald">{{Cite web |title=BJP's Mallikarjun Khuba raises banner of revolt, files nomination as independent for Basavakalyan bypolls |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bjps-mallikarjun-khuba-raises-banner-of-revolt-files-nomination-as-independent-for-basavakalyan-bypolls-968416.html |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=Deccan Herald}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khuba, Mallikarjun}}
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (Secular) politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Bidar district]]

Beena R. Chandran

2026-04-19T16:33:38Z

MyIPL: Started first entry from scratch

{{Short description|Indian actress and theatre artist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Beena R. Chandran
| birth_name = Beena R. Chandran
| image = Beena R Chandran in the movie Thadavu.jpg
| occupation = Actress, theatre artist, teacher
| years_active = 2020–present
| known_for = ''[[Thadavu]]''
| awards = Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress (2024)
}}

'''Beena R. Chandran''' is an Indian actress and theatre artist who works in Malayalam cinema.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kerala State Film Awards: Beena R Chandran's journey from the classroom to Best Actress award |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kerala-state-film-awards-beena-r-chandrans-journey-from-the-school-classroom-to-best-actor-award/article68533400.ece |work=The Hindu |date=16 August 2024 |access-date=31 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=School teacher and theatre actor Beena R Chandran wins Kerala State Film Award |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/school-teacher-theatre-actor-kerala-state-best-actor-awardee-meet-beena-chandran |work=The News Minute |date=16 August 2024 |access-date=31 January 2026}}</ref> She received the '''Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress''' in 2024 for her performance in the film ''[[Thadavu]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Best Actress Beena R Chandran learns about State Award during teaching duties |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/best-actress-beena-r-chandran-learns-about-state-award-during-teaching-duties-1cf33d55 |work=Mathrubhumi |date=16 August 2024 |access-date=31 January 2026}}</ref> In addition to her acting career, she is also a school teacher and a trained theatre performer.<ref>{{cite news |title=Teacher-turned actor Beena R Chandran wins State Film Award |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2024/08/16/teacher-turned-actress-beena-r-chandran-wins-award.html |work=Malayala Manorama |date=16 August 2024 |access-date=31 January 2026}}</ref>

== Early life and background ==
Beena R. Chandran worked as a school teacher in Kerala before entering professional cinema. She began performing in theatre, which laid the foundation for her acting career.<ref>{{cite news |title='Thadavu' actor Beena R Chandran: I feel immense gratitude |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Aug/16/thadavu-actor-beena-r-chandran-i-feel-immense-gratitude-for-placing-me-alongside-urvashi-chechi |work=Cinema Express |date=16 August 2024 |access-date=31 January 2026}}</ref>

== Career ==
Chandran made her breakthrough in Malayalam cinema with the film ''[[Thadavu]]'' (2024). Her performance was widely praised for its realism and emotional depth, earning her the Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress.<ref name="auto">{{cite news |title=Kerala State Film Awards 2024 winners announced |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kerala-state-film-awards-beena-r-chandran/article68533400.ece |work=The Hindu |date=16 August 2024 |access-date=31 January 2026}}</ref>

In addition to films, she continues to participate in theatre performances in Kerala.

== Awards ==
* Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress – ''[[Thadavu]]'' (2024)<ref name="auto"/>

== Filmography ==
=== Feature films ===
* ''[[Thadavu]]'' (2024)

== See also ==
* [[Kerala State Film Awards]]
* Malayalam cinema

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chandran, Beena R.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Deiva Thirumagal

2026-04-18T12:54:47Z

MyIPL:

{{short description|2011 film by A. L. Vijay}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Deiva Thirumagal
| image = Deiva Thirumagal.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[A. L. Vijay|Vijay]]
| producer = M. Chinthamani [[Ronnie Screwvala]]
| writer = Vijay
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]]|[[Sara Arjun]]|[[Anushka Shetty]]|[[Amala Paul]]|[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]|[[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]]|[[Sachin Khedekar]]}}
| music = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| cinematography = [[Nirav Shah]]
| editing = [[Anthony (film editor)|Anthony]]
| studio = [[UTV Motion Pictures]] Sree Rajakaliamman Medias
| distributor = [[UTV Motion Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2011|07|15|[[India]]}}
| runtime = 166 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| budget = {{estimation}} {{INR}}24 [[crore]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deiva Thirumagal Budget |url=https://bestoftheyear.in/movie/deiva-thirumagal/ |website=bestoftheyear.in}}</ref>
| gross = {{estimation}} {{INR}}40 crore<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deiva Thirumagal Box Office |url=https://bestoftheyear.in/movie/deiva-thirumagal/ |website=bestoftheyear.in}}</ref>
}}

'''''Deiva Thirumagal''''' ({{translation|God's Daughter}}) is a 2011 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[melodrama film]] written and directed by [[A. L. Vijay]] and produced by M. Chinthamani and [[Ronnie Screwvala]]. The film features [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] in lead role as an [[intellectual disability|intellectually-disabled man]], with an [[ensemble cast]] including [[Sara Arjun]] (in her Tamil debut), [[Anushka Shetty]], [[Amala Paul]], [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], [[Krishna Kumar (actor)|Krishna Kumar]], [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]], [[M. S. Bhaskar]] and [[Sachin Khedekar]].

The film comprises director Vijay's regular technical crew with [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] as music composer, [[Nirav Shah]] as [[cinematographer]] and [[Anthony (film editor)|Anthony]] as editor. Audiography was done by [[M. R. Rajakrishnan]]. Accused to be a plagiarism of the 2001 American film ''[[I Am Sam]]'', the film released on 15 July 2011, and was later released in Japan as ''Kamisama ga Kureta Musume''.

== Plot ==
Krishna is an intellectually-disabled man with the mental ability of a seven-year-old. He lives a peaceful life in the hill station of [[Avilanji|Avalanchi]] and is cared for by Victor, the owner of a chocolate factory where Krishna works. One day, he excitedly announces to the village that he will become a father. That night, his daughter is born, but her mother Banumathy (not shown on-screen) dies during childbirth.

Unable to grasp the concept of death, Krishna simply accepts that Banumathy has "[[List of expressions related to death|gone to God]]" and starts life as a father. He names his daughter Nila and raises her with love and care. She soon grows into a happy young girl. With the help of Victor and his other disabled friends, Krishna enrolls Nila in school where she adjusts quickly and befriends Shwetha, the school's vice-principal, who develops a maternal bond with her.

When Shweta sees Nila with Krishna, she recognizes him as her sister Banumathy's husband, making Nila her niece. Shwetha refuses to let Nila stay with Krishna as she is scared that he might unintentionally hurt her. Soon, a scuffle ensues between Krishna and Shwetha's fiancé Karthik.

The scuffle is broken up by Rajendran, Shweta and Banumathy's father, who reveals that Banumathy became estranged from him upon choosing to marry Krishna. He offers to take Krishna and Nila with him and claims that they are part of his family. Victor agrees and sends them with Rajendran, but at a distance from [[Chennai]], Rajendran tricks Krishna into exiting the car and abandons him.

Distraught, Krishna wanders around the city asking passersby where Nila is. He eventually arrives at a court, where he meets lawyer Vinod, who assumes that Krishna is a rich person and promises him that his boss will defend him. He introduces him to his boss, Anuradha Ragunathan, who is hesitant to take up the case as she believes Krishna to be a [[lunatic]], but Victor arrives looking for Krishna and explains their predicament, compelling her to take up the case.

Anu files a [[Habeas corpus]] case against Rajendran but loses hope when she learns that his lawyer is Bhashyam, a feared senior advocate who has never lost a case. The case is then heard in the High Court, with both parties arguing to the child's custody. Finally, Bhashyam asks Krishna about how he can raise his daughter and support her financially.

After a tearful show of father-daughter connection and affection, Bhashyam withdraws the case voluntarily, thereby giving the custody of Nila to Krishna, and leaves the court. After spending some time with his daughter, Krishna takes her back to Shwetha so that she can live a comfortable life with financial stability, and that she can become a doctor when she grows up. Krishna returns to Ooty to his old job at Victor's chocolate factory.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] as Krishna
* [[Sara Arjun]] as Nila Krishna
* [[Anushka Shetty]] as Anuradha Ragunathan (Voiced by [[Deepa Venkat]])
* [[Amala Paul]] as Shwetha Rajendran (Voiced by [[Savitha Radhakrishnan|Savitha Reddy]])
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Bashyam
* [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] as Vinod
* [[Sachin Khedekar]] as Rajendran
* [[Krishna Kumar (actor)|Krishna Kumar]] as Victor
* [[M. S. Bhaskar]] as Murthy
* [[Y. Gee. Mahendra]] as Ragunathan
* [[Pandi (actor)|Pandi]] as Muruga
* [[T. M. Karthik]] as Krishna's friend
* [[George Maryan]] as Krishna's friend
* M. R. Kishore Kumar as Krishna's friend
* Surekha Vani as Murthy's wife
* [[Rethika Srinivas]] as Bashyam's wife
* [[Gadam Kishan]] as Muttakannan
* Ravi Venkatraman as Dr. Basheer
* Tulasi as Priya
* [[Karthik Kumar]] as Karthik (Guest appearance)
{{colend}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
The production of the film took five months from start to finish, however, Vijay claimed that the film had been in his plans for four years, but he waited for Vikram to give him dates.<ref name="Theme">{{Cite web |date=2011-07-14 |title='I like to portray human values in my films' - Rediff.com Movies |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-vijay/20110714.htm |access-date=2012-11-08 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> With [[A. L. Vijay]] and [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] confirming their presence in the project, the producers failed in attempts to persuade [[Vidya Balan]] to appear in the film.<ref name="behindwoods">{{Cite web |date=2010-10-01 |title=Vikram - Tamil Movie News - Vikram, Vijay and Anushka - Vikram | Anushka | Vijay | Madharasapattinam |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/oct-10-01/vikram-anushka-vijay-01-10-10.html |access-date=2011-09-09 |website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref> In October 2010, [[Anushka Shetty]] agreed to appear in the lead female role in the film after agreeing terms.<ref name="behindwoods" /> Amala Paul, who appeared in the lead role in ''[[Mynaa]]'', was signed in November 2010.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-01-06 |title=Amala wants a success streak |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Amala-wants-a-success-streak/articleshow/7223200.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616074911/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-06/news-interviews/28366705_1_film-pandiraj-murugadoss |archive-date=2012-06-16 |access-date=2011-09-09 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> She had signed on in place of [[Meera Jasmine]], who opted out of the film before production began.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amala Paul to play Vikram's wife! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/amala-paul-to-play-vikram-s-wife-news-tamil-klil6Bjhehc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101111010008/http://sify.com/movies/amala-paul-to-play-vikram-s-wife-news-tamil-klil6Bjhehc.html |archive-date=2010-11-11 |access-date=2011-09-09 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Despite reports that [[Divya Spandana]] joined the cast of the film in early 2011, Vijay refuted the claim as a rumour.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-01-31 |title=Vikram will steal the show: Vijay |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Vikram-will-steal-the-show-Vijay/articleshow/7390861.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110403144824/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-31/news-interviews/28379499_1_vijay-amala-paul-film |archive-date=2011-04-03 |access-date=2011-09-09 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film saw the collaboration of several technicians who had worked in Vijay's earlier film ''[[Madrasapattinam]]'', with [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] as music composer, [[Nirav Shah]] as cinematographer and [[Anthony (film editor)|Anthony]] as editor. Santhanam was appointed as art director, whilst Deepali Noor took charge of costumes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-04-03 |title=Vikram as Deiva Thirumagan |url=http://www.supergoodmovies.com/15359/kollywood/Vikram-as-Deiva-Thirumagan-News-Details |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307093303/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/15359/kollywood/vikram-as-deiva-thirumagan-news-details |archive-date=7 March 2016 |access-date=2011-09-09 |publisher=Supergoodmovies.com}}</ref> Sara had appeared in a commercial for Vijay when she was two but he then lost touch with Sara's family, before he met them and cast Sara in Deiva Thirumagal, following a visit to Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-06-04 |title=Que Sara Sara |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2011/06/04/stories/2011060450930200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110134908/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2011/06/04/stories/2011060450930200.htm |archive-date=2012-11-10 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

The film proceeded without an official title until April 2011, with several possibilities announced during the production period. The film was tentatively titled ''Deiva Magan'' (Son of God), a title from a 1969 film featuring [[Sivaji Ganesan]]. However, problems arose after [[Sivaji Productions]] claimed that they owned the rights of the title and expressed their interest on using the name for a future production featuring Sivaji's grandson, [[Vikram Prabhu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vikram debuts in Deiva Magan! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vikram-debuts-in-deiva-magan-news-tamil-lcdqB6bejid.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206082139/http://www.sify.com/movies/vikram-debuts-in-deiva-magan-news-tamil-lcdqB6bejid.html |archive-date=2011-02-06 |access-date=2011-09-09 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The title ''Pitha'' (Father) also ran into trouble after a debutant team announced that they had registered the title, and the title ''Deiva Thirumagan'' also created controversies,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deiva Thirumagan caught in a controversy |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/deiva-thirumagan-caught-in-a-controversy-news-tamil-lexq7Rgebbdsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623052116/http://www.sify.com/movies/deiva-thirumagan-caught-in-a-controversy-news-tamil-lexq7Rgebbdsi.html |archive-date=23 June 2015 |access-date=9 August 2022 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> but subsequently the film was christened as ''Deiva Thirumagal'' in March 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vikram is Deiva Thirumagan |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vikram-is-deiva-thirumagan-news-tamil-ldsr0Qjfchd.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110319212926/http://www.sify.com/movies/vikram-is-deiva-thirumagan-news-tamil-ldsr0Qjfchd.html |archive-date=2011-03-19 |access-date=2011-09-09 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-03-19 |title=Vikram gives up Deiva Magan! |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-19/news-interviews/29145537_1_vikram-deiva-magan-vijay |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120826003443/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-19/news-interviews/29145537_1_vikram-deiva-magan-vijay |archive-date=2012-08-26 |access-date=2011-09-09 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
The film was predominantly across the hill country settings in [[Ooty]] throughout late 2010, with a chocolate factory being constructed as a set by art director Santhanam.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-11-09 |title=Vijay shoots in Ooty |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-09/news-interviews/28214368_1_vijay-anushka-ooty |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616074921/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-09/news-interviews/28214368_1_vijay-anushka-ooty |archive-date=2012-06-16 |access-date=2011-09-09 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Scenes were also shot within [[Chennai]], with the Chennai High Courtroom being reproduced for a scene in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=It's an untold story: Vikram - Tamil Movie News |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/65510.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110405183627/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/65510.html |archive-date=5 April 2011 |access-date=2011-09-09 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> The team of the film returned to Ooty in February 2011 to complete the final schedule, after which the film was completed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deiva Magan goes back to Ooty |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/deiva-magan-goes-back-to-ooty-news-tamil-lcbjOpgcacj.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110204033956/http://www.sify.com/movies/deiva-magan-goes-back-to-ooty-news-tamil-lcbjOpgcacj.html |archive-date=2011-02-04 |access-date=2011-09-09 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> In order to perfect his portrayal of a mentally disabled adult with the maturity of a five-year-old boy, Vikram visited Vidya Sagar, a school for children with special needs, to learn and study the behavior of such children.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-04-04 |title=Chiyaan returns as 'Deiva Thirumagan' |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article371698.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304211651/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article371698.ece |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=2011-09-09 |publisher=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

=== Marketing ===
After completing the film with little publicity, the film met the press at [[Raintree Hotel St Mary's Road]] in Chennai on 3 April 2011 to launch the title and logo, the teaser trailer and three twenty-second promotional videos of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anupama Subramanian DC chennai |date=2011-04-04 |title=A turning point in my career |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/%E2%80%98-turning-point-my-career%E2%80%99-694 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510170137/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/%E2%80%98-turning-point-my-career%E2%80%99-694 |archive-date=10 May 2011 |access-date=2011-09-09 |publisher=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> The event was attended by technicians and actors from the film, with the teaser trailer drawing acclaim and positive reviews from film critics.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-04-05 |title=Plans For Deiva Thirumagan Audio Launch - Deiva Thirumagan - Vikram - Anushka - Vijay - Amala Paul - Tamil Movie News |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/apr-11-01/deiva-thirumagan-vikram-05-04-11.html |access-date=2011-09-09 |website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref>

==Themes and influences==
Despite film's director A. L. Vijay denying it,<ref name="Theme" /> many critics believed the film was heavily inspired from [[Jessie Nelson (filmmaker)|Jessie Nelson]]'s 2001 drama film ''[[I Am Sam]]''.<ref name = "Sify"/><ref name="Rediff" /> Malathi Rangarajan of ''The Hindu'' stated that "Those who have watched the Sean Penn stunner, ''I am Sam'', and Dustin Hoffman's autistic travel in ''[[Rain Man]]'' can easily spot the similarities between them and ''DT''" [..] and it "reminds you of Balu Mahendra's inimitable ''[[Moondram Pirai|Moondraam Pirai]]''. And at times Kamal's ''[[Gunaa|Guna]]''".<ref name="Hindu" /> The director A.L. Vijay has said that the film is about his cousin's real life story and this is not a remake film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramchander |date=2011-07-13 |title=A real life story behind Deiva Thirumagal making |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/news/2011/vikram-deiva-thirumagal-real-life-story-130711-aid0017.html |access-date=2022-06-09 |website=filmibeat.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== Messages to society and morals ===
One of the social message that the film conveys is, treat disabled people as everyone. They are mentally and physically strong. Moreover, they have feeling and emotions as everyone.<ref>Disability Etiquette: Treat Everyone with Respect (ny.gov)</ref> The director A. L. Vijay wants to another message which is " Love is Life ".<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 May 2012 |title=Director AL Vijay about 'Deiva Thirumagal' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/2011/jul/12/director-al-vijay-about-deiva-thirumagal-270898.html |access-date=2022-06-09 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

According to Anushka Shetty who has taken the [[lawyer]] role in the film has been giving a messages to all women. "Every woman should be professionally independent. Also, she has asked every woman to be physically and mentally strong and do not fear to face challenges and protect themselves."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deiva thirumagal: Latest News, Videos and Photos of Deiva thirumagal {{!}} Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/deiva-thirumagal |access-date=2022-06-09 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Main|Deiva Thirumagal (soundtrack)}}
The film score and soundtrack for ''Deiva Thirumagan'' is composed by [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]], collaborating with director Vijay for the third time after the success of ''[[Kireedam (2007 film)|Kireedam]]'' and ''[[Madrasapattinam]]''. The soundtrack album released on 14 April 2011, at the [[Chennai Trade Centre]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deiva Thirumagan audio on April 14 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/deiva-thirumagan-audio-on-april-14-news-tamil-leckj8ihebj.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110405162702/http://www.sify.com/movies/deiva-thirumagan-audio-on-april-14-news-tamil-leckj8ihebj.html |archive-date=2011-04-05 |access-date=2011-09-09 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-04-13 |title=An audio launch to bring out the child in you! |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/an-audio-launch-to-bring-out-the-child-in-you-news-tamil-lemqCxcbgjh.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110415001238/http://www.sify.com/movies/an-audio-launch-to-bring-out-the-child-in-you-news-tamil-lemqCxcbgjh.html |archive-date=2011-04-15 |access-date=2020-03-06 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

There are allegations that the song "Jagada Thom" has been taken from [[Amaan Ali Khan]] and [[Ayaan Ali Khan]]'s 2007 song "Truth" from the album of the same name.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-07-01 |title=Amaan has no problems with plagiarism? |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-28/news-and-interviews/29478948_1_tamil-film-plagiarism-song |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120715223425/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-28/news-and-interviews/29478948_1_tamil-film-plagiarism-song |archive-date=2012-07-15 |access-date=2016-09-23 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The song "Pa Pa Pappa" is partially based on "Whistle-Stop" from ''[[Robin Hood (1973 film)|Robin Hood]]'' (1973).<ref>{{Cite web |title=YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6o6kXi44Coo |access-date=2022-04-05 |publisher=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=7 February 2011 |title=Vikram sings for his next |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Vikram-sings-for-his-next/articleshow/7445590.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919214629/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-07/news-interviews/28546173_1_vikram-voice-song |archive-date=19 September 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

The song "Vizhigalil Oru Vanavil" is featured in the 2026 [[Jio Hotstar]] series ''Resort.''

== Release ==
Though initially planned to be released in 400-500 screens in India alone,<ref>{{Cite web |title=UTV to release Deiva Thirumagan big |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/utv-to-release-deiva-thirumagan-big-news-tamil-lgnmo6ahbid.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307061557/http://www.sify.com/movies/utv-to-release-deiva-thirumagan-big-news-tamil-lgnmo6ahbid.html |archive-date=2014-03-07 |access-date=2016-09-23 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> the film was released by [[UTV Motion Pictures|UTV]] only across 250 screens in [[Tamil Nadu]] and another 50 in [[North India]]. The film premiered in [[Dubai]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deivathirumagan- Big premiere & release |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/deivathirumagal-big-premiere-release-news-tamil-lhnkQAbheai.html?scategory=tamil |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022062814/http://www.sify.com/movies/deivathirumagal-big-premiere-release-news-tamil-lhnkQAbheai.html?scategory=tamil |archive-date=2012-10-22 |access-date=2016-09-23 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Critical response ===
The film received positive reviews.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 November 2017 |title=Vikram's six pack from 'Sketch': A peek at the actor's different looks |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vikrams-six-pack-sketch-peek-actors-different-looks-71894 |access-date=2020-04-19 |website=www.thenewsminute.com}}</ref> ''[[CNN-IBN]]'' gave three and a half out of five stars, lauding Vijay for "having handled the emotional sequences with maturity", further adding that "his creative grip over the medium and the subject lifts the movie to higher levels despite some flaws and slow narrative."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-07-17 |title=Tamil Review: 'Deivathirumagan' wins for emotions |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/tamil-review-deivathirumagal-wins-for-emotions/168166-8-68.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719050820/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/tamil-review-deivathirumagal-wins-for-emotions/168166-8-68.html |archive-date=2011-07-19 |access-date=2011-07-20 |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]}}</ref> ''Behindwoods.com'' called it an "emotional tale between a father and a daughter well told", giving it three and a half as well.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deiva Thirumagal Review - Deiva Thirumagal Movie Review |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-reviews/reviews-2/jul-11-03/deiva-thirumagal-review.html |access-date=2011-09-09 |website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' noted that it was Vikram's "best work in years", further writing: "You can feel the earnestness of his intentions and the wetness of his tears. He is able to nail the character's boyish charm and innocence like sunshine and his restraint in the courtroom scene and his poignant dialogues in the climax, is heart breaking".<ref name = "Sify">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140307061601/http://www.sify.com/movies/deivathirumagal-review-tamil-14974608.html Movie Review:Deivathirumagal]</ref> S. Viswanath from the ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' stated that "''Deiva Thirumagan'', with A L Vijay [...] proving his mettle and supported by his glorious team, ensures it's worth the ticket money", labelling it as a "not-to-be missed, must-see movie."<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2011 |title=Daddy divine and dearest |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/176685/daddy-divine-dearest.html |access-date=2011-07-20 |publisher=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> D.I. Aravindan from ''nowrunning'' rated it three and a half stating that "despite some flaws and slow narrative in the first half, the movie turns out to be worth watching -- thanks to some extraordinary performances and emotional strength".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-07-17 |title=Deiva Thirumagal Review - Tamil Movie Review by D.I. Aravindan |url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/8917/tamil/deiva-thirumagal/3211/review.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726141906/http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/8917/tamil/deiva-thirumagal/3211/review.htm |archive-date=26 July 2011 |access-date=2011-09-09 |publisher=Nowrunning.com}}</ref> Chennai Online cited it was a "stand-out film" that "works a big way with its sensitive approach, good music, spectacular cinematography, and excellent performances".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Movie Review :'Deivathirumagal' |url=http://chennaionline.com/movies/movie-reviews/20110718090745/Movie-Review-Deivathirumagal.col |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722182929/http://chennaionline.com/movies/movie-reviews/20110718090745/Movie-Review-Deivathirumagal.col |archive-date=22 July 2011 |access-date=2016-09-23 |publisher=Chennai Online}}</ref> Malathi Rangarajan from ''[[The Hindu]]'' called it "a sensitive poem on celluloid" that "showcases paternal instinct in all its poignancy" further citing that "Vijay provides enough fodder for this veritable storehouse of talent, and the actor gobbles it up with glee". She heaped praise on Vikram stating "an antithesis almost, but temerity or timidity, the actor accomplishes the task assigned, with élan."<ref name="Hindu">{{Cite news |last=Malathi Rangarajan |date=2011-07-16 |title=Deiva Thirumagal: a sensitive poem on celluloid |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2233163.ece |access-date=2016-09-23 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

However, the film also received mixed response from other critics. Rohit Ramachandran of ''nowrunning'' rated it two and a half describing the film as a "well-made crowd pleasing family entertainer with a developmental disability that gets mentally taxing for the audience towards the end."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-07-15 |title=Deiva Thirumagal Review - Tamil Movie Review by Rohit Ramachandran |url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/8917/tamil/deiva-thirumagal/3205/review.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717193455/http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/8917/tamil/deiva-thirumagal/3205/review.htm |archive-date=17 July 2011 |access-date=2011-07-15 |publisher=Nowrunning.com}}</ref> Pavithra Srinivasan from ''[[Rediff]]'' also rated it two and a half, praising Vikram's performance, while citing that "if you're a fan of sentimental tear-jerkers, and have not seen ''[[I am Sam]]'', ''Deiva Thirumagal'' might impress. For the rest, it might provide a sense of déjà vu, and towards the end, the meandering, weak screenplay is largely dissatisfying."<ref name="Rediff">{{Cite web |date=2011-07-18 |title=Review: Watch ''Deiva Thirumagal'' for Vikram - Rediff.com Movies |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-deiva-thirumagal/20110718.htm |access-date=2011-09-09 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
In [[Chennai]], the film collected {{INR}}80 lakh in the first three days with 100% occupancy in theaters.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-07-19 |title=Chennai Box-Office- July 15 to 17 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14974839&cid=13525926 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021223142/http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14974839&cid=13525926 |archive-date=2012-10-21 |access-date=2011-07-21 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> After one week, the collections were around {{INR}}2.53 crore with the average occupancy being 90%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deiva Thirumagal |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-slide-shows/movie-4/top-ten-movies-july-25/tamil-cinema-topten-movie-deiva-thirumagal.html |access-date=2011-09-09 |website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref> After six weeks, it had collected {{INR}}7.01 crore from Chennai and was declared a super hit at the Kollywood box office, completing a 100-day run.<ref>[http://www.moviecrow.com/News/104/shootout-at-box-office-oct-1-2011 Deiva Thirumagal is cut to single shows on 75th day]</ref><ref>[http://www.moviecrow.com/News/26/deivathirumagal Deiva Thirumagal completed 50-day run]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nana fails in Andhra |url=http://www.cinecorn.com/telugu/box-office/telugu-cinema-tollywood-movies-2011-hits-flops-movies-list.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304131511/http://www.cinecorn.com/telugu/box-office/telugu-cinema-tollywood-movies-2011-hits-flops-movies-list.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=12 November 2012}}</ref>

===Accolades===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col"| Award{{efn|Awards, festivals and organizations are in alphabetical order.}}
! scope="col"| Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
! scope="col"| Category
! scope="col"| Recipient(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="4"| [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]
| rowspan="4"| 5 January 2012
| Best Actor – Male
| [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="4" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vikatan Awards 2011 |url=http://indianmalaysian.com/2012/Star%202012/vikatan_awards.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170516160112/http://indianmalaysian.com/2012/Star%202012/vikatan_awards.html |archive-date=16 May 2017 |access-date=26 April 2021 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |publisher=India Malaysia Online}}</ref>
|-
| Best Comedian – Male
| [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]]
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Child Artist
| [[Sara Arjun]]
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Playback Singer – Female
| [[Saindhavi]] – for ("Vizhigalil Oru")
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="10"| [[Filmfare Awards South]]
| rowspan="10"| [[59th Filmfare Awards South|7 July 2012]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil|Best Film – Tamil]]
| M. Chinthamani, [[Ronnie Screwvala]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="10"| <ref>{{Cite episode |title=59th Filmfare Awards South |series=Filmfare Awards South |network=[[Sun TV Network]] |date=7 July 2012}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 July 2012 |title=59th Idea Filmfare Awards South (Winners list) |url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/59th-idea-filmfare-awards-south-winners-list-809.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811102950/http://www.filmfare.com/news/59th-idea-filmfare-awards-south-winners-list-809.html |archive-date=11 August 2015 |access-date=26 April 2021 |website=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |date=8 July 2012 |title=The 59th Idea Filmfare Awards 2011(South) |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/The-59th-Idea-Filmfare-Awards-2011South/articleshow/14742576.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811103446/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/The-59th-Idea-Filmfare-Awards-2011South/articleshow/14742576.cms |archive-date=11 August 2015 |access-date=26 April 2021 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil|Best Director – Tamil]]
| [[A. L. Vijay]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Best Actor – Tamil]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Critics Best Actor – Tamil]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Best Actress – Tamil]]
| [[Anushka Shetty]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Tamil|Best Supporting Actor – Tamil]]
| [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Tamil|Best Supporting Actress – Tamil]]
| [[Amala Paul]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Tamil|Best Music Director – Tamil]]
| [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Tamil|Best Lyricist – Tamil]]
| [[Na. Muthukumar]] – for ("Vizhigalil Oru")
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Tamil|Best Female Playback Singer – Tamil]]
| [[Saindhavi]] – for ("Vizhigalil Oru")
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"| [[Mirchi Music Awards South]]
| rowspan="2"| 4 August 2012
| Listener's Choice Award − Song
| [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] for ("Arariro")
| {{won}} (1st place)
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mirchi Music Awards Listener's Choice |url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2011/tamil/listners_choice.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811131053/http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2011/tamil/listners_choice.html |archive-date=11 August 2015 |access-date=26 April 2021 |publisher=Radio Mirchi}}</ref>
|-
| Listener's Choice Award − Album
| [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| {{won}} (3rd place)
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"| [[Osaka Asian Film Festival]]
| rowspan="2"| 9{{ndash}}18 March 2012
| Grand Prix Award for Best Film
| rowspan="2"| ''Deiva Thirumagal''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| <ref>{{Cite web |title=OAFF 2012 Competition Winners |url=http://www.oaff.jp/2012/english/competition/winners/index.html |access-date=26 April 2021 |website=[[Osaka Asian Film Festival]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 March 2012 |title=Deiva Thirumagal wins two awards at Osaka Asian Film Festival |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-deiva-thirumagal-wins-two-awards-at-osaka-asian-film-festival/20120320.htm |access-date=26 April 2021 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>
|-
| ABC Award for Best Entertainer
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3"| [[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| rowspan="3"| [[1st South Indian International Movie Awards|21{{ndash}}22 June 2012]]
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Best Actor – Tamil]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3"| <ref>{{Cite news |last=Manigandan |first=K. R. |date=28 June 2012 |title=The South Shines |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-south-shines/article3581006.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811115724/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-south-shines/article3581006.ece |archive-date=11 August 2015 |access-date=26 April 2021 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=SIIMA Awards: 2011 Winners |url=http://siima.in/siima-awards.php?year=2012&action=winners |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811120512/http://siima.in/siima-awards.php?year=2012&action=winners |archive-date=11 August 2015 |access-date=26 April 2021 |publisher=[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]}}</ref>
|-
| Best Actor – Special Appreciation
| {{won}}
|-
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Best Actress – Tamil]]
| [[Anushka Shetty]]
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="10"| [[Vijay Awards]]
| rowspan="10"| [[6th Vijay Awards|16 June 2012]]
| [[Vijay Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="10"| <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 June 2012 |title=6th Annual Vijay Awards: Complete list of winners |work=IBNLive |url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/6th-annual-vijay-awards-complete-list-of-winners-483185.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811113839/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/6th-annual-vijay-awards-complete-list-of-winners-483185.html |archive-date=11 August 2015 |access-date=26 April 2021 |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite episode |title=6th Vijay Awards |series=Vijay Awards |network=[[Star Vijay]] |date=30 June 2012 |location=[[Chennai]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Vijay Award for Favourite Hero|Favourite Hero]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Vijay Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Anushka Shetty]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Vijay Award for Favourite Heroine|Favourite Heroine]]
| {{won}}
|-
| Special Jury Award – Best Child Artist
| [[Sara Arjun]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Vijay Award for Best Comedian|Best Comedian]]
| [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Vijay Award for Best Cinematographer|Best Cinematographer]]
| [[Nirav Shah]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Background Score
| [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Vijay Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
| [[Na. Muthukumar]] – for ("Vizhigalil Oru")
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Vijay Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]
| [[Haricharan]] – for ("Aariraro")
| {{nom}}
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=1857670|title=Deiva Thirumagal }}

{{A. L. Vijay}}

[[Category:2011 films]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films about disability in India]]
[[Category:Indian courtroom films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ooty]]
[[Category:Films directed by A. L. Vijay]]
[[Category:Films scored by G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
[[Category:2011 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2011 Indian films]]
[[Category:UTV Motion Pictures films]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]
[[Category:Films about father–daughter relationships]]
[[Category:2011 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films about autism]]
[[Category:Films about intellectual disabilities]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian intellectual property law]]
[[Category:Films involved in plagiarism controversies]]
[[Category:2011 controversies]]
[[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]

Niphad Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:25:11Z

MyIPL: made a data

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Niphad
| constituency_no = 121
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| map_image = 121-Niphad.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Dindori Lok Sabha constituency|Dindori]]
| district = [[Nashik district|Nashik]]
| established = 1962
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Diliprao Shankarrao Bankar]]
| party = {{Party index link|Nationalist Congress Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| incumbent_image =
| electors =299,614
}}
'''Niphad Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) constituencies of [[Maharashtra]] state in western [[India]].<ref name=ceo>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php|title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website|accessdate=4 November 2010|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318055304/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php|archivedate=18 March 2010}}</ref>

==Overview==
It is a part of the [[Dindori Lok Sabha constituency]] along with five other assembly constituencies, viz [[Kalvan Assembly constituency|Kalvan]], [[Chandwad Assembly constituency|Chandwad]], [[Yevla Assembly constituency|Yevla]], [[Nandgaon Assembly constituency|Nandgaon]], and [[Dindori, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Dindori]].

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class = wikitable
!Year
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Niphad Vidhan Sabha Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/niphad.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| rowspan=2 | Dattatreya Patil
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Dulaji Patil
|{{party name with color|Independent}}
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| Vinayakdada Patil
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan=3 | Malojirao Mogal
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (U)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian Congress (Socialist)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| Raosaheb Kadam
| {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| Mandakini Kadam
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| [[Diliprao Shankarrao Bankar|Diliprao Bankar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| rowspan=2 | [[Anil Kadam]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena| rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| rowspan=2 | [[Diliprao Shankarrao Bankar|Diliprao Bankar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Niphad<ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Niphad">{{cite news |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Niphad |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13121.htm |access-date=23 December 2024 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241223073206/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13121.htm |archive-date=23 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Diliprao Shankarrao Bankar]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 120,253 |percentage = 54.96% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Anil (Anna) Sahebrao Kadam |party=Shiv Sena (UBT) |votes = 91,014 |percentage = 41.60% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gurudev Dwarkanath Kande |party=Prahar Janshakti Party |votes = 4,121 |percentage = 1.88% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,501 |percentage = 0.69% |change={{increase}}0.08 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 29,239 |percentage = 13.36% |change= {{increase}}4.66 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 220,294 |percentage = 73.53% |change= {{decrease}}1.68 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 218,793}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 299,614|ref = |change= {{increase}}10.23 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{increase}}7.51 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Niphad<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Diliprao Shankarrao Bankar]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 96,354 |percentage = 47.46% |change={{increase}}6.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Anil Sahebrao Kadam |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 78,686 |percentage = 38.75% |change={{decrease}}4.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kadam Yatin Raosaheb |party=Bahujan Vikas Aaghadi |votes = 24,046 |percentage = 11.84% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Santosh Vishnu Aherrao |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 2,667 |percentage = 1.31% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,221 |percentage = 0.60% |change={{decrease}}0.05 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,668 |percentage = 8.70% |change= {{increase}}6.54 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 204,592 |percentage = 75.27% |change= {{increase}}1.48 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 203,041}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 271,802|ref = |change= {{increase}}9.78 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}4.33 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Niphad<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Anil Kadam]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 78,186 |percentage = 43.13% |change={{decrease}}12.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bankar Diliprao Shankarrao |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 74,265 |percentage = 40.96% |change={{increase}}5.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Vaikunth Vijay |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 18,031 |percentage = 9.95% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mogal Rajendra Malojirao |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 5,871 |percentage = 3.24% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dharmendra Madhukar Jadhav |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 3,209 |percentage = 1.77% |change={{increase}}1.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Holkar Subhash Sampatrao |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 1,360 |percentage = 0.75% |change={{decrease}}2.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,177 |percentage = 0.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,921 |percentage = 2.16% |change= {{decrease}}18.47 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 182,793 |percentage = 73.83% |change= {{increase}}3.46 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 181,299}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 247,595|ref = |change= {{increase}}7.51 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{decrease}}12.93 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Niphad<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Anil Kadam]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 90,065 |percentage = 56.06% |change={{increase}}33.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bankar Diliprao Shankarrao |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 56,920 |percentage = 35.43% |change={{decrease}}18.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kadam Yatin Raosaheb |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 5,457 |percentage = 3.40% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dokhale Rajendra Sadashiv |party=Swabhimani Paksha |votes = 4,531 |percentage = 2.82% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Viste Kedu Tauji |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,527 |percentage = 0.95% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Lokhande Pandit Bhimrao |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,049 |percentage = 0.65% |change={{decrease}}0.89 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 33,145 |percentage = 20.63% |change= {{decrease}}10.03 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 160,744 |percentage = 69.80% |change= {{decrease}}1.47 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 160,669}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 230,305|ref = |change= {{increase}}6.33 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{increase}}2.45 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Niphad}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Diliprao Shankarrao Bankar]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 82,706 |percentage = 53.61% |change={{increase}}27.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kadam Mandakini Raosaheb |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 35,409 |percentage = 22.95% |change={{decrease}}13.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Boraste Manikrao Madhavrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 28,288 |percentage = 18.34% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Barve Suresh Kashinath |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,373 |percentage = 1.54% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pithe Pandharinath Prabhakar |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,931 |percentage = 1.25% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kshirsagar Ramnath Dagu |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,827 |percentage = 1.18% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 47,297 |percentage = 30.66% |change= {{increase}}20.39 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 154,283 |percentage = 71.23% |change= {{increase}}10.03 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 154,283}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 216,593|ref = |change= {{increase}}12.79 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}16.83 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Niphad<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Kadam Mandakini Raosaheb |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 43,222 |percentage = 36.78% |change={{decrease}}14.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bankar Dilip Shankar |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 31,157 |percentage = 26.51% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mogal Malojirao Sadashiv |party=Independent politician |votes = 20,610 |percentage = 17.54% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bankar Bhaskarrao Namdevrao |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 19,917 |percentage = 16.95% |change={{decrease}}29.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Karad Namdeo Sadashiv |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,635 |percentage = 1.39% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,065 |percentage = 10.27% |change= {{increase}}4.86 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 125,785 |percentage = 65.50% |change= {{increase}}6.87 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 117,528}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 192,028|ref = |change= {{increase}}2.09 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{decrease}}14.59 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly By-election 1997===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1997 elections in India#Maharashtra|1997 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Niphad<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/ByeApril1997/index.htm |title=Bye-Election Results - Election Commission of India |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Kadam Mandakini Raosaheb |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 52,491 |percentage = 51.37% |change={{decrease}}0.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Boraste Manikrao Madhavrao |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 46,967 |percentage = 45.96% |change={{increase}}3.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kadam Sadanand Kacheshwar |party=Janata Dal |votes = 1,883 |percentage = 1.84% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,524 |percentage = 5.41% |change= {{decrease}}3.13 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 104,516 |percentage = 55.57% |change= {{decrease}}21.88 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 102,190}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 188,089|ref = |change= {{decrease}}0.19 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{decrease}}0.08 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Niphad<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Kadam Raosaheb Bhaurao |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 73,885 |percentage = 51.45% |change={{increase}}24.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mogal Malojirao Sadashiv |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 61,622 |percentage = 42.91% |change={{increase}}0.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rajole Shivaji Bhaurao |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,563 |percentage = 2.48% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kapase Ramesh Pundalik |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,282 |percentage = 1.59% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=More Prabhakar Madhavrao |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 1,029 |percentage = 0.72% |change={{decrease}}3.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gawali Damu Dada |party=Independent politician |votes = 933 |percentage = 0.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,263 |percentage = 8.54% |change= {{decrease}}6.78 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 148,067 |percentage = 78.57% |change= {{increase}}10.32 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 143,614}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 188,452|ref = |change= {{increase}}16.30 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}8.88 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Niphad<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Mogal Malojirao Sadashiv |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 45,447 |percentage = 42.57% |change={{decrease}}3.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shinde Gangadhar Narayan (G. N. ) |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 29,088 |percentage = 27.24% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kadam Raosaheb Bhaurao |party=Independent politician |votes = 24,997 |percentage = 23.41% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Hande Vitthalao Ganapatrao |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 4,963 |percentage = 4.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gohad Bhanudas Dagadu |party=Independent politician |votes = 682 |percentage = 0.64% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,359 |percentage = 15.32% |change= {{increase}}8.85 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 109,199 |percentage = 67.39% |change= {{increase}}0.12 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 106,765}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 162,042|ref = |change= {{increase}}31.04 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian Congress (Socialist) |swing= {{decrease}}9.91 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Niphad<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Mogal Malojirao Sadashiv |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes = 42,674 |percentage = 52.47% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Boraste Manikrao Madhavrao |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 37,411 |percentage = 46.00% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pagare Pandurang Murlidhar |party=Independent politician |votes = 489 |percentage = 0.60% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,263 |percentage = 6.47% |change= {{decrease}}7.83 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 82,930 |percentage = 67.07% |change= {{increase}}5.63 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 81,323}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 123,655|ref = |change= {{increase}}6.95 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian Congress (Socialist) |loser = Indian National Congress (U) |swing= {{decrease}}3.06 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Niphad<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Mogal Malojirao Sadashiv |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 38,612 |percentage = 55.53% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Boraste Madhavrao Kashiram |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 28,665 |percentage = 41.23% |change={{increase}}40.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Joshi Prakash Raghunath |party=Independent politician |votes = 522 |percentage = 0.75% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pagare Yadav Ganpat |party=Independent politician |votes = 460 |percentage = 0.66% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,947 |percentage = 14.31% |change= {{decrease}}23.79 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 71,160 |percentage = 61.54% |change= {{decrease}}13.10 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 69,528}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 115,624|ref = |change= {{increase}}13.07 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (U) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}12.98 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Niphad<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Vinayakrao Pudlikrao |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 51,315 |percentage = 68.52% |change={{increase}}19.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Boraste Madhavrao Kashiram |party=Independent politician |votes = 22,786 |percentage = 30.42% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Katkade Balkrishna Namdeo |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 792 |percentage = 1.06% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 28,529 |percentage = 38.09% |change= {{increase}}37.09 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 76,657 |percentage = 74.96% |change= {{increase}}9.50 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 74,893}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 102,261|ref = |change= {{increase}}15.43 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}18.36 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Niphad<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Dulaji Sitaram Patil |party=Independent politician |votes = 28,322 |percentage = 50.16% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vinayakrao P. Patil |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 27,755 |percentage = 49.16% |change={{increase}}11.1 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 567 |percentage = 1.00% |change= {{decrease}}6.38 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 58,198 |percentage = 65.69% |change= {{increase}}0.49 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 56,464}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 88,593|ref = |change= {{increase}}29.38 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}12.10 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Niphad<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Dulaji Sitaram Patil |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 16,481 |percentage = 38.06% |change={{decrease}}16.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=P. N. Karad |party=Sanghata Socialist Party |votes = 13,282 |percentage = 30.67% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=M. K. Boraste |party=Independent politician |votes = 13,140 |percentage = 30.34% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,199 |percentage = 7.39% |change= {{decrease}}18.03 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 47,531 |percentage = 69.41% |change= {{increase}}4.10 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 43,308}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 68,475|ref = |change= {{decrease}}0.63 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}16.69 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Niphad<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Dattatraye Bhikaji Patil |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 22,312 |percentage = 54.75% |change={{increase}}24.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Narayan Lakhuji Shinde |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 11,952 |percentage = 29.33% |change={{decrease}}35.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Deodhar Sitaram Dangale |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,225 |percentage = 5.46% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Fakira Laxman Bhagare |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,995 |percentage = 4.89% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sadashiv Eoram Holkar |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,842 |percentage = 4.52% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ganpat Gangaram Karate |party=Independent politician |votes = 430 |percentage = 1.06% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,360 |percentage = 25.42% |change= {{decrease}}9.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 44,526 |percentage = 64.61% |change= {{decrease}}6.19 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 40,756}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 68,911|ref = |change= {{increase}}15.12 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Communist Party of India |swing= {{decrease}}10.00 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1957===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Niphad<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Wagh Deoram Sayaji |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 25,318 |percentage = 64.74% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=More Ramrao Amrutrao |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 11,755 |percentage = 30.06% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Karate Ganpat Gangaram |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,034 |percentage = 5.20% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,563 |percentage = 34.68% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 39,107 |percentage = 65.33% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 39,107}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 59,858|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Communist Party of India |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Niphad]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{Nashik district}}
{{coords|20.079|74.108|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Nashik district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Politics of Nashik district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Kerakat Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:48:53Z

MyIPL: Started a entry

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kerakat
| map_image = 372-Kerakat.svg
| mla = [[Toofani Saroj]]
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Jaunpur district|Jaunpur]]
| reservation = SC
| type = SLA
| electors = 4,16,720
| constituency_no = 372
}}
'''Kerakat''' is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Machhlishahr Lok Sabha constituency]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 372 amongst 403 constituencies.

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Kerakat Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/kerakat.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Ram Samjhawan
| rowspan="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="4" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|Lal Bahadur
|-
|[[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| rowspan="2" |Ram Samjhawan
|-
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Ram Sagar
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|Ram Samjhawan
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Shambhu Nath
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Ram Samjhawan
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Gajraj Ram
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|Raj Pati
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|Somaru Ram Saroj
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|Jagarnath Chaudhary
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|Ashok Sonker
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|Somaru Ram Saroj
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|Biraju Ram
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|Gulab Chandra Saroj
|style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|[[Dinesh Choudhary]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Tufani Saroj]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kerakat<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Toofani Saroj]]
|votes = {{formatnum:94022}}
|percentage = 39.13
|change = +8.83
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Dinesh Choudhary
|votes = {{formatnum:84178}}
|percentage = 35.04
|change = -1.98
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Dr. Lal Bahadur
|votes = {{formatnum:51633}}
|percentage = 21.49
|change = -7.7
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Rajesh Gautam
|votes = {{formatnum:2688}}
|percentage = 1.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Vikassheel Insaan Party
|candidate = Pappu
|votes = {{formatnum:2590}}
|percentage = 1.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2147}}
|percentage = 0.89
|change = -0.25
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:9844}}
|percentage = 4.09
|change = -2.63
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:240258}}
|percentage = 57.65
|change = -0.81
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
[[Bharatiya Janta Party]] candidate [[Dinesh Choudahry|Dinesh Choudhary]], won in [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Elections]] defeating [[Samajwadi Party]] candidate Sanjaj Saroj by a margin of 15,259 votes.<ref name="election2017">{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/kerakat.html|title=Assembly result 2017|website=Elections.in|access-date=2017-08-25}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title = [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Keraka<ref name="election2017"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Dinesh Chaudhary
|votes = {{formatnum:84078}}
|percentage = 37.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Sanjai Kumar Saroj
|votes = {{formatnum:68819}}
|percentage = 30.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Urmila Raj
|votes = {{formatnum:66307}}
|percentage = 29.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Mahakranti Dal
|candidate = Vijai
|votes = {{formatnum:2404}}
|percentage = 1.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2557}}
|percentage = 1.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:15259}}
|percentage = 6.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:227142}}
|percentage = 58.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==History==
The first Member of Kerakat legislative Assembly is '''Lal Bahadur''' [[Indian National Congress|INC]] and '''Parmeshari''' [[Indian National Congress|INC]].

==Ward/Area==
[[Kerakat]], Chandwak, Dobhi, Muftiganj, [[Huruhuri]], Ratanupur, Parauganj, Thanagaddi Deokali, Itaili, Hebhal etc.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!colspan="2"|Election!!Member!!Party
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color| Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| Ram Samjhawan
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|1957]]
| Lal Bahadur
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Ram Samjhawan
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| Ram Samjhawan
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}" |
| [[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
| Ram Sagar
| [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
| Ram Samjhawan
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
| [[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| Shambhu Nath
| [[Janata party]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| Ram Samjhawan
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| Gajraj Ram
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
| [[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| Raj Pati
| [[Janata Dal]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
| [[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| Jagarnath Chaudhary
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| Ashok Sonker
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| Somaru Ram
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
| [[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| Biraju Ram
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
| [[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| Gulab Chandra Saroj
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| Dinesh Chaudhary
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
| [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[Tufani Saroj]]
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
|}

== See also==
[[First Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{coord|25.64|82.92|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Kerakat]]
[[Category:Politics of Jaunpur district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1956]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Devender Kumar Nim

2026-04-09T02:59:40Z

MyIPL: Created A Biography - done

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:Devender Kumar Nim}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Devender Kumar Nim
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| constituency = [[Rampur Maniharan (Assembly constituency)|Rampur Maniharan]], [[Saharanpur district|Saharanpur]]
| office = [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly|MLA in 18th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_start = 2022
| term_end =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| office1 = [[Seventeenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|MLA in 17th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_start1 = 2017
| term_end1 = 2022
| predecessor1 = '''[[Ravinder Kumar Molhu]]'''
| successor1 =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Saharanpur district|Saharanpur]], Uttar Pradesh, India
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| birth_name =
| party = [[Bhartiya Janata Party]]
| alma_mater = Delhi University<ref name="Candidate affidavit"/>
| occupation = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| profession = Politician<ref name="Candidate affidavit"/>
}}
'''Devender Kumar Nim''' is an Indian politician. He belongs to the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He is a member of [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] and was also [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Seventeenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]] member representing the [[Rampur Maniharan (Assembly constituency)|Rampur Maniharan]] constituency.<ref name="election">{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/rampur-maniharan.html|title=Rampur Maniharan Election Results 2017, Winner and Runner-up, Candidate list|website=www.elections.in|access-date=27 April 2017}}</ref> Nim is 47 years old (2017).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/interactives/election-candidates-2017/up/rampur-maniharan/|title=Find out who is contesting from Rampur Maniharan, Uttar Pradesh|website=www.hindustantimes.com|access-date=27 April 2017}}</ref><ref name="Candidate affidavit">{{cite news|title=Candidate affidavit|publisher= my neta.info|url=http://www.myneta.info/uttarpradesh2017/candidate.php?candidate_id=1141}}</ref>

==Political career==
Nim has been a member of the 18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly and also the 17th Legislative Assembly of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He got 89,109 votes in 18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly <ref>{{Cite web |title=Devender Kumar Nim Election Results 2022: News, Votes, Results of Uttar-pradesh Assembly |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/uttar-pradesh-assembly-election-candidates-list-2022/devender-kumar-nim-24006-1 |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=NDTV.com |language=en}}</ref> and defeated BSP candidates by a margin of 20,593 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/ConstituencywiseS246.htm?ac=6 |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref> Since 2017, he has represented the [[Rampur Maniharan (Assembly constituency)|Rampur Maniharan]] and is a member of the [[Bhartiya Janata Party]].<ref name="Candidate affidavit"/> In 2017 elections he defeated [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] candidate '''[[Ravinder Kumar Molhu]]''' by a margin of 595 votes.<ref name="election"/>

==Posts held==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! From !! To !! Position !! Comments
|-
| 01 || 2017 || 2022 || Member, [[17th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|17th Legislative Assembly]] ||
|-
| 02 || 2022 || Incumbent || Member, [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly|18th Legislative Assembly]] ||
|-
|}

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nim, Devendra Kumar}}
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Saharanpur]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]

Mukesh Singh Koli

2026-04-08T02:12:42Z

MyIPL: new

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mukesh Singh Koli
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] for [[Pauri Assembly constituency|Pauri]]
| native_name = मुकेश सिंह कोली
| native_name_lang = Hi
| constituency = [[Pauri Assembly constituency]]
| country = [[India]]
| successor = [[Rajkumar Pori]]
| term_start = 2017
| term_end = 2022
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| birth_name = Mukesh Singh Koli
| birth_date = 2 October 1976
| birth_place = Prachiyali, [[Pauri]], [[Pauri Garhwal district]], [[Uttrakhand]], [[India]], [[Asia]]
| citizenship = {{flag|India}}
| parents = Dalip Singh Koli (father)
| office1 = State incharge of Bharatiya Janata Party minority front
| term_start1 = 2022
}}

'''Mukesh Singh Koli''' is an [[Politics of India|Indian politician]], [[social work]]er and former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] for [[Pauri Assembly constituency]] as a member of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pauri, Uttarakhand Assembly Election 2022 – Get Pauri constituency news updates and complete details |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/uttarakhand-assembly-election/pauri-162127608 |access-date=2024-01-01 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> In [[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]], Koli defeated the Naval Kishor of [[Indian National Congress]] party by the margin of 7,030 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uttarakhand Election Results 2017: Harish Rawat loses from both constituencies |url=https://zeenews.india.com/live-updates/uttarakhand-assembly-election-results-2017-live-contest-between-congress-and-bharatiya-janata-party-1984845 |access-date=2024-01-01 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref> Mukesh Singh Koli is serving as State-Incharge of Bharatiya Janata Party Minority Front for Uttrakhand.

== Early life ==
Mukesh Singh Koli was born to the Dalip Singh Koli in Prachiyali village of [[Pauri Garhwal district|Pauri Garhwal]] [[List of districts of Uttarakhand|district]] of [[Uttarakhand|Uttrakhand]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=अल्पसंख्यकों के कल्याण के लिए भाजपा सरकार प्रतिबद्ध : आदित्य कोठारी |url=https://www.amarujala.com/dehradun/the-meeting-of-the-district-working-committee-vikas-nagar-news-c-5-1-drn1030-319127-2023-12-31 |access-date=2024-01-01 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>

== Electoral performance ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election !! Constituency !! colspan="2"|Party !! Result !! Votes % !! Opposition Candidate !! colspan="2"|Opposition Party !! Opposition vote %|| Ref
|-
|[[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2017]]||[[Pauri Assembly constituency|Pauri]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||{{Won}}||53.95%||Naval Kishor||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||39.62%||<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2017 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630093109/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-date=30 June 2022}}</ref>
|}

== Political career ==
*2017 - 2022, [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] for [[Pauri Assembly constituency]].
*2023 - Ongoing, State-Incharge of Bharatiya Janata Party Minority Front.

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Mukesh Singh}}
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Uttarakhand MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:People from Pauri]]

St. John's Church, Bengaluru

2026-04-06T12:18:59Z

MyIPL: Creating First Bio Basic Info

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox church
| name = St. John's Church
| fullname = Saint John's Church
| image = St. Johns Church Bangalore Drone View.jpg
| imagesize =
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| osgraw = 
| osgridref = 
| location = [[Bangalore]]
| country = [[India]]
| denomination = [[Church of South India]]
| tradition = [[Anglican]]
| membership =
| website = [https://stjohnsbangalore.church/ https://stjohnsbangalore.church/]
| former name =
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| consecrated date = 1857
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| diocese = [[Diocese of Central Karnataka of the Church of South India|Karnataka Central Diocese]]
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'''St. John's Church''' is located in St. John's Hill, Cleveland Town, [[Bangalore Cantonment]], India, in between Promenade Road and St. John's Church Road. The church is the fourth oldest [[Protestant]] church in the city, with a distinct red edifice and towering steeple, rising out of the leafy surroundings. The church is dedicated to [[John the Evangelist|St. John the Evangelist]].<ref name=Achanta-DH>{{cite news|last1=Achanta|first1=Pushpa|title=Testimony to a rich past|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/308227/archives.php|accessdate=27 January 2015|issue=Bangalore|publisher=Deccan Herald|date=29 January 2013}}</ref>

==History==

===Chapel, school and library on Haines Road===
St. John's Church traces its origin to a small chapel and school, located in Haines Road which connects Cleveland Town to [[Fraser Town, Bangalore|Fraser Town]]. The small school has now grown into the [[St. John's High School, Bangalore|St. John's High School]] in the church compound.<ref name=Achanta-DH />

Rev. R Posnett, Assistant Chaplain, [[East India Company]], serving at [[St. Mark's Cathedral, Bangalore|St. Mark's Church]] played a significant role in establishing St. John's Church and the school. In those days, that end (Cleveland Town and [[Fraser Town, Bangalore|Fraser Town]]) of the [[Bangalore Cantonment]] housed mainly pensioned officers and employees of the East Indian Company, Europeans and their native wives and [[Anglo-Indian|Eurasian]] children. These Eurasian children were not allowed to enroll in the European styled schools of the Cantonment. Rev. Posnett saw the need to provide for a church and school for these residents of the Bangalore Cantonment. A single room measuring 750 ft2 was built, on Haines Road, serving as school during the day, library for the pensioners during the afternoon, and as a church on Sundays. Reference to the existence of this chapel/school can be found in the records of [[St. Mark's Cathedral, Bangalore|St. Mark's Church]] in February 1853. The chapel/school/library was built out of funds raised by officers of the [[East India Company]].<ref name=Achanta-DH /><ref name=Samyuktha>{{cite web|last1=Harshitha|first1=Samyuktha|title=The Mootocherry of Bangalore|url=http://ramubangalore.blogspot.com.au/2013/06/the-mootocherry-of-bangalore.html|website=Suttha Muttha|accessdate=15 July 2015|date=1 June 2013}}</ref> The reading room for pensioners at Haines Road is also mentioned by William Sproston Caine in his book 'Picturesque India: a Handbook for European Travellers', published in 1890 (p. 522).<ref name=Caine>{{cite book|last1=Caine|first1=William Sproston|title=Picturesque India: A Handbook for European Travellers|date=1890|publisher=London and G. Routledge & Sons, Limited|location=London|isbn=9781274043993|page=[https://archive.org/details/picturesqueindi00caingoog/page/n567 522]|url=https://archive.org/details/picturesqueindi00caingoog|accessdate=26 October 2015}}</ref>

In a letter dated 23 April 1853, Rev. Posnett, writing to the Bishop of [[Diocese of Madras of the Church of South India|Madras]], reported church services were held on Wednesday evenings and on Sundays, with the room filled to excess with 100-115 people in attendance. Further, the school was attended by 52 girls and 16 boys. Hence, there was a need to sell the present premises and move to a large ones. Rev. Posnett approached the Government of [[Madras Presidency|Madras]], Church Building Society, and Major General Sewell, the then Commanding General Officer, for funds for construction of a school and chapel. However, it was uncommon for the Government of Madras to fund church buildings for civilian purposes (only churches for military congregations were funded), and hence the proposal was rejected.<ref name=Achanta-DH /><ref name=Ronnie>{{cite web|last1=Johnson|first1=Ronnie|title=St. John's Church, Bangalore, India|url=http://www.children-of-bangalore.com/john.htm|website=Children of Bangalore|accessdate=5 February 2015}}</ref>

In 1950, writing in the St. John's Centenary Journal, Rev. W. Holder says "The exact site of this Chapel-School room is obscure, though a building, reputed to be such stands on Haines Road..". The exact location of this chapel/school is unknown at present, as are any other details such as the year of construction year or the associated cost. It is nevertheless possible that records could be found in the '[http://www.tnarchives.tn.gov.in/ Madras Government Archives]', 'Madras Diocese Office', 'Indian Church Trust, Calcutta' or the 'Bangalore Garrisons Office'.<ref name=Ronnie />

===Mootocherry Anglican Church===
Rev. Posnett, managed to raise the required funds by appealing to the different congregations in India and abroad. The total collections amounted to INR 2,669 and 11 [[Anna (monetary subunit)|Annas]], with £10 contributed by Rev. C. G. Townsend from Hatfield, England. An empty plot of land, lying beside the Roman Catholic chapel (future [[St. Francis Xavier's Cathedral, Bangalore|St. Francis Xavier's Cathedral]]) was purchased by Rev. Posnett for INR 100 in October 1853. The enclosure was built around the purchased land, earmarking it for the future Mootocherry Anglican Church, along with a school and library.<ref name=Achanta-DH /><ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=O'Connor |editor1-first=Maureen |title=Back to the Future of Irish Studies: Festschrift for Tadhg Foley |date=2010 |publisher=Peter Lang AG |location=Bern |isbn=9783034301411 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V_GlErfzLosC&q=1853+rev.+robert+posnett&pg=PA116 |accessdate=22 March 2019 |ref=O'Connor}}</ref>

The church, school and the library had matching Gothic architecture. Rev. Posnett had the church designed by the engineers who designed the Municipal Offices (Attara Katcheri, now [[Karnataka High Court]] building). The school and the library were completed on 16 May 1854, at a cost of INR 2,700. The schools, one each for boys and girls, were inaugurated on 28 May 1854 by Rev. Posnett, who had now become the chaplain of [[St. Mark's Cathedral, Bangalore|St. Mark's Church]].<ref name=Achanta-DH />

===St. John's Church===
Rev. Posnett, left St. Mark's Church in September 1854, and was succeeded by Rev. B. S. Clarke and Rev. D. J. Rogers, who continued to work towards building St. John's Church. They were able to get funding from the Church Building Society and the Government of Madras to expand the church, so as to accommodate 300 people. The expansion along with furniture and construction of the compound wall cost INR 11,625, with the works being supervised by the [[Madras Engineer Group|Madras Sappers and Miners regiment]]. St. John's Church was consecrated on 12 April 1858 by Rt. Rev. Thomas Dealtry the third Bishop of Madras, officially as St. John's Church, after [[John the Evangelist|St. John the Evangelist]]. Rev. Dealtry (son of Bishop Dealtry) became the first chaplain of the church.<ref name=Achanta-DH /><ref name=Ronnie />

In 1914, the St. John's School had 135 girls and boys in attendance. As for the other schools in the cantonment, St. Aloysius School had 280 students, the Wesleyan Mission Secondary School had 235, and St. Andrews School had many students.<ref name=Playne>{{cite book|last1=Playne|first1=Somerset|last2=Bond|first2=J W|editor1-last=Wright|editor1-first=Arnold|title=Southern India: Its History, People, Commerce, and Industrial Resources|date=1914|publisher=Unwin Brothers, Limited|location=London|isbn=8120613449|page=206|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8WNEcgMr11kC&q=st+john%27s+church+bangalore&pg=PA206|accessdate=5 February 2015}}</ref>

==Named after St. John==
After St. John's Church was established, the surround Mootocherry was renamed as St. John's Hill, and the road from the church to Ulsoor Lake was named as St. John's Church Road.<ref name=Achanta-DH /> The road connecting [https://www.google.com.au/maps/place/Meanee+Ave+Rd,+Sivanchetti+Gardens,+Bengaluru,+Karnataka,+India/@12.9884925,77.6172198,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m2!3m1!1s0x3bae1691f71f0909:0xa32a83ff137658d1 Meanee Avenue] to Dickenson Road was named as St. John's Road, and the road leading Ulsoor Lake to the Kalpali Cemetery was named as St. John's Cemetery Road.

==Extensions==
The church tower was raised at the end of 1858, as the result of a contribution of INR 1,000 by Rev. Clarke, Rev. Rogers and Rev. Dealtry. In 1895-96, the edifice was extended to include the choir, a large portico and two front vestries.

==Pipe organ==
The pipe organ (by [[Norman and Beard]]) at St. John's is among the oldest and rarest, and very difficult to repair. Initially, air had to be pumped manually.<ref name=Achanta-DH /> An electric blower was added to the organ by Albert David in 1969. The organ is nowadays used only for special occasions.<ref name=Majumdar>{{cite news|last1=Majumdar|first1=Rashmika|title=Not so far from the madding crowd|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/not-so-far-from-the-madding-crowd/article5504727.ece|accessdate=5 February 2015|issue=Bangalore|work=The Hindu|date=26 December 2013}}</ref>

In 2013, a specialist team from Johannus, installed an Ecclesia T-270 at St. John's Church. The Ecclesia T-270 church organ has 40 voices, 2 manuals and an 8.1 audio system.<ref name=Johannus>{{cite web|title=An Exemplary Installation: St. John's Church, Bangalore, India|url=http://www.johannus.com/en-eu/news/an-exemplary-installation-st-johns-church-bangalore-india-1|accessdate=5 February 2015|date=13 February 2013}}</ref>

==WWI memorial==
There exists a memorial in front of the church for members of the church who lost their lives in service of 'King and Empire', in [[World War I]]. On [[Remembrance Day]] (11 November), the officers of the [[Madras Engineer Group|Madras Regiment]] offer their tributes at this memorial.<ref name=Achanta-DH /><ref name=Ronnie /><ref name=Majumdar />

==Vintage gallery==
A series of photos from the [[Fred Goodwill]] collection, taken from the spire of St. John's Church around 1911 can be seen at these links below:

* [http://sharehistory.org/janes/uploads/349-townscape-2 Photo 1]: From the spire of St. John's Church, Bangalore. Early 1900s (Looking left towards [[Shivajinagar, Bangalore|Shivajinagar]]) - [[Fred Goodwill]] Collection. The church spires of [[St. Mary's Basilica, Bangalore|St Mary's]] and [[St. Andrew's Church, Bangalore|St. Andrew's]] can be seen at a distance.<ref name=JSmith1>{{cite web|last1=Smith|first1=Jane|title=Townscape (2)|url=http://sharehistory.org/janes/uploads/349-townscape-2|website=Share History|accessdate=9 February 2015}}</ref>
* [http://sharehistory.org/janes/uploads/350-townscape-3 Photo 2]: From the spire of St. John's Church, Bangalore. Early 1900s (Looking left towards [[Shivajinagar, Bangalore|Shivajinagar]]) - [[Fred Goodwill]] Collection<ref name=JSmith2>{{cite web|last1=Smith|first1=Jane|title=Townscape (3)|url=http://sharehistory.org/janes/uploads/350-townscape-3|website=Share History|accessdate=9 February 2015}}</ref>
* [http://sharehistory.org/janes/uploads/291-school Photo 3]: From the spire of St. John's Church, Bangalore. Early 1900s (Looking front - The old [[St. John's High School, Bangalore|St. John's School]] and Reading Room). The old [[St. Francis Xavier's Cathedral, Bangalore|St. Francis Xavier's Church]] can also be seen. - [[Fred Goodwill]] Collection<ref name=JSmith3>{{cite web|last1=Smith|first1=Jane|title=School|url=http://sharehistory.org/janes/uploads/291-school|website=Share History|accessdate=9 February 2015}}</ref>
* [http://sharehistory.org/janes/uploads/348-townscape Photo 4]: From the spire of St. John's Church, Bangalore. Early 1900s (Looking right - St. Joseph's Convent and [[Fraser Town, Bangalore|Fraser Town]]) - [[Fred Goodwill]] Collection<ref name=JSmith4>{{cite web|last1=Smith|first1=Jane|title=Townscape|url=http://sharehistory.org/janes/uploads/348-townscape|website=Share History|accessdate=9 February 2015}}</ref>

Another picture by CH Doveton,
* [http://wiki.fibis.org/index.php/File:Bangalore._St_John%27s_Church.jpg St. John's Church, Bangalore (1900)], by C H Doveton<ref name=Doveton>{{cite book|last1=Doveton|first1=C H|title=Picturesque Bangalore|date=1900|publisher=The Times Press|location=Bombay|url=http://wiki.fibis.org/index.php/File:Bangalore._St_John%27s_Church.jpg|accessdate=9 February 2015}}</ref>

<gallery class="center" widths="200px" heights="150px">
File:St. John's Church, Bangalore (Penny, 1922, p.210).png|St. John's Church, Bangalore (1922), from Rev. Frank Penny's Book 'The Church in Madras, Volume III'<ref name=Penny>{{cite book|last1=Penny|first1=Frank|title=The Church in Madras : being the History of the Ecclesiastical and Missionary Action of the East India Company in the Presidency of Madras From 1835 to 1861: Volume III|date=1922|publisher=John Murray|location=London|page=[https://archive.org/details/churchinmadrasbe03penn/page/210 210]|url=https://archive.org/details/churchinmadrasbe03penn|accessdate=9 February 2015}}</ref>
File:The Market in Bangalore - c1880's.JPG|The Market in Bangalore - c1880's (predecessor to the [[Russell Market]]), the spire of St. John's can be seen on the top left
</gallery>

==St. John's Cemetery==
The earliest burial at the St. John's Cemetery was in 1820. However, no record exists of the exact year when the cemetery was established. Before Indian Independence, only Europeans were allowed to be buried at the cemetery. In 1884, a War Memorial was raised in the cemetery by the Non-Commissioned Officers of the 42nd Company of the Royal Engineers, in memory of their fallen comrades in peace time and war. This monument is now maintained by the [[Madras Engineer Group|Madras Regiment]]. In 1858, a chapel was constructed in the cemetery, which was in use till the 1960s and after that was used to house the cemetery watchman, and unfortunately fell into disrepair.<ref name=Ronnie />

==Community services==
Right from the late 1800s the church has been supporting the Poor Fund and the Leprosy Mission. In 1918, St. John's Institute was established for the benefit of the soldiers of the barracks nearby. In 1959, a hostel for Tibetan refugees was established. On 12 August 1978, the church established Asha Nivas, an elderly home in the church compound. The church also manages the Stephen's Old Age Home, in Clarke Street, Richmond Town. In 1999, an open-air chapel was established at St. John's Church cemetery, Kalpally. In June 2002, the St. John's Community Centre was established.<ref name=Achanta-DH /><ref name=Nina>{{cite news|last1=Benjamin|first1=Nina|title=Solace in the evening of their lives|url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/jan312004/metro9.asp|accessdate=5 February 2015|issue=Bangalore|publisher=Deccan Herald|date=31 January 2004}}</ref>

Rev. [[Vinay Samuel]], pastor of St. John's Church between 1975–83, and his wife Colleen Samuel, developed ministry for slum dwellers in Lingarajpuram, and helped establish a daughter congregation, Divya Shanti, at Lingarajpuram in 1983.<ref name=Sugden>{{cite book|last1=Sugden|first1=Chris|title=Seeking the Asian Face of Jesus|date=1997|publisher=Paternoster Publishing|location=Cumbria, UK|isbn=1870345266|pages=162–164|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rsW9hh2qy6oC&q=st+john%27s+church+bangalore&pg=PA162|accessdate=5 February 2015}}</ref><ref name=Sider>{{cite book|last1=Sider|first1=Ronald J|title=Evangelism and Social Action: Uniting the Church to Heal a Lost and Broken World|date=1993|publisher=Hodder and Stoughton|isbn=034057559X|page=114|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xiATF4wEXTcC&q=st+john%27s+church+bangalore+the+hindu&pg=PA114|accessdate=5 February 2015}}</ref>

==Local name and former resident==
The local [[Tamil People|Tamil]] population of the [[Bangalore Cantonment|cantonment]] call the church 'Sigapoo Oosimatha Koil', which translates to 'red church' in Tamil. Well known cartoonist Paul Fernandes remembers his childhood in [[Fraser Town, Bangalore|Fraser Town]], where the skyline was dominated by [[St. Francis Xavier's Cathedral, Bangalore|St. Francis Xavier's Cathedral]] and St. John's Church.<ref name=Achanta-DH /><ref name=Aliyeh1>{{cite news|last1=Rizvi|first1=Aliyeh|title=No apologies for memories here|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/no-apologies-for-memories-here/article4883179.ece|accessdate=5 February 2015|issue=Bangalore|work=The Hindu|date=5 July 2013}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{commons category}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Johns Church Bangalore}}
[[Category:Church of South India church buildings in India]]
[[Category:Churches in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:19th-century Anglican church buildings in India]]
[[Category:Presbyterianism in India]]
[[Category:Bangalore Civil and Military Station]]

Kanaka Rajan

2026-04-02T18:43:05Z

MyIPL: Started data

{{short description|Indian-American computational neuroscientist}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Kanaka Rajan
| image = Kanaka Rajan.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = India
| fields = Computational and Theoretical Neuroscience
| workplaces = Harvard University
| alma_mater = [[Anna University]] [[Brandeis University]] [[Columbia University]] 
| known_for = Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) models of the brain
}}
'''Kanaka Rajan''' is a computational neuroscientist in the Department of Neurobiology at [[Harvard Medical School]] and founding faculty in the [[Kempner Institute for the Study of Natural and Artificial Intelligence]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=chadcampbell |date=2022-09-23 |title=Science, Tech and AI Leaders Convene to Launch Kempner Institute |url=https://chanzuckerberg.com/newsroom/science-tech-and-ai-leaders-convene-to-launch-kempner-institute/ |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=Chan Zuckerberg Initiative |language=en-US}}</ref> at [[Harvard University]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last1=Institute |first1=Kempner |last2=Lang |first2=Deborah |date=2023-09-05 |title=Computational neuroscientist Kanaka Rajan, leader in using AI and machine learning to study the brain, to join Harvard Medical School faculty and serve as a founding faculty member at the Kempner Institute |url=https://www.harvard.edu/kempner-institute/2023/09/05/computational-neuroscientist-kanaka-rajan-appointment/ |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=Kempner Institute |language=en-US}}</ref> Rajan trained in engineering, biophysics, and neuroscience, and has pioneered novel methods and models to understand how the brain processes sensory information. Her research seeks to understand how important cognitive functions — such as learning, remembering, and deciding — emerge from the cooperative activity of multi-scale neural processes, and how those processes are affected by various neuropsychiatric disease states. The resulting integrative theories about the brain bridge [[Neuroscience|neurobiology]] and [[artificial intelligence]].

== Early life and education ==
Rajan was born and raised in India. She completed a Bachelors of Technology (B.Tech.) from the Center for Biotechnology at [[Anna University]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], India in 2000, majoring in Industrial Biotechnology and graduating with distinction.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Princeton Genomics RajanCV|url=http://genomics.princeton.edu/rajan/downloads/RajanCV.pdf|last=|first=|date=|website=Princeton Genomics|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127213912/http://genomics.princeton.edu/rajan/downloads/RajanCV.pdf|archive-date=January 27, 2018|access-date=May 10, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Dutt|first=Ela|title=12 researchers of Indian-origin win prestigious Sloan fellowships {{!}} News India Times|url=https://www.newsindiatimes.com/12-researchers-of-indian-origin-win-prestigious-sloan-fellowships/|access-date=2021-03-08|website=News India Times|date=20 February 2019 |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2002, Rajan pursued a post-graduate degree in neuroscience at [[Brandeis University]], where she did experimental rotations with [[Eve Marder]] and [[Gina G. Turrigiano]], before joining [[Larry Abbott|Larry Abbott's]] laboratory where she completed her master's degree (MA).<ref name=":0" /> In 2005 she transferred to the Ph.D. program in Neuroscience at [[Columbia University]] when Abbott moved from Brandeis to Columbia, and began her Ph.D. with Abbott at the Center for Theoretical Neuroscience.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Kanaka Rajan {{!}} Materials Science and Engineering|url=https://mse.stanford.edu/events/kanaka-rajan|access-date=2020-05-13|website=mse.stanford.edu|archive-date=2019-12-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212101110/https://mse.stanford.edu/events/kanaka-rajan}}</ref>

== Doctoral research ==
In Rajan's graduate work, she used mathematical modelling to address neurobiological questions.<ref name=":4">{{cite thesis |last1=Rajan |first1=Kanaka |date=2009 |title=Spontaneous and stimulus-driven network dynamics |id={{ProQuest|304863659}} |bibcode=2009PhDT........17R |oclc=420930632 }}</ref> The main component of her thesis was the development of a theory for how the brain interprets subtle sensory cues within the context of its internal experiential and motivational state to extract unambiguous representations of the external world.<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195393798.003.0004 |chapter=Interactions between Intrinsic and Stimulus-Evoked Activity in Recurrent Neural Networks |title=The Dynamic Brain |year=2011 |last1=Abbott |first1=Larry F. |last2=Rajan |first2=Kanaka |last3=Sompolinsky |first3=Haim |pages=65–82 |isbn=978-0-19-539379-8 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZflQEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA65 }}</ref> This line of work focused on the mathematical analysis of [[neural network]]s containing excitatory and inhibitory types to model neurons and their synaptic connections. Her work showed that increasing the widths of the distributions of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic strengths dramatically changes the eigenvalue distributions.<ref name=":5">{{cite journal |last1=Rajan |first1=Kanaka |last2=Abbott |first2=L. F. |title=Eigenvalue Spectra of Random Matrices for Neural Networks |journal=Physical Review Letters |date=2 November 2006 |volume=97 |issue=18 |article-number=188104 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.188104 |pmid=17155583 |bibcode=2006PhRvL..97r8104R }}</ref> In a biological context, these findings suggest that having a variety of cell types with different distributions of synaptic strength would impact network dynamics and that synaptic strength distributions can be measured to probe the characteristics of network dynamics.<ref name=":5" /> [[Electrophysiology]] and imaging studies in many brain regions have since validated the predictions of this phase transition hypothesis.

To do this work, powerful methods from [[Random matrix|random matrix theory]]<ref name=":5" /> and [[statistical mechanics]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rajan |first1=Kanaka |last2=Abbott |first2=L. F. |last3=Sompolinsky |first3=Haim |title=Stimulus-dependent suppression of chaos in recurrent neural networks |journal=Physical Review E |date=7 July 2010 |volume=82 |issue=1 |article-number=011903 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevE.82.011903 |pmid=20866644 |pmc=10683875 |arxiv=0912.3513 |bibcode=2010PhRvE..82a1903R |s2cid=946870 }}</ref> were employed. Rajan's early, influential work<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kanaka Rajan - Google Scholar Citations|url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=IC6n33kAAAAJ&hl=en|access-date=2020-06-10|website=scholar.google.com}}</ref> with [[Larry Abbott|Abbott]] and [[Haim Sompolinsky]] integrated physics methodology into mainstream neuroscience research — initially by creating experimentally verifiable predictions, and today by cementing these tools as an essential component of the data modelling arsenal. Rajan completed her Ph.D. in 2009.<ref name=":0" />

== Postdoctoral research ==
From 2010 to 2018, Rajan worked as a postdoctoral research fellow at [[Princeton University]] with theoretical biophysicist [[William Bialek]] and neuroscientist [[David W. Tank]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Neuroscience Faculty {{!}} Icahn School of Medicine|url=https://icahn.mssm.edu/about/departments/neuroscience/faculty|access-date=2020-05-13|website=Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai|language=en-US|archive-date=2020-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801112006/https://icahn.mssm.edu/about/departments/neuroscience/faculty}}</ref> At Princeton, she and her colleagues developed and employed a broad set of tools from physics, engineering, and computer science to build new conceptual frameworks for describing the relationship between cognitive processes and biophysics across many scales of biological organization.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-10|title=566: Dr. Kanaka Rajan: Creating Computational Models to Determine How the Brain Accomplishes Complex Tasks|url=http://www.peoplebehindthescience.com/dr-kanaka-rajan/|access-date=2021-03-08|website=People Behind the Science Podcast|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Modelling feature selectivity ===
In Rajan's postdoctoral work with [[William Bialek|Bialek]], she explored an innovative method for modelling the neural phenomenon of feature selectivity.<ref name=":6">{{cite journal |last1=Rajan |first1=Kanaka |last2=Bialek |first2=William |title=Maximally Informative 'Stimulus Energies' in the Analysis of Neural Responses to Natural Signals |journal=PLOS ONE |date=8 November 2013 |volume=8 |issue=11 |article-number=e71959 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0071959 |pmc=3826732 |pmid=24250780 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...871959R |doi-access=free }}</ref> Feature selectivity is the idea that neurons are tuned to respond to specific and discrete components of the incoming sensory information, and later these individual components are merged to generate an overall perception of the sensory landscape.<ref name=":6" /> To understand how the brain might receive complex inputs but detect individual features, Rajan treated the problem like a [[dimensionality reduction]] instead of the typical linear model approach.<ref name=":6" /> Rajan showed, using quadratic forms as features of a stimulus, that the maximally informative variables can be found without prior assumptions of their characteristics.<ref name=":6" /> This approach allows for unbiased estimates of the receptive fields for stimuli.<ref name=":6" />

=== Recurrent neural network modelling ===
Rajan then worked with [[David W. Tank|David Tank]] to show that sequential activation of neurons, a common feature in [[working memory]] and decision making, can be demonstrated when starting from [[Artificial neural network|neural network]] models with random connectivity.<ref name=":7">{{cite journal |last1=Rajan |first1=Kanaka |last2=Harvey |first2=Christopher D. |last3=Tank |first3=David W. |title=Recurrent Network Models of Sequence Generation and Memory |journal=Neuron |date=April 2016 |volume=90 |issue=1 |pages=128–142 |doi=10.1016/j.neuron.2016.02.009 |pmc=4824643 |pmid=26971945 |arxiv=1603.04687 }}</ref> The process, termed "Partial In-Network Training", is used as both model and to match real neural data from the [[posterior parietal cortex]] during behavior.<ref name=":7" /> Rather than feedforward connections, the neural sequences in their model propagate through the network via recurrent synaptic interactions as well as being guided by external inputs.<ref name=":7" /> Their modeling highlighted the potential that learning can derive from highly unstructured network architectures.<ref name=":7" /> This work uncovered how sensitivity to natural stimuli arises in neurons, how this selectivity influences sensorimotor learning, and how the neural sequences observed in different brain regions arise from minimally plastic, largely disordered circuits – published in ''[[Neuron (journal)|Neuron]].''<ref name=":7" />

== Career and research ==
In June 2018, Rajan became an assistant professor in the Department of Neuroscience and the Friedman Brain Institute at the [[Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai|Icahn School of Medicine]] at [[Mount Sinai Hospital (Manhattan)|Mount Sinai]]. Her work focuses on integrative theories to describe how behavior emerges from the cooperative activity of multi-scale neural processes.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Rajan Lab |url=https://www.rajanlab.com/ |access-date=2025-11-03 |website=www.rajanlab.com |language=en}}</ref> To gain insight into fundamental brain processes such as learning, memory, multitasking, or reasoning, Rajan develops theories based on neural network architectures inspired by biology as well as mathematical and [[Computational neuroscience|computational]] frameworks that are often used to extract information from neural and behavioral data.<ref name=":3" /> These theories use [[neural network]] models flexible enough to accommodate various levels of biological detail at the neuronal, synaptic, and circuit levels.

She uses a cross-disciplinary approach that provides critical insights into how [[neural circuit]]s learn and execute functions, ranging from [[working memory]] to decision making, reasoning, and intuition, putting her in a unique position to advance our understanding of how important acts of cognition work.<ref>{{Cite web|title=BI 054 Kanaka Rajan: How Do We Switch Behaviors? {{!}} Brain Inspired|url=https://braininspired.co/podcast/54/|access-date=2020-06-10|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-09-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908062438/https://braininspired.co/podcast/54/}}</ref> Her models are based on experimental data (e.g., [[calcium imaging]], [[electrophysiology]], and behavior experiments) and on new and existing mathematical and computational frameworks derived from [[machine learning]] and [[statistical physics]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Research |url=https://www.rajanlab.com/research |access-date=2020-06-10 |website=Rajan Lab - Brain Research & AI in NY |language=en-US}}</ref> Rajan continues to apply [[recurrent neural network]] modelling to behavioral and neural data. In collaboration with [[Karl Deisseroth]] and his team at [[Stanford University]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Deisseroth Lab, Stanford University|url=https://web.stanford.edu/group/dlab/about_pi.html|access-date=2020-06-10|website=web.stanford.edu}}</ref> such models revealed that circuit interactions within the [[Habenula|lateral habenula]], a brain structure implicated in aversion, were encoding experience features to guide the behavioral transition from active to passive coping – work published in ''[[Cell (journal)|Cell]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Andalman |first1=Aaron S. |last2=Burns |first2=Vanessa M. |last3=Lovett-Barron |first3=Matthew |last4=Broxton |first4=Michael |last5=Poole |first5=Ben |last6=Yang |first6=Samuel J. |last7=Grosenick |first7=Logan |last8=Lerner |first8=Talia N. |last9=Chen |first9=Ritchie |last10=Benster |first10=Tyler |last11=Mourrain |first11=Philippe |last12=Levoy |first12=Marc |last13=Rajan |first13=Kanaka |last14=Deisseroth |first14=Karl |title=Neuronal Dynamics Regulating Brain and Behavioral State Transitions |journal=Cell |date=May 2019 |volume=177 |issue=4 |pages=970–985.e20 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2019.02.037 |pmid=31031000 |pmc=6726130 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-28|title=Tracking Information Across the Brain|url=https://www.simonsfoundation.org/2020/05/28/tracking-information-across-the-brain/|access-date=2020-06-10|website=Simons Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2019, Rajan was one of twelve investigators to receive funding from the [[National Science Foundation]] (NSF)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Announcements {{!}} NSF - National Science Foundation|url=https://www.nsf.gov/news/special_reports/announcements/110619.02.jsp|access-date=2020-06-10|website=www.nsf.gov|date=6 November 2019 }}</ref> though its participation in the White House's [[BRAIN Initiative|Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies (BRAIN) Initiative]]. The same year, she was also awarded an NIH BRAIN Initiative grant (R01) for Theories, Models, and Methods for Analysis of Complex Data from the Brain.<ref>NIH BRAIN Initiative "[https://web.archive.org/web/20200610231512/https://braininitiative.nih.gov/funded-awards/multi-region-network-networks-recurrent-neural-network-models-adaptive-and-maladaptive Multi-region 'Network of Networks' Recurrent Neural Network Models of Adaptive and Maladaptive Learning]" Research Grants.</ref>

In 2022, Rajan was promoted to Associate Professor<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanaka Rajan {{!}} Icahn School of Medicine |url=https://icahn.mssm.edu/profiles/kanaka-rajan |access-date=2022-11-14 |website=Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai |language=en-US}}</ref> with tenure in the Department of Neuroscience and the Friedman Brain Institute at the [[Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai]].

In 2023, Rajan joined the Department of Neurobiology at [[Harvard Medical School]] as a Member of the Faculty and [[Kempner Institute for the Study of Natural and Artificial Intelligence]] as founding faculty.<ref name=":1" />

== Awards and honors ==

* [[Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers|Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers (PECASE)]] (2025)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-14 |title=President Biden Honors Nearly 400 Federally Funded Early-Career Scientists {{!}} OSTP |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/ostp/news-updates/2025/01/14/president-biden-honors-nearly-400-federally-funded-early-career-scientists/ |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=The White House |language=en-US}}</ref>
* CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholar – Brain, Mind & Consciousness Program
* McKnight Scholar Award
* Next Generation Leaders, [[Allen Institute for Brain Science]] (2021)<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-08|title=Allen Institute announces 2021 Next Generation Leaders|url=https://alleninstitute.org/what-we-do/brain-science/news-press/press-releases/allen-institute-announces-2021-next-generation-leaders|access-date=2021-11-09|website=Allen Institute|archive-date=2021-11-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108195503/https://alleninstitute.org/what-we-do/brain-science/news-press/press-releases/allen-institute-announces-2021-next-generation-leaders}}</ref>
*National Science Foundation (NSF) CAREER Award (2021)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/sinaibrain/status/1428100013444456449|access-date=2021-08-19|website=Twitter|language=en}}</ref>
*The Harold & Golden Lamport Basic Research Award (2021)
* Friedman Brain Institute Research Scholars Award from the DiSabato Family (2019)<ref>{{Cite web|title=FBI Newsletter – Spring 2020|url=https://issuu.com/johndavey/docs/ismms_friedman_brain_institute_spring_2020|access-date=2020-06-10|website=Issuu|date=2 April 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Sloan Research Fellowship]] in Neuroscience (2019)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai|url=https://sloan.org/grant-detail/8914|access-date=2020-06-10|website=sloan.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Two Mount Sinai Neuroscientists Named 2019 Sloan Research Fellows {{!}} Mount Sinai - New York|url=https://www.mountsinai.org/about/newsroom/2019/two-mount-sinai-neuroscientists-named-2019-sloan-research-fellows|access-date=2020-06-10|website=Mount Sinai Health System|language=en-US}}</ref>
* Mindlin Foundation 1Tweet1P Award, Neuroscience meets Graphic Novel (2018)<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Funding |url=https://www.rajanlab.com/funding |access-date=2020-06-10 |website=Rajan Lab - Brain Research & AI in NY |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Understanding Human Cognition Scholar Award from the [[James S. McDonnell Foundation|James McDonnell Foundation]] (2016)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Biophysics Theory Postdoc Kanaka Rajan receives Scholar Award from McDonnell Foundation {{!}} Neuroscience|url=https://pni.princeton.edu/news/biophysics-theory-postdoc-kanaka-rajan-receives-scholar-award-mcdonnell-foundation|access-date=2020-06-10|website=pni.princeton.edu|archive-date=2021-09-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908062447/https://pni.princeton.edu/news/biophysics-theory-postdoc-kanaka-rajan-receives-scholar-award-mcdonnell-foundation}}</ref>
* Visiting Research Fellowship, [[Janelia Research Campus]], Howard Hughes Medical Institute (2016)
* Brain and Behavior Foundation (formerly, NARSAD) Young Investigator Award (2015-2017)
* Lectureship, Department of Molecular Biology and the Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University for Methods and Logic in Quantitative Biology (2011-2013)
* Grant from the Organization for Computational Neurosciences (OCNS) (2011)
* Sloan-Swartz Theoretical Neuroscience Postdoctoral Fellowship (2010-2012)<ref>{{Citation|title=Sloan Research Fellowship|date=2020-04-09|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sloan_Research_Fellowship&oldid=949937508|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2020-06-10}}</ref>

== Select publications==

* {{Cite journal|last1=Perich|first1=Matthew G.|last2=Rajan|first2=Kanaka|title=Rethinking brain-wide interactions through multi-region 'network of networks' models|journal=Current Opinion in Neurobiology|year=2020|volume=65|pages=146–151|doi=10.1016/j.conb.2020.11.003|pmid=33254073|pmc=7822595}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Pinto |first1=Lucas |last2=Rajan |first2=Kanaka |last3=DePasquale |first3=Brian |last4=Thiberge |first4=Stephan Y. |last5=Tank |first5=David W. |last6=Brody |first6=Carlos D. |title=Task-Dependent Changes in the Large-Scale Dynamics and Necessity of Cortical Regions |journal=Neuron |date=November 2019 |volume=104 |issue=4 |pages=810–824.e9 |doi=10.1016/j.neuron.2019.08.025|pmid=31564591 |pmc=7036751 |doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Yang |first1=Guangyu Robert |last2=Cole |first2=Michael W |last3=Rajan |first3=Kanaka |title=How to study the neural mechanisms of multiple tasks |journal=Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences |date=October 2019 |volume=29 |pages=134–143 |doi=10.1016/j.cobeha.2019.07.001|pmid=32490053 |pmc=7266112 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Andalman |first1=Aaron S. |last2=Burns |first2=Vanessa M. |last3=Lovett-Barron |first3=Matthew |last4=Broxton |first4=Michael |last5=Poole |first5=Ben |last6=Yang |first6=Samuel J. |last7=Grosenick |first7=Logan |last8=Lerner |first8=Talia N. |last9=Chen |first9=Ritchie |last10=Benster |first10=Tyler |last11=Mourrain |first11=Philippe |last12=Levoy |first12=Marc |last13=Rajan |first13=Kanaka |last14=Deisseroth |first14=Karl |title=Neuronal Dynamics Regulating Brain and Behavioral State Transitions |journal=Cell |date=May 2019 |volume=177 |issue=4 |pages=970–985.e20 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2019.02.037|pmid=31031000 |pmc=6726130 |doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Rajan|first1=Kanaka|last2=Harvey|first2=Christopher|last3=Tank |first3=David|title=Recurrent Network Models of Sequence Generation and Memory |journal=Neuron |date=April 2016 |volume=90 |issue=1 |pages=128–142 |doi=10.1016/j.neuron.2016.02.009|pmid=26971945|pmc=4824643|arxiv=1603.04687|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Rajan |first1=Kanaka |last2=Bialek |first2=William |last3=Samuel |first3=Aravinthan |title=Maximally Informative "Stimulus Energies" in the Analysis of Neural Responses to Natural Signals |journal=PLOS ONE |date=8 November 2013 |volume=8 |issue=11 |article-number=e71959 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0071959|pmid=24250780 |pmc=3826732 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...871959R |doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Rajan |first1=Kanaka |last2=Marre |first2=Olivier |last3=Tkačik |first3=Gašper |title=Learning Quadratic Receptive Fields from Neural Responses to Natural Stimuli |journal=Neural Computation |date=July 2013 |volume=25 |issue=7 |pages=1661–1692 |doi=10.1162/NECO_a_00463|pmid=23607557 |arxiv=1209.0121 |s2cid=13893466 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Rajan |first1=Kanaka |last2=Abbott |first2=L. F. |last3=Sompolinsky |first3=Haim |title=Stimulus-dependent suppression of chaos in recurrent neural networks |journal=Physical Review E |date=7 July 2010 |volume=82 |issue=1 |article-number=011903 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevE.82.011903|pmid=20866644 |pmc=10683875 |arxiv=0912.3513 |bibcode=2010PhRvE..82a1903R |s2cid=946870 }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Rajan |first1=Kanaka |last2=Abbott |first2=L. F. |title=Eigenvalue Spectra of Random Matrices for Neural Networks |journal=Physical Review Letters |date=2 November 2006 |volume=97 |issue=18 |article-number=188104 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.188104|pmid=17155583 |bibcode=2006PhRvL..97r8104R }}

== References ==
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[[Category:Living people]]
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V. O. Chidambaram College

2026-03-24T00:26:03Z

MyIPL: Creating Basic Pg Added Tags

{{Short description|College in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{One source|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
'''V. O. Chidambaram College''' (commonly known as '''VOC College''') is a college of arts and sciences in [[Tuticorin]], ([[Thoothukudi]]), a southern city of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. The college, founded by Kulapathi A. P. C. Veerabahu in 1951, has been recognized by UGC under the 12(b) and 2(f). Named in honour of [[V. O. Chidambaram Pillai]], this postgraduate and research centre is affiliated to [[Manonmaniam Sundaranar University]], Tirunelveli. It offers undergraduate courses, postgraduate courses, and research courses. Managed by V. O. Chidambaram Educational Society, the college provides higher education to the economically and gender-wise discriminated sections hailing from the backward areas of southern districts of Tamilnadu, India.

The College is ranked 28th among colleges in India by the [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 NIRF Ranking |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Report/IR2024_Report.pdf}}</ref>

== Origin ==
It was in the year 1945, a committee was constituted to commemorate the sacrifice of the first Swadeshi navigator and freedom fighter V. O. Chidambaram Pillai. The following philanthropists were on the committee:

Shri. M. V. Sundaravel (President)

Shri. A. P. C. Veerabahu (Secretary)

Shri. M. Venkatakrishnan (Member)

Shri. M. C. Veerabahu (Member)

Shri. P. Kandasamy (Member)

Of the committee members, M.Venkatakrishnan, M.C.Veerabahu and P.Kandasamy were staunch freedom fighters and their presence in the committee provided a nationalistic perspective to the other members.

The committee first thought of building a monument to the late freedom fighter "Chekkilutha Chemmal", V. O. Chidambaram Pillai and so planned a Town Hall or a big Library. At that moment Dr. A. L. Mudaliar, the then Vice Chancellor of Madras University had appealed to Philanthropists all over Tamil Nadu to start colleges in unrepresented areas. Spurred by this news, himself a graduate Shri. A. P. C. Veerabahu realizing the importance of education in empowering people of "Nava Bharath" mooted the idea of establishing an educational institution for men.

At first, the proposal received a cautious response from the majority of the members of the committee. But it was the veteran freedom fighter and member of the constituent assembly Shri. M. C. Veerabahu who readily appreciated the suggestion of Shri. A. P. C. Veerabahu and offered his full support to establish the educational institution. The other members saw wisdom in his unconditional support and wholeheartedly endorsed and thus came into being V. O. Chidambaram Educational Society constituted by the above-mentioned five luminaries.

In 1946, V. O. Chidambaram Memorial fund raising was begun. This laudable move was blessed by the renowned statesman Chakaravarthi Rajaji. Later V. O. C. Educational society was constituted in 1947 to provide higher education for the benefit of the young especially the poor in and around Thoothukudi.

==Inception==
After clearing several hurdles, our founder secretary, Shri. A. P. C. Veerabahu was able to arrange for the inception of our college. Shri. P. Kumarasamy Raja, the then Chief Minister of Madras State, laid the foundation stone of the college in 1947.

Affiliated to the then [[Madras University]], a number of under graduate courses were started in various disciplines. Five hostels, including the three that were built within the campus provided stay to the outstation students of the college.

In 1966, the College was affiliated to the newly born [[Madurai University]]. In the post 1966 period, this college emerged as a post-graduate centre with the introduction of P.G courses in several disciplines like English and Chemistry. At that time, this college was the largest college in Madurai University area for many years in terms of student strength. A Central Hall with gallery and an architecturally elegant Auditorium were later built in the college to organise seminars and cultural programmes.

==Silver Jubilee==
Recognizing the research activities going on in this college, the SPIC has put up a Research Centre namely SPIC Research Centre within the college campus to house all the research activities under one roof in commemoration of the Silver Jubilee Celebration of Southern Petrol Chemical Industries Corporation. A big separate library building was constructed recently and its holdings run to 54,367 volumes and it subscribes to 76 journals and periodicals. At present 1300 students are studying in this college. The college is offering 11 under graduate courses 9 post graduate courses and 3 M. Phil courses. 116 Teachers and 42 Non-teaching staff are working in the college. The college is now affiliated to Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli.

In consonance with the wish of its Founder that the infrastructure of the college should be utilized to its optimum level the V. O. Chidambaram Evening College was started. Graduate and Post graduate courses are conducted in subjects like Commerce, Physics, Chemistry, Zoology, Banking Management and Computer Science. Three modern Computer Laboratories with centralized air conditioning have been the latest additions to the infrastructure of this college.

== Alumni ==
* [[Ayyalusamy Ramamoorthy]], graduated from the Department of Chemistry in 1984, is now at the [[University of Michigan]]. He is a scientist in the area of [[NMR]] and [[biological membrane]]s.
* [[C. P. Radhakrishnan]], 15th [[Vice President of India]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://www.voccollege.ac.in}}

{{Education in Tamil Nadu}}

{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:V.O.Chidambaram College}}
[[Category:Education in Thoothukudi]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to Manonmaniam Sundaranar University]]
[[Category:Academic institutions formerly affiliated with the University of Madras]]

Miyapur metro station

2026-03-20T03:58:59Z

MyIPL:

{{Short description|Metro station in Hyderabad, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Miyapur
| symbol = m
| symbol_location = hyderabad
| type = {{Hyderabad Metro Infobox station line|line = Red}}
| style = Hyderabad Metro
| image = Miyapur Metro Satation, Hyderabad .jpg
| caption = Miyapur metro station
| address = Near Kalvari Temple, Nadigada Tanda, [[Miyapur]], Hyderabad, Telangana 500049.
| coordinates = {{coord|17.4964|N|78.3731|E|display=inline,title}}
| owned = {{ubl|
*[[Larsen & Toubro]] (90%)
*[[Government of Telangana]] (10%)}}
| operator = Hyderabad Metro Rail Ltd.
| line = {{rcb|Hyderabad Metro|r|route}}
| platforms = 2 (2 [[side platform]])
| tracks = 2
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double-track railway|Double-track]]
| parking = {{parking symbol}} Available
| bicycle = Available
| accessible = {{Access icon}}
| status = Staffed, Operational
| opened = {{start date and age|df=yes|2017|November|29}}
| passengers = 17,180<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/metro-travel-hits-peak-on-new-year-eve/article25884190.ece|title=Metro travel hits peak on New Year eve |work=The hindu |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Daily Average
| pass_year = 2018
| pass_rank = 2 out of 40
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{adjstn|system = Hyderabad Metro|line = Red|right1 = JNTU College}}
| route_map = {{routemap | inline = yes | legend = track | map =
STRq\PSTR(L)q!~*1__align=ma\PSTR(L)q\PSTR(L)q\STRfq\STRq!~MFADEfq~~{{rmri|r}} [[JNTU College metro station|JNTU College]]
STRq\PSTR(R)q\PSTR(R)q\PSTR(R)q!~*2__align=me\STRgq\STRq!~MFADEfq}}
| map_state = collapsed
| map_type = India Hyderabad
| map_size = 300
| map_dot_label = Miyapur Metro Station
| map_caption = Location in Hyderabad
}}

The [[Miyapur]] Metro Station is located on the [[Red Line (Hyderabad Metro)|Red Line]] of the [[Hyderabad Metro]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/311217/parking-at-miyapur-metro-rail-station-to-cost-rs-12-for-2-hours.html|title=Parking at Miyapur Metro Rail station to cost Rs 12 for 2 hours|date=31 December 2017|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> The Miyapur Metro Station is terminal point of Corridor I. L&THMRL has set up free wifi access units for commuters at Miyapur metro station, in association with ACT Fibernet, as part of a pilot project.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/111018/watch-videos-with-free-wifi-at-hyderabad-metro.html|title=Watch videos with free Wi-Fi at Hyderabad metro|date=11 October 2018|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

==History==
It was opened on 29 November 2017 by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/hyderabad/hyderabad-metro-rail-to-be-flagged-off-by-pm-modi-today-see-timings-fares-routes-and-features-4958126 |title=Hyderabad Metro rail flagged off today: See fares, timings, routes and other features |date=28 November 2017 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |access-date=28 November 2017}}</ref>

==Station==
Miyapur elevated metro station situated on the [[Red Line (Hyderabad Metro)|Red Line]] of [[Hyderabad Metro]].
===Facilities===
The stations have staircases, elevators and escalators from the street level to the platform level which provide easy and comfortable access. Also, operation panels inside the elevators are installed at a level that can be conveniently operated by all passengers, including differently-abled and elderly citizens.

===Station layout===
;'''Street Level''': This is the first level where passengers may park their vehicles and view the local area map.<ref name=ltmetro>{{cite web | url=https://www.ltmetro.com/metro-stations/#1527065034617-3dc1ce80-fe9e | title=Metro Stations | publisher=Hyderabad Metro Rail | accessdate=20 February 2020 }}</ref>

;'''Concourse level''': Ticketing office or Ticket Vending Machines (TVMs) is located here. Retail outlets and other facilities like washrooms, ATMs, first aid, etc., will be available in this area.<ref name=ltmetro/>

;'''Platform level ''': This layer consists of two platforms. Trains takes passengers from this level.<ref name=ltmetro/>
{| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;vertical-align:top;border-top:solid 1px gray;" rowspan=4;|'''L1 Platforms'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|{{small|[[Side platform]], doors will open on the left}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=150|Platform '''1'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=390|{{0|→}} {{rcb|Hyderabad Metro|r|yes}} toward [[LB Nagar metro station|LB Nagar]] ([[JNTU College metro station|JNTU College]]) →
|-
|Platform '''2'''
|← {{rcb|Hyderabad Metro|r|yes}} termination platform
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;text-align:center;" colspan=2|{{small|[[Side platform]], doors will open on the left}}
|-
|style="vertical-align:top"|'''M'''
|style="vertical-align:top"|Mezzanine
|style="vertical-align:top"|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top" width=50 |'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top" width=100 |Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top" width=420 |Exit/Entrance
|}

==Connections==
===Bus===
[[Telangana State Road Transport Corporation]] bus routes number 16A/219, 18/219, 19/224, 19K/224, 19M/218, 19M/224, 22/219L, 24S/219, 31X, 113EL, 113K/255L, 113K/L, 113KL, 195, 195D, 218, 218/19M, 218C, 218D, 218D/L, 218L, 218L/V, 219, 219/229, 223JG, 224/205F, 224/226, 225L, 225L/299, 225L/V, 226, 226A, 226L/229 serves the station .<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rtc.telangana.gov.in/iisstart.htm|title=Under Construction|website=rtc.telangana.gov.in}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150">
File:Miyapur metro station 03.jpg|Inauguaration plague
File:Miyapur metro station 01.jpg|Telugu plaque
</gallery>

==See also==
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Hyderabad]]
*[[Transport in Hyderabad]]
*[[List of rapid transit systems]]
*[[List of metro systems]]
}}

{{Portal bar|Hyderabad|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikivoyage|Hyderabad}}
*[http://www.hmr.gov.in/ Hyderabad Metro Rail Ltd]
* [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.
*{{Google maps|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Miyapur/@17.4964805,78.3723459,185m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x3bcb9210223833d5:0x9d68b6d67e5b0783!8m2!3d17.4965258!4d78.3730056|title=Miyapur metro station}}
[https://metrotimings.in/miyapur-to-lb-nagar-metro/ Miyapur to LB Nagar Metro Route]
{{Hyderabad Metro|red line=yes}}

[[Category:Hyderabad Metro stations]]
[[Category:2017 establishments in Telangana]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2017]]

{{Telangana-railstation-stub}}
{{Asia-metro-stub}}

List of largest political parties

2026-03-19T09:25:58Z

MyIPL: improved article

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}

This is a list of [[Political party|political parties]] by reported number of members. These reported membership numbers{{efn|The definition of "membership" varies widely from nation to nation, which has a significant bearing on the numbers and percentages listed on this page. For example, [[United Kingdom]] memberships are limited to paid-up [[Subscription business model|subscribers]] to each party. By this description the three dominant parties – [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]], [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] and [[Reform UK]] – in total have less than 700,000 members, and are less than one per cent of the UK population. At an opposite extreme, [[United States]] memberships can include all [[Voter registration|registered voters]] who have self-identified their party preference, and who may number in the tens of millions, making their percentages of US population comparatively large.}} are usually claimed by the parties themselves and are not necessarily confirmed by independent studies.

== Active political parties ==

=== Parties with over 100 million members ===

{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+List of currently active political parties with over 100,000,000 members
|-
!scope="col" data-sort-type="number"|Rank
!scope="col"|Name
!scope="col" class=unsortable|Abbreviation
!scope="col" class=unsortable|Party symbol
!scope="col"|Country
!scope="col"|Active since
!scope="col"|Claimed number of members {{small|(year)}}
!scope="col"|Approximate percentage of population {{small|(year)}}<ref name="Perc" group="lower-alpha">Based on the claimed number of members and the population statistics of the country during the given year.</ref>
|-
|1
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] ''Indian People's Party''
|BJP
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Bharatiya Janata Party (icon).svg|75px]]
|{{flag|India}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1980|4|6|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|140 million {{small|(2025)}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ahead of PM Modi sir's 75th birthday, BJP achieves major milestone, becomes world's largest political party; its total members are...|url=https://www.india.com/news/india/ahead-of-pm-modis-75th-birthday-bjp-achieves-major-milestone-becomes-worlds-largest-political-party-its-total-members-are-14-crore-narendra-modi-jp-nadda-bharatiya-janata-party-8074635/|website=www.india.com|access-date=2025-11-28|language=en}}</ref>
|9.52% {{small|(2025)}}
|-
|2
|[[Chinese Communist Party]]
|CCP CPC
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Danghui.svg|75px|alt=]]
|{{flag|China}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1921|7|23|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|100.27 million {{small|(2024)}}<ref name="2024PartyCensus">{{Cite web |date=30 June 2025 |title=中国共产党党内统计公报 |trans-title=Chinese Communist Party Statistics Announcement |url=https://www.gov.cn/yaowen/liebiao/202506/content_7029995.htm |access-date=30 June 2025 |website=[[State Council of the People's Republic of China]] |publisher= |language=zh}}</ref>
|7.1% {{small|(2024)}}
|}

=== Parties with 10 million – 100 million members ===

{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+List of currently active political parties with 10,000,000 – 100,000,000 members
|-
!scope="col" data-sort-type="number"|Rank
!scope="col"|Name
!scope="col" class=unsortable|Abbreviation
!scope="col" class=unsortable|Party symbol
!scope="col"|Country
!scope="col"|Active since
!scope="col"|Claimed number of members {{small|(year)}}
!scope="col"|Approximate percentage of population {{small|(year)}}<ref name="Perc" group="lower-alpha"/>
|-
|3
|[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]]
|D DEM
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Democratic Disc.svg|75px]]
|{{flag|United States}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1828|1|8|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|44.1 million {{small|(2025)}}<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|title=How many Democrats and Republicans are in each state?|url=https://usafacts.org/articles/how-many-voters-have-a-party-affiliation/|website=USAFacts|access-date=2025-11-28|language=en-US}}</ref><ref group="lower-alpha" name="auto1">Only includes voters registered as party affiliates in the District of Columbia and the 32 states which allow [[Voter registration in the United States#Party affiliation|voter registration with a specific party]]; in the United States, it is this voter registration which determines eligibility to vote in the party's internal elections such as primaries, rather than the party's dues-paying membership as in the rest of the world. Jurisdictions include [[Alaska]], [[Arizona]], [[Arkansas]], [[California]], [[Colorado]], [[Connecticut]], [[Delaware]], [[Washington, D.C.|District of Columbia]], [[Florida]], [[Idaho]], [[Iowa]], [[Kansas]], [[Kentucky]], [[Louisiana]], [[Maine]], [[Maryland]], [[Massachusetts]], [[Missouri]], [[Nebraska]], [[Nevada]], [[New Hampshire]], [[New Jersey]], [[New Mexico]], [[New York (state)|New York]], [[North Carolina]], [[Oklahoma]], [[Oregon]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[South Dakota]], [[Utah]], [[West Virginia]] and [[Wyoming]]. The overall numbers in the remaining states lean heavily Republican so the total percentage of the population that's Democrat or Republican is much closer than these values depict.</ref>
|12.67% {{small|(2025)}}
|-
|4
|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]]
|R GOP REP
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Republican Disc.svg|83px]]
|{{flag|United States}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1854|3|20|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|37.4 million {{small|(2025)}}<ref name="auto"/><ref group="lower-alpha" name="auto1"/>
|10.75% {{small|(2025)}}
|-
|5
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|INC CONG
|[[File:Indian_National_Congress_hand_logo.svg|alt=|center|75x75px]]
|{{flag|India}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1885|12|28|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|26 million {{small|(2022)}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=congress: Congress adds 2.6 crore new members in its digital membership drive, Sonia Gandhi enrolls too - The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/congress-adds-2-6-cr-new-members-in-its-digital-membership-drive-sonia-gandhi-enrolls-too/articleshow/90866604.cms?from=mdr|website=m.economictimes.com| date=15 April 2022 |access-date=2025-11-28}}</ref>
|1.8% {{small|(2022)}}
|-
|6
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] ''Dravidian Progressive Federation''
|DMK
|[[File:Indian_election_symbol_rising_sun.svg|center|75x75px]]
|{{flag|India}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1949|9|17|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|25 million {{small|(2026)}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=After membership drive, DMK has 2.5 crore cadre|url=https://www.dmk.in/en/party/historyofdmk/|access-date=2026-01-12|website=DMK Official|date=12 January 2026}}</ref>
|1.38% {{small|(2026)}}
|-
|7
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] ''All India [[C. N. Annadurai|Anna]] [[Dravidian peoples|Dravidian]] Progressive Federation''
|AIADMK
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Two Leaves.svg|75px|alt=]]
|{{flag|India}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1972|10|17|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|20,044,400 {{small|(2023)}}<ref>{{cite news|date=5 August 2023|title=AIADMK gets 2 crore cadres: Edappadi Palaniswami|language=en-IN|work=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/aiadmk-gets-2-crore-cadres-edappadi-palaniswami/articleshow/102457828.cms|access-date=5 August 2023}}</ref>
|1.4% {{small|(2023)}}
|-
|8
|[[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]] ''Victory Party of [[Tamilakam]]''
|TVK
|style="text-align:center;"| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Whistle.png|75x75px]]
|{{flag|India}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|2024|2|2|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|15 million {{small|(2025)}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/news/tamilnadu/tvk-membership-rises-to-1-crore-1163142 | title=த.வெ.க. உறுப்பினர் சேர்க்கை 1½ கோடியாக உயர்ந்தது | website=[[Dina Thanthi]] | date=15 June 2025 |language=Tamil}}</ref>
|1% {{small|(2025)}}
|-
|9
|[[Chama Cha Mapinduzi]] ''Party of the Revolution''
|CCM
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Flag of Chama Cha Mapinduzi.svg|75px]]
|{{flag|Tanzania}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1977|2|5|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|12 million {{small|(2022)}}<ref>{{cite web|title=CCM members rise to 12 million as party goes digital|url=https://dailynews.co.tz/news/2022-02-0561fe690c0302c.aspx|website=Daily News|access-date=15 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205130059/https://dailynews.co.tz/news/2022-02-0561fe690c0302c.aspx|archive-date=5 February 2022|date=5 February 2022|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|19% {{small|(2022)}}
|-
|10
|[[Justice and Development Party (Turkey)|Justice and Development Party]]
|AKP
AK Party
|style="text-align:center;"|
|{{flag|Turkey}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|2001|8|14|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|11,135,306 {{small|(2024)}}<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|date=4 January 2024|title=Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi|url=https://www.yargitaycb.gov.tr/icerik/1095|access-date=17 February 2024|website=Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Yargıtay Cumhuriyet Başsavcılığı|publisher=[[Court of Cassation (Turkey)|Court of Cassation]]|language=tr}}</ref>
|12.93% {{small|(2024)}}
|-
|11
|[[Morena (political party)|National Regeneration Movement]]
|Morena
| style="text-align: center;" |[[File:Morena Party (Mexico).svg|center|75x75px]]
|{{flag|Mexico}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|2014|7|10|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|11,050,758 {{small|(2026)}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jornada |first=La |last2=redacción |first2=La |date=2026-01-14 |title=Morena supera los 11 millones de afiliados y rebasa su meta nacional en un año |url=https://www.jornada.com.mx/noticia/2026/01/14/politica/morena-supera-meta-de-afiliacion-en-un-ano-suman-mas-de-12-millones-50-mil |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=La Jornada |language=es}}</ref>
|15.38% {{small|(2026)}}
|-
|12
|[[Prosperity Party]]
|PP
|
|{{flag|Ethiopia}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|2019|12|01|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|11 million {{small|(2022)}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kana |first=Lauriane |title=Ethiopian PM Abiy calls for peace at launch of party's first congress |url=https://www.africanews.com/2022/03/12/ethiopian-pm-abiy-calls-for-peace-at-launch-of-party-s-first-congress// |access-date=3 March 2022}}</ref>
|11% {{small|(2022)}}
|-
|13
|[[Aam Aadmi Party]] ''[[Aam Aadmi|Common Man]]'s Party''
|AAP
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:AAP Symbol.png|75px]]
|{{flag|India}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|2012|11|26|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|10.05 million {{small|(2014)}}<ref>{{cite news |title=AAP has a crore members and counting |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/aam-aadmi-party-has-a-crore-members-and-counting-178600-2014-01-27 |date=27 January 2014 |access-date=26 August 2019}}</ref>
|0.81% {{small|(2014)}}
|-
|14
|[[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf]] ''Pakistan Movement for Justice''
|PTI
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File: Flag of the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf.svg|75px]]
|{{flag|Pakistan}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|1996|4|25|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|10 million {{small|(2012)}}<ref>{{cite news|title=PTI marks 'Revolution Day'|url=http://dawn.com/news/760308/pti-marks-revolution-day|newspaper=Dawn|date=31 October 2012|first=Mansoor|last=Malik}}</ref>
|5.34% {{small|(2012)}}
|}

=== Parties with 1 million – 10 million members ===

{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+List of currently active political parties with 1,000,000 – 10,000,000 members
|-
!scope="col" data-sort-type="number"|Rank
!scope="col"|Name
!scope="col" class=unsortable|Abbreviation
!scope="col" class=unsortable|Party symbol
!scope="col"|Country
!scope="col"|Active since
!scope="col"|Claimed number of members {{small|(year)}}
!scope="col"|Approximate percentage of population {{small|(year)}}<ref name="Perc" group="lower-alpha"/>
|-
|15
|[[Workers' Party of Korea]]
|WPK
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:WPK symbol.svg|75px]]
|{{flag|North Korea}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|1949|6|30|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|6.5 million {{small|(2021)}}<ref>{{cite news|author=나혜윤|title=北, 당원 대폭 늘었나{{nbsp}}... 당 대회 참석수로 '650만 명' 추정|url=https://www.news1.kr/articles/?4172242|access-date=5 November 2021|work=뉴스1|date=6 January 2021|language=ko}}</ref>
|25.07% {{small|(2021)}}
|-
|16
|[[Telugu Desam Party]] ''Party of the [[Telugu people|Telugu]] Land''
|TDP
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Indian Election Symbol Cycle (cropped).png|75px]]
|{{flag|India}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|1982|3|29|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|6.5 million {{small|(2019)}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-01-13 |title=TDP sets new record, enrolls 65 lakh members in Andhra Pradesh |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/amaravati/tdp-sets-new-record-enrolls-65-lakh-members-in-andhra-pradesh/articleshow/67513258.cms |access-date=2023-02-06 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|0.47% {{small|(2019)}}
|-
|17
|[[Cambodian People's Party]]
|CPP
| style="text-align:center;" |
|{{flag|Cambodia}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|1951|6|28|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|6 million {{small|(2020)}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.voacambodia.com/a/ruling-party-new-headquarters-funded-by-members-and-costs-40m-cpp-spokesperson/5409707.html |title=Ruling Party's New Headquarters Funded by Members and Costs $40M: CPP Spokesperson |publisher=VOA |date=7 May 2020 |access-date=8 May 2020}}</ref>
|35.89% {{small|(2020)}}
|-
|18
|[[Communist Party of Vietnam]]
|CPV
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Communist Party of Vietnam flag logo.svg|75px]]
|{{flag|Vietnam}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|1930|2|3|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|5.3 million {{small|(2021)}}<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.tapchicongsan.org.vn/Home/Nghiencuu-Traodoi/2016/40378/Nang-cao-chat-luong-dang-vien-Van-de-cot-loi-de.aspx |magazine=Communist Review |access-date=15 June 2018 |date=19 August 2016 |title=Nâng cao chất lượng đảng viên - Vấn đề cốt lõi để xây dựng Đảng trong sạch, vững mạnh trong tình hình hiện nay}}</ref>
|5.4% {{small|(2021)}}
|-
|19
|[[Democratic Party (South Korea, 2015)|Democratic Party of Korea]]
|DPK
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:2024 Logo of the Democratic Party of Korea.svg|75px]]
|{{flag|South Korea}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|2014|3|26|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|5,129,314 {{small|(2023)}}<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ko:자료공간 {{!}} 선거/법규/정당 {{!}} 자료공간 {{!}} 중앙선거관리위원회 |url=https://www.nec.go.kr/site/nec/ex/bbs/View.do?cbIdx=1129&bcIdx=264630 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250126144833/https://www.nec.go.kr/site/nec/ex/bbs/View.do?cbIdx=1129&bcIdx=264630 |archive-date=26 January 2025 |access-date=19 May 2025 |website=www.nec.go.kr |language=ko}}</ref>
|9.92% {{small|(2023)}}
|-
|20
|[[People Power Party]]
|PPP
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Logo of People Power Party of Korea.svg|75px]]
|{{flag|South Korea}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|2020|2|17|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|4,449,281 {{small|(2023)}}<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ko:자료공간 {{!}} 선거/법규/정당 {{!}} 자료공간 {{!}} 중앙선거관리위원회 |url=https://www.nec.go.kr/site/nec/ex/bbs/View.do?cbIdx=1129&bcIdx=264630 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126144833/https://www.nec.go.kr/site/nec/ex/bbs/View.do?cbIdx=1129&bcIdx=264630 |archive-date=26 January 2025 |access-date=19 May 2025 |website=www.nec.go.kr |language=ko |url-status=live }}</ref>
|8.6% {{small|(2023)}}
|-
|21
|[[United Socialist Party of Venezuela]]
|PSUV
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:PSUV 2024 logo.svg|75px]]
|{{flag|Venezuela}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|2007|3|24|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|4,240,032 {{small|(2024)}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=swissinfo.ch |first=S. W. I. |date=2024-03-11 |title=Más de 4 millones de chavistas apoyan candidatura para reelección de Maduro, según partido |url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/m%C3%A1s-de-4-millones-de-chavistas-apoyan-candidatura-para-reelecci%C3%B3n-de-maduro,-seg%C3%BAn-partido/73621059 |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=SWI swissinfo.ch |language=es}}</ref>
|14.28% {{small|(2024)}}
|-
|22
|[[ZANU-PF|Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front]]
|ZANU-PF
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag_of_ZANU-PF.svg|75px]]
|{{flag|Zimbabwe}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|1975|3|18|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|3,900,000 (2022)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.heraldonline.co.zw/president-takes-part-in-cell-day/ |title=President takes part in Cell Day |date=11 June 2022}}</ref>
|25.69% {{small|(2022)}}
|-
|23
|[[Justicialist Party]]
|PJ
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Partido Justicialista emblema.svg|75px]]
|{{flag|Argentina}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|1946|11|21|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|3,818,678 (2019)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Estadística de Afiliados|url=https://www.electoral.gob.ar/nuevo/paginas/pdf/Estadistica_Afiliados_1s_2017.pdf|date=9 May 2020|website=Gobierno Electoral}}</ref>
|8.5% {{small|(2019)}}
|-
|24
|[[UMNO|United Malays National Organisation]]
|UMNO
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:UMNO logo.svg|75px]]
|{{flag|Malaysia}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1946|05|11|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|3,391,236 {{small|(2022)}}<ref>{{cite news|last1=Radhi|first1=Nor Ain Mohamed|last2=Povera|first2=Adib|title=Umno has over three million members, says secretary-general|url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/politics/2022/03/781106/umno-has-over-three-million-members-says-secretary-general|access-date=24 January 2023|work=New Straits Times|date=17 March 2022}}</ref>
|10.1% {{small|(2022)}}
|-
|25
|[[MPLA|People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola]]
|MPLA
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Logo_of_the_MPLA_(Angola).svg|75px]]
|{{flag|Angola}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1956|12|10|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|2.7 million (2008)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.avante.pt/pt/1793/emfoco/24123/Angola-um-pa%C3%ADs-em-constru%C3%A7%C3%A3o-livre-e-soberano.htm|title=Angola, um país em construção, livre e soberano|website=Avante}}</ref>
|14% {{small|(2008)}}
|-
|26
|[[Colorado Party (Paraguay)|Colorado Party]]
|ANR-PC
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Logo of the Colorado Party (Paraguay).svg|75px]]
|{{flag|Paraguay}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1887|9|11|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|2,616,424 (2022)<ref>{{Cite web|title=La Nación / ANR tiene más de 2.500.000 afiliados habilitados para votar en diciembre|url=https://www.lanacion.com.py/politica/2022/10/04/anr-tiene-mas-de-2500000-afiliados-habilitados-para-votar-en-diciembre/|access-date=2024-03-05|website=www.lanacion.com.py|language=es}}</ref>
|42.82% {{small|(2022)}}
|-
|27
|[[Uzbekistan Liberal Democratic Party|Movement of Entrepreneurs and Businessmen – Uzbekistan Liberal Democratic Party]]
|OʻzLiDeP
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Logo of the Uzbekistan Liberal Democratic Party.svg|75px]]
|{{flag|Uzbekistan}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|2003|11|15|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|2,307,642 {{small|(2026)}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Group |first=Online Service |title=UzLiDep |url=https://uzlidep.uz/en |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=uzlidep.uz |language=en}}</ref>
|6.15% {{small|(2026)}}
|-
|28
|[[United Russia]]
|YR
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:ЕдРо_(лог).svg|75px]]
|{{flag|Russia}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|2001|12|1|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|2,073,772 {{small|(2013)}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.minjust.ru/common/img/uploaded/docs/2011.02.01_Edinaya_Rossiya_perechen.doc |script-title=ru:ИНФОРМАЦИЯ о численности членов Всероссийской политической партии "ЕДИНАЯ РОССИЯ" в каждом из ее региональных отделений (по состоянию на 1 января 2011 года) |trans-title=Information on the number of members of the political party "UNITED RUSSIA" in each of its regional offices (as at 1 January 2011) |language=ru |format=DOC |publisher=minjust.ru |date=1 February 2011 |access-date=30 March 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025025351/http://www.minjust.ru/common/img/uploaded/docs/2011.02.01_Edinaya_Rossiya_perechen.doc |archive-date=25 October 2012}}</ref>
|1.45% {{small|(2013)}}
|-
|29
|[[Brazilian Democratic Movement]]
|MDB
|[[File:Movimento_Democrático_Brasileiro_(2017).svg|center|75px]]
|{{flag|Brazil}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|1965|12|4|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|2,030,607 {{small|(2025)}}<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Estatísticas mensais |url=https://sig.tse.jus.br/ords/dwapr/r/seai/sig-eleicao/estatisticas-mensais |access-date=26 October 2024 |website=sig.tse.jus.br |language=pt}}</ref>
|0.95% {{small|(2026)}}
|-
|30
|[[Radical Civic Union]]
|UCR
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Ucr modern logo.svg|75px]]
|{{flag|Argentina}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|1891|6|21|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|1,992,472 {{small|(2017)}}<ref name=":0" />
|4.52% {{small|(2017)}}
|-
|31
|[[Workers' Party (Brazil)|Workers' Party]]
|PT
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:PT (Brazil) logo 2021.svg|75px]]
|{{flag|Brazil}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|1980|2|10|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|1,673,623 {{small|(2025)}}<ref name=":1" />
|0.78% {{small|(2026)}}
|-
|32
|[[Authentic Radical Liberal Party]]
|PLRA
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Authentic Radical Liberal Party logo (2018 variant).svg|75px]]
|{{flag|Paraguay}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|1887|7|10|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|1,548,023 {{small|(2022)}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=PLRA supera los 1,5 millones de afiliados - Política - ABC Color|url=https://www.abc.com.py/politica/2022/06/04/plra-supera-los-15-millones-de-afiliados/|access-date=2024-03-05|website=www.abc.com.py|language=es}}</ref>
|25.33% {{small|(2022)}}
|-
|33
|[[Partido Federal ng Pilipinas]] {{small|''Federal Party of the Philippines''}}
|PFP
| style="text-align:center;" |
|{{flag|Philippines}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|2018|10|05|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|1.5 million {{small|(2021)}}<ref name="partidofederalpilipinas">{{cite news|title=Federal party eyes Marcos as head|url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/09/20/news/national/federal-party-eyes-marcos-as-head/1815384|date=27 May 2022}}</ref>
|1.35% {{small|(2021)}}
|-
|34
|[[Republican People's Party]]
|CHP
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:CHP six arrows.svg|75px]]
|{{flag|Turkey}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|1923|9|9|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|1,428,800 {{small|(2024)}}<ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |date=4 January 2024 |title=Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi |url=https://www.yargitaycb.gov.tr/icerik/1110 |access-date=17 February 2024 |website=Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Yargıtay Cumhuriyet Başsavcılığı |publisher=[[Court of Cassation (Turkey)|Court of Cassation]] |language=tr}}</ref>
|1.67% {{small|(2023)}}
|-
|35
|[[Institutional Revolutionary Party]]
|PRI
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:PRI logo (Mexico).svg|75px|alt=]]
|{{flag|Mexico}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|1929|03|04|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|1,411,889 {{small|(2023)}}<ref name="Padrón de afiliados">{{Cite web |title=Padrón de afiliados |url=https://www.ine.mx/actores-politicos/partidos-politicos-nacionales/padron-afiliados/ |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=www.ine.mx}}</ref>
|1.1% {{small|(2023)}}
|-
|36
|[[Progressistas]] {{small|''Progressives''}}
|PP
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Progressistas logotipo (cropped).png|75px]]
|{{flag|Brazil}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|1995|11|16|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|1,296,058 (2025)<ref name=":1" />
|0.6% (2026)
|-
|37
|[[Democratic Renewal Party (Brazil)|Democratic Renewal Party]]
|PRD
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Logomarca_Partido_Renovação_Democrática.png|75px|alt=]]
|{{flag|Brazil}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|2022|10|26|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|1,292,479 {{small|(2025)}}<ref name=":1" />
|0.6% (2026)
|-
|38
|[[Brazilian Social Democracy Party]]
|PSDB
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Logo of the Brazilian Social Democracy Party (2023).svg|75px]]
|{{flag|Brazil}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|1988|6|25|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|1,269,131 (2025)<ref name=":1" />
|0.59% (2026)
|-
|39
|[[People's Justice Party (Malaysia)|People's Justice Party]]
|PKR
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Parti_Keadilan_Rakyat_logo.svg|75px]]
|{{flag|Malaysia}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|1998|12|10|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|1,153,212 (2024)<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/nasional/2024/04/1237239/pkr-rekod-lonjakan-keahlian-di-kelantan|title=PKR rekod lonjakan keahlian di Kelantan|date=21 April 2024|access-date=28 April 2025}}</ref>
|3.38% (2024)
|-
|40
|[[Kuomintang]] {{small|''Nationalist Party''}}
|KMT
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Emblem of the Kuomintang.svg|75px]]
|{{flag|Taiwan}} (ROC)
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|1919|10|10|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|1,090,000 {{small|(2017)}}<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hsu|first1=Stacy|title=Hung urges for scrutiny of KMT leader elections|url=http://www.kmt.org.tw/2017/01/blog-post_74.html|access-date=16 January 2017|work=Taipei Times|date=16 January 2017}}</ref>
|4.62% {{small|(2017)}}
|-
|41
|[[Economic Freedom Fighters]]
|EFF
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:EFF Flag HQ.jpg|75px]]
|{{flag|South Africa}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|2013|7|26|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|1,085,843 (2022)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Target of one million members reached |url=https://www.politicsweb.co.za/documents/target-of-one-million-members-reached--eff |access-date=December 5, 2022 |archive-date=22 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222102929/https://www.politicsweb.co.za/documents/target-of-one-million-members-reached--eff |url-status=live }}</ref>
|1.75% (2022)
|-
|42
|[[Democratic Labour Party (Brazil)|Democratic Labour Party]]
|PDT
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:LogoPDT (cropped).svg|75px]]
|{{flag|Brazil}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|1979|6|17|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|1,081,821 (2025)<ref name=":1" />
|0.5% (2026)
|-
|43
|[[Brazil Union]]
|UNIÃO
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:União Brasil logo.svg|75px]]
|{{flag|Brazil}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|2021|10|6|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|1,074,822
(2025)<ref name=":1" />
|0.5% (2026)
|-
|44
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|CPI(M)
CPM
| style="text-align:center;" |
[[File:Cpm election symbol.svg|75px]]
|{{flag|India}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|1964|11|7|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|1,019,009 {{small|(2024)}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Anandan |first=S. |date=2025-04-05 |title=CPI(M) keen on improving quality of membership, not quantity |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/cpim-keen-on-improving-quality-of-membership-not-quantity/article69416828.ece |access-date=2026-01-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|0.07% {{small|(2024)}}
|-
|45
|[[Malaysian Islamic Party]]
|PAS
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:PAS_logo.svg|75px]]
|{{flag|Malaysia}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|1951|11|24|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|1,005,700 (2022)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://harakahdaily.net/index.php/2022/09/04/ahli-pas-berjumlah-1005700-sehingga-ogos-lalu/ |title=Ahli PAS berjumlah 1,005,700 sehingga Ogos lalu |date=4 September 2022 |access-date=7 April 2025}}</ref>
|2.89% (2022)
|-
|46
|[[National Liberation Front (Algeria)|National Liberation Front]]
|FLN
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:FLN Logo.png|75px]]
|{{flag|Algeria}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|1954|10|23|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|1 million (2019)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://pfln.dz/?p=1716 |title=زهية جمعي : للشعب الجزائري وحده الحق في تقييم الافلان عبر الصندوق - جبهة التحرير الوطني - FLN |access-date=19 May 2021 |archive-date=19 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519121933/http://pfln.dz/?p=1716 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|2.32% (2019)
|}

=== Parties with 100 thousand – 1 million members ===

{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+List of currently active political parties with 100,000 – 1,000,000 members
|-
!scope="col" data-sort-type="number"|Rank
!scope="col"|Name
!scope="col" class=unsortable|Abbreviation
!scope="col" class=unsortable|Party symbol
!scope="col"|Country
!scope="col"|Active since
!scope="col"|Claimed number of members {{small|(year)}}
!scope="col"|Approximate percentage of population {{small|(year)}}<ref name="Perc" group="lower-alpha"/>
|-
|4
|[[Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)|Liberal Democratic Party]]
|LDP
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:自民党Logo.svg|75x75px]]
|{{flag|Japan}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|1955|11|15|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|915,574 (2025)<ref>{{Cite web |last=|first=|date=2025-09-22|title=自民党総裁選、投票権を持つ党員数は91万人前年から13%減|trans-title=Number of LDP members eligible to vote in LDP presidential election: 910,000, down 13% from last year|url=https://www.nikkei.com/article/DGXZQOUA220XL0S5A920C2000000/|access-date=2026-02-24|website=[[The Nikkei]]|language=ja}}</ref>
|0.74% {{small|(2025)}}
|-
|48
|[[Liberal Party (Brazil, 2006)|Liberal Party]]
|PL
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Partido Liberal (Brazil) logo.svg|75px]]
|{{flag|Brazil}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1985|6|25|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|895,522
(2025)<ref name=":1" />
|0.41% (2025)
|-
|49
|[[Nepali Congress]]
|NC
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Nepalese Election Symbol Tree Green.svg|75px]]
|{{flag|Nepal}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1950|04|09|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|870,106 {{small|(2021)}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=कांग्रेसले महाधिवेशन सकिएको चार महिनामै खुलायो सदस्यता |url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/03/30/16486284874622145.html |access-date=2 April 2022 |website=ekantipur.com |language=ne}}</ref>
|2.84% {{small|(2021)}}
|-
|50
|[[Golkar|Golkar Party]] {{small|''Party of Functional Groups''}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Logo_Golkar.svg|75px]]
|{{flag|Indonesia}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|1964|10|20|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|832,842 {{small|(2024)}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Partai Golongan Karya |url=http://infopemilu.kpu.go.id/Pemilu/Detail_parpol/detail_parpol/9 |website=[[General Elections Commission|Komisi Pemilihan Umum RI]] |access-date=3 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930170038/https://infopemilu.kpu.go.id/Pemilu/Detail_parpol/detail_parpol/9 |archive-date=30 September 2024}}</ref>
|0.29% {{small|(2024)}}
|-
|51
|[[People's Party (Spain)|People's Party]]
|PP
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Logo del PP (2022).svg|75x75px]]
|{{flag|Spain}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|1989|1|20|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|806,000 {{small|(2024)}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Press |first=Europa |date=2024-12-30 |title=Feijóo suma más de 30.600 nuevos afiliados desde que llegó al PP, con la entrega de 7.700 nuevos carnets este 2024 |url=https://www.europapress.es/nacional/noticia-feijoo-suma-mas-30600-nuevos-afiliados-llego-pp-entrega-7700-nuevos-carnets-2024-20241230104301.html |access-date=2025-09-14 |website=www.europapress.es}}</ref>
|1.63% (2024)
|-
|52
|[[Amanat (political party)|Amanat]] {{small|''Covenant''}}
|
|[[File:Logo_of_the_Amanat_political_party.svg|center|75x75px]]
|{{flag|Kazakhstan}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|1999|2|12|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|800,000 {{small|(2023)}}<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Bashinskaya's statements did not damage party's reputation - Amanat |url=https://kaztag.kz/en/news/bashinskaya-s-statements-did-not-damage-party-s-reputation-amanat |access-date=2025-03-28 |website=KazTAG |language=en}}</ref>
|3.94% {{small|(2023)}}
|-
|53
|[[Serbian Progressive Party]]
|SNS
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Serbian Progressive Party logo.svg|75px]]
|{{flag|Serbia}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|2008|10|21|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|800,000 {{small|(2020)}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lazarević |first=Milan |date=2020-06-18 |title=Kako se zaposliti bez članstva u SNS |url=https://www.danas.rs/dijalog/licni-stavovi/kako-se-zaposliti-bez-clanstva-u-sns/ |access-date=2022-09-26 |website=Danas |language=sr-RS}}</ref>
|11.13% {{small|(2020)}}
|-
|54
|[[Podemos (Brazil)|Podemos]] {{small|''We Can''}}
|PODE
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Logo Podemos 20.png|75px]]
|{{flag|Brazil}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|1995|3|5|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|799,916 (2025)<ref name=":1" />
|0.37% (2026)
|-
|55
|[[New Azerbaijan Party]]
|YAP
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Stamps of Azerbaijan, 2002-612.jpg|75px]]
|{{flag|Azerbaijan}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|1992|11|21|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|773,770 {{small|(2022)}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arxivlənmiş surət |url=http://yap.org.az/az |access-date=2019-09-22 |archive-date=2022-12-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219121730/http://www.yap.org.az/az/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|7.51% {{small|(2022)}}
|-
|56
|[[African National Congress]]
|ANC
| style="text-align:center;”" |[[File:Flag of the African National Congress.svg|75px]]
|{{flag|South Africa}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|1912|1|8|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|769,000 {{small|(2015)}}<ref name="MG membership 2015">{{cite web|url=http://mg.co/article/2015-10-10-smaller-provinces-the-saving-grace-for-anc-membership|title=Smaller provinces the saving grace for ANC membership|work=[[Mail & Guardian]]|date=10 October 2015|access-date=11 October 2015|author=Mataboge, Mmanaledi}}</ref>
|1.39% {{small|(2015)}}
|-
|57
|[[Malaysian United Indigenous Party]]
|BERSATU
PPBM
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Parti_Pribumi_Bersatu_Malaysia_Logo_isolated.svg|75px]]
|{{flag|Malaysia}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|2017|01|14|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|700,000 {{small|(2024)}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.sinarharian.com.my/article/699567/berita/politik/bersatu-terima-hampir-100000-ahli-baharu-dalam-tempoh-setahun|title=Ahli Bersatu kini 700,000 orang|language=Malay|publisher=Kosmo!|author=Iskandar Shah Mohamed|date=24 November 2023|access-date=27 April 2025}}</ref>
|2.05% {{small|(2024)}}
|-
|58
|[[Libertarian Party (United States)|Libertarian Party]]
|LP
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Libertarian Disc.svg|75px]]
|{{flag|United States}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|1971|12|11|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|693,634 {{small|(2021)}}<ref name=":2">{{cite web|url=https://ballot-access.org/2024/07/05/june-2024-ballot-access-news-print-edition/|title=June 2024 Ballot Access News Print Edition|access-date=5 July 2024|work=Ballot Access News|date=5 July 2024}}</ref><ref group="lower-alpha" name="auto1" />
|0.2% {{small|(2021)}}
|-
|59
|[[Conservative Party of Canada]]
|CPC
PCC
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Conservative Party of Canada symbol.svg|75px]]
|{{flag|Canada}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|2003|12|7|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|678,708 {{small|(2022)}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Paas-Lang |first1=Christian |last2=Tasker |first2=John Paul |title=Over 600K CPC members expected to be eligible to decide party's future: sources |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/cpc-leadership-membership-sales-1.6477819 |access-date=4 June 2022 |work=CBC News |date=4 June 2022}}</ref>
|1.56% {{small|(2022)}}
|-
|60
|[[Communist Party of Cuba]]
|PCC
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag of the Communist Party of Cuba.svg|75px]]
|{{flag|Cuba}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|1965|10|3|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|670,000 {{small|(2016)}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.cubadebate.cu/news/2016/04/18/7th-pcc-congress-central-report-presented-by-first-secretary-raul-castro-ruz/|title=7th PCC Congress Central Report, presented by First Secretary Raúl Castro Ruz|website=en.cubadebate.cu|access-date=21 September 2017}}</ref>
|5.96% {{small|(2016)}}
|-
|61
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|CPI
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Hammer and sickle red on transparent.svg|75px]]
|{{flag|India}}
| style="text-align:center;" |
{{Start date and age|1925|12|26|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|650,000 {{small|(2022)}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/india/2022/10/15/membership-report-cpi-party-conference-2022.html|title=സിപിഐ തളർച്ചയിൽ; താങ്ങ് കേരളം, തമിഴ്നാട്; ബംഗാളിലും ത്രിപുരയിലും പടുകുഴിയിൽ|website=സിപിഐ തളർച്ചയിൽ; താങ്ങ് കേരളം, തമിഴ്നാട്; ബംഗാളിലും ത്രിപുരയിലും പടുകുഴിയിൽ}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.twentyfournews.com/2022/07/17/cpi-continue-to-congress-alliance.html|title=Cpi continue to congress alliance|date=17 July 2022}}</ref>
|0.05% {{small|(2022)}}
|-
|62
|[[Brazilian Socialist Party]]
|PSB
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Logo of the Brazilian Socialist Party (wordmark color).svg|75px]]
|{{flag|Brazil}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|1985|7|2|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|642,913
(2025)<ref name=":1" />
|0.3% (2026)
|-
|63
|[[Austrian People's Party]]
|ÖVP
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Volkspartei Logo 2018.svg|class=skin-invert|75px]]
|{{flag|Austria}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|1945|4|17|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|600,000 {{small|(2017)}}<ref name="Austria">{{cite web|url=https://orf.at/v2/stories/2399160/2399159/|title=Zwischen Nutzen und Idealen|website=orf.at|date=17 July 2017}}</ref>
|6.8% {{small|(2017)}}
|-
|64
|[[Republicans (Brazil)|Republicans]]
|
| style="text-align:center;" |
|{{flag|Brazil}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|2003|12|16|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|565,656 (2025)<ref name=":1" />
|0.26% (2026)
|-
|65
|[[National Mandate Party]]
|PAN
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Logo Partai Amanat Nasional 2024.png|108x108px]]
|{{flag|Indonesia}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|1998|8|23|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|560,677 {{small|(2024)}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Partai Amanat Nasional |url=http://infopemilu.kpu.go.id/Pemilu/Detail_parpol/detail_parpol/7 |website=[[General Elections Commission|Komisi Pemilihan Umum RI]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930215851/https://infopemilu.kpu.go.id/Pemilu/Detail_parpol/detail_parpol/7 |access-date=3 February 2025 |archive-date=30 September 2024}}</ref>
|0.2% {{small|(2024)}}
|-
|66
|[[Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)]]
|CPN (UML)
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Nepalese Election Symbol Sun.svg|class=skin-invert|75px]]
|{{flag|Nepal}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|1991|01|06|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|550,000 {{small|(2022)}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=ईश्वर पोखरेलको प्रतिवेदन : ५ पुसपछि एमालेमा आकर्षण बढ्यो, साढे तीन लाख सदस्य थपिए |url=https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2021/09/1015910 |access-date=31 October 2021 |website=Online Khabar |language=en-US}}</ref>
|1.8% {{small|(2022)}}
|-
|67
|[[People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan]]
|XDP
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Logo of the People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan (2021).svg|75px]]
|{{flag|Uzbekistan}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|1991|11|1|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|520,000 {{small|(2021)}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=CENTRAL ELECTION COMMISSION |url=https://saylov.uz/en/for_candidates/political_party/o-zbekiston-xalq-demokratik-partiyasi#:~:text=January%201,%201992%20%E2%80%94%20as%20of,Voice%20of%20Uzbekistan%C2%BB%20was%20launched |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=saylov.uz}}</ref>
|1.49% {{small|(2021)}}
|-
|68
|[[Social Democratic Party (Romania)|Social Democratic Party]]
|PSD
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag of the Social Democratic Party (Romania).svg|75px]]
|{{flag|Romania}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|2001|06|16|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|509,000 {{small|(2014)}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stiripesurse.ro/cati-membri-au-partidele-din-romania-ce-partid-a-pierdut-din-adepti_931222.html |title=Cati membri au partidele din Romania. Ce partid a pierdut din adepti |date=10 September 2014 |access-date=26 September 2019}}</ref>
|2.55% {{small|(2014)}}
|-
|69
|[[Nuevas Ideas|New Ideas]]
|N
NI
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Logo de Nuevas Ideas.svg|75px]]
|{{flag|El Salvador}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|2017|10|25|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|507,677 {{small|(2019)}}<ref>{{cite web |date=2 December 2019 |title=Nuevas Ideas Supera el Medio Millón de Afiliados |trans-title=Nuevas Ideas Superasses Half a Million Members |url=http://ultimahora.sv/nuevas-ideas-supera-el-medio-millon-de-afiliados/ |access-date=3 March 2021 |work=Últime Hora |language=es}}</ref>
|7.64% {{small|(2019)}}
|-
|70
|[[FUNCINPEC|National United Front for an Independent, Neutral, Peaceful and Cooperative Cambodia]]
|FUNCINPEC
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:FUNCINPEC_logo.png|75px]]
|{{flag|Cambodia}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|1981|3|21|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|500,000 {{small|(2019)}}<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.postkhmer.com/%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%90%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%8C%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%B7/%E1%9E%9B%E1%9F%84%E1%9E%80-%E1%9E%8E%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%94-%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%B7%E1%9F%96-%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%8A%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%85%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%BE%E1%9E%93-%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%BD%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%BD%E1%9E%98 |title=លោកណុប សុធារិទ្ធិ ៖ សមាជិកហ្វ៊ុនស៊ិនប៉ិចភាគច្រើនមិនព្រមរួបរួម |language=km |date=24 October 2019 |publisher=The Phnom Penh Post |access-date=25 October 2019}}</ref>
|2.99% {{small|(2019)}}
|-
|71
|[[Nationalist Movement Party]]
|MHP
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:MHP Symbol.svg|75px]]
|{{flag|Turkey}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|1969|2|9|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|498,021 {{small|(2025)}}<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=4 January 2024 |title=Milliyetçi Hareket Partisi |url=https://www.yargitaycb.gov.tr/icerik/1158 |access-date=17 February 2024 |website=Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Yargıtay Cumhuriyet Başsavcılığı |publisher=[[Court of Cassation (Turkey)|Court of Cassation]] |language=tr}}</ref>
|0.58% {{small|(2025)}}
|-
|72
|[[Gerindra Party]] {{small|''Great Indonesia Movement Party''}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |
|{{flag|Indonesia}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|2008|2|6|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|495,699 {{small|(2024)}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Partai Gerakan Indonesia Raya |url=http://infopemilu.kpu.go.id/Pemilu/Detail_parpol/detail_parpol/10 |website=[[General Elections Commission|Komisi Pemilihan Umum RI]] |access-date=3 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241001041817/https://infopemilu.kpu.go.id/Pemilu/Detail_parpol/detail_parpol/10 |archive-date=1 October 2024}}</ref>
|0.17% {{small|(2024)}}
|-
|73
|[[Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle]]
|PDI-P PDIP PDI Perjuangan
| style="text-align:center;" |
|{{flag|Indonesia}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|1973|1|10|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|472,643 {{small|(2024)}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan |url=http://infopemilu.kpu.go.id/Pemilu/Detail_parpol/detail_parpol/12 |website=[[General Elections Commission|Komisi Pemilihan Umum RI]] |access-date=3 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930185406/https://infopemilu.kpu.go.id/Pemilu/Detail_parpol/detail_parpol/12 |archive-date=30 September 2024}}</ref>
|0.16% {{small|(2024)}}
|-
|74
|[[Social Democratic Party (Brazil, 2011)|Social Democratic Party]]
|PSD
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:PSD Brazil logo.svg|75px]]
|{{flag|Brazil}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|2011|3|21|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|465,218 (2025)<ref name=":1" />
|0.21% (2026)
|-
|75
|[[Ecologist Green Party of Mexico]]
|V PVEM PVE
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Logo Partido Verde (México).svg|70px|alt=]]
|{{flag|Mexico}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|1993|05|14|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|460,554 {{small|(2020)}}<ref name="Mexico">{{cite news |title=Concluye INE procedimiento de actualización de padrones de militancia de los partidos políticos |url=https://centralelectoral.ine.mx/2020/02/18/concluye-ine-procedimiento-actualizacion-padrones-militancia-los-partidos-politicos/ |date=31 January 2020}}</ref>
|0.37% {{small|(2020)}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |76
|[[Komeito]]
|NKP
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Logo of Komeito.svg|70px]]
|{{flag|Japan}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|1964|11|17|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|450,000 {{small|(2024)}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=党概要 |trans-title=Party Overview |url=https://www.komei.or.jp/about/outline/ |access-date=28 October 2024 |website=Komeito}}</ref>
|0.36% {{small|(2024)}}
|-
|[[United Sabah Party]]
|PBS
|[[File:Gabungan Rakyat Sabah GRS Election Symbol.jpg|center|75px]]
|{{flag|Malaysia}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1985|03|05|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|450,000 {{small|(2021)}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.partibersatusabah.org/|title=450,000 Membership of United Sabah Party (PBS) since 2021, four month after won in Sabah Election 2020|website=Parti Bersatu Sabah|access-date=10 September 2021|archive-date=10 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910102928/https://www.partibersatusabah.org/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|1.38% {{small|(2021)}}{{refn|group=lower-alpha|In [[Malaysia]]}}
|-
|78
|[[Cidadania]] {{small|''Citizenship''}}
|
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Logomarca Partido Cidadania.png|75px]]
|{{flag|Brazil}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1992|1|26|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|416,826 (2025)<ref name=":1"/>
|0.19% (2026)
|-
|79
|[[Renaissance (French political party)|Renaissance]]
|RE
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Renaissance parti logo.svg{{!}}class=skin-invert|75px]]
|{{flag|France}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|2016|4|6|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|411,892 {{small|(2019)}}<ref>{{cite web|title=La carte En Marche !|url=https://en-marche.fr/le-mouvement/la-carte|publisher=En Marche|access-date=21 January 2019}}</ref>
|0.64% {{small|(2019)}}
|-
|80
|[[Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions]]
|FTU
|
|{{HK}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1948|4|17|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|410,000 {{small|(2014)}}<ref name="intro">{{cite web|url=http://www.ftu.org.hk/zh-hant/about?id=12|script-title=zh:簡介|language=zh-hk|publisher=Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions}}</ref>
|5.66% {{small|(2014)}}
|-
|81
|[[Liberal Party of Canada]]
|LPC
PLC
|[[File:Liberal_party_of_Canada_logo_2014_reupload.png|center|75x75px]]
|{{flag|Canada}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|1867|7|1|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|400,000 {{small|(2025)}}<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/300000-eligible-to-vote-in-federal-liberal-leadership-race-party/article9336372/ |title=300,000 eligible to vote in federal Liberal leadership race: Party |newspaper=The Globe and Mail |date=6 March 2013 |last1=Galloway |first1=Gloria}}</ref>
|0.96% {{small|(2025)}}
|-
|82
|[[United Development Party]]
|PPP
P3
|
| style="text-align: center;" |{{flag|Indonesia}}
|{{Start date and age|1973|1|5|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|443,197 {{small|(2023)}}
|0.16% {{small|(2023)}}
|-
|83
|[[Good Party]]
|İYİ
İP

İYİP
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Good Party Sun Logo.svg|75px]]
|{{flag|Turkey}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|2017|10|25|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|391,731 {{small|(2025)}}<ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |date=4 January 2024 |title=İyi Parti |url=https://www.yargitaycb.gov.tr/icerik/1338 |access-date=17 February 2024 |website=Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Yargıtay Cumhuriyet Başsavcılığı |publisher=[[Court of Cassation (Turkey)|Court of Cassation]] |language=tr}}</ref>
|0.5% {{small|(2025)}}
|-
|84
|[[Communist Party of Brazil]]
|PCdoB
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:PCdoB logo (positive).svg|75px]]
|{{flag|Brazil}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|1962|2|18|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|385,406 (2025)<ref name=":1" />
|0.18% (2026)
|-
|85
|[[National Awakening Party]]
|PKB
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Pkbdiy.jpg|75px]]
|{{flag|Indonesia}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1998|7|23|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|384,637 {{small|(2024)}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa|url=http://infopemilu.kpu.go.id/Pemilu/Detail_parpol/detail_parpol/8|website=[[General Elections Commission|Komisi Pemilihan Umum RI]]|access-date=3 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241001041817/https://infopemilu.kpu.go.id/Pemilu/Detail_parpol/detail_parpol/8|archive-date=1 October 2024}}</ref>
|0.13% {{small|(2024)}}
|-
|86
|[[Solidarity (Brazil)|Solidarity]]
|
|[[File:Logomarca do Partido Solidariedade.png|center|75px]]
|{{flag|Brazil}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|2012|10|25|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|376,193 {{small|(2025)}}<ref name=":1"/>
|0.17% {{small|(2026)}}
|-
|87
|[[Christian Democratic Union of Germany]]
|CDU
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:CDU Logo 2023.svg|75x75px]]
|{{flag|Germany}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1945|6|20|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|371,986 {{small|(2023)}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.merkur.de/politik/spd-cdu-csu-mitglieder-verluste-partei-anzahl-gruene-fdp-afd-linke-zr-92059439.html|title=Herbe Verluste: SPD und CDU sterben die Parteimitglieder weg|date=February 2023}}</ref>
|0.44% {{small|(2023)}}
|-
|88
|[[La France Insoumise]] {{small|''Unsubmissive France''}}
|FI LFI
|[[File:Logo_France_Insoumise.svg|center|75x75px]]
|{{flag|France}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|2016|2|10|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|370,000 {{small|(2023)}}<ref>{{Cite web|last=Maurer|first=Pierre|date=2023-02-20|title=LFI, le parti aux trois adhérents : plongée au cœur du fonctionnement de ce mouvement|url=https://www.leparisien.fr/politique/lfi-le-parti-aux-trois-adherents-plongee-au-coeur-du-fonctionnement-de-ce-mouvement-20-02-2023-QLTFS3BFUJCEZAH46FVITBETIQ.php|access-date=2025-02-24|website=leparisien.fr|language=fr-FR}}</ref>
|0.5% {{small|(2023)}}
|-
|89
|[[New Welfare Party]]
|YRP Yeniden Refah
|[[File:Yeniden Refah Partisi logo.svg|center|75px]]
|{{flag|Turkey}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|2018|11|23|paren=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|365,767 {{small|(2024)}}<ref>{{Cite web|date=4 January 2024|title=Yeniden Refah Partisi|url=https://www.yargitaycb.gov.tr/icerik/1481|access-date=17 February 2024|website=Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Yargıtay Cumhuriyet Başsavcılığı|publisher=[[Court of Cassation (Turkey)|Court of Cassation]]|language=tr}}</ref>
|0.43% {{small|(2023)}}
|-
|90
|[[Social Democratic Party of Germany]]
|SPD
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:SPD-Logo 2022 (text).svg|75px]]
|{{flag|Germany}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1863|5|23|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|365,190 {{small|(2024)}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tagesschau.de/inland/innenpolitik/spd-mitglieder-100.html|title=Bilanz für 2023: SPD verliert fast 15.000 Mitglieder|website=tagesschau.de}}</ref>
|0.44% {{small|(2024)}}
|-
|91
|[[China Democratic League]]
|CDL
|style="text-align:center;"|
|{{flag|China}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1948|4|17|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|356,900 {{small|(2023)}}<ref name="OfficialIntro2">{{cite web|date=25 April 2012|title=|script-title=zh:中国民主同盟简介|trans-title=Introduction to the China Democratic League|url=http://www.dem-league.org.cn/mmgk/jianjie/11796.aspx|access-date=22 December 2017|website=China Democratic League|publisher=|language=zh}}</ref>
|0.03% {{small|(2023)}}
|-
|92
|[[Lao People's Revolutionary Party]]
|LPRP
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:LPRP logo.svg|75px]]
|{{flag|Laos}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|1955|3|22|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|348,686 {{small|(2021)}}<ref name="congress">{{cite web | url = https://en.nhandan.org.vn/world/item/9496302-lao-people%E2%80%99s-revolutionary-party-convenes-11th-national-congress.html | url-status = live | archivedate = 15 January 2021 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20210115174805/https://en.nhandan.org.vn/world/item/9496302-lao-people%E2%80%99s-revolutionary-party-convenes-11th-national-congress.html | title = Lao People's Revolutionary Party convenes 11th national congress | date = 13 January 2021 | work = [[Nhan Dan]] | publisher = [[Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam]]}}</ref>
|4.7% {{small|(2021)}}
|-
|93
|[[Green Party (Brazil)|Green Party]]
|PV
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:PV Logo.svg|75px]]
|{{flag|Brazil}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|1986|1|17|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|342,876 {{small|(2025)}}<ref name=":1" />
|0.16% {{small|(2026)}}
|-
|94
|[[Democrat Party (Turkey, current)|Democrat Party]]
|DP
|style="text-align:center;"|
|{{flag|Turkey}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|2007|05|27|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|342,256 {{small|(2024)}}<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=4 January 2024|title=Demokrat Parti|url=https://www.yargitaycb.gov.tr/icerik/1114|access-date=17 February 2024|website=Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Yargıtay Cumhuriyet Başsavcılığı|publisher=[[Court of Cassation (Turkey)|Court of Cassation]]|language=tr}}</ref>
|0.4% {{small|(2023)}}
|-
|95
|[[Auyl|Auyl Party]] {{small|''Village Party''}}
|AHDPP
|[[File:Logo_of_the_Auyl.svg|center|75x75px]]
|{{flag|Kazakhstan}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|2000|1|30|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|301,487 {{small|(2026)}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=«Ауыл» партиясы» |url=https://auyl.kz/en#:~:text=REGIONAL%20BRANCHES%20OF%20THE%20AUYL,Press%20Office |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=auyl.kz}}</ref>
|1.43% {{small|(2026)}}
|-
|96
|[[New Progressive Party (Puerto Rico)|New Progressive Party]]
|PNP
|[[File:PNP Palm tree.svg|center|75px]]
|{{flag|Puerto Rico}}
|{{Start date and age|1967|08|20|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|297,998 {{small|(2020)}}<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-02|title=Primarias del Partido Nuevo Progresista Gobernador Resultados Isla|trans-title=Primaries of the New Progressive Party Governor Island Results|url=https://primarias2020.ceepur.org/PRIMARIAS_LOCALES_2020_PNP_58/Escrutinio_90/index.html#es/default/GOBERNADOR_Resumen.xml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921154306/https://primarias2020.ceepur.org/PRIMARIAS_LOCALES_2020_PNP_58/Escrutinio_90/index.html|archive-date=2020-09-21|access-date=2022-03-12|website=[[Puerto Rico State Commission on Elections]]|language=es}}</ref>
|9.07% {{small|(2020)}}
|-
|97
|[[Liberal Democratic Party of Russia]]
|LDPR
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Flag of the LDPR (Current version).svg|center|75px]]
|{{flagu|Russia}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|1992|4|18|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|295,018 {{small|(2019)}}<ref>{{in lang|ru}} [https://ldpr.ru/party/ Партия] — ЛДПР // архивировано [https://web.archive.org/web/20190306183027/https://ldpr.ru/party/ 06.03.2019]</ref>
|0.2% {{small|(2019)}}
|-
|98
|[[Socialism and Liberty Party]]
|PSOL
|[[File:Logo PSOL roxo.svg|center|frameless|116x116px]]
|{{flag|Brazil}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|2004|6|6|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|291,190 (2025)<ref name=":1" />
|0.13% (2026)
|-
|99
|[[Mongolian People's Party]]
|MPP
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Logo of the Mongolian People's Party.svg|75px]]
|{{flag|Mongolia}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|1921|6|25|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|287,283 {{small|(2023)}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Монгол Ардын Нам |url=http://mpp.mn/ |publisher=Mongolian People's Party |language=en}}</ref>
|8.9% {{small|(2023)}}
|-
|100
|[[Prosperous Justice Party]]
|PKS
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:PKS logo 2020 (cropped).svg|75px]]
|{{flag|Indonesia}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|1998|7|20|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|284,388 {{small|(2024)}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Partai Keadilan Sejahtera|url=http://infopemilu.kpu.go.id/Pemilu/Detail_parpol/detail_parpol/6|website=[[General Elections Commission|Komisi Pemilihan Umum RI]]|access-date=3 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930175659/https://infopemilu.kpu.go.id/Pemilu/Detail_parpol/detail_parpol/6|archive-date=30 September 2024}}</ref>
|0.1% {{small|(2024)}}
|-
|101
|[[Reform UK]]
|REF
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Logo of the Reform UK.svg|75px]]
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|2018|11|23|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|269,000 {{small|(2025)}}<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |last=Witherow |first=Tom |date=2025-12-12 |title=Reform now UK's largest party after Labour membership collapse |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/politics/article/reform-membership-largest-party-t957zwmq9 |access-date=2025-12-12 |website=[[The Times]] |language=en}}</ref>
|0.39% {{small|(2025)}}
|-
|102
|[[National Liberal Party (Romania)|National Liberal Party]]
|PNL
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:PNL logo (cropped).svg|70x70px]]
|{{flag|Romania}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1875|5|24|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|253,895 {{small|(2018)}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewfederalist.eu/top-30-partide-politice-din-romania|title=Top 30 partide politice din România|work=The New Federalist|last=Matache|first=Narcis George|date=3 May 2018|language=ro}}</ref>
|1.3% {{small|(2018)}}
|-
|103
|[[Japanese Communist Party]]
|JCP
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Flag of JCP.svg|75px]]
|{{flag|Japan}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1922|7|15|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|250,000 {{small|(2024)}}<ref name="NHK 19 Jan 2024">{{cite news|date=19 January 2024|title=Kyōsantō tōin genshō susumu naka josei-hatsu no iin-chō de tōsei kaifuku dekiru ka kadai|script-title=ja:共産党党員減少進む中女性初の委員長で党勢回復できるか課題|trans-title=As the Communist Party's membership continues to decline, can the first female chairperson help restore the party's strength?|url=https://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/html/20240119/k10014326281000.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118215843/https://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/html/20240119/k10014326281000.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 January 2024|work=[[NHK]]}}</ref>
|0.2% {{small|(2024)}}
|-
|104
|[[Congolese Party of Labour]]
|PCT
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Roundel of Congo 1970.svg|70px]]
|{{flag|Republic of the Congo}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1969|12|29|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|250,000 (2005)<ref name="Direction">Emmanuel Mbengue, [http://www.brazzaville-adiac.com/index.php?action=depeche&dep_id=14235&oldaction=liste&regpay_id=0&them_id=0&cat_id=1&ss_cat_id=0&LISTE_FROM=0&select_month=0&select_year=0 "La direction du Parti Congolais du Travail s'ouvre aux jeunes et aux femmes"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223211800/http://www.brazzaville-adiac.com/index.php?action=depeche&dep_id=14235&oldaction=liste&regpay_id=0&them_id=0&cat_id=1&ss_cat_id=0&LISTE_FROM=0&select_month=0&select_year=0|date=23 February 2012}}, ''Les Dépêches de Brazzaville'', 30 December 2006 {{in lang|fr}}.</ref>
|7.06% {{small|(2005)}}
|-
|105
|[[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]]
|LAB
|[[File:Labour Party Wordmark.svg|center|75px]]
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|1900|7|23|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|250,000 {{small|(2025)}}<ref name=":13" />
|0.36% {{small|(2025)}}
|-
|106
|[[Labor Party (Mexico)|Labor Party]]
|PT
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Worker's Party logo (Mexico).svg|70px]]
|{{flag|Mexico}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1990|12|08|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|249,384 {{small|(2020)}}<ref name="Mexico"/>
|0.2% {{small|(2020)}}
|-
|107
|[[Green Party of the United States]]
|GPUS
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Green Disc.svg|75px]]
|{{flag|United States}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|2001|4||p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|246,377 {{Small|(2020)}}<ref name=":2" /><ref group="lower-alpha" name="auto1" />
|0.07% {{small|(2020)}}
|-
|108
|[[Avante (political party)|Avante]] {{small|''Forward''}}
|
|[[File:AVANTE Brazil Logo.png|center|75px]]
|{{flag|Brazil}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|1989|11|11|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|243,504 (2025)<ref name=":1" />
|0.11% (2026)
|-
|109
|[[Felicity Party]]
|SP
SAADET
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Saadet Partisi Kare Logo.svg|75px]]
|{{flag|Turkey}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|2001|7|20|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|243,312 {{small|(2024)}}<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|date=4 January 2024|title=Saadet Partisi|url=https://www.yargitaycb.gov.tr/icerik/1167|access-date=17 February 2024|website=Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Yargıtay Cumhuriyet Başsavcılığı|publisher=[[Court of Cassation (Turkey)|Court of Cassation]]|language=tr}}</ref>
|0.29% {{small|(2023)}}
|-
|110
|[[Democratic Progressive Party]]
|DPP
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:The Democratic Progressive Party Logo.svg|75px]]
|{{flag|Taiwan}} (ROC)
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1986|9|28|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|238,664 {{small|(2023)}}<ref>{{cite web |title=民主進步黨第十七屆黨主席補選結果新聞稿 |url=https://www.dpp.org.tw/media/contents/9936 |website=Democratic Progressive Party |access-date=24 May 2023 |date=15 January 2023 |archive-date=15 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115233421/https://www.dpp.org.tw/media/contents/9936 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|0.46% {{small|(2023)}}
|-
|111
|[[China National Democratic Construction Association]]
|CNDCA
|[[File:China_National_Democratic_Construction_Association_logo.png|center|75x75px]]
|{{flag|China}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1955|3|22|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|237,526 {{small|(2024)}}<ref name=":122">{{Cite web|title=中国民主建国会简介|trans-title=Introduction to the China National Democratic Construction Association|url=https://www.cndca.org.cn/mjzy/mjgk/mjjj/516423/index.html|access-date=15 October 2024|website=China National Democratic Construction Association}}</ref>
|0.02% {{small|(2024)}}
|-
|112
|[[The Republicans (France)|The Republicans]]
|LR
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Les Républicains - logo (France, 2023).svg|75px]]
|{{flag|France}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|2015|5|30|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|234,556 {{small|(2017)}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.fr/2017/12/10/presidence-des-republicains-a-la-mi-journee-la-participation-a-de-quoi-satisfaire-laurent-wauquiez_a_23302679/|website=huffingtonpost.fr|date=10 December 2017|title=Présidence des Républicains: à 17 heures, la participation a de quoi satisfaire Laurent Wauquiez|language=fr}}</ref>
|0.36% {{small|(2017)}}
|-
|113
|[[National Action Party (Mexico)|National Action Party]]
|PAN
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:PAN logo (Mexico).svg|70px]]
|{{flag|Mexico}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1939|09|16|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|234,450 {{small|(2020)}}<ref name="Mexico"/>
|0.19% {{small|(2020)}}
|-
|114
|[[Citizens' Movement (Mexico)|Citizens' Movement]]
|MC
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Logo Partido Movimiento Ciudadano (México).svg|70px]]
|{{flag|Mexico}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1998|8|1|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|229,474 {{small|(2020)}}<ref name="Mexico"/>
|0.18% {{small|(2020)}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|115
|[[Croatian Democratic Union]]
|HDZ
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:HDZ logo.svg|75px]]
|{{flag|Croatia}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1989|6|17|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|220,000 {{small|(2017)}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://vijesti.hrt.hr/343572/plenkovic-zapocinjemo-novo-poglavlje|title=Plenković: Započinjemo novo poglavlje - HDZ će postati središnja snaga razvoja Hrvatske|date=17 July 2016|work=[[Croatian Radiotelevision]]|language=hr}}</ref>
|5.33% {{small|(2017)}}
|-
|[[South African Communist Party]]
|SACP
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Emblem of the South African Communist Party.svg|70px]]
|{{flag|South Africa}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1921|2|12|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|220,000 {{small|(2015)}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://theconversation.com/why-communism-appears-to-be-gaining-favour-in-south-africa-45063|title=Why communism appears to be gaining favour in South Africa|last=Kotze|first=Dirk|work=The Conversation|access-date=24 May 2020|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222052257/https://theconversation.com/why-communism-appears-to-be-gaining-favour-in-south-africa-45063|archive-date=22 December 2017}}</ref>
|0.4% {{small|(2015)}}
|-
|117
|[[Popular Democratic Party (Puerto Rico)|Popular Democratic Party]]
|PPD
|[[File:Logo_PPD_2024.svg|center|75x75px]]
|{{flag|Puerto Rico}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1938|07|22|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|218,900 {{small|(2020)}}<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-04|title=Primarias del Partido Popular Democrático Gobernador Resultados Isla|trans-title=Primaries of the New Progressive Party Governor Island Results|url=https://primarias2020.ceepur.org/PRIMARIAS_LOCALES_2020_PPD_57/Escrutinio_91/index.html#es/default/GOBERNADOR_Resumen.xml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015191030/https://primarias2020.ceepur.org/PRIMARIAS_LOCALES_2020_PPD_57/Escrutinio_91/index.html|archive-date=2020-10-15|access-date=2022-03-12|website=[[Puerto Rico State Commission on Elections]]|language=es}}</ref>
|6.66% {{small|(2020)}}
|-
|118
|[[Jiusan Society]] {{small|''Academic Society''}}
|JS
| style="text-align:center;" |
|{{flag|China}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|1945|9|3|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|211,738 {{small|(2023)}}<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|title=九三学社简介|trans-title=Introduction to Jiusan Society|url=http://www.93.gov.cn/bsjs-jsjj/#:~:text=%E4%B9%9D%E4%B8%89%E5%AD%A6%E7%A4%BE%E7%AE%80%E5%8F%B2-,%E4%B9%9D%E4%B8%89%E5%AD%A6%E7%A4%BE%E6%98%AF%E4%BB%A5%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E7%95%8C%E9%AB%98%E3%80%81%E4%B8%AD%E7%BA%A7%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90,%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89%E8%83%9C%E5%88%A9%E8%80%8C%E5%8F%96%E5%90%8D%E3%80%82|access-date=5 December 2023|website=Jiusan Society}}</ref>
|0.01% {{small|(2023)}}
|-
|119
|[[Democratic Party of Turkmenistan]]
|TDP
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:TDP logo.svg|70px]]
|{{flag|Turkmenistan}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|1991|12|16|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|211,000 {{small|(2019)}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=An extraordinary 8th congress of the Democratic Party of Turkmenistan has been held |url=https://mfa.gov.tm/en/news/708#:~:text=As%20noted,%20the%20Democratic%20Party,the%20Democratic%20Party%20of%20Turkmenistan. |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=mfa.gov.tm}}</ref>
|3.5% {{small|(2019)}}
|-
|120
|[[National Mobilization]]
|MOBILIZA
|[[File:Logomarca Partido Mobiliza.png|center|75px]]
|{{flag|Brazil}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|1984|4|21|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|208,208 (2025)<ref name=":1" />
|0.09% (2026)
|-
| rowspan="3" |121
|[[Belaya Rus]] {{small|''White Rus''}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |
|{{flag|Belarus}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|2007|11|17|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|200,000 {{small|(2026)}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=White Rus |url=https://kmz.by/en/o-kompanii/kollektiv/belaa-rus |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=kmz.by}}</ref>
|2.2% {{small|(2026)}}
|-
|[[China Association for Promoting Democracy]]
|CAPD
|style="text-align:center;"|
|{{flag|China}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1945|12|30|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|200,000 {{small|(2023)}}<ref name=":123">{{Cite web|title=中国民主促进会简介|trans-title=Introduction to the China Association for Promoting Democracy|url=https://www.mj.org.cn/mjgk/mjjj/201911/t20191115_2685.htm|access-date=15 October 2024|website=China Association for Promoting Democracy}}</ref>
|0.01% {{small|(2023)}}
|-
|[[Citizen Revolution Movement]]
|RC
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Movimiento RC5.svg|75px]]
|{{flagu|Ecuador}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|2016|8|18|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|200,000 {{small|(2022)}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/ecuador-partidos_movimiento-pol%C3%ADtico-de-correa-presenta-200.000-firmas-con-miras-a-elecciones/47586698 | title=Movimiento político de Correa presenta 200.000 firmas con miras a elecciones | date=11 May 2022 }}</ref>
|1.11% {{small|(2022)}}
|-
|124
|[[Act (Brazil)|Agir]] ''{{small|Act}}''
|
|[[File:Logotipo do partido Agir.svg|center|75px]]
|{{flag|Brazil}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|1985|7|11|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|195,711 (2025)<ref name=":1" />
|0.09% (2026)
|-
|125
|[[Alliance of Independent Social Democrats]]
|SNSD
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Savez nezavisnih socijaldemokrata logo.svg|70px]]
|{{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|1996|3|10|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|192,707 {{small|(2019)}}<ref>{{cite news|last1=Popadić|first1=Slobodan|date=5 March 2019|title=SNSD slavi 23. rođendan, Dodik: Republika Srpska je epicentar našeg djelovanja|url=https://srpskainfo.com/snsd-slavi-23-rodjendan-dodik-republika-srpska-je-epicentar-naseg-djelovanja/|language=sr-ba|work=Srpskainfo|access-date=30 July 2020}}</ref>
|5.64% {{small|(2019)}}
|-
|126
|[[Chinese Peasants' and Workers' Democratic Party]]
|CPWDP
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Chinese Peasants' and Workers' Democratic Party.png|75px]]
|{{flag|China}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|1930|8|9|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|192,000 {{small|(2022)}}<ref name=":04">{{Cite news |date=7 December 2022 |title=新闻背景：中国农工民主党 |trans-title=News background: Chinese Peasants and Workers Party |url=http://www.news.cn/2022-12/13/c_1129203449.htm |access-date=5 December 2023 |work=[[Xinhua News Agency]]}}</ref>
|0.01% {{small|(2022)}}
|-
|127
|[[Creating Opportunities]]
|CREO
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Política de Ecuador - Movimiento CREO Logo 2021.svg|60px]]
|{{flag|Ecuador}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|2012|8|20|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|184,299 {{small|(2016)}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eltelegrafo.com.ec/noticias/politiko-2017/1/3-5-millones-de-firmas-avalan-a-16-grupos-politicos|title=3,5 millones de firmas avalan a 16 grupos políticos|first=El|last=Telégrafo|date=September 6, 2016|website=El Telégrafo}}</ref>
|1.11% {{small|(2016)}}
|-
|128
|[[Democratic Left (Ecuador)|Democratic Left]]
|ID
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Izquierda democratica 2018.png|70px]]
|{{flag|Ecuador}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|1970|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|184,284 {{small|(2022)}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.primicias.ec/noticias/politica/millones-ecuatorianos-afiliados-partidos-movimientos/ |title=4,7 millones de ecuatorianos, afiliados a partidos o movimientos |date=2 October 2022}}</ref>
|1% {{small|(2022)}}
|-
|129
|[[Christian Democracy (Brazil)|Christian Democracy]]
|DC
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Logomarca Democracia Cristã.png|center|frameless|105x105px]]
|{{flag|Brazil}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|1995|3|30|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|181,519
(2025)<ref name=":1" />
|0.08% (2026)
|-
| rowspan="2" |130
|[[Green Party of England and Wales]]
|GPEW
|[[File:Green Party of England and Wales logo.svg|center|75x75px]]
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|1990|07|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|216,000 {{small|(March, 2026)}}<ref>{{cite news |last= Elliott |first= Frankie |date= 27 October 2025 |title= Jeremy Corbyn and Zarah Sultana admit losing data of 20,000 Your Party members in portal mix-up |url= https://www.lbc.co.uk/article/corbyn-sultana-losing-data-your-party-5HjdFxN_2/ |work= [[LBC]] |access-date= 27 October 2025}}</ref>
|0.22% {{small|(2025)}}
|-
|[[Social Democratic Party of Austria]]
|SPÖ
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:SPÖ 2024 logo.svg|75px]]
|{{flag|Austria}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1889|1|1|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|180,000 {{small|(2017)}}<ref name="Austria"/>
|2.04% {{small|(2017)}}
|-
|132
|[[Democratic Action Party]]
|DAP
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Democratic_Action_Party_Logo.svg|75px]]
|{{flagu|Malaysia}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|1965|10|11|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|173,000 {{small|(2019)}}<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.iseas.edu.sg/articles-commentaries/iseas-perspective/2021-118-malaysias-democratic-action-party-dap-background-and-inner-workings-by-francis-e-hutchinson-and-kevin-zhang/|title=2021/118 "Malaysia's Democratic Action Party (DAP): Background and Inner Workings" by Francis E. Hutchinson and Kevin Zhang|date=7 September 2021|access-date=28 April 2025}}</ref>
|0.52% {{small|(2019)}}
|-
|133
|[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party]]
|PSOE
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Logo PSOE 2019 (cropped).svg|70px]]
|{{flag|Spain}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|1879|5|2|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|172,600 {{small|(2023)}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-08 |title=El PSOE perdió 1,8 millones de euros en ingresos anuales por aportaciones de cargos públicos tras la debacle electoral de 2023 |url=https://www.elmundo.es/espana/2025/06/08/6821d344fc6c833a478b4576.html |access-date=2025-09-14 |website=ELMUNDO |language=es}}</ref>
|0.35% {{small|(2024)}}
|-
|134
|[[Democratic Party (Italy)|Democratic Party]]
|PD
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Partito Democratico Italy.svg|75px]]
|{{flag|Italy}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|2007|10|14|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|165,000 {{small|(2024)}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.corriere.it/politica/24_marzo_24/m5s-piu-iscritti-pd-ma-tessera-gratis-tre-4-sono-uomini-4e0732aa-ea16-11ee-919a-5276ae33aa1b.shtml |title=M5S, più iscritti del Pd. Ma la tessera è gratis e tre su 4 sono uomini |date=24 March 2024}}</ref>
|0.27% {{small|(2024)}}
|-
|135
|[[Christian Social Party (Ecuador)|Christian Social Party]]
|PSC
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Partido Social Cristiano 01.svg|75px]]
|{{flag|Ecuador}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|1951|11|13|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|161,669 {{small|(2022)}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.primicias.ec/noticias/politica/millones-ecuatorianos-afiliados-partidos-movimientos/|title=4,7 millones de ecuatorianos, afiliados a partidos o movimientos|date=October 2, 2022|website=Primicias}}</ref>
|0.88% {{small|(2022)}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |136
|[[Brothers of Italy]]
|FdI
|
|{{flag|Italy}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|2012|12|17|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|160,000 {{small|(2017)}}
|0.26% {{small|(2017)}}
|-
|[[Communist Party of the Russian Federation]]
|CPRF
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:КПРФ Logo.svg|70px]]
|{{flag|Russia}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1993|2|14|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|160,000 {{small|(2015)}}<ref>[http://cprf.ru/about-us/ "About Us"].</ref>
|0.11% {{small|(2015)}}
|-
|138
|[[Pachakutik|Pachakutik Plurinational Unity Movement – New Country]]
|MUPP
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Pachakutik.svg|75px]]
|{{flag|Ecuador}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1995|11|1|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|159,961 (2016)
|0.97% (2016)
|-
|139
|[[Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang]]
|RCCK
|style="text-align:center;"|
|{{flag|China}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1948|01|01|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|158,000 {{small|(2022)}}<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 December 2022|title=Zheng Jianbang elected chairman of Chinese KMT Revolutionary Committee|url=https://english.news.cn/20221211/94c576cbc8b847149e615c504896804d/c.html|access-date=2022-12-27|work=[[Xinhua News Agency]]}}</ref>
|0.01% {{small|(2022)}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|140
|[[Democratic Party (Mongolia)|Democratic Party]]
|DP
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Democratic Party of Mongolia logo.png|75px]]
|{{flag|Mongolia}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|2000|12|6|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|150,000 {{small|(2020)}}
|4.47% {{small|(2020)}}
|-
|[[Rastriya Prajatantra Party]] {{small|''National Democratic Party''}}
|RPP
|[[File:Rppnepalflagnewversion.png|center|75x75px]]
|{{flag|Nepal}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1990|05|29|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|150,000 {{small|(2021)}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=जनाधार बलियो बनाउँदै दल : कुन राजनीतिक दलका कति कार्यकर्ता ?|url=https://lokaantar.com/story/165152/2021/12/8/press/news-|access-date=8 December 2021|website=Lokaantar|language=Nepali}}</ref>
|1.87% {{small|(2021)}}
|-
|142
|[[Democracy and Progress Party]]
|DEVA
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Deva Partisi Logo.jpg|75px]]
|{{flag|Turkey}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|2020|3|9|df=yes|paren=yes|br=yes}}
|146,820 {{Small|(2024)}}<ref>{{Cite web|date=4 January 2024|title=Demokrasi ve Atılım Partisi|url=https://www.yargitaycb.gov.tr/icerik/1597/demokrasi-ve-atilim-partisi|access-date=17 February 2024|website=Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Yargıtay Cumhuriyet Başsavcılığı|publisher=[[Court of Cassation (Turkey)|Court of Cassation]]|language=tr}}</ref>
|0.17% {{Small|(2023)}}
|-
|143
|[[Brazilian Labour Renewal Party]]
|PRTB
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:PRTB-LOGO-04-1024x393.png|99x99px]]
|{{flag|Brazil}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|1994|11|27|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|144,532
(2025)<ref name=":1" />
|0.06% (2026)
|-
|144
|[[Progressive Democratic Party (Nepal)|Progressive Democratic Party]]
|PDP-N
|[[File:Nepalese Election Symbol Eye.svg|center|75x75px]]
|{{flag|Nepal}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|2025|11|11|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|141,715 {{small|(2025)}}
|0.47% {{small|(2023)}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|145
|[[Movement for Rights and Freedoms]]
|DPS
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Logo Hak ve Özgürlükler Hareketi.png|75px]]
|{{flag|Bulgaria}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1990|1|4|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|140,000 {{small|(2018)}}
|1.99% {{small|(2018)}}
|-
|[[Christian Social Union in Bavaria]]
|CSU
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:CSU Logo since 2016.svg|75px]]
|{{flag|Germany}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1945|10|13|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|140,000 {{small|(2019)}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.focus.de/politik/deutschland/sensationelles-wachstum-gruene-feiern-mitglieder-rekord-auch-zwei-andere-parteien-koennen-zulegen_id_10904501.html|title=Grüne feiern Mitglieder-Rekord – auch zwei andere Parteien können zulegen|work=focus|date=7 July 2019|access-date=5 August 2019|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122074342/https://www.focus.de/politik/deutschland/sensationelles-wachstum-gruene-feiern-mitglieder-rekord-auch-zwei-andere-parteien-koennen-zulegen_id_10904501.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|0.17% {{small|(2019)}}{{refn|group=lower-alpha|In [[Germany]]}}
|-
|147
|[[Podemos (Spanish political party)|Podemos]] ''{{small|We Can}}''
|
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Logo de Podemos (2022).svg|75px]]
|{{flag|Spain}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|2014|01|16|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|138,800 {{small|(2021)}}<ref>{{cite news|last1=Fernández|first1=David|title=La hegemonía de la izquierda también se mide en cifras: Sumar alcanza los 70.000 inscritos, en Podemos votan 55.000 e IU tiene 18.000 afiliados|url=https://www.infobae.com/espana/2023/11/27/la-hegemonia-de-la-izquierda-tambien-se-mide-en-cifras-sumar-alcanza-los-70000-inscritos-en-podemos-votan-55000-e-iu-tiene-18000-afiliados/|access-date=1 February 2025|publisher=Infobae|date=27 November 2023|language=Spanish}}</ref>
|0.29% {{small|(2021)}}
|-
|148
|[[Likud|Likud – National Liberal Movement]]
|
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Likud Logo.svg|75px]]
|{{flag|Israel}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1988|||p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|137,000 {{small|(2022)}}<ref>{{cite news |author1=Zvi Zerachia |title=הפריימריז בליכוד - דילים, בחישות ורשימות |url=https://www.calcalist.co.il/local_news/article/h11hhg11ac |agency=Calcalist |date=10 August 2022 |language=Hebrew |trans-title=Primaries in the Likud - deals, stirrings and lists}}</ref>
|1.41% {{small|(2022)}}
|-
|149
|[[Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario]]
|PC
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Ontario-pc-rgb.png|75px]]
|{{flag|Canada}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1854|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|133,000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/article/interim-ontario-pc-leader-says-party-has-67000-fewer-members-than-claimed/|title=Interim Ontario PC leader says party has 67,000 fewer members than claimed|date=2 February 2018|work=ctvnews.ca|access-date=4 February 2018|archive-date=25 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425041401/https://www.ctvnews.ca/mobile/canada/interim-ontario-pc-leader-says-party-has-67-000-fewer-members-than-claimed-1.3788792|url-status=live}}</ref> {{small|(2018)}}
|0.36% {{small|(2018)}}
|-
|150
|[[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative and Unionist Party]]
|Con
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Conservativesworkmark (cropped).png|75px]]
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1834|7|23|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|131,680<ref>{{cite news|last1=Cooke|first1=Millie|title=Reform membership overtakes Conservative Party membership for first time, party says|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/reform-uk-membership-conservative-party-b2670143.html|access-date=26 December 2024|work=[[The Independent]]|date=26 December 2024}}</ref> {{small|(2024)}}
|0.19% {{small|(2024)}}
|-
|151
|[[Social Democratic Party (Portugal)|Social Democratic Party]]
|PPD PSD
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Partido Social Democrata Logo.svg|75px]]
|{{flag|Portugal}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1974|5|6|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|129,735 {{small|(2018)}}<ref>{{cite news|title=PSD tem 1201 novos militantes|newspaper=Social Democratic Party|date=28 March 2018|url=http://www.psd.pt/noticia/2883|access-date=17 December 2017|archive-date=6 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006154906/http://www.psd.pt/noticia/2883|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|1.26% {{small|(2018)}}
|-
|152
|[[Nationalist Republican Alliance]]
|ARENA
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:ARENA Logo.jpg|75px]]
|{{flag|El Salvador}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1981|9|30|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|127,543 {{small|(2019)}}<ref name="membership">{{cite web|url=https://historico.elsalvador.com/historico/635411/padron-de-afiliados-de-arena-bajaria-de-127543-a-60000.html|title=Padrón de Afiliados de ARENA Bajaría de 127,543 a 60,000|trans-title=Register of ARENA Affiliates Could Drop from 127,543 to 60,000|first1=Eugenia|last1=Velásquez|date=29 August 2019|access-date=9 January 2023|language=es|work=El Salvador.com}}</ref>
|1.92% {{small|(2019)}}
|-
|153
|[[Socialist Party (Argentina)|Socialist Party]]
|PS
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Logo Partido Socialista Argentina.svg|75px]]
|{{flag|Argentina}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1896|6|28|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|124,934 {{small|(2012)}}<ref>[http://www.pjn.gov.ar/Publicaciones/00002/00058378.Pdf Estadística de Afiliados, Primer Semestre 2012] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130118051511/http://www.pjn.gov.ar/Publicaciones/00002/00058378.Pdf|date=18 January 2013}}, Registro Nacional de Afiliados a los Partidos Políticos, Cámara Nacional Electoral.</ref>
|0.03% {{small|(2012)}}
|-
|154
|[[United Conservative Party]]
|UCP
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:UCP_2023_Logo.png|75px]]
|{{flag|Canada}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|2017|7|31|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|123,915 {{small|(2022)}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Markusoff |first1=Jason |title=Why choosing Alberta's next premier largely lies in the hands of folks in Rimbey, Strathmore and Three Hills |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/ucp-membership-riding-breakdown-analysis-1.6561359 |website=CBC |date=25 August 2022 |access-date=October 3, 2022}}</ref>
|0.32% {{small|(2022)}}
|-
|155
|[[Lega Nord]] {{small|''Northern League''}}
|LN
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Camper_pubblicitario_Lega_Nord_Toscana_a_Firenze.jpg|75px]]
|{{flag|Italy}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1989|12|4|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|122,000 {{small|(2013)}}<ref>G. Passarelli – D. Tuorto, ''Lega & Padania. Storie e luoghi delle camicie verdi'', il Mulino.</ref>
|0.2% {{small|(2013)}}
|-
|156
|[[We Are Peru]]
|SP
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Logo Partido Democrático Somos Perú.svg|75px]]
|{{flag|Peru}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1997|9|11|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|121,577 {{small|(2020)}}
|0.37% {{small|(2020)}}
|-
|157
|[[National Rally]]
|RN
|[[File:Logo Rassemblement National.svg|75px]]
|{{flag|France}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1972|10|5|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|120,000 (2025)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/politique/front-national/le-rn-affirme-avoir-passe-la-barre-des-100-000-adherents_6640227.html|title=Le RN affirmé avoir 100,000 adhérents|date=1 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bfmtv.com/politique/front-national/le-rn-revendique-20-000-adhesions-supplementaires-depuis-la-condamnation-de-marine-le-pen_AN-202504030856.html|date=4 April 2025 |title=Le RN revendique 20.000 adhésions supplémentaires depuis la condamnation de Marine le Pen}}</ref>
|0.17% {{small|(2025)}}
|-
|158
|[[Constitution Party (United States)|Constitution Party]]
|CP
|[[File:Constitution Party (USA) eagle icon.png|center|75px]]
|{{flag|United States}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1991|||p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|118,088 (2020)<ref name=":2"/><ref group="lower-alpha" name="auto1" />
|0.04% {{small|(2020)}}
|-
|159
|[[Die Linke]] {{small|''The Left''}}
|
|[[File:Logo Die Linke (2023).svg|center|75px]]
|{{flag|Germany}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|2007|6|16|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|115,623 {{small|(2025)}}<ref name="Welt-22-06-25">{{cite web|url=https://www.welt.de/politik/deutschland/article256288236/die-linke-verdoppelt-mitgliederzahl-und-zieht-vor-allem-frauen-an.html|title=Membership doubled – The Left attracts mainly women|date=22 June 2025|language=de|website=[[Die Welt]]}}</ref>
|0.14% {{small|(2025)}}
|-
|160
|[[Republican Proposal]]
|PRO
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Logo PRO.svg|75px]]
|{{flag|Argentina}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|2010|6|3|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|115,481 (2016)<ref name=":0"/>
|0.26% {{small|(2016)}}
|-
|161
|[[Five Star Movement]]
|M5S
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:M5S logo 2050.svg|70px]]
|{{flag|Italy}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|2009|10|4|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|115,372 {{small|(2019)}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ilblogdellestelle.it/2019/08/la-verita-sul-voto-su-rousseau-le-10-fake-news-a-cui-non-credere.html|title=La verità sul voto su Rousseau. Le 10 fake news a cui non credere|publisher=ilblogdellestelle.it|date=31 August 2019|access-date=4 September 2019}}</ref>
|0.19% {{small|(2019)}}
|-
|162
|[[United National Congress]]
|UNC
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:UNCFlag.png|75px]]
|{{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1989|04|30|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|115,000 {{small|(2020)}}<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-06|title=UNC members vote in today's internal elections… Will the party heal or become further divided? - CNC3|url=https://www.cnc3.co.tt/unc-members-vote-in-todays-internal-elections-will-the-party-heal-or-become-further-divided/|access-date=2023-09-17|language=en-US}}</ref>
|7.58% {{small|(2020)}}
|-
|163
|[[Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan]]
|CDP
CDPJ
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:新・立憲民主党ロゴ.svg|frameless|72x72px]]
|{{Flag|Japan}}
|{{Start date and age|2017|10|3|df=yes|paren=yes|br=yes}}
|114,839 {{small|(2024)}}<ref name="Membership">{{Cite web|date=2024-08-26|title=立民代表選、党員・協力党員11万人に投票権合計740ポイントの争奪戦に|url=https://www.sankei.com/article/20240826-O6QD6XOIORNVHO2VEXHTIPDICQ/|accessdate=2024-08-26|publisher=産経新聞}}</ref>
|0.09% {{small|(2024)}}
|-
|164
|[[Great Unity Party]]
|BBP
BÜYÜK BİRLİK
|
|{{Flag|Turkey}}
|{{Start date and age|1993|1|29|df=yes|paren=yes|br=yes}}
|112,277<ref>{{Cite web|date=4 January 2024|title=Büyük Birlik Partisi|url=https://www.yargitaycb.gov.tr/icerik/1106|access-date=17 February 2024|website=Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Yargıtay Cumhuriyet Başsavcılığı|publisher=[[Court of Cassation (Turkey)|Court of Cassation]]|language=tr}}</ref> {{Small|(2024)}}
|0.13% {{Small|(2023)}}
|-
|165
|[[Socialist Party of Albania]]
|PS
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Logo e Partisë Socialiste të Shqipërisë.svg|60px]]
|{{flag|Albania}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1991|6|13|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|112,000 {{small|(2021)}}
|3.94% {{small|(2021)}}
|-
|166
|[[Nidaa Tounes]] {{small|''Call of Tunisia''}}
|NT
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Nidaa Tounes Logo.svg|70px]]
|{{flag|Tunisia}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|2012|6|16|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|110,000 {{small|(2014)}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.leaders.com.tn/article/l-interview-integrale-de-beji-caid-essebsi-a-leaders-j-irai-jusqu-au-bout?id=14929|title=L'interview intégrale de Béji Caïd Essebsi à Leaders : J'irai jusqu'au bout!|date=1 September 2014|access-date=24 December 2014|language=fr}}</ref>{{Update inline|date=March 2024}}
|1% {{small|(2014)}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|167
|[[Forza Italia (2013)|Forza Italia]] {{small|''Forward Italy''}}
|FI
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Logo Forza Italia.svg|75px]]
|{{flag|Italy}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|2013|12|16|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|106,000 {{small|(2015)}}
|0.18% {{small|(2015)}}
|-
|[[Reconquête]] {{small|''Reconquest''}}
|R!
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Logo du parti Reconquête.svg|75px]]
|{{flag|France}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|2021|12|5|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|106,000 {{small|(2022)}}
|0.16% {{small|(2022)}}
|-
|168
|[[People's National Movement]]
|PNM
|
|{{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}}
|{{Start date and age|1956|1|24|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}<ref>{{Cite web|date=4 December 2019|title=The Formative Years of the PNM {{!}} People's National Movement|url=https://pnmtt.live/our-party/history/the-formative-years-of-the-pnm/|access-date=18 January 2021|website=pnmtt.live|language=en-US}}</ref>
|105,894 (2022)
|6.92% {{small|(2022)}}
|-
|169
|[[Ontario Liberal Party]]
|OLP
PLO
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Ontario Liberal Party logo.svg|75px]]
|{{flag|Canada}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1857|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|103,206 (2023)
|0.26% {{small|(2023)}}
|-
|170
|[[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region]]
|Ba'ath
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Flag of the Ba'ath Party.svg|75px]]
|{{flag|Iraq}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1968|7|17|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|102,900 {{small|(2019)}}<ref>*{{cite web|title=Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri: the King of Clubs is back, and he may yet prove to be Saddam Hussein's trump card|author=Colin Freeman|publisher=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|date=18 May 2013|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iraq/10065919/Izzat-Ibrahim-al-Douri-the-King-of-Clubs-is-back-and-he-may-yet-prove-to-be-Saddam-Husseins-trump-card.html}}
*{{cite news|last1=Heras|first1=Nicholas A.|title=The Tribal Component of Iraq's Sunni Rebellion: The General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries|url=http://www.jamestown.org/programs/tm/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=42554&cHash=5ce0babbb2face2fa0e67b07a91048c5#.VBM2RvmSxDA|newspaper=Jamestown|accessdate=31 July 2023}}
*{{cite web|author=Daniel Cassman|url=http://www.stanford.edu/group/mappingmilitants/cgi-bin/groups/view/5|title=Islamic Army in Iraq | Mapping Militant Organizations|publisher=Stanford.edu|date=|accessdate=31 July 2023}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/11/20121112193038751565.html|title=How Syria's civil war is spilling over - Middle East|publisher=Al Jazeera English|date=|accessdate=31 July 2023}}</ref>
|0.26% {{small|(2019)}}
|-
|171
|[[Alliance 90/The Greens]]
|B90/Grüne Grüne
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Bündnis_90_-_Die_Grünen_Logo_(transparent).svg|75px]]
|{{flag|Germany}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|1993|5|14|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|101,561 {{small|(2020)}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tagesschau.de/inland/gruene-mitglieder-103.html|title=Parteimitglieder: Grüne knacken 100.000er-Marke|publisher=Tagesschau|date=27 April 2020}}</ref>
|0.12% {{small|(2020)}}
|-
| rowspan="6" |172
|[[Socialist Party of Serbia]]
|SPS
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Logo of the Socialist Party of Serbia.svg|75px]]
|{{flag|Serbia}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Start date and age|1990|7|17|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|100,000 (2019)
|1.45% {{small|(2019)}}
|-
|[[PUPS – Solidarity and Justice|Party of United Pensioners, Farmers, and Proletarians of Serbia – Solidarity and Justice]]
|PUPS – Solidarity and Justice
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:PUPS Logo.svg|75px]]
|{{flag|Serbia}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|2005|5|10|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|100,000 (2015)
|1.41% {{small|(2015)}}
|-
|[[New Democratic Party of Serbia]]
|NDSS
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:DSS new logo.svg|75px]]
|{{flag|Serbia}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1992|7|26|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|100,000 (2011)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.blic.rs/Vesti/Politika/298889/Partijsku-knjizicu-ima-vise-od-milion-gradjana|title=Partijsku knjižicu ima više od milion građana|publisher=Blic|language=sr|date=30 December 2011}}</ref>
|1.38% {{small|(2011)}}
|-
|[[Free Egyptians Party]]
|FEP
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Party logo.jpg|75px]]
|{{flag|Egypt}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|2011|4|3|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|100,000 {{small|(2011)}}<ref>{{Cite news|title=Liberal Egyptian party secures 100,000 members|agency=Reuters|date=25 August 2011|url=https://www.jpost.com/Breaking-News/Liberal-Egyptian-party-secures-100000-members|work=Jerusalem Post|access-date=16 December 2013}}</ref>
|0.12% {{small|(2011)}}
|-
|[[Partido Demokratiko Pilipino]] {{small|''Philippine Democratic Party''}}
|PDP-Laban
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:PDP-Laban logo.svg|75px]]
|{{flag|Philippines}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1983|2|6|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|100,000 {{small|(2021)}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=PDP-Laban willing to accept Bongbong Marcos|date=6 August 2021|url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1469941/pdp-laban-open-to-have-bongbong-marcos-as-member|publisher=Philippine Daily Inquirer|access-date=6 August 2021}}</ref>
|0.09% {{small|(2021)}}
|-
|[[New Democratic Party]]
|NDP
NPD
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Orange NDP logo English.svg|75px]]
|{{flag|Canada}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1961|8|3|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|100,000 {{small|(2026)}}
|0.24% {{small|(2026)}}
|}

== Former political parties ==

{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+List of former political parties by number of members
|-
!scope="col" data-sort-type="number"|Rank
!scope="col"|Name
!scope="col" class=unsortable|Abbreviation
!scope="col" class=unsortable|Party symbol
!scope="col"|Country
!scope="col"|Founded
!scope="col"|Dissolved
!scope="col"|Claimed peak membership {{small|(year)}}
!scope="col"|Approximate percentage of population {{small|(year)}}<ref name="Perc" group="lower-alpha"/>
|-
|1
|[[Popular Movement of the Revolution]]
|MPR
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Zaire_Air_Force_Roundel.svg|75px]]
|{{flag|Zaire}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1967|05|20|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{End date and age|1997|5|16|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|46.5 million {{small|(1996)}}
|100% {{small|(1996)}}{{efn|name="citizen"|Every citizen was automatically a member.}}
|-
|2
|[[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]]
|CPSU
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:КПСС.svg|75px]]
|{{USSR}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1912|01|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{End date and age|1991|11|06|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|19 million {{small|(1986)}}
|6.84% {{small|(1986)}}
|-
|3
|[[National Fascist Party]]
|PNF
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:National Fascist Party logo.svg|50px]]
|{{flag|Kingdom of Italy}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1921|11|9|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{End date and age|1943|7|27|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|10 million {{small|(1930)}}<ref>[https://www.anpi.it/storia/23/cronologia-del-nazifascismo-1930 Cronologia del Nazifascismo – 1930] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925173118/https://www.anpi.it/storia/23/cronologia-del-nazifascismo-1930|date=25 September 2022}}, ''Associazione Nazionale Partigiani d'Italia''</ref>
|24.35% {{small|(1930)}}
|-
|4
|[[Nazi Party]]
|NSDAP
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Parteiadler Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (1933–1945).svg{{!}}class=skin-invert|75px]]
|{{flag|Nazi Germany}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1920|02|24|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{End date and age|1945|10|10|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|8.5 million {{small|(1945)}}
|12.88% {{small|(1945)}}
|-
|5
|[[National Revolutionary Movement for Development]]
|MRND
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Coat of arms of Rwanda (1962-2001).svg|60px]]
|{{flag|Rwanda|1962}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1975|06|5|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{End date and age|1994|7|15|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|7.1 million {{small|(1990)}}
|100% {{small|(1990)}}{{efn|name="citizen"|Every citizen was automatically a member.}}
|-
|6
|[[Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front]]
|EPRDF
|
|{{flagu|Ethiopia}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1988|5|8|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{End date and age|2019|12|01|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|6 million {{small|(2011)}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/5/21/landslide-likely-for-ethiopias-long-time-rulers|title=Landslide likely for Ethiopia's long-time rulers|first=Barry|last=Malone|website=Al Jazeera}}</ref>
|7.23% {{small|(2011)}}
|-
|7
|[[Agricultural League]]
|RLB
|
|{{flag|Weimar Republic}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1921|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{End date and age|1930|1|30|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|5.6 million {{small|(1924)}}
|9% {{small|(1924)}}
|-
|8
|[[Rastakhiz Party]] {{small|''Resurgence Party''}}
|
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Logo of Rastakhiz Party.svg|75px]]
|{{flagu|Iran|1964}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1975|3|2|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{End date and age|1978|11|1|df=yes|p=yes|br=yes}}
|5 million {{small|(1976)}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Parviz Daneshvar|title=Revolution in Iran|publisher=Springer|page=73|date=2016|isbn=978-1349140626}}</ref>
|14.83% {{small|(1976)}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|9
|[[National Partnership]]
|NS
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Emblem of the National Partnership.svg|70px]]
|{{flag|Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1939|3|21|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{End date and age|1945|6|4|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|4 million {{small|(1939)}}
|55.45% {{small|(1939)}}
|-
|[[Concordia Association]]
|Kyowa
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Flag of Concordia Association.svg|75px]]
|{{flag|Manchukuo}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1932|7|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{End date and age|1945|8|df=yes|p=yes|br=yes}}
|4 million {{small|(1943)}}
|10% {{small|(1943)}}
|-
|11
|[[Romanian Communist Party]]
|PCR
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Coat of arms of PCR.svg|65px]]
|{{flag|Socialist Republic of Romania}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1912|5|8|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{End date and age|1989|12|22|df=yes|p=yes|br=yes}}
|3.7 million {{small|(1989)}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/romania/70.htm|title=The Communist Party|publisher=[[Library of Congress]]}}</ref>
|15.98% {{small|(1989)}}
|-
|12
|[[Polish United Workers' Party]]
|PZPR
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:POL PZPR logo.svg|75px]]
|{{flag|Polish People's Republic}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1948|12|21|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{End date and age|1990|1|30|df=y|p=y|br=y}}
|3.5 million {{small|(1970s)}}
|10.72% {{small|(1970s)}}
|-
|rowspan="3"|13
|[[Fatherland Front (Austria)|Fatherland Front]]
|VF
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Kruckenkreuz Ständestaat Österreich.svg|75px]]
|{{flag|Federal State of Austria}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1933|05|20|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{End date and age|1938|03|13|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|3 million {{small|(1937)}}<ref>{{cite book|first=Stanley G.|last=Payne|title=A History of Fascism, 1914–1945|url=https://archive.org/details/historyoffascism00payn|url-access=registration|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press|year=1995|page=[https://archive.org/details/historyoffascism00payn/page/249 249]|isbn=9780299148706}}; Percentage based on the censuses in 1934 and 1939</ref>
|44% {{small|(1937)}}
|-
|[[Muslim People's Republic Party]]
|MPRP
|
|{{flag|Iran}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1979|02|25|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{End date and age|1980|01|df=y|p=y|br=y}}
|3 million {{small|(1979)}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Laura Etheredge|title=Iran|chapter=Political Process|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|page=52|date=2011}}</ref>
|7.91% {{small|(1979)}}
|-
|[[Communist Party of Indonesia]]
|PKI
|[[File:Logo of the Communist Party of Indonesia.svg|75x75px]]
|{{Flag|Indonesia}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1914|5|23|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1966|7|5|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|3 million {{small|(1960)}}
|3.8% {{small|(1960)}}
|-
|rowspan="4"|16
|[[Democratic Constitutional Rally]]
|RCD
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:ERCD.jpg|75px]]
|{{flag|Tunisia}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1988|02|27|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{End date and age|2011|3|9|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|2.5 million {{small|(2010)}}
|23.7% {{small|(2010)}}
|-
|[[Islamic Republican Party]]
|IRP
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Logo of the Islamic Republican Party.png|75px]]
|{{flag|Iran}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1979|02|17|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{End date and age|1987|06|1|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|2.5 million {{small|(1979)}}<ref>{{citation|title=New Iran bursting with mass politics|publisher=Detroit Free Press|page=28|date=20 June 1979}}</ref>
|6.59% {{small|(1979)}}
|-
|[[Italian Communist Party]]
|PCI
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Logo Partito Comunista Italiano.svg|75px]]
|{{flag|Italy}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1943|05|15|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{End date and age|1991|2|2|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|2.5 million {{small|(1947)}}
|5.48% {{small|(1947)}}
|-
|[[Constitutional Democratic Party (Japan)|Constitutional Democratic Party]]
|Minseito
|
|{{flag|Empire of Japan}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1927|06|1|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{End date and age|1940|8|15|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|2–3 million
|3.4% (Japan Proper in 1940)
|-
|20
|[[Socialist Unity Party of Germany]]
|SED
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands Logo.svg|70px]]
|{{flag|East Germany}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1946|04|21|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{End date and age|1989|12|16|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|2.3 million {{small|(1989)}}
|13.76% {{small|(1989)}}
|-
|21
|[[National Peasants' Party]]
|PNȚ
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Logo PNȚ Biblioteca de informație cetățenească 1933.svg|75px]]
|{{flag|Kingdom of Romania}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1926|10|26|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{End date and age|1947|6|29|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|2.12 million {{small|(1947)}}
|13.67% {{small|(1947)}}
|-
|22
|[[League of Communists of Yugoslavia]]
|SKJ
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Emblem of the SKJ (Cyrillic).svg|75px]]
|{{flag|SFR Yugoslavia}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1919|04|20|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{End date and age|1990|1|22|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|2.1 million {{small|(1981)}}
|9.44% {{small|(1981)}}
|-
|23
|[[Christian Democracy (Italy)|Christian Democracy]]
|DC
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:DC_Party_Logo_(1968-1992).svg|70px]]
|{{flag|Italy}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1943|12|15|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{End date and age|1994|1|16|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|2 million {{small|(1990)}}
|3.53% {{small|(1990)}}
|-
|24
|[[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|National Democratic Party]]
|NDP
|style:"text-align:centre;"|[[File:Hosni Mubarak 2005 presidential election symbol.png|75px]]
|{{flag|Egypt}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1978|10|2|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{End date and age|2011|04|16|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|1.9 million {{small|(2010)}}
|2.4% {{small|(2010)}}
|-
|25
|[[Patriotic Union (Spain)|Patriotic Union]]
|UP
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Logo Union Patriotica (Spain).svg|75px]]
|{{flagu|Spain|1874}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1924|4|14|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{End date and age|1930|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|1.7 million
|8%
|-
|26
|[[Dominican Party]]
|PD
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Héraldique meuble Palmier 3.svg|40px]]
|{{flag|Dominican Republic}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1931|08|2|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{End date and age|1962|01|6|df=y|p=y|br=y}}
|1.6 million {{small|(1960)}}
|52.7% {{small|(1960)}}{{efn|name="citizen"}}
|-
|rowspan="3"|27
|[[Party of Labour of Albania]]
|PPSH
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Ppshsymbol1981.png|75px]]
|{{flag|People's Socialist Republic of Albania}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1943|12|15|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{End date and age|1991|6|13|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|1.5 million {{small|(1989)}}
|47% {{small|(1989)}}
|-
|[[Communist Party of Czechoslovakia]]
|KSČ
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Emblem of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia.svg|75px]]
|{{flag|Czechoslovak Socialist Republic}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1921|05|16|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{End date and age|1992|4|23|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|1.5 million {{small|(1981)}}<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ugeMgomY7hAC|title=Communist regimes in Eastern Europe|last=Staar|first=Richard Felix|date=1982|publisher=Hoover Institution Press|isbn=0817976922|edition=4th|location=Stanford, Calif.|pages=77|oclc=8232658}}</ref>
|10% {{small|(1981)}}
|-
|[[Indonesian National Party]]
|PNI
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Indonesian National Party.png|75x75px]]
|{{flag|Indonesia}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1927|7|4|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{End date and age|1973|1|10|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|1.5 million {{small|(1950)}}
|2% {{small|(1950)}}
|-
|30
|[[Personalist Labor Revolutionary Party]]
|
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Flag_of_the_Cần_Lao_Nhân_Vị_Cách_Mạng_Đảng_(Parti_Révolutionnaire_Personnaliste_du_Travail)_-_Indomemoires.png|75px]]
|{{flag|South Vietnam}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1954|9|2|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{End date and age|1963|11|2|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|1,368,757 {{small|(1962)}}
|8.55% {{small|(1962)}}
|-
|31
|[[Sudeten German Party]]
|SdP
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Emblem of the Sudeten German Party.svg|60px]]
|{{flag|Czechoslovakia}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1933|10|1|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{End date and age|1938|11|5|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|1.35 million {{small|(1938)}}
|9% {{small|(1938)}}
|-
|32
|[[German Fatherland Party]]
|DVLP
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:German Fatherland Party (DVLP).png|75px]]
|{{flag|German Empire}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1917|9|2|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{End date and age|1918|12|10|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|1.25 million {{small|(1918)}}
|1.93% {{small|(1918)}}
|-
|33
|[[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region]]
|Ba'ath
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Syrian Baath Logo.svg|75px]]
|{{flag|Syria}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1947|4|7|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|2024|12|12|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|1.2 million {{small|(2010)}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-18582755|title=Profile: Syria's ruling Baath Party|date=9 July 2012|work=[[BBC]]|access-date=13 August 2019|quote=Many posts in the public sector, the military and government were generally reserved for Baathists, which helped boost party membership. By 1981, some 375,000 people had joined the party. By 2010, this number had reportedly risen to 1.2 million - nearly 10% of the population.}}</ref>
|5.68% {{small|(2010)}}
|-
|34
|[[The People of Freedom]]
|PdL
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Il Popolo della Libertà.svg|75px]]
|{{flag|Italy}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|2009|3|27|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{End date and age|2013|11|16|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|1.15 million {{small|(2011)}}
|1.91% {{small|(2011)}}
|-
|35
|[[Brazilian Integralist Action]]
|AIB
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Logo_of_Ação_Integralista_Brasileira_original_version.svg|75px]]
|{{flag|Brazil}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1932|10|7|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{End date and age|1937|12|2|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|1.13 million {{small|(1937)}}<ref>{{cite web|last1=Athaides|first1=Rafael|title=As paixões pelo sigma: afetividades políticas e fascismos|url=https://acervodigital.ufpr.br/bitstream/handle/1884/28288/R%20-%20D%20-%20RAFAEL%20ATHAIDES.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|website=Universidade Federal do Paraná|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230729194418/https://acervodigital.ufpr.br/bitstream/handle/1884/28288/R%20-%20D%20-%20RAFAEL%20ATHAIDES.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|archive-date=29 July 2023|location=Curitiba|page=18|language=pt|date=2012}}</ref>
|2.61% {{small|(1937)}}
|-
|36
|[[Democrats (Brazil)|Democrats]]
|DEM
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Democratas (Brazil) logo (2007-2018) (vertical).png|75px]]
|{{flag|Brazil}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1985|1|24|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|2022|2|8|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|1.11 million {{small|(2009)}}<ref name=":1"/>
|0.58% {{small|(2009)}}
|-
|37
|[[Brazilian Labour Party (1981)]]
|DEM
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Logomarca_Partido_Trabalhista_Brasileiro.png|75px]]
|{{flag|Brazil}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1979|11|21|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|2023|11|9|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|1,075,750 (2021)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tse.jus.br/eleitor/estatisticas-de-eleitorado/filiados | title=Estatísticas do eleitorado – Eleitores filiados | access-date=2021-12-29 | archive-date=2014-07-11 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140711103114/https://www.tse.jus.br/eleitor/estatisticas-de-eleitorado/filiados | url-status=dead }}</ref>
|0.51% {{small|(2021)}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|38
|[[Bulgarian Communist Party]]
|BCP
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:LogoBKP.svg|75px]]
|{{flag|People's Republic of Bulgaria}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1919|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{End date and age|1990|4|3|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|1 million {{small|(1989)}}
|11.1% {{small|(1989)}}
|-
|[[Socialist Revolutionary Party]]
|SR
|style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Socialist Revolutionary Party poster 1917 detail.svg|75px]]
|{{flag|Russian Empire}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Start date and age|1902|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{End date and age|1940|p=yes|br=yes|df=yes}}
|1 million {{small|(1917)}}
|0.6% {{small|(1917)}}
|}

== See also ==

* [[Lists of political parties]]
* [[List of political ideologies]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Lists of political parties|Largest]]

Pradeep Kumar (civil servant)

2026-03-17T10:53:01Z

MyIPL:

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2013}}

{{Infobox civil servant
|name = Pradeep Kumar
|honorific-suffix =
|image = File:Shri Pradeep Kumar took over as the new Defence Secretary, in New Delhi on July 31, 2009.jpg
|imagesize =
|smallimage = 
|alt =
|caption = IAS Haryana Cadre 1972
|order = 15th
|office = Central Vigilance Commission{{!}}Central Vigilance Commissioner
|term_start = 31 July 2011
|term_end = 28 September 2014
|deputy = R Sri Kumar (Vigilance Commissioner)
|taoiseach =
|predecessor = [[P. J. Thomas (Indian administrative officer)]]
|successor = Rajiv
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1949|09|29}}
|nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
|party =
}}
'''Pradeep Kumar''' (born 29 September 1949) is a former [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS) officer, 1972 batch, of the Haryana cadre, who served as Defense Secretary, in the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]], [[Government of India]], for a term of two years, from August 2009 to July 2011.<ref name="PIB, 2009">{{cite web|title=Pradeep Kumar is New Defence Secretary|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=51353|publisher=Ministry of Defence|accessdate=5 February 2014|author=PIB|date=31 July 2009}}</ref> He succeeded [[Vijay Singh]], IAS, 1970 batch, who, on superannuation, was appointed member of the UPSC.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2009/11/19/exdefence-secretary-vijay-singh-sworn-in-as-upscmember.html|title = Ex-Defence Secretary Vijay Singh sworn in as UPSC member|date = 19 November 2009}}</ref> In July 2011, on superannuation, he was appointed chief vigilance commissioner of India where he served till September 2014.<ref name=cvc,2014>{{cite web|title=Introduction|url=http://cvc.gov.in/introduction.htm|publisher=Government of India|accessdate=5 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222055507/http://cvc.gov.in/introduction.htm|archive-date=22 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Background==
Pradeep Kumar obtained a graduate degree in Electrical Engineering from the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi]], and Masters in Economics and Social Studies from the [[University of Wales]], United Kingdom.<ref name="PIB, 2009"/>

== Career path ==
* In the Government of Haryana he served as Director of Industries, Principal Secretary, Power, Irrigation, Science and Technology, Town and Country Planning and Urban Estates departments.<ref name="PIB, 2009"/>
* In the Government of India he served as joint secretary in the Department of Heavy Industry, additional secretary in the Ministry of Coal, chairman, National Highways Authority of India, and secretary (Disinvestment) in the Ministry of Finance. He has also served on the boards of [[Bharat Heavy Electricals]], [[Maruti Udyog]], Andrew Yule Ltd, Hindustan Paper Corporation Ltd, [[Coal India Ltd]] and Neyvelli Lignite Corporation.<ref name="PIB, 2009"/>
* In the Ministry of Defense, he was secretary (Defence Production), and defense secretary. He was succeeded by Shashi Kant Sharma, Bihar cadre, 1975 batch, as defense secretary (14 July 2011 – 22 May 2013), who on superannuation was appointed [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India]].

== Employment after superannuation ==
On superannuation Pradeep Kumar was appointed chief vigilance commissioner of India, a statutory appointment, who is head of the [[Central Vigilance Commission]]. He assumed the office from 31 July 2011.<ref name="cvc,2014"/> The chief vigilance commissioner has a fixed term of four years or until reaching the age of 65, whichever is earlier.<ref name="cvc,2014"/>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
*[[Central Vigilance Commission]]
*[http://www.cvc.nic.in CVC]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Pradeep}}
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Defence secretaries of India]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:District magistrate]]

Egyptian hieroglyphs

2026-03-16T13:08:38Z

MyIPL: Enhanced content and organization

{{Short description|Ancient Egyptian writing system}}

{{Redirect|Hieroglyph|other uses|Hieroglyph (disambiguation)}}{{Infobox writing system
| sample = Hieroglyphs from the tomb of Seti I.jpg
| caption = Hieroglyphs from the tomb of [[Seti I]] ([[KV17]]), 13th century BC
| name = Egyptian hieroglyphs
| type = [[Logographic]]
| typedesc = ([[logoconsonantal]])
| direction = right-to-left, left-to-right, [[boustrophedon]]
| time = {{circa|3250 BC|400 AD}}
| languages = [[Egyptian language]]
| family = [[Proto-writing]]
| children = {{plainlist|
* [[Hieratic script|Hieratic]]
* [[Proto-Sinaitic script|Proto-Sinaitic]]
}}
| unicode = {{ubli
| [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U13000.pdf U+13000–U+1342F] {{nwr|Egyptian Hieroglyphs}}
| [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U13460.pdf U+13460–U+143FF] {{nwr|Egyptian Hieroglyphs Extended-A}}
| [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U13430.pdf U+13430–U+1345F] {{nwr|Egyptian Hieroglyph Format Controls}}
}}
| iso15924 = Egyp
| imageclass =
}}

'''Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|aɪ|.|r|oʊ|.|ˌ|ɡ|l|ɪ|f|s}}, {{respell|HY|roh|glifs}}){{refn|{{Citation |last=Jones |first=Daniel |author-link=Daniel Jones (phonetician) |title=English Pronouncing Dictionary |editor-first=Peter |editor-last=Roach |editor2-first=James |editor2-last=Hartmann |editor3-first=Jane |editor3-last=Setter |publisher=Cambridge University Press |orig-year=1917 |year=2003 |isbn=978-3-12-539683-8}}}}{{refn|{{MerriamWebsterDictionary|hieroglyph}}}} were the formal [[writing system]] used in [[Ancient Egypt]] for writing the [[Egyptian language]]. Hieroglyphs combined [[Ideogram|ideographic]], [[logograph]]ic, [[syllabic]], and [[alphabet]]ic elements, with more than 1,000 distinct characters.<ref name="In total">In total, there were about 1,000 graphemes in use during the Old Kingdom period; this number decreased to 750–850 during the Middle Kingdom, but rose instead to around 5,000 signs during the Ptolemaic period. Antonio Loprieno, ''Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction'' (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1995), p. 12.</ref><ref>The standard inventory of characters used in Egyptology is [[Gardiner's sign list]] (1928–1953). A.H. Gardiner (1928), ''Catalogue of the Egyptian hieroglyphic printing type, from matrices owned and controlled by Dr. Alan Gardiner'', "Additions to the new hieroglyphic fount (1928)", in The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 15 (1929), p. 95; "Additions to the new hieroglyphic fount (1931)", in The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 17 (1931), pp. 245–247; A.H. Gardiner, "Supplement to the catalogue of the Egyptian hieroglyphic printing type, showing acquisitions to December 1953" (1953). Unicode [[Egyptian Hieroglyphs (Unicode block)|Egyptian Hieroglyphs]] as of version 5.2 (2009) assigned 1,070 Unicode characters.</ref> [[Cursive hieroglyphs]] were used for [[Ancient Egyptian literature|religious literature]] on [[papyrus]] and wood. The later [[hieratic]] and [[Demotic Egyptian script|demotic]] Egyptian scripts were derived from hieroglyphic writing, as was the [[Proto-Sinaitic script]] that later evolved into the [[Phoenician alphabet]].<ref>Howard, Michael C. (2012). [https://books.google.com/books?id=6QPWXrCCzBIC&pg=PA23 Transnationalism in Ancient and Medieval Societies. p. 23.]</ref> Egyptian hieroglyphs are the ultimate ancestor of the [[Phoenician alphabet]], the first widely adopted phonetic writing system. Moreover, owing in large part to the [[Greek alphabet|Greek]] and [[Aramaic alphabet|Aramaic]] scripts that descended from Phoenician, the majority of the world's living writing systems are descendants of Egyptian hieroglyphs—most prominently the [[Latin script|Latin]] and [[Cyrillic script]]s through Greek, and the [[Arabic script|Arabic]] and [[Brahmic scripts]] through Aramaic.{{not verified in body|date=September 2022}} Hieroglyphs are thought to be one of four writing systems [[History of writing#Emergence|developed without outside influence]], the others being [[Cuneiform|Cuneiforms]], [[Chinese characters]], and [[Mayan script]].

The use of hieroglyphic writing derived from [[proto-writing|proto-literate]] symbol systems in the [[Early Bronze Age]] {{circa|the 33rd century BC}} ([[Naqada III]]),<ref name="Richard Mattessich-2002" /> with the first decipherable sentence written in the [[Egyptian language]] dating to the 28th century BC ([[Second Dynasty]]). Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs developed into a mature writing system used for monumental inscription in the [[Middle Egyptian language|classical language]] of the [[Middle Kingdom of Egypt|Middle Kingdom]] period; during this period, the system used about 900 distinct signs. The use of this writing system continued through the [[New Kingdom of Ancient Egypt|New Kingdom]] and [[Late Period of Egypt|Late Period]], and on into the [[Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt|Persian]] and [[Ptolemaic Kingdom|Ptolemaic]] periods. Late survivals of hieroglyphic use are found well into the [[Egypt (Roman province)|Roman period]], extending into the 4th century AD.<ref name="Allen-2010">{{cite book |last=Allen |first=James P. |title=Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs |year=2010 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1139486354 |page=8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lF78Max-h8MC&pg=PA8}}</ref>

During the 5th century, [[Decline of Greco-Roman polytheism#Final decline|the permanent closing of pagan temples]] across Roman Egypt resulted in the loss of fluent readers and writers (called scribes) in hieroglyphs. Despite attempts at decipherment, the nature of the script remained unknown throughout the [[Middle Ages]] and the [[early modern period]]. Regardless, mixture of medieval Arab (pre-Islamic) and Egyptian people kept the fascination of hieroglyphics alive. Scholars, spiritualists and treasure hunters collected highly sought-after artifacts in attempts to decode the language based on the phonetic and alphabetical similarities between Coptic and Hieroglyphs.<ref>{{Cite book |last=El Daly |first=Okasha |title=Egyptology: The Missing Millennium 'Ancient Egypt in Medieval Arabic Writings' |publisher=ULC Press (UK) |year=2005 |isbn=1-84472-063-2 |pages=139-140 |language=English}}</ref> The [[Decipherment of ancient Egyptian scripts|decipherment of hieroglyphic writing]] was finally accomplished in the 1820s by [[Jean-François Champollion]], with the help of the [[Rosetta Stone]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Houston |first1=Stephen |last2=Baines |first2=John |last3=Cooper |first3=Jerrold |date=July 2003 |title=Last Writing: Script Obsolescence in Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Mesoamerica |journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History |volume=45 |issue=3 |doi=10.1017/s0010417503000227 |s2cid=145542213 |issn=0010-4175 |url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:858cada1-8d44-4695-8972-9520b28d3aba|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The entire Ancient Egyptian [[Text corpus|corpus]], including both hieroglyphic and hieratic texts, is approximately 5 million words in length; if counting duplicates (such as the ''[[Book of the Dead]]'' and the [[Coffin Texts]]) as separate, this figure is closer to 10 million. The most complete compendium of Ancient Egyptian, the ''{{lang|de|[[Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache]]}}'', contains 1.5–1.7 million words.<ref>Peust, Carsten, "[http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/propylaeumdok/1893/1/Peust_Ueber_aegyptische_Lexikographie_2000.pdf {{lang|de|Über ägyptische Lexikographie. 1: Zum Ptolemaic Lexikon von Penelope Wilson; 2: Versuch eines quantitativen Vergleichs der Textkorpora antiker Sprachen}}]", in Lingua Aegyptia 7, 2000: p. 246: {{lang|de|"Nach einer von W. F. Reineke in S. Grunert & L Hafemann (Hrsgg.), Textcorpus und Wörterbuch (Problemeder Ägyptologie 14), Leiden 1999, S.xiii veröffentlichten Schätzung W. Schenkels beträgt die Zahl der in allen heute bekannten ägyptischen (d.h. hieroglyphischen und hieratischen) Texten enthaltenen Wortformen annähernd 5 Millio nen und tendiert, wenn man die Fälle von Mehrfachüberlieferung u.a. des Toten buchs und der Sargtexte separat zählt, gegen 10 Millionen; das Berliner Zettelarchiv des Wörterbuchs der ägyptischen Sprache von A. Erman & H. Grapow (Wb), das sei nerzeit Vollständigkeit anstrebte, umfasst "nur" 1,7 Millionen (nach anderen Angaben: 1,5 Millionen) Zettel."}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=W. |last=Schenkel |chapter=Die Lexikographie des Altägyptisch-Koptischen |title=The lexicography of the Ancient Near Eastern languages |publisher=Essedue |location=Verona |year=1995 |isbn=88-85697-43-7 |page=197 |language=de |url=http://www.sel.cchs.csic.es/sites/default/files/16schenkel_dab32ee7.pdf}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The word ''hieroglyph'' comes from the [[Ancient Greek]] {{tlit|grc|hieroglyphikos}} ({{lang|grc|ἱερογλυφικός}}),<ref>{{LSJ|i(eroglufiko/s|ἱερογλυφικός|ref}}.</ref> meaning 'sacred carving'{{snd}}a [[Compound (linguistics)|compound]] of {{tlit|grc|hierós}} 'sacred'<ref>{{LSJ|i(ero/s|ἱερός|shortref}}.</ref> and {{tlit|grc|glýphō}} 'Ι carve, engrave' ({{cf.}}English ''glyph'').<ref>{{LSJ|glu/fw|γλύφω|shortref}}</ref>

From the [[Ptolemaic Egypt|Ptolemaic period]] (3rd–1st centuries BC), the glyphs themselves were called {{tlit|grc|tà hieroglyphikà grámmata}} ({{lang|grc|τὰ ἱερογλυφικὰ γράμματα}}) 'the sacred engraved letters', the Greek counterpart to the Egyptian term {{tlit|egy|mdw.w-nṯr}} 'words of gods'.<ref>Antonio Loprieno, ''Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction'' (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1995), p. 11.</ref> Greek {{tlit|grc|hieróglŭphos}} meant 'a carver of hieroglyphs'.<ref>{{LSJ|i(ero/glufos|ἱερόγλυφος|shortref}}.</ref>

In English, ''hieroglyph'' as a noun is recorded from 1590, originally short for nominalized ''hieroglyphic'' (1580s, with a plural ''hieroglyphics''), from adjectival use (''hieroglyphic character'').<ref>{{multiref | {{cite dictionary |title=Hieroglyphic |dictionary=Merriam-Webster |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hieroglyphic |access-date=2016-08-27}} | {{OEtymD|hieroglyphic}}}}</ref>

==History and evolution==
===Origin===
{{see also|History of writing|List of Egyptian hieroglyphs}}
[[File:Ägyptisches Museum Berlin 057.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Paintings with symbols on [[Naqada II]] pottery (c. 3500–3200 BC)]]
Hieroglyphs may have emerged from the preliterate artistic traditions of Egypt. For example, symbols on [[Gerzean]] pottery from {{Circa|4000 BC}} have been argued to resemble hieroglyphic writing.<ref>{{Cite dictionary |last=Joly |first=Marcel |title=Sayles, George(, Sr.) |date=2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |dictionary=Grove Music Online |series=Oxford Music Online |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.j397600}}</ref>

[[File:Design of the Abydos token glyphs dated to 3400-3200 BCE.jpg|thumb|left|Designs on tokens from [[Abydos, Egypt|Abydos]], carbon dated to {{cx|3400–3200 BC}}.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Scarre |first1=Chris |last2=Fagan |first2=Brian M. |title=Ancient Civilizations |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1317296089 |page=106 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xAy4CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA10}}</ref><ref name="Mitchell" /> They are similar to [[:File:Limestone pendant plaque, maybe Uruk, c. 3000 BC.jpg|contemporary tags]] from [[Uruk]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Conference |first1=William Foxwell Albright Centennial |title=The Study of the Ancient Near East in the Twenty-first Century: The William Foxwell Albright Centennial Conference |date=1996 |publisher=Eisenbrauns |isbn=978-0931464966 |pages=24–25 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3hc1Yp0VcjoC&pg=PA24}}</ref>]]
[[Proto-writing]] systems developed in the second half of the 4th millennium BC, such as the clay labels of a [[Predynastic Egypt|Predynastic]] ruler called "[[Scorpion I]]" ([[Naqada IIIA]] period, {{Cx|33rd century BC}}) recovered at [[Abydos, Egypt|Abydos]] (modern [[Umm el-Qa'ab]]) in 1998 or the [[Narmer Palette]] ({{Cx|31st century BC}}).<ref name="Richard Mattessich-2002">{{cite journal |author=Richard Mattessich |year=2002 |title=The oldest writings, and inventory tags of Egypt |journal=Accounting Historians Journal |jstor=40698264 |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=195–208 |doi=10.2308/0148-4184.29.1.195 |s2cid=160704269 |url=https://aprendeenlinea.udea.edu.co/revistas/index.php/cont/article/viewFile/25609/21149 |access-date=2016-08-27 |archive-date=2018-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119082926/https://aprendeenlinea.udea.edu.co/revistas/index.php/cont/article/viewFile/25609/21149 |url-status=dead|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The first full sentence written in mature hieroglyphs so far discovered was found on a seal impression in the tomb of [[Seth-Peribsen]] at Umm el-Qa'ab, which dates from the [[Second dynasty of Egypt|Second Dynasty]] (28th or 27th century BC). Around 800 hieroglyphs are known to date back to the [[Old Kingdom]], [[Middle Kingdom of Egypt|Middle Kingdom]] and [[New Kingdom of Egypt|New Kingdom]] eras. By the [[Greco-Roman]] period, there were more than 5,000.<ref name="In total"/>

Scholars have long debated whether hieroglyphs were developed independently of any other script, or derived from [[cuneiform]], the earliest writing system in human history that developed to write [[Sumerian language|Sumerian]] in southern [[Mesopotamia]] during the late 4th millennium BC. Scholars like Geoffrey Sampson argued that Egyptian hieroglyphs "came into existence a little after [[Sumerian script]], and, probably, [were] invented under the influence of the latter",<ref>{{cite book |first=Geoffrey |last=Sampson |title=Writing Systems: A Linguistic Introduction |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tVcdNRvwoDkC&pg=PA78 |access-date=31 October 2011 |year=1990 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-1756-4 |page=78}}</ref> and that it is "probable that the general idea of expressing words of a language in writing was brought to Egypt from Sumerian [[Mesopotamia]]".<ref>{{cite book |first=Geoffrey W. |last=Bromiley |title=The international standard Bible encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6OJvO2jMCr8C&pg=PA1150 |access-date=31 October 2011 |date=1995 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans |isbn=978-0-8028-3784-4 |page=1150}}</ref><ref>Iorwerth Eiddon Stephen Edwards, et al., The Cambridge Ancient History (3d ed. 1970) pp. 43–44.</ref> Further, Egyptian writing appeared suddenly, while Mesopotamia had a long evolutionary history, with antecedent signs used in tokens for agricultural and accounting purposes as early as {{Cx|8000 BC}}.

While there are many instances of early [[Egypt–Mesopotamia relations]], the lack of direct evidence for the transfer of writing means that "no definitive determination has been made as to the origin of hieroglyphics in ancient Egypt".<ref>{{cite book |first1=Robert E. |last1=Krebs |first2=Carolyn A. |last2=Krebs |title=Groundbreaking scientific experiments, inventions, and discoveries of the ancient world |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0H0fjBeseVEC&pg=PA91 |access-date=31 October 2011 |year=2003 |publisher=Greenwood |isbn=978-0-313-31342-4 |page=91}}</ref> Since the 1990s, the above-mentioned discoveries of glyphs at [[Abydos, Egypt|Abydos]], dated between 3400 and 3200 BC, have shed further doubt on the classical notion that the Mesopotamian symbol system predates the Egyptian one. A date of {{cx|3400 BC}} for the earliest Abydos glyphs challenges the hypothesis of diffusion from Mesopotamia to Egypt, pointing to an independent development of writing in Egypt.<ref name="Mitchell">"The seal impressions, from various tombs, date even further back, to 3400 B.C. These dates challenge the commonly held belief that early logographs, pictographic symbols representing a specific place, object, or quantity, first evolved into more complex phonetic symbols in Mesopotamia."{{cite web |last=Mitchell |first=Larkin |title=Earliest Egyptian Glyphs |url=https://archive.archaeology.org/9903/newsbriefs/egypt.html |work=Archaeology |publisher=Archaeological Institute of America |access-date=29 February 2012}}</ref>

[[Rosalie David]] has argued that the debate is moot since "If Egypt did adopt the idea of writing from elsewhere, it was presumably only the concept which was taken over, since the forms of the hieroglyphs are entirely Egyptian in origin and reflect the distinctive flora, fauna and images of Egypt's own landscape."<ref>{{cite book |last1=David |first1=Rosalie |title=The Experience of Ancient Egypt |year=2002 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-96799-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AaEYv_4fA4cC&dq=if+egypt+did+flora+fauna+elsewhere&pg=PT86 |access-date=18 April 2022}}</ref> Egyptian scholar Gamal Mokhtar argued further that the inventory of hieroglyphic symbols derived from "fauna and flora used in the signs [which] are essentially African" and in "regards to writing, we have seen that a purely Nilotic, hence African origin not only is not excluded, but probably reflects the reality."<ref>{{cite book |title=Ancient Civilizations of Africa |volume=2 |series=Unesco General History of Africa |date=1990 |publisher=J. Currey |location=London |isbn=0852550928 |pages=11–12 |edition=Abridged}}</ref>

<gallery widths="200" heights="200" perrow="4">
File:Mudstone palette with hieroglyphs in relief. Late Predynastic, Naqada III. 3250-3100 BC. From El-Amra.jpg|The ''[[Min Palette]]'': a mudstone palette with the [[Min symbol (hieroglyph)|archaic hieroglyph ''Min'']] for the god of fertility ''[[Min (god)|Min]]'' in relief. Pre-dynastic [[Naqada III]]. 3250–3100 BC. [[El-Amrah, Egypt|El-Amra]]
File:Labels from the tomb of Menes.jpg|Labels with early inscriptions from the tomb of [[Menes]], c. 3200–3000 BC
File:IvoryLabelOfDen-BritishMuseum-August19-08.jpg|An ivory label with [[Den (pharaoh)|King Den’s]] name on it, c. 2985 BC
File:Sabef stela, 1st Dynasty (horizontal).jpg|[[Sabef|Sabef stela]] in incipient [[hieroglyphs]]. Reign of [[Qa'a]], [[First Dynasty of Egypt|1st Dynasty]], ca. 2910 BC
</gallery>

===Mature writing system===
{{Further|Middle Egyptian language}}
[[File:Peribsen2.JPG|thumb|right|Seal impression from [[Peribsen]]'s tomb with the first known complete sentence in Egyptian history (ca. 2660–2650 BC): "Sealing of everything of Ombos (i.e., [[Naqada]]): He of Ombos has joined the Two Lands for his son, the Dual King Peribsen."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wagensonner |first1=Klaus, Yale University, Department Member |title=Visible Language: The Early Use of Writing in Egypt |url=https://www.academia.edu/124185861/Visible_Language_The_Early_Use_of_Writing_in_Egypt |date=1 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mieroop |first1=Marc Van De |title=A History of Ancient Egypt |date=20 January 2021 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-119-62089-1 |page=44 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8XUWEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA44 |language=en}}</ref>]]
[[File:Artist's Scaled Drawing of Hieroglyphs.jpg|thumb|Artist's scaled drawing of hieroglyphs {{cx|1479–1458 BC}}, meaning 'life', 'stability', and 'dominion'. The grid lines allowed the artist to draw the hieroglyphs at whatever scale was needed.<ref>{{cite web |title=Artist's Scaled Drawing of Hieroglyphs ca. 1479–1458 B.C. |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/545148 |website=metmuseum.org |access-date=4 November 2022}}</ref>]]
Hieroglyphs consist of three kinds of glyphs: phonetic glyphs, including single-consonant characters that function like an [[alphabet]]; [[logograph]]s, representing [[morpheme]]s; and [[determinative]]s, which narrow down the [[semantics|meaning]] of logographic or phonetic words.

===Late period ===
{{Further|Late Egyptian}}
As writing developed and became more widespread among the Egyptian people, simplified glyph forms developed, resulting in the [[hieratic]] (priestly) and [[Demotic Egyptian|demotic]] (popular) scripts. These variants were also more suited than hieroglyphs for use on [[papyrus]]. Hieroglyphic writing was not, however, eclipsed, but existed alongside the other forms, especially in monumental and other formal writing. The [[Rosetta Stone]] contains three parallel scripts{{snd}}hieroglyphs, demotic, and the Greek alphabet.

===Late survival===
Hieroglyphs continued to be used intermittently under Persian rule in the 6th and 5th centuries BC, as well as during the ensuing [[Ptolemaic dynasty|Ptolemaic]] and [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] periods that followed after [[Alexander the Great]]'s conquest of Egypt. It appears that the misleading quality of comments from Greek and Roman writers about hieroglyphs came about, at least in part, as a response to the changed political situation. Some believed that hieroglyphs may have functioned as a way to distinguish 'true [[Egyptians]]' from some of the foreign conquerors. Another reason may be the refusal to tackle a foreign culture on its own terms, which characterized Greco-Roman approaches to Egyptian culture generally.{{citation needed|date=November 2016}} Having learned that hieroglyphs were sacred writing, Greco-Roman authors imagined the complex but rational system as an allegorical, even magical, system transmitting secret, mystical knowledge.<ref name="Allen-2010" />

By the 4th century AD, few Egyptians were capable of reading hieroglyphs, and the "myth of allegorical hieroglyphs" was ascendant.<ref name="Allen-2010" /> Monumental use of hieroglyphs ceased after the closing of all non-Christian temples in 391 by the Roman Emperor [[Theodosius I]]; the last known inscription is from [[Philae]], known as the [[Graffito of Esmet-Akhom]], from 394.<ref name="Allen-2010" /><ref>The latest presently known hieroglyphic inscription date: [https://web.archive.org/web/20070815135548/http://academic.memphis.edu/egypt/l0039.gif Birthday of Osiris], year 110 [of Diocletian], dated to August 24, 394</ref>

The ''{{lang|la|Hieroglyphica}}'' of [[Horapollo]] (c. 5th century) appears to retain some genuine knowledge about the writing system. It offers an explanation of close to 200 signs. Some are identified correctly, such as the 'goose' hieroglyph ({{tlit|egy|zꜣ}}) representing the word for 'son'.<ref name="Allen-2010" />

A half-dozen Demotic glyphs are still in use, added to the Greek alphabet when writing [[Coptic alphabet|Coptic]].

==Decipherment==
{{Main|Decipherment of ancient Egyptian scripts}}
[[File:Paris, Bnf man Arabe 6805 fol. 92v-93v Shawq al-Mustaham Attempted translation of hieroglyphs.jpg|thumb|pseudo-Ibn Wahshiyya's attempt at a translation of a hieroglyphic text]]
Knowledge of the hieroglyphs had been lost completely in the medieval period.
Early attempts at decipherment were made by some such as [[Dhul-Nun al-Misri]] and [[Pseudepigrapha|pseudo]]-[[Ibn Wahshiyya]] (9th and 10th century, respectively).<ref>{{cite book |author=Ahmed ibn 'Ali ibn al Mukhtar ibn 'Abd al Karim (called Ibn Wahshiyah) |title=Ancient alphabets & hieroglyphic characters explained: with an account of the Egyptian priests, their classes, initiation time, & sacrifices by the aztecs and their birds, in the Arabic language |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MKvYqEEboTYC |access-date=31 October 2011 |year=1806 |publisher=W. Bulmer & Co.}}</ref>

All medieval and early modern attempts were hampered by the fundamental assumption that hieroglyphs
recorded ideas and not the sounds of the language. As no bilingual texts were available, any such symbolic 'translation' could be proposed without the possibility of verification.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://atena.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=13384397&search_terms=DTL60 |title=Tabula Aegyptiaca hieroglyphics exornata |journal=Acta Eruditorum |date=March 1714 |location=Leipzig |pages=127–128 |language=la}}</ref> It was not until [[Athanasius Kircher]] in the mid 17th century that scholars began to think the hieroglyphs might also represent sounds. Kircher was familiar with Coptic, and thought that it might be the key to deciphering the hieroglyphs, but was held back by a belief in the mystical nature of the symbols.<ref name="Allen-2010" />

[[File:rosetta stone.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|The [[Rosetta Stone]] in the [[British Museum]]]]
The breakthrough in decipherment came only with the discovery of the [[Rosetta Stone]] by [[Napoleon]]'s troops in 1799 (during [[French Campaign in Egypt and Syria|Napoleon's Egyptian invasion]]).
As the stone presented a hieroglyphic and a demotic version of the same text in parallel with a Greek translation, plenty of material for falsifiable studies in translation was suddenly available. In the early 19th century, scholars such as [[Silvestre de Sacy]], [[Johan David Åkerblad]], and [[Thomas Young (scientist)|Thomas Young]] studied the inscriptions on the stone, and were able to make some headway. Finally, [[Jean-François Champollion]] made the complete decipherment by the 1820s. In his ''{{lang|fr|[[Lettre à M. Dacier]]}}'' (1822), he wrote:

<blockquote>It is a complex system, writing figurative, symbolic, and phonetic all at once, in the same text, the same phrase, I would almost say in the same word.<ref>[[Jean-François Champollion]], Letter to [[Bon-Joseph Dacier|M. Dacier]], September 27, 1822</ref></blockquote>
[[File:Acta Eruditorum - I geroglifici, 1714 – BEIC 13384397.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Illustration from ''{{lang|la|Tabula Aegyptiaca hieroglyphicis exornata}}'' published in {{langr|la|[[Acta Eruditorum]]}}, 1714]]

==Writing system==

Visually, hieroglyphs are all more or less figurative: they represent real or abstract elements, sometimes stylized and simplified, but all generally perfectly recognizable in form. However, the same sign can, according to context, be interpreted in diverse ways: as a phonogram ([[Phonetics|phonetic]] reading), as a [[logogram]], or as an [[ideogram]] ([[semagram]]; "[[determinative]]") ([[Semantics|semantic]] reading). The determinative was not read as a phonetic constituent, but facilitated understanding by differentiating the word from its homophones.

===Phonetic reading===
[[File:Egypt Hieroglyphe4.jpg|thumb|Hieroglyphs typical of the Greco-Roman period]]
Most non-[[determinative]] hieroglyphic signs are ''phonograms'', whose meaning is determined by pronunciation, independent of visual characteristics. This follows the [[rebus]] principle where, for example, in English, the picture of an eye could stand not only for the word ''eye'', but also for its phonetic equivalent, the first person pronoun ''I''.

Phonograms formed with one consonant are called ''[[Egyptian uniliteral signs|uniliteral]]'' signs; with two consonants, ''[[Egyptian biliteral signs|biliteral]]'' signs; with three, ''[[Egyptian triliteral signs|triliteral]]'' signs.

Twenty-four uniliteral signs make up the alphabetic elements. Egyptian hieroglyphic writing does not normally indicate vowels, unlike [[cuneiform]], and for that reason has been labelled by some as an ''[[abjad]]'', i.e., an alphabet without vowels.

Thus, hieroglyphic writing representing a [[northern pintail|pintail duck]] is read in Egyptian as {{tlit|egy|sꜣ}}, derived from the main consonants of the Egyptian word for this duck: 's', 'ꜣ' and 't'. (Note that ꜣ or [[File:Latin small letter egyptological Alef.svg|10px|]], two half-rings opening to the left, sometimes replaced by the digit '3', is the Egyptian ''[[Egyptian alef|alef]].'')

It is also possible to use the hieroglyph of the pintail duck without a link to its meaning in order to represent the two [[phoneme]]s ''s'' and ''ꜣ'', independently of any vowels that could accompany these consonants, and in this way write the word: {{tlit|egy|sꜣ}} 'son', or when complemented by other signs detailed below{{Clarify|reason=phrase seems ungrammatical; meant might be: "or when complemented by the context ''of'' other signs detailed further in the text"|date=September 2019}} {{tlit|egy|sꜣ}} 'keep', 'watch'; and {{tlit|egy|sꜣṯ.w}} 'hard ground'. For example:

<hiero>G38</hiero>{{spaced ndash}}the characters {{tlit|egy|sꜣ}};

<hiero>G38-Z1s</hiero>{{spaced ndash}}the same character used only in order to signify, according to the context, 'pintail duck' or, with the appropriate determinative, 'son', two words having the same or similar consonants:

<hiero>z:G38-A-A47-D54</hiero>{{spaced ndash}}the character {{tlit|egy|sꜣ}} as used in the word {{tlit|egy|sꜣw}} 'keep', 'watch'{{Clarify|date=June 2009|reason=please make this a clear English sentence: use "and", break up long sentence, and use correct punctuation, similar to the clearer examples below.}}

As in the [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]] script, not all vowels were written in Egyptian hieroglyphs; it is debatable whether vowels were written at all. Possibly, as with Arabic, the semivowels {{IPA|/w/}} and {{IPA|/j/}} (as in English W and Y) could double as the vowels {{IPA|/u/}} and {{IPA|/i/}}. In modern transcriptions, an ''e'' is added between consonants to aid in their pronunciation. For example, {{tlit|egy|nfr}} 'good' is typically written ''nefer''. This does not reflect Egyptian vowels, which are obscure, but is merely a modern convention. Likewise, the ''ꜣ'' and ''ꜥ'' are commonly transliterated as ''a'', as in [[Ra]] (''rꜥ'').

Hieroglyphs are inscribed in rows of pictures arranged in horizontal lines or vertical columns.<ref name="Sir Alan H">Sir Alan H. Gardiner, ''Egyptian Grammar'', Third Edition Revised, [[Griffith Institute]] (2005), p. 25.</ref> Both hieroglyph lines as well as signs contained in the lines are read with upper content having precedence over content below.<ref name="Sir Alan H"/> The lines or columns, and the individual inscriptions within them, read from left to right in rare instances only and for particular reasons at that; ordinarily however, they read from right to left–the Egyptians' preferred direction of writing (although, for convenience, modern texts are often normalized into left-to-right order).<ref name="Sir Alan H"/> The direction toward which asymmetrical hieroglyphs face indicate their proper reading order. For example, when human and animal hieroglyphs face or look toward the left, they almost always must be read from left to right, and vice versa.

As in many ancient writing systems, words are not separated by blanks or punctuation marks. However, certain hieroglyphs appear particularly common only at the end of words, making it possible to readily distinguish words.

====Uniliteral signs====
[[File:Amada ( 110 miles south of Aswan, left bank ). Temple founded by Tuthmosis III.jpg|thumb|Hieroglyphs at Amada, at temple founded by [[Tuthmosis III]]]]
{{Main|Transliteration of Ancient Egyptian#Uniliteral signs}}
The Egyptian hieroglyphic script contained 24 uniliterals (symbols that stood for single consonants, much like letters in English). It would have been possible to write all Egyptian words in the manner of these signs, but the Egyptians never did so and never simplified their complex writing into a true alphabet.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gardiner |first=Alan H. |year=1973 |title=Egyptian Grammar |publisher=[[Griffith Institute]] |isbn=978-0-900416-35-4}}</ref>

Each uniliteral glyph once had a unique reading, but several of these fell together as [[Old Egyptian]] developed into [[Middle Egyptian]]. For example, the [[List of Egyptian hieroglyphs#S29|folded-cloth glyph]] ({{lang|egy|𓋴}}) seems to have originally been an [[voiceless alveolar fricative|/s/]] and the [[List of Egyptian hieroglyphs#O34|door-bolt glyph]] {{lang|egy|𓊃}}) a [[voiceless dental fricative|/θ/]] sound, but these both came to be pronounced {{IPA|/s/}}, as the {{IPA|/θ/}} sound was lost.{{Clarify|reason=This does not seem to be an example of a change from unique reading to non-unique reading, as suggested in the previous sentence. The ''reading'' of both glyphs is still unique; it's the ''writing'' of the sigle sound /s/ that has changed to non-unique.|date=September 2019}} A few uniliterals first appear in Middle Egyptian texts.

Besides the uniliteral glyphs, there are also the [[Egyptian biliteral signs|biliteral]] and [[Egyptian triliteral signs|triliteral]] signs, to represent a specific sequence of two or three consonants, consonants and vowels, and a few as vowel combinations only, in the language.

====Phonetic complements====
Egyptian writing is often redundant: in fact, it happens very frequently that a word is followed by several characters writing the same sounds, in order to guide the reader. For example, the word ''nfr'', "beautiful, good, perfect", was written with a unique triliteral that was read as ''nfr'':
::<hiero>nfr</hiero>

However, it is considerably more common to add to that triliteral, the uniliterals for ''f'' and ''r''. The word can thus be written as ''nfr+f+r'', but one still reads it as merely ''nfr''. The two alphabetic characters are adding clarity to the spelling of the preceding triliteral hieroglyph.

Redundant characters accompanying biliteral or triliteral signs are called ''[[phonetic complements]]'' (or complementaries). They can be placed in front of the sign (rarely), after the sign (as a general rule), or even framing it (appearing both before and after). Ancient Egyptian scribes consistently avoided leaving large areas of blank space in their writing and might add additional phonetic complements or sometimes even invert the order of signs if this would result in a more aesthetically pleasing appearance (good scribes attended to the artistic, and even religious, aspects of the hieroglyphs, and would not simply view them as a communication tool). Various examples of the use of phonetic complements can be seen below:

<blockquote>
: <hiero>S43-d-w</hiero> – ''md +d +w'' (the complementary ''d'' is placed after the sign) → it reads ''mdw'', meaning "tongue".

: <hiero>x:p-xpr:r-i-A40</hiero> – ''ḫ +p +ḫpr +r +j'' (the four complementaries frame the triliteral sign of the [[Dung beetle#Scarab in ancient Egypt|scarab]] beetle) → it reads ''ḫpr.j'', meaning the name "[[Khepri]]", with the final glyph being the determinative for 'ruler or god'.
</blockquote>

Notably, phonetic complements were also used to allow the reader to differentiate between signs that are [[homophones]], or which do not always have a unique reading. For example, the symbol of "the seat" (or chair):

<blockquote>
: <hiero>Q1</hiero> – This can be read ''st'', ''ws'' or ''ḥtm'', according to the word in which it is found. The presence of phonetic complements—and of the suitable determinative—allows the reader to know which of the three readings to choose:

:*1st Reading: '''st''' – <hiero>Q1-t:pr</hiero> – ''st'', written ''st+t''; the last character is the determinative of "the house" or that which is found there, meaning "seat, throne, place";

:: <hiero>Q1-t:H8</hiero> – ''st'' (written ''st+t''; the "egg" determinative is used for female personal names in some periods), meaning "[[Isis]]";

:*2nd Reading: '''ws''' – <hiero>Q1:ir-A40</hiero> – ''wsjr'' (written ''ws''+''jr'', with, as a phonetic complement, "the eye", which is read ''jr'', following the determinative of "god"), meaning "[[Osiris]]";

:*3rd Reading: '''ḥtm''' – <hiero>H-Q1-m:t-E17</hiero> – ''ḥtm.t'' (written ''ḥ+ḥtm+m+t'', with the determinative of "Anubis" or "the jackal"), meaning a kind of wild animal;

:: <hiero>H-Q1-t-G41</hiero> – ''ḥtm'' (written ''ḥ +ḥtm +t'', with the determinative of the flying bird), meaning "to disappear".
</blockquote>

Finally, it sometimes happens that the pronunciation of words might be changed because of their connection to Ancient Egyptian: in this case, it is not rare for writing to adopt a compromise in notation, the two readings being indicated jointly. For example, the adjective ''bnj'', "sweet", became ''bnr''. In Middle Egyptian, one can write:
::: <hiero>b-n:r-i-M30</hiero> – ''bnrj'' (written ''b+n+r+i'', with determinative)

which is fully read as ''bnr'', the ''j'' not being pronounced but retained in order to keep a written connection with the ancient word (in the same fashion as the [[English language]] words ''through'', ''knife'', or ''victuals'', which are no longer pronounced the way they are written).

===Semantic reading===
[[File:Comparative evolution of Cuneiform, Egyptian and Chinese characters.svg|thumb|Comparative evolution from pictograms to abstract shapes, in cuneiform, Egyptian and Chinese characters]]
Besides a phonetic interpretation, characters can also be read for their meaning: in this instance, [[logogram]]s are being spoken (or [[ideogram]]s) and ''semagrams'' (the latter are also called determinatives).{{Clarify|reason=sentence is ungrammatical or incomplete|date=September 2019}}<ref>Antonio Loprieno, Ancient Egyptian, A Linguistic Introduction, [[Cambridge University Press]] (1995), p. 13</ref>

====Logograms====
A hieroglyph used as a [[logogram]] defines the object of which it is an image. Logograms are therefore the most frequently used common nouns; they are always accompanied by a mute vertical stroke indicating their status as a logogram (the usage of a vertical stroke is further explained below); in theory, all hieroglyphs would have the ability to be used as logograms. Logograms can be accompanied by phonetic complements. Here are some examples:

:*<hiero>ra:Z1</hiero> – ''rꜥ'', meaning "sun";

:*<hiero>pr:Z1</hiero> – ''pr'', meaning "house";

:*<hiero>sw-t:Z1</hiero> – ''swt'' (''sw''+''t''), meaning "reed";

:*<hiero>Dw:Z1</hiero> – ''ḏw'', meaning "mountain".

In some cases, the semantic connection is indirect ([[metonymic]] or [[metaphor]]ic):

:*<hiero>nTr-Z1</hiero> – ''nṯr'', meaning "god"; the character in fact represents a temple flag (standard);

:*<hiero>G53-Z1</hiero> – ''bꜣ'', meaning "[[Ba (Egyptian soul)|Bâ]]" (soul); the character is the traditional representation of a "bâ" (a bird with a human head);

:*<hiero>G27-Z1</hiero> – ''dšr'', meaning "flamingo"; the corresponding phonogram means "red" and the bird is associated by [[metonymy]] with this color.

====Determinatives====
[[Determinative]]s or semagrams (semantic symbols specifying meaning) are placed at the end of a word. These mute characters serve to clarify what the word is about, as [[homophone|homophonic]] glyphs are common. If a similar procedure existed in English, words with the same spelling would be followed by an indicator that would not be read, but which would fine-tune the meaning: "retort [chemistry]" and "retort [rhetoric]" would thus be distinguished.

<div>
A number of determinatives exist: divinities, humans, parts of the human body, animals, plants, etc. Certain determinatives possess a [[Literal and figurative language|literal and a figurative meaning]]. For example, a roll of papyrus, <hiero>Y1</hiero>   is used to define "books" but also abstract ideas. The determinative of the [[plural]] is a shortcut to signal three occurrences of the word, that is to say, its plural (since the Egyptian language had a dual, sometimes indicated by two strokes). This special character is explained below.</div>

[[File:Extract from the Tale of the Two Brothers.jpg|thumb|Extract from the ''[[Tale of the Two Brothers]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Budge |first1=Wallis |title=Egyptian Language |date=1889 |pages=38–42 |url=https://archive.org/details/EgyptianLanguage/page/n49/mode/2up}}</ref>]]
Here are several examples of the use of determinatives borrowed from the book, ''Je lis les hiéroglyphes'' ("I am reading hieroglyphs") by Jean Capart, which illustrate their importance:

<hiero>nfr-w-A17-Z3</hiero> – ''nfrw'' (''w'' and the three strokes are the marks of the plural): [literally] "the beautiful young people", that is to say, the young military recruits. The word has a [[child (hieroglyph)|young-person determinative]] symbol: <hiero>A17</hiero> – which is the determinative indicating babies and children;
<hiero>nfr-:f:r:t-B1</hiero> – ''nfr.t'' (''.t'' is here the suffix that forms the feminine): meaning "the nubile young woman", with <hiero>B1</hiero> as the determinative indicating a woman;
<hiero>nfr-nfr-nfr-pr</hiero> – ''nfrw'' (the tripling of the character serving to express the plural, [[Inflection|flexional]] ending ''w'') : meaning "foundations (of a house)", with the house as a determinative, <hiero>pr</hiero>;
<hiero>nfr-f:r-S28</hiero> – ''nfr'' : meaning "clothing" with <hiero>S28</hiero>   as the determinative for lengths of cloth;
<hiero>nfr-W22:Z2ss</hiero> – ''nfr'' : meaning "wine" or "beer"; with a jug <hiero>W22</hiero>   as the determinative.

All these words have a meliorative connotation: "good, beautiful, perfect".{{citation needed|reason=Even the beer? The whole point here is that they have the same sign, but *different* meanings supplied by different determinatives.|date=March 2024}} The ''Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian'' by Raymond A. Faulkner, gives some twenty words that are read ''nfr'' or which are formed from this word.

===Additional signs===

====Cartouche====
[[File:LuxorTemple03.jpg|thumb|alt=Inscribed hieroglyphics cover an obelisk in foreground. A stone statue is in background.|Egyptian hieroglyphs with [[cartouche]]s for the name [[Ramesses II]], from the [[Luxor Temple]], [[New Kingdom of Egypt|New Kingdom]]]]
Rarely, the names of gods are placed within a [[cartouche]]; the two last names of the sitting king are always placed within a cartouche:

<hiero>< N5:Z1-i-Y5:n-A40 ></hiero>
jmn-rꜥ, "[[Amun-Ra]]";

<hiero>< q:E23-i-V4-p:d:r-A-t:H8 ></hiero>
qljwꜣpdrꜣ.t, "Cleopatra";

====Filling stroke====
A filling stroke is a character indicating the end of a [[quadrat (hieroglyph block)|quadrat]] that would otherwise be incomplete.

===Signs joined===
Some signs are the contraction of several others. These signs have, however, a function and existence of their own: for example, a forearm where the hand holds a scepter is used as a determinative for words meaning "to direct, to drive" and their derivatives.

====Doubling====
The doubling of a sign indicates its dual; the [[list of Egyptian hieroglyphs by common name: M-Z#P|tripling of a sign]] indicates its plural.

===Grammatical signs===
*The vertical stroke indicates that the sign is a logogram.
*Two strokes indicate the dual number, and the three strokes indicate the plural.
*The direct notation of flexional endings, for example: <hiero>W</hiero> 

==Spelling==
Standard [[orthography]]—"correct" spelling—in Egyptian is much looser than in modern languages. In fact, one or several variants exist for almost every word. One finds:

*Redundancies;
*Omission of [[graphemes]], which are ignored whether or not they are intentional;
*Substitutions of one grapheme for another, such that it is impossible to distinguish a "mistake" from an "alternate spelling";
*Errors of omission in the drawing of signs, which are much more problematic when the writing is cursive (hieratic) writing, but especially demotic, where the schematization of the signs is extreme.

However, many of these apparent spelling errors constitute an issue of chronology. Spelling and standards varied over time, so the writing of a word during the [[Old Kingdom of Egypt|Old Kingdom]] might be considerably different during the [[New Kingdom of Egypt|New Kingdom]]. Furthermore, the Egyptians were perfectly content to include older orthography ("historical spelling") alongside newer practices, as though it were acceptable in English to use archaic spellings in modern texts. Most often, ancient "spelling errors" are simply misinterpretations of context.{{citation needed|date=March 2024}} Today, hieroglyphists use numerous cataloguing systems (notably the ''[[Manuel de Codage]]'' and ''[[Gardiner's Sign List]]'') to clarify the presence of determinatives, ideograms, and other ambiguous signs in transliteration.

==Simple examples==
{{Hiero/1cartouche|align=left|era=pt |name=[[Ptolemaic dynasty|Ptolemy]]|nomen=<hiero>p:t-wA-l:M-i-i-s</hiero>}}

The glyphs in this [[cartouche]] are transliterated as:
{|
|- style="vertical-align:middle;" border="0"
| p t
| "ua"
| l m
| y (ii) s
|
| 
| 
'''Ptolmys'''
|}

though ''ii'' is considered a single letter and transliterated ''y''.

Another way in which hieroglyphs work is illustrated by the two Egyptian words pronounced ''pr'' (usually vocalised as ''per''). One word is 'house', and its hieroglyphic representation is straightforward:
<hiero>pr:Z1</hiero>
[[File:Name of Alexander the Great in Hieroglyphs circa 330 BCE.jpg|thumb|Name of [[Alexander the Great]] in hieroglyphs, {{cx|332 BC}}, Egypt. [[Louvre Museum]]]]
Here, the 'house' hieroglyph works as a logogram: it represents the word with a single sign. The vertical stroke below the hieroglyph is a common way of indicating that a glyph is working as a logogram.

Another word ''pr'' is the verb 'to go out, leave'. When this word is written, the 'house' hieroglyph is used as a phonetic symbol:
<hiero>pr:r-D54</hiero>
Here, the 'house' glyph stands for the consonants ''pr''. The 'mouth' glyph below it is a ''phonetic complement:'' it is read as ''r'', reinforcing the phonetic reading of ''pr''. The third hieroglyph is a ''determinative'': it is an [[ideogram]] for verbs of motion that gives the reader an idea of the meaning of the word.

=={{anchor|Encoding}}Encoding and font support==
{{main|Egyptian Hieroglyphs (Unicode block)|Egyptian Hieroglyphs Extended-A|Egyptian Hieroglyph Format Controls}}
Egyptian hieroglyphs were added to the [[Unicode]] Standard in October 2009 with the release of version 5.2 which introduced the [[Egyptian Hieroglyphs (Unicode block)|Egyptian Hieroglyphs]] block (U+13000–U+1342F).

{{As of|2013|July}}, four fonts, ''Aegyptus'', ''NewGardiner'', ''[[Noto fonts|Noto]] Sans Egyptian Hieroglyphs'' and ''JSeshFont'' support this range. Another font, ''[[Segoe UI Historic]]'', comes bundled with Windows 10 and also contains glyphs for the Egyptian Hieroglyphs block. Segoe UI Historic excludes three glyphs depicting [[phallus]] ([[Gardiner's sign list|Gardiner's]] [[List of Egyptian hieroglyphs#D|D52]], D52A D53, Unicode code points U+130B8–U+130BA).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.spludlow.co.uk/DrawPrint/Fonts.aspx#_Toc513634469 |title=Segoe UI Historic Phallus Microsoft Censorship – Fonts in the Spludlow Framework |website=Spludlow Framework |access-date=2019-05-13}}</ref>
{{Unicode chart Egyptian Hieroglyphs}}

The ''Egyptian Hieroglyphs Extended-A'' Unicode block is U+13460-U+143FF. It was added to the Unicode Standard in September 2024 with the release of version 16.0. This added 3995 characters in addition to the original 1072:
{{Unicode chart Egyptian Hieroglyphs Extended-A}}

The ''Egyptian Hieroglyph Format Controls'' Unicode block is U+13430-U+1345F. It was added to the Unicode Standard in March 2019 with the release of version 12.0:
{{Unicode chart Egyptian Hieroglyph Format Controls}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Ancient Egypt}}
*[[List of Egyptian hieroglyphs]]
**[[Gardiner's sign list]]
**[[Egyptian numerals]]
*[[Egyptian language]]
*[[Proto-Sinaitic script]]
*[[Manuel de Codage]]
*[[Champollion Museum (Vif)|Champollion Museum]]
*[[Hieratic]]
*[[Cursive hieroglyphs|Cursive Hieroglyphs]]
*[[Demotic Egyptian script|Demotic]]

==Notes and references==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |last=Adkins |first=Lesley |author2=Adkins, Roy |title=The Keys of Egypt: The Obsession to Decipher Egyptian Hieroglyphs |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-06-019439-0 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/keysofegyptobses00adki}}
*{{cite book |author=Allen, James P. |year=1999 |title=Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-77483-3}}
*{{cite book |author=Collier, Mark & Bill Manley |year=1998 |title=How to Read Egyptian Hieroglyphs: a step-by-step guide to teach yourself |publisher=British Museum Press |isbn=978-0-7141-1910-6 |title-link=How to Read Egyptian Hieroglyphs: A Step-by-step Guide to Teach Yourself}}
*[[James Davidson (historian)|Davidson, James]], "At the British Museum", ''[[London Review of Books]]'', vol. 45, no.3 (2 February 2023), pp. 26–27.
*{{cite book |author=Selden, Daniel L. |year=2013 |title=Hieroglyphic Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Literature of the Middle Kingdom |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=978-0-520-27546-1}}
*{{cite book |author=Faulkner, Raymond O. |author-link=Raymond O. Faulkner |year=1962 |title=Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian |publisher=Griffith Institute |isbn=978-0-900416-32-3}}
*{{cite book |author=Gardiner, Sir Alan H. |year=1957 |title=Egyptian Grammar: Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs, 3rd ed. revised |publisher=The Griffith Institute |title-link=Egyptian Grammar: Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs}}
*{{cite book |author=Hill, Marsha |title=''Gifts for the gods: images from Egyptian temples'' |location=New York |publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art |year=2007 |isbn=9781588392312 |url=http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15324coll10/id/74020}}
*{{cite book |author=Kamrin, Janice |year=2004 |title=Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphs: A Practical Guide |publisher=[[Harry N. Abrams, Inc.|Harry N. Abrams, Inc]] |isbn=978-0-8109-4961-4 |title-link=Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphs: A Practical Guide}}
*McDonald, Angela. ''Write Your Own Egyptian Hieroglyphs''. Berkeley: [[University of California Press]], 2007 (paperback, {{ISBN|0-520-25235-7}}).
*{{cite book |author=Erman, Adolf |year=1894 |title=Egyptian Grammar: with table of signs, bibliography, exercises for reading and glossary |publisher=[[Williams and Norgate]] |isbn=978-3862882045 |url=https://archive.org/details/egyptiangrammarw00ermauoft/page/n5/mode/2up}}

==External links==
{{wiktionary|hieroglyph}}
{{Commons category|Egyptian hieroglyphs}}
*[https://egyptra.pro/egyptian-hieroglyphs Egyptra - Egyptian Hieroglyphic Guide and Name Translator]
*[http://www.aldokkan.com/art/hieroglyphics.htm Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphics – Aldokkan]
*[http://www.egyptologyforum.org/glyphs.html Glyphs and Grammars] – Resources for those interested in learning hieroglyphs, compiled by Aayko Eyma
*[https://archive.today/20121205004306/http://www.isidore-of-seville.com/hieroglyphs/ Hieroglyphics!] – Annotated directory of popular and scholarly resources
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20030306061058/http://tigtail.org/TIG/M_View/TVM/E/Ancient/Egypt/Egypt-info/hieroglyphics/egyptian_writing.html Egyptian Language and Writing]
*[http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/singleitem/collection/p15324coll10/id/14742/rec/531 Full-text of ''The stela of Menthu-weser'']
*[https://github.com/nederhof/newgardiner Unicode Compliant Hieroglyphic Font] – From the University of St Andrews
*The [https://thotsignlist.org/ Thot Sign List] - an interactive hieroglyphic sign-list database.
*The [https://www.phrp.be/index.html Polychrome Hieroglyph Research Project] - a database of [[polychrome]] hieroglyphs.

{{Egyptian hieroglyphs navbox}}
{{Ancient Egypt topics}}
{{list of writing systems}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Egyptian Hieroglyphs}}
[[Category:Egyptian hieroglyphs| ]]
[[Category:4th-millennium BC establishments]]
[[Category:History of writing]]
[[Category:Writing systems of Africa]]
[[Category:Abjad writing systems]]
[[Category:Culture of ancient Egypt]]
[[Category:Vertical writing systems]]

Rajmahal

2026-03-13T22:58:53Z

MyIPL: refined intro based on references to improve readability

{{for|a palace in [[Mehsana]], [[Gujarat]], India|Rajmahal, Mehsana}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Rajmahal
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = Hills of rajmahal.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.05|N|87.84|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sahibganj]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 22,514
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages (*For language details see [[Rajmahal (community development block)#Language and religion]])
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = JH
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Rajmahal''' is a subdivisional town and a [[notified area]] in [[Rajmahal subdivision]] of the [[Sahebganj district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]]. It is situated at the banks of [[Ganges]] and was former capital of [[Bengal Subah]] under Mughal governor, [[Man Singh I]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=400| height=460| zoom=9
| coord={{coord|24|51|0|N|87|33|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in the Sahibganj, Godda and Pakur districts in Santhal Pargana Division''' M: municipality, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical/ religious/ tourist centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|25|5|15|N|87|28|20|E}} | label-pos1=top|label1= Bara Boarijore | numbered1=R| mark-title1=[[Bara Boarijore]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|24|40|41|N|87|10|19|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Poraiyahat| numbered2=R| mark-title2=[[Poraiyahat]] (R)
|mark-coord3={{coord|24|59|41|N|87|12|7|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3= Basantrai| numbered3=R| mark-title3=[[Basantrai, Godda]] (R)
|mark-coord4={{coord|25|9|2|N|87|19|20|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4= Belbadda| numbered4=R| mark-title4=[[Belbadda]] (R)
|mark-coord5={{coord|25|12|52|N|87|23|28|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5= Dhamri| numbered5=R| mark-title5=[[Dhamri]] (R)
|mark-coord6={{coord|25|5|50|N|87|14|0|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6= Hanwara| numbered6=R| mark-title6=[[Hanwara]] (R)
|mark-coord7={{coord|25|3|45|N|87|22|0|E}} | label-pos7=top|label7= Lalmatia| numbered7=R| mark-title7=[[Lalmatia, Godda]] (R)
|mark-coord8={{coord|25|11|40|N|87|22|17|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Mehrma| numbered8=R| mark-title8=[[Mehrma]] (R)
|mark-coord9={{coord|24|49|46|N|87|7|50|E}} | label-pos9=left|label9= Motia| numbered9=R| mark-title9=[[Motia]] (R)
|mark-coord10={{coord|25|4|30|N|87|14|20|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Parsa| numbered10=R| mark-title10=[[Parsa, Godda]] (R)
|mark-coord11={{coord|24|56|44|N|87|16|37|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11= Pathargama| numbered11=R| mark-title11=[[Pathargama, Godda]] (R)
|mark-coord12={{coord|24|55|10|N|87|20|50|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Rajabhitta| numbered12=R| mark-title12=[[Rajabhita]] (R)
|mark-coord13={{coord|24|45|18|N|87|21|43|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Sunderpahari| numbered13=R| mark-title13=[[Sunderpahari, Godda]] (R)
|mark-coord15={{coord|24|44|48|N|87|49|34|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15= Kotalpokhar| numbered15=R| mark-title15=[[Kotalpokhar]] (R)
|mark-coord16={{coord|25|8|37|N|87|29|55|E}} | label-pos16=top|label16= Mandro|labela16=Damin Bazar| numbered16=R| mark-title16=[[Mandro Damin Bazar]] (R)
|mark-coord17={{coord|25|15|14|N|87|29|43|E}} | label-pos17=left|label17= Mirzachauki| numbered17=R| mark-title17=[[Mirzachauki]] (R)
|mark-coord18={{coord|24|50|0|N|87|45|41|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Pathna| numbered18=R| mark-title18=[[Pathna, Sahibganj]] (R)
|mark-coord19={{coord|24|52|46|N|87|52|45|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19= Radhanagar| numbered19=R| mark-title19=[[Radhanagar, Sahibganj]] (R)
|mark-coord20={{coord|24|50|50|N|87|41|16|E}} | label-pos20=bottom|label20= Ranga| numbered20=R| mark-title20=[[Ranga, Sahibganj]] (R)
|mark-coord21={{coord|25|6|13|N|87|43|59|E}} | label-pos21=left|label21= Taljhari| numbered21=R| mark-title21=[[Taljhari, Sahibganj]] (R)
|mark-coord22={{coord|24|57|30|N|87|51|22|E}} | label-pos22=top|label22= Udhwa| numbered22=R| mark-title22=[[Udhwa]] (R)
|mark-coord23={{coord|24|32|0|N|87|34|18|E}} | label-pos23=right|label23= Amrapara| numbered23=R| mark-title23=[[Amrapara]] (R)
|mark-coord24={{coord|24|42|45|N|87|42|17|E}} | label-pos24=right|label24= Hiranpur| numbered24=R| mark-title24=[[Hiranpur]] (R)
|mark-coord25={{coord|24|41|41|N|87|37|1|E}} | label-pos25=left|label25= Litipara| numbered25=R| mark-title25=[[Litipara]] (R)
|mark-coord26={{coord|24|29|40|N|87|45|42|E}} | label-pos26=left|label26= Maheshpur| numbered26=R| mark-title26=[[Maheshpur, Pakur]] (R)
|mark-coord27={{coord|24|20|15|N|87|38|50|E}} | label-pos27= right|label27= Pakuria| numbered27=R| mark-title27= [[Pakuria]] (R)
|mark-coord28={{coord|24|32|14|N|87|30|17|E}} | label-pos28=top|label28= Panchuara| numbered28=R| mark-title28=[[Panchuara]] (R)
|mark-coord29={{coord|24|50|10|N|87|13|12|E}} | label-pos29=top|label29=Godda| numbered29=M| mark-title29= [[Godda]] (M) |label-size29=12 |label-color29=#800000
|mark-coord30={{coord|25|3|0|N|87|50|24|E}} | label-pos30=bottom|label30=Rajmahal| numbered30=M| mark-title30= Rajmahal (M) |shape-color30=black| label-size30=13|label-color30=black 
|mark-coord31={{coord|25|15|0|N|87|39|0|E}} | label-pos31=bottom|label31=Sahebganj| numbered31=M| mark-title31= [[Sahebganj]] (M) |label-size31=12 |label-color31=#800000
|mark-coord32={{coord|24|37|30|N|87|51|0|E}} | label-pos32=bottom|label32=Pakur| numbered32=M| mark-title32= [[Pakur]] (M) |label-size32=12 |label-color32=#800000
|mark-coord33={{coord|24|52|26|N|87|35|33|E}} | label-pos33=bottom|label33= Bhognadih| numbered33=H| mark-title33=[[Bhognadih]] (H) | shape-color33=#AA6666
|mark-coord34={{coord|25|15|39|N|87|32|18|E}} | label-pos34=top|label34= Teliagarhi| numbered34=H| mark-title34=[[Teliagarhi]] (H) | shape-color34=#AA6666
|mark-coord35={{coord|25|11|25|N|87|43|34|E}} | label-pos35=right|label35= Moti Jharna| numbered35=H| mark-title35=[[Moti Jharna]] (H) | shape-color35=#AA6666
|mark-coord36={{coord|25|14|50|N|87|42|55|E}} | label-pos36=right|label36= Sakrigali| numbered36=H| mark-title36=[[Sakrigali]] (H) | shape-color36=#AA6666
|mark-coord37={{coord|25|3|10|N|87|20|20|E}} | label-pos37=left|label37=Rajmahal coalfield |numbered37=0 | mark-title37=[[Rajmahal coalfield]] (A)| label-size37=12| shape-color37=#AA6666
|mark-coord38={{coord|25|1|10|N|87|18|50|E}}| label-pos38=bottom|label38=Mahagama| numbered38=CT| mark-title38= [[Mahagama]] (CT) |shape-color38= #A40000
|mark-coord39={{coord|24|48|21|N|87|19|27|E}}| label-pos39=left|label39=Sarauni| numbered39=CT| mark-title39= [[Sarauni]] (CT) |shape-color39= #A40000
|mark-coord40={{coord|24|51|10|N|87|46|37|E}}| label-pos40=top|label40=Barharwa| numbered40=CT| mark-title40= [[Barharwa]] (CT) |shape-color40= #A40000
|mark-coord41={{coord|24|54|30|N|87|37|20|E}}| label-pos41=right|label41=Berhait Bazar| numbered41=CT| mark-title41= [[Berhait Bazar]] (CT) |shape-color41= #A40000
|mark-coord42={{coord|24|54|50|N|87|35|40|E}}| label-pos42=top|label42=Berhait Santali| numbered42=CT| mark-title42= [[Berhait Santali]] (CT) |shape-color42= #A40000
|mark-coord43={{coord|25|2|5|N|87|35|55|E}}| label-pos43=top|label43=Borio| numbered43=CT| mark-title43= [[Borio, Sahibganj]] (CT) |shape-color43= #A40000
|mark-coord44={{coord|24|57|20|N|87|49|20|E}}| label-pos44=left|label44=Patra| numbered44=CT| mark-title44= [[Patra, Sahibganj]] (CT) |shape-color44= #A40000
|mark-coord45={{coord|25|0|0|N|87|44|26|E}}| label-pos45=left|label45=Tin Pahar| numbered45=CT| mark-title45= [[Tin Pahar]] (CT) |shape-color45= #A40000
|mark-coord46={{coord|24|55|45|N|87|50|32|E}}| label-pos46=left|label46=Kumarpur| numbered46=CT| mark-title46= [[Kumarpur]] (CT) |shape-color46= #A40000
|mark-coord47={{coord|24|38|40|N|87|53|15|E}}| label-pos47=left|label47=Raghunandanpur| numbered47=CT| mark-title47= [[Raghunandanpur]] (CT) |shape-color47= #A40000
|mark-coord48={{coord|24|40|13|N|87|51|5|E}}| label-pos48=left|label48=Sagarmpur| numbered48=CT| mark-title48= [[Sagarmpur]] (CT) |shape-color48= #A40000
|mark-coord49={{coord|25|15|30|N|87|43|0|E}} |label49= Ganges| label-color49 = #77A1CB| label-angle49=0| label-pos49=top| label-size49=10| mark-size49=0| mark-title49 =none
|mark-coord50={{coord|24|38|38|N|87|18|29|E}} | label-pos50=left|label50= Dewdanr| numbered50=R| mark-title50=[[Dewdanr]] (R)
|arc-coordA={{coord|24|20|0|N|87|25|0|E}}|arc-textA= RAJMAHAL HILLS| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-101| arc-gapA=2.7| arc-radiusA=1.15
|arc-coordB={{coord|25|18|0|N|87|15|0|E}}|arc-textB= BIHAR| arc-text-colorB=hard grey| arc-angleB=-40| arc-gapB=7.3| arc-radiusB=0.35
|arc-coordC={{coord|25|20|0|N|87|53|40|E}}|arc-textC= WEST BENGAL| arc-text-colorC=hard grey| arc-angleC=40| arc-gapC=5.0| arc-radiusC=0.4}}

===Area===
Rajmahal has an area of {{convert|7.5|km2}}.<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2007_PART_B_DCHB_SAHIBGANJ.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Sahibganj, Series 21, Part XII B| work = Page 25: District Primary Census Abstract, 2011 census| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand| access-date = 25 November 2020| archive-date = 16 November 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201116074753/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2007_PART_B_DCHB_SAHIBGANJ.pdf| url-status = live}}</ref>

===Overview===
The map shows a hilly area with the [[Rajmahal hills]] running from the bank of the [[Ganges]] in the extreme north to the south, beyond the area covered by the map into Dumka district. ‘Farakka’ is marked on the map and that is where [[Farakka Barrage]] is, just inside West Bengal. [[Rajmahal coalfield]] is shown in the map. The entire area is overwhelmingly rural with only small pockets of urbanisation.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.3120/page/n1/mode/2up |title = Bihar District Gazetteers: Santhal Parganas| first= P.C.|last=Roychoudhury | work= Chapter I: General | year=1965 |publisher= Secretariat Press, Patna, 1965 | access-date = 5 December 2020}}</ref>

Note: The full screen map is interesting. All places marked on the map are linked and you can easily move on to another page of your choice. Enlarge the map to see what else is there – one gets railway links, many more road links and so on.

== History ==
[[File:1907-bengal-sikkim3.jpg|right|thumb|1907 Map of Bengal with Sikkim]]
Rajmahal region was earlier ruled by [[Mal (caste)|Raja Mal]] sub-group of [[Mal Paharia people|Mal Paharia]] tribes. Earlier this place was known as "Agmahal" and is surrounded by [[Rajmahal hills]] on one side and river [[Ganges]] on another side. The region was also known as '[[Damin-i-koh|Daman-i-Koh]]' during Mughal rule.

In 1576, [[Battle of Rajmahal]] was fought between [[Mughal Empire|Mughal Emperor]], [[Akbar]] and Sultan of Bengal, [[Daud Khan Karrani]] of [[Karrani dynasty|Karrani Dynasty]]. After war, Daud Khan was captured and later executed by the Mughals.

Later, after the conquest of Odisha in 1592, [[Man Singh I|Raja Man Singh I]], Mughal governor of [[Bengal Subah]] came to Rajmahal. He chose the site for his capital in 1595–96 because of its strategic command of the [[Teliagarhi]] Pass and the Ganges River. [[Man Singh I|Raja Man Singh I]], also renamed the town in 1595 as 'Akbarnagar' in tribute to [[Akbar|Emperor Akbar]] and he also constructed palace, garden and mosque on behalf of Mughal rulers.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mansingh, Raja - Banglapedia|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Mansingh,_Raja|access-date=2020-09-28|website=en.banglapedia.org|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803184048/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Mansingh,_Raja|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1610, the capital of Bengal was transferred to [[Dhaka|Dacca]] (now Dhaka, Bangladesh) by [[Islam Khan I|Islam Khan]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Islam Khan Chisti - Banglapedia|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Islam_Khan_Chisti#:~:text=Islam%20Khan%20came%20out%20of,July%20of%20the%20same%20year.|access-date=2020-09-28|website=en.banglapedia.org|archive-date=2 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202002132/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Islam_Khan_Chisti#:~:text=Islam%20Khan%20came%20out%20of,July%20of%20the%20same%20year.|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1639, Rajmahal regained its glory and was once more made the capital of Bengal by [[Shah Shuja (Mughal prince)|Shah Shuja]], governor of [[Bengal Subah]] and second son of [[Shah Jahan|Emperor Shah Jahan]]. It continued as the seat of the Mughal Viceroy up to 1660 and a mint town till 1661.

In 1757, [[Battle of Plassey]] was fought between [[Robert Clive]] and Nawab of Bengal, [[Siraj ud-Daulah|Siraj-ud-Daulah]] where Nawab lost the war due to treachery of [[Mir Jafar]] and he fled from [[Murshidabad]] towards [[Patna]]. During his halt at Rajmahal, [[Siraj ud-Daulah|Siraj-ud-Daulah]] was captured by Mir Jafar's son Miran and was murdered at the site.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.probashionline.com/battle-plassey-god-fought-great-britain/|title=Battle of Plassey: God Fought for Great Britain|date=2015-04-19|website=Probashi|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-25|archive-date=4 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204161517/http://www.probashionline.com/battle-plassey-god-fought-great-britain/|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Udhwa|Battle of Udhwa nala]] at Rajmahal was fought between [[Mir Qasim]], and British in 1763. Nawab Mir Qasim was defeated by the British and fled with his family to the [[Rohtas district|Rohtas]] (Bihar), but was not able to hide at the Rohtasgarh Fort.

During British rule, [[Permanent Settlement]] was passed in 1793 and it forced the landlords to improve productivity of the land. The [[Santal people|Santals]] were increasingly used for land reclamation and improvement and further Santals got permanently settled in the region. British also constructed Neel-Kothi for process and storage of Neel ([[Indigofera|Indigo]]) which was used for dying cotton cloth.<ref>Sarkar, Jadunath (1984). ''A History of Jaipur, c. 1503-1938'', New Delhi: Orient Longman, {{ISBN|81-250-0333-9}}, p.81</ref>

Later, Daman-i-Koh became the origin of [[Santhal rebellion|Santhal Rebellion]] and leaders like [[Sidhu and Kanhu Murmu]], Chand and Bhairab, etc. and they fought against the British colonial authority and the corrupt zamindari system mobilizing more than 10,000 Santhals.

==Geology==
[[Rajmahal hills|Plant Fossil bearing Inter-trappean beds of Rajmahal Formation]] nearby has been declared the [[List of National Geological Monuments in India|National Geological Monuments of India]] by the [[Geological Survey of India]] (GSI), for their protection, maintenance, promotion and enhancement of [[geotourism]].<ref name=gsi1>{{Cite web |url=http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/portal/page?_pageid=127,529542&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL |title=National Geological Monument, from Geological Survey of India website |access-date=21 January 2019 |archive-date=12 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712055947/http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/portal/page?_pageid=127,529542&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="gsi2">{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=137573|title=Geo-Heritage Sites|date=2016-03-09|website=pib.nic.in|publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]]|access-date=2018-09-15|archive-date=1 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035501/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=137573|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=gsi3>[http://naturalheritage.intach.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Geoheritage-Monograph.pdf national geo-heritage of India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111120428/http://naturalheritage.intach.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Geoheritage-Monograph.pdf |date=11 January 2017 }}, [[Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage|INTACH]]</ref>

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Rajmahal had a total population of 22,514, of which 11,755 (52%) were males and 10,730 (48%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 3,985. The total number of literate persons in Rajmhal was 11,618 (62.70% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census2011/>
{{bar box
|title=Religions Rajmahal (2011)
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|orange|52.59}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|47.09}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|blue|0.24}}
{{bar percent|Others|black|0.08}}
|caption=Distribution of religions
}}
===Languages===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages spoken in Rajmahal Town (2011)<ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16T/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-2000.XLSX 2011 census data] censusindia.gov.in</ref>
|label1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|value1= 72.62
|color1 =orange
|label2= [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|value2=19.64
|color2=red
|label3 = [[Urdu language| Urdu]]
|value3 = 3.69
|color3 =green
|label4 = [[ Khortha language| Khortha]]
|value4 =1.87
|color4 =pink
|label5 = [[Bhojpuri language| Bhojpuri]]
|value5= 1.27
|color5 = yellow
|label6 = Others
|value6= 0.32
|color6 = white
}}

==Infrastructure==
According to the ''District Census Handbook 2011, Sahibganj'', Rajmahal covered an area of 7.5 km2. Among the civic amenities, it had 10 km roads with both open and closed drains, the protected water supply involved hand pump, uncovered well. It had 4,025 domestic electric connections, 456 road lighting points. Among the medical facilities, it had 3 hospitals, 2 dispensaries, 2 health centres, 1 family welfare centre, 6 maternity and child welfare centres, 1 maternity home, 1 TB hospital/ clinic, 1 nursing home, 1 charitable hospital/ nursing home, 1 veterinary hospital, 20 medicine shops. Among the educational facilities it had 15 primary schools, 6 middle schools, 2 secondary schools, 2 senior secondary schools, 1 general degree college, 1 non-formal education centre (Sarva Sikhsha Abhiyan). Among the social, cultural and recreational facilities, it had 2 cinema theatres, 2 auditorium/ community halls, 2 public libraries, 2 reading rooms. Three important commodities it produced were china clay products, electrical goods, wooden goods. It had the branch offices of 3 nationalised banks, 1 private commercial bank, 1 cooperative bank, 2 agricultural credit society.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2007_PART_A_DCHB_SAHIBGANJ.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Dumka, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 896-902 | publisher = Directorate of census Operations, Jharkhand | access-date = 23 November 2020 | archive-date = 14 November 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191114100822/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2007_PART_A_DCHB_SAHIBGANJ.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref>

==Tourist attractions==
*[[Teliagarhi|Teliagarhi Fort]], It was built by family of Teli Zamindar before Islamic rule in the region. Teliagarhi is also called 'Ancient Gateway of Bengal'.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bordernews.in/2018/06/08/ancient-gateway-of-bengal-teliagadhi-of-jharkhand/|title=Ancient Gateway of Bengal: Teliagadhi of Jharkhand|last=Verma|first=Brajesh|date=2018-06-08|website=Border News|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-25|archive-date=2 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702194110/http://bordernews.in/2018/06/08/ancient-gateway-of-bengal-teliagadhi-of-jharkhand/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*The Jami Mosque, built in reign of [[Akbar|Emperor Akbar]] at Mangalhat
*Baradari, build by Fateh Jung khan, a wealthy zamindar of Bengal. Half of the structure was bombed by Mughal governor, Man Singh.
*Akbari Mosque built in 1556 by Mughal governor, [[Man Singh I]]
*Palace of [[Shah Shuja (Mughal prince)|Shah Shuja]], consists Singhi Dalan, a marble pavilion facing the river Ganges<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/intach-aid-for-mughal-monuments/cid/609835|title=Intach aid for Mughal monuments|website=www.telegraphindia.com|language=en|access-date=2020-04-25|archive-date=5 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205132513/https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/intach-aid-for-mughal-monuments/cid/609835|url-status=live}}</ref>
*Palace of [[Mir Qasim|Mīr Qasīm]], Nawab of Bengal.
*Tomb of Maina-Bibi, built in 1779. Historian H.M Qureshi has identified the tomb with Munni Begum, who was a Begum of the harem of Nawab Mir Jaffer of Bengal
*Tomb of Miran, son of [[Mir Jafar]], Nawab of Bengal
*Neel Kothi, built by British
*Taksal of [[Jagat Seth]], notable banker of Bengal
*Kanhaiyasthan, It is believed that the place was visited by [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]]
*Shivgadi, a cave temple of Hindu god, Shiva
*[[Bhognadih]], the place where [[Santhal rebellion|Santhal Rebellion]] initiated, a monument is also erected on the place and every year Shaheed Mela is organised
*[[Moti Jharna]] waterfalls
*[[Udhwa|Udhwa Bird Sanctuary]]

==Rajmahal paintings gallery==
<gallery widths="180" heights="150">
File:AkbariMosqueOverlookingGanges-Sita-Ram1804.jpg|Akbari mosque overlooking the Ganges at Rajmahal
File:William Hodges - Tomb and Distant View of the Rajmahal Hills - B1978.43.1765 - Yale Center for British Art.jpg|''Tomb and Distant View of the Rajmahal Hills'', [[William Hodges]], [[Yale Center for British Art]]
File:'Tomb and Distant View of Rajmahal Hills' (1782) by William Hodges.jpg|Tomb with a distant view of the Rajmahal hills by [[William Hodges]]
File:William Hodges - A View of the Gate of the Caravan Serai at Raje Mahel (Rajmahal) - B1978.43.1726 - Yale Center for British Art.jpg|''A View of the Gate of the Caravan Serai at Rajmahal'', [[William Hodges]], [[Yale Center for British Art]]
File:Gateway to the caravanserai at Rajmahal, Bihar. Coloured etc Wellcome V0050431.jpg|Gateway to a caravan serai at Rajmhal by [[William Hodges]]
File:Sontalvillage.jpg|Santal village at Rajmahal (wood etching)
File:William Hodges - View of a Mausoleum at Rajmahal - B1978.43.1781 - Yale Center for British Art.jpg|''View of a Mausoleum at Rajmahal'', 1781, [[William Hodges]], [[Yale Center for British Art]]
File:William Hodges - View of the Rajmahal Hills - B1978.43.1768 - Yale Center for British Art.jpg|''View of the Rajmahal Hills'', 1782, [[William Hodges]], [[Yale Center for British Art]]
File:William Hodges - View of the Rajmahal Hills With a Sentenial in the Foreground - B1978.43.1740 - Yale Center for British Art.jpg|''View of the Rajmahal Hills With a Sentenial in the Foreground'', [[William Hodges]], [[Yale Center for British Art]]
File:William Hodges - Ruins of Prince Shuja's Palace at Rajmahal - B1978.43.1773 - Yale Center for British Art.jpg|''Ruins of Prince Shuja's Palace at Rajmahal'', [[William Hodges]], [[Yale Center for British Art]]
File:Samuel Davis - Old Mosque at Rajemahl (Rajmahal) - B1977.14.271 - Yale Center for British Art.jpg|''Old Mosque at Rajemahl'', [[Samuel Davis (orientalist)|Samuel Davis]], [[Yale Center for British Art]]
File:Samuel Davis - River View near Rajmahal - B1977.14.181 - Yale Center for British Art.jpg|''River View near Rajmahal'', [[Samuel Davis (orientalist)|Samuel Davis]], [[Yale Center for British Art]]
</gallery>

==Administration==
===Assembly segments===
Presently, Rajmahal Lok Sabha constituency comprises the following six [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jharkhand.gov.in/ceo/2005/constituencies.html|title=Parliamentary Constituency|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Jharkhand website|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226080317/http://www.jharkhand.gov.in/ceo/2005/constituencies.html|archive-date=26 February 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable" width="350px"
!width="50px" style="font-size:75%"|Constituency number
!width="150px"|Name
!width="150px" style="font-size:75%"|Reserved for ([[Dalit|SC]]/[[Adivasi|ST]]/None)
!width="250px"|District
|-
|1
|[[Rajmahal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rajmahal]]
|None
|Sahebganj
|-
|2
|[[Borio (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Borio]]
|ST
|Sahebganj
|-
|3
|[[Barhait (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Barhait]]
|ST
|Sahebganj
|-
|4
|[[Litipara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Litipara]]
|ST
|Pakur
|-
|5
|[[Pakaur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pakaur]]
|None
|Pakur
|-
|6
|[[Maheshpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Maheshpur]]
|ST
|Pakur
|}

===Members of Parliament===
The [[Rajmahal (Lok Sabha constituency)]] is centered around the city and [[Vijay Hansdak|Vijay Kumar Hansdak]] is the M.P of the region from [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|Jharkhand Mukti Morch]].

==See also==
* [[Rajmahal hills]]
*[[Battle of Rajmahal]]
* [[Sahebganj district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Jharkhand}}
{{Santhal Pargana Division topics}}
{{Santhal Parganas Division}}

[[Category:Sahibganj district]]
[[Category:Pakur district]]
[[Category:History of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Former capitals in India]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Sahibganj district]]

Amazônia-1

2026-03-12T21:14:18Z

MyIPL: fixed details additionally to improve readability

{{Short description|Brazilian earth observation satellite}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name = Amazônia-1
| names_list = SSR-1 Satélite de Sensoriamento Remoto-1
| image = Amazonia 1 PMM with Payload Module.jpg
| image_caption = Amazônia-1 coupled with Payload Module.
| image_size = 300px

| mission_type = [[Earth observation]]
| operator = [[National Institute for Space Research|INPE]]
| COSPAR_ID = 2021-015A
| SATCAT = 47699
| website = {{URL|http://www.inpe.br/amazonia1/en/|Amazon Mission}}
| mission_duration = {{time interval|2021-02-28 04:54:00||show=ymd}} (elapsed) 4 years (planned)<ref name="amazoniabrochure"/>
| orbits_completed =

| spacecraft_bus = MMP
| manufacturer = INPE
| launch_mass = {{cvt|637|kg}}<ref name="amazoniabrochure">{{cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/pslv-c51-amazonia-1/pslv-c51-amazonia-1-brochure|title=PSLV-C51/Amazonia-1 Brochure|publisher=ISRO|date=23 February 2021|access-date=23 February 2021|archive-date=23 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210223104252/https://www.isro.gov.in/pslv-c51-amazonia-1/pslv-c51-amazonia-1-brochure|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| power =

| launch_date = 28 February 2021, 04:54 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Lançamento do satélite Amazonia 1 adiado para o dia 28 de fevereiro |url=http://www.inpe.br/noticias/noticia.php?Cod_Noticia=5652|access-date=14 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Satélite brasileiro é embarcado para a Índia para lançamento |url=https://www.sjc.sp.gov.br/noticias/2020/dezembro/22/satelite-brasileiro-e-embarcado-para-a-india-para-lancamento/|access-date=1 January 2021}}</ref>
| launch_rocket = [[PSLV-C51]]<ref name="pslvc51">{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/science/space/news/isro-to-kick-off-2021-by-launching-its-first-indian-start-up-passenger-into-space-abroad-the-pslv-c51/articleshow/79780410.cms|title=ISRO to kick off 2021 by launching its first Indian start-up passenger into space aboard the PSLV-C51 |publisher=Business Insider|date=17 December 2020}}</ref>
| launch_site = [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre#First Launch Pad|First Launch Pad, Satish Dhawan Space Centre]]
| launch_contractor = [[NewSpace India Limited]]<ref name="PR_20210228">{{cite web|title=PSLV-C51, the first dedicated launch by NSIL, successfully launches Amazonia-1 and 18 Co-passenger satellites from Sriharikota|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/28-feb-2021/pslv-c51-first-dedicated-launch-nsil-successfully-launches-amazonia-1-and-18-co|publisher=ISRO|access-date=28 February 2021|archive-date=19 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319035119/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/28-feb-2021/pslv-c51-first-dedicated-launch-nsil-successfully-launches-amazonia-1-and-18-co|url-status=dead}}</ref>

| disposal_type =
| deactivated =
| last_contact =
| decay_date =

| orbit_reference = [[Geocentric orbit]]
| orbit_regime = [[Sun-synchronous orbit]]
| orbit_periapsis = {{cvt|748.6|km}}<ref name="n2yo">{{cite web|url=http://www.n2yo.com/satellite/?s=47699|title=Amazonia 1|website=n2yo.com|access-date=February 28, 2021}}</ref>
| orbit_apoapsis = {{cvt|764.4|km}}<ref name="n2yo"/>
| orbit_inclination = 98.5089°<ref name="n2yo"/>
| orbit_eccentricity = 0.011083<ref name="n2yo"/>
| orbit_semimajor = {{cvt|7,127|km}}<ref name="n2yo"/>
| orbit_period = 99.8 minutes<ref name="n2yo"/>

| orbit_RAAN = 135.0747°<ref name="n2yo"/>
| orbit_arg_periapsis = 261.1190°<ref name="n2yo"/>
| orbit_mean_anomaly = 98.8578°<ref name="n2yo"/>
| orbit_epoch = 28 February 2021
| apsis = gee

| instrument_type = camera
| telescope_name = Advanced Wide Field Imager (AWFI)
| telescope_resolution = {{cvt|60|m}}
| telescope_area = {{cvt|850|km}}
| telescope_wavelength = VIS-NIR band

| insignia = Amazônia-1 patch.jpg
| insignia_caption = Amazônia-1 patch satellite
| insignia_size = 200px
}}

The '''Amazônia-1''' or '''SSR-1''' (in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]: ''Satélite de Sensoriamento Remoto-1''), is the second [[Earth observation satellite]] developed entirely in [[Brazil]], the first being the [[Satélite_de_Coleta_de_Dados|SCD]] series of earth orbiters launched in 1993 which are still in operation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.inovacaotecnologica.com.br/noticias/noticia.php?artigo=amazonia-1-sera-o-primeiro-satelite-totalmente-desenvolvido-pelo-brasil|trans-title=Amazonia-1 will be the first satellite developed entirely by Brazil|language=Portuguese|title=Amazônia-1 será o primeiro satélite totalmente desenvolvido pelo Brasil|date=22 July 2008 |access-date=April 9, 2013}}</ref> Argentinian company [[INVAP]] supplied some components like the main computer, attitude controls and sensors. Brazilian scientists also exchanged information and gave inputs to the Argentine team in the development of such equipment to better suit their needs, and also received training on how to operate it.<ref>{{Cite web|last=ANIMUS|date=2021-02-28|title=Se lanzó Amazonia-1, el primer satélite brasileño con componentes de INVAP|url=https://www.invap.com.ar/se-lanzo-amazonia-1-el-primer-satelite-brasileno-con-componentes-de-invap/|access-date=2021-03-06|website=INVAP - Investigación Aplicada|language=es-ES}}</ref>

The satelite was launched at 04:54:00 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] (10:24:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]) on 28 February 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.obt.inpe.br/OBT/noticias/definido-o-lancamento-do-satelite-brasileiro-amazonia-1|title=Definido o lançamento do satélite brasileiro Amazonia-1 — Coordenação-Geral de Observação da Terra|website=obt.inpe.br|access-date=2018-12-16|archive-date=16 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216074909/http://www.obt.inpe.br/OBT/noticias/definido-o-lancamento-do-satelite-brasileiro-amazonia-1|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.inpe.br/noticias/noticia.php?Cod_Noticia=5358|title=Satélite Amazônia-1 começa a ser fechado para a realização de testes ambientais|website=inpe.br|language=pt-br|access-date=2020-02-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Satélite de monitoramento da Amazônia deverá ser lançado em fevereiro|url=https://www.gov.br/pt-br/noticias/educacao-e-pesquisa/2020/07/satelite-de-monitoramento-da-amazonia-devera-ser-lancado-em-fevereiro|access-date=2020-07-26|publisher=Governo do Brasil|language=pt-br}}</ref> Operations will be joint with the [[China–Brazil Earth Resources Satellite program]] (CBERS-4) satellite.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://noticias.terra.com.br/ciencia/interna/0,,OI3465463-EI301,00.html|trans-title=INPE acquires components for the satellite Amazonia-1|language=Portuguese|title=Inpe adquire componentes para o satélite Amazônia-1|access-date=April 9, 2013}}</ref>

== Background ==
[[File:Amazonia 1 assembled.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|left|Amazonia 1 assembled]]

In the early 1990s, the design of SSR (Satélite de Sensoriamento Remoto) satellites, Amazônia-1 precursor, was revised and [[Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais]] (INPE) technicians proposed replacing the polar orbit by an equatorial orbit, and this proposal was accepted. That made sense at that time as Brazil already had polar orbit coverage with the CBERS satellites. SSR-1 suffered several delays, either by lack of resources, or bid disputes. The effective start only occurred in 2001, when a contract was signed for the development of a multi-mission platform specifically, at the time, for this purpose.

In 2001, a joint study between the INPE and [[German Aerospace Center]] (DLR) was published, found that most of the SSR-1 requirements can be met by two sensors: the Camera [[Visible spectrum|VIS]] / [[Near-infrared spectroscopy|NIR]] and other [[Infrared|MIR]].<ref>Rudorff, Bernardo (10/04/2003), [http://marte.dpi.inpe.br/col/ltid.inpe.br/sbsr/2002/11.18.18.10/doc/17_420.pdf O SATÉLITE DE SENSORIAMENTO REMOTO SSR-1 PARA MONITORAMENTO DA AMAZÔNIA], INPE, Retrieved 15 May 2016</ref> However, with the publication PNAE=(?) review in 2005, the SSR-1 ceased to be a priority.

== Update ==
[[File:PSLV-C51, Amazônia-1 launch 001.jpg|thumb|left|Launch of Amazônia-1|259x259px]]

Between September and October 2012, a structural model of the Amazônia-1 satellite was subjected to a series of vibration test.

In the latest review of the PNAE, published in January 2013, the Amazônia-1 resurfaced with the same name, and even successors were planned (Amazon-1B in 2017 and Amazon-2 in 2018). However, with polar orbit as a design feature, the release dates of these satellites can not be met. The Amazônia-1 schedule is already delayed by two years.<ref>[http://www.aeb.gov.br/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/PNAE-Portugues.pdf PROGRAMA NACIONAL DE ATIVIDADES ESPACIAIS 2012-2021] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322032820/http://www.aeb.gov.br/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/PNAE-Portugues.pdf |date=22 March 2016 }} [[Brazilian Space Agency]] 22 January 2013 Retrieved 15 May 2016</ref>

The satellite was originally supposed to launch on a Brazilian [[VLS-1]] rocket, but the program was cancelled.

The satellite was successfully launched on 28 February 2021 aboard ISRO's [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle]] ([[PSLV-C51]]) from the First Launch Pad of [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]].<ref name="latam2020">{{cite news|date=11 May 2018|title=Amazonia-1 será lanzado en 2020|language=spanish|agency=LATAM Satelital |url=http://latamsatelital.com/16255-2/|access-date=11 May 2018}}</ref><ref name=":0"/><ref name="pslvc51"/> The cost of launch was nearly USD 26 million.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-08 |title=Brazilian-made satellite begins deforestation monitoring mission |url=https://brazilian.report/tech/2021/03/08/first-brazilian-made-satellite-begins-deforestation-monitoring-mission/ |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=The Brazilian Report |language=en-US}}</ref>
[[File:Amazônia 1 with its solar panels deployed.jpg|left|thumb|218x218px|Amazônia 1 in orbit with its solar panels deployed.]]

===Post-launch===
On March 2, 2021, journalist and science communicator Salvador Nogueira reported that according to trackers in the United States, the satellite may be tipping over in its orbit, but that the situation wasn't irreversible.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://olhardigital.com.br/2021/03/03/ciencia-e-espaco/amazonia-1-fora-de-controle/|title=Satélite Brasileiro Amazônia-1 pode estar fora de controle, afirmam especialistas|language=pt-br|date=2021-03-03|accessdate=2021-03-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303135706/https://olhardigital.com.br/2021/03/03/ciencia-e-espaco/amazonia-1-fora-de-controle/|archivedate=2021-03-03|url-status=live}}</ref> This occurred after the satellite was put into "mission mode," which triggered a safety program where the satellite was in an attitude that ensured its solar panels were exposed to the Sun.<ref name=Proble>{{Cite web|url=https://mensageirosideral.blogfolha.uol.com.br/2021/03/07/depois-de-apuros-em-modo-de-sobrevivencia-amazonia-1-ja-faz-imagens-do-brasil/|title=Depois de apuros em modo de 'sobrevivência', Amazônia-1 já faz imagens do Brasil|language=pt-br|date=2021-03-07|accessdate=2021-03-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308183242/https://mensageirosideral.blogfolha.uol.com.br/2021/03/07/depois-de-apuros-em-modo-de-sobrevivencia-amazonia-1-ja-faz-imagens-do-brasil/|archivedate=2021-03-08|url-status=live}}</ref> The journalist later posted on Twitter that the situation may be due to the satellite's release and that it had already been resolved, but is awaiting word from INPE.<ref>{{Cite tweet |user=salnog |number=1367105428514099201 |date=2021-03-03 |title=UPDATE na história do Amazonia-1. PARECE que o caso da rotação anômala veio na liberação e agora já está estabilizado/recuperado. Mas seguimos aguardando manifestação oficial do Inpe.|language=pt-br}}</ref> Later Clezio di Nardin, INPE's director, confirmed that the satellite operates normally and is going through the qualification phase, which will last until March 15.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mensageirosideral.blogfolha.uol.com.br/2021/03/03/inpe-diz-que-operacao-do-amazonia-1-esta-normal/|title=Inpe diz que operação do Amazônia-1 está normal|language=pt-br|date=2021-03-03|accessdate=2021-03-03|author=Salvador Nogueira|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303162320/https://mensageirosideral.blogfolha.uol.com.br/2021/03/03/inpe-diz-que-operacao-do-amazonia-1-esta-normal/|archivedate=2021-03-03|url-status=live}}</ref> The position of Clezio di Nardin and of [[Marcos Pontes]], [[Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (Brazil)|Minister of Science]], was that nothing unusual had happened.<ref name=Proble/>

{{Clear}}

== Features ==
[[File:Amazonia_1_with_MLI_installed_001.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|left|Amazonia 1 with [[Multi-layer insulation|MLI]] installed]]

The current design features are as follows:
* Orbit: [[Sun-synchronous orbit]]
* Period of Earth imaging: 4 days
* Optical sighting wide imaging (camera with 3 bands in the [[Visible spectrum|visible]] (VIS) and 1 band in the [[Near-infrared spectroscopy|near-infrared]] (NIR))
* Observation range: {{cvt|850|km}}<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=https://spaceflight.com/spaceflight-awarded-contract-to-launch-brazils-amazonia-1-spacecraft/|title=Spaceflight Awarded Contract to Launch Brazil's Amazonia-1 Spacecraft|date=2018-12-18|publisher=Spaceflight.com|access-date=2020-01-23}}</ref> with {{cvt|60|m}} resolution.
* Platform: Multi-Mission Platform (MMP)
* Weight: {{cvt|637|kg}}

== Instruments ==
* '''Advanced Wide Field Imager (AWFI)''', is a {{cvt|60|m}} resolution camera.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://database.eohandbook.com/database/instrumentsummary.aspx?instrumentID=405|title=The Ceos Database: Instrument Summary - AWFI|publisher=Database.eohandbook.com|access-date=2014-03-08}}</ref>

== Amazônia-2 ==
The '''Amazônia-2''' satellite was planned for launch in 2022 to replace its predecessor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inpe.br/noticias/arquivos/pdf/Plano_diretor_miolo.pdf|title=Plano Diretor 2011 - 2015 |publisher=Inpe.br|access-date=2014-03-08}}</ref>

{{Clear}}

== Gallery ==
{{Gallery|File:AMZ1 WFI 20210303 Bolivia.jpg|Colored composition showing the Manuripi-Heath Amazon National Wildlife Reserve, in Bolivia.|File:AMZ1 WFI 20210303 SaoPaulo.jpg|Real color image showing the metropolitan region of São Paulo and its surroundings.|File:AMZ1 WFI 20210303 RepresaSobradinho.jpg|True color image showing the Sobradinho reservoir, Rio São Francisco, and its surroundings.|File:AMZ1 WFI 20210303 Ibotirama.jpg|True color image of the city of Ibotirama, BA, the São Francisco River, and surroundings.|File:AMZ1 WFI 20210303 RiodeJaneiro.jpg|Colored composition showing the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro and its surroundings|File:Burketown, Australia - Image captured by the Amazônia-1 satellite on May 12, 2021.jpg|Burketown, Australia on 12 May 2021|File:Capitais do Brasil pelo Amazonia-1 Brazil's capitals from Amazonia-1 Curitiba PR (51714921452).jpg|Ilha do Mel and Curitiba on 11 April 2021|File:Capitais do Brasil pelo Amazonia-1 Brazil's capitals from Amazonia-1 Brasília DF (51715717881).jpg|Brasília on 11 April 2021|File:Sinop - Image captured by the Amazônia-1 satellite on 5 May 2021.jpg| Sinop on 5 May 2021|title=Images by Wide Field Imager|width=150|height=100|align=center|footer=via INPE}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Spaceflight}}
* [[Brazilian space program]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Commons category}}
{{Brazil space program}}
{{Orbital launches in 2021}}
{{Rest of the World Reconnaissance Satellites}}

[[Category:Spacecraft launched in 2021]]
[[Category:2021 in Brazil]]
[[Category:Earth observation satellites of Brazil]]
[[Category:Earth imaging satellites]]

Sayyid dynasty

2026-03-12T05:55:54Z

MyIPL: minor edit

{{Short description|Rulers of the Delhi Sultanate (1414–1451)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox country
| native_name = سید
| conventional_long_name = Sayyid
| common_name = Sayyid dynasty
| year_start = 1414
| year_end = 1451
| date_start = 28 May
| date_end = 20 April
| event_start =
| event_end =
| p1 = Tughlaq dynasty
| s2 = Langah Sultanate
| s1 = Lodi dynasty
| image_map = {{Location map+
|South Asia
| overlay_image= Map of the Sayyid Dynasty.png
| border =none
|width = 290 
| image-width = 290 
| image-left=0 | image-top=0
| float = center
| places =
{{Annotation|10|20|[[Timurid Empire|TIMURID EMPIRE]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|text-align=center|font-size=9|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|110|35|[[Shah Mir dynasty|SHAH MIR SULTANATE]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|text-align=center|font-size=6.5|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|160|105|[[Jaunpur Sultanate|JAUNPUR SULTANATE]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=5|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|170|50|[[Phagmodrupa dynasty|PHAGMODRUPAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|text-align=center|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|50|95|[[Samma dynasty|SAMMAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|text-align=center|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|10|96|[[Principality of Kalmat|'''KALMAT''']]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|65|125|[[Gujarat Sultanate|GUJARAT SULTANATE]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|110|155|[[Bahmani Sultanate|BAHMANI SULTANATE]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|70|105|[[Rajputana|RAJPUTANA]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|105|134|[[Farooqui dynasty|KHANDESH SULTANATE]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|118|101|[[Tomaras of Gwalior|TOMARAS]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|237|113|[[Twipra Kingdom|TRIPWA]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|165|145|[[Eastern Ganga dynasty|EASTERN GANGAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|text-align=center|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|180|95|[[Chero dynasty|'''CHEROS''']]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|250|94|[[Ahom kingdom|AHOM]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|text-align=center|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|210|99|[[Kamata Kingdom|KAMATAS]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|260|85|[[Chutia Kingdom|CHUTIA]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|text-align=center|font-size=6|color=#000000}}{{Annotation|205|118|[[Bengal Sultanate|BENGAL SULTANATE]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|text-align=center|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|105|190|[[Vijayanagara Empire|VIJAYANAGARA EMPIRE]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|text-align=center|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|115|115|[[Malwa Sultanate|MALWA SULTANATE]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=5|color=#000000}}{{Annotation|text-align=center|150|125|[[Gondwana (India)|GONDWANA]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|262|250|[[Template:South Asia in 1400 CE| ◁ ]] [[Template:South Asia in 1500| ▷ ]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=12|color=#000000}}}}
| image_map_caption = Territories of the Sayyid Dynasty, and main contemporary South Asian polities.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=148|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/reference/schwartzberg/query.py?object=186&display_type=image_display#gsc.tab=0}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=39|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/reference/schwartzberg/query.py?object=076&display_type=image_display#gsc.tab=0}}</ref>
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=nMWSQuf4oSIC&dq=sultan+mubarak+shah+timur++caliph&pg=RA1-PA240 |title= History of Medieval India |author= V. D. Mahajan |date=2007 |publisher= S. Chand |isbn= 9788121903646 }}</ref>
| capital = [[Delhi]]
| government_type = [[Monarchy]]
| legislature =
| title_leader = [[Sultan]]
| leader1 = [[Khizr Khan|Khizr Khan Sayyid]] {{small|(first)}}
| year_leader1 = 1414–1421
| leader2 = [[Mubarak Shah (Sayyid dynasty)|Mubarak Shah]] {{small|(second)}}
| year_leader2 = 1421–1434
| leader3 = [[Muhammad Shah (Sayyid dynasty)|Muhammad Shah]] {{small|(third)}}
| year_leader3 = 1434–1443
| leader4 = [[Alam Shah|Ala-ud-Din Shah]] {{small|(fourth & last)}}
| year_leader4 = 1443–1451
| common_languages = [[Persian language|Persian]] (official)<ref name="asi.nic.in">{{cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_epigraphical_arabicpersian.asp |title=Arabic and Persian Epigraphical Studies – Archaeological Survey of India |publisher=Asi.nic.in |access-date=14 November 2010}}</ref>
| today = {{Ubl | [[India]] | [[Pakistan]]}}
| demonym =
| area_km2 =
| area_rank =
| GDP_PPP =
| GDP_PPP_year =
| HDI =
| HDI_year =
}}

The '''Sayyid dynasty''' was the fourth dynasty of the [[Delhi Sultanate]], with four rulers ruling from 1414 to 1451 for 37 years.<ref name=mrpislam>See:
* M. Reza Pirbha, Reconsidering Islam in a South Asian Context, {{ISBN|978-9004177581}}, Brill
* The Islamic frontier in the east: Expansion into South Asia, Journal of South Asian Studies, 4(1), pp. 91–109
* Sookoohy M., Bhadreswar – Oldest Islamic Monuments in India, {{ISBN|978-9004083417}}, Brill Academic; see discussion of earliest raids in Gujarat</ref> The first ruler of the dynasty, [[Khizr Khan]], who was the [[Timurid Empire|Timurid]] vassal of [[Multan]], conquered Delhi in 1414, while the rulers proclaimed themselves the Sultans of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] under [[Mubarak Shah (Sayyid dynasty)|Mubarak Shah]],<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=nMWSQuf4oSIC&dq=sultan+mubarak+shah+timur++caliph&pg=RA1-PA240 |title= History of Medieval India |author= V. D. Mahajan |date=2007 |publisher= S. Chand |isbn= 9788121903646 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=pzZFUcDpDzsC&dq=sultan+mubarak+shah&pg=PA103|page=103 |author= Iqtidar Alam Khan |title=Historical Dictionary of Medieval India |date=2008 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=9780810855038 }}</ref> which succeeded the [[Tughlaq dynasty]] and ruled the Sultanate until they were displaced by the [[Lodi dynasty]] in 1451.

==Origins==
According to the ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'', the family claimed descent from Muhammad, which is why they held the title of Sayyid.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sayyid dynasty {{!}} Mughal Empire, Delhi Sultanate, Muslim Rule {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sayyid-dynasty |access-date=2025-10-08 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |quote=This family claimed to be sayyids, or descendants of the Prophet Muhammad}}</ref> This is attested by a contemporary writer [[Yahya bin Ahmad Sirhindi]] who mentions in his ''Tarikh-i-Mubarak Shahi'' that [[Khizr Khan]] was a descendant of [[Muhammad]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Porter|first1=Yves|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xj83AQAAIAAJ&q=Sayyid+Khizr+Khan+was+a+arab|title=The Glory of the Sultans: Islamic Architecture in India|last2=Degeorge|first2=Gérard|date=2009|publisher=Flammarion|isbn=978-2-08-030110-9|quote=Though Timur had since withdrawn his forces, the Sayyid Khizr Khān, the scion of a venerable Arab family who had settled in Multān, continued to pay him tribute.|language=en}}</ref> Members of the dynasty derived their title, [[Sayyid]], or the descendants of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, based on the claim that they belonged to his lineage through his daughter [[Fatimah|Fatima]]. In the "History and Culture of Indian People" the author believes the family to have originated from Arabia however he doubts the lineage and states that Yahya Sirhindi based his conclusions on unsubstantial evidence, the first being a casual recognition by the famous saint Sayyid Jalaluddin Bukhari of Uch Sharif of his Sayyid heritage in the household of his adoptive grandfather Malik Mardan Daulat who is also referred to as Malik Mardan Bhatti by Yahya,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=05dEAQAAMAAJ&q=The+claim+of+Khizr+Kh%C4%81n+,+who+founded+the+dynasty+known+as+the+Sayyids+,+to+descent+from+the+prophet+of+Arabia+was+dubious |title=The Cambridge History of India: Turks and Afghans, edited by W. Haig |date=1958 |publisher=S. Chand |language=en|quote=The claim of Khizr Khān, who founded the dynasty known as the Sayyids, to descent from the prophet of Arabia was dubious, and rested chiefly on its causal recognition by the famous saint Sayyid Jalāl-ud-dīn of Bukhārā.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V2hRAAAAYAAJ&q=Jalaluddin+Bukhari+born+in+uch |title= Journal of Sikh Studies:Volume 20 |page=61 |publisher=Department of Guru Nanak Studies |date=1996 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Beveridge |first=Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kzzTmwEACAAJ |title=Tarikh-I-Mubarakshahi |date=1992 |publisher=Rima Publishing House |pages=168 |language=en}}</ref> and the second being the Sultan's noble character which distinguished him as possessing the moral qualities of Muhammad's descendant.<ref>{{cite book |author=Ramesh Chandra Majumdar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=03lDAAAAYAAJ&q=The+Delhi+Sultanate+-+Ramesh+Chandra+Majumdar |title=The History and Culture of the Indian People: The Delhi sultanate |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |year=1951 |quote=However, he bases his conclusions on insubstantial evidence, namely, the testimony of the saint Jalal-uddin Bukhari and the noble character of Khizr Khan, which was seen as distinguishing him as a descendant of the Prophet. It is likely that the family originally came from Arabia.}}</ref>

[[Abraham Eraly]] also thinks that Khizr Khan's ancestors were likely descendants of an Arab family who had long ago settled in the region of Multan during the early Tughluq period, but he doubts his Sayyid lineage.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eraly |first=Abraham |title=The Age of Wrath: A History of the Delhi Sultanate |date=2015-04-01 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-93-5118-658-8 |language=en|pages=261|quote=The first of these two dynasties was founded by Khizr Khan, who bore the appellation 'Sayyid', which identified him as a descendant of prophet Muhammad, so the dynasty he founded came to be known as the Sayyid dynasty. The veracity of Khizr Khan's claimed lineage is uncertain, but his forebears were likely Arabs who had migrated to India in the early Tughluq period and settled in Multan. The family prospered in India, gaining wealth and power. This advancement culminated in Malik Suleiman, Khizr Khan's father, becoming the governor of Multan under the Tughluqs. When Suleiman died, Khizr Khan succeeded him to the post, but lost it during the political turmoil following the death of Firuz Tughluq.}}</ref> A.L. Srivastava shares a similar viewpoint.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Srivastava |first=Ashirbadi Lal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ht21AAAAIAAJ&q=al+srivastava+delhi+sultanate |title=The Sultanate of Delhi: Including the Arab Invasion of Sindh, 711-1526 A. D. |date=1953 |publisher=S. L. Agarwala |isbn=978-8193009352 |pages=229 |quote="their claim of Descendants of Prophet Mohammad is dubious but it seems certain that Khizr Khan's ancestors came from Arabia" }}</ref> According to [[Richard M. Eaton]] and oriental scholar [[Simon Digby (oriental scholar)|Simon Digby]], Khizr Khan was a [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] chieftain belonging to the [[Khokhar]] clan, who was sent to Timur as an ambassador and negotiator from the most adjacent area, the Punjab, ultimately becoming the power holder in Delhi, thanks to the contacts he had acquired.<ref>{{cite book |title= India in the Persianate Age: 1000–1765|publisher= [[University of California Press]] |author= [[Richard M. Eaton|Eaton, Richard M.]] |year= 2019 | isbn=978-0520325128 |page=105|language=en|quote=The career of Khizr Khan, a Punjabi chieftain belonging to the Khokar clan, illustrates the transition to an increasingly polycentric north India.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=[[Simon Digby (oriental scholar)|Digby, Simon]] |chapter=After Timur Left: North India in the Fifteenth Century |date=2014 |pages=47–59 |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199450664.003.0002 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199450664.003.0002 |isbn=978-0-19-945066-4 |access-date= |quote= —and we find that a Khokar chieftain, Khizr Khan, who was sent to Timur as an ambassador and negotiator for tribute from the most adjacent area, the Punjab, ultimately became the power-holder in Delhi, thanks to the contacts he had acquired.|editor-last=Orsini |editor-first=Francesca |url= |title=After Timur Left: Culture and Circulation in Fifteenth-century North India |editor-last2=Sheikh |editor-first2=Samira|editor-link=Francesca Orsini}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Lodhi_Garden,_New_Delhi._taken_by_Anita_Mishra.JPG|thumb|The tomb of [[Muhammad Shah (Sayyid dynasty)|Muhammad Shah]] at [[Lodi Gardens]], New Delhi.]]
Khizr Khan was originally a noble in the Delhi Sultanate during the [[Tughlaq Dynasty]] and was the governor of Multan under Sultan [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq|Firuz Shah]]. He was expelled from the city by the Muin tribes under Sarang Khan who occupied Multan in 1395,<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSGzDwAAQBAJ&dq=sarang+main+bhatti&pg=PT298 | title=The Making of Medieval Panjab Politics, Society and Culture C. 1000–c. 1500 |author= Surender Singh |date=2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=e8o5HyC0-FUC&dq=sarang+khan+main+bhatti&pg=PA280 |page=280 |title= Encyclopaedia Of Untouchables : Ancient Medieval And Modern |date=2008 |author=Raj Kumar|quote=accompanied by the Bhatti and Main crossed the Sutlej }}</ref> an Indian Muslim and the brother of Mallu Iqbal Khan, who was the de-facto ruler of Delhi.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Mr_eYjoVjz8C&dq=sarang+khan+convert&pg=PT538|title= Islamic Jihad: A Legacy of Forced Conversion, Imperialism, and Slavery |author=M. A. Khan |date=2009 |quote=Indian-origin slave-soldiers (converted Muslims) such as Malik Kafur, Malik Naik, Sarang Khan, Bahadur Nahar, Shaikha Khokhar, and Mallu Khans }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=h0_xhdCScQkC&dq=mallu+khan+slave&pg=PA207 |title=Expanding Frontiers in South Asian and World History: Essays in Honour of John F. Richards |author1=John F. Richards |author2=David Gilmartin |author3=Munis D. Faruqui |author4=Richard M. Eaton |author5=Sunil Kuma |page=247 |quote=Mallu Khan(also known as Iqbal Khan, a former slave }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= |quote=Indian Musalmans like Malik Kafur, Khusrau Khan and Khan - i - Jahan Maqbul reached close to the throne, and men like Mallu Khan, Sarang Khan, Muqarrab Khan etc |title= Journal of Indian History - Volume 55 |page=105 |date=1977 |publisher=Department of Modern Indian History}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nMWSQuf4oSIC&dq=mallu+iqbal+puppet&pg=RA1-PA221|title=History of Medieval India |page=221 |author= V. D. Mahajan |date=2007 |quote=The result of this was that Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah became a tool in the hands of Mallu Iqbal}}</ref> Sarang Khan was aided by the servants of Malik Mardan Bhatti, a former governor of Multan and the grandfather of Khizr Khan by adoption.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Surinder |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSGzDwAAQBAJ&dq=malik+mardan+bhatti&pg=PT298 |title=The Making of Medieval Panjab: Politics, Society and Culture c. 1000–c. 1500 |date=2019-09-30 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-76068-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Elliot |first=Sir Henry Miers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HX9DAAAAYAAJ&q=malik+mardan |title=The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period: The Posthumous Papers of H. M. Elliot |date=1952 |publisher=S. Gupta (India) |pages=118 |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Bazur, the Magician, Raises up Darkness and a Storm, Folio from a Shahnama (Book of Kings) of Firdausi. ca. 1430–40. Sultanate, India.jpg|thumb|left|A folio from a ''[[Shahnamah]]'' ("Book of Kings"). Indian Sultanate, ca. 1430–40.<ref>{{cite web |title=Abu'l Qasim Firdausi - "Bazur, the Magician, Raises up Darkness and a Storm", Folio from a Shahnama (Book of Kings) - The Metropolitan Museum of Art |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/447307 |website=www.metmuseum.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Welch |first1=Stuart Cary |title=India: art and culture, 1300-1900 |date=1985 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art : Holt, Rinehart, and Winston |location=New York |isbn=978-0030061141 |pages=130-131 |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/met-publications/india-art-and-culture-1300-1900}}</ref>]]
Following Timur's 1398 [[Sack of Delhi (1398)|Sack of Delhi]],{{sfn|Jackson|2003|p=103}} he appointed [[Khizr Khan]] as deputy of [[Multan]] ([[Punjab region|Punjab]]).{{sfn|Kumar|2020|p=583}} He held Lahore, Dipalpur, Multan and Upper Sindh.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VsujRFvaHI8C&dq=khizr+khan+sind&pg=PA132 |title=The History of India|page=138 |author=Kenneth Pletcher |date=2010 |isbn=9781615301225 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nMWSQuf4oSIC&dq=khizr+khan+sind&pg=RA1-PA229 |title=History of Medieval India |page=229 |author= V. D. Mahajan |date=2007 |isbn=9788121903646 }}</ref> Collecting his forces in Multan, Khizr Khan defeated and killed Mallu Iqbal Khan in Delhi in 1405.<ref>{{cite book |title=Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India: Volume 2 |author=Jaswant Lal Mehta |date=1979 |page=247 }}</ref> He then captured Delhi on 28 May 1414 thereby establishing the Sayyid dynasty.{{sfn|Kumar|2020|p=583}} Khizr Khan did not take up the title of [[Sultan]], but continued the fiction of his allegiance to Timur as ''Rayat-i-Ala'' ([[vassal]]) of the [[Timurids]] - initially that of Timur, and later his son [[Shahrukh Mirza|Shah Rukh]].<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=OghDAAAAYAAJ&q=It+is+generally+acknowledged+that+Khizr+Khan+continued+to+recognise+Timur+and+his+successors+,+Shah+Rukh+,+as+his+nominal+overlords+.+But+later+on+under+his+succesor+,+Mubarak+Khan+,+this+%27+fiction+%27+of+allegiance+to+the+Timurid+rulers |page= 216 |publisher=Indian History Congress |title= Proceedings:Volume 55|year= 1995 }}</ref><ref>Mahajan, V.D. (1991, reprint 2007). ''History of Medieval India'', Part I, New Delhi: S. Chand, {{ISBN|81-219-0364-5}}, p.237</ref> After the accession of Khizr Khan, the Punjab, [[Uttar Pradesh]] and Sindh were reunited under the Delhi Sultanate, where he spent his time subduing rebellions.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F3QbAAAAIAAJ&q=khizr+khan+sindh |title=Rajasthan [district Gazetteers] Bharatpur |page=52 |publisher=Printed at Government Central Press |date= 1971 }}</ref>

Khizr Khan was succeeded by his son Sayyid [[Mubarak Shah (Sayyid dynasty)|Mubarak Shah]] after his death on 20 May 1421. Mubarak Shah referred to himself as ''Muizz-ud-Din Mubarak Shah'' on his coins, removing the Timurid name with the name of the Caliph, and declared himself a Shah.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=nMWSQuf4oSIC&dq=sultan+mubarak+shah+timur++caliph&pg=RA1-PA240 |title= History of Medieval India |author= V. D. Mahajan |date=2007 |publisher= S. Chand |isbn= 9788121903646 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=pzZFUcDpDzsC&dq=sultan+mubarak+shah&pg=PA103|page=103 |author= Iqtidar Alam Khan |title=Historical Dictionary of Medieval India |date=2008 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=9780810855038 }}</ref> A detailed account of his reign is available in the ''Tarikh-i-Mubarak Shahi'' written by [[Yahya bin Ahmad Sirhindi|Yahya-bin-Ahmad Sirhindi]]. After the death of Mubarak Shah, his nephew, [[Muhammad Shah (Sayyid dynasty)|Muhammad Shah]] ascended the throne and styled himself as Sultan Muhammad Shah. Just before his death, he called his son Sayyid [[Alam Shah|Ala-ud-Din Shah]] from [[Budaun|Badaun]], and nominated him as successor.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

The last ruler of the Sayyids, [[Alam Shah|Ala-ud-Din]], voluntarily abdicated the throne of the Delhi Sultanate in favour of [[Bahlul Khan Lodi]] on 19 April 1451, and left for Badaun, where he died in 1478.<ref>Mahajan, V.D. (1991, reprint 2007). ''History of Medieval India'', Part I, Now Delhi: S. Chand, {{ISBN|81-219-0364-5}}, p.244</ref>

==Rulers==
===Khizr Khan===
''Main page'': [[Khizr Khan]]
[[File: Sultans of Dehli, D0651, Khidr Khan, BI 80 Rati Tanka INO Firoz Shah Tughlaq.jpg|thumb|Billon Tanka of Khizr Khan in the name of [[Firoz Shah Tughlaq]].]]
[[Khizr Khan]] was the governor of Multan under [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq]]. When [[Timur]] invaded India, Khizr Khan, a Sayyid from [[Multan]], joined him. Timur appointed him the governor of Multan and Lahore. He then conquered the city of Delhi and started the rule of the Sayyids in 1414. He was ruling in the name of Timur. He could not assume an independent position in all respects. As a mark of recognition of the suzerainty of the Timurids, the name of the Timurid ruler ([[Shah Rukh]]) was recited in the khutba. Still, as an interesting innovation, the name of Khizr Khan was also attached to it. But strangely enough, the name of the Timurid ruler was not inscribed on the coins, and the name of the old Tughlaq sultan continued on the currency. No coins are known in the name of Khizr Khan.<ref>Nizami, K.A. (1970, reprint 2006) ''A Comprehensive History of India'', Vol-V, Part-1, People Publishing House, {{ISBN|81-7007-158-5}}, p.631</ref>

===Mubarak Shah===
''Main page'': [[Mubarak Shah (Sayyid dynasty)|Mubarak Shah]]
[[File: Sultans of Dehli, D0662, Mubarak Shah, AE Double falus.jpg|thumb|Double falls of Mubarak Shah]]
[[Mubarak Shah (Sayyid dynasty)|Mubarak Shah]] was the son of Khizr Khan, who ascended the throne in the year 1421. Mubarak Shah discontinued his father's nominal allegiance to Timur.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=CCwuAQAAIAAJ&q=Khizr+Khan+paid+nominal+allegiance+to+the+successors+of+Timur+,+an+allegiance+discontinued+by+Mubarak+Shah+. |title= Journal: Issues 1-3 |publisher= Aligarh Historical Research Institute |date= 1941 |page= 73 }}</ref> He freely used the royal title of Shah along with his own name, and professed allegiance to the [[Abbasid Caliphate|Khalifah]] alone.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=nMWSQuf4oSIC |author= V. D. Mahajan |date= 2007 |title= History of Medieval India |page= 239 }}</ref> He was the ablest ruler of the Sayyid dynasty.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=gmpKEAAAQBAJ&dq=mubarak+shah+ablest+ruler&pg=PA64 |title= CTET and TET Social Science and Pedagogy for Class 6 to 8 for 2021 Exams |page= 43 |author= Arihant Experts |year= 2021 }}</ref> He defeated the advancing [[Hoshang Shah|Hoshang Shah Ghori]], the ruler of the [[Malwa Sultanate]] and forced him to pay heavy tribute early in his reign.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lal |first=Kishori Saran |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C-E_SwAACAAJ&q=twilight+of+the+sultanate |title=Twilight of the Sultanate: A Political, Social and Cultural History of the Sultanate of Delhi from the Invasion of Timur to the Conquest of Babur 1398-1526 |date=1980 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |isbn=978-81-215-0227-6 |language=en |quote=Hoshang tried his luck against Sultan of Delhi but he was beaten back by Mubarak Shah Saiyyad to whom he had to pay a handsome tribute}}</ref> Mubarak Shah also put down the rebellion of [[Jasrat Khokhar|Jasrath Khokhar]] and failed to fend off several invasions by the Timurids in Kabul.and He Became a Vassal of Shah Rukh<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lal |first=Kishori Saran |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C-E_SwAACAAJ&q=twilight+of+the+sultanate |title=Twilight of the Sultanate: A Political, Social and Cultural History of the Sultanate of Delhi from the Invasion of Timur to the Conquest of Babur 1398-1526 |date=1980 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |isbn=978-81-215-0227-6 |pages=109 |language=en}}</ref>

===Muhammad Shah===
''Main page'': [[Muhammad Shah]]
[[File:Mubarak Shahs Tomb (2769706808).jpg|thumb|Tomb of [[Mubarak Shah (Sayyid dynasty)|Mubarak Shah]].]]
[[Muhammad Shah (Sayyid dynasty)|Muhammad Shah]] was a nephew of Mubarak Shah. He ruled from 1434 to 1443. Muhammad Shah acceded to the throne with the help of Sarwar ul Mulk. After that Shah wanted to free himself from the domination of Sarwar ul Mulk with the help of his faithful vizier Kamal ul Mulk. His reign was marked by many rebellions and conspiracies, and he died in the year 1445. Multan became independent under the Langahs during his rule.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=S9kbAAAAMAAJ&q=multan+independent+muhammad+shah |title= Outline History of the Islamic World |page= 1974 |author= Masudul Hasan, Abdul Waheed |publisher= the University of Michigan }}</ref>

===Alam Shah===
{{Main article|Alam Shah}}
The last ruler of the Sayyid dynasty, Alauddin Alam Shah, ruled from 1445 to 1451. He proved an ineffective ruler, delegating his duties to his minister Hamid Khan. Hamid Khan summoned [[Bahlul Khan Lodi|Bahlol Lodi]] to attack the dynasty.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Prepp |title=Alauddin Alam Shah (1445 - 1451 AD) - Important Ruler of Sayyid Dynasty - Medieval India History Notes |url=https://prepp.in/news/e-492-alauddin-alam-shah-1445-1451-ad-important-ruler-of-sayyid-dynasty-medieval-india-history-notes |website=prepp.in |publisher=Collegedunia |access-date=28 June 2025}}</ref> The Shah was defeated by him, who started the [[Lodi dynasty]].

==See also==
{{Delhi Sultanate|Sayyid}}
* [[List of Sunni Muslim dynasties]]
* [[Persianate|Persianate states]]
* [[Saadat-e-Bara]]
* [[Sadaat-e-Bilgram]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book |chapter=The Delhi Sultanate as Empire |first=Sunil |last=Kumar |title=The Oxford World History of Empire |volume=2 |editor-first1=Peter Fibiger |editor-last1=Bang |editor-first2=C. A. |editor-last2=Bayly |editor-first3=Walter |editor-last3=Scheidel |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2020 }}
*{{cite book |title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History |first=Peter |last=Jackson |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2003 }}

==External links==
*[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sayyid-dynasty ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' – Sayyid dynasty]
*[http://www.zeno.ru/showgallery.php?cat=6708 Coin Gallery – Sayyid dynasty]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sayyid dynasty}}
[[Category:Sayyid dynasty| ]]
[[Category:Delhi Sultanate]]
[[Category:1414 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:15th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:1451 disestablishments in Asia]]
[[Category:15th-century disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Arab dynasties]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 1450s]]

Bhagavath Singh

2026-03-03T04:45:44Z

MyIPL: Started the biography added tags

{{for|the revolutionary|Bhagat Singh}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| director = A. C. Chandrakumar
| writer = A. C. Chandrakumar
| producer = K Kaliyamurthy
| starring = [[Napoleon (actor)|Napoleon]] [[Sanghavi]]
| cinematography = R. Rajarathnam
| editing = [[B. Lenin]] [[V. T. Vijayan]]
| music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| studio = Kavikuyil Cine Arts
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1998|3|30|ref1=}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Bhagavath Singh''''' is a 1998 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action drama film]], written and directed by Chandrakumar. The film stars [[Napoleon (actor)|Napoleon]] and [[Sanghavi]], while [[Goundamani]] and [[Senthil]] appear in supporting roles. Music for the film was composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]] and the film was released on 30 March 1998.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bagavath Singh (Tamil) |url=http://www.actornepoleon.com/cinema/filmography/tamil-films/269-bagavath-singh |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528162248/http://actornepoleon.com/cinema/filmography/tamil-films/269-bagavath-singh |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=4 July 2023 |website=[[Napoleon (actor)|ActorNapoleon.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhagavathsingh ( 1998 ) |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/allCast.cgi?id=2136 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040918005729/http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/allCast.cgi?id=2136 |archive-date=18 September 2004 |access-date=4 April 2023 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{no plot|date=April 2023}}

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Napoleon (actor)|Napoleon]] as Bhagavath Singh
* [[Sanghavi]] as Sarojini
* [[Sangeetha Krish|Sangeetha]]
* [[Goundamani]]
* [[Senthil]]
* [[Vinu Chakravarthy]]
* [[Ajay Rathnam]]
* [[Nizhalgal Ravi]]
* [[Visu]]
*[[Thalaivasal Vijay]]
*[[Alex (actor)|Alex]]
*[[Mahendran (actor)|Mahendran]]
*[[Ra. Sankaran]]
}}

== Production ==
The film marked the second venture of filmmaker Chandrakumar after ''[[Sevatha Ponnu]]'' (1994), with [[Napoleon (actor)|Napoleon]], [[Sanghavi]] and [[Sangeetha (actress)|Sangeetha]] brought in to play the lead roles. The film marked Sangeetha's debut, after her first project, ''Poonjolai'' was shelved.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sitaraman |first=Sandya |title=அருணாச்சலம் முதல் வி.ஐ.பி. வரை |trans-title=From ''Arunachalam'' to ''V.I.P.'' |url=http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Specials/97/Oct/a-z/atoz.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20090331005748/http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Specials/97/Oct/a-z/atoz.html |archive-date=31 March 2009 |access-date=31 October 2015 |website=Indolink.com |language=en}}</ref> It was said to be the most expensive film in Napoleon's career to that point.<ref name="ck">{{Cite web |last=சுரா |title=கனவு ராஜாக்கள் - PAGE 25 |url=http://lekhabooks.com/cinema/383-kanavu-rajaakkal?start=24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425084605/http://lekhabooks.com/cinema/383-kanavu-rajaakkal?start=24 |archive-date=25 April 2024 |access-date=25 April 2024 |website=Lekha Books |language=ta}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]] and lyrics written by Kalidasan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 1998 |title=Bhagavath Singh (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – EP |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/bhagavath-singh-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1577927193 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404041749/https://music.apple.com/in/album/bhagavath-singh-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1577927193 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |access-date=4 April 2023 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bagawathsing- Thedinen Vandhadhu Tamil Film Audio CD by Sirpi |url=https://mossymart.com/product/bagawathsing-thedinen-vandhadhu-tamil-film-audio-cd-by-sirpi/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115030820/https://mossymart.com/product/bagawathsing-thedinen-vandhadhu-tamil-film-audio-cd-by-sirpi/ |archive-date=15 January 2024 |access-date=1 March 2024 |website=Mossymart |language=en}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Length
|-
| "Aathukkari Odambu" || rowspan=2|[[Swarnalatha]] || 05:09
|-
| "Avan Kangalai" || 04:59
|-
| "Kaiyile Cellular" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], Surekha Kothari || 05:13
|-
| "Kokila Kokila" || Mano, Krishnaraj, Sushmitha || 04:39
|-
| "Naadu Namma Naadu" || Deva || 04:25
|}

== Release and reception ==
The film was ready for release by November 1997, but was delayed as a result of overcrowding at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guess List |url=http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Specials/97/Nov/deepavali/deepavali2.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126112558/http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Specials/97/Nov/deepavali/deepavali2.htm |archive-date=26 January 2013 |access-date=31 October 2015 |website=Indolink}}</ref> D. S. Ramanujam of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "Cogency and cohesion now and then are sidelined in the director's narration [...] Cinematography of Rajarathnam is a plus point of the movie where the same cannot be said of Deva's music".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=D. S. |date=March 13, 1998 |title=Film Reviews: Thulli Thirintha Kaalam \ Bhagawatsingh |pages=26 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.webpage.com/hindu/daily/980313/09/09130222.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=2023-07-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000524184336/http://www.webpage.com/hindu/daily/980313/09/09130222.htm |archive-date=24 May 2000}}</ref> Two years after release, the producers were given a {{INRConvert|5|l|year=2000}} subsidy by the Tamil Nadu government along with several other films.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XvTZAAAAMAAJ&q=Swarnamukhi |title=Mass Media in India |publisher=[[Publications Division]] |year=2001 |isbn=9788123009421 |pages=181 |access-date=29 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629080523/https://books.google.com/books?id=XvTZAAAAMAAJ&q=Swarnamukhi |archive-date=29 June 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> The film failed at box-office.<ref name="ck" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:1998 Indian films]]
[[Category:1990s masala films]]
[[Category:1998 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1998 action drama films]]
[[Category:1998 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Adhe Kangal (2017 film)

2026-03-03T02:55:04Z

MyIPL: Started some page and citations

{{Short description|2017 Indian film by Rohin Venkatesan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Adhe Kangal 2017.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Rohin Venkatesan]]
| producer = [[C. V. Kumar]]
| writer = Rohin Venkatesan
| starring = [[Kalaiyarasan]] [[Janani (actress)|Janani]] [[Sshivada]]
| music = [[Ghibran]]
| cinematography = Ravivarman Neelamegam
| editing = [[Leo John Paul]]
| studio = [[Thirukumaran Entertainment]]
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|2017|01|26|df=y}}
| runtime = 120 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Adhe Kangal''''' ({{translation|The Same Eyes}}) is a 2017 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic thriller]] film written and directed by debutant [[Rohin Venkatesan]] and produced by [[C. V. Kumar]]. The film stars [[Kalaiyarasan]], [[Janani (actress)|Janani]] and [[Sshivada]], with [[Bala Saravanan]] in a supporting role. The music was composed by [[Ghibran]] with cinematography by Ravivarman Neelamegam and editing by [[Leo John Paul]]. The film had a theatrical release on 26 January 2017, coinciding with [[Republic Day (India)|India's Republic Day]]. It was remade in Kannada as ''[[Samhaara]]'' (2018)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=9 February 2018 |title=Samhaara Review: A watchable thriller |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/kannada/2018/Feb/09/samhaara-a-watchable-thriller-4444.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250705044233/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/kannada/2018/Feb/09/samhaara-a-watchable-thriller-4444.html |archive-date=5 July 2025 |access-date=5 July 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> and in Telugu as ''[[Neevevaro]]'' (2018).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chowdhary |first=Y. Sunita |date=20 August 2018 |title=Harinath on Neevevaro |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/harinath-neevevaro/article24737025.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250705042145/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/harinath-neevevaro/article24737025.ece |archive-date=5 July 2025 |access-date=5 July 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Varun is a well-known blind chef and the owner of a popular restaurant in Chennai. One night, Deepa visits his restaurant asking for leftover food for the homeless. Varun helps her and eventually falls in love with her daily visits. Meanwhile, Varun's close relative Sadhana approaches his parents and reveals her intentions of marrying Varun, which they accept. Varun decides to propose to Deepa in his restaurant, but he observes that she is in tears. She tells him that henchmen were pressing for their money and her father had promised to return the money in three days. Varun promises to help out from his own savings. That same night, Varun is met with an accident and is hospitalised, during which his vision is restored. He is treated for three weeks, and the hospital fee is paid out of his savings. Varun feels guilty and is disappointed for not helping out Deepa. When he is discharged, he is unable to locate her. When his family presses him to marry Sadhana, he agrees as he also likes her from his childhood days.

Several days later, an old man walks into the restaurant telling how his daughter Deepa has been kidnapped as they were unable to return the money. Varun calms him down and hatches a plan to hand over his wedding jewellery, but is conned of the jewels by the kidnapper. Later, Varun gets to know that Deepa's father is found dead at Kanyakumari in a road accident. Varun decides to visit Kanyakumari himself to get clarity about Deepa's family. He works with a constable Panju, faking his identity as a journalist investigating the road accidents where the victim remains unidentified. They decide to find the whereabouts of the old man, and they gather several clues on his hotel residence and phone number. These clues lead them to investigate the car that was involved in the accident and track down its owner as a blind man. After listening to his story, they get hold of photos of his girlfriend Vasundhara, and with Sadhana's help, they identify her as Deepa, Varun's ex-girlfriend.

They find out that Vasundhara is a con artist and selects only blind men. She makes the blind men fall for her and then presents a story with a need for money, which the blind men give. Varun and Panju find the commonality and pinpoint a list of potential targets. Sadhana, with the help of her journalist associates, finds out the plan to con another blind man in Erode. They immediately travel to Erode and catch Vasundhara after several plot twists. The movie ends with Panju receiving commemorations from people for his efforts in nabbing Vasundhara.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Kalaiyarasan]] as Varun
* [[Janani (actress)|Janani]] as Sadhana
* [[Sshivada]] as Vasundhra alias Deepa and Ashwini
* [[Bala Saravanan]] as Panju
* [[R. Aravindraj|Aravindraj]] as Ravi
* [[Linga (actor)|Linga]] as Thomas
* Abishek Joseph George as Manoj
* Sanjay Jayaraman as Vikram
* Abdool Lee as Alphonse
* Winner Ramachandran as Inspector Arivazhagan
* Chu Koy Sheng as Rhino
* P. Rajalakshmi as Varun's mother
* K. Gopal as Varun's father
* R. Gowri as Sadhana's mother
* Raja Mani Gopalan as Sadhana's father
* Vaisshnavi Venkatesan as Divya, Thomas' girlfriend
* "Aagaya" Sumathi G. as Customer in Alphonse's store
}}

== Production ==
[[C. V. Kumar]] launched a project to be directed by Rohin Venkatesan during late May 2016, with [[Kalaiyarasan]], [[Janani (actress)|Janani]], and [[Sshivada]] selected to portray the leading roles.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 May 2016 |title=Kalaiyarasan to romance Janani Iyer, Sshivada in a romantic thriller |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kalaiyarasan-to-romance-janani-iyer-sshivada-in-a-romantic-thriller/articleshow/52479689.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250705030103/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kalaiyarasan-to-romance-janani-iyer-sshivada-in-a-romantic-thriller/articleshow/52479689.cms |archive-date=5 July 2025 |access-date=5 July 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Kalaiyarasan was revealed to be portraying a blind chef, with the team using the American chef [[Christine Hà]] as a character inspiration for his role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 January 2017 |title=Adhe Kangal gets 'U' certificate |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/adhe-kangal-gets-u-certificate-news-tamil-rbhkEijjbfjfd.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110140122/http://www.sify.com/movies/adhe-kangal-gets-u-certificate-news-tamil-rbhkEijjbfjfd.html |archive-date=10 January 2017 |access-date=2 September 2019 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Adhe Kangal' gets ready |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/adhe-kangal-gets-ready-imagegallery-kollywood-qlhlGzeadbhga.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108165935/http://www.sify.com/movies/adhe-kangal-gets-ready-imagegallery-kollywood-qlhlGzeadbhga.html |archive-date=8 November 2016 |access-date=2 September 2019 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The film was shot in Kanyakumari, Erode, and Chennai throughout the middle of 2016.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 August 2016 |title=Sanjay to make his film debut with CV Kumar's next |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Sanjay-to-make-his-film-debut-with-CV-Kumars-next/articleshow/53652561.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928142250/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Sanjay-to-make-his-film-debut-with-CV-Kumars-next/articleshow/53652561.cms |archive-date=28 September 2019 |access-date=2 September 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=20 September 2016 |title=Kalaiyarasan to play a chef in this romantic thriller |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Kalaiyarasan-to-play-a-chef-in-this-romantic-thriller/articleshow/54408075.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606031925/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Kalaiyarasan-to-play-a-chef-in-this-romantic-thriller/articleshow/54408075.cms |archive-date=6 June 2019 |access-date=2 September 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In September 2016, near the end of production, it was revealed that the film would be titled ''Adhe Kangal'', named after the [[Athey Kangal (1967 film)|1967 film]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 September 2016 |title=Kabali actor's next titled Adhe Kangal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kabali-actors-next-titled-adhe-kangal/articleshow/54274971.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250705030223/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kabali-actors-next-titled-adhe-kangal/articleshow/54274971.cms |archive-date=5 July 2025 |access-date=5 July 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Purushothaman |first=Kirubhakar |date=11 September 2016 |title=Another Adhe Kangal in K-town |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/110916/another-adhe-kangal-in-k-town.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250705044953/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/netflix-seals-record-ott-deal-for-mahesh-babu-rajamoulis-ssmb29-1889487 |archive-date=5 July 2025 |access-date=5 July 2025 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Adhe Kangal
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Mohamaad Ghibran|Ghibran]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 18 January 2017
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 15:03
| label = [[Think Music India]]
| producer = [[Mohamaad Ghibran|Ghibran]]
| prev_title = [[Hyper (2016 film)|Hyper]]
| prev_year = 2016
| next_title = [[Ungarala Rambabu]]
| next_year = 2017
}}

The soundtrack was scored by [[Mohamaad Ghibran|Ghibran]]. It was released by [[Think Music India]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karthik |author-link=Karthik Srinivasan |date=18 January 2017 |title=Adhe Kangal (Music review), Tamil – Ghibran |url=https://milliblog.com/2017/01/18/adhe-kangal-music-review-tamil-ghibran/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250705050044/https://milliblog.com/2017/01/18/adhe-kangal-music-review-tamil-ghibran/ |archive-date=2025-07-05 |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=[[Milliblog]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-18 |title=Adhe Kangal (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/adhe-kangal-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1195822728 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250705045708/https://music.apple.com/in/album/adhe-kangal-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1195822728 |archive-date=5 July 2025 |access-date=5 July 2025 |website=[[Apple Music]] |language=en}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 15:03
| title1 = Thandhiraa
| lyrics1 = S. N. Anuradha
| extra1 = Rajan Chelliah, Sree Ganesh
| length1 = 3:26
| title2 = Ponapokkil
| lyrics2 = Parvathy
| extra2 = Namratha S. Aravindan, [[Anudeep Dev]]
| length2 = 3:43
| title3 = Idho Thaanaagave
| lyrics3 = Uma Devi
| extra3 = [[Yazin Nizar]], [[Clinton Cerejo]]
| length3 = 3:01
| title4 = I Have Nothing
| lyrics4 = Addie Nicole
| extra4 = Addie Nicole, Jah Mil
| length4 = 3:38
| title5 = Theme Music
| lyrics5 =  —
| extra5 =  —
| length5 = 1:15
}}

== Release ==
''Adhe Kangal'' was released on 26 January 2017, coinciding with [[Republic Day (India)|India's Republic Day]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=25 January 2017 |title=Adhe Kangal on January 26 |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/250117/adhe-kangal-on-january-26.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250705025751/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/250117/adhe-kangal-on-january-26.html |archive-date=5 July 2025 |access-date=5 July 2025 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref> The film was previously scheduled to release in February 2017,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Anantharam |first=Chitradeepa |date=25 January 2017 |title=Look what’s cooking |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Look-what%E2%80%99s-cooking/article17092524.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250705024940/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Look-what%E2%80%99s-cooking/article17092524.ece |archive-date=5 July 2025 |access-date=5 July 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> but was brought forward after ''[[Si3 (film)|Si3]]'', which was scheduled for 26 January, was delayed.<ref name=":0" />

=== Critical reception ===
''[[Sify]]'' praised the film stating it was "a delicious thriller with a meaty, realistic plot and nicely fleshed out characters and not to forget a smart running time of 120 minutes", adding "the film is engaging mainly due to the characterizations and subtle humor, which provides quality entertainment till the end".<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 January 2017 |title=Adhe Kangal review- Engaging watch |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/adhe-kangal-review--engaging-watch-review-tamil-rb0rfzhaiahgd.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828035001/https://www.sify.com/movies/adhe-kangal-review--engaging-watch-review-tamil-rb0rfzhaiahgd.html |archive-date=28 August 2019 |access-date=2 September 2019 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> While singling out praise for actress Sshivada's performance, [[Baradwaj Rangan]] wrote "not as good as it sounds on paper, but not bad either" and stated "here's a great story, but the screenplay isn't tight".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=26 January 2017 |title=Adhe Kangal review: Thrill out |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/Adhe-Kangal-review-Thrill-out/article17097880.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528171135/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/Adhe-Kangal-review-Thrill-out/article17097880.ece |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 September 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

=== Accolades ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Award
!Category
!Recipient
!Ref.
|-
| [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]] 2018
| Best Actress in a Negative Role
| [[Sshivada]]
| {{Cn|date=July 2025}}
|-
| [[7th South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| Best Supporting Actress
| Sshivada
| {{Cn|date=July 2025}}
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:2017 Indian films]]
[[Category:2010s romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:2017 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2017 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:Films about blind people in India]]
[[Category:Films about con artists]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rohin Venkatesan]]
[[Category:Films produced by C. V. Kumar]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ghibran Vaibodha]]
[[Category:Indian romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic thriller films]]

The Warrant

2026-02-26T15:33:15Z

MyIPL: enhance details

{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = The Warrant
| image = File:The_Warrant_film.jpeg
| caption =
| director = Brent Christy
| producer =
| writer = Shea Sizemore
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Neal McDonough]]
* [[Steven R. McQueen]]
* [[Casper Van Dien]]
|}}
| music =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| production_companies = [[INSP (TV network)|INSP Films]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2020|06|20}}
| runtime =
| country = United States
| language = English
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''The Warrant''''' is a 2020 American [[Western (genre)|Western]]-themed film. The film stars [[Steven R. McQueen]] and [[Neal McDonough]] as a father and son duo, who dedicate their lives to upholding the law. A sequel to the film titled ''[[The Warrant: Breaker's Law]]'', was announced in 2022.

==Plot==
''The Warrant'' is set in a post-civil war America.<ref>{{cite web |title=Action, All-Star Cast Abound in Civil War Film |url=https://www.cbs19news.com/story/41910344/action-all-star-cast-abound-in-civil-war-film |publisher=[[CBS News]] |date=March 18, 2020}}</ref> The plot follows John Breaker, played by [[Neal McDonough]], who served in the [[American Civil War]] before becoming a local sheriff, along with his son, Cal Breaker, a Federal Marshal, played by [[Steven R. McQueen]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Neal McDonough Chats "The Warrant" |url=https://www.nbcnewyork.com/entertainment/the-scene/new-york-live/neal-mcdonough-chats-the-warrant/2484614/ |publisher=[[NBC New York]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Pavlica |first1=Carissa |title=Neal McDonough and Steven R. McQueen Talk INSP's The Warrant |url=https://www.tvfanatic.com/2020/06/neal-mcdonough-and-steven-r-mcqueen-talk-insps-the-warrant/ |publisher=TV Fanatic |date=June 20, 2020}}</ref> Together they set out on a mission to serve an arrest warrant to a well-known vigilante, Virgil St. Denis, played by [[Casper Van Dien]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Leydon |first1=Joe |title=Live From Hollywood: Neal McDonough |url=https://www.cowboysindians.com/2020/05/live-from-hollywood-neal-mcdonough/ |publisher=Cowboys & Indians |date=May 13, 2020}}</ref> St. Denis goes by the name of "The Saint" and, like John Breaker, was a war veteran.<ref name=broadwayworld>{{cite web |last1=Milligan |first1=Kaitlin |title=INSP Sets Premiere Date for THE WARRANT |url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwtv/article/INSP-Sets-Premiere-Date-for-THE-WARRANT-20200609 |publisher=Broadway World |date=June 9, 2020}}</ref>

The task becomes seemingly impossible when the Breakers get caught between two rival gangs, which could reignite the Civil War.<ref name=broadwayworld /> It was described by Casper Van Dien as "a wholesome Western; it felt like a classic Western".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Moghaddami |first1=Victoria |title='The Warrant' Stars Casper Van Dien and Steven R. McQueen Get Candid About the Classic Western |url=https://popculture.com/celebrity/news/the-warrant-stars-casper-van-dien-steven-r-mcqueen-candid-classic-western/ |publisher=Popculture.com |date=June 22, 2020}}</ref>

==Main cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Neal McDonough]] as John Breaker
* [[Steven R. McQueen]] as Cal Breaker
* [[Casper Van Dien]] as Virgil St. Denis (The Saint)
* [[Annabeth Gish]] as Bonnie Breaker
* Gregory Cruz as Bugle Bearclaw
* Greg Perrow as Deputy Shanks
* Roxanna Dunlop as Stacey Snyder
* Esteban Cueto as Anvil Anyang
* Trace Cheramie as George Washington Jr.
* [[Gregory Alan Williams]] as Tucker Macready
}}

==Sequel==
In 2022, it was announced that [[Neal McDonough]] and INSP Films would produce and star in a sequel, ''[[The Warrant: Breaker's Law]]''. [[Dermot Mulroney]] would also star in the film.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Grobar |first1=Matt |title=Neal McDonough To Produce & Star Opposite Dermot Mulroney In 'The Warrant' Sequel 'Breaker's Law' |url=https://deadline.com/2022/03/neal-mcdonough-to-produce-star-in-the-warrant-sequel-breakers-law-1234974613/ |publisher=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=March 9, 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|10880084|The Warrant}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Warrant, The}}
[[Category:2020 films]]
[[Category:2020 Western (genre) films]]
[[Category:2020 American films]]
[[Category:2020 English-language films]]
[[Category:American Western (genre) films]]
[[Category:English-language Western (genre) films]]

Auraiya district

2026-02-25T22:06:58Z

MyIPL: typo fix

{{About|the District|its eponymous headquarters|Auraiya}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Auraiya district
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Uttar Pradesh|District]]
| total_type = Total
| native_name =
| image_skyline = Pata near Pata and Phaphund (5).jpg
| image_caption = Fields near [[Phaphund]]
| image_map = India Uttar Pradesh districts 2012 Auraiya.svg
| map_caption = Location of Auraiya district in Uttar Pradesh
| coordinates = {{Coord|26.4667|N|79.5167|E|type:adm3rd_source:itwiki|display=title}}
| coor_pinpoint = Auraiya
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kanpur division|Kanpur]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Auraiya]]
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 = 3
| area_total_km2 = 2054
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 1,379,545
| population_footnotes = <ref name=districtcensus/>
| population_urban = 234,205
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 80.25%
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 = 864
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name1 = 1. [[Kannauj (Lok Sabha constituency)]]- Bidhuna 2. [[Etawah (Lok Sabha constituency)]]- Auraiya, Dibiyapur
| leader_title2 = [[Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name2 = 1. [[Auraiya Assembly constituency|Auraiya]] 2. [[Bidhuna Assembly constituency|Bidhuna]] 3. [[Dibiyapur Assembly constituency|Dibiyapur]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| registration_plate =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Roads in India|Major highways]]
| blank_info_sec1 = NH-19, Bundelkhand Expressway
| blank_name_sec2 = Average annual precipitation
| blank_info_sec2 = 792 mm
| website = {{URL|http://auraiya.nic.in/}}
}}

'''Auraiya district''' is one of the [[Districts of Uttar Pradesh|districts]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[India]], and [[Auraiya]] town is the district headquarters.<ref name="http">{{Cite web |url=http://auraiya.nic.in/ |title=Official Website of District Auraiya, Uttar Pradesh |access-date=2010-08-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070906234458/http://auraiya.nic.in/ |archive-date=2007-09-06 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It lies on the south-western portion of Uttar Pradesh and also forms a part of the Kanpur Division.

==History==
[[File:Auraiyadistrict.jpg|left|thumb|Tehsils of Auraiya District]]
On 17 September 1997 two tehsils named Auraiya and [[Bidhuna]] were separated from district [[Etawah]] to form the new district named as Auraiya. It is situated on [[National Highway 19]] (Mughal Road) and 64 km in the east of district headquarters of Etawah and 105 km in west of [[Kanpur]].

===Modern History===
Under the [[Rohillas]] In 1760 [[AD]] [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] invaded India; he was opposed in 1761 by the [[Marathas]] on the field of [[Panipat]] and inflicted on them a signal defeat. Among other Maratha chieftains [[Govind Rao Pandit]] lost his life in the action. Before his departure from India the Durrani chief consigned large tracts of country to the Rohilla chieftains, and while Dhunde Khan received Shikohabad, Inayat Khan, son of [[Hafiz Rahmat Khan]] received the district of Etawah. This was then in the possession of the Marathas, and accordingly in 1762 a Rohilla force was sent under Mullah Mohsin Khan to wrest the assigned property from the Marathas. This force was opposed near the town of Etawah by Kishan Rao and Bala Rao Pandits, who were defeated and compelled to seek safety in flight across the Yamuna. Siege was then laid to the fort of Etawah by Mohsin Khan; but the fort was soon surrendered by its commander, and the district fell into the hands of the Rohillas.

The occupation, however, was merely nominal at first; the zamindars refused to pay revenue to Inayat Khan and, secure in their mud forts set his authority at defiance. Strong reinforcements were sent to the Rohillas, including some artillery, under Sheikh Kuber and Mullah Baz Khan, and many of the smaller forts were levelled to the grounds; but in their ravine fortresses the zamindars of Kamait in the trans-Yamuna tract still resisted the authority of Inayat Khan. Hafiz Rahmat and Inayat Khan then came in person to Etawah and operations were vigorously pressed against the refractory zamindars. Ultimately an annual tribute was agreed to by the latter. Hafiz Rahmat then departed to [[Bareilly]], and Rohilla garrisons were established at convenient places in the district. Meanwhile, a new minister arose at Delhi called Najib Khan, better known as Najib-ud-daula, Amir-ul-umra, [[Shuja-ud-daula]] succeeded [[Safdar Jang]] as Nawab Wazir and occupied most of the Bangash possessions as far as [[Aligarh]], with the exception of those granted by the Durrani to the Rohillas after he battle of Pandit. But the wazir's hostility to the [[Farrukhabad]] [[Afghans]] had not abated one jot, and in 1762 he persuaded Najib-ud-daula to join him in an attack on Farrukhabad. The attack was beaten off by the aid of Hafiz Rahmat Khan and matters once more settled down peacefully.

In 1766 the Marathas under Mulhar Rao, who had been awaiting their opportunity, once more crossed the Yamuna and attacked Phaphund, where a Rohilla force under Muhammad Hasan Khan eldest son of Mohsin Khan, was posted. On receipt of this news Hafiz Rahmat advanced from Bareilly to oppose the Marathas. He was joined near Phaphund by Sheikh Kuber, the Rohilla governor of Etawah, and prepared to give battle; but Mulhar Rao refused to risk an engagement and once more retired across the Yamuna. The ambitions Najib-ud-daula had been considerably irritated by the intervention of the Rohillas on behalf of Ahmad Khan Bangladesh in 1762; and though he had been too busily engaged otherwise to pursue his plans of revenge before, he began in 1770 to plot the downfall of Hafiz Rahmat Khan.

Accordingly, a Maratha army was invited to [[Delhi]] for the purpose of first wresting Farrukhabad from Ahmad Khan and of afterwards invading [[Rohillakhand]]. The united forces of Najib-ud-daula and the Marathas advanced from Delhi; but at Koil Najib-ud-daula fell ill and retraced his steps, leaving his eldest son, Zabita Khan to operate with the Marathas. Zabita Khan however, was by no means disposed to fight against his brother Afghans. The Marathas, knowing this, kept him practically a prisoner in their camp and he requested Hafiz Rahmat Khan to obtain his release. Hafiz Rahmat Khan accordingly opened negotiations with the Marathas for the release of Zabita Khan; but the Maratha leaders demanded as their price the surrender of the jagirs of Etawah and [[Shikohabad]]. Hafiz Rahmat Khan was not disposed to agree to those terms, and while negotiations were proceeding for buying off the Marathas Zabita Khan escaped. Several desultory engagements now took place between the Marathas and the Afghan forces. Inayat khan was summoned by his father to Farrukhabad in order that he might be consulted regarding the surrendering of his jagirs. But although Dhunde Khan agreed to give up Shikohabad Inayat Khan refused to surrender Etawah.

Ultimately, disgusted with his father's arrangements he returned to Bareilly, and his father on his own responsibility sent orders to Sheikh Kuber, the Rohilla governor of Etawah, to surrender the fort to the Marathas. The Marathas now marched to Etawah, but as the orders had not yet reached him Sheikh Kuber gave them battle. Several desperate assaults were made on the fort of Etawah which were all beaten off, but finally it was handed over to the Marathas in accordance with hafiz Rahmat Khan's orders, and the Rohillas quit the district, leaving it once more in the hands of the Marathas. Later in the same year, 1771 AD, the Marathas advanced to Delhi and reinstated the emperor Shah Alam, who had cast in his lot with them, on the throne. They were now masters of the empire and Zabita Khan determined to oppose them. Assembling his forces, he attacked the Marathas near Delhi but was signally defeated, and in 1772 the Marathas overran a large portion of Rohilkhand and captured Najafgarh, where Zabita Khan's family resided and his treasure lay.

[[File:Shuja-ud-daula, Nawab of Oudh.tif|left|thumb|[[Shuja-ud-daula]], Nawab of [[Oudh]]]]
Under the Government of [[Oudh]] Zabita Khan then solicited the aid of Shuja-ud-daula, Nawab Wazir of Oudh; but the Nawab declined to interfere unless Hafiz Rahmat Khan applied on his behalf. Negotiations were commenced with Shah Alam and the Marathas for the restoration of Zabita Khan's family and the evacuation of Rohilkhand. The Marathas agreed to accept 40 lakhs of rupees, provided that Shuja-ud-daula made himself responsible for the payment; but Shuja-ud-daula now declined to enter into any such engagement unless Hafiz Rahmat Khan gave him a bond for the money. To this Hafiz Rahmat Khan consented, the bond was signed and the Marathas retired from Rohilkhand. In 1773 AD the Marathas proposed to attack Shuja-ud-daula and attempted to gain the help of Hifaz Rahmat Khan. The latter refused to him them. Instead he sent information to Shuja-ud-daula concerning what he had done, and on the strength of this requested restoration of his bond. Shuja-ud-daula expressed his approval of Hafiz Rahmat Khan's conduct and promised the restitution of the bond when the Marathas as had been defeated. The Marathas were defeated soon after at Asadpur by the combined forces of Shuja-ud-daula and Hafiz Rahmat Khan, with the result that they quit not only Rohilkhand but Delhi also.

Shuja-ud-daula then returned to Oudh, but denied ever having promised to restore the bond. He next seduced many of the Afghan Rohillas from their allegiance to Hafiz Rahmat Khan, and then proceeded to eject the Maratha garrisons from Etawah and Shikohabad in spite of Rahmat Khan's remonstrance. He ever went further and called on Hafiz Rahmat Khan to discharge the balance of 35 lakhs due on the bond. This was only a pretext for provoking hostilities for which purpose the Nawab had already begun to assemble an army; and Hafiz Rahmat Khan having failed to pay up, the Nawab advanced to the Ganges. The last scene in the tangled history of the period closed with the defeat of Hafiz Rahmat Khan by Shuja-ud-daula who was aided by a [[British Commonwealth|British]] force, at the battle of Miranpur Katra in the Shahjahanpur district on 23 April 1774 AD Etawah under the Oudh Government.

From 1774 to 1801 the district of Etawah remained under the government of Oudh. Little occurred to disturb it during this period and little is known regarding its history. For many years the administration of the district was in the hands of Mian Almas Ali Khan. Ails were stationed, we know, at Etawah, [[Kudarkot]] and [[Phaphund]]. One of those who held office at the last named placed was Raja Bhagmal or Baramal. The latter was by Caste a [[Jat]] and was sister's son to Almas Ali Khan, who was by birth a [[Hindu]] but was subsequently made a eunuch and converted to [[Islam]]. Raja Bhagmal built the fort at Phaphund and the old [[mosque]] which still bears an inscription recording thenamed of donor. Almas Ali Khan was, recording to Colonie Sleeman,"the greatest and best man" Oudh ever produced; be amassed great wealth, but having no descendant, he spent his money for the benefit of the people committed to his charge. He held court occasionally at Kudarkot where he built a fort, of which the massive ruins still remain. At Etawah the amils are said to have resided in the fort; but the building was destroyed by Shuja-ud-daula in consequence of the representations of the Etawah townspeople that, so long as the amils occupied such an impregnable residence, they would never do anything but oppress the people.<ref name="http"/>

==Geography==
[[File:Indo-Gangetic Plain.jpg|left|thumb|[[Indo-Gangetic Plain]]]]
The district of Auraiya lies in the south-western portion of [[Uttar Pradesh]] 26.4667°N 79.5167°E and also forms a part of the [[Kanpur Division]]. It borders the districts of [[Kannauj]] on the north, Etawah on the west, [[Ramabai Nagar district]] on the east, and [[Jalaun]] to the south. It has an average elevation of 133 metres (436 feet).

The Auraiya District covers an area of 2,054 km2 (793 sq mi), of which more than one-third is designated rural. The main rivers which flows through the district are Yamuna and [[Sengar River|Sengar]]. The total length of the Yamuna in the district is about 112 km.
Auraiya lies entirely in the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]], but its physical features vary considerably and are determined by the rivers which cross it.<ref name="http"/>

===Climate===
The District features an atypical version of the [[humid subtropical]] climate. Summers are long and the weather is extremely hot from early April to mid-October, with the [[monsoon]] season in between. The average annual rainfall in the district is 792 mm. About 85% of the annual normal rainfall in the district is received during the south west monsoon months from June to September, August being the rainiest month. The brief, mild winter starts in late November, peaks in January and heavy fog often occurs.

Temperatures in the district range from 3 to 46 °C, with May being the hottest and January being the coolest month. During the rainy season the relative humidity is generally high being over 70%. Thereafter the [[humidity]] decreases and by summer which is the driest part of the year the relative humidity in the afternoons become less than 30%.

===Cultivable Land===
The area of cultivable land in the district in 1990-91 was 141624 hectares. According to the 1990-91 agricultural survey, the total number of active cultivable lands remained to be 151838. Most of the cultivables are small. The count of cultivables less than 0.5 hectares remained to be 47.65%, and between 0.5 & 1.0 hectares the cultivables remained to be 23.76%, and 1.0 to 2.0, it were 17.33%, and 2.0 to 4.0 hectare cultivable land's percentage was 8.54%, and more than 4.0 it were 2.72%.

==Civic Administration==
As of 2012, Auraiya district comprises 2 tehsils (Auraiya and Bidhuna), 2 census towns, 7 statutory towns (Ajitmal, Bhagyanagar, Sahar, Bidhuna, Achalda, Erwakatra and Auraiya) and 841 villages. It also has its own [[Nagar Palika]] Parishad. In 2014 a new tehsil [[ajitmal]] comes in existence.

Smt. Neha Prakash, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] is the current [[District Magistrate]]. Kamal singh dohare is M.L.C., Gudiya Katheriya is current M.L.A.

===Villages===


*[[Dalelnagar]]
*[[Niranjanapur, Uttar Pradesh|Niranjanapur Dibiyapur ]]
*[[Umrain]]
* Sainpur

==Politics==
Auraiya District comes partly under [[Etawah]] [[Lok Sabha]] constituency and partly under [[kannauj]]. [[Ramshanker katheriya]], ([[Bharatiya Janata Party]]) is the current [[Member of Parliament]] from the Etawah (Lok Sabha constituency).while [[Subrat Pathak]] ([[Bhartiya Janta party]]) is current [[member of parliament]] from [[kannauj]] constituency. Ashok Kumar Doharey is a member of the 16th Lok Sabha of India. He represented the Etawah constituency of Uttar Pradesh and is a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party. Etawah constituency was reserved seat for scheduled caste category.

In [[2012 Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly election]] Samajwadi Party's candidates won all three Assembly seats of the district. In 2017 all three Assembly seats won by BJP candidates
* Auraiya- Ramesh Diwakar (BJP)
* Bidhuna- Vinay Shakya (BJP)
* Dibiyapur- Lakhan Singh Rajput (BJP).

==Economy==
Auraiya district is one of the backward districts in [[industrial sector]] declared by the government of Uttar Pradesh state. Only the two town areas, Dibiyapur and Auraiya, are equipped with main industries.

===Small Scale Industries===
The Rice-mills and Dal-mills are working well there in Dibiyapur and Auraiya. Other than these mills some steel furniture and cement products [[small scale industries]] are there in Auraiya district located at different places. The [[raw material]] for these small scale industries is imported from [[Agra]] and [[Kanpur]]. Mainly, the [[rice]], [[pulses]] and desi [[ghee]] is transported at large scale to the other districts and states. In the Auraiya city itself the wooden furniture work is on large scale and due to its cost and quality factor, the furniture has made a good place in the market of nearby districts.

Dibiyapur is notable industrial town of this district which has installations of India's leading Public Sector Enterprises viz. 663 MW Combined cycle power plant of NTPC,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090715061426/http://www.geocities.com/anjan_kumar_pal/NTPC_Auraiya.html NTPC]</ref> Petrochemical plant and Gas compressor station of [[GAIL]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090719030048/http://www.geocities.com/anjan_kumar_pal/GAIL_Auraiya.html GAIL]</ref>
The [[Uttar Pradesh Petrochemical Complex]] (UPPC) of Gas Authority of India Limited is located at Pata, District. Auraiya, U.P. It was set up in accordance with GAIL's mission to maximise the value addition from each fraction of [[Natural Gas]].

==Transport==
[[File:Phaphund(Dibiyapur)Station.jpg|thumb|alt=Major Railway Station in District Auraiya|Phaphund ([[Dibiyapur]]) Railway Station]]
[[File:Nationalhighway 2.jpg|thumb|[[National Highway 19 (India)|NH-19]]]]

===Rail===
District has 8 Railway Station/Halt. The district is well served by its '''"A" graded''' [[Phaphund railway station|Phaphund (Dibiyapur) railway station]]. Length of Railway Line in the district is 33 km and it comes under [[North Central Railway zone]].

===Road===
Towns and villages are well equipped with a web of roads as it is the major way of transportation in the region. National Highway 19 (Mughal Road) pass from the southern part of the district. District's headquarters Auraiya is at 64 km distance from Etawah and 105 km from Kanpur. Auraiya Bus Station is situated on National Highway 19. [[Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation]] operates buses to all cities in Uttar Pradesh. Regular buses ply from Auraiya to Kannauj, Kanpur, Agra, [[Allahabad]] and [[Faizabad]].

==Demographics==

{{historical populations|11=1901|12=3,65,919|13=1911|14=3,44,748|15=1921|16=3,32,689|17=1931|18=3,38,346|19=1941|20=4,00,599|21=1951|22=4,40,253|23=1961|24=5,43,555|25=1971|26=6,69,181|27=1981|28=8,08,222|29=1991|30=10,00,035|31=2001|32=11,79,993|33=2011|34=13,79,545|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=center}}

According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Auraiya district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 1,379,545,<ref name=districtcensus>{{cite web |year=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: Auraiya|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1168/download/3686/DH_2011_0931_PART_A_DCHB_AURAIYA.pdf|access-date= |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> roughly equal to the nation of [[Eswatini]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | access-date = 2011-10-01 | quote = Swaziland 1,370,424 | archive-date = 27 September 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110927165947/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> or the US state of [[Hawaii]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php
|title=2010 Resident Population Data
|publisher=U. S. Census Bureau
|access-date=2011-09-30
|quote=Hawaii 1,360,301
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019160532/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php
|archive-date=2013-10-19
}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 357th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has a population density of {{convert| 681 |PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}} .<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001-2011 was 16.3%.<ref name=districtcensus/> Auraiya has a [[sex ratio]] of 864 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,<ref name=districtcensus/> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 80.25%. 16.98% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes made up 28.39% of the population.<ref name=districtcensus/>

Auraiya ranks 3rd in Literacy rate ranking of [[Demographics of Uttar Pradesh|All U.P. districts ranking]] as per 2011 census

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Auraiya district (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|92.32}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Uttar Pradesh|Islam]]|green|7.39}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.29}}
|caption=Distribution of religions
}}

In 1991, Hindus percentage was 92.79% against the state average of 83.76% and 6.63% of [[Muslims]] as compared to the state average of 15.48%. The remaining 0.58% of the district population was [[Sikhs]], [[Christians]], [[Jainism|Jains]] and [[Buddhists]]. In 2011, Auraiya district had 92% Hindus and 7% Muslims, with Hindus being more concentrated in rural areas.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Uttar Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11394/download/14507/DDW09C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Auraiya district (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Hindi]] |value1 = 98.52 |color1 = orange
|label2 = [[Urdu]] |value2 = 1.37 |color2 = green
|label3 = Others |value3 = 0.11 |color3 = gray
|thumb=left
}}

At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 98.52% of the population in the district spoke [[Hindi]] (or a related language) and 1.37% [[Urdu]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Uttar Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10224/download/13336/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0900.XLSX|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Culture==

===Dance & Music===
Popular varieties of [[Indian folk music|folk music]] prevalent throughout western U.P. e.g. the Allaha, Phaag, Kajari and Rasiyas, etc. are popular in this district as well, and are sung at different times of the year. Folk songs known as Dhola, Unchari and Langadia are also very common in the villages. [[Bhajans]], [[Kirtan]] in a chorus to the accomplishment of musical instruments is very much liked by the inhabitants of the district.

A number of open air performances, combining the rural style of folk music and dancing with a central theme are a regular feature of rural life in the district. The dance named Banjasha is one of the most popular folk dances of villagers of the district. [[Nautanki]]s and dramas based on mythology are often staged and attract large gatherings, particularly in the villages.

===Festivals and Fairs===
[[Diwali]] and [[Rama Navami]] are popular festivals in the District. Other festivals are [[Vijayadashami]], [[Makar Sankranti]], [[Vasant Panchami]], [[Ayudha Puja]], Ganga Mahotsava, [[Janmashtami]], [[Maha Shivaratri]], [[Hanuman Jayanti]] and [[Eid al-Fitr|Eid]].

===Cuisine===
A typical day-to-day traditional vegetarian meal of the district, like any other North Indian thali, consists of [[roti]] (flatbread), chawal, [[dal]], [[curry|sabji]], [[raita]] and [[papad]]. Many people still drink the traditional drink chaach with meals. On festive occasions, usually '[[tava]]' (flat pan for roti) is considered inauspicious, and instead fried foods are consumed. A typical festive thali consists of [[puri]], [[kachori]], sabji, [[Pilaf|pulav]], papad, raita, [[salad]] and [[desserts]] (such as sewai or kheer). 
[[Wheat]] constitutes the staple food of the people, other materials commonly consumed here as food being [[maize]], [[barley]], gram and [[jowar]]. Chapatis prepared from kneaded wheat or corn flour are generally eaten with dal or gur and [[milk]]. The pulses consumed here are [[urd (bean)|urd]], [[arhar]], [[moong]], [[Chickpea|chana]], [[masur (lentil)|masur]] etc. 
Sweets occupy an important place in the diet and are eaten at social ceremonies. People make distinctive sweetmeats from milk products, including khurchan, [[peda]], [[gulabjamun]], [[petha]], [[Imarti]], makkhan malai, and [[cham cham]]. The [[samosa]], [[Panipuri|gol-gappa]], [[chaat]] and [[Paan]] is consumed across the whole district for its flavour and ingredients.

<gallery>
File:Indiandishes.jpg|Different varieties of sabji
File:Dal Makhani.jpg|[[Dal makhani|Dal Makhani]], popular meal
File:Vegetarian Curry.jpeg|[[North Indian]] Thali
File:A scene of Puri.JPG|[[Puri]] on festivals
File:Indian cuisine-Panipuri-03.jpg|[[panipuri|Gol-Gappa]]
File:Samosachutney.jpg|[[Samosa]] with chutney
File:Delhi Chaat with saunth chutney.jpg|[[Chaat]]
File:JalebiIndia.jpg|[[Imarti]]
</gallery>

===Dress===
The people of Auraiya have colorful and different attires. The [[sari]] is the most favourite dress of ladies of all denominations, though women in [[shalwar kameez]] combinations are usually met with. 
The men in village use to wear the traditional attires like [[kurta]]s, [[lungi]]s, dhotis and pajamas. The colorless [[khadi]] (homespun cloth) jackets known as 'Nehru Jackets' are also popular. The Muslim women wear the traditional all enveloping '[[burqa]]' and the men use to wear a round cap on their head.

==Media==
A number of newspapers and periodicals are published in Hindi, English, and Urdu. [[Amar Ujala]], [[Dainik Bhaskar]], and [[Dainik Jagran]], have a wide circulation, with local editions published from several important cities. Major English language newspapers which are published and sold are [[The Times of India]], [[Hindustan Times]] & [[The Hindu]]. 
Multi system operators provide a mix of Hindi, English, Bengali, Nepali and international channels via cable. Cell phone providers include [[Vodafone]], [[Bharti Airtel|Airtel]], [[BSNL]], [[Reliance Communications]], [[Uninor]], [[Aircel]], [[Tata Indicom]], [[Idea Cellular]], [[Jio]], and [[Tata DoCoMo]].

==Sports==
[[Cricket]] and [[association football|football]] are the most popular sports in the district. There are several cricket grounds, or maidans, located across the region.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikivoyage|Dibiyapur}}
* {{Official website|http://auraiya.nic.in}}

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Auraiya district
|North = [[Kannauj district]]
|Northeast =
|East = [[Ramabai Nagar district]]
|Southeast =
|South = [[Jalaun district]]
|Southwest =
|West = [[Etawah district]]
|Northwest =
}}

{{Auraiya district}}
{{Districts of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Kanpur division topics}}

{{Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Auraiya District}}
[[Category:Auraiya district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Uttar Pradesh]]

List of Dhoom Machaao Dhoom episodes

2026-02-22T18:25:47Z

MyIPL: basic reworked information per standard format and corrected details based on references

{{Short description|none}}
{{Convert to Episode table}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}

The following is an episode list for the [[Disney Channel India]] show, ''[[Dhoom Machaao Dhoom]],'' which won many hearts and created records.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Marr |first=Merissa |date=2007-06-11 |title=Disney Rewrites Script To Win Fans in India |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB118151608951430635 |access-date=2025-06-12 |work=Wall Street Journal |language=en-US |issn=0099-9660}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=DNA Web |title='Dhoom Machao Dhoom'! |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-dhoom-machao-dhoom-1070962 |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>

==Episode list==

===Production===
The First Session of ''[[Dhoom Machaao Dhoom]]'' was shot at a stretch from May–December 2006. It premiered on 8 January 2007.

===Season 1: January–February 2007===
{{Episode table |background= |overall= |title= |airdate= |prodcode= |episodes=
{{Episode list
| Title=[[Hello Priyanka]]
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|01|08|df=yes}}
| EpisodeNumber=1
| ProdCode=101
| ShortSummary=Priyanka Sethi the foreign returned girl from New York makes her acquaintance at the Singing Competition held at Cafe Braganza's. She bumps into Koel, the rich snob, and makes her drop her drink on her top. She is wearing a pink dress and is hence given the name 'Gulaabo' by Adhiraj. She impresses the cast of the show—Ambika, Kajal, Malini, Psyco, Motu, Addy, Aamir, Sanya, Tanya except Koel. Unfortunately, her first day at Heritage High School is not too good—she bangs into Koel one more time and gets warned. She bumps into her English teacher and drops water on the test papers. There is an assembly held and Priyanka gave the idea of formation of Bands to represent Heritage High. Note: This is the first episode of ''Dhoom Machaao Dhoom''. Season 1 premieres. This was a special hour-long introductory episode. However, it could have been divided into two episodes.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title=My friends
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|01|09|df=yes}}
| EpisodeNumber=2
| ProdCode=102
| ShortSummary=Priyanka makes friends with students of Heritage High: Malini-who helps her go to Cafe Braganzas and put up posters, Bikki-who helps her by distributing notices for the band auditions and Kajal-who saves her twice from Koel teasing her. Priyanka and Bikki start the auditions for band members but none of the participants are impressive. Koel gives a rocking performance, unlike any other students—who play and sing horribly. But to everyone's shock, Kajal plays the drums too well. Meet Priyanka's drummer.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title=Addy, Alisha & Auditions
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|01|10|df=y}}
| EpisodeNumber=3
| ProdCode=103
| ShortSummary=Priyanka still only has a drummer. She needs a band. In order to try to be close to Priyanka, Addy dresses as a girl and names himself Alisha. He gives an audition, a great one but is caught by Kajal who calls Priyanka, Bikki and Malini. Priyanka is heartbroken and depressed. Her friend make her happy and KJ plays the drums, Bikki plays the tambourine and Malini plays the harmonica. Priyanka is thrilled. Koel, who is spying on the girls, promises herself that she would not let this band be made.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title=Fire n Ice
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|01|11|df=y}}
| EpisodeNumber=4
| ProdCode=104
| ShortSummary=Priyanka's band is really happening until Shenaz Maam threatens to cancel it because they did not ask for her permission. She gives them their consent forms to get signed by the next day. Bikki and her whole family get it signed. Priyanka's mother signs hers, Kajal signs it herself and Malini cannot get it signed by her father because she is afraid of his strictness. Priyanka and her band try to decide on a name for their band, but unsuccessfully. Hence, she goes to the library and searches for a book with names of bands, but Varun snatches it from her. Overwhelmed Bikki signs in Lecture's book and is given the punishment of cleaning the library. Meanwhile, Koel forms a band called Fire and Ice, comprising Varun, herself, Sanya and Tanya.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title=Will She Sign It?
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|01|15|df=y}}
| EpisodeNumber=5
| ProdCode=105
| ShortSummary= Fire n Ice give a good performance. Priyanka and Malini and KJ and Bikki are walking home and Priyanka says that they should go and speak to her father. Finally they go and Malini's mother gives them Pakodas to eat. They were talking of the band when Malini's father enters and asks what about the band. Priyanka is ready to tell him all about it but Bikki and KJ chicken out and lie to her father. Priyanka and KJ and Bikki are waiting for Malini. Shehnaz ma'ams deadline of 9 am has almost arrived. She finally arrives at the gate and holds the form up.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title=Kj Problems
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|01|16|df=y}}
| EpisodeNumber=6
| ProdCode=106
| ShortSummary=Malini holds up the form and it is signed the four friends are thrilled. But, when they go to submit it to Shenaz Maam, she says no because they are late. But after seeing Mr. Sidhwani, she accepts the forms and their band is made, but they have nowhere to practice. They show off to Koel and say that they have got their band ready. Bikki starts the Makkhi Jayegi trick. Addy gives them the music room to practice but Kajal had to announce to the whole school that she was very sorry to Addy and that he is very good and she is very bad. Later, while they are practicing, Priyanka says they should sing a song that she has composed but Kajal and Bikki say that they want to sing Bollywood and Indipop only. Priyanka says original composition will help them win better so KJ says that she can make her chances better and that she quits. She walks off.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title=Use Loveleen
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|01|17|df=y}}
| EpisodeNumber=7
| ProdCode=107
| ShortSummary=In her anger, KJ walks away from the Pink Band. Bikki gets caught talking in the English period and is given a punishment of writing "I Will Not Talk in Class" 200 times. Then Priyanka, Malini and forced KJ say they deserve a punishment too, since Ambika was talking to them. They finish and Kj walks past and tells Priyanka she is not interested in the band. Koel takes off Priyanka's poster and puts a Fire n Ice poster up and Amir says no. She tries to bribe him with money and insults him, but all he says is, ''Tum kitni Battammeese ho Koel, tum khud Nahi jaanti''. Finally, KJ orders a chicken sandwich and tells Amir that she left the band. Amir tells her it is her fault and she should not take any decision in anger and should think with her heart. She goes to the girls while they are practising and sits at the drums. There is a vote and Bollywood songs win and KJ says Priyanka can choose the song. Meanwhile. Koel uses Loveleen and says that she can be fav jr. if she spies on the Pink Band and tells her everything about them. Loveleen, says yes and is already on Mission 1. She follows the Pink Band to practice.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title=Trapped Pink Band
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|01|18|df=y}}
| EpisodeNumber=8
| ProdCode=108
| ShortSummary=The girls are having trouble in choosing the name for their band. Karma Kola, Awesome Foursome, The Band, Chaar Basanti is all they've got. They want something hep, that shows their attitude too. Amir gives Malini a chit with ''The Pink Band'' written on it. Malini suggests the name and everyone loves it. A Song About Pink is sung. They go for practice everyday after school. Loveleen is again dumped by Koel. Koel, using Loveleen's spying, tries to get the Pink Band caught by the Principal. The Pink Band goes for practice and Addy goes to watch them. Suddenly, the door is being knocked at, but brave Priyanka opens the door. It is Motu and Psycho. They warn them that Koel is outside. Again, someone knocks on the door. KJ Malini Bikki and Priyanka hide behind the curtains. It was Mr, Sidwani. Koel had told Varun to bring him. But, Addy Motu and Psycho open the door with Brooms in their hands saying they were given a punishment and they started playing the instruments. Mr. Sidwani confiscates the keys and locks up. The girls come out from behind the Curtain and check the door. They are trapped.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title=Never Forge Again
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|01|22|df=y}}
| EpisodeNumber=9
| ProdCode=109
| ShortSummary=Sadu, Koel and Varun go back to check behind the curtains. Addy fakes a heart-attack and Cyco tells the girls to go out when everyone's back is turned. When KJ goes home in the evening, she is thrilled to see her father but fights with him over an issue about her step-mother. The next day, her father comes to school and tells Singhji that he wants to talk to Sadu. Finally, KJ sees her father after Addy tells her that he is in the office and Shenaaz Mam approaches. KJ almost has a heart attack if Shenaz Mam would ask him about signing the papers. But she goes away and KJs father comes out and she apologizes to him. So, he doesn't ask Sadu about anything. After School KJ is playing tennis and Addy follows her into the Girls' locker room. He asks her to forge his father's signature but she says no because she is already in a problem for forging her father's signature. Koel overhears it and threatens KJ to give her The Pink Band's song list of the competition or she will get KJ expelled.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title=Koel at KJ's
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|01|23|df=y}}
| EpisodeNumber=10
| ProdCode=110
| ShortSummary=Kajal is feeling guilty for forging her father's signature and Koel's finding out of it makes her feel even worse. Meanwhile, Priyanka, Malini, Bikki and KJ go up to Bikki's attic and find some of BG's old clothes that they would mix and match to make their costumes While Sanya, Tabya and Koel are at Cafe' Braganza's, Koel says Fire n Ice will win and Sanya Tanya say that they will have to win, especially because of KJ. Amir overhears them and later asks KJ about Koel and if she is bothering her. Meanwhile, when KJ comes home from school, she finds Koel at her house talking to her father. She is surprised.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title=Deadline
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|01|24|df=y}}
| EpisodeNumber=11
| ProdCode=111
| ShortSummary=Koel didn't tell on KJ. But she says if KJ doesn't give the Songlist by 5 pm the next day, she will call Sadu. KJ sneaks into the staffroom and finds a consent form, but she drops her drumstick and is unaware of the fact that it will get her into trouble. She goes to her father's office and tells him to sign the consent form. Addy and Kajal go back to school and try to put the consent form back in the staff room, but Shenaz mam is reading a book and takes forever. It is 5 pm and Koel would not wait a minute. KJ is running with the song list. Koel almost dials Sadu.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title=Wer'e All in This Together
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|01|25|df=y}}
| EpisodeNumber=12
| ProdCode=112
| ShortSummary=KJ reaches and gives Koel the songlist. Koel goes to Varun's house and then their whole band comes and they practice. KJ is very troubled and feels guilty for giving the song list to Koel. They go for practice to Priyanka's house. In this episode it is revealed that Priyanka's father is not with her. The Interschool Music Competition starts. Fire n Ice is before the Pink Band and is introduced by Amir and Addy. The Pink Girls (except Kajal) are surprised to hear their songs being sung by Koel and Varun. KJ is about to leave when Priyanka tells her they are a band and a Band's biggest strength is working together and they are all in this together. All their songs have been sung. The four horrified girls are about to go on stage.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title=Pink Rocks!
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|01|29|df=y}}
| EpisodeNumber=13
| ProdCode=113
| ShortSummary=The Pink Band is booed for playing the same songs. But the brave Priyanka and her band play her original composition that was earlier rejected. But, ''It's Pink, Pink, Pink That's Rockin' Now'' really helped the Pinks because, they won. Koel is upset because she lost but thinks she is not a loser and then faints. At Braganza's, Pinks are celebrating their victory. Varun goes and dances with Priyanka. Malini doesn't' dance with Amir because she is shy. Sadu says that if the Pink Band is disqualified, Fire N Ice will represent Heritage High. Koel plans on telling Sadu and then The Pinks about KJ's forgery.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title=The Picnic (1)
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|01|30|df=y}}
| EpisodeNumber=14
| ProdCode=114
| ShortSummary=KJ wants to tell her friends about the forgery the next day at the Senior School picnic. But she accidentally takes her phone off the hook and oversleeps. Priyanka Malini and Bikki are wondering where she is. They are at their picnic spot. Meanwhile, KJ wakes up, realizes she's late and goes all the way on her Cycle. She has a tyre puncture, too. The students and teachers of Heritage High play dumb charades. Sadu checks with KJs father if he signed the forms and he said yes. So, Koel goes to all the Pinks and tells them about Kajal's forgery. They are shocked. Kajal finally arrives to see all her friends upset.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title=Double Standards
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|01|31|df=y}}
| EpisodeNumber=15
| ProdCode=115
| ShortSummary=Malini, Bikki and Priyanka are disappointed with KJ and ask her why she had not told them. She says she did it for the band and their friendship. On the bus, KJ doesn't let Malini sit on the seat next to her. Upset KJ confesses to her father while crying. KJ is not going to school and also is not talking to her friends. Priyanka and Addy sneak into KJ's house and Priyanka talks to KJ. KJ tells Priyanka that she knows that the band is as important to her as KJ and that she should go and tell Sadu that she forged her father's signature.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title=Bye Bye KJ!
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|02|01|df=yes}}
| EpisodeNumber=16
| ProdCode=116
| ShortSummary=Priyanka goes to Sadu to tell him that KJ forged the sign. But Sadu praises her and her band and says he has already sent the form as Pink Band of Heritage High's official entry. Priyanka sends a note to KJ saying that their friendship is greater and that KJ wins. Varun and Amir stand for the election of sports captain and a basketball match is set to decide who will be the captain. Varun wins the match and becomes the sports captain. The Pink Band sing a song and KJ is not there. But, KJ comes saves the Pink Band but makes an announcement and says that she is leaving The Pink Band. She quits. Koel and Varun are happy. Varun accepts KJs leaving as a double victory.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title=KJ's Back!(1)
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|02|05|df=yes}}
| EpisodeNumber=17
| ProdCode=117
| ShortSummary=Kj goes to the girls' locker room and starts crying because she realizes that she just made Koel win and Pink Band and her friends lose. Priyanka is also very disappointed and has flashbacks about her life in Bombay-from the very first day. KJ goes home and her father yells at her and her mother tells her father to talk to her because she needs friends and she is sad. So he does and tells her to go and apologize to her friends about what she had done. The next day Priyanka was telling Sadu about the Pinkl Band no more when KJ makes an announcement apologizing to the Pink band and that she has not left. Amir and Varun have a serious physical fight and Malini sees this and she is heartbroken.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title=KJ's Back!(2)
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|02|06|df=yes}}
| EpisodeNumber=18
| ProdCode=118
| ShortSummary=Priyanka is stressed out and Sadu gets angry with the Pink Band. Priyanka bangs into Shenaaz Mam and she becomes angry with Priyanka and her band and wants to resign from Heritage High. KJs apology is accepted and she promises never to leave the Pink Band ever again. They are BFFs now. A teacher's council meeting is held and Shanaaz Mam (in favor of Fire n Ice) has five votes on her side and Lekha Mam (on Pink band's side) also has five votes on her side. Sadu will not vote. The final vote is left in the hands of the Yoga Master, who likes both-Lekha and Shenaaz.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title=Varun and Priyanka
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|02|07|df=yes}}
| EpisodeNumber=19
| ProdCode=119
| ShortSummary=Pink band doesn't win the voting. Varun acts extra sweet and kind and wins Priyanka over. His plan is to get Priyanka to compose an original song for Fire n Ice so that Heritage High can win the music competition. Bikki and Koel are suspicious of Priyanka and Varun respectively. Varun takes Priyanka in his car, helps her pull a book out of a shelf that she cannot reach and when they are in the yoga class, he calls Priyanka out and tells her that one round in the competition is Original Composition. He asks her to compose a song for Fire n Ice and to think it over and tell him the next day.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title=Basketball
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|02|08|df=yes}}
| EpisodeNumber=20
| ProdCode=120
| ShortSummary=Varun acts sweet and innocent to make friends with Priyanka so that he can steal her original compositions and she even agrees to give him her compositions. Priyanka does compose a song and has a Priyanka to Priyanka debate. But when Varun and Priyanka play a game of basketball Priyanka accidentally pushes Varun and his hand is fractured due to which Fire-n-Ice gets disqualified and in its place Pink band is selected to perform for the inter-school competition.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title=Caught Bikki
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|02|12|df=y}}
| EpisodeNumber=21
| ProdCode=121
| ShortSummary=Varun is badly injured and goes to the nurse. Koel, Sanya and Tanya are at Sadu's office and The Pink Band is called in and told that Varun will not be able to play the guitar so PINK is the official entry. Koel is seeking revenge on a new member now. Loveleen tells Koel that Bikki has nine black marks. They have to submit their assignments and Bikki cannot find hers. Finally, she does and when Lecture opens it, there is a filmy magazine inside. Bikki is in trouble and has to clean all the classrooms for three weeks. Later. Motu tells Bikki that he will clean the classes for her and that she can practice. When Cyco and Motu are cleaning the classes, Lecture catches them and hurries to the Music Room. She finds Bikki and tells her she is now suspended, she has ten black marks.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title=You're A Great Actor Bikki
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|02|13|df=y}}
| EpisodeNumber=22
| ProdCode=122
| ShortSummary=Bikki gets Lecture fooled by passing a very firmly and patriotic dialogue. Lekha Mam let her go. Koel was really upset because she had failed to get Bikki out of the Pink Band too. Only Mailini was left to try her luck. The girls got ready for the Music Competition. They were there. Priyanka's dream was now a reality. They went in front of the stage to hear the announcement. The Host announced that there was a surprise performance—FIRE N ICE. Shocked, all the Pinks stared.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title=Clothe-less Pinks
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|02|14|df=y}}
| EpisodeNumber=23
| ProdCode=123
| ShortSummary=Fire N Ice gives a rocking performance. Backstage, Priyanka gives Varun her best performance-Dhoom Machaao Dhoom. We meet Niel Roy from ST. Marks, Kolkata. Bikki has a major crush on him. The Pink Band goes in their dressing room, to find their clothes destroyed. The Pink Band has to perform. Motu's father has a girls' clothing store and Addy, Motu, Cyco, and Amir go to buy costumes for the girls in 37 minutes. The Pink Band is called on stage. They give a rocking performance. The finalists are PINKS, NIEL and FIRE N ICE.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title=Hurry Up Malini, We Need You!
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|02|15|df=y}}
| EpisodeNumber=24
| ProdCode=124
| ShortSummary=Malini finds it hard to escape her father's eagle eyes in order to reach in time for the performance. But no problem as Addy is here he comes disguised as some girl and says that he is Malini's friend who has come to call Malini and her sister Madhu for the [[satsang]] and takes Madhu and Malini with him. Pink band prepares to perform for the inter-school competition.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title=Pink Band Banned!
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|02|19|df=y}}
| EpisodeNumber=25
| ProdCode=125
| ShortSummary=Malini makes it just in time for her synthesizer solo and The Pink Band gives a rocking performance. It's Fire N Ice's turn and they sing the song that Priyanka has composed and they win. The Pink Band goes and complains to the panel of judges and Shenaz Mam is called in. She says that it was a FNI Original Composition. She is very upset with The Pink Band and bans them.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title=Resign, Shehnaz Mam
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|02|20|df=y}}
| EpisodeNumber=26
| ProdCode=126
| ShortSummary=Bikki, KJ, and Malini are too shattered to go to school. Priyanka tells her mother about FNI stealing the original competition. But Priyanka goes to school and also encourages younger students to be like the Pink Band she tells off anyone who insults the Pink Band. Shenaz mam tells Priyanka and the girls not to teach other students because they are losers and also because she has banned the Pink Band. She calls Sadu and tells him about their disobedience. She says that she will resign if they are not expelled from school.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title=Aamir and Varun Rusticated?
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|02|21|df=y}}
| EpisodeNumber=27
| ProdCode=127
| ShortSummary=Shenaz mam doesn't resign and tells Koel and Varun to become friends with the Pink Band. To win, as usual, Koel sucks up to the Pink Band. She offers to buy them refreshments at Barganzas and acts kind. Aamir gives Malini his poetry book that he wrote for her and she forgets it on the counter and Koel takes it. The Pink Band does not fall for Koel's sick trick. Koel gives the diary to Varun who rags Aamir the next day after school. The two Again have a physical fight which Sadu sees and tells them they are rusticated.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title=The Rustication of Varun (1)
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|02|22|df=y}}
| EpisodeNumber=28
| ProdCode=128
| ShortSummary=Malini's father calls Heritage High and Addy picks up the phone and says she is in the office reciting a poem. Amir and Varun are inside and it is finally decided that Amir is innocent and Varun is guilty. Sadu tells Varun that he is rusticated and Varun says that his father is greater than Sadu and that he cannot rusticate him. Later, the phone rings, perhaps it is Varun's father.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title=The Rustication of Varun (2)
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|02|26|df=y}}
| EpisodeNumber=29
| ProdCode=129
| ShortSummary=The phone that rang was a wrong number. Sadu officially rusticates Varun from Heritage High. Koel is called and The Pink Band is given the trophy. Koel is told to apologize to the Pinks in front of the whole school and Koel faints. Addy fakes a sickness but all his friends realise it. Amir is not rusticated and is let off on a warning. Koel tells her father to rusticate Amir from school. The End of Season 1. Jay Bhanushali leaves the cast.
}}
}}

===Season 2: February–May 2007===
{{Episode table |background= |overall= |title= |airdate= |prodcode= |episodes=
{{Episode list
| Title=Koel's Revenge
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|02|27|df=y}}
| EpisodeNumber=30
| ProdCode=130
| ShortSummary=Koel sends a chit with the answers of the exam with Sanya and Tanya to givt to Malini to give to Amir. Amir goes on to his Exam and the chit falls out. The lecturer sees it and takes him to Sadu's office. But the lecturer had confiscated Koel's cellphone and heard her talking about some plan and Amir is allowed to go and complete his paper. Mr. Tolani comes to school to talk to Sadu. Then he bumps into Priyanka and her friends. He invites them for dinner and Priyanka says yes. Koel is happy her plan is in action.
 This is the first episode of Session 1 Season 2 of Dhoom Machaao Dhoom. Although there is no gap between the airing date of episodes 29 and 30, this is Season 2.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title=Motu's Designs
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|02|28|df=y}}
| EpisodeNumber=31
| ProdCode=131
| ShortSummary=In yoga class, Motu goes out crying because he is upset that Koel's father is stopping his father's business. Cyco shows Priyanka Motu's Designs that he has created and Priyanka and the Gang agree to model all the clothes at Koel's party. Malini's father almost caught all the girls while they were trying out the clothes. Amir will be the MC and The Pinks, Cyco and Addy will model Motu's clothes. Koel loves the ideas and says that this is the perfect way to complete her revenge.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title=What A Show Girls!!
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|03|01|df=yes}}
| EpisodeNumber=32
| ProdCode=132
| ShortSummary=Priyanka, Bikki, KJ, and Malini, Amir, Addy, Cyco and MOtu arrive at Koel's farmhouse. Soon, they discover that Motu;s clothes are missing. Priyanka comes up with the idea of wearing Koel's clothes. Motu uses some of Koel's clothes and makes his own designs. The Girls also made some of Koel's clothes in the ''What Not To Wear'' part of the show. Koel's father tells Amir that he can eliminate all of his difficulties if Amir gets rid of the Pink Band. And if Amir doesn't, he can make his life worse.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title=Braganza's in Big Trouble.
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|03|12|df=y}}
| EpisodeNumber=33
| ProdCode=133
| ShortSummary=When Amir goes home to the cafe that night Mr and Mrs Braganza tell him that Rajiv Tolani wants to buy the Cafe. Addy reaches this news to the girls who are staying at KJ's. They sneak out without telling KJ's mother. Koel reaches and Priyanka has a plan to raise money for the Cafe. Brijbhushan goes to KJs house to check on Mailin, but ehy had gone back home by then. KJ's mother tells KJ's father about it and the next morning the girls are questioned by Anmol. A telegram comes to tell Braganza's to pack up by next week.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title=Beg For Forgiveness
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|03|13|df=y}}
| EpisodeNumber=34
| ProdCode=134
| ShortSummary=Addy tells Motu and Cyco that the Cafe is being sold. They and the Pink Band get a lecture from Coach Coachwalla to exercise and that jogging is good. Priyanka gets an idea-A SPONSORED MARATHON-to raise 9 lakhs in one week. Kajal's father is not talking to KJ until and unless she apologizes to her mother, Munmun. Amir thinks this Marathon will not work. He says the only way to save Braganza's is to apologize to Rajiv Tolani.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title=Slave for a Day
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|03|14|df=y}}
| EpisodeNumber=35
| ProdCode=135
| ShortSummary=Amir goes to Koel's house and apologizes to her father but he tells Amir to go and apologize to Koel. Koel says she will not buy the cafe if he will be her slave for a day. She goes to school and in front of everyone she ill treats Amir. Finally, she calls up Malini's father but Amir refuses to. So the only option left is to advertise the marathon on Kajal's father's radio show. Kajal's father is not talking to her so she has to first call her stepmother and apologize.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title=Moms, Moms and Radio Shows
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|03|15|df=y}}
| EpisodeNumber=36
| ProdCode=136
| ShortSummary=All of Kajal's friends are upset with her but they encourage her to apologize to her mother and when she goes home, she tries but something always comes in her way- A phone call, a doorbell, etc. Finally when her father comes home, she apologizes to her father and calls her mother. Hence, the next morning KJ, Bikki and Priyanka go on the show. Malini had sent a chit for Priyanka to read out as her father did not give her the permission to go. So Priyanka announces her name. When she turns off the radio, she sees her father looking angry.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title=Run To Save Barganza's (1)
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|03|19|df=y}}
| EpisodeNumber=37
| ProdCode=137
| ShortSummary=Malini escapes as her father fails to hear Priyanka say Malini is a part of the Pink band. The girls go to school and for the next five days Vishal Malhotra successfully persuades many people to Run To Save Barganza's. Priyanka and Amir are in charge of the events. Addy and KJ are together, traffic controllers, Malinia and Cyco, Bikki and Motu are in charge of First Aid and Mr and Mrs Barganza are in charge of refreshments. They are all at the spot and Coach and Mr Kuroop come to take part. Besides them no one else has taken part. It is 5 pm.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title=Run To Save Barganza's (2)
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|03|20|df=y}}
| EpisodeNumber=38
| ProdCode=138
| ShortSummary= Finally, all the participants arrive and everyone is on duty. Sadu and Singhji arrive and also BG, Bikki's parents. Addy is chasing girls once the marathon begins and not knowing it's KJ's mother, complements her. Bikki, Priyanka, Kajal and Malini are jogging and Malini's father is in the vehicle next to her but fails to see her. Meanwhile, Koel is jogging with her father and for the first time eats a pani puri, has a beggar touch her and then to top it all off, she runs into the Pink Band who tease her on the way.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title=Press Release
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|03|21|df=y}}
| EpisodeNumber=39
| ProdCode=139
| ShortSummary=.Priyanka, KJ, Bikki and Amir tell Malini to tell her father everything. She does say yes, but just to change the topic. Everyone reaches Cafe Braganza's and makes their donations. A sneeky press person with her photographer comes to the Cafe, to write an article on the Marathon, The Pink Band and the horrible Mr Tolani. Many times they try to get a story on the Pink Band and a group picture, but fail. Koel calls up Brijbhushan, Malini's father and tells him about Mailin, but he refuses to believe her. Backstage, the photographer takes a picture of the Pink Band, when they are not paying attention.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title=Malini's Secret is NO MORE!
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|03|22|df=y}}
| EpisodeNumber=40
| ProdCode=140
| ShortSummary= Backstage, Mailini decided that she will tell her father everything that very night. So, The Pink Band gets into Motu's Designs and ready for the fashion show. Rajiv Tolani calls Brijbhushan to Cafe Braganza's to meet him. The Pink Band, individually model some fantastic clothes. Finally, they sing the song [[Dhoom Machaao Dhoom Machaao]], which is a hit. Brijbhushan comes to the cafe, where he sees Malini playing the piano. He is furious, Malini is nervous and guilty. The Pink Band is in jeopardy.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title=Malini's Problem and Priyanka's plan
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|03|26|df=y}}
| EpisodeNumber=41
| ProdCode=141
| ShortSummary= Malini's father takes her home he is furious. He locks her up in her room. Madhu di is scared of going home because she is scared her father will lock her out of the house. At the cafe, Priyanka, Malini and KJ say it's their fault because they didn't start the show earlier, Amir blames himself for insulting Rajiv Toalni, and Motu and Ccyo blame themselves for telling Brijbhushan that that was Cafe Braganza's. Priyanka thinks of a plan. She tells her mother to speak to Malini's father and tell him that Malini didn't do anything wrong and that he should not punish her. But her mother refuses to do so. Koel's mother asks her if the Pink Band will perform to her all girls night party but Koel throws a tantrum.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title=Malini banned from going to Heritage High!!
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|03|27|df=y}}
| EpisodeNumber=42
| ProdCode=142
| ShortSummary= At school, Bikki is obsessed with her last black mark. All of Malini's friends-Cyco, Motu, Priyanka, KJ, Bikki, and Addy write a note for Malini and put it in her newspaper. KJ, Bikki and Priyanka beg her mother speak to Brijbhushan, she refuses but finally falls for it. Addy and Amir go to Malinu's backyard Addy distracts the watchman and Amir goes and asks Malini how she is. Priyanka and her mother go and Priyanka's mother tells Brijbhushan not to stop Malini from playing music. Brijbhushan is angered. He yells at Malini and bans her from going to Heritage High.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title=Leaving Certificate
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|03|28|df=y}}
| EpisodeNumber=43
| ProdCode=143
| ShortSummary= Malini is shattered. Priyanka and Koel have an argument at school in which Priyanka talks back to Koel, as rudely as Koel did to her. Lekha mam thinks the student rivalry is too much and has an idea--BONDING EXERCISE. All the teachers except Shenaz Kapoor agree. Mr Kuroop takes the class. Everyone pairs up with their favourite rival-Priyanka and Koel, Bikki and Sanya, Cyco and Tanya, Motu and some other chick, Addy and KJ, etc. They had to forgive each other. Brijbhushan comes to Heritage High and meets Sadu. He asks him for Malini's leaving certificate. Somehow, Sadu praises Malini and gets Brijbhushan thinking.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title=Scholarships, Promises and Guilty Dads
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|03|29|df=y}}
| EpisodeNumber=44
| ProdCode=144
| ShortSummary= Flashabcks of Priyanka's mother, the principal of the new school and Sadu get Brijbhushan thinking. He regrets being so mean to Malini. Amir gets a scholarship because he topped his exams. Priyanka and the gang continue their bonding exercise, but now more in detail. Meanwhile, Sarla gives Brijbhushan a piece of her mind. Brijbhushan apologizes to his family. Malini promises her father that she will never play music again.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title=Malini's Back!
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|04|01|df=yes}}
| EpisodeNumber=45
| ProdCode=145
| ShortSummary= Malini's father is happy and they forgive each other. He thinks of a plan to make Malini happy, so he takes her to heritage high. Anir is so glad to see Malini that he thinks he is dreaming. He starts chit chatting with her immediately and tells her that the Pink Band should come back inhto action. In class, students reveal their bonding exercises bonds and Koel tells the class that she knows something about Priyanka that no one else knows. Bikki, and KJ are shocked, bu their shock is diminished when she tells them Priyanka is allergic to lemons. Addy stops the girls from going into the canteen because he thinks Amir is with another girl. But when Malini's friend find her they are happy. But Malini tells them she promised her father that she would not be a part of the band, Koel is thrilled.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title=Sadu's 50th!
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|04|02|df=yes}}
| EpisodeNumber=46
| ProdCode=146
| ShortSummary=Malini's friends are shocked to learn that she has decided to leave Pink band and music. They try to convince her to rejoin Pink band but all in vain. Meanwhile, Lekha ma'am tells the girls that Pink band should perform for the principal's fiftieth birthday to make the occasion special. The girls agree in spite of knowing that Malini would not perform.during the birthday celebration Lekha ma'am calls up Pink band on to the stage for the performance but the girls are missing. Aamir and Addy feel that they are hiding and have not come to school to avoid the humiliation.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title=Will Malini Change Her Mind?
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|04|03|df=yes}}
| EpisodeNumber=47
| ProdCode=147
| ShortSummary=Malini denies to perform for principal's birthday so, Priyanka apologises to the students and teachers and tells them that the band is no more as Malini has left the band because of some personal problems. Instead of the Pink band Koel and her team perform. Lekha ma'am again comes up with an exercise where the students are asked to choose a subject of their choice on which they will do a project. Koel and Priyanka along with Bikki and Taniya choose music. Shenaz ma'am asks them to form a band which will perform the coming Sunday. Malini is called by the principal who requests her to rethink about her decision of leaving the Pink band. Even Aamir tells her that if she leaves the band he will cancel his scholarship.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title=New Guy, Forgiven Promises and New Bands
| OriginalAirDate= {{Start date|2007|04|04|df=yes}}
| EpisodeNumber= 48
| ProdCode=148
| ShortSummary=A fight happens between Pink band members where Kajal taunts Malini by saying that she has caused many problems for them. Koel gets happy seeing them fight. Malini's father allows Malini to rejoin Pink band and follow her dreams. Priyanka and Koel fight over the song selection and Priyanka's mother as usual comes up with a solution telling them to sing both the songs. Priyanka, Koel, Bikki and Tanya start to perform as a band and everyone is impressed but, then a man suddenly enters, shutting his ears shouting "stop it".
NOTE- In this episode Nihal and Priyanka sang the song 'yeh pal' a little bit which was mainly the song in kya mast hai life.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title=Nihal the New Guy a New Problem for Priyanka
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|04|08|df=yes}}
| EpisodeNumber=49
| ProdCode=149
| ShortSummary=The new student, Nihal Singh Rathod, tells Priyanka that she is playing the wrong sync. She dislikes his preaching and rudeness. Everyone is charmed by his attitude and good looks except Priyanka, Addy and Motu. Even Kajal is impressed by Nihal which makes Addy jealous. Once again Priyanka bumps into Nihal and messes up his form by dropping water on it. This angers Nihal. but later he comes to Priyanka again asking to sing a few notes composed by him in order to check the tune. Again he finds fault in Priyanka by saying she is singing the wrong scale and they fight. Afterwards, he comes and says that he can give music lessons to Priyanka which raises her temper once again and she snaps at him. Meanwhile, Koel smirks thinking that Priyanka is making a big mistake as she doesn't know who Nihal is.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title=Who really is Nihaal?
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|04|09|df=yes}}
| EpisodeNumber=50
| ProdCode=150
| ShortSummary=Priyanka blasts Nihal off and tells him she hates rude people. Koel takes advantage of the situation by telling Nihal that Priyanka has loads of attitude but Nihal is least bothered. Priyanka's friends call her up to tease about how she gets jealous when Koel is with Nihal. Bikki also says that she heard some girls in school telling that he is an actor's son but, Priyanka refuses to believe it.next day at school Priyanka again bumps into nihal but he refuses to talk to her as Priyanka had made him promise not to talk to her. Koel's father says that Nihal is part of their plan to get rid of Priyanka and the principal of Heritage High will get a phone call soon about it. Koel asks Nihal about the plan but he denies knowing anything.the principal gets a call and starts shivering fainting immediately.he gets hospitalised and lekha ma'am is given the responsibility of taking care of the school in his absence. Koel calls her father telling that his evil plans are working but, when she turns back she finds Priyanka staring at her suspiciously.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title=Nihal and Addy in Trouble?
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|04|11|df=yes}}
| EpisodeNumber=51
| ProdCode=151
| ShortSummary=Priyanka doesn't hear Koel's conversation on her cell phone but, tells Koel to ask Nihal to stop bothering Priyanka. Koel gives Nihal Priyanka's message and Nihal says now, he will show his real talent to Priyanka. Nihal again starts bothering Priyanka by following her everywhere and asking her weird questions and tells her that she lacks knowledge in music. Priyanka gets angry and asks him to leave her alone. Priyanka tells her friends that she would not lose her temper next time even if Nihal keeps irritating her again and again. Shenaz ma'am stealthily reads a letter from the trusty to the principal and says that now she will have to respect Nihal more. Koel and Nihal are talking to each other when suddenly Nihal remembers a tune and sees Addy who was spying on Nihal. Nihal runs after Addy and gets Addy's book to write the tune.soon, he finds out that it is none other than Priyanka's music book and starts reading it. Addy gets angry seeing Nihal reading the book and snatches the book. but, Addy falls down soaking the book in a puddle of water.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title=Music Challenge Who Will Win?
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|04|12|df=yes}}
| EpisodeNumber=52
| ProdCode=152
| ShortSummary=Addy is scared that Priyanka will get quite angry at him because he messed up her book. Nihal agrees to help Addy.meanwhile, Koel is glad that Priyanka's music book is ruined. Nihal irons the book and saves it from getting damaged.he takes it to Priyanka, who gets angry and thinks that he stole her music book.she complains about it to Lekha ma'am. but later she finds out that Nihal is innocent and apologises to him. But, Nihal sets a music challenge between him and Priyanka. Priyanka reluctantly agrees. He sets a stage and calls up Priyanka. He also has a condition that the one who sings out of tune will have to go through training under the winner who sings in the correct tune.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title=Nihal Wins the Music Challenge and Trains Priyanka.
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|04|16|df=yes}}
| EpisodeNumber=53
| ProdCode=153
| ShortSummary=Nihaal sings really tough raagas which Priyanka finds hard to sing. So, finally she accepts her defeat and agrees to take training under Nihaal. Koel takes advantage of the situation by telling Nihaal that she will also join Priyanka for training classes. Priyanka is upset and shares her sorrows with her mother. Priyanka's mother advises Priyanka not to be overconfident about her talent and to avoid being egoistic. She says that god is testing Priyanka's talent so Priyanka should work more hard now. Nihaal once again insults Priyanka during training classes. Priyanka's friends are concerned about Priyanka and feels that Priyanka and Nihaal's rivalry should end. So they come up with a plan to make Priyanka and Nihaal friends.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title=Mission Dosti
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|04|17|df=yes}}
| EpisodeNumber=54
| ProdCode=154
| ShortSummary=Priyanka's friends decide to make Priyanka and Nihaal friends by ending their rivalry. During class hours Kajal makes a lame excuse and makes Priyanka sit with Nihal. Bikki suggests an idea to Lekha ma'am where the students can say dialogues from the play [[Romeo and Juliet]] to each other in the form of a skit to make the class a bit more interesting. Lekha ma'am likes the idea. Bikki and gang persuade Nihaal and Priyanka to say the dialogues to each other. Later, Aamir goes up to Nihaal and asks him to be friends with Priyanka to which he agrees. Priyanka is about to shake hands with Nihaal when manager singh comes and asks Nihaal to contact Tolani to help him get the trustee's fax back. Then Priyanka says she can never be friends with someone who is related to Koel and family.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title=Who is Nihaal's Mom?
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|04|18|df=yes}}
| EpisodeNumber=55
| ProdCode=155
| ShortSummary=Manager requests Nihaal to contact Tolani regarding some office work and Nihaal after a lot of persuasion agrees. Priyanka asks Nihaal if he is connected to koel in any way and if Koel is planning a surprise party for his parents wedding anniversary. Nihaal tells her that his father is no more. Priyanka and her friends decide to find out Nihaal's mother's identity which he wants to hide. Psycho makes Nihaal sign a form where they have asked mother's name. Nihaal is not comfortable revealing his mother's name and leaves the class. He confronts Koel about the anniversary thing. Koel tells that Priyanka lied about it. Nihaal decides to teach Priyanka a lesson. Him along with Koel sings Priyanka's composition without her permission. Priyanka is furious and warns Nihaal not to mess with her again.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title=Priyanka and Nihaal to Sing Together!
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|04|19|df=yes}}
| EpisodeNumber=56
| ProdCode=156
| ShortSummary=Priyanka is fuming with anger when Bikki comes and bothers her by asking what happened. Priyanka blasts off Bikki by telling that whatever Bikki does is quite stupid. Bikki is quite hurt and cries. When Kajal learns of this she says that Priyanka is crossing her limits and they should wait till Priyanka herself comes and apologises. Priyanka and her mother go to a music release party where they meet Nihaal. Nihaal's friend Gowri Shankar asks Nihaal to sing a song and they are in need of a female singer for the duet. Nihaal suggests Priyanka's name.together they sing a song which enthralls everyone. The next day at school, Priyanka apologises to Bikki for her rude behaviour and the four girls hug. Priyanka is soon called by Lekha Ma'am and she along with Nihaal reaches the principal's cabin.there they meet a music director who wants them to sing a song in his upcoming movie. Nihaal and Priyanka are delighted to hear about it.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title=The Auditions
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|04|23|df=yes}}
| EpisodeNumber=57
| ProdCode=157
| ShortSummary=Nihaal immediately says yes to the offer without asking Priyanka. Priyanka is annoyed about the same and tells Nihaal that he has no right to take decisions for her. Nihaal says it is because of him she got this offer which makes her more angry. So, she goes up to the music director and tells him that she cannot sing without her band members, so he asks her to audition along with her band. Priyanka and girls start to practice for auditions but they all unknowingly avoids Bikki because she doesn't have much role in the band when compared to others. She is upset about it and asks Nihaal for music lessons.he tells her to be confident and believe in her talent.next day they all attend the audition at school. Nihaal while singing asks the girls to play the musical instruments as he needs orchestration. Just then Koel and her girls come telling that if the music director wants to see true talent then he should give Koel a chance.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title= Priyanka- the best
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|04|24|df=yes}}
| EpisodeNumber=58
| ProdCode=158
| ShortSummary= Koel and her girls come telling that if the music director wants to see true talent then he should give Koel a chance. Music director gives her a chance to sing after pink performs. When all three have given their performance, Music Director- Rohit Anand points out the three's mistakes/ negative points on which they'll have to work on. He starts with Koel telling her that her voice is stereotype, it has arrogance in it and it is a little difficult task to overcome it. He next turns towards Nihaal and says though he is technically an expert, he must sing music from his heart and soul. Last, he selects Priyanka saying that her voice has bachpana in it, she sings 4m her soul. But he asks her to work on the technicalities in which she is poor. He calls her to his studio next day. But Priyanka believes she must give up this opportunity because he wants a solo- singer only, not her band. The otherside, Koel asks her father to talk with Mr. Rohit Anand to give her a chance instead of Priyanka. Koel is informed by her father that if Priyanka refuses the offer, then Koel might go for the professional audition. So, Koel visits Priyanka (her house) to convince Priyanka deny the offer.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title= Priyanka- proud of You, beware of the new band 'ROCKSTARS'
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|04|25|df=yes}}
| EpisodeNumber=59
| ProdCode=159
| ShortSummary= The next day after the auditions in school, Priyanka gets a call from Rohit Anand asking whether they must send her a vehicle/ she will come on her own. But Priyanka replies she would not accept this offer without her band and that her band members had also seen this dream of being stars with her. Lekha/ Lecture ma'am is very proud. Koel thanks Priyanka for refusing offer and leaves to give the auditions. Meanwhile in class when Priyanka sympathizes Nihaal and tells him that she has refused the offer, he shouts at her saying she deliberately made mistakes when she sang so that she would get the chance. The boys (Addy, Motu, Cyrus) tell Sanya- Tanya that they are rockstars, talented more than Koel and that Koel is stopping them from being rockstars. Koel comes back to school and tells her experience to the Pink band and thanks Priyanka again for giving her a chance. Later, Koel is informed that Mr. Rohit Anand is not willing to work with her because of her attitude. Followed by this incident, Tanya- Sanya tell her that they are quitting her band and breaking their friendship with her. They make their own band- EW " The Everlasting Winners". Koel calls her father telling that she wants the twin sisters to be chucked out of the school the next day. But Nihaal stops her and asks her to tell her father that she has expelled losers from her band, there is a brand new member in her band. Nihaal and Koel form a band- ROCKSTARS.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title= Pink Band's Rustication and New Vice Principal!
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|04|26|df=yes}}
| EpisodeNumber=60
| ProdCode=160
| ShortSummary= The Rockstars give a special performance to impress the students. They even say that they will form a song list according to the students of Heritage High's choice. Malini feels Nihaal and Koel are starting politics in school. The Rockstars set to find a drummer for their band and decide that they will select a weak person so that the person would not hog limelight. They also insult Loveleen and makes her do a silly dance. Bikki warns them to stop teasing Loveleen. Priyanka, Bikki and Motu clean the music room as their monthly duties while Addy, KJ, Malini and Phsyco repaint the canteen tables. Addy irritates Kajal and makes her mad so she begins to do her job fast to get rid of them. KJ begins to think that Addy was missing Sanya-Tanya so he was troubling her. But there was a bet between Pysco and Addy to see if Addy could make Kj do her work. Priyanka rechecks to see whether it is properly locked and keeps the key on the table as the manager has left. But, they soon find out that the musical instruments are stolen. The girls go to meet Lekha ma'am but finds a new vice principal who decides to rusticate the Pink band from the school because of Priyanka's carelessness.
 Note: Co-Starring: Bhakti Rathod as Loveleen.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title= Prove If You Can
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|04|30|df=yes}}
| EpisodeNumber=61
| ProdCode=161
| ShortSummary= The Pink Band gets a chance to prove themselves. They split themselves up into 4 groups- Addy and Kj, Priyanka and Malini, Cyco and Amir and Motu and Bikki. They acted, bunked and missed the class to find a proof. To check Koel's bag, Bikki fakes seeing a rat and Motu steals a key from Koel's bag, but it is not the Music Room Key. The new vice principal is ignoring and opposing everything Lekha Mam says. Sanya and Tanya want to go back to Koel, but she shows them a cold shoulder, so they feel bad and try to help Priyanka. When Addy and Kajal go to music room to find proof they got a key on which letter N is written and they doubt on Nihaal.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title= This For That
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|05|01|df=yes}}
| EpisodeNumber=62
| ProdCode=162
| ShortSummary= The Pink band cleared everything to get a proof. When they reached in the class Addy frankly doubt at Nihaal but he also prove that he is not the thief. Then they doubt on Koel. Addy called her in voice of Nihaal to prove something. Then their new principal told them that they are not allowed to take anyone's help. Then they doubt on Shehnaz mam but they discover there was a party in her house that day and she was there. Then they all got confused that who is the thief. Then Priyanka said that the only plan is to request Shehnaz Mam. Then they went there and request her. She said that she will agree only if they disband "Pink Band".
}}
{{Episode list
| Title= Who is the Culprit?
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|05|02|df=yes}}
| EpisodeNumber=63
| ProdCode=163
| ShortSummary= Priyanka tells the girls that they should not fall for Shenaz ma'am's blackmailing to break up Pink Band. So, they say a big no to the offer put forward by Shenaz ma'am. Addy again comes up with an idea where they hide behind the music room's curtains to find the culprit. The pune locks the room and they are caught in the room. They spend their time eating and sleeping. Finally the clock strikes ten and the girls along with Motu decides to leave. But before they leave they see a shadow of a man wearing a cap who is about to jump through the window into the music room.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title= And We Got The Proof!
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|05|03|df=yes}}
| EpisodeNumber=64
| ProdCode=164
| ShortSummary= Priyanka and her other friends hide in the music room. They found someone coming to steal in music room. They attacked at him and tried to catch him but they failed. Then they gathered and Aamir got the thief's cap. Then the watchmen saw them and warned them. Priyanka saw a horrible dream and woke up. Next day they planned to call police and told everyone that if the thief confesses them he will escape otherwise the police will find him out and put him in the jail. And when they were sitting in the common room the peon confessed that his son did it and the thief pleases.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title= Thanks thief!
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|05|07|df=yes}}
| EpisodeNumber=65
| ProdCode=165
| ShortSummary= Kisna Told them that why did he need to steal. He said that all the students of Heritage High are rolemodels for him. He wanted to become a student but could not afford to. So, he stole the instruments. He promised that he will confess to whole the school. Then Parvati ma'am called the senior students to rusticate the pink band and when they called out all the names Kisna Entered and saved The Pink Band. Koel failed again. Then he goes to the office with the Parvati Menon and gets scolded. The Pink Band tried to save him. They explain to her that he wanted to be a student and that's why he sold the instruments. But she says it was the old staff's problem. Finally, Sadu arrives and says it was the old staff's problem and that he will handle it. Note: This episode aired during the Lose Control Summer Block. [[Dhoom Machaao Dhoom]] broke the [[Disney Channel]] policy of sixty-five episodes to more than one hundred episodes, like [[Hannah Montana]], [[That's So Raven]], and [[The Suite Life of Zack & Cody]].
}}
}}

===Season 3: May–July 2007===
{{Episode table |background= |overall= |title= |airdate= |prodcode= |episodes=
{{Episode list
| Title= Parvati Menon-Gonna be a Troublemaker
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|05|08|df=yes}}
| EpisodeNumber=66
| ProdCode=166
| ShortSummary=With Sadu back, things are back under control. He forgives Kisna and The Pink Band is happy that Koel's dirty tricks have failed again. Parvati Mams attitude annoyed Lekha Ma'am and pink band. Koel fools Sanya and Tanya and makes them her friends again. It was known that she was sent by Koel's father to rusticate the black band. In the meeting Lekha ma'am was fed up from Parvati Ma'am's rules and was forced to resign. Parvati Menon kept insulting Lecture and kept putting her down and insulting her.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title= PTA Meeting-DANGER!
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|05|09|df=yes}}
| EpisodeNumber=67
| ProdCode=167
| ShortSummary= The Parent Teacher Association Meeting is fast approaching and Pink band is feeling nervous that their parents would be informed about their rustication. Addy feels nervous in the class because his parents were coming specially to attend the PTA Meeting from the village he is from. But he had told all his friends that his father works in America and his family is fancy. He tries to find a new mother and father for the PTA meeting to meet Parvati Ma'am the next day. Due to his tension, he arrives late to class, only to find Parvati Menon teaching English as Lekha Ma'am has taken a week's leave and tries to sneak in. But he is caught by PM.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title= Addy The Daddy of the Cool in Danger!!
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|05|10|df=y}}
| EpisodeNumber=68
| ProdCode=168
| ShortSummary= After arriving in class late and without permission Parvati Mam rusticates Addy. But he pretends that his mother was sick and he got late and Parvati ma'am excused him. Next day at the PTA Meeting his acting mother came and Parvati Ma'am is confused how his sick mother came. Then his real mother enters the school and asks about Addy. Nihaal surprises her when he tells her that he is with his mother. Maya Sethi, Priyanka's mother, has an argument with Parvati Menon and Addy tries to make his false mother leave. Nihal tells Addy that he doesn't get into trouble and that he can bunk the PTA meeting, without getting into trouble and Amir starts thinking. Addy's mother asks herself how can he be with his mother in the meeting room.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title=Bad Luck
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|05|14|df=y}}
| EpisodeNumber=69
| ProdCode=169
| ShortSummary= Nihal is excited to learn that Addy's mother is from India and not from America and is determined to embarrass Addy in front of his friends. But, as he is passing by, he runs into Amir who takes Addy's mother over and shows her around Heritage High, only to waste time and prevent her from entering the PTA Meeting, where Addy is seated with his acting mother. Priyanka's mother is still arguing with Parvati Menon, until Rajiv Tolani, Koel's father stands up and says something about The Pink Band being rusticated, a week ago. Priyanka, Malini, KJ, and Bikki are shocked that their parents have to hear this. After the meeting, they apologize to their parents and PM asks Addy about his mother's broken hip, but he bails himself out. On the way for an after celebration to the canteen, Addy is seen by his real mother, who calls him Champu. Addy is embarrassed in front of his friends.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title=Hey Champs
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|05|15|df=y}}
| EpisodeNumber=70
| ProdCode=170
| ShortSummary= Everyone learns Addy's real name- Champu and leave him to talk to his mother. His mother is upset because he lied to his friends about his name (Champu to Addy), parents and place of birth ([[Rohtak]] in [[Haryana]]) and because he has friends who lie, too.
Priyanka, Malini, Kajal, Bikki, Cyco, Motu and Aamir are very upset that he lied to them. Nihal overhears Addy and his mother's conversation and decides to ridicule him. Nihal, Koel, Sanya and Tanya make fun of Addy and call him Champu, Champs and embarrass him. Priyanka tells Sanya-Tanya that they should not make fun of Addy or the next time Koel ill-treats them, they should not come to them for help. Addy begs for forgiveness, because PM caned him. All his friends feel sorry for him and KJ says "How Dare She Beat MY Addy!". PM is keeping a close watch on Addy for one month. Amir and Addy try to find out why PM has come to Heritage High.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title= Cordially Invited
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|05|16|df=y}}
| EpisodeNumber=71
| ProdCode= 171
| ShortSummary= Addy and Amir are determined to learn all they can about Nihal's family and background. Amir tries to squeeze into Nihal's house by calling him brother, acting very nice to him and inviting him to play basketball with him, Addy, Cyco and Motu. Addy and gang decide tk meet after school somewhere, so just to go to Nihal's house, they pile on to him. But, Nihal tells them he'll decide later. In the Girls' Locker Room, Koel tells Sanya and Tanya that Nihal and Shenaz mam said that they should not be in the band the ROCKSTARZ and so they are out. This time, Priyanka and her friends do feel bad for Sanya and Tanya because Koel embarrasses them in front of the whole school by making them sing, but not to do anything because of their attitude the previous day. In the common room, Cyco tells Priyanka about the bet between him and Addy- Addy thinks Nihal's mother will be a singer (Bikki agrees) and Cyco thinks she is a police officer. Nihal wants to tell The Pink Band and Stupid Guys, as he calls them, who he is. So, he invites Amir and his friends for dinner to his house the next evening. Perfect time to show how important he is.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title=Parvati Menon, Music Society and A Nihal Singh Rathod Dinner
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|05|17|df=y}}
| EpisodeNumber=72
| ProdCode= 172
| ShortSummary= Nihal is thrilled but when he tells Koel about his plan she says that her father says he should not go ahead with it and let his secret out. But Nihal refused to cancel the dinner and decided to invite a few of his friends- Koel, Sanya and Tanya. Priyanka is a little reluctant to go to Nihal's house because she is uncomfortable. but, all her friends blackmail and persuade her to go with them and finally, she agrees. The next day in school, The Pink Band read on the notice board that Nihal has opened a music society and is the president of the music society. In class, Priyanka tries to undo what Nihal has set up and tries to become the president of the music committee herself but Parvart Menon says that he has taken permission from her. When they reach Nihals' house, it is an unpleasant surprise to see Koel, Sanya and Tanya. While discussing his mother, Nihal introduces her to Priyanka, Bikki, Malini, Kajal, Motu, Cyco, Addy, Amir, Sanya and Tanya-his mother is Parvati Menon.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title=Secrets, Secrets... They Are OUT!
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|05|21|df=y}}
| EpisodeNumber=73
| ProdCode=173
| ShortSummary=Priyanka, Bikki, Kj, Malini, Amir, Addy, Motu, Cyco, Sanya and Tanya are surprised to learn that PM is Nihal's mother. With big eyes and surprised faces, PM tells all her guests to eat dinner, but now all of them feel uncompfortable. Addy and Cyco start questioning Nihal about their surnames and Nihal says that his mother didn't change her maiden name. Koel tells Sanya and Tanya about her knowing about PM being Nihal's mother and about Mission "Rustication of The Pink Band". Finally, PM tells them to eat dessert and that she will see them the next day. While leaving, Tanya and Sanya tell to save them (they told PM about the Pink Band's rustication and she called their father to school the next day and called Rajiv Tolani and asked him why he told Koel about it). Then they blurted out Koel's rustication plan for the Pink band and the Pink Band and friends hear this. Nihal had no idea about the plan and is confused.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title=Officially Nihal's Mom, Broken friendships and Important Signatures!
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|05|22|df=y}}
| EpisodeNumber=74
| ProdCode=174
| ShortSummary= Koel is pissed off with Sanya and Tanya and she makes sure that they would not want to go to heritage high the next day. The Pink Band and Boy Gang are chatting about their new shock. At home, Priyanka and her mother Mala Sethi had been getting blank calls since that evening and Priyanka tells her mother about PM being Nihal's mother. Her mother is shocked and tells Priyanka that if Parvati Menon tries to remove them from school, their parents will still be by their side. The next day, the whole of class 11A learns that PM is Nihal's mother when one of the students asks her and she says yes. In the office, Nihal asks his mother why and what she had planned with Rajiv Tolani and they both fight. As Priyanka has asked PM to take votes for the music society, that is confirmed. Malini stops speaking to Amir because her friends asked her to tell him to not speak to Nihal but he refused. Priyanka denies singing for the music society from Nihal and the rest of the Pink band make fun of Koel when she comes to ask for their signatures. But when Shenaz mam tells Priyanka there will be elections for the Music Society's president, she becomes excited and is forced to sign.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title=Worst Best Friends and Enemies
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|05|23|df=y}}
| EpisodeNumber=75
| ProdCode=175
| ShortSummary=Priyanka tells Shanaz Mam and Nihal that she would speak to the Pink Band and will then tell them whether she would run for the elections and sign up for the Music Society. On hearing about all this from Priyanka, the unnecessary rebel KJ strikes again and freaks out. She says Priyanka is always leading them, thinks everyone else is wrong, makes all decisions on her own and is running for the elections just to beat Nihal and not for music. Koel's father warns Parvati menon but she remains firm and tells him she will work the way she wants to. Addy and KJ do not talk to anyone else that day and Priyanka signs up for the music society. She and Nihal shake hands and officially become and call each other enemies. Motu and Bikki tell Priyanka that she should come to hear Amir's new poem and Cyco and Malini tell KJ and Addy to come to the common room to see a few more of Motu's designs. Priyanka and KJ are not happy to see each other, but are forced to sit together and reason out their problems with each other. But it doesn't go too well when Priyanka tells KJ to compete in the elections too. Rebellion KJ agrees.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title= I Am wrong? Are We Wrong?
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|05|24|df=y}}
| EpisodeNumber=76
| ProdCode=176
| ShortSummary= A little girl from class 5D goes to Nihal and tells him that she wants to join the music society and that she wants to stand for the elections. Koel, as usual, decides to mean and rude to Sam and Sam cuts Koel off by telling Nihal that this fool interrupts their conversation. But, she is not allowed to run for the elections as she is too young. She is Priyanka and the Pink Band's biggest fan and now decided to campaign for Priyanka. All of Kajal and Priyanka's friends are very upset with them and do not know whose side they should take. KJ freezes when Addy says "Statue" and he keeps talking about the elections. Then, she tells him that this silly game of statue, and this topic are over for the rest of their lives. On the forms, it is required for the signature of a Class 12 and A Class 11 student. KJ and Priyanka go to Amir for a signature but Amir refuses to sign for any of them. Now, Koel is very happy that the best day in her life has come- Breaking up of the Pink Band. Priyanka gets Cyco's signature and on the way to submit her form, meets Shenaz Mam who tells her that she heard about KJ and her fight. KJ gets Addy's,{Champu's} signature and meets Sam on the way who gets her thinking. Outside the music room, the two guilty friends meet- KJ asks Priyanka whether what they were doing was right.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title=Friends, Lies and Unfair Healthy Cpmpetition
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|05|31|df=y}}
| EpisodeNumber=77
| ProdCode=177
| ShortSummary= KJ and Priyanka decide to stop fighting and KJ apologizes & tells her to run for president and Beat that Nihal. Priyanka tells KJ to be her campaign manager. They go in together but Nihal says they are too late. On the form it was written that reporting time for submitionby 9.00 am. But KJ and Priyanka reach at 9.05 am. Nihal is satisfied that he can become the unopposed president of the music society. They go to Parvati Menon to complain but she acts rude and sides her son, but then Sadu arrives and allows Priyanka to run for president. Bikki and Malini are glad that the Pink Ban dis back in action. Sadu warns Nuhal about his attitude and behaviour. Sam lies and tells Nihal that Priyanka told her that PM is his mother and impresses Bikki and Malini by talking all about Priyanka and the Pink Band and telling them she is their biggest fan. Koel is planning to beat Nihal and become the ultimate rockstar. Later, KJ and Addy fight to be Priyanka's Campaign Manager- ending in favour of KJ. Then Nihal approaches and bobards Priyanka and she says he is always unfair and cannot do anything about the fairness in Heritage High from now on since Sadu's back. Nihal decides that this battle should become unfair Healthy competition.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title=Mastermind Challenges, Priyanka Vs Nihal and Excellent Plans While Champu is on Fire!
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|06|04|df=yes}}
| EpisodeNumber=78
| ProdCode=178
| ShortSummary= Priyanka and Nihal get so irritated with each other that they both ignore their friends and walk away. When Priyanka goes home, she tells her mother all about her day. Her mother says that she is lucky to have such an exciting life. Malini calls and tells Priyanka that she is sorry that she cannot be by her side during the elections because her grandmother got very sick and she will have to go to [[Dehradun]]. The next day, Sam starts campaigning for Priyanka and when she sees Koel, she acts rude again. KJ and Addy again argue about being Campaign Manager. Addy suggests a plan of feeding ice cream to all the candidates who vote for Priyanka, which is rejected until Koel is seen bribing the students with gifts in exchange for their voting for Nihal. Then, pissed off Priyanka challenges Koel and tells her that even she will play according to unfair terms. Meanwhile Koel has already started being rude to her new band members Janet and Vishal. Addy is really good at cutting calls and cuts through Koal and Nihal's conversation and overhears their plan. He is ready to tell the world what a genius he is.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title=Friendship Bands, Strike Karo Sahi Note Sab Karo Priyanka Ko Vote and Step by Step Campaigning!
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|06|05|df=yes}}
| EpisodeNumber=79
| ProdCode=179
| ShortSummary= Addy cuts through the Pink band's conversation and tells them all about Koel's plan. KJ comes up with a plan relating to that. The next day in school, Ponk Band distributes friendship bands in the common room, which is a hit and they got many students on their side, until Parvati menon arrived and sent everyone to their classes. Bikki got posters done for Priyanka, but when she goes to class to find them, Koel had stolen them and Rockstars were unhappy because someone leaked out their plan to the [[Pink Band]]. Koel doubts on Janet and Vishal, and they quit the Rockstars. Sam is campaigning for Priyanka and asks Priyanka whether she can be a composer for her Heritage High Theme Song, Kj's next step to make Priyanka win. Priyanka says yes, just to make Sam happy. KJ realizes that the rivalry increased and it will take a few rounds for the Pink Band vs Rockstars. The scre is 1 and 1. Sam accedantally tells Koel that she is composing the next song for Priyanka. Koel plans to steal their idea and use it to Nihal's use.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title=Get Ready for the Rocking Rockstars Priyanka!!
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|06|06|df=yes}}
| EpisodeNumber=80
| ProdCode=180
| ShortSummary= The day for the elections has finally arrived and round one is on its way. Bikki got new posters to put up, but somenone had already put up banners saying vote for Priyanka. This person was Samira. She told Bikki that she is the junior Campaign Manager. Koel gets her plan in action. The Rockstars take up the challenge of a suggestion of a few words and compose a song, right then. Lekha Mam returns from her month-long holiday and learns about the elections. Addy says something about PM and Nihal and he have a physical fight. KJ and Bikki are really irritated with Sam. Round one of the elections is the question and answer round. As of now, according to Cyco, the chances are 50-50. Nihal is ready to thram Priyanka and give her the greatest question that she will be unable to answer.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title= Election Selection
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|06|10|df=y}}
| EpisodeNumber=81
| ProdCode=181
| ShortSummary= The great question was not too tough for Priyanka at all, all thanks to Kisna. Priyanka had promised him that she will teach him English, but failed to do so. But, Kisna said that Priyanka had taught him that self-help was the best and he already started learning English. The votes were cast. Then, Sadu came up on stage and announced that Priyanka had been selected president. Nihal went to Pm and got upset with her. Sam asked Priyanka whether she could be in their band and they said they would tell her the next day. An all India Band Competition is being held for which the Ponk Band have already applied. A letter from the competition comes, for entry into the first round, automatically. Unfortunately it was given in PM.s hands. She planned to give it to the Rockstarz.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title= Registration No., Odd Envelopes & Sam-Ira Problems...
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|06|11|df=y}}
| EpisodeNumber=82
| ProdCode=182
| ShortSummary= The [[Pink Band]] register themselves for the All India Band Competition. The lady on the phone give them a registration number, which is 16 digits and unfortunately, they do not have a pen or paper. The number was Mum889956671566787, which Bikki, KJ, Priyanka and Addy broke up to remember in bits, but because Sam comes in the middle they refuse to let her join the Pink band and she is heartbroken and they forget the Number. KJ and gang see PM with an envelope and see the same envelope with Nihal, which is for direct entry for The AIBC. Koel tells Amir all about it and he tells the girls. Later that evening, Samira's father comes to Heritage High and yells at the Pink Band (except Malini who is not there) and tells them that Sam ran away from home, because they were rude to her.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title= News, Press and Media
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|06|12|df=y}}
| EpisodeNumber=83
| ProdCode=183
| ShortSummary= Sam's father threatens Heritage High and The [[Pink Band]] and tells Priyanka, Bikki and KJ that he will send them to jail and close down Heritage High, if Sam is not found. But, Sadu gets angry with him and tells him that Heritage High is not responsible for Samira running away but are still very happy to help. KJ, Priyanka and Bikki go to the girls' locker room and break down. But, bold Priyanka decides not to feel afraid and persuades her friends to face this problem as they have faced many problems before. At the canteen, Amir orders six sandwiches and milkshakes, but the chef says that the bread and milk has been lost, and possibly stolen, so Amir orders salads. After being called to the Atrium, on the way the press begins questioning the three 17-year-old girls and they have nothing to say.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title=KJ's Threat
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|06|13|df=y}}
| EpisodeNumber=84
| ProdCode=184
| ShortSummary=Sadu comes and helps the [[Pink Band]], He says any question to be asked should be asked by him and he would answer. All friends of the [[Pink Band]] tell them to leave and Addy makes a joke, they yell at him and he gets upset and leaves. Later KJ apologizes and Addy forgives her. Mala Sethi turns on the TV to find her daughter and her friends in big trouble and decides to go to Heritage High. is being pestered for the blame of being rude to her and driving her away. But, in Sadu's office, after being pestered about the same matter KJ is angered and tells the school officials, Inspector and Samira Gupta's father that if they think the situation will become any better if the [[Pink Band]] are not in Heritage High, they are willing to leave.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title=Someone Says Priyanka!
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|06|17|df=y}}
| EpisodeNumber=85
| ProdCode=185
| ShortSummary=Sadu refuses to let The [[Pink Band]] leave Heritage High. There is a big protest outside the Principal's office with parents threatening to take their children out of Heritage High if the Pink Band is not thrown out. When Amir goes to the canteen, he hears the boy saying that the sandwiches and milk and juice has been getting stolen from the canteen since the last three days. Amir comes to a point of realization and tells KJ, Priyanka and Bikki to search for am in school. Registration is a funny thing too when Addy fakes a heart ttck because the line is too long. When Sadu says that if Sam is not found in 24 hours, the Pink Band will be removed from Heritage High. Priyanka's, KJ and Bikki's parents come to meet their daughters. When the girls apologize to Sam and accept to take her into the Pink Band on camera, she shouts out Priyaka's name.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title=Fair Game
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|06|18|df=y}}
| EpisodeNumber=86
| ProdCode=186
| ShortSummary=The Pink Band is glad that Sam is back and that they can still be in Heritage High. Malini comes back from Dehradun and tells Priyanka that her father is fine and asks her what happened and who their new band member is. Sam corrects the girls as they practice. The girls are thrilled to be back together. The day for the Indian Rockers auditions has finally arrived. Nihal learns that his mother plans to remove the Pink Band from school again and becomes upset and tells her that he wishes she was not his mother. At the auditions, it's the [[Pink Band]]'s turn and Nihal says that her enemy's good luck is with them. He decided to be fair and go for the auditions.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title=Broken Hearts
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|05|19|df=y}}
| EpisodeNumber=87
| ProdCode=187
| ShortSummary= The Pink Band goes in and Bikki picks up her tambourine but the judges say that tambourine is not a real instrument and that Bikki cannot take part. But the Pink Band insists on having Bikki in their performance. Outside, Bikki starts crying and it's the Rockstarz's turn. They go in and sing Heritage High School. The results are out and Drumming dudes, singing fools, The Rockstarz and the Pink Band are taken in for the finals. There was a tie between the Pink Band and the Rockstarz. At school, Nihal's mother feels guilty and tells Tolani on the phone that she resigns. More good news for the Pink Band.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title=Save the Last Dance, Priyanka
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|06|20|df=y}}
| EpisodeNumber=88
| ProdCode=188
| ShortSummary= Parvati Menon tells Rajiv Tolani that she is done working for him and that she will resign if she has to. He comes to school and threatens her and says Nihal cannot stay in Heritage Gigh if she is not working here. Sadu tells PM to let Nihal be in Heritage High and she agrees but Niahl doesn't know this. Cyco shocks everyone with his charming dress code and Motu had designed it. Priyanka and Nihal make an entrance together! It is Nihal's last night at Heritage High, and he asks Priyanka to forget their differences and dance with him, for a memorable night. Note: This episode (the part from the socials) was shot after a one month break. That is why the shooting had all the stars saying hi to each other and meeting each other.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title=I Never, Never Before!
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|06|18|df=y}}
| EpisodeNumber=89
| ProdCode=189
| ShortSummary= Priyanka says yes and dances with Nihal. KJ feels jealous because Addy dances with Koel Everyone plays a game "I Never" to celebrate PM's resignation. KJ is so mad with Addy that she is ready to leave. Cyco, Motu, Bikki and Addy are selected for the game because the music stops on them when they were holding the glass. Nihal leaves. Koel threatens her father and says that she will also leave Heritage High if Nihal leaves. Priyanka discovers that her father was the blank caller when she goes back home. Her mother tells her that she didn't tell her about her father because she thought that he might take Priyanka away from her. Note: Aarti Sinha left the cast. The songs '''Heritage High School''' and '''Abhi Abhi''' are featured.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title=Daddy's Day
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|06|19|df=y}}
| EpisodeNumber=90
| ProdCode=190
| ShortSummary=Priyanka's mother apologizes for hiding that her father wants to meet her. Nihal comes back because Sadu and Lecture think it would be right. Priyanka has a problem and is confused. To her surprise Nihal and Lekha Ma'am help. When she is playing on the guitar, she thinks about Nihal and when he tells her something about "feellings are feelings they are not correct nor wrong. The way you express them is right or wrong". In class. Priyanka walks in late and Lekha mam starts playing a game in class. You pick a situation and then express how you feel in one word. When Priyanka apologizes to Lekhs mam, she tells her that if the situation is between two feelings, then think from your heart. Then To Priyanka's terror and shock, her father comes to school and wants to meet her. Nihal informs Priyanka. Note: This is the third episode in which Priyanka's crush on Nihal is displayed. The first was '''Save the Last Dance, Priyanka''' and the second, '''I Never, Never Before!'''
}}
{{Episode list
| Title=Thoughts and Ideas--Good and Bad
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|06|20|df=y}}
| EpisodeNumber=91
| ProdCode=191
| ShortSummary=Priyanka says no and doesn't meet her father. Malini and Bikki make Kajal realise that she is very mean to Addy. His mother comes to school and gives laddoos because he has got the chicken-pox. KJ feels ver bad. Addy didn't come to class and KJ volunteered to give his mother the notes. Addy's mother tells KJ how sweet she is. KJ is really embarrassed. Nihal is trying to be friends with Priyanka. But Priyanka somehow does not seem to realize that. Motu, Amir and Cyco make her realize but Koel puts up a poster about Priyanka and her father, signed The Rockstars. Priyanka thinks Nihal is responsible for it and is waiting to take revenge. Note: Priyanka and Nihal resume their animosity in this episode.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title=Date Clash!
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|06|21|df=y}}
| EpisodeNumber=92
| ProdCode=192
| ShortSummary=Priyanka is waiting to take revenge on Nihal. Champu's mother keeps coming to Heritage High and likes KJ now. Bikki is having trouble studying. After the pinboard incident Priyanka yells at Nihal and sets him against her forever. Amir tries to make them understand that there is a misundersatanding and that they should not fight. The Pink Band and The Rockstars get telegrams to arrive at the venue of All India Band Competition and the date and time is 25 June 11 exactly when they have their first exam. They both --The Pink Band and The Rockstars-- might have to drop out of the competition.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title=Allergic to Lemons?(1)
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|06|25|df=y}}
| EpisodeNumber=93
| ProdCode=193
| ShortSummary=Champu's mother goes to the competition venue and threatens the people, she gets a form for the Pink Band. Koel to get the Pink Band out of the competition, invites everyone for an end of exams celebration. She remembers Priyanka is allergic to lemons and puts much of it in the food. Priyanka faints, drops the plate, and falls.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title=Allergic to Lemons?(2)
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|06|26|df=y}}
| EpisodeNumber=94
| ProdCode=194
| ShortSummary=Priyanka is in a sad state and her temperature is 104 degrees. She will not be able to play. But with her spirit high, she valiantly goes for the competition. She is up on stage. Her voice is gone.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title=Nihal mein Himmat?
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|06|27|df=y}}
| EpisodeNumber=95
| ProdCode=195
| ShortSummary=Priyanka has a problem and cannot sing. Malini gives the prescription of her medicine to Aamir. He buys it and sneaks Sam in. The Rockstars give a rocking performance. The Pink Band is voted to be given another chance to sing. They give their best performances. The two male judges like the Pink Performance but the female one doesn't. Koel tells Nihaal that she caused Priyanka's lemon allergy. He says that they had to play fairly and win. Koel challenges him to go and tell the judges that she caused the Loss of the Pink Band.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title=Koel's Influence!
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|06|28|df=y}}
| EpisodeNumber=96
| ProdCode=196
| ShortSummary=Nihal doesn't tell the judges about Koel for the reputation of the Rockstars. Bikki is told off for playing the tambourine but is convinced not to get upset by her friends. Priyanka is weak but better. The Pink Band is selected along with the Rockstars and gives a rocking 2nd performance. Koel tells Nihal about her plan that's in work to vote the Pink Band out and Nihal says no.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title=Black Out Sam (1)
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|07|02|df=yes}}
| EpisodeNumber=97
| ProdCode=197
| ShortSummary= Koel's father gives her a car because she passes the second round. Sam is ill but wants to see the Pink band perform. Tantra is voted out. Pink Band is the second most voted Band. Hearing this, Sam faints.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title=Black Out Sam (2)
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|07|03|df=yes}}
| EpisodeNumber=98
| ProdCode= 198
| ShortSummary= Sam is rushed to hospital. It is known that she has a hole in her heart. The Pink Band along with Rockstars reach the Finals. Koel tells one of the organizers that if she wins, she will get her a permanent job with her father.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title=ROCKSTARZ
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|07|04|df=yes}}
| EpisodeNumber=99
| ProdCode=199
| ShortSummary= Sam gives Priyanka a notebook in which she wrote her compositions for the Pink Band to sing, even though she is in hospital. She says nothing will happen to her if the win. Rockstars give an energetic performance. Koel puts her plan in action. A new student, Suraj, who is a poet, has written Dhoom Machaao Dhoom in his book, (Koel's plan) to say that he has composed it--after the Pinks sing it, to get them disqualified.
}}
{{Episode list
| Title=[[It's Pink Pink Pink all The Way, Finale]]
| OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2007|07|05|df=yes}}
| EpisodeNumber=100
| ProdCode=100
| ShortSummary= Koel's plan to disqualify the Pink Band fails because they do not sing Dhoom Machaao Dhoom. They sing the song that Sam wrote for them, for Sam. The final lists of ranks in the Exams are out. Nihal and Cyco top and Priyanka comes 2nd. KJ Malini and Koel do very well too. But Bikki fails with 34%. The final day of the competition arrives and Koel tries a new plan-her father bribes the vote counters to make Rockstarz win, but The Pink Band wins anyway.
}}
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DISPLAYTITLE:List of ''Dhoom Machaao Dhoom'' episodes}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhoom Machaao Dhoom episodes, List of}}
[[Category:Lists of children's television series episodes]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian television series episodes]]
[[Category:Hindi serials episodes articles]]
[[Category:Lists of comedy-drama television series episodes]]

Anita Gupta

2026-02-21T21:52:47Z

MyIPL: Started initial post more to come

{{Short description|Indian social entrepreneur and activist}}
{{about||the American anesthesiologist and healthcare policy expert|Anita Gupta (physician)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anita Gupta
| image = Anita Gupta receiving the Nari Shakti Puraskar (cropped).jpg
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| caption = Gupta in 2022
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| birth_date = {{circa|{{birth year and age|1983}}}}<ref name=empower/>
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| other_names =
| known_for = empowering other women
| education =
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'''Anita Gupta''' is an Indian social entrepreneur, organic farmer and tribal activist. She has arranged training for more than 50,000 rural women.

==Life==
Gupta came from a poor family and she witnessed her grandfather beating a girl he had taken to bear his children. She later said that she thought that if the girl had an education then she would have been empowered to resist his abuse.<ref name=empower/>

She comes from [[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur]] in Bihar where she has arranged training for more than 50,000 rural women<ref>{{Cite web |title=President Kovind presented Nari Shakti Puraskar to Anita Gupta .. |url=https://twitter.com/rashtrapatibhvn/status/1501093852278853636 |access-date=2022-03-09 |website=Twitter |language=en}}</ref> in handicrafts, crochet and jewellery.<ref name=timesofi/>

She and her brother created the organisation Bhojpur Mahila Kala Kendra when she was ten years old in 1993 and<ref name=empower/> Gupta later served as its president.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhojpur Mahila Kala Kendra {{!}} NGO {{!}} DoAram |url=http://www.doaram.com/organization/bhojpur-mahila-kala-kendra |access-date=2022-03-09 |website=DoAram.com}}</ref> The organisation would encourage women to get involved telling them that if they earned money then they could send their children to school.<ref name=empower>{{Cite web |title=Childhood experiences often shape your destiny. Empowering other women is the outcome for her. |url=https://bookofachievers.com/articles/bihars-social-entrepreneur-saw-child-abuse-and-is-now-helping-other-women |access-date=2022-03-09 |website=BookOfAchievers |language=en-IN}}</ref> The organisation was transformed when it registered as a society so that it could receive money from the government. The organisation is located in [[Arrah]] and it says it has create employment for 10,000 women.<ref name=timesofi/> Her organisation gained the Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS) and DC Handicrafts as partners.<ref name=empower/>

In 2017 [[NITI Aayog]], the public policy think tank, gave her a "Women Transforming India Award".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nari Shakti Puraskars honour Specially Abled Kathak Dancer, First Woman Snake Rescuer and Social Entrepreneur from Maharashtra |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1803842 |access-date=2022-03-10 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>

On 8 March 2022, she was invited to the Presidential Palace ([[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhawan]]) in New Delhi to receive the highest award for women in India, the [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]].<ref name=timesofi/> Because of the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]], there had been no award in the previous year. There for the government had invited awardees for the previous year and this year. President [[Ram Nath Kovind]] gave the award to Gupta and 28 other women.<ref name=timesofi>{{Cite web |date=March 9, 2022 |first=Faryal |last=Rumi |title=anita: Bhojpur Entrepreneur Among 29 Feted |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/bhojpur-entrepreneur-among-29-feted/articleshow/90088304.cms |access-date=2022-03-09 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> On the night before the award. they got to meet Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=PM Modi interacts with winners of Nari Shakti Puraskar |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2022/india/pm-modi-interacts-with-winners-of-nari--shakti-puraskar.html |access-date=2022-03-09 |website=The Pioneer |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Nari Shakti Puraskar}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gupta, Anita}}
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1996 Charkhi Dadri mid-air collision

2026-02-19T23:07:08Z

MyIPL: Minor edits and structural improvements

{{Short description|1996 mid-air collision over India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox aircraft occurrence
| occurrence_type = Accident
| name = 1996 Charkhi Dadri mid-air collision {{nobold|{{small|Saudia Flight 763{{·}}Kazakhstan Airlines Flight 1907}}}}
| image = Firefighters at the wreckage site of Flight 763.jpg
| caption = Firefighters at the crash site of Flight 763
| date = {{start date|1996|11|12|df=yes}}
| summary = [[Mid-air collision]] due to [[pilot error]]
| site = [[Charkhi Dadri]], [[Haryana]], India
| coordinates = {{coord|28|33|38|N|76|18|15|E|display=inline,title}}
| total_fatalities = 349
| total_survivors = 0
| plane1_image = HZ-AIH Heathrow 8-3-1986.jpg
| plane1_caption = HZ-AIH, the [[Boeing 747-168B]] involved in the collision, seen in 1986
| plane1_type = [[Boeing 747-168B]]
| plane1_operator = [[Saudia]]
| plane1_IATA = SV763
| ICAO = SVA763
| plane1_callsign = SAUDIA 763
| plane1_tailnum = HZ-AIH
| plane1_origin = [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]], [[Delhi]], India
| plane1_stopover = [[Dhahran International Airport]], [[Dhahran]], Saudi Arabia
| plane1_destination = [[King Abdulaziz International Airport]], [[Jeddah]], Saudi Arabia
| plane1_occupants = 312
| plane1_passengers = 289
| plane1_crew = 23
| plane1_fatalities = 312
| plane1_survivors = 0
| plane2_image = Kazakhstan Airlines Ilyushin Il-76TD Goetting-1.jpg
| plane2_caption = UN-76435, the [[Ilyushin Il-76TD]] involved in the collision, seen in 1994
| plane2_type = [[Ilyushin Il-76TD]]
| plane2_operator = [[Kazakhstan Airlines]]
| plane2_IATA = KZ1907
| plane2_ICAO = KZA1907
| plane2_callsign = KAZAKH 1907
| plane2_tailnum = UN-76435
| plane2_origin = [[Shymkent International Airport|Chimkent Airport]], Kazakhstan
| plane2_destination = [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]], [[Delhi]], India
| plane2_occupants = 37
| plane2_passengers = 27
| plane2_crew = 10
| plane2_fatalities = 37
| plane2_survivors = 0
}}
On 12 November 1996, '''Saudia Flight 763''', a [[Boeing 747]] en route from [[Delhi]], India, to [[Jeddah]], with a stopover in [[Dhahran]], Saudi Arabia, and '''Kazakhstan Airlines Flight 1907''', an [[Ilyushin Il-76]] en route from [[Shymkent|Chimkent]], Kazakhstan, to Delhi, collided over the city of [[Charkhi Dadri]], around {{cvt|100|km|mi nmi|abbr=}} west of Delhi. The crash killed all 349 people on board both planes, making it the [[Mid-air collision#List of notable civilian and military–civilian mid-air collisions|world's deadliest mid-air collision]],<ref name=WPost349Killed /><ref name=RptExpected /> the deadliest aviation accident without survivors, and the deadliest aviation accident ever in India.<ref name=ASNProfile/><ref name="Two Airliners Collide in Midair, Killing All 351 Aboard in India" /> The final report from the investigation revealed that the Kazakh crew's failure to maintain the correct altitude led to the collision.<ref>{{harvnb|Lahoti|1997|p=VII}}</ref> Contributing factors included the poor English language skills in the Kazakh cockpit, resulting in inadequate interpretation of directions provided by [[air traffic control]], and three specific incidents of failures in [[crew resource management]] (CRM) by the Kazakh crew.<ref>{{harvnb|Lahoti|1997|p=VII}}</ref> The investigators noted the Indian airport lacked a [[secondary surveillance radar]]; the airport only had a [[primary radar]], which produced readings of distance and bearing, but not altitude.<ref name="Head On" /> The report also suggested technical enhancements (including [[Airborne collision avoidance system|ACAS]] and [[Secondary surveillance radar|SSR]]) that would provide assistance in preventing a future crew's mistakes from being allowed to go unchecked in real time.<ref>{{harvnb|Lahoti|1997|pp=VIII, XIII}}</ref>

==Aircraft involved==

===Saudia Flight 763===

[[Saudia]] Flight 763 was a [[Boeing 747-100#747-100|Boeing 747-168B]], [[Aircraft registration|registration]] HZ-AIH, departing from Delhi as part of a scheduled international [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]]–[[King Abdulaziz Air Base|Dhahran]]–[[King Abdulaziz International Airport|Jeddah]] passenger service with 312 people on board.<ref name=FGlobalATC /> The crew on this flight consisted of Captain Khalid al-Shubaily (aged 45), First Officer Nazir Khan (aged 37), and Flight Engineer Ahmed Edrees (aged 33). Al-Shubaily was a veteran pilot with 9,837 flying hours.<ref name="collision report" />

There is some dispute as to the nationalities of the passengers of Flight 763. According to an article published on 14 November 1996, 215 Indians, many of whom worked in Saudi Arabia as [[blue-collar]] workers, boarded the flight, along with 40 Nepalis and three Americans.<ref name="Indian Officials Gather Evidence on Midair Collision"/> However, according to a different article, the passenger manifest included 17 people of other nationalities, including nine Nepalis, three Pakistanis, two Americans, one Bangladeshi, one British, and one Saudi.<ref name="Two Airliners Collide in Midair, Killing All 351 Aboard in India" /> Twelve of the crew members, including five anti-terrorism officials, were Saudi Arabian citizens.<ref name="Pilot error focus of India collision investigation" />

===Kazakhstan Airlines Flight 1907===

[[Kazakhstan Airlines]] Flight 1907, an [[Ilyushin Il-76TD]] with registration UN-76435, was on a charter service from [[Shymkent International Airport|Chimkent Airport]] to Delhi. The crew consisted of Captain Alexander Robertovich Cherepanov (aged 44), First Officer Ermek Kozhahmetovich Dzhangirov (aged 37), Flight Engineer Alexander Alexanderovich Chuprov (aged 50), Navigator Zhahanbek Duisenovich Aripbaev (aged 51), and Radio Operator Egor Alekseevich Repp (aged 41).<ref name="One Jet in Crash Over India Ruled Off Course" /><ref name="collision report"/> Cherepanov was highly experienced, with 9,229 flight hours.<ref name=Y1996Summary />

A company from [[Kyrgyzstan]] chartered the flight, and the passenger manifest mostly included [[Russians in Kyrgyzstan|ethnic Russian]] Kyrgyz citizens planning to go shopping in India.<ref name="Two Airliners Collide in Midair, Killing All 351 Aboard in India"/><ref name="One Jet in Crash Over India Ruled Off Course"/><ref name="Indian Officials Gather Evidence on Midair Collision"/> Thirteen Kyrgyz traders boarded the flight.<ref name="Pilot error focus of India collision investigation"/>

==Accident==
Saudia Flight 763 departed Delhi at 18:32 [[Time in India|local time]] (13:02 UTC). Kazakhstan Airlines Flight 1907 was descending simultaneously to land at Delhi.<ref name=FGlobalATC /> Both flights were controlled by [[air traffic controller|approach controller]] V.K. Dutta.<ref name="collision report"/> Immediately after take-off, the Saudia flight was cleared to an initial altitude of {{convert|10000|ft|m|round=50}}. At 18:34, Dutta cleared the Kazakh plane to descend to {{convert|15000|ft|m|round=50}} when it was {{convert|74|nmi|km}} from the beacon of the destination airport. Two minutes later, at 18:36, Dutta cleared the Saudia plane, travelling on the same [[Airway (aviation)|airway]] but in the opposite direction, to climb to {{convert|14000|ft|m|round=50}}. At 18:38, the Saudia crew reported reaching 14,000 feet and requested a higher level. Dutta told them to hold their altitude and standby, to which First Officer Khan replied, "Saudi 763 will maintain one four zero."<ref name="collision report"/>

At 18:39, the Kazakh flight reported having reached its assigned altitude of 15,000 feet, but it was actually higher, at {{convert|16348|ft|m|round=50}}, and still descending.<ref name="ASN-KZK"/><ref name="collision report"/> At this time, Dutta advised the flight, "Identified traffic 12 O'Clock, reciprocal, Saudia Boeing 747 at ten miles, likely to cross in another five miles. Report, if in sight."<ref name="collision report"/> Radio Operator Repp requested clarification, to which Dutta replied, "Traffic{{nbsp}}... is at eight miles, level 140."<ref name="collision report"/> Repp acknowledged the update, and signed off with, "Now looking 1907."<ref name="collision report"/>

Less than a minute later, at 18:40, the crew of a [[United States Air Force]] cargo flight made a radio call saying they had seen "a big explosion" at their two o'clock position.<ref name="collision report"/> Dutta attempted to contact the Saudia and Kazakh flights but received no response. The two aircraft had collided, with the left wing of the Kazakh flight slicing through the left wing of the Saudia 747 while the left [[horizontal stabilizer]] of the 747 sliced off the [[vertical stabilizer]] (including the horizontal stabilizer) of the Kazakh flight.{{Cn|date=May 2024}} The crippled Saudi Boeing immediately lost control and went into a rapidly descending spiral with fire trailing from the wing and broke up mid-air before crashing to the ground at a nearly supersonic speed of {{convert|1135|km/h|kn mph|abbr=on}}. With most of its left wing and vertical stabilizer gone, the Ilyushin went into a [[Spin (aerodynamics)#Phases|flat spin]] and crashed into a field at a flat attitude near the wreckage of the Saudia plane. All 312 people on board Saudia Flight 763 and all 37 people on Kazakhstan Airlines Flight 1907 were killed.<ref name="4survivors" />

The recorder of the Saudi Arabian plane revealed the pilots said the [[Islamic]] [[Istighfar]] (forgiveness prayer) and recited the [[Shahada]] before impact with the ground.<ref name="collision report"/>

The collision took place about {{convert|60|mi|-1|order=flip}} west of Delhi.<ref name=HumanErr /> The wreckage of the Saudi Arabian aircraft landed near Dhani village, [[Bhiwani District]], Haryana. The wreckage of the Kazakh aircraft hit the ground near [[Birohar]] village, [[Rohtak District]], Haryana.<ref name=Y1996Summary />

==Investigation and final report==
The crash was investigated by the Lahoti Commission, headed by then-Delhi High Court judge [[Ramesh Chandra Lahoti]]. Depositions were taken from the Air Traffic Controllers Guild and the two airlines. The [[flight data recorder]]s (FDR) were decoded by Kazakhstan Airlines and Saudia under the supervision of air crash investigators in Moscow and [[Air Accidents Investigation Branch|Farnborough]], England, respectively.<ref name="Head On" /> The ultimate cause was held to be the failure of [[Kazakhstan Airlines]] Flight 1907's pilot to follow ATC instructions, whether due to cloud turbulence or due to communication problems.<ref name="collision report" /><ref name=KazakhFault /><ref name=Deadliest />

The commission determined that the accident had been the fault of the Kazakhstani Il-76 crew, who (according to FDR evidence) had descended from the assigned altitude of {{convert|15000|to|14500|ft|m|round=50}} and subsequently {{convert|14000|ft|m|round=50}} and even lower. The report ascribed the cause of this serious breach in operating procedure to the lack of English language skills on the part of the Kazakhstan aircraft pilots; they were relying entirely on Radio Operator Repp for communications with the ATC. As part of this, the report suggested that First Officer Dzhangirov (and possibly Captain Cherepanov) might have misunderstood Dutta's final radio call, and assumed that the Saudi 747's altitude (14,000 feet) was their own assigned altitude.<ref name="collision report"/> Indian air controllers also complained that the Kazakhstani pilots sometimes confused their calculations because they are accustomed to using metre altitudes and kilometre distances, while most other countries use feet and nautical miles, respectively, for aerial navigation.<ref name=Independent1996 /> Although the crew in this particular collision did not appear to have made a computational error, Kazakhstan Airlines did not have enough foot-marked altimeters for all crewmembers. Repp did not have his own flight instrumentation and had to look over the pilots' shoulders for a reading, which likely limited his own situational awareness.<ref name=red1/>

Kazakh officials claimed such a misunderstanding was implausible because they claimed that their records showed Dzhangirov sufficiently fluent to teach English to other Kazakh pilots at the time. Instead, they concluded{{snd}}from the Kazakhstani plane's misleading flight data records{{snd}}that the aircraft had descended while their pilots were battling [[turbulence]] inside a bank of [[cumulus cloud]]s.<ref name="collision report" /><ref name=KazakhFault/> Meteorological reports,<ref name=red1/> the affidavits of a [[Lockheed C-141B Starlifter]] crew that observed the crash,<ref name=Clouds/> and conclusive analysis by the investigators{{snd}}showing that the specific flight data record the Kazakh officials focused on proved only that the record was based on faulty recording equipment on the plane<ref name=Mayday/>{{snd}}disproved the Kazakh theory that turbulence was to blame.<ref name="Head On" />

However, whether or not particular crewmembers fully understood the radio transmissions or were distracted by atmospheric conditions, the five-person crew was sufficiently large that it likely struggled to maintain common [[situational awareness]] and coordinate crew actions.{{clarify|date=June 2025|reason=five-person crew is a normal size, not by itself a reason to struggle}}

Just a few seconds before impact, Repp had realised that the pilots were flying below the required {{convert|15,000|ft|m}} and brought it to their attention. Cherepanov gave orders for full throttle, and the plane climbed, only to hit the oncoming Saudi Arabian plane. The tail of the Kazakhstani plane clipped the left wing of the Saudi Arabian jet, severing both parts from their respective planes.

Furthermore, the investigation team noted that the [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]] did not have [[secondary surveillance radar]], which provides extra information, such as the aircraft's identity and altitude, by reading [[Transponder (aviation)|transponder]] signals; instead, the airport had a [[primary radar]], which produces readings of distance and bearing, but not altitude. In addition, departures and arrivals both shared a single corridor within the civilian airspace around New Delhi. While most areas have separate corridors{{snd}}one for departures and another one for arrivals{{snd}}the airspace of Delhi in 1996 had only one civilian corridor for both departures and arrivals because much of the airspace was taken by the [[Indian Air Force]]. Moreover, neither plane was equipped with a [[traffic collision avoidance system]], which would have alerted crew on both flights.<ref name="Head On" />

Due to the crash, the air crash investigation report recommended changes to air traffic procedures and infrastructure in New Delhi's airspace:<ref name="collision report" />

* Separation of inbound and outbound aircraft through the creation of 'air corridors'
* Installation of a secondary air-traffic control radar for aircraft altitude data
* Mandatory collision avoidance equipment on commercial aircraft operating in Indian airspace
* Reduction of the airspace over New Delhi that was formerly under exclusive control of the Indian Air Force

==Aftermath==
The [[Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India)|Directorate General of Civil Aviation]] subsequently made it mandatory for all aircraft flying in and out of India to be equipped with an [[airborne collision avoidance system]]. This set a worldwide precedent for mandatory use of [[traffic collision avoidance system]]s.<ref name=TCAS/>

{{As of|2021}}, there is an ongoing effort by the Charkhi Dadri district administration to develop{{Update inline|date=September 2025}} a memorial honoring the victims of the mid-air collision. The proposed memorial, which would consist of names and other information of the victims, would be located at a to-be-built memorial park in the district. However, the district administration is waiting to get an approval for the project from the [[Haryana government]], and plans to include the participation of the [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Ministry of Civil Aviation of India]], [[Airport Authority of India]], and the embassies of Saudi Arabia and Kazakhstan in the development of the memorial.<ref name=Memorial/>

==Documentaries==
[[Miditech]], a company based in [[Gurgaon|Gurugram]], Haryana, produced a documentary about the disaster called ''Head On!'', which aired on the [[National Geographic Channel]].<ref name="Head On" />

The collision was also the subject of the 2009 episode "[[List of Mayday episodes#ep52|Sight Unseen]]", of the Canadian-made, internationally distributed documentary series ''[[Mayday (Canadian TV series)|Mayday]]''.<ref name=Mayday>{{Cite episode |title=Sight Unseen |episode-link=List of Mayday episodes#ep52 |series=[[Mayday (Canadian TV series)|Mayday]] |publisher=[[Cineflix]] |publication-place=Montreal |network=[[USA Network (Canadian TV channel)|Discovery Channel Canada]] et al |season=7 |number=4 |date=2009-11-11}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of accidents and incidents involving airliners by airline]]

== References ==

=== Citations ===
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="ASN-KZK">{{ASN accident|id=19961112-1|title= Kazakhstan Airlines Flight 1907}}</ref>
<ref name=Y1996Summary>{{cite report |title=Civil aviation aircraft accident summary for the year 1996 |publisher=[[Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India)|Directorate General of Civil Aviation]] |url=http://dgca.nic.in/accident/acc96.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103164042/http://dgca.nic.in/accident/acc96.pdf |archive-date=3 January 2015|page=8/18}}</ref>
<ref name=WPost349Killed>{{cite news |title=At Least 349 Are Killed in Collision
|first=Kenneth J. |last=Cooper |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]
|date=13 November 1996
|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/flight801/stories/1996crash.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626103717/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/flight801/stories/1996crash.htm
|archive-date=26 June 2013
|url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref name=Clouds>{{cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/may/26air.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991011103254/http://www.rediff.com/news/may/26air.htm |archive-date=11 October 1999 |title=Charkhi Dadri collision occurred in "heavy clouds": US pilot |publisher=[[Rediff]] |access-date=4 July 2006 }}</ref>
<ref name=RptExpected>{{cite news |title=Charkhi Dadri collision report expected this weekend |first=Syed Firdaus |last=Ashraf |location=New Delhi |work=[[Rediff]] |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/mar/11air.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410180434/http://www.rediff.com/news/mar/11air.htm |archive-date=10 April 2014}}</ref>
<ref name=FGlobalATC>{{cite news |title=Collision raises doubts on ATC routeings |first1=Max |last1=Kingsley-Jones |first2=David |last2=Learmount |publisher=[[Flightglobal]] |agency=[[Flight International]] |date=20 September 1996 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/collision-raises-doubts-on-atc-routeings-10013/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101143223/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/collision-raises-doubts-on-atc-routeings-10013/ |archive-date=1 January 2015}}</ref>
<ref name=red1>{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/may/15aai.htm |date=26 May 1997 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991007030506/http://www.rediff.com/news/may/15aai.htm |archive-date=7 October 1999 |title=Communication gap caused Charkhi Dadri mishap |publisher=[[Rediff]] |access-date=4 July 2006}}</ref>
<ref name=Memorial>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/haryanas-charkhi-dadri-plans-a-memorial-for-1996-mid-air-collision-victims/articleshow/81319907.cms|title=Haryana's Charkhi Dadri plans a memorial for 1996 mid-air collision victims|date= 4 March 2021|newspaper=The Times of India|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240218124821/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/haryanas-charkhi-dadri-plans-a-memorial-for-1996-mid-air-collision-victims/articleshow/81319907.cms|archive-date= 18 February 2024}}</ref>
<ref name="Head On">{{cite AV media |url=http://www.miditech.tv/content.aspx?page=HeadOn |title=Head On – AirCrash |type=TV documentary |publisher=[[Miditech]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070323002305/http://www.miditech.tv/content.aspx?page=HeadOn |archive-date=23 March 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref name=TCAS>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurocontrol.int/articles/history-future-airborne-collision-avoidance|title=History & future of airborne collision avoidance|date=9 March 2012|website=Eurocontrol|language=en|access-date=6 May 2019|archive-date=4 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204153356/https://www.eurocontrol.int/articles/history-future-airborne-collision-avoidance|url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref name=HumanErr>{{cite news|title=Human error is blamed for crash |last=Bellamy |first=Christopher |work=[[The Independent]] |date=13 November 1996 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/human-error-is-blamed-for-crash-1352080.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226013332/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/human-error-is-blamed-for-crash-1352080.html |archive-date=26 February 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name=ASNProfile>{{cite web|title= India air safety profile|work= Aviation Safety Network|url= http://aviation-safety.net/database/country/country.php?id=VT|access-date= 10 April 2014 }}</ref>
<ref name=Independent1996>{{cite news|title=THE INDIAN AIR CRASH: Tapes point blame at Kazakh pilot|first= Tim|last= McGirk|newspaper= The Independent|date= 14 November 1996|url= https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/the-indian-air-crash-tapes-point-blame-at-kazakh-pilot-1352266.html|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190501173653/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/the-indian-air-crash-tapes-point-blame-at-kazakh-pilot-1352266.html|archive-date= 1 May 2019|url-status= live}}</ref>
<ref name="Indian Officials Gather Evidence on Midair Collision">{{cite news|title= Indian Officials Gather Evidence on Midair Collision|first= John F.|last= Burns|newspaper= [[The New York Times]]|date= 14 November 1996|url= https://www.nytimes.com/1996/11/14/world/indian-officials-gather-evidence-on-midair-collision.html?pagewanted=print&src=pm|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150103165051/http://www.nytimes.com/1996/11/14/world/indian-officials-gather-evidence-on-midair-collision.html?pagewanted=print&src=pm|archive-date= 3 January 2015}}</ref>
<ref name=KazakhFault>{{cite web|title= Kazakh aircraft held responsible for Charkhi Dadri mishap|website=[[rediff.com]]|date= 1997|url= https://www.rediff.com/news/jul/17aai.htm|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200523162558/https://www.rediff.com/news/jul/17aai.htm|archive-date= 23 May 2020|url-status= live}}</ref>
<ref name="4survivors">{{citation |url=http://www.casa.gov.au/fsa/2006/dec/42-44.pdf |title=Mid-Air Disasters |work=Flight Safety Australia |date=November–December 2006 |access-date=10 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081030114427/http://www.casa.gov.au/fsa/2006/dec/42-44.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2008 |page=42 |last=Job |first=Macarthur |url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref name="One Jet in Crash Over India Ruled Off Course">{{cite news|title= One Jet in Crash Over India Ruled Off Course|first= John F.|last= Burns|newspaper= [[The New York Times]]|date= 5 May 1997|url= https://www.nytimes.com/1997/05/05/world/one-jet-in-crash-over-india-ruled-off-course.html|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180303160858/http://www.nytimes.com/1997/05/05/world/one-jet-in-crash-over-india-ruled-off-course.html|archive-date= 3 March 2018}}</ref>
<ref name="Pilot error focus of India collision investigation">{{cite news |title=Pilot error focus of India collision investigation |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=14 November 1996 |location=New Delhi |url=http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9611/14/india/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000128142927/http://cnn.com/WORLD/9611/14/india/index.html |archive-date=28 January 2000}}</ref>
<ref name="collision report">{{harvnb|Lahoti|1997}}</ref>
<ref name=Deadliest>{{cite news |title=The truth behind the 10 deadliest plane crashes of all time |first=Hugh |last=Morris |date=12 July 2017 |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|location=London |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/travel-truths/the-deadliest-aviation-plane-crashes-disasters-in-history/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523163241/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/travel-truths/the-deadliest-aviation-plane-crashes-disasters-in-history/ |archive-date=23 May 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Two Airliners Collide in Midair, Killing All 351 Aboard in India">{{cite news |title=Two Airliners Collide in Midair, Killing All 351 Aboard in India |last=Burns |first=John F. |work=The New York Times |date=13 November 1996 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/11/13/world/two-airliners-collide-in-midair-killing-all-351-aboard-in-india.html?pagewanted=print&src=pm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306143403/http://www.nytimes.com/1996/11/13/world/two-airliners-collide-in-midair-killing-all-351-aboard-in-india.html?pagewanted=print&src=pm |archive-date=6 March 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|30em}}

=== Further reading ===
* {{cite report|last=Lahoti|first=Ramesh Chandra|author-link=Ramesh Chandra Lahoti|url=https://www.baaa-acro.com/sites/default/files/2020-12/HZ-AIH.pdf|title=Report of Court of Inquiry on Mid-Air Collision Between Saudi Arabian Boeing 747 and Kazakhstan IL-76 on 12th November, 1996 Near Delhi – India (Charkhi-Dadri, Haryana)|publisher=[[Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India)|Directorate General of Civil Aviation]], [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Ministry of Civil Aviation]]|date=15 July 1997 |access-date=25 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200525230709/https://dgca.gov.in/digigov-portal/Upload?flag=iframeAttachView&attachId=130614975&mainAccidentReports|archive-date=25 May 2020}}
* {{interlanguage link|Anas al-Qawz|ar|أنس عبد الحميد القوز}}. ''{{interlanguage link|A Pilot's Encounters|ar|مواقف طيار (كتاب)}}''. Obeikan, 2000. {{in lang|ar}}: Book by a Saudi pilot which discusses this incident
* Bhavya Dore. "[https://fiftytwo.in/story/collision/ Collision]". ''Fifty Two''. 9 October 2020.
* "[https://web.archive.org/web/20011202064042/http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9611/14/india/index.html Pilot error focus of India collision investigation]" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20011202064042/http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9611/14/india/index.html Archive]). [[CNN]]. 14 November 1996.

== External links ==
{{external media
| float = right
| image1 = [http://www.airliners.net/search/photo.search?keywords=hz-aih&page_limit=15&calccount=5&truecount=true&engine_version=6.0 Pre-Crash photos of the two airliners at Airliners.net]}}
*[[Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India)|Directorate General of Civil Aviation]] [http://dgca.nic.in/circular/ops/Ops03_99.pdf OPERATIONS CIRCULAR NO.3 OF 1999] ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224021315/http://dgca.nic.in/circular/ops/Ops03_99.pdf |date=24 February 2012 }})
* "[https://web.archive.org/web/20020911221032/http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9611/12/india.air.crash/index.html Officials say hundreds feared killed in airline collision over India]" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20020911221032/http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9611/12/india.air.crash/index.html Archive]). [[CNN]]. 12 November 1996.
* Burns, John F. "[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0DE6DB163AF936A25752C1A960958260 Indian and Kazak Officials Trade Accusations in Air Collision]." ''[[The New York Times]]''. 15 November 1996.
* Centre for Disaster Management (Haryana Institute of Public Administration) [https://web.archive.org/web/20160223114256/http://www.cdmhipa.in/images/Case%20Study/casestudy.php Case Study: Charkhi Dadri Mid Air Collision]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0YCr2i8bXkg Victims, crash site of the mid-air collision] from ''[[Associated Press]] Archive''

{{Portal bar|Aviation|India|Saudi Arabia|Asia|1990s}}
{{Aviation accidents and incidents in India}}
{{Aviation incidents and accidents in 1996}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1996 Charkhi Dadri Mid-Air Collision}}
[[Category:Airliner accidents and incidents caused by pilot error]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents involving the Boeing 747]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in 1996]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in India]]
[[Category:1996 disasters in India]]
[[Category:Mid-air collisions involving airliners]]
[[Category:Mid-air collisions in Asia]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents involving the Ilyushin Il-76]]
[[Category:Kazakhstan Airlines accidents and incidents]]
[[Category:Saudia accidents and incidents]]
[[Category:1990s in Haryana]]
[[Category:November 1996 in India]]
[[Category:Charkhi Dadri district]]
[[Category:Disasters in Haryana]]

Ramiz Raja

2026-02-11T18:07:39Z

MyIPL:

{{short description|Pakistani former cricket-turned-commentator}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Pakistan Cricket Board Chairman Ramiz Raja (cropped).jpg
| caption = Raja in 2022
| name = Ramiz Raja
| birth_name = Ramiz Hasan Raja
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1962|08|14|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Faisalabad]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], Pakistan
| height = 5 ft 10 in<ref>[https://www.sportskeeda.com/player/rameez-rajapakis Rameez Raja's profile] on Sportskeeda</ref>
| education = {{Unbulleted_list|[[St. Anthony High School, Lahore]]|[[Sadiq Public School, Bahawalpur]]|[[Aitchison College, Lahore]]}}
| alma_mater = [[Government College, Lahore]]
| module = {{Infobox cricketer
| embed = yes
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Legbreak
| role = [[Batter (cricket)|Batter]]
| family = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Saleem Akhtar]] (father)|[[Wasim Raja]] (brother)|[[Zaeem Raja]] (brother)|[[Atif Rauf]] (cousin)<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/672206-cricketing-dynasties-the-twenty-two-families-of-pakistan-test-cricket-part-4|title=Cricketing dynasties of 2 families}}</ref>}}
| international = true
| internationalspan = 1984–1997
| country = Pakistan
| testdebutdate = 2 March
| testdebutyear = 1984
| testdebutagainst = England
| testcap = 99
| lasttestdate = 26 April
| lasttestyear = 1997
| lasttestagainst = Sri Lanka
| odidebutdate = 6 February
| odidebutyear = 1985
| odidebutagainst = New Zealand
| odicap = 56
| lastodidate = 21 September
| lastodiyear = 1997
| lastodiagainst = India
| columns = 4
| column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]]
| matches1 = 57
| runs1 = 2,833
| bat avg1 = 31.83
| 100s/50s1 = 2/22
| top score1 = 122
| deliveries1 = –
| wickets1 = –
| bowl avg1 = –
| fivefor1 = –
| tenfor1 = –
| best bowling1 = –
| catches/stumpings1 = 34/0
| column2 = [[One Day International|ODI]]
| matches2 = 198
| runs2 = 5,841
| bat avg2 = 32.09
| 100s/50s2 = 9/31
| top score2 = 119[[not out|*]]
| deliveries2 = 6
| wickets2 = 0
| bowl avg2 = –
| fivefor2 = –
| tenfor2 = –
| best bowling2 = –
| catches/stumpings2 = 33/0
| column3 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches3 = 183
| runs3 = 10,392
| bat avg3 = 36.59
| 100s/50s3 = 17/63
| top score3 = 300
| deliveries3 = 509
| wickets3 = 6
| bowl avg3 = 57.16
| fivefor3 = –
| tenfor3 = –
| best bowling3 = 2/2
| catches/stumpings3 = 103/0

| column4 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches4 = 298
| runs4 = 9,490
| bat avg4 = 35.34
| 100s/50s4 = 15/56
| top score4 = 131
| deliveries4 = 145
| wickets4 = 6
| bowl avg4 = 18.33
| fivefor4 = –
| tenfor4 = –
| best bowling4 = 4/43
| catches/stumpings4 = 62/0
|medaltemplates=
{{MedalSport|Men's [[Cricket]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{PAK}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[ICC Cricket World Cup]]}}
{{Medal|W|[[1992 Cricket World Cup|1992 Australia and New Zealand]]|}}
| date = 31 January
| year = 2006
| source = http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/content/player/42420.html ESPNcricinfo
}}
| office = 35th [[Chairman]] of [[Pakistan Cricket Board]]
| office1 =
| website =
| termstart = 13 September 2021
| termend = 21 December 2022
| appointer = [[Imran Khan]]
| president = [[Arif Alvi]]
| primeminister = Imran Khan [[Shehbaz Sharif]]
| predecessor = [[Ehsan Mani]]
| successor = [[Najam Sethi]]
| occupation = Former Pakistani [[cricketer]]
}}

'''Ramiz Hasan Raja''' ({{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|رمیز حسن راجہ}}}}; born 14 August 1962) is a Pakistani cricket [[sports commentator]], former [[cricket]]er and former chairman of the [[Pakistan Cricket Board]] (2021-2022).<ref name=":1">{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/pakistan-cricket-board-chairman-ramiz-raja-sacked-najam-sethi-2311859-2022-12-21 | title=Pakistan Cricket Board chairman Ramiz Raja sacked, Najam Sethi to take over PCB top job |access-date=15 May 2025 |website=India Today}}</ref><ref name="PCBchairman">{{cite web|title=Ramiz Raja formally elected as PCB chairman|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ramiz-raja-formally-elected-as-pcb-chairman-1277719|access-date=15 May 2025|website=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

He played international cricket for the [[Pakistan national cricket team]] from 1984 to 1997, appearing in 57 Test matches and 198 One Day Internationals (ODIs), and was part of the team that won the [[1992 Cricket World Cup]].<ref name="ESPNCricinfo">{{cite web |title=Ramiz Raja |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/player/ramiz-raja-42422 |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=15 May 2025}}</ref> Raja was occasionally appointed captain and scored over 8,000 runs across formats during his international career.

After retiring from professional cricket, he transitioned into commentary and analysis, becoming one of the most recognized voices in the cricketing world. He also hosts a popular [[YouTube]] channel, ''Ramiz Speaks'', where he discusses cricket-related topics.<ref>{{cite web|last=Dawn.com|date=13 September 2021|title=Ramiz Raja elected new PCB chairman 'unanimously and unopposed'|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1646154|access-date=15 May 2025|website=DAWN.COM}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ramiz Raja: The voice of Pakistan cricket |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1646318 |work=Dawn |date=15 September 2021 |access-date=15 May 2025}}</ref>

== Early and personal life ==

=== Family background ===
Raja was born on 14 August 1962 in [[Faisalabad]], [[Punjab, Pakistan]] into a [[Muslim Rajputs|Rajput]] family.

His family roots lie in [[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan|Rajasthan, India]].<ref name=":2" />

His father [[Saleem Akhtar]] was a cricketer during the British colonial era who played [[first-class cricket]] for [[Multan cricket team|Multan]] and [[Sargodha cricket team|Sargodha]] after the partition, while his brother [[Wasim Raja]] and cousin [[Atif Rauf]] played for the [[Pakistan national cricket team]], with another brother [[Zaeem Raja]] having played first-class cricket as well.

=== Education ===
Raja is an alumnus of [[Sadiq Public School]], [[Bahawalpur]], [[Aitchison College, Lahore]] and [[Government College University, Lahore]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=GC University Lahore produces five prime ministers of country: grand celebration to mark 148th birthday – Business Recorder|url=https://fp.brecorder.com/2012/01/201201021138946/|access-date=16 January 2022|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=1 January 2014|title=Happy Birthday GCU|url=https://nation.com.pk/01-Jan-2014/happy-birthday-gcu|access-date=16 January 2022|website=The Nation|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Board Of Governors {{!}} Pakistan Cricket Board (PCB) Official Website|url=https://www.pcb.com.pk/board-of-governors.html|access-date=16 January 2022|website=www.pcb.com.pk|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Marriage ===
Raja married twice. The parents of one of his wives had roots in British India; his mother-in-law hailed from [[Delhi]] and his father-in-law from [[Karnal]], [[Haryana]].<ref name=":2">[https://web.archive.org/web/20240613152338/https://www.outlookindia.com/national/inzamam-ul-haq-news-203599 Inzamam-ul-Haq], 28 May 1997, ''[[Outlook India]]''. Archived from the [https://www.outlookindia.com/national/inzamam-ul-haq-news-203599 original] on 13 June 2024. "His captain ''Rameez Raja,'' too, wanted to visit his inlaws' relatives in Kamal, his own folks in Jaipur. "I'm from Lahore. My mother-in-law is from Delhi, my father-in-law from Karnal. Don't know about the wife. I've hopefully picked up some of Delhi's famous ''tehzeeb'' (courtesy) from her," he says, smiling shyly."</ref>

=== Rajasthani architecture ===
An admirer of [[Architecture of Rajasthan|Rajasthani architecture]], he asked Pakistani architect [[Nayyar Ali Dada]] to design his Lahore house on the pattern of Jaipur's [[Rambagh Palace]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=19 November 2007|title=Rameez builds his own Rajasthani palace|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/rameez-builds-his-own-rajasthani-palace/story-UXqhKFHOCRuKpuMQGwQncO.html|access-date=21 September 2022|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|language=en}}</ref>

==Domestic career==
Raja made his [[first-class cricket]] debut in 1978, scoring over 9,000 runs in List A and 10,000 runs in first class matches. He made his Test debut against England in 1984 and ODI debut against New Zealand in 1985. Raja was regarded as one of the prominent batters playing in Pakistan's domestic cricket.<ref name="The Hindu">{{Cite news|agency=PTI|date=9 December 2011|title=Pakistan lauds 'King of Entertainment' Sehwag|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/pakistan-lauds-king-of-entertainment-sehwag/article2701377.ece|access-date=23 September 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==International career==
===Golden years===
When he got his first opportunity to play in a [[Test cricket|Test match]], against [[England cricket team|England]], Raja's performance was unimpressive, as he was dismissed for 1 run in each [[innings]]. However, with the retirement of several players in the Pakistan squad and with the help of his years of experience in [[first-class cricket]], Raja was able to secure a spot in the national side.<ref>{{Cite news|agency=PTI|date=28 June 2012|title=Rameez Raja launches attack on Mohsin Khan|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/rameez-raja-launches-attack-on-mohsin-khan/article3581592.ece|access-date=23 September 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

He played international [[cricket]] for 13 years, appearing in 57 Test matches, with a career average of 31.83 and scoring two centuries. In the [[One Day International]] arena, he played 198 matches and scored 9 centuries.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ramiz Raja batting bowling stats, averages and cricket statistics, 2022|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/player/ramiz-raja-42420/bowling-batting-stats|access-date=2022-01-26|website=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref> He was a member of the national side that reached the semi-finals of the [[1987 Cricket World Cup|1987 World Cup]]. He scored 2 centuries in the [[1992 Cricket World Cup|1992 World Cup]], which was held in Australia, including a century against [[New Zealand cricket team|New Zealand]], who had been undefeated during that period. He was awarded the man of the match for his match winning performance which earned Pakistan a place in the semi-finals of the tournament. In [[1992 Cricket World Cup Final|the final]] against England, Raja had the honour of taking the final catch which won the [[Cricket World Cup|World Cup]] for Pakistan. This became the pinnacle of his cricketing career, as within a year of this triumph, he had lost form and was dropped from the national side.<ref name="The Hindu"/><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Rameez Raja Profile - Cricket Player, Pakistan{{!}}Rameez Raja Stats, Ranking, Records inCricket -NDTV Sports|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/players/41527-rameez-raja-playerprofile|access-date=23 September 2020|website=NDTVSports.com|language=en}}</ref>

=== Obstructing the field ===
Raja became the first player in [[One Day International]] history to be given out "[[obstructing the field]]" [[English cricket team in Pakistan in 1987–88|against England]], in a match at [[Karachi]] in 1987. England had scored 263 runs for 6 wickets during their 44 over innings.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Full Scorecard of England vs Pakistan 2nd ODI 1987/88 - Score Report {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/england-tour-of-pakistan-1987-88-61761/pakistan-vs-england-2nd-odi-64311/full-scorecard|access-date=2022-01-26|website=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref> For Pakistan, Raja opened the batting and had reached 98 runs when the last ball of the match was bowled, with Pakistan needing 25 runs to win in the last over. During this last over, he hit the ball and sprinted for two runs that would have given him his century, but was well short of the crease when the fielder's return came towards him and Raja knocked the ball away with his bat and was given out for "obstructing the field".<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/153517.html | title=Pakistan v England 1987-88: Second One-day International| publisher= [[ESPN Cricinfo]]| work=[[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack|Wisden]] 1989 | access-date=20 December 2017}}</ref>

===Late career===
He was recalled to the Pakistan squad and played in the [[1996 Cricket World Cup]]. During the 1995–1996 season, he was removed from the captaincy, after Pakistan lost their first home series to [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]]. His final game in a Test match for Pakistan was as captain in the [[Pakistani cricket team in Sri Lanka in 1996–97|1996–1997 tour of Sri Lanka]], however the team failed to win a match during the series. He retired from all forms of cricket in 1997 and since then he has been active as a television [[Sports commentator|commentator]] and analyst as an administrator for both Pakistan and international cricket.<ref>{{Cite web|date=14 August 2014|title=11 things you need to know about Rameez Raja|url=https://www.cricketcountry.com/articles/11-things-you-need-to-know-about-rameez-raja-171136|access-date=23 September 2020|website=Cricket Country|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

== Post-retirement ==

=== Commentary career ===
[[File:Pakistan Super League PSLt24 Cricket Ramiz Raja (cropped).png|thumb|Raja in 2015]]
Raja has worked as a commentator on ''[[Test Match Special]]'' and [[Sky Sports]], during the [[Pakistani cricket team in England in 2006|2006 England Test series against Pakistan]]. He has also worked as the chief executive of the [[Pakistan Cricket Board]], but resigned from his job in August 2004, citing increasing media commitments. He continues to provide commentary on Pakistan cricket team's tours as well as in many domestic tournaments and international ICC tournaments.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Editorial|date=1 May 2015|title=Rameez Raja's nine hilarious commentary moments|url=https://www.india.com/sports/rameez-rajas-nine-hilarious-commentary-moments-369572/|access-date=23 September 2020|website=India News, Breaking News, Entertainment News {{!}} India.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Mustafi|first=Suvajit|date=30 April 2015|title=Rameez Raja's nine hilarious commentary moments|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/sports/report-rameez-raja-s-nine-hilarious-commentary-moments-2081948|access-date=23 September 2020|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref>

=== Cricket administration ===
Raja served as the 35th Chairman of the [[Pakistan Cricket Board]] between September 2021 and December 2022.<ref name=":1" />

=== Hosting ===
In 2024, Raja launched ''Showtime With Ramiz Raja'' on Suno News, a late-night entertainment show where he interviews celebrities.

==See also==
* [[List of cricket commentators]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{ESPNcricinfo|id=42420}}
*[https://twitter.com/RamizSpeaks Ramiz Raja] on [[Twitter]]

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
|before= [[Ehsan Mani]]
|title= [[Pakistan Cricket Board|Chairperson of Pakistan Cricket Board]]
|years= 2021
|after= [[Najam Sethi]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
|before= [[Saleem Malik]]
|title= [[Pakistani national cricket captains|Pakistan Cricket Captain]]
|years= 1993–1997
|after= [[Aamer Sohail]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Chairman of PCB}}
{{Pakistan Test Cricket Captains}}
{{Pakistan ODI Cricket Captains}}
{{Navboxes
|title= Pakistan squads
|bg= #01411C
|fg= white
|bordercolor=limegreen
|list1=
{{Pakistan Squad 1987 Cricket World Cup}}
{{Pakistan Squad 1992 Cricket World Cup}}
{{Pakistan Squad 1996 Cricket World Cup}}
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raja, Ramiz}}
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Allied Bank Limited cricketers]]
[[Category:Islamabad cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Faisalabad]]
[[Category:Aitchison College alumni]]
[[Category:Pakistan Cricket Board presidents and chairmen]]
[[Category:Pakistan National Shipping Corporation cricketers]]
[[Category:Pakistan One Day International cricketers]]
[[Category:Pakistan Test cricketers]]
[[Category:Pakistan Test cricket captains]]
[[Category:Pakistani cricket captains]]
[[Category:Cricketers at the 1987 Cricket World Cup]]
[[Category:Cricketers at the 1992 Cricket World Cup]]
[[Category:Cricketers at the 1996 Cricket World Cup]]
[[Category:Pakistani cricket commentators]]
[[Category:Sadiq Public School alumni]]
[[Category:Service Industries cricketers]]
[[Category:Lahore City cricketers]]
[[Category:Lahore City A cricketers]]
[[Category:Lahore City Whites cricketers]]
[[Category:Punjab (Pakistan) cricketers]]
[[Category:St. Anthony's High School, Lahore alumni]]
[[Category:Government College University, Lahore alumni]]
[[Category:Pakistani YouTubers]]
[[Category:Central Model School, Lahore alumni]]
[[Category:Pakistani cricket administrators]]
[[Category:Pakistani people of Rajasthani descent]]
[[Category:Muhajir people]]

Sai Ketan Rao

2026-02-09T14:05:15Z

MyIPL:

{{short description|Indian actor (born 1994)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sai Ketan Rao
| image = File:Saiketanraoinwhite.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor}}
| birth_place = [[Lonavala]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1994|7|10}}
| years_active = 2016–present
| known_for = ''[[Mehndi Hai Rachne Waali]]''
}}

'''Sai Ketan Rao'''<ref name=":0">{{cite news |title=Sai Ketan Rao reveals why he changed his name - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sai-ketan-rao-reveals-why-he-changed-his-name/articleshow/90437196.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref> (born 10 July 1994) <ref>{{cite news |title=Exclusive: Mehendi Hai Rachnewali fame Sai Ketan Rao, 'I did go through rejections; they broke me'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/exclusive-mehendi-hai-rachnewali-fame-sai-ketan-rao-i-did-go-through-rejections-they-broke-me/videoshow/90155717.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2021-05-16 |title=VIDEO: Sai Ketan Rao spills the beans about his role in Mehndi Hai Rachne Waali |work=India TV News |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/video/entertainment/sai-ketan-rao-spills-the-beans-about-his-role-in-mehndi-hai-rachne-waali-705083}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sai Ketan Rao making waves on Star Plus |url=https://telanganatoday.com/sai-ketan-rao-making-waves-on-star-plus |access-date=30 June 2021 |work=Telangana Today |date=3 April 2021}}</ref> is an Indian actor. He is known for portraying the lead role of Raghav Rao<ref>{{cite news |title='I took inspiration from Agneepath for my role in Mehndi Hai Rachne Waali, says South Indian actor Sai Ketan Rao |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/i-took-inspiration-from-agneepath-for-my-role-in-mehndi-hai-rachne-waali-says-south-indian-actor-sai-ketan-rao-213085 |work=Tribune India News Service |date=16 February 2021}}</ref><ref name="mhrw">{{cite news |title=Sai Ketan Rao: I am happy that people have accepted me as Raghav Rao in Mehndi Hai Rachne Waali |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/sai-ketan-rao-i-am-happy-that-people-have-accepted-me-as-raghav-rao-in-mehndi-hai-rachne-waali/videoshow/82604120.cms |access-date=30 June 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=13 May 2021}}</ref> in [[StarPlus]]'s ''[[Mehndi Hai Rachne Waali]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Star Plus Premieres Modern Day Love Story 'Mehndi Hai Rachne Waali' |url=https://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/bollywood/star-plus-premieres-modern-day-love-story-mehndi-hai-rachne-waali/article_6ef343ca-6b00-11eb-8e77-d77de01ab61f.html |access-date=30 June 2021 |work=India West |archive-date=29 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129205137/https://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/bollywood/star-plus-premieres-modern-day-love-story-mehndi-hai-rachne-waali/article_6ef343ca-6b00-11eb-8e77-d77de01ab61f.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sai Ketan Rao on Mehndi Hai Rachne Waali wrapping up: I burst out crying while talking to my producer - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sai-ketan-rao-on-mehndi-hai-rachne-waali-wrapping-up-i-burst-out-crying-while-talking-to-my-producer/articleshow/87724577.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sai Ketan Rao: I still don't know what went wrong with our show Mehndi Hai Rachne Waali that it was pulled off air suddenly - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sai-ketan-rao-i-still-dont-know-what-went-wrong-with-our-show-mehndi-hai-rachne-waali-that-it-was-pulled-off-air-suddenly/articleshow/87847902.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

He was then seen in [[Star Plus]]'s ''[[Chashni (TV series)|Chashni]]'' as Raunaq Babbar (Reddy). He played the double lead role of Agasthya Singh Chaudhary<ref>{{cite news |title= Star Plus introduces Agasthya Upadhyay of Imlie season 3 |url= https://www.instagram.com/reel/Cw5apT1gRKW/?igshid=MzRlODBiNWFlZA== |work=Star Plus}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Did you like Sai Ketan Rao's new look? |url= https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/imlies-new-promo-gives-glimpse-of-major-upcoming-twist-did-you-like-sai-ketan-raos-new-look-1239914 |work= PINKVILLA |archive-date= 22 September 2023 |access-date= 31 August 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230922154119/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/imlies-new-promo-gives-glimpse-of-major-upcoming-twist-did-you-like-sai-ketan-raos-new-look-1239914 |url-status= dead }}</ref> / Surya Pratap Reddy<ref>{{cite news |title= Star Plus introduces Surya Pratap Reddy in Imlie season 3 |url= https://www.instagram.com/reel/C3KeZfmAz0L/?igsh=dzRseHpvdGJ4ZTg= |work=Star Plus}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Exclusive! Agastya dies in the show; but I am not exiting Imlie: Sai Ketan Rao |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-agastya-dies-in-the-show-but-i-am-not-exiting-imlie-sai-ketan-rao/articleshow/107580134.cms |work= Times Of India}}</ref> in Star Plus' ''[[Imlie]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Will Sai Ketan Rao and Adrija Roy enter the show after the leap?|url=https://news.abplive.com/videos/entertainment/television-imlie-will-sai-ketan-rao-and-adrija-roy-enter-the-show-after-the-leap-hot-news-1624092 |work=ABP News}}</ref>

Ketan's television debut was with ''Agni Sakshi''.<ref name="as">{{cite news |title=New serial Agni Sakshi to go on air on Star MAA from Dec 7, 2017 - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/new-serial-agni-sakshi-to-go-on-air-on-star-maa-from-dec-7-2017/articleshow/61966117.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref> He also worked in Hindi [[web series]] and a few Telugu web series. His web series include ''Three Half Bottles'' (2019) on [[ZEE5]], ''Love Studio'' (2020) on [[YouTube]], ''Lovely'' (2021) on ShreyasET, and ''Aham Bhramhasmi''<ref>{{cite news |script-title=te:ఆకట్టుకుంటున్న'అహం బ్రహ్మస్మి' ట్రైలర్‌ |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/aham-brahmasmi-web-series-trailer-launched-sunil-narang-1379597 |work=Sakshi |date=17 July 2021 |language=te}}</ref> (2021) on [[MX Player]] and [[Hungama Digital Media Entertainment|Hungama Digital]]. He acted in [[Tollywood (Telugu)|Tollywood]] films such as ''Ajay Passayyadu'' (2019) and ''Strangers'' (2021) on [[Amazon Prime]], and ''Mounam''<ref>{{cite news |title=New voices for Creators' Summit |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/aha-picks-up-short-films-of-five-alumni-of-annapurna-college-of-film-and-media-for-digital-streaming/article32872709.ece |work=The Hindu |date=2020-10-16}}</ref> (2020) on [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]].

Rao participated as a contestant on the reality TV show, [[Bigg Boss OTT (Hindi TV series) season 3|''Bigg Boss OTT Season 3'']]. He entered the show on June 21, 2024 and became one of the top four finalists. The series is streamed on [[JioCinema|JioCinema Premium]].<ref>{{cite news |date=Jun 21, 2024 |title=Bigg Boss OTT 3: When and where to watch... |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-ott-3-when-and-where-to-watch-the-premiere-of-anil-kapoor-hosted-controversial-reality-show/articleshow/111159972.cms |access-date=22 June 2024 |publisher=Times of India/Bombay Times |agency=Times Entertainment}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Sai Ketan Rao<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actor Sai Ketan Rao talks about his latest Telugu film release and his name change |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2022/apr/08/actor-sai-ketan-rao-talks-about-his-latest-telugu-film-release-and-his-name-change-40107.html |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=www.indulgexpress.com |language=en}}</ref> was born into a middle-class family in [[Lonavala]], [[Maharashtra]]. His father is an [[architect]] from Maharashtra, while his mother is a [[nutritionist]] from [[Hyderabad]].

He started his schooling in [[Solapur]], Maharashtra but soon shifted to [[Pune]], Maharashtra and finally settled down in Hyderabad, [[Telangana]]. He completed his tenth grade in Hyderabad from Vignan School and pursued [[B. Tech]]<ref>{{cite news |title=I was not into dating during my engineering days: Sai Ketan Rao - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/i-was-not-into-dating-girls-during-my-engineering-days-sai-ketan-rao/articleshow/82763738.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-15|title=Sai Ketan Rao|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/engineersday-meet-the-tv-actors-who-also-have-a-degree-in-engineering/photostory/86226692.cms|access-date=2021-09-27|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> in Computer Science from Hyderabad Institute of Technology and Management. After completing his graduation, he completed his MBA<ref>{{cite news |title=Sai Ketan Rao: Did engineering, MBA as my parents' condition to pursue acting {{!}}Exclusive{{!}} {{!}} TV - Times of India Videos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/sai-ketan-rao-did-engineering-mba-as-my-parents-condition-to-pursue-acting-exclusive/videoshow/82052389.cms |access-date=30 June 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> in System Operations from [[Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management, Hyderabad Campus]].

Ketan was a state-level [[Boxer (boxing)|boxer]] until suffering an injury due to bike accident.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Service |first1=Tribune News |title=Sai Ketan Rao opens up on doing reality shows |language=en |work=Tribuneindia News Service |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/this-khiladi-is-ready%E2%80%A6-380883 |archive-date=3 March 2023 |access-date=26 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303013250/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/this-khiladi-is-ready%E2%80%A6-380883 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Personal life ==
In June 2024, he talked about his troubled childhood while the live streaming of ''[[Bigg Boss OTT (Hindi Digital series) season 3|Bigg Boss OTT 3]]''. He revealed that his father abandoned the family and his mother raised him and his younger sister as a single parent.<ref>{{Cite web|title= Bigg Boss OTT 3: Sai Ketan Rao Reveals Sleeping On Railway Tracks During Tough Times; Says 'After My Dad Left, Mom Faced Harassment From Her In-Laws' |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-ott-3-sai-ketan-rao-reveals-sleeping-on-railway-tracks-during-tough-times-says-after-my-dad-left-mom-faced-harassment-from-her-in-laws/articleshow/111344804.cms |website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title= Bigg Boss OTT 3: Exclusive! Sai Ketan Rao talks about his troubled childhood; says ' My father left us when I was...' |url= https://www.tellychakkar.com/digital/bigg-boss-ott-3-exclusive-sai-ketan-rao-talks-about-his-troubled-childhood-says-my-father?amp |website=TellyChakkar|language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Rao worked for an [[Australia]]n company after completing his education, but he had a strong inclination towards acting since childhood,<ref>{{cite news |title=Exclusive Interview! Every rejection would break me but also made me a stronger person: Sai Ketan Rao - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-interview-every-rejection-would-break-me-but-also-made-me-a-stronger-person-sai-ketan-rao/articleshow/81643441.cms |access-date=30 June 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> and joined Ramanaidu Film School. He started his acting career after completing theatre arts and worked on short films and [[feature films]]. He has a film production company by the name Aurum Motion Pictures.<ref>{{cite news |title=Aurum Motion Pictures' official handle|url=https://instagram.com/aurummotionpictures}}</ref>

==Filmography==

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Language
! Channel
! Ref.
|-
| 2017
| ''Agni Sakshi''
| Pratap
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| [[Star Maa]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=The entertainment industry can play a stellar role in revising the mindset of people regarding women: Mehndi Hai Rachne Waali actor Sai Ketan Rao - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/the-entertainment-industry-can-play-a-stellar-role-in-revising-the-mindset-of-people-regarding-women-mehndi-hai-rachne-waali-actor-sai-ketan-rao/articleshow/90085639.cms |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Mehndi Hai Rachne Waali]]''
| Raghav Rao / RR
| rowspan="5" | [[Hindi]]
| rowspan="4" | [[StarPlus]]
| <ref>{{cite web |last1=Bureau |first1=ABP News |title=CONFIRMED! Sai Ketan Rao, Shivangi Khedkar's 'Mehndi Hai Rachne Waali' To Go Off Air |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/sai-ketan-rao-shivangi-khedkar-mehndi-hai-rachne-waali-to-go-off-air-last-episode-to-air-on-this-date-1490282 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en |date=28 October 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Chashni (TV series) | Chashni]]''
| Raunaq Babbar (Reddy)
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Sai Ketan Rao to reunite with Sandiip Sikcand for his upcoming project|url= https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/exciting-news-sai-ketan-rao-reunite-sandiip-sikcand-his-upcoming-project-220816?amp|website=Tellychakkar |language=en |date=16 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sai Ketan Rao and Sandiip Sikcand hint at a project together|url= https://www.instagram.com/p/ChT-UJ3Ll8g/?igshid=YmMyMTA2M2Y=}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2023–2024
| rowspan="2"|''[[Imlie | Imlie 3]]''
| Agasthya Singh Chaudhary
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Sai Ketan Rao to play the new lead in Imlie, the show takes a leap again!|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sai-ketan-rao-to-play-the-new-lead-in-imlie-the-show-takes-a-leap-again/articleshow/102834527.cms|website=Times of India|language=en |date=18 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sai Ketan Rao opens up on rumours of playing lead in 'Imlie' post leap|url= https://www.indiaforums.com/article/sai-ketan-rao-opens-up-on-rumours-of-playing-lead-in-imlie-post-leap_199536}}</ref>
|-
| Surya Pratap Reddy
| <ref>{{cite news |title= Sai Ketan Rao all set to thrill the audience with his second and 'massy' role on Imlie! |url= https://urbanasian.com/entertainment/indian-tv-news/2024/02/sai-ketan-rao-all-set-to-thrill-the-audience-with-his-second-and-massy-role-on-imlie/ |work= Urban Asian}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= After Agasthya's death, Sai Ketan Rao re-enters show as inspector Surya Reddy |url= https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/imlie-promo-after-agastyas-death-sai-ketan-rao-re-enters-show-as-inspector-surya-reddy-imlie-gets-shocked-1277685 |work= PINKVILLA |archive-date= 6 July 2024 |access-date= 11 February 2024 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240706051512/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/imlie-promo-after-agastyas-death-sai-ketan-rao-re-enters-show-as-inspector-surya-reddy-imlie-gets-shocked-1277685 |url-status= dead }}</ref>
|-
| 2024
|''[[Bigg Boss OTT (Hindi TV series) season 3|Bigg Boss OTT 3]]''
| Contestant (4th Place)
|[[JioCinema]]
| <ref>{{cite news |title= Sai Ketan Rao to be locked in Bigg Boss OTT 3 |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-imlie-actor-sai-ketan-rao-to-be-locked-in-bigg-boss-ott-3/articleshow/110853317.cms |work= Times of India}}</ref>
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class = "wikitable" style = "text-align:center;"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Language
!Platform
!Notes
!Reference
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
|''Three Half Bottles''
|Aditya
|[[Hindi]]
|[[Zee5]]
|Lead
|
|-
|''Beyond Breakup''
|
| rowspan="5" | [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|[[MX Player]]
|Guest
|
|-
|2020
|''Love Studio''
|Nishant
| rowspan="2" |[[YouTube]]
| rowspan="3" |Lead
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2021
|''Lovely''
|Rohit
|
|-
|''Aham Bhramhasmi''
|Darsh
|[[Amazon Prime]], [[MX Player]]
|
|-
|[[The Baker and The Beauty (web series)|''The Baker and The Beauty'']]
|Rohan Kapoor
|[[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]]
|Cameo
|
|}

===Short films===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Language
! Notes
! Reference
|-
| 2016
|''Devil In Disguise''
| Aryan Mishra
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|Cameo
|
|-
| 2017
|''Phasgaya Banda''
| Antony
| [[Hindi]]
|Supporting
|
|-
| rowspan ="3" |2018
|''Panileni Gang''
|
|rowspan ="5" | [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|rowspan ="3" | Lead
|
|-
|''Malli Kothaga''
|
|
|-
|''Vadha''
|
|
|-
| 2019
|''My Dear Ravana''
|Lakshman
|Villain
|
|-
| rowspan ="2" | 2020
|''Mounam''
|
| Guest
|
|-
| ''Chuppi''
|
| [[Hindi]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|
|
|-
|rowspan ="2" | 2022
|''aAh!''
|Amar
| [[Hindi]]
|Cameo
|
|-
|''Final Act''
|
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| rowspan="5" | Lead
| <ref>{{cite news |title= Final Act, demo project of Aurum Motion Pictures|url= https://drive.google.com/file/d/1hLZoIvDt7p4UJKeLF--m4CYAA_efAnDy/view?usp=drivesdk}}</ref>
|-
| 2024
| ''Mumbai guy vs UP girl''
| Chinmay Rane
| rowspan="4" | [[Hindi]]
| <ref>{{cite news |title= 'Lovers' Sai Ketan Rao-Shivangi Khedkar Create Curiosity On Net With A Visual |url= https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/sai-ketan-rao-shivangi-khedkar-share-the-first-look-from-their-new-project-reveal-their-characters-article-112646713/amp |work=ZOOM}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title= Bigg Boss OTT 3’s Sai Ketan Rao begins shooting for new project with rumored girlfriend Shivangi Khedkar |url= https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/bigg-boss-ott-3s-sai-ketan-rao-begins-shooting-for-new-project-with-rumored-girlfriend-shivangi-khedkar-1340878?amp |website=Pinkvilla |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title= Bigg Boss OTT 3 Fame Sai Ketan Rao Reunites With Rumoured Girlfriend Shivangi Khedkar For A New Project; Shares An Adorable Picture With Her |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-ott-3-fame-sai-ketan-rao-reunites-with-rumoured-girlfriend-shivangi-khedkar-for-a-new-project-shares-an-adorable-picture-with-her/articleshow/112656523.cms |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan ="3" | 2025
| ''Pereira House''
| Inspector Danish Khan
| <ref>{{cite news |title= Actor And Bigg Boss OTT 3 Fame Sai Ketan Rao To Be Seen As A Cop In His Upcoming Project |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/actor-and-bigg-boss-ott-3-fame-sai-ketan-rao-to-be-seen-as-a-cop-in-his-upcoming-project-fans-get-a-sneak-peek-into-his-look-for-the-project/articleshow/112947585.cms |work=Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| ''Bestfriend Too Hot To Handle''
|
|
|-
| ''Karn Pishachini''
|
| <ref>{{cite news |title= Sai Ketan Rao Begins Shoot For Untitled Series |url= https://www.news18.com/movies/television/bigg-boss-ott-3s-sai-ketan-rao-begins-shoot-for-untitled-series-picture-inside-ws-l-aa-aa-9385619.html |work=News18}}</ref>
|}

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language !! Reference
|-
| 2017 ||''Nene Raju Nene Mantri'' || Pellikoduku || rowspan="7" | [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||
|-
| 2018 || ''Ajay Passayyadu'' || Vikram || <ref>{{cite news |title=Ajay Passayyadu: A tale directed at the parents of millennials - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/ajay-passayyadu-a-tale-directed-at-the-parents-of-millennials/articleshow/67253802.cms |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2019 || ''Vykuntapali'' || Abhi ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2021 || ''Strangers'' || Varun ||
|-
| ''[[Most Eligible Bachelor]]'' || Harsha's Friend ||
|-
| rowspan=2| 2022 || ''Pellikuturu Party'' || Geeky Udey || <ref>{{cite news |title='Pellikuturu Party' is going to be masala entertainer: Aparna Malladi |url=https://telanganatoday.com/pellikuturu-party-is-going-to-be-masala-entertainer-director-aparna-malladi |access-date=30 June 2021 |work=Telangana Today |date=28 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sai Ketan Rao talks about his upcoming project 'Pellikuturu Party' - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/sai-ketan-rao-talks-about-his-upcoming-project-pellikuturu-party/articleshow/90661672.cms |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Vala'' || Kabir || <ref>{{cite news |title=Web-series 'Aham Brahmasi' going to be released in theatres as 'Vala' on 25 November 2022 |url=https://www.instagram.com/reel/ClVWx1pMJh-/?igshid=YmMyMTA2M2Y= }}</ref>
|}

===Music videos===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! Year
! Title
! Production
! Singer
! Writer
! Starring
! Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|''Mashhoor Banegi''
| AUM Studios
| rowspan="2" |Prateek Gandhi
| Ritika Chawla
| rowspan="2" |Shivangi Khedkar
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Sai Ketan Rao & Shivangi Khedkar's first music video titled "Mashhoor Banegi" released|url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=tLwL4mmz63c&feature=share}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Watch Popular Hindi Song Music Video - 'Mashhoor Banegi' Sung By Prateek Gandhi {{!}} Hindi Video Songs - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/watch-popular-hindi-song-music-video-mashhoor-banegi-sung-by-prateek-gandhi/videoshow/88952879.cms|access-date=2022-01-18|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Ishq Ho Jayega''
| Aurum Motion Pictures
| Ragini Mahajan
| <ref>{{cite news |title= "Ishq Ho Jayega", Sai Ketan Rao & Shivangi Khedkar's second music video |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CeBffijKIYE/?igshid=YmMyMTA2M2Y=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sai Ketan Rao and Shivangi Khedkar spotted shooting in Pune|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sai-ketan-rao-and-shivangi-khedkar-spotted-shooting-in-pune/articleshow/92007422.cms|website=timesofindia.com/etimes|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mehndi Hai Rachne Wali fame Sai Ketan Rao & Shivangi Khedkar collab for a music video titled 'Ishq Ho Jayega'|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/mehndi-hai-rachne-wali-fame-sai-ketan-rao-shivangi-khedkar-collab-music-video-titled-ishq-ho-jayega-1134456?amp|website=pinkvilla.com|language=en|access-date=3 June 2022|archive-date=3 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303013258/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/mehndi-hai-rachne-wali-fame-sai-ketan-rao-shivangi-khedkar-collab-music-video-titled-ishq-ho-jayega-1134456?amp|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''Phir Kabhi''
| Minara Music
| Amit Mishra <ref>{{cite news |title= Amit Mishra opens up on his new party banger 'Phir Kabhi'|url=https://urbanasian.com/music/2023/05/amit-mishra-opens-up-on-his-new-party-banger-phir-kabhi/}}</ref>
| Shabbir Ahmed & Lovely Singh
| Sanaya Pithawala
|<ref>{{cite news |title= Sai Ketan Rao set to dazzle in 'Phir Kabhi' music video|url=https://urbanasian.com/entertainment/indian-tv-news/2023/04/sai-ketan-rao-set-to-dazzle-in-phir-kabhi-music-video/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Fans will see me in a completely different look - Sai Ketan Rao on the song, 'Phir Kabhi'|url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/fans-will-see-me-in-a-completely-different-look-sai-ketan-rao-on-the-song-phir-kabhi_196780}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Actors Sai Ketan Rao and Sanaya Pithawalla recently featured in a song composed by Shabbir Ahmed and sung by Amit Mishra|url=https://saachibaat.com/entertainment/music/actors-sai-ketan-rao-and-sanaya-pithawalla-recently-featured-in-a-song-composed-by-shabbir-ahmed-and-sung-by-amit-mishra/}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''Jee Nahi Paunga''
|Red Ribbon Musik
| Shariq Shez
| Rehana Faaiz
| Urmita Ghosh
|<ref>{{cite news |title= Sai Ketan Rao & Urmita Ghosh's music video|url= https://www.instagram.com/reel/DCa6hyft2cZ/?igsh=MTFsOGNoYXVteHR1YQ==}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2025
|''Haste Haste''
|SVMT Music & Desi Tadka Music
| Amarinder
|
| Eugeniya Belousova
|<ref>{{cite news |title= Sai Ketan Rao set to delight in upcoming music video ‘Haste Haste’ |url= https://urbanasian.com/entertainment/indian-tv-news/2024/12/sai-ketan-rao-set-to-delight-in-upcoming-music-video-haste-haste/}}</ref>
|-
|''Pyaar Ho Gaya''
|Red Ribbon Musik
| Jonita Gandhi & Aankit Kholia
| Aankit Kholia
| Riya Vedi
|
|-
|''Dil Mera Lauta Do''
| Let's Get LOUDER by IN10 Media Network
| Afsana Khan
| Sanjeev Chaturvedi
| Isha Agarwal
|
|-
|''Fasana''
|[[Zee Music Company]]
| Rohit Dubey
| Bhringu Parashar
| Samira Kazi
|<ref>{{cite news |title= Sai Ketan Rao and Samira Kazi Star in Emotional Music Video Fasana, Directed by Mohit Kapoor |url= https://www.sangritoday.com/news/sai-ketan-rao-and-samira-kazi-star-in-emotional-music-video-fasana-directed-by-mohit-kapoor}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== Special appearances ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year(s)
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Channel
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Refs
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" |2024
|''[[Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin]]''
|rowspan="2" |Surya Pratap Reddy
| rowspan="2"| [[Hindi]]
| rowspan="2" | [[StarPlus]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-19 |title=GHKPM Promo: Bhosale family welcomes Indira with Imlie and Surya at Ram Navmi event |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-promo-surekha-awaits-chinmays-presence-at-ram-navmi-event-imlie-surya-join-in-1297141 |access-date=2024-04-20 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Udne Ki Aasha''
|
|}

==Accolades==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Year
! Organizer
! Category
! Show
! Result
! Ref.
|-
| 2021
|[[IWMBuzz Style Awards]]
|Emerging Fashion Icon
(Male)
|rowspan ="9" | [[Mehndi Hai Rachne Waali]]
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Full Winner List: IWMBuzz Style Awards 2021|url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/digital/celebrities-digital/full-winner-list-iwmbuzz-style-awards-2021/2021/08/20/amp |work=IWMBuzz |date=20 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan ="7" | 2022
|21st [[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
|Best Actor
(Popular)
| {{Nominated}}
{{font color|red|Top 20}}
|<ref>{{cite news |title=21st Indian Television Academy Awards'21|url=https://www.theita2021.com/profile.php?id=97 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224082640/https://www.theita2021.com/profile.php?id=97 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=24 December 2021 |work=ITAA |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Iconic Gold Awards]]
|Best Debut TV Actor of the Year
(Male)
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Iconic Gold Awards 2022 held in Mumbai amid the presence of a galaxy of tinsel town celebrities |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/iconic-gold-awards-2022-held-in-mumbai-amid-the-presence-of-a-galaxy-of-tinsel-town-celebrities20220318112617/ |work=ANI News |language=en |archive-date=3 March 2023 |access-date=26 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303013254/https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/iconic-gold-awards-2022-held-in-mumbai-amid-the-presence-of-a-galaxy-of-tinsel-town-celebrities20220318112617/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Iconic Gold Awards 2022|url=https://www.instagram.com/tv/CbAshs4KCD6/ |work=Iconic Gold Awards|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan ="2" | 14th [[Gold Awards]]
| Best Onscreen Jodi
(with [[Shivangi Khedkar]])
| {{Nom}}
|rowspan ="2" |<ref>{{cite news |title=Voting begins|url=https://www.goldawards.in|work=Gold Awards|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Debut in a Lead Role (Male)
| {{Nom}}
|-
| 22nd [[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
| Popular Actor
- Drama TV
| {{Nom}}
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Voting begins|url=https://ita2022.indiantelevisionacademy.com|work=ITAA |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan = "2" | [[Bollywood Life Awards 2022]]
|Best Breakthrough Star
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{cite news |title=BL Awards 2022 Winners: Ranveer, Rohit, Rupali, Tejasswi and more celebs take home the trophy |url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/bl-awards-2022-winners-ranveer-singh-rohit-shetty-rupali-ganguly-tejasswi-prakash-and-more-celebs-take-home-the-trophy-2032763/ |work=Bollywood Life |date=25 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Best Social Media TV Couple
(with [[Shivangi Khedkar]])
| {{Nominated}}
| <ref>{{cite news |title=BL Awards'22|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CaH3cb2BmV_/ |work=Bollywood Life|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan ="4" |2023
|rowspan ="2" |23rd [[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
|rowspan ="2" | Best Actor
| {{Nominated}}
|rowspan ="2" |<ref>{{cite news |title=Voting begins|url=https://ita2023.indiantelevisionacademy.com|work=ITAA |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Chashni]]
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| Grand Tycoon Global Achievers Awards
(Film Fare Middle East)
|Emerging Talent of the Year
|
|{{Won}}
|
|-
| Mestarlet Excellence Awards 2023
| Rising Actor of the Year - Male
| rowspan ="2" | [[Imlie]]
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{cite news |title= MEA '23|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/C08r4q3Mwrk/?igsh=MTVsZ3RobXA5Z3JmZw==|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2024
|24th [[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
|Best Actor
(Popular)
| {{Nominated}}
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Voting begins|url= https://ita2024.indiantelevisionacademy.com |work=ITAA |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|11603630}}
* {{Twitter|saiketanrao}}
* {{Instagram|saiketanrao}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, Sai Ketan}}
[[Category:1994 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu television]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi television]]

Giddha

2026-02-06T05:27:22Z

MyIPL: fixed references per sources per standard format

{{Short description|Punjabi women's folk dance}}
{{Redirect|Gidda|the genus of beetle|Gidda (beetle)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox dance
| name = Giddha
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| etymology =
| image = Giddha 1.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| genre = [[Folk dance]]
| signature =
| instruments =
| inventor =
| year =
| origin = Punjab
}}{{Punjabis}}
'''Giddha''' ({{langx|pa|ਗਿੱਧਾ}}) is a popular [[folk dance]] of women in the [[Punjab region]]. The dance is often considered derived from the [[ancient]] dance known as the ring dance and is just as energetic as [[Bhangra (dance)|bhangra]]; at the same time it manages to creatively display feminine grace, [[elegance]] and flexibility. It is a highly colourful dance form which has spread to all regions of India. Women perform this dance mainly at festive or social occasions. The dance is accompanied by rhythmic clapping, with a typical traditional folk song performed by elder women in the background.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

Giddha varies from other forms of traditional Punjabi dance in that it does not require the two-headed barrel ''[[dhol]]'' drum to be performed. Instead, women stand in a circle formation and clap rhythms. A lead woman will recite a ''boli'' (lyrics) with a refrain that the entire circle then repeats. The whole form of a giddha song is worked through in this [[call and response]] form. Giddha details stories of women's lives, including sexuality.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.shan-e-punjab.ca/dance-styles|title=Dance Styles|website=Shan-e-Punjab|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-22}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Photograph of Punjabi village girls and women performing a group Giddha dance in the 1920's.jpg|thumb|Photograph of Punjabi village girls and women performing a group Giddha dance in a “Sath” in the 1920's]]
Giddha is said to be originated from the ancient ring dance which was dominant in Punjab.<ref>{{Citation |last=Conyers |first=Claude |title=Folk dance |date=2011-02-23 |work=Oxford Music Online |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.a2092451 |access-date=2024-03-20 |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.a2092451 |isbn=978-1-56159-263-0|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Giddha displays a traditional mode of performing Punjabi femininity, as seen through dress, choreography, .<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.utsavpedia.com/cultural-connections/evergreen-folk-dance-from-punjab-giddha/ |title=Giddha Origin and history |date=15 July 2013 |publisher=utsavpedia.com |access-date=9 March 2017}}</ref> Since the [[Partition of India]] in 1947 and the division of Punjab into [[West Punjab]] (Pakistan) and [[East Punjab]] (India), folk dances of Punjab on both sides of the border have been consolidated, staged, and promoted as iconic expressions of Punjabi culture.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Schreffler|first=Gibb|date=2004|title=Vernacular Music and Dance of Punjab|journal=Journal of Punjab Studies|volume=11|issue=2|pages=197–214}}</ref> While the form of giddha was not seriously affected by Partition, Gibb Schreffler writes that it has been classified as the women's dance counterpart to the male form bhangra, despite that not entirely being the case.<ref name=":0" />

As Punjabi dance forms became codified in the 1960s-onward, bhangra and giddha competitions have become popular throughout Punjab and the [[Punjabi diaspora]]. Punjabi dance forms have also spread through collegiate-level dance troupes in Punjab since the 1960s and in South Asian student groups in the US, UK, and Canada since the 1990s.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Schreffler|first=Gibb|date=2013|title=Situating bhangra dance: a critical introduction|journal=South Asian History and Culture|volume=4|issue=3|pages=384–412|doi=10.1080/19472498.2013.808514|s2cid=143912821}}</ref>

==Dress code==
[[File:Folk dancers from Punjab performing at six-day Folk Dance Festival ‘Lok Tarang, in New Delhi on January 19, 2007.jpg|thumb|Folk dancers from Punjab performing at six-day Folk Dance Festival ‘Lok Tarang, in New Delhi on January 19, 2007]]

Traditionally, women used to wear salwar kameez and Ghagra in bright colours and jewellery. The attire is completed by dressing the hair in two braids and folk ornaments and wearing a tikka on the forehead.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianmirror.com/dance/gidda.html |title=Giddha Dress Code |publisher=indianmirror.com |access-date=9 March 2017}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Dance in India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Folk dances of Punjab]]
[[Category:Dance in India]]

Nagwans

2026-01-29T12:05:08Z

MyIPL: created.

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nagwans
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24|53|N|78|21|E|display=title|region:IN-UP_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Lalitpur district, India|Lalitpur]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Talbehat]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 6.511
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1510
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Nagwans''' is a village in [[Jakhaura]] block of Lalitpur district, Uttar Pradesh, India. It is about {{convert|78|km}} from [[Jhansi]]. As of 2011, it had a population of 1,510, in 297 households.

== Name ==
According to Paul Whalley, the suffix ''-wāns'' in ''Nagwāns'' is a variant form of the suffix ''-bās'', ultimately from Sanskrit ''[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/वास vāsa]'', meaning "dwelling". The variant ''-wāns'' is common in Lalitpur district; other examples are [[Kisalwans]], [[Satarwans]], [[Satwansa]], [[Kurwans]], and [[Khitwans]].<ref name="Whalley 1922">{{cite journal |last1=Whalley |first1=Paul |title=Place-Names in the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, Chapter III, Section 2: Suffixes |journal=The Journal of the United Provinces Historical Society |date=1922 |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=52–98 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PwdDAAAAYAAJ |access-date=22 July 2023}}</ref>{{rp|85–6}}

== Geography ==
According to the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]], Nagwans has a total area of 651.1 [[hectare]]s, of which 392.1 were currently farmland and 85.9 were under non-agricultural use. 97.2 hectares were classified as cultivable but not currently under any agricultural use, and 0 were classified as non-cultivable. No forests, orchards, or pastures existed on village lands.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|107}}

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Nagwans had a population of 1,510, in 297 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|108}} This population was 53.6% male (810) and 46.4% female (700). The 0-6 age group numbered 270 (137 male and 133 female), or 17.9% of the total population. 327 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 21.7% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Lalitpur, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1249/download/4010/DH_2011_0936_PART_B_DCHB_LALITPUR.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|68–9}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Nagwans had 3 primary schools; it did not have any kind of healthcare facilities. Drinking water was provided by well and hand pump; there were no public toilets. The village had a public library but no post office; there was at least some access to electricity for residential purposes. Streets were made of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Lalitpur, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1248/download/4006/DH_2011_0936_PART_A_DCHB_LALITPUR.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|108–13}}

== Economy ==
The staple crop grown at Nagwans is the [[Vigna mungo|urad bean]]. The village does not host a weekly [[haat]] or regular market, and there is no bank or [[Primary Agricultural Credit Society|agricultural credit society]].<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|105–7}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Lalitpur district, Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Villages in Lalitpur district, India]]

{{Lalitpur-geo-stub}}

Teesta River

2026-01-26T05:09:26Z

MyIPL: refined lead after review for accuracy

{{Short description|River in India and Bangladesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Teesta River
| name_etymology =

| image = River Teesta, Siliguri, West Bengal, India 09032019.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = Teesta in [[Siliguri]], West Bengal
| map = Teesta.png
| map_size =
| map_caption = Path of the Teesta
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-frame-height = 300

| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = *[[India]]
*[[Bangladesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = States
| subdivision_name2 = *[[Sikkim|Sikkim, India]]
*[[West Bengal|West Bengal, India]]
*[[Rangpur Division|Rangpur, Bangladesh]]
| subdivision_type3 = Important Bridges
| subdivision_name3 = *Chungthang Teesta Bridge
*Sirwani Teesta Bridge
*Indreni Bridge
*Rangpo Teesta Bridge
*Melli Teesta Bridge
*Tista Bazaar Bridge
*[[Coronation Bridge]]
*[[Sevoke Railway Bridge]]
*[[Joyee Setu]]
*Jalpaiguri Teesta Bridge

| subdivision_type4 = District's
| subdivision_name4 = *[[North Sikkim|Mangan District]]
*[[East Sikkim district|Gangtok District]]
*[[Pakyong District]]
*[[Kalimpong district]]
*[[Darjeeling district]]
*[[Cooch Behar district]]
*[[Jalpaiguri district]]
*[[Rangpur District]]
*[[Kurigram District]]
*[[Nilphamari District]]
*[[Gaibandha District]]
*[[Lalmonirhat District]]
| subdivision_type5 = Towns & Cities
| subdivision_name5 =
*[[Chungthang]]
*[[Mangan, India|Mangan]]
*[[Dikchu]]
*[[Singtam]]
*[[Rangpo]]
*[[Kalimpong]]
*[[Jalpaiguri]]
*[[Mekhliganj]]
*[[Haldibari, India|Haldibari]]
*[[Rangpur, Bangladesh|Rangpur]]
*[[Lalmonirhat]]

| length = {{cvt|414|km|mi}}<ref name=Mullick_al2011/>
| width_min =
| width_avg =
| width_max =
| depth_min =
| depth_avg =
| depth_max =
| discharge1 location=
| discharge1_min =
| discharge1_avg =
| discharge1_max =

| source1 = [[Pauhunri]], [[Zemu Glacier]], [[Gurudongmar Lake]], [[Tso Lhamo Lake]]
| source1_location = [[Sikkim]], [[India]]
| source1_coordinates=
| source1_elevation = {{cvt|7128|m}}<ref name=Mullick_al2011/>
| mouth = [[Jamuna River]]
| mouth_location = [[Phulchhari Upazila]], [[Gaibandha]], Bangladesh
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|25|30|20|N|89|39|57|E|type:river_region:BD|display=inline,title}}
| mouth_elevation =
| progression =
| river_system =
| basin_size = {{cvt|12540|km2}}<ref name=Rahaman_WP2020/>
| tributaries_left = *[[Rangpo River]]
*[[Lachung River]]
*[[Ranikhola]]
*[[Relli River]]
*[[Talung River]]
*Dik Chhu
*Lang Lang Chu
| tributaries_right = *[[Rangeet|Rangeet River]]
*Kanaka River
*Ringyong Chhu
*Ranghap Chhu
| custom_label =
| custom_data =
|name_other=তিস্তা(Tistā)}}

'''Teesta River''' ({{Langx|bn|তিস্তা|Tistā}}) ([[Limbu language|Limbu]]: {{Lang|lif| ᤋᤡᤘᤠ᤺}}, '''Teewaa'''; in Classical Limbu) is a {{cvt|414|km}} long river that rises in the [[Pauhunri|Pauhunri Mountain]] of eastern [[Himalayas]], flows through the [[Indian states]] of [[Sikkim]] and [[West Bengal]] and subsequently enters [[Bangladesh]] through [[Rangpur Division|Rangpur]] division. In Bangladesh, it merges with [[Jamuna River]] which after meeting some other major rivers of the [[Bengal delta]] finally falls into the [[Bay of Bengal]].<ref name=Mullick_al2011>{{cite journal |last1=Mullick |first1=M. R. A. |last2=Babel |first2=M. S. |last3=Perret |first3=S. R. |name-list-style=amp |year=2011 |title=Discharge-based economic valuation of irrigation water: Evidence from the Teesta River, Bangladesh |pages=481−492 |journal=Irrigation and Drainage |volume=60 |issue=4 |doi=10.1002/ird.597 |bibcode=2011IrrDr..60..481M }}</ref> It drains an area of {{cvt|12540|km2}}.<ref name=Rahaman_WP2020>{{cite journal |last1=Rahaman |first1=M. M. |last2=Mamun |first2=A. A. |name-list-style=amp |year=2020 |title=Hydropower development along Teesta river basin: opportunities for cooperation |pages=641–657 |journal=Water Policy |volume=22 |issue=4 |doi=10.2166/wp.2020.136 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2020WaPol..22..641R }}</ref> In [[India]], the Teesta River flows through [[North Sikkim district|Mangan District]], [[East Sikkim district|Gangtok District]], [[Pakyong District]], [[Kalimpong district]], [[Darjeeling District]], [[Jalpaiguri District]], and [[Cooch Behar District]] as well as the cities of [[Rangpo]], [[Jalpaiguri]], and [[Mekhliganj]]. In Bangladesh, it flows through [[Lalmonirhat District]], [[Rangpur District]], [[Kurigram District]] and [[Gaibandha District]]. It joins the [[Jamuna River]] at [[Phulchhari Upazila]] in Bangladesh. {{cvt|305|km}} of the river lies in India and {{cvt|109|km}} in Bangladesh. The Teesta is the largest river of Sikkim and second largest river of West Bengal after the [[Ganges]].

== Course ==
[[File:Teesta river near Gangtok.jpg|thumb|alt=Teesta River near Gangtok|Teesta River near [[Gangtok]]]]

[[File:Teestavalley.jpg|thumb|[[National Highway 10 (India)|National Highway 10]] winds along the banks of the Teesta River near [[Kalimpong]]]]
The Teesta River originates from [[Teesta Khangtse Glacier]], west of [[Pauhunri|Pahunri]] (or Teesta Kangse) glacier above {{Cvt|5400|m}}, and flows southward through gorges and rapids in the [[Sikkim]] Himalaya.<ref name=Meetei2007>{{cite journal |last1=Meetei |first1=L. I. |last2=Pattanayak |first2=S. K. |last3=Bhaskar |first3=A. |last4=Pandit |first4=M. K. |last5=Tandon |first5=S. K. |year=2007 |title=Climatic imprints in Quaternary valley fill deposits of the middle Teesta valley, Sikkim Himalaya |journal=Quaternary International |volume=159 |issue=1 |pages=32–46 |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2006.08.018 |bibcode=2007QuInt.159...32M |url=http://scholarbank.nus.edu.sg/handle/10635/114732 }}</ref>

It is fed by streams from [[Tso Lhamo Lake]], [[Gurudongmar Lake]] and [[rivulet]]s arising in the [[Thangu Valley]], [[Yumthang Valley of Flowers]], [[Dikchu]] and Donkha mountain ranges. The river then flows past the towns of [[Chungthang]], [[Singhik]], [[Mangan, India|Mangan]], [[Dikchu]] and [[Makha, Sikkim|Makha]], where some major tributaries like Kanaka river join it, and reaches [[Singtam]], where it is spanned by the scenic Indreni Bridge. Also in Singtam, a large tributary of the Teesta called [[Ranikhola]] joins and then descends towards Bardang, [[Majitar]], Mining where it is spanned by Rangpo - Mining Teesta Bridge and reaches the city of [[Rangpo]] where [[Rangpo River]], the second largest tributary of the Teesta joins. From here river Teesta forms the border between Sikkim and [[West Bengal]] up to [[Teesta Bazaar]] via [[Melli]]. Just before the Teesta Bridge, where the roads from [[Kalimpong]] and [[Darjeeling]] join, the river is met by its largest [[tributary]], the [[Rangeet River]].<ref name=Chaudhuri2015>{{cite book |last1=Chaudhuri |first1=Samita |last2=Chaudhuri |first2=Utpal |year=2015 |title=And the Teesta Flows... |page=188 |publisher=Niyogi Books |isbn=978-93-83098-70-5}}</ref>

After this point, Teesta River changes its course southwards flowing into West Bengal and some more tributaries like [[Relli River]], Riyang River, Geil Khola etc joins. Than the river hits the plains at [[Sevoke]], {{cvt|22|km}} northeast of [[Siliguri]], where it is spanned by the [[Coronation Bridge]] and [[Sevoke Railway Bridge]] linking the northeast states to the rest of [[India]]. After crossing Sevoke, the river is fed by some small tributaries like Chel Khola, Neora Khola, Leesh Khola etc, and then reaches [[Gajoldoba]] where there is Teesta Barrage. The river then flows through [[Jalpaiguri]], where Jalpaiguri Teesta Bridge links Northeastern States. The river flows further down through [[Mekhliganj]] and [[Haldibari, India|Haldibari]] in [[Cooch Behar district]], where it is spanned by [[Joyee Setu]], the longest roadway bridge of West Bengal with length 3.8 kilometres.

Here the Teesta completes its journey in India and enters [[Bangladesh]] in [[Dahagram]], [[Rangpur Division]]. The river descends towards Barakhata, where there is Teesta Barrage of Bangladesh. Further it reaches [[Rangpur District|Rangpur]] and [[Lalmonirhat]] town in [[Lalmonirhat District]] and [[Nilphamari District]]. After crossing Tepamadhupur Bazaar, Nagrakura Bazaar, Sundarganj and Bozra Bazaar, river Teesta joins [[Brahmaputra]] River at Haripur Port near [[Gaibandha]], [[Phulchhari Upazila]] in [[Kurigram District]] of Bangladesh.<ref name="Joshi2004">{{cite book |last=Joshi |first=H. G. |year=2004 |title=Sikkim: Past and Present |page=1 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-932-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L7gIVNzkN2YC&pg=PA1 |access-date=2009-09-08}}</ref>
[[File:Gajoldoba Barrage on Teesta river in Gajoldoba 13.jpg|thumb|Gajoldoba Barrage on Teesta River]]

== Geography ==
{{More citations needed section|date=November 2022}}
Through its course, the Teesta River has carved out [[ravine]]s and [[gorge]]s in Sikkim meandering through the hills with the [[hill station]] of Kalimpong lying just off the river and the city of Siliguri at the foothills of Himalaya. Variegated vegetation can be seen along this route. At lower elevations, [[tropical]] [[deciduous]] trees and shrubs cover the surrounding hills; [[alpine climate|alpine vegetation]] is seen at the upper altitudes. The river is flanked by white sand which is used by the construction industry in the region. Large boulders in and around the waters make it ideal for [[rafting]].

During the [[monsoon]], Teesta River distends its banks, both in size and turbulence. [[Landslide]]s in this region often dam up parts of the river in this season. It has also caused severe flooding, multiple times during monsoon in Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite news |author1=Hossain, E. |author2=Manik, R. K. |date=2021 |title=Fresh flood feared in Bangladesh as India opens Gajoldoba again |url=https://www.newagebd.net/article/148582/fresh-flood-feared-in-bangladesh-as-india-opens-gajoldoba-again |access-date=2 November 2021 |work=[[New Age (Bangladesh)]] |publication-place=[[Lalmonirhat]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=Badal, L. A. |date=2021 |title=Nearly 2,000 families stranded as flood hits 15 Rangpur villages |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/nation/2021/08/28/nearly-2-000-families-stranded-as-flood-hits-15-rangpur-villages |access-date=2 November 2021 |work=[[Dhaka Tribune]]}}</ref>

== Changes in course of rivers ==
[[File:1776 Rennell - Dury Wall Map of Bihar and Bengal, India - Geographicus - BaharBengal-dury-1776.jpg|thumb|James Rennell's 1776 map shows an earlier flow of the Teesta meeting the [[Ganges]] in three channels before a devastating flood in 1787 changed its course.]]
In the past, the Teesta flowed south from Jalpaiguri in three channels: the [[Punarbhaba River|Punarbhaba]], [[Atrai River|Atrai]] and [[Karatoya River]]s. The Teesta changed course as a result of the flooding of 1787, turning southeast to become part of the [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]].<ref name="Majumdar1971">{{cite book |last=Majumdar |first=R. C. |author-link=R. C. Majumdar |year=1971 |title=History of Ancient Bengal |location=[[Calcutta]] |publisher=G. Bhardwaj & Co. |pages=4–5 |oclc=961157849}}</ref>

== Hydroelectric projects and barrages ==
{{Multiple image |perrow=1 |image1=Hydel project on Dikchu, a tributary of Teesta AJTJ DSCN7049.jpg |caption1=Hydel project on the Dikchu, a tributary of Teesta |image2=Tista Barrage Bangladesh (2).jpg |caption2=The Teesta Barrage is a major irrigation project in Bangladesh, in [[Lalmonirhat District]]. Construction started 1979 and was completed in 1997–98.<ref name="Banglapedia">{{Cite Banglapedia|article=Barrage}}</ref>}}
India has an estimated total hydroelectric power potential of 84 GW at 60% load factor. Of this, Sikkim's potential share is 2.9%, or about 4.29 GW.<ref name="moef.gov.in">{{cite web |url=http://www.moef.gov.in/sites/default/files/EIA%20Ting%20Ting.pdf |title=Environmental Impact Assessment of Ting Ting H.E. Project, Sikkim |website=Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020035343/http://www.moef.gov.in/sites/default/files/EIA%20Ting%20Ting.pdf |archive-date=20 October 2014}}</ref>

The successfully completed major projects and dams of Teesta River System are as follows:
*'''Teesta -V Dam''': Output - 510 MW, Dam Location - [[Dikchu]], [[Gangtok district]], [[Sikkim]]. Powerhouse Location - Balutar, [[Singtam]], Gangtok district, Sikkim. Constructed by - [[NHPC Limited]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Teesta-V D01535 |url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Teesta-V_D01535 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018132621/http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Teesta-V_D01535 |archive-date=18 October 2014 |access-date=15 June 2014 |website=India Water Resources Information System. National Remote Sensing Centre. Government of India}}</ref>
*'''Teesta III Dam''': Output - 1200 MW Dam Location - [[Chungthang]], [[Mangan district]], Sikkim. Powerhouse Location - [[Singhik]], Mangan district, Sikkim. Constructed by - Teesta Urja Limited.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Teesta Dam Chungthang Mangan district Sikkim. |url=http://teestaurja.com/about-project/|website=}}</ref> On 4 October 2023, heavy rains caused a [[glacial lake outburst flood]].<ref name="reu4Oct2023">{{Cite news |last1=Choudhury |first1=Subrata Nag |last2=Hussain |first2=Zarir |date=4 October 2023 |title=Floods in India's Sikkim state leave 10 dead, 82 missing |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/nearly-two-dozen-indian-troops-missing-after-flash-flood-ani-2023-10-04/ |access-date=4 October 2023 |archive-date=4 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004201658/https://www.reuters.com/world/india/nearly-two-dozen-indian-troops-missing-after-flash-flood-ani-2023-10-04/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The flood reached the Teesta III Dam at midnight, before its gates could be opened, destroying the dam in minutes.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=4 October 2023 |title=Sikkim dam washed away in 10 minutes after flash flood: Official |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/sikkims-biggest-hydro-project-suffers-massive-damage-in-flash-flood-101696420752235.html |access-date=4 October 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=4 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004161014/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/sikkims-biggest-hydro-project-suffers-massive-damage-in-flash-flood-101696420752235.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
*'''[[Teesta Low Dam - III Hydropower Plant|Teesta Low Dam III]]''': Output - 132 MW, Dam & Powerhouse location - [[Rambi Bazar]], [[Kalimpong district]], [[West Bengal]] Constructed by - [[NHPC Limited]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Teesta Low Dam III|url=http://nhpc.co.in/Default.aspx?id=186&lg=eng&CatId=1&ProjectId=31#:~:text=Teesta%20Low%20Dam%20III%20Power,Layout%20Plan|website=}}</ref>
*'''[[Teesta Low Dam - IV Hydropower Plant|Teesta Low Dam IV]]''': Output- 160 MW, Dam & Powerhouse Location - [[Kalijhora]], [[Kalimpong district]], West Bengal Constructed by - NHPC Limited.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Teesta Low Dam IV|url=http://www.nhpcindia.com/projectdetail.htm?CatId=1&ProjectId=33|website=}}</ref>
*'''Teesta Barrage''' - Location - [[Gajoldoba]], [[Jalpaiguri district]], West Bengal<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gajoldoba Teesta Barrage a bird watching destination|url=https://northbengaltourism.com/gajoldoba/|website=}}</ref>
*'''Barakhata Teesta Barrage''' - Location: Goddimari, Barakhata, [[Nilphamari District]], [[Bangladesh]].<ref>{{Cite Banglapedia|article=Teesta Barrage}}</ref>
*'''Teesta VI Dam''': Output: 500 MW, Dam Location: Sirwani, [[Singtam]], [[Gangtok district]], Sikkim. Powerhouse Location: Pamphok, [[Namchi district]], Sikkim. Constructed by - [[NHPC Limited]]& Lanco Infratech Limited.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Teesta VI Dam Singtam Sirwani|url=http://www.nhpcindia.com/Default.aspx?id=186&lg=eng&CatId=2&ProjectId=70|website=}}</ref>
*'''Rangit III Dam''': On Greater [[Rangeet River]] which is a tributary of Teesta River. Output: 60 MW, Location: [[Legship]], [[Gyalshing district]], Sikkim. Constructed by [[NHPC Limited]]<ref>{{cite web |title=RANGIT-III HE PROJECT - NHPC(SIKKIM) - |url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=RANGIT-III_HE_PROJECT_-_NHPC(SIKKIM) |access-date=22 March 2018 |website=India Water Resources Information System |publisher=National Remote Sensing Centre. Government of India}}</ref>
*'''Gati [[Hydropower]] Project''': A 110 MW Gati Hydropower Project lies on [[Rangpo River|River Rangpo]], a tributary of River Teesta. Location - Between the town of [[Rorathang]] and [[Rongli]] of [[Pakyong District]] in Sikkim Constructed by - Gati Hydropower Limited.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gatiinfra.com/hydroelectric.html|title=Gati Infra | Chuzachen Hydro Electric Power Project|access-date=27 November 2022|archive-date=26 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326015844/http://gatiinfra.com/hydroelectric.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="indiatimes">{{cite news |title=Gati Infra builds 110 MW hydro power project in Sikkim |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-07-30/news/40895552_1_hydro-electric-power-alstom-india-hydro-power-project |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130802123702/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-07-30/news/40895552_1_hydro-electric-power-alstom-india-hydro-power-project |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 August 2013 |publisher=Economic Times |accessdate=21 April 2014}}</ref>
*'''Dikchu River Hydroelectric Power Project''': Output: 96 MW on Dikchu River, tributary of River Teesta, Location - [[Dikchu]], [[Gangtok district]], Sikkim. Constructed by- Sneha Kinetic Power Projects Pvt. Ltd.<ref>{{Cite web|title= 96 MW Dikchu River Hydroelectric Power Project|url=http://environmentclearance.nic.in/Auth/openletter.aspx?EC=5766|website=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sneha Kinetic Power Project on Dikchu River |url=http://www.sserc.in/power-generators/sneha-kinetic-power-projects-private-limited-dikchu-hydropower-project |website=}}</ref>
* '''Madhya Bharat Power Corporation Limited''': on [[Ranikhola]], a tributary of Teesta, Output: 96 MW Dam location- [[Ranipool]], Gangtok district, Sikkim. Powerhouse Location- [[Kumrek]], [[Pakyong district]], Sikkim.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Madhya Bharat Power Corporation Limited|url=http://www.sserc.in/power-generators/madhya-bharat-power-corporation-limited|website=|access-date=30 November 2022|archive-date=30 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130030856/http://www.sserc.in/power-generators/madhya-bharat-power-corporation-limited|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The other three completed projects are significantly smaller and minor—Lower Lagyap, Upper Rongni Chhu and Mayang Chhu projects.<ref name="moef.gov.in"/>

==Water sharing challenge==
Disputes over the appropriate allocation and development of the water resources of the river have remained a subject of conflict between India and Bangladesh for almost 35 years, with several bilateral agreements and rounds of talks failing to produce results.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sarkar |first=SK |date=3 April 2017 |title=Sharing the Teesta |url=http://www.thestatesman.com/opinion/sharing-the-teesta-1491249152.html |access-date=7 April 2017 |work=The Statesman |type=Opinion}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Ray |first=Aparna |date=8 June 2012 |title=India, Bangladesh: Water Disputes and Teesta River Diplomacy |url=https://globalvoices.org/2012/06/08/india-bangladesh-water-disputes-and-teesta-river-diplomacy/ |access-date=7 April 2017 |website=Global Voices}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Bhattacharjee |first=Joyeeta |date=10 December 2016 |title=India and Bangladesh need to bring the Teesta out of muddled waters |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/india-and-bangladesh-need-to-bring-the-teesta-out-of-muddled-waters/story-dVe7qCfsHlKervIjqKIRVK.html |access-date=7 April 2017 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

Negotiations have been going on since 1983.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 April 2017 |title=The Teesta river dispute explained in 10 points |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/the-teesta-river-dispute-explained-in-10-points/articleshow/58091320.cms |access-date=2021-11-02 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Ranjan |first=Amit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EsHyDwAAQBAJ |title=Contested Waters: India's Transboundary River Water Disputes in South Asia |year=2020 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-17390-1 |at= |chapter=3: River water disputes between India and Bangladesh. The Teesta Rivers waters dispute.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gambhir |first=Mohak |date=31 May 2021 |title=Teesta Dispute and India-Bangladesh Relations |url=https://www.claws.in/teesta-dispute-and-india-bangladesh-relations/ |access-date=2021-11-02 |website=Center For Land Warfare Studies (CLAWS)}}</ref> In 1983, a temporary arrangement was reached: Bangladesh would receive 36%, India 39% while, and the remainder would remain unallocated.<ref name=":0" /> Both countries signed a water sharing treaty in 1996 which would look into water sharing between the two countries in general following the [[Ganges water dispute]].<ref name=":0" /> The water sharing remains a challenge.<ref name=":0" />

In recent developments, Bangladesh's interim government water advisor, [[Rizwana Hasan|Syeda Rizwana Hasan]], told news agency PTI (Press Trust of India) on September 1, 2024, that both upper and lower riparian countries must follow international water-sharing principles. If a treaty remains out of reach, it could mark a significant shift in India-Bangladesh relations if diplomacy fails.<ref>Express Web Desk, "Bangladesh’s interim govt ‘keen to restart talks’ on Teesta water treaty with India," The Indian Express, September 2, 2024, https://indianexpress.com/article/world/bangladesh-teesta-water-treaty-india-talks-sheikh-hasina-modi-9545804/.</ref>

==Seismic concerns==
Teesta River area is in the seismically active Zone-V and has experienced micro-seismic activity. According to India's Ministry of Environment & Forests, the Teesta River dam projects have been approved with the requirement that they adopt suitable seismic coefficient in the design for the dam, tunnel, surge shaft and power house. The projects are cascaded over the length of the river, do not store large amounts water, have small reservoirs, and therefore the projects are expected to have very low risk from the reservoir induced seismicity in the area.<ref name="moef.gov.in"/>

== Climate and tectonics ==
The Teesta River has preserved good imprints of climatic and tectonics along its valleys and catchments. The interrelationship between climate, erosion, deposition and tectonic activities is not properly understood to date. These are being studied.<ref name=Meetei2007 /><ref name="Mukul2000">{{cite journal |last1=Mukul |first1=Malay |date=2000 |title=The geometry and kinematics of the Main Boundary Thrust and related neotectonics in the Darjiling Himalayan fold-and-thrust belt, West Bengal, India |journal=Journal of Structural Geology |volume=22 |issue=9 |pages=1261–1283 |doi=10.1016/S0191-8141(00)00032-8 |bibcode=2000JSG....22.1261M}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mukul |first1=Malay |last2=Jaiswal |first2=M. |last3=Singhvi |first3=A. K. |date=November 2007 |title=Timing of recent out-of-sequence active deformation in the frontal Himalayan wedge: Insights from the Darjiling sub-Himalaya, India |journal=Geology |publisher=The Geological Society of America |volume=35 |issue=11 |pages=999–1002 |doi=10.1130/G23869A.1 |bibcode=2007Geo....35..999M}}</ref>

==2023 Teesta Flash Floods==
{{Main|2023 India flash floods}}

== See also ==
*[[Jaldhaka River]]
* [[Teesta Water Dispute]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Teesta River}}
* {{GEOnet2|75FEBC462E4ECF01E040D6A411F71D20|Tista River}}
* {{citation |author=Mesbah-us-Saleheen |chapter=Tista River |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Tista_River |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |editor=Sirajul Islam and Ahmed A. Jamal |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |year=2012 |edition=Second}}

{{Hydrography of Sikkim}}
{{Rivers in and around Bengal}}

[[Category:International rivers of Asia]]
[[Category:Rivers of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Tributaries of the Brahmaputra River]]
[[Category:Bay of Bengal]]
[[Category:Rivers of Sikkim]]
[[Category:Rivers of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Rivers of Rangpur Division]]

Indian Institute of Management Indore

2026-01-10T10:48:29Z

MyIPL: small changes

{{Short description|Public business school in Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Indian Institute of Management Indore
| logo =
| image_name = [[File:IIM Indore Logo.svg|frameless|upright=0.9|class=skin-invert|150px]]
| image_size =
| motto = "Siddhi Moolam Prabandhanam"
| mottoeng = The Root of all Achievement is Management
| established = {{Start date and age|1996}}
| type = [[Public school (government funded)|Public]] [[business school]]
| budget = {{INRConvert|181.04|c}} (2023)<ref name="iimidr_Annual-Report_2022-23">{{Cite web |url=https://www.iimidr.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/Annual-Report_2022-23.pdf |title=Annual Report 2022-23 |publisher=Indian Institute of Management Indore |access-date=2024-05-28}}</ref>
| chairperson = M. M. Murugappan
| director = [[Himanshu Rai (academic)|Himanshu Rai]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/education/professor-himanshu-rai-joins-as-iim-indores-new-director-1970687|title=Professor Himanshu Rai Joins As IIM Indore's Director|last=Kunju S|first=Shihabudeen|date=31 Dec 2018|work=[[NDTV]]|access-date=3 Feb 2019|language=en}}</ref>
| academic_staff = 141 ({{small|2023}})<ref name=nirf_stud>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2023 |url=https://www.iimidr.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/NIRF-2023.pdf |publisher=IIM Indore}}</ref>
| students = 1,316 ({{small|2023}})<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| undergrad =
| postgrad = 1,145 ({{small|2023}})<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| doctoral = 171 ({{small|2023}})<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| city = [[Indore, India|Indore]]
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| country = India
| campus = [[Suburban]] {{convert|193|acre|ha|1|abbr=on}}
| accreditation = {{hlist | [[Triple accreditation]] | [[AACSB]] | [[Association of MBAs|AMBA]] | [[EFMD Quality Improvement System|EQUIS]]}}
| endowment = {{INRConvert|1.37|c}} (2023)<ref name="iimidr_Annual-Report_2022-23"/>
| website = {{URL|http://www.iimidr.ac.in/}}
| coor = {{Coord|22.624123|75.795579|type:edu|display=title}}
}}

The '''Indian Institute of Management - Indore''' ('''IIM - Indore''' or '''IIM - I''') is an autonomous [[Public school (government funded)|public]] [[business school]] located in [[Indore]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] in [[India]]. Founded in 1996, IIM Indore is the eighth <ref name="About IIM Indore">{{cite web|url=http://www.iimidr.ac.in/about-us/iim-indore-at-a-glance/|title=IIM Indore at a Glance - भारतीय प्रबंध संस्थान इंदौर - IIM Indore}}</ref> institute in the [[Indian Institute of Management|Indian Institute of Management (IIM)]] as per NIRF ranking and was named as an [[Institutes of National Importance|institute of national importance]] in 2017 along with the other IIMs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/iims-will-be-institutes-of-national-importance-1652370#:~:text=An%20Institute%20of%20National%20Importance,to%20information%20on%20AICTE%20website.|title = IIMs Will be Institutes of National Importance}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/entrepreneurship/how-indores-unique-iit-iim-blend-is-spurring-entrepreneurship/articleshow/48497119.cms|title=How Indore's unique IIT-IIM blend is spurring entrepreneurship|newspaper=The Economic Times|last1=Duttagupta|first1=Ishani}}</ref>

It became the second IIM to receive the [[Triple accreditation|Triple Crown Accreditation]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=IIM Indore Gets Triple Accreditation: 2nd IIM to receive the 'Triple Crown' in India |url=https://www.iimidr.ac.in/news-events/iim-indore-gets-triple-accreditation-2nd-iim-to-receive-the-triple-crown-in-india/ |access-date=2022-10-17 |website=IIM Indore - भारतीय प्रबंध संस्थान इंदौर |language=en-US}}</ref> which refers to the three leading global accreditations in management education - [[Association of MBAs]] (AMBA, UK); [[Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business|The Association to Advanced Collegiate Schools of Business]] (AACSB, USA);<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/education/iim-indore-gets-international-accredation-from-aacsb-119022100329_1.html|title=IIM Indore gets international accreditation from AACSB|last=Rakshit|first=Avishek|date=21 Feb 2019|work=[[Business Standard]]|access-date=21 Feb 2019}}</ref> and [[EFMD Quality Improvement System|EQUIS]], European Union.<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 6, 2023 |title=IIM-Indore gets prestigiousre-accreditation from int'l body |work=[[The Times of India]] Mar 6, 2023, 08:20 IST |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/indore/iim-indore-gets-prestigiousre-accreditation-from-intl-body/articleshow/98439374.cms |access-date=March 6, 2023}}</ref>

==History==
IIM Indore, which came into existence in 1996, was established as the sixth Indian Institute of Management after [[IIM Calcutta]] (1961), [[IIM Ahmedabad]] (1961), [[IIM Bangalore]] (1973), [[IIM Lucknow]] (1984) and [[IIM Kozhikode]] (1996).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iimidr.ac.in/iimi/pages/institute/about-iimi.php |title=About Indian Institute of Management Indore |website=www.iimidr.ac.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110915052521/http://www.iimidr.ac.in/iimi/pages/institute/about-iimi.php |archive-date=15 September 2011 }}</ref> It initially functioned out of the Government Polytechnic College in Rajendra Nagar, Indore. Its first MBA (PGP) batch consisting of 37 participants commenced in June 1998.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}

Dr. Vijendra Nath Asopa took charge as the first director of the institute. Dr. Rajan Saxena took over as director in 1999. {{citation needed|date=October 2021}}IIM Indore received its first award — Business Standard sponsored Best Business School Award in the "World Strategy Forum" held at Nehru Centre, Mumbai during 14–17 October 1999.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}

IIM Indore shifted to its current 193-acre campus in 2003.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}} Mr. Sudharssanam took over as acting director in July 2003. He was replaced by Dr. S. P. Parashar in April 2004.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}

In 2006, IIM Indore launched a slew of new programmes including the Fellow Programme in Management (doctoral-PhD), 24-week Certificate Course for Defense Officers, One-year Broad-Band-Based (BBB) Certificate in General Management Program (BBB-GM), One-year Broad-band-based Certificate in Sales and Marketing Management Program (BBB-S&MM) and others. The MBA intake was also increased to 180 participants.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}

In 2008, this was increased to 240 and Dr. N. Ravichandran was appointed as director in the same year. In September 2009, IIM Indore started the One Year Full Time Executive Post Graduate Programme (EPGP), a couple of months after the same was started at IIM Bangalore. EPGP, in its initial years, had academic collaboration with [[Joseph M. Katz Graduate School of Business]], University of Pittsburgh, USA and was one of the only few programmes to have an academic content and evaluation based international immersion. In 2010, the MBA intake was increased to 450 participants, and the MBA programme itself now included two new components - the Himalayan Outbound Programme and the Rural Immersion Programme.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}

In 2011, IIM Indore launched the Five Year Integrated Programme in Management (IPM), PGPMX, Mumbai, PGP and PGPMX, UAE, FPM (Industry). State-of-the-art Sports Complex having an Auditorium, Swimming Pool, Amphitheatre, Gymnasium, Cafeteria, Two Tennis Courts, Squash Court, Book Shop and Event Court was dedicated to the IIM Indore community. It was the first ever undergraduate program by an IIM.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}} As of September 2021, four other IIMs (IIM Rohtak, IIM Ranchi, IIM Bodh Gaya and IIM Jammu) have followed suit and started their own undergraduate program.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}

Dr. Rishikesha T. Krishnan joined as the director in January 2014. Dr. Himanshu Rai joined as the director in January 2019. In the same year, the five-year IPM program increased its batch size to 150 from previous 120.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Five Year Integrated Programme in Management (IPM) |url=https://www.iimidr.ac.in/academic-programmes/five-year-integrated-programme-in-management-ipm/ |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=IIM Indore - भारतीय प्रबंध संस्थान इंदौर |language=en-US}}</ref>

IIM Indore has been awarded the EFMD Quality Improvement System (EQUIS) accreditation by EFMD, the globally recognized international organization for management development.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}} The EQUIS Accreditation Board voted to confer EQUIS Accreditation on IIM Indore on 10 December 2019. IIM Indore is now the second IIM in the nation to receive [[Triple accreditation]]s.<ref name="The Times of India">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/indore/iim-indore-gets-triple-crown-in-elite-world-club-of-90/articleshow/72483907.cms|title=IIM-Indore gets triple crown, in elite world club of 90|date=12 Dec 2019|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=12 Dec 2019}}</ref>

IIM Indore started offering its two-year full-time (residential) Post Graduate Programme in Management (PGP) at [[Ras al-Khaimah]] (UAE) in 2011. It is the first IIM to have started operations outside India. In 2013, IIM Indore shifted its Ras al-Khaimah operations to Dubai.<ref name="PGP (RAK)">{{cite web|url=http://www.iimidr.ac.in/iimi/pages/programmes_main/pgp-rak-uae.php |title=Indian Institute of Management Indore - PGP at Dubai (UAE) |website=www.iimidr.ac.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023105646/http://www.iimidr.ac.in/iimi/pages/programmes_main/pgp-rak-uae.php |archive-date=23 October 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=IIM Indore goes to Dubai|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111112/jsp/nation/story_14740676.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328200446/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111112/jsp/nation/story_14740676.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 March 2013|newspaper=The Telegraph|location=Calcutta|date=12 November 2011}}</ref> However, in 2014, it shut down its operations in its UAE campus.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/indore/Curtains-down-on-IIM-Indore-Dubai-campus/articleshow/45348233.cms|title=Curtains down on IIM-Indore Dubai campus - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=2 December 2014 }}</ref>

The institute also offered its two-year full-time (non-residential) Post Graduate Programme in Management (PGP) in [[Mumbai]], from 2012 until 2019<ref name="PGP (Mumbai)">{{cite web|url=http://www.iimidr.ac.in/iimi/pages/programmes_main/pgp-mumbai.php |title=Indian Institute of Management Indore – PGP at Mumbai |website=www.iimidr.ac.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120726204326/http://www.iimidr.ac.in/iimi/pages/programmes_main/pgp-mumbai.php |archive-date=26 July 2012 }}</ref>

==Campus==
[[File:IIM Indore pano.jpg|thumb|right|IIM Indore Campus at dusk (2009)]]
The institute originally operated out of a temporary campus in Rajendra Nagar in Indore until 2003, before moving to its current campus. On 3 October 1998, the foundation stone of the Indore campus was laid by [[Mukesh Ambani]], chairman and managing director of [[Reliance Industries]] (RIL), a [[Fortune Global 500]] company and India's most valuable company by [[market value]].<ref>{{Cite news|agency=PTI|date=2021-08-20|title=Many Indian companies slip in global valuation ranking, highest ranked RIL dips three places|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/many-indian-companies-slip-in-global-valuation-ranking-highest-ranked-ril-dips-three-places/article36015727.ece|access-date=2021-09-27|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The current campus is located at Prabandh Shikhar, on Rau-Pithampur Road, close to the Pithampur [[Special Economic Zone]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iimidr.ac.in/iimi/media/pdf/IIM%20Indore%20A%20Chronology%20First%20Ten%20Years.pdf |title=A Chronology, First Ten Years |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625202702/http://www.iimidr.ac.in/iimi/media/pdf/IIM%20Indore%20A%20Chronology%20First%20Ten%20Years.pdf |archive-date=25 June 2012 }}</ref> off Agra-Bombay Highway. Situated atop a scenic hillock, the IIM Indore campus is 193 acre by area.<ref>{{Cite web|title=IIM Indore at a Glance|url=https://www.iimidr.ac.in/about-us/iim-indore-at-a-glance/|access-date=2021-09-27|website=IIM Indore - भारतीय प्रबंध संस्थान इंदौर|language=en-US}}</ref>

The institute is taking ahead its expedition in Mumbai with a new campus, situated at Hiranandani Knowledge Park, Powai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IIM Indore Mumbai Campus |url=https://www.iimidr.ac.in/academic-programmes/post-graduate-programme-in-management-for-executives-pgpmx/}}</ref>

===Student Residences===
The present campus started with 4 hostels each housing 60 students and was gradually increased to 18 hostels (for PGP and IPM students). Rooms in all the hostels have direct computer connectivity to the main LAN that provides an 1 Gbit/s internet connectivity via National Knowledge Network. For the One Year Full-Time MBA (EPGP) students, a separate hostel has been set up that can house almost 200 students. In addition to these, IIM Indore also has a Management Development Centre (MDC) which houses the MDP participants. A hostel dedicated to participants of Fellow Programme in Management (FPM) has been constructed recently. Refurbishment and renovation work also encompasses the main gate and several other buildings in the IIM campus such as staff quarters for the visiting faculty.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}

===Learning Centre===
The Learning Center (LC) is IIM Indore's library. The learning centre offers a quiet space to study along with a plethora of magazines, journals and newspapers. The entire LC collection of books and print journals/ magazines, and its e-collection comprising e-journals, e-books, online databases, CD-ROM collection, etc., is accessible through the institute's local network as well as off-campus using in-house routing VPN.

Due to the members' growing needs and preferences, LC focuses more on subscriptions to online resources than to printed documents. In the last few years, e-resources of the IIMI LC increased considerably in terms of number and subject coverage. In addition to circulation and acquisition services, the Learning Centre provides reference, photocopying and scanning services to members. Documents that are not available in the IIMI LC are sourced from other institutions (IIMs and IITs among others) through a robust interlibrary loan arrangement.

External membership is granted under specific circumstances with specified terms and conditions to businesses, industrial and government setups, academics (Research Scholars) and IIMI Alumni.[[File:IIM Indore Library.jpg|thumb|right|IIM Indore Learning centre (2009)]]

=== Sports Complex ===
[[File:Sports complex IIM Indore.jpg|thumb|right|Sports Complex (2011)]]
The new sports complex, which has a gymnasium, a swimming pool, a squash court, a sauna bath and an auditorium, was inaugurated in October 2011 by Shri L.N. Jhunjhunwala, the chairman of the Board of Governors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iimidr.ac.in/iimi/pages/posts/twelfth-foundation-day-celebrations-october-2-3-2011236.php |title=Sports Complex |website=www.iimidr.ac.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111020181243/http://www.iimidr.ac.in/iimi/pages/posts/twelfth-foundation-day-celebrations-october-2-3-2011236.php |archive-date=20 October 2011 }}</ref>
Apart from this, the hostels have badminton, volleyball and Basketball courts.

==Academics==
===Academic programmes===
IIM Indore offers the following academic programmes:

* Post Graduate Programme in Management (PGP), a two-year full-time residential MBA programme .<ref name="PGP (RAK)"/><ref name="PGP (Mumbai)"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iimidr.ac.in/iimi/pages/programmes_main/pgp.php |title=Indian Institute of Management Indore – PGP |website=www.iimidr.ac.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023104008/http://www.iimidr.ac.in/iimi/pages/programmes_main/pgp.php |archive-date=23 October 2012 }}</ref>
*Executive Post-Graduate Programme in Management (EPGP), a one-year full-time residential programme equivalent to an MBA.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iimidr.ac.in/iimi/pages/programmes_main/epgp.php |title=Indian Institute of Management Indore – EPGP |website=www.iimidr.ac.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913071453/http://www.iimidr.ac.in/iimi/pages/programmes_main/epgp.php |archive-date=13 September 2012 }}</ref>
*Integrated Programme in Management (IPM), a five-year integrated course in management,<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Institute of Management Indore – IPM|url=http://www.iimidr.ac.in/iimi/pages/programmes_main/ipm.php|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113214752/http://www.iimidr.ac.in/iimi/pages/programmes_main/ipm.php|archive-date=13 November 2011|website=www.iimidr.ac.in}}</ref> which consists of a BA (Foundation in Management Studies) and MBA.
* Post Graduate Programme in Management for Executives (PGPMX), a two-year alternate-weekend Executive MBA programme.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iimidr.ac.in/iimi/pages/programmes_main/pgpmx.php |title=Indian Institute of Management Indore – PGPMX at Mumbai |website=www.iimidr.ac.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023100634/http://www.iimidr.ac.in/iimi/pages/programmes_main/pgpmx.php |archive-date=23 October 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iimidr.ac.in/iimi/pages/programmes_main/pgpmx-dubai.php |title=Indian Institute of Management Indore – PGPMX at Dubai |website=www.iimidr.ac.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023105740/http://www.iimidr.ac.in/iimi/pages/programmes_main/pgpmx-dubai.php |archive-date=23 October 2012 }}</ref>
* Master of Science in Data Science and Management ('''MSDSM'''), a two-year degree programme offered jointly by [[IIT Indore]] and IIM Indore. More details on this unique [https://msdsm.iiti.ac.in/ MSDSM program]
*Post Graduate Programme in Human Resource Management (PGPHRM)
* Fellow Programme in Management (FPM) also known as [[Doctor of Business Administration]] programme.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iimidr.ac.in/iimi/pages/programmes_main/fpm.php |title=Indian Institute of Management Indore – FPM |website=www.iimidr.ac.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090822082810/http://www.iimidr.ac.in/iimi/pages/programmes_main/fpm.php |archive-date=22 August 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iimidr.ac.in/iimi/pages/programmes_main/fpmi.php |title=Indian Institute of Management Indore – FPMI |website=www.iimidr.ac.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023105637/http://www.iimidr.ac.in/iimi/pages/programmes_main/fpmi.php |archive-date=23 October 2012 }}</ref>
* Executive Fellow Programme in Management (EFPM), also known as Executive [[Doctor of Business Administration]].
*Faculty Development Programme (FDP).
*Integrated Programme in Business Analytics (IPBA), a ten-months integrated course in business analytics.

Options to specialise in various fields such as Finance, Operations, Marketing, Systems etc. are available.

The institute also offers various certificate programmes and Management Development Programmes (MDPs).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iimidr.ac.in/iimi/pages/programmes_main/mdp.php |title=Indian Institute of Management Indore – MDP |website=www.iimidr.ac.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913080241/http://www.iimidr.ac.in/iimi/pages/programmes_main/mdp.php |archive-date=13 September 2012 }}</ref>

IIM Indore has been recently accredited from the Association of MBAs (AMBA, a UK-based accreditation agency), for four full-time programmes - Two Year Post Graduate Programme in Management (both at Indore and Mumbai), One Year Full Time Executive Post Graduate Programme in Management (EPGP) and Five Year Integrated Programme in Management (IPM, 4th and 5th Year).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.iimidr.ac.in/news-events/iim-indore-gets-amba-accreditation/|title=IIM Indore Gets AMBA Accreditation - भारतीय प्रबंध संस्थान इंदौर - IIM Indore|newspaper=भारतीय प्रबंध संस्थान इंदौर - IIM Indore|language=en-US|access-date=2016-11-12}}</ref>

===Faculty===
IIM Indore has 106 full-time faculty<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iimidr.ac.in/faculty/full-time-faculty/|title=Full Time Faculty|website=भारतीय प्रबंध संस्थान इंदौर - IIM Indore|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-12}}</ref> and 65+ visiting faculty.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iimidr.ac.in/faculty/visiting-faculty/|title=Visiting Faculty|website=भारतीय प्रबंध संस्थान इंदौर - IIM Indore|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-12}}</ref> IIM Indore tied-up with [[google|Google Asia Pacific Singapore]] in 2010 and a special credit course on 'Advance Digital Marketing' was run by [[Siddhartha P. Tiwari|Dr Siddhartha Paul Tiwari]].<ref>{{cite web |title=2010 Annual Report |url=https://www.iimidr.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/AnnualReport-2010-11.pdf |publisher=IIM, Annual Report}}</ref>

===Admission===
Admissions to the Post Graduate Programmes in Management (PGP) and Post Graduate Programme in Human Resource Management (PGPHRM) at Indore is through the [[Common Admission Test|Common Admission Test (CAT)]] conducted by the [[Indian Institutes of Management|IIMs]]. Non Resident Indian (NRI) candidates are also eligible to apply and should have scored a minimum [[GMAT]] score of 650 to be shortlisted for further evaluations. Admissions to the Executive Post Graduate Programme in Management (EPGP), a programme for executives with a minimum of 5 years work experience, is through the globally accepted [[GMAT]]. The candidates are shortlisted on the basis of their GMAT score, which on average has been 700 for the past batches, quality of work experience, extra-curricular record and future managerial potential.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iimidr.ac.in/iimi/pages/programmes_main/admissions.php |title=Admission Process |website=www.iimidr.ac.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111203234543/http://www.iimidr.ac.in/iimi/pages/programmes_main/admissions.php |archive-date=3 December 2011 }}</ref>

Admission to the 5 year Integrated Programme in Management (IPM) is through the IPM Admission Test (IPMAT) conducted nationally as a preliminary examination followed by personal interview.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Five-Year Integrated Programme in Management (IPM) Admission Procedure for IPM 2024-29 Batch (Domestic Applicants) | url=https://www.iimidr.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/Admissions-Procedure_IPM-2024-29_-Domestic-Applicants.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424114955/https://www.iimidr.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/Admissions-Procedure_IPM-2024-29_-Domestic-Applicants.pdf | archive-date=2024-04-24}}</ref>

Admission to the Integrated Programme in Business Analytics (IPBA) is through a valid GMAT/CAT/Jigsaw Entrance Test(JET) score followed by personal interview and WAT.It is a hybrid learning programme (Classroom-based + Technology aided learning) meant for working professionals who are looking to be a Future Leader.This format is to help participants advance their careers while working.

===Foreign Student Exchange Program===
There are over 90 student exchange seats, which means that 20% of the PGP batch can spend an academic term in a foreign university. It is the 3rd highest number of seats across all IIMs. There are over 40 schools with whom IIM Indore has an exchange programme MOU in 16 countries. On an average 50 students from foreign universities spend a term at IIM Indore.<ref>{{cite web|title=Student Exchange Programmes in Top business Schools in India - A primer|url=https://insideiim.com/student-exchange-programmes-at-top-business-schools-in-india-iim-isb-xlri/|website=InsideIIM|date=17 December 2011|publisher=InsideIIM.com|access-date=5 April 2013}}</ref> In 2019, IPM (five-year integrated program) started its first exchange on undergraduate level. In the first leg, more than 30 students (25% of batch) spent their term abroad in different universities of France, Germany, Finland, Latvia and Taiwan.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}

The institute had its first student exchange of six students with Ecole de Management de Lyon (EM Lyon), a business school based in Lyon, France, in 2005.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}

The One Year Full Time MBA (EPGP) collaborates with SDA Bocconi School of Management, Milan, Italy as part of exchange programme where the entire batch spends 1 full term for a five-week module to get a global perspective on management. The exchange programme introduces students to diverse subjects like Digital Transformation, Doing Business with Europe, Fashion and Luxury Management and Family Business Management. The international immersion for EPGP Programme is known as Advanced Leadership Programme.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}
The EPGP programme also has compulsory modules on Advanced Data Analytics which is taught in collaboration with Jigsaw Academy and Strategy Simulations offered by Harvard Business School.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}

===Rankings===
{{Infobox India university ranking
| type=Institute
| OUTLOOK_B_G_2022 = 5
| NIRF_B_2022 = 7
}}
IIMI was ranked eighth among management schools in India by the [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) in 2025.<ref name=Rankings_NIRF_B_2022/> It was ranked fifth in ''[[Outlook India]]''{{'s}} "Top Public MBA Institutions In India" for 2022.<ref name=Rankings_OUTLOOK_B_G_2022/>

==See also==
* [[List of universities in India]]
* [[Universities and colleges in India]]
* [[Education in India]]
* [[Distance Education Council]]
* [[University Grants Commission (India)]]
* [[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad]]
* [[Indian Institute of Management Bangalore|Indian Institute of Management Banglore]]
*[[Indian Institute of Management Calcutta]]
*[[Indian Institute of Management Kozhikode]]
*[[Indian Institute of Management Lucknow]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{official website|http://www.iimidr.ac.in}}

{{Indian Institutes of Management}}
{{Triple accreditation}}
{{Universities in Madhya Pradesh}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Institute Of Management Indore}}
[[Category:Indian Institute of Management Indore| ]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Indore]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1996]]
[[Category:1996 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Colleges in India]]

Uttamlal Trivedi

2025-12-31T08:01:21Z

MyIPL: Article updated with improved flow

{{short description|Gujarati writer from India (1872-1923)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Uttamlal Trivedi
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1872|12|16}}
| birth_place = [[Ahmedabad]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1923|12|9|1872|12|16}}
| death_place =
| occupation = writer and translator
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| nationality = Indian
| education = B.A., LL.B.
| alma_mater = [[Gujarat College]]
| notable_works =
| spouse =
| awards =
| signature =
}}
'''Uttamlal Keshavlal Trivedi''' ({{IPA|gu|uttəmlal keʃəvlal trivedi|pron|}}) (16 December 1872 – 9 December 1923) was a [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] writer and translator from India.

==Biography==
Uttamlal Trivedi was born on 16 December 1872 at [[Ahmedabad]] in [[British Raj|British India]]. After passing [[matriculation]] examination in 1887, he attended the [[Gujarat College]] from where he received a B.A. in 1891. After passing LL.B. examination, he started his legal practice at [[Rajkot]]. In 1904, he moved to [[Bombay]] to work as a lawyer. Sometime later he moved to business field with some other people of his caste and suffered financial loss.<ref name="Joshi1993">{{cite book|last=Joshi|first=Ramanlal|author-link=Ramanlal Joshi|title=Variations on a Theme: Essays on Gujarati Literature|year=1993|publisher=Shri Ramanlal Joshi Felicitations Committee|location=Ahmedabad|pages=59–60}}</ref><ref name="Lal1992">{{cite book|editor-last=Lal|editor-first=Mohan|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KnPoYxrRfc0C&pg=PA4398|year=1992|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-260-1221-3|pages=4398–4399}}</ref>

He died on 9 December 1923.<ref name="GVK">{{Cite book|title=ગુજરાતી વિશ્વકોશ|last=Joshi|first=Ramanlal|publisher=Gujarati Vishwakosh Trust|year=1997|editor-last=Thaker|editor-first=Dhirubhai|editor-link=Dhirubhai Thaker|volume=VIII|location=[[Ahmedabad]]|page=775|trans-title=Gujarati Encyclopedia|language=gu|oclc=164810484}}</ref>

==Works==
In Bombay, Trivedi was associated with several social and literary institutions such as Kelavni Parishad, Sahitya Parishad and Nagar Mandal. He served as a secretary of Forbes Gujarati Sabha for sometime. He wrote articles on contemporary political issues and letters to the press regarding social, political and literary issues. He was in close association with several writers including [[Govardhanram Tripathi]], [[Anandshankar Dhruv]], [[Narsinhrao Divetia]] and [[Keshav Harshad Dhruv]].<ref name="Joshi1993"/><ref name="Lal1992"/>

His articles were mainly published in Gujarati journals ''[[Vasant (magazine)|Vasant]]'' and ''Samalochak''. He worked as an editor of the latter for sometime. He published articles in periodicals including ''Parsi ane Prajamitra'', ''Sanj Vartaman'', ''Hindustan'' and ''Indian Review''. He served as an editor of ''Daily Mail'' for sometime in 1919.<ref name="Joshi1993"/><ref name="Lal1992"/>

Trivedi's criticism of Govardhanram's epic-novel ''[[Saraswatichandra (novel)|Saraswatichandra]]'' is considered to be a remarkable work. He wrote a series of articles entitled ''Saraswatichandra ane Aapno Grihasansar'' (''Saraswatichandra and the Web of Our Family-life''), in which he analysed and evaluated ''Saraswatichandra'' from the points of view of plot-construction and characterisation. Trivedi also wrote on the public life of [[Narmad]], and on literary life of [[Manilal Dwivedi]]. The other articles Trivedi has written include: ''G. M. Tripathi: A Hindu Idealist'', ''A Historical Survey of National Indian Politics'' and ''Constitutional Theory of Hindu Law''.<ref name="Joshi1993"/><ref name="Lal1992"/>

He translated ''[[Shrimadh Bhagvad Gita Rahasya|Gita Rahasya]]'' by [[Lokmanya Tilak]] into Gujarati. His other translations include ''British Hindustan No Arthik Itihas'' (1990) and ''Akbar'' (1923).<ref name="Joshi1993"/><ref name="GVK"/>

A collection of Trivedi's writings was compiled and edited by [[Ramprasad Bakshi]] and [[Ramanlal Joshi]] under the title ''Uttamlal Trivedi Ni Gadyariddhi'', published by [[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]] in 1971.<ref name="GVK"/>

==See also==
* [[List of Gujarati-language writers]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Gujarati Vishwakosh}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Trivedi, Uttamlal}}
[[Category:1872 births]]
[[Category:1923 deaths]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Indian magazine editors]]
[[Category:Translators to Gujarati]]
[[Category:Writers from British India]]

Tamil Nadu State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission

2025-12-23T19:22:48Z

MyIPL: Creating The Stub W/ Refs

{{Infobox high court
| court_name = Tamil Nadu State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission
| native_name =
| established = 1986
| jurisdiction = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| location = Registrar, State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission, Chennai, TNPSC road, Park Town
Chennai - 600 003.<ref name="tncd ref1">{{cite web |title=Tamil Nadu State Consumer Disputes Redressal |url=http://www.scdrc.tn.gov.in/ |website=Tamil Nadu State Consumer Disputes Redressal |access-date=3 February 2022}}</ref>
| appealsto =
| terms = 3 years from the date of entering office or up to 65 years of age (whichever is earlier)
| website = http://www.scdrc.tn.gov.in/
| chiefjudgetitle = President, Tamil Nadu State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission
| chiefjudgename = Hon'ble Mr. Justice R Subbiah
| chiefjudgetitle2 = Member-Judge, Tamil Nadu State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission
| chiefjudgename2 = Hon'ble Shri R Venkatesa Perumal
}}

''' Tamil Nadu State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission''' is an [[autonomous]], [[statutory]] and [[constitution]]al institution formed as a [[Quasi-judicial body|quasi judicial]] body in [[Tamil Nadu]] under Section 24-B of the [[Consumer Protection Act, 1986]] to protect the rights of [[consumer]]s. It is a system of [[Alternative dispute resolution|alternate dispute resolution]] between conflicting parties during the process of [[trade]]. The president of the States Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission is appointed by the [[State governments of India|state government]] in consultation with the [[Chief justice|Chief Justice]] of state [[High courts of India|high court]].

== History and objective ==

Tamil Nadu State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission was formed to promote and protect the rights of consumers as per the Consumer Protection Act 1986.<ref name="scd ref17">{{cite news |title=Consumer Protection Act, 2019: Meaning and Key Features |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/meaning-and-features-of-consumer-protection-act-2019-1578557665-1 |access-date=29 January 2022 |publisher=Jagranjosh |date=23 July 2020}}</ref><ref name="scd ref15">{{cite news |title=Consumer commission vacancies: SC warns of imposing exemplary costs on state govts for non-compliance {{!}} India News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/consumer-commission-vacancies-sc-warns-of-imposing-exemplary-costs-on-state-govts-for-non-compliance/articleshow/87631508.cms |access-date=28 January 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=10 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="scd ref8">{{cite news |title=No chambers or even staff washrooms — bleak state of India's consumer courts reaches SC |url=https://theprint.in/judiciary/no-chambers-or-even-staff-washrooms-bleak-state-of-indias-consumer-courts-reaches-sc/780705/ |access-date=27 January 2022 |publisher=ThePrint |date=14 December 2021}}</ref><ref name="scd ref5">{{cite news |title=Consumer cases in district levels drop 26% in 2020 |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/consumer-cases-in-district-levels-drop-26-in-2020/article37902841.ece |access-date=27 January 2022 |publisher=thehindubusinessline.com |date=8 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

== Composition ==

Following shall be the composition of Tamil Nadu State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission:<ref name="scd ref3">{{cite news |title=The Role Of Consumer Dispute Redressal Agencies - Academike |url=https://www.lawctopus.com/academike/consumer-dispute-redrsal-agencies/ |access-date=27 January 2022 |publisher=lawctopus.com |date=14 February 2015}}</ref><ref name="scd ref9">{{cite news |title=Consumer Protection Act and Medical Profession - Consumer Disputes Redressal Agencies |url=https://www.medindia.net/indian_health_act/consumer_protection_act_and_medical_profession_consumer_disputes_redressal_agencies.htm |access-date=27 January 2022 |publisher=medindia.net}}</ref>

# President and
# Not less than two members and not more than that prescribed in State Act.

President will be appointed by state Government in consultation with the Chief Justice of state High Court. The eligibility for president is that he should be serving or served as Judge in any High Court. Members should be of 1. Not less than 35 years of age and 2. recognised university bachelor degree 3. With good ability,integrity and standing and with proficient experience of 10 years and expertise knowledge in subjects of [[accountancy]],[[law]],[[commerce]],[[economics]],industry,administration and public affairs and problem solving ability in same.

Also not more than fifty percent of members of committee should be from judicial background.

Hon'ble Mr. Justice R Subbiah is the President of Tamil Nadu State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission.<ref name="tncd ref4">{{cite news |title=Former Madras HC judge R Subbiah assumes new charge |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2021/jul/11/former-madras-hc-judge-r-subbiah-assumes-new-charge-2328461.html |access-date=3 February 2022 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=11 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="tncd ref2">{{cite news |title=New consumer forum president takes charge {{!}} Chennai News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/new-consumer-forum-president-takes-charge/articleshow/56149698.cms |access-date=3 February 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=24 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Hon'ble Shri R Venkatesa Perumal is the Member-Judge of Tamil Nadu State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission.

== Levels and jurisdiction ==

Tamil Nadu State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission was formed for promoting and protecting the rights of consumers through three levels with the below mentioned jurisdiction:<ref name="scd ref2">{{cite news |title=Government notifies new rules for consumer commissions; national body's jurisdiction enhanced |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/government-notifies-new-rules-for-consumer-commissions-national-bodys-jurisdiction-enhanced/articleshow/88596171.cms |access-date=27 January 2022 |publisher=The Economic Times |date=30 December 2021}}</ref><ref name="scd ref1">{{cite news |title=District Consumer Forum is now District Commission; will hear cases of value up to ₹1 crore |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/district-consumer-forum-is-now-district-commission-will-hear-cases-of-value-up-to-1-crore/story-13pfET9A7TCnpHPkchnZ1O.html |access-date=27 January 2022 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=16 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="scd ref6">{{cite news |title=NCDRC's ambit widened for faster disposal of plaints {{!}} India News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ncdrcs-ambit-widened-for-faster-disposal-of-plaints/articleshow/88603193.cms |access-date=27 January 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=31 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="scd ref10">{{cite news |title=Central govt notifies new rules for enhancing consumer protection |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/central-govt-notifies-new-rules-for-enhancing-consumer-protection-121123100116_1.html |access-date=27 January 2022 |publisher=Business Standard India |date=31 December 2021}}</ref>
* '''District Commission''' (earlier referred to as '''District Forum''') can accept complaints from consumer if the value of goods or services is up to ₹1 crore (Earlier limit was ₹20 lakh).
* '''State Commission''' can accept complaints from consumer if the value of goods or services is more than ₹1 crore but less than ₹10 crores ( earlier limit was between ₹20 lakh and ₹1 crore).<ref name="tncd ref3">{{cite news |last1=Shekhar |first1=Laasya |title=Cheated by a seller? Check where you can lodge a consumer complaint in Chennai |url=https://chennai.citizenmatters.in/how-to-file-a-consumer-complaint-in-chennai-11997 |access-date=3 February 2022 |publisher=Citizen Matters, Chennai |date=1 October 2019}}</ref><ref name="tncd ref5">{{cite news |last1=Chakravorty |first1=Rishabh |title=Maggi case: Amitabh Bachchan, Madhuri Dixit-Nene and Preity Zinta sent notices by Tamil Nadu's State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission {{!}} India.com |url=https://www.india.com/news/india/maggi-case-amitabh-bachcan-madhuri-dixit-nene-and-preity-zinta-sent-notices-by-tamil-nadus-state-consumer-disputes-redressal-commission-408970/ |access-date=3 February 2022 |publisher=india.com |date=4 June 2015 |language=en}}</ref>
* '''National Commission''' can accept complaints from consumer if the value of goods or services is more than 10 crores.

== Filing complaints ==
{{main|E-Daakhil}}

Tamil Nadu State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission laid down below process of filing and resolving complaints:<ref name="scd ref11">{{cite news |title=New rules for consumer commissions: Government issues notification - All you need to know |url=https://www.zeebiz.com/india/news-new-rules-for-consumer-commissions-government-issues-notification-all-you-need-to-know-174930 |access-date=27 January 2022 |publisher=Zee Business |date=30 December 2021}}</ref><ref name="scd ref4">{{cite news |title=The State Commission, Under Consumer Protection Act |url=https://www.legalserviceindia.com/articles/stco.htm |access-date=27 January 2022 |publisher=legalserviceindia.com}}</ref><ref name="scd ref14">{{cite news |title=Be it defective saree or tawa, consumers getting speedy justice via e-Daakhil: CCPA |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/be-it-defective-saree-or-tawa-consumers-getting-speedy-justice-via-e-daakhil-ccpa/articleshow/87926927.cms |access-date=28 January 2022 |publisher=The Economic Times |date=26 November 2021}}</ref>

Complaints can be filed electronically and examination of disputing parties is done through video-conferencing, which includes hearing and/or examination through any other mode. The time period for resolving dispute in case the complaint does not require analysis and testing of product quality is 3 months from the date of receipt of notice by the opposite party. However, if the complaint requires analysis or testing of product quality the time limit for resolving dispute is within 5 months. Complaints can be filed using [[E-Daakhil]] portal.

== Penalties and imprisonment ==
* Manufacturers and Service providers are made punishable as a criminal offence for giving misleading information or for wrong advertisement of product.
* Punishment may include fine of Rs 10 lakhs or imprisonment for 2 years or both.

== Investigative agency ==
* Violation of consumer rights or unfair trade practices is investigated by the Investigation wing headed by Director-General level position in [[Central Consumer Protection Authority]] (CCPA).

==Important terms==

Following are the important terms in Tamil Nadu State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission:<ref name="scd ref7">{{cite news |title=Changes in India's Consumer Protection Act 2019 |url=https://www.lawyer-monthly.com/2020/01/changes-in-indias-consumer-protection-act-2019/ |access-date=27 January 2022 |publisher=Lawyer Monthly {{!}} Legal News Magazine |date=31 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="scd ref13">{{cite news |title=State Commission Under Consumer Protection Act - Composition and Powers {{!}} Law column |url=https://www.lawcolumn.in/state-commission-under-consumer-protection-act-composition-and-powers/ |access-date=27 January 2022 |publisher=lawcolumn.in |date=20 June 2021}}</ref><ref name="scd ref16">{{cite news |title=National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission - NCDRC |url=https://www.legalserviceindia.com/calendars-causelists/NCDRC.htm |access-date=29 January 2022 |publisher=legalserviceindia.com}}</ref>
* As per the act "Goods" means anything purchased by consumers either in retail or wholesale from retailers or wholesalers. They can either be produced or manufactured.
* As per the act "services" means those which are in the form of "[[transport]],[[telephone]],[[electricity]],[[housing]],[[banking]],[[insurance]],[[medical treatment]] etc".
* As per the act consumer means " any person who buys any goods or hires or avails any services for a consideration which has already been paid or promised or partly paid and partly promised or under any system of deferred payment".
* Person includes anyone buying goods, either through online system or direct or offline, by way of teleshopping, or through mode of electronic includes direct selling or in a [[multi-level marketing]].
* Consumer does not include person buying or availing goods or services for resale or for any other commercial purpose.
* For the purpose of commission the terms are referred in [[Consumer Protection Act, 2019|Consumer Protection Act'2019]].

== Challenges ==
* The district, state and national level commissions face challenges of understaffing or non fulfillment of vacancies in time.<ref name="scd ref12">{{cite news |title=4 of 28 state consumer bodies at full strength, SC told, court says 'completely unacceptable' |url=https://theprint.in/judiciary/only-4-of-28-state-consumer-bodies-at-full-strength-sc-says-completely-unacceptable/714835/ |access-date=27 January 2022 |publisher=ThePrint |date=16 August 2021}}</ref><ref name="scd ref5" /><ref name="scd ref18">{{cite journal |title=THREE TIER MECHANISM OF CONSUMER DISPUTES REDRESSAL IN INDIA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THEIR FUNCTIONING |journal=ResearchGate |date=2017 |volume=4 |issue=4 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349412457 |access-date=31 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
* The report prepared by senior advocate on the directions of [[Supreme Court of India]] found out many shortcomings in the offices of district and state consumer redressal bodies in many states of India. These include absence of storage rooms for case files, lack of member chambers for convenience of members hearing complaints, non availability of court rooms and washrooms in selective cases.<ref name="scd ref8" />

== See also ==
* [[National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission]]
* [[Odisha State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission]]
* [[The Chandigarh State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.scdrc.tn.gov.in/ Official Website]



[[Category:Consumer Disputes Redressal Commissions of India]]

Keetham Lake

2025-12-03T16:19:58Z

MyIPL: cleanup

{{Short description|Lake in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox lake
| name = Keetham Lake
| image =
| caption =
| image_bathymetry =
| caption_bathymetry =
| location = Agra, India
| coords = {{coord|27.253295|N|77.843875|E|type:waterbody|display=title,inline}}
| type =
| inflow =
| pushpin_map = India Agra Administrative
| pushpin_map_alt = Location of Keetham lake in Agra
| outflow =
| catchment =
| basin_countries = India
| length =
| width =
| area =
| depth =
| max-depth =
| volume =
| residence_time =
| shore =
| elevation =
| islands =
| cities =
| frozen =
| embedded = {{Designation list
| embed = yes
| designation1 = Ramsar
| designation1_offname = Sur Sarovar
| designation1_date = 21 August 2020
| designation1_number = 2440<ref name="RSIS">{{Cite web|title=Sur Sarovar|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2440|access-date=14 November 2020}}</ref>}}
}}

Sur Sarovar, often referred to as Keetham Lake, is a picturesque lake off the Agra-Delhi national highway (NH-19). The Agra Bear Rescue Facility, a facility for saving Sloth bears dedicated to rehabilitating previously captured "dancing bears," is located next to it. Since 2020, the lake has been recognized as a Ramsar site that is protected.

There are over two dozen species of resident and migratory birds living in this bird sanctuary. This charming retreat for the adventure-seeking tourist has a large lake and numerous man-made islands that add to its splendour. The form of Keetham Lake is pentagonal.

==Location==
This scenic lake, is about 20 km from [[Agra]] and 12 km from sikandra is located within the Sur Sarovar Bird Sanctuary. Keetham Lake is linked by Railway track at Keetham Railway Station and was declared as National Bird Sanctuary on 27 March 1991 by U.P. Forest Department. The riverine belt of [[River Yamuna]] surrounds the area of Sur-Sarovar.

The entire lake is formed in a catchment area of 7.13 km2. Keetham Lake is pentagonal in shape. There are artificially created islands for shelter and breeding grounds for the [[migratory birds]]. The best thing is that is placed on the way of Delhi and tourist can visit during their journey to Agra.

==Climate==
The climatic conditions of the lake area is typical of [[Uttar Pradesh]] plains with hot windy [[summers]] and cold [[Winter|winters]]. The temperature recorded ranges between 1.5 C to 48 C. The [[monsoon]] season occurs from July to September.

==Water Management==
The raw water for Keetham Lake is obtained from [[Agra Canal]] originating from [[Okhla]] barrage on River [[Yamuna]] in [[Delhi]]. At Delhi Agra road, the Agra Canal water is diverted through Jodhpur branch near Anand Engineering College located about 2 km from Keetham. The lake water of Keetham is also used as raw water intake for [[Mathura Refinery]] Water Treatment Plant<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iocl.com/aboutus/MathuraRefinery.aspx|title=Mathura Refinery | Petroleum Refinery | IndianOil|access-date=19 March 2019|archive-date=5 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200305190130/https://www.iocl.com/AboutUs/MathuraRefinery.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> located in vicinity of Keetham Lake

==Development==
U.P. Forest Department has created woodlands and developed shallow areas near lake, making it a natural habitat for birds nesting sites. Controversially, [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh Government]] has decided to reduce the [[Eco-Sensitive Zone|Eco-sensitive zone]] limit around Keetham Lake from 10 kilometres to just 250 metres.<ref>{{cite news|title=Environmentalists oppose move to shrink eco-zone near Taj Mahal|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/environmenatlists-oppose-move-to-shrink-eco-zone-near-taj-mahal/16335197|access-date=12 July 2015}}</ref>

==Wildlife==
{{Refimprove section|date=July 2023}}
More than 106 species of [[Migratory bird|migratory]] and resident birds are known to have their resting habitats at Sur Sarovar. The entire lake area gets covered by profuse growth of [[aquatic_plant]]s like [[water hyacinth]] and [[Potamogeton]] species during summers. The water quality of Keetham lake supports wide range of [[avifauna]] during the winter season. Waterbirds in Keetham lake area are [[little grebe]], [[Cormorants]], [[darter]], [[grey heron]], [[purple heron]], [[cattle egret]], [[large egret]], [[little egret]], [[night heron]], [[black-necked stork]], [[white ibis]], [[Eurasian spoonbill]], [[bar-headed goose]], [[lesser whistling teal]], [[ruddy shelduck]], [[Northern pintail]], [[common teal]], [[Indian spot-billed duck]], [[gadwall]], [[wigeon]], [[shoveler]] and [[comb duck]].

Within Sur Sarovar Bird Sanctuary is the [[Agra Bear Rescue Facility]], which is a [[sloth bear]] rescue facility dedicated to rehabilitating previously enslaved '[[dancing bear]]s'. Established in 1999 by [[Wildlife SOS]] in collaboration with the Uttar Pradesh Forest Department and others, the facility is located in an eight-hectare site. It currently houses over 170 sloth bears as well as other wildlife. Agra Bear Rescue Facility also does advanced research, disease management and provides specialised [[veterinary care]] as well as [[geriatric care]] for sloth bears. The facility is available for tours by small groups of people.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book |last=Shefali Apte |url=https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetguidetoindia_202003_300_K |title=Lonely Planet Guide To India}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite web |title=Bears |url=https://wildlifesos.org/our-work/bear/ |access-date=5 October 2020 |website=wildlifesos.org}}</ref><ref name=":32">{{Cite web |title=Agra Bear Rescue Facility |url=https://wildlifesos.org/locations/agra-bear-rescue-facility/ |access-date=5 October 2020 |website=wildlifesos.org}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Patna Bird Sanctuary]]
*[[National Chambal (Gharial) Wildlife Sanctuary]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706152354/http://www.asiarooms.com/travel-guide/india/agra/excursions-from-agra/keetham-lake.html |date=2008-07-06}}
* {{webarchive |url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090410071347/http://cpcbenvis.nic.in/newsletter/birdsanctury/ch40703.htm |date=2009-04-10}}
* {{webarchive |url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090410071428/http://cpcbenvis.nic.in/newsletter/birdsanctury/ch30703.htm |date=2009-04-10}}
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081005042333/http://up-tourism.com/tour/agra_braj_circuit.htm |date=2008-10-05}}

{{Tourist attractions in Agra}}
{{Hydrography of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Agra Division topics}}
{{Ramsar sites in India}}

[[Category:Lakes of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Agra district]]
[[Category:Ramsar sites in India]]

Madhuranthaganallur

2025-12-03T02:46:42Z

MyIPL: typo fix

{{More citations needed|date=April 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Madhuranthaganallur (Maranthur)
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = An aerial view of Madhuranthaganallur
| nickname =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|11|24|12|N|79|35|41|E|region:IN-TN_type:city|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Cuddalore district|Cuddalore]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil|Subdistrict]]
| subdivision_name3 = Chidambaram
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref =
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 8
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 6
| population_total = 550
| population_as_of = 2014
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 608201
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 04144
| registration_plate = TN-31(until April 2014)
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Madhuranthaganallur''' is a village located in the Keerapalayam panchayath, [[Chidambaram taluk]], [[Cuddalore district]] in the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]].{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}

It is located 49 km to the south of District headquarters [[Cuddalore]], 8 km from Keerapalayam, 230 km from state capital [[Chennai]].{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}

Chidambaram, Neyveli, Cuddalore, Sirkali, Virudhachalam are the nearby cities to Madhuranthaganallur.

Nearby Railway Stations is Chidambaram- 14 km .
Nearby Airports [[Chennai Airport]]- 207 km, Trichy Airport - 170 km.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}

== List of streets ==

* Agrahaaram Street
* Sivan koil Street
* Reddiyar Mettu Street
* East Street
* West Street
* North Street
* South Street
* Main Road
* New Street
* Kuttakaran Street
* Manthakarai Street
* Periya Street (North)
* Periya Street (South)
* Small Street
* Puram Harijana Street

== Nearby schools ==
# Panchayath Union Middle School Madhuranthaganallur.
# Aadi dravidar Government Higher Secondary School Madhuranthaganallur.
# Thiruvalluvar Higher Secondary School Orathur - 3 km.
# DGM Higher Secondary School Sethiathope - 9 km.
# RCTHSS, Ramakrishna, Nandanar, Pachayapa, Nirmala matric, Venus Matric, Kamaraj Matric Higher Secondary schools in Chidambaram - 11 km.

== Nearby university and colleges ==
# [[Annamalai University]] in Chidambaram - 11 km.
# Sri Ragavendra Arts and Science College Keezhmoongiladi - 15 km.
# MRK Institute of Technology - Kattumannarkoil - 20 km.

== Tourist and historic places to visit ==
# periya nayagi temple in madhuranthaganallur
# sivan temple in madhuranthaganallur
# perumal temple in madhuranthaganallur
# Sri Ragavendra Swami birthplace in Buvangiri - 7 km.
# Nataraja Temple in Chidambaram - 11 km.
# Pichavaram Mangrove Forest - 20 km.
# Cuddalore Silver Beach - 57 km.
# Velankanni Temple - 125 km.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Cuddalore district]]

Kikhonbou Newmai

2025-11-25T06:28:21Z

MyIPL: Started new article

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
'''Z Kikhonbou Newmai''' is an Indian politician and member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. Newmai was elected to [[Manipur Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Tamei (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tamei constituency]] as an [[Indian National Congress]] candidate in [[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>[http://www.india.com/news/india/manipur-assembly-elections-2017-boost-to-bjp-as-congress-mla-kikhondou-newmai-changes-side-ahead-of-polls-1736274/ Boost to BJP as Congress MLA Kikhondou Newmai changes side ahead of polls]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nelive.in/manipur/politics/manipur-congress-mla-kikhonbou-newmai-joins-bharatiya-janata-party |title=Congress MLA Kikhonbou Newmai joins Bharatiya Janata Party |access-date=12 January 2017 |archive-date=13 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113142140/http://www.nelive.in/manipur/politics/manipur-congress-mla-kikhonbou-newmai-joins-bharatiya-janata-party |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/assembly-elections-2017/manipur-assembly-election-2017/story/manipur-congress-mla-kikhonbou-newmai-joins-bjp-952599-2017-01-01 Congress MLA Kikhonbou Newmai joins BJP along with three ADC members]</ref><ref>[http://www.elections.in/manipur/assembly-constituencies/tamei.html Sitting and previous MLAs from Tamei Assembly Constituency]</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Newmai, Kikhonbou}}
[[Category:People from Tamenglong district]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Manipur]]
[[Category:Manipur MLAs 2012–2017]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Manipur]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Manipur-INC-politician-stub}}
{{Manipur-BJP-politician-stub}}

List of by-elections to the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly

2025-11-17T12:43:13Z

MyIPL: adjusted references per sources for clarity

{{short description|None}}

The following is a list of [[by-election]]s held for the [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]], India, since its formation in 2002.

== 2002–2007 ==
{{Main|1st Uttaranchal Assembly}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No.
!Date
! colspan="2" |Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
! Ref.
|-
!1
| 8 August 2002
| 56
| [[Ramnagar (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Ramnagar]]
| [[Yogambar Singh Rawat]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[Narayan Datt Tiwari]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/ByeAug2002/byeAug2002_ac_Ramnagar.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515204850/https://eci.gov.in/ByeElection/ByeAug2002/byeAug2002_ac_Ramnagar.htm|archivedate=2021-05-15|title = Legislative Assembly of Uttaranchal - Assembly constituency - 56 Ramnagar|website= eci.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
!2
| 28 September 2004
| 48
| [[Dwarahat (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Dwarahat]]
| [[Bipin Chandra Tripathi]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Uttarakhand Kranti Dal}}" |
| [[Uttarakhand Kranti Dal]]
| [[Pushpesh Tripathi]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Uttarakhand Kranti Dal}}" |
| [[Uttarakhand Kranti Dal]]
|
|-
!3
| 28 September 2005
| 29
| [[Kotdwar (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Kotdwar]]
| [[Surendra Singh Negi]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[Surendra Singh Negi]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/ByeSep2005/bye-ac-29kotdwar.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017162207/https://eci.gov.in/ByeElection/ByeSep2005/bye-ac-29kotdwar.htm|archivedate=2020-10-17|title = Legislative Assembly of Uttaranchal - Assembly Constituency - 29-Kotdwar|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
|}

===Dwarahat Assembly By-election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 elections in India#Uttarakhand|2004 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Dwarahat}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pushpesh Tripathi]] |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=13,224 |percentage=42.08% |change={{increase}}5.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Mahesh Singh|party=Indian National Congress|votes=8,160|percentage=25.96%|change={{increase}}2.29}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Mohan Singh Adhikari|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=4,359|percentage=13.87%|change={{decrease}}7.75}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Jagat Singh Negi|party=Independent politician|votes=2,599|percentage=8.27%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Prakash Chandra|party=Independent|votes=1,105|percentage=3.52%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Chani Ram|party=Samajwadi Party|votes=726|percentage=2.31%|change={{increase}}0.32}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Pramod Kumar|party=Independent|votes=661|percentage=2.10%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Viond Kumar|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=595|percentage=1.89%|change={{decrease}}8.67}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,064 |percentage=16.12% |change= {{increase}}2.80}} {{Election box turnout|votes=31,429|percentage=48.98%|change={{decrease}}0.21}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 64,125 |ref = |change= {{increase}}4.67 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |loser=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |swing= {{increase}}5.09 }}
{{Election box end}}

== 2007–2012 ==
{{Main|2nd Uttarakhand Assembly}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No.
!Date
! colspan="2" |Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
! Ref.
|-
!1
| 29 August 2007
| 30
| [[Dhumakot (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Dhumakot]]
| [[Tejpal Singh Rawat]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[Bhuwan Chandra Khanduri]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ceo.uk.gov.in/pages/display/137-dhumakot-bye-election|title = Dhumakot Bye-Election|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Government of Uttarakhand, India}}</ref>
|-
!2
| 28 May 2009
| 42
| [[Kapkot (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Kapkot]]
| [[Bhagat Singh Koshyari]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[Sher Singh Garhia]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://ceo.uk.gov.in/files/Kapkot-Election2009.pdf|title=Kapkot Election 2009|trans-title=Kapkot Election 2009|website=Chief Electoral Office, Uttarakhand|language=hi}}</ref>
|-
!3
| 14 September 2009
| 11
| [[Vikasnagar (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Vikasnagar]]
| [[Munna Singh Chauhan]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[Kuldip Kumar (Uttarakhand politician)|Kuldip Kumar]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ceo.uk.gov.in/pages/display/101-vikas-nagar-bye-election-2009|title=Vikas Nagar Bye-Election 2009|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Government of Uttarakhand, India}}</ref>
|}

===Dhumakot Assembly By-election 2007 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 elections in India#Uttarakhand|2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Dhumakot}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bhuwan Chandra Khanduri]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=22,708 |percentage=70.76% |change={{increase}}30.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Surendra Singh Negi]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,537 |percentage=26.60% |change={{decrease}}18.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manish Sundriyal |party=Independent politician |votes=848 |percentage=2.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,171 |percentage=44.16% |change= {{increase}}39.35 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=32,093 |percentage=59.79% |change= {{increase}}4.77 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 53,986 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}6.40 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}25.35 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Kapkot Assembly by-election 2009===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2009 elections in India#Uttarakhand|Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly by-election 2009]]: Kapkot}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Sher Singh Garhia]]|party=Bhartiya Janata Party|votes=13,823|percentage=45.04|change={{decrease}}12.62}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kunti Parihar|party=Nationalist Congress Party|votes=6,656|percentage=21.68|change=new}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Chamu Singh Ghasiyal|party=Indian National Congress|votes=5,651|percentage=18.41|change={{decrease}}13.44}}
{{Election box majority|votes=7,167|percentage=23.36|change={{decrease}}2.46}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=30,687|percentage=58.36|change={{decrease}}9.57}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =52,582 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bhartiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing ={{decrease}}2.46
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly By-election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 elections in India#Uttarakhand|2009 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly by-election]] : [[Vikasnagar Assembly constituency|Vikasnagar]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kuldip Kumar (Uttarakhand)|Kuldip Kumar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=24,934 |percentage=37.12% |change={{decrease}}3.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Nav Prabhat]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,338 |percentage=36.23% |change={{increase}}2.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Munna Singh Chauhan]] |party=Independent politician |votes=14,807 |percentage=22.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Haridas Kataria |party=Independent politician |votes=702 |percentage=1.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gulfam Ali |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=591 |percentage=0.88% |change={{decrease}}1.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nasim Ahmad |party=Independent politician |votes=378 |percentage=0.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Liyaqat |party=Independent|votes=350 |percentage=0.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=596 |percentage=0.89% |change= {{decrease}}6.22 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=67,175 |percentage=58.88% |change= {{decrease}}4.96 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,14,092 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}3.25 }}
{{Election box end}}

== 2012–2017 ==
{{Main|3rd Uttarakhand Assembly}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No.
!Date
! colspan="2" |Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
! Ref.
|-
!1
| 8 July 2012
| 68
| [[Sitarganj (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Sitarganj]]
| [[Kiran Mandal]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[Vijay Bahuguna]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://ceo.uk.gov.in/files/Election2012/bye-election/Form_20bye_elect_sitarganj.pdf|title=Sitarganj 2012 Bye Election results|trans-title=Sitarganj 2012 Bye Election results|website=Chief Electoral Office, Uttarakhand|language=hi}}</ref>
|-
!2
|rowspan="3" | 21 July 2014
| 23
| [[Doiwala (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Doiwala]]
| [[Ramesh Pokhriyal|Ramesh Pokhriyal 'Nishank']]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[Hira Singh Bisht]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://election.uk.gov.in/Bye_Election_2014/Result-Bye_Election_2014/Form-21D&%2021E-23-Doiwala.pdf|title=Election to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand (State/Union territory) from 23-Doiwala Assembly constituency|website=Chief Electoral Office, Uttarakhand|date=25 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
!3
| 42
| [[Dharchula (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Dharchula]]
| [[Harish Singh Dhami]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[Harish Rawat]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| <ref name="dharchula">{{cite web|url=http://election.uk.gov.in/Bye_Election_2014/Result-Bye_Election_2014/Form-21D&21E-42-Dharchula.pdf|title=Election to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand State from the 42-Dharchula Assembly constituency|website=Chief Electoral Office, Uttarakhand|date=25 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
!4
| 51
| [[Someshwar (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Someshwar]] (SC)
| [[Ajay Tamta]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[Rekha Arya]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| <ref name="dharchula"/>
|-
!5
| 11 April 2015
| 28
| [[Bhagwanpur (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Bhagwanpur]] (SC)
| [[Surendra Rakesh]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| [[Mamta Rakesh]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://ceo.uk.gov.in/files/VS-ByeElection2015/FORM_21D.pdf|title=Election to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand State from 28-Bhagwanpur(SC) constituency|website=Chief Electoral Office, Uttarakhand|date=15 April 2015}}</ref>
|}

===Sitarganj Assembly Bye-election 2012===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 elections in India#Uttarakhand|2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly by-election]] : [[Sitarganj Assembly constituency|Sitarganj]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Vijay Bahuguna]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=53,766 |percentage=77.14% |change={{increase}}56.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Prakash Pant]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=13,812 |percentage=19.82% |change={{decrease}}19.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Ali |party=Independent politician |votes=793 |percentage=1.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. S. Bisht |party=Uttarakhand Parivartan Party |votes=668 |percentage=0.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=438 |percentage=0.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=39,954 |percentage=57.33% |change= {{increase}}40.24 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=69,695 |percentage=76.22% |change= {{decrease}}4.47 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 91,443 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}37.48 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Dharchula Assembly By-election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 elections in India#Uttarakhand|2014 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Dharchula}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Harish Rawat]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=31,214 |percentage=74.63% |change={{increase}}41.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bishnu Datt Joshi |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=10,610 |percentage=25.37% |change={{increase}}3.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=1,028 |percentage=2.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=20,604 |percentage=49.26% |change= {{increase}}38.15 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=41,824 |percentage=52.61% |change= {{decrease}}14.30 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 81,469 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.98 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Doiwala Assembly By-election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 elections in India#Uttarakhand|2014 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Doiwala}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Hira Singh Bisht]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=35,980 |percentage=52.49% |change={{increase}}23.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Trivendra Singh Rawat]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=29,468 |percentage=42.99% |change={{increase}}12.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Furqan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,508 |percentage=2.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=Indian National Congress |votes=542 |percentage=0.79% |change={{decrease}}28.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=William Akbar Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=363 |percentage=0.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rishi Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=348 |percentage=0.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,512 |percentage=9.50% |change= {{increase}}7.84 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=68,550 |percentage=53.55% |change= {{decrease}}18.40 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,29,032 |ref = |change= {{increase}}20.57 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}21.85 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Bhagwanpur Assembly By-election 2015 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2015 elections in India#Uttarakhand|2015 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly by-election]] : [[Bhagwanpur Assembly constituency|Bhagwanpur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mamta Rakesh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=59,205 |percentage=71.46% |change={{increase}}33.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajpal Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=22,296 |percentage=26.91% |change={{increase}}13.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=501 |percentage=0.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pritam Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=269 |percentage=0.32% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=36,909 |percentage=44.55% |change= {{increase}}35.92 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=82,842 |percentage=73.92% |change={{decrease}}5.80 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 112,069 |ref = |change={{increase}}13.72 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bahujan Samaj Party |swing= {{increase}}21.71 }}
{{Election box end}}

== 2017–2022 ==
{{Main|4th Uttarakhand Assembly}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No.
!Date
! colspan="2" |Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
! Ref.
|-
!1
| 28 May 2018
| 5
| [[Tharali (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Tharali]] (SC)
| [[Magan Lal Shah]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[Munni Shah]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://ceo.uk.gov.in/files/by-election_tharali_2018/Form_21D.PDF|title=Bye Election to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand (State) from the 05-Tharli (S.C.) Constituency.|website=Chief Electoral Office, Uttarakhand|date=31 May 2018}}</ref>
|-
!2
| 25 November 2019
| 44
| [[Pithoragarh (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Pithoragarh]]
| [[Prakash Pant]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[Chandra Pant (politician)|Chandra Pant]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://ceo.uk.gov.in/files/bye-election-2019/12-Resultinform21D21E.PDF|title=Election to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand from 44-Pithoragarh Assembly constituency.|website=Chief Electoral Office, Uttarakhand|date=28 November 2019}}</ref>
|-
!3
| 17 April 2021
| 49
| [[Salt (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Salt]]
| [[Surendra Singh Jeena]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[Mahesh Singh Jeena]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|}

===Tharali Assembly Constituency===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 elections in India#Uttarakhand|2018 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly by-election]] : [[Tharali Assembly constituency|Tharali]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Munni Shah]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=25,737 |percentage=49.04% |change={{increase}}5.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jeet Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=23,756 |percentage=45.27% |change={{increase}}10.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kasbi Lal Shah |party= |votes=1,365 |percentage=2.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kunwar Ram |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=1,034 |percentage=1.97% |change={{increase}}0.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=705 |percentage=1.34% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Beeri Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=587 |percentage=1.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,981 |percentage=3.77% |change= {{decrease}}4.36 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=52,479 |percentage=51.98% |change= {{decrease}}6.82 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,02,569 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}0.45 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}5.64 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Pithoragarh Assembly Constituency===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 elections in India#Uttarakhand|2019 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Pithoragarh}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Chandra Pant (politician)|Chandra Pant]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=26,086 |percentage=52.44% |change={{increase}}3.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anju Lunthi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,819 |percentage=45.88% |change={{increase}}0.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=844 |percentage=1.70% |change= {{increase}}0.10}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manoj Kumar Bhatt |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=835 |percentage=1.68% |change= {{increase}}1.52}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,267 |percentage=6.57% |change= {{increase}}2.56 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=49,740 |percentage=45.65% |change= {{decrease}}17.17 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,09,957 |ref = |change= {{increase}}2.41 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}3.28 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Salt Assembly Election===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 elections in India#Uttarakhand|2021 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly by-election]] : [[Salt Assembly constituency|Salt]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mahesh Singh Jeena]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=21,874 |percentage=52.87% |change={{increase}}3.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ganga Pancholi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,177 |percentage=41.52% |change={{decrease}}0.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=721 |percentage=1.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surendra Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=620 |percentage=1.50% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagdish Chandra |party=Uttarakhand Parivartan Party |votes=493 |percentage=1.19% |change={{increase}}0.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shiv Singh Rawat |party=Independent politician |votes=466 |percentage=1.13% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pan Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=346 |percentage=0.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nand Kishor |party= |votes=209 |percentage=0.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,697 |percentage=11.35% |change= {{increase}}4.76 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=41,373 |percentage=42.70% |change= {{decrease}}3.42 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 97,150 |ref = |change= {{increase}}1.48 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}3.87 }}
{{Election box end}}

== 2022–2027 ==
{{Main|5th Uttarakhand Assembly}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No.
!Date
! colspan="2" |Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
! Ref.
|-
!1
| 31 May 2022
| 55
| [[Champawat (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Champawat]]
| [[Kailash Chandra Gahtori]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[Pushkar Singh Dhami]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
!2
| 9 September 2023
| 47
| [[Bageshwar Assembly constituency|Bageshwar]] (SC)
| [[Chandan Ram Das]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[Parwati Das]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
!3
| rowspan="2"| 10 July 2024
| 4
| [[Badrinath Assembly constituency|Badrinath]]
| [[Rajendra Singh Bhandari]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[Lakhpat Singh Butola]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
!4
| 33
| [[Manglaur Assembly constituency|Manglaur]]
| [[Sarwat Karim Ansari]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| [[Muhammad Nizamuddin]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
!5
| 20 November 2024
| 7
| [[Kedarnath Assembly constituency|Kedarnath]]
| [[Shaila Rani Rawat]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[Asha Nautiyal]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|}

===Champawat Assembly Constituency===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 elections in India#Uttarakhand|2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Champawat}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pushkar Singh Dhami]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=58,258 |percentage=93.50% |change={{increase}}43.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nirmala Gahtori |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,233 |percentage=5.19% |change= {{decrease}}36.74}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manoj Kumar Bhatt |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=413 |percentage=0.66% |change= {{increase}}0.33}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Himanshu Garhkoti |party=Independent politician |votes=402 |percentage=0.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=377 |percentage=0.61% |change={{decrease}}0.86 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=55,025 |percentage=88.31% |change= {{increase}}80.12 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=62,306 |percentage=64.43% |change= {{decrease}}2.64 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 97,619 |ref = |change= {{increase}}0.19 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}43.24 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Bageshwar Assembly Constituency===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2023 elections in India#Uttarakhand|Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly by-election, 2023]]: Bageshwar<ref>{{cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcByeSeptNew2023/ConstituencywiseS2847.htm|title=Bageshwar by-election result 2023|work=ECI|accessdate=8 September 2023}}</ref><ref name="BJP wins bypoll for Uttarakhand turf; Cong comes close but INDIA ally SP among hurdles in path">{{cite news |last1=The Indian Express |title=BJP wins bypoll for Uttarakhand turf; Cong comes close but INDIA ally SP among hurdles in path |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/bjp-uttarakhand-bageshwar-bypolls-results-congress-8930227/ |access-date=19 January 2024 |date=8 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119070214/https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/bjp-uttarakhand-bageshwar-bypolls-results-congress-8930227/ |archive-date=19 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Parwati Das]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 33,247
|percentage = 49.54
|change = {{increase}}6.4
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Basant Kumar
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 30,842
|percentage = 45.96
|change = {{increase}}19.08
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = 1,257
|percentage = 1.87
|change = {{increase}}0.71
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Arjun Kumar Dev
|party = Uttarakhand Kranti Dal
|votes = 857
|percentage = 1.28
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Bhagwati Prasad
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 637
|percentage = 0.95
|change = {{increase}}0.27
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,405
|percentage = 3.58
|change = {{decrease}}12.68
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 67,108
|percentage = 55.44
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Badrinath Assembly Constituency===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2024 elections in India#Uttarakhand|Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly by-election 2024]]: Badrinath}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Lakhpat Singh Butola]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 28,167
|percentage = 51.93
|change = {{Increase}}4.05
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Rajendra Singh Bhandari]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 22,937
|percentage = 42.30
|change = {{decrease}}2.55
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Naval Kishore Khali
|party = Independent
|votes = 1,813
|percentage = 3.34
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 823
|percentage = 1.52
|change = {{Increase}}0.24
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Himmat Singh Negi
|party = Sainik Samaj Party
|votes = 494
|percentage = 0.91
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 5,230
|percentage = 9.9
|change = {{increase}}6.87
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 54,228
|percentage = 49.8
|change = {{decrease}}15.29
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Manglaur Assembly Constituency===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 elections in India#Uttarakhand|2024 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Manglaur}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Muhammad Nizamuddin]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=31,727|percentage=37.91|change={{increase}}1.41}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Kartar Singh Bhadana]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=31,305|percentage=37.4|change={{increase}}16.04}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Obaidur Rehman|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=19,559|percentage=23.37|change={{decrease}}13.81}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the Above]]|party=None of the above|votes=237|percentage=0.28|change={{decrease}}0.02}}
{{Election box majority||votes=422|percentage=0.5|change={{decrease}}0.18}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=83,699|percentage=69.73|change={{decrease}}5.85}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bahujan Samaj Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Kedarnath Assembly Constituency===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2024 elections in India#Uttarakhand|Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly by-election, 2024]]: Kedarnath}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Asha Nautiyal]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 23,814
|percentage = 43.74
|change = {{increase}}7.7
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Manoj Rawat]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 18,192
|percentage = 33.42
|change = {{increase}}12.74
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Tribhuwan Rawat
|party = Independent
|votes = 9,311
|percentage = 17.10
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ashutosh Bhandari
|party = Uttarakhand Kranti Dal
|votes = 1,314
|percentage = 2.41
|change = {{increase}}0.30
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = 834
|percentage = 1.53
|change = {{increase}}0.29
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 5,622
|percentage = 10.32
|change = {{decrease}}3.62
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 53,526
|percentage = 58.89%
|change = {{decrease}}6.39
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[Elections in Uttarakhand]]
*[[List of Indian state legislative assembly elections]]

== References ==
{{reflist|40em}}

==External links==
* {{cite news |title=Vidhan Sabha Election Results |url=https://ceo.uk.gov.in/pages/show/92-vidhan-sabha |access-date=24 May 2022 |work=ceo.uk.gov.in |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Government Of Uttarakhand, India}}
{{Uttarakhand elections|state=expanded}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly by-elections}}
[[Category:Lists of by-elections in India]]
[[Category:State Assembly elections in Uttarakhand| ]]
[[Category:2020s in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:2010s in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:2000s in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:By-elections in Uttarakhand]]

I. M. Quddusi

2025-11-16T08:27:15Z

MyIPL:

{{Short description|Odisha High Court Judge}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
''' Ishrat Masroor Quddusi''' is a retired Indian judge who served in three [[high courts of India]]. He retired as a judge of [[Odisha High Court]]. Earlier he was judge in the [[Allahabad High Court]] and [[Chhattisgarh High Court]]. He was arrested by the [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] on charges of attempting to help [[Uttar Pradesh]]-based Prasad Education Trust, an educational trust barred from admitting students by the government and [[Medical Council of India]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/arrest-of-ex-orissa-hc-judge-im-quddusi-could-open-can-of-worms-on-multi-crore-dirty-court-deals-1049992-2017-09-22 | title=Arrest of ex-Orissa HC judge IM Quddusi could open can of worms on multi-crore dirty court deals | publisher=[[India Today]] | date=22 September 2017 | access-date=14 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/cbi-raid-judge-im-quddusi-house-raid-medical-colleges-controversy-1048847-2017-09-20 | title=CBI raids retired Odisha judge Quddusi in medical college bribery case | publisher=[[India Today]] | date=20 September 2017 | access-date=14 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.orissahighcourt.nic.in/judgesret.asp | title=Orissa High Court Judges | publisher=[[Orissa High Court]] | access-date=14 January 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114044157/http://www.orissahighcourt.nic.in/judgesret.asp | archive-date=14 November 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/former-hc-judge-quddusi-gets-bail-in-cash-for-judicial-relief-case-despite-cbi-objection/story-Qxk0Z9LcDPPSPHX6AGMHNI.html | title=Former HC judge Quddusi gets bail in cash-for-judicial relief case despite CBI objection | publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] | work=Rajesh Ahuja | date=27 September 2017 | access-date=14 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/nov/14/india-supreme-court-in-crisis-retired-judge-corruption-case-cash-for-decisions | title=India supreme court 'in crisis' over retired judge corruption case | work=[[The Guardian]] | date=14 November 2017 | access-date=14 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/medical-admissions-scam-cbi-arrests-retired-odisha-high-court-judge/articleshow/60776623.cms | title=Medical admissions scam: CBI arrests retired Odisha high court judge, later the allegations were proved wrong and he was released
| publisher=[[The Times of India]] | work=Neeraj Chauhan | date=21 September 2017 | access-date=14 January 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Judges of the Allahabad High Court]]
[[Category:Judges of the Andhra Pradesh High Court]]
[[Category:Judges of the Chhattisgarh High Court]]

Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Maoist Unity Centre

2025-10-08T18:45:59Z

MyIPL: Created New Entry - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
'''Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Maoist Unity Centre''' (MUC) was formed in 1997 as the merged entity of two naxal-factions - [[Maharashtra Communist Party]] and [[Kerala Communist Party]], which in turn is the splinter factions of [[Central Reorganisation Committee, Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist)]].<ref name=muc>[https://www.marxists.org/subject/india/muccpi(ml)/index.htm MAOIST UNITY CENTRE, COMMUNIST PARTY OF INDIA (MARXIST-LENINIST)]</ref>

==History==
In 1991, Central Reorganisation Committee, Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) leader [[K. Venu (Kerala)|K. Venu]] decided to denounce of the Naxalism and disband the party. He renounced Maoism and declared an All India communist party as an impossibility. Groups dissatisfied with the dissolution formed the Maharashtra Communist Party and Kerala Communist Party.

==Merger with Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Naxalbari==
In April 1999, the party dissolved and incorporated into the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Naxalbari)]].<ref name=muc></ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Maoist Unity Centre}}
[[Category:Defunct communist parties in India]]
[[Category:Naxalite groups]]
{{India-party-stub}}

Chhenabara

2025-10-01T23:08:28Z

MyIPL: Created Details - done

{{Short description|Sweetmeat from the Indian subcontinent}}
[[File:Famous "Chana-Bora" sweets of berhampur.jpg|thumb|right|"Chana-Bora" sweets of Berhampore]]
'''Chhanabora''' is a [[sweetmeat]] from the [[Indian subcontinent]] made from [[chhana|chhena]] and [[syrup]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XODgAAAAMAAJ&q=Chhanabora |title=The Hour of the Goddess: Memories of Women, Food, and Ritual in Bengal |first=Chitrita |last=Banerji |publisher=Seagull Books |page=100 |year=2001|isbn=978-81-7046-183-8 }}</ref> It is attested from the 16th century.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-cFcH2ZHWLcC&q=Chhanabora |title=Indian food: a historical companion |first=K. T. |last=Achaya |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1994 |page=132|isbn=978-0-19-562845-6 }}</ref> It is related to [[rosogolla]] and [[pantua]], sharing a cottage cheese basis with the former and a burnt brown crust with the latter. According to local legend, it was created when Maharaja [[Manindra Chandra Nandy|Manindrachandra Nandi]] of [[Cossimbazar]] ordered his cook to create a dessert that was neither rosogolla nor pantua. It is common in [[Murshidabad]] and outsize chhanabora are a common gift for high-ranking visitors.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1120903/jsp/bengal/story_15929852.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127035811/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120903/jsp/bengal/story_15929852.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 27, 2015 |title=Eye-poppers from nawab land |first=Nefertiti |last=Biswas |date=September 3, 2012}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Sweets of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Bengali desserts]]
[[Category:Indian cheese dishes]]
{{Bangladeshi dishes}}

{{India-dessert-stub}}

Satish Chandra Rai

2025-09-20T20:19:08Z

MyIPL: Creating New Post From Scratch

{{Short description|Indian surgeon (1929–2016)}}
{{for|the politician|Satish Chandra Rai (Sikkim politician)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=April 2018}}
{{notability|Bio|date=April 2018}}
}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Satish Chandra Rai
| image =
| office = Mayor of Lucknow
| term_start = 1 December 1995
| term_end = 13 February 2006
| predecessor = [[Akhilesh Das|Dr. Akhilesh Das Gupta]]
| successor = [[Dinesh Sharma (politician)|Dinesh Sharma]]
| constituency = [[Lucknow (Mayoral Constituency)|Lucknow]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1929|2|12}}
| birth_place = [[Lucknow]], [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2016|08|28|1929|2|12}}
| death_place = [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| education = [[MBBS]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse =
| children =
| profession = Doctor (Surgeon)
}}
'''Satish Chandra Rai''' (12 February 1929 – 28 August 2016) was a surgeon from [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He was the first elected mayor of [[List of mayors of Lucknow|Lucknow]] and personal doctor to two Prime Ministers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/former-lucknow-mayor-s-c-rai-passes-away-116082800558_1.html|title=Former Lucknow mayor S C Rai passes away|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2016-08-28|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2017-11-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Doctor-to-2-PMs-Lucknows-first-elected-mayor-Dr-SC-Rai-no-more/articleshow/53901625.cms|title=Doctor to 2 PMs, Lucknow's first elected mayor Dr SC Rai no more - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-11-25}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rai, SC}}
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:Politicians from Lucknow]]
[[Category:Mayors of Lucknow]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]

2014 Rajya Sabha elections

2025-09-20T17:23:10Z

MyIPL: further rework intro for accuracy for clarity

{{short description|Indian Rajya Sabha elections}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2014 Rajya Sabha elections
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| ongoing = no
| party_colour =
| previous_election = 2013 Rajya Sabha elections
| previous_year = 2013
| next_election = 2015 Rajya Sabha elections
| next_year = 2015
| seats_for_election = 85 seats to the [[Rajya Sabha]]{{efn|Including 13 [[Casual vacancy|casual vacancies]]}}
| election_date = Various dates in 2014
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Prime_Minister_Dr._Manmohan_Singh_in_March_ 2014.jpg|bSize=110|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=04}}
| leader1 = [[Manmohan Singh]]{{efn|[[Ghulam Nabi Azad]] was elected Leader of the Indian National Congress, on June 8, 2014, succeeding Dr. Manmohan Singh.}}
| party1 = Indian National Congress
| leader_since1 = 21 March 1998
| leaders_seat1 = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Assam|Assam]]
| alliance1 = United Progressive Alliance
| seats_before1 = 72
| seats1 = 69
| seat_change1 = {{decrease}} 3
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Arun Jaitley 9 February 2016 (cropped).jpg|bSize=110|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=04}}
| leader2 = [[Arun Jaitley]]
| party2 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| leader_since2 = 3 June 2009
| leaders_seat2 = [[Rajya Sabha members from Gujarat|Gujarat]]
| alliance2 = National Democratic Alliance (India)
| seats_before2 = 48
| seats2 = 45
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}} 3
| map_caption = ''* [[Ghulam Nabi Azad]] was elected Leader of the Indian National Congress, on June 8, 2014, succeeding Dr. Manmohan Singh''
}}

'''Rajya Sabha elections''' were held on three dates in 2014, to elect members of the [[Rajya Sabha]], [[Indian Parliament]]'s [[upper chamber]]. The elections were held in February, June, and November to elect respectively 55, 6, and 11 of its 245 members, from 16 of the States.<ref name= nov>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/current/PN55_27102014.pdf |title=Archived copy |website=eci.nic.in |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426004038/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/current/PN55_27102014.pdf |archive-date=26 April 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name= jun>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/current/PN25_19052014.pdf |title=Archived copy |website=eci.nic.in |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140720003547/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/current/PN25_19052014.pdf |archive-date=20 July 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name= feb>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/current/PN_13012014.pdf |title=Archived copy |website=eci.nic.in |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203023949/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/current/PN_13012014.pdf |archive-date=3 February 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> They are held by an open ballot (for public scrutiny) on a single transferable vote (STV) basis among State legislators. Being even-numbered, 2014 was a year in which about 30% of the State Legislature-elected 233-seat component of the body is elected.

In addition to the 72 seats re-filled in this year of the six-year cycle (as the term of seat tenure is six years), 13 by-elections were held in 2014.

As of 2020, this is the last year in which the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] has lost seats.

==February elections==
The elections in February were from 16 [[States of India|State]] legislatures, and all were held on February 7, 2014.<ref name= feb />

===Maharashtra===
Has 19 members.

{| class="wikitable"
! #
! Previous MP
! colspan=2| Party
! Elected MP
! colspan=2| Party
! Reference
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 1
| [[Husain Dalwai]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| [[Husain Dalwai]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| rowspan=7| <ref name="term">{{cite web|title=Statewise Retirement|url=http://164.100.47.5/NewMembers/RetLMemState.aspx|website=164.100.47.5|access-date=12 June 2016}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 2
| [[Murli Deora]]
| [[Murli Deora]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 3
| Yogendra P. Tiwari
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2| [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
| [[Sharad Pawar]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2| [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 4
| [[Janardan Waghmare]]
| [[Majeed Memon]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 5
| [[Rajkumar Dhoot]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2| [[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
| [[Rajkumar Dhoot]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" rowspan=1|
| rowspan=1| [[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 6
| Bharatkumar Raut
| [[Sanjay Kakade]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Independent (politician)}}" rowspan=1|
| rowspan=1| [[Independent (politician)|Ind]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 7
| [[Prakash Javadekar]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" rowspan=1|
| rowspan=1| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Ramdas Athawale]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Republican Party of India (A)}}" rowspan=1|
| rowspan=1| [[Republican Party of India (Athawale)|RPI(A)]]

|}

===Odisha===
Has 10 members.

{| class="wikitable"
! #
! Previous MP
! colspan=2| Party
! Elected MP
! colspan=2| Party
! Reference
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 1
| [[Mangala Kisan]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}" rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2| [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
| [[Sarojini Hembram]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}" rowspan=3|
| rowspan=3| [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
| rowspan=4| <ref name="term"/>
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 2
| [[Renubala Pradhan]]
| [[Anubhav Mohanty]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 3
| [[Balbir Punj]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" rowspan=1|
| rowspan=1| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Ananga Udaya Singh Deo]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 4
| [[Ramachandra Khuntia]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan=1|
| rowspan=1| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| [[Ranjib Biswal]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan=1|
| rowspan=1| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]

|}

===Tamil Nadu===
Has 18 members.

{| class="wikitable"
! #
! Previous MP
! colspan=2| Party
! Elected MP
! colspan=2| Party
! Reference
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 1
| N. Balaganga
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|ADMK]]
| [[S. Muthukaruppan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" rowspan=4|
| rowspan=4| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|ADMK]]
| rowspan=6| <ref name="term"/>
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 2
| [[G. K. Vasan]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| [[Vijila Sathyananth]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 3
| [[Jayanthi Natarajan]]
| [[K. Selvaraj]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 4
| S. Amir Ali Jinnah
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
| [[Sasikala Pushpa]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 5
| [[Vasanthi Stanley]]
| [[Tiruchi Siva]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" rowspan=1|
| rowspan=1| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 6
| [[T. K. Rangarajan]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" rowspan=1|
| rowspan=1| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPM]]
| [[T. K. Rangarajan]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" rowspan=1|
| rowspan=1| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPM]]
|}

===West Bengal===
Has 16 members.

{| class="wikitable"
! #
! Previous MP
! colspan=2| Party
! Elected MP
! colspan=2| Party
! Reference
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 1
| [[Tarini Kanta Roy]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" rowspan=3|
| rowspan="3" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPM]]
| [[Ritabrata Banerjee]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPM]]
| rowspan=5| <ref name="term"/>
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 2
| [[Prasanta Chatterjee]]
| [[Kanwar Deep Singh]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}" rowspan=4|
| rowspan="4" | [[Trinamool Congress|TMC]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 3
| Shyamal Chakraborty
| [[Jogen Chowdhury]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 4
| [[Barun Mukherji (politician)|Barun Mukherji]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|All India Forward Bloc}}" rowspan=1|
| [[All India Forward Bloc|AIFB]]
| [[Ahmed Hassan Imran]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 5
| Ahmed Saeed Malihabadi
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Independent (politician)}}" rowspan=1|
| rowspan=1| [[Independent (politician)|Ind]]
| [[Mithun Chakraborty]]

|}

===Andhra Pradesh===
Has 11 members.
{| class="wikitable"
! Sr No
! Previous MP
! colspan=2| Party
! Elected MP
! colspan=2| Party
! Reference
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 1
| [[T. Subbarami Reddy]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan=1|
| rowspan=5| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| [[T. Subbarami Reddy]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan=1|
| rowspan=3| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| rowspan=6| <ref name="term"/>
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 2
| [[Mohd. Ali Khan]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Mohd. Ali Khan]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan=1|
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 3
| [[K. V. P. Ramachandra Rao]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan=1|
| [[K. V. P. Ramachandra Rao]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan=1|
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 4
| [[Nandi Yellaiah]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan=1|
| [[K. Keshava Rao]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color| Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}" rowspan=1|
| rowspan=1| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 5
| [[T. Ratna Bai]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Garikapati Mohan Rao]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" rowspan=2|
| rowspan="2"| [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 6
| [[Nandamuri Harikrishna]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
| [[Thota Seetharama Lakshmi]]

|}

===Assam===
Has 7 members.

{| class="wikitable"
! #
! Previous MP
! colspan=2| Party
! Elected MP
! colspan=2| Party
! Reference
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 1
| [[Biswajit Daimary]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bodoland People's Front}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Bodoland People's Front|BPF]]
| [[Biswajit Daimary]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bodoland People's Front}}" rowspan=1|
| rowspan=1| [[Bodoland People's Front|BPF]]
| rowspan=3| <ref name="term"/>
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 2
| [[Bhubaneswar Kalita]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan=1|
| rowspan=1| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| [[Bhubaneswar Kalita]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 3
| [[Birendra Prasad Baishya]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}" rowspan=1|
| rowspan=1| [[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
| [[Sanjaya Sinh|Sanjay Sinh]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|}

===Bihar===
Has 16 members.

{| class="wikitable"
! #
! Previous MP
! colspan=2| Party
! Elected MP
! colspan=2| Party
! Reference
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 1
| [[C. P. Thakur]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" rowspan=1|
| rowspan=1| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[C. P. Thakur]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| rowspan=5| <ref name="term"/>
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 2
| [[Prem Chand Gupta]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" rowspan=1|
| rowspan=1| [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
| [[Ravindra Kishore Sinha]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 3
| [[Shivanand Tiwari]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" rowspan=3|
| rowspan=3| [[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
| [[Kahkashan Perween]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" rowspan=3|
| rowspan=3| [[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 4
| [[N. K. Singh]]
| [[Harivansh Narayan Singh]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 5
| [[Sabir Ali (politician)|Sabir Ali]]
| [[Ram Nath Thakur]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|}

===Chhattisgarh===
Has 5 members.
{| class="wikitable"
! #
! Previous MP
! colspan=2| Party
! Elected MP
! colspan=2| Party
! Reference
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 1
| [[Motilal Vora]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan=1|
| rowspan=1| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| [[Motilal Vora]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan=1|
| rowspan=1| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| rowspan=2| <ref name="term"/>
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 2
| [[Shivpratap Singh]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" rowspan=1|
| rowspan=1| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Ranvijay Singh Judev]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" rowspan=1|
| rowspan=1| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|}

===Gujarat===
Has 11 members.

{| class="wikitable"
! #
! Previous MP
! colspan=2| Party
! Elected MP
! colspan=2| Party
! Reference

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 1
| [[Parsottambhai Rupala]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" rowspan=3|
| rowspan=3| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Chunibhai K Gohel]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" rowspan=3|
| rowspan=3| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| rowspan=4| <ref name="term"/>

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 2
| [[Natubhai Thakore]]
| [[Shambhuprasad Tundiya]]

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 3
| [[Bharatsinh Parmar]]
| [[Lal Sinh Vadodia]]

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 4
| [[Alka Balram Kshatriya]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan=1|
| rowspan=1| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| [[Madhusudan Mistry]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan=1|
| rowspan=1| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|}

===Haryana===
Has 5 members.
{| class="wikitable"
! #
! Previous MP
! colspan=2| Party
! Elected MP
! colspan=2| Party
! Reference
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 1
| [[Ram Prakash]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| [[Selja Kumari]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan=1|
| rowspan=1| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| rowspan=2| <ref name="term"/>
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 2
| Ishwar Singh
| [[Ram Kumar Kashyap]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Lok Dal}}" rowspan=1|
| rowspan=1| [[Indian National Lok Dal|INLD]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|}

===Himachal Pradesh===
Has 3 members.
{| class="wikitable"
! #
! Previous MP
! colspan=2| Party
! Elected MP
! colspan=2| Party
! Reference
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 1
| [[Shanta Kumar]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" rowspan=1|
| rowspan=1| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Viplove Thakur]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan=1|
| rowspan=1| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| rowspan=1| <ref name="term"/>
|}

===Jharkhand===
Has 6 members.
{| class="wikitable"
! #
! Previous MP
! colspan=2| Party
! Elected MP
! colspan=2| Party
! Reference
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 1
| [[Jai Prakash Narayan Singh]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" rowspan=1|
| rowspan=1| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Prem Chand Gupta]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" rowspan=1|
| rowspan=1| [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
| rowspan=2| <ref name="term"/>
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 2
| [[Parimal Nathwani]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Independent (politician)}}" rowspan=1|
| rowspan=1| [[Independent (politician)|Ind]]
| [[Parimal Nathwani]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Independent (politician)}}" rowspan=1|
| rowspan=1| [[Independent (politician)|Ind]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|}

===Madhya Pradesh===
Has 11 members.
{| class="wikitable"
! #
! Previous MP
! colspan=2| Party
! Elected MP
! colspan=2| Party
! Reference
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 1
| [[Prabhat Jha (politician)|Prabhat Jha]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" rowspan=3|
| rowspan=3| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Prabhat Jha (politician)|Prabhat Jha]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" rowspan=2|
| rowspan="2"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| rowspan=3| <ref name="term"/>

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 2
| [[Maya Singh]]
| [[Satyanarayan Jatiya]]

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 3
| [[Raghunandan Sharma (Mandsaur)|Raghunandan Sharma]]
| [[Digvijaya Singh]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]

|}

===Manipur===
Has 1 member.
{| class="wikitable"
! #
! Previous MP
! colspan=2| Party
! Elected MP
! colspan=2| Party
! Reference
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 1
| [[Rishang Keishing]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| [[Haji Abdul Salam]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| rowspan=1| <ref name="term"/>
|}

===Rajasthan===
Has 10 members.
{| class="wikitable"
! #
! Previous MP
! colspan=2| Party
! Elected MP
! colspan=2| Party
! Reference
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 1
| [[Om Prakash Mathur]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Narayan Lal Panchariya]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" rowspan=3|
| rowspan=3| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| rowspan=3| <ref name="term"/>
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 2
| [[Gyan Prakash Pilania]]
| [[Ramnarayan Dudi]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 3
| [[Prabha Thakur]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| [[Vijay Goel (politician)|Vijay Goel]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|}

===Meghalaya===
Has 1 member.
{| class="wikitable"
! #
! Previous MP
! colspan=2| Party
! Elected MP
! colspan=2| Party
! Reference
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 1
| [[Wansuk Syiem]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| [[Wansuk Syiem]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| rowspan=1| <ref name="term"/>
|}

==June elections==

===Arunachal Pradesh===
Has 1 member.
{| class="wikitable"
! #
! Previous MP
! colspan=2| Party
! Elected MP
! colspan=2| Party
! Reference
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 1
| [[Mukut Mithi]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| [[Mukut Mithi]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| rowspan=1| <ref name="term"/>
|}

===Karnataka===
Has 12 members.
{| class="wikitable"
! #
! Previous MP
! colspan=2| Party
! Elected MP
! colspan=2| Party
! Reference
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 1
| [[B. K. Hariprasad]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| [[B. K. Hariprasad]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| rowspan=4| <ref name="term"/>

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 2
| [[S M Krishna]]
| [[Rajeev Gowda]]

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 3
| [[Prabhakar Kore]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Prabhakar Kore]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 4
| [[Rama Jois]]
| [[D. Kupendra Reddy]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}" |
| [[Janata Dal (Secular)|JDS]]

|}

===Mizoram===
Has 1 member.
{| class="wikitable"
! #
! Previous MP
! colspan=2| Party
! Elected MP
! colspan=2| Party
! Reference
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 1
| [[Lalhming Liana]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Mizo National Front}}" |
| [[Mizo National Front|MNF]]
| [[Ronald Sapa Tlau]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| rowspan=1| <ref name="term"/>
|}

==November elections==
The elections in November were from Uttar Pradesh and Uttarkhand, and were held on November 20, 2014.<ref name= nov />

===[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]] ===
Has 31 members.
{| class="wikitable"
! #
! Previous MP
! colspan=2| Party
! Elected MP
! colspan=2| Party
! Reference
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 1
| [[Kusum Rai]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Manohar Parrikar]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| rowspan=10 |<ref name="term" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 2
| [[Ram Gopal Yadav]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
| [[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
| [[Ram Gopal Yadav]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" rowspan=6|
| rowspan="6"| [[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 3
| [[Amar Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Amar Singh]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}" |
| [[Independent Politician|Ind]]
| [[Chandrapal Singh Yadav]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 4
| [[Brajesh Pathak]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" rowspan=6|
| rowspan="6" | [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
| [[Javed Ali Khan]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 5
| Brijlal Khabari
| [[Tazeen Fatma]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 6
| [[Avtar Singh Karimpuri]]
| [[Neeraj Shekhar]]

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 7
| [[Akhilesh Das Gupta]]
| [[Ravi Prakash Verma]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 8
| [[Veer Singh (politician)|Veer Singh]]
| [[Veer Singh (politician)|Veer Singh]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" rowspan=2|
| rowspan="2"| [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 9
| [[Rajaram (politician)|Rajaram]]
| [[Rajaram (politician)|Rajaram]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 10
| Mohammed Adeeb
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Independent Politician|Ind]]
| [[P. L. Punia]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]

|}

===[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Uttarakhand|Uttarakhand]] ===
Has 3 members.
{| class="wikitable"
! #
! Previous MP
! colspan=2| Party
! Elected MP
! colspan=2| Party
! Reference
|-

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 1
| [[Bhagat Singh Koshyari]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Manorama Dobriyal Sharma]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| rowspan=1 | <ref name="term"/>

|}

==By-elections==

13 by-elections were held (caused by resignation, death or disqualification).

{| class="wikitable"
! Seat No
! State
! colspan="2" | Party
!
! colspan="2" | Party
!
! Reference<ref name="term"/>
|-

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 1
|[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]]
| [[S. P. Singh Baghel]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
| [[Vishambhar Prasad Nishad]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
| rowspan=1 |<ref name="up-bye">{{cite web|title=SP Candidate Nishad Elected Unopposed to Rajya Sabha |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/sp-candidate-nishad-elected-unopposed-to-rajya-sabha/844346 |publisher= Outlook Magazine |access-date=16 August 2017}}</ref><ref name="ec-june">{{cite web|title=Bye-elections to the Council of States from various States.|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/current/PN27_27052014.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140719210133/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/current/PN27_27052014.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 July 2014|publisher=Election Commission of India, New Delhi.|access-date=16 August 2017}}</ref>
|-

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 1
|[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh]]
| [[N. Janardhana Reddy]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| [[Nirmala Sitharaman]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| rowspan=1 |<ref name=ap-bye>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/union-minister-nirmala-sitharaman-files-rajya-sabha-nomination/ |title=Union minister Nirmala Sitharaman files Rajya Sabha nomination}}</ref><ref name="ec-june"/><ref name="bye-july"/>
|-

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 1
|rowspan=3|[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Bihar|Bihar]]
| [[Rajiv Pratap Rudy]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Sharad Yadav]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" rowspan=3|
| rowspan=3|[[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]
| rowspan=1 |<ref name="bh-bye">{{cite web|title=JD-U nominates Sharad Yadav for Rajya Sabha poll|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/jd-u-nominates-sharad-yadav-for-rajya-sabha-poll/articleshow/36304482.cms|website=economictimes.indiatimes.com/|access-date=16 August 2017|archive-date=16 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816203953/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/jd-u-nominates-sharad-yadav-for-rajya-sabha-poll/articleshow/36304482.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="ec-june"/>
|-

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 2
| [[Ram Kripal Yadav]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
| [[Pavan Kumar Varma]]
| rowspan=1 |<ref name="bh-bye"/><ref name="ec-june"/>
|-

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 3
| [[Ram Vilas Paswan]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Lok Janshakti Party}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
| [[Gulam Rasool Balyawi]]
| rowspan=1 |<ref name="bh-bye"/><ref name="ec-june"/>
|-

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 1
|[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Madhya Pradesh|Madhya Pradesh]]
| [[Faggan Singh Kulaste]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Prakash Javdekar]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| rowspan=1 |<ref name=term/><ref name="ec-june"/>
|-

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 1
| [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]
| [[Tariq Anwar (politician)|Tariq Anwar]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
| [[Praful Patel]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
| rowspan=1 |<ref name=term/><ref name="ec-june"/>
|-

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 2
|[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Madhya Pradesh|Madhya Pradesh]]
| [[Kaptan Singh Solanki]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Meghraj Jain]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| rowspan=1 |<ref name="mp-bye">{{cite web|title=Bye-Election to the Council of States from Madhya Pradesh.|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/current/PN40_01092014.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426112735/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/current/PN40_01092014.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 April 2015|publisher=Election Commission of India, New Delhi.|access-date=16 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Meghraj Jain of BJP elected to Rajya Sabha from Madhya Pradesh|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/meghraj-jain-of-bjp-elected-to-rajya-sabha-from-madhya-pradesh-114091500869_1.html|access-date=18 August 2017}}</ref>
|-

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 1
|[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]]
| [[T. M. Selvaganapathy]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
| [[A. Navaneethakrishnan]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" rowspan=1|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
| rowspan=1 |<ref name="tn-rs">{{cite web|title=Jayalalithaa nominates four for RS polls|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/aiadmk-nominates-four-members-for-rajya-sabha-elections/article8645759.ece|work=The Hindu|access-date=16 August 2017}}</ref><ref name="bye-july">{{cite web|title=Bye-elections to the Council of States from various States|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/current/PN33_12062014.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705055354/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/current/PN33_12062014.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 July 2014|publisher=Election Commission of India, New Delhi.|access-date=16 August 2017}}</ref>
|-

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 1
|rowspan=2|[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Odisha|Odisha]]
| [[Shashi Bhusan Behera]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}" rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|[[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
| [[Bhupinder Singh (politician)|Bhupinder Singh]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}" rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|[[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
| rowspan=1 |<ref name="bye-july"/><ref name="od-bye">{{cite web|title=BJD's Singh and Singhdeo elected to Rajya Sabha unopposed|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/bjd-s-singh-and-singhdeo-elected-to-rajya-sabha-unopposed-114062601331_1.html|publisher=Business Standard|access-date=16 August 2017}}</ref>
|-

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 2
| [[Rabinarayan Mohapatra]]
| [[A U Singh Deo]]
| rowspan=1 |<ref name="bye-july"/><ref name="od-bye"/>
|-

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 1
|rowspan=2|[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Haryana|Haryana]]
| [[Ch. Birender Singh]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| [[Ch. Birender Singh]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| rowspan=1 |<ref name=hy-bye>{{cite web|title=Bye-elections to the Council of States from Haryana.|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/current/PN59_14112014.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426121020/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/current/PN59_14112014.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 April 2015|publisher=Election Commission of India, New Delhi|access-date=16 August 2017}}</ref>
|-

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 2
| [[Ranbir Singh Prajapati]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Lok Dal}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Indian National Lok Dal|INLD]]
| [[Suresh Prabhu]]
| rowspan=1 |<ref name=hy-bye/>

|}

===[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh]]===
{| class="wikitable"
! #
! State
! Previous MP
! colspan=2| Party
! Elected MP
! colspan=2| Party
! Reference<ref name="term"/>
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 1
|[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh]]
| [[N. Janardhana Reddy]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| [[Nirmala Sitharaman]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| rowspan=1 |<ref name=ap-bye/><ref name="ec-june"/><ref name="bye-july"/>

|}

===[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Bihar|Bihar]]===
{| class="wikitable"
! Seat No
! State
! Previous MP
! colspan=2| Previous Party
! Elected MP
! colspan=2| Elected Party
! Reference<ref name="term"/>
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 1
|rowspan=3|[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Bihar|Bihar]]
| [[Rajiv Pratap Rudy]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Sharad Yadav]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" rowspan=3|
| rowspan=3|[[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]
| rowspan=1 |<ref name="bh-bye"/><ref name="ec-june"/>
|-
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 2
| [[Ram Kripal Yadav]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
| [[Pavan Kumar Varma]]
| rowspan=1 |<ref name="bh-bye"/><ref name="ec-june"/>
|-

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 3
| [[Ram Vilas Paswan]]
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Lok Janshakti Party}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
| [[Gulam Rasool Balyawi]]
| rowspan=1 |<ref name="bh-bye"/><ref name="ec-june"/>
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Rajya Sabha}}
{{Indian_Rajya_Sabha_elections_2014}}

[[Category:2014 elections in India]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha elections in India|2014]]

Moni Bhattacharjee

2025-08-25T04:34:07Z

MyIPL: stub

{{Short description|Indian film director and screenwriter}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Moni Bhattacharjee
| image =
| imagesize =
| birth_name = Moni Bhattacharya
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British Raj|Birth India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = [[Film director]], [[screenwriter]]
| networth =
| website =
| yearsactive = 1958–1970
| othername = M. Bhattacharjee
}}
'''Moni Bhattacharjee''' was an Indian [[film director]] and [[screenwriter]] of the 1960s who directed [[Hindi language]] films.

==Career==
Bhattacharjee started as an assistant to [[Bimal Roy]] on many classic films of the 1950s. After the success of the film ''[[Madhumati]]'' (1958), Bimal Roy asked him to direct ''Usne Kaha Tha'', which Roy produced under Bimal Roy Productions label, thus starting Bhattacharjee's career as a fully fledged director.<ref name=TH>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/Usne-Kaha-Tha-1961/article15394537.ece |title=Usne Kaha Tha 1961|date=29 November 2008|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=13 December 2018 }}</ref> However, ''Usne Kaha Tha'' itself was a "none too smooth takeoff".<ref name=IWI>{{cite journal|last=Bharatan|first=Raju|title=Indian Film Scene|journal=[[The Illustrated Weekly of India]]|year=1969|volume=9|issue=3|pages=47|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mVc6AQAAIAAJ&q=Moni+Bhattacharjee }}</ref> Bhattacharjee went on to direct numerous films, and is best known for the [[dacoit]] film, ''[[Mujhe Jeene Do]]'' (1963), which starred [[Sunil Dutt]] and [[Waheeda Rehman]]<ref name=TH2>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/article428970.ece|title=Mujhe Jeene Do (1963)|date=13 May 2010|work=The Hindu}}</ref> and was among the "Official Selection" at the [[1964 Cannes Film Festival]].<ref name="Cannes">[http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/1964/inCompetition.html Official Selection 1964] [[Cannes Film Festival]]</ref>

''[[The Hindu]]'' praised ''Mujhe Jeene Do'', writing that the "brilliant synthesis of script, photography, music, lyrics, acting and direction sends you on an emotional rollercoaster".<ref name=TH2/> ''[[The Illustrated Weekly of India]]'' stated that Bhattacharjee was "groomed in the Bimal Roy school", and that his first directorial efforts were not as successful as ''Mujhe Jeene Do'', which "placed him in the top flight of young directors".<ref name=IWI/> Of ''Mujhe Jeene Do'', ''The Link'' wrote: "The moral of the film is legion, and the acting impeded by Moni Bhattacharjee's confused direction. Only one thing is left. Does it, in all its humbling messiness, ever touch the heart?"<ref name="Link">{{cite book|title=Link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QDBWAAAAYAAJ|accessdate=2012-01-11|year=1963|publisher=United India Periodicals|page=37}}</ref>

More recently, in 2010, ''Mujhe Jeene Do'' was described as a "classic" by ''[[The Hindu]]'' newspaper.<ref name=TH2/>

== Filmography ==

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="4" style="background:#bfd7ff"|Assistant director
|-
!Year !! Film !!Producer !!Notes
|-
|1953
|''[[Parineeta (1953 film)|Parineeta]]''
|Ashok Kumar
|
|-
|1953
|''[[Do Bigha Zamin]]''
|Bimal Roy
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film#Winners and nominees|Filmfare Award for Best Film]]
|-
|[[List of Bollywood films of 1954|1954]]
|''[[Biraj Bahu]]''
|Hiten Choudhury
|
|-
|[[List of Bollywood films of 1958|1958]]
|''[[Madhumati]]''
|Bimal Roy Productions
|Highest-grossing film of 1958. It garnered 9 [[Filmfare Awards#Records|Filmfare Awards]]
|-
|[[List of Bollywood films of 1958|1958]]
|''[[Yahudi]]''
|Savak B. Vacha
|
|}
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="4" style="background:#bfd7ff"|Director
|-
!Year !! Film !!Producer !!Notes
|-
|1960
| ''[[Usne Kaha Tha]]''
|[[Bimal Roy]]
|
|-
|1963
| ''[[Mujhe Jeene Do]]''
|[[Sunil Dutt]]
|Won [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor]]
|-
|1967
| ''[[Jaal (1967 film)|Jaal]]''
|A.R. Khan
|Also scriptwriter
|-
|1968
| ''[[Baazi (1968 film)|Baazi]]''
|Tony Walker
|
|-
|1971
| ''[[Chaahat (1971 film)|Chaahat]]''
|G.M. Roshan
|
|-
|}

===Awards and nominations===
* 1964, nominated for [[Palme d'Or]] at [[Cannes Film Festival]] for ''[[Mujhe Jeene Do]]''<ref name="Cannes"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0080358}}

{{Portal |Film}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhattacharjee, Moni}}
[[Category:Film directors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Bengali film directors]]
[[Category:Bengali screenwriters]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Manesar land scam

2025-08-18T19:28:11Z

MyIPL: post.

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox court case
| name = Gurugram-Manesar IMT land scam
| court = [[Supreme Court of India]]
| image = Emblem_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_India.svg
| imagesize =
| imagelink =
| imagealt =
| caption =
| full name = Gurugram-Manesar Industrial Model Township land grab scam case
| date decided =
| citations =
| transcripts =
| judges = Adrash Kumar Goel and Udey Umesh Lalit,<ref name=judg1>[http://www.merinews.com/article/landmark-sc-judgment-in-manesar-land-acquisition-scam-victory-at-last-for-crusader-om-prakash-yadav/15929584.shtml&cp Landmark SC judgment in Manesar land acquisition scam; victory at last for crusader Om Prakash Yadav], MeriNews.com], 15 Mar 2018.</ref>
| number of judges = 2
| prior actions = [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] inquiry
| subsequent actions = Further CBI inquiry
| opinions =
| keywords = [[List of scandals in India|Political scams in India]]
}}
[[File:Bhupinder Singh Hooda in WEF, 2010.jpg |thumb|Bhupinder Singh Hooda]]

'''Gurugram-Manesar Industrial Model Township land grab scam case''' pertains to the chargesheet filed by the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI) against former [[Haryana]] Chief Minister [[Bhupinder Singh Hooda]] and 33 others for the [[Manesar#Industrial_Model_Township,_Manesar|Manesar Industrial Model Township]] land acquisition scam.<ref name=IMTM3>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/cbi-files-charge-sheet-against-hooda-in-manesar-land-scam-case/article22633413.ece CBI files charge sheet against Hooda in Manesar land scam case ], [[The Hindu]], 2 Feb 2018.</ref> This scam resulted in INR1500 crore (15 billion) loss to the farmers of [[Manesar]] and neighbouring village in [[Gurugram district]] whose 688 acre land was being acquired at a low rate for "public purpose".<ref name=IMTM1/> This land was later licensed to real estate companies after granting them out of term favours and concessions.<ref name=chor2/> Private builders grabbed 400 acres land from farmers at throwaway price based on the threat of acquisition by the government.<ref name=chor2/> Once this land was bought by the builders, Hooda government released this land from the acquisition process in the favor of builders instead of the original owners.<ref name=chor2/> Market value of this 400 acre land was nearly INR4 crore per acre or total INR1600 crore, which was acquired by the builders at only INR100 crore, causing a loss of INR1500 crore to innocent farmer owners of Manesar, Naurangpur and Lakhnoula villages.<ref name=chor2>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/manesar-land-scam:-former-haryana-cm-bhupinder-singh-hooda-chargesheeted/articleshow/62755290.cms Manesar land scam: Ex-Haryana CM Bhupinder Singh Hooda chargesheeted], [[Times of India]], 2 Feb 2018.</ref>

[[Supreme Court of India]] cancelled this illegal acquisition and grant of land to the builders, returned the land to Haryana government, directed the government to ''"recover every single pie"'' and instructed the CBI to investigate it further to expose those who profited from this scam.<ref name=IMTM1/><ref name=IMTM2/> One of the beneficiary of the scam was Hooda's nephew, Sukhwinder, whose company was given change of land use (CLU) permission for 52 acres land for INR57 lakh on the same day the government land acquisition process had lapsed for the want of release of funds, while at the same time CLU was denied to two other applicants [who were not related to Hooda].<ref name=chor3>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/ex-cm-hoodas-nephew-among-beneficiaries-of-manesar-land-scam-chargesheet/articleshow/63050556.cms Bhupinder Singh Hooda’s nephew among beneficiaries of Manesar land scam: Chargesheet], [[Times of India]], 24 Feb 2018.</ref>

CBI is currently investigating the case further. Hooda and 33 others have been charged in the special CBI court.<ref name=IMTM3/> Next CBI court hearing against Hooda and 33 others will be from 19 April 2018.<ref name=next1/>

There are a total of 6 CBI cases and several other vigilance department investigations against Hooda underway.<ref name=chor5>[https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/punjab-and-haryana/chandigarh/bhupendra-singh-hooda-to-face-cbi-probe-in-two-more-cases/articleshow/63288447.cms Hooda under investigation by CBI in several cases], [[Navbharat Times]], 13 Mar 2018.</ref> [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] is investigating several scams, mostly related to illegal land grab, that took place during his rule in Haryana. These investigations include the [[Robert Vadra DLF land grab scam]], [[Gurugram Rajiv Gandhi Trust land grab scam]], [[Sonepat-Kharkhoda IMT land scam case]], [[Garhi Sampla Uddar Gagan land scam]], [[AJL-National Herald Panchkula land grab case]], [[AJL-National Herald Panchkula land grab scam]], [[Haryana Forestry scam case]] and [[Haryana Raxil drug purchase scam]]. He has been already [[Chargesheet|chargesheeted]] in the Manesar-Gurugram land scam, while other cases are still under investigation (c. March 2018).<ref name=chor1>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/cbi-to-probe-two-more-hooda-govt-land-deals/557679.html CBI to probe two more Hooda govt land deals] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314174939/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/cbi-to-probe-two-more-hooda-govt-land-deals/557679.html |date=14 March 2018 }}, [[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]], 14 March 2018.</ref><ref name=chor5/> Hooda acquired land from the illiterate poor farmers at throwaway prices in the name of ''"public interest"'' and licensed it to builders by granting them out-of-turn favors, which caused the exponential rise in the land price resulting in big gains for the builders. During his 10-year rule as Chief Minister, Hooda, licensed a massive 24,825 acres of land compared to just 8,550.32 acres by successive Chief Ministers in the 23 years preceding Hooda rule.<ref name=uddar2>[https://www.firstpost.com/politics/hooda-haryana-vadra-scam-huda-2781232.html Hooda’s land largesse for pvt builder ‘clear fraud’, SC restores it to HUDA], [[Firstpost]], 15 May 2016.</ref>

==Details==
===Modus of scam===
Builders coerce farmers to sell their land by getting the government to use the Section 4 of the land law to have a government notification issued to the farmer that their land is required for the ''"public purpose"''. Builders try to acquire this land by offering a small premium above the government’s rate for the acquisition of the land. If landowners farmers still resist the sale, then Section 6 of land law is applied by declaring the government's intention to acquire land, which forces the reluctant farmers to sell the land to builders at small premium. Once the land is acquired by the builders, government cancels the acquisition process and releases the land to new build owners, along with the change in land use (CLU) permission to build residential and industrial building on the farm land. This results in steep rise in the land prices, resulting in massive gains for the builders, opportunity cost loss to the farmers and land tax revenue loss to the government.<ref name=uddar2/>

In 2004, Hooda government issued the notification to acquire the 688-acre land for the [[Manesar#Industrial_Model_Township,_Manesar|IMT Manesar]].<ref name=IMTM1/> By the time the government retracted the notification, the builders had managed to buy 400 acres for a total price of Rs 100 crore, as opposed to the market value of Rs 1,600 crore.<ref name=IMTM1/> Private builders grabbed this 400 acres land from farmers at throwaway price based on the threat of acquisition by the government. Once this land was bought by the builders, Hooda government released this land from the acquisition process in the favor of builders instead of the original owners. Market value of this 400 acre land was nearly INR4 crore per acre or total INR1600 crore, which was acquired by the builders at only INR100 crore, causing a loss of INR1500 crore to innocent farmer owners of Manesar, Naurangpur and Lakhnoula villages.<ref name=IMTM1/><ref name=chor2/>

{{Quote
|text=''"The acquisition process was withdrawn with fraudulent intentions after the land was purchased by the private builders in active connivance with state functionaries. The builders and private entities were aware that the acquisition would not go through. The entire acquisition proceedings were initiated with mala fide intention, illegally and in violation of the provisions of the Land Acquisition Act. It was not a mere bonanza or a deal, but denoted quid pro quo."''
|author=[[Supreme Court of India]]
|source=<ref name=chor4/>}}

===Restoration of land to government by the Supreme Court ===
On 17 September 2015, CBI had registered an FIR under [[Indian Penal Code]] [[Section 420 of the Indian Penal Code|sections 420 (cheating)]], 465 (forgery), 467 (forgery of valuable security), 468 (forgery for purpose of cheating), 471 (using as genuine a forged document) and 120-B (criminal conspiracy) and under section 13 of the Prevention of Corruption Act. After which the premier investigating agency of India, CBI, conducted searches on 24 places to uncover irregularities in the purchase of land from farmers.<ref name=chor2/>

On 13 March 2018, Supreme Court cancelled the acquisition of 688 acres in Manesar.<ref name=IMTM1>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/after-sc-ruling-on-manesar-govt-gives-more-hooda-era-land-cases-to-cbi/articleshow/63291656.cms Supreme Court's Manesar ruling to affect 5,000 homebuyers], [[Times of India]], 14 Mar 2018.</ref> Supreme Court cancelled this illegal acquisition and grant of land to the builders by Hooda's government.<ref name=chor4/> The land was returned to the Haryana government's HUDA/HSIDC.<ref name=IMTM2>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/manesar-land-scam-sc-sets-aside-hooda-govt-decision-to-drop-land-acquisition-proceedings/story-uOxYODCtQLpDlP2pCIPcjK.html Manesar land scam: SC sets aside Hooda govt decision to drop land acquisition proceedings], [[Hindustan Times]], 14 Mar 2018.</ref> Land would not be returned to the landholders as they already received more money than the prevailing price.<ref name=chor4/> The builders will not be allowed to recover any money they paid to land owners as the deal was done to benefit them and middlemen.<ref name=chor4>[https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/supreme-court-slams-hooda-government-scraps-illegal-land-acquisition-in-haryana-1823030 "Nothing But Fraud": Supreme Court Scraps Haryana Land Deals Under BS Hooda Rule], [[NDTV]], 13 Mar 2018.</ref> Court's decision will not affect 5,000 home buyers who will still receive their refund or property from the government on the original terms and price agreed with the builders.<ref name=IMTM1/>

Court directed the CBI to investigate this case further to unearth unnatural gains received by middle men.<ref name=IMTM2/><ref name=chor4/> Court also instructed the Haryana government to ''"recover every single pie"''.<ref name=chor4/> Supreme court case was filed by the crusader, Om Prakash Yadav, the former Sarpanch of Manesar, who fought a decade-long battle for ensuring justice for the farmers during which he was threatened several times and was also provided security by the [[Haryana Police]].<ref name=judg1>[http://www.merinews.com/article/landmark-sc-judgment-in-manesar-land-acquisition-scam-victory-at-last-for-crusader-om-prakash-yadav/15929584.shtml&cp Landmark SC judgment in Manesar land acquisition scam; victory at last for crusader Om Prakash Yadav], MeriNews.com], 15 Mar 2018.</ref>

===Current status: Ongoing CBI inquiry and chargesheet ===
Based on the Supreme Court's order to investigate further, Hooda and 33 others, including real estate companies and government officials, were charged by the CBI in the special CBI court on 2 Feb 2018.

The CBI submitted chargesheet against former Haryana Chief Minister, Bhupinder Singh Hooda and 33 others, including real estate companies, officials of department of town and country planning Haryana and bureaucrats who worked with Hooda in his office while he was Chief Minister of Haryana.<ref name=chor2/><ref name=IMTM3/> Hooda's nephew, Sukhwinder, is also one of the beneficiary of the scam.<ref name=chor3/> Other accused include senior IAS officials Chattar Singh, M.L. Tayal and S.S. Dhillon, who had worked under Hooda.<ref name=IMTM3/> Atul Bansal of ABW Builders was also chargesheeted.<ref name=IMTM3/> Developers named in the chargesheet are [[DLF (company)|DLF]], [[Unitech Group]], ABW, Karma, RP Estate and Innovative.<ref name=IMTM2/>

On 15 March 2018, CBI court summoned Hooda and 33 others for the court hearing to commence from 19 April 2018.<ref name=next1>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/cbi-court-summons-former-haryana-cm-hooda-in-manesar-land-deal-case/558698.html CBI court summons former Haryana CM Hooda in Manesar land deal case], [[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]], 15 Mar 2018.</ref>

==See also==
* [[Corruption in India]]
* [[Political families of Haryana|Dynastic politics of Haryana]]
* [[National Herald scam]]
* [[Rajiv_Gandhi_Charitable_Trust#Controversies|Rajiv Gandhi Charitable Trust land grab cases]]
* [[Robert_Vadra#Controversies|Robert Vadra land grab cases]]
* [[List of scandals in India|List of scams in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Alleged scams in India}}
{{Scams and confidence tricks}}



[[Category:Law of India]]
[[Category:Central Bureau of Investigation]]
[[Category:Confidence tricks]]
[[Category:Supreme Court of India]]

Battle of Anandpur (1700)

2025-08-14T19:40:40Z

MyIPL: Content improved for clarity and flow

{{short description|Battle of the Mughal-Sikh Wars}}
{{About|a conflict that took place in the year 1700|other battles fought at the same location|Battle of Anandpur (disambiguation){{!}}Battle of Anandpur}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Anandpur (1700)
| partof = Mughal-Sikh Wars
| image =
| caption =
| date = 1700<ref name="sarsa">{{cite book|url=http://m.friendfeed-media.com/6e9ec7f58014456d2d5fd015cc8af9d2974509c0|title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges|page=48|author=Jacques, Tony|date=30 November 2006 |publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=978-0-313-33536-5|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626120848/http://m.friendfeed-media.com/6e9ec7f58014456d2d5fd015cc8af9d2974509c0|archive-date=2015-06-26}}</ref>
| place = [[Anandpur Sahib|Anandpur]]
| territory =
| result = Sikh victory<ref name="sarsa">{{cite book|url=http://m.friendfeed-media.com/6e9ec7f58014456d2d5fd015cc8af9d2974509c0|title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges|page=48|author=Jacques, Tony|date=30 November 2006 |publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=978-0-313-33536-5|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626120848/http://m.friendfeed-media.com/6e9ec7f58014456d2d5fd015cc8af9d2974509c0|archive-date=2015-06-26}}</ref>
| combatant1 = [[File:Sikh_flag.jpg|30px]] [[Khalsa]] ([[Sikhs]])
| combatant2 = [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]]
[[Mughal Empire]] 
*[[Raja]]s of the [[Sivalik Hills]]
| commander1 = [[File:Sikh_flag.jpg|25px]] [[Guru Gobind Singh]]
*Panj Pyare
**[[File:Sikh_flag.jpg|25px]] [[Bhai Daya Singh]]
**[[File:Sikh_flag.jpg|25px]] [[Bhai Dharam Singh]]
**[[File:Sikh_flag.jpg|25px]] [[Bhai Mohkam Singh]]
**[[File:Sikh_flag.jpg|25px]] [[Bhai Himmat Singh]]
**[[File:Sikh_flag.jpg|25px]] [[Bhai Sahib Singh]]
| commander2 = [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] Din Beg{{WIA}} [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] Painde Khan{{KIA}}
| strength1 = 7,000<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Dalip |title=Life of Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji |publisher=CSJS |year=2015 |isbn=978-81-7601-480-9 |edition=6th |pages=175 |language=English}}</ref>
| strength2 = 10,000 Mughals<ref name="sur"/> + unknown number of hill raja troops
| casualties1 = Unknown
| casualties2 = Unknown, General Painde Khan was killed by [[Guru Gobind Singh]].<ref name="sarsa">{{cite book|url=http://m.friendfeed-media.com/6e9ec7f58014456d2d5fd015cc8af9d2974509c0|title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges|page=48|author=Jacques, Tony|date=30 November 2006 |publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=978-0-313-33536-5|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626120848/http://m.friendfeed-media.com/6e9ec7f58014456d2d5fd015cc8af9d2974509c0|archive-date=2015-06-26}}</ref>
| notes =
}}
{{Campaignbox Mughal-Sikh Wars}}

The '''Battle of Anandpur''' was fought at [[Anandpur Sahib|Anandpur]], between the armies of the [[Sikh Guru]] [[Guru Gobind Singh|Gobind Singh]] and the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] forces aided by the [[Nawab of Bahawalpur|Nawab]] of [[Bahawalpur (princely state)|Bahawalpur state]], [[Raja]]s of the [[Hill States of India|Sivalik Hills]].<ref name="sur">{{cite book|last=Gandhi|first=Surjit Singh|title=History of Sikh Gurus Retold: 1606-1708 C.E| publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vZFBp89UInUC&pg=PA815|isbn=9788126908585|date=2007|pages=815}}</ref>

==Cause==

The increasing power of Guru Gobind Singh, and his establishment of a military order ([[Khalsa]]) alarmed the Rajas of the Sivalik hills. The hill Rajas were concerned about [[Gobind Singh]]'s rising power and influence in their region and following the defeat of Alim Chand and Balia Chand that unnerved the hill Rajas.<ref name="sur"/><ref name="fen">{{cite book|last=Fenech|first=Louis|title=The Sikh Zafar-namah of Guru Gobind Singh|date=31 January 2013 | publisher=OUP USA|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aUUfAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA161|isbn=9780199931453| pages=161}}</ref> After some failed attempts to check the Guru's power, the Rajas teamed with the [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Aurangzeb]] and his [[Nawab|Governor]] [[Wazir Khan (Sirhind)|Wazir Khan]] to help them against the Guru.<ref name="sur"/>

The Mughal viceroy of Delhi sent his generals Din Beg and Painda Khan, each with an army of five thousand men, to subdue the Guru under direct orders from Aurangzeb.<ref>{{cite book|last=Banerjee|first=Indubhusan|title=Evolution of the Khalsa|publisher=A. Mukerjee|location=[[Calcutta]]|oclc=5880923|pages=25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gandhi |first=Surjit Singh |url=http://archive.org/details/AHistoriansApproachToGuruGobindSingh1 |title=A Historians Approach To Guru Gobind Singh |pages=253}}</ref> The Mughal forces were joined by the armies of the hill chiefs at [[Rupar]]. The Guru appointed the ''[[Panj Piare]]'', his five beloved Sikhs, as the generals of his army.<ref name="sur"/>

==Battle==

According to the Sikh chronicles, Guru Gobind Singh refused to play the role of an aggressor, as he had vowed never to strike except in [[self-defence]].{{Source?|date=May 2024}}

In the course of a long action near Anandpur, northeast of Ludhiana, Painda Khan was killed—reputedly in [[single combat]] by Guru Gobind Singh. After Painde Khan's death, Din Beg assumed the command of his troops.{{Cn|date=May 2024}} However, he failed to overpower the Guru's forces. The hill Rajas fled from the battlefield, and Din Beg was forced to retreat after being wounded. He was pursued by the Guru's army as far as [[Rupar]].<ref name="sur"/>

==Aftermath==

After the Mughal generals failed to drive off the Guru from Anandpur, the Painda Khan lead Mughal army attacked Anandpur, leading to the [[Battle of Anandpur (1701)]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kaur|first1=Madanjit|title=Guru Gobind Singh : historical and ideological perspective|date=2007|publisher=Unistar Books|location=Chandigarh, India|isbn=9788189899554}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
* The Battle of Anandpur is depicted in the movie [[Chaar Sahibzaade]].{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Punjab (India)}}
{{Guru Gobind Singh}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:First Battle Of Anandpur}}
[[Category:Battles involving the Mughal Empire|Anandpur]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Sikhs|Anandpur, First Battle of]]
[[Category:1700 in India]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1700|Anandpur]]
[[Category:17th century in the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:1700s in the Mughal Empire]]

Montu Saini

2025-07-23T20:37:28Z

MyIPL: page.

{{short description|Indian chef based in New Delhi (born 1982)}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=April 2018}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}

'''Montu Saini''' (born 5 August 1982) is an Indian [[chef]] based in [[New Delhi]]. He was posted as Executive chef to the [[President of India]] in the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]] from June, 2015 to July, 2020.<ref name="Huffington Post India">{{Cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/10/26/president-of-india-chef-rashtrapati-bhavan-kitchen_a_21592120/|title=Meet The Man Who Cooks For The President Of India|date=2016-10-26|work=Huffington Post India|access-date=2018-02-06|language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/slideshows/people/meet-the-man-who-cooks-for-the-president-of-india/all-about-food/slideshow/55542928.cms|title=Meet the man who cooks for the President of India - All about food|website=The Economic Times|access-date=2018-02-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.expressbpd.com/fhw/chefs-platter/cooking-for-the-president/253667/|title=Cooking for the President - BPD|website=www.expressbpd.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-06}}</ref><ref name="The Better India">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/74600/montu-saini-chef-president-of-india-club-des-chefs-des-chefs/|title=What is it Like to Cook for the President of India? The Power Chef at Rashtrapati Bhawan Spills the Beans|date=2016-11-12|work=The Better India|access-date=2018-02-06|language=en-US}}</ref> He is the recipient of '''"Young Hotel Chef"''' Award 2014<ref>{{Cite journal|date=September 2014|title=HRANI Hospitality|url=http://www.hrani.net.in/publications/HRANIHospitalitySeptember2014.pdf|journal=HRANI Hospitality|publisher=Hotel & Restaurant Association of Northern India|volume= 9| issue = 2|pages=16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hospitalitybizindia.com/detailNews.aspx?aid=20227&sid=7|title=Hospitality Biz India :: Young achievers honoured at annual FHRAI Awards|website=www.hospitalitybizindia.com|access-date=2018-02-06}}</ref> from Federation of Hotel & Restaurant Association Of India and "'''Master Chef"''' Award 2014 from Indian Culinary Forum

Montu Saini was associated with [[Ashok Group|Ashok Group of Hotel]] since 2005. He joined Ashok Group of Hotels as a Kitchen Management Trainee and became a [[Chef]] in 2007 promoting to [[Sous chef|Sous Chef]] in March 2014. Notably he is also the youngest member of the [[Le Club des Chefs des Chefs|Club des Chefs des Chefs]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.chefs-des-chefs.com/members/|title=Members - club des chefs des chefs|work=club des chefs des chefs|access-date=2018-02-06|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="The Better India"/>

As a Presidents Secretariat headed the kitchen Brigade of family and state banquets. He has hosted banquets to some of the highest dignitaries of the world from countries like Tanzania,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/25369/State+visit+of+President+of+the+United+Republic+of+Tanzania+to+India+June+17++21+2015|title=State visit of President of the United Republic of Tanzania to India (June 17 – 21, 2015)|website=www.mea.gov.in|language=en|access-date=2018-02-06}}</ref> [[Mozambique|Republic of Mozambique]],<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/25568/State+visit+of+President+of+the+Republic+of+Mozambique+to+India+August+4++8+2015|title=State visit of President of the Republic of Mozambique to India (August 4 - 8, 2015)|website=mea.gov.in|language=en|access-date=2018-02-07}}</ref> [[France|French Republic]],<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/french-president-francois-hollande-on-a-3-day-visit-to-india-live-updates-1269386|title=President Pranab Mukherjee Hosts Banquet For French President Francois Hollande: Live Updates|work=NDTV.com|access-date=2018-02-07}}</ref> [[Abu Dhabi]],<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/abu-dhabi-crown-prince-sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-al-nahyan-to-be-chief-guest-on-republic-day/articleshow/54643505.cms|title=Abu Dhabi Crown Prince Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan to be chief guest on Republic Day|last=Chaudhury|first=Dipanjan Roy|date=2016-10-02|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2018-02-07}}</ref> [[Myanmar]],<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/27333/State+Visit+of+President+of+Myanmar+to+India+August+2730+2016|title=State Visit of President of Myanmar to India (August 27-30, 2016)|website=www.mea.gov.in|language=en|access-date=2018-02-08}}</ref> [[Egypt|Republic of Egypt]],<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=149499|title=India sees Egypt as a bridge between Asia and Africa, says President|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=2018-02-08}}</ref> [[Israel]],<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=153656|title=Speech by the President of India, Shri Pranab Mukherjee at the Banquet hosted in honour of the President of Israel, he Mr. Reuven Rivlin on November 15, 2016|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=2018-02-08}}</ref> [[Indonesia|Republic of Indonesia]]<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=155284|title=India-Indonesia Joint Statement during the State visit of President of Indonesia to India (December 12, 2016)|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=2018-02-08}}</ref> since his position as the executive chef to the president of India.

== Career ==
On 16 June 2015, he joined the President’s Secretariat as Executive Chef to the President of India, overseeing both the Family Kitchen as well as State Banquets.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://scroll.in/magazine/821684/the-executive-chef-of-the-rashtrapati-bhavan-offers-a-peek-into-his-kitchen-and-his-life|title=The executive chef of the Rashtrapati Bhavan offers a peek into his kitchen – and his life|last=Chaudhuri|first=Zinnia Ray|work=Scroll.in|access-date=2018-02-09|language=en-US}}</ref>

He designed and oversaw menus for state banquets, high teas, and luncheons hosted by the President of India for visiting heads of state and other dignitaries from India and abroad. While he specialises in dishes from across the world, his signature creations include Subz Baoli Handi—slow-cooked vegetables in the dum style, using their own juices—and Murgh Darbari, a chicken curry inspired by nihari, prepared with roasted wheat and red chilli powder.<ref name="Huffington Post India"/>

Busiest days of the year are of state banquets and various ceremonies, including the swearing-in, award functions, etc. But the real challenge, he said, are on days such 15 August and 26 January, when the President organizes At Home, which is attended by around 1,500-2,500 people. The third [[Third India-Africa Forum Summit|India-Africa Forum Summit]] where he and his team served 54 [[Head of state|Heads of States]] at One Table in November 2015 was one of the reputed events of his career.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mea.gov.in/india-africa-forum-summit-2015/index.html#|title=INDIA AFRICA FORUM SUMMIT|last=KevinStudio|website=mea.gov.in|language=en|access-date=2018-02-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/columns/indiaafrica-summit-beyond-the-event/article7862362.ece|title=India-Africa summit: beyond the event|last=Haidar|first=Suhasini|date=2015-11-09|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-02-06|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> This was the biggest State Banquet ever conducted by the Palace. Recently ASEAN [[Head of state|Heads of States]] from 10 neighboring countries were also served at one table.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-to-invite-heads-of-10-asean-nations-for-republic-day-celebtations/articleshow/59497883.cms|title=India to invite heads of 10 Asean nations for Republic Day celebrations - Times of India ►|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-02-06}}</ref>

== Media ==
Montu Saini, organized the general assembly of one of the world's most elite gatherings of culinary experts: [[Le Club des Chefs des Chefs]] (CCC). India hosted the annual assembly of CCC for the first time in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.enca.com/life/food-wine/worlds-most-exclusive-gastronomic-society-meets-in-delhi|title=World's most exclusive gastronomic society meets in Delhi|website=www.enca.com|language=en|access-date=2018-02-09}}</ref> The club was greeted & hosted by The then President of India [[Pranab Mukherjee|Shri Pranab Mukherjee]] in the palace. Honorable Prime Minister Shri [[Narendra Modi]] also hosted a Hi-Tea on 25 October 2016, in [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]], New Delhi, India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://varlimedia.com/montu-saini-executive-chef-to-the-president-of-india-hosts-the-worlds-most-exclusive-culinary-event/|title=Montu Saini – Executive Chef to the President of India hosts the World’s Most Exclusive Culinary Event {{!}} Varli Media|website=varlimedia.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sommelierindia.com/montu-saini-indias-chef-in-chief/|title=Montu Saini, India's Chef-in-Chief {{!}} Sommelier India|date=2017-04-23|work=Sommelier India|access-date=2018-02-08|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theman.in/luxury-and-fine-living/all-the-presidents-chefs.html|title=All The Presidents’ Chefs|work=theman.in|access-date=2018-02-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/world-leaders-personal-chefs-meet-in-delhi-1479345|title=World Leaders' Personal Chefs Meet In Delhi|work=NDTV.com|access-date=2018-02-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/variety/of-kitchen-politics-and-culinary-diplomats/article8467165.ece|title=Of Kitchen politics and culinary diplomats|work=@businessline|access-date=2018-02-09|language=en}}</ref>

He was the jury member of Spice Route culinary festival where chef from 15 nations gathered in [[Kochi]] in 2016 organized by [[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Ministry of Tourism]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://food.ndtv.com/food-drinks/chefs-from-15-nations-at-spice-route-culinary-festival-1466514|title=Chefs From 15 Nations at Spice Route Culinary Festival|work=NDTV Food|access-date=2018-02-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.unesco.org/events/international-spice-route-culinary-festival-and-competition|title=International Spice Route Culinary Festival and Competition|website=UNESCO|language=en|access-date=2018-02-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/culinary-festival|title=Spice Route Culinary Festival - The Kerala Chef Competition {{!}} 23rd to 26th September 2016 {{!}} Kerala Tourism|website=www.keralatourism.org|language=en|access-date=2018-02-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/travellers-from-15-nations-along-spice-route-to-call-on-port/386953/|title=Travellers from 15 nations along Spice Route to call on port|date=2016-09-22|work=The Financial Express|access-date=2018-02-08|language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saini, Montu}}
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Kanam (Kerala)

2025-07-22T00:13:57Z

MyIPL: formatting fix

{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=March 2021}}
{{Essay-like|date=March 2021}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kanam
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|9.5166667|N|76.71|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 7
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 81
| population_total = 3400
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 686515
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 91 481
| registration_plate = KL
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Kanam''' is a small town in the [[Kottayam district]] of [[Kerala]], India. It is about 25 km from [[Kottayam|Kottayam Town]] on the way to Kumily Road, 2 km from Kodungoor Junction ([[Vazhoor]]).

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Kanam had a population of 3,400. Males constitute 47% of the population and females 53%. Kanam has an average literacy rate of 77%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 80%, and female literacy is 75%. In Kanam, 11% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==History ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2021}}
Originally Kanam Kara of Kangazha Muri, Vazhoor village of Changanacherry Taluk in Kottayam District, Kerala, belonged to the Edappally Swaroopam Brahmin royalty. A [[Bhagavathi|Bhagavathy]] (Mother Goddess) temple stood in Kanam. Edappally Thampuran had a consort in the Parapallil Kaimal’s family and when Thampuran died, she returned to Kanam with documents about the properties. Therefore, the Edappally Swaroopam, the family of the Thampuran, neglected to look after the Bhagavathy temple properties, and they became dilapidated. The temple ruins were removed by Christian settlers who came to the southern parts of Kanam. The temple tank, known as "Amrutham Chira", which had been used to irrigate the nearby paddy fields was filled and converted into a paddy field. The northern and western parts of Kanam were bought from the Kutaluvally Namboothiri by the aristocratic Vellala family of Thundathil. The name of this area was derived from the [[Sanskrit]] word {{Transliteration|sa|kananam}}, which means 'forest'.

== CSI Church and CMS School ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2021}}
The church was founded by Reverend Henry Baker, Jr., an Anglican missionary who came to Travancore. Though its formal establishment was in 1862, church services for residents were held at the Perumprathazha (Payikad) house. Later, services relocated to a place called Thekkadathu Parambu, and a small thatched shed was made for worship. The shed, however, was destroyed later by wildfire, whereupon a small tiled-roof church building was built. Mr. Chacko Varghese Wicharippukar of the Payikad family very kindly donated the plot for the building (he had also donated the site of St. Thomas Orthodox Church at [[Kangazha]]. Though the place is rudimentary, the Church Mission Society (CMS) has significantly improved the area's socio-economic life through lasting contributions for all-around development. About 150 years ago the CMS created a primary school near the CSI church and converted many tribal people and members from more affluent families to Christianity. The Christians colonizing the Kanem's southern areas built [[hevea brasiliensis|rubber plantation]]s. Later, Mr. Wicharippukar's son, Payikad Varghese (popularly known as Kunjoojukutty Mapilla), the largest rubber planter, built a two-story building in Kanam, popularly known as "Malikayil" near the CMS School. It is now the 96 year old heritage house, which Kanam villagers advertise as a tourist attraction by the St. George Orthodox Church.

For more information about CSI church and the CMS school visit
[https://web.archive.org/web/20160314055926/http://www.csichurchkanam.com/AboutUs.aspx ]

For more information about St. Thomas Orthodox Church Kangazha visit
[http://kangazhapally.weebly.com]

== Kanam Balabhavan ==

In October 1959, the Children's Emergency Relief organization "Kindernothilfe" (KNH) [https://web.archive.org/web/20110314151253/http://en.kindernothilfe.org/ Kinternothilfe(KNH)] was founded by Karl Borman and other Christians in Duisburg, West Germany, aiming to help needy Indian children. Borman was influenced by the speech of German theologian Pastor Martin Niemöller (who had escaped from Nazi prison), about the need to help the suffering. Aided by a Basel missionary near the end of 1959 KNH started its first project in South India at Paraperi under the CSI North Kerala Diocese. Slowly many projects started.

In 1966, Kanam Balabhavan began in Kanam under the CSI Madhya Kerala Diocese. Forty boys from needy situations were admitted irrespective of caste or creed. The CSI church set apart one acre of land for this effort. From its very beginning until 2011, Mr. K.E. George was the manager and backbone of Balabhavan. Many hundreds of children have attained good positions after their education. Children receive ample opportunities to develop their talents apart from their academic studies. Cow and rabbit rearing, beekeeping, agriculture, and gardening were some of the early work experience programs. Currently, about 50 children below age 13 stay here and study in the CMS High School. After secondary school, they are guided to choose higher or technical studies according to their aptitude. These children are supported by foster parents in Germany and India.

Website: [https://web.archive.org/web/20130515104736/http://kanambalabhavan.com/ Kanam Balabhavan]

== Shanmukhavilasom Schools ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2021}}

Admission to the CMS Primary School (CMSLPS) was given in preferentially to Christians and those likely to convert to Christianity. Children of [[Nair]] and [[Vellala]] background were admitted only by exception. As a consequence, Shanmughavilasom Arumugham Pillai of Thundathil family started Shnamugha Vilasom Primary School with the support of N.S Raman Pillai, Peshkar of Kottayam. Many members of the Thundathil family-like Cherukappallil Chellamma, Kalappurayidathil Sankara Pillai, Krishna Pillai, and Shanmugha Vilasom Ammini Amma taught at this school. Over time, CMSLPS grew to become the middle school and then the high school. These three temples of learning have produced many doctors, engineers, teachers, government officers, and defense personnel from Kanam.

== Roads ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2021}}
Long ago there were no roads to Kanam. From Kottayam, Bishop Hodges came by horseback to visit the CSI church. The present Kanjiraparra-Kanam Road came into being because the church existed here.
Kodungoor-Kappukadu-Kanam Road was built by Shanmughavilasom Arumugham Pillai. Ummini Kartha of Anickadu donated {{convert|4|acre|m2}} of land for the road. Initially there was an Athani settlement here, hence the junction was named ''[[Elappunkal]]''. There also was a wayside inn near the junction, where Karthas distributed free [[buttermilk]] to travelers in the summer.

== Industry ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2021}}
An attempt was made to train [[weaver (occupation)|weaver]]s in the weaving school founded and headed by late Abraham (Parappallythazhe Avarachen) in Athumpanakuzhy, but it failed prematurely amidst [[World War II]]. Small scale industries like handloom [[weaving]], cotton [[dyeing]], and [[printing]] were also attempted in Kanam but became casualties of the war. Shanmughavilasom Arumugham Pillai started another weaving factory near Kotchukanjirappara in Naithusala parambu, headed by Gopalan Nair of Nedumkunnam.

== Place of worship ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2021}}
When the Bhagavathy Temple was rebuilt in Poduvakunnu (Elamkavil) in Kangazha North, Kanam was the only village in the neighborhood with no temple. The only place of worship left was the Nallanikuzhy Kavu near Kotchukanjirappara Pallikkodam, where annual offerings ("Vellamkudi") were presented during [[Onam]] and [[Vishu]] by the Pulaya caste of [[Eattikal]]. But with Pulayas embracing Christianity nobody came for annual offerings after the late Oman Pulayan. The place has been converted into an [[Ayyappan|Ayyappa]] Temple with monthly [[puja (Hinduism)|pooja]] services. Today villagers gather according to faith and belief in worship places such as Hebron Christian Brethren Assembly in Kanam, the Indian Pentecostal Church of God (IPC) Prayer Hall in Kanjirappara, The Pentecostal Mission (TPM) in Paathippalam, Church Of Christ Pidisheerimala, St. Thomas Marthoma Church, St. Mary's Orthodox Church, St. George Orthodox church and Paathippalam Muslim Masjid.

==Community life==
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2021}}
Senior citizens meet at Kotchukalappurayidam, also knownas Prevathicar Veedu, to play cards, read newspapers and hold discussions. Mrs. Govinda Pillai (Ittooli Kutty Amma was the only woman to play cards along with men.) The younger generation takes to native games of bale, kilithattu, chadukudu, and the like. Onam, Vishu, and Thiruvathira festivals are celebrated with pomp by Hindus while [[Christmas]] and [[Easter]] are observed by Christians. A common celebration is held to observe the annual [[Thirunal]] (Birthday of Maha Raja). The Anniversary of the Primary Schools is observed by staff, students and the general public, often overflowing the school hall; festival attendees had to stand outside to hear speeches, songs and to watch dramas, one-act plays, and fancy costumes. Public sports would also attract non-student youth to participate.

==Libraries==
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2021}}
The national movement had little impact in Kanam, but when the Malayala Manorama newspaper was banned and the National Quilon Bank (where many farmers had deposits) was liquidated, feelings of antagonism gradually grew toward [[Dewan]] central Islamic finance. The State Congress movement has spread rapidly among Christians but slowly among Hindus. Students were the first to raise the banner of revolt. Of interest is that it was among [[Hindu]]s that [[Communism|Communist]] ideology began to grow, even though they were reluctant to absorb the anti-Dewan sentiments of the State Congress. With the advent of freedom, [[Mahatma Gandhi]], the paragon worshipped by the student population began to be adored by all. Two libraries named after Gandhiji sprang up. Mahathma Library (under leadership of T.K. Krishnan Nair, KK, Prabhakaran Nair, and K.C. Sivan Pillai), and Bapuji Library near the CMS Anglican Church (under leadership of Kanam E.J., Thottaparmbil Baby Perumprathazhe Vavachan, and Venattu Kochu). Both libraries collapsed when the workers, who had been students, took to jobs or went away for higher studies, for want of second-line workers.

==Communist Party==
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2021}}

The Mahathma Library sowed the seeds of the Communist movement in Kanam. "[[The Life of Karl Marx]]" written by Swadesabhimani Ramakrishna Pillai, "Pattabhakki", other dramas by K. Damodharan, and similar books lead to a consciousness of the evils of inequality. The second general election to the State Assembly when Kangazha Baskaran Nair stood as a candidate on a [[Socialism|Socialist]] party ticket, was utilized by young students to educate common people about socialist ideologies. T.K. Krishnan Nair was the first to become a party member and later, when he returned after graduation, a group was organized with Kanam Sivan Pillai, KK, Prabhakaran Nair, KK. Raghavan Nair etc. The "Janathiapathya Munnani" under leadership of Kadayanikadu Purushothaman Pillai had its propaganda machinery working in Kanam, along with Kangazha, Kadayanikadu, [[Mundathanam]], Nedumkunnam, and neighboring villages. The "Rationkada Samaram" brought people to the street against the unauthorized price hikes by ration dealers by way of service charges, rounding off bills, etc. During the Panchayat election, a candidate, Perumal Pillai, was put against Mr. P.V. Varghese (who later became the first Kangazha Panchayat President), the Congress candidate, but failed to get representation to Kangazha Panchayat.

By the time the CMS Primary School was upgraded to a middle school, Vidyadhiraja Swamikal started the Sree Vidyadhiraja Vidya (SVRV) Nair Service Society (NSS) School at Theerthapadapuram, Vazhoor. After CMS UPS was upgraded to High School and St. Paul's UPS at Pulickalkavala was also upgraded. Education spread and every boy and girl had the facility to get general education. Up until then only a few fortunate families had the facility for higher education, because of its high cost. Hostel charges, which once accounted for 85% of education costs, were rendered unnecessary with the establishment of several high schools and colleges in the vicinity.

With the advent of higher education, the facility for political consciousness began to grow and Kanam was able to offer two candidates in the Vazhoor constituency for assembly elections. Adv. Kanam Sivan Pillai (CPM) and [[Kanam Rajendran]] (CPI). The latter won the seat twice. Now the CPM and CPI have a strong hold over the village. The communists of early years are leading their retired lives and some of them have died. The names of Pampady Balan, Anickadu PK. Sankara Pillai -"Stalin" Sankara Pillai is now
"Ganapthy" Sankara Pillai Elakkadu purushan, Kadayanickadu Purushothaman Pillai Ex. MLA and Kottayam Bhasi and Johny Syriac are also associated with the spread of communist ideology in Kanam. [[Kanam Rajendran]] (CPI) is one of the leading political leaders from the village.

== Cooperative movement in Kanam ==

The Co-operative Movement of the Vazhoor Village also had its roots in Kanam. It was Sri. MN.Sankara Pillai, HM SVLPS, and Payattukala (Vellakallumkal) Chacko who took steps to establish the Vazhoor Farmers Service Cooperative Bank

[http://www.devaragam.com/vbscript/MusicNew.aspx?ArtistID=219 Lyrics of Kanam EJ]

== Nearby Places ==

* [[Kangazha]]

[[Kangazha]] is a beautiful and serene place in [[Changanassery|Changanacherry]] Taluk south of [[Pampady]]. Famous for the [[Mar Geevarghese Dionysious Memorial Hospital|MGDM Hospital]] one of the oldest multi-speciality community referral hospitals in Kerala. The first Self-Finance Nursing College in the private sector in Kerala, [http://theophiluscollegeofnursing.com Theophilius College of Nursing] is also found in [[Kangazha]]. Other educational institutions in [[kangazha]] are [http://pgmcollege.googlepages.com/home PGM college] of Arts and Science, [http://pgsonkangazha.googlepages.com/home P Geevarghese School of Nursing], [http://mgdmhospital.googlepages.com/home School of Laboratory Technology-MGDM Hospital], [http://baselioshsskangazha.googlepages.com/home Baselios Higher Secondary School], and St. Thomas School Kangazha.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://mgdmhospital.googlepages.com/home MGDM Hospital, Devagiri, Kangazha, Kottayam.]
* [http://theophiluscollegeofnursing.com Theophilus College of Nursing, Devagiri, Kangazha, Kottayam.]
* [http://pgsonkangazha.googlepages.com/home P Geevarghese School of Nursing, Devagiri, Kangazha, Kottayam.]
* [http://pgmcollege.googlepages.com/home P G M College, Devagiri, Kangazha, Kottayam.]
* [http://baselioshsskangazha.googlepages.com/home Baselios Higher Secondary School, Devagiri, Kangazha, Kottayam.]
* [http://mgdmhospital.googlepages.com/laboratory School of Laboratory Technology MGDM Hospital, Devagiri, Kangazha, Kottayam.]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{Kottayam district}}

[[Category:Villages in Kottayam district]]

B. Puttaswamayya

2025-06-09T07:58:30Z

MyIPL: updated details

{{one source|date=June 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{infobox person
|name=B. Puttaswamayya
|birth_date =24 May 1897
|death_date ={{death date and age|df=yes|1984|1|25|1897|5|24}}
|occupation =writer
}}
'''B. Puttaswamayya''' ([[kannada]]:ಬಿ. ಪುಟ್ಟಸ್ವಾಮಯ್ಯ) (24 May 1897 – 25 January 1984) was an Indian [[novelist]], playwright and journalist who wrote in the [[Kannada language]]. He was awarded the prestigious [[Sahitya Akademi Award|Sahitya Academy Award]] in 1964 for his novel ''Kranthi Kalyana'', and the [[List of Sangeet Natak Akademi fellows|Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]] in 1978 for his plays by the Government of India. <ref name="z311">{{cite book | last=Mokashi-Punekar | first=Shankar | title=B. Puttaswamayya | publisher=Sahitya Akademi | date=2000 | isbn=978-81-260-0943-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NHVkAAAAMAAJ | access-date=2 June 2025 | page=}}</ref>

==Writings==
{{unreferenced section|date=November 2022}}
===Historical fiction===
*''Kranthi Kalyana'' ( 6 vol) - Udayaravi, Rajyapala, kalyaneshwara, nagabandha, mugiyada kanasu, Kalyana kranti - based on life of Sri basavanna
*''Mrunalini'' (Translation of Bengali Novel by [[Bankim Chandra Chatterjee]])
*''Thejaswini'' (Translation of Bengali Novel by [[Bankim Chandra Chatterjee]]'s Rajasimha)
*''Prabhudeva''
*''Roopalekha'' - Imaginary story at the backdrop Vijayanagar empire - Devaraya II - 1442-1446 time frame
*''Itihasada Putagalinda'' - Historical Short stories
*''Dwa Suparna'' - 7th century story happening during the Gangaa Period
*''Priyadarshi Raja'' - Emperor Ashoka story
*''Chalukya Tailapa'' - Tailapa founder of Kalyana Chalukya
===Social fiction===
*''Ardhangi'' (translation of Manilal Banerjee's Bengali novel ''Swayamsiddha'' - filmed as ''[[Mallammana Pavaada]]'')
*''Hoovu Kaavu''
*''Sudhamayi''
*''Abhisaarike'' (sequel for Sudhamayi)
*''Ratnahaara''
*''Natya Mohini''
===Play and literary criticism===
*''Samagra Natakagalu''
*''Mooru Natakagalu''
*''Kurukshetra''
*''Chirakumara Sabha''
*''Dashavatara''
*''Taraka Vadhe''
*''Dravaswamini''
===Religion===
*''Shivamahinma Sutra Soundrya Lahari''
*''Sri Durgasaptashati''
*''Sri Lalita Sahasara Sangatya''
*''Sampurna Ramayana''

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|12497171}}

{{SangeetNatakAkademiFellowship}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Puttaswamayya, B.}}
[[Category:1897 births]]
[[Category:1984 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Kannada]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]]

{{India-writer-stub}}