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Ajay (Uttar Pradesh politician)

2026-05-06T10:26:44Z

Musicalkd: Starting a post!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Distinguish|Ajay Pratap Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ajay Kumar Singh
| office = Member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Colonelganj Assembly constituency|Colonelganj]]
| term_start = 2022
| predecessor = [[Ajay Pratap Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Kunwar Ajay Pratap Singh alias Lalla Bhaiya]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| birth_place = [[Gonda district]], Uttar Pradesh
| education = Post Graduation in History (JLNM Post Graduate College, Barabanki)
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1 July 1983}}
}}
'''Ajay Kumar Singh''' (born 1 July 1983)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Members of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly |url=https://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/main_members_en.aspx#/Data/18298/18 |access-date=2024-12-21 |website=uplegisassembly.gov.in}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He is a member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from Colonelganj Assembly constituency in [[Gonda district]]. He won the [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Colonelganj, Uttar Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2022 LIVE Updates: BJP's Ajay defeats SP's Yogesh Pratap Singh Urf Yogesh Bhaiya with 35472 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/colonelganj-uttar-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2022-live-updates-1923327-2022-03-09 |access-date=2024-12-21 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Ajay is born in [[Gonda district|Gonda]], Uttar Pradesh. He is the son of Shivkumar Singh. He married Priyanka Singh, a panchayat member, in December 2012 and together they have a son and a daughter. He completed his post graduation in history in 2005 at JLNM Post Graduate College, [[Barabanki]], which is affiliated with [[Dr. Ram Manohar Lohiya National Law University]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ajay(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- COLONELGANJ(GONDA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/uttarpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=2908 |access-date=2024-12-21 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Ajay became an MLA for the first time winning the 2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election from [[Colonelganj Assembly constituency]] representing Bharatiya Janata Party. He polled 108,109 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Yogesh Pratap Singh of [[Samajwadi Party]], by a margin of 35,472 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Colonelganj Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Ajay of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/colonelganj-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-4851431.html |access-date=2024-12-21 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Colonelganj, Uttar Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2022 Live Updates: Colonelganj विधानसभा सीट पर BJP ने SP को हराया |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/story/colonelganj-assembly-election-results-2022-live-updates-uttar-pradesh-vidhan-sabha-chunav-result-winner-loser-news-in-hindi-1425911-2022-03-10 |access-date=2024-12-21 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Colonelganj Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/colonelganj-uttar-pradesh-assembly-constituency |access-date=2024-12-21 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ajay}}
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Gonda district]]

Uzhavukkum Thozhilukkum Vandhanai Seivom

2026-05-06T03:46:23Z

Musicalkd: adding a data

{{short description|1959 film by M. A. Thirumugam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Uzhavukkum thozhilukkum vandhanai seivom.jpg
| caption = Song book cover
| director = [[M. A. Thirumugam]]
| screenplay = S. Ayyapillai
| producer = [[Honnappa Bhagavathar]]
| starring = [[Prem Nazir]] [[E. V. Saroja]] [[M. N. Rajam]] [[P. Kannamba]]
| cinematography = C. V. Moorthi
| editing = M. A. Thirumugam M. Jagannathan
| music = K. V. Mahadevan
| studio = Lalithakala Films
| distributor = Chettiar Films
| released = {{film date|df=yes|1959|6|26|ref1=}}
| runtime = 172 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil

}}
'''''Uzhavukkum Thozhilukkum Vandhanai Seivom''''' ({{translation|Praise to agriculture and labour}}) is a 1959 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[M. A. Thirumugam]]. The film stars [[Prem Nazir]] and [[E. V. Saroja]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=காந்தன் |date=19 July 1959 |title=உழவுக்கும் தொழிலுக்கும் வந்தனை செய்வோம் |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki1959-07-19/kalki1959-07-19.pdf |access-date=2 October 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=39–40 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> It was released on 26 June 1959.<ref name="anandan">{{Cite web |title=1959 – உழவுக்கும் தொழிலுக்கும் வந்தனை செய்வோம் – லலிதாகலா பிலிம்ஸ். |trans-title=1959 – Uzhavukkum Thozhilukkum Vandhanai Seivom – Lalithakala Films. |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1959-cinedetails9.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170509011635/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1959-cinedetails9.asp |archive-date=9 May 2017 |access-date=9 May 2017 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=May 2022}}
After the death of her husband a poor woman tries to bring up her two young sons. The elder son is taken by a rich mill owner and brought up as a wealthy young man who eventually inherits the mill. The younger son grows up in poverty and goes to work as a labourer in the mill. But the two do not know they are brothers. Both set their eyes on the same girl. The elder brother dismisses the younger brother and chases him away. He goes to live with the mother. The younger brother cultivates a piece of land and within a few years, he becomes a well-to-do person. Many mill workers leave the mill and go to work on the farm. The elder brother plans to destroy the farm and the workers' settlements. However, his girlfriend doesn't like this and sends word to the farm about the plot. The workers are saved. The elder brother plans to do away with the girlfriend and the younger brother. The rest of the story tells whether his plan succeeded, whether the farm becomes prosperous and whether the brothers are united.<ref name="songbook">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/download/UzhavukkumThozhilukkumVanthanaiSeivom/Uzhavukkum%20Thozhilukkum%20Vanthanai%20Seivom.pdf |title=உழவுக்கும் தொழிலுக்கும் வந்தனை செய்வோம் |publisher=Lalithakala Films |year=1959 |language=ta |type=[[song book]] |access-date=18 July 2022 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== Cast ==
The details are compiled from the song book<ref name="songbook" /> and from the database of [[Film News Anandan]].<ref name="anandan" />

{{Col-begin|width=65%}}
{{col-break|width=33%}}
;Male cast
*[[Prem Nazir]]
*[[O. A. K. Thevar]]
*[[D. Balasubramaniam]]
*[[A. Karunanidhi]]
*V. R. Rajagopal
*S. S. Kathiresan
*''Kottappuli'' Jayaraman
{{col-break|width=33%}}
;Female cast
*[[E. V. Saroja]]
*[[P. Kannamba]]
*[[M. N. Rajam]]
*Gamini
*Rajeswari
*Radhabhai
{{col-break|width=33%}}
;Junior cast
*''Master'' Gopal
*''Master'' Varma
{{Col-end}}

== Soundtrack ==
Music was composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Neelamegam |first=G. |title=Thiraikalanjiyam — Part 1 |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers |year=2014 |edition=1st |location=Chennai |pages=162 |language=Tamil}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer/s !! Lyricist !! Duration (m:ss)
|-
| "Thandhanathom Enru Solliye" Villu Paattu || C. S. Pandian & group || rowspan=3|[[Kannadasan]]||
|-
| "Kanniyare Kanniyare" || L. R. Eswari & group ||
|-
| "Kaai Kaai Avarai Kaai" || S. C. Krishnan & A. L. Raghavan || 03:02
|-
| "I Come From Paris" || P. Susheela, A. L. Raghavan & group || rowspan=6|[[A. Maruthakasi]]|| 03:32
|-
| "Chinna Idai Odindhidave" || K. Jamuna Rani, L. R. Eswari & group || 03:33
|-
| "Aasai Nenjame Poruppaai" || K. Jamuna Rani || 02:49
|-
| "O! Singaara Pooncholai" || Sirkazhi Govindarajan & K. Jamuna Rani || 03:05
|-
| "Maaname Peridhenre" || P. Leela ||
|-
| "Uzhavukkum Thozhilukkum" || S. C. Krishnan, L. R. Eswari & group ||
|-
| "Kovichikiraapula Kovichukaadha" || S. C. Krishnan & A. G. Ratnamala || T. K. Sundara Vathiyar || 02:52
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{M. A. Thirumugam}}
[[Category:1959 Indian films]]
[[Category:1959 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1959 drama films]]
[[Category:1959 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by M. A. Thirumugam]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]

William Delafield Arnold

2026-04-30T02:22:09Z

Musicalkd:

{{Short description|British colonial administrator (1828–1859)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2020}}
{{infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = {{nowrap|William Delafield Arnold}}
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1828|4|7}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1859|4|9|1828|4|7}}
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| education = [[Rugby School]]
| alma_mater = [[Christ Church, Oxford]]
| father = {{nowrap|[[Thomas Arnold]]}}
| mother = Mary Penrose
| spouse = {{marriage|Frances Anne Hodgson|3 Apr 1850|1858|end=died}}
| children = 4
| occupation =
| known_for =
| relatives = [[Matthew Arnold]] (brother) [[Tom Arnold (literary scholar)|Thomas Arnold]] (brother) [[Florence Vere O'Brien|Florence Arnold]] (daughter) [[H. O. Arnold-Forster|Hugh Arnold]] (son) [[Frances Egerton Arnold-Forster|Frances Arnold]] (daughter)
}}

'''William Delafield Arnold''' (7 April 1828 – 9 April 1859) was a British writer and colonial administrator.

==Early life==
{{wikisource |Laws of Football as played at Rugby School (1845)}}
He was the fourth son of [[Thomas Arnold]], the headmaster of [[Rugby School]]. His older brothers included the poet and critic [[Matthew Arnold]] and the literary scholar [[Tom Arnold (academic)|Tom Arnold]]. He was educated at Rugby School and [[Christ Church, Oxford]], matriculating in 1846.<ref>{{alox2|title=Arnold, William Delafield}}</ref> Not long after his father's death in 1842, William, a pupil at Rugby, was part of a committee of three, Arnold, W. W. Shirley and Frederick Hutchins,<ref>{{cite wikisource |title=Laws of Football as played at Rugby School (1845)}}</ref><ref name=Curry2001>{{cite book |first=Graham |last=Curry |year=2001 | title=Football: A Study in Diffusion |location=Leicester |publisher=University of Leicester |page=28 |url=https://lra.le.ac.uk/bitstream/2381/7821/1/391137.pdf }}</ref> that drew up the first written rules for football at Rugby School.<ref>{{cite book |last=Macrory |first=Jenny |year=1991 |title=Running with the Ball: The Birth of Rugby Football |location=London |publisher=HarperCollins |page=93 |isbn=0002184028}}</ref> These rules were approved in August 1845 and published that same year, becoming the first known published set of rules for any code of football.<ref name=Curry2001/>

Later, William served as an educational administrator (during 1855) in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], in [[British India]]; as the first director of public instruction in the Punjab, he was responsible for implementing "Halkabandi" in that province.<ref>Allender, Tim. "William Arnold and Experimental Education in North India, 1855–1859: An Innovative Model of State Schooling." Historical Studies in Education 16, no. 1 (2004): 63–83.</ref> One of his most significant achievements was to enact a law separating church and state in public schools. As a result, Hindu pupils who attended these schools were no longer required to study the Bible or the Koran in public schools. This policy would later influence public schools in England as well. While working in India, William wrote several articles for ''[[Fraser's Magazine]]'', mainly concerning "the India question" (see bibliography). In 1853, William published a novel of [[Anglo-Indian]] life, ''[[Oakfield; or, Fellowship in the East]]'', which explores commonalities between spiritual traditions of the East and the West, while also predicting the "mutiny" that would occur soon afterward. The main character of ''Oakfield'' is dying of disease contracted in India; its author was afflicted with the same disease. William died aged 31, at [[Gibraltar]], on his way home from India. Matthew Arnold's poem "A Southern Night" mourns his early death.<ref name=daughters/>

==Family==
On 3 April 1850, Arnold married Frances Anne Hodgson, known as Fanny, the daughter of Major-General John Anthony Hodgson of the Bengal army.<ref name = "WDAODNB>{{Cite ODNB|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/690|title=Arnold, William Delafield|last=Prior|first=Katherine}}</ref>

Their children were:
* Edward Penrose Arnold-Forster {{post-nominals|country=GBR|DL}} (1851–1927), military officer and worsted wool manufacturer in Yorkshire
* [[Florence Vere O'Brien|Florence Mary Arnold-Forster]] (1854–1936), craftswoman and author, founder of the Limerick Lace School, married Robert Vere O'Brien
* [[H. O. Arnold-Forster|Hugh Oakeley Arnold-Forster]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|MP}} (1855–1909), Cabinet minister and political author
* [[Frances Egerton Arnold-Forster]] (1857–1921), ecclesiastical historian<ref name=daughters>{{Cite ODNB |title=The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |date=2004-09-23 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/49722 |pages=ref:odnb/49722 |editor-last=Matthew |editor-first=H. C. G. |access-date=2023-04-27 |place=Oxford |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/49722 |editor2-last=Harrison |editor2-first=B.}}</ref>

After the deaths of Frances in March 1858 and William in April 1859, the children were adopted by William's sister Jane Martha and her husband [[William Edward Forster]], later adopting the surname Arnold-Forster.<ref name=daughters/>

==References==

{{reflist}}
*[http://www.authorandbookinfo.com/cgi-bin/auth.pl?A005676 Author and Bookinfo.com]
* [[Lionel Trilling|Trilling, Lionel]] (1939) ''Matthew Arnold''. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd.
* Gander Ostrander, Diana L., Ph.D. ''An Anglo-Indian in Search of Wisdom: W. D. Arnold's India Pilgrimage''. University of Minnesota, 2007, 237 pages; AAT 3252500.
* Gander Ostrander, Diana L., Ph.D. "Wordsworth in the Himalayas: Indian Narratology and Sacred Space in William Delafield Arnold's Oakfield: Fellowship in the East." ''Religion and the Arts'' 14.1–2 (2010): 34–58. Print.
* Arnold, William Delafield. “An Anglo-Indian Lament for John Company.” ''Fraser’s Magazine'', Vol. 57, No. 342. May 1858, 635–642.
* "An Anglo-Indian View of the Indian Crisis.” ''Fraser’s Magazine'' Vol. 57, No. 339, March 1858, 269–282.
* “An Anglo-Indian View of the Indian Crisis: The Second Part.” ''Fraser’s Magazine'' Vol. 57, No. 340, April 1858, 473–487.
* “The Curate of Edenholm.” ''Fraser’s Magazine''. Volume 57, 473–480.
* ''German Letter on English Education'', by Dr. L. Wiese. Translated by W.D. Arnold. Longmans, 1854.
* Essay. ''Short Essays on Social and Indian Subjects'' Calcutta, 1869, 156–73.
* “How Queen Victoria Was Proclaimed at Peshawar.” ''Fraser’s Magazine'', Vol. 59, January 1859, 120–126.
* “India in a Mess.” ''Fraser’s Magazine'', Vol. 58, No. 348. December 1858, 730–741.
* “India in Mourning: From the Punjab, September 29, 1857.” ''Fraser’s Magazine''. Vol. 56. December 1857, 737–750.
* “Jack Sepoy.” Fraser’s Magazine, Vol. 54, No. 321. September 1856, 359–362.
* “Lord Dalhousie.” Fraser’s Magazine, Vol. 52, No. 308. July 1855, 123–135.
* “Memorandum as to a Central College at Lahore.” 21 January 1856, No. 236 OIOC [Oriental and India Office Collection] P/201/53.
* "The Night Mail Train in India." ''Fraser's Magazine'', Vol. 54, December 1856, 680–684.
* ''Oakfield: Fellowship in the East''. Edited by Kenneth Allott. Leicester: Leicester UP, 1973.
* “An Overland Mail Adventure.” ''Fraser’s Magazine''. Vol. 54, No. 319. July 1856, 111–121.
* “Progress of the India Question.” ''Fraser’s Magazine''. Vol. 47, Number 3089. March 1853, 473–484.
* “Protestantism: Zwingle and His Times.” ''Fraser’s Magazine'' Vol. 53, March 1856, 326–341.
* The Palace of Westminster, and Other Historical Sketches. London, 1855.
* “What is the Indian Question?” ''Fraser’s Magazine''. Vol. 47, No. 3089. March 1853, 473–484.

==External links==
* "Oakfield: Fellowship in the East", novel by William Delafield Arnold:
** [https://archive.org/details/oakfieldorfello03arnogoog/page/n104  Vol. 1]
** [https://archive.org/details/oakfieldorfello02arnogoog/page/n11  Vol. 2]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arnold, William Delafield}}
[[Category:1828 births]]
[[Category:1859 deaths]]
[[Category:British people of Cornish descent]]
[[Category:People from Rugby, Warwickshire]]
[[Category:People educated at Rugby School]]
[[Category:Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford]]
[[Category:English male novelists]]
[[Category:19th-century English novelists]]
[[Category:19th-century English male writers]]

Satyen Barkataki

2026-04-25T04:21:30Z

Musicalkd: adding new details

{{Short description|Assamese civil servant (1908-1984)}}
{{use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Satyendra Nath Barkataki
| native_name = Satyendra Nath Barkotoki
| native_name_lang = IN-AS
| honorific_suffix = I.A.S S.C.S-E.R.
| image_size = 200px
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| order =
| office = [[List of superintendents of Mizoram|Superintendent of the Lushai Hills]]
| status = 
| term_start = 1949
| term_end = 1953
| subterm =
| suboffice =
| alongside = 
| predecessor = Leonard Lamb Peters
| successor = ''Himself'' (Deputy Commissioner)
| office2 = Deputy Commissioner of [[Nagaland]]
| term_start2 = 1953
| term_end2 = 1953
| successor2 = S.J.D. Carvalho
| prior_term =
| pronunciation =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1908|9|1}} / 1915
| birth_place = [[Jorhat]], [[Dibrugarh]], Assam
| death_date = 1984 (aged 75-76)
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| education = [[Jorhat Govt. Boys' H.S and M.P. School|Jorhat Government High School]]
| alma_mater = University of London and Paris
| occupation = Civil servant
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'''Satyendra Nath Barkataki''' (1 September 1908 – 1984) was both the first Indian superintendent of the Lushai Hills district (now [[Mizoram]]) and the final one. Shortly after becoming superintendent his role would transition into a deputy commissioner. He was an Assamese civil servant who worked in multiple administrative roles from 1933 to 1968. He also authored books in both Assamese and English.

==Early life==
Barkataki was born to Raisaheb Durgadhar Barkataki, a divisional inspector of Schools. His mother was Kalmini Devi. On his mother's side he claimed lineage to [[Anandaram Dhekial Phukan]]. He had a brother, Munin Barkataki, and was brother-in-law to [[Renuka Devi Barkataki]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Munin Barkataki Trust |title=About the Man |url=https://www.muninbarkotoki.org/english/mbk/aboutmbk.html |website=Munin Barkataki Trust |access-date=25 February 2025}}</ref>

Barkataki entered the Jorhat Government High School in 1917 and graduated in 1925. After matriculation he studied four years in the Presidential College Calcutta. He would pass BA with Honours in English in 1929. Barkataki was offered a scholarship to study abroad. However, due to his father's early retirement, bad financial investments and spending his savings to publish the Mahabharat in Assamese, the other expenses for studying abroad could not be fulfilled. This caused depression in Barkataki and nearly give up on his studies. He studied in Dacca University temporarily before leaving a month later and roaming north India for a full year. In 1930, Barkataki made a decision to study Law to become an advocate. Since the law course in Bombay was two years compared to three in Calcutta, Barkataki enrolled in Bombay. Barkataki studied for two years in the Government Law College, Bombay. He would also attend cases where [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] would work as a barrister. Barkataki would leave his education unfinished and enter the civil service in 1933.<ref name=SBB/>

==Civil Service==
After graduation with an M.A and passing the LLB, Barkataki was required by the district magistrate to undergo government exmas in law, languages and accounts. Barkataki did not study for the government exams until three weeks before the examination. However the reading material challenged Barkataki.{{sfn|Barkataki|1961|p=4}} In response, a senior officer advised Barkataki to go on leave and leave the province to apply for an extension to the exam date. Barkataki followed the advice and retreated to Calcutta under the guise of a fever. However, returning after the examination period, the district magistrate did not believe Barkataki.{{sfn|Barkataki|1961|p=5}} Barkataki obtained third-class magisterial powers and was permitted to take on small cases.{{sfn|Barkataki|1961|p=7}} His first assignment was to Dibrugarh in June 1933.<ref name=SBB/> Barkataki would be promoted to second class magistrate after a case was wrongly referred to him but handled.{{sfn|Barkataki|1961|p=16}}

In the second year of his career, Barkatki was trained in survey and land settlement along with other officers and two from the ICS.{{sfn|Barkataki|1961|p=17}} In 1934 he was transferred to Golaghat.<ref name=SBB/> Barkataki and the officers would live in tents for up to two months during this course.{{sfn|Barkataki|1961|p=17}} During the course Barkataki records how the students would politely giggle to acquiesce the principal lecturer. Barkataki would enter good relations after making faces behind the principal making the learners disperse to their tents. He convinced the principal of his humour which on good standing afforded him good marks despite low effort.{{sfn|Barkataki|1961|p=18-19}} After the course Barkataki would be posted as magistrate of a sub-divisional town.{{sfn|Barkataki|1961|p=20}} Soon, he would be transferred back under the district magistrate and assigned to the headquarters of a large district. After having an argument with a government worker disputing his office work, Barkataki's confirmation as magistrate and first class powers was placed under reconsideration.{{sfn|Barkataki|1961|p=25}} Barkataki negotiated and managed to maintain his confirmation after the matter cooled down.{{sfn|Barkataki|1961|p=26}} In 1935 Barkataki would serve in Sylhet followed by Maulvi Bazaar in 1936.<ref name=SBB/>

After another sub-divisional assignment, Barkataki undertook a 15-month leave to Europe. He visited Marseilles, France before going to London.{{sfn|Barkataki|1961|p=31}} His intention was to join the Bar but due to financial and timing issues this was unable to be achieved. Baraktaki instead completed a course in Phonetics in London University under [[Daniel Jones (phonetician)]]. He would move to Paris which was cheaper than London. He enrolled at Sorbonne University and attained a doctorate. Baraktaki learnt French and explored Europe during this time.<ref name=SBB/> On return, Barkataki would be posted to a large subdivision. The subdivision had some of the highest crime rates at the time, which he faced as a magistrate.{{sfn|Barkataki|1961|p=40}} In 1938 Barkataki was posted to Sylhet district but specifically Habiganj.<ref name=SBB/>

From 1939 to 1942, Barkataki worked in the Garo Hills. He was assigned to the Burma border in 1942–1945 at Barpeta. In 1945–1946, he worked as Tezpur. In 1946 he worked as under secretary in Shillong.<ref name=SBB/>

==Lushai Hills Superintendent==
Barkataki was transferred to the [[Mizo district|Lushai Hills district]] as the first Indian superintendent. Barkataki describes the animosity of the Lushais against the hill peoples and attributed this to the missionaries and uninterrupted British rule. Barkataki managed the civil disobedience movement that had removed Leonard Lamb Peters.{{sfn|Barkataki|1961|p=86}} He also found that being the first Indian superintendent led to issues in trust from the Mizos, who did not readily work with people from the plains.<ref name=SBB/>

In January 1949, Barkataki attended and presented a speech to the assembly of Mizos. Barkataki explained the issues of independence for India and the formation of a new constitution. He justified to the Mizos in their demands for representation that their district council will be granted to them for representation. Barkataki further outlined that government plans for reforms in the Lushai Hills district were stalled particularly due to the civil disobedience movement that removed L.L. Peters. The agitation of the [[Mizo Union]] and their animosity towards the institution of chieftainship prompted Barkataki to explain that normalisation of relations and cooperation with chiefs were a prerequisite for administrative evolution for the Lushai Hills district. Furthermore, Barkataki distanced himself from the superintendents of the British era, where chiefs were empowered to the detriment of commoners. Plans were announced for the beginning of the construction of schools and roads, which was outlined as a priority for human development. Issues were raised in his speech about the refusal of the Lushai to build their schoolhouses. This was in part due to political polarization. A story was raised about an old woman who refused shelter in villages due to not being affiliated with the Mizo Union. The issue of the [[coolie|coolie quota]] was also raised. Barkataki announced the reduction in the quota with a Porter Corps and an increase in wages. The fines during the civil disobedience towards L.L. Peters was also announced to be refunded. However the guns seized were withheld.<ref name=SBB>{{cite book |last1=Barkataki |first1=Arindam |title=Satyen Barkataki: Jibon aru Kritittaq |date=2015 |publisher=Munin Barkataki Trust |location=Guwahati}}</ref>

The southern Lushai Hills were more closely integrated with eastern Bengal and the Arakan Hills rather than Assam and the North Lushai Hills. The main trade route was from Chittagong, which was historically in Lunglei. After partition the routes were essentially closed in the southern Lushai Hills and economically declining the region. The economy of the southern Lushai Hills relied on coolies and government assistance. The road project began on Republic Day 1950.<ref name=SBB/> Barkataki worked towards a road construction project on a self-help basis.{{sfn|Barkataki|1961|p=87}} The project was featured in news article but Barkataki accredited the Assam Rilfes Colonel, the Political Assistant and Engineer.{{sfn|Barkataki|1961|p=88}} The volunteers for the project came out to work outside of the harvest and busy jhumming periods.<ref name=SBB/> The road was 128 miles which linked [[Aizawl]] and [[Lunglei]]. The road was built with voluntary labour from the Mizos who built 90 miles of the road themselves. The slogan "see it through to Lungleh" was used throughout the project. The project was completed with an estimated equivalent of 1 crore worth of work.{{sfn|Barkataki|1961|p=88}} The first shovelling was ceremoniously performed by Reverend E.L. Mendus of the Welsh Mission in Aizawl. The road was designed for jeep traffic. A majority of volunteers were from the Assam Rifles Lushai Hills battalion. The home minister of India, Dr. [[Kailash Nath Katju]], took a tour of the Lushai Hills and declared the project the ideal of India. The Lushai Hills had not seen a wheeled vehicle until World War Two and had only once route from Cachar.{{sfn|Barkataki|1961|p=89}} In an interview, Barkataki learnt the Mizo customs and discovered the impromotu roads to be near to the village [[jhum]]s with churches, schools and clubhouses throughout the district. Barkataki realized the community centres of the Lushai Hills synergized with the cultural value of Tlawmgaihna. This led to the creation of the road project throughout the district.{{sfn|Barkataki|1961|p=92}}

In another event, a minister visited the Lushai Hills district. Barkatati arranged the minister to meet with a chief who arranged [[Zu (beverage)|zu]] as a beverage. However, the minister refused and commented, "I never touch such things". Barkataki encouraged the minister to drink out of respect, but the minister made a scene in defiance. As a result, Barkataki poured himself a glass of zu and the secretary accompanying the minister while arranging tea for the minister instead. After sniffing the zu, the minister asked how much alcohol would induce drunkenness. In response Barkataki explained that the zu is treated like water with little effect. As a result, the minister did consume an amount of zu.{{sfn|Barkataki|1961|p=99}}

After the Mizo Union came to power in the district council several laws were passed to repeal chieftainship. Barkataki described the Mizo Union as a strong leftist party who viewed chiefs as reactionary institutions blocking progress. [[Bishnuram Medhi]], who supported chieftainship, attempted to preserve it but failed. Barkataki exclaimed that the four years in Mizoram was the happiest years in his service life. He admired the qualities of cheerfulness, humour, hospitality, courage and truthfulness among the Mizos which he found had lacked in other era of his career. He appraised Tlawmgaihna as a respectable civic sense.<ref name=SBB/>

==Naga Hills==
The increase in demand for Naga independence led to Barkataki being reassigned to the Naga Hills district. Within a few months, [[Zapu Phizo]] and his supporters termed Barkataki as the ''Plains Tiger of Assam''.{{sfn|Barkataki|1961|p=100}} At the time the Naga Hills was in a state of turmoil. Barkataki did not see the issue as a political one but one of law and order.{{sfn|Barkataki|1961|p=100}}<ref name=SBB/> Barkataki was of the opinion that Phizo and the [[Naga National Council]] had a serious belief in independence but a majority of its members were careerists and opportunists who would terrorize and tax the villages.{{sfn|Barkataki|1961|p=101}}

However, Barkataki's career in the Naga Hills did not last long. He was transferred to the capital as Director of Supply before the year ended.<ref name=SBB/>

==Later career==
After becoming Directory of Supply, Baraktaki was appointed Secretary to the Government in the Education and Medical Departments. In 1955 he received an offer from the Government of India to join the International Commission for Supervision and Control in Vietnam as Political Adviser to the Indian Delegation to the commission. This would be a diplomatic role as opposed to an administrative role in his career. Barkataki stated that the work in this role did not suit his temperament. He worked for 8 months in Hanoi, Vietnam before being transferred to Vientiane in Laos as Conference Secretary to the International Commission. He was later appointed Deputy Secretary General for another year.<ref name=SBB/>

After the commission in Laos was finished in 1958, he was appointed administrators in Mahe in Pondocherry which was de-jure [[French India]]. During this role the workload was intsenly light and afford a lot of time for Baraktaki to indulge into writing and publishing. After Mahe, Baraktaki became Secretary to the Government of Ponidcherry. However, in 1961 Baraktaki was recalled back to Assam as the Hills Division Commissioner. This role was also light in work allowing Barktaki to publish books in the hill tribes of the northeast Indian regions. He maintained the role for four years. Barkataki during this tenure also oversaw the humanitarian crisis of the Chakma refugees crossing into the Mizo district and the Garo Hills. During his tenure, Barkataki in a report submitted in 1963 discusses regional tensions in Assam. He classified the issues under three categories: Hindu-Muslim, Assamese-Bengali and Hills-Plains. He argued the Assamese Bengali issue to be a historical issue perpetuated by the British administrations. The Hills-Plains issue was seen as a consequence of the sixth schedule which differentiated the northeast from the Indian Union. Issues such as the Assamese Language Crisis, the Hill State demands aggravated tensions. Baraktaki mentioned in the report that the [[Mizo National Front]] at the time was not a force worth taking seriously as they did poorly in the general elections. The lack of infrastructure and connections with the wider Indian community was also a cause for concern as they isolated the northeast and cut off communication. Barkataki advocated improvement in education and building of schools to integrate the hill tribes academically. Baraktaki was against involving the military in the northeast as he argued that most issues are a law and order issue. He advocated for military withdrawal from the hill states instead. The Hindu Muslim issue was seen as a communal issue that could intensify into a regional one. East Pakistani refugees however continued to enter Assam during the era and this became a cause of concern for the Assamese.<ref name=SBB/>

In April 1965, Barkataki was appointed Chairman of the Assam Public Service Commission, which he served until retirement. Barkataki retired from the IAS in September 1968.<ref name=SBB/>

==Later life==
Barkataki began a multi-purpose farm specialising in pigs, poultry, fishery and cattle. However the project failed with serious financial loss. After closing the farm Barkataki committed to becoming a full time writer. In 1983 he would undergo a critical surgery.<ref name=SBB/> He would die in 1984 shortly after.

==Publications==
*Escapades of a Magistrate (1961)
*''Fool Bibi'' (1961) {{sfn|Barkataki|1969|p=62}}
*Post Magisterial
*Assam (1969) {{sfn|Barkataki|1969}}
*Tribes of Assam (1969)
*Tribal Folk-tales of Assam-hills (1970)
*The Life of Napoleon (1977){{sfn|Brahmaputra Beckons Publication Committee|1982|p=107}}
*Adolf Hitler
*The Khasis (1977)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book |last1=Brahmaputra Beckons Publication Committee|title=The Brahmaputra Beckons |date=1982 |publisher=Brahmaputra Beckons Publication Committee |location=Assam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D-odAAAAMAAJ |access-date=19 February 2025}}
*{{cite book |last1=Barkataki |first1=Satyen |title=Escapades of a Magistrate |date=1961 |location=Bombay |publisher=Orient Longmans}}
*{{cite book |last1=Barkataki |first1=Satyen |title=Assam |date=1969 |publisher=National Book Trust |location=Assam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jyE-AAAAMAAJ |access-date=19 February 2025}}
*{{cite book |last1=Government of India |title=History Of Services Of Indian Administrative Service (1966) |date=1966 |publisher=Manager of Publications Delhi |location=Delhi |page=73 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.507186/mode/1up |access-date=19 February 2025}}
*{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=K. |title=The Scheduled Castes |date=1995 |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aRdOAQAAMAAJ |access-date=19 February 2025}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Barkataki, Satyen}}
[[Category:1908 births]]
[[Category:People from Assam]]
[[Category:People from Jorhat district]]
[[Category:Writers from Assam]]
[[Category:Superintendents of Lushai Hills district]]
[[Category:1984 deaths]]

Krishna Ram Chaudhary

2026-04-21T23:21:16Z

Musicalkd: New article.

{{Short description|Indian shehnai player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Krishna Ram Chaudhary
| image =
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| birth_place = Benaras
| death_date =
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| occupation = Indian musician
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| awards = [[Padma Shri]] in 2017
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'''Pt. Krishna Ram Choudhary,''' a renowned Indian Shehnai artist, hailed from the illustrious Banaras Gharana, known for its rich musical heritage. In 2017, he was awarded [[Padma Shri]] by the Indian Government for his contribution in music.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-12 |title=A Dying Fall: Is the shehnai on its way out? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/a-dying-fall-4519457/ |access-date=2022-09-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sinha |first=Manjari |date=2017-02-03 |title=The sacred sound |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/The-sacred-sound/article17177409.ece |access-date=2022-09-11 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Early life==
Chaudhary was born on January 1, 1942, in Varanasi ([[Benaras]].),<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-01-27 |title=Age not important: 97-year-old musicologist on Padma Shri honour |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/age-not-important-97-year-old-musicologist-on-padma-shri-honour-117012700530_1.html |access-date=2022-09-11}}</ref> Uttar Pradesh. He was the son of Late Shri Gopal (Buddha Lal Choudhary) and Late Smt. Bhagyawanti Devi. The musical environment of his family deeply influenced his upbringing and nurtured his passion for [[Indian classical music]].

Pt. Choudhary began his musical journey under the guidance of his father, a dedicated Shehnai player and a disciple of the celebrated Hindustani classical vocalist, Pandit Bade Ram Das Ji. He further honed his craft under the tutelage of Pandit Mahadeva Prasad Mishra, a revered vocalist of the Banaras Gharana. His artistry also benefited from the mentorship of his uncle, the acclaimed film music director Shri Ram Lal Sehara, known for his compositions in iconic films such as ''Sehra'' and ''Geet Gaya Patharon Ne''.

==Career==
Pt. Chaudhary began performing professionally at the age of twelve, showcasing the purity and intricate nuances of various ragas through his Shehnai. At 16 topped the [[All India Radio]] (AIR) competition in shehnai and was awarded a gold medal. Later, he joined the Song & Drama Division of the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting as a senior Shehnai artist and has performed at prestigious music conferences and cultural programs across India and abroad. He was awarded the President's Award in the All India Radio music competition in 1961.In 1982, he got the Critics’ Circle of India Award.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sinha |first=Manjari |date=2019-01-24 |title=The abiding charm of Krishna's shehnai |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/the-abiding-charm-of-krishnas-shehnai/article26080083.ece |access-date=2022-09-11 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Awards==
*[[Padma Shri]] in 2017<ref>{{Cite news |title=Gharana music Fest comes to Chennai | newspaper=The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2009/Mar/18/gharana-music-fest-comes-to-chennai-33623.html |access-date=2023-05-06 | date=18 March 2009}}</ref>
*[[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] in 2008<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-04-05 |title=Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship & Awards |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/sangeet-natak-akademi-fellowship-awards-1292237902-1 |access-date=2022-09-11 |website=www.jagranjosh.com |language=en}}</ref>
*Uttar Pradesh Sangeet Natak Akademi Award (1991)
*Sensational Shehnai Player Award (1982) bestowed by Indian Social Lovers Organisation (ISCLO)
*'''CCI Award (1981):''' Recognition for outstanding contributions to India's cultural heritage
*'''Gold Medal (1978):''' Awarded by Bihar Sangeet Conference, Patna
*'''Surmani Award (1976):''' Conferred by Sur Singar Samsad
*'''Special President's Award (1961):''' Presented by Dr. [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]], Honorable President of India

==Death==
Pt. Chaudhary died in 2019 at the age of 83 and was suffering from gastroenterological disease.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2019 |first=Shailvee |last=Sharda |title=Shehnai maestro Krishna Ram Chaudhury passes away at 83 in Lucknow |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/shehnai-maestro-krishna-ram-chaudhury-passes-away-at-83-in-lucknow/articleshow/67562249.cms |access-date=2022-09-11 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian male classical musicians]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Shehnai players]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian musicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male musicians]]
[[Category:Indian musicians]]

{{India-musician-stub}}

B. V. Wanchoo

2026-04-18T22:59:23Z

Musicalkd: Starting new pg!

{{short description|Indian politician (born 1951)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = B.V. Wanchoo
| image = File:Bharat Vir Wanchoo, Governor of Goa, India (14554691052).jpg
| caption = Wanchoo in 2014
| image_size =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1951|10|15}}<ref name="rajbhavangoa.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.rajbhavangoa.org/page.php?id=22 |title=Raj Bhavan |work=rajbhavangoa.org |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517133704/http://www.rajbhavangoa.org/page.php?id=22 |archivedate=2014-05-17 }}</ref>
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| constituency =
| office = [[List of Governors of Goa|Governor of Goa]]
| term = 4 May 2012 – 4 June 2014<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite news | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/417699/wanchoo-quits-goa-governor.html | title=Wanchoo quits as Goa governor | newspaper=Deccan Herald | agency=PTI | date=4 July 2014 | accessdate=12 August 2024 }}</ref>
| predecessor = [[Kateekal Sankaranarayanan|K Sankaranarayanan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rajbhavangoa.org/page.php?id=27|title=Raj Bhavan|work=rajbhavangoa.org}}</ref>
| successor = [[Margaret Alva]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/wanchoo-resignation-accepted-margaret-alva-gets-goa-gujarat-too/article6187331.ece|title=Wanchoo resignation accepted; Margaret Alva gets Goa, Gujarat too|author=Special Correspondent|work=The Hindu|date=7 July 2014 }}</ref>
| office1 =
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| successor1 =
| office2 =
| term2 =
| office3 =
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| party =
| spouse = Nalini Wanchoo<ref>{{cite web|title=Goa Governor Bharat Vir Wanchoo with his wife Nalini Wanchoo at the Portugal National Day celebration in Goa|url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/events/goa/portugal-national-day-celebration-/Portugal-National-Day-Celebration/articleshow/14232174.cms|website=Times of India|accessdate=8 July 2014}}</ref>
| alma_mater = [[Scindia School]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://scindiaoldboys.com/soba_event_details.aspx?eid=50|title=Scindia Old Boys Association : Events|work=scindiaoldboys.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fakten-uber.de/list_of_scindia_school_alumni#Governors|title=Alumni|work=fakten-uber.de|access-date=2014-07-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714204658/http://www.fakten-uber.de/list_of_scindia_school_alumni#Governors|archive-date=2014-07-14|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Delhi University]],<ref name="rajbhavangoa.org"/> [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy]]<ref name="rajbhavangoa.org"/>
| children =
| website =
}}

'''Bharat Vir Wanchoo''' (born 15 October 1951), better known as '''B.V. Wanchoo''', is an Indian politician who served as the [[Governor of Goa]] from May 2012<ref name=archivedresume>{{cite web |title=Resume at Raj Bhavan website (Archived at Webcite) |url=http://www.rajbhavangoa.org/page.php?id=22 |website=Raj Bhavan, Goa |accessdate=8 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517133704/http://www.rajbhavangoa.org/page.php?id=22 |archivedate=17 May 2014 }}</ref> to July 2014.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> Formerly, he was the director of the [[Special Protection Group]] until 2011.<ref name=Retirement>{{cite web|title=Durga Prasad likely to be new SPG chief; Wanchoo retires|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/durga-prasad-likely-to-be-new-spg-chief-wanchoo-retires/880597.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101231400/http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/durga-prasad-likely-to-be-new-spg-chief-wanchoo-retires/880597.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 November 2011|publisher=CNN-IBN|accessdate=7 May 2012}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Wanchoo was born on 15 October 1951.<ref name="rajbhavangoa.org"/> He studied at the [[Scindia School]] in [[Gwalior]] and is a post-graduate in History from the [[Delhi University]].<ref name="rajbhavangoa.org"/> He is married to Nalini Wanchoo.<ref name="rajbhavangoa.org"/>

==Career==
Wanchoo belongs to the 1976 batch of the [[Indian Police Service]] from the [[West Bengal]] cadre.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.newkerala.com/news/newsplus/worldnews-15224.html#.T773JlJxzcc |title=Bharat Vir Wanchoo is new Goa Governor | newKerala.com, 15224 |work=newkerala.com |year=2012 |quote=The 1976 IPS bath officer |accessdate=25 May 2012}}</ref> He was posted in the [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]] when he was asked to join the [[Special Protection Group]] set up in 1985 after the assassination of Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]]. He has served in various positions in the Special Protection Group since then, and is considered to be close to the Gandhi family. He was transferred out in November 1997 but brought back to the [[Special Protection Group|SPG]] in February 1998 at Sonia Gandhi's request.<ref>{{cite news|title=Inside Track|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/Storyold/20438/|accessdate=7 May 2012|newspaper=Indian Express|date=1 February 1998}}</ref> Wanchoo alternated between postings in the [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|IB]] and the [[Special Protection Group|SPG]], serving these two organisations for 13 and 18 years respectively.<ref name=CV>{{cite news|title=Bharat Vir Wanchoo to be sworn in Goa Governor today|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/article3382673.ece|accessdate=7 May 2012|newspaper=The Hindu|date=4 May 2012}}</ref> Wanchoo was appointed Director of the [[Special Protection Group|SPG]] in 2004 for an initial two-year term<ref>{{cite web|title=B.V. WANCHOO WILL BE THE NEW DIRECTOR SPG|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=3777|accessdate=7 May 2012}}</ref> but continued in that post for seven years till his retirement on 31 October 2011.<ref name="rajbhavangoa.org"/>

==Governor of Goa==
On 4 May 2012, Wanchoo took charge as [[Governor of Goa]].<ref name="rajbhavangoa.org"/> His tenure as [[Governor of Goa]] was appreciated by many<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mail-archive.com/goanet@lists.goanet.org/msg104536.html|title=[Goanet] A PEOPLE'S GOVERNOR DEPARTS|author=Aires Rodrigues|date=6 July 2014|work=mail-archive.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.targetgoa.com/goabuzzdet.php?bzid=6181&&id=3|title=Target Goa : B V Wanchoo was a very dignified governor|work=targetgoa.com|access-date=2014-07-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714210101/http://www.targetgoa.com/goabuzzdet.php?bzid=6181&&id=3|archive-date=2014-07-14|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heraldgoa.in/Edit/Letters/Wanchoos-legacy/15455.html|title=Goa English News - oHeraldo English News Daily - Goa News Online|work=heraldgoa.in}}</ref> including a [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] MLA from Goa and he was also called the best Governor the state ever had.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/after-resignation-wanchoo-called-goa-s-best-governor-114070700456_1.html|title=After resignation, Wanchoo called Goa's best governor|author=IANS|date=7 July 2014|work=business-standard.com}}</ref> He was questioned by the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] on 4 July 2014 as a witness in connection with the [[2013 Indian helicopter bribery scandal]].<ref>[http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/goa-governor-bv-wanchoo-resigns-after-being-questioned-by-cbi-in-augustawestland-chopper-deal-553125 Goa Governor BV Wanchoo Resigns After Being Questioned by CBI in AugustaWestland Chopper Deal - NDTV]</ref> He resigned the same day (4 July 2014) from the position of [[Governor of Goa]].<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/goa-governor-wanchoo-resigns/article6177847.ece Goa Governor Wanchoo resigns - The Hindu]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/indiatemplate/goa-governor-bv-wanchoo-resigns/article1-1236817.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704231811/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/indiatemplate/goa-governor-bv-wanchoo-resigns/article1-1236817.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 July 2014|title=Goa's Wanchoo quits; 5th governor to do so|work=hindustantimes.com/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/news/article/Goa-Governor-BV-Wanchoo-Resigns/848136|title=Goa Governor B.V. Wanchoo Resigns|work=outlookindia.com}}</ref>

==Honours and awards==
*Awarded the Indian Police Medal in 1993<ref name=CV />
*Awarded the President's Police Medal in 2001<ref name=CV />
* 'Tonk Cup' at the [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy]] for being the best horse rider of his batch.<ref name="rajbhavangoa.org"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wanchoo, B.V}}
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kashmiri politicians]]
[[Category:Kashmiri Pandits]]
[[Category:Governors of Goa]]
[[Category:Indian Police Service officers]]

Sihora Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:36:40Z

Musicalkd: adding new info

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sihora
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 102
| map_image = 102-Sihora.svg
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Jabalpur district|Jabalpur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Jabalpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jabalpur]]
| established = 1952
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[Santosh Varkade]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = Nandni Maravi
}}
'''Sihora''' is one of the 230 constituencies of the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], in [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central India.<ref name="constiteuncies">{{cite web|title=List of Assembly Constituencies|url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/se98/background/S12/ListACs-MP.html|website=eci.nic.in|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref> It comprises [[Kundam]] and [[Sihora]] tehsils, both in [[Jabalpur district]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher = [[Election Commission of India]] |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718103411/https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2023, its representative is [[Santosh Varkade]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1952 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Kashi Prasad Pandey]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
|[[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|-
|[[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
|[[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
|[[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Parmanand Bhai
|-
|[[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Dhanya Kumar
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|rowspan="2" | Manju Devi
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)|dab=y}}
|-
|[[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|rowspan="2" | Prabhat Kumar Pandey
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]<ref name="election1993">{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3736-madhya-pradesh-1993/ |accessdate=22 December 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]<ref name=election1998>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3737-madhya-pradesh-1998/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=22 December 2021}}</ref>
|Nitya Niranjan Khampariya
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|Dilip Dubey
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
|[[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3739-madhya-pradesh-2008/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|rowspan=3|Nandni Maravi
|-
|[[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3740-madhya-pradesh-2013/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|-
|[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|[[Santosh Varkade]]
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sihora<ref name="election2023">{{Cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh General Legislative Election 2023 Statistical Report |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mp-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Santosh Varkade]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:101777}}
|percentage = 56.07
|change = +10.67
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ekta Thakur
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:59005}}
|percentage = 32.51
|change = -8.66
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Subhash Singh Markam
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:11101}}
|percentage = 6.12
|change = +2.39
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Dr. Sanjiv Warkhede
|votes = {{formatnum:2906}}
|percentage = 1.6
|change = new
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Shakti Chetna Party
|candidate = Shiv Prasad Dhurve
|votes = {{formatnum:2213}}
|percentage = 1.22
|change = new
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3033}}
|percentage = 1.67
|change = -1.19
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:42772}}
|percentage = 23.56
|change = +19.33
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:181523}}
|percentage = 80.71
|change = +4.42
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sihora<ref name=election2018/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Nandni Maravi
|votes = {{formatnum:73312}}
|percentage = 45.4
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Khiladi Singh Aarmo
|votes = {{formatnum:66489}}
|percentage = 41.17
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Babita Gautiya
|votes = {{formatnum:6028}}
|percentage = 3.73
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Gondwana Ganatantra Party
|candidate = Maahu Singh Paraste
|votes = {{formatnum:5937}}
|percentage = 3.68
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Sapaks Party
|candidate = Sanjay Kumar Kol
|votes = {{formatnum:2464}}
|percentage = 1.53
|change = new
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4620}}
|percentage = 2.86
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:6823}}
|percentage = 4.23
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:161482}}
|percentage = 76.29
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Sihora]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coords|23.49|80.10|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Jabalpur district]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]

Hasanpur, Bihar Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:40:00Z

Musicalkd: New a stub.

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Hasanpur, Bihar
| type = SLA
| map_image = 140-Hasanpur, Bihar constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Raj Kumar Ray]]
| party = {{Party index link|Janata Dal (United)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
| preceded_by = [[Tej Pratap Yadav]]
| region =
| state = [[Bihar]]
| district = [[Samastipur district|Samastipur]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Khagaria (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khagaria]]
| constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|140]]
| established = 1967
| electors = 289,760
| incumbent_image =
| abolished = 
}}
'''Hasanpur''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Rosera]] Subdivision of [[Samastipur district]] in the [[States and territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Bihar]].

{{Pie chart
| value1 = 25
| value2 = 17
| value3 = 17
| value4 = 17
| value5 = 8
| value6 = 8
| value7 = 8
| label1 = [[Samyukta Socialist Party|'''SSP''' (3 times)]]
| label2 = [[Janata Dal|'''JD''' (2 times)]]
| label3 = [[Janata Dal (United)|'''JD(U)''' (2 times)]]
| label4 = [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|'''RJD''' (2 times)]]
| label5 = [[Janata Party|'''JP''' (1 time)]]
| label6 = [[Indian National Congress|'''INC''' (1 time)]]
| label7 = [[Janshakti Janata Dal|'''JJD''' (1 time)]]
| color1 = {{party color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
| color2 = {{party color|Janata Dal}}
| color3 = {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}
| color4 = {{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| color5 = {{party color|Janata Party}}
| color6 = {{party color|Indian National Congress}}
| color7 = {{party color|Janshakti Janata Dal}}
| caption = Most successful parties from Hasanpur Assembly
}}

==Overview==
[[Hasanpur]] Assembly constituency is composed of the following: Hasanpur and Bithan [[Community Development Block in India|community development blocks]]; Kundal I, Kundal II,
Shalepur, Jahangirpur and Bishnupur Diha [[gram panchayat]]s of Singhia CD Block.<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref>

Hasanpur Assembly constituency is part of No. 25 [[Khagaria (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=commission/>

==Transport==
Hasanpur Road Junction Railway Station is the busiest station in Samastipur-Khagaria Line.{{cn|date=October 2024}}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Gajendra Prasad Himanshu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party (Secular)|dab=y}}
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|[[Rajendra Prasad Yadav (Hasanpur politician)|Rajendra Prasad Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|[[Gajendra Prasad Himanshu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|Sunil Kumar Pushpam
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|[[Gajendra Prasad Himanshu]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y}}
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| rowspan="2" |Sunil Kumar Pushpam
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Raj Kumar Ray]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|-
|rowspan=2|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|rowspan=2|[[Tej Pratap Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Janshakti Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|[[Raj Kumar Ray]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Legislative Assembly Election, 2025]]: Hasanpur<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Hasanpur">{{cite news |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Hasanpur |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04140.htm |access-date=13 December 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=14 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251213151056/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04140.htm |archive-date=13 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Raj Kumar Ray]]
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = {{formatnum:90961}}
|percentage = 44.43
|change = +9.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Mala Pushpam
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:83047}}
|percentage = 40.57
|change = -6.7
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Indu Devi
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:9553}}
|percentage = 4.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janshakti Vikas Party (Democratic)
|candidate = Manoj Mukhiya
|votes = {{formatnum:4673}}
|percentage = 2.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Fulo Sahni
|votes = {{formatnum:3294}}
|percentage = 1.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Manmohan Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:2127}}
|percentage = 1.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4013}}
|percentage = 1.96
|change = -0.62
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:7914}}
|percentage = 3.86
|change = -8.48
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:204712}}
|percentage = 70.65
|change = +12.01
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2020]]: [[Hasanpur]]<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-13 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12787-bihar-legislative-election-2020/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Tej Pratap Yadav]]
|votes = {{formatnum:80991}}
|percentage = 47.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = [[Raj Kumar Ray]]
|votes = {{formatnum:59852}}
|percentage = 34.93
|change = -8.07
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)
|candidate = Arjun Prasad Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:9882}}
|percentage = 5.77
|change = -7.69
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = [[Manish Kumar Sahni]]
|votes = {{formatnum:8797}}
|percentage = 5.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtra Sewa Dal
|candidate = Virendra Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:2593}}
|percentage = 1.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Jan Vikas Party
|candidate = Bhanu Pandit
|votes = {{formatnum:2227}}
|percentage = 1.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sanjeev Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:1627}}
|percentage = 0.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4426}}
|percentage = 2.58
|change = -2.51
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:21139}}
|percentage = 12.34
|change = -7.83
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:171336}}
|percentage = 58.64
|change = +2.57
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|loser = Janata Dal (United)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Hasanpur<ref name="Hasanpur Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025">{{cite news |title=Hasanpur Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/hasanpur |access-date=13 December 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=14 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251213151128/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/hasanpur |archive-date=13 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Raj Kumar Ray
|votes = {{formatnum:63094}}
|percentage = 43.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Samta Party
|candidate = Vinod Choudhary
|votes = {{formatnum:33494}}
|percentage = 22.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)
|candidate = Sunil Kumar Pushpam
|votes = {{formatnum:19756}}
|percentage = 13.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Gangadhar Jha
|votes = {{formatnum:5589}}
|percentage = 3.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtravadi Janata Party
|candidate = Jitendra Kumar Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:4850}}
|percentage = 3.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aarakshan Virodhi Party
|candidate = Sudin Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:3881}}
|percentage = 2.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Sarvajan Kalyan Loktantrik Party
|candidate = Bindeshwari Prasad Sahni
|votes = {{formatnum:2231}}
|percentage = 1.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Prayag Chandra Mukhia
|votes = {{formatnum:2211}}
|percentage = 1.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Manoranjan Rai
|votes = {{formatnum:1444}}
|percentage = 0.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ranjan Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:1402}}
|percentage = 0.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Pravin Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:1319}}
|percentage = 0.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:7471}}
|percentage = 5.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:29600}}
|percentage = 20.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:146742}}
|percentage = 56.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Darbhanga Division topics}}
{{coord|25|44|07|N|86|12|32|E|region:IN-{{IndAbbr|[[Bihar]]}}|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Samastipur district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Bihar]]

Choryasi Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:20:24Z

Musicalkd: made initial entry v1

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{expand list|date=June 2025}}{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Choryasi
| mla = Desai Sandeep Jayntibhai
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Surat district|Surat]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Navsari Lok Sabha constituency|Navsari]]
| established = 1962
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:566545}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|2}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 168
}}

'''Choryasi (Surat)''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Surat district|Surat]] district.

==List of segments==
This assembly seat represents the following segments,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent|date=12 December 2006|website=Election Commission of India|publisher=Delimitation Commission of India|pages=2–31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=dead|access-date=12 February 2017}}</ref>

# Choryasi Taluka (Part) Villages – Bhatlai, Rajgari, Sunvali, Mora, Kavas, Bhatpor, Kidiabet, Bhatha, Rundh, Magdalla, Gaviyar, Vanta, [[Dumas, Gujarat|Dumas]], [[Hazira|Hajira]], Sultanabad, Bhimpor, Sarsana, Abhva, Khajod, [[Bhimrad]], Jiav, Sonari, Karadva, Saniya Kanade, Eklera, Bhanodra, Gabheni, Budia, Talangpor, Pardi Kanade, Kharvasa, Pali, Umber, Kansad, Bamroli, Palanpor, Bharthan, Vadod, Gadodara, Dindoli, [[Vesu]], Pal, Ichchhapor (CT), Parvat (CT), Limla (CT), Hajira (INA), Un (CT), Sachin (CT), Sachin (INA)

==Member of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!Picture
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| Patel Zankhana Hiteshkumar<ref name=election2017/> ||
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party | rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[Sandip Desai]]||
|}

==Election results==
===2022===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Choryasi]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Sandip Desai]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=2,36,033|percentage=73.12|change=+5.11}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Prakashbhai Contractor|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=49,615|percentage=15.37|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Kantilal Nanubhai Patel|party=Indian National Congress|votes=25,840|percentage=8.01|change=-16.66}}

{{Election box majority||votes=1,86,418|percentage=57.75|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=3,22,785|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|loser = Indian National Congress
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2017===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2017]]: Choryasi<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Zankhana Patel
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 1,73,882
|percentage = 68.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Yogesh Patel]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=63,063|percentage=24.67|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ajay Chaudhari|party=Independent (politician)|votes=9,708|percentage=3.80|change=''New''}}

{{Election box majority||votes=1,10,819|percentage=43.34|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=2,55,678|percentage=61.32|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:416953}}
|ref= <ref name=election2017/>
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2012]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Rajabhai Patel
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 1,19,917
|percentage = 62.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Satishbhai Patel
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 52,279
|percentage = 27.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Prakashbhai Contractor
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 5,906
|percentage = 3.09
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 67,638
|percentage = 35.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,91,338
|percentage = 62.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2007===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2007]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Narottambhai Trikamdas Patel
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 5,84,098
|percentage = 68.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Janakbhai Govindbhai Dhanani
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 2,37,158
|percentage = 27.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Avinash Vadivakar
|party = Shiv Sena
|votes = 2,260
|percentage = 0.27
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3,46,940
|percentage = 40.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 8,51,398
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Surat district]]
* [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat}}
{{Gujarat elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|21.31|72.96|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Surat district]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Gujarat]]

Palya Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:00:38Z

Musicalkd: started a info

{{Short description|Former Assembly constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Palya
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Mysore State]]
| district = [[Mysore district|Mysore]]
| division = [[Mysore division|Mysore ]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Chamarajanagar Lok Sabha constituency|Chamarajanagar]]
| constituency_no =
| established = 1957
| reservation = None
| abolished = 1967
| mla =
| party =
| alliance =
| latest_election_year =
| electors =
}}
'''Palya Assembly constituency''' was one of the constituencies in [[Mysore state assembly]] in India until 1967 when it was made defunct. It was part of [[Chamarajanagar Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-21 |title=Delimitation, 1967 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3944-delimitation-orders-1967/ |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Members of Assembly ==

=== [[Mysore State]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|colspan=4 align=center|Until 1957: ''Seat does not exist. See [[Kollegal Assembly constituency|Kollegal]]''
|-
|[[1957 Mysore Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<ref name="MYSECI1957">{{cite web | url=https://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 : To the Legislative Assembly of Mysore | publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] | website=eci.gov.in | accessdate=July 26, 2015 | archive-date=16 October 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016164906/https://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf | url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>
|rowspan=2|[[G. Venkate Gowda]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1962 Mysore Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<ref name=election1967>{{Cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3773-karnataka-1962/ |title=Mysore Legislative Assembly Election, 1962 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=10 April 2023}}</ref>
|-
|colspan=4 align=center|1967 onwards: ''Seat does not exist. See [[Hanur Assembly constituency|Hanur]]''
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Palya<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=G. Venkatai Gowda |party=Independent politician |votes = 19,132 |percentage = 50.09% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=H. Nagappa |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 19,065 |percentage = 49.91% |change={{increase}}13.14 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 67 |percentage = 0.18% |change= {{decrease}}26.28 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 39,602 |percentage = 68.58% |change= {{increase}}16.31 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 38,197}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 57,745|ref = |change= {{increase}}7.37 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}13.14 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1957===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Palya<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=G. Venkate Gowda |party=Independent politician |votes = 17,773 |percentage = 63.23% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=S. C. Viruprakshaiah |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 10,337 |percentage = 36.77% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,436 |percentage = 26.45% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 28,110 |percentage = 52.27% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 28,110}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 53,782|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Independent politician |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of the Mysore Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Karnataka}}

{{Coord|12.178654|77.175848|region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Mysore district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Mysore State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]

Vākyapañcāṅga

2026-04-14T18:30:58Z

Musicalkd:

{{Short description|Types of Tamil almanac}}

'''Vākyapañcāṅga''' is an almanac used in [[Tamil nadu]] and used by various tamil speaking community members across the world. Two types of almanacs are popular among the [[Tamils|Tamil]] speaking people in India, and the world over, they are '''''Vākyapañcāṅga''''' and '''''[[Tirugaṇita-pañcāṅgam|Thirugaṇita-pañcāṅga]]'''''. The latter is also known as ''Dṛggaṇita pañcāṅga''. This is not to be confused with the ''Dṛggaṇita pañcāṅga'', the nearly unanimous choice of almanac of Malayalam speaking people, established by [[Parameshvara Nambudiri|Vatasseri Parameshvara Nambudiri]] (c. 1380–1460) who was a major Indian mathematician and astronomer of the [[Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics]] founded by [[Madhava of Sangamagrama]]. The ''Vākyapañcāṅga'' is based on the astronomical data and computational methods propounded in the various ''Siddhānta'' texts like the ''Sūrya-Siddhānta'' and uses the text ''[[Vākyakaraṇa]]'' of anonymous authorship as the basic source book. The ''Thirugaṇita-pañcāṅga'' is based on the modern values of the various astronomical parameters and incorporates modern formulas and computational schemes. It was introduced by [[Chinthamani Ragoonatha Chary]] (1822 – 5 February 1880) an Indian astronomer attached to the then [[Madras Observatory]].<ref name=VT>{{cite web|last=Venkateswaran T. V.|title=Chinthamani Ragoonathachary and Secularization of Time During the Late Nineteenth Century Madras Presidency|url=http://web.gnowledge.org/episteme3/pro_pdfs/04-tvv.pdf|work=Proceeding No 521 of March 26, 1878, Fr St George.|access-date=30 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=B. S. Shylaja|title=Chintamani Ragoonathachari and Contemporary Indian Astronomy|journal=Current Science|date=10 May 2009|volume=96|issue=9|page=1273|url=http://www.parallelthoughts.in/blog/chintamani-ragoonathachari-and-contemporary-indian-astronomy/|access-date=18 February 2016|archive-date=25 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125072327/http://www.parallelthoughts.in/blog/chintamani-ragoonathachari-and-contemporary-indian-astronomy/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==''Vākyapañcāṅga''==

The name ''Vākyapañcāṅga'' comes from the fact that it is based on ''vākya''-s. In this context, the word ''vākya'' means a Sanskrit sentence, often meaningless in the literary sense, which represent a numerical value encoded in the [[Katapayadi system|kaṭapayādi]] system. For example ''āyurārogyasaukhyam'' (आयुरारोग्यसौख्यम्) is the encoding of the number 1712210 in the ''kaṭapayādi'' system. Ancient Indian astronomers have compiled extensive tables of astronomical data and, for easy memorization, these data have been put together as collections of ''vākya''-s encoded in the ''kaṭapayādi'' system. There are collections of such ''vākya''-s in respect of the celestial entities like the Moon, the five planets, ''rāhu'', etc. ''[[Vākyakaraṇa]]'', the basic reference work for ''vākyapañcāṅga''-s makes extensive use of these collections of ''vākya''-s.<ref name="Sarma">{{cite book |last1=T. S. Kuppanna Sastri and K. V. Sarma |title=Vakya Karana with the commentary Laghuprakasika by Sundararaja |date=1962 |publisher=Kuppanna Sastri Research Institute |location=Madras (Chennai) |url=https://archive.org/details/vakyakaranawithlaghuparkasikasudararajaed.kuppannasastrit.s.sarmak.v._865_t/mode/2up?view=theater |access-date=11 January 2024 |ref=Sarma}}</ref> According to Kuppanna Sastri and Sarma:<ref name="Sarma"/>"Vākyakaraṇa, being a ''karaṇa'' intended for practical use, ease of computation is the aim, which means that too much accuracy cannot be expected in the work. The ''vākya''-s are given to the nearest minute. The differences between the ''vākya''-s are so great that interpolation gives values several minutes off the correct values. The sines are given for 15 degree intervals and the declination of points on the ecliptic for five degree intervals. The methods of computing the circumstances of the eclipses and the ''Mahāpāta''-s are rough and can only give results not very accurate." These inaccuracies are of course fully reflected in the ''Vākyapañcāṅga''-s.
Not only that the positions of stars are not where they are, but often due to the accumulation of errors ''Vākyapañcāṅga''-s it predict eclipses when there will be none. Even when eclipse is predicted the first contact time varies by about more than an hour.. To illustrate, ''Vākyapañcāṅga''-s predicted that a solar eclipse would occur on Avani 6 in 1871, but there was no eclipse anywhere on the said date.

In spite of the inaccuracies, there are large sections of the population who adhere to ''Vākyapañcāṅga''-s to determine the auspicious times for conducting religious rites and festivals. The argument of the orthodox astrologers was that passage of time is unrelated to actual movement of celestial objects, and that reference to movement of celestial objects is only for ease of calculation. Performance of rituals according to
''Sāstra''-s demanded no accuracy of accordance between the ''pañcāṅga'' and actual position of celestial objects. It was contented that accuracy and accordance with actual observation may be needed for Astronomy but not for computation of ''tithi'', ''nakṣatra'' and other aspects for the purpose of performing rituals. One may use the modern technique for observational astronomy, but for ritual use, one should resort to the traditional computation of the position of stars, for ‘appointed time’ is crucial. If ''Vākyapañcāṅga'' is not followed, one may be misled from the ‘appointed time’ by the ''Dharmasāstra''-s, even though one may be accurate in predicting the celestial event.

The great [[Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam|Ranganathaswamy Temple at Srirangam]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Vakya Panchangam 2022 - Sriangam |url=https://srirangaminfo.com/vakya-panchangam-srirangam.php?year=2022&page=1#panchangam |website=srirangaminfo.com |access-date=13 January 2024}}</ref> regularly publishes ''Vākyapañcāṅga''-s every year. [[Sringeri Sharada Peetham]] also follows the ''Vākyapañcāṅga''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shobhakrita Varsha Vakyapanchangam |url=https://sringeri.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Sobhakrithu-Panchangam-23-24-3.pdf |website=sringeri.net |publisher=Sringeri Sharada Peetham |access-date=13 January 2024}}</ref>

==Some ''Vākyapañcāṅga''-s==

[[File:PambuPanchangam.png|thumb|Cover image of ''Pambu Panchangam'']]

Here are some examples of ''Vākyapañcāṅga''-s:
* M. S. Pachiappa Mudaliar, 28 No. [[Pambu Panchangam|Pambu Sudhha Vakya Panchangam]]
* K. N. Narayanamoorthy Arcot Seetharama Iyer Panchangam [https://arcot-panchangam-vedic-almanac.soft112.com/]
* Ramanathapuram Vakiya Tamil Panchangam
* N. R. Mahalingam Sivasakthi Panchangam,
* K. V. Kuppuswamy Hanuman Panchangam,
* M. V. Narayanan Hayagreevar Panchangam,
* G. S. Subramaniam Maruthukudi Panchangam,
* Patti Veerabhadra Dhyvagnyan Srisailam Panchangam,
* S. Gopalakrishnan Raghavendra Panchangam.

==See also==

* ''[[Vākyakaraṇa]]''
* [[Tirugaṇita-pañcāṅgam]]

==References==

{{reflist}}

{{Jyotish Vidya}}
{{calendars}}

[[Category:Hindu astronomy]]
[[Category:Astrological almanacs]]
[[Category:Hindu calendar]]
[[Category:Specific calendars]]
[[Category:Tamil culture]]
[[Category:Panchangam]]

Chandor Kalwan Baglan Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:20:44Z

Musicalkd: made initial pg first draft

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Chandor Kalwan Baglan
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1951 <ref name="delimitation1951">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3968-dpaco-1951/ |title=DPACO (1951) - Archive Delimitation Orders - Election Commission of India |access-date= 9 December 2020 |pages=344-357}}</ref>
| abolished = 1955 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Final Order DC (1953-1955) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| electors = 1,19,764
| mla = Jadhav Madhavrao Laxmanrao
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation = ST
}}
Chandor Kalwan Baglan Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" rowspan="2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Jadhav Madhavrao Laxmanrao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| More Dongar Rama
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Chandor Kalwan Baglan <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Jadhav Madhavrao Laxmanrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 25,959 |percentage = 20.27% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = More Dongar Rama |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 25,377 |percentage = 19.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gaikwad Laxman Arjun |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 13,788 |percentage = 10.76% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sonavane Narayan Mansaram |party = Kamgar Kisan Paksha |votes = 13,103 |percentage = 10.23% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sonawane Daga Ajaba |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 13,044 |percentage = 10.18% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhutekar Gangadhar Bapuji |party = Independent politician |votes = 10,433 |percentage = 8.14% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pawar Nagu Ganpat |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 8,913 |percentage = 6.96% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pawar Bala Ramji |party = Kamgar Kisan Paksha |votes = 8,676 |percentage = 6.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mali Madhav Narayan |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,663 |percentage = 3.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chandratre Pandharinath Balkrishna |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,136 |percentage = 3.23% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,171 |percentage = 9.50% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 128,092 |percentage = 53.48% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 128,092}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 119,764 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Anupama Puchimanda

2026-04-13T02:50:35Z

Musicalkd: Starting new entry!

{{Short description|Indian field hockey umpire and player (1980–2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anupama Puchimanda
}}
'''Anupama Puchimanda''' (8 July 1980 – 18 April 2021) was an Indian athlete who competed nationally in [[field hockey]] and officiated internationally as an [[umpire]]. In 2006, she was the first Indian woman to umpire at the Commonwealth Games. She officiated over 90 international hockey matches, including the [[Asian Games]], [[Central American and Caribbean Games]], the [[FIH Junior World Cup]], and the [[East Asian Games]], as well as over 100 Indian hockey matches during her career.

== Biography ==
Puchimanda was born in Virajpet, Karnataka and earned a degree in law. In April 2021, Puchimanda contracted and died of [[COVID-19]] at the age of 41. She was married to Mithun Mandanna.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-18|title=International hockey umpire Mundanda Anupama passes away|url=https://starofmysore.com/international-hockey-umpire-mundanda-anupama-passes-away/|access-date=2021-12-02|website=Star of Mysore|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Career ==
Puchimanda began her hockey career in 1995, competing in a sub-junior National championship and representing the [[Karnataka|State of Karnataka]]. She later represented the senior team at the same championship, played for Mangalore University's hockey team, and became a hockey umpire for the State of Karnataka in 2004.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Reporter|first=Sports|date=2021-04-18|title=Player-turned-umpire Anupama passes away|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/hockey/player-turned-umpire-anupama-passes-away/article34352183.ece|access-date=2021-12-02|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|first=Manuja|last=Veerappa|date=18 April 2021|title=Former international female hockey umpire Anupama dies of Covid-19|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/top-stories/former-international-female-hockey-umpire-anupama-dies-of-covid-19/articleshow/82132693.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-02|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418173130/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/top-stories/former-international-female-hockey-umpire-anupama-dies-of-covid-19/articleshow/82132693.cms |archive-date=2021-04-18 }}</ref> She played in the mid-field and right flank.<ref name=":1" />

She was involved in the development of hockey as a sport in the state of Karnataka, and served as an executive member of the Karnataka State Hockey Association.<ref name=":0" /> In 2004, Puchimanda was selected by the erstwhile [[Indian Hockey Federation]] to act as an umpire for women's hockey matches.<ref name=":1" />

In 2006, Puchimanda became the first woman from India to officiate at the [[Commonwealth Games]], acting as an [[umpire]] for women's hockey. She later officiated at the 2006 [[Central American and Caribbean Games]] as well as the [[Asian Games]], [[FIH Junior World Cup|FIH junior World Cup]] and [[East Asian Games]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Covid-19 claims international hockey umpire Anupama|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2021/apr/19/covid-claims-internationalhockey-umpire-anupama-2291719.html|access-date=2021-12-02|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> She also officiated at the BDO Junior World Cup (Women) (2005,[[Santiago]]), the Hero Hockey World League Round-2 (Women) (2013, Delhi) and the 2013 Women's Asia Cup (Kuala Lumpur).<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Asian Hockey Federation condoles the death of Anupama Puchimanda|url=http://www.asiahockey.org/news/the-asian-hockey-federation-condoles-the-death-of-anupama-puchimanda/|access-date=2021-12-02|website=Asian Hockey Federation|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=OCA » Asian hockey pays tribute to international umpire Anupama, 40|url=https://ocasia.org/news/1845-asian-hockey-pays-tribute-to-international-umpire-anupama-40.html|access-date=2021-12-02|website=ocasia.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-18|title=Hockey India mourns the death of former international umpire Anupama Punchimanda|url=https://www.hockeyindia.org/news/hockey-india-mourns-the-death-of-former-international-umpire-anupama-punchimanda|access-date=2021-12-02|website=Hockey India|language=en}}</ref> In 2012, she officiated at the [[2012 Women's Four Nations Hockey Tournament (North Harbour)|Women's Four Nations Hockey Tournament]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=International Hockey Federation: Outdoor Appointments|url=http://www.fih.ch/files/Sport/Umpires/FIH%20Outdoor%20%20Indoor%20Appointments%202012%20-%20Updated%2002%20July%202012.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128010951/http://www.fih.ch/files/Sport/Umpires/FIH%20Outdoor%20%20Indoor%20Appointments%202012%20-%20Updated%2002%20July%202012.pdf |archive-date=2021-01-28 }}</ref> During her career, she officiated over 90 international hockey matches, as well as an equivalent amount of national and state matches in India.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

==Awards and honours==
In 2011, she was one of several people who received a Namma Bengaluru Award from the city of [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]] for her achievements in sports.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Miss. Anupama Puchimanda – Namma Bengaluru Awards|url=https://www.nammabengaluruawards.org/portfolio/miss-anupama-puchimanda/|access-date=2021-12-02|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-02-01|title=21 finalists line up for 2011 Namma Bengaluru Awards|url=https://bengaluru.citizenmatters.in/2738-namma-bengaluru-awards-2011-finalists-2738|access-date=2021-12-02|website=Citizen Matters, Bengaluru|language=en-GB}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Puchimanda, Anupama}}
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian women's field hockey players]]
[[Category:Women field hockey umpires]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in India]]
[[Category:Women referees and umpires]]

Munshi Ghat

2026-04-12T14:39:58Z

Musicalkd:

{{short description|Ghat in Varanasi}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Munshi Ghat
| coordinates = {{coord|25|18|20.475|N|83|0|35.68|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| country = India
| image = [[File:Munshi Ghat in Varanasi.jpg|250px]]}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}

'''Munshi Ghat''' is one of the [[Ghats in Varanasi|ghats]] in [[Varanasi]], Uttar Pradesh, India.

== Significance ==
Built in the year 1812, Munshi Ghat is named after [[Sridhara Narayana Munshi]], who was a finance minister in the estate of Nagpur. In 1915, the Brahmin king Kameshwar Singh Gautam Bahadur of Darbhanga (Bihar) purchased the ghat and extended it. The extension later became known as Darbhanga Ghat.<ref>{{Citation | url =https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fvdavns.org%2Fdata%2Fproposing_varanasi.pdf | title = Proposing Varanasi for the World Heritage List of UNESCO| publisher = Varanasi Development Authority}}</ref>

== Darbhanga Ghat extension ==
The palace of Darbhanga Ghat is made of sandstone from [[Chunar]], with beautiful porches and Greek pillars. This area has been of importance in the [[Puranic]] context, but has also gained importance for its grandeur and architectural style.

In 1994 the Darbhanga palace was purchased by the Clarks Hotel Group, who named it the Brijrama Palace, and planned to transform it into a five-star hotel. They have already demolished almost half of the structure from the back; its back perimeter is being extended and its height raised in order to make it suitable for the use of the planned hotel.

==References==
{{commons category}}
{{Reflist}}
{{Varanasi}}

[[Category:Ghats of India]]
[[Category:Ghats in Varanasi]]

Gemini (2002 film)

2026-04-11T09:47:31Z

Musicalkd: made new entry v1

{{short description|2002 Tamil film directed by Saran}}
{{about||the 2002 Telugu remake with a similar name|Gemeni (film)|the soundtrack|Gemini (soundtrack)}}
{{featured article}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Gemini 2002 poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Saran (director)|Saran]]
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* B. Gurunath
* M. Balasubramanian
* [[M. Saravanan (producer)|M. Saravanan]]
* [[M. S. Guhan]]
}}
| writer = Saran
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]]
* [[Kiran Rathod]]
* [[Kalabhavan Mani]]
}}
| music = [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]]
| cinematography = [[A. Venkatesh (cinematographer)|Venkatesh Anguraj]]
| editing = [[Suresh Urs]]
| studio = [[AVM Productions]]
| distributor = Royal Film Company
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2002|4|12|India}}
| runtime = 157 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2002 |title=''GEMINI'' (15) |url=http://bbfc.co.uk/releases/gemini-2002-0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150423100442/http://bbfc.co.uk/releases/gemini-2002-0 |archive-date=23 April 2015 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Gemini''''' ({{IPAc-en|dʒ|ɛ|m|i|n|ɪ}}) is a 2002 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[crime action film]] written and directed by [[Saran (director)|Saran]] with Pon Elango as assistant director. This film was produced by [[AVM Productions]]. The film stars [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] in the main lead role, while [[Kiran Rathod]], [[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]], [[Kalabhavan Mani]], [[Vinu Chakravarthy]], [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] and [[Thennavan (actor)|Thennavan]] portray significant roles. Based on gang wars in [[Chennai]], the film delves into the lives of outlaws and the roles the police and society play in their rehabilitation and acceptance.

In early 2001, rival gangsters "Vellai" Ravi and Chera reformed themselves with the patronage of a police officer. Saran was inspired by this incident and scripted a story based on it. Production began shortly afterwards in December the same year and was completed by March 2002. The film was shot mainly at the AVM Studios in Chennai, while two song sequences were filmed in [[Switzerland]]. The film had cinematography by [[A. Venkatesh (cinematographer)|A. Venkatesh]] and editing by [[Suresh Urs]] while the soundtrack was scored by [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]].

The soundtrack was well received, with the song "O Podu" becoming a sensation in [[Tamil Nadu]]. ''Gemini'' was released two days ahead of the [[Puthandu|Tamil New Year]] on 12 April 2002 and received mixed reviews, with praise for the performances of Vikram and Mani but criticism of Saran's script. Made at an estimated cost of {{INRConvert|40|m}}, the film earned more than {{INRConvert|200|m}} at the box office and became one of the highest-grossing Tamil film of the year. Its success, largely attributed to the popularity of "O Podu", resurrected the Tamil film industry, which was experiencing difficulties after a series of box office failures. The film won three [[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards]], three [[International Tamil Film Awards|ITFA Awards]] and four [[Cinema Express Awards]]. Later that same year, Saran remade the film in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Gemeni (film)|Gemeni]]''.

== Plot ==
Teja is a high-profile gangster in North Madras who often imitates the behaviour characteristics of different animals for sarcastic effect. Accompanied by his gang, he arrives at a [[magistrates' court]] for a hearing. His animal antics are mocked at by "Chintai" Jeeva, another accused. Teja and his gang retaliate and kill Jeeva within the court premises. Jeeva was a member of a rival gang headed by Gemini, an aspiring goon from [[Chintadripet]] who wants to dethrone Teja and take his place. To avenge Jeeva's death, Gemini hunts down the murderer Pandian while Isaac, one of Gemini's men, kills him. This incident leads to a feud between Gemini and Teja, and a fight for supremacy ensues. Pandian's mother Annamma, a destitute woman, locates the whereabouts of her son's murderers. She approaches Gemini, becomes the gang's cook, and awaits a chance to poison them.

Gemini meets and falls in love with a North Indian woman Manisha Natwarlal, a free-spirited college girl. To pursue her, he joins an evening class at her college and she falls in love with him, unaware of his true identity. Two businessmen approach Gemini to evict traders from a market so that a shopping complex can be built in its place. As the market is in his control, Gemini refuses the offer, and the businessmen hire Teja to execute the job. Feigning an altercation with Gemini, his sidekick Kai joins Teja's gang, acts as the inside man, and foils the plan. Teja becomes enraged at being outsmarted by Gemini.

Singaperumal, an astute police officer, is promoted to the position of [[Director general of police|Director General of Police]] (DGP). Keen on eradicating crime, he arrests both Gemini and Teja, and the arrests are made "off the record" owing to their political influence. Aware of the rivalry between them, Singaperumal puts them in a private cell so they can beat each other to death. While Teja tries to exact revenge for the market issue, Gemini does not fight back but persuades Teja to trick Singaperumal by pleading guilty and requesting a chance to reform. Gemini's trick works, and they are released.

Since Gemini was arrested at the college, Manisha discovers his identity and resents him. To regain her attention, Gemini reforms his ways. Though his gang initially disapproves of it, they relent. As Gemini and his gang regret their actions, Annamma reveals her true identity and forgives them. Singaperumal helps Gemini get back into college and reunite with Manisha. Teja returns to his gang and continues his illegal activities. He pesters Gemini to help him in his business. Gemini informs Singaperumal of Teja's activities; Teja is caught smuggling narcotics, is prosecuted, and serves a term in prison.

A few months later, Singaperumal is transferred, and a corrupt officer takes his place. The current DGP releases Teja, and together, they urge Gemini to work for them and repay for the losses they incurred, but Gemini refuses. To force him to return to his old ways, Teja persuades Isaac to conspire against Gemini. With Isaac's help, Teja plots and kills Kai. Gemini is infuriated and confronts Teja to settle the issue. During the fight, Gemini beats up Teja and swaps their clothes, leaving Teja bound and gagged. The new DGP arrives and shoots Gemini dead; he later realises that he had actually shot Teja who was in Gemini's clothes. While the DGP grieves over Teja's death, he receives news that he has been transferred to the Sewage Control Board.

Gemini lives happily ever after with Manisha.

== Cast ==

{{cast listing|
* [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] as Gemini
* [[Kiran Rathod]] as Manisha Natwarlal
* [[Kalabhavan Mani]] as Teja
* [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Annamma
* [[Vinu Chakravarthy]] as Chakravarthy, a power-obsessed, corrupt police officer
* [[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]] as DGP Singaperumal
* [[Charle]] as Chinna Salem
* [[Ramesh Khanna]] as Gopal [[Master of Arts|MA]]
* [[Dhamu]] as Ram
* [[Vaiyapuri]] as Oberoi
* [[Rani (Tamil actress)|Rani]] as Kamini
* [[Thennavan (actor)|Thennavan]] as Kai
* Isaac Varghese as Isaac
* [[Thyagu (actor)|Thyagu]] as Sammandham
* [[Madhan Bob]] as R. Anilwal [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Ilavarasu]] as Police Commissioner
* [[Siva Narayana Murthy]]
* Sridhar as Sridhar
* [[Omakuchi Narasimhan]] as Bombay Dawood
* [[Chaplin Balu]]
* [[Gemini Ganesan]] in a cameo as himself
}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
{{Quote box|width=30%|align=right|quote="Yes. It happened a year ago in Chennai. Two rowdies wanted to reform themselves and return to the society. A police officer helped them do so. I was fascinated by the incident." |source= Saran, when queried if the film was inspired by a real life incident.<ref name="Rediff">{{Cite web |last=Shobha Warrier |date=18 May 2002 |title=All my films are my dreams – Saran |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/may/18saran.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606142723/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/may/18saran.htm |archive-date=6 June 2014 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=30 August 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
In February 2001, underworld dons "Vellai" Ravi and Chera, who terrorised the city of Madras (now [[Chennai]]) in the 1990s, abandoned a life of crime and took up social work. The then-[[Superintendent of police (India)|DCP]] of Flower Bazaar Shakeel Akhter presided over the oath-taking ceremony and welcomed the rehabilitation programme.<ref name="Shakeel" /> During the making of his film ''[[Alli Arjuna]]'' (2002), director [[Saran (director)|Saran]] came across a newspaper article carrying this piece of news and was fascinated.<ref name="Erumugham">{{Cite news |last=Ramya Kannan |date=17 March 2001 |title=In the land of the Yuppies |url=http://hindu.com/2001/03/17/stories/0417401z.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606141511/http://hindu.com/2001/03/17/stories/0417401z.htm |archive-date=6 June 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref name="Saran" /> Shortly afterwards in March 2001, Saran announced his next directorial venture would be inspired by the incident. Titled ''Erumugam'' (meaning "upward mobility"), the project was scheduled to enter production after the completion of ''Alli Arjuna''.<ref name="Erumugham" /><ref name="screenmag">{{Cite web |date=16 April 2001 |title=Sharan to direct Ajith-Richa |url=http://www.screenindia.com/20010406/tamil2.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011123075025/http://www.screenindia.com/20010406/tamil2.html |archive-date=23 November 2001 |website=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]] |access-date=18 November 2020 }}</ref>

The director disclosed that it was "a modern day [[rags to riches]] story" where the protagonist rises from humble origins to an enviable position. The venture was to be funded by A. Purnachandra Rao of Lakshmi Productions. The film would mark the director's third collaboration with [[Ajith Kumar]] in the lead after the success of ''[[Kaadhal Mannan]]'' (1998) and ''[[Amarkkalam]]'' (1999). [[Laila (actress)|Laila]] and [[Richa Pallod]], who played the heroine in Saran's ''[[Parthen Rasithen]]'' (2000) and ''Alli Arjuna'' respectively, were to play the female lead roles. While the recording for the film's audio reportedly began on 16 March 2001, the filming was to start in mid-June and continue until August that year, followed by post-production work in September. It was planned to release the film on 14 November 2001 coinciding with [[Diwali]].<ref name="Erumugham" /> However, after finding a more engaging script in ''[[Red (2002 film)|Red]]'' (2002), Ajith lost interest; he left the project after a week's shoot and the production was shelved. Following this incident, Saran stated that he would never do another film with Ajith.<ref name="Saran">{{Cite news |last=Sreedhar Pillai |date=28 May 2002 |title=Mean Street mogul |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/05/28/stories/2002052800060200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606141848/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/05/28/stories/2002052800060200.htm |archive-date=6 June 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The pair would, however, reconcile their differences later, and collaborate on ''[[Attahasam]]'' (2004) and ''[[Aasal]]'' (2010).<ref name="Attagaasam" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Malathi Rangarajan |date=1 January 2010 |title=Ajith goes Asal |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/01/01/stories/2010010150470100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100121144458/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/01/01/stories/2010010150470100.htm |archive-date=21 January 2010 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

Saran rewrote the script based on gang wars in Chennai and began the project again. The film, then untitled, was announced on 24 August 2001 with [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] to star in the lead role.<ref name="Announce">{{Cite news |last1=Feroze Ahmed |last2=T. Ramakrishnan |last3=K.T. Sangameswaran |last4=Sudhish Kamath |last5=Ramya Kannan |date=24 August 2001 |title=Talk of the Town |url=http://hindu.com/2001/08/24/stories/0424401z.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606142910/http://hindu.com/2001/08/24/stories/0424401z.htm |archive-date=6 June 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The production was taken over by [[M. Saravanan (producer)|M. Saravanan]], M. Balasubramaniam, [[M. S. Guhan]] and B. Gurunath of [[AVM Productions]].<ref name="Launch">{{Cite news |last=Sudhish Kamath |date=22 November 2001 |title=Waiting with bated breath |url=http://hindu.com/2001/11/22/stories/09220221.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606143131/http://hindu.com/2001/11/22/stories/09220221.htm |archive-date=6 June 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The film was AVM's 162nd production and their first film after a five-year hiatus, their last production being ''[[Minsara Kanavu]]'' (1997), the release of which marked fifty years since their debut ''[[Naam Iruvar (1947 film)|Naam Iruvar]]'' (1947).<ref name="ka">{{Cite magazine |date=9 December 2001 |title=ஏவி.எம் 162! |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2001-12-09/page/n97/mode/2up |access-date=24 July 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=96 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>{{efn|While AVM have been producing films since 1931 under different names such as Saraswathi Sound Productions, Saraswathi Talkies Producing Company and Pragati Pictures,<ref>{{Cite news |last=S. Muthiah |date=30 January 2006 |title=The innovative film-maker |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/01/30/stories/2006013000270500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606143248/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/01/30/stories/2006013000270500.htm |archive-date=6 June 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> ''Naam Iruvar'' (1947) was the first film produced under the name AVM Productions.<ref name="Banner">{{Cite news |last=S. Muthiah |date=3 December 2001 |title=Banners on screen and stage again |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2001/12/03/stories/2001120300130300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606143351/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2001/12/03/stories/2001120300130300.htm |archive-date=6 June 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>}} By producing ''Gemini'', AVM became one of the four film studios that had been producing films for over fifty years.<ref name="Usher">{{Cite news |last=S.R. Ashok Kumar |date=12 April 2002 |title=Ushering in the new year |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/04/12/stories/2002041201610800.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606143526/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/04/12/stories/2002041201610800.htm |archive-date=6 June 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> While titling the film, producer M. Saravanan chose ''Gemini'' among the many titles suggested to him, but because [[Gemini Studios]] was the name of a major production house, Saravanan wrote to [[S. S. Balan]], son of Gemini Studios founder [[S. S. Vasan]], requesting permission to use the title. In response, Balan gave his consent.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 October 2009 |title=ஏவி.எம். பொன் விழா ஆண்டு: "மின்சார கனவு" மகத்தான சாதனை (AVM Golden Jubilee Year: Minsara Kanavu Grand Success) |url=http://www.maalaimalar.com/2009/10/15120530/avm.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203025652/http://www.maalaimalar.com/2009/10/15120530/avm.html |archive-date=3 December 2013 |work=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=Tamil}}</ref>

=== Cast and crew ===
{{Quote box
| width = 30%
| align = right
| quote = "In ''Gemini'', I have tried to do something new. The character I'm playing is a rowdy, but a bit refined. I study in an evening college and I've presented it as natural and realistically. Just as you expect a ''[[Sethu (film)|Sethu]]'' again, I've changed the style a bit."
| source = Vikram, on how he approached his role.<ref>{{Cite news |last=[[Sudhish Kamath]] |date=13 April 2002 |title=Vikram spells success with an 'O' |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/04/13/stories/2002041301150200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606143948/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/04/13/stories/2002041301150200.htm |archive-date=6 June 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
}}
With Vikram cast in the title role, Saran was searching for a newcomer to play the female lead role of a Marwari woman.<ref name="Attagaasam" /> [[Kiran Rathod]] is a native of [[Rajasthan]], the place where the Marwaris originate from.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 February 2004 |title=On a career revival |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/02/23/stories/2004022300810200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606144121/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/02/23/stories/2004022300810200.htm |archive-date=6 June 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Malathi Rangarajan |date=19 April 2002 |title=From Jaipur to Chennai |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/04/19/stories/2002041900990300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606144242/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/04/19/stories/2002041900990300.htm |archive-date=6 June 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> She is a relative of actress [[Raveena Tandon]], whose manager brought Rathod the offer to act in ''Gemini''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 July 2002 |title='Gemini' girl in 'Thandavam |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/07/22/stories/2002072200650404.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606144658/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/07/22/stories/2002072200650404.htm |archive-date=6 June 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Saran was convinced after seeing a photograph of Rathod and cast her; ''Gemini'' thus became her debut Tamil film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=S. R. Ashok Kumar |date=6 November 2004 |title=Your photograph said it all |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/11/06/stories/2004110600460200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606144827/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/11/06/stories/2004110600460200.htm |archive-date=6 June 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] actors Kalabhavan Mani and Murali were approached to play significant roles.<ref name="Saran" />

''Gemini'' is widely believed to be Mani's first Tamil film,<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 July 2003 |title=Mani is back |url=http://www.hindu.com/lf/2003/07/09/stories/2003070902350200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606145004/http://www.hindu.com/lf/2003/07/09/stories/2003070902350200.htm |archive-date=6 June 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Malathi Rangarajan |date=31 July 2009 |title=Modhi Vilaiyaadu: Game of Fortune |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/07/31/stories/2009073150620200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606145111/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/07/31/stories/2009073150620200.htm |archive-date=6 June 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> though he had already starred in ''[[Vaanchinathan]]'' (2001).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajitha |date=25 January 2001 |title=Vanchinathan: Pure unadulterated timepass! |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/jan/25vanchi.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606150006/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/jan/25vanchi.htm |archive-date=6 June 2014 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Moviebiz |title=Interview: Kalabhavan Mani |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/malayalam/interview.php?id=10387760&cid=2406 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606150217/http://www.sify.com/movies/malayalam/interview.php?id=10387760&cid=2406 |archive-date=6 June 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> There have been varying accounts on how he was cast: while Vikram claims to have suggested Mani for the role of Teja,<ref name="Hattrick">{{Cite news |last=Sreedhar Pillai |date=30 April 2002 |title=Hat-trick hero |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/04/30/stories/2002043000100200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606150358/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/04/30/stories/2002043000100200.htm |archive-date=6 June 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Saran said in one interview that casting Mani was his idea,<ref name="Rediff" /> and contradicted this in another interview, saying that Mani was chosen on his wife's recommendation.<ref name="Saran" /> While searching for an unfamiliar actor for the DGP's role, Saran saw Murali in ''[[Dumm Dumm Dumm]]'' (2001) and found him "very dignified". He chose Murali as he wanted that dignity for the role. Though he had planned to make Murali a villain at the end of the film, Saran decided against it because he was "amazed to see awe in everyone's eyes when Murali entered the sets and performed". When Saran felt that the audience would not be kind to him and that it would damage the film, he added another corrupt police officer to do the job while maintaining Singaperumal as a "very strong, good police officer".<ref name="Rediff" /> According to Saravanan, this idea was suggested by writer [[Peter Selvakumar]].<ref name="ge">{{Cite web |date=11 November 2017 |title='ஓ போடு' பாடலால் பிரபலமான 'ஜெமினி' |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/CinemaNews/2017/11/10202710/Gemini-is-famous-for-the-song-Oh-Podu.vpf?infinitescroll=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617162447/https://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/CinemaNews/2017/11/10202710/Gemini-is-famous-for-the-song-Oh-Podu.vpf?infinitescroll=1 |archive-date=17 June 2024 |access-date=17 June 2024 |website=[[Dina Thanthi]] |language=ta}}</ref>

[[Thennavan (actor)|Thennavan]], [[Vinu Chakravarthy]], [[Ilavarasu]], [[Charle]], [[Dhamu]], [[Ramesh Khanna]], [[Vaiyapuri]], [[Madhan Bob]], [[Thyagu (actor)|Thyagu]] and [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] form the supporting cast.<ref name="Usher" /><ref name="Malathi" /> [[Gemini Ganesan]] made a cameo appearance at the request of Saravanan.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 November 2020 |title=#100YearsOfGeminiGanesan: Remembering the thespian Gemini Ganesan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/100yearsofgeminiganesan-celebrating-gemini-ganesan/photostory/79251910.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117040435/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/100yearsofgeminiganesan-celebrating-gemini-ganesan/photostory/79251910.cms |archive-date=17 November 2020 |access-date=17 November 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The technical departments were handled by Saran's regular crew, which consisted of cinematographer A. Venkatesh, editor [[Suresh Urs]], [[production designer]] [[Thota Tharani]] and costume designers Sai and Nalini Sriram.<ref name="Launch" /> The choreography was by [[Super Subbarayan]] (action) and Suchitra, [[Brinda (choreographer)|Brinda]] and Ashok Raja (dance). The music was composed by Bharadwaj and the lyrics were written by Vairamuthu.<ref name="Usher" /> [[Kanmani (director)|Kanmani]] who went on to direct films like ''[[Aahaa Ethanai Azhagu]]'' (2003) and ''[[Chinnodu]]'' (2006) worked as an assistant director.<ref name="idlebrain">{{Cite web |date=10 September 2008 |title=Interview with Kanmani |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/kanmani.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170102131018/http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/kanmani.html |archive-date=2 January 2017 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
''Gemini'' was formally launched on 21 November 2001 at the [[Taj Connemara|Hotel Connemara]], Chennai in the presence of celebrities including [[Rajinikanth]] (through [[video conferencing]]) and [[Kamal Haasan]].<ref name="Launch" /><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vJzTAPFPJbQ |title=Superstar Rajinikanth speaks at the Gemini Launch |date=13 October 2013 |type=YouTube |publisher=AVM Productions |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522175157/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vJzTAPFPJbQ |archive-date=22 May 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> The launch function was marked by the submission of the script, songs and lyrics.<ref name="ka" /> Principal photography was scheduled to begin in mid-December that year,<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Suresh Nambath |last2=K.T. Sangameswaran |last3=T.S. Shankar |last4=Feroze Ahmed |date=16 November 2001 |title=Talk of the Town |url=http://hindu.com/2001/11/16/stories/0416401z.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606151209/http://hindu.com/2001/11/16/stories/0416401z.htm |archive-date=6 June 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> but commenced slightly earlier.<ref name="Banner" /> Vikram shot for the film simultaneously with ''[[Samurai (2002 film)|Samurai]]'' (2002).<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 February 2002 |title=Dhil to Dhool |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/02/01/stories/2002020100410200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606151503/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/02/01/stories/2002020100410200.htm |archive-date=6 June 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> When Kalabhavan Mani was hesitant in accepting the film due to other commitments in Malayalam, shooting was rescheduled to film his scenes first. Saran persuaded Mani to allot dates for twelve days to complete his scenes. Since Mani was a [[Impersonator|mimicry artist]], Saran asked him to exhibit his talents; Mani aped the behaviour of a few animals and Saran chose among them, which were added to the film.<ref name="Rediff" />

''Gemini'', with the exception of two songs which were filmed in Switzerland, was shot at AVM Studios.<ref name="Sify" /> One of the songs, "Penn Oruthi", was shot at [[Jungfraujoch]], the highest railway station in [[Europe]].<ref name="Ramji">{{Cite news |last=S. R. Ashok Kumar |date=21 March 2003 |title=Jaunts abroad with a purpose |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/03/21/stories/2003032101030300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606151627/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/03/21/stories/2003032101030300.htm |archive-date=6 June 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |number=687167532160151552 |user=ProductionsAvm |title=Did you know that "Penn Oruthi" from #Gemini was shot at Jungfraujoch, the highest railway station in Europe? |author=AVM Productions |author-link=AVM Productions |date=12 January 2016}}</ref> Part of the song sequence was filmed on a sledge in Switzerland, making it the second Indian film to have done so after the [[Bollywood]] film ''[[Sangam (1964 Hindi film)|Sangam]] ''(1964). Though there were problems in acquiring permission, executive producer M. S. Guhan persisted.<ref name="Singapore" /> The overseas shoots were arranged by Travel Masters, a Chennai-based company owned by former actor N. Ramji.<ref name="Ramji" /> ''Gemini'' was completed on schedule and M. Saravanan praised the director, saying, "... we felt like we were working with [[S. P. Muthuraman]] himself, such was Saran's efficiency".<ref name="Hit" /> After watching the film's first cut, Saravanan felt the film lacked emotions and suggested Saran to add scenes with Manorama. Despite getting four days of Manorama's call sheet, all of her scenes were filmed in one day.<ref name="ge" /><ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1727579101874327635 |user=arunaguhan_ |title=#AVMTrivia {{!}} The character that wasn't in the original story of Gemini. |first=Guhan |last=Aruna |author-link=AVM Productions |date=23 November 2023 |access-date=18 June 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240618160534/https://x.com/arunaguhan_/status/1727579101874327635 |archive-date=18 June 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Themes and influences ==
The characters of Gemini and Teja were modelled on "Vellai" Ravi and Chera respectively{{mdash}}Tamil-[[Burma]] repatriates who settled in [[M. Bhaktavatsalam|Bhaktavatsalam]] colony (B.V. Colony) in [[Vyasarpadi]], North Madras.<ref name="Gross">{{Cite news |last=Sreedhar Pillai |date=31 May 2002 |title=The age of rage |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/05/31/stories/2002053100910200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606143024/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/05/31/stories/2002053100910200.htm |archive-date=6 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Petlee Peter |date=23 August 2013 |title=Madras' crime gangs: low in number, high on terror |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/madras-crime-gangs-low-in-number-high-on-terror/article5049711.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606152010/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/madras-crime-gangs-low-in-number-high-on-terror/article5049711.ece |archive-date=6 June 2014}}</ref> They were members of rival gangs headed by Benjamin and Subbhaiah respectively. Their rivalry began when Benjamin, a [[Democratic Youth Federation of India|DYFI]] member, questioned the illegal activities of Subbhaiah who, apart from running a plastics and iron ore business, held [[kangaroo court]]s. When their feud developed into a Christian-Hindu conflict, they recruited jobless men and formed gangs to wage wars against each other. While Subbhaih's nephew Chera became his right-hand man, "Vellai" Ravi became Benjamin's aide. Benjamin and Ravi's gang killed Subbaiah in 1991. A year later, Chera's gang retaliated by killing Benjamin with the help of another gang member, Asaithambi. Another gangster, Kabilan, joined Chera's gang and they killed more than fourteen people to avenge Subbaiah's murder. One of the murders took place inside the [[Egmore]] court in early 2000 when Chera's gang killed Ravi's aide Vijayakumar, leading to a police crackdown on the gangsters.<ref>{{Cite news |last=A. Selvaraj |date=21 November 2012 |title=Vyasarpadi was home to goons for decades |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Vyasarpadi-was-home-to-goons-for-decades/articleshow/17301422.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606152443/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Vyasarpadi-was-home-to-goons-for-decades/articleshow/17301422.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=6 June 2014}}</ref> Fearing an encounter, both "Vellai" Ravi and Chera decided to give up their lives of crime and reform.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Arun Ram |date=6 August 2007 |title=Gangster Vellai Ravi killed in police encounter |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-gangster-vellai-ravi-killed-in-police-encounter-1113805 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140630145031/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-gangster-vellai-ravi-killed-in-police-encounter-1113805 |archive-date=30 June 2014}}</ref> The then-DCP of Flower Bazaar, Shakeel Akhter, held the "transition ceremony" in February 2001.<ref name="Shakeel">{{Cite news |date=24 February 2001 |title=Two gangsters turn a new leaf |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://hindu.com/2001/02/24/stories/0424401q.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606152807/http://hindu.com/2001/02/24/stories/0424401q.htm |archive-date=6 June 2014}}</ref> "Vellai" Ravi and Chera were re-arrested under [[Goonda]]s Act during the film's pre-production.<ref>{{Cite news |last=S. Shivakumar |date=5 September 2001 |title=Row over rearrest of gang leaders |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://hindu.com/2001/09/05/stories/0405401g.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606152955/http://hindu.com/2001/09/05/stories/0405401g.htm |archive-date=6 June 2014}}</ref>

When asked about his fascination for "rowdy themes", Saran said:
{{blockquote|text=I come from a lower middle class background and have lived all my life in 'Singara Chennai'. I used to go to college from my house in Aminjikkarai by bus and many of the incidents that you see in my films are inspired by those days. Chennai city and its newspapers have been my source material.<ref name="Saran" />}}

The characters of DGP Singaperumal and "Chintai" Jeeva were based on Shakeel Akhter and Vijayakumar respectively.<ref name="Rediff" />

== Music ==

{{Main|Gemini (soundtrack)}}

The soundtrack album and background score were composed by Bharadwaj. Since making his entry into Tamil films with Saran's directorial debut ''[[Kaadhal Mannan]]'',<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nikhil Raghavan |date=11 January 2010 |title=In tune with the times |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/01/11/stories/2010011151150800.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606160517/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/01/11/stories/2010011151150800.htm |archive-date=6 June 2014}}</ref> he has scored the music for most films directed by Saran.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nikhil Raghavan |date=25 February 2013 |title=Bharadwaj is back |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/dream-come-true/article4451850.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606160726/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/dream-come-true/article4451850.ece |archive-date=6 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=14 December 2012 |title=Saran teams up with Vinay again |work=The Times of India |agency=TNN |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Saran-teams-up-with-Vinay-again/articleshow/17612545.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606161105/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Saran-teams-up-with-Vinay-again/articleshow/17612545.cms |archive-date=6 June 2014}}</ref> The lyrics were written by poet-lyricist [[Vairamuthu]].

The songs were well received by the audience, especially "O Podu".<ref name="Hit">{{Cite news |last=Sudhish Kamath |date=31 March 2002 |title='Gemini' already a hit! |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/03/31/stories/2002033100270200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606162017/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/03/31/stories/2002033100270200.htm |archive-date=6 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=AR. Meyyammai |date=26 June 2002 |title=June Dhamaka |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/06/26/stories/2002062604990200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606162126/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/06/26/stories/2002062604990200.htm |archive-date=6 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijay Kumar S |date=2 July 2002 |title=A fair musical treat |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/07/02/stories/2002070206970200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606162244/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/07/02/stories/2002070206970200.htm |archive-date=6 June 2014}}</ref> The music received positive reviews from critics. [[Sify]] wrote that Bharadwaj's music was the film's only saving grace.<ref name="Sify" /> Writing for [[Rediff.com|Rediff]], Pearl stated that the music director was "impressive".<ref name="Pearl" /> Malathi Rangarajan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' said that the song by Anuradha Sriram has given the term "O! Podu!", which has been part of the "local lingo" for years, a "new, crazy dimension".<ref name="Malathi" /> The song enjoyed anthem-like popularity<ref name="Hep B" /><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Malathi Rangarajan |last2=S. R. Ashok Kumar |date=31 May 2002 |title=Quite a challenge |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/05/31/stories/2002053100940300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606162412/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/05/31/stories/2002053100940300.htm |archive-date=6 June 2014}}</ref> and according to V. Paramesh, a dealer of film music for 23 years, sold like "hot cakes".<ref>{{Cite news |last=K Jeshi |date=10 September 2005 |title=So, what's your kind of music? |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/09/10/stories/2005091001660100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606162552/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/09/10/stories/2005091001660100.htm |archive-date=6 June 2014}}</ref> The album sold more than 100,000 cassettes even before the film released despite rampant piracy.<ref name="Tune">{{Cite news |last=Sreedhar Pillai |date=16 April 2002 |title=Tuned to success |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/04/16/stories/2002041600060200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606162837/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/04/16/stories/2002041600060200.htm |archive-date=6 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shobha Warrier |date=22 April 2002 |title=Gemini strikes gold at the Tamil marquee |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/apr/22tamil.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606162653/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/apr/22tamil.htm |archive-date=6 June 2014 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Malathi Rangarajan |last2=S. R. Ashok Kumar |date=3 May 2002 |title=In a new arena: Piracy |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://hindu.com/fr/2002/05/03/stories/2002050300280200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606162940/http://hindu.com/fr/2002/05/03/stories/2002050300280200.htm |archive-date=6 June 2014}}</ref> It was one of the biggest hits in Bharadwaj's career and earned him his first [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Tamil|Filmfare Award]].<ref name="OPB">{{Cite web |last=Shobha Warrier |date=16 January 2003 |title=People started calling me 'O Podu' Bharadwaj |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/jan/16bhad.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606163043/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/jan/16bhad.htm |archive-date=6 June 2014 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=21 May 2003 |title=Time for awards |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/lf/2003/05/21/stories/2003052103140202.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607053201/http://www.hindu.com/lf/2003/05/21/stories/2003052103140202.htm |archive-date=7 June 2014}}</ref><ref name="Filmfare">{{Cite news |date=19 May 2003 |title=Manikchand Filmfare Awards in Hyderabad |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Manikchand-Filmfare-Awards-in-Hyderabad/articleshow/46815950.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606163348/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Manikchand-Filmfare-Awards-in-Hyderabad/articleshow/46815950.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=6 June 2014}}</ref>

In 2009, ''[[Mid-Day]]'' wrote, "O podu is still considered the cornerstone of the rambunctious koothu dance".<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 February 2009 |title=Vikram turns crooner for Kandhasamy |work=[[Mid-Day]] |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/vikram-turns-crooner-for-kandhasamy/31504 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707140156/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/vikram-turns-crooner-for-kandhasamy/31504 |archive-date=7 July 2014}}</ref> In 2011, ''[[The Times of India]]'' labelled the song an "evergreen hit number".<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 March 2011 |title=Get that southern sizzle |work=The Times of India |agency=TNN |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/others/news-interviews/Get-that-southern-sizzle/articleshow/7770514.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020075818/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/others/news-interviews/Get-that-southern-sizzle/articleshow/7770514.cms |archive-date=20 October 2014}}</ref> Following the [[List of Internet phenomena|internet phenomenon]] of "[[Why This Kolaveri Di]]" in 2011, "O Podu" was featured alongside "[[Appadi Podu]]", "[[Naaka Mukka]]" and "[[Arya 2|Ringa Ringa]]" in a small collection of [[Cinema of South India|South Indian]] songs that are considered a "national rage" in India.<ref>{{Cite news |last=M Suganth |date=24 November 2011 |title=Why south songs are a national rage... |work=The Times of India |agency=TNN |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/music/news-and-interviews/Why-south-songs-are-a-national-rage--/articleshow/10867023.cms?referral=PM |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628100322/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/music/news-and-interviews/Why-south-songs-are-a-national-rage--/articleshow/10867023.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=28 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=M Suganth |date=25 November 2011 |title=Very, Very Kolaveri! |pages=23 |work=The Times of India |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=pastissues2&BaseHref=TOICH%2F2011%2F11%2F25&ViewMode=GIF&PageLabel=23&EntityId=Ar02300&AppName=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628094958/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=pastissues2&BaseHref=TOICH%2F2011%2F11%2F25&ViewMode=GIF&PageLabel=23&EntityId=Ar02300&AppName=2 |archive-date=28 June 2014}}</ref> Some of the lyrics in song "Katta Katta" was muted by producers for the film after censor board did not agree with the lyrics.<ref name="ge" />

== Release ==
The film, which was supposed to be released on 14 April 2002 coinciding with the [[Puthandu|Tamil New Year]], was released two days early on 12 April, apparently to capitalise on weekend collections.<ref name="Hit" /><ref name="Headstart">{{Cite news |last=Shobha Warrier |date=11 January 2003 |title=The Pongal test |work=[[Rediff.com]] |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/pongal/20030111.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707141218/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/pongal/20030111.htm |archive-date=7 July 2014}}</ref> ''Gemini'' was released alongside [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]'s ''[[Thamizhan]]'', [[Prashanth]]'s ''[[Thamizh]]'' and [[Vijayakanth]]'s ''[[Raajjiyam]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tulika |date=11 April 2002 |title=What the marquee looks like this New Year |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/apr/11tamil.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607062222/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/apr/11tamil.htm |archive-date=7 June 2014 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> The film was released across Tamil Nadu with 104 prints, the most for a Vikram film at the time of release.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sreedhar Pillai |date=12 April 2002 |title=Awaiting superhits – Gemini |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/04/12/stories/2002041201360600.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607062417/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/04/12/stories/2002041201360600.htm |archive-date=7 June 2014}}</ref> On the day of release, the film premiered in [[Singapore]] with the hero, heroine, director and producer in attendance.<ref name="Singapore">{{Cite news |last1=S. R. Ashok Kumar |last2=Malathi Rangarajan |date=12 April 2002 |title=A lesson or two |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/04/12/stories/2002041201220400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607062525/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/04/12/stories/2002041201220400.htm |archive-date=7 June 2014}}</ref> AVM sold the film to distributors for a "reasonable profit" and marketed it aggressively.<ref name="Saran" /><ref name="April" /> They organised promotional events at Music World in Chennai's [[Spencer Plaza]], Landmark and Sankara Hall, where Vikram publicised the film [[film memorabilia|signing autographs]].<ref name="Hit" /> Since "O Podu" was such a hit among children, AVM invited young children to write reviews,<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Malathi Rangarajan |last2=S. R. Ashok Kumar |date=3 May 2002 |title=Entertainment: Gift that is gold |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://hindu.com/fr/2002/05/03/stories/2002050300280200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607062640/http://hindu.com/fr/2002/05/03/stories/2002050300280200.htm |archive-date=7 June 2014}}</ref> and gave away prizes.<ref name="Childrens" /> In 2006, Saran revealed in a conversation with director [[S. P. Jananathan]] that his nervousness rendered him sleepless for four days until the film was released.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sudhish Kamath |date=23 November 2006 |title=The public is hungry for trend-setting films |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/11/23/stories/2006112300570200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223030925/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/11/23/stories/2006112300570200.htm |archive-date=23 February 2014}}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Critical response ===
''Gemini'' received mixed reviews from critics. Malathi Rangarajan of ''The Hindu'' wrote that the "Vikram style" action film was more of a stylised fare as realism was a casualty in many sequences. She added that while the credibility level of the storyline was low, Saran had tried to strike a balance in making a formulaic film.<ref name="Malathi">{{Cite news |last=Malathi Rangarajan |date=19 April 2002 |title=Gemini |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/04/19/stories/2002041900820201.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607062920/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/04/19/stories/2002041900820201.htm |archive-date=7 June 2014}}</ref> Pearl of [[Rediff.com]] lauded Saran's "racy" screenplay but found the plot "hackneyed" and reminiscent of Saran's ''Amarkkalam''. The critic declared, "''Gemini'' is your typical masala potboiler. And it works."<ref name="Pearl">{{Cite web |last=Pearl |date=26 April 2002 |title=Vikram chews paan, excels |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/apr/26gem.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607063050/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/apr/26gem.htm |archive-date=7 June 2014 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> In contrast, Sify was critical of the film and wrote, "Neither exciting nor absorbing ''Gemini'' is as hackneyed as they get. [...] Saran should be blamed for this inept movie, which has no storyline and has scant regard for logic or sense."<ref name="Sify">{{Cite web |title=Movie Review : Gemini |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/gemini-review-tamil-11245383.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607063238/http://www.sify.com/movies/gemini-review-tamil-11245383.html |archive-date=7 June 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

The performance of the lead also earned mixed response. Malathi Rangarajan analysed, "Be it action or sensitive enactment, Vikram lends a natural touch [...] helps ''Gemini'' score. [..] With his comic streak Mani makes himself a likeable villain."<ref name="Malathi" /> Kalabhavan Mani's mimicry and portrayal of a villain with a comic sense received acclaim from the critics and audience alike.<ref name="Headstart" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sreedhar Pillai |date=25 April 2002 |title=Mani matters |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/04/25/stories/2002042500030402.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023155439/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/04/25/stories/2002042500030402.htm |archive-date=23 October 2014}}</ref> Rediff said, "The highlight in ''Gemini'' is undoubtedly Kalabhavan Mani's performance. [...] As the paan-chewing Gemini, Vikram, too, delivers a convincing performance."<ref name="Pearl" /> However, Sify found the cast to be the film's major drawback and scrutinised, "Vikram as Gemini is unimpressive [...] Kalabhavan Mani an excellent actor hams as he plays a villain [...] Top character actor Murali is also wasted in the film."<ref name="Sify" />

Following the film's success, Vikram was compared with actor Rajinikanth. D. Govardan of ''[[The Economic Times]]'' wrote, "The film's success has catapulted its hero, Vikram as the most sought after hero after Rajinikanth in the Tamil film industry today".<ref name="April" /> Rajinikanth, who saw the film, met Vikram and praised his performance.<ref name="Shot">{{Cite news |last1=Malathi Rangarajan |last2=S. R. Ashok Kumar |date=17 May 2002 |title=A shot in the arm |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/05/17/stories/2002051701380300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607064837/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/05/17/stories/2002051701380300.htm |archive-date=7 June 2014}}</ref> Saran told in an interview that Rajinikanth was so impressed with the songs, he predicted the film's success in addition to considering Rathod for a role in his film ''[[Baba (2002 film)|Baba]]'' (2002).<ref name="Saran" /><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Malathi Rangarajan |last2=S. R. Ashok Kumar |date=31 May 2002 |title=Secrecy robs the charm |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/05/31/stories/2002053100940300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606162412/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/05/31/stories/2002053100940300.htm |archive-date=6 June 2014}}</ref> The film's premise of an outlaw reforming his ways was appreciated. [[D. Ramanaidu]] of [[Suresh Productions]]{{mdash}}the co-producer of the Telugu remake{{mdash}}said, "The story of a rowdy sheeter turning into a good man is a good theme".<ref name="125 days" /> In August 2014, ''Gemini'' was featured in a list of "Top 10 Tamil Gangster Films" compiled by Saraswathi of Rediff.com.<ref>{{Cite news |last=S Saraswathi |date=1 August 2014 |title=The Top 10 Tamil Gangster Films |work=[[Rediff.com]] |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-the-top-10-tamil-gangster-films-south/20140801.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020080108/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-the-top-10-tamil-gangster-films-south/20140801.htm |archive-date=20 October 2014}}</ref>

In an article discussing the rise of the gangster-based film becoming a genre in itself, Sreedhar Pillai wrote in a reference to ''Gemini'': {{blockquote|The hero is an all out villain, who is daringly different but the director makes him dream of those lush Switzerland songs (our hero then is clad in designer wear). The rowdies in the film have very highly educated girls from affluent family lusting after them ... [[Amitabh Bachchan|[Amitabh] Bachchan]] of "''[[Deewaar|Deewar]]''" or [[Shah Rukh Khan|Shah Rukh [Khan]]] of "''[[Baazigar]]''" took to crime because they were wronged. Nowadays the ''Gemini''s and ''[[Nandhaa|Nanda]]''s of Tamil cinema indulge in crime for the heck of it.<ref name="Gross" />}}

=== Box office ===
''Gemini'' was a success and became the biggest hit of the year in Tamil.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sudhish Kamath |date=11 October 2003 |title=Kollywood crackers |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://hindu.com/thehindu/lf/2003/10/11/stories/2003101109200200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607065152/http://hindu.com/thehindu/lf/2003/10/11/stories/2003101109200200.htm |archive-date=7 June 2014}}</ref> Made on an estimated budget of {{INRConvert|40|m|year=2002}}, the film grossed more than {{INRConvert|200|m|year=2002}}.{{efn|Writing for ''The Hindu'', film journalist Sreedhar Pillai claimed that the budget was {{INRConvert|35|m|year=2002}}<ref name="Gross" /> while D. Govardan, writing for ''The Economic Times'', claimed it to be {{INRConvert|40|m|year=2002}}.<ref name="April">{{Cite news |last=D Govardan |date=3 May 2002 |title=April brings cheer to Tamil film industry |work=[[The Economic Times]] |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/april-brings-cheer-to-tamil-film-industry/articleshow/8708121.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606135927/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/april-brings-cheer-to-tamil-film-industry/articleshow/8708121.cms |archive-date=6 June 2014}}</ref>}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishna Gopalan |date=29 July 2007 |title=The boss, no doubt |work=[[Business Today (business magazine)|Business Today]] |url=http://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/the-boss,-no-doubt/1/267.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019102451/http://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/the-boss%2C-no-doubt/1/267.html |archive-date=19 October 2014}}</ref> The film's success was largely attributed to the popularity of the song "O Podu".<ref name="Item">{{Cite news |last=Sreedhar Pillai |date=10 January 2003 |title=It is the package that ultimately matters |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/01/10/stories/2003011001190300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606140823/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/01/10/stories/2003011001190300.htm |archive-date=6 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Shobha Warrier |date=10 January 2003 |title=Tamil Cinema 2002: When The Stars Failed |work=Rediff |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south/20030110.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020080607/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south/20030110.htm |archive-date=20 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Savitha Gautam |date=2 April 2003 |title=Blending the best notes |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/04/02/stories/2003040200120200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020080813/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/04/02/stories/2003040200120200.htm |archive-date=20 October 2014}}</ref> D. Govardan of ''The Economic Times'' stated, "A neatly made {{'}}''masala''{{'}} (spice) film, with the song O Podu.. as its USP, it took off from day one and has since then not looked back".<ref name="April" /> Vikram, who was a struggling actor for almost a decade, credited ''Gemini'' as his first real blockbuster.<ref name="Hattrick" /> Sreedhar Pillai said that a good story, presentation and peppy music made it a "winning formula"<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sreedhar Pillai |date=8 November 2002 |title=As star power wanes... |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/11/08/stories/2002110801030300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607065307/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/11/08/stories/2002110801030300.htm |archive-date=7 June 2014}}</ref> and declared "''Gemini'' has been the biggest hit among Tamil films in the last two years".<ref name="Gross" /> However, the sceptics in the industry dismissed the film's success as a fluke.<ref name="Numerouno">{{Cite news |last=Sreedhar Pillai |date=23 January 2003 |title=New number one |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/01/23/stories/2003012300440200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020075453/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/01/23/stories/2003012300440200.htm |archive-date=20 October 2014}}</ref>

The film ran successfully in theatres for more than 125 days.<ref name="125 days">{{Cite news |last=Sudhish Kamath |date=24 September 2002 |title=Gemini's big day |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://hindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/09/24/stories/2002092401380200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607065825/http://hindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/09/24/stories/2002092401380200.htm |archive-date=7 June 2014}}</ref> Since most Tamil films released on the preceding Diwali and [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]] were not successful, ''Gemini'' helped the industry recover.<ref name="April" /> ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]'' wrote, "''Gemini'' has single-handedly revived the Tamil film industry."<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1 July 2002 |title=Glitterati: Twinkling Starlight |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/glitterati/347 |journal=Outlook |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020080313/http://www.outlookindia.com/glitterati/347 |archive-date=20 October 2014}}</ref> The box office collections revived the fortunes of theatres that were on the verge of closure. AVM received a letter from the owner of New Cinema, a theatre in [[Cuddalore]], who repaid his debts with the revenue the film generated.<ref name="Saran" /> Abirami Ramanathan, owner of the multiplex [[Abhirami Mega Mall]], said that ''Gemini'''s success would slow down the rapid closure of theatres from 2,500 to 2,000.<ref name="Childrens">{{Cite news |last=Akila Dinakar |date=20 May 2002 |title=Children's day |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/05/20/stories/2002052001010200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607065947/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/05/20/stories/2002052001010200.htm |archive-date=7 June 2014}}</ref> Following the success of the film, Saran named his production house "Gemini Productions", under which he produced films including ''[[Aaru (film)|Aaru]]'' (2005), ''[[Vattaram]]'' (2006) and ''[[Muni (film)|Muni]]'' (2007).<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 2005 |title='Gemini Productions' launched! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/gemini-productions-launched-news-tamil-kkfv2bghjbd.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607070054/http://www.sify.com/movies/gemini-productions-launched-news-tamil-kkfv2bghjbd.html |archive-date=7 June 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Award
! Ceremony
! Category
! Nominee(s)
! Outcome
!{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| rowspan="3"|[[Filmfare Awards South]] || rowspan="3" |50th Filmfare Awards South || [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Tamil|Best Music Director]] || [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]] || {{won}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 May 2003 |title=Manikchand Filmfare Awards: Sizzling at 50 |work=The Economic Times |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2003-05-25/news/27553609_1_actor-award-film-award-playback-singer |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130903050325/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2003-05-25/news/27553609_1_actor-award-film-award-playback-singer |archive-date=3 September 2013}}</ref>
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Tamil|Best Female Playback Singer]] || [[Anuradha Sriram]] || {{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Villain – Tamil|Best Villain]] || [[Kalabhavan Mani]] || {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="3"|[[International Tamil Film Awards]] || rowspan="3" |1st International Tamil Film Awards || [[ITFA Best Actor Award|Best Actor]] || [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] || {{won}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=S.R. Ashok Kumar |date=31 October 2003 |title=ITFA ceremony in Malaysia |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2003/10/31/stories/2003103101460500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607070328/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2003/10/31/stories/2003103101460500.htm |archive-date=7 June 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |date=31 October 2003 |title=International Tamil Film Awards 2003 (Malaysia) |work=The Hindu |url=http://itfa.co.in/2003/ffti03.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607070452/http://itfa.co.in/2003/ffti03.html |archive-date=7 June 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[ITFA Best Villain Award|Best Villain]] || Kalabhavan Mani || {{won}}
|-
| [[ITFA Best Female Playback Award|Best Singer Female]] || Anuradha Sriram || {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="4"|[[Cinema Express Awards]] || rowspan="4" |22nd Cinema Express Awards || Best New Face Actress || [[Kiran Rathod]] || {{won}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="4" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 December 2002 |title='Kannathil Muthamittal' bags 6 Cinema Express awards |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/2002/12/22/stories/2002122206330300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607071034/http://www.hindu.com/2002/12/22/stories/2002122206330300.htm |archive-date=7 June 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |last=Sudhish Kamath |date=23 December 2002 |title=A sombre starry night |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://hindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/12/23/stories/2002122302580200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607071212/http://hindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/12/23/stories/2002122302580200.htm |archive-date=7 June 2014}}</ref>
|-
| Best Music Director || Bharadwaj || {{won}}
|-
| Best Dialogue Writer || Saran || {{won}}
|-
| Best Singer Female || Anuradha Sriram || {{won}}
|}

== Remakes ==
Encouraged by the film's success and wide-reaching popularity, Saran remade it in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Gemeni (film)|Gemeni]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suresh Krishnamoorthy |date=17 September 2002 |title=Show with a difference |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://hindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/09/17/stories/2002091701360200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622145812/http://hindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/09/17/stories/2002091701360200.htm |archive-date=22 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=29 May 2002 |title=Telugu remake of 'Gemini' |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/05/29/stories/2002052904110200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607071330/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/05/29/stories/2002052904110200.htm |archive-date=7 June 2014}}</ref> It is the only film Saran made in a language other than Tamil.{{efn|Saran had planned to remake ''[[Amarkkalam]]'' in Hindi after the completion of the former, with [[Vivek Oberoi]] in the lead. The project however failed to commence.<ref name="Saran" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 June 2002 |title=Bollywood lures Saran |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/jun/22saran.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607071438/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/jun/22saran.htm |archive-date=7 June 2014 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>}} The remake starred [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]] and [[Namitha]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 July 2002 |title=Working Hard |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/07/12/stories/2002071204680200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607071654/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/07/12/stories/2002071204680200.htm |archive-date=7 June 2014}}</ref> while Kalabhavan Mani and Murali reprised their roles from the Tamil version.<ref name="Srihari">{{Cite news |last=Gudipoodi Srihari |date=14 October 2002 |title=Gemini: Web of crime and love |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/10/14/stories/2002101400640400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607072040/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/10/14/stories/2002101400640400.htm |archive-date=7 June 2014}}</ref> Most of the crew members were retained.<ref name="Attagaasam">{{Cite news |last=Malathi Rangarajan |date=17 December 2004 |title=Cinema, success, Saran |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2004/12/17/stories/2004121702691300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607071809/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2004/12/17/stories/2004121702691300.htm |archive-date=7 June 2014}}</ref> [[Posani Krishna Murali]] translated the dialogues to Telugu.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gudipoondi Srihari |date=19 June 2002 |title=The making of Gemini |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/06/19/stories/2002061900400403.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607071929/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/06/19/stories/2002061900400403.htm |archive-date=7 June 2014}}</ref> The soundtrack was composed by [[R. P. Patnaik]], who reused "O Podu" from the original film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/audio/areviews/gemini.html|title=Audio review of Gemini - Lacks musical gems|first=Sreya|last=Sunil|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030204233407/https://www.idlebrain.com/audio/areviews/gemini.html|archive-date=4 February 2003|access-date=14 March 2025}}</ref> Released in October 2002,<ref name="Srihari" /> the film received lukewarm response and failed to repeat the success of the original.<ref>{{Cite news |last=G. Manjula Kumar |date=29 April 2003 |title=Hoping for a hit |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/04/29/stories/2003042900250403.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622145142/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/04/29/stories/2003042900250403.htm |archive-date=22 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=G. Manjula Kumar |date=1 July 2003 |title=Time for remakes |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/07/01/stories/2003070100410400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622144751/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/07/01/stories/2003070100410400.htm |archive-date=22 June 2014}}</ref> In 2013, a [[Kannada]] remake was reported to have been planned with [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] in the lead, but he dismissed the reports as rumours.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharanya CR |date=8 March 2013 |title=No Gemini remake for Uppi |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/kannada/news-interviews/No-Gemini-remake-for-Uppi/articleshow/18863338.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616190537/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/kannada/news-interviews/No-Gemini-remake-for-Uppi/articleshow/18863338.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=16 June 2014}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
In September 2002, ''Gemini'' was screened as part of a six-day workshop jointly conducted by the Department of Journalism and Communication and the Mass Communication Alumni Association of the [[University of Madras]]; it focussed on the impact of cinema on society.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 September 2002 |title=The impact of cinema |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/02/stories/2002090200140400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607065017/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/02/stories/2002090200140400.htm |archive-date=7 June 2014}}</ref>

The success of the film prompted other film producers to capitalise on the growing popularity of the phrase "O Podu" and Vikram.<ref name="opoduleg">{{Cite news |date=8 June 2002 |title=An O-Podu season for Vikram and Kiran |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/02/stories/2002090200140400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021126041643/http://in.movies.yahoo.com/020608/125/1pno5.html |archive-date=26 November 2002}}</ref> The Telugu film ''[[Seema Simham]]'' (2002) was dubbed and released in Tamil as ''O Podu'', while Vikram's Telugu film ''[[Aadaalla Majaka]]'' (1995) and Malayalam film ''[[Itha Oru Snehagatha]]'' (1997) were swiftly dubbed and released into Tamil as ''Vahini'' and ''Thrill'' respectively.<ref name="opoduleg" /> A game-based reality show for children, which was aired between 2003 and 2004, was titled "O Podu". AVM was involved in the show, which was produced by [[Vikatan Televistas]] and directed by Gerald. The show was broadcast for 26 weeks on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] on Sundays with [[Raaghav]] as its anchor.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 August 2003 |title=O... Podu |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2003/08/01/stories/2003080101180801.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607075805/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2003/08/01/stories/2003080101180801.htm |archive-date=7 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Malathi Rangarajan |date=31 January 2004 |title=Here, there, everywhere |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/01/31/stories/2004013100160200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607075949/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/01/31/stories/2004013100160200.htm |archive-date=7 June 2014}}</ref> In September 2003, physical trainer Santosh Kumar played "O Podu" among a range of popular music as part of a dance [[aerobics]] session in a fitness camp held for the [[India national cricket team|Indian cricket team]] at [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=M. D. Riti |date=9 September 2003 |title=Probables shape up with fun and dance |work=Rediff |url=http://www.rediff.com/cricket/2003/sep/09camp.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020080931/http://www.rediff.com/cricket/2003/sep/09camp.htm |archive-date=20 October 2014}}</ref>

When Vikram was signed up as the [[brand ambassador]] of [[Coca-Cola]] in April 2005, the commercials featured him playing characters from different walks of life. One among them was a "rowdy role", the essence for which was taken from the character Gemini.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sudhish Kamath |date=19 April 2005 |title=Vikram's latest role after 'Anniyan' |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/lf/2005/04/19/stories/2005041910370200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023143607/http://www.thehindu.com/lf/2005/04/19/stories/2005041910370200.htm |archive-date=23 October 2014}}</ref> During the run-up to the 2006 [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|assembly election]], Chennai-based journalist [[Gnani Sankaran]] began a social awareness movement to prevent [[electoral fraud]] and named it "O Podu" as a short form of "Oatu Podu" meaning "cast your vote".<ref>{{Cite news |last=K Raghu |date=18 April 2006 |title=Serious! You can really reject a candidate |work=Daily News and Analysis |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-serious-you-can-really-reject-a-candidate-1024719 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607080536/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-serious-you-can-really-reject-a-candidate-1024719 |archive-date=7 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2010 |title='O Podu' is a social awareness movement |url=http://www.gnani.net/?p=207 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628182009/http://www.gnani.net/?p=207 |archive-date=28 June 2014 |website=[[Gnani Sankaran]]}}</ref> The movement urged the electorate to exercise the right to reject candidates under Section [[49-O]] of The Conduct of Election Rules, 1961, wherein a voter, who has decided not to vote for anyone, can record the fact.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rule 49-O of Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/current/Rule_49o.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607081851/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/current/Rule_49o.pdf |archive-date=7 June 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Conduct of Election Rules 1961 |url=http://lawmin.nic.in/ld/subord/cer1.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607082006/http://lawmin.nic.in/ld/subord/cer1.htm |archive-date=7 June 2014 |publisher=[[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Ministry of Law and Justice]]}}</ref> For this purpose, the people behind "O Podu" also urged the [[Election Commission of India|election commission]] to facilitate a separate button on the [[Voting machine|electronic voting machine]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=G. C. Shekhar |date=8 May 2006 |title=Wanna reject all candidates? Press O button |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |url=http://www.keetru.com/ohpodu/hindustan_times.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109151148/http://www.keetru.com/ohpodu/hindustan_times.php |archive-date=9 November 2013}}</ref>

During the [[2010 Asia Cup]], a [[Sri Lanka]]n band performed "O Podu" at the India vs. Pakistan cricket match held in [[Dambulla]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Siddarth Ravindran |date=19 June 2010 |title=A face-off but no slip-ups |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/asia2010/content/story/463927.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421053648/http://www.espncricinfo.com/asia2010/content/story/463927.html |archive-date=21 April 2014 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref> In July 2011, Vikram inaugurated "Liver 4 Life", an initiative launched by [[MIOT International Hospital|MIOT Hospitals]] to create awareness of the [[Hepatitis B virus]]. As the campaign was targeted at school and college students, the organisers tweaked the term "O Podu" into "B Podu" and made it the event's tagline to capitalise on the song's immense appeal.<ref name="Hep B">{{Cite news |date=31 July 2011 |title=Campaign to create awareness of Hepatitis B virus launched |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/campaign-to-create-awareness-of-hepatitis-b-virus-launched/article2311475.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701053712/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/campaign-to-create-awareness-of-hepatitis-b-virus-launched/article2311475.ece |archive-date=1 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1 August 2011 |title=ஓ போட்ட விக்ரம் பி போட சொல்கிறார்!! (O Podu Vikram calls for B Podu!!) |language=Tamil |work=[[Dinamalar]] |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/hindi-news/4754/cinema/Bollywood/Vikram-awarness-to-Hepatitis-B-virus.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607080346/http://cinema.dinamalar.com/hindi-news/4754/cinema/Bollywood/Vikram-awarness-to-Hepatitis-B-virus.htm |archive-date=7 June 2014}}</ref> In a comical sequence in the film, Dhamu's character claims to be an expert of a martial art form named "Maan Karate" (''Maan'' means "[[Deer]]"), which is actually the art of running away like a deer when in danger.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2014 |title='Maan Karate' – Most anticipated films of 2014 |url=http://entertainment.in.msn.com/gallery/most-anticipated-films-of-2014-1?page=30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140623082906/http://entertainment.in.msn.com/gallery/most-anticipated-films-of-2014-1?page=30 |archive-date=23 June 2014 |website=[[MSN]]}}</ref> The phrase became famous and was used to name the 2014 comedy film ''[[Maan Karate]]'' because whenever there is a problem in his life, the hero (played by [[Sivakarthikeyan]]) fails to face them and runs for cover instead.<ref>{{Cite news |last=V Lakshmi |date=30 June 2013 |title=Kollywood movie titles based on popular dialogues |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Kollywood-movie-titles-based-on-popular-dialogues/articleshow/20831436.cms? |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909043120/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Kollywood-movie-titles-based-on-popular-dialogues/articleshow/20831436.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=9 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=24 July 2013 |title=Maan Karate updates |work=[[Ayngaran International]] |url=http://www.ayngaran.com/frame.php?iframepath=newsdetails.php?newsid=10690 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140623084618/http://www.ayngaran.com/frame.php?iframepath=newsdetails.php%3Fnewsid%3D10690 |archive-date=23 June 2014}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Saran (director)}}
{{AVM Productions}}

[[Category:2000s crime action films]]
[[Category:2002 Indian films]]
[[Category:2000s masala films]]
[[Category:2002 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2002 films]]
[[Category:AVM Productions films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Saran (director)]]
[[Category:Films scored by Bharadwaj (composer)]]
[[Category:Films shot in Switzerland]]
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language crime films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Ladu Lal Pitliya

2026-04-10T08:49:51Z

Musicalkd: New a data

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|16th Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Sahara Assembly constituency|Sahara]]
| preceded = [[Gayatri Devi Trivedi]]
| majority = 1,17,203 (61.76%)
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| term_start = 3 December 2023
| profession = Politician
}}
'''Ladu Lal Pitliya''' is an Indian politician and member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He is a member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|16th Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sahara Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: BJP's Ladu Lal Pitliya wins Sahara with 117203 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/sahara-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470794-2023-12-03 |access-date=2023-12-27 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> from [[Sahara Assembly constituency|Sahara]] constituency in [[Bhilwara Lok Sabha constituency|Bhilwara]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/ConstituencywiseS20179.htm |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Sahara Election Result 2023 LIVE Updates and Highlights: Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/sahara-election-result-2023-live-updates-and-highlights-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8687506.html |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajasthan: 'तुम्हारी औलाद... भगवान से डरो', अस्पताल की अव्यवस्था देख डॉक्टरों पर भड़के BJP MLA लादूलाल; Video वायरल - Sahada BJP MLA Ladulal angry on doctors for chaos in hospital Video viral |url=https://www.jagran.com/rajasthan/jaipur-sahada-bjp-mla-ladulal-angry-on-doctors-for-chaos-in-hospital-video-viral-23615180.html |access-date=2023-12-27 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Khushbu |last2=Hindi |first2=India TV |date=2023-12-27 |title=VIDEO: 'औलाद लूली-लंगड़ी होगी, एक्सीडेंट में मारे जाओगे..', डॉक्टर पर भड़के BJP विधायक |url=https://www.indiatv.in/rajasthan/bjp-mla-ladulal-pitalia-video-of-misbehaving-with-doctor-during-surprise-of-hospital-2023-12-27-1011534 |access-date=2023-12-27 |website=India TV Hindi |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bjp Ladu Lal Pitliya Sahara Rajasthan Candidate Assembly Election Result 2023 |url=https://www.amarujala.com/election/vidhan-sabha-elections/rajasthan/candidates/ladu-lal-pitliya-bjp-2023-sahara-179-rajasthan |access-date=2023-12-27 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>

==Political career==
Following the [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]], he was elected as an MLA from the [[Sahara Assembly constituency|Sahara constituency]], defeating Rajendra Trivedi, the candidate from the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC), by a margin of 62,519 votes.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pitliya, Ladu Lal}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]

{{Rajasthan-BJP-politician-stub}}

Kamala Das (politician)

2026-04-10T04:02:23Z

Musicalkd: New article.

{{Short description|Politician from Odisha, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox Officeholder
| name = Kamala Das
| image = Kamala Das.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1945|8|16|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Balasore district]], [[Odisha]]
| death_date = {{dda|2024|4|12|1945|8|16|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Cuttack]], [[Odisha]]
| office = Minister for Health & Family Welfare [[Government of Odisha]]
| constituency =
| term_start = 2000
| term_end = 2001
| predecessor =
| successor =
| office1 = Minister for Education and Youth Services [[Government of Odisha]]
| constituency1 =
| term_start1 = 1990
| term_end1 = 1995
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| office2 = [[Odisha Legislative Assembly| Member of Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency2 = [[Bhograi Assembly constituency|Bhograi]]
| term_start2 = 1990
| term_end2 = 2004
| predecessor2 = Umarani Patra
| successor2 = Ananta Das
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| other_party = [[Janata Dal]], [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| relatives =
}}'''Kamala Das''' (16 August 1945 – 12 April 2024)<ref name="Odisha: Former minister Kamala Das passes away, see details here">{{cite news |last1=KalingaTV |first1= |title=Odisha: Former minister Kamala Das passes away, see details here |url=https://kalingatv.com/odisha/odisha-former-minister-kamala-das-passes-away-see-details-here/ |access-date=16 April 2024 |date=12 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416141841/https://kalingatv.com/odisha/odisha-former-minister-kamala-das-passes-away-see-details-here/ |archive-date=16 April 2024}}</ref> was an Indian politician from Odisha. She was a former member of the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] representing the [[Bhograi Assembly constituency]] and served as minister for Education & Youth Services, Health & Family Welfare, Woman and Child Development in [[Biju Patnaik]] and [[Naveen Patnaik]] Ministry.{{fact|date=August 2024}}

==Political career==
Kamala Das was first elected as an MLA in 1990 from [[Bhograi Assembly constituency|Bhograi Constituency]] in [[Balasore district]] on [[Janata Dal]] ticket. She was re-elected in 1995, and then again in 2000 as a [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]] candidate. She served as MoS for Education & Youth Services, and MoS for Health & Family Welfare in the [[Biju Patnaik]] government from 1991 to 1996. She was also the Woman and Child Development Minister in the [[Naveen Patnaik]] Ministry from 2000 to 9 July 2001. She was dropped as minister in 2001 and later she switched over to [[Indian National Congress|Congress party]] and returned to the [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]] in 2014.{{fact|date=August 2024}}

==Political statistics==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
! Year
! Contested for
! Party
! Constituency
! Opponent
! Votes
! Majority
! Result
|-
|1
|[[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/3626-orissa-1990/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Odisha |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=6 February 2022}}</ref>
| rowspan="3" | MLA
| rowspan="2" | [[Janata Dal]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Bhograi Assembly constituency|Bhograi]]
|Bijaya Kumar Pati ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
| 61687 - 38845
| 22842
| {{won}}
|-
|2
|[[ 1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/3627-orissa-1995/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Odisha |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=6 February 2022}}</ref>
|Umarani Patra ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
| 52824 - 38797
| 14027
| {{won}}
|-
|3
|[[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/3628-orissa-2000/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2000 to the Legislative Assembly of Odisha |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=6 February 2022}}</ref>
|[[Biju Janata Dal]]
|Kartikeswar Patra ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
| 55763 - 54708
| 1055
| {{won}}
|}

==Death==
Kamala Das was admitted to a private hospital in Bhubaneswar after she complained of chest pain, during the course of the treatment, she was diagnosed with a lung infection and she was shifted to a hospital in Cuttack and died while undergoing treatment on 12 April 2024.<ref name="Former Health Minister Kamala Das passes away at 79">{{cite news |last1=The New Indian Express |first1= |title=Former Health Minister Kamala Das passes away at 79 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2024/Apr/13/former-health-minister-kamala-das-passes-away-at-79 |accessdate=13 April 2024 |date=13 April 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240413074021/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2024/Apr/13/former-health-minister-kamala-das-passes-away-at-79 |archivedate=13 April 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Ex-Odisha minister Kamala Das dies at 79">{{cite news |last1=The Print |title=Ex-Odisha minister Kamala Das dies at 79 |url=https://theprint.in/india/ex-odisha-minister-kamala-das-dies-at-79/2037912/ |accessdate=13 April 2024 |date=12 April 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240413072633/https://theprint.in/india/ex-odisha-minister-kamala-das-dies-at-79/2037912/ |archivedate=13 April 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Das, Kamala}}
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Balasore district]]
[[Category:Biju Janata Dal politicians]]

Ipomoea aquatica

2026-04-08T13:17:50Z

Musicalkd:

{{Short description|Species of plant}}
{{Redirect2|Kangkong|Kangkung|the town in Malaysia|Mukim Kangkong|the village in Myanmar|Kangkung, Myanmar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Speciesbox
|image = N Ipoa D1600.JPG
|status = LC
|status_system = IUCN3.1
|status_ref =<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Gupta, A.K. |author2=Sayer, C. |date=2018 |title=''Ipomoea aquatica'' |volume=2018 |article-number=e.T168908A120145878 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T168908A120145878.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
|genus = Ipomoea
|species = aquatica
|authority = [[Peter Forsskål|Forssk.]]
}}

'''''Ipomoea aquatica''''', commonly known as '''water spinach''' or '''kangkung''', is a semi-[[aquatic plant|aquatic]], [[tropical]] plant grown as a [[vegetable]] for its tender shoots. ''I. aquatica'' is generally believed to have been first domesticated in [[Southeast Asia]]. It is widely cultivated in Southeast Asia, [[East Asia]], and [[South Asia]]. It grows abundantly near waterways and requires little to no care.<ref name=":0" />

==Description==
''Ipomoea aquatica'' grows in water or on moist soil. Its stems are {{convert|2|-|3|m|ft|sigfig=1}} or longer, rooting at the nodes. The hollow cavity within the stem makes the plant buoyant. The leaves vary from typically sagittate (arrowhead-shaped) to [[lanceolate]], {{convert|5|-|15|cm|sigfig=1|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|2|-|8|cm|sigfig=1|abbr=on}} broad. The flowers are trumpet-shaped, {{convert|3|-|5|cm|sigfig=1|abbr=on}} in diameter, and usually white in colour with a mauve centre. Propagation is either by planting cuttings of the stem shoots, which will root along nodes, or by planting the seeds from flowers that produce seed pods.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.curiousgardener.com/2011/09/15/the-new-kangkong-experiment/|title=Growing kangkong in water |work=curiousgardener.com|date=15 September 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kangkungking.com/2009/01/how-to-harvest-kang-kung-kong-seeds.html |title=Kangkungking.com |publisher=Kangkungking.com |access-date=13 January 2014 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120210321/http://www.kangkungking.com/2009/01/how-to-harvest-kang-kung-kong-seeds.html |archive-date=20 November 2012}}</ref>
==Names==
''Ipomoea aquatica'' is most widely known as kangkong (also spelled ''kangkung''), its common name in [[Maritime Southeast Asia]], which likely originates from either [[Malay language|Malay]] or one of the [[languages of the Philippines]].<ref name=":0" /> It is also known as water spinach, river spinach, water morning glory, water convolvulus, or by the more ambiguous names Chinese spinach, Chinese watercress, Chinese convolvulus or swamp cabbage. In Thailand it is called pak boong (ผักบุ้ง). It is known as {{transliteration|cmn|kōngxīncài}} ({{lang|cmn|空心菜}}) in Mandarin, {{transliteration|yue|ong choy}} ({{lang|yue|蕹菜}}) in [[Cantonese]] and in Hawaii, and {{transliteration|yue|tung choi}} ({{lang|yue|通菜}}) in modern Cantonese.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stuartxchange.org/Kangkong.html |title=Kangkong / Ipomoea aquatica Forsk./ POTATO VINE / Herbal Medicinal Therapies / Philippine Alternative Medicine |publisher=Stuartxchange.org |access-date=13 January 2014}}</ref><ref name=SCMP20191113>{{Cite news |title=Chinese water spinach, or kangkong - eaten across Asia, a weed in the US |language=en |url=https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/food-drink/article/3037540/chinese-water-spinach-or-kangkong-eaten-widely-across-asia |access-date=2020-05-19|date=2019-11-13}}</ref>

==Origin and distribution==
The origin of ''Ipomoea aquatica'' is not quite clear, but it is generally believed to be native to [[Southeast Asia]] and was first cultivated there. This is supported by phylogenetic studies, its ideal climatic conditions, and the number of native pathogens in the region (like ''[[Albugo]]'' spp.); as well as its predominant cultivation range, the prevalence in usage as food and traditional medicine, and the number of distinct native names in Southeast Asian languages and language families.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">Li, H.-L. 1970. The origin of cultivated plants in Southeast Asia. ''Economic Botany'' 24:3-19.</ref>

Several sources have also cited China or India as the location of the plant's domestication.<ref>Chang, K-C. 1970. Beginnings of agriculture in the Far East. ''Antiquity'' 44:1-12.</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">Westphal, E. 1993. ''Ipomoea aquatica'' Forsskal Pp. 181- 184 in ''Plant Resources in South-East Asia''. Number 8. Vegetables. Edited by J.S. Siemonsma & K. Piluek. Pu-doc Scientific Publishers, Wageningen.</ref> However, these claims have no supporting evidence other than the appearance of the plant's name in historical records. The first clear mention of ''I. aquatica'' in Chinese records is in the ''[[Nanfang Caomu Zhuang]]'' written by the Chinese botanist Ji Han (AD 263-307). Ji Han specifically identifies ''I. aquatica'' as being "a strange vegetable of the south" with a foreign origin brought over by "western countries". The claim for an Indian origin is based on the presence of the old name {{Lang|sa-latn|kalamba}} for the plant in [[Sanskrit]], presumed to be from around 200 BC, but this is putative.<ref name=":0" />

''Ipomoea aquatica'' is also found in [[Africa]], the southwestern [[Pacific Islands]], and northern [[Australia]]. However, in Africa and the Pacific Islands, the number of native common names isn't as varied as in Southeast Asia, and there are very few references to the local use of ''I. aquatica'' for any purpose. Similarly, in Australia, it does not have indigenous names at all and is entirely absent in the traditional diet of [[Indigenous Australians]]. These imply that ''I. aquatica'' weren't native to these regions and were likely introduced relatively late from tropical Asia.<ref name=":0" />

== Composition ==
=== Nutrition ===
{{See also|Stir-fried water spinach}}
{{nutritional value | name=Water spinach, raw
| kJ=79
| protein=2.6 g
| fat=0.2 g
| carbs=3.14 g
| fiber=2.1 g
| calcium_mg=77
| iron_mg=1.67
| magnesium_mg=71
| phosphorus_mg=39
| potassium_mg=312
| sodium_mg=113
| zinc_mg=0.18
| manganese_mg=0.16
| vitC_mg=55
| thiamin_mg=0.03
| riboflavin_mg=0.1
| niacin_mg=0.9
| pantothenic_mg=0.141
| vitB6_mg=0.096
| folate_ug=57
| vitA_ug=315
| source_usda = 1
| note=[https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/food-details/169301/nutrients Link to USDA Database entry]
}}

== Safety ==
=== Health risk ===
Many of the waters where water spinach grows are fed by domestic or other waste. Pigs in southeast Asia are a natural reservoir for the parasite ''[[Fasciolopsis|Fasciolopsis buski]]''. Infections in the [[Mekong]] regions resulted from feeding on water spinach. Infections of ''F. buski'' in humans through water spinach can be anticipated. The infection can be prevented by proper preparation, such as frying or boiling.<ref>Yoshihara, S., Hung, N. P., Hung, N. H., Loc, C. B. "Helminths and Helminthiosis of Pigs in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam with Special Reference to Ascariosis and Fasciolopsis buski Infection." Jarq 33, 193-199 (1999)</ref> Contamination with [[Coliform bacteria|thermotolerant coliforms]] (ThC) or [[Protozoa|protozoan parasites]] with fecal origin, are very likely when the water spinach is planted in wastewater fed urban systems.<ref>Vuong TA, Nguyen TT, Klank LT, Phung DC, Dalsgaard A."Faecal and protozoan parasite contamination of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) cultivated in urban wastewater in Phnom Penh, Cambodia." Tropical Medicine and International Health, 73-81 (2007)</ref> Water spinach has great potential as a purifier of aquatic habitats. It is an efficient accumulator of [[cadmium]], [[lead]], and [[Mercury (element)|mercury]]. This characteristic can be dangerous if water spinach is planted for human or animal feed in polluted aquatic systems. Mercury in water spinach is composed mostly as [[methylmercury]] and has the highest potential of becoming a threat to human health. The edible parts of the plant have a lower [[Heavy metals|heavy metal]] concentration. The stems and bottom of the edible portion of the plant are higher in concentration and should be removed to minimize the heavy metal intake.<ref>Gosh, S. "Wetland Macrophytes as toxic metal accumulators" International Journal of Environmental Sciences, 523-528 (2010)</ref><ref>Göthberg A., Greger, M., Bengtsson, E. "Accumulation of heavy metals in water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) cultivated in the Bangkok region, Thailand" Environmental Toxicology, 1934-1939 (2009)</ref>

== Uses ==
=== Culinary ===
The vegetable is a common ingredient in East, South and Southeast Asian dishes, such as in [[stir-fried water spinach]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Water spinach and coconut stir-fry (kankun mallung) |date=23 July 2013 |publisher=[[SBS Food]] |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/food/recipes/water-spinach-and-coconut-stir-fry-kankun-mallung}}</ref> In [[Singapore]], [[Indonesia]], and [[Malaysia]], the tender shoots along with the leaves are usually [[stir frying|stir-fried]] with [[chili pepper]], [[garlic]], [[ginger]], dried [[shrimp paste]] (''[[belacan]]''/''[[terasi]]'') and other [[spice]]s. In [[Penang]] and [[Ipoh]], it is cooked with [[cuttlefish]] and a sweet and spicy sauce. Also known as {{Lang|nan-latn|eng chhai}} in the Hokkien dialect, it can also be boiled with preserved cuttlefish, then rinsed and mixed with spicy {{Lang|nan-latn|rojak}} paste to become {{Lang|nan-latn|jiu hu eng chhai}}. Boiled {{Lang|nan-latn|eng chhai}} also can be served with fermented krill noodles – {{Lang|nan-latn|belacan bihun}} – and prawn mi.<ref name="seasiafood">{{cite web|url=http://www.seasiafood.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/12/prawn-noodle-300x224.jpg |title=Archived copy |access-date=20 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617134709/http://www.seasiafood.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/12/prawn-noodle-300x224.jpg |archive-date=17 June 2015 }}</ref>

In [[Burmese cuisine]], water spinach is the primary ingredient in a [[Burmese salads|Burmese salad]] called {{Lang|my-latn|gazun ywet thoke}} ({{lang|my|ကန်စွန်းရွက်သုပ်}}), made with blanched water spinach, lime juice, fried garlic and garlic oil, roasted [[rice flour]] and dried shrimp.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-01-29 |title=အာလူး၊ငါးကက်သလိတ်ကြော်နှင့် ကန်စွန်းရွက်သုပ် |url=https://myanmar.mmtimes.com/timeout/tea-break/8855-2014-01-29-06-39-14.html |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=The Myanmar Times |archive-date=22 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722163317/https://myanmar.mmtimes.com/timeout/tea-break/8855-2014-01-29-06-39-14.html }}</ref>

In [[Indonesian cuisine]] it is called {{Lang|id|kangkung}}; boiled or blanched together with other vegetables it forms the ingredient of ''[[gado-gado]]'' or ''[[pecel]]'' salads in [[peanut sauce]]. Some recipes that use ''{{Lang|id|kangkung}}'' include ''[[plecing kangkung]]'' from Lombok, ''[[mie kangkung]]'' (kangkong noodles) from Jakarta, and ''petis kangkung'' from Semarang.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Maharani |first1=Ainda Seprita |title=Petis Kangkung Kuliner Khas Legendaris di Semarang, Catat 5 Rekomendasi Lokasi yang Bisa Dikunjungi |url=https://www.suaramerdeka.com/gaya-hidup/0412378981/petis-kangkung-kuliner-khas-legendaris-di-semarang-catat-5-rekomendasi-lokasi-yang-bisa-dikunjungi|website=suaramerdeka.com |access-date=31 October 2024 |language=Indonesian}}</ref>

In [[Cuisine of Thailand|Thailand]], where it is called {{Lang|th-latn|phak bung}} ({{langx|th|ผักบุ้ง|links=no}}), it is eaten raw, often along with [[som tam|green papaya salad]] or ''[[nam phrik]]'', in stir-fries and in curries such as ''[[kaeng som]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ifrpd.ku.ac.th/pr/research/Thai_foods_Payom.pdf |title=Nutritional composition of traditional Thai foods used local vegetables |access-date=4 April 2017 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121212013623/http://www.ifrpd.ku.ac.th/pr/research/Thai_foods_Payom.pdf |archive-date=12 December 2012 }}</ref>

In the [[Philippines]], where it is called {{Lang|fil|kangkóng}}, the tender shoots are cut into segments and cooked, together with the leaves, in fish and meat stews, such as ''[[sinigang]]''. The vegetable is also commonly eaten alone. In ''[[Philippine adobo|adobong kangkóng]]'' (also called {{Lang|fil|apan-apan}}), it is sautéed in cooking oil, [[onion]]s, garlic, [[vinegar]], and [[soy sauce]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Piccio |first1=Belle |title=Apan-apan: The Dish Reflective of the Tradition of Ilonggo Farmers |url=https://www.choosephilippines.com/eat/recipes/4396/apan-apan-all-time-filipino-favorite |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420155425/http://www.choosephilippines.com/eat/recipes/4396/apan-apan-all-time-filipino-favorite |url-status=usurped |archive-date=20 April 2017 |website=Choose Philippines |access-date=11 January 2019}}</ref> In {{Lang|fil|ensaladang kangkóng}} (or {{Lang|fil|kinilaw na kangkóng}}), it is blanched and served in vinegar or [[calamansi]] juice and fresh [[tomato]]es and [[onion]]s with salt and pepper to taste.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ensaladang Kangkong |url=https://www.melykitchen.com/2015/01/ensaladang-kangkong.html |website=Mely's Kitchen |access-date=11 January 2019 |archive-date=11 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111175656/https://www.melykitchen.com/2015/01/ensaladang-kangkong.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ensaladang Kangkong |url=https://www.overseaspinoycooking.net/2011/10/ensaladang-kangkong.html |website=Overseas Pinoy Cooking |access-date=11 January 2019}}</ref> In {{Lang|fil|binagoongang kangkóng}} (or {{Lang|fil|ginisang kangkóng}}), it is sautéed with garlic and topped with ''[[bagoong alamang]]'' (shrimp paste) or ''[[bagoong isda]]'' (fermented fish) and sliced fresh tomatoes and onions, commonly also with cubed crispy {{Lang|fil|liempo}} ([[pork belly]]) or [[Philippine adobo|pork ''adobo'']]. It can also be spiced with ''[[siling haba]]'' or ''[[siling labuyo]]'' peppers, soy sauce, black pepper, and sugar. It differs from {{Lang|fil|adobong kangkóng}} in that it does not use vinegar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Binagoongang Kangkong |url=http://www.pinoyhapagkainan.com/binagoongang-kangkong/ |website=Pinoy Hapagkainan |access-date=11 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Spicy Stir-Fry Kangkong with Bagoong |url=http://www.pinoykitchenette.com/2011/06/spicy-stir-fry-kangkong-with-bagoong.html |website=Pinoy Kitchenette |access-date=11 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kangkong with Bagoong |url=http://filipinostylerecipe.com/2013/04/kangkong-with-bagoong/ |website=Filipino Style Recipe |date=28 April 2013 |access-date=11 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kangkong with Bagoong Recipe |url=https://panlasangpinoy.com/2012/05/29/kangkong-with-bagoong-recipe/ |website=Panlasang Pinoy |date=30 May 2012 |access-date=11 January 2019}}</ref> A local appetiser called [[crispy kangkong|crispy ''kangkóng'']] has the leaves coated in a flour-based batter and fried until crisp, similar to [[Cuisine of Japan|Japanese]] vegetable [[tempura]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pinoyrecipe.net/crispy-kangkong-recipe-river-spinach/ |title=Crispy Kangkong Recipe (River Spinach) - Filipino Recipes Portal |date=8 May 2012 |publisher=Pinoyrecipe.net |access-date=13 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Crispy Spinach Recipe |url=https://panlasangpinoy.com/2010/06/08/crispy-spinach-recipe/ |website=Panlasang Pinoy |date=9 June 2010 |access-date=11 January 2019}}</ref>

In [[Chinese cuisine]], ''Ipomoea aquatica'' is a popular leafy vegetable commonly stir-fried with garlic, fermented tofu, or chili, depending on regional preferences. It is particularly associated with [[southern China]], including [[Guangdong]] and [[Fujian]], where it is often prepared as a quick, flavorful dish. In [[Sichuan]] cuisine, it may be stir-fried with pickled chili for a spicy twist. In [[Taiwan]], it is cooked similar to Southeast Asia, with soy sauce and dried shrimp for added umami.<ref>{{Cite web |last=chou |first=cindy |date=2020-09-26 |title=stir-fried morning glory 蒜炒空心菜 |url=https://thesoundofcooking.com/stir-fried-morning-glory/ |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=The Sound of Cooking |language=en-US}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="90px">
File:Adobong kangkong (Philippines).jpg|[[Philippine cuisine|Filipino]] ''[[Philippine adobo|adobong kangkóng]]''
File:Ensaladang kangkong.jpg|Filipino ''[[Kinilaw|ensaladang kangkóng]]''
File:Pelecing kangkung.JPG| Indonesian ''[[plecing kangkung]]'' from Lombok
File:Mie Kangkung.JPG|Indonesian ''[[mie kangkung]]'' (with noodles)
File:Gendar Petis Kangkung.jpg|Indonesian ''petis kangkung'' (with ''gendar'' rice cake) from Semarang
File:Kangkungblacan.jpg|[[Malaysia]]n-style ''[[kangkung belacan]]''
File:Pak boong fai daeng.jpg|[[Thailand|Thai]] ''phak bung fai daeng''
File:Canhchua2.jpg|[[Vietnam]]ese ''canh chua''
File:HK 上環市政大廈 Sheung Wan Municipal Building Cooked food centre 棟記 Tung Kee Restaurant dinner food August 2019 SSG 10.jpg|[[Hongkong]]-style ''kōngxīncài''
File:Food 炒牛肝, 小吳現炒牛肉, 天母, 台北 (15256971207).jpg|[[Taiwan|Taiwanese]]-style ''kōngxīncài''
</gallery>

===Phytoremediation===
Using aquatic macrophytes to remove nutrients from wastewater and to control freshwater [[eutrophication]] has been reported to be a feasible way of [[phytoremediation]]. Various plants, including ''I. aquatica'', have been tested for this use. Owing to its being edible and thus marketable, it could be an attractive option for this use.<ref>Li, M., Wu, Y. J., Yu, Z. L., Sheng, G. P., & Yu, H. Q. (2007). Nitrogen removal from eutrophic water by floating-bed-grown water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica Forsk.) with ion implantation. ''Water research'', ''41''(14), 3152-3158.</ref>

===Animal feed===
Water spinach is fed to livestock as green fodder with high nutritive value—especially the leaves, for they are a good source of carotene. It is fed to cattle, pigs, fish, ducks, and chicken.<ref name="Pandey, A.K. Aquatic Vegetables 2011">Pandey, A.K. Aquatic Vegetables. Udaipur: Agrotech Academy, 2011. Print.</ref> In limited quantities, ''I. aquatica'' can have a somewhat laxative effect.<ref name=":0" />

=== Medicinal ===
{{medref|1=section|date=February 2025}}
''I. aquatica'' is used in the traditional medicine of southeast Asia and in the traditional medicine of some countries in Africa.{{cn|date=February 2025}} In southeast Asian medicine it is used against [[piles]], and [[nosebleeds]], as an [[anthelmintic]], and to treat [[high blood pressure]].{{medcn|date=February 2025}} In Ayurveda, leaf extracts are used against jaundice and nervous debility.<ref name="International Journal of Botany">{{cite journal |last1=Nagendra Prasad |first1=K. |last2=Shivamurthy |first2=G.R. |last3=Aradhya |first3=S.M. |title=Ipomoea aquatica, An Underutilized Green Leafy Vegetable: A Review |journal=International Journal of Botany |date=2008 |volume=1 |issue=4 |page=127}}</ref> In indigenous medicine in Sri Lanka, water spinach is supposed to have insulin-like properties.{{medcn|date=February 2025}}

Christophe Wiart cites several promising studies showing improvements in blood glucose levels in humans and rats and concludes that clinical trials are warranted.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wiart |first1=Christophe |title=Medicinal plants in Asia for metabolic syndrome: natural products and molecular basis |date=2018 |publisher=CRC Press |location=Boca Raton |isbn=978-1-315-17775-5 |page=44}}</ref>

Antioxidant bioactive compounds and anti-microbial substances can be detected in water spinach.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Anbu Jothi |first1=B. |last2=Geetha |first2=B. |title=GC-MS and FT-IR analysis of bioactive compounds on methanol extract of Ipomoea aquatica |journal=International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Research |date=May 2017 |volume=2 |issue=3 |page=15}}</ref>{{npsn|date=February 2025}} Furthermore, plant extracts of water spinach inhibit cancer cell growth of Vero, Hep-2, and A-549 cells, though they have moderate anti-cancer properties.<ref name="International Journal of Botany"/>{{npsn|date=February 2025}}



==Cultivation==
[[File:09985jfKangkong harvesting in the Philippinesfvf 35.jpg|thumb|Wild ''I. aquatica'' being harvested from rafts in the [[Angat River]], [[Philippines]]]]
[[File:0002jfVegetable plantations Taal Pulilan Bulacanfvf 11.jpg|thumb|Cultivated ''I. aquatica'' in [[Bulacan]], Philippines]]
''Ipomoea aquatica'' is most commonly grown in east, south, and southeast Asia. It flourishes naturally in waterways, and requires little if any care. It is used extensively in Indonesian, Burmese, Thai, Lao, Cambodian, Malay, Vietnamese, Filipino, and Chinese cuisine, especially in rural or ''[[kampung]]'' (village) areas. The vegetable is also extremely popular in [[Taiwan]], where it grows well. During the [[Japanese occupation of Singapore]] in World War II, the vegetable grew remarkably easily in many areas, and became a popular wartime crop.

Water spinach has been found to be cultivated in the following countries:<ref name=":0"/><ref name="Pinker, I. 2006">Pinker, I., U. Bubner, and M. Böhme. "Selection of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica Forssk.)-genotypes for protected cultivation in temperate regions." I International Conference on Indigenous Vegetables and Legumes. Prospectus for Fighting Poverty, Hunger and Malnutrition 752. 2006.</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
*[[Australia]]
*[[Bangladesh]]
*[[Myanmar|Burma]]
*[[Cambodia]]
*[[China]]
*[[Fiji]]
*[[India]]
*[[Maldives]]
*[[Indonesia]]
*[[Japan]]
*[[Malaysia]]
*[[Nepal]]
*[[New Guinea]]
*[[Philippines]]
*[[Lanka|Sri Lanka]]
*[[Taiwan]]
*[[Thailand]]
*[[Vietnam]]
{{div col end}}

In the United States, it is cultivated in California, Florida, Hawaii, Texas, Arizona, and the U.S. Virgin Islands.<ref>Chilton, Earl W. "Risk Assessment for Water Spinach (Ipomoea Aquatica) in Texas." Journal Of Aquatic Plant Management 55 (2017): 96-102. Web.</ref> It is also found in Africa and in its wild form; it is collected and used by the [[Shambaa people|Sambaa]] people in [[Tanzania]].<ref name=":0">Austin, Daniel F. F. "Water Spinach (Ipomoea Aquatica, Convolvulaceae) a Food Gone Wild." Ethnobotany Research and Applications 5 (2007): 123-46. Web.</ref><ref>Vainio-Mattila, Katariina. "Wild vegetables used by the Sambaa in the Usambara Mountains, NE Tanzania." Annales Botanici Fennici. Finnish Zoological and Botanical Publishing Board, 2000.</ref>

Water spinach is also potentially suitable for cultivation in [[greenhouse]]s in more [[Temperate climate|temperate]] regions.<ref name="Pinker, I. 2006"/>

In non-tropical areas, it is easily grown in containers given enough water in a bright sunny location. It readily roots from cuttings.{{citation needed|date=May 2014}}

===Requirements for climate and soil===
[[File:Kanko cultivation in Dili drainage ditch.jpg|thumb|''I. aquatica'' being cultivated in a drainage ditch in [[Dili]], [[Timor-Leste]]]]
Water spinach is ideal for [[Subtropics|sub]]-tropical and [[Tropics|tropical]] climate, as it does not grow well below {{convert|23.9|C}} and is sensitive to frost. High soil moisture is beneficial for growth. Clay soils and [[marsh]]y soils rich in organic matter are suitable for water spinach. The ideal pH range for the growth is from 5 to 7. The provision of shade has been shown to have a positive influence on the yield of water spinach.<ref name="Pandey, A.K. Aquatic Vegetables 2011"/>

===Traditional cultivation methods===
[[File:Starr-170627-0206-Ipomoea aquatica-young starts with Kim and Thai Worker Hin-Hydroponics Greenhouse Sand Island-Midway Atoll (36319965171).jpg|thumb|''I. aquatica'' being grown in a [[hydroponics]] greenhouse in Sand Island, [[Midway Atoll]]]]
Water spinach is cultivated in a variety of systems. In [[Hong Kong]], two methods are traditionally used: the dryland method and the wetland method.

In '''the dryland method''', water spinach is grown on raised beds which are separated by irrigation ditches. The seeds can be sown directly onto the beds. Alternatively, a nursery may be used and the seedlings are transplanted when they reach a sufficient size. In either case, the distance between the plants should be about {{convert|12|cm}} by the time they are {{convert|15|cm}} tall. Regular irrigation is crucial in the dryland system and so is sufficient fertilization. Water spinach cultivated with the dryland method is ready for harvest 50 to 60 days after sowing. Harvesting is done by pulling up the whole plant.<ref name="Edie, Harry 1969">Edie, Harry, and H. Ho. "Ipomoea Aquatica as a Vegetable Crop in Hong Kong." Economic Botany 23.1 (1969): 32-36. Web.</ref>

The '''wetland method''' is the traditionally more common and important method for cultivation in Hong Kong: In the wetland method, water spinach is cultivated on flat fields surrounded by raised banks, which have oftentimes been used as [[Paddy field|rice paddies]] in the past. These former rice paddies have a heavy clay soil with an iron-pan. This helps to retain water for the water spinach. The seedlings to be used in this method are usually grown in a nursery on a dry field, as germination under water is quite poor. Six weeks after sowing, cuttings can be taken from the seedlings for transplantation. One cutting is an approximately {{convert|30|cm}} long cut from the stem containing seven or eight nodes. This is then planted in the field with a spacing of about {{convert|40|cm}}. The field is prepared beforehand by flooding it to a depth of {{convert|3|to|5|cm}}. The soil itself is tramped into a liquid mud so that the cuttings can root easily. Once the plants are established, the depth of the flooding is increased to {{convert|15|to|20|cm}}. The first harvest in the wetland method can usually be done at around 30 days after transplantation. Also, the harvesting differs from the dryland system: In the wetland, the upper part of the main shoot is cut at about water level. This stimulates lateral growth and produces horizontal shoots carrying vertical branches. After the first harvests, every seven to ten days throughout the summer, these vertical branches can be harvested. After the planting period, the fields are drained and once the fruit of the water spinach is ripe, it is harvested, dried, then trodden to release the seeds which are to be used for the following season.<ref name="Edie, Harry 1969"/>

===Use of fertilizer===
How much fertilizer is used for the cultivation strongly depends on the region. Most research is from the 1980s and 1990s. Generally, it has been shown that a dose of {{convert|60|kg}} [[Nitrogen|N]]/ha is sufficient and that the application of [[Potassium|K]] can be beneficial on the yield. Also, the application of plant growth regulators, for example [[Adenine]] and Zetanine,{{clarify|What's zetanine?|date=May 2022}} has been found to be an effective means to promote water spinach growth. One study has determined, that the highest yields are produced with the application of 60 kg/ha of N, 90 kg/ha of [[Phosphorus pentoxide|P2O5]] and 50 kg/ha of [[Potassium oxide|K2O]] for the first harvest. For the second harvest the optimal fertilization was determined as 120 kg/ha of N, 45 kg/ha of P2O5 and 100 kg/ha of K2O.<ref name="Pandey, A.K. Aquatic Vegetables 2011"/>

'''Taiwan''': In Taiwan, the usual fertilization includes the basic application of about 10 t/ha of cow manure followed by 50 kg/ha of [[ammonium sulfate]] after each harvest.<ref name="Pandey, A.K. Aquatic Vegetables 2011"/>

'''Bangkok''': In Bangkok, it is common to apply about 300 kg/ha of NPK fertilizer twice a month.<ref name="Pandey, A.K. Aquatic Vegetables 2011"/>

'''Indonesia''': In Indonesia, usually 150 kg to 300 kg of NPK are applied per hectare.<ref name="Pandey, A.K. Aquatic Vegetables 2011"/>

===Pathogens and pests===
[[File:Tortoise beetle hess.jpg|thumb|A [[tortoise beetle]] on an ''I. aquatica'' leaf]]
There are several pathogens and pests reported, affecting ''I. aquatica''. Pathogens include ''[[Pythium]]'', causing problems like damping-off, ''[[Cercospora]]'' leaf spot and root nematodes.<ref name=":2" /> Also, [[aphid]]s may be problems in fields. Additionally, there are several [[List of feeding behaviours|polyphagous]] insects feeding on ''I. aquatica''. [[Lepidoptera]] species include ''Diacrisia strigatula'' Walker and ''Spodoptera litura''. The "woolly-bear" caterpillars (''D. virginica'' [Fabricius]) of the eastern United States and ''D. strigatula'' (Chinese tiger moth) are other species with wide food preferences.<ref name="Austin">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eS7lX_rC3GEC |first=Daniel F. |last=Austin |title=Florida Ethnobotany |publisher=CRC Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-8493-2332-4 |page=365}}</ref> A specialist pathogen on ''I. aquatica'' is the [[oomycete]] ''Albugo ipomoeae-aquaticae'', though its range is restricted to southern and southeast Asia.<ref name=":0" />

===Invasiveness===
''Ipomoea aquatica'' is listed by the [[USDA]] as a noxious weed,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://plants.usda.gov/java/noxious?rptType=Federal |title=Federal Noxious Weed List |publisher=USDA |access-date=2019-08-13}}</ref> especially in the states of [[Florida]], [[California]], and [[Hawaii]], where it can be observed growing in the wild.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ipomoea aquatica Forssk. swamp morning-glory |url=http://plants.usda.gov/plant-profile?symbol=IPAQ |website=plants.usda.gov |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service |access-date=10 July 2015}}</ref> In the US, water spinach has mainly become a problem in Florida. It is unclear why it is a problem there; however, although the fast growth rate has been cited as a threat to native plants in certain areas of Florida.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Water Spinach|url=http://myfwc.com/wildlifehabitats/habitat/invasive-plants/weed-alerts/water-spinach/|website=Florida Fish And Wildlife Conservation Commission|language=en|access-date=2020-05-11|archive-date=9 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809092941/https://myfwc.com/wildlifehabitats/habitat/invasive-plants/weed-alerts/water-spinach/}}</ref> It could be owing to the time since introduction, or owing to climatic factors.<ref name="Edie, Harry 1969"/> ''I. aquatica'' has been extensively cultivated in [[Texas]] for over 30 years, having been originally brought there by Asian immigrants. Because no evidence indicates the plant has escaped into the wild, Texas lifted its ban on cultivation for personal use with no restrictions or requirements, noting its importance as a vegetable in many cultures, and also began permitting cultivation for commercial sales with the requirement of an exotic species permit.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.texasinvasives.org/plant_database/detail.php?symbol=IPAQ |title=Texas Invasives |work=texasinvasives.org}}</ref> Possession of ''I. aquatica'' has been prohibited in Florida since 1973, but it is still being grown and sold illegally. Some of the infestations in Florida public lakes have been eradicated, or at least attempts have been made.<ref>Langeland, K.A. & K.C. Burks. 1998. Editors of ''Identification & Biology of Non-Native Plants in Florida's Natural Areas''. University of Florida, Gainesville</ref> In [[Sri Lanka]] it invades wetlands, where its long, floating stems form dense mats which can block the flow of water and prevent the passage of boats.<ref>Gunasekera Lalith. ''Invasive Plants, A Guide to the Identification of the Most Invasive Plants in Sri Lanka'', Colombo 2009.</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="150" heights="150">
File:04657jfDampol Rueda Plaridel Pungo Calumpit Bulacan Riverbanks Kangkung Viaductfvf 26.jpg|''I. aquatica'' along the [[Angat River]], [[Philippines]]
File:Starr-121029-0421-Ipomoea aquatica-habit in wetland-Ukumehame-Maui (24827090269).jpg|''Ipomoea aquatica'' in Ukumehame, [[Maui]], [[Hawaii]]
File:Immature seeds of Ipomoea aquatica 2.jpg|Immature fruits of ''Ipomoea aquatica''
File:Ipomoea aquatica Nksw 4.jpg|''Ipomoea aquatica'' at Nakhonsawan school, Nakhon Sawan, [[Thailand]]
File:Ipomoea aquatica bd-3.jpg|Fruits of ''Ipomoea aquatica ''
File:Ipomoea aquatica (Marsh Glory) flower W IMG 0403.jpg|Close-up of ''I. aquatica'' flower in [[Hyderabad]], [[India]]
File:9916Wawa Poblacion Balagtas 13.jpg|Freshly-harvested ''I. aquatica'' bundles being unloaded from rafts in the Philippines
File:甕菜 Ipomoea aquatica -香港西貢獅子會自然教育中心 Saikung, Hong Kong- (9240155912).jpg|''I. aquatica'' with white flowers in [[Sai Kung Town|Sai Kung]], [[Hong Kong]]
File:Bubulcus ibis in the Philippines 22.jpg|[[Cattle egret]]s among ''I. aquatica'' in [[Norzagaray]], Philippines
File:HK WCD 灣仔 Wan Chai 春園街 Spring Garden Lane shop Kai Bo Food Supermarket vegetable July 2021 SS2.jpg|''I. aquatica'' being sold in a market in [[Hong Kong]]
File:Ipomoea aquatica.jpg|''I. aquatica'' bundles sold in a market in [[Sarawak]], [[Malaysia]]
File:03899jfPasig City Boundary Buting Bridge School Creek Monument Makati Cityfvf 19.jpg|Bundles of ''I. aquatica'' being sold by a roadside vendor in [[Makati City]], Philippines
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Stir-fried water spinach]]
* [[List of vegetables]]
* [[Sweet potato]] (''Ipomoea batatas''), another edible species in the morning glory family

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikispecies|Ipomoea aquatica}}

*[https://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?20138 Germplasm Resources Information Network: ''Ipomoea aquatica'']
{{unimelb|Ipomoea.html#aquatica}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061006030843/http://www.ku.ac.th/AgrInfo/fruit/veget/v31.html Water spinach nutritional information] from [[Kasetsart University]]
*[https://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/plant-directory/ipomoea-aquatica/ Center for Aquatic, Wetland and Invasive Plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818151245/https://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/plant-directory/ipomoea-aquatica/ |date=18 August 2019 }}, University of Florida
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120112160407/http://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/plant_pest_info/weeds/downloads/weedlist.pdf USDA Federal Noxious Weed Regulations (Possession in USA requires permit)]
*[https://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/profile/water-spinach Species Profile - Water Spinach (''Ipomoea aquatica'')], National Invasive Species Information Center, [[United States National Agricultural Library]]. Lists general information and resources for water spinach.

{{WestAfricanPlants|Ipomoea aquatica}}
{{Ipomoea}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q272754}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ipomoea|aquatica]]
[[Category:Flora of Africa]]
[[Category:Flora of the Arabian Peninsula]]
[[Category:Flora of tropical Asia]]
[[Category:Flora of Australia]]
[[Category:Leaf vegetables]]
[[Category:Perennial vegetables]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1775]]
[[Category:Asian vegetables]]

Sweety Naughty Crazy

2026-04-06T12:21:50Z

Musicalkd: adding stub

{{Short description|Tamil film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Sweety Naughty Crazy.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Rajasekar G
| writer = Rajasekar G
| producer = R. Arun
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Thrigun]]
*[[Ineya]]
*Srijita Ghosh
*[[Radha (Sundara Travels actress)|Radha]]
}}
| cinematography = C. Vijayasri
| editing = K. Kumar
| music = S. N. Arunagiri
| studio = Arun Visualz Productions
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2026|2|13}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Sweety Naughty Crazy''''' is an Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[adult comedy film|adult comedy]] film written and directed by Rajasekar G in his directorial debut, starring [[Thrigun]], [[Ineya]], Srijita Ghosh and [[Radha (Sundara Travels actress)|Radha]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-details/sweety-naughty-crazy/movieshow/128066505.cms |title=Sweety Naughty Crazy Movie: Showtimes, Review, Songs, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes |access-date=2026-02-11 |via=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |archive-date=2026-02-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260208131804/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-details/sweety-naughty-crazy/movieshow/128066505.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The film has cinematography handled by C. Vijayasri, editing done by K. Kumar and music composed by S. N. Arunagiri.

''Sweety Naughty Crazy'' was released in theatres on 13 February 2026.

== Cast ==

* [[Thrigun]] as Shiva
* [[Ineya]] as Nandini Miss
* Srijita Ghosh as Anitha
* [[Radha (Sundara Travels actress)|Radha]] as Shylu Aunty
* [[Thambi Ramaiah]]
* [[Sathyan (Tamil actor)|Sathyan]]
* [[Madhan Bob]]

== Production ==
[[Thrigun]] who was last seen in [[Lineman (2024 multilingual film)|''Lineman'']] (2024) was announced as the lead actor in his next titled ''Sweety Naught Crazy'', which had its launch event on 7 August 2024 in [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sweety Naughty Crazy: Trigun announces his new film, genre, star cast, and release date details |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/sweety-naughty-crazy-trigun-announces-his-new-film-genre-star-cast-and-release-date-details/33bfb0cbd765 |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=2024-09-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908202522/https://www.ottplay.com/news/sweety-naughty-crazy-trigun-announces-his-new-film-genre-star-cast-and-release-date-details/33bfb0cbd765 |url-status=live }}</ref> The film is written and directed by debutant Rajasekar G,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-07 |title=3 வித காதலை சொல் லும் 'ஸ்வீட்டி நாட்டி கிரேசி' |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/sweety-naughty-crazy-3-types-of-love |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |language=ta}}</ref> alongside [[Ineya]], Srijita Ghosh and [[Radha (Sundara Travels actress)|Radha]] playing the lead actresses.<ref>{{Cite web |last=செய்திப்பிரிவு |date=2024-10-15 |title=3 நாயகிகள் நடிக்கும் ஸ்வீட்டி நாட்டி கிரேஸி |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1326113-sweety-naughty-crazy-starring-3-heroines.html |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |language=ta}}</ref> The film is produced under Arun Visualz Productions banner, with the technical team consisting of cinematographer C. Vijayasri, editor K. Kumar and music composer S. N. Arunagiri.<ref>{{Cite web |last=தினத்தந்தி |date=2026-02-10 |title="ஸ்வீட்டி நாட்டி கிரேஸி" படத்தின் ஸ்னீக் பீக் வீடியோ வெளியீடு |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/sweety-naughty-crazy-film-sneak-peek-out |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=Daily Thanthi |language=ta |archive-date=2026-02-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260210113606/https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/sweety-naughty-crazy-film-sneak-peek-out |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Music ==
The first single "Thai Thai" was released on 23 January 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |last=தினத்தந்தி |date=2026-01-23 |title="ஸ்வீட்டி நாட்டி கிரேஸி" படத்தின் "தை தை" வீடியோ பாடல் வெளியானது |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/sweety-naughty-crazy-film-thai-thai-video-song-out-1201676 |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=Daily Thanthi |language=ta}}</ref>

== Release ==
''Sweety Naughty Crazy'' was released in theatres on 13 February 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |last=தினத்தந்தி |date=2026-02-07 |title="ஸ்வீட்டி நாட்டி கிரேஸி" படத்தின் ரிலீஸ் தேதி அறிவிப்பு |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/sweetie-natti-crazy-movie-release-date-announced |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=Daily Thanthi |language=ta |archive-date=2026-02-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260208050925/https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/sweetie-natti-crazy-movie-release-date-announced |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==
Abhinav Subramanian of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film with 2.5 out of 5 stars, calling it a guilty pleasure with a low ceiling.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sweety Naughty Crazy Movie Review: Guilty pleasure with a low ceiling |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/sweety-naughty-crazy/movie-review/128292652.cms |access-date=2026-02-13 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> The film was also reviewed by ''[[Dina Thanthi]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=தினத்தந்தி |date=2026-02-13 |title=““ஸ்வீட்டி நாட்டி கிரேஸி” - சினிமா விமர்சனம் |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/movie-review/sweetie-naughty-crazy-cinema-review |access-date=2026-02-13 |website=Daily Thanthi |language=ta}}</ref> and ''[[Maalai Malar]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maalaimalar |date=2026-02-13 |title=ஸ்வீட்டி நாட்டி கிரேசி திரைவிமர்சனம் {{!}} Sweety Naughty Crazy Review in tamil |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/sweety-naughty-crazy-165726 |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=www.maalaimalar.com |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|tt39398861}}

[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2026 films]]
[[Category:2026 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2026 Indian films]]
[[Category:2026 comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]

Bhaskar Bhagare

2026-04-06T10:06:48Z

Musicalkd: Starting new post!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Bhaskar Murlidhar Bhagare
| image = MP Bhaskar Bhagare at Orizen Dental Clinic Inauguration.jpg
| caption = Sir (3rd from the left) inaugurating the Orizen dental clinic
| birth_date = 1971
| birth_place = [[Dindori, Maharashtra|Dindori]], [[Dindori district]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]], [[Asia]]
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Dindori Lok Sabha constituency|Dindori]]
| term =
| successor =
| predecessor = [[Bharati Pawar]]
| party = [[Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar|NCP–SP]]
| spouse =
| father =
| children =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
| country = India
| term_start = 2024
| birth_name = Bhaskar Murlidhar Bhagare
| citizenship = Indian
| parents = Murlidhar Bhagare (father)
| occupation = Politician
| profession = [[Agriculturist]]
}}

'''Bhaskar Murlidhar Bhagare''' is an [[Politics of India|Indian politician]], [[Social work|social worker]] and [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]] from [[Dindori Lok Sabha constituency]] as a member of [[Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar]] party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Dindori Election Result 2024 Live Updates: NCPSP Bhaskar Murlidhar Bhagare Has Won This Lok Sabha Seat |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/dindori-election-result-2024-live-updates-counting-of-votes-maharashtra-lok-sabha-seat-latest-news |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref> In [[2024 Indian general election|2024 Indian General Elections]], he defeated [[Bharati Pawar|Bharati Pravin Pawar]] of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janta Party]] by a margin of 1,13,199 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Dindori, Maharashtra Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 Highlights: Bhaskar Murlidhar Bhagare Emerges Victorious by 113199 Votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/story/dindori-maharashtra-lok-sabha-election-results-2024-live-updates-clse-2547826-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Bhagare has been elected as a Member of Parliament from [[Dindori Lok Sabha constituency]] in [[2024 Indian general election|2024 Indian general elections]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-05 |title=Dindori (ST) election results 2024 live updates: NCP (SP)'s Bhaskar Murlidhar Bhagare wins |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/dindori-st-election-results-2024-live-updates-bjps-bharati-pravin-pawar-vs-ncpsps-bhaskar-murlidhar-bhagare/articleshow/110668281.cms |access-date=2024-06-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhagare, Bhaskar}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:People from Dindori district]]
[[Category:Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance candidates in 2024 Indian general election]]

{{Maharashtra-NCP-politician-stub}}

Chithram

2026-03-26T15:50:58Z

Musicalkd: improve content

{{short description|1988 Malayalam film by Priyadarshan}}
{{about|the [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam film]]|the 2000 [[Telugu film]]|Chitram}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Chithram
| image = Chithram poster.jpg
| caption =
| alt =
| director = [[Priyadarshan]]
| producer = [[P. K. R. Pillai]]
| writer = Priyadarshan
| screenplay =
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Mohanlal]]
* [[Ranjini (actress)|Ranjini]]
* [[Lissy (actress)|Lissy]]
* [[Nedumudi Venu]]
* [[Poornam Viswanathan]]
* [[Sreenivasan]]
}}
| music = '''Songs''': [[Kannur Rajan]] '''Background Score''': [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]]
| cinematography = [[S. Kumar (cinematographer)|S. Kumar]]
| editing = N. Gopalakrishnan
| studio = Shirdi Sai Creations
| distributor = Shirdi Sai Release
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1988|12|23|[[Kerala]]}}
| runtime = 160 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = {{INR}}44 Lakhs<ref name="film"/>
| gross = {{INR|3.5{{ndash}}4 crore}}{{efn|''Chithram''{{'s}} reported grosses vary between ₹3.5 crore (''[[Mangalam Publications|Mangalam]]''<ref name="film"/>) – ₹4 crore (''[[Malayala Manorama]]''<ref name="mm">{{Cite web |last=Sreedhar |first=Sajil |date=2025-04-11 |title=Mohanlal: The star who blends acting brilliance with box office might |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/04/11/malayalam-cinema-box-office-hits-mohanlal-films.html |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=[[Malayala Manorama|OnManorama]]}}</ref>)}}
}}

'''''Chithram''''' ({{Translation|Picture}}) is a 1988 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[screwball comedy]] film written and directed by [[Priyadarshan]]. The film was produced by [[P. K. R. Pillai]] under his production house Shirdi Sai Creations, and stars [[Mohanlal]], [[Ranjini (actress)|Ranjini]], [[Nedumudi Venu]], [[Lizy (actress)|Lizy]], [[Poornam Viswanathan]], [[Sreenivasan]], [[M. G. Soman]], [[Sukumari]], [[Maniyanpilla Raju]], and [[Shanavas]], while [[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]] makes a cameo appearance. The songs were composed by [[Kannur Rajan]] and [[film score]] by [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]]. [[Mohanlal]] won the [[Kerala State Film Award - Special Jury Award]] for his performance in this film as ''Vishnu''.

''Chithram'' was released during the [[Christmas]] weekend on 23 December 1988. Made on a budget of {{INR}}4.4 million, the film grossed around {{INR}}40 million at the box office, becoming the highest-grossing Malayalam film at the time.<ref name="film"/><ref name="mm" />

==Plot==
Kalyani is the daughter of a wealthy [[Non-resident Indian|NRI]] Ramachandran Menon who resides in the [[United States]]. Kalyani, brought up in [[Madras]] by her father's friend Purushothaman Kaimal, falls in love with another man and decides to marry against the wishes of her father. When her boyfriend finds out that she will be disinherited, he ditches her at the altar. Then her father writes a letter that he decides to approve her husband and wants to spend a fortnight's vacation with his daughter and son-in-law in his estate near a tribal community where Menon is the chief. As her father is already ill and because this may be his last vacation, Kalyani and Kaimal want to make it as happy for him as possible. They decide to hide the fact that her boyfriend dumped her.

Kaimal then sees Vishnu who played a trick on a foreigner by telling a lie to him that his brother cannot swim. When the foreigner jumps into the river, Vishnu runs off with his clothes. The foreigner questions and asks Kaimal about his clothes, and Kaimal gets slapped. Kaimal then goes to Vishnu and confronts him for stealing the clothes. Vishnu states his urgent need for money and Kaimal hires Vishnu to play the part of the husband for 14 days. Meanwhile, Kalyani's cousin Bhaskaran Nambiar who is the caretaker of the estate was expected to inherit Menon's estate and property when Kalyani was disinherited, is determined not to let go without a fight. He knows that Vishnu is not Kalyani's husband and makes various botched attempts to prove this.

Initially, Vishnu and Kalyani do not get along and keep bickering. But as time passes, Kalyani sees Vishnu's heart as he tied the mangalasutra around her neck, just in time before her father came (Bhaskaran informed him that she didn't have the mangalasutra around her neck). Kalyani eventually develops an affection towards Vishnu and hopes to marry him for real. A couple of days later, they have a mysterious visitor who claims to be a relative of Vishnu.

Finally, it is revealed that Vishnu is actually an escaped convict from jail who is sentenced to death and the visitor turns out to be the [[Corrections officer|prison warden]]. Vishnu's past is shown in flashback and he was a freelance photographer who was married to a woman named Revathy, a mute dancer. They also had a child. Vishnu discovers that a man was visiting his wife when he was not around and begins to suspect her. Coming home one day he finds the man there and tries to attack him. Revathy dies in the scuffle, and Vishnu discovers that the man is actually her brother who is a [[naxalite]]. He tells Kalyani that he escaped prison to make money for the surgery of his child.

On the last night of Vishnu's stay at the house, he asks Jail Warden, is it possible for him to live, as he started to like life again. The warden does not reply to this question, as he is helpless regarding this. After a happy fortnight, Kalyani's father returns to the US. The final scene shows the warden taking Vishnu to jail, where his execution awaits him, with Kalyani watching him leave. This film ends with Vishnu and Kalyani waving goodbye.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Mohanlal]] as Vishnu<ref name="toi">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/filmyfriday-chithram-vishnus-golden-rule-to-life-is-living-in-the-moment/articleshow/87794044.cms|title=#FilmyFriday: Chithram: Vishnu's golden rule to life is 'living in the moment'|first=Silpa|last=Rajan|date=12 November 2021|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=6 April 2022}}</ref>
* [[Ranjini (actress)|Ranjini]] as Kalyani, Vishnu's Love Interest <ref name="toi"/>
* [[Nedumudi Venu]] as Adv. Purushothama Kaimal, Kalyani's Uncle <ref name="toi"/>
* [[Poornam Viswanathan]] as Ramachandra Menon, Kalyani's Father (voice by [[Narendra Prasad]])<ref name="toi"/>
* [[Sreenivasan]] as Bhaskaran Nambiar, Kalyani's Cousin <ref name="toi"/>
* [[M. G. Soman]] as Jail Superintendent <ref name="toi"/>
* [[Lizzy (actress)|Lissy]] as Revathy, Vishnu's Deceased Wife
* [[Jagadish]] as Vishnu's Friend
* [[Maniyanpilla Raju]] as Murugan, Nambiar's Helper<ref name="toi"/>
* [[Sukumari]] as Subhadra, Ramachandra Menon's Sister and Bhaskaran Nambiar's Mother
* [[Unni Mary]] as Bhaskaran Nambiar's Sister
* [[Shanavas (actor)|Shanavas]] as Raveendran (Ravi), Kalyani's Ex-Lover
* Chandraji as Kattumooppan
* [[Soorya (actress)|Soorya]] as Mooppan's Daughter
* [[Bobby Kottarakkara]] as Krishnankutty Nair, Marriage Broker
* [[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]] as Varma, Revathy's Father (Cameo)
* [[K. B. Ganesh Kumar]] as Revathy's Brother (Cameo)
* [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] as Money Lender (Cameo)
}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Chithram
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Kannur Rajan]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1987
| recorded = 1987
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = Ranjini Cassettes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chithram Malayalam Film Audio Cassette |url=https://mossymart.com/product/chithram-malayalam-film-audio-cassette/ |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=Mossymart}}</ref>

 [[Satyam Audios]]
| producer = [[P. K. R. Pillai]]
| prev_title = [[Onninu Purake Mattonnu]]
| prev_year = 1988
| next_title = Aayiram Chirakulla Moham
| next_year = 1989
}}
The film's songs were composed by [[Kannur Rajan]] and lyrics penned by [[Shibu Chakravarthy]]. [[M. G. Sreekumar]] sang most of the songs in the film. [[Carnatic music]] singer [[Neyyattinkara Vasudevan]] was a guest singer. The classical Krithis like "Nagumomu" and "Swaminatha" featured in the film gained a mass popularity. Playback singer [[Sujatha Mohan]] also sang in the film, marking her return after years of sabbatical. [[Mohanlal]] sang two songs "Kaadumi Naadumellam" and "Aey Monnu". The songs were released by the label Ranjini Cassettes. Chithram was the last Malayalam film to release the song tracks in [[LP Record]] until 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=K. |first=Krishnachand |date=2023-01-18 |title=After ‘Chitram’, vinyl records to make a comeback in Mollywood through ‘Marakkar’ |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2023/Jan/18/after-chitram-vinyl-records-to-make-a-comeback-in-mollywood-through-marakkar-2538772.html |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! No. !! Title !! Singer(s) !! Notes
|-
| 1 || "Eeran Megham" || [[M. G. Sreekumar]] || [[Raga]]: [[Madhyamavati]]
|-
| 2 || "Paadam Pootha Kaalam" || M. G. Sreekumar ||
|-
| 3 || "Nagumomu" || [[Neyyattinkara Vasudevan]], M. G. Sreekumar || Traditional [[Kirtan|keerthanam]] by [[Tyagaraja]] Raga: [[Abheri]]
|-
| 4 || "Doore Kizhakkudhikkin" || M. G. Sreekumar, [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]] ||
|-
| 5 || "Aey Moonnu" || [[Mohanlal]] || Traditional [[folk music]]
|-
| 6 || "Paadam Koyyum Munpe" || Sujatha ||
|-
| 7 || "Paadam Pootha Kaalam ([[Pathos]])" || M. G. Sreekumar ||
|-
| 8 || "Swaminatha" || M. G. Sreekumar || Traditional Keerthanam by [[Muthuswami Dikshitar]] Raga: Nattai
|-
| 9 || "Kaadumi Naadumellam" || Mohanlal, Sujatha, [[Choir|Chorus]] ||
|}

==Reception==
''Chithram'' was released during a [[Christmas]] weekend on 23 December 1988. Upon release, it broke all existing records in [[Malayalam cinema]] until then.<ref>{{cite web|title=Malayalam-DVD-Chithram-Mohanlal|url=https://www.amazon.in/CHITHRAM/dp/B07NQ5J9WK}}</ref> Released in 21 A class theatres, ''Chithram'' ran for 50 days in 16 release theatres, 100 days in 6 theatres, 150 days in 5 theatres, 200 days in 4 theatres, 225 days in 3 theatres and 300 days in 2 theatres.<ref>{{Cite web |title='ചിത്രം' എന്ന ബോക്സ്ഓഫിസ് വിസ്മയത്തിന് 31 വയസ്സ് |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/features/2019/12/23/chitram-movie-31-years-special-story.html |access-date=2022-07-31 |website=ManoramaOnline |language=ml}}</ref> It had a theatrical run of more than 400 days in Little Shenoys (Ernakulam).<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 May 2005 |title=Milestones in Mohanlal's career |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/milestones-in-mohanlal-s-career-news-malayalam-kkfv4xbabjgsi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719113015/https://www.sify.com/movies/milestones-in-mohanlal-s-career-news-malayalam-kkfv4xbabjgsi.html |archive-date=19 July 2019 |url-status=dead |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> It completed 366 days run with regular shows in two theatres—Little Shenoys (Ernakulam) and Ajanta ([[Trivandrum]]),<ref>{{Cite document |title=Chithram 366 days report |publisher=[[Vellinakshatram (magazine)|Vellinakshatram]] |language=ml}}</ref> and 200 days in four theatres—Little Shenoys (Ernakulam), Ajantha (Trivandrum), Asha ([[Kottayam]]), and Priya ([[Palakkad]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chithram 200 days report |url=https://i.postimg.cc/gcDF3y5x/Chithram-200-days-report.jpg |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719113011/https://i.postimg.cc/gcDF3y5x/Chithram-200-days-report.jpg |archive-date=19 July 2019 |publisher=[[Vellinakshatram (magazine)|Vellinakshatram]] |language=ml}}</ref> Made on a budget of {{INR}}0.44 [[crore]], the film grossed around {{INR}}4 crore at the box office, becoming the highest-grossing Malayalam film of its time.<ref name="film">{{cite news|title='Chitram' still a mystery for Mani Ratnam|url=http://www.mangalam.com/en-news/detail/61305-entertainment-chitram-still-a-mystery-for-mani-ratnam.html|access-date=17 November 2018|work=[[Mangalam Publications]]|date=16 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117121620/http://www.mangalam.com/en-news/detail/61305-entertainment-chitram-still-a-mystery-for-mani-ratnam.html|archivedate=17 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="mm" /><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/photo-features/10-mollywood-films-that-ran-for-the-longest-time/photostory/52523553.cms|title=10 Mollywood films that ran for the longest time|website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref> The film was a success in [[Tamil Nadu]] also.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thamizh Talkies: Union of stars |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/sep/23/thamizh-talkies-union-of-stars-2037598.html |access-date=2022-11-22 |website=The New Indian Express|date=23 September 2019 }}</ref>

==Accolades==
;[[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-17 |title=Film Critics Awards Complete List From 1977 Till 2012 |url=https://www.keralafilmcritics.com/2020/10/film-critics-awards-complete-list-from.html |website=Kerala Film Critics Association}}</ref>
* [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] – [[Mohanlal]]
* [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]] – [[Sujatha Mohan]]

==Remakes==
The film was remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Alludugaru]]'' (1990), in Hindi as ''[[Pyar Hua Chori Chori]]'' (1991), in [[Kannada]] as ''[[Rayaru Bandaru Mavana Manege]]'' (1993), and in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''[[Engirundho Vandhan]]'' (1995).

==Notes==

{{notelist}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0214585}}

{{Priyadarshan}}

[[Category:1988 films]]
[[Category:1988 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1980s romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:1980s musical comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:1980s screwball comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Kannur Rajan]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ooty]]
[[Category:Malayalam films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films directed by Priyadarshan]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian screwball comedy films]]
[[Category:1988 comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian musical comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:1988 musical films]]

Saroj Raj Choudhury

2026-03-25T15:11:19Z

Musicalkd: minor expanded structure for accuracy

{{Short description|Indian environmentalist, wildlife conservationist, and writer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Saroj Raj Choudhury
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Odisha, India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Wildlife conservationist
| yearsactive =
| known for = [[Project Tiger]]
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents =
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]]
}}
'''Saroj Raj Choudhury''' was an Indian environmentalist, wildlife conservationist, writer<ref name="iScholar profile">{{cite web | url=http://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/indianforester/search/authors/view?firstName=Saroj%20Raj&middleName=&lastName=Choudhury&affiliation=&country= | title=iScholar profile | publisher=iScholar | date=2015 | access-date=7 July 2015}}</ref> and the first Forest Conservator under the [[Government of Odisha]].<ref name="Angle Books profile">{{cite web | url=http://www.anglebooks.com/khairi-the-beloved-tigress-saroj-raj-choudhury.html | title=Angle Books profile | publisher=Angle Books | date=2015 | access-date=7 July 2015}}</ref> He was also the founder director of the [[Simlipal National Park]], in the [[Mayurbhanj district]] in the Indian state of [[Odisha]].<ref name="Down to Earth">{{cite web | url=http://www.downtoearth.org.in/node/17561 | title=Down to Earth | publisher=Down to Earth | date=2015 | access-date=7 July 2015}}</ref> Choudhury was known for the pugmark technique he employed for tiger census and for his comradeship with ''Khairi'', a domesticated tigress.<ref name="Simlipal Heroes">{{cite web | url=http://www.similipal.org/similipal-heros.php | title=Simlipal Heroes | publisher=Simlipal Tiger Reserve | date=2015 | access-date=7 July 2015}}</ref><ref name="Copy Cats">{{cite web | url=http://www.conservationindia.org/wp-content/files_mf/Killer-Cats-Final_Nov-4-2011.pdf | title=Copy Cats | publisher=Conservation India | date=2011 | access-date=7 July 2015}}</ref> His experiences with the animal has been documented in a book, ''Khairi: The Beloved Tigress'', written by him and published in 1977.<ref name="Khairi: The Beloved Tigress">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ErzFAAAACAAJ | title=Khairi: The Beloved Tigress | publisher=Natraj Publishers | author=Saroj Raj Choudhury | year=2003 | pages=192 | isbn=9788185019710}}</ref> The [[Government of India]] awarded him the fourth highest Indian civilian honour of [[Padma Shri]] in 1983.<ref name="Padma Shri">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Shri | publisher=Padma Shri | date=2015 | access-date=18 June 2015 | archive-date=15 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Biography==
Saroj Raj Choudhury, born in [[Odisha]], started his career as a forest officer in the [[Government of Odisha]]’s service and rose in ranks to become a wildlife conservation officer, the first person to occupy the post.<ref name="Abe Books profile">{{cite web | url=http://www.abebooks.co.uk/9788185019710/Khairi-Beloved-Tigress-Chowdhary-Saroj-8185019711/plp | title=Abe Books profile | publisher=Abe Books | date=2015 | access-date=7 July 2015}}</ref> Later, he was transferred as the head of the [[Forest Research Institute (India)|Forest Research Institute]], founded in 1878 by the German forester, [[Dietrich Brandis]].<ref name="The Indian Forest School">{{cite journal | url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofsc11scot#page/154/mode/2up | title=The Indian Forest School | author=Bailey, F. | journal=Transactions of the Scottish Arboricultural Society | year=1885 | volume=11 | issue=2 | pages=155–161}}</ref> When [[Simlipal Tiger Reserve]] was established in 1972, Choudhury was made its founder field director and the head of [[Project Tiger]]<ref name="An epic link">{{cite web | url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110425/jsp/orissa/story_13898581.jsp | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230214825/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110425/jsp/orissa/story_13898581.jsp | url-status=dead | archive-date=30 December 2014 | title=An epic link | publisher=The Telegraph | date=25 April 2011 | access-date=9 July 2015}}</ref> with his headquarters in [[Baripada]].<ref name="Simlipal">{{cite web | url=http://hyderabad.sancharnet.in/bid_simitig/net_similipal_status%20note%20May%202002.doc | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710054707/http://hyderabad.sancharnet.in/bid_simitig/net_similipal_status%20note%20May%202002.doc | url-status=dead | archive-date=2015-07-10 | title=Simlipal | publisher=Sancharnet | date=2002 | access-date=7 July 2015 }}</ref>

1974 was a landmark year in Choudhury's life when the Kharia tribals brought a female tiger cub found near the [[Khairi]] river.<ref name="Legend behind a legend">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/legend-behind-a-legend/article3219308.ece | title=Legend behind a legend | publisher=The Hindu | date=22 January 2006 | access-date=9 July 2015 | author=Hariharan Balakrishnan}}</ref> He and Nihar Nalini Swain, took the cub into their care and converted their quarters at Jashipur in such a way to accommodate the wild animal. The cub, named ''Khairi'' after the [[Khairi|river]] she was found near, remained with the couple for number of years even after it was full grown.<ref name="An epic link" /> They also reared several other wild animals at their residence such as a crocodile, a bear cub named ''Jumbu'', a blind hyena called ''Baina'' and a mongoose, all of them roamed free in his courtyard.<ref name="The Wildlife Memoirs: A Forester Recollects">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Chxpu5jU3VYC&q=Saroj+Raj+Choudhury+biography&pg=PA21 | title=The Wildlife Memoirs: A Forester Recollects | publisher=Concept Publications |author1=R. C. Sharma |author2=J. J. Dutta |author3=Suhas Kumar |author4=Ajoy Kumar Bhattacharya | year=2008 | pages=192 | isbn=9788180695179}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Mohanty|first=Debabrata|date=December 30, 2021|title=Nihar Nalini Swain, foster mother of tigress Khairi in Odisha, dies at 88|work=The Hindustan Times|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nihar-nalini-swain-foster-mother-of-tigress-khairi-in-odisha-dies-at-88-101640804306297.html|access-date=December 29, 2021}}</ref>

Choudhury was credited with several initiatives in the field of wildlife conservation. He was the first to introduce the ''pugmark methodology'' for the census of tigers in India, a technique he introduced while heading the first tiger census in India in 1972 which later became a popular method used all over India.<ref name="Abe Books profile" /> Based on his observations of Khairi and by maintaining a daily log of Khairi's movements,<ref name="Khairi">{{cite web | url=http://micheal-learns-to-paint.blogspot.ae/2011/12/khairi.html | title=Khairi | publisher=Adventure with Colours | date=22 December 2011 | access-date=9 July 2015}}</ref> he conducted research on the behaviour patterns of tigers, especially on the topic of [[pheromone]]s,<ref name="Down to Earth" /> which helped the later day research of R. L. Brahmachary on the subject.<ref name="Abe Books profile" /><ref name="The aroma of rice ... and tiger">{{cite journal | title=The aroma of rice ... and tiger |author1=R. L. Brahmachary |author2=Mousumi Poddar Sarkar |author3=J. Dutta | journal=Nature |date=March 1990 | volume=344 | issue=26 | pages=26 | doi=10.1038/344026b0 | pmid=18278014|s2cid=4236143 | doi-access=free }}</ref> He also introduced the use of tranquilizers for capturing wild tuskers.<ref name="Angle Books profile" /> His studies have been documented by way of several papers published in journals<ref name="iScholar profile" /><ref name="Maintenance of Wildlife Sanctuaries & Parks">{{cite journal | url=http://www.indianforester.co.in/index.php/indianforester/article/view/26871 | title=Maintenance of Wildlife Sanctuaries & Parks | author=Saroj Raj Choudhury | journal=Indian Forester Journal |date=June 1974 | volume=100 | issue=6 | issn=0019-4816}}</ref> and his autobiographical book, ''Khairi, The Beloved Tigress''.<ref name="Khairi: The Beloved Tigress"/>

Choudhury had close ties with other conservationists such as [[Salim Ali]], who supported the initiative to establish Khairi Wildlife Institute, which did not materialise, allegedly due to disinterestedness shown by the authorities.<ref name="Salim Ali and Birds of Odisha">{{cite web | url=http://satyeshnaik.blogspot.ae/2012_09_01_archive.html | title=Salim Ali and Birds of Odisha | publisher=Satyesh Naik | date=2009 | access-date=July 9, 2015}}</ref> The [[Government of India]] awarded him the [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth-highest civilian honor, in 1983.<ref name="Padma Shri" /> Choudhury, did not survive Khairi for long,<ref name="An epic link" /><ref name="Legend behind a legend" /> after the tigress was [[Animal euthanasia|euthanised]] by an overdose of tranquilizers when she contracted rabies from a dog bite.<ref name="The Wildlife Memoirs: A Forester Recollects" />

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book | title=Khairi: The Beloved Tigress | publisher=Natraj Publishers | author=Saroj Raj Choudhury | year=2003 | pages=192 | isbn=9788185019710}}
* {{cite journal | title=Maintenance of Wildlife Sanctuaries & Parks | author=Saroj Raj Choudhury | journal=Indian Forester | year=1974 | volume=100 | issue=6 | pages=373–390}}
* {{cite journal | title=Forestry and Wildlife Conservation in the Tropics | author=Saroj Raj Choudhury | journal=Indian Forester | year=1975 | volume=101 | issue=1 | pages=45–46}}
* {{cite journal | title=Grass Tracer | author=Saroj Raj Choudhury | journal=Indian Forester | year=1977 | volume=103 | issue=7 | pages=454–457}}
* {{cite journal | title=Olfaction Ecology of Peak Cudding in Similipal Tigers | author=Saroj Raj Choudhury | journal=Indian Forester | year=1977 | volume=103 | issue=9 | pages=577–583}}
* {{cite journal | title=Olfaction, Marking and Oestrus in a Tiger | author=Saroj Raj Choudhury | journal=Indian Forester | year=1980 | volume=106 | issue=4 | pages=233–258}}

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Project Tiger]]
* [[Simlipal National Park]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal|India}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
* {{cite AV media | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eaVg9vAunfQ | title=Princess Khairi – Part 1 | publisher=Odisha Public Relations, Government of Odisha | date=1998 | people=Abhjit Dasgupta | medium=35mm Documentary}}
* {{cite AV media | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UeaXvAswo3s | title=Princess Khairi – Part 2 | publisher=Odisha Public Relations, Government of Odisha | date=1998 | people=Abhjit Dasgupta | medium=35mm Documentary}}
* {{cite AV media | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=APW43CbcSc0 | title=Bagha Rani Khairi – Video | publisher=Kanak TV | date=6 March 2011 | people=Akhil Mohan Patnaik | medium=Documentary}}

{{1900s Padma Shri Award Recipients in Science & Engineering}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Choudhury, Saroj Raj}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:Writers from Odisha]]
[[Category:Indian conservationists]]
[[Category:Indian non-fiction environmental writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biologists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Odisha]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian non-fiction writers]]

Sheelu Abraham

2026-03-24T17:44:43Z

Musicalkd: adding details

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{BLP sources|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Sheelu Abraham
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| caption = Sheelu Abraham in 2016
| native_name =
| birth_name = 
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| birth_place = [[Bharananganam, Kottayam, Kerala]], India
| baptised = 
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| burial_coordinates = 
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2013–present
| era =
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| spouse = Abraham Mathew
| partner = 
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}}

'''Sheelu Abraham''' is an Indian actress who appears in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam films]].

Sheelu began her acting career in ''Weeping Boy'', but it was the movie ''She Taxi'' which gave her recognition.<ref name="TNIE">{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2020/sep/19/joju-george-sheelu-abraham-join-domin-dsilvas-next-star-2198796.html |title=Joju George, Sheelu Abraham join Domin D'Silva's next, Star |via=The New Indian Express News |work=The New Indian Express |date=19 September 2020 |access-date=6 June 2021}}</ref><ref name="TIMES">{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/exclusive-our-crisis-is-nothing-compared-to-that-of-the-daily-wagers-sheelu-abraham/articleshow/75738532.cms |title=Exclusive! Our crisis is nothing compared to that of the daily wagers: Sheelu Abraham |via=Times of India Express News |work=The Times of India |date=14 May 2020 |access-date=6 June 2021}}</ref><ref name="timesofindia">{{cite news |title=Finally, Jayaram gets a heroine |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/Finally-Jayaram-gets-a-heroine/articleshow/50160622.cms |accessdate=25 April 2016 |work=The Times of India |date=14 December 2015}}</ref> She played the lead roles in films like ''[[Star (2021 film)|Star]]'' and ''Vidhi'', produced by Abraham Mathew, her husband, under the banner Abaam Movies.<ref>{{cite web |title=Actress Sheelu Abraham's 'chatta, mundu' look on birthday goes viral |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/08/24/sheelu-abraham-mollywood-actress-listin-stephen-birthday-celebration.html |publisher=[[Onmanorama]] |access-date=7 November 2022 |date=24 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ഷീലുവിന് ഭർത്താവിന്റെ പിറന്നാൾ സമ്മാനമായി മിനികൂപ്പർ |url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/producer-abraham-mathew-gifted-a-mini-cooper-countryman-to-his-actress-wife-sheelu-abraham-684020/ |publisher=[[Indian Express]] Malayalam |access-date=7 November 2022 |date=12 August 2022}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2013 || ''Weeping Boy'' || Dr. Rose ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Manglish (film)|Manglish]]'' || Lalitha ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2015 || ''[[She Taxi (film)|She Taxi]]'' || Meera Mamman ||
|-
| ''[[Kanal (2015 film)|Kanal]]'' || Revathy ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2016 || ''[[Puthiya Niyamam]]'' || Jeena Bhai IPS ||
|-
| ''[[Aadupuliyattam]]'' || Amala ||
|-
|rowspan=4|2017||''Save Water''
|Mom||Documentary film
|-
|''[[Puthan Panam]]''
|Sara Dominic IPS||
|-
|''[[Solo (2017 film)|Solo]]''
|Malini|| Bilingual film
|-
|''Sadrishyavakyam''||Anna||
|-
|2018||''Rickshakkaran''||||
|-
|Rowspan=3|2019
| ''Adhyapika'' ||Alice teacher|| short film
|-
|''[[Pattabhiraman (film)|Pattabhiraman]]''||Vineetha||
|-
|''[[Subharathri]]''||Dr.Sheela Abraham||
|-
|Rowspan=2|2020
|''[[Al Mallu]]''||Dr.Diya||
|-
|''Neermezhukum Ormakal''||Amma|| Album
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2021 || ''[[Star (2021 film)|Star]]''||Ardra||
|-
| ''[[Vidhi (2021 film)|Vidhi]]'' || Aleena ||
|-
| ''[[Pon Manickavel (film)|Pon Manickavel]]'' || || Tamil film
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2022 || ''Trojan''|| ||
|-
| ''Naalam Mura'' || Suma ||
|-
| ''[[Veekam]]'' || Renjini Warrier ||
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Bad Boyz (film)|Bad Boyz]]'' || Mary ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-09-09 |title=Ghora Ghora Rajadhi Raja song from Bad Boyz out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Sep/09/ghora-ghora-rajadhi-raja-song-from-bad-boyz-out |access-date=2024-09-09 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2025 || ''[[Machante Maalakha]]'' || [[Advocate|Adv.]] Lakshmi Rajan ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-01 |title=First look of Soubin Shahir’s ‘Machante Malakha’ out |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/first-look-of-soubin-shahirs-machante-malakha-out/article68015626.ece |access-date=2026-03-24 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Raveendra Nee Evide?]]'' || Bindhu ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-06-23 |title=Anoop Menon-Dhyan Sreenivasan film Ideem Minnalum rechristened Raveendra Nee Evide? |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Jun/23/anoop-menon-dhyan-sreenivasan-film-ideem-minnalum-rechristened-raveendra-nee-evide |access-date=2025-06-25 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Television==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year!! Programme !! Role !! Channel
|-
|2019||''Onaruchimelam Season 3''||Presenter||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|-
|2020||''Atham Pathu Ruchi 2020''||Celebrity presenter||[[Mazhavil Manorama]]
|-
|2022||''Red Carpet''||Mentor||[[Amrita TV]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name | 6684210 | Sheelu Abraham }}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abraham, Sheelu}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kerala]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Darius the Great

2026-03-24T07:53:36Z

Musicalkd:

{{Short description|Persian ruler from 522 to 486 BCE}}
{{Use shortened footnotes|date=April 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Darius the Great {{lang|peo|𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁|italic=no}} Darayavahush Kshayarasha
| title = [[King of Kings]]
| image = Darius I.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = The relief stone of Darius the Great in the [[Behistun Inscription]]
| coronation = [[Pasargadae]]
| full name = Dārayava(h)uš [[File:OldPersian-DA.svg|15px]] [[File:OldPersian-A.svg|20px]] [[File:OldPersian-RA.svg|20px]] [[File:OldPersian-YA.svg|20px]] [[File:OldPersian-VA.svg|20px]] [[File:OldPersian-U.svg|20px]] [[File:OldPersian-SHA.svg|20px]]
| succession = {{ubl|[[King of Kings]] of the [[Achaemenid Empire]]|[[List of Pharaohs|Pharaoh of Egypt]]}}
| reign = 29 September 522 BCE – October 486 BCE
| predecessor = [[Bardiya]]
| successor = [[Xerxes I]]
| spouse = {{flat list|
* [[Atossa]]
* [[Artystone]]
* [[Parmys]]
* [[Phratagune]]
* [[Phaedymia]]
* a daughter of [[Gobryas (father of Mardonius)|Gobryas]]
}}
| issue = {{flat list|
* Artobazanes
* [[Xerxes I of Persia|Xerxes I]]
* [[Ariabignes]]
* [[Arsamenes]]
* [[Masistes]]
* [[Achaemenes (satrap)|Achaemenes]]
* [[Arsames (son of Darius)|Arsames]]
* [[Gobryas (son of Darius I)|Gobryas]]
* [[Ariomardus]]
* [[Abrocomes]]
* [[Hyperanthes]]
* [[Artazostre]]
}}
| royal house =
| dynasty = [[Achaemenid dynasty|Achaemenid]]
| father = [[Hystaspes (father of Darius I)|Hystaspes]]
| mother = Rhodogune or [[Irdabama]]
| birth_date = {{circa|550 BCE}}
| death_date = October 486 BCE
| burial_place = [[Naqsh-e Rostam]]
| religion = [[Indo-Iranian religion]]
}}

'''Darius I''' ({{langx|peo|[[wiktionary:𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁|𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁]]}} {{tlit|peo|Dārayavaʰuš}}; {{Circa|550}} – 486 BCE), commonly known as '''Darius the Great''', was the third [[King of Kings]] of the [[Achaemenid Empire]], reigning from 522 BCE until his death in 486 BCE. He ruled the empire at its territorial peak, when it included much of [[West Asia]], parts of the [[Balkans]] ([[Skudra|Thrace]]–[[Achaemenid Macedonia|Macedonia]] and [[Paeonia (kingdom)|Paeonia]]) and the [[Caucasus]], most of the [[Black Sea]]'s coastal regions, [[Central Asia]], the [[Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley|Indus Valley]] in the far east, and portions of [[North Africa]] and [[Northeast Africa]] including [[History of Persian Egypt|Egypt]] ({{Text|''Mudrâya''}}), eastern [[ancient Libya|Libya]], and coastal [[The Sudans|Sudan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/dagestan|title=DĀḠESTĀN|access-date=29 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=riW0kKzat2sC&q=achaemenid+empire+abkhazia&pg=PA409|title=The Making of the Georgian Nation|access-date=29 December 2014|isbn=978-0-253-20915-3|last1=Suny|first1=Ronald Grigor|year=1994|publisher=Indiana University Press}}</ref>{{sfn|Durant|1954|p=355}}

Darius ascended the throne after overthrowing the Achaemenid monarch [[Bardiya]] (or ''Smerdis''), who he claimed was in fact an imposter named Gaumata. The new king met with rebellions throughout the empire but quelled each of them; a major event of Darius's career described in Greek historiography was his punitive expedition against [[Classical Athens|Athens]] and [[Eretria]] for their participation in the [[Ionian Revolt]].

Darius organized the empire by dividing it into administrative provinces, each governed by a [[satrap]]. He organized [[Achaemenid coinage]] as a new uniform monetary system, and he made [[Imperial Aramaic|Aramaic]] a co-official language of the empire alongside [[Old Persian language|Old Persian]]. He also put the empire in better standing by [[Royal Road|improving roads]] and introducing standard [[weights and measures]]. Through these changes, the Achaemenid Empire became centralized and unified.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Worlds Together, Worlds Apart concise edition vol.1|last = Pollard|first = Elizabeth|publisher = W. W. Norton |year = 2015|isbn = 978-0-393-25093-0|location = New York|pages = 132}}</ref> Darius undertook other construction projects throughout his realm, primarily focusing on [[Susa]], [[Pasargadae]], [[Persepolis]], [[Babylon]], and Egypt. He had an [[Behistun Inscription|inscription]] carved upon a cliff-face of [[Mount Behistun]] to record his conquests, which would later become important evidence of the Old Persian language.

==Etymology==
{{main|Darius (given name)}}
[[File:DNa Inscription Dārayavauš.jpg|thumb|{{center|The name of [[Darius I]] in [[Old Persian cuneiform]] on the [[DNa inscription]] of [[Tomb of Darius I|his tomb]]: ''Dārayavauš'' ({{wikt-lang|peo|𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁}})}}]]
{{lang|la|Dārīus}} and {{lang|la|Dārēus}} are the [[Latin]] forms of the [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] {{lang|grc-Latn|Dareîos}} ({{lang|grc|[[wikt:Δαρεῖος|Δαρεῖος]]}}), itself from [[Old Persian]] {{lang|peo-Latn|Dārayauš}} ({{lang|peo|𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎢𐏁}}, {{transliteration|peo|d-a-r-y-uš}}); which is a shortened form of ''Dārayavaʰuš'' ({{wikt-lang|peo|𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁}}, {{transliteration|peo|d-a-r-y-v-u-š}}). The longer Persian form is reflected in the [[Achaemenid Elamite|Elamite]] {{lang|elx-Latn|Da-ri-(y)a-ma-u-iš}}, [[Late Babylonian|Babylonian]] {{lang|akk-Latn|Da-(a-)ri-ia-(a-)muš}}, and [[Imperial Aramaic|Aramaic]] {{lang|arc-Latn|drywhwš}} ({{lang|arc|𐡃𐡓𐡉𐡅𐡄𐡅𐡔}}) forms, and possibly in the longer Greek form, {{lang|grc-Latn|Dareiaîos}} ({{lang|grc|Δαρειαῖος}}). The name in nominative form means "he who holds firm the good(ness)", which can be seen by the first part {{lang|peo-Latn|dāraya}}, meaning "holder", and the adverb {{lang|peo-Latn|vau}}, meaning "goodness".{{sfn|Schmitt|1994|p=40}}

==Primary sources==
{{see also|Behistun Inscription|DNa inscription|Herodotus}}
{{multiple image
|align = right
|caption_align = center
|header = Apadana foundation tablets of Darius the Great
|total_width = 400
|image1 = Corner of the Apadana Darius the Great inscription.jpg
|caption1 = Gold foundation tablets of Darius I for the [[Apadana Palace]], in their original stone box. The [[Apadana hoard|Apadana coin hoard]] had been deposited underneath ({{C.|510 BCE)}}.
|image2 = Deposition plate of Darius I in Persepolis.jpg
|caption2 = One of the two gold deposition plates. Two more were in silver. They all had the same trilingual inscription (DPh inscription).
}}
At some time between his [[coronation]] and his death, Darius left a tri-lingual monumental [[relief]] on [[Mount Behistun]], which was written in [[Elamite language|Elamite]], [[Old Persian]] and [[Akkadian language|Babylonian]]. The inscription begins with a brief autobiography including his [[ancestry]] and [[Lineage (anthropology)|lineage]]. To aid the presentation of his ancestry, Darius wrote down the sequence of events that occurred after the death of [[Cyrus the Great]].{{sfn|Duncker|1882|p=192}}{{sfn|Egerton|1994|p=6}}

Darius mentions several times that he is the rightful king by the grace of the supreme deity [[Ahura Mazda]]. Further texts and monuments from [[Persepolis]] have been found, as well as a clay tablet containing an [[Old Persian cuneiform]] of Darius from [[Gherla]], [[Romania]] (Harmatta) and a letter from Darius to Gadates, preserved in a [[Greek language|Greek]] text of the [[Roman period]].{{sfn|Shahbazi|1994|pp=41–50}}{{sfn|Kuhrt|2013|page=197}}{{sfn|Frye|1984|page=103}}{{sfn|Schmitt|1994|page=53}} In the foundation tablets of [[Apadana Palace]], Darius described in [[Old Persian cuneiform]] the extent of his Empire in broad geographical terms:<ref name="ACH">{{cite journal |last1=Zournatzi |first1=Antigoni |title=The Apadana Coin Hoards, Darius I, and the West |journal=American Journal of Numismatics |volume=15 |year=2003 |pages=1–28 |jstor=43580364 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Persepolis : discovery and afterlife of a world wonder |date=2012 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/persepolis_discovery_and_afterlife_of_a_world_wonder/page/n195 171]–181 |url=https://archive.org/details/persepolis_discovery_and_afterlife_of_a_world_wonder |language=en}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|''Darius the great king, king of kings, king of countries, son of Hystaspes, an Achaemenid. King Darius says: This is the kingdom which I hold, from the [[Saka|Sacae]] who are beyond [[Sogdia]] to [[Kingdom of Kush|Kush]], and from [[Sind]] ([[Old Persian]]: [[Wikt:𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐏁|𐏃𐎡𐎭𐎢𐎺]], "Hidauv", [[locative]] of "[[Hindush|Hiduš]]", i.e. "[[Indus valley]]") to [[Lydia]] ([[Old Persian]]: "Spardâ") – [this is] what [[Ahura Mazda|Ahuramazda]], the greatest of gods, bestowed upon me. May Ahuramazda protect me and my royal house!''|DPh inscription of Darius I in the foundations of the Apadana Palace}}

[[Herodotus]], a Greek historian and author of ''[[Histories (Herodotus)|The Histories]]'', provided an account of many [[Persian people#Ancient history and origin|Persian]] kings and the [[Greco-Persian Wars]]. He wrote extensively on Darius, spanning half of Book 3 along with Books 4, 5 and 6. It begins with the removal of the alleged [[usurper]] [[Gaumata]] and continues to the end of Darius's reign.{{sfn|Shahbazi|1994|pp=41–50}}

==Early life==
{{multiple image
| align = right
| caption_align = center
| total_width = 400
| header = The predecessor of Darius: Bardiya/ Gaumata
| image1 = Gaumata being trampled upon by Darius.jpg
| caption1 = "[[Gaumata]]" being trampled upon by Darius the Great, [[Behistun inscription]]. The [[Old Persian]] inscription reads "This is Gaumâta, the Magian. He lied, saying ''"I am [[Smerdis]], the son of [[Cyrus II|Cyrus]], I am king"''."<ref name=DB>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livius.org/sources/content/behistun-persian-text/behistun-minor-inscriptions/|title=Behistun, minor inscriptions – Livius|website=livius.org}}</ref>
| image2 = Gaumata_portrait_on_the_Behistun_inscription.jpg
| caption2 = A portrait of Achaemenid King [[Bardiya]], or "[[Gaumata]]", from the reliefs at Behistun (detail).
| footer = Darius toppled the previous Achaemenid ruler (here depicted in the reliefs of the [[Behistun inscription]]) to acquire the throne
}}

Darius was the eldest of five sons to [[Hystaspes (father of Darius I)|Hystaspes]].{{sfn|Shahbazi|1994|pp=41–50}} The identity of his mother is uncertain. According to the modern historian [[Alireza Shapour Shahbazi]] (1994), Darius's mother was thought to have been a woman named Rhodogune.{{sfn|Shahbazi|1994|pp=41–50}} However, according to [[Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones]] (2013), recently uncovered texts in Persepolis indicate that his mother was [[Irdabama]], an affluent landowner descended from a family of local Elamite rulers.{{sfn|Llewellyn-Jones|2013|p=112}} Richard Stoneman likewise refers to Irdabama as the mother of Darius.{{sfn|Stoneman|2015|p=189}}

The [[Behistun Inscription]] of Darius states that his father was [[satrap]] of [[Bactria]] in 522 BCE.{{efn|According to [[Herodotus]], Hystaspes was the satrap of [[Fars province#Persis|Persis]], although the French [[Iranologist]] [[Pierre Briant]] states that this is an error.{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=467}} Richard Stoneman likewise considers Herodotus's account to be incorrect.{{sfn|Stoneman|2015|p=20}}}} According to Herodotus (III.139), Darius, prior to seizing power and "of no consequence at the time", had served as a spearman (''doryphoros'') in the Egyptian campaign (528–525 BCE) of [[Cambyses II]], then the Persian Great King;{{sfn|Cook|1985|p=217}} this is often interpreted to mean he was the king's personal spear-carrier, an important role. Hystaspes was an officer in [[Cyrus the Great|Cyrus]]'s army and a noble of his court.{{sfn|Abbott|2009|p=14}}

Before Cyrus and his army crossed the river [[Aras River|Araxes]] to battle with the Armenians, he installed his son [[Cambyses II]] as king in case he should not return from battle.{{sfn|Abbott|2009|p=14–15}} Once Cyrus had crossed the Aras River, he had a vision in which Darius had wings atop his shoulders and stood upon the confines of Europe and Asia (the known world). When Cyrus awoke from the dream, he inferred it as a great danger to the future security of the empire, as it meant that Darius would one day rule the whole world. However, his son Cambyses was the heir to the throne, not Darius, causing Cyrus to wonder if Darius was forming treasonable and ambitious designs. This led Cyrus to order Hystaspes to go back to [[Persis]] and watch over his son strictly, until Cyrus himself returned.{{sfn|Abbott|2009|p=15–16}}

===Accession===
[[File:Lineage of Darius the Great.jpg|thumb|left|The lineage of Darius the Great according to the [[Behistun Inscription]]]]
There are different accounts of the rise of Darius to the throne from both Darius himself and Greek historians. The oldest records report a convoluted sequence of events in which Cambyses II lost his mind, had his brother [[Bardiya]] murdered, and died from an infected leg wound. After this, Darius and a group of six nobles travelled to Sikayauvati to kill an usurper, [[Gaumata]], who had taken the throne by pretending to be Bardiya during the true king's absence.{{sfn|Abbott|1850|pp=54-83}}

Darius's account, written at the Behistun Inscription, states that Cambyses II killed his own brother Bardiya, but that this murder was not known among the [[Iranian peoples|Iranian people]]. A would-be [[usurper]] named Gaumata came and lied to the people, stating that he was Bardiya.{{sfn|Boardman|1988|p=54}} The Iranians had grown rebellious against Cambyses's rule and, on 11 March 522 BCE, a revolt against Cambyses broke out in his absence. On 1 July, the Iranian people chose to be under the leadership of Gaumata, as "Bardiya". No member of the Achaemenid family would rise against Gaumata for the safety of their own life. Darius, who had served Cambyses as his lance-bearer until the deposed ruler's death, prayed for aid and, in September 522 BCE, along with [[Otanes]], [[Intaphrenes]], [[Gobryas (father of Mardonius)|Gobryas]], [[Hydarnes]], [[Megabyzus I|Megabyzus]] and [[Aspathines]], killed Gaumata in the fortress of Sikayauvati.{{sfn|Boardman|1988|p=54}}

{{multiple image
| header = Cylinder seal of Darius the Great
| align = right
| total_width = 300
| direction = vertical
| image1 = The Darius seal. Darius stands in a royal chariot below Ahura Mazda and shoots arrows at a rampant lion. From Thebes, Egypt. 6th-5th century BCE. British Museum (cropped).jpg
| image2 = Darius seal drawing.jpg
| footer = Impression of a [[cylinder seal]] of King Darius the Great hunting in a chariot, reading "I am Darius, the Great King" in [[Old Persian]] ([[:wikt:𐎠𐎭𐎶|𐎠𐎭𐎶]]𐏐[[:wikt:𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁𐎴|𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁𐎴]] [[:wikt:𐏋|𐏋]], "''adam Dārayavaʰuš xšāyaθiya''"), [[Elamite]] and [[Akkadian language|Babylonian]]. The word 'great' only appears in Babylonian. [[British Museum]], excavated in [[Thebes, Egypt]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1835-0630-1|title=cylinder seal | British Museum|website=The British Museum}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livius.org/pictures/a/iran/darius-seal-photo/|title=Darius' seal, photo – Livius|website=livius.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The Darius Seal |url= https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=282610&partId=1&people=92952&peoA=92952-3-18&page=1 |website= British Museum}}</ref>
}}

Herodotus provides a dubious account of Darius's ascension: Several days after Gaumata had been assassinated, Darius and the other six nobles discussed the fate of the empire. At first, the seven discussed the form of government: A [[democratic republic]] (''[[Isonomia]]'') was strongly pushed by [[Otanes]], an [[oligarchy]] was pushed by Megabyzus, while Darius pushed for a monarchy. After stating that a republic would lead to corruption and internal fighting, while a monarchy would be led with a single-mindedness not possible in other governments, Darius was able to convince the other nobles.{{sfn|Abbott|1850|pp=83-92}}

To decide who would become the monarch, six of them decided on a test, with Otanes abstaining, as he had no interest in being king. They were to gather outside the palace, mounted on their horses at sunrise, and the man whose horse neighed first in recognition of the rising sun would become king. According to Herodotus, Darius had a slave, Oebares, who rubbed his hand over the genitals of a mare that Darius's horse favoured. When the six gathered, Oebares placed his hands beside the nostrils of Darius's horse, who became excited at the scent and neighed. This was followed by lightning and thunder, leading the others to dismount and kneel before Darius in recognition of his apparent [[divine providence]].{{sfn|Poolos|2008|p=17}} In this account, Darius himself claimed that he achieved the throne not through fraud, but cunning, even erecting a statue of himself mounted on his neighing horse with the inscription: "Darius, son of Hystaspes, obtained the sovereignty of Persia by the sagacity of his horse and the ingenious contrivance of Oebares, his groom."{{sfn|Abbott|2009|p=98}}

According to the accounts of Greek historians, Cambyses II had left [[Patizeithes]] in charge of the kingdom when he headed for Egypt. He later sent [[Prexaspes]] to murder Bardiya. After the killing, Patizeithes put his brother Gaumata, a [[Magian]] who resembled Bardiya, on the throne and declared him the Great King. Otanes discovered that Gaumata was an impostor, and along with six other Iranian nobles, including Darius, created a plan to oust the pseudo-Bardiya. After killing the impostor along with his brother Patizeithes and other Magians, Darius was crowned king the following morning.{{sfn|Shahbazi|1994|pp=41–50}}

The details regarding Darius's rise to power is generally acknowledged as forgery and was in reality used as a concealment of his overthrow and murder of Cyrus's rightful successor, Bardiya.{{sfn|Llewellyn-Jones|2017|p=70}}{{sfn|Van De Mieroop|2003|pp=}}<ref name="Allen">{{citation|last=Allen|first=Lindsay|title=The Persian Empire|year=2005|location=London|publisher=The British Museum press|page=42}}.</ref> To legitimize his rule, Darius had a common origin fabricated between himself and Cyrus by designating [[Achaemenes]] as the eponymous founder of their dynasty.{{sfn|Llewellyn-Jones|2017|p=70}} In reality, Darius was not from the same house as Cyrus and his forebears, the rulers of [[Anshan (Persia)|Anshan]].{{sfn|Llewellyn-Jones|2017|p=70}}{{sfn|Waters|1996|pp=11, 18}}

==Early reign==

===Early revolts===
[[File:Darius.jpg|thumb|Darius the Great, by [[Eugène Flandin]] (1840)]]
{{Main|Achaemenid Civil War (522-520 BC)}}

Following his coronation at [[Pasargadae]], Darius moved to [[Ecbatana]]. He soon learned that support for [[Bardiya]] was strong, and revolts in [[Elam]] and [[Babylonia]] had broken out.{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=115}} Darius ended the Elamite revolt when the revolutionary leader Aschina was captured and executed in [[Susa]]. After three months the revolt in Babylonia had ended. While in Babylonia, Darius learned a revolution had broken out in [[Bactria]], a [[satrapy]] which had always been in favour of Darius, and had initially sent an army of soldiers to quell revolts. Following this, revolts broke out in [[Persis]], the homeland of the Persians and Darius and then in Elam and Babylonia, followed by in [[Media (region)|Media]], [[Parthia]], [[Assyria]], and [[Egypt]].{{sfn|Briant|2002|pp=115–116}}

By 522 BCE, there were revolts against Darius in most parts of the [[Achaemenid Empire]] leaving the empire in turmoil. Even though Darius did not seem to have the support of the [[populace]], Darius had a loyal army, led by close confidants and nobles (including the six nobles who had helped him remove Gaumata). With their support, Darius was able to suppress and quell all revolts within a year. In Darius's words, he had killed a total of nine "lying kings" through the quelling of revolutions.{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=116}} Darius left a detailed account of these revolts in the [[Behistun Inscription]].{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=116}}

===Elimination of Intaphernes===
One of the significant events of Darius's early reign was the slaying of [[Intaphernes]], one of the seven noblemen who had deposed the previous ruler and installed Darius as the new monarch.{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=131}} The seven had made an agreement that they could all visit the new king whenever they pleased, except when he was with a woman.{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=131}} One evening, Intaphernes went to the palace to meet Darius, but was stopped by two officers who stated that Darius was with a woman.{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=131}} Becoming enraged and insulted, Intaphernes drew his sword and cut off the ears and noses of the two officers.{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=131}} While leaving the palace, he took the [[bridle]] from his horse, and tied the two officers together.{{sfn|Abbott|1850|p=99–100}}

The officers went to the king and showed him what Intaphernes had done to them. Darius began to fear for his own safety; he thought that all seven noblemen had banded together to rebel against him and that the attack against his officers was the first sign of revolt. He sent a messenger to each of the noblemen, asking them if they approved of Intaphernes's actions. They denied and disavowed any connection with Intaphernes's actions, stating that they stood by their decision to appoint Darius as King of Kings. Darius's choice to ask the noblemen indicates that he was not yet completely sure of his authority.{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=131}}

Taking precautions against further resistance, Darius sent soldiers to seize Intaphernes, along with his son, family members, relatives and any friends who were capable of arming themselves. Darius believed that Intaphernes was planning a rebellion, but when he was brought to the court, there was no proof of any such plan. Nonetheless, Darius killed Intaphernes's entire family, excluding his wife's brother and son. She was asked to choose between her brother and son. She chose her brother to live. Her reasoning for doing so was that she could have another husband and another son, but she would always have but one brother. Darius was impressed by her response and spared both her brother's and her son's life.{{sfn|Abbott|2009|p=99–102}}

==Military campaigns==
{{multiple image
| perrow = 2
| total_width = 240
| direction = horizontal
| image1 = Egyptian alabaster vase of Darius I with quadrilingual hieroglyphic and cuneiform inscriptions.jpg
| image2 = Egyptian cartouche of Darius I.jpg
| footer = Egyptian alabaster vase of Darius I with quadrilingual hieroglyphic and cuneiform inscriptions. The hieroglyph on the vase reads: "King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Lord of the Two Lands, Darius, living forever, year 36".<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Goodnick Westenholz |first1= Joan |title= A Stone Jar with Inscriptions of Darius I in Four Languages |journal= ARTA |date= 2002 |page= 2 |url= http://www.achemenet.com/pdf/arta/2002.005-loc.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412214723/http://www.achemenet.com/pdf/arta/2002.005-loc.pdf |archive-date=12 April 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Qahéri |first1= Sépideh |title= Alabastres royaux d'époque achéménide |url= https://antiquitebnf.hypotheses.org/11185 |website= L’Antiquité à la BnF |date= 2020 |doi= 10.58079/b8of |language= FR}}</ref>
}}

===Egyptian campaign===
{{main|Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt}}

After securing his authority over the [[Achaemenid Empire|empire]], Darius embarked on a campaign to [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]] where he defeated the rebel forces and secured the lands that Cambyses had conquered while incorporating a large portion of [[History of Achaemenid Egypt|Egypt into the Achaemenid Empire]].{{sfn|Del Testa|2001|p=47}} According to the Bisitun inscription, the Egyptian rebellion began while Darius was in Babylon dealing with [[#Babylonian revolt|the rebellion there]]. It has been suggested that the inclusion of Egypt among the list of rebelling provinces in this inscription was a scribal error, and various dates are possible for an actual rebellion. Likewise, the identity of the rebel leader is not known, but it has been suggested to be [[Petubastis III]].<ref>{{cite thesis|title=Resistance against the Achaemenid Empire: the Egyptian Rebellions of 521 and 487/86 BC|last=Wijnsma|first=U.Z.|year=2023|pages=105–157|hdl=1887/3563357 |institution=Universiteit Leiden|degree=Doctoral|url=https://hdl.handle.net/1887/3563357|access-date=9 January 2025}}</ref>

Through another series of campaigns, Darius I would eventually reign over the territorial apex of the empire, when it stretched from parts of the [[Balkans]] ([[Thrace]]-[[Macedon]]ia, [[Bulgaria]]-[[Paeonia (kingdom)|Paeonia]]) in the west, to the [[Indus Valley]] in the east.<ref>{{cite book | title = Assyria: The Rise and Fall of the World's First Empire | year = 2023 | publisher = Basic Books, Hachette Book Group, Inc. |location = New York | last = Frahm | first = Eckart |page =378 | isbn = 978-1-5416-7440-0}}</ref>

===Invasion of the Indus Valley===
[[File:Eastern border of the Achaemenid Empire.jpg|thumb|The Eastern border of the [[Achaemenid Empire]]]]
{{Main|Achaemenid invasion of the Indus Valley}}

In 516 BCE, Darius embarked on a campaign to Central Asia, [[Ariana|Aria]] and [[Bactria]] and then marched into [[Afghanistan]] to [[Taxila (satrapy)|Taxila]] in modern-day [[Pakistan]]. Darius spent the winter of 516–515 BCE in [[Gandhara]], preparing to conquer the [[Indus River|Indus Valley]]. Darius conquered the lands surrounding the Indus River in 515 BCE. Darius I controlled the [[Indus River|Indus Valley]] from [[Gandhara]] to modern [[Karachi]] and appointed the Greek [[Scylax of Caryanda]] to explore the Indian Ocean from the mouth of the [[Indus]] to [[Suez]].{{sfn|Bauer|2007|p=512}}

===Babylonian revolt===
After [[Bardiya]] was murdered, widespread revolts occurred throughout [[Achaemenid Empire|the empire]], especially on the eastern side. Darius asserted his position as king by force, taking his armies throughout the empire, suppressing each revolt individually. The most notable of all these revolts was the Babylonian revolt which was led by [[Nebuchadnezzar III]]. This revolt occurred when Otanes withdrew much of the army from [[Babylon]] to aid Darius in suppressing other revolts. Darius felt that the Babylonian people had taken advantage of him and deceived him, which resulted in Darius gathering a large army and marching to [[Babylon]]. At Babylon, Darius was met with closed gates and a series of defences to keep him and his armies out.{{sfn|Abbott|2009|p=129}}

Darius encountered mockery and taunting from the rebels, including the famous saying "Oh yes, you will capture our city, when mules shall have foals." For a year and a half, Darius and his armies were unable to retake the city, though he attempted many tricks and strategies—even copying that which [[Cyrus the Great]] had employed when he captured Babylon. The situation changed in Darius's favour when, according to the story, a mule owned by [[Zopyrus]], a high-ranking soldier, foaled. Following this, a plan was hatched for Zopyrus to pretend to be a deserter, enter the Babylonian camp, and gain the trust of the Babylonians. The plan was successful and Darius's army eventually surrounded the city and overcame the rebels.{{sfn|Sélincourt|2002|pp=234–235}}

During this revolt, [[Scythians|Scythian]] nomads took advantage of the disorder and chaos and invaded Persia. Darius first finished defeating the rebels in Elam, Assyria, and Babylon and then attacked the Scythian invaders. He pursued the invaders, who led him to a marsh; there he found no known enemies but an enigmatic Scythian tribe.{{sfn|Siliotti|2006|pp=286–287}} He managed to capture the Scythian king [[Skunkha]] and added him to the other rebel kings depicted in the Behistun Inscription.<ref>{{Cite book |last=shahbazi |first=shapur |title=The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0199390427 |editor-last=Daryaee |editor-first=Touraj |pages=126 |chapter=4, THE ACHAEMENID PERSIAN EMPIRE (550–330 bce )}}</ref>

===European Scythian campaign===
{{main|European Scythian campaign of Darius I}}

[[Image:DariusScythes fr.svg|thumb|300px|A map of the European Scythian campaign of Darius I]]
The [[Scythians]] were a group of north Iranian nomadic tribes, speaking an [[Eastern Iranian language]] ([[Scythian languages]]) who had invaded [[Media (region)|Media]], killed [[Cyrus the Great|Cyrus]] in battle, revolted against Darius and threatened to disrupt trade between Central Asia and the shores of the [[Black Sea]] as they lived between the [[Danube]] River, River [[Don River (Russia)|Don]] and the Black Sea.{{sfn|Shahbazi|1994|pp=41–50}}{{sfn|Woolf|Maddocks|Balkwill|McCarthy|2004|p=686}}

Darius crossed the [[Black Sea]] at the [[Bosphorus]] Straits using a bridge of boats. Darius conquered large portions of Eastern Europe, even crossing the [[Danube]] to wage war on the [[Scythians]]. Darius invaded European [[Scythia]] in 513 BCE,<ref>Miroslav Ivanov Vasilev. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Rh2oBgAAQBAJ "The Policy of Darius and Xerxes towards Thrace and Macedonia"] {{ISBN|90-04-28215-7}} p. 70</ref> where the Scythians evaded Darius's army, using feints and retreating eastwards while laying waste to the countryside, by blocking wells, intercepting convoys, destroying pastures and continuous skirmishes against Darius's army.{{sfn|Ross|Wells|2004|p=291}}

Seeking to fight with the Scythians, Darius's army chased the Scythian army deep into Scythian lands, where there were no cities to conquer and no supplies to forage. In frustration Darius sent a letter to the Scythian ruler [[Idanthyrsus]] to fight or surrender. The ruler replied that he would not stand and fight with Darius until they found the graves of their fathers and tried to destroy them. Until then, they would continue their strategy as they had no cities or cultivated lands to lose.{{sfn|Beckwith|2009|pp=68–69}}

Despite the evading tactics of the Scythians, Darius's campaign was so far relatively successful.{{sfn|Boardman|1982|pp=239–243}} As presented by [[Herodotus]], the tactics used by the Scythians resulted in the loss of their best lands and of damage to their loyal allies.{{sfn|Boardman|1982|pp=239–243}} This gave Darius the initiative.{{sfn|Boardman|1982|pp=239–243}} As he moved eastwards in the cultivated lands of the Scythians in Eastern Europe proper, he remained resupplied by his fleet and lived to an extent off the land.{{sfn|Boardman|1982|pp=239–243}} While moving eastwards in the European Scythian lands, he captured the large fortified city of the [[Budini]], one of the allies of the Scythians, and burnt it.{{sfn|Boardman|1982|pp=239–243}}

Darius eventually ordered a halt at the banks of Oarus, where he built "eight great forts, some {{convert|8|mi|km|0|disp=sqbr|spell=in}} distant from each other", no doubt as a frontier defence.{{sfn|Boardman|1982|pp=239–243}} In his ''[[Histories (Herodotus)|Histories]]'', [[Herodotus]] states that the ruins of the forts were still standing in his day.{{sfn|Herodotus|2015|pp=352}} After chasing the Scythians for a month, Darius's army was suffering losses due to fatigue, privation and sickness. Concerned about losing more of his troops, Darius halted the march at the banks of the [[Volga River]] and headed towards [[Thrace]].{{sfn|Chaliand|2004|p=16}} He had conquered enough Scythian territory to force the Scythians to respect the Persian forces.{{sfn|Shahbazi|1994|pp=41–50}}{{sfn|Grousset|1970|pp=9–10}}

===Persian invasion of Greece===
{{Main|First Persian invasion of Greece}}

{{See also|Ionian Revolt}}
[[File:Map Greco-Persian Wars-en.svg|thumb|Key sites of the Persian invasions of Greece]]

Darius's European expedition was a major event in his reign, which began with the invasion of [[Thrace]]. Darius also conquered many cities of the northern Aegean, [[Paeonia (kingdom)|Paeonia]], while [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedonia]] submitted voluntarily, after the demand of [[earth and water]], becoming a [[vassal]] kingdom.<ref name="A companion to Ancient Macedonia">Joseph Roisman, Ian Worthington. [https://books.google.com/books?id=QsJ183uUDkMC&dq=Achaemenid+Persians+ruled+balkans&pg=PA345 "A companion to Ancient Macedonia"] John Wiley & Sons, 2011. {{ISBN|1-4443-5163-X}} pp. 135–138, 343</ref> He then left [[Megabyzus]] to conquer Thrace, returning to [[Sardis]] to spend the winter. The Greeks living in [[Asia Minor]] and some of the Greek islands had submitted to Persian rule already by 510 BCE. Nonetheless, there were certain Greeks who were pro-Persian, although these were largely based in [[Athens]]. To improve Greek-Persian relations, Darius opened his court and treasuries to those Greeks who wanted to serve him. These Greeks served as soldiers, artisans, statesmen and mariners for Darius.{{sfn|Holland|2007|pp=149–154}} However, the increasing concerns among the Greeks over the strength of Darius's kingdom along with the constant interference by the Greeks in [[Ionia]] and [[Lydia]] were stepping stones towards the conflict that was yet to come between Persia and certain of the leading Greek city states.{{sfn|Holland|2007|pp=154–161}}

{{multiple image
| align = left
| caption_align = center
| total_width = 300
| image1 = Darius vase Napoli Museum without background.jpg
| caption1 = The "[[Darius Vase]]" at the [[National Archaeological Museum, Naples|Archaeological Museum of Naples]], {{circa|340–320 BCE}}
| image2 = Darius detail on the Darius vase.jpg
| caption2 = Detail of Darius, with a label in Greek ({{lang|grc|ΔΑΡΕΙΟΣ}}, top right) giving his name.
}}

When [[Aristagoras]] organized the [[Ionian Revolt]], [[Eretria]] and Athens supported him by sending ships and troops to Ionia and by burning [[Sardis]]. Persian military and naval operations to quell the revolt ended in the Persian reoccupation of Ionian and Greek islands, as well as the re-subjugation of Thrace and the conquering of Macedonia in 492 BCE under [[Mardonius (general)|Mardonius]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Joseph Roisman|author2=Ian Worthington|title=A Companion to Ancient Macedonia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QsJ183uUDkMC&pg=PA345|year=2011|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4443-5163-7|pages=135–138}}</ref> Macedon had been [[Achaemenid Macedonia|a vassal kingdom of the Persians]] since the late 6th century BCE, but retained autonomy. Mardonius's 492 campaign made it a fully subordinate part of the Persian kingdom.<ref name="A companion to Ancient Macedonia"/> These military actions, coming as a direct response to the revolt in Ionia, were the beginning of the first Persian invasion of mainland Greece. At the same time, anti-Persian parties gained more power in Athens, and pro-Persian aristocrats were exiled from Athens and Sparta.{{sfn|Holland|2007|p=159}}

Darius responded by sending troops led by his son-in-law across the [[Hellespont]]. However, a violent storm and harassment by the [[Thracians]] forced the troops to return to Persia. Seeking revenge on Athens and Eretria, Darius assembled another army of 20,000 men under his Admiral, [[Datis]], and his nephew [[Artaphernes (son of Artaphernes)|Artaphernes]], who met success when they captured Eretria and advanced to Marathon. In 490 BCE, at the [[Battle of Marathon]], the Persian army was defeated by a heavily armed Athenian army, with 9,000 men who were supported by 600 [[Plataea]]ns and 10,000 lightly armed soldiers led by [[Miltiades the Younger|Miltiades]]. The defeat at Marathon marked the end of the first Persian invasion of Greece. Darius began preparations for a second force which he would command, instead of his generals; however, before the preparations were complete, Darius died, thus leaving the task to his son [[Xerxes I of Persia|Xerxes]].{{sfn|Shahbazi|1994|pp=41–50}}

==Family==
Darius was the son of Hystaspes and the grandson of [[Arschama I|Arsames]].{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=16}} Darius married [[Atossa]], daughter of [[Cyrus the Great|Cyrus]], with whom he had four sons: [[Xerxes I of Persia|Xerxes]], [[Achaemenes (satrap)|Achaemenes]], [[Masistes]] and Hystaspes. He also married [[Artystone]], another daughter of Cyrus, with whom he had two known sons, [[Arsames (son of Darius)|Arsames]] and Gobryas. Darius married [[Parmys]], the daughter of Bardiya, with whom he had a son, [[Ariomardus]]. Furthermore, Darius married his niece [[Phratagune]], with whom he had two sons, [[Abrokomas]] and [[Hyperantes]]. He also married another woman of the nobility, Phaidyme, the daughter of [[Otanes]]. It is unknown if he had any children with her. Before these royal marriages, Darius had married an unknown daughter of his good friend and lance carrier [[Gobryas (father of Mardonius)|Gobryas]] from an early marriage, with whom he had three sons, Artobazanes, [[Ariabignes]] and [[Arsamenes]].{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=113}} Any daughters he had with her are not known. Although Artobazanes was Darius's first-born, Xerxes became heir and the next king through the influence of [[Atossa]]; she had great authority in the kingdom as Darius loved her the most of all his wives.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | title = Atossa | last = Schmitt | first = Rudiger | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/atossa-achaemenid-queen | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. III, Fasc. 1 | pages = 13–14 | year = 1987 }}</ref>

==Death and succession==
[[File:Naghsh-e rostam, Irán, 2016-09-24, DD 25.jpg|thumb|[[Tomb of Darius the Great|Tomb of Darius]] at [[Naqsh-e Rostam]]]]
After becoming aware of the Persian defeat at the [[Battle of Marathon]], Darius began planning another expedition against the [[Greek city states|Greek city-states]]; this time, he, not [[Datis]], would command the imperial armies.{{sfn|Shahbazi|1994|pp=41–50}} Darius had spent three years preparing men and ships for war when a revolt broke out in Egypt. This revolt in Egypt worsened his failing health and prevented the possibility of his leading another army.{{sfn|Shahbazi|1994|pp=41–50}} Soon afterwards, Darius died, after thirty days of suffering through an unidentified illness, partially due to his part in crushing the revolt, at about sixty-four years old.<ref name=":0" /> In October 486 BCE, his body was [[Embalming|embalmed]] and entombed in the rock-cut tomb at [[Naqsh-e Rostam]], which he had been preparing.{{sfn|Shahbazi|1994|pp=41–50}} An inscription on his tomb introduces him as "Great King, King of Kings, King of countries containing all kinds of men, King in this great earth far and wide, son of Hystaspes, an Achaemenian, a Persian, son of a Persian, an [[Arya (Iran)|Aryan]], having Aryan lineage."{{sfn|Shahbazi|1994|pp=41–50}} A relief under his tomb portraying equestrian combat was later carved during the reign of the [[Sasanian Empire|Sasanian]] King of Kings, [[Bahram II]] ({{reign|274|293|era=CE}}).{{sfn|Shahbazi|1988|pp=514–522}}

[[Xerxes I|Xerxes]], the eldest son of Darius and [[Atossa]], succeeded to the throne as [[Xerxes I]]; before his accession, he had contested the succession with his elder half-brother Artobarzanes, Darius's eldest son, who was born to his first wife before Darius rose to power.{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=136}} With Xerxes's accession, the empire was again ruled by a member of the [[Cyrus family tree|house of Cyrus]].{{sfn|Shahbazi|1994|pp=41–50}}

==Government==

===Organization===
{{further|Districts of the Achaemenid Empire}}

[[File:Tribute in the Achaemenid Empire.jpg|thumb|350px|The volume of annual tribute per district, in the Achaemenid Empire.<ref name=HIII>Herodotus [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Herodotus/3D*.html Book III, 89–95]</ref><ref name=ZA>{{cite book |last1=Archibald |first1=Zosia |last2=Davies |first2=John K. |last3=Gabrielsen |first3=Vincent |title=The Economies of Hellenistic Societies, Third to First Centuries BC |date=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-958792-6 |page=404 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w9YUDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA404 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Iranica – Achaemenid Relations">{{cite web |title=India Relations: Achaemenid Period – Encyclopaedia Iranica |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/india-iii-relations-achaemenid-period |website=iranicaonline.org }}</ref>]]

Early in his reign, Darius wanted to reorganize the structure of the empire and reform the system of taxation he inherited from Cyrus and Cambyses. To do this, Darius created twenty provinces called [[satrapies]] (or ''archi'') which were each assigned to a [[satrap]] (''archon'') and specified fixed [[tribute]]s that the satrapies were required to pay.{{sfn|Shahbazi|1994|pp=41–50}} [[List of revenues of Darius I of Persia|A complete list]] is preserved in the catalogue of Herodotus, beginning with Ionia and listing the other satrapies from west to east excluding [[Persis]], which was the land of the Persians and the only province which was not a conquered land.{{sfn|Shahbazi|1994|pp=41–50}} Tributes were paid in both silver and gold talents. Tributes in silver from each satrap were measured with the Babylonian [[Talent (measurement)|talent]].{{sfn|Shahbazi|1994|pp=41–50}} Those paid in gold were measured with the [[Euboea|Euboic]] talent.{{sfn|Shahbazi|1994|pp=41–50}} The total tribute from the satraps came to an amount less than 15,000 silver talents.{{sfn|Shahbazi|1994|pp=41–50}}

The majority of the satraps were of [[Persian people|Persian]] origin and were members of the royal house or the six great noble families.{{sfn|Shahbazi|1994|pp=41–50}} These satraps were personally picked by Darius to monitor these provinces. Each of the provinces was divided into sub-provinces, each having its own governor, who was chosen either by the royal court or by the satrap.{{sfn|Shahbazi|1994|pp=41–50}} To assess tributes, a commission evaluated the expenses and revenues of each satrap.{{sfn|Shahbazi|1994|pp=41–50}}

To ensure that one person did not gain too much power, each satrap had a secretary, who observed the affairs of the state and communicated with Darius; a treasurer, who safeguarded provincial revenues; and a garrison commander, who was responsible for the troops.{{sfn|Shahbazi|1994|pp=41–50}} Royal inspectors, who were the "eyes and ears" of Darius, completed further checks on each satrap.{{sfn|Shahbazi|1994|pp=41–50}}

The imperial administration was coordinated by the chancery with headquarters at Persepolis, Susa, and Babylon with Bactria, Ecbatana, Sardis, Dascylium and Memphis having branches.{{sfn|Shahbazi|1994|pp=41–50}} Darius kept [[Aramaic]] as the common language, which soon spread throughout the empire.{{sfn|Shahbazi|1994|pp=41–50}} Darius gathered a group of scholars to create a separate language system only used for Persis and the Persians, which was called Aryan script and was only used for official inscriptions.{{sfn|Shahbazi|1994|pp=41–50}} Before this, the accomplishments of the king were addressed in Persian solely through narration and hymns and through the "masters of memory".{{sfn|Briant|2002|pp=126–127}} Oral history continued to play an important role throughout the history of Iran.{{sfn|Briant|2002|pp=126–127}}

===Economy===
{{see also|Achaemenid coinage}}
[[File:Daric coin of the Achaemenid Empire (Darius I to Xerxes II).jpg|thumb|A gold [[Persian daric|daric]], minted at [[Sardis]]]]

Darius introduced a new universal currency, the [[Persian daric|daric]], sometime before 500 BCE.{{sfn|Shahbazi|1994|pp=41–50}} Prior to its introduction payments had been in [[barter]] or used coins issued by Lydia or other Ionian cities.<ref>{{Cite book |last=shahbazi |first=shapur |title=The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0199390427 |editor-last=Daryaee |editor-first=Touraj |pages=133 |chapter=4, THE ACHAEMENID PERSIAN EMPIRE (550–330 bce )}}</ref> Darius used the coinage system as a transnational currency to regulate trade and commerce throughout his empire. The Daric was also recognized beyond the borders of the empire, in places such as [[Celts|Celtic]] Central Europe and Eastern Europe. There were two types of darics, a gold daric and a silver daric. Only the king could mint gold darics. Important generals and satraps minted silver darics, the latter usually to recruit Greek mercenaries in [[Anatolia]]. The daric was a major boost to international trade. Trade goods such as textiles, carpets, tools and [[metalworking|metal objects]] began to travel throughout Asia, Europe and Africa.{{sfn|Durant|1954|pp=357-358}}

The daric also improved government revenues as the introduction of the daric made it easier to collect new taxes on land, livestock and marketplaces. This led to the registration of land which was measured and then taxed. The increased government revenues helped maintain and improve existing infrastructure and helped fund [[irrigation]] projects in dry lands. This new tax system also led to the formation of state banking and the creation of banking firms. One of the most famous banking firms was [[Murashu and Sons|Murashu Sons]], based in the Babylonian city of [[Nippur]].{{sfn|Farrokh|2007|p=65}} These banking firms provided loans and credit to clients.{{sfn|Farrokh|2007|pp=65–66}}

In an effort to further improve trade, Darius built canals, underground [[Traditional water sources of Persian antiquity|waterways]] and a powerful navy.{{sfn|Shahbazi|1994|pp=41–50}} According to Herodotus, qanat irrigation technology was introduced to Egypt, which is supported by the historian [[Albert T. Olmstead]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Olmstead |first=A. T. |url=https://isac.uchicago.edu/sites/default/files/uploads/shared/docs/history_persian_empire.pdf |title=History of the Persian Empire |publisher=[[The University of Chicago Press]] |year=1948 |isbn=0-226-62777-2 |pages=224 |language=en-US}}</ref> He further improved and expanded the network of roads and [[Angarium|way stations]] throughout the empire, so that there was a system of travel authorization for the King, satraps and other high officials, which entitled the traveller to draw provisions at daily stopping places.{{sfn|Konecky|2008|p=86}}{{sfn|Shahbazi|1994|pp=41–50}}

===Religion===
{{quote box|quote="By the grace of Ahuramazda am I king; Ahuramazda has granted me the kingdom." — Darius, on the [[Behistun Inscription]]{{sfn|Garthwaite|2005|p=44}}|width=30%}}
{{multiple image
| caption_align = center
| total_width = 300
| header = Darius at Behistun
| image1 = Behistun relief Darius.jpg
| caption1 = Darius on the [[Behistun Inscription]] reliefs
| image2 = Behistun Darius the Great.jpg
| caption2 = Crowned head of Darius at Behistun
}}

While there is no general consensus in scholarship whether Darius and his predecessors had been influenced by [[Zoroastrianism]],{{sfn|Malandra|2005}} it is well established that Darius was a firm believer in [[Ahura Mazda]], whom he saw as the supreme deity.{{sfn|Malandra|2005}}{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=126}} However, Ahura Mazda was also worshipped by adherents of the [[Indo-Iranians|Indo-Iranian]] religious tradition.{{sfn|Malandra|2005}}{{sfn|Boyce|1984|pp=684–687}} As can be seen at the [[Behistun Inscription]], Darius believed that Ahura Mazda had appointed him to rule the Achaemenid Empire.{{sfn|Shahbazi|1994|pp=41–50}}

Darius had dualistic philosophical convictions and believed that each rebellion in his kingdom was the work of druj, the enemy of [[Asha]]. Darius believed that because he lived righteously by Asha, Ahura Mazda supported him.{{sfn|Boyce|1979|p=55}} In many [[cuneiform]] inscriptions denoting his achievements, he presents himself as a devout believer, perhaps even convinced that he had a divine right to rule over the world.{{sfn|Boyce|1979|pp=54–55}} In one inscription he writes "Ahura Mazda is mine, I am Ahura Mazda's".{{sfn|Daryaee|2012|p=136}}

In the lands that were conquered by his empire, Darius followed the same Achaemenid tolerance that Cyrus had shown and later Achaemenid kings would show.{{sfn|Shahbazi|1994|pp=41–50}} He supported faiths and religions that were "alien" as long as the adherents were "submissive and peaceable", sometimes giving them grants from his treasury for their purposes.{{sfn|Shahbazi|1994|pp=41–50}}{{sfn|Boyce|1979|p=56}} He had funded the restoration of the [[Second Temple|Israelite temple]] which had originally been decreed by Cyrus, was supportive towards Greek cults which can be seen in his letter to Gadatas, and supported Elamite priests. He had also observed Egyptian religious rites related to kingship and had built the temple for the Egyptian god, [[Amun]].{{sfn|Shahbazi|1994|pp=41–50}}

===Building projects===
[[File:History of Egypt, Chaldea, Syria, Babylonia and Assyria (1903) (14584070300).jpg|thumb|Reconstruction drawing of the [[Palace of Darius in Susa]]]]
[[File:Persepolis - Tachara 01.jpg|thumb|The ruins of [[Tachara]] palace in [[Persepolis]]]]
Early on, Darius and his advisors had the idea to establish new royal mansions at Susa and Persepolis because he was eager to demonstrate his newfound power and leave a lasting legacy. Since Cyrus's conquest, Susa's urban layout had remained unchanged, maintaining the layout from the Elamite era. Only during Darius's rule does the archaeological evidence at Susa start showing any signs of an Achaemenid layout.{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=165}}

During [[First Persian invasion of Greece|Darius's Greek expedition]], he had begun construction projects in Susa, [[History of Achaemenid Egypt|Egypt]] and [[Persepolis]]. The [[Darius Canal]] that connected the [[Nile]] to the [[Red Sea]] was constructed by him. It ran from present-day [[Zagazig]] in the eastern [[Nile Delta]] through [[Wadi Tumilat]], [[Lake Timsah]], and [[Great Bitter Lake]], which are both close to present-day [[Suez]]. To open this canal, he travelled to Egypt in 497 BCE, where the inauguration was carried out with great fanfare and celebration. Darius also built a canal to connect the Red Sea and [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]].{{sfn|Shahbazi|1994|pp=41–50}}{{sfn|Spielvogel|2009|p=49}}

On this visit to Egypt he erected [[Darius the Great's Suez Inscriptions|monuments]] and executed [[Aryandes]] on the charge of treason. When Darius returned to Persis, he found that the codification of Egyptian law had been finished.{{sfn|Shahbazi|1994|pp=41–50}} Darius improved the [[Royal Road]], turning it into a smooth communication network with lodging services located at regular intervals.{{sfn|Durant|1954|p=358}}{{sfn|Henkelman|Jacobs|2021|p=720}}

In Egypt, Darius built many temples and restored those that had previously been destroyed. Even though Darius was a believer of Ahura Mazda, he built temples dedicated to the Gods of the [[Ancient Egyptian religion]]. Several temples found were dedicated to [[Ptah]] and [[Nekhbet]]. Darius also created several roads and routes in Egypt. The monuments that Darius built were often inscribed in the official languages of the Persian Empire, [[Old Persian]], [[Elamite]] and [[Akkadian language|Babylonian]] and [[Egyptian hieroglyphs]]. He also ordered the creation of the [[Old Persian cuneiform]] script.<ref>{{Cite book |last=shahbazi |first=shapur |title=The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0199390427 |editor-last=Daryaee |editor-first=Touraj |pages=136 |chapter=4, THE ACHAEMENID PERSIAN EMPIRE (550–330 bce )}}</ref>

To construct these monuments, Darius employed a large number of workers and artisans of diverse nationalities. Several of these workers were deportees who had been employed specifically for these projects. These deportees enhanced the empire's economy and improved inter-cultural relations.{{sfn|Shahbazi|1994|pp=41–50}} At the time of Darius's death construction projects were still under way. Xerxes completed these works and in some cases expanded his father's projects by erecting new buildings of his own.{{sfn|Boardman|1988|p=76}}

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="4">
File:National Meusem Darafsh 6 (42).JPG|An [[Egyptian statue of Darius I]], as Pharaoh of the [[Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt]];<ref>{{cite book |last1=Razmjou |first1=Shahrokh |title=Ars orientalis; the arts of Islam and the East |date=1954 |publisher=Freer Gallery of Art |pages=[https://archive.org/details/arsorient323320022003univ/page/n95/mode/2up 81]–101 |url=https://archive.org/details/arsorient323320022003univ/page/n95/mode/2up}}</ref> 522–486 BCE; [[greywacke]]; height: 2.46 m;<ref name=":0">{{cite book |last1=livius.org |url=https://www.livius.org/articles/person/darius-the-great/9-death/ |title=Darius the Great: Death |publisher=Thames & Hudson |year=2017 |isbn=978-0-500-20428-3 |page=280}}</ref> [[National Museum of Iran]] ([[Teheran]])
File:Flickr - isawnyu - Hibis, Temple Decorations (III).jpg|Darius as [[Pharaoh]] of Egypt, at the [[Temple of Hibis]]
File:HibisGate3Dareios1AmunRaKamutef.jpg|A relief showing Darius I offering lettuces to the Egyptian deity [[Amun-Ra Kamutef]], [[Temple of Hibis]]
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Portal|History|Iran|Biography}}

* [[Dariush]]
* [[Darius the Mede]]
* [[List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
*{{citation|last=Abbott|first=Jacob|title=History of Darius the Great: Makers of History|year=2009|publisher=Cosimo, Inc.|isbn=978-1-60520-835-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dy46RTDpaCYC}}
*{{cite book|last=Abbott|first=Jacob|title=History of Darius the Great|publisher=Harper & Bros|location=New York|year=1850|oclc= 3079068|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TRooAAAAYAAJ}}
*{{cite book|last=Bauer | first=Susan Wise|author-link=Susan Wise Bauer| title=The History of the Ancient World: From the Earliest Accounts to the Fall of Rome |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company, Inc | location=New York |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-393-05974-8}}
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*{{Cite book |last=Garthwaite |first=Gene R. |title=The Persians |date=2005 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated |isbn=978-1-4051-4400-1 |series=Peoples of Asia Ser |location=Newark}}
*{{citation|last=Farrokh|first=Kaveh|title=Shadows in the desert: ancient Persia at war|year=2007|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=978-1-84603-108-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p7kltwf9yrwC}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
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*{{Cite book |last1=Henkelman|first1=Wouter F.M.|last2=Jacobs|first2=Bruno|chapter=Roads and Communication|editor-last1=Jacobs |editor-first1=Bruno |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uZA7EAAAQBAJ|title=A Companion to the Achaemenid Persian Empire, 2 Volume Set |editor-last2=Rollinger |editor-first2=Robert |date=2021 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-119-17428-8}}
*{{cite book |editor-last=[[Herodotus]] |title= The Histories |year= 2015 |publisher= Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group |page= 352 |isbn= 978-0-375-71271-5 |title-link= Histories (Herodotus)}}
*{{cite book | title = Persian Fire: The First World Empire and the Battle for the West | year = 2007 | publisher = Anchor Books, a division of Random House, Inc. | last = Holland | first = Tom | author-link = Tom Holland (author) | isbn = 978-0-307-27948-4}}
*{{citation|title = The Chronicle of World History |first = Sean |last = Konecky |editor-first=Chuck |editor-last=Gidley |publisher=Grange Books |location= Old Saybrook, CT |year= 2008 |isbn= 978-1-56852-680-5}}
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{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{EB1911 poster|Darius}}
*{{cite book|last=Burn|first=A.R.|title=Persia and the Greeks : the defence of the West, c. 546–478 B.C|year=1984|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |location=Stanford, CA|isbn=978-0-8047-1235-4|edition=2nd}}
*{{cite book|last=Ghirshman|first=Roman|title=The Arts of Ancient Iran from Its Origins to the Time of Alexander the Great|year=1964|publisher=Golden Press|location=New York}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Hyland |first1=John O. |title=The Casualty Figures in Darius' Bisitun Inscription |journal=Journal of Ancient Near Eastern History |date=2014 |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=173–199 |doi=10.1515/janeh-2013-0001|s2cid=180763595 }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Klotz |first1=David |title=Darius I and the Sabaeans: Ancient Partners in Red Sea Navigation |journal=Journal of Near Eastern Studies |date=2015 |volume=74 |issue=2 |pages=267–280 |doi=10.1086/682344|s2cid=163013181 }}
*{{cite book|last=Olmstead|first=Albert T.|title=History of the Persian Empire, Achaemenid Period|year=1948|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago}}
*{{cite book|last=Vogelsang|first=W.J.|title=The rise and organisation of the Achaemenid Empire : the eastern Iranian evidence|year=1992|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|isbn=978-90-04-09682-0}}
*{{cite book|last=Warner|first=Arthur G.|title=The Shahnama of Firdausi|year=1905|publisher=Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner and Co|location=London|title-link=Shahnameh}}
* {{cite book | title = Ancient Persia: A Concise History of the Achaemenid Empire, 550–330 BCE | year = 2014 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | last = Waters | first = Matt | pages = 1–272 | isbn = 978-1-107-65272-9 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=__xGAgAAQBAJ&q=false }}
*{{cite book|last=Wiesehöfer|first=Josef|title=Ancient Persia : from 550 BC to 650 AD|year=1996|publisher=I.B. Tauris|location=London|isbn=978-1-85043-999-8|others= Azizeh Azodi, trans}}
*{{cite book|last=Wilber|first=Donald N.|title=Persepolis : the archaeology of Parsa, seat of the Persian kings|year=1989|publisher=Darwin Press|location=Princeton, NJ|isbn=978-0-87850-062-8|edition=Rev.}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|auto=1}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenid dynasty]]||{{circa|550 BCE}}||486 BCE}}
{{s-bef|rows=2|before=[[Bardiya]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of kings of Persia|King of Kings of Persia]]|years=522–486 BCE}}
{{s-aft|rows=2|after=[[Xerxes I]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of pharaohs|Pharaoh of Egypt]]|dynasty=[[Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt|XXVII Dynasty]]|years= 522–486 BCE}}
{{s-end}}

{{Achaemenid rulers}}
{{Darius I}}
{{Median and Achaemenid kings}}
{{Persepolis}}
{{Pharaohs}}
{{Babylonian kings}}
{{Authority control}}

{{good article}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Darius 01 of Persia}}
[[Category:Darius the Great| ]]
[[Category:550s BC births]]
[[Category:486 BC deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:6th-century BC Kings of the Achaemenid Empire]]
[[Category:5th-century BC Kings of the Achaemenid Empire]]
[[Category:6th-century BC pharaohs]]
[[Category:5th-century BC pharaohs]]
[[Category:Monarchs in the Hebrew Bible]]
[[Category:Dhul-Qarnayn]]
[[Category:Ezra–Nehemiah]]
[[Category:City founders]]
[[Category:Pharaohs of the Achaemenid dynasty of Egypt]]
[[Category:Persian people of the Greco-Persian Wars]]
[[Category:Iranian regicides]]

Neetu Singh

2026-03-23T11:30:11Z

Musicalkd:

{{short description|Indian actress (born 1958)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Neetu Singh
| image = Neetu Singh.jpg
| caption = Singh in 2012
| birth_name = Harneet Kaur
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1958|07|08|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[New Delhi]], Delhi, India
| other_names = Neetu Kapoor
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = {{ubl|1966–1983}}{{ubl|2009–present}}
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Rishi Kapoor]]|1980|2020|end=died}}
| children = 2, including [[Ranbir Kapoor|Ranbir]]
| family = [[Kapoor family]]
}}

'''Neetu Kapoor''' ([[née]] '''Singh'''; born '''Harneet Kaur'''; 8 July 1958<ref name="filmfare1"/>) is an Indian actress who is known for appearing in [[Hindi films]] throughout the late 1960s, 1970s and early 1980s. In 2012, Kapoor was inducted into the [[Walk of the Stars]], an entertainment hall of fame at [[Bandstand Promenade|Bandra Bandstand]] in [[Mumbai]].<ref name="Neetu k">{{Cite web |title=The unforgettable Neetu Singh |last=Raheja |first=Dinesh |work=Rediff.com |date=9 April 2003 |access-date=25 July 2016 |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/apr/09dinesh.htm}}</ref> She is the recipient of several accolades, including two [[Filmfare Award]] nominations.

Kapoor made her debut in the swashbuckler film ''[[Suraj (1966 film)|Suraj]]'' (1966) and thereafter played a dual role in the romantic comedy ''[[Do Kaliyaan]]'' (1968). She began her transition to mature roles with the vigilante film ''[[Rickshawala]]'' (1973) and enjoyed a breakthrough with [[Nasir Hussain]]'s masala film ''[[Yaadon Ki Baaraat]]'' (1973). She rose to prominence with lead roles in the crime drama ''[[Deewaar]]'' (1975), the thriller ''[[Khel Khel Mein (1975 film)|Khel Khel Mein]]'' (1975), the musical ''[[Kabhi Kabhie]]'' (1976), the masala ''[[Amar Akbar Anthony]]'' (1977) and the fantasy ''[[Dharam Veer (film)|Dharam Veer]]'' (1977). Her performances in ''[[Parvarish (1977 film)|Parvarish]]'' (1977), ''[[Jaani Dushman]]'' (1979), ''[[Kaala Patthar]]'' (1979) and ''[[Yaarana (1981 film)|Yaarana]]'' (1981) won her praise and for ''Kaala Patthar'', she was nominated for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards/winners |title=Check out the complete list of Filmfare Awards Winners from 1953 to 2020 |work=Filmfare |accessdate=14 September 2020}}</ref>

In 1980, she married actor [[Rishi Kapoor]], with whom she had two children, including the actor [[Ranbir Kapoor]]. She went on a hiatus after appearing in the thriller film ''[[Ganga Meri Maa]]'' (1983). Nearly three decades later, she made her acting comeback with a minor role in the romantic comedy ''[[Love Aaj Kal (2009 film)|Love Aaj Kal]]'' (2009). She has since led the comedy film ''[[Do Dooni Chaar]]'' (2010) which won her a [[Zee Cine Awards|Zee Cine Award]], the action film ''[[Besharam (2013 film)|Besharam]]'' (2013), made a guest appearance in the romantic drama ''[[Jab Tak Hai Jaan]]'' (2012) and starred in the film ''[[Jugjugg Jeeyo]]'' (2022), which earned her another nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress.

== Early life ==
Neetu Singh was born on 8 July 1958, as Harneet Kaur in [[New Delhi]] to [[Punjabi Sikh]] parents, Darshan Singh and Rajee Kaur Singh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diving deep into the stardom of the spice girl Neetu Singh |url=https://www.filmfare.com/filmfare-flashback/diving-deep-into-the-stardom-of-the-spice-girl-neetu-singh-27050.html |access-date=6 February 2024 |website=[[Filmfare]] |language=en |quote=The doe-eyed Harneet was born on July 8, 1958, in a Jatt Sikh family in Delhi.}}</ref> Shortly after her father's death, she began acting as a child artist and was credited as Baby Sonia.<ref name="filmfare1">{{cite web |last=Farook |first=Farhana |date=8 July 2018 |title=Diving deep into the stardom of the spice girl Neetu Singh |url=https://www.filmfare.com/filmfare-flashback/diving-deep-into-the-stardom-of-the-spice-girl-neetu-singh-27050.html |website=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 April 2022 |title=Neetu Singh on how she coped up after Rishi Kapoor's death: 'I started socialising, worked on movies' |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/neetu-singh-how-she-coped-after-rishi-kapoors-death-i-started-socialising-worked-movies-1063893 |access-date=12 January 2023 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |language=en |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408193859/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/neetu-singh-how-she-coped-after-rishi-kapoors-death-i-started-socialising-worked-movies-1063893 |archivedate=8 April 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=Neetu Kapoor's answer to trolls who wished her 'cry and suffer as Rishi Kapoor's widow' |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/neetu-kapoors-answer-to-trolls-who-wished-her-cry-and-suffer-as-rishi-kapoors-widow-393828 |access-date=12 January 2023 |website=[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
[[File:Neetu Singh,Shatrughan Sinha returns from IIFA 2012 04.jpg|thumb|Kapoor with [[Shatrughan Sinha]] at [[IIFA Awards]] in 2012]]
Singh entered films uncredited child in ''[[Suraj (1966 film)|Suraj]]'' (1966) starring [[Vyjayanthimala]] and [[Rajendra Kumar]]. This was followed by appearances in top-grossing films like ''[[Dus Lakh]]'' (1966), ''[[Do Kaliyaan]]'' (1968), ''[[Waris (1969 film)|Waris]]'' (1969), and ''[[Ghar Ghar Ki Kahani (1970 film)|Ghar Ghar Ki Kahani]]'' (1970). She was particularly appreciated for playing the double role of twin sisters in ''[[Do Kaliyaan]]''.<ref name="filmfare1"/>

In 1973, she played her first lead role opposite [[Randhir Kapoor]] in ''[[Rickshawala]]'' the remake of the [[Tamil cinema|Tamil film]] ''[[Rickshawkaran]]'' (1971). The same year Singh garnered attention for her appearance in the popular song "Lekar Hum Deewana Dil" in [[Nasir Hussain]]'s blockbuster ''[[Yaadon Ki Baaraat]]'' (1973).

The romantic films ''[[Rafoo Chakkar]]'' (1975) and ''[[Khel Khel Mein (1975 film)|Khel Khel Mein]]'' (1975) established her and [[Rishi Kapoor]] as a popular on-screen pair, and they were subsequently cast together in several films. [[Khel Khel Mein (1975 film)|''Khel Khel Mein'']] in particular was propelled by the hit music of [[R.D. Burman]].

Two prominent films that established Neetu Singh in mainstream cinema were ''[[Deewaar]]'' (1975) and ''[[Kabhi Kabhie]]'' (1976), both ensemble films directed by leading filmmaker [[Yash Chopra]]. In the action drama ''Deewaar'', she played the vivacious love interest to Shashi Kapoor.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/film-of-the-month-1975-deewaar-amitabh-bachchan-javed-akhtar-6220753/ |title=Film of the Month: 1975's Deewaar |first=Shaikh |last=Ayaz |date=17 January 2020 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> The romantic drama ''Kabhi Kabhie'', which featured her as an adopted daughter determined to find her birth mother, was one of the most acclaimed films of that time and continues to be remembered for its soundtrack by [[Mohammed Zahur Khayyam|Khayyam]] and [[Sahir Ludhianvi]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/40-years-of-yash-chopras-kabhie-kabhie-10-interesting-lesser-known-facts-about-the-film-1195450.html |title=40 years of Yash Chopra's 'Kabhie Kabhie' |date=27 January 2016 |website=News18}}</ref> She enjoyed more commercial success in ''[[Shankar Dada]]'' (1976) opposite [[Shashi Kapoor]] and {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Maha Chor]]}} (1976) opposite [[Rajesh Khanna]].

Singh's most successful release of 1977 was ''[[Amar Akbar Anthony]]'', directed by veteran filmmaker [[Manmohan Desai]], in which she played a young doctor in love with a singer played by [[Rishi Kapoor]]. In the same year, Desai also cast her in the adventure film ''[[Dharam Veer (film)|Dharam Veer]]'' opposite [[Jeetendra]] and the crime drama ''[[Parvarish (1977 film)|Parvarish]]'' opposite [[Amitabh Bachchan]]. All three films ranked among the top five highest-grossing films of the year{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}

For the next few years, Singh achieved success as solo female lead in films like ''[[Priyatama]]'' (1977), ''[[Maha Badmaash]]'' (1977), ''[[Dhongee]]'' (1979), and ''[[Chorni]]'' (1982). She was also featured in a number of multi-starters films like ''[[Adalat (1976 film)|Adalat]]'' (1977), ''[[Kasme Vaade]]'' (1978), ''[[Jaani Dushman]]'' (1979), ''[[Kaala Patthar]]'' (1979), ''[[The Burning Train]]'' (1980), ''[[Yaarana (1981 film)|Yaarana]]'' (1981), and ''[[Teesri Aankh (1982 film)|Teesri Aankh]]'' (1982) where her most successful associations were with Jeetendra, Amitabh Bachchan, and Randhir Kapoor. She earned her first nomination in the category [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress]] for ''[[Kaala Patthar]].'' {{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}

After her marriage in 1980, she retired from acting. Her last film to be released was ''[[Ganga Meri Maa]]'' (1983). After a 25-year hiatus, Singh made her comeback with a cameo appearance in [[Imtiaz Ali (director)|Imtiaz Ali]]'s romantic comedy-drama ''[[Love Aaj Kal (2009 film)|Love Aaj Kal]]'' (2009), opposite her husband as the older version of his love interest in the film.

Singh's first lead role post-retirement was that of a middle-class Punjabi mother in [[Habib Faisal]]'s ''[[Do Dooni Chaar]]'' (2010), which won the [[National Film Awards|National Film Award]] for [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi|Best Feature Film in Hindi]]. She then made a special appearance in Yash Chopra's [[swan song]] ''[[Jab Tak Hai Jaan]]'' (2012), and also co-starred with her son [[Ranbir Kapoor]] in the comedy ''[[Besharam (2013 film)|Besharam]]'' (2013). In 2022 she starred opposite [[Anil Kapoor]] in ''[[Jug Jugg Jeeyo]]''. Her performance earned her a second nomination in the category Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/jug-jugg-jeeyo-neetu-kapoor-anil-kapoor-varun-dhawan-and-kiara-advani-to-begin-shooting-2324427 |title=''Jug Jugg Jeeyo'': Neetu Kapoor, Anil Kapoor, Varun Dhawan And Kiara Advani To Begin Shooting |last=Chaubey |first=Pranita |date=12 November 2020 |publisher=NDTV}}</ref>

==Personal life==
[[File:Rishi Kapoor & Neetu Singh at Rakesh Roshan’s birthday bash.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Kapoor with her husband [[Rishi Kapoor]] in 2017]]
While filming for ''Kabhie Kabhie'', Singh and actor [[Rishi Kapoor]] became romantically involved off-screen and got married on 22 January 1980. Their children are Riddhima Kapoor Sahni (born 15 September 1980) and [[Ranbir Kapoor]] (born 28 September 1982). Riddhima is a jewellery designer who married Delhi-based industrialist Bharat Sahni on 25 January 2006. Their daughter is Samara Sahni (born 23 March 2011).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Kapoors-family-day-out/articleshow/7843214.cms |title=Kapoor's family day out - Times of India |website=The Times of India|date=2 April 2011 }}</ref> Ranbir is an Indian actor who married actress [[Alia Bhatt]] on 14 April 2022. Their daughter is Raha Kapoor (born 6 November 2022).

Following a recurring battle with [[leukaemia]] and prolonged treatment in [[New York City]], Rishi Kapoor died on 30 April 2020.<ref>{{URL|https://khabar.ndtv.com/news/bollywood/rishi-kapoor-dies-at-the-age-of-67-amitabh-bachchan-tweet-on-it-2220774|ऋषि कपूर का 10वर्ष की उम्र में निधन, अमिताभ बच्चन ने ट्वीट कर दी जानकारी}}</ref> During the filming of ''[[Jug Jugg Jeeyo]]'', Singh tested positive for [[Coronavirus disease 2019|COVID-19]] in [[Chandigarh]] in December 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2020 |title=Neetu Kapoor confirms she has tested positive for Covid-19, says she is 'feeling better' now |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/neetu-kapoor-confirms-she-has-tested-positive-for-covid-19-says-she-is-feeling-better-now/story-buxtynA5PP6ktgWjr63kzK.html |access-date=24 January 2021 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> However, she recovered after an isolation period, returning to the film's sets in early January 2021.

== Legacy ==
[[File:Ranbir with family on Jhalak.jpg|thumb|Singh with husband Rishi and son Ranbir]]

Singh is regarded as one of the most recognised actresses of [[Hindi cinema]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Top heroines of Bollywood |magazine=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/cinema/100-years-of-indian-cinema/photo/top-actresses-of-bollywood-ever-367543-2012-05-01/4 |url-status=live |access-date=24 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128234730/https://www.indiatoday.in/cinema/100-years-of-indian-cinema/photo/top-actresses-of-bollywood-ever-367543-2012-05-01/4 |archive-date=28 November 2020}}</ref> In 2022, she was placed in ''[[Outlook India]]''{{'}}s "75 Best Bollywood Actresses" list.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=75 Bollywood Actresses Who Ruled The Silver Screen With Grace, Beauty And Talent |date=16 August 2022 |magazine=Outlook |access-date=16 August 2022 |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/75-bollywood-actresses-who-ruled-the-silver-screen-with-grace-beauty-and-talent-news-216694/amp |archive-date=16 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816142138/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/75-bollywood-actresses-who-ruled-the-silver-screen-with-grace-beauty-and-talent-news-216694/amp |url-status=live}}</ref> One of the highest paid actress of late 1970s, Singh appeared in ''[[Box Office India]]''{{'}}s "Top Actresses" list 1975 and 1977.<ref>{{cite web |title=Top Actresses |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=top_actress |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104144753/http://boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=top_actress |archive-date=4 January 2012 |access-date=24 April 2020 |publisher=Box Office India}}</ref> She was inducted into the [[Walk of the Stars]], at [[Bandstand Promenade|Bandra Bandstand]], where her hand print was preserved under her married name Neetu Kapoor.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/walking-with-the-stars-112040100022_1.html |title=Walking with the stars |last=Saraswathy |first=M. |date=1 April 2012 |work=Business Standard India |access-date=24 November 2019}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{Pending films key}}
=== Films ===
=== Hindi ===
{| class = "wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 1966
| ''[[Suraj (1966 film)|Suraj]]''
| Geeta
| Credited as Baby Sonia
| <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/bollywoods-cutest-child-actors/Arjun-Rampals-new-co-star-is-little-Munni-from-Bajrangi-Bhaijaan/photostory/61814623.cms |title=Arjun Rampal's new co-star is little Munni from 'Bajrangi Bhaijaan' - Bollywood's cutest child actors |website=The Times of India|date=29 August 2018 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Dus Lakh]]''
| Roopa
|Credited as Baby Sonia
|<ref name=NSRediff/>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1968
| ''[[Do Kaliyan]]''
| Ganga and Jamuna
|Dual role; credited as Baby Sonia
|<ref name=NSRediff/>
|-
| '' [[Do Dooni Chaar (1968 film) |Do Dooni Chaar]]''
| Ban Devi
|Credited as Baby Sonia
|
|-
| 1969
| ''[[Waris (film) |Waris]]''
| Munni
|Credited as Baby Sonia
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1970
| ''[[Pavitra Papi]]''
| Vidya
|Credited as Baby Sonia
|
|-
| ''[[Ghar Ghar Ki Kahani (1970 film) |Ghar Ghar Ki Kahani]]''
| Roopa
|Credited as Baby Sonia
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1973
| ''[[Rickshawala]]''
| Kiran
|
|<ref name=NSRediff>{{cite web |last=Raheja |first =Dinesh |date=10 April 2003 |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/apr/09dinesh.htm |title=The unforgettable Neetu Singh |work=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=11 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Yaadon Ki Baaraat]]''
| Dancer
| Special appearance
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/filmfare-flashback/diving-deep-into-the-stardom-of-the-spice-girl-neetu-singh-27050.html |title=Diving deep into the stardom of the spice girl Neetu Singh |first=Farhana |last=Farook |date=8 July 2018 |website=Filmfare}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan = "4" | 1974
| ''Shatranj Ke Mohre''
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Aashiana]]''
|
| Supporting role
|
|-
| ''[[Hawas (1974 film) |Hawas]]''
| Neetu
|
|
|-
| ''[[Zehreela Insaan]]''
| Margaret
|
|
|-
| rowspan = "7" | 1975
| ''Andolan''
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Deewaar]]''
| Veera Narang
|
|
|-
| ''[[Khel Khel Mein (1975 film)|Khel Khel Mein]]''
| Nisha
|
|<ref name=NSRediff/>
|-
| ''[[Rani Aur Lalpari]]''
| [[Cinderella]]
| Special appearance
|
|-
| ''[[Rafoo Chakkar]]''
| Ritu
|
|<ref name=NSRediff/>
|-
| ''[[Zinda Dil]]''
| Jyoti Chand
|
|
|-
| ''[[Sewak (film)|Sewak]]''
| Rasiya
|
|
|-
| rowspan = "4" | 1976
| ''[[Maha Chor]]''
| Neetu
|
|
|-
| ''[[Kabhi Kabhie]]''
| Pinky Kapoor
|
|<ref name=NSRediff/>
|-
| ''[[Sharafat Chhod Di Main Ne]]''
| Radha
|
|
|-
| ''[[Shankar Dada]]''
| Roopa Verma
|
|
|-
| rowspan = "9" |1977
| '' [[Adalat (1977 film) |Adalat]]''
| Geeta Verma
|
|<ref name=NSRediff/>
|-
| ''[[Ab Kya Hoga]]''
| Chitralekha
|
|
|-
| ''[[Amar Akbar Anthony]]''
| Dr. Salma Ali
|
|<ref name=NSRediff/>
|-
| '' [[Dharam Veer (film)|Dharam Veer]]''
| Roopa
|
|<ref name=NSRediff/>
|-
| ''[[Maha Badmaash]]''
| Seema Nathani and Pinky Nathani
|Dual role
|
|-
| ''[[Priyatama]]''
| Dolly Sinha
|
|<ref name=NSRediff/>
|-
| ''[[Doosara Aadmi]]''
| Timsy Karan Saxena
|
|<ref name=NSRediff/>
|-
| '' [[Parvarish (1977 film) |Parvarish]]''
| Neetu Amit Singh
|
|<ref name=NSRediff/>
|-
| ''Zahreelee''
| Rekha
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1978
| ''[[Kasme Vaade]]''
| Neeta
|
|<ref name=NSRediff/>
|-
| ''[[Anjane Mein]]''
| Rani
|
|
|-
| '' [[Pati Patni Aur Woh (1978 film) |Pati Patni Aur Patni]]''
| Singer in "Tere Naam Tere Naam"
| Cameo
|
|-
| '' [[Chakravyuha (1978 film) |Chakravyuha]]''
| Chhaya
|
|<ref name=NSRediff/>
|-
| '' [[Heeralaal Pannalaal (film) |Heeralaal Pannalaal]]''
| Neelam
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" | 1979
| ''Bhala Maanus''
| Meena
|
|
|-
| '' [[Aatish (film) |Aatish]]''
| Shanno
|
|
|-
| ''[[Jhoota Kahin Ka]]''
| Sheetal Khanna
|
|<ref name=NSRediff/>
|-
| ''[[The Great Gambler]]''
| Mala
|
|<ref name=NSRediff/>
|-
| ''[[Dhongee]]''
| Neelima Kapoor
|
|
|-
| ''[[Jaani Dushman]]''
| Gauri
|
|
|-
| ''Yuvraaj''
| Rajkumari Pallavi
|
|<ref name=NSRediff/>
|-
| ''[[Duniya Meri Jeb Mein]]''
| Neeta
|
|
|-
| ''[[Kaala Patthar]]''
| Channo
|
|<ref name=NSRediff/>
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1980
| ''Kala Pani''
| Geeta
|
|
|-
| ''[[Dhan Daulat]]''
| Shanti
|
|<ref name=NSRediff/>
|-
| ''[[Chunaoti]]''
| Roshni
|
|
|-
| ''[[The Burning Train]]''
| Madhu
|
|
|-
| ''[[Choron Ki Baaraat]]''
| Anju
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1981
| ''[[Waqt Ki Deewar]]''
| Soni
|
|
|-
| ''[[Khoon Ka Rishta]]''
| Sonia
|
|
|-
| '' [[Yaarana (1981 film) |Yaarana]]''
| Komal
|
|<ref name=NSRediff/>
|-
| ''Ek Aur Ek Gyarah''
| Rekha
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1982
| ''[[Chorni]]''
| Deepa
|
|
|-
| ''[[Teesri Ankh]]''
| Nisha
|
|
|-
| ''[[Raaj Mahal]]''
| Rajkumari Ratna Singh
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1983
| ''[[Ganga Meri Maa]]''
| Neetu
|
|
|-
| ''[[Jaane Jaan]]''
| Meena
|
|
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Love Aaj Kal (2009 film)|Love Aaj Kal]]''
| Harleen Veer Singh Panesar
| Cameo
|
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Do Dooni Chaar]]''
| Kusum Santosh Duggal
|
|
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Jab Tak Hai Jaan]]''
| Pooja
| Special appearance
|
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Besharam (2013 film)|Besharam]]''
| Head Constable Bulbul
|
|
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Jugjugg Jeeyo]]''
| Geeta Bheem Saini
|
| <ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Nominations list for the 68th Filmfare Awards 2023 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2023/nominations |accessdate=28 December 2022 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| {{TBA}}
| {{Pending film|Letters To Mr. Khanna}}
| {{TBA}}
| Completed
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Neetu Kapoor, Sunny Kaushal and Shraddha Srinath wrap Letters to Mr Khanna shoot |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/neetu-kapoor-sunny-kaushal-and-shraddha-srinath-wrap-letters-to-mr-khanna-shoot/cid/1905917 |access-date=14 January 2023 |website=The Telegraph India}}</ref>
|}

=== Punjabi ===
{| class = "wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
| 1976
| ''Sawa Lakh Se Ek Ladaun''
| Qawalan
| Special appearance
|
|}

=== Gujarati ===
{| class = "wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
| 1976
| ''Dharti Mata''
|
| Special appearance
|
|}

=== Television ===
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
|2022
|''[[Dance Deewane Juniors (season 1)|Dance Deewane Juniors]]''
|Judge
|TV debut<ref>{{Cite web |title=Here's what Neetu Kapoor thinks about venturing into TV space as a judge in Dance Deewane Juniors |date=10 April 2022 |work=Pinkvilla |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/neetu-kapoor-expresses-excitement-about-venturing-tv-dance-deewane-juniors-its-absolutely-new-1063908%3famp |access-date=10 May 2022 |archive-date=8 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708182701/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/neetu-kapoor-expresses-excitement-about-venturing-tv-dance-deewane-juniors-its-absolutely-new-1063908?amp |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''[[The Romantics (TV series)|The Romantics]]''
|Herself
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/late-rishi-kapoor-s-comment-in-the-romantics-embarrasses-neetu-kapoor-101676377136939.html|title=Rishi Kapoor's comment in The Romantics embarrasses Neetu Kapoor|date=14 February 2023|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|2024
|''[[Showtime (Indian TV series)|Showtime]]''
|Herself
|Guest<ref>{{cite web |title=Dharmendra to Janhvi Kapoor: Emraan Hashmi's web series 'Showtime' features a record-breaking number of cameos. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/from-dharmendra-to-janhvi-kapoor-emraan-hashmis-web-series-showtime-features-a-record-breaking-number-of-cameos/articleshow/108328955.cms |website=Times Of India|date=8 March 2024 }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Fabulous Lives of Bollywood Wives]]''
|Herself
|<ref>{{cite news |last=Das |first=Santanu |date=18 October 2024 |title=Fabulous Lives vs Bollywood Wives Season 3 review: New faces but not enough drama |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/fabulous-lives-vs-bollywood-wives-season-3-review-new-faces-but-not-enough-drama-101729243297175.html |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=18 October 2024}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''Dining With the Kapoors''
|Herself
|Television special<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/1088720/review-dining-with-the-kapoors-is-bland-fare|title=Review: 'Dining with the Kapoors' is bland fare|first=Scroll|last=Staff|date=22 November 2025|website=Scroll.in}}</ref>
|}

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Work
!Result
!Ref
|-
| 1980
| [[27th Filmfare Awards|Filmfare Awards]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| ''[[Kaala Patthar]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref name="auto"/>
|-
| rowspan="3"|2011
| [[Screen Awards]]
| [[Screen Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| rowspan="2"|''[[Do Dooni Chaar]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web |date=3 January 2011 |title=Nominations for 17th Annual Star Screen Awards 2011 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-for-17th-annual-star-screen-awards-2011/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204141248/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-for-17th-annual-star-screen-awards-2011/ |archive-date=4 February 2018 |access-date=4 February 2018 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>
|-
| [[Stardust Awards]]
| [[Stardust Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |date=9 February 2011 |title=Stardust Awards Winner 2011 |url=http://www.magnamags.com/content/view/7594/358/lang,english/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110212170913/http://www.magnamags.com/content/view/7594/358/lang,english/ |archive-date=12 February 2011 |access-date=4 February 2018 |url-status=usurped |work=Stardust}}</ref>
|-
| [[Zee Cine Awards]]
| Best Lifetime Jodi (with [[Rishi Kapoor]])
| {{N/A}}
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/hrithik-srk-top-zee-cine-awards/story-QRCWE64VdmhhjEmJJNR1fJ.html |title=Hrithik, SRK top Zee Cine Awards |date=15 January 2011 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |access-date=24 November 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2023
| [[68th Filmfare Awards|Filmfare Awards]]
| Best Supporting Actress
| ''[[Jugjugg Jeeyo]]''
| {{nom}}
| <ref name=":0" />
|}

== In popular culture ==
* In [[Aditya Chopra]]'s 2008 film ''[[Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi]]''{{'}}s song "[[Phir Milenge Chalte Chalte]]", [[Rani Mukerji]] dressed herself as Singh, as a tribute to her fashionable pigtails look from the 1980s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi (2008) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/56215 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906012215/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/56215 |archive-date=6 September 2015 |access-date=27 February 2014 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=286&catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5 |title=Music Hits 2000–2009 (Figures in Units) |publisher=Box Office India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100624132928/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=286&catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5 |archive-date=24 June 2010}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|0802183}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|neetu-singh}}

{{Portal bar|India|Bollywood}}
{{StardustAwardBestActress}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Neetu}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from New Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian child actresses]]
[[Category:Kapoor family]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Hill Grange High School alumni]]
[[Category:1958 births]]

Rajbagh

2026-03-22T19:21:15Z

Musicalkd: refine citations after review and added references for clarity

{{more citations needed|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Rajbagh
| image_skyline = Convent road.JPG
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Convent road Rajbagh
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|34|4|10|N|74|49|30|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|Union territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jammu and Kashmir|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Srinagar district|Srinagar]]
| established_title = Settled
| established_date = Ancient
| founder =
| chief minister =
| leader_title1 =
| Governor =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 1592
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
|url =
|title =
|work =
|publisher =
|date =
|accessdate =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[English language|English]]<ref name="OfficialLang">{{cite web |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf |title=The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020 |publisher=The Gazette of India|date=27 September 2020 |access-date=27 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020 | work=Rising Kashmir | date=23 September 2020 | url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | access-date=23 September 2020 | archive-date=24 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924141909/http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 190008
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code =
| [[MLA]]_area =
| Syed Altaf Bukhari =
| blank2_name_sec1 =
| blank2_info_sec1 =
| blank3_name_sec1 = Distance from Delhi
| blank3_info_sec1 = {{convert|826.4|km|mi}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/dir/Rajbagh,+Srinagar/New+Delhi,+Delhi/@31.3340559,73.8254416,7z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x38e18f0a62498811:0x5d106e86070b1703!2m2!1d74.8287807!2d34.0661987!1m5!1m1!1s0x390cfd5b347eb62d:0x52c2b7494e204dce!2m2!1d77.2207238!2d28.6322444!3e0 | title=Distance between Rajbag and New Delhi | access-date=10 December 2014}}</ref>
| blank4_name_sec1 = Distance from Mumbai
| blank4_info_sec1 = {{convert|2190.8|km|mi}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.google.co.in/maps?biw=1366&bih=667&psj=1&bav=on.2,or.r_cp.r_qf.&bvm=bv.81456516,d.c2E&um=1&ie=UTF-8&gl=in&daddr=Mumbai,+Maharashtra&saddr=Rajbagh,+Srinagar&panel=1&f=d&fb=1&geocode=KRGISWIKj-E4MQMXCweGbhBd;KcHtRGYwxuc7MWmMZI2P7aRd&dirflg=d&sa=X&ei=rDiIVLTRH4-OuATaz4CQBQ&ved=0CC8Q-A8wAg | title=Distance between Rajbag and Mumbai | access-date=10 December 2014}}</ref>
| blank1_name_sec2 =
| blank1_info_sec2 =
| blank2_name_sec2 =
| blank2_info_sec2 =
| blank3_name_sec2 =
| blank3_info_sec2 =
| blank4_name_sec2 =
| blank4_info_sec2 =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Rajbagh''' is a notified area in the municipal committee of [[Srinagar]], in the [[India]]n [[States and union territories of India|Union Territory]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. It comes under the Lal chowk constituency. Rajbagh is a posh locality in the Civil Lines area of [[Srinagar]]. The postal code of Rajbagh is 190008. Rajbagh is considered one of the many best residential places in [[Srinagar]]. There are many hotels, restaurants and schools in this locality. Rajbagh area was heavily damaged by the [[2014 India–Pakistan floods|2014 Kashmir floods]]; it was one of the worst affected areas due to the floods.

==Geography==
Rajbagh is situated along the banks of [[Jehlum River|the Jhelum River]]. It is located about {{cvt|3.2|km}} from the [[Lal Chowk|commercial center of Kashmir]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/dir/Rajbagh,+Srinagar/Lal+Chowk,+Srinagar/@34.0748296,74.8107115,15z/data=!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x38e18f0a62498811:0x5d106e86070b1703!2m2!1d74.8287807!2d34.0661987!1m5!1m1!1s0x38e18f96b387110d:0x3f279be250eb08ff!2m2!1d74.8090391!2d34.0698315!3e0 | title=distance between rajbag and lal chowk | access-date=10 December 2014}}</ref> Ram Munshi Bagh, Shivpora, Guzarwaan Mohalla, and Jawahar Nagar are the nearby localities of Rajbagh. The area is located at an elevation of {{cvt|1592|m}} above mean sea level.
[[File:Rajbagh convent Road.JPG|thumb|A view of Convent Road.]]
[[File:Rajbagh Snow.jpg|thumb|Snowfall in Rajbagh.]]

==Subdivisions==
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2021}}
* Pathan Bagh
* Kursoo Rajbagh
* Rajbagh Extension
* Aramwari or Aramwear

==Education==
There are more than 15 schools in the area. The prestigious girls' school, [[Presentation Convent High School]], is located in this area.

The following schools are located in the area:

* Linton Hall School
* Muslim public High school

* [[Lawrence Vidya Bhawan School]]
* Presentation Convent High School
* [[Little Angels High School, Srinagar|Little Angels High School]]
[[File:Pano Convent Rd.JPG|thumb|A panoramic view of Convent Road, Rajbagh.]]

==September floods==
The area was damaged quite heavily by the [[2014 India–Pakistan floods|2014 Kashmir floods]]. At about 4:18 AM on 7 September, water started to enter the ground floors of the houses located in this locality, and by 3 PM, the water level had reached about 25 feet high above ground level on the streets. Some houses were fully submerged in water, others were partially submerged, and people were rescued from their houses by locals in shikaras and rafting boats. Rajbagh remained submerged for 25 days after the flood. The level of damage was extensive, making it one of the worst-affected areas during the flood.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Boats-Still-Being-used-in-Srinagar%E2%80%99s-Posh-Rajbagh-Area/2014/10/02/article2459570.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141003165124/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Boats-Still-Being-used-in-Srinagar%E2%80%99s-Posh-Rajbagh-Area/2014/10/02/article2459570.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 October 2014|title= Boats Still Being used in Srinagar's Posh Rajbagh Area|date=2 October 2014|access-date=29 October 2014|work=The Indian Express}}</ref>

==Known For==
Rajbagh, located in the heart of Srinagar, is widely recognized for several reasons:

* '''Prime Location''': Situated centrally, Rajbagh is one of Srinagar’s most prominent neighborhoods. It is close to key landmarks like Lal Chowk and Dal Lake, making it well-connected and accessible to locals.
* '''Educational Hub:''' The area is home to numerous schools and coaching centers.
* '''Cultural and Social Influence:''' Rajbagh has a rich cultural history, with many prominent families residing here. Its social significance contributes to its standing as one of Srinagar’s most influential neighborhoods.
* '''2014 Flood Impact:''' The 2014 floods severely affected Rajbagh, attracting significant media attention. The floods caused major destruction in the area, and the subsequent rebuilding efforts brought additional recognition.

==See also==
* [[Lal Bazar]]Lal Chowk
* [[Lal Chowk]]
* [[Soura]]
* [[Karan Nagar]]
* [[Indira Nagar, Srinagar]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{Municipalities of Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{Kashmir Valley}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Srinagar]]

{{JammuKashmir-geo-stub}}

Department of Energy (Jharkhand)

2026-03-22T14:27:11Z

Musicalkd: made a pg more to come

{{Short description|Department of Government of Jharkhand}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Department of Energy
| native_name = ऊर्जा विभाग
| type = Department
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| seal = Jharkhand Rajakiya Chihna.svg
| seal_width = 170
| seal_caption =
| picture =
| picture_width =
| picture_caption =
| formed =
| preceding1 =
| preceding2 =
| dissolved =
| superseding =
| jurisdiction = [[Government of Jharkhand]]
| headquarters = Project Bhawan, Dhurwa, [[Ranchi]], [[Jharkhand]], [[India]] - 834004
| coordinates =
| employees =
| budget =
| minister1_name = [[Hemant Soren]]
| minister1_pfo = Minister in Charge
| minister2_name =
| minister2_pfo =
| deputyminister1_name =
| deputyminister1_pfo =
| deputyminister2_name =
| deputyminister2_pfo =
| chief1_name = Anjani Kumar Dubey, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| chief1_position = [[Secretary|Additional Secretary]]
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| agency_type =
| parent_department =
| parent_agency =
| child1_agency = [[Jharkhand Bijli Vitran Nigam Limited|JBVNL]]
| child2_agency = JREDA
| child3_agency = TVNL
| keydocument1 =
| website = {{URL|https://www.jharkhand.gov.in/energy|Official Website}}
| footnotes =
| map =
| map_width =
| map_caption =
}}

The '''Department of Energy''' is department under [[Government of Jharkhand]] responsible for overseeing the state's energy sector, including electricity generation, distribution, and renewable energy initiatives.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Energy - Official Website |url=https://www.jharkhand.gov.in/energy |access-date=3 Oct 2025 |website=jharkhand.gov.in/energy}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=तक |first=न्यूज |date=2025-06-20 |title=झारखंड ने उठाया बड़ा कदम: स्वच्छ ऊर्जा की दिशा में बनेगा देश का पहला 'एनर्जी ट्रांजिशन' मॉडल |url=https://www.newstak.in/news/story/jharkhand-energy-transition-readiness-index-clean-energy-mou-3182217-2025-06-20 |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=NewsTak |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=झारखंड: CM हेमंत सोरेन ने ऊर्जा विभाग के अपर मुख्य सचिव को दिए निर्देश, कहा- किसी हाल में न हो बिजली कटौती - Jharkhand CM Hemant Soren gave instructions to Additional Chief Secretary of Energy Department said there should be no power cut under any circumstances |url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/ranchi-jharkhand-cm-hemant-soren-gave-instructions-to-additional-chief-secretary-of-energy-department-said-there-should-be-no-power-cut-under-any-circumstances-23385678.html |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-31 |title=Ranchi news : पतरातू से 15 अगस्त के बाद कभी शुरू हो सकता है बिजली उत्पादन |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/ranchi/patratu-will-produce-electricity-sometime-after-15th-august |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Network |first=Elets News |date=2018-05-20 |title=Jharkhand Govt Aims Better Power Supply Sector |url=https://egov.eletsonline.com/2018/05/jharkhand-govt-aims-better-power-supply-sector/ |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=Elets eGov |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-09 |title=Jharkhand aspires to create hydrogen ecosystem to strengthen energy security {{!}} Task Force-Sustainable Just Transition |url=https://www.justtransition-jharkhand.in/jharkhand-aspires-to-create-hydrogen-ecosystem-to-strengthen-energy-security/ |access-date=2025-10-03 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-01 |title=Jharkhand plans solar power in 200 villages by 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/jharkhand-plans-solar-power-in-200-villages-by-2023/articleshow/95898156.cms |access-date=2025-10-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pioneer |first=The |title=Jharkhand can emerge as a renewable energy hub to drive its green growth ambitions |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2025/state-editions/jharkhand-can-emerge-as-a-renewable-energy-hub-to-drive-its-green-growth-ambitions.html |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=The Pioneer |language=en}}</ref> Headquartered in [[Ranchi]], the department plays role in ensuring energy access and infrastructure development across Jharkhand.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jharkhand Bijli Vitran Nigam Limited |url=https://jbvnl.co.in/ |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=jbvnl.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=State Energy Efficiency Action Plan - Jharkhand |url=https://beeindia.gov.in/sites/default/files/SEEAP_Jharkhand-Final.pdf |access-date=3 Oct 2025 |website=beeindia.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-31 |title=झारखंड को पतरातू थर्मल पावर से 680 मेगावाट बिजली मिलने में लगेंगे और डेढ़ माह |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/ranchi/story-patratu-super-thermal-power-plant-unit-1-to-generate-800-mw-electricity-soon-201743432847994.html |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=www.livehindustan.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=20 Nov 2018 |title=World Bank to lend $310 mn to boost Jharkhand's power transmission infra |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/world-bank-to-lend-310-mn-to-boost-jharkhand-s-power-transmission-infra-118112000935_1.html |access-date=4 Oct 2025 |work=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jharkhand to harness power from its waterfalls |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/jharkhand-to-harness-power-from-its-waterfalls/cid/1830284 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810173645/https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/jharkhand-to-harness-power-from-its-waterfalls/cid/1830284 |archive-date=2022-08-10 |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

==Ministerial team==
The Department is headed by the Jharkhand's Cabinet Minister of Energy. Civil servants such as the Secretary are appointed to support the minister in managing the department and implementing its functions. Since December 2024, the minister for Department of Energy is [[Hemant Soren]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Energy {{!}} Who's Who |url=https://www.jharkhand.gov.in/PDepartment/WebDirectory?department=89dcc06341a2e25e573a26d0e780fbbb |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816100202/https://www.jharkhand.gov.in/PDepartment/WebDirectory?department=89dcc06341a2e25e573a26d0e780fbbb |archive-date=2022-08-16 |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=www.jharkhand.gov.in |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Government of Jharkhand]]
* [[Ministry of Power (India)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Government departments of Jharkhand]]

Bahadurgarh tehsil

2026-03-21T18:59:50Z

Musicalkd: Updated article with clearer structure

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
|
| name = Bahadurgarh
| native_name = बहादुरगढ
| native_name_lang = hi
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Tehsil
| pushpin_map = India Haryana
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Haryana, India
| coordinates = {{coords|28.68|N|76.92|E|display=it}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Haryana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jhajjar district|Jhajjar]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Divisions of Haryana|Division]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Rohtak division|Rohtak]]
}}
'''Bahadurgarh''' is a tehsil of [[Jhajjar district]] in [[Haryana]], India.<ref>[https://jhajjar.nic.in/village-panchayats Tehsil & Villages: Jhajjar district]</ref>
It was a part of [[Rohtak district]] till 1997 when [[Jhajjar district]] was carved out of [[Rohtak district]].<ref>[https://haryanatourism.gov.in/Jhajjar-at-a-glance Official website of Haryana tourism]</ref> [[Bahadurgarh]] serves as the tehsil headquarters.

==List of villages==
{{div col begin|colwidth=18em}}
#Bahadurgarh
# Mandothi
#Nuna majra
#Sankhol
#Rohad
#Balour
#Barktabad
#Kheri Jasour
#Dahkora
#Jasour Kheri
#Nilothi
#Ladrawan
#Kulasi
#Kanonda
#Shadpur
#Parnala
#Barahi
#Asoudha Siwan
#Asoudha Todran
#Bhaproda
#Kharhar
#Chhara
#Silothi
#Kharman
#Chhudani
#Asanda
#Mehandipur
#Tandaheri
#Kherka Musulman
#Lowa khurd
#Kasar
#Lowa Kalan
#Shidipur
#Isharheri
#Soldha
#Loharheri
#Khairpur
#Bamnauli
#Hassanpur
#Jakhoda
#Majra Asanda
#Mattan
#Rewari Khera
#Mukandpur
#Agarpur
#Sarai Aurangabad
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Tehsils in Haryana]]
[[Category:Jhajjar district]]

{{Haryana-geo-stub}}

Vaishali Sarwankar

2026-03-15T08:42:08Z

Musicalkd: adding new bio

{{Short description|Indian film producer}}
{{Orphan|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vaishali Sarwankar
| image =
| caption =
| birth_place = [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| alma_mater = [[NMIMS]]
| occupation = Film producer
}}

'''Vaishali Sarwankar''' is an Indian film producer.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 February 2021 |title=Vaishali Sarwankar: CEO Carnival Motion Pictures is a woman with vision and wisdom |work=United News of India |url=http://www.uniindia.net/vaishali-sarwankar-ceo-carnival-motion-pictures-is-a-woman-with-vision-and-wisdom/business-economy/news/2322347.html |access-date=2022-05-26}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Vaishali was born into a [[Maharashtra|Maharashtrian]] family and grew up in a society where education for women was frowned upon and involvement in a business was forbidden. She completed her schooling in Mumbai and studied [[Master of Business Administration|MBA]] at [[SVKM's NMIMS|NMIMS]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Vaishali Sarwankar is the new CEO of Carnival Motion Pictures - here's all you need to know about her |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/bollywood/vaishali-sawarnkar-is-the-new-ceo-of-carnival-motion-pictures-heres-all-you-need-to-know-about-her |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>

Vaishali was the head of international trades in the Atlantic group.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Carnival Motion Pictures CEO Vaishali Sarwankar committed to awe viewers with exciting content |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/2022/jan/10/carnival-motion-pictures-ceo-vaishali-sawarnkar-committed-to-awe-viewers-with-exciting-content-2405178.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526122822/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/2022/jan/10/carnival-motion-pictures-ceo-vaishali-sawarnkar-committed-to-awe-viewers-with-exciting-content-2405178.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 26, 2022 |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> She was roped in as the CEO of Carnival Motion Pictures in 2020, a film production house in [[Mumbai|Mumbai, Maharashtra]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Carnival Group appoints Ms Vaishali Sarwankar as CEO & Director of Carnival Motion Pictures |url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/carnival-group-appoints-ms-vaishali-sarwankar-ceo-director-of-carnival-motion-pictures |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=Tellychakkar.com |language=en}}</ref> Her films as a producer include [[Thackeray (film)|Thackeray]] and [[Sachin: A Billion Dreams]]. Rohit Vats of [[Hindustan Times]] stated "Sachin A Billion Dreams does really well in bringing out the relationship between Sachin and his father and how he couldn’t deal with the loss for a long time and how he wanted to make him proud even after his death during the 1999 World Cup."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-26 |title=Sachin - A Billion Dreams movie review: It shies away from crucial issues in Sachin Tendulkar's career |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/sachin-a-billion-dreams-movie-review-it-has-everything-to-make-you-nostalgic/story-uQsNb4niH3LGTp8PXC3RFJ.html |access-date=2022-06-15 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

She has also produced [[Mere Desh Ki Dharti (film)|Mere Desh Ki Dharti]], which is a patriotic drama starring [[Divyenndu]] and [[Anupriya Goenka]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020-10-31 |title="Mere Desh ki Dharti is a very special movie; I would say it is one of those films that you want to see on the big screen" |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/mere-desh-ki-dharti-special-movie-say-one-films-want-see-big-screen-vaishali-sarwankar/ |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Mere Desh Ki Dharti Movie Review: The drama's watchable but could have stood on sturdier grounds |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/mere-desh-ki-dharti/movie-review/91355607.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=2022-05-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Carnival Motion Pictures: Where the new talent blooms at its best |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-carnival-motion-pictures-where-the-new-talent-blooms-at-its-best-2878663 |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>

== Awards ==

* Shiv Gaurav Award<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarwankar, Vaishali}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women film producers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Malabar Coast

2026-03-15T04:03:27Z

Musicalkd: minor edit

{{Short description|Southwestern coast of India}}
{{For|other uses of Malabar|Malabar (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Region
| nicknames = Maritime Gateway of [[India]],<ref name="Etymology of Malabar"/><ref>{{cite book|author=K. V. Krishna Iyer|title=Zamorins of Calicut: From the earliest times to AD 1806|publisher=Norman Printing Bureau, Kozhikode|url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.3379|year=1938}}</ref> Spice Garden of India
| image_skyline = Braun Calicut Kozhikode UBHD.jpg
| image_caption = Calicut coast 1572, painting by [[Georg Braun]]
| image_map = India Malabar Coast locator map.svg
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Map showing the Malabar Coast
| coordinates = {{Coord|12.0167|N|75.2833|E|source:wikidata-and-enwiki-cat-tree_region:IN|display=title,inline}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_type2 = Metro
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]], [[Karnataka]], [[Goa]], [[Puducherry (union territory)]] and [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_name2 = 
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| seat_type =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_density_km2 = 816
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KL]], IN-TN, IN-PY and IN-KA
| blank1_name_sec1 = No. of districts
| blank1_info_sec1 = 14 (9 in [[Kerala]], 3 in [[Karnataka]], 1 in [[Mahe district|Puducherry (union territory)]] and 1 in [[Kanyakumari District|Tamil Nadu]])
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|Tropical]] {{small|([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])}}
| website =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Malayalam]], [[Tulu language|Tulu]], [[Kannada language|Kannada]], [[English language|English]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Largest cities
| blank2_info_sec1 =
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[IUCN protected area categories|IUCN category]]
| official_name =
}}

The '''Malabar Coast''' ({{ipa|ml|mɐlɐbaːr|lang}}) is the southwestern region of the [[Indian subcontinent]]. It generally refers to the [[West Coast of India|western coastline of India]] stretching from [[Konkan]] to [[Kanyakumari]]. Geographically, it comprises one of the wettest regions of the subcontinent, which includes the southern tip of [[Goa]], [[Kanara]] region of [[Karnataka]], all of [[Kerala]] and Kanyakumari region of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="Erwin Fahlbusch">{{cite book|last1=Fahlbusch|first1=Erwin|author-link1=Erwin Fahlbusch|last2=Bromiley|first2=Geoffrey William|author-link2=Geoffrey W. Bromiley|last3=Lochman|first3=Jan Milic|author-link3=Jan Milic Lochman|title=The Encyclodedia of Christianity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lZUBZlth2qgC&q=Muziris|year=2008|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|isbn=978-0-8028-2417-2|page=285}}</ref>

[[Kuttanad]], which is the point of the [[List of extreme points of India#Altitudes|lowest elevation in India]], lies on the Malabar Coast. Kuttanad, also known as ''The Rice Bowl of Kerala'', is among the few places in the world where cultivation takes place below sea level.<ref name="ndtv_2238752">{{Cite news|title=Kerala Boat Ferries Lone Passenger To Help Her Take Exam|url=https://www.ndtv.com/kerala-news/coronavirus-lockdown4-kerala-government-boat-ferries-lone-passenger-sandra-babu-to-help-her-take-exam-2238752|last=Press Trust of India|date=1 June 2020|access-date=17 November 2020|work=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2003/07/13/stories/2003071300600200.htm|title=Thirst below sea level|last=Suchitra|first=M|date=13 August 2003|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=17 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922101804/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/thirst-below-sea-level/article28523147.ece |archive-date=22 September 2019}}</ref> The peak of [[Anamudi]], which is also the point of highest elevation in India outside the [[Himalayas]], lies parallel to the Malabar Coast on the [[Western Ghats]].

The region parallel to the Malabar Coast gently slopes from the eastern highland of [[Western Ghats]] ranges to the western coastal lowland. The moisture-laden winds of the Southwest monsoon, on reaching the southernmost point of the [[Indian subcontinent]], because of its topography, divide into two branches; the "[[Arabian Sea]] Branch" and the "[[Bay of Bengal]] Branch".<ref name="Jain">{{cite book|author=RK Jain|title=Geography 10|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7hOybWJeZN0C&pg=PA110 |access-date=18 November 2012|publisher=Ratna Sagar|isbn=978-8183320818|page=110}}</ref> The "Arabian Sea Branch" of the Southwest monsoon first hits the Western Ghats,<ref name="Together with Social Science Term II">{{cite book|title=Together with Social Science Term II|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oOA1nsSU8JYC&pg=PA112 |access-date=18 November 2012|publisher=Rachna Sagar|isbn=978-8181373991|page=112}}</ref> making Kerala the first state in India to receive rain from the Southwest monsoon.<ref name="google6">{{cite book|author1=Edgar Thorpe, Showick Thorpe|author2=Thorpe Edgar|title=The Pearson CSAT Manual 2011|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WuBFs6yFRwcC&pg=SL7-PA168 |access-date=18 November 2012|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-8131758304|page=7}}</ref><ref name="Aggarwal">{{cite book|author1=N.N. Kher|author2=Jaideep Aggarwal|title=A Text Book of Social Sciences|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jV6k0FvIC4sC&pg=RA5-PA16 |access-date=18 November 2012|publisher=Pitambar Publishing|isbn=978-8120914667|page=5}}</ref> The Malabar Coast is a source of [[Wildlife of Kerala|biodiversity]] in India.

==Etymology==
[[File:Satellite Picture of the Western Ghats & Indian West Coast.png|left|thumbnail|The [[Western Ghats]] lie roughly parallel to the southwestern Malabar coast of India.]]
[[File:AnaimudiPeak DSC 4834.jpg|left|thumbnail|[[Anamudi]], the highest peak in India outside the [[Himalaya]]s, lies parallel to the Malabar Coast, in [[Western Ghats]].]]

''Malabar'' is reminiscent of the word ''Malanad'' or ''Malavaram'' in [[Malayalam]], which means ''the land of mountains''. The earliest recorded use of 'Malabar' is by [[Al-Biruni]] (AD 973–1048), though the name had already been in use much earlier.<ref name="Etymology of Malabar" /> Authors such as [[Ibn Khordadbeh]] and [[Al-Baladhuri]] mention Malabar ports in their works.<ref name="KMMohammad">Mohammad, K.M. "Arab relations with Malabar Coast from 9th to 16th centuries" Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. Vol. 60 (1999), pp. 226–234.</ref>{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}} According to [[William Logan (author)|William Logan]], the word ''Malabar'' comes from a combination of the Dravidian word ''Mala'' (mountain) and the [[Persian language|Persian]]/[[Arabic]] word ''Barr'' (country/continent).<ref name="Etymology of Malabar" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Logan |first=William |url=https://archive.org/details/malabarmanual0000loga/page/1/mode/1up |title=Malabar Manual, Vol. 1 |date=1887 |publisher=Superintendent, Government Press (Madras) |others=Servants of Knowledge |isbn=978-81-206-0446-9 |pages=1}}</ref> The first element of the name is first attested in the ''Topography'' written by [[Cosmas Indicopleustes]] (6th century CE), which indicates that [[Arabs|Arab]] sailors already call Kerala ''Male'' at that time. The ''Topography'' mentions a pepper emporium called ''Male'', which clearly gave its name to Malabar ('the country of Male').<ref>C. A. Innes and F. B. Evans, ''Malabar and Anjengo, volume 1'', Madras District Gazetteers (Madras: Government Press, 1915), p. 2.</ref><ref>M. T. Narayanan, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=kHtbkuXruzwC Agrarian Relations in Late Medieval Malabar]'' (New Delhi: Northern Book Centre, 2003), xvi–xvii.</ref> The second part of the name is thought by scholars to be the Arabic word {{Lang|ar-Latn|barr}} ('continent') or its Persian relative {{Lang|fa-Latn|bar}} ('country').

Until the arrival of the [[British people|British]], the term ''Malabar'' was used in foreign trade circles as a general name for [[Kerala]].<ref name="Etymology of Malabar">{{cite book|last1=Sreedhara Menon|first1=A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FAlXPgAACAAJ&q=%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B3+%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82|title=''Kerala Charitram''|date=January 2007|publisher=DC Books|isbn=9788126415885|edition=2007|location=Kottayam|access-date=19 July 2020}}</ref> Earlier, the term ''Malabar'' had also been used to denote [[Tulu Nadu]] and [[Kanyakumari district|Kanyakumari]], which lie contiguous to Kerala in the southwestern coast of India, in addition to the modern state of Kerala.<ref>{{cite web|author=J. Sturrock|year=1894|title=Madras District Manuals - South Canara (Volume-I)|publisher=Madras Government Press|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.3200/page/n1/mode/2up}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=V. Nagam Aiya|year=1906|title=The Travancore State Manual|publisher=Travancore Government Press|url=https://archive.org/details/travancorestate00aiyagoog/page/n10/mode/2up}}</ref> The people of Malabar were known as ''[[Malabars]]''. The term ''Malabar'' is often used to denote the entire southwestern coast of India.

Additionally, European traders and scholars referred to [[Tamils]] of [[Eelam|Sri Lanka]] as ''Malabars''. In the 18th century, [[Johann Phillip Fabricius|J. P. Fabricius]] described his Tamil-English Dictionary as the "Dictionary of Malabar and English".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fabricius |first=Johann Philipp |url=http://archive.org/details/malabarenglishdi00fabr |title=A Malabar and English dictionary |date=1809 |publisher=Vepery |others=The Library of Congress}}</ref>

==Definitions==
{{More citations needed section|date=February 2023}}
[[File:Bekalfortbeach.JPG|thumb|[[Bekal Fort]] Beach in Kerala]]
The term ''Malabar Coast'', in historical contexts, refers to India's southwestern coast, which lies on the narrow coastal plain of [[Karnataka]] and [[Kerala]] between the [[Western Ghats]] range and the [[Arabian Sea]].<ref name="britannica">[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/359386/Malabar-Coast Malabar Coast], Britannica.com. Accessed 7 March 2023.</ref> The coast runs from south of [[Goa]] to [[Kanyakumari]] on India's southern tip. India's southeastern coast is called the [[Coromandel Coast]].<ref>[http://xenophongroup.com/mcjoynt/suffren3.gif Map of Coromandel Coast] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210015347/http://xenophongroup.com/mcjoynt/suffren3.gif |date=10 February 2012 }} on a website dedicated to the East Indian Campaign (1782–1783).</ref>

In ancient times the term ''Malabar'' was used to denote the entire south-western coast of the Indian peninsula. The region formed part of the ancient kingdom of [[Chera dynasty|Chera]] until the early 12th century. Following the breakup of the Chera Kingdom, the chieftains of the region proclaimed their independence. Notable among these were the [[Zamorin]]s of [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]], [[Kolathunadu]], [[Kingdom of Cochin|''Perumbadappu Swaroopam'']], [[Venad (kingdom)|Venad]], [[Kingdom of Valluvanad]] of [[Kingdom of Valluvanad]].{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}

The name ''Malabar Coast'' is sometimes used as an all-encompassing term for the entire Indian coast from [[Konkan]] to the tip of the subcontinent at Kanyakumari.<ref name="britannica" /> It stretches approximately 845 kilometers (525 miles) along the southwestern coast of India. It extends from the southern tip of Goa to [[Kanyakumari]], encompassing the coastal regions of Karnataka and Kerala. It is flanked by the Arabian Sea on the west and the Western Ghats on the east. The southern part of this narrow coast is referred to as the [[South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests]].{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}

''[[Malabar Coast moist forests|Malabar]]'' is also used by ecologists to refer to the [[Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests]] of southwestern India (present-day Kerala).{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}

==Geography==
{{see also|Geography of Kerala|List of rivers of Kerala|Wildlife of Kerala|Kerala Backwaters}}

Geographically, the Malabar Coast can be divided into three climatically distinct regions: the eastern highlands; rugged and cool mountainous terrain, the central mid-lands; rolling hills, and the western lowlands; coastal plains.<ref name="ChattopadhyayFranke2006"/>

The [[Western Ghats]] mountain range lie parallel to the coast on the eastern highland and separate the plains from the [[Deccan Plateau]]. These mountains are recognised as one of the world's eight "hottest hotspots" of biological diversity and are listed among [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]s.<ref name="UNESCO">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/flora-fauna/UN-designates-Western-Ghats-as-world-heritage-site/articleshow/14595602.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131192257/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-02/flora-fauna/32507340_1_world-heritage-list-western-ghats-border-town |url-status=live |archive-date=31 January 2013|title=UN designates Western Ghats as world heritage site|date=2 July 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=27 November 2018}}</ref> The peak of [[Anamudi]] in [[Kerala]], at an elevation of {{convert|2,695|m|abbr=on}}, is the highest peak in India outside the [[Himalayas]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Hunter|first=William Wilson|author2=James Sutherland Cotton|author3=Richard Burn|author4=William Stevenson Meyer|author5=Great Britain India Office|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/|title=The Imperial Gazetteer of India|volume=11|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1909 |access-date=16 May 2015|ref=imp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216124143/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/ |archive-date=16 December 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> The chain's forests are considered to be older than the Himalaya mountains.<ref name="UNESCO"/>

Malabar's western coastal belt is relatively flat compared to the eastern region,<ref name="ChattopadhyayFranke2006"/>{{rp|33}} and is criss-crossed by a network of interconnected [[brackish]] canals, lakes, [[estuaries]],<ref name="Moss2010">{{cite book|author=Danny Moss|title=Public Relations Cases: International Perspectives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s0-CJ3djEdEC&pg=PA41 |access-date=18 November 2012|year=2010|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0415773362|page=41}}</ref> and rivers known as the [[Kerala Backwaters]].<ref name="Thorpe2012">{{cite book|author=Edgar Thorpe|title=The Pearson CSAT Manual 2012|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1cruroSVFoUC&pg=RA3-PA38 |access-date=18 November 2012|year=2012|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-8131767344|page=3}}</ref> The [[Kuttanad]] region, also known as ''The Rice Bowl of Kerala'', has the [[List of extreme points of India#Altitudes|lowest altitude in India]].<ref name="ndtv_2238752"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2003/07/13/stories/2003071300600200.htm|title=Thirst below sea level|last=Suchitra|first=M|date=2003-08-13|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2020-11-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922101804/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/thirst-below-sea-level/article28523147.ece |archive-date=2019-09-22}}</ref> The country's longest lake [[Vembanad Lake|Vembanad]], dominates the backwaters; it lies between [[Alappuzha]] and [[Kochi]] and is about {{convert|200|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} in area.<ref name="Husain">{{cite book|author=Majid Husain|title=Understanding: Geographical: Map Entries: for Civil Services Examinations: Second Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9VGKfQ-sQsC&pg=RA9-PT18 |access-date=18 November 2012|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education|isbn=978-0070702882|page=9|year=2011}}</ref> Around eight percent of India's waterways are found in Kerala.<ref name="IWAI_2005">{{Cite journal|author=Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI—Ministry of Shipping)|year=2005|title=Introduction to Inland Water Transport|journal=IWAI (Ministry of Shipping)|url=http://iwai.nic.in/Introduction.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20050204175110/http://iwai.nic.in/Introduction.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 February 2005 |access-date=19 January 2006}}</ref>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="135px">
File:Vembanad Lake at Kumarakom.jpg|[[Vembanad]], the largest lake in India, is a portion of the [[Kerala Backwaters]].
File:Chalakudy River bank on a summer sunrise.jpg|The [[Athirappilly Falls]] is located on [[Chalakudy River]].
File:Fish net over Periyar River 0.jpg|[[Periyar (river)|Periyar]], the longest [[List of rivers of Kerala|river of Kerala]]
File:Kappad beach kerala.jpg|[[Kappad]] beach near [[Koyilandy]]
File:Ezhimala beach.JPG|Sandy beaches dotted with swaying coconut palms are a ubiquitous sight along the Malabar coast.
</gallery>

===Physical geography===
[[File:Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary.jpg|thumbnail|A view of the [[Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary]]. The coastal area of Malabar is home to several migratory birds.]]

The term ''Malabar Coast'' is sometimes used as an all-encompassing term for the entire Indian coast from the western coast of [[Konkan]] to the tip of the subcontinent at [[Cape Comorin]]. It is over 525 miles or 845  kilometers long. It spans from the south-western coast of [[Maharashtra]] and goes along the coastal region of [[Goa]], through the entire western coast of [[Karnataka]] and [[Kerala]] and reaches till [[Kanyakumari district|Kanyakumari]]. It is flanked by the [[Arabian Sea]] on the west and the [[Western Ghats]] on the east. The Southern part of this narrow coast is the [[South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests]]. Climate-wise, the Malabar Coast, especially on its westward-facing mountain slopes, comprises the wettest region of southern India, as the Western Ghats intercept the moisture-laden Southwest [[monsoon]] rains.

===Malabar rainforests===
{{See also|Wildlife of Kerala}}
The [[Malabar rainforests]] include these [[ecoregion]]s recognized by [[biogeography|biogeographers]]:

# the [[Malabar Coast moist forests]] formerly occupied the coastal zone, up to the 250 meters in elevation (but 95% of these forests no longer exist)
# the [[South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests]] grow at intermediate elevations
# the [[South Western Ghats montane rain forests]] cover the areas above 1000 meters

The [[Monsooned Malabar]] [[coffee bean]] comes from this area.

===Port cities===
{{See also|Ports in Kerala}}
The Malabar Coast featured (and in some instances still does) several historic port cities. Notable among these were/are [[Kannur|Naura]], [[Vizhinjam]], [[Muziris]], [[Nelcynda]], [[Beypore]] and [[Thundi]] (near [[Ponnani]] or [[Kadalundi]]) during ancient times, and [[Kozhikode]] (Calicut), [[Kollam]], [[Ponnani]], [[Kannur]] (Cannanore), and [[Kochi, India|Cochin]] in the medieval period, and have served as centers of the [[Indian Ocean]] trade for millennia.

Because of their orientation to the sea and to maritime commerce, the Malabar coast cities feel very [[Multicultural|cosmopolitan]], and have been home to some of the first groups of [[Jews]] (known today as [[Cochin Jews]]), Syrian Christians (known as [[Saint Thomas Christians]]), [[Muslims]] (presently known as [[Malabar Muslims|Mappilas]]), and [[Anglo-Indians]] in India.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=qhKGPprbQaYC&q=two+millennia ''The Jews of India: A Story of Three Communities''] by Orpa Slapak. The Israel Museum, Jerusalem. 2003. p. 27. {{ISBN|965-278-179-7}}.</ref><ref>[https://www.zum.de/whkmla/sp/1213/jeannedarc/mdh3.html ''The Clash of Cultures in Malabar : Encounters, Conflict and Interaction with European Culture, 1498-1947''] Korean Minjok Leadership Academy, Myeong, Do Hyeong, Term Paper, AP World History Class, July 2012</ref>

==History==
{{See also|History of Kerala}}

===Prehistory===
A substantial portion of the Malabar Coast including the western coastal lowlands and the plains of the midland may have been under the sea in ancient times. Marine fossils have been found in an area near [[Changanassery]], thus supporting the hypothesis.<ref name="Menon2007">{{cite book|author=A Sreedhara Menon|title=A Survey Of Kerala History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVsw35oEBv4C&pg=PA20 |access-date=27 July 2012|year=2007|publisher=DC Books|isbn=978-8126415786|pages=20–21}}</ref> Pre-historical archaeological findings include [[dolmen]]s of the [[Neolithic]] era in the [[Marayur]] area of the [[Idukki district]], which lie on the eastern highland made by [[Western Ghats]]. Rock engravings in the [[Edakkal Caves]], in [[Wayanad]] date back to the Neolithic era around 6000 BCE.<ref name="Kapoor2002">{{cite book|author=Subodh Kapoor|title=The Indian Encyclopaedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gxIpYtnyzu4C&pg=PA2184 |access-date=1 August 2012|year=2002|publisher=Cosmo Publications|isbn=978-8177552577|page=2184}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Wayanad|url=https://www.kerala.gov.in/web/guest/wayanad|website=kerala.gov.in|publisher=Government of Kerala|access-date=12 November 2015|archive-date=28 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528022259/https://kerala.gov.in/web/guest/wayanad|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Ancient and medieval history===
[[File:Silk route.jpg|thumb|[[Silk Road]] and [[Spice trade]], ancient trade routes that linked India within the [[Old World]], carried goods and ideas between the ancient civilisations of the Old World and India. The land routes are red; the water routes are blue.]]
[[File:Periplous of the Erythraean Sea.svg|thumbnail|Names, routes and locations of the ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]'' (1st century CE)]]
[[File:Caminho maritimo para a India.png|thumb|The path [[Vasco da Gama]] took to reach [[Kozhikode]] (black line) in 1498, which was also the [[Age of Discovery|discovery of a sea route]] from [[Europe]] to India, and eventually paved way for the [[Colonial India|European colonisation]] of [[Indian subcontinent]]]]

The Malabar Coast has been a major spice exporter since 3000 BCE, according to [[Sumer|Sumerian records]] and it is still referred to as the "Garden of Spices" or as the "Spice Garden of India".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/of-kerala-egypt-and-the-spice-link/article5625620.ece|first=Kaavya|last=Pradeep Kumar|work=The Hindu|title=Of Kerala, Egypt, and the Spice link|date=28 January 2014 |access-date=12 November 2015}}</ref><ref name="ChattopadhyayFranke2006">{{Cite book|title=Striving for Sustainability: Environmental Stress and Democratic Initiatives in Kerala|last1=Chattopadhyay|first1=Srikumar|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|year=2006|isbn=978-81-8069-294-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gOrvghLklKoC|last2=Franke|first2=Richard W.}}</ref>{{rp|79}} [[Kerala]]'s spices attracted ancient [[Arab]]s, [[Babylonians]], [[Assyria]]ns and [[Egyptians]] to the Malabar Coast in the 3rd and 2nd millennia BCE. [[Phoenicians]] established trade with Malabar during this period.<ref name="Menon57">{{cite book|author=A Sreedhara Menon|title=A Survey Of Kerala History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVsw35oEBv4C&pg=PA57 |access-date=10 October 2012|date=1 January 2007|publisher=DC Books|isbn=978-81-264-1578-6|pages=57–58}}</ref> [[Arab]]s and [[Phoenicians]] were the first to enter the Malabar Coast to trade [[Spice]]s.<ref name="Menon57"/> The Arabs on the coasts of [[Yemen]], [[Oman]], and the [[Persian Gulf]], must have made the first long voyage to Malabar and other [[Eastern world|eastern countries]].<ref name="Menon57"/> They must have brought the [[Cinnamon]] of Malabar to the [[Middle East]].<ref name="Menon57"/> The Greek historian [[Herodotus]] (5th century BCE) records that in his time the cinnamon spice industry was monopolized by the Egyptians and the Phoenicians.<ref name="Menon57"/>

According to the ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]'', a region known as ''[[Limyrike]]'' began at ''[[Kannur|Naura]]'' and ''[[Tyndis]]''. However, the [[Ptolemy]] mentions only ''Tyndis'' as the ''Limyrike'''s starting point. The region probably ended at [[Kanyakumari]]; it thus roughly corresponds to the present-day Malabar Coast. The value of Rome's annual trade with the region was estimated at 50,000,000 [[sesterces]].<ref>According to [[Pliny the Elder]], goods from India were sold in the Empire at 100 times their original purchase price. See [https://web.archive.org/web/20131106031753/http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/BookLibrary/books/bibliographie/P/Plinyelder/elder/pliny-india.html]</ref> [[Pliny the Elder]] mentioned that ''Limyrike'' was prone by pirates.<ref>Bostock, John (1855). "26 (Voyages to India)". Pliny the Elder, The Natural History. London: Taylor and Francis.</ref> The [[Cosmas Indicopleustes]] mentioned that the ''[[Limyrike]]'' was a source of [[Malabar pepper]]s.<ref>Indicopleustes, Cosmas (1897). Christian Topography. 11. United Kingdom: The Tertullian Project. pp. 358–373.</ref><ref>Das, Santosh Kumar (2006). The Economic History of Ancient India. Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd. p. 301.</ref> In the last centuries BCE the coast became important to the Greeks and Romans for its spices, especially Malabar pepper. The Cheras had trading links with [[Ancient China|China]], [[Western Asia|West Asia]], [[Egypt]], [[Greece]], and the [[Roman Empire]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=eONSAAAAcAAJ&q=Muziris Cyclopaedia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia.]{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227045308/https://books.google.com/books?id=eONSAAAAcAAJ&q=Muziris |date=27 December 2016 }} Ed. by Edward Balfour (1871), Second Edition. Volume 2. p. 584.</ref> In foreign-trade circles the region was known as ''Male'' or ''Malabar''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/1961/JSS_054_1c_Minattur_MalayaWhatsInAName.pdf|title=Malaya: What's in the name|publisher=siamese-heritage.org |access-date=7 August 2012|author=Joseph Minattur|page=1}}</ref> [[Muziris]], Tyndis, Naura (near [[Kannur]]), and Nelcynda were among the principal ports at that time.<ref name="Kusuman">{{cite book|author=K. K. Kusuman|title=A History of Trade & Commerce in Travancore|publisher=Mittal Publications|year=1987|isbn=978-8170990260|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qbNuyHswr1cC|pages=1–2 |access-date=30 May 2015}}</ref> Contemporary [[Sangam literature]] describes Roman ships coming to Muziris in Kerala, laden with gold to exchange for [[Malabar pepper]]. One of the earliest western traders to use the monsoon winds to reach Kerala was [[Eudoxus of Cyzicus]], around 118 or 166 BCE, under the patronage of [[Ptolemy VIII Physcon|Ptolemy VIII]], king of the [[Hellenistic civilisation|Hellenistic]] [[Ptolemaic dynasty]] in Egypt. Roman establishments in the port cities of the region, such as a temple of ''[[Augustus]]'' and barracks for garrisoned Roman soldiers, are marked in the [[Tabula Peutingeriana]], the only surviving map of the Roman ''[[cursus publicus]]''.<ref>{{cite book|author=Abraham Eraly|title=The First Spring: The Golden Age of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=te1sqTzTxD8C&pg=PA246 |access-date=7 August 2012|year=2011|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0670084784|pages=246–}}</ref><ref name="Iyengar_2001">{{cite book|author=Iyengar PTS|year=2001|title=History Of The Tamils: From the Earliest Times to 600 A.D.|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-8120601451|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ERq-OCn2cloC |access-date=29 December 2008}}</ref>

The term ''[[Kerala]]'' was first epigraphically recorded as ''Ketalaputo'' ([[Chera dynasty|Cheras]]) in a 3rd-century BCE rock inscription by emperor [[Ashoka]] of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]].<ref name="Kerala 2011">"Kerala." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 26 December 2011.</ref> It was mentioned as one of four independent kingdoms in southern India during Ashoka's time, the others being the [[Chola Empire|Cholas]], [[Pandya Empire|Pandyas]] and [[Athiyamān|Satyaputras]].<ref name="SmithJackson2008">{{cite book|author1=Vincent A. Smith|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bP7DzXQBoM4C&pg=PA166|title=History of India, in Nine Volumes: Vol. II – From the Sixth Century BCE to the Mohammedan Conquest, Including the Invasion of Alexander the Great|author2=A. V. Williams Jackson|date=30 November 2008|publisher=Cosimo, Inc.|isbn=978-1-60520-492-5|pages=166–|access-date=1 August 2012}}</ref> The Cheras transformed Kerala into an international trade centre by establishing trade relations across the [[Arabian Sea]] with all major [[Mediterranean]] and [[Red Sea]] ports as well those of the [[Far East]]. The dominion of Cheras was located in one of the key routes of the ancient [[Indian Ocean trade]]. The early Cheras collapsed after repeated attacks from the neighboring [[Chola Empire|Cholas]] and [[Rashtrakuta Empire|Rashtrakutas]].

During the early [[Middle Ages]], [[Nambudiri|Namboodiri]] Brahmin immigrants arrived in Kerala and shaped the society on the lines of the [[Caste system in India|caste system]]. In the 8th century, [[Adi Shankara]] was born at [[Kalady]] in central Kerala. He travelled extensively across the [[Indian subcontinent]] founding institutions of the widely influential philosophy of [[Advaita Vedanta]]. The Cheras regained control over Kerala in the 9th century until the kingdom was dissolved in the 12th century, after which small autonomous chiefdoms, most notably [[Zamorin of Calicut|the Kingdom of Kozhikode]], arose. The 13th century Venetian explorer, [[Marco Polo]], would visit and write of his stay in the province.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Travels of Marco Polo/Book 3/Chapter 17 - Wikisource, the free online library|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Travels_of_Marco_Polo/Book_3/Chapter_17|access-date=2022-01-12|website=en.wikisource.org|language=en}}</ref> The port at [[Kozhikode]] acted as the gateway to medieval [[South India]]n coast for the [[Chinese people|Chinese]], the [[Arab]]s, the [[Portugal|Portuguese]], the [[Dutch East India Company|Dutch]], and finally the [[East India Company|British]].<ref name="Etymology of Malabar"/>

In 1498, [[Vasco Da Gama]] established a sea route to Kozhikode during the [[Age of Discovery]], which was also the first modern sea route from [[Europe]] to [[South Asia]], and raised Portuguese settlements, which marked the beginning of the [[Early modern period|colonial era]] of India. European trading interests of the [[Dutch East India Company|Dutch]], [[Louis XIV's East India Company|French]] and the [[East India Company|British]] East India companies took centre stage during the [[colonial war]]s in India. [[Travancore]] became the most dominant state in Kerala by defeating the powerful [[Zamorin]] of [[History of Kozhikode|Kozhikode]] in the battle of [[Purakkad]] in 1755.<ref name="AHoT 162">{{cite book|last1=Shungoony Menon|first1=P.|title=A History of Travancore from the Earliest Times|date=1878|publisher=Higgin Botham & Co.|location=Madras|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ahistorytravanc00menogoog/page/n212 162]–164|url=https://archive.org/details/ahistorytravanc00menogoog|access-date=5 May 2016|language=en|format=pdf}}</ref> Paliath Achan of Cochin and Travancore united to expel the [[Zamorin|Zamorin of Calicut]] from [[Kochi]] territories. Under Martanda Pillai's leadership, [[Nair Brigade|Travancore's Nair forces]], with General de Lannoy's guidance, successfully captured [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]] in the [[Battle of Thrissur]] in 1763. Despite fierce resistance, the Zamorin's troops retreated, leading to their eventual evacuation from Cochin Territory. In pursuit of peace, the Zamorin agreed to indemnify Travancore for war expenses and vowed perpetual friendship, marking a triumph of strategy and valor led by Pillai.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=B. |first1=W. R. |last2=Panikkar |first2=K. M. |date=July 1932 |title=Malabar and the Dutch: Being the History of the Fall of the Nayar Power in Malabar |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1785406 |journal=The Geographical Journal |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=71 |doi=10.2307/1785406 |jstor=1785406 |bibcode=1932GeogJ..80...71B |issn=0016-7398|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=P. Shungoonny Menon |url=https://archive.org/details/historyoftravanc0000shun |title=History of Travancore from the Earliest Times |date=1878 |publisher=Higginbotham and Co. (Madras) |others=Servants of Knowledge |isbn=978-81-206-0169-7}}</ref> After the Dutch were [[Travancore–Dutch War|defeated]] by Travancore king [[Marthanda Varma]], the British crown gained control over Kerala through the creation of the [[Malabar District]] in northern Kerala and by allying with the newly created princely state of Travancore in the southern part of the state until India was declared [[Indian independence movement|independent]] in 1947. The state of Kerala was created in 1956 from the former state of [[Travancore–Cochin]], the [[Malabar district]] and the [[Kasaragod taluk]] of [[South Canara]] District of [[Madras state]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/yw/2003/11/01/stories/2003110101270300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040117071454/http://www.hindu.com/yw/2003/11/01/stories/2003110101270300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 January 2004|title=The land that arose from the sea|date=1 November 2003|work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2009-07-30}}</ref>

===British colonialism: Malabar District===
{{main|Malabar District}}
{{See also|Dutch Malabar|North Malabar|South Malabar}}
After the Anglo-Mysore wars, the parts of the Malabar Coast, those became British colonies, were organized into a district of [[British Raj|British India]]. The British district included the present-day districts of [[Kannur]], [[Kozhikode]], [[Wayanad]], [[Malappuram]], much of [[Palakkad]] (Excluding [[Chittur]] taluk), some parts of [[Thrissur]] ([[Chavakkad]] Taluk), and the [[Fort Kochi]] region of [[Ernakulam district]], besides the isolated islands of [[Lakshadweep]]. The administrative headquarters was at Kozhikode.

[[File:Malabar District (1951 Census).svg|thumb|upright|A map of the erstwhile [[Malabar District]] in 1951]]

[[Malabar District]], a part of the ancient Malabar (or Malabar Coast) was a part of the [[East India Company|British East India Company]]–controlled state. It included the northern half of the state of [[Kerala]] and the islands of [[Lakshadweep]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala. Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kerala|website=Encyclopædia Britannica Online|date=8 June 2008}}</ref> Kozhikode is considered as the capital of Malabar. The area was divided into two categories as North and South. [[North Malabar]] comprises present [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod]] and [[Kannur]] Districts, Mananthavady Taluk of Wayanad District and [[Vatakara]] and [[Koyilandy]] Taluks of Kozhikode District. The left-over area is [[South Malabar]] aka [[kozhikode Taluk|Kozhikode]] it's included present Kozhikode and [[Political divisions of Kozhikode District#Villages in Thamarassery Taluk|Thamarassery taluk]], [[south wayanad]] it's included present kalpetta and sulthan battery places, [[Eranad Taluk|Eranad]] Taluk which comes under present [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]] District, [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]] District and [[Chavakkad]] taluk of [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]] district.

During the [[British rule]], the Malabar's chief importance laid in producing [[Malabar pepper|pepper]], [[tiles]], and [[coconut]]s.<ref>Pamela Nightingale, '[[Jonathan Duncan (Governor of Bombay)|Jonathan Duncan]] (bap. 1756, d. 1811)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2009</ref> In the old administrative records of the [[Madras Presidency]], it is recorded that the most remarkable plantation owned by Government in the erstwhile Madras Presidency was the Teak plantation at [[Nilambur]] planted in 1844.<ref name="Mbsp">{{cite book|url=https://www.tamildigitallibrary.in/admin/assets/book/TVA_BOK_0023302_The_Madras_Presidency_1881_1931.pdf|title=The Madras Presidency (1881–1931)|last=Boag|first=GT|publisher=Government of Madras|location=Madras|year=1933|page=63}}</ref> The District of Malabar and the ports at [[Beypore]] and [[Fort Kochi]] had some sort of importance in the erstwhile Madras Presidency as it was one of the two districts of the Presidency that lies on the Western Malabar Coast, thus accessing the marine route through [[Arabian Sea]]. The first railway line of Kerala from [[Tirur]] to [[Beypore]] in 1861 was laid for it.

===After Indian independence===
With India's independence, Madras presidency became [[Madras State]], which was divided along linguistic lines on 1 November 1956, whereupon [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod]] region was merged with the Malabar immediately to the north and the state of [[Travancore–Cochin]] to the south to form the state of Kerala. Before that, Kasaragod was a part of [[South Canara]] district of [[Madras Presidency]]. [[Lakshadweep]] Islands were separated to form a new union territory.

==See also==
{{Portal||India}}
* [[Coromandel Coast]]
* [[Coastal South West India]]
* [[Battle of Thrissur]]
* [[Dutch Malabar]]
* [[Kerala Backwaters]]
* [[List of rivers of Kerala]]
* [[Travancore]]
* [[Venad (kingdom)]]
* [[Zamorin]]
* [[Thiru-Kochi]]
* [[Malabar (disambiguation)]]
* [[Malabar District]]
* [[Malabars]]
* [[Portuguese Empire]]
* [[Portuguese India]]
* [[Thalassery cuisine]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book|title=Mathrubhumi Yearbook Plus – 2019|publisher=P. V. Chandran, Managing Editor, Mathrubhumi Printing & Publishing Company Limited, Kozhikode|year=2018|location=Kozhikode|last=Chandran|first=VP|edition=Malayalam}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|author=K. V. Krishna Iyer|title=Zamorins of Calicut: From the earliest times to AD 1806|publisher=Norman Printing Bureau, Kozhikode|url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.3379|year=1938}}
* {{cite book|author=William Logan|year=1887|title=Malabar Manual (Volume-I)|publisher=Madras Government Press|url=https://archive.org/details/malabarmanual0000loga/mode/2up}}
* {{cite book|author=William Logan|year=1887|title=Malabar Manual (Volume-II)|publisher=Madras Government Press|url=https://archive.org/details/malabar_manual_volume2/mode/2up}}
* {{cite book|author=Menon, A. Sreedhara|title=A Survey of Kerala History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVsw35oEBv4C|year=2007|publisher=DC Books|isbn=9788126415786}}
* {{cite book|author=S. Muhammad Hussain Nainar|year=1942|title=Tuhfat-al-Mujahidin: An Historical Work in The Arabic Language|publisher=University of Madras|url=https://archive.org/details/Tuhfat-al-MujahidinAnHistoricalWorkInTheArabicLanguage}}
* {{cite book|author=Panikkar, K. M.|author-link=K. M. Panikkar|date=1929|title=Malabar and the Portuguese: being a history of the relations of the Portuguese with Malabar from 1500 to 1663|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.280840}}
* {{cite book|author=Panikkar, K. M.|author-link=K. M. Panikkar|date=1931|title=Malabar and the Dutch|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.530045}}
* {{cite book|author=Panikkar, K. M.|author-link=K. M. Panikkar|date=1953|title=Asia and Western dominance, 1498–1945|location=London|publisher=G. Allen and Unwin}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline}}
* {{Wikivoyage inline|Malabar}}

{{Malabar}}
{{Navboxes
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{{Kerala}}
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[[Category:Malabar Coast| ]]
[[Category:Coasts of India]]
[[Category:Landforms of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Landforms of Kerala]]
[[Category:Regions of India]]
[[Category:Regions of Kerala]]
[[Category:Natural regions of India]]

Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare

2026-03-09T09:51:05Z

Musicalkd: adjusted citations for consistency and fixed typos after review

{{Short description|Agriculture ministry of India}}
{{For|list of ministers|Minister of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2013}}
{{Infobox government agency
| name = Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare
| native_name = {{lang|hi|कृषि एवं किसान कल्याण मन्त्रालय}} {{transliteration|hi|Kr̥ṣi ēvaṁ Kisāna Kalyāṇa Mantrālaya}}
| jurisdiction = [[Government of India]]
| headquarters = [[Krishi Bhavan]] Dr. Rajendra Prasad Road [[New Delhi]]
| minister1_name = [[Shivraj Singh Chouhan]]
| minister1_pfo = ([[Minister of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare|Cabinet Minister]])
| minister3_name = [[Ram Nath Thakur]]<ref name="agriculture.gov.in">{{cite web|url=http://agriculture.gov.in/#|title=Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare, Government of India|website=Agriculture.gov.in|access-date=15 September 2018}}</ref>
| minister3_pfo = ([[Minister of State]])
| minister2_name = [[Bhagirath Choudhary]]<ref name="agriculture.gov.in"/>
| minister2_pfo = ([[Minister of State]])
| website = {{URL|https://agriwelfare.gov.in/}}
{{URL|https://dare.gov.in/}}
| seal = Government of India logo.svg
| seal_size = 100px
| seal_caption = Branch of Government of India
| logo = Ministry of Agriculture India.svg
| logo_size =
| logo_caption = Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare
| formed =
| employees =
| budget = {{INRConvert|140529|c}} (2026-27 est.)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/business/budget-2024-biggest-allocation-for-defence-lowest-for-agriculture-101706770382414-amp.html |title=Union Budget 2020-21 Analysis |date= 2020|website=prsindia.org}}</ref>
| chief1_name = Atish Chandra
| chief1_position = Secretary
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| chief3_name =
| chief3_position =
| chief4_name =
| chief4_position =
| chief5_name =
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| chief6_name =
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}}
{{Politics of India}}
The '''Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare''' ({{lang|hi|कृषि एवं किसान कल्याण मन्त्रालय}} {{transliteration|hi|Kr̥ṣi ēvaṁ Kisāna Kalyāṇa Mantrālaya}}), formerly the '''Ministry of Agriculture''', is a branch of the [[Government of India]] and the apex body for formulation and administration of the rules and regulations and laws related to agriculture in India. The three broad areas of scope for the Ministry are agriculture, [[food processing]] and co-operation. The agriculture ministry is headed by the [[Minister of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare]] which is currently held by [[Shivraj Singh Chouhan]]. [[Kailash Choudhary]] and [[Shobha Karandlaje]] are the Ministers of State. [[Sharad Pawar]], serving from 22 May 2004 to 26 May 2014, has held the office of [[Minister of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare|Minister of Agriculture]] for the longest continuous period till date.

==Origins==
Department of Revenue and Agriculture and Commerce was set up in June 1871 to deal with all the agricultural matters in India. Until this ministry was established, matters related to agriculture were within the portfolio of the Home Department.<ref name="Organisational History"/>

In 1881, Department of Revenue and Agriculture was set up to deal with combined portfolios of education, health, agriculture, revenue. However, In 1947, Department of Agriculture was redesignated as Ministry of Agriculture.<ref name="Organisational History">{{cite web|url=http://agricoop.nic.in/Orghistory.pdf |title=Organisational History of the Department of Agriculture and Cooperation |access-date=5 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425064805/http://agricoop.nic.in/Orghistory.pdf |archive-date=25 April 2012 }}</ref>

The Ministry of Agriculture was renamed as the Ministry for Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare on 15 August 2015, to take care of farming community needs.<ref name="The Hindu">{{Cite news|date=2015-08-15|title=Agriculture Ministry to be renamed as Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/69th-independence-day-prime-minister-narendra-modis-independence-day-speech/article7544397.ece|access-date=2021-02-17|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Structure and departments==
The Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare consists of the following two departments.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://india.gov.in/sectors/agriculture/ministry_agriculture.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090605093532/http://india.gov.in/sectors/agriculture/ministry_agriculture.php|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 June 2009|title=Ministry of Agriculture - Agriculture - Sectors: National Portal of India|date=5 June 2009|access-date=15 September 2018}}</ref>

* [[Department of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare]]:- This Department's responsibilities are assigned to it in the Government of India (Allocation of Business) Rules, 1961 as amended from time to time. Co-operation in this context refers largely to promote farmer co-operative movements.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india.gov.in/outerwin.php?id=http://agricoop.nic.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903184137/http://www.india.gov.in/outerwin.php?id=http%3A%2F%2Fagricoop.nic.in|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 September 2011|title=National Portal of India|date=3 September 2011|access-date=15 September 2018}}</ref> The [[Agriculture MMP]] is another program run by this depart that aims to replicate the agricultural e-governance projects being carried in different states at a national level and through a variety of media.
* Department of Agricultural Research and Education (DARE):- This Department's responsibilities are basic and operation research, technology development, improving linkages between various organizations and state governments across the country. In addition, this department manages the [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india.gov.in/outerwin.php?id=http://dare.nic.in/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903185227/http://www.india.gov.in/outerwin.php?id=http%3A%2F%2Fdare.nic.in%2F|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 September 2011|title=National Portal of India|date=3 September 2011|access-date=15 September 2018}}</ref>

The administrative head of the Ministry is the Secretaries of the two departments.

===Agencies===
#[[National Rainfed Area Authority]]
#[[National Horticulture Board]]
#[[Coconut Development Board]]
# Directorate of Cashewnut and Cocoa Development
#Directorate of Oilseeds Development
#National Farmers Welfare Program Implementation Society
#National Institute of Agricultural Extension Management (MANAGE), an autonomous organisation
#Small Farmers' Agri-Business Consortium, Society promoted by Dept. of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare

====Autonomous Bodies====
#C.C.S. National Institute of Agricultural Marketing, Jaipur

====Statutory Body====
#Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers' Rights Authority, New Delhi

====Public Sector Undertakings====
#Agrinnovate India Limited (AgIn)

== Programs and initiatives ==
===Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana===
A leading program of the Ministry is the [[National Agriculture Development Programme|Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana]], which was launched in 2007 on the recommendations of the [[National Development Council (India)|National Development Council]] of India. This program sought to improve the overall state of agriculture in India by providing stronger planning, better coordination, and greater funding to improve productivity and overall output. The total budget for this program in 2009-10 was just over INR 38,000 crore.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rkvy.nic.in/#|title=:::Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana:::|work=rkvy.nic.in}}</ref>

===Krishi Megh===
'''Krishi Megh''' (National Agricultural Research and Education System-Cloud Infrastructure and Services) is a data recovery center of [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]] (ICAR), the premier agricultural research organization of the Government of India. It will help in protecting the precious data of ICAR. It has been set up at '''National Academy of Agricultural Research and Management''', [[Hyderabad]]. The portal aims at providing the high-quality and latest information in the agricultural sector to the stakeholders and also aims to provide relevant information to agricultural university students. It has been launched under the Government of India and [[World Bank]]'s Jointly funded project called National agricultural higher education project (NAHEP).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsonair.com/News?title=Narendra-Singh-Tomar-launches-ICAR%26%2339%3Bs-data-recovery-centre-%26%2339%3BKrishi-Megh%26%2339%3B&id=397063|title=Narendra Singh Tomar launches ICAR's data recovery centre 'Krishi Megh'|website=All India Radio News|access-date=2020-09-02}}</ref>

=== Schemes ===

* [[Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana]]
* [[Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi]]
* [[Farmer Income Protection Scheme (PM AASHA)]]

==Reports and statistics==
The Ministry publishes an annual report titled "Agricultural Statistics at a Glance". This gives a detailed picture of the state of India's agriculture including demographics of the agrarian sector, crop production (including state-wise and crop-wise break-ups), rural economic indicators such as credit, etc. The latest report has been published for 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eands.dacnet.nic.in/latest_2006.htm|title=Economics And Statistics, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India|website=Eands.decent.nic.in}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Agriculture and Agronomy|India}}
* [[Minister of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare]]
* [[Agricultural insurance in India]]
* [[india.gov.in|National Portal of India]]
* [[Agriculture in India]]
* [[Farmers' suicides in India]]
* [[Health effects of pesticides]]
* [[Pesticide poisoning]]
* [[Environmental impact of pesticides]]
* [[Pesticide regulation in the United States]]
* [[Regulation of pesticides in the European Union]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://agricoop.nic.in/ Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers' Welfare]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090418032054/http://goidirectory.nic.in/min222.htm Directory of Ministry of Agriculture websites]
* [http://www.icar.org.in/ India Council of Agriculture Research (ICAR)]
* [http://cacp.dacnet.nic.in/ Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices]
* [http://plantquarantineindia.org/ Plant Quarantine Organisation of India]
* [http://www.indiaseeds.com/ National Seeds Corporation Limited]
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20170910113440/http://www.krishiindiaexpo.com/ Krishi India Expo]}}
* [http://www.soilhealth.dac.gov.in/ Soil Health Card Portal]
* [http://www.fqcs.dac.gov.in/ Fertilizer Quality Control System (FQCS)]
* [http://www.pgsindia-ncof.gov.in/ Participatory Guarantee System]

{{Union ministries of India}}
{{Agriculture in India}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare}}
[[Category:Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers' Welfare| ]]
[[Category:Ministries of agriculture|India]]
[[Category:Government ministries of India|Agriculture]]
[[Category:1948 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Government ministries established in 1948]]
[[Category:Agricultural organisations based in India]]

Pragya D. Yadav

2026-03-08T05:18:27Z

Musicalkd: started post...

{{Short description|Indian virologist and researcher}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox scientist
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Pragya D. Yadav
| honorific_suffix =
| native_name =
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| image = 
| image_size =
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| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1978|07|01}}
| birth_place = [[Sant Kabir Nagar district|Sant Kabir Nagar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| other_names = PD Yadav Pragya Dhruv Yadav
| siglum =
| pronounce =
| citizenship = {{IND}}
| fields = [[Molecular biology]] [[Virology]] [[Biocontainment]]
| workplaces =
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| education = [[B.Sc.]], [[M.Sc.]], [[Ph.D.]]
| alma_mater = [[Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University]] [[University of Pune]]
| thesis_title = 
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| known_for = Research contributions in the field of communicable diseases and pathogenic viral infections. [[Animal studies]] to develop [[COVID-19 vaccine]]s [[Covaxin]] and [[ZyCoV-D]] in India.
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards = Rashtriya Vigyan Puraskar: Vigyan Yuva-Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award by Government of India (2024) Bharat Bhagya Vidhata Award by [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]] (2022) [[National Academy of Medical Sciences|NAMS]]'s Dr. Vinod Kumar Bhargava Award (2021) [[Indian Council of Medical Research|ICMR]]'s Major General Saheb Singh Sokhey Award (2017) ICMR's Dr. T Ram Chandra Rao Award (2012)
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'''Pragya D. Yadav''' (born 1 July 1978) is an Indian scientist at the [[ICMR]]-[[National Institute of Virology]] (NIV), who is known for her research contributions in the field of [[communicable diseases]] and [[Highly pathogenic avian influenza|highly pathogenic]] [[Viral disease|viral infections]], such as [[Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever]] (CCHF), [[Nipah virus|Nipah]], [[Ebola]], leading to improvising national public health surveillance policy for interventions and management. Yadav is among the scientists who detected the first three [[COVID-19 pandemic cases]] in India.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhardwaj |first1=Shalini |title=ICMR played crucial role in India's COVID-19 fightback: Scientist |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/icmr-played-crucial-role-in-indias-covid-19-fightback-scientist20220402110005/ |publisher=[[Asian News International]] |date=2 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Faisal |first1=Mohd |title=भारत ने कोरोना पर पाया काबू, वैज्ञानिक प्रज्ञा यादव ने कहा- ICMR ने इस लड़ाई में निभाई महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका |url=https://www.jagran.com/news/national-icmr-played-crucial-role-in-india-covid19-fightback-scientist-pragya-yadav-22592113.html |publisher=[[Dainik Jagaran]] |date=2 April 2022 |language=Hindi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Rana |first1=Chahat |title=The hits and misses of India's ambitious COVID-19 genome sequencing project |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/health/the-hits-and-misses-of-indias-ambitious-covid19-genome-sequencing-project |publisher=[[The Caravan]] |date=13 May 2022}}</ref> She headed the team that developed [[Covaxin]], the first indigenous [[COVID-19 vaccine]] in India <ref>{{cite news |last1=Biraia Jaiswal |first1=Pooja |title=Hope for a better tomorrow reigned supreme at THE WEEK's Women's Day event |url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/specials/2022/03/11/hope-for-a-better-tomorrow-reigned-supreme-at-the-weeks-womens-day-event.html |publisher=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |date=13 March 2022}}</ref>

She was conferred the 2017 [[Sahib Singh Sokhey|Major Gen Saheb Singh Sokhey Award]] in October 2019 by the [[Indian Council of Medical Research]], [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]].<ref name=d>{{cite news |title=Harsh Vardhan honours three National Institute of Virology scientists |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/pune-harsh-vardhan-honours-three-national-institute-of-virology-scientists-6078598/ |newspaper=[[Indian Express]] |date=20 October 2019}}</ref> She was selected as fellow of the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]], USA, [[Japan International Cooperation Agency]], Japan. She was elected fellow of the [[National Academy of Agricultural Sciences]], India.<ref name=b/>

== Early life and career ==
She was born on 1 July 1978, in Kui Kol, [[Sant Kabir Nagar district]], in the North Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. She studied at Sarswati Shishu Mandir in [[Tanda, Ambedkar Nagar]], from 1984 to 1989 and attended Vidyut Parishad Intermediate College, [[Tanda, Ambedkar Nagar|Tanda]], from 1989 to 1995. She holds a [[B.Sc.]] and [[M.Sc.]] from [[Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University]]. She completed a [[Doctoral degree]] at the [[ICMR]]-[[National Institute of Virology]] in affiliation with the [[University of Pune]] in 2004.<ref name=a>{{cite web |title=Pragya D Yadav |url=https://naas.org.in/detail.php?id=811 |website=Naas.org.in |publisher=[[National Academy of Agricultural Sciences]] |date=2021}}</ref>

== Work ==
Yadav joined [[ICMR]]-[[National Institute of Virology]] in 2003. In 2006, she traveled to the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]], USA, for Biosafety level four laboratory ([[BSL 4]]) management training. After returning from the US, she was involved in setting up the [[Biosafety level|BSL 4 lab]] at [[National Institute of Virology|NIV]], which was operationalized in 2013.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vaccine women |work=Spectrum |publisher=[[The Sunday Tribune]] |date=8 May 2022 |location=[[Chandigarh]]}}</ref> She is in-charge of Biosafety level 4 (BSL 4) laboratory at the [[National Institute of Virology]] (NIV). Yadav was instrumental in isolating the [[SARS-CoV-2 virus]] and conducting animal studies to develop indigenous COVID-19 vaccines [[Covaxin]] and [[ZyCoV-D]].<ref name=b/> She has expertise in [[Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever|Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever]], [[Nipah virus|Nipah]], [[Ebola]], [[Hantaan orthohantavirus]], [[Kyasanur Forest disease]], [[Viral hemorrhagic fever]] and [[Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus]]. Her clinical research includes co-authoring 226 peer-reviewed articles in the past 17 years.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pragya D. Yadav, ICMR National Institute Of Virology Pune, MH |url=https://www.medifind.com/doctors/pragya-d-yadav/314228145 |website=Medifind.com |access-date=2 August 2022}}</ref>

Yadav is a member of the Advisory Council of the [[International Society for Infectious Diseases|International Society on Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever]] in 2017. She is a Task Force member of the [[Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations]] (CEPI) Standards Assays Nipah in 2019. She is also a member of the [[World Health Organization|WHO]] SEARO Expert Reference Group on the [[Nipah virus]] in 2020.<ref name=b/>

In one of her research studies published in April 2022 by the [[Indian Journal of Medical Research]], in which she wrote that there is no evidence to claim that bat coronaviruses can cause disease in humans and also bat coronaviruses have no relation with [[SARS-CoV-2]] responsible for the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Presence of 'bat coronavirus' found in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, says ICMR study |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/science/icmr-study-finds-presence-of-bat-coronavirus-in-two-indian-bat-species/1928630/ |newspaper=[[The Financial Express (India)]] |date=15 April 2020}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==
Pragya D Yadav was awarded the Bharat Bhagya Vidhata Award by the [[Ministry of Culture (India)]] in March 2022. The award was presented by the former Union health minister [[J. P. Nadda]] at the [[Red Fort]].<ref name=b>{{cite news |title=NIV scientist awarded for work on vaccine development in India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/niv-scientist-awarded-for-work-on-vaccine-development-in-india/articleshow/90579686.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=1 April 2022}}</ref> The [[National Academy of Medical Sciences]] conferred the Dr. Pran Nath Chhuttani Oration Award for 2021–2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=NAMS Orations Awards - 2022-2023 |url=https://www.nams-india.in/downloads/cmeevents/NAMS-ORATION%202022-2023.pdf |work=Nams-India.in |date=23 May 2022}}</ref> She was awarded the Dr. K.M. Bhansali Oration award by the Indian Association of Occupational Health, Mumbai, in 2021<ref name=a/> followed by the Dr. Vinod Kumar Bhargava Award by the [[National Academy of Medical Sciences]] in the same year.<ref name=a/> In October 2019, Yadav was honoured with the Major General Saheb Singh Sokhey Award 2017 by the [[Indian Council of Medical Research]] for research on the public health importance of [[Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever]] in India.<ref>{{cite web |title=ICMR Awards & Prizes 2017 & 2018 |url=https://sts.icmr.org.in/Result/ICMR_Award_2017-18_Booklet.pdf |publisher=[[ICMR]] |page=15}}</ref> The award was given by the Union Health Minister, [[Harsh Vardhan (Delhi politician)|Harsh Vardhan]].<ref name=d/> In 2012, she was awarded the [[Indian Council of Medical Research|ICMR]]'s Dr. T Ram Chandra Rao Award by the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]], [[Government of India]].<ref name=a/>

She has received many other awards such as:
* Young Scientist Awards, by the National Academy of Vector-Borne Disease Association, 2013<ref name=b/>
* Research Foundation [[Indian Council of Medical Research|ICMR]]-[[National Institute of Virology|NIV]], Achievers of the year 2016-2017<ref name=b/>
* Exemplary Services Award by the [[Indian Council of Medical Research]] for work on [[Nipah virus]], 2019<ref name=b/>
* Indian Virology Society Award, 2019<ref name=b/>
* COVID Worrier Award by the [[Governor of Maharashtra]], 2020<ref name=b/>
* Amritsar Award, by the [[National Academy of Medical Sciences]], [[Government of India]], 2021<ref name=b/>
* Outstanding COVID-19 Frontline Warrior Award for the [[COVID-19]] work, by the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]], 2021<ref name=a/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}13. Dr Pragya Yadav bags Vigyan Yuva-Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar award; becomes 1st woman among ICMR scientists to win:https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/dr-pragya-yadav-vigyan-yuva-shanti-swarup-bhatnagar-award-woman-imcr-scientists-9505234/

14. Dr. Pragya from Ayodhya Honored by the President: Vice-Chancellor of Avadh Universityhttps://wortheum.news/award/@ayodhya-mandal/dr-pragya-from-ayodhya-honored-by-the-president-vice-chancellor-of-avadh-university

== External links ==
* [https://niv.co.in/profiles/pdyadavpr.htm Pragya D. Yadav's Profile] on [[National Institute of Virology]]
* [https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/health/understanding-monkeypox-protection-spread-consequences-7939675/ Monkeypox is largely a self-limiting disease, but high-risk groups can have severe consequences] at ''[[Indian Express]]''
* [https://mobile.twitter.com/indiatoday/status/1510266312643256322 Dr Pragya Yadav's interview] with ''[[India Today]]''
* {{Google Scholar ID | id= F2KFdPUAAAAJ}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, D. Pragya}}
[[Category:Indian virologists]]
[[Category:Indian Council of Medical Research]]
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Scientists from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian scientists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian scientists]]
[[Category:Savitribai Phule Pune University alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Sant Kabir Nagar district]]
[[Category:Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University alumni]]

Mohini 9886788888

2026-03-03T21:44:50Z

Musicalkd: improve article additionally and added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mohini 9886788888
| image = Mohini 9886788888.jpg
| caption = VCD cover
| director = [[Rajendra Singh Babu]]
| producer = Rajendra Singh Babu A. Mohan
| writer = M. S. Ramesh
(Dialogues)
| screenplay = S. V. Rajendra Singh Babu
| narrator =
| story = S. V. Rajendra Singh Babu
Ramana
| starring = [[Aditya (actor)|Aditya]] [[Sadha]] [[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]] [[Anu Prabhakar]]
| music = [[Hamsalekha]]
| cinematography = R. Giri
| editing = Lakshman Reddy
| studio = Sri Lakshmi Venkateshwara Arts Pvt Ltd.
| distributor = Mahatma Pictures
| released = {{Film date|2006|8|11|df=y}}
| runtime = 158 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
}}

'''''Mohini 9886788888''''' is a 2006 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[horror drama film]] directed, co-produced and written by [[Rajendra Singh Babu]]. The film stars [[Aditya (Kannada actor)|Aditya]] and [[Sadha]], with [[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]], [[Anu Prabhakar]] and [[Adi Lokesh]] in other prominent roles.

The film features original score and soundtrack from [[Hamsalekha]]. The film, upon release, was a box office success.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/sevanthi-scores-a-century/story-CkTqvtYsREMUsaIhASWQ6O.html|title=Sevanthi scores a century|date=24 August 2006|work=[[The Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/aug/25ss.htm|title=Deepika Padukone signs Tamil film|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=25 August 2006|access-date=9 August 2024|archive-date=12 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912060109/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/aug/25ss.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Varun, a CID officer, and his wife Varsha, a press reporter, investigate the gruesome murder of Mohini.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Aditya (Kannada actor)|Aditya]] as Varun
* [[Sadha]] as Varsha
* [[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]] as Mohini's mother
* [[Anu Prabhakar]] as Sumanna
* [[Rajesh Nataranga]] as Rajesh
* [[Adi Lokesh]] as John
* [[Komal Kumar]] as Investigating officer
* [[Bullet Prakash]] as Investigating officer's assistant
* [[Hamsa Nandini]] as Mohini
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Goolappa
* [[Riyaz Khan]] as Vicky
* [[K. S. L. Swamy]] as Varun and Sumanna's father
* Mohan Juneja as Mohan A.
* B. M. Giriraj as Varsha's coworker
* Sriraksha Shivakumar
* Baby Anughna as Deepthi
* Ramesh Pandit as Inspector Anjanappa
* [[R. G. Vijayasarathy]] as Varsha's senior reporter (uncredited)
}}

==Soundtrack==
The music of the film was composed and lyrics written by [[Hamsalekha]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/ca/album/mohini-9886788888-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1338704545|title=Mohini 9886788888 (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)|work=[[Apple Music]]|access-date=9 August 2024}}</ref>

{{Infobox album
| name = Mohini 9886788888
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Hamsalekha]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2006|}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[Saregama]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

{{Track listing
| total_length =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Ranga Ranga
| extra1 = [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]], [[Udit Narayan]]
| length1 = 05:52
| title2 = Preethiyalli Naanu
| extra2 = [[Kunal Ganjawala]], [[Anuradha Bhat]]
| length2 = 05:31
| title3 = Jwalamukhiya Haage
| extra3 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Rathnamala Prakash]]
| length3 = 05:06
| title4 = Belagavi Hudugi
| extra4 = [[Malathy Lakshman|Malathi]], [[Hemanth Kumar]]
| length4 = 05:28
| title5 = Just Say Hi
| extra5 = [[P. Ravi Shankar]], [[Nanditha (singer)|Nanditha]]
| length5 = 04:35
| title6 = Mohini Mohini
| extra6 = [[Harish Raghavendra]], [[Chaitra H. G.]]
| length6 = 05:29
| title7 = Mohini Mohini
| extra7 = [[Anuradha Sriram]]
| length7 = 05:29
}}

== Reception ==
[[R. G. Vijayasarathy]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote that "If you like horror movies, you will certainly like ''Mohini'' ".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/aug/14mohini.htm|title=''Mohini'': At last, a decent Kannada horror flick|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=14 August 2006|access-date=9 August 2024|first=R. G.|last=Vijayasarathy|archive-date=12 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912060459/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/aug/14mohini.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' said the film was sans logic.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/mohini-9886788888-review-kannada-14271623.html|title=Mohini 9886788888|url-status=dead|work=[[Sify]]|access-date=9 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427194706/http://www.sify.com/movies/mohini-9886788888-review-kannada-14271623.html|archive-date=27 April 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|4193956}}

{{Rajendra Singh Babu}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohini 9886788888}}
[[Category:2006 films]]
[[Category:2006 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian horror drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Hamsalekha]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rajendra Singh Babu]]

{{2000s-Kannada-film-stub}}

LifeStories

2026-03-03T09:28:42Z

Musicalkd: New!

{{Short description|Indian drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Correct title|title=#LifeStories|reason=#|edit=omission}}{{Infobox film
| image = LifeStories poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Ujjwal Kashyap
| writer = Ujjwal Kashyap
| producer = Ujjwal Pasnur and MM Vijaya Jyothi
| story =
| starring = Satya Kethineedi, Deviyani Sharma, Rajsekhar Aningi, Lakshmi sunkara, Raju Gollapalli, Shalini Kondepudi, Gowtham Rao
| cinematography = Pranav Ananda
| editing = Surya Vinay
| music = Vinod Kumar (Vinnu)
| studio = ACZUN Entertainment and Planet Green Studios
| distributor =
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| runtime = 104 minutes
| released = {{Film date|2024|09|14|df=y}}
| budget =
| country = India
}}
'''''#LifeStories''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] film written and directed by Ujjwal Kashyap. The film is produced by Ujjwal Pasnur and MM Vijaya Jyothi under ACZUN Entertainment.<ref>{{cite web |title=#LifestoriesUA |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-details/lifestories/movieshow/113424778.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2024-12-15 |archive-date=2024-12-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241215073113/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-details/lifestories/movieshow/113424778.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=#Life Stories Review: '#లైఫ్ స్టోరీస్' రివ్యూ |url=https://ntvtelugu.com/reviews/life-stories-review-in-telugu-675856.html |website=[[NTV (India)|NTV Telugu]] |language=te-IN |date=14 September 2024 |access-date=15 December 2024 |archive-date=15 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241215070112/https://ntvtelugu.com/reviews/life-stories-review-in-telugu-675856.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=#లైఫ్ స్టోరీస్ మూవీ రివ్యూ.. సినిమా ఎలా ఉందంటే..! |url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/shalini-kondepudi-deviyani-sharma-life-stories-movie-review-and-rating-sr-2581848.html |website=[[News18 India]] |language=te |date=14 September 2024 |access-date=15 December 2024 |archive-date=15 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241215070111/https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/shalini-kondepudi-deviyani-sharma-life-stories-movie-review-and-rating-sr-2581848.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=#Lifestories 2024 Film, Telugu Language Film |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/entertainment/lifestories-a-deep-dive-into-the-heart-of-human-experiences |website=Bru Times News |language=en |access-date=2024-12-15 |archive-date=2024-12-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241215070115/https://www.brutimes.com/news/entertainment/lifestories-a-deep-dive-into-the-heart-of-human-experiences |url-status=live }}</ref> The film premiered on 14 September 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=#LifeStories is Grand Releasing on September 14th |url=https://www.telugutimes.net/article/lifestories-is-grand-releasing-on-september-14thmovie-portraying-6-stories-with-11-characters-2 |website=Telugu Times |language=en |access-date=2024-12-15 |archive-date=2024-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911012552/https://www.telugutimes.net/article/lifestories-is-grand-releasing-on-september-14thmovie-portraying-6-stories-with-11-characters-2 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The film has Satya Kethineedi, Deviyani Sharma, Rajsekhar Aningi, Lakshmi Sunkara, Raju Gollapalli, Shalini Kondepudi, Gowtham Rao and Pradeep Raparthi in main cast.<ref>{{cite web |title=#Life Stories Review: ఆరు కథలు.. విభిన్నమైన భావోద్వేగాలు {{!}} #Life Stories Movie Telugu Review And Rating {{!}} Sakshi |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/hashtag-life-stories-movie-review-and-rating-telugu-2183093 |website=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]] |language=te |access-date=2024-12-15 |archive-date=2024-12-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241215070109/https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/hashtag-life-stories-movie-review-and-rating-telugu-2183093 |url-status=live }}</ref> The film's score is composed by Vinod Kumar (Vinnu), while the cinematography is executed by Pranav Ananda.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sistu |first1=Suhas |title='#LifeStories' set to captivate audiences with heartfelt everyday moments |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/lifestories-set-to-captivate-audiences-with-heartfelt-everyday-moments-905765 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en |date=10 September 2024 |access-date=15 December 2024 |archive-date=15 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241215070112/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/lifestories-set-to-captivate-audiences-with-heartfelt-everyday-moments-905765 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Plot==
The film begins in a software development office. A software employee schedules a cab, commencing a journey that interweaves with five supplementary narratives. A narrative explores a wife's difficulties in celebrating New Year's Eve with her spouse while working in a software firm. Another narrative depicts how a dog becomes a companion to a reclusive woman, Mangamma. The third narrative focuses on the relationship between two old companions. It also illustrates the difficulties encountered by a schoolboy while separated from his mother. Themes such as companionship, joy, camaraderie, loneliness, and unconditional love are intricately interwoven into these works.<ref>{{cite web |date=14 September 2024 |title=#Life Stroies Movie Review: #లైఫ్ స్టోరీస్ మూవీ రివ్యూ.. ఒక జీవితంతో ముడిపడిన ఆరు కథలు..! |url=https://zeenews.india.com/telugu/no-rev/life-stroies-movie-review-rating-public-talk-new-age-movie-drama-ta-164026 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241215073933/https://zeenews.india.com/telugu/no-rev/life-stroies-movie-review-rating-public-talk-new-age-movie-drama-ta-164026 |archive-date=15 December 2024 |access-date=15 December 2024 |website=[[Zee News]] |language=te}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=14 September 2024 |title=Director Ujwal Kashyap's Life Stories Redefines Anthology Films |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/ujwal-kashyaps-life-stories-movie-review-1823586 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241215073934/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/ujwal-kashyaps-life-stories-movie-review-1823586 |archive-date=15 December 2024 |access-date=15 December 2024 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*Satya Kethineedi as Piyush
*Deviyani Sharma as Swetha
*Rajsekhar Aningi as Rajini
*Lakshmi sunkara as Mangamma
*Raju Gollapalli as Murali
*Harry as Bangaram
*Shalini kondepudi as Shreya
*Pradeep Raparthi as Mangesh
*Mohan Rao Bagwat as Mohan
*Gowtham Rao as Gowtham
*Vivan Jain as Kaustubh
*Venkatesh Mamidala as seenu
*Rahul as Jaleel Pasha

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt33291011}}

[[Category:2024 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2024 drama films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]

Selvam (2005 film)

2026-03-03T04:28:17Z

Musicalkd: adding a data

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Selvam 2005.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[Agathiyan]]
| producer = Agathiyan
| writer = Agathiyan
| starring = {{ubl|[[Nandha Durairaj|Nandha]]|[[Uma (actress)|Uma]]|Vani}}
| music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| cinematography = [[G. Ramesh|Ramesh G.]]
| editing = Lancy Mohan
| distributor =
| studio = Kalaivani Movie Makers
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2005|08|05}}
| runtime = 140 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Selvam''''' is a 2005 Indian Tamil-language [[romance film|romantic]] [[psychological thriller]] film directed and produced by [[Agathiyan]]. The film stars [[Nandha Durairaj|Nandha]], [[Uma (actress)|Uma]], and Vani. It was released on 5 August 2005.<ref name="preview 1"/><ref name="preview 2"/><ref name="preview 3"/>

==Plot==

The movie begins with Selvam ([[Nandha Durairaj|Nandha]]) coming to Chennai. After a quarrel with a person, he suffers a head injury and forgets about his past. He rushes to a hospital where he seeks the help of Dr. Lakshmi ([[Ranjitha]]). Lakshmi assigns Dr. Thendral ([[Uma (actress)|Uma]]) to treat him back to his normal self. Selvam does not remember his name, so he is christened as Kannan by the hospital doctors. Thendral falls in love with Kannan and expresses her love for him. A couple of incidents help Kannan know about his past. He returns to his village and meets his parents and fiancée Jyothy (Vani), waiting for his return. Then, he knows the truth from his sister that he is adopted son to his parents and got abonded from them.Finally, he return to Thendral and reunite with her.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Nandha Durairaj|Nandha]] as Selvam (Kannan)
*[[Uma (actress)|Uma]] as Dr. Thendral
*Vani as Jyothy
*[[Ranjitha]] as Dr. Lakshmi
*[[Monica (actress)|Monica]]
*[[Manivannan]] as Selvam's father
*[[Sabitha Anand]] as Selvam's mother
*[[Ajay Rathnam]] as Jyothy's father
*[[K. R. Savithri]] as Jyothy's mother
*[[Sanjeev Venkat|Sanjeev]] as Senthil, Selvam's brother
*[[Ganeshkar]] as Kesavan
*[[Ajay Raj]] as Subramaniam
*[[Muthukaalai]] as Shanmugam
*Muthuraja as Muthuraja
*[[Alex (actor)|Alex]]
*[[Scissor Manohar]]
*Divyasri
*[[Agathiyan]] in a cameo appearance
*[[Deva (composer)|Deva]] in a guest appearance
}}

==Production==
After a debacle in his previous film ''[[Ramakrishna (2004 Tamil film)|Ramakrishna]]'', the director [[Agathiyan]] begun his next directorial venture, initially being titled as ''Vedanthaangal'', was later changed to ''Selvam''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/05/27/stories/2005052700010401.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070708071033/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/05/27/stories/2005052700010401.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2007-07-08|title=Entertainment Chennai / Cinema : As always|accessdate=2013-12-28|date=2005-05-27|work=[[The Hindu]]|author=S. R. Ashok Kumar}}</ref> This time, he had turned into producer besides wielding the megaphone, which it gave him more liberty in executing the movie according to his tastes and wish. Director described ''Selvam'' as a "movie on human emotions irrespective of the star cast will make it good at the box-office". The film was launched at Prasad Deluxe Theatre.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cinesouth.com/specials/function/20012005-6.shtml|date=20 January 2005|website=Cinesouth|title=The Pooja for Agathiyan's 'Vedanthangal' with Photos|access-date=19 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050308150003/http://www.cinesouth.com/specials/function/20012005-6.shtml|archive-date=8 March 2005}}</ref> [[Nandha Durairaj]] of ''[[Punnagai Poove]]'' fame was signed to play the protagonist and [[Uma (actress)|Uma]] of ''[[Kadal Pookkal]]'' fame was signed to play the female lead. [[Manivannan]] was also added in a supporting role, as well as actors such as [[Ajay Rathnam]], Alex, Scissor Manohar, Muthukaalai, [[Ganeshkar]], [[Sanjeev (Tamil actor, born 1975)|Sanjeev]] and Ajay Raj. Actor Nandha said "I have a plum role in this film. Thanks to Agathiyan sir for the confidence he had in me. Agathiyan sir has portrayed the human relationships in a beautiful way with interesting twists and turns". Deva signed to score the music and also appeared in a guest role in the film. The film had five songs including a semi-classical dance which will portray Tamil tradition. Lancy Mohan handle the editing department, respectively, while Ramesh G was selected as the cinematographer and Yoga Magi was the art-director.<ref name="preview 1">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/preview/7546.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051130043214/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/preview/7546.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 November 2005|title= Selvam - Full of riches|accessdate=2013-12-28|date=2005-05-25|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref><ref name="preview 2">{{cite web|url=http://kollywood.allindiansite.com/previews/selvam.html|title=Selvam - It's All About movies - AllIndianSite.com|accessdate=2013-12-28|publisher=kollywood.allindiansite.com|archive-date=30 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235025/http://kollywood.allindiansite.com/previews/selvam.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="preview 3">{{cite web |author=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=2005-08-05 |title=On the film world |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/08/05/stories/2005080500540401.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071206141758/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/08/05/stories/2005080500540401.htm |archive-date=2007-12-06 |accessdate=2013-12-28 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==

The film score and the soundtrack were composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]. The soundtrack, released on 6 May 2005, features 6 tracks with lyrics written by Agathiyan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/album/T0000687.html|title=Selvam Songs|accessdate=2013-12-28|website=[[Raaga.com]]|archive-date=30 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230234544/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/album/T0000687.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Track !! Song !! Singer(s) !! Duration
|-
|1 || "Ennai Sathiyama" || [[Mukesh Mohamed]] || 5:07
|-
|2 || "Maari Enna Maariyatha" || [[Swarnalatha]] || 5:31
|-
|3 || "Oh Venpura Ondru" || Jeevarikha, [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]] || 6:32
|-
|4 || "Oodum Megame" || Karthik || 5:42
|-
|5 || "Thitathae Pesathae" || [[Saindhavi]] || 5:10
|}

==Reception==
The film received above average reviews. ''Indiaglitz.com'' said "Though not on the levels of his Kadhal Kottai or Gokulathil Seethai, all credit to Agathiyan for giving an engrossing movie with a less known star cast".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/review/7546.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051127183953/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/review/7546.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 November 2005|title=Selvam - Simple tale well told|accessdate=2013-12-28|date=2005-08-09|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> S. R. Ashok Kumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' said "The first half keeps the viewers engrossed. It is only in the latter part that confusion shows up" but he praised the lead pair "Nanda makes good use of the scope the film offers. Uma is not only beautiful but also emotes well" and concluded "Agathiyan deserves kudos for his new venture".<ref>{{cite web |author=Ashok Kumar |first=S. R. |date=2005-08-12 |title=Sags after a promising start |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/08/12/stories/2005081202600200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071128003459/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/08/12/stories/2005081202600200.htm |archive-date=2007-11-28 |accessdate=2013-12-28 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Lajjavathi of ''Kalki'' wrote no doubt its an interesting plot however the first half most of the scenes are dragged but thankfully the second half compensates with interesting scenes while praising the performances of Nandha and Uma, cinematography and natural dialogues.<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=Kalki|language=ta|url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2005-08-28/page/n97/mode/2up|title=செல்வம் |last=லஜ்ஜாவதி |access-date=21 April 2024|date=28 May 2005|page=96}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

{{Agathiyan}}

[[Category:2005 Indian films]]
[[Category:2005 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2005 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Agathiyan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
{{Improve categories|date=April 2024}}

Una district

2026-02-23T20:04:09Z

Musicalkd: Refined content and updated sections

{{Short description|District in Himachal Pradesh, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{original research|date=July 2021}}
{{More citations needed|date=November 2019}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Una district
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Himachal Pradesh|District]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| total_type = Total
| native_name = 
| official_name =
| image_skyline = Chintpurni Devi (17).JPG
| image_caption = [[Chintpurni]] Devi Temple
| image_map = Una in Himachal Pradesh (India).svg
| image_map1 =
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Himachal Pradesh
| coordinates = {{coord|31|28|34|N|76|16|13|E|type:adm3rd_source:itwiki|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint = Una, Himachal Pradesh, India
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|}} [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 =
| subdivision_name2 =
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 1 September 1972
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Una, Himachal Pradesh|Una]]
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 = 5
| area_total_km2 = 1540
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 521173
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban = 8.8%
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics_type2 = Languages
| demographics1_info1 = 87.23%
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 = 977
| demographics1_title3 = Official
| demographics1_info3 = [[Hindi]]
| demographics1_title4 = Local
| demographics1_info4 = {{hlist|[[Western Pahari|Pahari]]|[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]}}
| leader_title = [[Parliamentary Constituency]]
| leader_name = [[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency|Hamirpur]]
| leader_title1 = [[Member of Parliament]]
| leader_name1 = [[Anurag Thakur]]
| leader_title2 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| registration_plate = HP-72 (District RTO)
| blank_name_sec1 =
| blank_info_sec1 =
| blank_name_sec2 = Average annual precipitation
| blank_info_sec2 = 1253 mm
| website = http://hpuna.nic.in/
}}
'''Una district''' is a [[District (India)|district]] in the Indian state of [[Himachal Pradesh]]. Una shares its border with the [[Hoshiarpur district|Hoshiarpur]] and [[Rupnagar district|Rupnagar]] districts of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and [[Kangra district|Kangra]], [[Hamirpur district, Himachal Pradesh|Hamirpur]], and [[Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur]] districts of Himachal Pradesh. The terrain is generally plain with semi hills.

Una has five [[tehsil]]s, namely [[Ghanari]], [[Haroli Tehsil|Haroli]], [[Amb, India|Amb]], [[Bangana town|Bangana]] and [[Una, Himachal Pradesh|Una]] itself. It was a tehsil of [[Hoshiarpur district]] until the [[Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966]] and [[Kangra district]] until 1972, after which it became a district of [[Himachal Pradesh]].

== Geography ==
[[File:Tehsils of district una himachal pradesh.jpg|thumb|Tehsils of Una district|left]]
Una lies in the western part of Himachal Pradesh, with the [[Sivalik Hills]] of the [[Himalayas]] rolling on the western side and Solah Singhi range on the eastern side. The [[Satluj]] river alongside Shahtalai, known for the shrine of [[Baba Balak Nath]] passes through south of district near Nangal Dam and Beas passes at the north of district near Pong Dam, Talwara.

The altitude varies from more than 409 meters in plains to over 1000 meters in hills. Swan River which is basically seasonal river and also known as soul of district Una flows 65 km right across the Jaswan Valley towards south until it submerges in the [[Sutlej]] river near Anandpur.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://swanriverproject.nic.in/|title=Swan River|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001004913/http://swanriverproject.nic.in/|archive-date=1 October 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=1,65,000|13=1911|14=1,61,786|15=1921|16=1,61,856|17=1931|18=1,70,620|19=1941|20=1,94,249|21=1951|22=1,96,829|23=1961|24=2,26,696|25=1971|26=2,61,357|27=1981|28=3,17,422|29=1991|30=3,78,269|31=2001|32=4,48,273|33=2011|34=5,21,173|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=center}}
According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Una district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 521,173,<ref name=districtcensus>{{cite web |year=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: Una |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/488/download/1600/DH_2011_0207_PART_A_DCHB_UNA.pdf |access-date= |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> giving it a ranking of 543rd in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has a population density of {{convert|338|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}.<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001-2011 was 16.24%.<ref name=districtcensus/> Una has a [[sex ratio]] of 977 females for every 1000 males,<ref name=districtcensus/> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 87.23%. 8.62% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 22.16% and 1.65% of the population, respectively.<ref name=districtcensus/>
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Una district (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Himachal Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11375/download/14488/DDW02C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|92.13}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|darkkhaki|4.99}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|2.74}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.14}}}}

===Language===
{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Una district (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Hindi]] |value1 = 39.51 |color1 = orange
|label2 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] |value2 = 29.68 |color2 = sky blue
|label3 = [[Western Pahari|Pahadi]] |value3 = 23.40 |color3 = coral
|label4 = [[Haryanvi language|Haryanvi]] |value4 = 3.34 |color4 = Indianred
|label5 = [[Dogri language|Dogri]] |value5 = 1.01 |color5 = indigo
|label6 = Others |value6 = 3.06 |color6 = grey}}

Local languages are [[Hindi]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and [[Western Pahari|Pahari]]. Punjabi is mostly used in plain areas of Tehsil [[Ghanari]], [[Haroli Tehsil]], Tehsil Una, and parts of Tehsil Amb. In other areas like Tehsil Bangana and Chintpurni (Part of Amb Tehsil) Pahari dialect is spoken.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Himachal Pradesh |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10205/download/13317/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0200.XLSX|website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Politics==
{{transcluded section|source=13th Himachal Pradesh Assembly}}This is the list of current Member of Legislative Assembly from Una district:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|[[Chintpurni Assembly constituency|Chintpurni]] (SC)
|[[Sudarshan Singh Babloo]]
|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|[[Gagret Assembly constituency|Gagret]]
|Rakesh Kalia
|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Elected on 4 Jun 2024
|-
|[[Haroli Assembly constituency|Haroli]]
|[[Mukesh Agnihotri]]
|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|'''Deputy Chief Minister'''
|-
|[[Una (Himachal Pradesh Assembly constituency)|Una]]
|[[Satpal Singh Satti]]
|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|[[Kutlehar Assembly constituency|Kutlehar]]
|[[Vivek Sharma]]
|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Elected on 4 Jun 2024
|}

==Education==

=== Schools ===
* Mount Carmel School, Una<ref>{{cite news| title=Mount Carmel Senior Secondary School, Una
|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/schools/mount-carmel-senior-secondary-school-una-569613/ |access-date=7 December 2023 |work=Tribune India |language=hi}}</ref>
* St. D.R. Public School, Gagret
* Dashmesh Public School Gurplah Sahib<ref name="Schools"/>
* DAV Sr Sec Public School, Ambota<ref name="Schools"/>
* Himalayan Convent, [[Bhanjal]]<ref name="Schools"/>
* [[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Una]]<ref name="Schools"/>
* Mount Everest Model High School, [[Mehatpur Basdehra|Mehatpur]]<ref name="Schools">{{cite web |title=Schools - Himachal Pradesh |url=https://himachal.nic.in/WriteReadData/l892s/16_l892s/Download%20File%20(4)-17658557.pdf |website=himachal.nic.in |access-date=25 April 2022}}</ref>
* PAR Model High School, Dohgi<ref name="Schools"/>
* Sai Public School<ref name="Schools"/>
* Saraswati School, Rampur<ref name="Schools"/>
* Sunrise Public Sr Sec School, Saloh<ref name="Schools"/>
* Vashist Public School<ref>{{cite web |title=Vashist Public School, Behdala, Una: Admission, Fee, Facilities, Affiliation |url=https://school.careers360.com/schools/vashist-public-school-behdala-una |website=school.careers360.com |access-date=1 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

== Places near Una ==
* [[Joh, Una]]
* [[Dharamshala]]
* [[McLeod Ganj]]
* [[Kangra, Himachal Pradesh|Kangra]]
* [[Hoshiarpur]]
* [[Khajjiar]]
* [[Jawalamukhi]]
* [[Chandigarh]]
* [[Pragpur]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

== External links ==
* [https://hpuna.nic.in/ Official Link]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101125203223/http://himachalpr.gov.in/intranet/Una/(%20A%20)%20UNA%20PROFILE.doc Una Profile]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101125203325/http://himachalpr.gov.in/intranet/Una/(%20B%20)%20UNA%20%20DISTRICT%20%20CULTURAL%20AND%20RELIGIOUS%20HERITAGE.doc Una District Cultural and Religious Heritage]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Una district
|North = [[Kangra district]]
|Northeast =
|East = [[Hamirpur district, Himachal Pradesh|Hamirpur district]]
|Southeast = [[Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur district]]
|South = [[Rupnagar district]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|Southwest =
|West = [[Hoshiarpur district]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|Northwest =
}}

{{Districts of Himachal Pradesh}}
{{Geo HP}}

[[Category:Una district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Himachal Pradesh]]

Nihal Singh Wala Assembly constituency

2026-02-22T17:01:24Z

Musicalkd: started a biography...

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Punjab State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Nihal Singhwala
| state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| district = [[Moga district|Moga]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Faridkot Lok Sabha constituency|Faridkot]]
| reservation = SC
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 71
| map_image = 71-Nihal Singhwala.svg
| mla = [[Manjit Singh Bilaspur|Manjit Singh]]
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| electors = {{formatnum:198817}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=10 May 2022 |access-date= 15 May 2022}}</ref>{{update after|2027|6}}
}}
'''Nihal Singh Wala''' is one of the 117 [[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/lpac.aspx |title=List of Parliamentary Constituencies and Assembly Constituencies in the State of Punjab as determined by the delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituency notification dated 19th June, 2006 |author=Chief Electoral Officer – Punjab |date=19 June 2006 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf|title= List of Punjab Assembly Constituencies|accessdate= 19 July 2016|url-status= dead|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20160423033326/http://ceopunjab.nic.in/english/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf|archivedate= 23 April 2016}}</ref>
It is part of [[Moga district|Moga]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Castes]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1997 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1997]]
| Ajaib Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party Of India}}
|-
|[[2002 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| Zora Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|[[2007 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| Ajit Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| [[Rajwinder Kaur]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017]]<ref name=election2017/>
| rowspan=2|[[Manjit Singh Bilaspur|Manjit Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2022 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2022]]: Nihal SinghWala}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = [[Manjit Singh Bilaspur]]
|votes = {{formatnum:65156}}
|change =
|percentage = 46.40
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Bhupendra singh Sahoke]]<ref name="Punjab INC 2022">{{cite news |title=Punjab Elections 2022: Full list of Congress Candidates and their Constituencies |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-elections-2022-full-list-of-congress-candidates/2407341/ |access-date=18 February 2022 |work=FE Online |agency=The Indian Express Group |issue=The Financial Express (India) |date=February 18, 2022}}</ref>
|votes = {{formatnum:27172}}
|percentage = 19.4
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = Baldev Singh Manuke
|votes = {{formatnum:26758}}
|percentage = 19.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)
|candidate = Baldev Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:14618}}
|percentage = 10.4
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1010}}
|percentage = 0.50
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:37984}}
|percentage = 26.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:198809}}
|ref=<ref name="Punjab Election 2022">{{cite web |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022" />

=== 2017 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2017"/> <section end="Assembly Election 2017"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2017]]: Nihal Singhwala<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3614-punjab-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date= 26 June 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Manjit Singh Bilaspur]]
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:67313}}
|percentage = 44.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Rajwinder Kaur]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:39739}}
|percentage = 26.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[S.R. Kaler]]
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:34865}}
|percentage = 23.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = {{formatnum:1010}}
|percentage = 0.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:27574}}
|percentage = 18.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:150363}}
|percentage = 78.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:192376}}
|ref=<ref name=electors2017>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/VS2017/D03-Electors%20and%20Polling%20Stations%20VS%202017.pdf |title=Electors and Polling Stations - VS 2017 |author=Chief Electoral Officer - Punjab |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2012 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2012]]: Nihal Singhwala}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Rajwinder Kaur]]
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:57652}}
|percentage = 41.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Ajit Singh Shant]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:57061}}
|percentage = 41.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Mohinder Singh
|party = CPI
|votes = {{formatnum:17513}}
|percentage = 12.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:591}}
|percentage = 0.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:138675}}
|percentage = 78.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:177567}}
|ref=
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Moga district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Punjab Assembly Election results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/86-punjab/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Punjab}}
{{coord|30.59|75.28|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Moga district]]
[[Category:Politics of Punjab, India]]

Regunta Yesurathnam

2026-02-10T03:01:01Z

Musicalkd: started new info

{{Short description|Indian priest (1941–2011)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox clergy
| honorific_prefix = The Reverend Doctor
| name = R. Yesurathnam
| image = 
| image_size = 
| alt =
| caption = 
| pronunciation =
| birth_name = Regunta Yesurathnam
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1941|10|16}}<ref name="Punthi">R.Yesurathnam, ''A Christian Dialogical Theology: The Contribution of Swami Abhishiktananda'',
Punthi Pustak, [[Calcutta]], 2006.[https://books.google.com/books?id=XU7ZAAAAMAAJ&q=regunta+yesurathnam]</ref>
| birth_place = [[Nirmal]], [[Nirmal district]] (previously under [[Adilabad district]]), [[Telangana]], India<ref name="Punthi"/>
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2011|08|08|1941|10|16}}
| death_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]]
| residence =
| education = [[Bachelor of Divinity|B. D.]] ([[Senate of Serampore College (University)|Serampore]]),<ref name="Hiwale">K. M. Hiwale (Compiled), ''Directory of the [[United Theological College, Bangalore|United Theological College]] 1910–1997'', [[Bangalore]], 1998. Past students of the graduate course, p.33; Postgraduate course, p.106.; [[Doctor of Theology|D.Th.]], p.142.[https://books.google.com/books?id=yCvXPgAACAAJ&q=Directory+of+the+United+Theological+College+1910%E2%80%931997]</ref> [[Master of Arts|M. A.]] ([[Osmania University|Osmania]]), [[Master of Theology|M. Th.]] ([[Senate of Serampore College (University)|Serampore]]), [[Doctor of Theology|D. Th.]] ([[Senate of Serampore College (University)|Serampore]])
| alma_mater =[[United Theological College, Bangalore]] ([[Karnataka]]), [[Selly Oak Colleges]], [[Birmingham]] (England)
| occupation = [[Priesthood]]
| years_active = 1967–2011
| parents =
| website = 
| religion = [[Christianity]]
| church = [[Church of South India]]
| ordained = 1967, by [[Bishop]] [[Eber Priestley]] at the [[Church of South India|CSI]]-[[Medak Cathedral]], [[Medak]]
| writings = ''See section on writings''
| congregations = [[Sangareddy]]<ref name="Hope">R. Yesurathnam, ''The Cross of Christ as the Anchor of Hope in Suffering'', ''[[National Council of Churches Review]]'', Volume 123, 2003, pp.195-206.[https://books.google.com/books?id=7R3ZAAAAMAAJ&q=yesurathnam]</ref> and other towns under the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the [[Diocese of Medak]] {{small|(1967-1974)}}
| offices_held = Teacher - in - [[Systematic theology]],<ref name="IBMR">R. Yesurathnam, ''Book Review on Mission Today, Challenges and Responses'' in ''[[International Bulletin of Missionary Research]]'', Volume 3, Issue 136, July 1999, p.139.{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20170808034752/http://www.internationalbulletin.org/issues/1999-03/1999-03-136-bookreviews.pdf]}}</ref> [[Andhra Christian Theological College]], [[Secunderabad]] (India) {{small|(1974<ref name="Punthi"/>-2001)}}, Principal, [[Andhra Christian Theological College]], [[Secunderabad]] (India) {{small|(1994-1998)}}, Guest Professor, [[:de:Kirchliche Hochschule Wuppertal/Bethel]] ([[Germany]]) {{small|(1993)}},<ref name="Punthi"/> [[Council for World Mission|CWM]]-Missionary and Director, [[International University of the Caribbean]], [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]] ([[Jamaica]]) {{small|(2001-2011)}}
| title = The Reverend Doctor
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| footnotes =
}}
{{Portal|Theology}}
'''Regunta Yesurathnam''' (16 October 1941 – 8 August 2011)<ref name="SC">[[Senate of Serampore College (University)]], ''Minutes of the Eighty-sixth meeting of the [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]] held on 9 and 10 February 2012 at the New Theological College, [[Dehradun]]'', 2012. [http://www.senateofseramporecollege.edu.in/docs/senateminutes2012.pdf]</ref> was a [[priest]] hailing from the [[Diocese of Medak of the Church of South India]], headquartered in [[Medak]], notable as a [[Systematic theology|systematic theologian]]<ref name="Contextualization">Charles E. Van Engen, ''Five Perspectives of Contextually Appropriate Missional Theology'' in Charles H. Kraft (Edited), ''Appropriate Christianity'', William Carey Library, Pasadena, 2005,
p.194.[https://books.google.com/books?id=RysiXCZ7JJgC&pg=PA194]</ref> who served as a faculty member from 1974 through 2001 of the [[Andhra Christian Theological College]], affiliated to the [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]], in [[Secunderabad]], [[Telangana]], India,.

Yesurathnam has been acknowledged for his contribution to the disciplines of [[Interfaith dialogue|dialogical theology]]<ref name="Sonia"/> and [[comparative religion]].<ref>T. Swami Raju, ''The Study of Religion: Methods of Perspectives'', BTESSC, SATHRI, Bangalore, 2004, p.54.[https://books.google.com/books?id=VpnXAAAAMAAJ&q=r.yesuratnam]</ref>

As a pupil of another CSI systematic theologian, [[Joshua Russell Chandran]], under whom he was groomed in the 1960s, Yesurathnam established himself as a scholar and during the subsequent decade, as evidenced by his interest in dialogical theology, Yesurathnam seemed to have been influenced by the religious scholars [[Stanley Jedidiah Samartha]] of the [[Church of South India]] (CSI), Herbert Jai Singh of the [[Methodist Church in India]] (MCI)<ref>Herbert Jai Singh, ''The Teaching of Religions in the Indian Context'', ''[[Indian Journal of Theology]]'', Volume 29, Numbers 3 and 4, July–December 1980, pp.149-159.[https://biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/ijt/29-3-4_149.pdf]</ref> and David C. Scott, also of the MCI.<ref name="Bob"/> During the initial years of his doctoral research in the 1970s, it was [[Arvind P. Nirmal]], [[Church of North India|CNI]] (the proponent of [[Dalit theology]]) who supervised and enabled Yesurathnam to push through his doctoral studies.

==Contribution==
===Dialogical theology===
{{Main|Interfaith dialogue}}
In a work about Dialogical Theology, with special reference to the activities of the [[World Council of Churches]] and its unit on Dialogue, Professor Jutta Sperber, of the [[University of Münster]], Germany, has quoted the work of Yesurathnam on the Christian-[[Muslim]] dialogue. Similarly, Sonia Calza<ref name="Sonia">Sonia Calza, ''La contemplazione: via privilegiata al dialogo cristiano-induista : Sulle orme di [[Jules Monchanin|J. Monchanin]], [[Henri Le Saux|H. Le Saux]], [[Raimon Panikkar|R. Panikkar]] e [[Bede Griffiths|B. Griffiths]]'', Pauline, Milan, 2001, p.359.[https://books.google.com/books?id=UDa57qubFoIC&pg=PA165]</ref> while researching on interfaith dialogue with reference to [[Hinduism]] and Christianity, referred to Yesurathnam's work on Dialogical Theology while writing about the contribution of [[Henri Le Saux]].<ref>Catherine Cornille (Edited), ''The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Inter-Religious Dialogue'', Wiley-Blackwell, 2013. [https://books.google.com/books?id=UHdgFhRKCOsC&pg=PA1931]</ref>

===Comparative religion===
{{Main|Comparative religion}}

Yesurathnam, also wrote on the work on the concept of Avatara, which has been cited by other scholars. Bob Robinson<ref name="Bob">Bob Robinson, ''Christians Meeting Hindus: An Analysis and Theological Critique of the Hindu-Christian Encounter in India'', Regnum, [[Oxford]], 2004, p.275.[https://books.google.com/books?id=jYsVCItO7tAC&pg=PR4]</ref> noted this work with special emphasis on the relationship to [[Christianity]] and Steven Tsoukalas quoted Yesurathnam's work on the forms of Avatara.<ref>Steven Tsoukalas, ''Krishna and Christ: Body-divine Relation in the Thought of [[Shiva|Sankara]], [[Ramanuja]] and Classical Christian Orthodoxy'', [[Paternoster Press|Paternoster]], [[Milton Keynes]], 2007, pp.23, 227, 240, 241.[https://books.google.com/books?id=djIlAQAAIAAJ&q=regunta+yesuratnam]</ref>

===Contextualization===
{{Main|Contextualization (Bible translation)}}
Inter-disciplinary writings by Yesurathnam have struck new ground in [[inculturation]] as espoused by [[Swamy Amalorananda]] and the [[New Testament]] Scholar [[Suppogu Joseph]], [[Samavesam of Telugu Baptist Churches|STBC]] (2007)<ref name="Adaptation">[http://www.printsasia.it/book/adaptation-of-the-gospel-tradition-in-luke-suppogu-joseph-8184580029-9788184580020 S. Joseph, ''Adaptation of the Gospel Tradition in Luke'', ISPCK, 2007] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924081817/http://www.printsasia.it/book/adaptation-of-the-gospel-tradition-in-luke-suppogu-joseph-8184580029-9788184580020 |date=2015-09-24 }}</ref> had made a sustained research exploring possibilities for the [[Gospel]] to adapt itself to the multi-religious ethos of India. Earlier proponents who experimented with [[Contextualization (Bible translation)|Contextualization]], emphasizing on the presentation of [[Christ]] adapting to the [[Indian culture]], were [[Robert de Nobili]], [[Society of Jesus|SJ]], [[E. Stanley Jones]], [[Methodist Church in India|MCI]], and [[B. V. Subbamma]], [[Andhra Evangelical Lutheran Church|AELC]], who together were known for their contribution to the [[Christian Ashram Movement]] in India.

Yesurathnam's definition of [[Contextualization (Bible translation)|Contextualization]] has been acknowledged by scholars as a resourceful addition. Charles E. Van Engen<ref name="Contextualization"/> and Akintunde E. Akinade<ref>Akintunde E. Akinade, ''The Crucible of Faith: Justice and Liberation in the work of Engelbert Mvent'' in ''Religions - A Scholarly Journal'', Issue 3, 2012, pp.107-116. [http://www.qscience.com/doi/pdf/10.5339/rels.2012.justice.17]</ref> refer to the word ''contextualization'' as defined by Yesurathnam.

===Renewal of the Church===
{{Main|Church renewal}}
Yesurathnam cautioned the Church against falling into traditionalism. During the Golden Jubilee of the founding of the [[Uniting church]], the CSI held in [[Chennai]] in 1997,<ref>John C. B. Webster, ''The Church of South India Golden Jubilee'' in ''[[International Bulletin of Missionary Research]]'', Volume 22, Number 2, 1998, pp.50-54.{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20170810090231/http://www.internationalbulletin.org/issues/1998-02/1998-02-ibmr.pdf]}}</ref> Yesurathnam spoke on the ills befalling the Church in India,
{{blockquote|(Adapted) ''The church hierarchy of [[Bishop]]s, [[Presbyter]]s, [[Deacon]]s and [[Laity]] is turning into a [[Varna (Hinduism)|Chaturvarna system]], with the [[Laity]] and [[Women]] as the [[Shudras]], the bottom-most caste.''<ref>R. Yesurathnam, ''Liberation from Jubilee Perspective'' in ''South India Churchman'', July 1997, pp.7-8.{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20170810090231/http://www.internationalbulletin.org/issues/1998-02/1998-02-ibmr.pdf]}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=May 2018}}}} Echoing the apprehensions by Yesurathnam, [[Stanley Jedidiah Samartha]] who was also present at the Jubilee in [[Chennai]], pointed out that one must first introspect before raising [[cudgels]] against the [[Indian caste system]] and believed that one failed to notice the gradual transformation of the [[episcopacy]] into such a system.<ref>[[Stanley Jedidiah Samartha]], "Vision and Reality: Reflections on the Church of South India" in ''[[People's Reporter]]'', 1–15 September 1997, p.4.</ref> Yesurathnam, in an introduction to the book ''Jesus' Tears!'' by Elizabeth Thelma Johnson (2007),<ref>Elizabeth Thelma Johnson, ''Jesus' Tears!'', ISPCK, New Delhi, 2007, p.xv. [https://books.google.com/books?id=nlbUf3gPPl0C&dq=r.yesuratnam&pg=PR4]</ref> has highlighted the work of a [[Laity]] and appreciated their contribution towards the [[Christian missions]].

==Studies==
From his youth, Yesurathnam was inspired by the work of the [[Roman Catholic missionaries|Roman Catholic]] and [[Protestant missionary|Protestant]] [[Christian mission]]s in Telangana. He entered the ministry of the [[Protestant Church]] through the [[Diocese of Medak]], becoming a ministerial candidate during the bishopric of [[Frank Whittaker]], the first Bishop-in-Medak. He studied at a [[seminary]] in [[Bangalore]] for spiritual formation and was ordained in 1967 by [[Bishop]] [[Eber Priestley]], the then Bishop-in-Medak.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}}

===Graduate===
After initial schooling at the mission schools founded by the [[English Wesleyan Mission|Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society]] (WMMS) in Telangana, Yesurathnam decided to take up [[priesthood]]. Bishops [[Frank Whittaker]] and [[Eber Priestley]], successively, became his Spiritual Confessors and led him to take up spiritual studies at the [[United Theological College, Bangalore]] during 1963–1967.<ref name="Hiwale"/> He was awarded a [[Bachelor of Divinity|B. D.]] degree.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}}

===Postgraduate===
{{Main|Pierre Teilhard de Chardin}}
In 1969, Yesurathnam was recalled from parish work and sent to the Protestant Regional Theologiate in [[Bangalore]] for further spiritual studies that lasted until 1972 and resulted in the award of a [[Master of Theology]] degree after research under [[Joshua Russell Chandran]] of the CSI.<ref name="Hiwale"/>

===Doctoral===
{{Main|Henri Le Saux}}
[[File:Swami Abhishiktananda.jpg|thumb|150px|left|[[Henri Le Saux]], [[Order of Saint Benedict|OSB]] (1910-1973) ([[Swami Abhishiktananda]]); Yesurathnam researched during 1978–1982 on [[Benedictine monk|Benedictine monk's]] experiences of [[spirituality]] as found in [[Hinduism]] and [[Christianity]]]]
After a five-year teaching ministry that began in 1974<ref name="Punthi"/> at the Andhra Christian Theological College, Secunderabad, Yesurathnam qualified to undertake doctoral level research in 1978<ref name="Hiwale"/> and was granted a five-year study leave.<ref name="Wilson">R. Yesurathnam, ''Religious Pluralism: Some Implications for the Mission of the Church'' in [[H. S. Wilson]] (Edited), ''The Church on the Move: A Quest to Affirm the Biblical Faith'', Christian Literature Society, Chennai, 1988.[https://books.google.com/books?id=S-wrAAAAMAAJ&q=h.+s.+wilson+victor+premasagar]</ref> Yesurathnam's Bishop during that period, [[B. G. Prasada Rao]], made efforts to ensure that Yesurathnam was able to join his ''[[alma mater]]'', the United Theological College, Bangalore, where he was able to take up research in the discipline of systematic theology under the guidance of Arvind P. Nirmal, [[Church of North India|CNI]]. Yesurathnam also came under the tutelage of [[Stanley Jedidiah Samartha]], a leading authority on Dialogical Theology.<ref name="Hans">Hans Schwarz, ''Theology in a Global Context: The Last Two Hundred Years'', William B. Eerdmans, [[Grand Rapids]], 2005. pp.523-526. [https://books.google.com/books?id=gtkvQxB-6lsC&pg=PA524]</ref> During the research period between 1978 and 1982,<ref name="Hiwale"/> Yesurathnam was also sent to the [[University of Birmingham]], England, in 1979 for a two-year research exposure through the efforts of Gordon Shaw<ref name="Punthi"/> who ensured his overseas travel and stay in England at Kingsmead College under the [[Selly Oak Colleges]], where he was supervised by [[Walter Jacob Hollenweger]], a leading authority on [[Pentecostalism]].<ref>[[Walter Jacob Hollenweger]], ''My Pilgrimage in Mission'', ''[[International Bulletin of Missionary Research]]'', Volume 29, Number 2, 2005, p. 85-88.[http://www.wjhollenweger.ch/files/2005-02-085-hollenweger-my-pilgrimage-in-mission.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501070353/http://wjhollenweger.ch/files/2005-02-085-hollenweger-my-pilgrimage-in-mission.pdf |date=1 May 2017 }}</ref>

By 1981, Yesurathnam returned to the United Theological College and began shaping his doctoral dissertation under the guidance of David C. Scott and by 1982, he rejoined the Andhra Christian Theological College, which by then was being led by the [[New Testament]] scholar,<ref>David Komaravalli, ''Divine Operation and Human Response: A Comparison Between [[Rudolf Bultmann]]'s Understanding of the Pauline Perspectives and Certain Elements in Recent Indian Thought'', [[University of Edinburgh]], [[Edinburgh]], 1973.[https://books.google.com/books?id=Iq8UMwEACAAJ&q=komaravalli+david]</ref> K. David, [[CBCNC]]<ref>[[Mar Aprem Mooken]], ''Indian Christian who is who'', Bombay Parish Church of the East, Bombay, 1983, p.106.[https://books.google.com/books?id=u2s5AAAAMAAJ&q=komaravalli+david]</ref> and took up his teaching role in systematic theology, but was able to submit his doctoral thesis to the university through his supervisor at the United Theological College and finally in 1987, much before nearing a decade of registering with the university, it awarded the degree of [[Doctor of Theology]].<ref name="DTH">Senate of Serampore College, ''List of the Recipient of the Degree of Doctor of Theology''. [http://www.senateofseramporecollege.edu.in/hall-of-fame/doctor-of-theology/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714055717/http://www.senateofseramporecollege.edu.in/hall-of-fame/doctor-of-theology/ |date=14 July 2017 }}</ref>

Though Yesurathnam sought permission from the Senate of Serampore College to publish his doctoral work nearly two decades later, in 2006.<ref name="Punthi"/> His thesis was already being referred by research scholars<ref>Antony Kalliath, ''The Word in the Cave: The Experiential Journey of Swami Abhishiktānanda to the Point of Hindu-Christian Meeting'', Intercultural Publications, New Delhi, 1996, p.436.[https://books.google.com/books?id=tgPkAAAAMAAJ&q=antony+kalliath+dialogical+theology]</ref> on works relating to the contribution of [[Swami Abhishiktananda]].

==Ministry==

===Pastoral ministry===
[[File:Medak Cathedral (1).jpg|thumb|right|200px|The [[Church of South India|CSI]]-Medak Cathedral, [[Medak]] where Yesurathnam was ordained in 1967 by Bishop [[Eber Priestley]], [[Diocese of Medak|Bishop - in - Medak]].]]
{{Main|Diocese of Medak of the Church of South India}}
Yesurathnam was ordained in 1967 by Priestley, then Bishop-in-Medak, and was assigned ministerial functions in the parishes falling under the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the Diocese of Medak and served in [[Sangareddy]]<ref name="Hope"/> and other towns shepherding congregations for nearly a decade<ref name="Punthi"/> until he was recalled in 1974 by then Bishop, [[H. D. L. Abraham]], and reassigned the role of a Spiritual Formator.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}}

In 1992, when [[Victor Premasagar]] vacated the bishopric of Medak on attaining superannuation, the ensuing [[Sede vacante]] was contested among whom Yesurathnam stood in the fray for the vacant bishopric, which was overseen by [[Ryder Devapriam]], then Moderator of the [[Church of South India Synod]] and a former colleague of Yesurathnam at the Protestant Regional Theologiate. However, the sudden death of Devapriam on 4 September 1992<ref name="Nandyal">[http://dioceseofnandyal.org/ Diocese of Nandyal] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106141716/http://dioceseofnandyal.org/ |date=2010-01-06 }}</ref> while in [[Germany]]<ref>''[[National Council of Churches Review]]'', Volume 112, 1992, p.774.[https://books.google.com/books?id=MgnZAAAAMAAJ&q=ryder+devapriam+germany]</ref> turned the tides for those in fray, resulting in the appointment and subsequent consecration of [[B. P. Sugandhar]].

===Teaching===

The Andhra Christian Theological College (ACTC) relocated from [[Rajahmundry]] to Secunderabad. Yesurathnam was invited to join the college in 1974,<ref name="Punthi"/> during the Principalship of [[Victor Premasagar]].<ref name="Carder">William Gordon Carder, ''On theological education in [[Andhra Pradesh]] of the [[Canadian Baptist Mission]] [[Convention of Baptist Churches of Northern Circars]] 1880-1975'' in ''Indian Church History Review'', Volume 13, Issue 1, 1979, pp.70-84.[https://books.google.com/books?id=wsTYAAAAMAAJ&q=jeremiah]</ref> In 1993 he was appointed guest professor at the [[Kirchliche Hochschule Wuppertal/Bethel]] in Germany,<ref name="Matthias">Matthias Freudenberg, ''Anniversary letter to [[Jürgen Fangmeier]]'', 2011, p.6.[http://www.reformiert-info.de/daten/File/Upload/doc-10788-1.pdf]</ref> where he taught until 1994.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}} He then returned to ACTC and was appointed principal under the institution's policy of rotating that office between the various constituent churches in four-year cycles.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}}

Yesurathnam took a year's sabbatical leave in 1998 to the Overseas Ministries Study Center,<ref name="IBMR"/> [[New Haven, Connecticut]], to continue his research pursuits<ref name="IBMR1">R. Yesurathnam, ''Book Review: Relevant Patterns of Christian Witness in India: People as Agents of Mission'', [[International Bulletin of Missionary Research]], Volume 25, Issue 88, 2001. {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20170808034357/http://www.internationalbulletin.org/issues/2004-04/2004-04-191-index.pdf]}}</ref> and rejoined the Theologiate in Secunderabad to teach for two more years until 2001.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}}

===Missionary service===
When the [[Council for World Mission]] (CWM) sought missionaries from the CSI, Yesurathnam moved to the [[International University of the Caribbean]], [[Kingston, Jamaica]], where he began his sojourn in the [[New millennium]] and served as a theological educator for nearly a decade<ref>[[Council for World Mission]] Annual Review 2009'', ''Missionaries serving with CWM, 2009, pp. 18, 23.[http://www.cwmission.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/AnnualReport2009.pdf]</ref> until his death on 8 August 2011<ref name="SC"/> at the [[Yashoda Hospitals]], [[Hyderabad]].

==Writings==
Yesurathnam's works are available in nearly 35 [[research institute]]s, comprising seminaries, [[State university (India)|state universities]] and research academies across Asia, Australia, Europe, and North America.<ref name="WC">[[WorldCat]] search on "Regunta Yesurathnam".[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/607753147]</ref>

*1972, ''[[Pierre Teilhard de Chardin]]'s concept of man and its relevance for a Christian interpretation of man in India''
*1987, ''The adequacy of the concept of Avatara for expounding the Christian doctrine of incarnation''
*1987, ''The Mythic Symbol Avatara in Indian Conceptual Formulations''
*1988, ''Religious Pluralism: Some Implications for the Mission of the Church''
*1990, ''Abhishiktānanda : An Indian Christian Theologian with a difference''
*1993, ''Contours of the emerging Indian Church: Problems and Possibilities''
*1998, ''Liberation from Jubilee Perspective''
*1999, ''Can the Clergy make it ?''
*1999, ''Book Review: Mission Today, Challenges and Responses''
*2000, ''Contextualizing in Mission''
*2001, ''Book Review: Relevant Patterns of Christian Witness in India: People as Agents of Mission''
*2001, ''Channels of Peace: A Theological Perspective''
*2003, ''The Cross of Christ as the Anchor of Hope in Suffering''
*2006, ''A Christian Dialogical Theology: The Contribution of Swami Abhishiktananda (Henri Le Saux)''

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book
| author=Robert North, [[Society of Jesus|S.J.]] (Compiled)
| title=Elenchus of Biblica
| year=1987
| volume=3
| isbn=9788876535895
| issn=1123-5608| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=Dd6Gs13me0sC&q=elenchus%20of%20biblica%20regunta%20yesurathnam&pg=PA544
}}
* {{cite journal
| author=Zaihmingthanga (Compiled)
| title=Thesis Titles
| year=1991
| publisher=[[Board of Theological Education of the Senate of Serampore College]], Bangalore
}}
* {{cite book
| author=Jutta Sperber
| title=Christians and Muslims: The Dialogue Activities of the World Council of Churches and Their Theological Foundation
| year=2000
| isbn=3-11-016795-6| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=0UYhF9jLRvIC&q=yesurathnam&pg=PR3
}}
* {{cite journal
| author=M. Sukdaven
| title=A systematic understanding of the evolution of Hindu deities in the development of the concept of Avatara
| journal=Stellenbosch Theological Journal
| year=2012
| volume=53
| issue=1 and 2
| issn=2413-9459| url =http://www.ngtt.journals.ac.za/pub/article/viewFile/130/236
}}

{{Authority control}}
{{s-start}}
{{S-aca}}
{{Succession box
| before=[[Waldo Penner]], [[CBCNC]], [[Ryder Devapriam]], [[Church of South India|CSI]]| title=Teacher - in - [[Systematic theology|Systematic Theology]], [[Andhra Christian Theological College]], [[Secunderabad]]|after=B. J. Christie Kumar, [[Samavesam of Telugu Baptist Churches|STBC]], [[G. Dyvasirvadam]], [[Church of South India|CSI]]| years=1974<ref name="WC">[[WorldCat]] search on "Regunta Yesurathnam".[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/607753147]</ref>-2001}}
{{S-edu}}
{{Succession box
| before=G. Sampurna Rao, [[Andhra Evangelical Lutheran Church|AELC]] 1993-1994| title=Principal, [[Andhra Christian Theological College]], [[Secunderabad]]|after=K. D. G. Prakasa Rao, [[CBCNC]] 1998-2002| years=1994-1998}}

{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yesurathnam, Regunta}}
[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:Indian Christian theologians]]
[[Category:People from Adilabad]]
[[Category:Osmania University alumni]]
[[Category:Senate of Serampore College (University) alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Senate of Serampore College (University)]]
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:2011 deaths]]
[[Category:Church of South India clergy]]
[[Category:Christian and Hindu interfaith dialogue]]
[[Category:People in interfaith dialogue]]
[[Category:Advaitin philosophers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Anglican priests]]
[[Category:People from Telangana]]
[[Category:20th-century Protestant theologians]]
[[Category:Systematic theologians]]
[[Category:Methodist theologians]]
[[Category:Christian ecumenism]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Birmingham]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Anglican priests]]

Nav Bajwa

2026-02-08T18:04:38Z

Musicalkd: Stub!

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nav Bajwa
| image = MrPunjab Anchor Nav Bajwa.png
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1989|09|26}}
| birth_name = Navjot Singh Bajwa
| birth_place = Patiala, Punjab
| occupation = Actor, director, writer, singer
| years_active = 2007–present
| website =
| parents = G. S. Bajwa (father) Kulwant Bajwa (mother)
}}
'''Nav Bajwa''' (born 26 September 1989) is an Indian film actor, director, writer and singer in [[Cinema of Punjab|Punjabi cinema]].<ref>{{cite web |title= Nav Bajwa Interview |url= http://punjabimania.com/punjabi-fridays-nav-bajwa-speaks-about-fateh/ |agency= Punjabi Mania |access-date= 6 March 2014 |archive-date= 7 March 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140307081124/http://punjabimania.com/punjabi-fridays-nav-bajwa-speaks-about-fateh/ |url-status= dead }}</ref> Bajwa won the dance show ''Aja Nach Le'' by MH1 in 2007 and made his acting debut with ''[[Pure Punjabi]]'' (2012). He has appeared in 12 films as lead actor. His directorial debut was with ''[[Raduaa]]'' (2018). He made his singing debut with the track "Badmashi"(2019) with music by DJ FLOW.<ref>{{cite web|title= Nav Bajwa's debut song 'Badmashi' is out |url=
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/nav-bajwas-debut-song-badmashi-is-out/articleshow/72225522.cms|work= [[The Times of India]]|access-date=20 November 2019}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Nav Bajwa was born to a [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] family in [[Patiala]], India and is also a [[Pilot (aeronautics)|commercial pilot]]. His father is a retired [[Indian Air Force]] personnel. His sister is a gymnast.

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Movie !! Role !! Language
|-
| 2012|| ''[[Pure Punjabi]]'' || VJ|| Punjabi
|-
| 2013|| ''Sadi Gali Aya Karo''<ref>{{cite web|title= Sadi Gali Aya Karo |url= http://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/first-cut/story-EHAInNngrzQ2JK9gS73iWI.html|work= Hindustan Times|date= 25 July 2012|access-date=25 July 2012}}</ref>|| Bhupinder Singh|| Punjabi
|-
| 2013|| ''Hashi Kannar Iti Kotha'' || Rahul|| Bengali
|-
| 2014|| ''[[Fateh (2014 film)|Fateh]]'' || Fateh|| Punjabi
|-
| 2015|| ''[[The Mastermind Jinda Sukha]]'' || Harjinder Singh Jinda|| Punjabi
|-
| 2016|| ''Kuknoos'' || Karman|| Punjabi
|-
|2017
|Kirdar E Sardar
|Fateh
|Punjabi
|-
| 2018|| ''[[Raduaa]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/life-style/punjabi-screen-goes-sci-fi/546968.html|title=Punjabi Screen Goes Sci-Fi|work=The Tribune|access-date=25 March 2018|archive-date=21 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321131126/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/life-style/punjabi-screen-goes-sci-fi/546968.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> || Starring and directing|| Punjabi
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Ishqaa]]'' || Rajdeep|| Punjabi
|-
|2019
|Kitty Party<ref>{{cite web|title= 'Kitty Party' star cast comes calling |url= https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/-kitty-party-star-cast-comes-calling-872234|work= The Tribune|access-date=9 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Nav Bajwa's 40 days transformation challenge gives major fitness goals |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/nav-bajwas-40-days-transformation-challenge-gives-major-fitness-goals/articleshow/69319341.cms |work= [[The Times of India]]|date= 14 May 2019 |access-date=14 May 2019}}</ref>
|Sunny
|Punjabi
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! width="5%" |Year
! width="20%" |Film / Show
! width="30%" |Award Ceremony
! width="29%" |Category
! width="15%" |Result
|-
| 2007
| ''Aja Nach Le''
| MH1
| Best Performer
| {{won}}
|-
| 2014
|[[Fateh (2014 film)|''Fateh'']]
| PTC Punjabi Film Awards
| Best Actor<ref>{{cite web |title= Nav Bajwa Performance in award show|url= http://www.yespunjab.com/punjabi-cinema/item/64452-winners-of-ptc-punjabi-film-awards-complete-list/ |agency= Yes Punjab |access-date=18 March 2015}}</ref>
| {{nom}}
|-
|2019
|Raduaa
|PTC Punjabi Film Awards
|Best Debut Director
|{{nom}}
|}

== Songs ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Song name
!Lyrics
!Music
!Singer
|-
|Badmashi
|Pamma Noorwala
|DJ Flom
|Nav Bajwa
|}

== Social causes ==

He is a member of a non-governmental organisation (NGO) from Chandigarh working for the betterment of mentally disabled people. He gives and organizes charity shows for noble causes as well.<ref>{{cite web|title= Nav Bajwa Launched Exhibition|url= https://www.jagran.com/punjab/patiala-10617584.html|agency= Jagran |access-date=3 August 2013}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|4856668}}
* Nav Bajwa on [https://www.instagram.com/navbajwa_actor/] Instagram.
* Nav Bajwa on [https://www.facebook.com/IAmNavBajwa/] Facebook.

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bajwa, Nav}}
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:Male actors from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Male actors in Punjabi cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Commercial aviators]]
[[Category:Male actors in Bengali cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian philanthropists]]
[[Category:People from Patiala]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Film directors from Punjab, India]]

Harish Kumar (actor)

2026-02-07T19:37:25Z

Musicalkd: add formatting also and improved wording based on references

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{for-multi|the Indian cricketer|Harish Kumar (cricketer)|the ''Goripalayam'' actor|Arish Kumar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Harish Kumar Rao|
| caption = Kumar in 2011
| birth_name = Hari
| birth_date = 1 August 1975
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[Actor|Film actor]] [[Film producer]]
| yearsactive = 1979–1983 1988–2017
| spouse =
}}

'''Harish Kumar''' born 1 August 1975 is an [[Indian people|Indian]] actor and [[film producer]]. He is known for his works in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Hindi]] movies, including ''[[Prem Qaidi]]'', ''[[Coolie No. 1 (1995 film)|Coolie No. 1]]'', ''[[Tirangaa (film)|Tirangaa]]'', ''[[Prema Khaidi]]'', ''[[Kranti Kshetra]]'', ''[[Ravan Raaj: A True Story]]'' and ''[[Daisy (1988 film)|Daisy]]''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Bollywood's Forgotten Stars: 10 intriguing facts about Karisma Kapoor's first leading man – Harish Kumar|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/cmcm/bollywoods-forgotten-stars-10-intriguing-facts-about-karisma-kapoors-first-leading-man-harish-kumar|access-date=2021-02-09|website=Free Press Journal|language=en}}</ref> He has won two [[Nandi Awards]].

<nowiki>==Career==</nowiki>
For the film ''[[Andhra Kesari (film)|Andhra Kesari]]'', he won the [[Nandi Award]] for the best [[Child actor|child Actor]] of the year 1983 from then Chief Minister Late [[N. T. Rama Rao]]. He also received special jury award as the [[best actor]] in 1996 for the film ''[[Oho Naa Pellanta]]'' produced by [[D. Ramanaidu]], and directed by [[Jandhyala]]. Harish acted as a lead at a young age of 13 in ''[[Daisy (1988 film)|Daisy]]'', a Malayalam film directed by [[Pratap Pothen]]. The movie also starred [[Kamal Haasan]]. In Tamil, he was introduced by [[T. Rajendar]] as a lead in the film ''[[Pookkal Vidum Thoothu]]'', directed by [[Sreedhar Rajan]].{{citation needed|date= January 2023}}

In Telugu, he was introduced as a lead actor by producer [[D. Ramanaidu]] in the film ''[[Prema Khaidi]]'' in 1990 with [[Malashri|Malashree]] as the female lead. As the film went on to be a success at the box office, Ramanaidu decided to re-make it in Hindi with Harish as the lead and introduced [[Karisma Kapoor]] as the female lead in the film ''[[Prem Qaidi]]'' in 1991 which did well at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-10|title=Top 10 Movies of Harish Kumar|url=https://wittycolumn.com/top-10-movies-of-harish-kumar/|access-date=2021-02-09|website=WittyColumn|language=en-US|archive-date=31 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331035633/https://wittycolumn.com/top-10-movies-of-harish-kumar/|url-status=dead}}</ref> He acted with many Legendary stars of India like [[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]], [[Rajinikanth]], Kamal Haasan, [[Chiranjeevi]], [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]], [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Dharmendra]], and [[Jeetendra]]. Throughout his career Harish has acted in a total of [[280]] movies.<ref name=":0" />

.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2021-01-20|title=Karisma Kapoor's first hero Harish Kumar looks unrecognisable now! {{!}} english.lokmat.com|url=https://english.lokmat.com/photos/entertainment/karisma-kapoors-first-hero-harish-kumar-looks-unrecognisable-now/|access-date=2021-02-09|website=Lokmat English|language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date= January 2023}}

===As a child actor===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Language
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1979 || ''Muddula Koduku'' || Gopi and Radha's son || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Ek Hi Bhool]]'' || Sadhana's brother || Hindi ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1981 || ''[[Seetamalakshmi]]'' || || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Prema Kanuka]]'' || || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Premabhishekam (1981 film)|Premabhishekam]]'' || Devi's brother || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Kondaveeti Simham]]'' || young Ravi || Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="7" | 1982 || ''[[Trisulam (film)|Trisulam]]'' || young Ramu || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Naa Desam]]'' || || Telugu ||
|-
| ''Mahasangramam'' ? || young Krishna || Telugu ||
|-
| ''Bari Apurupa Nam Jodi'' || young Dwarakish || Kannada ||
|-
| ''Bhakta Drana Markandeyya'' || Markamdeyya || Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Farz Aur Kanoon]]'' || young Ravi || Hindi ||
|-
| ''[[Jeevan Dhaara]]'' || Babloo || Hindi ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1983 || ''[[Andha Kanoon]]'' || young Vijay Kumar Singh || Hindi ||
|-
| ''[[Prem Tapasya]]'' || Shankar || Hindi ||
|-
|''[[Amarajeevi (1983 film)|Amarajeevi]]''
|
| Telugu
|
|-
| ''[[Ananda Bhairavi (film)|Ananda Bhairavi]]'' || || Telugu Kannada
|-
| ''[[Andhra Kesari (film)|Andhra Kesari]]'' || Prakasam || Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1984 || ''[[Srimadvirat Veerabrahmendra Swami Charitra]]'' || Young Veerabrahmendra Swamy || Telugu ||
|-
|''Bharatamlo Sankharavam''
|
|Telugu
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1985
|[[Donga (film)|''Donga'']] || Young Phani || Telugu ||
|-
| [[Haqeeqat (1985 film)|''Haqeeqat'']]|| Gopal || Hindi ||
|-
|1986
|''Rendu Rellu Aaru''
|
|Telugu
|
|-
| 1987 || ''[[Sansar (1987 film)|Sansar]]'' || Vidya Sagar || Hindi ||
|-
|1988||''Super Boy 3D''|| ||Kannada||
|-
|2022||''[[Pratibimbalu]]'' || || Telugu || Shot in 1982; delayed release<ref>{{cite web | title=Prathibimbalu review: Another reminder of why ANR is the king of tragedies | url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/prathibimbalu-review-another-reminder-of-why-anr-will-always-remain-the-king-of-tragedies/f6db6522b8871 }}</ref>

|}

===As an adult actor===
====Telugu====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#000;"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! class=unsortable| Notes
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1988 || ''[[Vivaha Bhojanambu (1988 film)|Vivaha Bhojanambu]]'' || Krishna ||
|-
|''[[Neerajanam]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[O Bharya Katha]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Latest Telugu News, Movies, Celebrities, Images & Videos {{!}} V CINEMA |url=https://www.vcinema.com/movie/o-bharya-katha-1988 |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=www.vcinema.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=shared&v=Xb659PMsgN4 |title=O Bharya Katha Full Movie {{!}} Chandra Mohan, Jayasudha, Sarath Babu, Kota Srinivasa Rao {{!}} ETV Cinema |date=2024-11-07 |last=ETV Cinema |access-date=2024-11-08 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|Shankaram
|
|-
|1989
|''Raktha Kanneeru''<ref>{{Citation |title=RAKTHA KANNEERU {{!}} TELUGU FULL MOVIE {{!}} SUMAN {{!}} SARADA {{!}} PARUCHURI {{!}} TELUGU CINE CAFE | date=May 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gXvGHE2uGV8 |access-date=2023-05-13 |language=en}}</ref>
|Hari
|
|-
| 1990 || ''[[Prema Khaidi]]'' || Chandran "Chandu" ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1991 || ''Amma''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.etvwin.com/telugu-movies/amma-1|title=Amma|work=[[ETV (Telugu)|ETV Win]]}}</ref>
|
|
|-
| ''[[Madhavayya Gari Manavadu]]'' || Vamsi Krishna, Vamsi Mohan || dual role
|-
| ''Prema Panjaram'' || Srikanth ||
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1992 || ''[[Pelam Chepite Vinali]]'' || Hari ||
|-
| ''[[Rowdy Inspector]]'' || Gandhi ||
|-
| ''[[College Bullodu]]'' || Raja ||
|-
| ''Yugala Getham'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Pranadaata]]'' || Narendra kumar ||
|-
| ''[[Prema Vijetha]]'' || Raju ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1993 || ''[[Evandi Aavida Vachindi]]'' || Achchi Babu ||
|-
| ''[[Inspector Jhansi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Manavarali Pelli'' || Seenu ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1994 || ''[[Kurradi Kurradu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kurradi Kurradu (1994) Telugu Movie Review, Rating - Harish |url=https://www.thecinebay.com/movie/index/id/9086?ed=Tolly |access-date=2023-04-10 |website=www.thecinebay.com |archive-date=10 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410084229/https://www.thecinebay.com/movie/index/id/9086?ed=Tolly |url-status=dead }}</ref>|| ||
|-
| ''[[Bangaru Kutumbam]]'' || Hari ||
|-
| ''[[Jailor Gaari Abbayi]]'' || Rambabu ||
|-
| ''[[S.P. Parshuram]]'' || Parshuram's brother ||
|-
| 1995 || ''Kondapalli Rathaiah'' || ||
|-
| 1996 || ''Oho Naa Pellanta'' || Hari and Soundarya || dual roles in male and female version
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1997 || ''Super Heroes'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Gokulamlo Seetha]]'' || Bhaskar ||
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Daddy Daddy]]'' || Prasad ||
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Railway Coolie]]'' || || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/why-mammootty-straight-telugu-movie-railway-coolie-unreleased-in-theaters-details-here-121714535927176.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520050125/https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/why-mammootty-straight-telugu-movie-railway-coolie-unreleased-in-theaters-details-here-121714535927176.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 May 2024|title=Mammootty Telugu Movies: రిలీజ్‌కు నోచుకోని స్టార్‌ డైరెక్టర్‌తో మ‌మ్ముట్టి చేసిన స్ట్రెయిట్ తెలుగు మూవీ ఇదే!|trans-title=Mammootty Telugu Movies: This is Mammooty's straight Telugu movie with a star director that is yet to release!|date=1 May 2024|first=Nelki Naresh|last=Kumar|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=3 February 2025}}</ref>
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Pellaindi Kaani]]'' || Sivaji ||
|}

====Hindi====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#000;"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! class=unsortable| Notes
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Prem Qaidi]]'' || Chandra Mohan ||
|-
| 1992 || ''[[Tirangaa (film)|Tirangaa]]'' || Sanjay Chauhan ||
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Zakhmo Ka Hisaab]]'' || ||
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Zakhmi Rooh]]'' || ||
|-
| 1993 || ''Inspector Jhansi'' || ||
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Aadmi (1993 film)|Aadmi]]'' || Deepak ||
|-
| 1994 || ''[[Kranti Kshetra]]'' || Harish Ashok Kumar Mangatrao ||
|-
| 1994 || ''[[The Gentleman (1994 film)|The Gentleman]]'' || ||
|-
| 1994 || ''[[Phoolan Devi]]'' || Tarika ||
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Ravan Raaj: A True Story]]'' || Harish Verma ||
|-
| 1995 || ''Aashique Mastane'' || Sohan/Rohan (dual role) ||
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Jawab (1995 film)|Jawab]]'' || Ravi A. Saxena ||
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Janam Kundli]]'' || Sunny R. Kapoor ||
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Gaddaar (1995 film)|Gaddaar]]'' || Vijay Saxena ||
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Coolie No. 1 (1995 film)|Coolie No. 1]]'' || Deepak ||
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Bhishma]]'' || Sub-Inspector Abhimanyu Verma ||
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Army (1996 film)|Army]]'' || Kishan ||
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Muqadama]]'' || Dancer (song "Naya Maal") ||
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Shapath]]'' || Rahul ||
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Gundagardi]]'' || (in song Saila Saila) ||
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Hero No. 1]]'' || Meena's prospective husband ||
|-
| 1998 || ''[[Chhota Chetan]]'' || Rajkumar ||
|-
| 1998 || ''[[Aunty No. 1]]'' || Abhyankar ||
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Phool Aur Aag]]'' || Cameo in song "Main Gaaon Dil Gaaye" ||
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Nyaydaata]]'' || Rahul ||
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Bulandi (2000 film)|Bulandi]]'' || Nakul (Arjun's brother) ||
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Inteqam]]'' || Vijay Kumar Singh ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Naughty @ 40]]'' || Sandeep Srivastav/Sandy ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Chaar Din Ki Chandni]]'' || ||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Aa Gaya Hero]]'' || ||
|-
|}

====Malayalam====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#000;"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! class=unsortable| Notes
|-
| 1988 || ''[[Daisy (1988 film)|Daisy]]'' || Pradeep Menon ||
|-
| 1989 || ''Ivalente Kamuki'' || ||
|-
| 1990 || ''Sthreekuvendi Sthree'' || ||
|-
| 1990 || ''Teenage Love'' || ||
|-
| 1990 || ''Vasyam'' || ||
|-
| 1990 || ''[[Mouna Daaham]]'' || ||
|-
| 1993 || ''Aayiram Chirakulla Moham'' || ||
|}

====Tamil====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#000;"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! class=unsortable| Notes
|-
| 1987 || ''[[Pookkal Vidum Thoothu]]'' || Hari || credited as Hariharan
|-
|1990||''[[Vellaiya Thevan]]'' || || credited as Harish
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Nee Sirithaal Deepavali]]'' || Murali ||
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Gnana Paravai]]'' || Giri ||
|}

====Kannada====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#000;"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! class=unsortable| Notes
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Hendthi Helidare Kelabeku]]'' || Kumar ||
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Laali]]'' || ||
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Vande Matharam (2001 film)|Vande Matharam]]'' || ||
|}

==Awards==
;[[Nandi Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008)|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]|access-date=21 August 2020}}(in [[Telugu language|Telugu]])</ref>
* 1983 - [[Nandi Award for Best Child Actor|Best Child Actor]] - [[Andhra Kesari (film)|Andhra Kesari]] (1983)
* 1996 - [[Nandi Special Jury Award|Special Jury Award]] - Oho Naa Pellanta

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=0363055|name=Harish Kumar}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Harish}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Indian male child actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:1975 births]]

Hatisala

2026-02-05T18:09:24Z

Musicalkd: New entry.

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Hatisala
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = ITC Green Center 02, NewTown.jpg
| image_alt = ITC Green Centre
| image_caption = ITC Green Centre, Hatisala
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal # India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22|32|44.69|N|88|31|33.23|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[South 24 Parganas]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[CD block]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bhangar II]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 3,810
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref name="wblangoff">{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=Wb.gov.in|access-date=10 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=Nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=10 March 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[English language|English]]<ref name="wblangoff"/>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 700135
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 03174
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Jadavpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jadavpur]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Bhangar Assembly constituency|Bhangar]]
| website = {{URL|https://s24pgs.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Hatisala''' is a village within the jurisdiction of the Hatishala police station in the [[Bhangar II]] [[CD block]] in the [[Baruipur subdivision]] in [[South 24 Parganas]] in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web
|title=Hsgs & biz off New Town, Bypass to come under KP
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/bhangar-region-to-come-under-kolkata-police-jurisdiction-boosting-urban-policing/articleshow/106429916.cms
|website=The Times of India
|date=2024-01-01
|access-date=2025-09-06}}</ref>{{Cleanup inline|Run-on sentence|date=December 2025}} It is also part of the [[New Town, Kolkata|New Town]]'s Action Area III.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.wbhidcoltd.com/upload_file/maps/6625017a61f0124efb022d1131d0a20c.pdf
|title=New Town planning area - Kolkata
|publisher=WBHIDCO
|date=2011-08-01
|access-date=2025-09-08
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.wbhidcoltd.com/upload_file/maps/80184c86ce45c80a8290a4b998a0b70b.pdf
|title=NEW TOWN, KOLKATA LEGEND
|publisher=WBHIDCO
|date=2014-11-26
|access-date=2025-09-08
}}</ref>

Hatisala has recently seen some IT growth, with the opening of the [[Infosys]] Development Centre and the construction of other IT parks like [[ITC Limited|ITC]] Infotech and [[Wipro]] New Town.<ref>{{Cite web
|title=Mamata opens Infosys Dev Centre; says 11 data centres coming up at Bengal Silicon Valley
|url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/bengal/mamata-opens-infosys-dev-centre-says-11-data-centres-coming-up-at-bengal-silicon-valley-591269
|website=Millennium Post
|date=2024-12-18
|access-date=2025-09-04
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
|last=Das
|first=Ayan
|title=Infosys Kolkata Recruitment and Other Jobs: Infosys-সহ কলকাতায় ৩ বড় কোম্পানিতে নিয়োগ! কোন পদে? কীভাবে আবেদন? রইল লিঙ্ক
|url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/career/infosys-kolkata-recruitment-drive-for-oracle-bt-group-and-ey-jobs-available-too-check-register-and-apply-link-31738072490824.html
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250324141721/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/career/infosys-kolkata-recruitment-drive-for-oracle-bt-group-and-ey-jobs-available-too-check-register-and-apply-link-31738072490824.html
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=24 March 2025
|website=Hindustan Times
|date=2025-01-28
|access-date=2025-09-04|language=bn
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.wbhidcoltd.com/upload_file/maps/7ad29913b423a994d98d1cb6631ad563.pdf
|title=AA-III LAYOUT
|publisher=WBHIDCO
|date=2019-09-09
|access-date=2025-09-08
}}</ref>

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map|width=350|height=250|zoom=10|coord={{coord|22|29|0|N|88|31|0|E}}|float=left|caption=Cities and towns in the northern part of Baruipur subdivision (including Sonarpur, Bhangar I & II CD blocks) in South 24 Parganas district {{Unbulleted list|
* '''M''': municipal city/town
* '''CT''': census town
* '''R''': rural/urban centre
* '''N''': neighbourhood
}} Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly.|mark-coord1={{coord|22|27|5|N|88|28|18|E}}|label-pos1=right|label1=Radhanagar|numbered1=CT|mark-title1=[[Radhanagar, Sonarpur]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000|label-size1=11|mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2|mark-coord2={{coord|22|25|10|N|88|21|25|E}}|label-pos2=left|label2=Danga|numbered2=CT|mark-title2=[[Danga, Sonarpur]] (CT)|mark-coord3={{coord|22|26|0|N|88|22|25|E}}|label-pos3=right|label3=Ramchandrapur|numbered3=CT|mark-title3=[[Ramchandrapur, Sonarpur]] (CT)|mark-coord4={{coord|22|24|35|N|88|27|13|E}}|label-pos4=right|label4=Bidyadharpur|numbered4=CT|mark-title4=[[Bidyadharpur]] (CT)|mark-coord5={{coord|22|25|20|N|88|30|30|E}}|label-pos5=right|label5=Kalikapur|numbered5=CT|mark-title5=[[Kalikapur, Sonarpur]] (CT)|mark-coord6={{coord|22|26|15|N|88|31|10|E}}|label-pos6=right|label6=Chak Baria|numbered6=CT|mark-title6=[[Chak Baria]] (CT)|mark-coord7={{coord|22|23|45|N|88|29|30|E}}|label-pos7=left|label7=Sahebpur|numbered7=CT|mark-title7=[[Sahebpur]] (CT)|mark-coord8={{coord|22|26|55|N|88|25|5|E}}|label-pos8=top|label8=Rajpur Sonarpur|numbered8=M|mark-title8=[[Rajpur Sonarpur]] (M)|shape-color8=#800000|mark-coord9={{coord|22|26|50|N|88|23|48|E}}|label-pos9=left|label9=Narendrapur|numbered9=N|mark-title9=[[Narendrapur]] (N)|shape-color9=#C42222|mark-coord10={{coord|22|24|25|N|88|26|5|E}}|label-pos10=left|label10=Subhashgram|numbered10=N|mark-title10=[[Subhashgram]] (N)|shape-color10=#C42222|mark-coord11={{coord|22|30|40|N|88|35|38|E}}|label-pos11=left|label11=Maricha|numbered11=CT|mark-title11=[[Maricha, Bhangar]] (CT)|mark-coord12={{coord|22|31|10|N|88|30|34|E}}|label-pos12=left|label12=Bhangar Raghunathpur|numbered12=CT|mark-title12=[[Bhangar Raghunathpur]] (CT)|mark-coord13={{coord|22|30|25|N|88|37|0|E}}|label-pos13=right|label13=Gobindapur|numbered13=CT|mark-title13=[[Gobindapur, Bhangar]] (CT)|mark-coord14={{coord|22|30|10|N|88|27|32|E}}|label-pos14=right|label14=Bantala|numbered14=R|mark-title14=[[Bantala]] (R)|mark-coord15={{coord|22|34|35|N|88|35|12|E}}|label-pos15=right|label15=Uttar Kasipur|numbered15=R|mark-title15=[[Uttar Kasipur]] (R)|shape-color15=#C42222|mark-coord16={{coord|22|29|35|N|88|36|4|E}}|label-pos16=right|label16=Nalmuri|numbered16=R|mark-title16=[[Nalmuri]] (R)|shape-color16=#C42222|mark-coord17={{coord|22|32|48|N|88|38|22|E}}|label-pos17=right|label17=Jirongachhi|numbered17=R|mark-title17=[[Jirongachhi]] (R)|shape-color17=#C42222|mark-coord18={{coord|22|25|20|N|88|25|7|E}}|label-pos18=right|label18=Harinavi|numbered18=N|mark-title18=[[Harinavi]] (N)|shape-color18=#C42222|mark-coord19={{coord|22|32|44.69|N|88|31|33.23|E}}|label-pos19=right|label19=Hatisala|numbered19=R|mark-title19=Hatisala (R)|shape-color19=black|label-size19=13|label-color19=black}}
{{clear left}}
==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Hatisala had a total population of 3,810, of which 1,914 (51%) were males and 1,896 (49%) were females. The total number of literate persons in Hatisala was 2,174 (67.89% of the population over 6 years).<ref>{{cite web
|title=Population Finder
|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/population-finder
|website=Census of India
|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
|access-date=3 September 2025
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| title = Census of India 2011 - West Bengal - Series 20 - Part XII B - District Census Handbook, South Twenty Four Parganas
| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal
| url = https://westbengal.census.gov.in/DCHB_2011_WB_Part_B/1917_PART_B_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf
| date = 25 August 2015
| access-date = 8 September 2025
}}</ref>

==Transportation==
===Light Rail Transit (proposed)===
A [[Kolkata Light Rail Transit|Light Rail Transit]] corridor from Hatisala to Newtown (Narkelbagan) was proposed in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kolkata on a high: state seals Monorail MoU - Indian Express|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/kolkata-on-a-high-state-seals-monorail-mou/425443/0|website=archive.indianexpress.com|access-date=2020-05-06|archive-date=10 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210031504/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/kolkata-on-a-high-state-seals-monorail-mou/425443/0|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Bus===
'''Government Bus'''<ref>{{Cite web
|last=Ghosh
|first=Dwaipayan
|title=3 new bus routes to boost IT sector connectivity
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/new-bus-routes-connecting-it-sector-in-kolkata/articleshow/112207840.cms
|website=The Times of India
|date=2024-08-03
|access-date=2025-09-04
}}</ref>

* EB-13 [[Howrah railway station]] - Hatisala
* EB-16 [[Thakurpukur]] - Hatisala

'''Private Bus'''
* K1 [[Kolkata Station]] - Hatisala
* KB-22 [[Kolkata Station]] - Jamirgachi
* KB-24 [[Kolkata Station]] - Hatisala<ref>{{cite news |last=Majhi |first=Suman |date=16 February 2025 |title=কলকাতা স্টেশন থেকে ভাঙড় হাতিশালা, চালু হলো নতুন রুটের বাস পরিষেবা |url=https://eisamay.com/west-bengal-news/kolkata-news/kolkata-station-to-bhangar-hatisala-new-route-bus-service-started/200347448.cms |access-date=4 September 2025 |work=Ei Samay Sangbadpatra |publisher=The Times Group |language=bn}}</ref>

==References==

{{reflist}}

{{South 24 Parganas District}}
{{South 24 Parganas topics}}

[[Category:Villages in South 24 Parganas district]]

Sweet Kaaram Coffee

2026-02-05T04:51:04Z

Musicalkd: adding info

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Sweet Kaaram Coffee poster.jpg
| caption =
| genre = [[Drama]] [[Comedy]]
| director = {{ubl|[[Bejoy Nambiar]]|Krishna Marimuthu|Swathi Raghuraaman}}
| writer = {{ubl|Reshma Ghatala|Swathi Raghuraaman|Vinithra Madhavan Menon|Krishnaswamy Ramkumar|[[Siva Ananth]]}}
| producer = Reshma Ghatala
| executive_producer =
| starring = {{ubl|
* [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]]
* [[Madhoo]]
* [[Santhy Balachandran]]
* [[Dev Ramnath]]
* Bala Suresh
* Kavin Jay Babu
}}
| country = India
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 8
| language = Tamil
| music = [[Govind Vasantha]]
| cinematography = {{ubl|Krishnan Vasant|Viraj Singh|Remy Dalai|Krish Makhija|Siddharth Srinivasan}}
| editor = {{ubl|Praveen Antony|Bhuvan Srinivasan}}
| runtime =
| company = Lion Tooth Studios Zeal Z Entertainment Services
| network = [[Amazon Prime Video]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|07|06}}
| last_aired =
}}

'''''Sweet Kaaram Coffee''''' is a 2023 Indian-[[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy drama]] television series created by Reshma Ghatala and directed by [[Bejoy Nambiar]], Krishna Marimuthu and Swathi Raghuraaman<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thefederal.com/entertainment/tamil-road-trip-drama-sweet-kaaram-coffee-to-stream-on-july-6-on-amazon-prime/|title=Tamil road trip drama 'Sweet Kaaram Coffee' to stream on July 6 on Amazon Prime|publisher=The Federal News|date=27 June 2023|access-date=|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/prime-video-announces-first-family-audience-focused-tamil-original-series-sweet-kaaram-coffee/cid/1948254|title=Prime Video announces first family-audience-focused Tamil Original series Sweet Kaaram Coffee|newspaper=The Telegraph|access-date=30 November 2023|agency=PTI|date=28 June 2023|language=en}}</ref> for [[Amazon Prime Video]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mysmartprice.com/gear/sweet-karaam-coffee-ott-release-date-amazon-prime-video-july-6/|title=Sweet Karaam Coffee OTT Release Date: Amazon Prime Video to Premiere it on July 6|work=MySmartPrice |date=28 June 2023 |publisher=My Smart Price|access-date=|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://eng.bharattimes.co.in/madhoo-starrer-sweet-kaaram-coffee-is-a-wholesome-family-drama-release-date-out/|title=Madhoo-Starrer 'Sweet Kaaram Coffee' Is A Wholesome Family Drama, Release Date Out|date=27 June 2023 |publisher=Bharat Times|access-date=|language=en}}</ref> The principal cast of the series includes [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]], [[Madhoo]] and
[[Santhy Balachandran]]. It has been streaming on [[Amazon Prime Video]] since 6 July 2023<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/jun/27/sweet-kaaram-coffee-to-stream-on-this-date-45021.html|title=Sweet Kaaram Coffee to stream on this date |date=27 June 2023 |publisher=Cinema Express|access-date=|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/prime-video-announces-tamil-original-series-sweet-kaaram-coffee-8688152/|title=Prime Video announces Tamil Original series Sweet Kaaram Coffee|date=27 June 2023 |publisher=The Indian Express|access-date=|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/sweet-kaaram-coffee-release-date-prime-video-when-and-where-to-watch-this-tamil-original-web-series-lakshmi-madhoo-santhy-10084754|title=sweet-kaaram-coffee-release-date-prime-video-when-and-where-to-watch-this-tamil-original-web-series-lakshmi-madhoo-santhy-|date=27 June 2023 |publisher=Dainik Jagran|access-date=|language=en}}</ref> and consists of eight episodes.

==Synopsis==
For once, three ladies from different generations living together in the same home try to place themselves above the people to whom they are (supposedly) obligated.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] as Sundari
* [[Madhoo]] as Kaveri, Sundari's daughter-in-law
* [[Santhy Balachandran]] as Niveditha, Sundari's granddaughter
* Bala Suresh as Bala
* Kavin Jay Babu as Rajaratnam
* [[Dev (Tamil actor)|Dev Ramnath]] as Karthik
* [[Vamsi Krishna]] as Vikram
* Samyuktha Viswanathan as Young Kaveri
* [[Alexx O'Nell]] as Robert
* [[Ayesha Kapur]] as Julia
* Ranjini Prabhu as Young Sundari
* [[Sameer Malhotra]] as Farhan
* [[Ritwik Bhowmik]] as Radhe
* [[Ganesh Venkatraman]] as The Major
* [[Padmavati Rao]] as Deva
* [[Amrutha Srinivasan]] as Young Deva
* [[M. J. Shriram]] as Karthik’s father
}}

==Release==
It was announced on 28 April 2022 alongside 40 other Prime original shows. The series was released on 6 July 2023 in Tamil and dubbed in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Hindi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ottlist.in/sweet-kaaram-coffee-web-series-ott-release-date/|title=Sweet Kaaram Coffee OTT Release Date, OTT Platform, Time, Cast, Watch Online|date=July 2023 |publisher=OTT List|access-date=|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://jantaserishta.com/entertainment/prime-video-announces-tamil-original-series-sweet-kaaram-coffee-2510950|title=प्राइम वीडियो ने तमिल मूल श्रृंखला 'स्वीट करम कॉफी' की घोषणा की|date=27 June 2023 |publisher=jantaserishta.com|access-date=|language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt21908802}}
*[https://www.primevideo.com/detail/Sweet-Kaaram-Coffee/0KQ917U9FVP2K66UFHS90PGUSP ''Sweet Kaaram Coffee''] on [[Amazon Prime Video]]

{{Amazon Prime Video original series|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:2023 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Amazon Prime Video original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language comedy television series]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil-language web series]]

Karam Singh Raju

2026-02-03T01:11:32Z

Musicalkd: New bio

{{Short description|Indian Civil Servant}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
'''Karam Singh Raju''' was an Indian bureaucrat and author who joined the Punjab State Civil Service just after the Independence of India.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/punjab-polls-bjp-dr-jagmohan-singh-raju-amritsar-east-7746645/ | title=Day old in politics, ex-bureaucrat ready for Punjab poll challenge | date=29 January 2022 }}</ref> He was one of the very few first [[dalits]] who joined this prestigious service.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bagga |first1=Neeraj |title=Amritsar East constituency: Moved on, says BJP candidate Jagmohan Raju on plaint against PMO officers |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/moved-on-says-bjps-raju-on-plaint-against-pmo-officers-367385 |access-date=14 January 2024 |agency=Tribune News Service}}</ref>

==Early life==

He was born in [[Hoshiarpur]] in [[Ravidassia|Ravidasia Sikh]] family and his father, Duni Chand, used to work as a leather worker.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bagga |first1=Neeraj |title=Retd IAS officer asserts his Rangretta identity before election |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/amritsar/retd-ias-officer-asserts-his-rangretta-identity-before-election-365699 |access-date=14 January 2024 |agency=Tribune News Service}}</ref>

==Professional and personal life==

Raju retired from the [[Indian Administrative Service]]<ref>{{cite book |title=Abstracts of Sikh Studies |publisher=Institute of Sikh Studies |page=118 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CJjXAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Karam+Singh+Raju%22+-wikipedia |access-date=14 January 2024}}</ref> in the year 1986. At the time of retirement, he was [[Principal Secretary (India)|Principal Secretary]] and, before that, he served as [[Deputy Commissioner]] for many [[List of districts of Punjab, India|districts of Punjab]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.jsks.biz/author-dr-karam-singh-raju | title=Dr. Karam Singh Raju | access-date=30 December 2023 | archive-date=30 December 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230110554/https://www.jsks.biz/author-dr-karam-singh-raju | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Civil List of Indian Administrative Service |publisher=The Ministry |page=146 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tK1UF5hhdBYC&q=%22Karam+Singh+Raju%22+-wikipedia |access-date=14 January 2024}}</ref>

Raju was a staunch follower of [[Guru Ravidass]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ram |first1=Ronki |title=Ravidass, Dera Sachkhand Ballan and the Question of Dalit Identity in Punjab |journal=University of California |page=11 |url=https://punjab.global.ucsb.edu/sites/secure.lsit.ucsb.edu.gisp.d7_sp/files/sitefiles/journals/volume16/no1/1-Ronki%20Ram16.1.pdf |access-date=14 January 2024 |location=Santa Barbara}}</ref> and [[Sikhism]], and he penned several books.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wadehra |first1=Randeep |title=Different religions, common ideals |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030316/spectrum/book9.htm |access-date=14 January 2024 |work=The Tribune |date=16 March 2003}}</ref>

==Publications==
During his lifetime Raju wrote several books and few of them are as the follows-

*Ethical Perceptions of World Religions published by Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar<ref>{{cite book |last1=Raju |first1=Karam Singh |title=A comparative study: ethical perceptions of world religions; (Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity, Islam and Sikhism) |date=2002 |publisher=Guru Nanak Dev University |location=Amritsar |isbn=9788177700541 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v_3WAAAAMAAJ&q=karam%20singh%20raju |access-date=14 January 2024}}</ref>
*Guru Gobind Singh-Prophet of Peace<ref>{{cite web |last1=Raju |first1=Dr Karam Singh |title=Guru Gobind Singh: Prophet of Peace |url=https://sikhinstitute.org/ggs/5-ksraju.html |website=Institute of Sikh Studies |access-date=14 January 2024 |archive-date=6 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606002433/http://sikhinstitute.org/ggs/5-ksraju.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Raju |first1=Karam Singh |title=Guru Gobind Singh: Prophet of Peace |publisher=Sanbun Publishers |isbn=9789380213644 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AGlH7Jwv8ecC |access-date=14 January 2024}}</ref>
*Guru Ravidass Life and Philosophy published by Ratna Memorial Trust<ref>{{cite book |last1=Raju |first1=Karam Singh |title=Guru Ravidas Life and Philosophy |publisher=Ratna Memorial Trust |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mVvOzQEACAAJ |access-date=14 January 2024}}</ref>
*Untouchability Attire<ref>{{cite book |last1=Raju |first1=Karam Singh |title=Untouchability Affire |date=1997 |publisher=Ratna Memorial Charitable Trust |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=keZtAAAAMAAJ&q=karam%20singh%20raju |access-date=14 January 2024}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Indian Administrative Service]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:People from Hoshiarpur]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:Indian government officials]]
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:Union Public Service Commission]]
[[Category:Possibly living people]]

Shershaah (soundtrack)

2026-01-23T07:05:38Z

Musicalkd: formatting fix

{{Short description|2021 soundtrack album}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Shershaah
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Tanishk Bagchi]], [[B Praak]], [[Jasleen Royal]], [[Javed–Mohsin]] and [[Vikram Montrose]]
| cover = Shershaah soundtrack.jpg
| released = 16 August 2021<ref name="jiosaavn">{{cite web|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/shershaah-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/R6ANCBJdPQM_|title=Shershaah – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack|date=16 August 2021|publisher=Jiosaavn|access-date=4 February 2022|archive-date=4 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204102933/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/shershaah-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/R6ANCBJdPQM_|url-status=live}}</ref>
| recorded = 2019–2021
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = 22:03
| language = Hindi, Punjabi
| label = [[Sony Music India]]
| producer = Azeem Dayani (supervisor) [[Tanishk Bagchi]], Ganesh Waghela (for ''Raataan Lambiyan - Chill Mix'') Dj Lijo (for ''[[Shershaah]] Mashup'')
}}

'''''Shershaah''''' is the [[soundtrack album]] to the 2021 [[Hindi]] film of the [[Shershaah|same name]] directed by [[Vishnuvardhan (director)|Vishnuvardhan]]. Based on the life of [[Param Vir Chakra]]-awardee Captain [[Vikram Batra]], the film stars [[Sidharth Malhotra]] and [[Kiara Advani]] in leading roles. The film score is composed by John Stewart Eduri. The original songs featured in the film were composed by [[Tanishk Bagchi]], [[B Praak]], [[Jasleen Royal]], [[Javed–Mohsin]] and [[Vikram Montrose]] with lyrics written by [[Manoj Muntashir]], [[Rashmi Virag]], [[Anvita Dutt]], [[Jaani (songwriter)|Jaani]] and Bagchi. The soundtrack album released by [[Sony Music India]] on 16 August 2021.<ref name="jiosaavn" />

The album received positive response from audiences, with the tracks "Raataan Lambiyan" and "Ranjha" which earlier released as singles, topped the national and global charts, in all music and video platforms. The track "Raataan Lambiyan" is the most streamed Bollywood song on Spotify with over 500 million audio streams.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=2021-12-01|title=Karan Johar is on cloud nine as 'Shershaah' track becomes the most streamed album|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/karan-johar-cloud-nine-shershaah-track-becomes-most-streamed-album-955775|access-date=2022-02-03|website=PINKVILLA|language=en|archive-date=4 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204104436/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/karan-johar-cloud-nine-shershaah-track-becomes-most-streamed-album-955775|url-status=live}}</ref> It emerged as one of the biggest soundtracks of 2021, and the fastest Indian album to cross one billion audio streams worldwide.<ref name=":3" />

== Overview ==
The soundtrack remains the only work that does not feature the collaboration between Vishnuvardhan and [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], who had been his norm composer in all his previous films. The film featured three original tracks, which is pictured on the romantic relationship between [[Vikram Batra]] (Malhotra) and Dimple Cheema (Advani).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hungama|first=Bollywood|date=2021-12-15|title=Shershaah's music and songs celebrate the true essence of the movie in a perfect manner : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/shershaahs-music-songs-celebrate-true-essence-movie-perfect-manner/|access-date=2022-01-11|language=en|archive-date=4 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204104436/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/shershaahs-music-songs-celebrate-true-essence-movie-perfect-manner/|url-status=live}}</ref> The soundtrack album had six songs, with the three tunes and an alternate version of the track. Azeem Dayani was the [[music supervisor]]. All the songs were recorded during mid-2018. [[Jubin Nautiyal]] recorded the first track from the album "Raataan Lambiyan", with the co-singer [[Asees Kaur]], which was written and sung by [[Tanishk Bagchi]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jubin Nautiyal gets candid: 'Raatan Lambiyan' singer says pandemic connected him to his roots|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/videos/videos-nation/2021/sep/26/jubin-nautiyal-gets-candid-raatan-lambiyan-singer-says-pandemic-connected-him-to-his-roots-110169.html|access-date=2022-01-11|website=The New Indian Express|date=26 September 2021 |archive-date=4 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204102933/https://www.newindianexpress.com/videos/videos-nation/2021/sep/26/jubin-nautiyal-gets-candid-raatan-lambiyan-singer-says-pandemic-connected-him-to-his-roots-110169.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Speaking about his experience on recording the track, he stated in an interview with ''[[India Today]]'', saying "When I heard the mix close to the release, I was happy and overwhelmed because the sound was very different as I heard it after a long time. We did a lot of different songs and suddenly a different sound was coming. I knew the song is going to go places. I told the makers it was very risky to release films that year and music and all, but somehow, I was confident about that song. I knew it would work and it did, big time."<ref>{{Cite magazine|author=Tushar Joshi|date=December 16, 2021|title=Jubin Nautiyal shares why he is still single, reveals no girl can stay with him right now {{!}} Exclusive|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/jubin-nautiyal-shares-why-he-is-still-single-reveals-no-girl-can-stay-with-him-right-now-exclusive-1888055-2021-12-15|access-date=2022-01-11|magazine=India Today|language=en|archive-date=4 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204102932/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/jubin-nautiyal-shares-why-he-is-still-single-reveals-no-girl-can-stay-with-him-right-now-exclusive-1888055-2021-12-15|url-status=live}}</ref> A fan made Bhojpuri version of the track was released during October 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shershaah's song in Bhojpuri leaves Sidharth and Kiara impressed|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/shershaahs-song-in-bhojpuri-leaves-sidharth-and-kiara-impressed-51026.html|access-date=2022-01-11|website=filmfare.com|language=en|archive-date=4 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204102935/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/shershaahs-song-in-bhojpuri-leaves-sidharth-and-kiara-impressed-51026.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-04|title=From Ranjha in Shershaah to Ambarsariya in Fukre, poetry under the cloak of the new slow Bollywood melody|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/from-ranjha-in-shershaah-to-ambarsariya-in-fukre-poetry-under-the-cloak-of-the-new-slow-bollywood-melody-10172231.html|access-date=2022-02-03|website=Firstpost|language=en|archive-date=4 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204102931/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/from-ranjha-in-shershaah-to-ambarsariya-in-fukre-poetry-under-the-cloak-of-the-new-slow-bollywood-melody-10172231.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

"Ranjha", a song composed by [[Jasleen Royal]], who sung the track along with [[B Praak]] and written by [[Anvita Dutt]], was originally envisioned for ''[[Badhaai Ho]]'' (2018), but the producers rejected the track since it could not sync with the situation of the film. This track was later featured in this film, following Dayani's insistence and had changed the lyrics as per the film’s situation.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jasleen Royal on Ranjha, equal pay, creating art and being the hero of her songs|url=https://www.filmfare.com/interviews/jasleen-royal-on-ranjha-equal-pay-creating-art-and-being-the-hero-of-her-songs-51555.html|access-date=2022-01-11|website=filmfare.com|language=en|archive-date=4 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204102933/https://www.filmfare.com/interviews/jasleen-royal-on-ranjha-equal-pay-creating-art-and-being-the-hero-of-her-songs-51555.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Jasleen Royal on 'Ranjha' for 'Shershaah' : "I was in a very emotional state of mind during the time I recorded this song" - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/jasleen-royal-on-ranjha-for-shershaah-i-was-in-a-very-emotional-state-of-mind-during-the-time-i-recorded-this-song/articleshow/85036202.cms|access-date=2022-01-11|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=4 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204102933/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/jasleen-royal-on-ranjha-for-shershaah-i-was-in-a-very-emotional-state-of-mind-during-the-time-i-recorded-this-song/articleshow/85036202.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> "Jai Hind Ki Senaa" is composed by [[Vikram Montrose]], who also sung the track and was written by [[Manoj Muntashir]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-10|title=Farhan Akhtar's road movie with Priyanka Chopra, Alia Bhatt, Katrina Kaif; Sanjay Leela Bhansali's Netflix debut: Film & TV updates|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/farhan-akhtars-road-movie-with-priyanka-chopra-alia-bhatt-katrina-kaif-sanjay-leela-bhansalis-netflix-debut-film-tv-updates-9876311.html|access-date=2022-01-11|website=Firstpost|language=en|archive-date=4 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204102936/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/farhan-akhtars-road-movie-with-priyanka-chopra-alia-bhatt-katrina-kaif-sanjay-leela-bhansalis-netflix-debut-film-tv-updates-9876311.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Though the track was not featured in the film, it was later released as a promotional single, during the [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]] week on 11 August 2021, a day of the film's release on [[Amazon Prime Video]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2021-08-11|title=Watch: Shershaah Song Jai Hind Ki Senaa is Dipped in Patriotism|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/watch-shershaah-song-jai-hind-ki-senaa-is-dipped-in-patriotism-4071887.html|access-date=2022-01-11|website=News18|language=en|archive-date=4 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204104435/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/watch-shershaah-song-jai-hind-ki-senaa-is-dipped-in-patriotism-4071887.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[News18]]'' stated that: "Jai Hind Ki Senaa aptly captures the spirit of India’s freedom fighters, who dedicate their lives for the country and are willing to go to any extent to protect the nation".<ref name=":0" /> The track "Mann Bharryaa", composed and sung by [[B Praak]] with lyrics written by [[Jaani (songwriter)|Jaani]] which was released in 2017, was recreated by the singer-composer himself.<ref>{{Cite web|title=B Praak's 'Mann Bharrya' to feature in Bollywood film|url=https://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/180405-b-praaks-mann-bharrya-feature-bollywood-film|access-date=2022-01-11|website=www.radioandmusic.com|language=en|archive-date=4 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204102942/https://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/180405-b-praaks-mann-bharrya-feature-bollywood-film|url-status=live}}</ref> The recreated version of the track was titled "Mann Bharryaa 2.0" and was released as a bonus track on 15 August.<ref name=":1">{{Cite magazine|date=August 15, 2021|title=Mann Bharryaa 2.0 from Sidharth Malhotra, Kiara Advani's Shershaah will get you teary-eyed|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/mann-bharryaa-2-0-from-sidharth-malhotra-kiara-advani-s-shershaah-will-get-you-teary-eyed-1841139-2021-08-15|access-date=2022-01-11|magazine=India Today|language=en|archive-date=4 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204102933/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/mann-bharryaa-2-0-from-sidharth-malhotra-kiara-advani-s-shershaah-will-get-you-teary-eyed-1841139-2021-08-15|url-status=live}}</ref> The track was played during the climax of the film, where Cheema mourns Batra's death and reminisces her moments with Batra.<ref name=":1" />

== Track listing ==
{{Track listing
| headline = ''Shershaah'' (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)<ref name="jiosaavn" />
| extra2 = [[B Praak]], [[Jasleen Royal]], [[Romy (singer)|Romy]]
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Raataan Lambiyan
| extra1 = [[Jubin Nautiyal]], [[Asees Kaur]]
| music1 = [[Tanishk Bagchi]]
| lyrics1 = [[Tanishk Bagchi]]
| length1 = 3:50
| music3 = [[Javed–Mohsin]]
| total_length = 22:03
| music2 = [[Jasleen Royal]]
| lyrics2 = [[Anvita Dutt]]
| length2 = 3:48
| title3 = Kabhii Tumhhe
| note3 = Male Version
| extra3 = [[Darshan Raval]]
| title2 = Ranjha
| lyrics3 = [[Rashmi Virag]]
| extra5 = [[Palak Muchhal]]
| music5 = Javed–Mohsin
| extra4 = [[Vikram Montrose]]
| music4 = [[Vikram Montrose]]
| lyrics4 = [[Manoj Muntashir]]
| length4 = 2:31
| title5 = Kabhii Tumhhe
| note5 = Female Version
| length3 = 3:50
| title4 = Jai Hind Ki Senaa
| lyrics5 = Rashmi Virag
| length5 = 3:38
| title6 = Mann Bharryaa 2.0
| extra6 = B Praak
| music6 = [[B Praak]]
| lyrics6 = [[Jaani (songwriter)|Jaani]]
| length6 = 4:26
}}

== Reception ==
Critic based at ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' praised the composition and song placement, as the "songs celebrate the true essence of the movie in a perfect manner".<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=Shershaah Music Review|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/shershaah/songs/music-critic-review/|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-11|website=Bollywood Hungama|date=12 August 2021|language=en|archive-date=4 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204105940/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/shershaah/songs/music-critic-review/}}</ref> ''BizAsia'' gave 4 out of 5 stars saying that "soundtrack is definitely much better than expectations".<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2021-08-01|title=Music Review: 'Shershaah'|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/music-review-shershaah/|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-11|website=BizAsia|language=en-GB|archive-date=4 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204102935/https://www.bizasialive.com/music-review-shershaah/}}</ref> It further wrote "[[Karan Johar]] and [[Vishnuvardhan (director)|Vishnuvardhan]] have done well picking each song that is just beautiful to listen to while adding a whole lot of value to the movie. Each song fits with the story and setting of the film and thus feels perfectly adequate in itself. The brilliant part is that each of the six songs are background songs and not performed in to the camera giving further authenticity to the character of Capt. [[Vikram Batra]] and thus the movie. There is great amount of romantic songs in the album with one patriotic song which is the only negative here as there is less variety and by the end of the album one can’t help but feel a little blue, although that fits well for the movie but not as an album. Nonetheless, each song is brilliant on this soundtrack."<ref name=":2" /> Shreya Paul of ''Firstpost'' stated that "the album has no skippable tracks and is a no-miss endeavour".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-15|title='Shershaah' album review: The album is a no miss endeavour|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/shershaah-album-is-a-no-miss-endeavor-6636041.html|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-11|website=Firstpost|language=en|archive-date=27 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927035435/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/de-de-pyaar-de-music-review-soundtrack-of-ajay-devgns-film-is-as-problematic-as-the-plot-seems-to-be-6636041.html}}</ref> Suanshu Khurana of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' listed on "Mann Bharryaa 2.0" opining that the track "stood out as a musical beauty in the film".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-02|title=Yearender 2021: Music to the Ears|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/yearender-2021-music-to-the-ears-7700406/|access-date=2022-02-03|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=4 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204102933/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/yearender-2021-music-to-the-ears-7700406/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Chart performance ==
In addition to the critical response, the songs performed well commercially across India and globally. The tracks "Raataan Lambiyan" and "Ranjha" were streamed about 8.2 million and 7.3 million times in [[Spotify]], respectively within the week of 20–27 August 2021,<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Spotify Charts|url=https://www.spotifycharts.com/|access-date=2022-02-02|website=www.spotifycharts.com|archive-date=29 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120729055442/https://www.spotifycharts.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> and surpassed the weekly streaming records set by the [[BTS]]-single "[[Butter (song)|Butter]]" which recorded 5.1 million streams within a week of its release.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=2021-09-30|title=Shershaah songs set new records, claim crossover success with Billboard's Global charts|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/shershaah-songs-set-new-records-claim-crossover-success-with-billboards-global-charts-10011951.html|access-date=2022-02-02|website=Firstpost|language=en|archive-date=4 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204102933/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/shershaah-songs-set-new-records-claim-crossover-success-with-billboards-global-charts-10011951.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Both the tracks were streamed over 5 million times per week in the music platform. "Raataan Lambiyan" featured in the global Spotify charts at #152, becoming the first Hindi song to be featured.<ref name=":4" /> The tracks "Raataan Lambiyan", "Ranjha" acquired the first two positions at the Top 200 India list in Spotify, with "Mann Bharryaa 2.0" featured in #5.<ref name=":4" /> It was also featured in the Top 100 Charts on i[[ITunes|Tunes]], with "Raataan Lambiyan" and "Ranjha" being featured in the #1 and #3 positions respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Spotify's six-point strategy for cracking India - Music Ally|date=7 April 2021|url=https://musically.com/2021/04/07/spotifys-six-point-strategy-for-cracking-india/|access-date=2022-02-03|archive-date=4 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204102943/https://musically.com/2021/04/07/spotifys-six-point-strategy-for-cracking-india/|url-status=live}}</ref> It became one of the most popular Hindi film music album in Spotify, besides ''[[Kabir Singh]]'' (2019).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-02|title=Spotify's 2021 Wrapped List Reveals Top Artists, Songs, Album in India: Check Details|url=https://www.news18.com/news/tech/spotifys-2021-wrapped-list-reveals-top-artists-songs-album-in-india-check-details-4511642.html|access-date=2022-02-03|website=News18|language=en|archive-date=31 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131104041/https://www.news18.com/news/tech/spotifys-2021-wrapped-list-reveals-top-artists-songs-album-in-india-check-details-4511642.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 1 September 2021, both the tracks were featured in the [[Billboard Global Excl. U.S.]] charts with "Raataan Lambiyan" at #28 and "Ranjha" at #73,<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Cabral|first=R. J.|date=2020-09-15|title=Billboard Global 200|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/billboard-global-200/|access-date=2022-02-04|magazine=Billboard|language=en-US|archive-date=2 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302103038/https://www.billboard.com/charts/billboard-global-200/|url-status=live}}</ref> thereby being the third and fourth Hindi track to join [[Billboard charts]] this year, the other two being "Lut Gaye" and "[[Param Sundari (song)|Param Sundari]]".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-01|title=Shershaah Songs Win Hearts Globally! Ranjha & Raataan Lambiyan Make It To US Billboard Charts|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/celebs/shershaah-songs-win-hearts-globally-ranjha-raataan-lambiyan-make-it-to-us-billboard-charts-548509.html|access-date=2022-02-03|website=IndiaTimes|language=en-IN|archive-date=4 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204102931/https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/celebs/shershaah-songs-win-hearts-globally-ranjha-raataan-lambiyan-make-it-to-us-billboard-charts-548509.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|author=Tanushree Roy|date=September 1, 2021|title=Shershaah songs Ranjha, Raataan Lambiyan make it to Billboard Global Excl US charts|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/shershaah-songs-ranjha-raataan-lambiyan-make-it-to-billboard-global-excl-us-charts-1847869-2021-09-01|access-date=2022-02-03|magazine=India Today|language=en|archive-date=4 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204102934/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/shershaah-songs-ranjha-raataan-lambiyan-make-it-to-billboard-global-excl-us-charts-1847869-2021-09-01|url-status=live}}</ref> "Raataan Lambiyan" topped the first position, at #1 spot across [[Sabras Radio]] and [[Sunrise Radio]] in UK and [[AXS TV]] in USA.<ref name=":5" /> According to a year-ender survey report published by [[Apple Music]], the tracks "Raataan Lambiyan" and "Ranjha" were featured as one of the most streamed songs in the music platform.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-01|title=Shershaah's Ranjha, Diljit Dosanjh's GOAT among India's most streamed in 2021: Apple Music releases year-end highlights|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/shershaahs-ranjha-ap-dhillons-brown-munde-most-streamed-songs-2021-apple-music-7650370/|access-date=2022-02-03|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=28 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128024443/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/shershaahs-ranjha-ap-dhillons-brown-munde-most-streamed-songs-2021-apple-music-7650370/|url-status=live}}</ref> "Raataan Lambiyan" was one of the most-viewed tracks on [[YouTube]] in 2021, from India.<ref>{{Cite news|author=The Hindu Net Desk|date=2021-12-02|title=YouTube India's top 10 music videos of 2021: 'Lut Gaye,' 'Paani Paani,' 'Saranga Dariya' and more|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/youtube-indias-top-10-music-videos-of-2021-lut-gaye-paani-paani-saranga-dariya-and-more/article37804167.ece|access-date=2022-02-03|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=28 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128230419/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/youtube-indias-top-10-music-videos-of-2021-lut-gaye-paani-paani-saranga-dariya-and-more/article37804167.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Commercial response ==
{{Quote box
| quote = "With ''Shershaah''{{'}}s soundtrack, ruling and topping prominent music global charts, we have set a milestone that is unparalleled in the industry. It is fascinating to see how music transcends all geographic and language barriers and plays an instrumental role in bringing people together over their fondness for all things music. Each of the songs have been appreciated for its soothing melody and lyrics making it one of the best Hindi/Bollywood music albums of the year. The numbers are a fitting testament to the overwhelming appreciation and love showered by listeners across India and the world. It is indeed a moment of pride for all of us at Sony Music and we look forward to replicating the same success again."
| source = — Sanujeet Bhujabel, executive director of [[Sony Music Entertainment]], regarding the success of ''Shershaah''{{'}}s soundtrack.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bureau|first=Adgully|title=Shershaah's Soundtrack Rules All Streaming Apps and Charts|url=https://www.adgully.com/shershaah-s-soundtrack-rules-all-streaming-apps-and-charts-107620.html|access-date=2022-02-03|website=www.adgully.com|date=26 August 2021|language=en-US|archive-date=4 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204102935/https://www.adgully.com/shershaah-s-soundtrack-rules-all-streaming-apps-and-charts-107620.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| align = right
| width = 25%
}}
The album emerged as one of the biggest soundtracks and the fastest Indian album to cross one billion streams in music platforms.<ref name=":3" /> Regarding the success of the music album, the film's producer [[Karan Johar]] stated that: "It makes me immensely happy that the songs have touched 1 billion audio streams. It feels good to be on the top of the charts and have audiences groove to our tunes."<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=Karan Johar on Shershaah's soundtrack being the most-streamed album of the year title: "It makes me immensely happy that the songs have touched 1 billion audio streams"|url=https://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/211202-karan-johar-on-shershaahs-soundtrack-being|access-date=2022-02-03|website=www.radioandmusic.com|language=en|archive-date=22 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122002949/https://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/211202-karan-johar-on-shershaahs-soundtrack-being|url-status=live}}</ref> Siddharth Malhotra, the film's lead actor further stated:<blockquote>"The kind of response 'Shershaah' has received is humbling and I am elated to see the continuous affection. Being my passion project I was deeply involved in the music selection of the film along with Vishnu, Azeem and Karan. We ensured to choose songs which are a right fit for every emotion of the film and I am very happy to see the way audiences have embraced the album. I am grateful to all the artists and singers for this magical album. We are over the moon, grateful to have reached 1 billion audio streams. All thanks to the audience for their love and support."<ref name=":6" /></blockquote>In 2022, Ormax Media chose ''Shershaah'' as the "top Hindi soundtrack of 2021"<ref>{{Cite tweet|number=1483325962057969667|user=OrmaxMedia|title=Top 5 most popular Hindi film soundtracks of 2021 #Ormax2021 #OrmaxHeartbeats|author=Ormax Media}}</ref> while "Raataan Lambiyan" (at first position), "Ranjha" and "Mann Bharryaa 2.0" were listed among the "top 10 Hindi songs of 2021".<ref>{{Cite tweet|number=1483325855359139841|user=OrmaxMedia|title=Top 10 most popular Hindi songs of 2021 #Ormax2021 #OrmaxHeartbeats|author=Ormax Media}}</ref> [[Outlook India]]-based Samarth Goyal chose "Ranjha" and "Raataan Lambiyan" as one of "the Top 10 Hindi-Pop hits of 2021".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Top 10 Hindi-Pop Hits Of 2021|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/top-10-hindi-pop-hits-of-2021/406028|access-date=2022-02-03|website=Outlook India|date=12 January 2022|language=en|archive-date=29 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211229172910/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/top-10-hindi-pop-hits-of-2021/406028|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Sukanya Verma]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' chose "Raataan Lambiyan" as one of the Best Hindi Film Song, saying "Brimming with irresistible warmth and melody, the infectious lovey-dovey fervour and playful rhythm of Tanishk Bagchi's charming Punjabi flavoured creation makes it as the most streamed song of the year".<ref>{{Cite web|last=VERMA|first=SUKANYA|title=Bollywood's BEST Songs of 2021|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/bollywoods-best-songs-of-2021/20211228.htm|access-date=2022-02-03|website=Rediff|language=en|archive-date=28 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228084829/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/bollywoods-best-songs-of-2021/20211228.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

Sankhayan Ghosh of ''[[Film Companion]]'' chose "Ranjha" as one of the best Hindi film song and stated "‘Ranjha’ works as something you might want to play in a family wedding, but its underlying sadness makes it so much more (used in the film ''Shershaah'' as a song of separation of two lovers)".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ghosh|first=Sankhayan|date=2021-12-15|title=Best Hindi Film Music of 2021|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/fc-lists/best-hindi-film-music-of-2021-shershaah-param-sundari/|access-date=27 September 2023|website=Film Companion|language=en-US|archive-date=4 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004034325/https://www.filmcompanion.in/fc-lists/best-hindi-film-music-of-2021-shershaah-param-sundari/|url-status=live}}</ref> On "recounting the highs and lows of Hindi Film Music in 2021", Devesh Sharma of ''[[Filmfare]]'' mentioned the album and the songs "Raataan Lambiyan" and "Mann Bharryaa 2.0" in their list.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Recounting the highs and the lows of the Hindi film music released so far|url=https://www.filmfare.com/interviews/recounting-the-highs-and-the-lows-of-the-hindi-film-music-released-so-far-51418.html|access-date=2022-02-03|website=filmfare.com|language=en|archive-date=29 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211229122944/https://www.filmfare.com/interviews/recounting-the-highs-and-the-lows-of-the-hindi-film-music-released-so-far-51418.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Devarsi Ghosh of Scroll.in chose "Ranjha" in their music year-ender and stated: "Voice-casting a song correctly does wonders. Romy’s rustic voice eases the transition from composer Jasleen Royal’s school-girl vocals about longing to B Praak’s baritone holding forth on the lovers’ plight in the chorus."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ghosh|first=Devarsi|title=Best of 2021 soundtracks: Santhosh Narayanan, Anirudh Ravichander and Sachin-Jigar shine|url=https://scroll.in/reel/1013529/best-of-2021-soundtracks-santhosh-narayanan-anirudh-ravichander-and-sachin-jigar-shine|access-date=2022-02-03|website=Scroll.in|date=25 December 2021|language=en-US|archive-date=28 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228113916/https://scroll.in/reel/1013529/best-of-2021-soundtracks-santhosh-narayanan-anirudh-ravichander-and-sachin-jigar-shine|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col"| Award{{efn|Awards, festivals and organizations are in alphabetical order.}}
! scope="col"| Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
! scope="col"| Category
! scope="col"| Recipient(s)
! scope="col"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="7"| [[Filmfare Awards]]
| rowspan="7"| [[67th Filmfare Awards|30 August 2022]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
| {{sort|Bagchi|[[Tanishk Bagchi]]}}, [[Jasleen Royal]], [[Javed-Mohsin]], [[B Praak]], [[Jaani (songwriter)|Jaani]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="7"| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-67th-wolf777news-filmfare-awards-2022_-55253.html |title=Nominations for the 67th Wolf777news Filmfare Awards 2022 |work=[[Filmfare]] |date=18 August 2022 |access-date=20 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819074731/https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-67th-wolf777news-filmfare-awards-2022_-55253.html |archive-date=19 August 2022 |agency=[[The Times Group]] |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-the-wolf777news-filmfare-awards-2022_-55337.html |title=Winners of the Wolf777news Filmfare Awards 2022 |work=Filmfare |date=31 August 2022 |access-date=2 September 2022 |agency=The Times Group |archive-date=1 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901070051/https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-the-wolf777news-filmfare-awards-2022_-55337.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Background Score|Best Background Score]]
| {{sort|Eduri|John Stuart Eduri}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
| [[Jaani (songwriter)|Jaani]] – {{small|(for song "Mann Bharrya 2.0")}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| {{sort|Bagchi|Tanishk Bagchi}} – {{small|(for song "Raatan Lambiyan")}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]
| {{sort|B Praak|B Praak}} – {{small|(for song "Mann Bharrya")}}
| {{won}}
|-
| {{sort|Nautiyal|[[Jubin Nautiyal]]}} – {{small|(for song "Raatan Lambiyan")}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
| {{sort|Kaur|[[Asees Kaur]]}} – {{small|(for song "Raatan Lambiyan")}}
| {{won}}
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |FOI Online Awards
| rowspan="2" |23 January 2022
|Best Original Song
|"Raataan Lambiyan"
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="2" align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web|last=Editorials|first=F. O. I.|date=2022-01-15|title=7thFOIOA 2022 Nominations Announced!|url=https://www.foionlineawards.com/post/7thfoioa-2022-nominations-announced|access-date=2022-02-03|website=foionlineawards|language=en|archive-date=16 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116053113/https://www.foionlineawards.com/post/7thfoioa-2022-nominations-announced|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Best Male Playback Singer
|[[Jubin Nautiyal]] – ("Raataan Lambiyan")
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="7"| [[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]
| rowspan="7"| [[22nd IIFA Awards|3–4 June 2022]]
| [[IIFA Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]{{efn|Shared with [[A. R. Rahman]] for ''[[Atrangi Re]]''.}}
| {{sort|Bagchi|[[Tanishk Bagchi]]}}, [[Jasleen Royal]], [[Javed-Mohsin]], [[B Praak]], [[Jaani (songwriter)|Jaani]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="7"| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://iifa.com/iifa-2022 |title=The 22nd Nexa IIFA Awards |website=IIFA |publisher=[[International Indian Film Academy Awards]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610013129/https://iifa.com/iifa-2022 |archive-date=10 June 2022 |access-date=20 August 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/iifa-2022-nominations-shershaah-takes-lead-12-nominations-ludo-83-emerge-strong-contenders-check-complete-list/ |title=IIFA 2022 Nominations: Shershaah takes the lead with 12 Nominations, Ludo and 83 emerge as strong contenders; check out the complete list |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=1 April 2022 |access-date=20 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401100930/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/iifa-2022-nominations-shershaah-takes-lead-12-nominations-ludo-83-emerge-strong-contenders-check-complete-list/ |archive-date=1 April 2022 |agency=Bollywood Hungama News Network |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/winners-iifa-awards-2022-vicky-kaushal-kriti-sanon-win-top-honours-sardar-udham-mimi/ |title=Winners of IIFA Awards 2022: Vicky Kaushal and Kriti Sanon win top honours for Sardar Udham and Mimi |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=5 June 2022 |access-date=20 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605050712/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/winners-iifa-awards-2022-vicky-kaushal-kriti-sanon-win-top-honours-sardar-udham-mimi/ |archive-date=5 June 2022 |agency=Bollywood Hungama News Network |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[IIFA Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
| {{sort|Bagchi|Tanishk Bagchi}} – {{small|(for song "Raatan Lambiyan")}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| {{sort|B Praak|[[B Praak]]}}, [[Jaani (songwriter)|Jaani]] – {{small|(for song "Mann Bharrya 2.0")}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[IIFA Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]
| {{sort|Nautiyal|[[Jubin Nautiyal]]}} – {{small|(for song "Raatan Lambiyan")}}
| {{won}}
|-
| {{sort|B Praak|B Praak}} – {{small|(for song "Mann Bharrya")}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[IIFA Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
| {{sort|Kaur|[[Asees Kaur]]}} – {{small|(for song "Raatan Lambiyan")}}
| {{won}}
|-
| {{sort|Royal|[[Jasleen Royal]]}} – {{small|(for song "Ranjha")}}
| {{nom}}
|-
! rowspan="15" scope="row" |[[14th Mirchi Music Awards]]
| rowspan="15" |9 March 2022
|[[Mirchi Music Award for Album of The Year|Album of The Year]]
|''Shershaah''
| {{Won}}
| rowspan="20" align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |agency=TNN |date=Mar 9, 2022 |title=Shershaah Roars To Victory At Starry & Mesmerising Musical Ceremony {{!}} Mumbai News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/shershaah-roars-to-victory-at-starry-mesmerising-musical-ceremony/articleshow/90087618.cms |access-date=2022-03-23 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=23 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323144524/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/shershaah-roars-to-victory-at-starry-mesmerising-musical-ceremony/articleshow/90087618.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Sidharth Malhotra's Shershaah wins big at 14th Mirchi Music Awards, check out winners' list |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/bollywood/sidharth-malhotras-shershaah-wins-big-at-14th-mirchi-music-awards-check-out-winners-list-bollywood-news-entertainment-news-article-90133595 |access-date=2022-03-23 |website=Zoom TV |language=en |archive-date=15 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515090737/https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/bollywood/sidharth-malhotras-shershaah-wins-big-at-14th-mirchi-music-awards-check-out-winners-list-bollywood-news-entertainment-news-article-90133595 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Mirchi Music Award for Song of The Year|Song of The Year]]
|"Raataan Lambiyan"
| {{Won}}
|-
|"Ranjha"
| {{nom}}
|-
|"Mann Bharryaa 2.0"
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Mirchi Music Award for Music Composer of The Year|Music Composer of The Year]]
|[[Tanishk Bagchi]] – ("Raataan Lambiyan")
| {{Won}}
|-
|[[Jasleen Royal]] – ("Ranjha")
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[Mirchi Music Award for Male Vocalist of The Year|Male Vocalist of The Year]]
|[[Jubin Nautiyal]] – ("Raataan Lambiyan")
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[Mirchi Music Award for Female Vocalist of The Year|Female Vocalist of The Year]]
|[[Asees Kaur]] – ("Raataan Lambiyan")
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Mirchi Music Award for Lyricist of The Year|Lyricist of The Year]]
|[[Tanishk Bagchi]] – ("Raataan Lambiyan")
| {{Won}}
|-
|[[Jaani (songwriter)|Jaani]] – ("Mann Bharryaa 2.0")
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[Anvita Dutt]] – ("Ranjha")
| {{nom}}
|-
|Listeners' Choice Album of the Year
|''Shershaah''
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |Listeners' Choice Song of the Year
|"Raataan Lambiyan"
| {{nom}}
|-
|"Ranjha"
| {{nom}}
|-
|"Mann Bharryaa 2.0"
| {{nom}}
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist|30em}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://m.imdb.com/title/tt10295212/soundtrack/ ''Shershaah'' (soundtrack)] at the [[IMDb]]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2021 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:2020s film soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:Hindi film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Sony Music India soundtracks]]
[[Category:Biographical film soundtracks]]
[[Category:War film soundtracks]]

Spring Fest

2026-01-21T03:31:39Z

Musicalkd: adding new stub

{{Short description|Festival of the Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{infobox recurring event
|name = Spring Fest
|logo = Spring Fest Logo 2009.JPEG
|logo_size = 250px
|logo_alt = Spring Fest Logo
|image = Spring fest.jpg
|image_size = 250px
|caption = A play at Spring Fest, {{circa|1970}}
|genre = social and cultural festival
|filing = Student-run non-profit organization
|founded = 1960
|location = Kharagpur, India
|attendance = 80,000+
|patron = [[IIT Kharagpur|Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur]]
|events =
|prize_money = 30 lakhs
|participants_title = Guests
|participants = [[Salim–Sulaiman]], [[KK (singer)|KK]], [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Vishal–Shekhar]], [[Sadhguru]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Hariprasad Chaurasia]], [[Pandit Vishwa Mohan Bhatt]]
|website = [http://www.springfest.in www.springfest.in]
|footnotes =
}}
'''Spring Fest''', known as SF (motto: '''True Spirit of Youth'''), is the annual social and cultural festival of the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur]] held during January in the spring semester.<ref>{{cite news|author=Jhimli Mukherjee Pandey |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Femina-Miss-India-prelims-at-IIT-Kharagpur/articleshow/28157767.cms |title=Femina Miss India prelims at IIT-Kharagpur|work=Times of India |date=30 December 2013 |accessdate=2013-12-30}}</ref><ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120523033838/http://www.efi-news.com/2012/01/spring-fest-2012-review.html Spring Fest 2012, a Review]}} ''Efi-news.com''</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/campus-carnival/article4002737.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | first=Aarti | last=Dhar | title=Campus carnival | date=2012-10-17}}</ref> The first edition was held in 1960. The 66th edition of Spring Fest was organized from 24 to 27 January 2025.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Archived copy | url=https://www.iitkgp.ac.in/assets/pdf/ACADEMIC_CALENDAR_2024_25.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240801233748/https://www.iitkgp.ac.in/assets/pdf/ACADEMIC_CALENDAR_2024_25.pdf | archive-date=2024-08-01}}</ref>

==Inception and growth==
The first edition of Spring Fest was held in 1960, which makes it one of the oldest college fests in India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2013-11-11 |title=IITians seek more participation from Gujarat for Spring Fest 2014 - Times Of India |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-11-09/news/43854261_1_spring-fest-l-d-college-gujarat |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111062058/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-11-09/news/43854261_1_spring-fest-l-d-college-gujarat |archive-date=2013-11-11 |access-date=2024-03-31}}</ref> It was conceived as a platform for the students of IIT Kharagpur to showcase their extra academic skills. Over the years, it began to attract participants from the neighboring colleges of West Bengal. In the last decade or so, the fest grew in scale, attracting participants from all over India and as well as abroad. The 2019 edition of the fest received a footfall of over 80,000 people.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 18, 2019 |title=IIT-Kharagpur announces schedule of its annual fest |url=https://www.iitkgpfoundation.org/article.html?aid=854 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331034335/https://www.iitkgpfoundation.org/article.html?aid=854 |archive-date=31 March 2024 |access-date=31 March 2024 |website=iitkgp foundation}}</ref>

The 2021 Spring Fest was held online drawing 100k live viewers.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 March 2021 |title=Spring Fest 2021: IIT Kharagpur cultural fest in keeping with its tradition and reaching new heights |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/culture/spring-fest-2021-iit-kharagpur-cultural-fest-in-keeping-with-its-tradition-and-reaching-new-heights |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331035646/https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/culture/spring-fest-2021-iit-kharagpur-cultural-fest-in-keeping-with-its-tradition-and-reaching-new-heights |archive-date=31 March 2024 |access-date=31 March 2024 |work=[[National Herald]] |pages=1}}</ref>

==Activities==
During the fest, students from IIT Kharagpur and from different colleges all over the country participate in a multitude of social and cultural activities.<ref>http://www.coolage.in/2012/11/05/nukkad-prelims-spring-fest-iit-kharagpur/ {{Dead link|date=March 2022}}</ref><ref>http://www.coolage.in/2012/11/08/how-blessed-are-we-an-inspirational-evening-for-iit-kharagpur/ {{Dead link|date=March 2022}}</ref> The ambit of the events encompasses various genres like Dance, Music, Dramatics, Photography, Literature, Quizzing, Food Fest and Fine Arts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/Spring-Fest-2014/2014/01/06/article1984530.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107212301/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/Spring-Fest-2014/2014/01/06/article1984530.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 7, 2014|title = Spring Fest 2014}}</ref>

Tremendous participation and aggressive competition are seen in all the events, especially the flagship events of SF, namely Nukkad, Shuffle, Wildfire, Rangmanch, Centrifuge, and Lake Side Dreams. The preliminary rounds of Nukkad, Shuffle and Wildfire happen nationwide. Every city that Spring Fest visits to conduct prelims, the whole atmosphere turns festive and the creative lot throng to the venue to see the show of talent.

Other non-competition based events include Hard-Talk, which involves talks/conferences by eminent personalities from a variety of fields, a talk by motivational speakers and various workshops on Filmography, mocktail making, cupcake dressing etc. The number of these events is particularly large and serves to cater to the very large number of participants — both local as well as from other colleges all over the country.

The hub for major activities during the fest is called the Arena, which has the Informals and Perpz stage. The informals stage hosts various fun filled casual activities, for which the participants can win numerous prizes. The Perpz stage is an all day dance floor with a DJ, that attracts huge crowds. Apart from this the arena also has numerous food and corporate stalls.

==Pro Nights==
The evenings are notable for the "Pro-Nights", more commonly known as Star-Nites — the biggest events in Spring Fest which usually involve live concerts by some of the most famous musicians and bands of national and international acclaim. All the Star Nites are free to attend for any student of the institute and all registered participants. The [[genre]]s of music are wide and varied and involve pop, rock and fusion bands. The venue for these events is the Tagore Open Air Theater (TOAT) and Jnan Ghosh Stadium which usually get packed to their full capacity during the Star-Nites, with crowds of up to 23,000 people. Famous Indian artists like [[Armaan Malik]], [[Sachin–Jigar]], [[Shalmali Kholgade]], [[Farhan Akhtar]], [[Amit Trivedi]], [[Salim–Sulaiman]], [[Pritam]], [[Kailash Kher]], [[KK (singer)|KK]], [[Papon (Assamese singer)|Papon]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], [[Vishal–Shekhar]], [[Shweta Pandit]], [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Shivamani]], [[Sukhwinder Singh]] and classical performers such as Pandit [[Debashish Bhattacharya]], Pandit [[Hariprasad Chaurasia]], [[L. Sriram]], Pandit [[Vishwa Mohan Bhatt]], and [[Pandit Divyang Vakil]] have performed here. Bands like [[The Local Train]], [[Coshish]], [[Order of Chaos]], [[Pentagram (band)|Pentagram]], [[Swarathma]], [[Underground Authority]], [[Kryptos (band)|Kryptos]], [[Parikrama]], [[Euphoria (Indian band)|Euphoria]], [[Indian Ocean (band)|Indian Ocean]], [[Strings (Pakistani pop band)|Strings]], and [[Spunk (band)|Spunk]] have also performed.

International bands like Dead By April<ref>[http://www.deadbyapril.com Dead By April]</ref> Breathe, the Floyd Sound,<ref>[http://www.thefloydsound.com Breathe, the Floyd Sound] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091214220419/http://www.thefloydsound.com/ |date=2009-12-14 }}</ref> Monuments,<ref>[http://thisismonuments.com/ Monuments]</ref> Led Zepplica,<ref>[http://led-zepplica.com Led Zepplica]</ref> TesseracT<ref>[http://www.tesseractband.co.uk/ TesseracT]</ref> and The Order of Chaos have also performed on the Spring Fest stage.

Spring Fest has also hosted many EDM artists from across the world namely [[Nina Suerte]], [[The Progressive Brothers]], [[Diego Miranda]], [[Zaeden]] and [[Zephyrtone]].

==Events==
Spring Fest consists of more than 130 events from varied genres that provide a platform for students where they can prove their mettle and caliber.{{citation needed|date= March 2022}}

The fest conducts its '''Hitch Hike - Nation Wide Prelims''' held in 8 cities for events like Wildfire, the national level rock band competition; SF Idol, Solo Singing competition; Shuffle, the street dance competition;Shake a Leg, Solo Dance Competition; Two for a Tango, Duo Dance competition; and Nukkad, the street play competition. Wildfire attracts registrations from multitudes of bands, and prizes in the 2019 edition were worth more than 5 lakh INR.{{citation needed|date= March 2022}}

Spring Fest 2018 for the first time added preliminary round for the events Hilarity Ensues and Poetry Slam which was held in cities closer to Kharagpur namely Kolkata, Ranchi and Bhubhaneshwar. These rounds were termed as the '''Eliminations''' round.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 December 2017 |title=Spring Fest, IIT Kharagpur is with Ananya Chatterjee |url=https://www.facebook.com/springfest.iitkgp/posts/spring-fest-iit-kharagpur-introduced-hitchhike-the-eliminations-for-the-first-ti/10155898690677556/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331040720/https://www.facebook.com/springfest.iitkgp/posts/spring-fest-iit-kharagpur-introduced-hitchhike-the-eliminations-for-the-first-ti/10155898690677556/ |archive-date=31 March 2024 |access-date=31 March 2024 |website=[[Facebook]]}}</ref>

Most of the socio-cultural activities are day events which involve dramatics, music, dance competitions, fine arts contests, quizzes, food fest, gaming and other literary events. Judges of the competitions are reputed and famous personalities from different fields and organisations. Centrifuge, the inter-collegiate dance event, is arguably the most keenly followed event of the fest. The other notable events are Rangmanch, the inter-collegiate dramatics event; Sargam, the eastern musical jamming competition; and Mary Bucknell Trophy, the prestigious quiz competition.{{citation needed|date= March 2022}}

Notable additions of the previous editions have been Prom Night, Silent DJ, Poker Night, Fashion Show, Beat Boxing competition and many more.{{citation needed|date= March 2022}}

==Notable guests==
Every year many esteemed personalities of different fields from around the country are invited as guests and judges for different events and competitions. Some of the prominent guests to participate in the festival are [[Ashish Vidyarthi]], [[Rakesh Bedi]], [[Purbayan Chatterjee]], [[Makrand Deshpande]], [[Gilad Dobrecky]], [[Dr. Kumar Vishwas]], [[Lilette Dubey]], [[Pt. Debashish Bhattacharya]], [[Kailash Kher]], [[Jim Ankan Deka]], [[Rahat Indori]], [[Nagesh Bhosle]], [[Divya Jagdale]], [[Ankur Deka]], [[Freddie Bryant]], [[Dr. Ashok Viswanathan]], and [[Naseeruddin Shah]].

==International Carnival==
The International Carnival was conceived for the first time in Spring Fest 2014. It consisted of acts and performances from all around the globe. Among these were [[Chris Cheong]], a magician and mentalist from Malaysia; [[Jack Glatzer]], a violinist from Portugal; [[Murray Molloy]], a sword swallower from Ireland; [[Almost Trio]], a juggling duo from Hungary; and [[Jonathan Kay]], an indo-jazz saxophonist from Canada.
The second edition of the International Carnival in 2015 revamped the international performances, with street performances by Ronaldo Fanzini and Monsieur Gusto from Ireland, and an enchanting Indo-Canadian folk music performance by Autorickshaw Trio from Canada.
In 2016, Spring Fest bore witness to a never before seen concept of unified music from around the Globe. With musical performances from all around the world, the Global Music Festival was a huge success. Performances by the post-rock band Paint the Sky Red from Singapore; the indie pop band Pleasantry from Singapore; the Irish folk music duo Fasta Duo; the Israeli rock band Ouzo Bazooka; and the seven piece contemporary folk music band Skipper's Alley from Ireland, all coupled with a sensational star night featuring [[Dead By April]] from Sweden, escalated the first Global Music festival to produce a sensational boom. Also, the third international carnival in 2016 continued the ongoing momentum with four exhilarating acts, which included Tommillusions, a magician from Singapore; Shazet, a beatboxer from Malaysia; Logy Logan (Logy On Fire), a street juggler from Ireland; and Murray Molloy from Ireland.
Spring Fest 2019 again had a number of international guests to show off their skill and interact with the crowd. These include Scalia, basketballer from Malaysia; Extra Crunchy, Graffiti Artist Duo from Israel; Bruno Eddie, Portuguese Fire Artist; Sophie von Metern, Swedish Musician; Cis Bakelijia, Breakdancer from Belgium; Daniel, Spanish Beatboxer; Anders, a Danish guitarist; and '''The Order of Chaos''', a Canadian metal band.

==Media and publicity==
SF is notable for being one of the largest student events in the country and is often cited as an example of the management skills of IITians in general.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}} The fest has attracted a large amount of coverage from the electronic and print-media. [[MTV]] India and ''[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]'', Kolkata, have covered the fest extensively in previous years.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}} Numerous articles have appeared about Spring Fest in various newspapers all over India. Spring Fest 2020 had more than 150 articles printed in various newspapers across the country which included newspapers like The Times of India, Hindustan Times, and Dainik Jagran.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}

==Structure of the organization==
The Spring Fest team is composed of the core team, the design team, the web team and the media cell. The core team consists of third years, called the core organizing team heads headed by the executive heads and second years who form the core organizing team members. The core team is responsible for getting sponsorship for the fest, handles publicity throughout India and organizes and executes the events. Pre-fest tasks, formulation of events, internal publicity, security, student accommodation, transportation, guest reception, and arena design. are distributed among the heads and members of the core organizing team. First year form the associate member team and are primarily responsible for the publicity aspect of the fest. The previous years' core team heads are called Steering Committee Members. They provide guidance to the core team over important issues. The design team and web team are responsible for designing the websites and various creatives used in publicity while the Media Cell is responsible for media and public relations aspect.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.iitkgp.ac.in IIT Kharagpur - official website]
*[https://springfest.in Spring Fest - the official website]

{{Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur}}
{{Indian Institutes of Technology}}

[[Category:Indian Institutes of Technology festivals]]
[[Category:1960 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Festivals established in 1960]]

Gudilo Badilo Madilo Vodilo

2026-01-19T18:17:49Z

Musicalkd: made initial entry from scratch

{{short description|2017 song by K. S. Chitra and M. L. R. Karthikeyan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2022}}

{{Infobox song
| name = Gudilo Badilo Madilo Vodilo
| cover = Gudilo Badilo Madilo Vodilo.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Gudilo Badilo Madilo Vodilo song cover featuring actors [[Allu Arjun]] and [[Pooja Hegde]]
| type = single
| artist = [[K. S. Chitra]] and M. L. R. Karthikeyan
| album = [[DJ: Duvvada Jagannadham (soundtrack)|DJ: Duvvada Jagannadham]]
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| English_title =
| released =
*{{Start date|2017|06|01|df=y}} (lyrical)
*30 August 2017 (full video)
| recorded = 2017
| studio =
*YRF, Mumbai
*V, Chennai
*Prasad Labs, Hyderabad
| genre =
*[[Filmi]]
*[[Indian pop]]
*[[soft-rock]]
| length = 4:24
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
|writer=| composer = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| lyricist = Sahithi
| producer = Devi Sri Prasad
| misc = {{Extra track listing
| album = [[DJ: Duvvada Jagannadham (soundtrack)|DJ: Duvvada Jagannadham]]
| type = single
| tracks = {{Hidden
| title = 5 tracks
| text =
# "DJ Saranam Bhaje Bhaje"
# "'''Gudilo Badilo Madilo Vodilo'''"
# "Mecchuko"
# "[[Seeti Maar]]"
# "Box Baddhalai Poyi"
}}}}{{External music video|type=single|{{YouTube|d4UswR0Qt5Y|"Gudilo Badilo Madilo Vodilo"}}
}}}}

"'''Gudilo Badilo Madilo Vodilo'''" also known as "'''Asmaika'''" is an Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language song composed by [[Devi Sri Prasad]] from the 2017 soundtrack album [[DJ: Duvvada Jagannadham (soundtrack)|''DJ: Duvvada Jagannadham'']] of the film [[DJ: Duvvada Jagannadham|of the same name]]. The song features [[Allu Arjun]] and [[Pooja Hegde]] with vocals by [[K. S. Chitra]] and M. L. R. Karthikeyan.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Telugu Song Gudilo Badilo Madilo Vodilo Sung By MLR Karthikeyan & Chitra - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/telugu/telugu-song-gudilo-badilo-madilo-vodilo-sung-by-mlr-karthikeyan-chitra/videoshow/65460109.cms|access-date=2018-08-20|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> The song is written by Sahithi. The song's lyrical version was released on 1 June 2017, while the full video song was released on 30 August 2017 under the music label [[Aditya Music]].<ref name=":1" />

== Release ==
The promo of the song was unveiled on 29 May 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|title=DJ song Gudilo Badilo Madilo: Allu Arjun's moves in the teaser will have you swooning over him big time|url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/dj-song-gudilo-badilo-madilo-allu-arjuns-moves-in-the-teaser-will-have-you-swooning-over-him-big-time-983150/|access-date=2017-05-30|website=Bollywoodlife.com}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Gudilo Badilo Madilo Vodilo 1Min Video Song {{!}} DJ Video Songs {{!}} Allu Arjun {{!}} Pooja Hegde {{!}} DSP |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KzYbhN1d_-Y|language=en|access-date=2017-05-29}}</ref> The lyrical was released on 1 June 2017 and after it received positive reception,<ref>{{Citation|title=Gudilo Badilo Madilo Vodilo Full Song With Lyrics {{!}} DJ Songs {{!}} Allu Arjun {{!}} Pooja Hegde {{!}} DSP |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ul-YyTYvIRE|language=en|access-date=2017-06-01}}</ref> the full video was released on 30 August 2017.<ref name=":1">{{Citation|title=Gudilo Badilo Madilo Vodilo Full Video Song {{!}} DJ Video Songs {{!}} Allu Arjun {{!}} Pooja Hegde {{!}} DSP |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d4UswR0Qt5Y|language=en|access-date=2019-08-30}}</ref>

== Music video ==
"Gudilo Badilo Madilo Vodilo" was shot in the various locations in [[United Arab Emirates]], especially in [[Abu Dhabi]] and [[Dubai]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tollywood movie, DJ, wraps Abu Dhabi shoot|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/tollywood-movie-dj-wraps-abu-dhabi-shoot-1.80729|access-date=2021-01-01|website=The National|date=14 March 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

The music video features [[Allu Arjun]] and [[Pooja Hegde]] dancing for the single. The music is choreographed by [[Ganesh Acharya]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Allu Arjun’s DJ second single released, song goes viral|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/allu-arjun-s-dj-second-single-released-song-goes-viral/story-2a7bhfu0USNVm6gsFSI64J.html|access-date=2017-05-30|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> The full video song garned lot of views due to its choreography and picturisation.

== Reception ==

=== Audience response ===
Upon the release of the full video version of the song, it gained lots of appreciation for its music and choreography. [[Ganesh Acharya]], who choreographed the song received lots of praise for his work for the single.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Impressive Choreography Unappealing Song|url=https://www.mirchi9.com/movienews/impressive-choreography-unappealing-dj-gudilo-badilo-song/|access-date=2017-05-30|website=Mirchi9|language=en}}</ref>

=== Critical reviews ===
''123Telugu'' on reviewing the music of the soundtrack wrote that "The best part of the song is the melodious singing by Chitra who gives the song a vintage touch. Devi showcases his class as he nicely mixes the song with some nice western and Indian beats which make this song a chartbuster. The dance moves are already a hit and this is the best of the lot in the recent times."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-07|title=Music Review : DJ- Something for everyone|url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/duvvada-jagannadham-telugu-music-review.html|access-date=2017-11-17|website=123telugu.com|language=en}}</ref>

''[[The Indian Express]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-07|title=Duvvada Jagannadham music review: Allu Arjun and Devi Sri Prasad set our foot tapping with DJ album|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/duvvada-jagannadham-music-review-allu-arjun-and-devi-sri-prasad-set-our-foot-tapping-with-dj-album-4698858/|access-date=2017-11-17|website=[[The Indian Express]]|language=en}}</ref> ''Movie Crow'' also reviewed the song.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-07|title=Duvvada Jagannadham Aka DJ Songs - Music Review|url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/16454/duvvada-jagannadham-aka-dj-songs---music-review|access-date=2017-11-17|website=Moviecrow.com|language=en}}</ref>

== Chart performance ==
The single debuted and peaked on ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]''{{'}}s ''The 10 Best Telugu Songs'' at No. 5.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The 10 Best Telugu Songs|url=https://www.billboard.com/photos/telugu-songs-video-dance-music-list|access-date=2022-02-08|work=Billboard|language=en}}</ref> The song debuted on ''Popnable Charts'' countdown on 2017. It stayed on the chart for 16 weeks and reached the No. 9 as the best achievement.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mlr Karthikeyan Famous Songs|url=https://popnable.com/stories/4789-mlr-karthikeyan-famous-songs|access-date=2020-12-20|website=Popnable|language=en}}</ref>

== Other versions ==
The song was later released as a single in [[Malayalam]] as "Mayilo Kuyilo" sung by [[Madhu Balakrishnan]] and Rajalakshmi Abhiram for the film's Malayalam version.<ref>{{Citation|title=Mayilo Kuyilo Full Song (Audio) {{!}} Dhruvaraja Jagannadh Malayalam (2017) Official {{!}} AlluArjun, Pooja Hegde {{!}} DSP |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xpkmcI4-hhk|language=en|access-date=2018-04-30}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Mayilo Kuyilo Mariman Mizhiyo Video Song {{!}} Dhruvaraja Jagannadh Malayalam (Official) {{!}} AlluArjun, Pooja Hegde {{!}} DSP |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ySco6kT10HI|language=en|access-date=2018-08-17}}</ref>

== Controversy ==
The Brahmin community in [[Telangana]] filed a complaint against the makers of the film, as the lyrics of the song allegedly showcased them in a bad way, also seeking a ban on the film.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gudilo badilo madilo...song from Allu Arjun’s next stirs a controversy - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/gudilo-badilo-madilo-song-from-allu-arjuns-next-stirs-a-controversy/articleshow/58966395.cms|access-date=2021-01-01|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Allu Arjun's DJ Aka Duvvada Jagannadham Lands In Trouble: Brahmin Community Files Complaint|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/allu-arjuns-dj-aka-duvvada-jagannadham-lands-trouble-brahmin-community-files-complaint-729302|access-date=2017-06-04|website=Indian Business Times}}</ref>

== Music credits ==
Credits adapted from [[Aditya Music]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gudilo Badilo Madilo Vodilo Full Video Song {{!}} DJ Video Songs {{!}} Allu Arjun {{!}} Pooja Hegde {{!}} DSP |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d4UswR0Qt5Y|language=en|access-date=2019-09-07|website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>

* [[Devi Sri Prasad]] – composer, programmer, arranger
* [[K. S. Chitra]] – vocals
* M. L. R. Karthikeyan – vocals
* Sahithi – lyrics
* [[Shadab Rayeen]] – mixing, mastering [at New Edge ([[Mumbai]])]
* [[Devi Sri Prasad]] – Banjo, Guitar
* Kalyan – Keyboards, Rhythm, Konnakol
* Vikas Badisa – Keyboards
* Dilruba – Saroja

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Award
!Category
!Recipient
!Result
!Notes
|-
| [[Radio City (Indian radio station)|Radio City Cine Awards Telugu]]
| Best Female Playback Singer
| [[K. S. Chitra]]
| {{nom}}
| {{Citation needed|date=February 2022}}
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links==
*{{YouTube|id=d4UswR0Qt5Y|title="Gudilo Badilo Madilo Vodilo" (full video version)}}
*{{YouTube|id=ul-YyTYvIRE|title="Gudilo Badilo Madilo Vodilo" (lyrical version)}}
{{Devi Sri Prasad}}{{K S Chithra|state=expanded}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:2017 songs]]
[[Category:Songs written for Telugu films]]
[[Category:Songs with music by Devi Sri Prasad]]
[[Category:Songs from DJ: Duvvada Jagannadham]]
[[Category:Filmi songs]]
[[Category:Race-related controversies in music]]
[[Category:Religious controversies in music]]
[[Category:Hinduism-related mass media and entertainment controversies]]

Baptist Theological Seminary (India)

2026-01-18T09:02:15Z

Musicalkd: Starting new article!

{{About|the seminary in India|the seminary in Richmond, Virginia, United States|Baptist Theological Seminary at Richmond}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Baptist Theological Seminary, [[Kakinada]]
| native_name = Seminary
| image_name = Gate to Baptist Theological Seminary, Kakinada.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| image_alt =
| caption = The Baptist Theological Seminary, Jagannaikpur, Kakinada
| motto =
| motto_lang =
| motto_eng =
| former_names =
| established = {{start date and age|1882|10|2|df=yes}}<ref name="Orville">Orville E. Daniel, ''Rising Tides in India'', Canadian Baptist Foreign Mission Board, 1963, p.91.[https://books.google.com/books?id=J9YQAQAAIAAJ&q=baptist+theological+seminary+kakinada]</ref>
| closed =
| type =[[Baptist]] [[Seminary]]
| parent =
| affiliation = [[Convention of Baptist Churches of Northern Circars]]
| city = Church Square, Jagannaickpur, [[Kakinada]] 533 002, [[Kakinada district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
| canton =
| prefecture =
| province =
| region =
| state =
| country =
| coor = {{coord|16|56|15|N|82|14|18|E|type:edu}}
| dean = [[The Reverend]] K. J. Emmanuel, [[CBCNC]] ''(Chairperson of the Seminary Council)''
| rector =
| head_label = Principal
| head = [[The Reverend|Rev.]] K. Ranjit Kumar,<ref>''[[Senate of Serampore College (University)]]'', Common Entrance Examination 2012 – Missiology.[http://senateofseramporecollege.edu.in/docs/cetcandidate%20.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025145917/http://senateofseramporecollege.edu.in/docs/cetcandidate%20.htm |date=25 October 2018 }}</ref><ref>''[[Gurukul Lutheran Theological College]]'', Chennai Inter-Theologiate Seminar 2014.[http://www.gltc.edu/projects/seminars/chennai-inter-theologiate-seminar/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025150051/http://www.gltc.edu/projects/seminars/chennai-inter-theologiate-seminar/ |date=25 October 2018 }}</ref> [[CBCNC]]
| academic_staff = 3+
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| alumni =
| symbol =
| website =
| logo =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Baptist Theological Seminary''' is a [[Baptist]] seminary located in Jagannaickpur, Church Square, [[Kakinada]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India. It is affiliated with the [[Convention of Baptist Churches of Northern Circars]].

== History ==
The Seminary was founded in [[Samalkot]] in 1882 by the [[Canadian Baptist Mission]], under the stewardship of the John McLaurin.<ref name="Orchard"/><ref>Ministry of Home Affairs [http://mha.nic.in/fd-ar0304/9.3Reported%20Associations%20for%202003-04%5CAndhra%20Pradesh.htm] List of organizations</ref> In 1912, the Seminary was shifted from Samalkot to [[Kakinada]].<ref name="Orchard"/> However, in 1920, the Seminary closed and was merged with the Ramayapatnam Baptist Theological Seminary and a joint faculty comprising the American Baptists and the Canadian Baptists began taking classes. In 1928, the Seminary was reopened in [[Kakinada]] and the faculty were recalled from Ramayapatnam.

In the beginning, in 1949, the seminary was affiliated to the [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]].<ref>''Indian Church History Review'', Volume 13, Church History Association of India, 1979, p.77.[https://books.google.com/books?id=wsTYAAAAMAAJ&q=albert+ezekiel+kakinada]</ref>
<ref>Please refer to [[Andhra Christian Theological College]] – The [[Kretzmann Commission]]</ref> However, with the formation of the [[Andhra Christian Theological College]] (ACTC) in 1964,<ref name="Coleman"/> the seminary began sending its students for [[Bachelor of Theology]] and [[Bachelor of Divinity]] to ACTC. After the formation of ACTC, an [[ecumenical]] seminary in [[Rajahmundry]] in 1964, the BTS got itself amalgamated into it in 1964 for Senate approved courses. The BTS began offering self-managed and operated Graduate of Theology courses under the seal of the Seminary Council since then.

In 1964 the Seminary moved to [[Rajahmundry]] in the campus of the Lutheran Theological Seminary.<ref>Robert George Torbet, ''Venture of Faith: The Story of the American Baptist Foreign Mission Society and the Women's American Baptist Foreign Mission Society, 1814–1954'', Judson Press, 1955. [https://books.google.com/books?id=j0XPAAAAMAAJ&q=rajahmundry]</ref> With the formation of the ecumenical seminary – [[Andhra Christian Theological College]] in 1964, the [[B.Th.]] and [[Bachelor of Divinity|B.D.]] classes were moved in 1964<ref name="Coleman">''Prospectus 1964 of the Andhra Christian Theological College'', Printed by A. Nageswara Rao at Saraswathi Printing Press, Rajahmundry, 1969.</ref> to it while the Seminary retained the stand-alone diploma courses.

The BTS was upgraded from S. Th to B. Th in August 2015.

==Members of faculty==
===Present (resident and visiting)===
* [[The Reverend|The Rev.]] N. Leela Grace,<ref>Senate of Serampore College (University), ''Statement of marks for M. Th. qualifying examination'', 2013, p.13.[http://www.senateofseramporecollege.edu.in/docs/mth_qual2013.pdf]</ref> [[CBCNC]], Faculty member,
* The Rev. B. Devasahayam,<ref>The Rev. B. Devasahayam underwent ministerial formation at the [[Andhra Christian Theological College]], [[Secunderabad]] where he took his [[Bachelor of Divinity|B.D.]][http://www.senateofseramporecollege.edu.in/docs/senateminutes2012.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215165430/http://www.senateofseramporecollege.edu.in/docs/senateminutes2012.pdf|date=15 February 2016}} After a period of ecclesiastical ministry, Devasahayam pursued an [[M. Th.]] at the [[Gurukul Lutheran Theological College]], [[Chennai]] where he studied [[Christian theology]][http://www.senateofseramporecollege.edu.in/docs/mth_qual2013.pdf] from 2013-2015 and attended the convocation of the University held at his [[alma mater]], the [[Andhra Christian Theological College]], [[Secunderabad]] in February 2016 where he was awarded a degree by the Master of the University, [[John Sadananda]].</ref> CBCNC, Faculty member,
* The Rev. B. Theophilus, CBCNC, Faculty member,
* The Rev. Vara Joseph Deepak Raj Kumar,<ref>Senate of Serampore College (University), ''Madras Theological College and Seminary – Examination paper registration for B. D.'', 2013, p.1.[http://www.senateofseramporecollege.edu.in/examregbd_2013/30BD.pdf]</ref> CBCNC, Faculty member,
* The Rev. K. Ranjit Kumar,<ref>''[[Senate of Serampore College (University)]]'', Teaching faculty.</ref> CBCNC, Faculty member and Principal,
* The Rev. P. V. Raja Babu, CBCNC, Faculty member

===Past ===
====Resident====
* [[Prof.]] [[Mutyala Theophilus|M. Theophilus]], [[CBCNC]],
* [[The Reverend|The Rev.]] B. Arjuna Rao, [[CBCNC]],
* The Rev. T. Theophilus, [[CBCNC]],
* The Rev. G. Noah Raju, [[CBCNC]],
* The Rev. G. S. Albert Ezekiel,<ref name="ICHR">''Indian Church History Review'', Volume 13, Church History Association of India, 1979. [https://books.google.com/books?id=wsTYAAAAMAAJ&q=albert+ezekiel]</ref> [[CBCNC]],
* The Rev. K. P. Israel,<ref name="ICHR" /> [[CBCNC]],
* The Rev. I. Samuel,<ref name="ICHR" /> [[CBCNC]],
* The Rev. C. L. Timpany,<ref name="ICHR" /> [[Canadian Baptist Ministries|CBM]]
* The Rev. [[J. I. Richardson]],<ref name="ICHR" /> [[Canadian Baptist Ministries|CBM]]

====Visiting====
* [[The Reverend|The Rev.]] K. David,<ref>K. David, ''The development of the concept of salvation in the Qumran Community and its significance for our understanding of salvation in the NT'', ''[[Indian Journal of Theology]]'', Volume 30, Issue 3-4, July–December 1981, pp.131-137.[https://biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/ijt/30-3-4_131.pdf]</ref> [[CBCNC]],
* The Rev. G. Babu Rao,<ref name="Wilson">[[H. S. Wilson]] (Edited), ''The Church on the Move: Essays in honour of [[Victor Premasagar]]'', Christian Literature Society, Madras, 1988, p.vi. [https://books.google.com/books?id=S-wrAAAAMAAJ&q=babu+rao]</ref> [[CBCNC]],
* The Rev. D. J. Jeremiah,<ref name="DJJ">D. J. Jeremiah, ''Christian Ministerial Training in the Convention of Baptist Churches of Northern Circars from 1882 to 1971.'' A [[Bachelor of Divinity|B. D.]] thesis submitted to the [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]] through the [[Andhra Christian Theological College]], [[Rajahmundry]], 1971. Cited by W. G. Carder in ''On theological education in [[Andhra Pradesh]] of the [[Canadian Baptist Mission]] [[Convention of Baptist Churches of Northern Circars]] 1880-1975'' in ''Indian Church History Review'', Volume 13, Issue 1, 1979, pp.70-84.[https://books.google.com/books?id=wsTYAAAAMAAJ&q=jeremiah]</ref> [[CBCNC]],
* The Rev. K. D. G. Prakasa Rao,<ref>''See Succession of Principals in [[Andhra Christian Theological College]]''.</ref> [[CBCNC]],
* The Rev. Paul Carter,<ref>Paul Carter pastors First Baptist Church, [[Orillia]], Canada. ''Surge'' 2007, p. 12. [http://www.frwy.ca/church/uploads/surge.pdf]{{Dead link|date=June 2019|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> [[Canadian Baptist Ministries|CBM]]

==Succession of seminary principals==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! scope="col" style="width: 10px;" | Sl. No
! scope="col" style="width: 225px;" | Name
! scope="col" style="width: 75px;" | Tenure
! scope="col" style="width: 25px;" | Domicile
! scope="col" style="width: 550px;" | Earned academic credentials
|-
|1.||[[The Reverend|The Rev.]] John McLaurin, [[Canadian Baptist Ministries|CBM]]||1882<ref name="Gerald">Paul R. Dekar, ''Biographical note on John Bates Mclaurin'' pp.450–451 in Gerald H. Anderson ''Biographical Dictionary of Christian Missions'', William B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1999.[https://books.google.com/books?id=oQ8BFk9K0ToC&dq=john+mclaurin+baptist+seminary&pg=PA450]</ref>-1887<ref name="Craig">John Craig, ''Forty Years Among the Telugus: A History of the Mission of the Baptists of Ontario and Quebec, Canada, to the Telugus, South India, 1867-1907'', 1908, pp.123-178. [https://books.google.com/books?id=RBlJAQAAMAAJ&q=H.E.stillwell+seminary]</ref>||Canada||[[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] ([[Canadian Literary Institute]])<ref>William H. Brackney, ''Biographical note on John McLaurin'' in Gerald H. Anderson (Edited), ''Biographical Dictionary of Christian Missions'', William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, Grand Rapids/Cambridge, 1999, p.450.[https://books.google.com/books?id=oQ8BFk9K0ToC&dq=john+mclaurin+cocanada&pg=PA450]</ref>
|-
|2.||The Rev. H. E. Stillwell,<ref name="Orchard">M. L. Orchard, ''Canadian Baptists at Work in India'', Published by Read Books, 2008.[https://books.google.com/books?id=Ucw8fdwZg3wC&dq=cocanada+seminary&pg=PA97]</ref> CBM||1888<ref name="Craig"/>-1898<ref name="Craig"/>||Canada||B. A.<ref name="Craig"/>
|-
|3.||The Rev. John Craig, CBM||1899-1905<ref name="Craig"/>||Canada||B. A. ([[University of Toronto|Toronto]])<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=-ZPQafrKFD4C&dq=john+craig+cocanada&pg=PA1181 ''University Monthly'', Volume 10, 1910, p.377]</ref>
|-
|4.||The Rev. H. B. Cross,<ref>Colin Campbell McLaurin, McLaurin (Eds.), ''Pioneering in Western Canada: A Story of the Baptists1 1854–1940'', 1939. p.232. [https://books.google.com/books?id=AU_SAAAAMAAJ&q=h.b.cross]</ref> CBM||1912<ref name="Souvenir"/>-1920||Canada||B. A.<ref name="Craig"/>
|-
|5.||The Rev. J. B. McLaurin,<ref name="Gerald"/> CBM||1926-1939<ref name="Souvenir"/>||Canada||B.A.,<ref>''Calendar'', [[McMaster University]], [[Hamilton, Ontario|Hamilton]], 1906, p.85.[https://books.google.com/books?id=rz9WAAAAYAAJ&q=j.+b.+mclaurin]</ref> [[Bachelor of Theology|B.Th.]]<ref name="Calcutta">''The Calendar'', [[University of Calcutta]], Calcutta, 1930, p.638.[https://books.google.com/books?id=mWobAQAAIAAJ&q=j.b.mclaurin+M.A.]</ref> [[Master of Arts|M. A.]]<ref name="Calcutta"/>
|-
|6.||The Rev. [[Gordon Payzant Barss|Gordon P. Barss]],<ref>Stanley Reed (Ed.), ''The Times of India Directory and Year Book including Who's Who'', Bennett and Coleman, 1922.[https://books.google.com/books?id=kSEQ-ytZnN8C&q=gordon+p.barss+india]</ref> CBM||1939-1945<ref name="Souvenir"/>||Canada||B. A. ([[Acadia University|Acadia]]), [[Bachelor of Divinity|B.D.]] ([[Colgate Rochester Crozer Divinity School|Rochester]])
|-
|7.||The Rev. [[Archibald Gordon (missionary)|Archibald Gordon]], CBM||1945-1952<ref name="Souvenir"/>||Canada||B. A. ([[Brandon University|Brandon]]), B. Th., (Brandon), B. D. (Toronto)
|-
|8.||The Rev. [[C. Bhanumurthy]],<ref name="R.R.">[[R. R. Sundara Rao]], ''Bhakti Theology in the Telugu Hymnal'', Published for the Christian Institute for the Study of Religion and Society, [[Bengaluru]] by the Christian Literature Society, [[Chennai]], 1983. pp.56–58.[https://books.google.com/books?id=Yio1AAAAIAAJ&q=chetti]</ref> [[CBCNC]]||1952-1955<ref name="Souvenir"/>||India||[[L.Th.]] ([[Senate of Serampore College (University)|Serampore]])
|-
|9.||The Rev. [[A. B. Masilamani]],<ref name="R.R."/> CBCNC||1955-1958<ref name="Souvenir"/>||India||L. Th. (Serampore), B. D. (Serampore), [[Master of Arts|M.A.]] ([[University of Calcutta|Calcutta]]), [[Master of Theology|Th.M.]] (Toronto), [[PhD]] ([[Osmania University|Osmania]])
|-
|10.||The Rev. [[Waldo Penner]],<ref>[[Waldo Penner]], ''Jeremiah's Idea of Religion'', McMaster University, 1945.[https://books.google.com/books?id=HN7rMQAACAAJ&q=waldo+penner]</ref> CBM||1958-1964<ref name="Souvenir"/>||Canada||B. A. ([[McMaster University|McMaster]]), B. D. ([[American Baptist Seminary of the West|Berkeley]]), [[M. Th.]] (Berkeley)
|-
|11.||The Rev. [[Victor Hahn]], CBM||1964-1966<ref name="Souvenir"/>||Canada||B. A. (McMaster), B. D. (McMaster), [[S.T.M.]] ([[Andover Newton Theological School|ANTS]])
|-
|12.||The Rev. [[Paul Antrobus]], CBM||1966-1968<ref name="Souvenir"/>||Canada||B. A. (Brandon), B. D. (McMaster), PhD ([[University of Waterloo|Waterloo]])
|-
|13.||The Rev. [[Talla Gnananandam|T. Gnananandam]], CBCNC||1968-1969<ref name="Souvenir"/>||India||B. D. (Serampore), M. A. (Calcutta)
|-
|14.||The Rev. [[Gordon Dewolfe Barss|Gordon D. Barss]], CBM||1975-1977<ref name="Souvenir"/>||Canada||B. A. (Acadia), B. D. (ANTS)
|-
|15.||The Rev. [[S. E. Krupa Rao]], CBCNC||1977-1979<ref name="Souvenir">C. L. Johnson (Edited), ''Canadian Baptist Mission 125 years Jubilee Celebrations of Baptist Churches in Northern Circars'', Baptist Theological Seminary, Kakinada, 1999, p.217-219.[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/433990749]</ref>||India||L. Th. (Serampore), B. D. (Serampore), S.T.M. ([[Union Theological Seminary (New York City)|UTS]])
|-
|16.||The Rev. Gordon D. Barss, CBM||1979-1980<ref name="Souvenir"/>||Canada||B. A. (Acadia), B. D. (ANTS)
|-
|17.||The Rev. S. E. Krupa Rao, CBCNC||1980-1993<ref name="Souvenir"/>||India||L. Th. (Serampore), B. D. (Serampore), S.T.M. (UTS)
|-
|18.||The Rev. C. L. Johnson, CBCNC||1993-2014||India||[[Bachelor of Science|BSc]] ([[Andhra University|Andhra]]), B. D. (Serampore)
|-
|19.||The Rev. P. V. Raja Babu, CBCNC||2014-2018||India||B. A. (Andhra), B.D. (Serampore)
|-
|20.||The Rev. K. Ranjit Kumar, CBCNC||2018–||India||[[B. Com.]] (Andhra), B. D. (Serampore), M. Th (Serampore)
|}

[[File:The Rev. P. V. George.jpg|thumb|BTS Alumni: The Rev. P. V. George & Mrs. Dhimathamma (ca 1926–1929)]]


==See also==
* [[Eva Rose York Bible Training and Technical School for Women]], [[Tuni]]
* [[Canadian Baptist Ministries]], Canada
* [[Convention of Baptist Churches of Northern Circars]]
* [[Andhra Christian Theological College]], [[Secunderabad]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]], [[Serampore]], [[West Bengal]]

==References==
'''Notes'''
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite thesis |degree=M.Th.
| author=N. Surya Rao
| title=The History of the Theological Training Institute at Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh 1882–1964
|publisher=United Theological College, Bangalore
| year=1984
}}
* {{cite thesis |degree=M.Th.
| author=D. J. Jeremiah
| title=The Relationship of the Baptist Churches in Andhra Pradesh to the Church Union Movement in South India since 1919
|publisher=Andhra Christian Theological College, Secunderabad
| year=1990
| oclc=46565446
}}
* {{cite thesis |degree=M.Phil.
| author=G. Beaulah Pearl Sunanda
| title=An Insight into the History of the Canadian Baptist Mission in Andhra Pradesh (1874–1924)
|publisher=Madras Christian College, Madras
| year=1990
}}
* {{cite thesis |degree=PhD
| author=Martin Senftleben
| title=Influences of Hinduism on Christianity in Andhra Pradesh
|publisher=Sri Venkateshwara University, Tirupati
| year=1992
| volume=I
| url=http://www.drmartinus.de/bio/de/thesis1.pdf
| access-date=1 June 2006
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209131403/http://www.drmartinus.de/bio/de/thesis1.pdf
| archive-date=9 December 2008
}}
* {{cite thesis |degree=PhD
| title=Influences of Hinduism on Christianity in Andhra Pradesh
|publisher=Sri Venkateshwara University, Tirupati
| year=1992
| volume=II
| url=http://www.drmartinus.de/bio/de/thesis2.pdf
| access-date=1 June 2006
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209131418/http://www.drmartinus.de/bio/de/thesis2.pdf
| archive-date=9 December 2008
}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Baptist seminaries and theological colleges in India]]
[[Category:Colleges in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Kakinada district]]
[[Category:Convention of Baptist Churches of Northern Circars]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1882]]
[[Category:1882 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Kakinada]]

Mustafa Al-Bassam

2026-01-16T05:30:19Z

Musicalkd: Created a post

{{Short description|Iraqi-British computer hacker and co-founder of LulzSec}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Mustafa Al-Bassam
| image = 2017-12-27 Mustafa Al-Bassam 7793.jpg
| caption = Mustafa Al-Bassam giving a talk at the 34th [[Chaos Communication Congress]] (2017)
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1995|1}}
| birth_place = [[Baghdad]], [[Ba'athist Iraq|Iraq]]
| other_names = tflow
| alma_mater ={{plainlist|
* [[King's College London]]
* [[University College London]]
}}
| citizenship = {{hlist|[[British people|British]]|[[Iraqi people|Iraqi]]}}
| nationality =
| awards = [[Forbes 30 Under 30]]
| doctoral_advisor = [[George Danezis]]
| thesis_title = Securely scaling blockchain base layers
| thesis_year = 2020
| thesis_url = https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10117245/1/thesis.pdf
| fields = [[Computer science]]
}}
'''Mustafa Al-Bassam''' (born January 1995) is an [[Iraqi people|Iraqi]]-[[British people|British]] [[computer security]] researcher, [[hacker]], and co-founder of Celestia Labs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Celestia |url=https://celestia.org/team/ |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=celestia.org}}</ref> Al-Bassam co-founded the hacker group [[LulzSec]] in 2011, which was responsible for several high profile breaches.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2013/5/16/4336638/lulzsec-hackers-sentenced-by-uk-court|title=LulzSec hackers sentenced to between one and three years in prison by UK court|last=Robertson|first=Adi|date=2013-05-16|website=The Verge|access-date=2019-07-21}}</ref> He later went on to co-found Chainspace, a company implementing a [[smart contract]] platform, which was acquired by [[Facebook]] in 2019.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2019/06/26/inside-tiny-london-start-up-heart-facebooks-push-reinvent-world/|title=The tiny UK start-up founded by UCL scientists now at the heart of Facebook's Libra currency|last=Field|first=Matthew|date=2019-06-26|work=The Telegraph|access-date=2019-07-21|language=en-GB|issn=0307-1235}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://cheddar.com/media/facebook-blockchain-acquisition-chainspace|title=Facebook Makes First Blockchain Acquisition With Chainspace: Sources|website=Cheddar|date=4 February 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-07-21}}</ref> In 2021, Al-Bassam graduated from [[University College London]], completing a PhD in computer science with a thesis on Securely Scaling Blockchain Base Layers.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Al Bassam |first1=Mustafa |title=Securely Scaling Blockchain Base Layers |url=https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10117245/ |publisher=UCL (University College London) |date=28 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mustafa Al-Bassam - Research Homepage |url=http://www0.cs.ucl.ac.uk/staff/M.AlBassam/ |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=www0.cs.ucl.ac.uk}}</ref> In 2016, [[Forbes]] listed Al-Bassam as one of the [[Forbes 30 Under 30|30 Under 30]] entrepreneurs in technology.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/mustafa-al-bassam/|title=Mustafa Al-Bassam|website=Forbes|language=en|access-date=2019-07-21}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Al-Bassam was born in [[Baghdad]], [[Iraq]] in January 1995, and migrated to [[London]], [[United Kingdom]] when he was five years old.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The death of the gods : the new global power grab|last=Miller, Carl (Researcher on social media)|isbn=9781785151330|location=London|oclc=1051237704|year = 2018}}</ref> He received a [[Bachelor of Science|BSc]] in computer science from [[King's College London]],<ref>Bano, Shehar, Mustafa Al-Bassam, and George Danezis. "The road to scalable blockchain designs." ''USENIX; login: magazine'' (2017).</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-24613376|title=Cyber defence unit 'may use hackers'|date=2013-10-22|access-date=2019-07-21|language=en-GB}}</ref> and subsequently completed a [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] at [[University College London]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Despite high-profile hacks, companies still aren't behaving securely: ex-LulzSec hacker |url=https://www.cso.com.au/article/662907/despite-high-profile-hacks-companies-still-aren-t-behaving-securely-ex-lulzsec-hacker/ |access-date=2019-07-21 |website=www.cso.com.au}}</ref>

== Hacktivism ==
{{Main|LulzSec}}
In 2011 as a 16 year old teenager, Al-Bassam was one of the six core members of [[LulzSec]] during its 50-day hacking spree, going by the alias "tflow". The group used [[Denial-of-service attack|denial-of-service attacks]] and compromised a number of high profile organizations and corporations, including [[Sony]], [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]], [[News International]], [[Nintendo]] and the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]].<ref name=":2" />

He was also affiliated with the online association of [[Hacktivism|hacktivists]] known as [[Anonymous (group)|Anonymous]], where he was involved with the hacking of emails from [[HBGary Federal]], an [[intelligence contractor]] for the [[Federal government of the United States|U.S. government]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bright |first=Peter |date=2012-03-10 |title=With arrests, HBGary hack saga finally ends |url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2012/03/the-hbgary-saga-nears-its-end.ars |access-date=2019-07-21 |website=Ars Technica |language=en-us}}</ref> The emails revealed that HBGary Federal was working to develop [[astroturfing]] software to create an "army" of fake [[social media]] profiles,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Monbiot |first=George |date=2011-02-23 |title=The need to protect the internet from 'astroturfing' grows ever more urgent {{!}} George Monbiot |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/georgemonbiot/2011/feb/23/need-to-protect-internet-from-astroturfing |access-date=2019-07-21 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> and was hired by the [[United States Chamber of Commerce|U.S. Chamber of Commerce]] to spy on and smear political opponents with fake documents and communications.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Fogarty |first=Kevin |date=2011-03-04 |title=Congress eyes dirty tricks from HBGary, Chamber of Commerce |url=https://www.itworld.com/article/2748669/congress-eyes-dirty-tricks-from-hbgary--chamber-of-commerce.html |access-date=2019-07-21 |website=ITworld |language=en}}</ref> As a result, members of the [[United States Congress|U.S. Congress]] called for an investigation into [[HBGary Federal]].<ref name=":3" />

===Arrest and legal proceedings===
On 20 July 2011, it was announced on Fox News and other press outlets<ref>{{cite web |date=2011-07-19 |title=Leading Member of LulzSec Hacker Squad Arrested in London |url=https://www.foxnews.com/tech/leading-member-of-lulzsec-hacker-squad-arrested-in-london/ |access-date=2013-10-30 |publisher=Fox News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Bright |first=Peter |date=2011-07-20 |title=FBI arrests 16 Anons across US; UK police pick up LulzSec member |url=https://arstechnica.com/security/2011/07/fbi-arrests-16-anons-across-us-uk-police-pick-up-lulzsec-member/ |access-date=2013-10-30 |publisher=Ars Technica}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2011-07-19 |title=Hacker Arrests May Have Included Core Member Of LulzSec |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/andygreenberg/2011/07/19/hacker-arrests-may-have-included-core-member-of-lulzsec/ |access-date=2013-10-30 |work=Forbes}}</ref> that [[Metropolitan Police Service|London's Metropolitan Police]] had arrested a 16-year-old student in London who was alleged to have used the nickname "Tflow" in a series of high-profile attacks on fox.com,<ref>{{cite web |date=2011-05-10 |title=Fox.com Hacked By Group Lulz Security |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/05/10/fox-hacked-by-group-lu_n_860066.html |access-date=2013-10-30 |publisher=Huffingtonpost.com}}</ref> the FBI affiliate "Infragard",<ref>{{cite web |last=Satter |first=Raphael G. |date=2011-06-05 |title=LulzSec Hackers Claim Breach Of FBI Affiliate Infragard Atlanta |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/06/05/lulzsec-hack-fbi-infragard-atlanta_n_871545.html |access-date=2013-10-30 |publisher=Huffingtonpost.com}}</ref> PBS<ref>{{cite web |date=2011-05-30 |title=PBS website hacked, defaced after WikiLeaks documentary evokes online ire |url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2011/05/pbs-web-site-hacked-defaced-after-wikileaks-documentary.html |access-date=2013-10-30 |publisher=Latimesblogs.latimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2011-05-30 |title=Sites Hacked; Readers' Data Not Compromised |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/media/jan-june11/hacking_05-30.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110601005559/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/media/jan-june11/hacking_05-30.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 June 2011 |access-date=2013-10-30 |publisher=PBS NewsHour}}</ref> and Sony.<ref>{{cite web |last=Albanesius |first=Chloe |date=2011-06-03 |title=Sony LulzSec Hack: What You Need to Know |url=https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2386362,00.asp |access-date=2013-10-30 |publisher=PCMag.com}}</ref> For legal reasons, his name could not be disclosed for nearly two more years. On 9 April 2013, Tflow's full name was revealed along with his picture on multiple news outlets throughout the Internet.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mustafa Al-Bassam |url=http://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/tag/mustafa-al-bassam/ |access-date=2013-10-30 |publisher=NakedSecurity.sophos.com |archive-date=1 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101022930/http://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/tag/mustafa-al-bassam/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> He pleaded guilty to computer misuse and received a 20-month suspended sentence with 320 hours of unpaid community service work.<ref>{{Citation |title=How I Hacked The US Government Aged 16 {{!}} Minutes With {{!}} @LADbible TV | date=30 May 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HXXoO0FwUKQ |language=en |access-date=2021-09-11}}</ref> A nearly two-year internet ban imposed by police has since expired.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mustafa Al-Bassam (musalbas) on Twitter |url=https://twitter.com/musalbas/ |access-date=2013-10-30 |publisher=Twitter.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Were you banned from the internet for two years like Jake Davis? | ask.fm/musalbas |url=http://ask.fm/musalbas/answer/65137484317 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031211518/http://ask.fm/musalbas/answer/65137484317 |archive-date=31 October 2013 |access-date=2013-10-30 |publisher=Ask.fm}}</ref>

==Career and research==

=== Distributed ledgers ===
Al-Bassam has published research on scaling blockchains and cryptocurrencies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=E-be_o0AAAAJ|title=Mustafa Al-Bassam - Google Scholar Citations|website=scholar.google.com|access-date=2019-07-21}}</ref> He contributed to the design and implementation of Chainspace, a blockchain protocol that makes use of sharding to increase transaction throughput.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Al-Bassam|first1=Mustafa|last2=Sonnino|first2=Alberto|last3=Bano|first3=Shehar|last4=Hrycyszyn|first4=Dave|last5=Danezis|first5=George|date=2018|title=Chainspace: A Sharded Smart Contracts Platform|url=https://www.ndss-symposium.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/ndss2018_09-2_Al-Bassam_paper.pdf|journal=Proceedings 2018 Network and Distributed System Security Symposium|language=en|location=San Diego, CA|publisher=Internet Society|doi=10.14722/ndss.2018.23241|isbn=9781891562495|s2cid=1360317|doi-access=free}}</ref> Chainspace was later spun-out into a commercial company he co-founded, and was then acquired by [[Facebook]] in 2019 to become a part of the [[Libra (cryptocurrency)|Libra]] project.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> Al-Bassam has since been critical of Libra, stating that "the road to dystopia is paved with good intentions, and I'm concerned about Libra's model for decentralization".<ref name=":5" />

=== Privacy and surveillance ===
In 2014 Al-Bassam volunteered for [[Privacy International]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Hacker, hoaxer, whistleblower, spy : the many faces of Anonymous|last=Coleman, E. Gabriella, 1973-|isbn=9781781685839|location=London|oclc=890807781|year=2014|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/2014TheManyFacesOfAnonymous}}</ref> where he released research on the computer destruction techniques that [[Government Communications Headquarters|GCHQ]] used when forcing journalists at [[The Guardian]]'s [[London]] headquarters to destroy the computers on which they stored copies of classified documents provided by [[National Security Agency|NSA]] [[whistleblower]] [[Edward Snowden]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theintercept.com/2015/08/26/way-gchq-obliterated-guardians-laptops-revealed-intended/|title=The Way GCHQ Obliterated The Guardian's Laptops May Have Revealed More Than It Intended|last=McLaughlin|first=Jenna|date=2015-08-26|website=The Intercept|language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-21}}</ref>

In an article for [[Vice Motherboard|Motherboard]], he revealed that [[Government Communications Headquarters|GCHQ]]'s [[Joint Threat Research Intelligence Group|Joint Threat Research Intelligence Group (JTRIG)]], had been involved with online [[Sockpuppet (Internet)|sockpuppetry]] by creating a series of fake [[Twitter]] accounts and an [[URL shortening|URL shortener]] which was used as a honeypot for dissidents during the [[Arab Spring|Arab spring]], having been targeted by [[JTRIG]] himself.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/gchq-url-shortener-twitter-honeypot-arab-spring/|title=British Spies Used a URL Shortener to Honeypot Arab Spring Dissidents|last=Al-Bassam|first=Mustafa|date=2016-07-29|website=Vice|language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-21}}</ref>

== Awards and honours ==
In 2016, Al-Bassam was listed in the [[Forbes 30 Under 30]] in the technology section for his work on uncovering government surveillance.<ref name=":4" />

{{commonscat}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Hacking in the 2010s}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bassam, Mustafa}}
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Alumni of King's College London]]
[[Category:Alumni of University College London]]
[[Category:Computer security academics]]
[[Category:British cybercriminals]]
[[Category:Anonymous (hacker group) activists]]
[[Category:British freedom of information activists]]
[[Category:Hacktivists]]
[[Category:Iraqi emigrants to the United Kingdom]]

Somnath Sharma

2026-01-11T13:11:56Z

Musicalkd: updated page

{{Short description|First recipient of the Param Vir Chakra}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Major (rank)|Major]]
| name = Somnath Sharma
| honorific_suffix = [[Param Vir Chakra|PVC]]
| image = Somnath Sharma 2003 stamp of India.jpg
| image_size = 250 px
| caption = Major Somnath Sharma on a 2003 stamp of India
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1923|1|31|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Dadh]], [[Kangra district]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], [[British India]] (present-day [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[India]])
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1947|11|3|1923|1|31|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Badgam]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Dominion of India]]
| resting_place =
| servicenumber = IC-521{{Sfn|Chakravorty|1995|pp=75–76}}
| resting_place_coordinates =
| residence =
| branch = {{Army|British India}} {{Army|India}}
| serviceyears = 1942–1947
| rank = [[File:Major of the Indian Army.svg|24px]] [[Major (military rank)|Major]]
| other_names =
| awards = {{plainlist|
*[[File:Param-Vir-Chakra-ribbon.svg|32px]] [[Param Vir Chakra]]
* [[Mentioned in despatches]]
}}
| unit = [[File:Kumaon Regiment Insignia (India).svg|20px]] [[Kumaon Regiment|4th Battalion, Kumaon Regiment]]
| battles = {{tree list}}
* [[Second World War]]
** [[Arakan Campaign 1942–43|Arakan campaign]]
* [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947]]
** [[Battle of Badgam]]{{KIA}}
{{tree list/end}}
| education =
| allegiance = {{Flag|British India}} {{Flag|India}}
| relations = [[Vishwa Nath Sharma|General V. N. Sharma]] (brother)
}}

[[Major (rank)|Major]] '''Somnath Sharma''', [[Param Vir Chakra|PVC]] (31 January 1923 – 3 November 1947), was an Indian military officer and the first recipient of India's highest military decoration, the [[Param Vir Chakra]] (PVC), which he was awarded posthumously.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gallantryawards.gov.in/Awardee/somnath-sharma|title=SOMNATH SHARMA {{!}} Gallantry Awards|website=Gallantry Awards, Government of India|access-date=15 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216091208/http://gallantryawards.gov.in/Awardee/somnath-sharma|archive-date=16 December 2017}}</ref>

Sharma was commissioned into the 4th Battalion, [[19th Hyderabad Regiment]], in 1942.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Major Somnath Sharma: A hero for generations of soldiers – ADU News|url=https://www.aviation-defence-universe.com/a-hero-for-generations-of-soldiers/|access-date=2020-06-23|website=aviation-defence-universe.com}}</ref> He served in Burma during the [[Arakan Campaign 1942–43|Arakan Campaign]] in [[World War II]], for which he was [[mentioned in dispatches]]. In the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948]], he was [[killed in action]] on 3 November 1947 while repelling Pakistani infiltrators near [[Srinagar Airport]]. For his gallantry and sacrifice during the [[Battle of Badgam]], he was posthumously awarded the Param Vir Chakra.

==Early life and education==

Sharma was born in a [[Dogras|Dogra]] [[Brahmin]] family<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=India TV News |date=2013-02-15 |title=India's first Param Vir Chakra winner Major Som Nath Sharma, the hero of 1947 war |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/india-s-first-param-vir-chakra-winner-major-som-nath-sharma-20267.html |access-date=2022-01-12 |website=indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref> on 31 January 1923 at [[Dadh]], [[Kangra district|Kangra]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]] (present-day [[Himachal Pradesh]]). His father, Amar Nath Sharma, was a [[military officer]].{{efn|He retired as a major general while serving as "Director Medical Services, Army".}}<ref name="The soldier who won India's first Param Vir Chakra">{{cite web |title=The soldier who won India's first Param Vir Chakra |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2006/nov/03spec.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161211015333/http://www.rediff.com/news/2006/nov/03spec.htm |archive-date=11 December 2016 |access-date=24 September 2016 |website=Rediff}}</ref> Several of his siblings serve in the military.{{Sfn|Chakravorty|1995|pp=75–76}}{{efn|His brothers were [[Lieutenant General]] [[Surindra Nath Sharma]] (retired as engineer-in-chief) and General [[Vishwa Nath Sharma]] ([[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]], 1988-1990). His sisters were Major [[Kamla Tewari]] ([[medical doctor]]){{Sfn|Chakravorty|1995|pp=75–76}} and second sister, Mrs Manorama Sharma, educationist and social worker.}} His younger brother, [[Vishwa Nath Sharma]], would later become the 14th [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]] of the Indian Army. Somnath Sharma completed his schooling at [[Sherwood College]], [[Nainital]], before enrolling at the [[Rashtriya Indian Military College|Prince of Wales Royal Military College]] in [[Dehradun]]. He later studied at the [[Royal Military College, Sandhurst|Royal Military College]], [[Sandhurst, Berkshire|Sandhurst]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2020}} During his childhood, Somnath was influenced by the teachings of [[Krishna]] and [[Arjuna]] in the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'', taught to him by his grandfather.<ref name="The soldier who won India's first Param Vir Chakra" />

==Military career==

On 22 February 1942, upon his graduation from the Royal Military College, Sharma was commissioned into the 9th Battalion, [[19th Hyderabad Regiment]], of the [[British Indian Army]] (later to become the [[Indian Army]]'s 4th Battalion, [[Kumaon Regiment]]).{{Sfn|Chakravorty|1995|pp=75–76}}{{Sfn|Khanduri|2006|p=148}} During [[World War II]], he saw action against the [[Japan]]ese in [[Burma]] during the [[Arakan Campaign 1942–43|Arakan Campaign]]. At that time he served under the command of [[Kodandera Subayya Thimayya|Colonel K. S. Thimmayya]], who would later rise to the rank of general and become [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]] from 1957 to 1961. Sharma was [[mentioned-in-dispatches|mentioned in despatches]] for his actions during the fighting of the Arakan Campaign.<ref name="The soldier who won India's first Param Vir Chakra" /> The award was gazetted in January 1946.<ref name="Mentioned in dispatches">{{cite web |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37425/supplement/388 |website=thegazette.co.uk |title=Supplement to the London Gazette|access-date=9 September 2022}}</ref>

Throughout his military career, Sharma was influenced by his uncle Captain K. D. Vasudeva's gallantry in action. Vasudeva also served with the 8th Battalion, participating in the [[Malayan Campaign]] during which he died aiding hundreds of soldiers under his command to survive from the Japanese offensive.<ref name="The soldier who won India's first Param Vir Chakra" />

===Battle of Badgam===

{{main|Battle of Badgam}}

{{main|Indo-Pakistani War of 1947}}

On 27 October 1947, a contingent of troops of the [[Indian Army]] was air-lifted into Srinagar in response to the invasion by Pakistan on 22 October into the [[Kashmir Valley]](sonmarg). On 31 October, D Company of 4th Battalion of [[Kumaon Regiment]], under the command of Sharma, was flown in to [[Srinagar]]. During this time, his left hand was in a [[plaster cast]] as a result of injuries sustained previously on the [[field hockey|hockey]] field, but he insisted on being with his company in [[combat]] and was subsequently given permission to go.{{Sfn|Chakravorty|1995|pp=75–76}}

On 3 November, a batch of three companies was deployed to the [[Badgam]] area on [[patrol]] duties. Their objective was to check the infiltrators moving toward Srinagar city area from the north. As there was no enemy movement, two of the three deployed companies returned to Srinagar at 2:00{{nbsp}}pm. However, Sharma's D Company, was ordered to stay in position until 3:00{{nbsp}}pm. At 2:35{{nbsp}}pm, Sharma's company was fired upon from the local resident houses in [[Budgam|Badgam]] but counter-fire was not ordered to avoid injuring or killing innocent [[civilians]]. Suddenly, a tribal ''[[Lascar|lashkar]]'' ([[English (language)|English]]: militiamen) of 700 infiltrators approached the Badgam from the direction of [[Gulmarg]]. D Company was soon surrounded from three sides and sustained heavy casualties from [[mortar fire]]. Sharma realized the importance of holding onto his position as both the city of Srinagar and the airport would be vulnerable if lost. Under heavy fire, and outnumbered by a [[ratio]] of seven to one, he urged his company to fight bravely, often exposing himself to the enemy fire as he ran from one [[Outpost (military)|post]] to the other.{{Sfn|Chakravorty|1995|pp=75–76}}

When heavy casualties adversely affected the company's firing power, Sharma took upon himself the task of distributing [[ammunition]] to his men, operating [[light machine gun]]s. While busy fighting the infiltrators, a [[mortar shell]] exploded on a pile of ammunition near him.{{Sfn|Chakravorty|1995|pp=75–76}} Before he succumbed to his injuries, he transmitted a message to his brigade's headquarters which read:
{{Quotation|
"The enemies are only 50 yards from us. We are heavily outnumbered. We are under devastating fire. I shall not withdraw an inch but will fight to our last man and our last round."
|author=Major Somanth Sharma, Battle of Badgam, 1947 GOPAL SHARMA

|source={{Sfn|Chakravorty|1995|pp=75–76}}<ref name="The soldier who won India's first Param Vir Chakra" />
}}

By the time a relief company, from the 1st Battalion of the Kumaon Regiment, reached Badgam, the position held by Sharma's company had been overrun. However, the 200 casualties suffered by the tribal infiltrators caused them to lose the [[wikt:impetus|impetus]] to advance. This bought time for Indian forces to fly into Srinagar [[airfield]] and block all routes of ingress to Srinagar itself.<ref name="The soldier who won India's first Param Vir Chakra" /> During the battle, along with Sharma, one [[junior commissioned officer]] and 20 other ranks of D company were killed in action.{{Sfn|Chakravorty|1995|pp=75–76}} Sharma's body was recovered three days later. Though it was disfigured beyond recognition, his body was identified by means of the leather holster of his pistol and a few pages of ''Bhagavad Gita'' in his chest pocket.<ref name="The soldier who won India's first Param Vir Chakra" />

===Receiving the Param Vir Chakra===

On 21 June 1950, Somnath Sharma's award of the [[Param Vir Chakra]], for his actions on 3 November 1947 in defending the Srinagar airport, was [[gazetted]]. This was the first time the honour had been awarded since its inception.<ref name="11 Facts You Need To Know About The Param Vir Chakra">{{cite web|title=11 Facts You Need To Know About The Param Vir Chakra|url=http://www.indiatimes.com/culture/who-we-are/11-facts-you-need-to-know-about-the-param-vir-chakra-231518.html|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 April 2015 |access-date=24 September 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917191121/http://www.indiatimes.com/culture/who-we-are/11-facts-you-need-to-know-about-the-param-vir-chakra-231518.html|archive-date=17 September 2016}}</ref> Coincidentally, [[Savitri Khanolkar]], the mother-in-law of Sharma's brother, was the designer of the Param Vir Chakra.{{Sfn|NCERT|2016|p=12}}<ref name="7 Facts Average Indian Doesn’t Know About Param Vir Chakra">{{cite web|author1=Priya Aurora|title=7 Facts Average Indian Doesn't Know About Param Vir Chakra|url=http://topyaps.com/7-facts-average-indian-doesnt-know-about-param-vir-chakra|website=Topyaps|access-date=24 September 2016|date=27 December 2013|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920125041/http://topyaps.com/7-facts-average-indian-doesnt-know-about-param-vir-chakra|archive-date=20 September 2016}}</ref>

The official citation reads:
{{Quotation|
On 3 November 1947, Major Somnath Sharma's company was ordered on a fighting patrol to Badgam in the Kashmir Valley . He reached his objective at first light on 3 November and took up a position south of Badgam at 11:00 hours. The enemy, estimated at about 500 attacked his company position from three sides; the company began to sustain heavy casualties. Fully realizing the gravity of the situation and the direct threat that would result to both the [[aerodrome]] and Srinagar via [[Hum Hom]], Major Somnath Sharma urged his company to fight the enemy tenaciously. With extreme bravery he kept rushing across the open ground to his sections exposing himself to heavy and accurate fire to urge them to hold on. Keeping his nerve, he skilfully directed the fire of his sections into the ever-advancing enemy. He repeatedly exposed himself to the full fury of enemy fire and laid out cloth strips to guide our aircraft onto their targets in full view of the enemy. Realising that casualties had affected the effectiveness of his light automatics, this officer whose left hand was in plaster, personally commenced filling magazines and issuing them to the light machine gunners. A mortar shell landed right in the middle of the ammunition resulting in an explosion that killed him. Major Sharma's company held on to this position and the remnants withdrew only when almost completely surrounded. His inspiring example resulted in the enemy being delayed for six hours, thus gaining time for our reinforcements to get into position at Hum Hom to stem the tide of the enemy advance. His leadership, [[wikt:gallantry|gallantry]] and tenacious defence were such that his men were inspired to fight the enemy by seven to one, six hours after this gallant officer had been killed. He has set an example of courage and qualities seldom equalled in the history of the Indian Army. His last message to the Brigade Headquarters a few moments before he was killed was, 'the enemy are only 50 yards from us. We are heavily outnumbered. We are under devastating fire. I shall not withdraw an inch but will fight to the last man and the last round.'
|source=<ref name="Maj Somnath Sharma, PVC @ TWDI">{{cite web|title=Maj Somnath Sharma, PVC|url=http://twdi.in/node/1075|website=The War Decorated India & Trust|access-date=24 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924193845/http://twdi.in/node/1075|archive-date=24 September 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|author= Gazette Notification: 2 Pres/50, 21.6.50
}}

==Legacy==

[[File:Major Somnath Sharma statue at Param Yodha Sthal Delhi.jpg|250px|thumb|left|Sharma's statue at ''Param Yodha Sthal'', [[National War Memorial (India)|National War Memorial]], New Delhi]]

[[File:National War Memorial India, Circle of Sacrifice, Somnath Sharma.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Major Somnath Sharma's name on the Tyag Chakra (Circle of Sacrifice), [[National War Memorial (India)|National War Memorial]], India.]]

In the 1980s, the [[Shipping Corporation of India]] (SCI), a [[Government of India]] enterprise under the aegis of the [[Ministry of Shipping (India)|Ministry of Shipping]], named fifteen of their [[crude oil tanker]]s in honour of the Param Vir Chakra recipients. The crude oil tanker named MT ''Major Somnath Sharma, PVC'' was delivered to SCI on 11 June 1984. The tanker was phased out after 25 years service.<ref name="Vessel details for: MAJOR SOMNATH SHARMA PVC (Crude Oil Tanker) – IMO 8224107, MMSI -8224107, Call Sign Registered in {{!}} AIS Marine Traffic">{{cite web|title=Vessel details for: Major Somnath Sharma PVC (Crude Oil Tanker) – IMO 8224107, MMSI – 8224107|url=http://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/details/ships/shipid:909610/mmsi:-8224107/imo:8224107/vessel:MAJOR_SOMNATH_SHARMA_PVC|website=Marine Traffic|access-date=14 December 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107040420/http://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/details/ships/shipid:909610/mmsi:-8224107/imo:8224107/vessel:MAJOR_SOMNATH_SHARMA_PVC|archive-date=7 January 2017}}</ref>
[[File:On turning 100, Lt Gen Surindra Nath Sharma (Retd) salutes his brother late Major Somnath Sharma, PVC.jpg|thumb|On turning 100, Lt Gen Surindra Nath Sharma (Retd) salutes his brother late Major Somnath Sharma, PVC.]]
[[File:Somnath Sharma Relief.jpg|thumb|Relief Mural at [[Balidan Stambh]]]]
[[Balidan Stambh]], the war memorial in [[Jammu]], paid tribute to him by inscribing his name on the semi-circular pillars for the martyrs of the 1947-48 war. His name is also displayed near the Amar Jawan Jyoti (Eternal Flame) and as a relief mural on the circumference wall with the [[Param Vir Chakra]] awardees who fought in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|J&K]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Monument of Sacrifice|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/a-monument-of-sacrifice-2/|publisher=Daily Excelsior|access-date=29 December 2024}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
* The first episode of TV series ''[[Param Vir Chakra (TV series)|Param Vir Chakra]]'', aired on [[DD National]] in 1988, featured [[Farooq Sheikh]] portraying him.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Independence Day Special: 8 Patriotic Indian TV Serials That Were Way Better Than the Present Saas-Bahu Saga |url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/entertainment/independence-day-2021-top-5-tv-patriotic-shows-to-watch-on-this-special-day/ |work=Lokmat Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title = Mandi House hardsells Kashmir in its serial 'Gul Gulshan Gulfam'| newspaper = [[India Today]]| url = https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/media/story/19900815-mandi-house-hardsells-kashmir-in-its-serial-gul-gulshan-gulfam-812914-1990-08-14| author = Madhu Jain| date = 15 August 1990| access-date = 13 August 2014| url-status = live| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140814124434/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/mandi-house-hardsells-kashmir-in-its-serial-gul-gulshan-gulfam/1/315475.html| archive-date = 14 August 2014| df = dmy-all}}</ref>
*A graphic novel titled ''Param Vir Chakra by Amar Chitra Katha'' dedicated their 1st story written by Sanjana Kapur and drawn by Durgesh Velhal in 2015<ref>{{cite book|last=Puri|first=Reena|title=Param Vir Chakra|url=https://us.amarchitrakatha.com/products/param-vir-chakra?srsltid=AfmBOoqWTSyUiI7Eg2DFYy6uviDWA_GL1zCjrXvBMIo1-wpCmS6UZKg7|year=2015|publisher=Amar Chitra Katha|pages=38–47|isbn=9789350858424|access-date=30 December 2024}}</ref>
*A graphic novel titled ''Param Vir Chakra Somnath Sharma'' by Roli Books written by [[Ian Cardozo]] and drawn by Rishi Kumar in 2019<ref>{{cite book|last=Cardozo|first=Ian|title=Param Vir Chakra Somnath Sharma |url=https://rolibooks.com/product/param-vir-chakra-somnath-sharma/|publisher=Lotus|isbn=9788174369239|access-date= 30 December 2024}}</ref>

{{clear}}

==Notes==
'''Footnotes''' 
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

'''Citations''' 
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation|first1=B.C. |last1=Chakravorty|title=Stories of Heroism: PVC & MVC Winners|year=1995|publisher=Allied Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-7023-516-3|language=English|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uzizVBSb4YsC}}
* {{citation|title=Thimayya: An Amazing Life |last1=Khanduri|first1=Chandra B. |year=2006|publisher=Knowledge World|location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-87966-36-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZWXfAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{Citation|last1 =NCERT|first1=Govt. of India|author-link=National Council of Educational Research and Training|year =2016|title=Veer Gaatha|publisher=[[National Council of Educational Research and Training]]|publication-place=New Delhi|url=http://www.ncert.nic.in/publication/Miscellaneous/pdf_files/veergatha.pdf|isbn=978-93-5007-765-8}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Somnath Sharma}}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qBiPrnymPyE |title=Param Vir Chakra – Major Somnath Sharma – Episode-1m |format=Video |publisher=HimalayaFilmsIndia |via=[[YouTube]]}}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KBddIfd17Zg |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/KBddIfd17Zg |archive-date=2021-12-19 |url-status=live|title= Major Somnath Sharma – Param Vir Chakra |format=Video |publisher=Param Vir Chakra |via=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}

{{Param Vir Chakra recipients}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Somnath}}
[[Category:Indian military personnel killed in action]]
[[Category:1923 births]]
[[Category:1947 deaths]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Indian Military College alumni]]
[[Category:People of the Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948]]
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]
[[Category:People from Kangra district]]

Lower Malad metro station

2026-01-11T07:15:22Z

Musicalkd:

{{Short description|Mumbai Metro's Yellow Line 2A metro station}}{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Lower Malad
| native_name = {{white|{{nobold|लोअर मालाड}}}}
| style = Mumbai Metro
| style2 = Yellow
| image =
| image_upright = 1.3
| image_caption =
| address = Prem Nagar, Goregaon West, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400104
| coordinates = {{coord|19.17295|72.83645|format=dms|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| line = {{rcb|Mumbai Metro|Line 2A|croute}}
| other =
| structure = [[Elevated]]
| platform = 2 [[side platforms]]
| owned = [[File:MMRDA logo cropped.svg|22px]] [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]]
| operator = {{rint|mumbai|m}} Maha Mumbai Metro Operation Corporation Ltd.
| tracks =
| parking = No
| bicycle =
| opened = {{start date and age|df=yes|2023|January|19}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified =
| accessible =
| code = '''212'''
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjstn|system=Mumbai Metro|line=2A|right=Malad (West)|left=Bangur Nagar}}
| route_map = {{MM Line 2}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Mumbai Metro|Line 2}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
'''Lower Malad''' is an elevated metro station on the North-South corridor of the [[Line 2 (Mumbai Metro)|Yellow Line 2A]] of [[Mumbai Metro]] in [[Mumbai]], India. This station is located in [[Goregaon]], Mumbai. This station is owned by the [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]] (MMRDA), and was inaugurated on 19 January 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumbai Metro: Line 2A, Line 7 launched, check routes, station details here |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mumbai-metro-line-2a-line-7-launches-check-routes-station-details-here-3018021 |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-19 |title=Mumbai Metro: These 2 lines to get operational today. Check route, other details |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/mumbai-metro-rail-lines-2a-7-to-get-operational-today-check-route-other-details-11674107578757.html |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-20 |title=Mumbai Metro's 2A & 7 Lines to Cover Andheri to Dahisar in Just 75 Minutes {{!}} Know Fare, Routes as Ops Begin Today |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/mumbai-metros-2a-7-lines-to-cover-andheri-to-dahisar-in-just-75-minutes-know-fare-routes-as-ops-begin-today-6877861.html |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Station layout ==
{| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;vertical-align:top;border-top:solid 1px gray;" rowspan=4;|'''2nd Floor'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|{{small|[[Side platform]] {{access icon}}}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 height=45|'''Platform 1'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=390| {{0|→}} towards {{ltl|Mumbai Metro|line 2A|Right}} {{small|([[Malad (West) metro station|Malad (West)]])}} →
|-
| height=45|'''Platform 2'''
| ← towards {{ltl|Mumbai Metro|line 2A|Left}} {{small|([[Bangur Nagar metro station|Bangur Nagar]])}}
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;text-align:center;" colspan=2|{{small|[[Side platform]] {{access icon}}}}
|-
|style="vertical-align:top"|'''1st Floor'''
|style="vertical-align:top"|Mezzanine
|style="vertical-align:top"|Fare control, station agent, Metro QR ticket vending machines, crossover
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top" width=50 |'''Ground'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top" width=100 |Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top" width=420 |Exit/Entrance
|}

=== Power and signaling system ===
Like all other stations and railways of the [[Mumbai Metro|Mumbai metro]], Lower Malad station also uses a 25,000 volt AC power system by [[Overhead line|overhead catenary]] to operate the trains.

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Mumbai Metro navbox|line 2=yes}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2023]]
[[Category:Mumbai Metro stations]]

{{India-rail-transport-stub}}