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2025 Pahalgam attack

2026-04-30T06:58:25Z

Musariaz: Creating a info

{{Short description|Islamist terrorist attack in Indian-administered Kashmir}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = 2025 Pahalgam attack
| partof = the [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir]]
| image = Baisaran Valley Kashmir24102023.jpg
| caption = View of the valley where the attack occurred
| map = {{Location map|Jammu and Kashmir#India
| width = 300
| lat_deg = 34 | lat_min = 00 | lat_sec = 13 | lat_dir = N
| lon_deg = 75 | lon_min = 20 | lon_sec = 01 | lon_dir = E
| label = Pahalgam
| border = none
| float = center
}}
| map_alt = Map showing the location of the attack in Jammu and Kashmir, India
| map_caption = Location of the attack in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| location = [[Baisaran Valley]], [[Pahalgam]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India
| coordinates = {{Coord|34|00|13|N|75|20|01|E|type:event_region:IN-JK|display=inline,title}}
| date = 22 April 2025
| time =
| timezone =
| target = [[Hindus]], [[Tourism in Jammu and Kashmir|Tourists]]<ref name="CNN 23 Apr"/>
| type = [[Mass shooting]] [[Mass murder]]
| fatalities = 26
| injuries = 20
| victims = ''See [[#Casualties|casualties]]''
| weapons = [[AK-47]]s, [[M4 carbine]]s<ref name="ndtv.com"/>
| assailants = *Bilal Afzal {{small|(Suleiman Shah, Abu Hudun, Faizal Jatt)}}
* Habib Nazeer {{small|(Hamza Afghani)}}
* Hanan Zafar {{small|(Jibran)}}
| motive =
| perpetrators = {{Tree list}}
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Lashkar-e-Taiba.svg}} [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]]
**{{flagicon image|TRF logo.png}} [[The Resistance Front]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chesterton |first1=Hannah |last2=Bacon |first2=Tricia |title=How We Assess Violent Non-State Actor Risk: Power Versus Threat |journal=[[Studies in Conflict & Terrorism]] |date=2025 |pages=1–26 |doi=10.1080/1057610X.2025.2528321 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1057610X.2025.2528321 |issn=1057-610X |quote=The Resistance Front conducted limited attacks in Kashmir until April 2025, when it killed 26 tourists in Pahalgam, an attack that resulted in India and Pakistan’s conflict in May 2025.|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CrisisWatch 2025 – July Trends and August Alerts |url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/sites/default/files/crisiswatch/crisiswatch-july-2025-asia.pdf |website=CrisisWatch |publisher=[[International Crisis Group]] |quote=Meanwhile, U.S. 17 July designated The Resistance Front – responsible for April attack – as “Foreign Terrorist Organization” and labelled it proxy for Pakistan-based Lashkar-e-Tayyaba.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Abhay Kumar |last2=Delage |first2=Thomas |title=Inde: une nouvelle approche l'egard de la menace terroriste emanant du Pakistan |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/48832070 |website=Diplomatie |pages=38–40 |date=2025 |jstor=48832070 }}</ref>
{{tree list/end}}
}}
{{Terrorist attacks in India (since 2001)}}
The '''2025 Pahalgam attack''', also referred to as the '''2025 Pahalgam massacre''', was an [[Islamist terrorist]] attack on tourists by three armed terrorists near [[Pahalgam]] in India's [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] in which 26 civilians were killed on 22 April 2025. The militants targeted Hindu tourists, though a Christian tourist and a local Muslim pony ride operator were also killed.<ref name="NYTimes-Hindus">{{Cite news |last1=Mashal |first1=Mujib |last2=Raj |first2=Suhasini |date=23 April 2025 |title=India Takes Aim at Pakistan After Slaughter of Civilians in Kashmir |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/04/23/world/asia/kashmir-attack-india-pakistan.html |url-access=registration |work=[[The New York Times]] -US |issn=0362-4331 |quote="A list of the victims circulating online, which was verified by local officials in Kashmir, showed that 25 of the 26 killed were Hindus."}}</ref><ref name="DH-non-Muslim">{{Cite web |last=Gollerkeri |first=Gurucharan |date=28 April 2025 |title=Pahalgam and Pakistan's two-nation delusion |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/pahalgam-and-pakistan-s-two-nation-delusion-3513370 |access-date=6 May 2025 |website=[[Deccan Herald]] |quote=" recite the Kalima — a Muslim declaration of faith — to identify and then execute non-Muslims"}}</ref> The attackers, armed with [[M4 carbine]]s and [[AK-47s]], entered the Baisaran Valley, a popular tourist spot, through the surrounding forests.<ref name="IE-AK47">{{Cite news |last=Manral |first=Mahender Singh |date=23 April 2025 |title=Terrorists were wearing camouflage outfits, carried M4 carbine, AK-47s, fired 70 rounds: Initial probe |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/pahalgam-terror-attack-terrorists-were-wearing-camouflage-outfits-carried-m4-carbine-ak-47s-initial-probe-9959852/ |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> This incident is considered the deadliest attack on civilians in India since the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]].<ref name="BBC 23 Apr">{{Cite web |last=Mollan |first=Cherylann |date=23 April 2025 |title=Pahalgam: Rage and grief after 26 killed in Indian-administered Kashmir |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cze10y59j91o |website=BBC |quote="Most of the victims were Hindu men"}}</ref><ref name="TH-Terrorists">{{Cite web |last1=Singh |first1=Vijaita |date=3 May 2025 |title=Pahalgam terrorist attack: Terrorists mingled with crowd, herded them towards armed members who killed tourists at Baisaran |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pahalgam-attack-terrorists-mingled-with-crowd-herded-them-towards-armed-members-who-killed-toursists-at-baisaran/article69534814.ece |url-access=subscription |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

[[The Resistance Front]] (TRF), a proxy of the Pakistan-based [[Islamism|Islamist]] UN-designated terrorist group [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] (LeT),<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chesterton |first1=Hannah |last2=Bacon |first2=Tricia |title=How We Assess Violent Non-State Actor Risk: Power Versus Threat |journal=[[Studies in Conflict & Terrorism]] |date=2025 |pages=1–26 |doi=10.1080/1057610X.2025.2528321 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1057610X.2025.2528321 |issn=1057-610X |quote=Lashkar’s wing in Indian Kashmir, The Resistance Front, was blamed by India for an attack on tourists in Pahalgam that killed 26 people.|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="bloo1">{{Cite news |last=Sen |first=Sudhi Ranjan |date=18 July 2025 |title=US Declares Group Accused of Kashmir Attacks a Terror Outfit |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-07-18/us-declares-group-accused-of-kashmir-attacks-a-terror-outfit |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250718050734/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-07-18/us-declares-group-accused-of-kashmir-attacks-a-terror-outfit |archive-date=18 July 2025 |access-date=18 July 2025 |agency=[[Bloomberg News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Panda |first1=Jagannath |last2=Pankaj |first2=Eerishika |title=Proxy Wars and Silent Partners: The Pahalgam Attack a Stress Test for India–China Stability |url=https://www.isdp.eu/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/Brief-Pahalgam-May-16-5.pdf |website=Institute for Security and Development Policy |date=May 16, 2025 |quote=Kashmir has long served as a crucible of India Pakistan hostility, but the Pahalgam attack— attributed to the Pakistan-backed group The Resistance Front (TRF), which is a front for the UN-proscribed Pakistani terrorist group, Lashkar-e-Taiba—has unfolded in a regional context far more complex than previous crises.}}</ref><ref name="trackingterrorism.org">{{Cite web |title=The Resistance Front (TRF) - Jammu & Kashmir |url=https://trackingterrorism.org/group/resistance-front-trf/ |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=Terrorism Research & Analysis Consortium -US |quote=In 2020, it is believed that Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) established The Resistance Front (TRF) as a proxy organization. The group was one of five organizations to appear in Jammu and Kashmir that year ...}}</ref><ref name="pac">{{Cite web |last=Abrams |first=Max | date=May 2, 2025 |title=PacNet #35 – The Pahalgam attack in Kashmir: Why we should expect a forceful response from India |url=https://pacforum.org/publications/pacnet-35-the-pahalgam-attack-in-kashmir-why-we-should-expect-a-forceful-response-from-india/ |access-date=2025-05-31 |website=[[Pacific Forum International|Pacific Forum]] -US}}</ref><ref name="satp">{{Cite web |title=The Resistance Front (TRF) Terrorist Group, Jammu & Kashmir |url=https://satp.org/terrorist-profile/india-jammukashmir/the-resistance-front-trf |access-date=2025-05-11 |website=[[Ajai Sahni|South Asia Terrorism Portal]]}}</ref><ref name="Miller">Miller, Manjari Chatterjee (25 April 2025). [https://www.cfr.org/expert-brief/latest-attack-kashmir-escalates-india-pakistan-tensions The Latest Attack in Kashmir Escalates India-Pakistan Tensions]. [[Council on Foreign Relations]].</ref> initially claimed responsibility for the attack twice, on both the day of the attack and the next day.<ref name ="AJ-26-tourist"/><ref name="Reuters 23 Apr">{{Cite news |author=Shilpa Jamkhandikar |date=23 April 2025 |title=What is The Resistance Front, the militant group linked to Pahalgam attack? |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/kashmir-resistance-group-that-claimed-attack-tourists-indian-kashmir-2025-04-23/ |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref name="AJ 23 Apr">{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Yashraj |date=23 April 2025 |title=What is The Resistance Front, the group claiming the deadly Kashmir attack? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/4/23/what-is-the-resistance-front-the-group-behind-the-deadly-kashmir-attack |website=[[Al Jazeera]] |quote="opposed the granting of residency permits to “outsiders”, who critics say could help India change the demography of the disputed region"}}</ref><ref name=":16">{{Cite web |date=2025-07-30 |title=TRF published photo of Pahalgam attack site, twice claimed responsibility: UNSC sanctions monitoring report |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/latest-news/trf-published-photo-of-pahalgam-attack-site-twice-claimed-responsibility-unsc-sanctions-monitoring-report/ |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=[[Greater Kashmir]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2025 |title=Transcript of Special briefing on Operation Sindoor (May 08, 2025) |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/media-briefings.htm?dtl/39479/Transcript_of_Special_briefing_on_OPERATION_SINDOOR_May_08_2025 |access-date=14 August 2025 |website=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |quote=...TRF claimed responsibility for this attack, not once but twice -within a few hours after the incident on the 22nd of April, and then again on the morning of 23rd April.}}</ref> TRF released a statement that the attack was in opposition to non-local settlement in the region resulting from the [[Revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir|abolition of the special status]] of Kashmir.<ref name ="AJ-26-tourist">{{Cite news |title= 'Act of war': What happened in Kashmir attack that killed 26 tourists? |url= https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/4/23/act-of-war-what-happened-in-kashmir-attack-that-killed-26-tourists |date= 23 April 2025 |agency= [[Al Jazeera English]] }}</ref> After a few days, TRF denied its involvement in the attack.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 April 2025 |title=The Resistance Front denies involvement in Pahalgam attack as global pressure mounts |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/as-pressure-mounts-trf-denies-involvement-in-pahalgam-attack/article69495143.ece |access-date=12 May 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Previously, TRF has claimed responsibility for several attacks in Indian-administered Kashmir targeting religious minorities.<ref name="Quint TRF">{{Cite web |last=Basak |first=Saptarshi |date=11 October 2021 |title=The Resistance Front: The Invisible, LeT-Backed Outfit Terrorising Kashmir |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/the-resistance-front-the-invisible-let-backed-outfit-terrorising-kashmir |work=[[The Quint]] |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

The militants singled out the men and asked for their religion before shooting the Hindu and Christian tourists.<ref name="TH-asked-religion">{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Vijaita |date=23 April 2025 |title=Pahalgam terror attack: Terrorists asked name and religion of male tourists, shot them, says survivor |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/terrorists-kept-firing-for-25-30-minutes-recalls-pahalgam-eyewitness/article69483296.ece |url-access=subscription |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref name = "Reu-Islamic-verse"/> The attackers also asked some tourists to recite the [[Islamic]] ''[[Six Kalimas|kalima]]'', a Muslim declaration of faith, to identify non-Muslims.<ref name="DH-non-Muslim"/><ref name="Reu-Islamic-verse">{{Cite news |last=Bukhari |first=Fayaz |date=23 April 2025 |title=Militants in Indian Kashmir segregate men from women and children before opening fire |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/militants-indian-kashmir-segregate-men-women-children-before-opening-fire-2025-04-23/ |work=[[Reuters]] |quote="When the militants reached their tent, Asavari said they asked her father, Santosh Jagdale, to come out and recite an Islamic verse."}}</ref> Of the 26 people killed, 25 were tourists, and one was a local Muslim pony ride operator who tried to wrestle a gun from the attackers.<ref name ="NDTV-Victims"/><ref name = "BS-Pony"/> The tourists included several newlywed couples, and the men were shot point-blank in front of their wives.<ref name="AP-Hindus">{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Rajesh |date=30 April 2025 |title=Indian survivors of Kashmir attack say gunmen asked if they were Hindus and opened fire |url=https://apnews.com/article/kashmir-attack-india-pakistan-victims-a5492962cd86174262cb73b85c04c51a |website=[[AP News]] |quote="Indian survivors of Kashmir attack say gunmen asked if they were Hindus and opened fire"}}</ref><ref name="TOI-Shubham"/><ref name="TH-Modi">{{Cite news |date=23 April 2025 |title=Terrorists cursed Modi, asked my father to recite Islamic verse before shooting him: Daughter |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/terrorists-cursed-modi-asked-my-father-to-reCite-islamic-verse-before-shooting-him-daughter/article69480148.ece |url-access=subscription |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]]}}</ref>

The attack intensified [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts|tensions between India and Pakistan]] as India accused Pakistan of supporting [[Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism|cross-border terrorism]] and suspended the [[Indus Waters Treaty]], expelled Pakistani diplomats and closed [[India–Pakistan border|borders]]. Pakistan rejected these claims and retaliated by suspending the [[Simla Agreement]], restricting trade, and closing airspace. A standoff between both countries led to a [[2025 India–Pakistan conflict|military conflict]] on 7 May 2025 when India launched airstrikes targeting alleged terror camps in Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Mashal |first1=Mujib |last2=Kumar |first2=Hari |last3=Masood |first3=Salman |date=6 May 2025 |title=India Strikes Pakistan but Is Said to Have Lost Aircraft |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/06/world/asia/india-pakistan-attacks.html |access-date=10 May 2025 |work=The New York Times -US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> India and Pakistan announced a ceasefire on 10 May 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhattacherjee |first=Kallol |date=2025-05-10 |title=Ceasefire agreement struck, but Pakistan violates 'understanding' along border |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-pakistan-agree-to-ceasefire-says-foreign-secretary-vikram-misri/article69561065.ece |url-access=subscription |access-date=2025-07-29 |work=[[The Hindu]] |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In retaliation, Indian forces launched Operation Mahadev to identify and neutralise the terrorists.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-29 |title=Three Pakistani terrorists behind Pahalgam attack killed in Operation Mahadev, Centre tells Lok Sabha |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/parliament-monsoon-session-amit-shah-briefs-lok-sabha-on-operation-sindoor-and-pahalgam-attack/article69868360.ece |url-access=subscription |access-date=2025-10-10 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite web |date=11 August 2025 |title='Unko maloom nahi hoga ki…': J&K LG Manoj Sinha counters Opposition's doubts on Operation Mahadev timing |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/unko-maloom-nahi-hoga-ki-j-k-lg-manoj-sinha-counters-opposition-s-doubts-on-operation-mahadev-timing-13435615.html |website=[[Moneycontrol]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 July 2025 |title=Union Home Minister and Minister of Cooperation Shri Amit Shah participates in the special discussion in the Lok Sabha today on India's strong, successful, and decisive response to the Pahalgam terrorist attack through 'Operation Sindoor' |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=2149811 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]], Government of India}}</ref> On 28 July 2025, three perpetrators were killed.<ref name="ndtv.com">{{Cite web |last=Sengar |first=Mukesh Singh |date=29 July 2025 |editor-last=Mitra |editor-first=Chandrajit |title=How Terrorists Killed In Op Mahadev Were Identified As Pahalgam Attackers |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/operation-mahadev-amit-shah-shares-crucial-evidence-linking-recovered-guns-to-pahalgam-attack-8972522 |access-date=2025-07-29 |website=[[ndtv.com]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sandhu |first=Kamaljit Kaur |date=5 August 2025 |editor-last=Das |editor-first=Harshita |title=How Pahalgam terrorist's reliance on technology sealed their fate |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/how-pahalgam-terrorists-reliance-on-technology-sealed-their-fate-2766823-2025-08-05 |access-date=10 August 2025 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> The exact number of terrorists could not be ascertained.<ref name="DeccanHerald" /><ref name="TheHindu" /><ref name="Newslaundry">{{Cite web |last=Bhasin |first=Anuradha |author-link=Anuradha Bhasin |date=2025-04-23 |title=Modi govt touted tourism as normalcy. Pahalgam proved it was a mirage |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2025/04/23/modi-govt-touted-tourism-as-normalcy-pahalgam-proved-it-was-a-mirage |access-date=2025-10-24 |website=[[Newslaundry]] |language= |quote=an unspecified number of militants}}</ref>

== Background ==
{{Further|Kashmir conflict|Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir|Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019}}The [[Jammu and Kashmir insurgency]] began in the late 1980s, as part of the wider Kashmir conflict. Pakistan's role in launching the insurgency{{sfnp|Sirrs|2016|loc=(p. 157) "Under the proposed deal, ISI would provide money, trainers and camps in return for [Jamaat-e-Islami] recruits, intelligence assets, propaganda, fundraising and other political support."; (p. 158) "Yet these differences were set aside, and in 1986 an agreement was finally reached between ISI and the JKLF."}} as well as in turning it into an Islamist militancy{{sfnp|Kiessling|2016|loc=p. 193: "[JKLF] was replaced by the Hizbul Mujahideen (Party of the Holy Fighters), created in Pakistan in 1989. This became the militant arm of the Pakistani Jamaat-e-Islami (JI, Islamic Party), which vehemently demanded the annexation of Kashmir to Pakistan."}} are well-documented in the scholarly literature.{{sfnp|Fair|2014|loc=Chapter 1: "Because Pakistan relies upon a menagerie of Islamist militant groups—for example, Afghan Taliban, the Haqqani Network, Lashkar-e-Taiba (also known as Jamaat-ud-Dawa and the Filah-i-Insaniat Foundation), and Jaish-e-Mohammad—as instruments of foreign policy toward India and Afghanistan, the United States has periodically considered declaring Pakistan to be a state sponsor of terrorism."}}{{sfnp|Snedden|2013|loc=p. 195: "Brian Cloughley, an expert on the Pakistan Army, is unequivocal: 'Pakistan, never loath to capitalise on India's discomfort or difficulties, took the opportunity, through the army, to foster various groupings that were intent on creating mayhem on the Indian side of the Line of Control. Their efforts grew, year by year, and there was no doubt they had official backing from within Pakistan'."}} The rise of militancy in the region has led to an [[Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus|exodus]] of [[Kashmiri Hindus]].<ref>{{citation |last=Byman |first=Daniel |author-link=Daniel Byman |title=Deadly Connections: States that Sponsor Terrorism |year=2005 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-83973-0 |pages=167 |quote=Human Rights Watch also reports that militants used violence to drive Hindus out of the state of [Jammu and] Kashmir. They massacred Hindu villagers, assassinated Hindu leaders, destroyed Hindu temples, and otherwise threatened Hindus with violence. Thousands of Hindus fled the Valley or were displaced within Kashmir.}}</ref><ref name="HRW99">{{Cite web |date=16 July 1999 |title=Rights Abuses Behind Kashmir Fighting – Human Rights Watch |url=http://hrw.org/english/docs/1999/07/16/india954.htm |work=hrw.org}}</ref> Instances of massacres of Hindu civilians by militants became frequent across Jammu and Kashmir in the late 1990s and early 2000s, when Pakistan-based groups were more active in the insurgency.<ref>{{citation |last=Bose |first=Sumantra |author-link=Sumantra Bose |title=Kashmir at the Crossroads: Inside a 21st-Century Conflict |year=2021 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=978-0-300-26271-1 |pages=126 |quote=The large-scale killings of Hindu civilians [in 2002] escalated a trend visible since the late 1990s. Before then, such attacks were rare. ... But such massacres [of Hindu civilians] became more frequent from the late 1990s, when the Pakistani zealot groups took on a major role in the insurgency.}}</ref>

In 2019, the Indian government [[revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir|revoked the special status]] previously granted to Jammu and Kashmir, and extended the [[Constitution of India]] to the state in full, enabling non-locals to purchase property and settle down in Jammu and Kashmir.<ref name="Hindu domicile">{{Cite news |title=83,742 domicile certificates granted to non-locals in 2 years: J&K govt. |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=10 April 2025 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jammu-and-kashmir/83742-domicile-certificates-granted-to-non-locals-in-2-years-jk-govt/article69432373.ece |quote=According to data shared with the Rajya Sabha in 2021, as many as 185 non-locals bought land in J&K since the Centre abrogated provisions of Article 370 in 2019}}</ref> Also related is the issuance of [[Domicile (Jammu and Kashmir)|domicile status]] to residents who did not qualify earlier as 'state-subjects', qualifying them for jobs and college seats.<ref>{{Cite news |title=12.5 lakh domicile certificates issued so far in J&K: Govt. |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2 September 2020 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/125-lakh-domicile-certificates-issued-so-far-in-jk-govt/article32500068.ece |quote=[A government spokesman] said 11,398 West Pakistan refugees, 415 Valmiki community members, 10 Gorkha community members and 12,340 registered migrants have been issued the certificates so far. }}</ref> While fears have been expressed that these changes would result in a change in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)#Demographics|demographics]] in Kashmir, with non-locals settling in the area,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Beg |first=Mirza Saaib |date=30 May 2020 |title=J&K's New Domicile Order: Disenfranchising Kashmiris, One Step at a Time |url=https://thewire.in/rights/kashmir-domicile-law |newspaper=The Wire (Opinion) |quote=All these initiatives have sparked fears of demographic change, militarised settlements, dispossession and alienation of land in Kashmir.}}</ref><ref>Luv Puri, [https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/brutal-interruption-the-blood-stains-get-deeper-in-kashmir/cid/1836892 Brutal interruption], The Telegraph (India), 2 November 2021. {{ProQuest|2590738085}} "After the changes brought about by the abrogation of Article 370, mass-scale hysteria about the possibility of a demographic change has swept the Valley."</ref> critics of the earlier arrangement noted that it had created a legal asymmetry: people from Jammu and Kashmir had always been free to settle anywhere in India, but in Jammu and Kashmir people from elsewhere were barred from permanent residency, property ownership, and government jobs. This disparity was cited as discriminatory by proponents of the constitutional changes, who also noted that the previous laws discriminated against women from within the region by revoking their property rights if they married a non-permanent resident.<ref name="BBC Article 370">{{Cite news |date=5 August 2019 |title=Kashmir special status: What Article 370 means and why it matters |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-49234708 |work=BBC News |quote="Outsiders were barred from permanently settling, buying land, or holding local government jobs. However, Kashmiris enjoyed full rights to live and work elsewhere in India—a legal asymmetry that critics called discriminatory."}}</ref><ref name="CFR Kashmir Moves">{{Cite web |date=9 August 2019 |title=What India's Kashmir Moves Mean for Its Democracy |url=https://www.cfr.org/in-brief/india-kashmir-moves-democracy |publisher=Council on Foreign Relations |quote="Kashmiris themselves faced no such restrictions elsewhere in India—a disparity that fueled accusations of constitutional exceptionalism."}}</ref><ref name="Economist J&K Status">{{Cite news |date=8 August 2019 |title=India's government strips Jammu and Kashmir of special status |url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2019/08/08/indias-government-strips-jammu-and-kashmir-of-special-status |newspaper=The Economist |quote="Kashmiris faced no equivalent barriers in the rest of India—a lopsided arrangement that contradicted India’s constitutional principles of equality."}}</ref><ref name="Carnegie Kashmir Status">{{Cite report |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/2020/02/04/kashmir-s-new-status-pub-80953 |title=Kashmir's New Status: How the Region Fits Into India's Constitutional Framework |date=4 February 2020 |publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |quote="Kashmiris could migrate, work, and own property across India, but non-Kashmiris were denied reciprocal rights in Jammu and Kashmir. This imbalance institutionalized discrimination."}}</ref><ref name="Al Jazeera Article 35A">{{Cite news |date=5 August 2019 |title=Kashmir special status explained: What are Articles 370 and 35A |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/8/5/kashmir-special-status-explained-what-are-articles-370-and-35a |work=Al Jazeera |quote="The controversial Article 35A bars female residents of Jammu and Kashmir from property rights in the event that they marry a person from outside the state... Critics of Article 35A say the provision... discriminates against women."}}</ref>

After the revocation, a new militant group called [[The Resistance Front]] (TRF) sprang up in Kashmir, believed to have been sponsored by Pakistan-based [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]],<ref name="trackingterrorism.org"/><ref name="satp"/><ref name="FP TRF">{{Cite web |date=14 September 2024 |title=What is The Resistance Front, responsible for killing of 3 security officers in J&K? |url=https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/anantnag-encounter-what-is-the-resistance-front-responsible-for-killing-of-3-security-officers-in-jk-13124322.html |work=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> a UN designated [[terrorism|terrorist group]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 2016 |title=Lashkar-e-Taiba |url=https://web.stanford.edu/group/mappingmilitants/cgi-bin/groups/view/79#designated |website=[[Stanford University]]}}</ref> TRF has been designated as a terrorist organisation in India<ref>{{Cite news |last=Joy |first=Shemin |date=6 January 2023 |title=Centre bans LeT's proxy outfit 'The Resistance Front' |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/centre-bans-lets-proxy-outfit-the-resistance-front-1178338.html |work=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> and by the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wani |first=Ayjaz |date=21 July 2025 |title=TRF Designated: Still Challenges Remain in Kashmir's Counter-Terrorism Campaign |url=https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/trf-designated-still-challenges-remain-in-kashmir-s-counter-terrorism-campaign |website=[[Observer Research Foundation]]}}</ref> It was formed from the cadres of LeT and [[Hizbul Mujahideen]] in Kashmir,<ref name="trackingterrorism.org"/><ref name="satp"/><ref name="ORF TRF">{{Cite web |date=15 December 2021 |title=Positioning The Resistance Front (TRF) in Kashmir's militancy landscape |url=https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/positioning-the-resistance-front-trf-in-kashmirs-militancy-landscape |work=[[Observer Research Foundation]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mir |first=Shakir |date=26 June 2021 |title=Why Militants Are Turning to Srinagar – Again |url=https://thewire.in/security/kashmir-srinagar-militants-trf-let |website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] }}</ref> and has carried out attacks on Hindu minority communities.<ref name="ORF TRF" /><ref name="Quint TRF" />


Prior to 2025, the largest terror attacks in Jammu and Kashmir in preceding years were the [[2016 Uri attack]] and [[2019 Pulwama attack]]. India blamed Pakistan-based militants for both of them and conducted retaliatory strikes.<ref name="BBC 25 Apr">Soutik Biswas, [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cwynx7kgyqvo Deadly Kashmir attack risks India military escalation against Pakistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425033641/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cwynx7kgyqvo |date=25 April 2025 }}, BBC News, 25 April 2025.</ref><ref name="Chatham House">Bajpayee, Chietigj (25 April 2025). [https://www.chathamhouse.org/2025/04/kashmir-attack-will-renew-hostilities-between-india-and-pakistan The Kashmir attack will renew hostilities between India and Pakistan]. ''Chatham House''. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425205949/https://www.chathamhouse.org/2025/04/kashmir-attack-will-renew-hostilities-between-india-and-pakistan|date=25 April 2025}}.</ref> In the weeks preceding the Pahalgam attack, India acquired the extradition of former Pakistan Army officer [[Tahawwur Rana]], who was linked to Lashkar-e-Taiba and convicted (in the US) for supporting the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]].<ref>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/nia-probes-26/11-attack-plotter-tahawwur-ranas-link-to-pahalgam-terror-attack/articleshow/120561373.cms NIA probes 26/11 attack plotter Tahawwur Rana's link to Pahalgam terror attack] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250424050423/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/nia-probes-26/11-attack-plotter-tahawwur-ranas-link-to-pahalgam-terror-attack/articleshow/120561373.cms |date=24 April 2025 }}, The Economic Times, 24 April 2025.</ref><ref>Vappala Balachandran, [https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/pahalgam-past-attacks-logic-of-terror-9-11-26-11-9965309/ Before Pahalgam: What past attacks tell us about the convoluted logic of terror: None] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250429124603/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/pahalgam-past-attacks-logic-of-terror-9-11-26-11-9965309/ |date=29 April 2025 }}, [[Indian Express]], 25 April 2025. {{ProQuest|3194470933}}</ref> Pakistan Army chief [[Asim Munir]] gave a speech describing Kashmir as "our [[jugular vein]]" and branding Hindus as being different from Muslims in every way via an appeal to the [[two-nation theory]] that lead to the [[partition of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Javed |first=Farhat |date=2025-04-30 |title=Asim Munir: Pakistan army chief's Kashmir remarks cause anger in India |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c39j3p14mg4o |access-date=2025-12-10 |website=BBC News |language=en-gb |quote="It felt like his arrival moment. A declaration that he's now firmly in control, that Pakistan's direction is once again in the army's hands," [Mr Basit] adds.}}</ref><ref name="NYT 23 Apr">{{Cite web |last1=Raj |first1=Suhasini |last2=Mashal |first2=Mujib |date=23 April 2025 |title=Killing of Civilians Near Pahalgam in Kashmir Shatters Illusion of Calm |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/04/23/world/asia/kashmir-attack-india-pakistan.html |website=The New York Times |quote="witness accounts in Indian media suggested Hindus had been singled out by the militants"}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Geelani |first=Gowhar |date=2025-04-24 |title=Pahalgam Massacre: Kashmir's Normalcy Narrative in Question amid Security Lapses |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/pahalgam-terror-attack-kashmir-tourism-crisis-baisaran-massacre-security-lapse/article69486148.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250427011500/https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/pahalgam-terror-attack-kashmir-tourism-crisis-baisaran-massacre-security-lapse/article69486148.ece |archive-date=27 April 2025 |access-date=2025-12-10 |website=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Chatham House" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Siddiqa |first=Ayesha |date=2025-04-25 |title=Pahalgam is helping Pakistan army become nation's saviour again, regain lost image |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/pahalgam-pakistan-army-nations-saviour-lost-image/2603265/ |access-date=2025-12-10 |website=[[ThePrint]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sengupta |first=Nayanika |date=2025-04-23 |title='Different from Hindus': What did Pakistan Army chief say days before Pahalgam horror |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/different-from-hindus-pakistan-army-chief-asim-munir-two-nation-theory-jugular-vein-pahalgam-terror-attack-101745382805306.html |access-date=2025-12-10 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

The Indian government and media have long alleged that Pakistan supports militant groups such as TRF. Pakistan denies any support for militants including those involved in Jammu and Kashmir, officially maintaining only "diplomatic and moral support" for the [[Kashmiris|Kashmiri]] people.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Shishir |title=New J&K terror outfit run by LeT brass: Intel |date=8 May 2020 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/new-j-k-terror-outfit-run-by-let-brass-intel/story-wLZ5ACFQJMHVa8kt7weTPO.html}}</ref><ref name="CNN 24 Apr" /><ref name="AJ 23 Apr" />

== Attack ==
[[File:Pahalgam views 91.JPG|thumb|right|300px|[[Baisaran Valley]], where the attack took place]]
On 22 April 2025, at around 1 p.m.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 July 2025 |title=Union Home Minister and Minister of Cooperation Shri Amit Shah participates in the special discussion in the Lok Sabha today on India's strong, successful, and decisive response to the Pahalgam terrorist attack through 'Operation Sindoor' |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2149811 |website=Press Release: [[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref> to 2:45 p.m.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=23 April 2025 |title='Act of war': What happened in Kashmir attack that killed 26 tourists? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/4/23/act-of-war-what-happened-in-kashmir-attack-that-killed-26-tourists |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=[[Al Jazeera]] |language=en}}</ref> 2-7 terrorists{{efn|The exact number of terrorists is unknown<ref name=DeccanHerald>{{Cite web |date=22 May 2025 |title=Pahalgam Attack: Key Perpetrators Still Elude Capture One Month On |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/jammu-and-kashmir/a-month-on-pahalgam-attack-perpetrators-remain-at-large-3552756 |access-date=2025-10-23 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]]}}</ref><ref name=TheHindu>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-23 |title=The Resistance Front: The banned organisation behind Pahalgam terror attack |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jammu-and-kashmir/the-resistance-front-the-banned-organisation-behind-pahalgam-terror-attack/article69481681.ece |url-access=subscription |access-date=2025-10-18 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="Newslaundry"/>|name=}}<ref name="NDTV-Victims" /><ref name=":16" /><ref name=":18">{{Cite news |last1=Ashiq |first1=Peerzada |last2=Singh |first2=Vijaita |date=2025-04-23 |title=Pahalgam terror attack: Two Kashmiris suspected to be among attackers |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/two-kashmiri-men-who-went-to-pakistan-in-2018-suspected-to-be-among-terrorists-who-attacked-tourists-at-pahalgam/article69481793.ece |access-date=2025-08-12 |work=[[The Hindu]] |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":19">{{Cite web |last=Farooquee |first=Neyaz |date=2025-06-23 |title=Kashmir: Indian investigators claim all Pahalgam attackers were Pakistani nationals |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c36xe95g06zo |access-date=2025-08-12 |website=[[BBC]]}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite news |last1=Chauhan |first1=Neeraj |last2=Ehsan |first2=Mir |date=25 April 2025 |title=Who are 3 terrorists involved in gruesome Pahalgam attack? J&K Police reveals identities |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/faces-of-pahalgam-terrorists-revealed-who-are-these-3-men-in-jammu-and-kashmir-police-sketches-hashim-musa-ali-talha-101745553794402.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425050959/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/faces-of-pahalgam-terrorists-revealed-who-are-these-3-men-in-jammu-and-kashmir-police-sketches-hashim-musa-ali-talha-101745553794402.html |archive-date=25 April 2025 |access-date=8 May 2025 |work=[[The Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref name=":15">{{Cite web |date=23 April 2025 |title=Pahalgam terror attack: Sketches of suspected attackers released, NIA joins probe |url=https://ddnews.gov.in/en/pahalgam-terror-attack-sketches-of-suspected-attackers-released-nia-joins-probe/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250424012410/https://ddnews.gov.in/en/pahalgam-terror-attack-sketches-of-suspected-attackers-released-nia-joins-probe/ |archive-date=2025-04-24 |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=[[DD News|ddnews.gov.in]] |agency=Agencies}}</ref><ref name=":20">{{Cite web |last=Kamal |first=Kajari |date=29 April 2025 |title=India-Pakistan Tensions After Pahalgam: A Kautilyan Perspective |url=https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/india-pakistan-tensions-after-pahalgam-a-kautilyan-perspective |access-date=14 August 2025 |website=[[Observer Research Foundation]]}}</ref><ref name=":21">{{Cite web |date=29 July 2025 |title=India claims to have killed all suspects of Kashmir's Pahalgam attack |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/7/29/rebels-behind-kashmir-attack-that-led-to-pakistan-tensions-killed-india |access-date=2025-08-17 |website=[[Al Jazeera]]}}</ref><ref name=":25">{{Cite web |date=23 April 2025 |editor-last=Waje |editor-first=Hemant |title=5-7 terrorists involved in Pahalgam massacre, trained in Pak |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/5-7-terrorists-involved-in-pahalgam-massacre-trained-in-pak/20250423.htm |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=[[Rediff]] |language=en |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]]}}</ref><ref name=":26">{{Cite web |date=23 April 2025 |title=Pahalgam attack: 7 terrorists, including 5 from Pakistan, may have been involved, report says |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/pahalgam-attack-7-terrorists-including-5-from-pakistan-may-have-been-involved-report-says-13882515.html |access-date=16 October 2025 |website=[[Firstpost]] |agency=Agencies}}</ref><ref name=":28">{{Cite web |date=2025-04-22 |title=PM Modi cuts short Saudi trip after J&K attack, to leave for India tonight |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/pm-cuts-short-saudi-trip-after-jk-attack-to-leave-for-india-tonight-9959648/ |access-date=2025-10-17 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> entered the [[Baisaran Valley]] meadow, which is located about {{cvt|7|km}} from the [[Pahalgam]] town in [[Anantnag district]].<ref name="IE-Pak-terror">{{Cite news |last=Tiwary |first=Deeptiman |date=23 April 2025 |title=Probe indicates 5 terrorists, including 3 from Pakistan, behind Pahalgam attack |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/pahalgam-attack-terrorists-pakistan-9961045/ |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> The area is surrounded by dense pine forests on all sides, and is a popular spot for tourists;<ref name="IT-Baisaran">{{Cite news |last=Tiwari |first=Subham |date=23 April 2025 |title=Rough terrain, no security: Why attackers chose Pahalgam's Baisaran |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pahalgam-terrorist-attack-rough-terrain-no-security-attackers-pahalgams-baisaran-osint-2713520-2025-04-23 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> it is only accessible by foot or horseback.<ref name="CNN 23 Apr">{{Cite news |last1=Mitra |first1=Esha |last2=Ahmad |first2=Mukhtar |last3=Iyer |first3=Aishwarya S |last4=Fox |first4=Kara |last5=Yeung |first5=Jessie |date=22 April 2025 |title=Dozens killed as gunmen massacre tourists in Kashmir beauty spot |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/04/22/asia/gunmen-open-fire-jammu-kashmir-intl/index.html |publisher= |agency=[[CNN]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fareed |first=Mir |date=2025-05-27 |title=If we had cut trees...: Omar Abdullah's vague reply on Baisaran road connectivity |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/omar-abdullah-pahalgam-terror-attack-vote-bank-politics-baisaran-road-2731354-2025-05-27 |access-date=2025-10-18 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The meadow is about 200m wide and 800m long.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhardwaj |first=Ananya |last2=Kumar |first2=Mayank |date=2025-04-23 |editor-last=Mathur |editor-first=Sanya |title=Why security forces ran 4.5 km to reach Pahalgam attack site, an hour after bloodshed was already over |url=https://theprint.in/india/why-security-forces-ran-4-5-km-to-reach-pahalgam-attack-site-an-hour-after-bloodshed-was-already-over/2600502/ |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=[[ThePrint]] }}</ref> The area was not protected by armed security.<ref name="Newsweek 22 Apr">Bhat, Danish Manzoor (22 April 2025) [Updated 23 April 2025]. [https://www.newsweek.com/kashmir-massacre-trump-putin-iran-israel-condemn-jihadist-attack-hindu-tourists-2062760 "Kashmir Massacre: Trump, Putin, Iran, Israel Condemn Jihadist Attack on Hindu Tourists"], [[Newsweek]]. "Witnesses reported the assailants shouted Islamic slogans and specifically targeted people who appeared to be Hindu."</ref><ref name="IE-Security">{{Cite news |last=More |first=Manoj Dattatreya |date=23 April 2025 |title=Saw no security personnel from Baisaran to Pahalgam during J-K visit: Pimpri tourists |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/saw-no-security-personnel-from-baisaran-to-pahalgam-during-j-k-visit-pimpri-tourists-9961774/ |url-access=subscription |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> The attackers carried [[M4 carbine]]s and [[AK-47]]s and wore [[Military uniform|military-style uniforms]].<ref name="IE-AK47"/><ref>{{Cite news |title=Gunmen kill at least 26 in Indian-administered Kashmir: Police |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/4/22/gunmen-open-fire-on-tourists-in-indian-administered-kashmir |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |date=22 April 2025}}</ref> One wore a Kashmiri [[pheran]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sandhu |first=Kamaljit Kaur |date=2025-05-01 |title=Pahalgam attackers likely hiding in south Kashmir, self-reliant, say NIA sources |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/terrorists-still-in-kashmir-nia-sources-say-they-are-self-reliant-carrying-food-2717891-2025-05-01 |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> They had modern communication equipment and mounted cameras.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=22 July 2025 |title=Pahalgam massacre: With attackers at large, security concerns rise; demand to fix accountability gains traction |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/jammu-and-kashmir/pahalgam-massacre-with-attackers-at-large-security-concerns-rise-demand-to-fix-accountability-gains-traction-3642156 |access-date=2025-07-22 |website=[[Deccan Herald]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]]}}</ref><ref name=":26" /> An eyewitness said that they also took selfies.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-24 |title=Pahalgam witness says headgear-wearing teens were among gunmen: 'Took selfies' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pahalgam-attack-witness-says-headgear-wearing-teen-boys-were-among-gunmen-took-selfies-during-shooting-101745497458075.html |access-date=2025-10-18 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

The meadow is surrounded by a 7-feet-high chain link fence.<ref name=":36">{{Cite web |date=25 April 2025 |title=Pahalgam Attack Witness On How They Escaped, But Friend, 70, Was Killed |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pahalgam-terror-attack-andhra-man-said-baisaran-meadow-trip-once-in-a-lifetime-opportunity-he-was-shot-dead-8252042 |access-date=25 October 2025 |website=NDTV}}</ref><ref name=":37">{{Cite web |last=Vats |first=Aparna |date=2025-04-27 |title=Took cover in pit, ran for life: How Army officer saved 35-40 lives in Pahalgam |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pahalgam-attack-army-officer-guides-35-40-people-to-safety-jammu-and-kashmir-2715950-2025-04-27 |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Iqbal |first=Naveed |date=2025-04-29 |title=Pahalgam terror attack: Local who hid in tree key witness, NIA takes him to site of massacre |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/pahalgam-terror-attack-local-who-hid-in-tree-key-witness-nia-takes-him-to-site-of-massacre-9971411/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=2025-10-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaur |first=Arshdeep |date=2025-04-24 |title=Pahalgam terror attack: How a Hindu Brahmin survived by reciting Kalima, the Islamic prayer; 'When I started...' |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/pahalgam-terror-attack-how-a-hindu-brahmin-survived-by-reciting-kalma-the-islamic-prayer-when-i-started-11745471498967.html |access-date=2025-10-26 |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|mint]] |language=en}}</ref> There are two gates for entry and exit.<ref name=":38">{{Cite web |last=Ojha |first=Arvind |last2=De |first2=Abhishek |date=2025-04-29 |title=Two terrorists at entry gate, 1 at exit, he fired first: What happened in Pahalgam |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pahalgam-terror-attack-plot-baisaran-valley-kashmir-firing-exit-gate-tourists-2716756-2025-04-29 |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The attack started with shots being fired near the exit gate.<ref name=":38" /> This resulted in the herding of tourists towards the entry gate where they were met by more terrorists.<ref name=":38" /> During the attack some tourists found gaps in the fence to escape.<ref name=":36" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sengupta |first=Trisha |date=2025-04-26 |title=Karnataka techie recalls how his army jawan brother saved lives during Pahalgam attack: 'He guided 35-40 tourists' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/trending/karnataka-techie-recalls-how-his-army-jawan-brother-saved-lives-during-pahalgam-attack-he-guided-35-40-tourists-101745652175075.html |access-date=2025-10-26 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Some tourists were killed outside the boundary.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashiq |first=Peerzada |date=2025-04-25 |title=Pahalgam terror attack: The meadow cries out in fear and grief |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pahalgam-terror-attack-the-meadow-cries-out-in-fear-and-grief/article69490743.ece |url-access=subscription |access-date=2025-10-26 |work=The Hindu |language= |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Some tourists who were not able to scale the fence were helped by others.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ali |first=Sajid |date=2025-04-23 |title=Kalma at gunpoint or shot dead point blank—survivors recall Pahalgam massacre, crawling to safety |url=https://theprint.in/india/kalma-at-gunpoint-or-shot-dead-point-blank-survivors-recall-pahalgam-massacre-crawling-to-safety/2600317/ |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> Other tourists ran in different directions trying to find a place to hide such as behind the mobile toilets.<ref name=":36" /><ref name=":37" /> To escape the attack, a local photographer and videographer climbed a tree from where he continued to film the attack.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Narayan |first=Priyanjali |date=2025-04-28 |title=How reelmaker for honeymooners shot video of Pahalgam attack from atop tree |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pahalgam-attack-reelmaker-photographer-for-honeymooners-shot-video-of-attackers-from-atop-tree-2716277-2025-04-28 |access-date=2025-10-26 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Arunima |date=27 April 2025 |editor-last=Joshi |editor-first=Manjiri |title=Baisaran Reels Videographer, Who Recorded Entire Pahalgam Attack, Is NIA's Key Witness {{!}} Exclusive |url=https://www.news18.com/india/baisaran-reels-videographer-who-recorded-entire-pahalgam-attack-is-nias-key-witness-exclusive-ws-l-9315115.html |access-date=26 October 2025 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref> An [[Indian Army|army]] officer on holiday helped to direct 35-40 tourists to safety.<ref name=":37" /> During the attack he managed to place calls to the local army unit and Army Headquarters in Srinagar.<ref name=":37" />

The attack was inadvertently filmed by a tourist from [[Ahmedabad]], who was [[Zip line|ziplining]] during the attack.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 April 2025 |title=Pahalgam terror attack: Tourist's video of zipline ride captures moment of attack |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pahalgam-terror-attack-tourists-video-of-zipline-ride-captures-moment-of-attack/article69504102.ece |url-access=subscription |work=[[The Hindu]] |issn=0971-751X |agency=[[Press Trust of India]]}}</ref> The video footage showed scenes of panic with injured victims pleading for help and bodies strewn across the ground.<ref name="thehindu20250424">{{Cite news |last=Malpani |first=Mehul |date=24 April 2025 |title=15-year-old boys among the attackers, says Pahalgam victim's son |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/madhya-pradesh/15-year-old-boys-among-the-attackers-says-pahalgam-victims-son/article69487247.ece |url-access=subscription |work=[[The Hindu]] |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Another video of the attack was inadvertently captured by a tourist from [[Kozhikode]] who was waiting for a zipline ride; the time the video was taken was recorded as 2:25pm.<ref name=":39">{{Cite news |date=2025-04-25 |title=Kerala native's zip-lining video records chilling footage of Baisaran massacre |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/kerala-natives-zip-lining-video-records-chilling-footage-of-baisaran-massacre/articleshow/120598944.cms |access-date=2025-10-27 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Once realising the situation, he escaped by climbing over the fence and ran downhill.<ref name=":39" /> A local Muslim pony operator, Syed Adil Hussain Shah reportedly tried to protect the tourists and wrestle the gun from one of the attackers before being shot and killed.<ref name="BS-Pony">{{Cite news |last=Mukherjee |first=Vasudha |date=23 April 2025 |title=Pahalgam pony operator dies protecting tourist, tackles armed terrorist |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/pahalgam-terror-attack-pony-operator-dies-protecting-tourists-125042300844_1.html |newspaper=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref><ref name="Hindu-Pony">{{Cite news |last=Ashiq |first=Peerzada |date=23 April 2025 |title=Hundreds join pony driver's last rites, co-workers recall his attempt to stop one of the attackers in Pahalgam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/hundreds-join-pony-drivers-last-rites-co-workers-recall-his-attempt-to-stop-one-of-the-attackers-in-pahalgam/article69482989.ece |url-access=subscription |work=[[The Hindu]] |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="IT 23 Apr">{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pahalgam-terror-attack-syed-adil-hussain-shah-tried-to-snatch-terrorists-rifle-killed-2713505-2025-04-23 |title=Syed Adil Hussain: Hero Pahalgam pony ride operator who tried to stop terrorist |work=[[India Today]] |date=23 April 2025}}</ref> Following the killings the terrorists fired shots in the air, supposedly either [[warning shot]]s or [[Celebratory gunfire|celebratory in nature]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Manral |first=Mahender Singh |date=2025-07-16 |title=Exclusive: Pahalgam attackers fired in air in 'celebration' after gunning down 26 civilians, star witness tells investigators |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/pahalgam-attackers-celebration-star-witness-tells-investigators-10128712/ |access-date=2025-07-16 |website=[[The Indian Express]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ranjan |first=Mukesh |date=2025-07-17 |title=Pahalgam terrorists fired shots in air to celebrate massacre: Witness to NIA |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Jul/17/pahalgam-terrorists-fired-shots-in-air-to-celebrate-massacre-witness-to-nia |access-date=2025-07-17 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] }}</ref>

=== Targeted attack on Hindu tourists ===
The militants asked for the names and religions of the tourists,<ref name="TH-asked-religion" /> and specifically targeted those who were Hindus.<ref name="AP-Hindus"/><ref name="Newsweek 22 Apr"/> The attackers killed the Hindu men after separating them from the Muslim men.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 April 2025 |title='They asked Hindu men to separate from Muslim men': Pahalgam terror attack survivor |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/they-asked-hindu-men-to-separate-from-muslim-men-pahalgam-terror-attack-survivor-101745485984890.html |work=[[The Hindustan Times]]|quote="asked the Hindu men to separate from the Muslim men"}}</ref> Some tourists were asked to recite the [[Islamic]] verse of ''[[Six Kalimas|kalima]]'', so that the militants could segregate them by religion.{{Efn|This method has been used in the past as well.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ali |first=Sajid |date=2025-04-23 |title=Kalma at gunpoint or shot dead point blank—survivors recall Pahalgam massacre, crawling to safety |url=https://theprint.in/india/kalma-at-gunpoint-or-shot-dead-point-blank-survivors-recall-pahalgam-massacre-crawling-to-safety/2600317/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>}}<ref name="Reu-Islamic-verse" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Arora |first=Mansi |date=22 April 2025 |title='Asked to reCite Islamic verse': Tourists recall horror after Pahalgam terror attack |url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/stripped-to-check-for-circumcision-asked-to-reCite-islamic-verse-tourists-recall-horror-after-jk-terror-attack-8991109 |work=[[WION]]}}</ref> Some Hindu men were forced to remove their trousers to check for a lack of [[Khitan (circumcision)|circumcision]] before being shot at close range.<ref name="thehindu20250424"/><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Ehsan |first1=Mir |last2=Singh |first2=Rahul |date=25 April 2025 |title=Pahalgam attack: New images show execution-style killings of tourists |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/new-images-show-execution-style-killings-of-tourists-101745436627120.html |newspaper=[[The Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Out of the 26 dead, the trousers of around 20 were found to be unzipped or pulled down.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jain |first=Bharti |date=2025-04-26 |title=Pahalgam terror attack: Trousers of 20 victims pulled down, unzipped |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pahalgam-terror-attack-trousers-of-20-victims-pulled-down-unzipped/articleshow/120629870.cms |access-date=2025-10-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The militants told some Hindu women that they were spared so that they could narrate the horrors of their men's killing to the Indian [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]], [[Narendra Modi]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dwarkanath |first=Nagarjun |date=22 April 2025 |title='Go tell this to Modi', Pahalgam attacker told me after killing my husband: Karnataka survivor – 'Go tell this to Modi', Pahalgam attacker told me after killing my husband: Karnataka survivor |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/go-tell-this-to-modi-pahalgam-attacker-told-me-after-killing-my-husband-karnataka-survivor-473142-2025-04-22 |work=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]]}}</ref><ref name="TH-Modi"/>

The first tourist to be shot was newly married Shubham Dwivedi from [[Kanpur]], who was visiting Kashmir with his wife.<ref name="TOI-Shubham">{{Cite news |last=Siddiqui |first=Faiz Rahman |date=28 April 2025 |title='Was 1st to be shot; others got chance to escape': Pahalgam attack victim Shubham Dwivedi's wife seeks martyr status for him |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kanpur/pahalgam-attack-victims-wifeseeks-martyr-status-for-him/articleshow/120674161.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The militants approached the couple and asked, "Are you a Hindu or a Muslim?" and Dwivedi responded that "We are Hindus" and was shot point-blank in the head.<ref name="AP-Hindus"/><ref name="TOI-Shubham"/> Another newlywed victim was an [[Indian Navy]] [[Lieutenant (navy)|lieutenant]], Vinay Narwal from [[Haryana]], who went to Pahalgam six days after his wedding with his wife.<ref name = "TH-V-Narwal">{{Cite news |date=23 April 2025 |title=Pahalgam terror attack: Swiss visa rejection led newly-wed Naval officer to a nightmare honeymoon in Pahalgam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pahalgam-terror-attack-swiss-visa-rejection-led-newly-wed-naval-officer-to-a-nightmare-honeymoon-in-pahalgam/article69483566.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In a viral video of the attack, his wife is heard saying "a man suddenly came and said he's not Muslim... then shot him."<ref name="TOI_Narwal">{{Cite news |last1=Sura |first1=Ajay |last2=Jha |first2=Bagish |last3=Narang |first3=Bhavya |date=25 April 2025 |title='We were eating bhel puri when they suddenly emerged, said he's not Muslim': Wife recalls moment Lt Vinay Narwal was shot in Pahalgam |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/we-were-eating-bhel-puri-when-they-suddenly-emerged-said-hes-not-muslim-wife-recalls-moment-lt-vinay-narwal-was-shot-in-pahalgam/articleshow/120567138.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The militants shot three bullets into Narwal's neck, chest and thighs "after realizing he was a Hindu".<ref name ="AP-Hindus"/>

The daughter of a Hindu tourist from [[Pune]] recounted that militants asked her father to recite an Islamic verse, and "when he failed to do so, they pumped three bullets into him, one on the head, one behind the ear and another in the back”.<ref name="IE-Islamic">{{Cite web |date=23 April 2025 |title=Terrorists asked my father to reCite Islamic verse before shooting him: Pune businessman's daughter |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/pune-family-among-those-injured-in-pahalgam-9959743/ |website=The Indian Express |quote="Terrorists asked my father to recite Islamic verse before shooting him"}}</ref> The wife of another victim from [[Andhra Pradesh]] told the state's [[Deputy Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh|deputy chief minister]] [[Pawan Kalyan]] that she and her husband lay on the ground, and the terrorists asked twice, "{{transliteration|hi|ISO|Hindu hai, muslim hai?}}" ({{literal translation|Are (you) Hindu? Are (you) Muslim?}}), and when they did not respond, her husband was shot dead.<ref>{{Cite news |editor=Eenadu News Desk |title=Pawan Kalyan: pahalgāṁ dāruṇānni āṁdhrapradēś marcipōdu |script-title=te:Pawal Kalyan:పహల్గాం దారుణాన్ని ఆంధ్రప్రదేశ్ మర్చిపోదు |trans-title=Pawan Kalyan pays tribute to Pahalgam terror attack victim |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/andhra-pradesh/pawan-kalyan-pays-tribute-to-pahalgam-terror-attack-victim/1702/125074145 |newspaper=[[Eenadu]] |language=te}}</ref> A Bengali Hindu professor from [[Assam]], who hid his identity by reciting the Islamic kalima escaped the killing,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kaur |first=Arshdeep |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/pahalgam-terror-attack-how-a-hindu-brahmin-survived-by-reciting-kalma-the-islamic-prayer-when-i-started-11745471498967.html |title=Pahalgam terror attack: How a Hindu Brahmin survived by reciting Kalima, the Islamic prayer; 'When I started...' |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=23 April 2025 }}</ref> while a Christian man from [[Madhya Pradesh]] was shot dead after being unable to recite the kalima.<ref name="NIE Christian">{{Cite news |editor=Express New Service |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Apr/23/indore-resident-sushil-nathaniel-was-shot-dead-after-he-failed-to-reCite-kalma-says-family |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |title=Said he was a Christian, was shot dead: Pahalgam terror victim's family recounts final moments of horror and heartbreak |date=23 April 2025}}</ref> His wife said the attackers took selfies with the dead bodies.<ref name="TOI Christian">{{Cite news |first=Karishma |last=Kotwal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/indore/you-know-about-palestine-right-pahalgam-terrorists-took-selfies-with-bodies-recalls-indore-survivor/articleshow/120601525.cms |title='You know about Palestine, right?':Pahalgam terrorists took selfies with bodies, recalls Indore survivor |newspaper=[[Times of India]] |date=25 April 2025}}</ref> According to his son, there were 15-year-olds among the terrorists.<ref name="thehindu20250424" /> Some of the terrorists also asked for ID cards to be shown.<ref>{{Cite web |last=De |first=Abhishek |date=2025-04-23 |title=When 'mini Switzerland' Pahalgam bled: Videos show story of terror |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pahalgam-terror-attack-how-it-unfolded-captured-in-videos-survivors-2713385-2025-04-23 |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Casualties ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:85%; margin:0 0 0.5em 1em; float:right;"
|+Number of casualties by state or country
|-
! Country!! State !! Deaths !! Injured
|-
!rowspan=15|{{Flag|India}}
|[[Maharashtra]] || 6 || 5
|-
|[[Gujarat]] || 3 || 2
|-
|[[Karnataka]] || 3 || 2
|-
|[[West Bengal]] || 2 || 1
|-
|[[Madhya Pradesh]] || 2 || 2
|-
|[[Andhra Pradesh]] || 1 || 1
|-
|[[Chhattisgarh]] || 1 || 1
|-
|[[Arunachal Pradesh]] || 1 || -
|-
|[[Bihar]] || 1 || -
|-
|[[Haryana]] || 1 || -
|-
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] || 1 || -
|-
|[[Kerala]] || 1 || -
|-
|[[Odisha]] || 1 || -
|-
|[[Uttar Pradesh]] || 1 || -
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu]] || - || 2
|-
!{{Flag|Nepal}}
|{{NA}}
| 1
| 1
|-
!colspan=2|Total
!26
!17
|}
At least 26 people were killed in the attack, including 25 tourists and one local person, while 20 others were injured.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://x.com/RepShriThanedar/status/1919863646705856710/photo/1 | title=Photo | website=X }}</ref><ref name ="NDTV-Victims"/> Initially a list of the victims, which was verified by local officials in Kashmir, showed that 25 of the 26 killed were Hindus,<ref name = "NYTimes-Hindus"/> while one was a local Muslim pony operator.<ref name = "BS-Pony"/> Subsequently, one of the killed tourists was identified as a Christian.<ref name="NDTV-Christian">{{Cite web |date=24 April 2025 |title="Said He Was Christian, Shot Dead": How Indore Man Was Killed In Pahalgam |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pahalgam-terror-attack-said-he-was-christian-shot-dead-how-indore-man-was-killed-in-pahalgam-8242829 |work=[[NDTV]] |agency=[[Asian News International]]}}</ref> The full list of 26 victims with their names and state of residence was published by Indian newspapers.<ref name="IE-Pahalgam-Victims">{{Cite news |date=24 April 2025 |editor= |title=They went for vacation, returned in coffins: Full list of victims of the Pahalgam terror attack |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/victims-pahalgam-terror-attack-2025-9961486/ |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pahalgam Terror Attack: A memorial |url=https://www.thehindu.com/infographics/2025-04-24/pahalgam-terror-attack-victims-tribute/index.html |access-date=2025-12-08 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref>

The victims included 24 tourists from several Indian states and one foreign tourist from Nepal, while the one local killed was from Jammu and Kashmir.<ref name="NDTV-Victims">{{Cite web |last=Sengar |first=Mukesh Singh |date=24 April 2025 |editor-last=Bose |editor-first=Saikat Kumar |title=5 Killers, 3 Spots, 10 Minutes Of Heavy Fire: How Pahalgam Attack Unfolded |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pahalgam-terror-attack-baisaran-meadow-5-killers-3-spots-10-minutes-of-heavy-fire-how-pahalgam-attack-unfolded-8242547 |website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=When Baisaran Turned into a Valley of Horror: All You Need to Know About India's Mini Switzerland|url=https://www.news18.com/explainers/when-baisaran-turned-into-a-valley-of-horror-all-you-need-to-know-about-indias-mini-switzerland-9309936.html|work=[[News18]]|date=23 April 2025|first=Shilpa|last=Bhisht}}</ref> Witnesses stated that most of the victims were male, and the dead and injured included those from the Indian states of [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Odisha]], [[Gujarat]], [[Haryana]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], and [[West Bengal]].<ref name="IE-Pahalgam-Victims"/> The dead include three [[Indian government]] officials: recently married officers from the [[Indian Air Force]] and [[Indian Navy]], and an official from the [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 April 2025 |title=Pahalgam bloodbath: Navy officer, bank manager, techie and more; how innocent tourists became victims of terror (photos) |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/srinagar/pahalgam-bloodbath-navy-officer-bank-manager-techie-and-more-how-innocent-tourists-became-victims-ofterrorphotos/photostory/120543247.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> One Christian victim was a resident of [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref name = "NDTV-Christian"/>

=== Aftermath ===
In the aftermath, locals assisted in the rescue effort and offered shelter to victims.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kaiser |first=Ezaj |title=Kashmiri trader saves four families from Chhattisgarh during Pahalgam terror attack |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Apr/23/kashmiri-trader-saves-chhattisgarh-four-families-during-pahalgam-terror-attack |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=23 April 2025}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite news |last=Khosa |first=Aasha |title=Nazakat saved 11 tourists from Chhattisgarh amid Pahalgam attack |url=https://www.awazthevoice.in/india-news/nazakat-saved-tourists-from-chhattisgarh-amid-pahalgam-attack-37011.html |work=Awaaz The Voice |date=24 April 2025}}</ref> Members of the local pony-handlers association rescued 11 injured tourists on ponies and improvised stretchers.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Zargar |first1=Anees |title='I only thought of the injured': Ponywalla rushes to save lives after Pahalgam carnage |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/news/i-only-thought-of-injured-ponywalla-rushes-to-save-lives-after-pahalgam-carnage |work=[[The News Minute]] |date=23 April 2025}}</ref> [[Gurudwara]]s in Kashmir opened their doors to shelter tourists fleeing the valley in fear, as many sought safety closer to cities and airports to return to their home states.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chauhan |first=Bala |title=Gurudwaras in Srinagar throw doors open for panic-sticken tourists |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Apr/25/gurudwaras-in-srinagar-throw-doors-open-for-panic-sticken-tourists |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=25 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 April 2025 |title=Pahalgam attack: Kashmiri Gurudwaras open doors to tourists |url=https://thekashmiriyat.co.uk/pahalgam-attack-kashmiri-gurudwaras-open-doors-to-tourists |website=thekashmiriyat.co.uk}}</ref> Emergency services arrived at the scene after news of the attack reached district headquarters.<ref name=":2" /> Two critically injured victims were taken to the [[district hospital]] at Anantnag at around 16:30, while others were transported to nearby medical centres.<ref name=":2" /> The critically injured were airlifted to a military hospital in [[Srinagar]] by helicopter for further treatment.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Ali |first=Jehangir |date=22 April 2025 |title=J&K: Tourist Killed, Several Hurt in Attack on Pahalgam Health Resort |url=https://thewire.in/security/south-kashmir-pahalgam-militant-attack-killed-tourist |work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]}}</ref> A helpline was established to assist affected tourists.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rao |first=Lingamgunta Nirmitha |date=22 April 2025 |title=Pahalgam attack live updates: At least 12 tourists injured, multiple deaths feared |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pahalgam-attack-live-updates-jammu-and-kashmir-terrorists-operation-death-injury-latest-news-today-amit-shah-101745327477992.html |newspaper=[[The Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

Nazakat Ahmad Ali Shah, a Kashmiri woollen clothes trader and tourist guide, helped to rescue several of the victims.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-29 |title=Nazakat saved 11 tourists from Chhattisgarh amid Pahalgam attack |url=https://www.alhaqeeqa.org/nazakat-saved-11-tourists-from-chhattisgarh-amid-pahalgam-attack/ |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=Al Haqeeqa |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 April 2025 |title=Heroic Guide: The Brave Act of Nazakat Ahmad Shah |url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/entertainment/3358185-heroic-guide-the-brave-act-of-nazakat-ahmad-shah |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=Devdiscourse |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-24 |title='मैगी खाने के बाद वो फोटोग्राफी कर रहे थे तभी अचानक...' 11 पर्यटकों की जान बचाने वाले नजाकत ने बताई पहलगाम की आंखों-देखी |trans-title='He was taking photographs after eating Maggi when suddenly...' Najakat, who saved the lives of 11 tourists, recounts his eyewitness account of Pahalgam |url=https://www.aajtak.in/india/jammu-kashmir/story/nazakat-ahmad-shah-from-pahalgam-saved-11-chattisgarh-tourists-during-terror-attack-ntc-dskc-2224798-2025-04-24 |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref> He saved eleven people in a group, including the daughter of a BJP leader, by first taking two children to the nearby town of [[Pahalgam]] and then escorting the rest to safety.<ref name=":22" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Usman |first=Tahir |date=25 April 2025 |title='Nazakat bhai, the humanity you showed ...': Pahalgam survivors thank Kashmiri guide for saving children |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/city/nazakat-bhai-the-humanity-you-showed-chhattisgarh-families-who-survived-pahalgam-attack-thank-kashmiri-guide-article-13004241.html |access-date= |website=Moneycontrol}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-26 |title='She's my daughter': How Kashmiri guide Nazakat Ali saved BJP leader's daughter from terrorists in Pahalgam attack |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/shes-my-daughter-how-kashmiri-guide-nazakat-ali-saved-bjp-leader-s-daughter-from-terrorists-in-pahalgam-attack-11745646362380.html |access-date=2025-04-30 |work=mint |language=en}}</ref> Nazakat Ahmad Ali Shah is the cousin of Syed Adil Hussain Shah,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-25 |title=Tourist Guide Rescues 11 Amid Pahalgam Attack, Misses Cousin's Funeral |url=https://kashmirlife.net/tourist-guide-rescues-11-amid-pahalgam-attack-misses-cousins-funeral-389269/ |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=[[Kashmir Life]] |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sanwari |first=Razia |date=2025-04-28 |title=Kashmir's Lionheart: The Story of Adil Hussain Shah |url=https://udaipurtimes.com/news/the-story-of-adil-hussain-shah/cid16636895.htm |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=udaipurtimes.com |language=en}}</ref> who died while saving the lives of many tourists in the attack.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-25 |title="If Not For Nazakat Bhai.....", Chhattisgarh Tourist Recounts How A Kashmiri Guide Saved Them During Pahalgam Terror Attack |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!state/chhattisgarh-tourist-recounts-how-a-kashmiri-guide-saved-them-during-pahalgam-terror-attack-enn25042502024 |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-24 |title=Heroes of Pahalgam terror attack |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/newsmo/video/heroes-of-pahalgam-terror-attack-2714672-2025-04-24 |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Iqbal |first=Naveed |date=2025-04-27 |title='Save the children': Guide who helped tourists escape recalls those terrifying 10 minutes at Pahalgam meadow |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/long-reads/pahalgam-terror-attack-meadow-children-tour-guide-helped-tourists-escape-kashmir-9967877/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-04 |title=CM Sai Praises Kashmiri Guide Nazakat for Saving Lives of Chhattisgarh Tourists in Pahalgam |url=https://www.latestly.com/agency-news/india-news-cm-sai-praises-kashmiri-guide-nazakat-for-saving-lives-of-chhattisgarh-tourists-in-pahalgam-6829068.html |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=LatestLY |language=en |agency=PTI}}</ref>

The nearest [[Central Reserve Police Force|CRPF]] base is around 4-5 kilometers from the Baisaran meadows.<ref name=":35" /> The trek is through a muddy and rocky track and takes 40–45 minutes.<ref name=":24">{{Cite news |date=2025-05-06 |title=CRPF seeks report from Pahalgam unit commanding officer who rushed in first |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/crpf-seeks-report-from-pahalgam-unit-commanding-officer-who-rushed-in-first/articleshow/120937152.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-10-15 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]]}}</ref> The CRPF commanding officer was informed about the attack by pony operators.<ref name=":24" /> 25 CRPF personnel reached Baisaran Valley at around 2:30 p.m. as first responders.<ref name=":24" /> They were followed by a police team after which efforts were coordinated.<ref name=":35">{{Cite web |last=Baidya |first=Satyaki |date=29 April 2025 |title='Sir, Something Has Happened...': How CRPF Took Charge After The Pahalgam Attack |url=https://www.news18.com/india/sir-something-has-happened-how-crpf-took-charge-after-the-pagalgam-attack-ws-bdl-9317256.html |access-date=15 October 2025 |website=[[Network18 Group|News18]] |agency=PTI}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2025 |title=Pahalgam terror attack {{!}} CRPF personnel found 3 injured, hiding tourists in first response |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/jammu-and-kashmir/crpf-qat-found-3-injured-men-hiding-tourists-in-first-response-at-baisaran-meadow-3512318 |access-date=2025-10-15 |website=[[Deccan Herald]] |language=en |agency=PTI}}</ref> The first phone call to the police control room was later at 2:45 p.m.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhardwaj |first=Ananya |last2=Kumar |first2=Mayank |date=2025-04-23 |editor-last=Mathur |editor-first=Sanya |title=Why security forces ran 4.5 km to reach Pahalgam attack site, an hour after bloodshed was already over |url=https://theprint.in/india/why-security-forces-ran-4-5-km-to-reach-pahalgam-attack-site-an-hour-after-bloodshed-was-already-over/2600502/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=[[ThePrint]] }}</ref>

A joint [[cordon and search]] operation was launched by the [[Indian Army]], [[Paramilitary forces of India|paramilitary forces]], and [[Jammu and Kashmir Police]]. A temporary lockdown was imposed in Pahalgam, and Indian Army helicopters were deployed to track down the militants, who reportedly fled to the upper reaches of the [[Pir Panjal Range|Pir Panjal range]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/video/terror-attack-in-kashmirs-upper-reaches-tourists-targeted-security-ops-underway-ytvd-2713164-2025-04-23 |title=Pahalgam Terror Attack: Army, CRPF, J&K Cops Cordon Area, Search Operations On |work=[[India Today]] |date=23 April 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Pahalgam terror attack LIVE: PM Modi to return to India cutting short Saudi Arabia visit; Navy Officer among 26 killed |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pahalgam-jammu-kashmir-terror-attack-tourists-dead-injured-april-22-2025/article69478557.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=22 April 2025 }}</ref> On 24 April, an Indian soldier was killed and two other soldiers wounded during a gunfight with [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir|insurgents]] in the Basantgarh area of [[Udhampur]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sandhu |first=Parwinder |date=24 April 2025 |title=Who was Havildar Jhantu Ali Shaikh martyred in Udhampur ops? |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/who-was-havildar-jhantu-ali-shaikh-martyred-in-udhampur-ops-1503424509.html |website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]}}</ref>

== Responsibility and motive ==

[[The Resistance Front]] (TRF) initially claimed responsibility for the attack, linking it to [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019|Indian government policy]] that allows non-Kashmiris to live and work in Kashmir, resulting in non-local settlement in Kashmir.<ref name="AJ 23 Apr"/><ref>{{Cite news |title=At least 20 feared killed in militant attack on tourists in Indian Kashmir, security sources say |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/04/22/at-least-20-feared-killed-in-militant-attack-on-tourists-in-indian-kashmir-security-sources-say.html |work=[[CNBC]] |date=22 April 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Pahalgam: What's 'The Resistance Front', LeT 'proxy' behind the deadliest terror attack on tourists in Kashmir? |work=[[Live Mint]] |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/pahalgam-whats-the-resistance-front-let-proxy-said-to-be-behind-deadliest-terror-attack-on-tourists-in-kashmir-11745329734543.html |date=22 April 2022 }}</ref> In a statement on the social media platform [[Telegram (software)|Telegram]], TRF opposed the granting of [[Domicile (Jammu and Kashmir)|domicile certificates]] to "outsiders", and voiced discontent at resulting alleged demographic changes in the region. It claimed, "These non-locals arrive posing as tourists, obtain domiciles, and then begin to act as if they own the land. Consequently, violence will be directed toward those attempting to settle illegally."<ref name="AJ 23 Apr" /><ref name="CNN 24 Apr">{{Cite web |last1=Mogul |first1=Rhea |last2=Iyer |first2=Aishwarya |last3=Saifi |first3=Sophia |date=24 April 2025 |title=A tourist massacre in Kashmir is escalating tensions between India and Pakistan. Here's what we know |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/04/24/india/pahalgam-india-pakistan-attack-explainer-intl-hnk/index.html |website=CNN}}</ref><ref>[https://www.deccanherald.com/india/jammu-and-kashmir/who-is-saifullah-khaid-alleged-mastermind-behind-jk-terror-attack-3508427 Who is Saifullah Khalid, alleged mastermind behind J&K terror attack?], Deccan Herald, 24 April 2025.</ref>

TRF has a history of targeting non-Kashmiris on such grounds. In June 2020, it released a statement saying, "any Indian who comes with an intention to settle in Kashmir will be treated as an agent of [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|RSS]] and not as civilian and will be dealt with appropriately."<ref name="telegraph20211102" /> In December 2020, it shot and killed a 70-year-old goldsmith, who had lived in Kashmir close to 50 years, branding him part of the "settler" project.<ref>Saman Lateef, [https://www.dw.com/en/kashmir-land-laws-militancy/a-56277000 Militants target non-locals amid tensions over land laws], DW: Deutsche Welle, 19 January 2021. {{ProQuest|2479053665}}</ref> In February 2021, it killed a Punjabi restaurateur's son, even though Punjabis are a well-established part of [[Srinagar]]'s retail business, having arrived there well before 1947.<ref name="telegraph20211102" /> In October of the same year, seven civilians were killed in the span of a week, including two school teachers, a pharmacist and poor economic migrants.<ref>Sharma, Shweta (7 October 2021). [https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/jammu-and-kashmir-civilians-killed-b1934061.html Seven civilians dead in a week as Kashmir in spate of targeted killings]. ''The Independent''. {{ProQuest|2580186212}}</ref> According to political analyst and journalist Luv Puri, such killings of civilians are not condoned by the populace but the atmosphere of "mass-scale hysteria" in the Valley on potential demographic changes allows TRF to get away with them.<ref name="telegraph20211102">Puri, Luv (2 November 2021). [https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/brutal-interruption-the-blood-stains-get-deeper-in-kashmir/cid/1836892 Brutal interruption]. [[The Telegraph (India)|''The Telegraph'']]. {{ProQuest|2590738085}}</ref>

A UN Security Council report on 29 July 2025 stated that TRF took responsibility on both 22 and 23 April.<ref name=":6" /> TRF also published a photo of the attack site.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-31 |title=UNSC report names The Resistance Front, Cites Pahalgam terror attack |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/trf-published-photo-pahalgam-attack-site-twice-claimed-responsibility-unsc-sanctions-report-10158894/ |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=The Indian Express |agency=[[Press Trust of India]]}}</ref> No other group claimed responsibility.<ref name=":6" /> On 26 April, TRF retracted responsibility for the attack, claiming that their initial claim of responsibility was a communications breach. TRF accused Indian intelligence operatives of having a part in the attack, and stated that they were conducting their own investigation into the perpetrators.<ref name="ET backtracks">{{Cite news |date=26 April 2025 |title='False, hasty & part of an orchestrated campaign': LeT terror proxy TRF backtracks; denies responsibility of Pahalgam attack |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/false-hasty-part-of-an-orchestrated-campaign-let-terror-proxy-trf-backtracks-denies-responsibility-of-pahalgam-attack/articleshow/120642326.cms?from=mdr |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Political-science professor and recognized expert on terrorism [[Max Abrahms]] wrote that the attack was indeed carried out by the TRF, noting his prior research revealing that terrorist groups commonly attempt false denials of responsibility for attacks that kill civilian targets, subsequently "backfire" in public opinion, and/or appear likely to trigger a robust military response.<ref name="pac"/><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Abrahms |first1=Max |last2=Conrad |first2=Justin |date=3 April 2017 |title=The Strategic Logic of Credit Claiming: A New Theory for Anonymous Terrorist Attacks |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09636412.2017.1280304 |journal=Security Studies |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=279–304 |doi=10.1080/09636412.2017.1280304 |issn=0963-6412|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The United States designated the TRF as a terrorist organisation on 17 July.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Som |first=Vishnu |author-link=Vishnu Som |date=30 July 2025 |editor-last=Mishra |editor-first=Samiran |title=UN Report Names Terror Group Behind Pahalgam Attack, Pak Cover-Up Shatters |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/trf-the-resistance-front-un-report-names-terror-group-behind-pahalgam-attack-pak-cover-up-shatters-8981109 |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=[[NDTV]] }}</ref>

On 7 May 2025, the foreign secretary of India [[Vikram Misri]] stated in a press conference that the objective of the attack was to inflame [[Religious violence in India|communal violence in India]] and negatively impact the economy by attacking tourism in the union territory.<ref name="motive">{{Cite web |date=7 May 2025 |title=Operation Sindoor: Full Text Of Foreign Secretary Vikram Misri Speech During Press Briefing |url=https://www.ndtvprofit.com/trending/operation-sindoor-full-text-of-foreign-secretary-vikram-misri-speech-during-press-briefing |access-date=7 May 2025 |publisher=[[NDTV Profit]]}}</ref>

== Investigations and operations ==
=== Indian investigations ===
Based on eyewitness testimonies and details given by the survivors of the attack the [[Jammu and Kashmir Police|Jammu and Kashmir police]] revealed the identities and sketches of four of the terrorists.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 April 2025 |title=Sketches of terrorists who killed 26 Pahalgam tourists released |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pahalgam-terror-attack-sketches-of-terrorists-released-security-agencies-2713282-2025-04-23 |newspaper=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=23 April 2025 |title=Killers Of Pahalgam: Sketches Of 3 Terrorists Behind Attack Revealed |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/sketches-of-2-terrorists-behind-pahalgam-attack-released-by-agencies-8233597 |work=[[NDTV]]}}</ref><ref name=":13" /> Out of these four, two are infiltrators from Pakistan, and two are local Kashmir residents who allegedly aided them. These four terrorists have been identified by the Jammu and Kashmir police as Ali Bhai alias Talha (Pakistani), Asif Fauji (Pakistani), Adil Hussain Thoker (a resident of Anantnag) and Ahsan (a resident of Pulwama).<ref name=":12" /> The police stated that all of them were linked to Lashkar-e-Taiba and at least two are foreigners.<ref name=":13">{{Cite news |date=23 April 2025 |title=Security forces release sketches, photos of terrorists who carried out Pahalgam attack |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/security-forces-release-sketches-photos-of-terrorists-who-carried-out-pahalgam-attack-1503423841.html |newspaper=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |agency=IANS}}</ref> Police confirmed that all of them have been linked to previous militancy-related incidents in the [[Poonch District, India|Poonch]] region. Following the attack, hundreds of former [[Over ground worker|overground workers]] and ex-militants were interrogated in Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite news |author1=Vijaita Singh |author2=Peerzada Ashiq |date=23 April 2025 |title=Pahalgam terror attack: Two Kashmiris suspected to be among attackers |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/two-kashmiri-men-who-went-to-pakistan-in-2018-suspected-to-be-among-terrorists-who-attacked-tourists-at-pahalgam/article69481793.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> On 24 April, the J&K Police announced a bounty of {{₹|2000000|link=yes}} ({{US$|{{To USD round|2000000 |India}}}}) for information leading to the identification, arrest, or elimination of each of the individuals responsible for the Pahalgam attack, promising to protect the informant's identity.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 April 2025 |editor-last=Mishra |editor-first=Samiran |title=2 Terrorists From Pakistan Among Pahalgam Attackers, Rs 20 Lakh Reward Announced |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pahalgam-terrorist-attack-2-terrorists-from-pakistan-among-pahalgam-attackers-rs-20-lakh-reward-announced-8243839 |website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> The [[National Investigation Agency|National Investigative Agency]] (NIA) later released that the initial sketches of the militants were wrong.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singhal |first=Sugam |date=2025-06-22 |title=New twist in Pahalgam attackers' identities: From Pak, but not those whose sketches released by J&K police, says report |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/new-twist-in-pahalgam-attackers-identity-from-pak-but-not-those-whose-sketches-released-by-j-k-police-says-repor-11750610227763.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250705203223/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/new-twist-in-pahalgam-attackers-identity-from-pak-but-not-those-whose-sketches-released-by-j-k-police-says-repor-11750610227763.html |archive-date=2025-07-05 |access-date=2025-07-16 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|mint]] }}</ref><ref name=":17">{{Cite web |date=24 June 2025 |title=Pahalgam Attack: NIA Arrests Two For Harbouring Terrorists, Opposition Questions 'Lapses in Probe' |url=https://thewire.in/government/pahalgam-attack-nia-arrests-two-for-harbouring-terrorists-opposition-points-out-lapses-in-probe |access-date=2025-08-15 |website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] }}</ref><ref name="thewire.in">{{Cite web |date=31 July 2025 |title=Pahalgam Attack: Shah's Statement in Lok Sabha vs NIA Probe Report on Terrorists |url=https://thewire.in/security/pahalgam-attack-shahs-statement-in-lok-sabha-vs-nia-probe-report-on-terrorists |access-date=2025-08-17 |website=The Wire }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhasin |first=Anuradha |author-link=Anuradha Bhasin |date=2025-07-04 |title=If the photographs didn't belong to the Pahalgam attackers, what were the actions based on? |url=https://kashmirtimes.com/marginalia/if-the-photographs-didnt-belong-to-the-pahalgam-attackers-what-were-the-actions-based-on |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=[[Kashmir Times]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jaiswal |first=Arushi |date=2025-08-04 |title=Pahalgam terror attack: NIA says initial sketches of terrorists misidentified, linked to past shootout |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/pahalgam-terror-attack-investigation-operation-mahadev-pakistan-link-of-terrorists-initial-sketches-misidentified-nia-report-latest-updates-2025-08-04-1001901 |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=[[India TV|India TV News]] |language=en}}</ref>

NIA arrived at the site to assist Jammu and Kashmir Police on 23 April.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 April 2025 |title=NIA Probe: IG-Led Team Heads to Pahalgam After Deadly Terror Attack |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/jammu-and-kashmir/nia-team-led-by-ig-en-route-to-terror-hit-pahalgam-3505824 |newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> It formally took over the investigation from the J&K Police on 27 April following an order from the counter terrorism and counter radicalisation (CTCR) division of the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|ministry of home affairs]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chauhan |first=Neeraj |date=2025-04-27 |title=NIA takes over probe in Pahalgam terror attack |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nia-takes-over-probe-in-pahalgam-terror-attack-101745778150885.html |access-date=2025-07-31 |work=[[The Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-01 |title=NIA begins investigation into Pahalgam attack, DG reaches J&K |url=https://theprint.in/india/nia-begins-investigation-into-pahalgam-attack-dg-reaches-jk/2611130/ |access-date=2025-07-31 |via=ThePrint |agency=[[Asian News International]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 April 2025 |title=Anti-Terror Agency NIA Takes Over Pahalgam Case, Meets Victims' Families |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/nia-takes-over-pahalgam-terror-attack-case-on-home-ministrys-orders-8267326 |website=[[NDTV]] |agency=ANI}}</ref> A case was registered under relevant sections of the [[Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita|Indian Justice Code]] and the [[Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jameel |first=Yusuf |date=2025-07-29 |title=NIA Launches Probe Into Killing Of Pahalgam Attack Mastermind In Srinagar Encounter |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/nia-launches-probe-into-killing-of-pahalgam-attack-mastermind-in-srinagar-encounter-1894361 |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] }}</ref>

Indian authorities linked the Pahalgam attack to Pakistan, with digital traces leading to [[Al-Qaeda safe house|safe houses]] in [[Muzaffarabad]] and [[Karachi]]. They concluded that forensic evidence and intelligence intercepts suggest potential support from operatives based in Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chauhan |first=Neeraj |date=24 April 2025 |title=Digital footprints suggest Pakistan's hand, say investigators |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/digital-footprints-suggest-pakistan-s-hand-say-investigators-101745436384799.html |work=[[The Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pandey |first=Munish Chandra |date=23 April 2025 |title=Digital footprints, forensics link Pahalgam attack to Pakistan safe houses |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/digital-footprints-forensics-link-pahalgam-attack-to-pakistan-safe-houses-2713396-2025-04-23#google_vignette |website=India Today}}</ref> Authorities conducted extensive searches in Indian-administered Kashmir, questioning more than 2,800 people and taking more than 150 into custody.<ref name="Sengar" /> They also [[Bulldozer justice|demolished the houses]] of the families of at least 10 suspected militants.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ali |first=Jehangir |date=27 April 2025 |title=Despite SC Ruling, J&K Authorities Demolish Homes of Pahalgam Suspects, Others, Without Notice |url=https://thewire.in/government/jammu-kashmir-houses-demolished-pahalgam-attack |access-date=2025-08-17 |website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] }}</ref><ref name="bbc20250428">{{Cite web |last=Farooquee |first=Neyaz |date=28 April 2025 |title=Pahalgam attack: India hunts suspects days after Kashmir killings |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c4g8yx6r3rlo |website=bbc.com -GB}}</ref><ref name="opb20250427">{{Cite web |last1=Kuchay |first1=Bilal |last2=Khandekar |first2=Omkar |date=28 April 2025 |title=Homes destroyed and 1,500 detained in Kashmir as India cracks down following attacks |url=https://www.opb.org/article/2025/04/27/homes-destroyed-and-1500-detained-in-kashmir-as-india-cracks-down-following-attacks/ |website=[[Oregon Public Broadcasting]] }}</ref><ref name="reuters20250426">{{Cite web |last1=Patel |first1=Shivam |last2=Bukhari |first2=Fayaz |last3=Shahzad |first3=Asif |date=26 April 2025 |title=Pakistan calls for neutral probe into Kashmir attack India blames it for |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/india-pakistan-exchange-gunfire-2nd-day-ties-plummet-after-attack-2025-04-26/ |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> In a preliminary report, the NIA concluded that the attack was committed under directives issued by senior operatives of Pakistan's intelligence agency, the [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] (ISI).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ranjan |first=Mukesh |date=2 May 2025 |title=Pahalgam attack planned by LeT with ISI, Pak Army help: NIA report; 20 Valley OGWs under probe |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/May/02/nias-initial-report-indicates-let-isi-and-pakistan-army-involvement-in-pahalgam-terror-attack |website=The New Indian Express }}</ref><ref name="Sengar">{{Cite web |last=Sengar |first=Mukesh Singh |date=2 May 2025 |editor-last=Mishra |editor-first=Samiran |title=Pakistan's Spy Agency ISI's Key Role In Pahalgam Terror Attack Revealed |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pahalgam-terror-attack-lashkar-pakistans-isi-nexus-mentioned-in-anti-terror-bodys-pahalgam-report-8309888 |website=[[NDTV]] }}</ref> At least 15 locals were identified who helped facilitate the attack.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pathak |first=Shailendra Kumar |date=1 May 2025 |title=Pahalgam Attack: A Wake-Up Call on Global Islamist Terror |url=https://cihs.org.in/pahalgam-attack-a-wake-up-call-on-global-islamist-terror/ |access-date=2025-10-17 |website=Centre for Integrated and Holistic Studies (CIHS) |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Varad |date=2025-04-27 |title=Pahalgam terror attack: Five questions that must be asked |url=https://www.firstpost.com/opinion/pahalgam-terror-attack-five-questions-that-must-be-asked-13883427.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250428050249/https://www.firstpost.com/opinion/pahalgam-terror-attack-five-questions-that-must-be-asked-13883427.html |archive-date=2025-04-28 |access-date=2025-10-17 |work=Firstpost }}</ref> Indian officials later said that the attackers belong to a TRF unit known as the "Falcon Squad".<ref name=":0" />

According to government official, the three terrorists, Suleman alias Faizal Jatt, Hamza Afghani, and Zibran spoke with their associates, and their helpers in Pakistan using ultra-high frequency wireless sets. The wireless sets require a distinct frequency and a clear line of sight. The range is between {{convert|20-25|km|mi}}. In 2023, the three [[LeT]] terrorists made their way into India. They were divided into two factions in 2024, one headed by Suleman and the other by Hashim Moosa, a Pakistani terrorist. In 2024, newly infiltrated LeT cadres joined Suleman and began conducting terror attacks in the [[Kashmir Valley]]. Suleman participated in the 20 October 2024, attack on a construction site in Gagangir, in the [[Ganderbal]] area of central Kashmir. The incident claimed the lives of seven persons.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Vijaita |date=2025-07-29 |title=Pahalgam attackers entered India from Pakistan three years ago: officials |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pahalgam-attackers-entered-india-from-pakistan-three-years-ago-officials/article69870527.ece |url-access=subscription |access-date=2025-07-29 |work=[[The Hindu]] |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]] [[Amit Shah]] explained in the Parliament that the [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]] and the security forces in the region tracked the terrorists for over two months using a number of methods.<ref name=":4" /> Sajid Saifullah Jatt, the South Kashmir chief of operations for LeT in Lahore, was identified as the primary handler of the terrorists by the Indian intelligence and security services after they mapped the infiltration, movement, and command structure behind the Pahalgam attack.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last1=Ratti |first1=Pragati |last2=Gupta |first2=Manoj |date=2025-08-04 |title=India Maps Pahalgam Attackers' Journey, Identifies Lahore-Based LeT Operative As Handler {{!}} Exclusive |url=https://www.news18.com/india/voter-ids-chocolates-probe-report-Cites-clear-evidence-of-pahalgam-attackers-pakistani-origins-ws-l-9482335.html |access-date=2025-08-05 |website=News18 }}</ref>

In December 2025, NIA charged Pakistan-based militant groups [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] and [[The Resistance Front]], along with six individuals. The charges, submitted in a 1,597-page filing to a special court in [[Jammu]], alleged that the groups planned, facilitated, and carried out the attack, tracing the conspiracy to Pakistan following an eight-month investigation. Three Pakistani men killed during an Indian security operation in July were charged posthumously.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-15 |title=India charges Pakistan-based militant groups, six men over Kashmir tourist attack |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/india-charges-pakistan-based-militant-groups-six-men-over-kashmir-tourist-attack-2025-12-15/ |work=Reuters}}</ref>

==== Treatment of potential witnesses ====
According to former [[list of chief ministers of Jammu and Kashmir|chief minister of Jammu and Kashmir]] [[Mehbooba Mufti]], locals were "rounded up by security agencies and kept in custody for hours and sometimes the entire day without food" in what she saw as a form of [[collective punishment]]. Mufti stated that the locals "unanimously came out against this gruesome attack and unequivocally condemned it" and that "the blanket criminalization of locals not only alienates our people but also sows seeds of resentment and mistrust".<ref name="TheHindu_collective_punishment_Mufti">{{Cite Q|Q134428721|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Masterminds behind the attack ====
Security agencies have identified three terrorists behind the Pahalgam terror attack. Two of them — Lashkar-e-Taiba chief [[Hafiz Saeed|Hafeez Saeed]] and his deputy [[Milli Muslim League|Saifullah Khalid Kasuri]] — are in Pakistan, while the third, Hashim Moosa alias Suleiman Shah, is believed to be hiding in the forests of south Kashmir. An extensive operation is underway to capture him, with concerns that he may attempt to flee to Pakistan.<ref name="ndtv20250430">{{Cite web |last=Sengar |first=Mukesh Singh |date=30 April 2025 |title=Hashim Moosa, Pahalgam Killer On The Run, Is Former Pak Commando: Sources |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pahalgam-terror-attack-hashim-moosa-hashim-moosa-pahalgam-killer-on-the-run-is-former-pak-commando-sources-8292119 |access-date=8 May 2025 |website=[[NDTV]] }}</ref> Hashim Moosa, a former para-commando in Pakistan's [[Special Service Group]], joined Lashkar-e-Taiba and has been involved in several terror attacks since infiltrating India in 2023. Authorities aim to capture him alive to confirm Pakistan's involvement in the attack. He was involved in a deadly October attack in [[Ganderbal]] that killed seven and another in [[Baramulla]] where four security personnel died. In total, he has been linked to at least six terror attacks in Jammu and Kashmir.<ref name="ndtv20250430" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Jain |first=Bharti |date=29 April 2025 |title=Pahalgam massacre: Pakistani terrorist former para commando, says probe |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pahalgam-massacre-pakistani-terrorist-former-para-commando-says-probe/articleshow/120709449.cms |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ranjan |first=Mukesh |date=29 April 2025 |title=Hashim Musa, ex-Pakistan Army Special Forces soldier, prime suspect in Pahalgam terror attack |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Apr/29/hashim-musa-ex-pakistan-army-special-forces-soldier-prime-suspect-in-pahalgam-terror-attack |website=The New Indian Express }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sengar |first=Mukesh Singh |date=28 July 2025 |editor-last=Sharma |editor-first=Divyam |title=Pahalgam Mastermind Suleiman Shah Was Ex Commando Of Pak Army's Elite Unit |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pahalgam-mastermind-suleiman-shah-was-ex-commando-of-pak-armys-elite-unit-operation-mahadev-pahalgam-attack-8966317 |access-date=28 October 2025 |website=NDTV}}</ref>

The head of TRF, Sajad Ahmad Sheikh alias Sajad Gul, has also been named as a mastermind.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-07 |title=TRF head Sheikh Sajjad Gul identified as mastermind behind Pahalgam terror attack |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/trf-head-sheikh-sajjad-gul-identified-as-mastermind-behind-pahalgam-terror-attack/articleshow/120959083.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-10-24 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |agency=PTI}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 October 2025 |title=Pahalgam Attack Mastermind And TRF Head Sajad Gul's Father's House Attached In Kashmir |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!state/police-seize-pahalgam-attack-mastermind-and-trf-head-sajad-gul-house-in-kashmir-enn25100402534 |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref> He resides in Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2025 |title=As India strikes Pakistan, here's a look at status of probe into Pahalgam attack |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/jammu-and-kashmir/as-india-strikes-pakistan-heres-a-look-at-status-of-probe-into-pahalgam-attack-3530762 |access-date=2025-10-23 |website=[[Deccan Herald]] |language=en |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]]}}</ref> The NIA designated Gul a terrorist in April 2022.<ref name=":31">{{Cite web |date=2025-10-04 |title=Police Attach Rs 2 Crore Property of Terrorist Chief |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/srinagar-police-attach-rs-2-crore-property-of-trf-chief-pahalgam-attack-mastermind-sajad-gul-1907963 |access-date=2025-10-23 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en |agency=PTI}}</ref> Property in Kashmir belonging to Sajad Gul was attached following the Pahalgam attack.<ref name=":31" />

==== Detainees and arrests ====
Two local Kashmiris, Parvaiz Ahmad Jothar and Bashir Ahmad Jothar, were detained by the [[National Investigation Agency]] on 22 June 2025, for allegedly harboring the terrorists at a hut around {{convert|2|km|mi}} from the [[Baisaran Valley|Baisaran]] [[meadow]] on 21 April 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 June 2025 |title=Pahalgam terror attack: NIA arrests two men for harbouring terrorists |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pahalgam-terror-attack-nia-arrests-two-men-for-harbouring-terrorists/article69723788.ece |url-access=subscription |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 2025 |title='Provided food, shelter': 2 held for harbouring Pahalgam attack terrorists; disclose 3 were Pak LeT men |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pahalgam-terror-attack-two-arrested-for-sheltering-terrorists-nia-confirms-lashkar-link/articleshow/122002345.cms |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=22 June 2025 |editor-last=Bose |editor-first=Saikat Kumar |title=Pahalgam Breakthrough: NIA Confirms Killers Pak Nationals, Lashkar Members |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/2-arrested-for-sheltering-pakistani-terrorists-who-carried-out-pahalgam-attack-8729766 |work=[[NDTV]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Jain |first=Bharti |date=2025-06-25 |title=Pahalgam attack: Two locals helped Pakistani attackers for few thousands |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pahalgam-attack-two-locals-helped-pakistani-attackers-for-a-few-thousands/articleshow/122034862.cms |access-date=2025-12-11 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The duo were produced before a special NIA court on 23 June 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2025 |title=Questions Abound as NIA Dismisses Reports of Botched Investigation in Pahalgam Attack |url=https://thewire.in/government/questions-abound-as-nia-dismisses-reports-of-botched-investigation-in-pahalgam-attack |access-date=2025-08-17 |website=The Wire }}</ref> During questioning, Parvaiz and Bashir disclosed details about the terrorists.<ref name=":17" /> NIA collected DNA samples with the aim of finding a match with the articles confiscated from the killed terrorists.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chauhan |first=Neeraj |date=2025-08-12 |title=NIA takes blood, hair samples of Pahalgam terror attack suspects |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nia-takes-blood-hair-samples-of-pahalgam-terror-attack-suspects-101754939694877.html |access-date=2025-08-12 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Shafat Maqbool Wani was taken into custody by the NIA in July 2025 under the [[Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act]] in Handwara. It is believed that he received money from TRF to support terrorism.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chauhan |first=Neeraj |date=2025-07-07 |title=NIA arrests J&K man in connection with alleged funding of LeT proxy TRF |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nia-arrests-j-k-man-in-connection-with-alleged-funding-of-let-proxy-trf-101751860906030.html |access-date=2025-09-04 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref>

[[LeT]] associates Ab Majid Gojri and Ab Hamid Dar were apprehended by J&K Police on 17 August 2025. They were in possession of two Chinese [[grenade]]s, two [[Grenade launcher|UBGL]] grenades, and ten rounds of [[AK-47|AKs]]. NIA raided their homes on 20 August 2025, discovering records of foreign funding.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wani |first=Ashraf |date=2025-08-17 |title=Two terror associates caught in J&K's Bandipora, Chinese grenades, ammo seized |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/two-lashkar-terror-associates-caught-in-jammu-and-kashmir-bandipora-chinese-grenades-ammunition-seized-2772547-2025-08-17 |access-date=2025-09-04 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> NIA has recovered information from mobile data, social media chats, [[Financial transaction|bank transactions]], and [[Call logging|call logs]] during raids in Srinagar and Handwara about TRF receiving approximately [[₹]]9 [[lakh]] in funding through Malaysian resident Yasir Hayat, who has connections to Sajid Mir's network, a LeT most wanted terrorist who is suspected of planning the 2008 Mumbai attacks.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ojha |first=Arvind |last2=Sinha |first2=Sahil |date=2025-09-03 |title=Anti-terror agency uncovers Malaysia, Gulf funding trail to Pakistan-backed TRF |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pahalgam-attack-nia-uncovers-malaysia-gulf-funding-trail-to-trf-pakistan-backed-terror-group-2781340-2025-09-03 |access-date=2025-09-04 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sengar |first=Mukesh Singh |last2=Mitra |first2=Chandrajit |date=2025-09-03 |title=Lashkar Proxy Behind Pahalgam Got Funding From These Countries |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/indian-agency-makes-big-disclosure-over-laskhar-e-taiba-proxy-the-resistance-front-funding-9207126 |access-date=2025-09-04 |work=NDTV}}</ref> 463 phone calls connected to anti-India groups and [[Extremism|extremist]] followers regarding the financing of TRF from Pakistan, [[Malaysia]], and [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf]] were revealed by NIA on 3 September 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Bhavatosh |last2=George |first2=Diana |date=2025-09-03 |title=463 Phone Calls, Funds From Malaysia And Gulf: NIA Builds FATF Case Against Pakistan Over TRF |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/463-phone-calls-funds-from-malaysia-and-gulf-nia-builds-fatf-case-against-pakistan-over-trf-article-152649445 |access-date=2025-09-04 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>

On 24 September, Srinagar Police arrested a key LeT operative from South Kashmir's [[Kulgam district]] for providing logistical support to terrorists killed in the Operation Mahadev. The accused has been identified as 26-year-old Mohammad Yousuf Kataria, a seasonal teacher and resident of Kulgam. According to police, Yousuf was actively associated with LeT/TRF and had supplied equipment and other logistical support to terrorists operating in Pahalgam.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2025 |title=Pahalgam terror attack: LeT operative arrested in South Kashmir for aiding terrorists |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/pahalgam-terror-attack-let-operative-arrested-in-south-kashmir-for-aiding-terrorists-13575664.html |access-date=25 September 2025 |website=Moneycontrol}}</ref> Forensic examination of a phone charger proved vital to his arrest.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-05 |title=From charger to capture: How a simple clue led to Pahalgam terror aide's arrest |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/from-charger-to-capture-how-a-simple-clue-led-cops-to-pahalgam-terror-aide-in-kashmir-101759663666402.html |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Kataria revealed that he met with the terrorists at least four times in the Zabarwan hills.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Shobhit |date=5 October 2025 |title=Pahalgam Attack: Lashkar Operative, Held For Aiding Terrorists, Met Them Four Times |url=https://www.news18.com/india/pahalgam-attack-lashkar-operative-held-for-aiding-terrorists-met-them-four-times-ws-l-9615932.html |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Indian operations ===
==== Operation Mahadev ====
Operation Mahadev was launched on the day of the Pahalgam attack.<ref name=":14" /> The security forces were given instructions to not let the terrorists escape to Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 July 2025 |title=Forces Didn't Let Pahalgam Attackers Flee To Pakistan, Eliminated Them In Op Mahadev: Amit Shah |url=https://www.news18.com/india/no-doubt-at-all-shah-says-3-terrorists-killed-in-op-mahadev-were-behind-pahalgam-attack-9474061.html |access-date=2025-07-30 |website=[[News18]] |agency=Agencies}}</ref><ref name=":34">{{Cite news |date=2025-07-29 |title='Voter IDs, chocolates ...': Amit Shah reveals details of Operation Mahadev; lists proof Pahalgam terrorists came from Pakistan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/all-from-pakistan-amit-shah-reveals-details-of-operation-mahadev-shares-how-3-pahalgam-terrorists-were-identified/articleshow/122969890.cms |access-date=2025-07-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Baisaran Valley is at least 220 km from the [[Line of Control]].<ref name=":30" /> It was a [[Huawei]] [[satellite phone]] ([[IMEI]] 86761204-XXXXXX) that had been monitored since 22 April 2025 [[Ping (networking utility)|pinging]] the [[Inmarsat-4 F1]], that helped track down the terrorists to a 4 km2 section of Harwan forest. Red flags were raised in the security grid on July 26 when this device made an unusual call.<ref name=":11">{{Cite news |date=2025-08-04 |title=Security agencies gather evidence confirming Pakistani nationality of Pahalgam attackers |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/security-agencies-gather-evidence-confirming-pakistani-nationality-of-pahalgam-attackers/article69892555.ece |url-access=subscription |access-date=2025-08-05 |work=[[The Hindu]] |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last1=Sengar |first1=Mukesh Singh |last2=Bose |first2=Saikat Kumar |date=2025-07-28 |title=Pahalgam Mastermind Suleiman Shah Among 3 Terrorists Killed In Op Mahadev: Sources |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pahalgam-attack-terrorists-killed-encounter-breaks-out-in-srinagars-lidwas-army-says-operation-mahadev-underway-8964904 |access-date=2025-07-28 |website=[[ndtv.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vibhavari |first=Prisha |date=2025-07-28 |title=Hashim Musa, Pahalgam Attack Mastermind, Among 3 Terrorists Killed In Encounter Near Srinagar |url=https://www.news18.com/india/indian-armys-special-force-eliminates-mastermind-of-pahalgam-attack-hashim-musa-9468542.html |access-date=2025-07-28 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhat |first=Suhail Nazeer |date=2025-07-28 |title=Operation Mahadev: Photo From Encounter Site Shows Terrorist Hideout With Assault Rifles, Blankets, Food Supplies |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/operation-mahadev-photo-from-encounter-site-shows-terrorist-hideout-with-assault-rifles-blankets-food-supplies-article-152362203 |access-date=2025-07-28 |website=[[Times Now]]}}</ref> On 28 July 2025, in a joint operation under Operation Mahadev, security forces including [[CRPF (India)|CRPF]], [[J&K Police]], and the [[Indian Army|army]], killed three terrorists, namely Suleman Shah alias Faizal Jatt, Abu Hamza and Yasir in the Harwan jungles close to Mahadev Ridge in [[Dachigam National Park|Dachigam]].<ref name=":34" /><ref name=":14" /> At 8 a.m., a drone was used to gather visuals of the terrorists.<ref name=":40">{{Cite web |last=Aroor |first=Shiv |author-link=Shiv Aroor |date=28 July 2025 |editor-last=Sharma |editor-first=Divyam |title=Tracked, Hunted In Less Than 3 Hours: A Detailed Timeline Of Op Mahadev |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/tracked-hunted-in-less-than-3-hours-a-detailed-timeline-of-op-mahadev-jammu-and-kashmir-pahalgam-attack-8967829 |access-date=29 October 2025 |website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> [[Rashtriya Rifles]] and [[Para (Special Forces)|Para Special Forces]] personnel ascended Mahadev hill and took up positions. Three hours later and following visual identification, shots were fired at the terrorists.<ref name=":40" /> By 12:45 p.m., pictures were taken of the bodies and the area underwent a cleansing operation.<ref name=":40" /> The security forces found two [[Kalashnikov rifle|Kalashnikov]] series rifles, one [[M4 carbine]], and a significant amount of ammunition and warlike supplies.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-29 |title=Operation Mahadev: Army Confirms Identity Of 3 Slain Terrorists Behind Pahalgam Attack — Detail |url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/operation-mahadev-army-confirms-identity-3-terrorists-killed-in-srinagar-encounter-pahalgam-attack-1791431 |access-date=2025-08-03 |website=ABP Live }}</ref> Three mobile phones and two communication sets were retrieved; additionally, a [[GoPro]] [[body camera]] harness, a 28-watt solar charger, three mobile chargers, a [[Swiss military]] power bank, needles and threads, medicines, [[stove]], dry food, tea and two [[Aadhaar]] cards belonging to two local residents of [[Ganderbal]] and [[Srinagar]] were also recovered.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Tiwary |first=Deeptiman |date=2025-08-01 |title=Operation Mahadev: Recovered mobile phones, long-range communication sets hold key to Pahalgam terrorists' Pakistan link |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/operation-mahadev-recovered-mobile-phones-long-range-communicationsets-hold-key-to-pahalgam-terrorists-pakistan-link-10162564/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=2025-08-04 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

The Pakistani identity of the three terrorists was alleged by the Indian [[Home Minister (India)|Home Minister]] [[Amit Shah]] in the [[Parliament of India|Parliament]]. The three slain attackers that carried the alias—Suleiman, Hamza Afghani, and Jibran—were identified by detained individuals who had previously supplied them with food. Further confirmation came from the recovery of Pakistani voter identity cards and Pakistan-manufactured chocolates Candyland and Chocomax found in their possession.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 July 2025 |title=Union Home Minister and Minister of Cooperation Shri Amit Shah participates in the special discussion in the Lok Sabha today on India's strong, successful, and decisive response to the Pahalgam terrorist attack through 'Operation Sindoor' |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2149811 |access-date=30 July 2025 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]] |agency=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Shivank |date=2025-07-29 |title=Pak Role In Pahalgam Attack Exposed: Terrorist 'Afghan' Had Lashkar, JKLF Links, Trained In PoK |url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/pakistan-role-in-pahalgam-attack-exposed-terrorist-afghan-had-lashkar-jklf-links-trained-in-pok-ann-1791455 |access-date=2025-08-03 |website=ABP Live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bose |first=Saikat Kumar |date=2025-07-29 |title=Guns, Made-in-Pak Chocolates: Amit Shah Lists Proof On Pahalgam Killers |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/all-3-terrorists-killed-in-op-mahadev-were-involved-in-pahalgam-amit-shah-8972470 |access-date=2025-07-30 |work=[[NDTV]] }}</ref>

The batch numbers were traced to a May 2024 consignment shipped to [[Muzaffarabad]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 August 2025 |title=Defence forces deny issuing report on Pahalgam attackers amid claims of Pakistan nationality |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/mod-denies-issuing-report-on-pahalgam-attackers-amid-claims-of-pakistan-nationality/cid/2116414#goog_rewarded |access-date=17 August 2025 |website=The Telegraph Online}}</ref> On the bodies of Suleman Shah and Abu Hamza, two laminated voter ID slips from the [[Election Commission of Pakistan]] had serial numbers connected to the [[Lahore]] (NA-125) and [[Gujranwala]] [[electoral roll]]s (NA-79). Biometric information from Pakistan's [[National Database and Registration Authority]] was found on a [[micro-SD]] card that was recovered from a broken satellite phone. Facial templates, [[fingerprint]]s, [[family tree]], registered addresses in Koiyan village, and [[Changa Manga]], were recovered.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last1=Negi |first1=Manjeet |last2=De |first2=Abhishek |date=2025-08-04 |title=Voter IDs, Candyland chocolates, GPS: Trail of Pahalgam terrorists leads to Pak |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pahalgam-terrorists-operation-mahadev-pakistan-link-voter-cards-chocolates-satellite-phone-2765829-2025-08-04 |access-date=2025-08-05 |website=India Today }}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Jalali |first=Ujwal |date=2025-08-04 |title=Dossier listing details of Pahalgam attackers in works to expose Pak lies |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/j-k/dossier-listing-details-of-pahalgam-attackers-in-works-to-expose-pak-lies/ |access-date=2025-08-04 |website=The Tribune }}</ref> The allegations of attackers being of Pakistan-origin were denied by the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Pakistan]] as{{Sic}} 'replete with fabrications',<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 July 2025 |title=Indian statement on Kashmir attackers 'replete with fabrications', says Pakistan |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/indian-statement-kashmir-attackers-replete-with-fabrications-says-pakistan-2025-07-30/ |access-date=9 November 2025 |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> as Pakistan does not issue voter-ID cards and instead requires voters to carry [[CNIC (Pakistan)|CNICs]] to participate in any given election.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2025-07-29 |title=India links Pahalgam attack to Pakistan via 'chocolate evidence' - Kashmir Media Service |url=https://kmsnews.org/kms/2025/07/29/india-links-pahalgam-attack-to-pakistan-via-chocolate-evidence.html |access-date=2025-11-09 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Newspaper |first=From the |date=2011-03-29 |title=Bill making CNIC mandatory for voting adopted |url=https://www.dawn.com/2011/03/29/bill-making-cnic-mandatory-for-voting-adopted/ |access-date=2025-11-09 |website=Dawn |language=en}}{{dead link|date=April 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-09 |title=بھارت کا پہلگام حملے میں ایک بار پھر پاکستان پر بے بنیاد الزام، امیت شاہ کا جھوٹا بیانیہ بے نقاب |trans-title=India's persistent baseless accusation on Pakistan in the Pahalgam attack, Amit Shah's false narrative refuted |url=https://urdu.samaa.tv/2087339807- |access-date=2025-11-09 |website=Samaa |language=ur |trans-quote=This statement of Amit Shah Shah has revealed India's self-made narrative. In Pakistan, the system of a Voter ID Card does not exist, rather the National Identity Card is used for identification [in the election]. In such a case, the claim of presence of voter ID is ridiculous and unrealistic.}}</ref> ''[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]'' questioned the presence of Pakistani chocolates considering that an official had stated that the terrorists had entered India from Pakistan three years ago.<ref name="thewire.in" />

The purported-CNIC issued claimed that Tahir Habib alias Hamza Afghani/Habib Afghani/Habib Khan/Abu Hamza, supposedly a native of Koiyan, close to [[Khai Gala]] in [[Pakistan-administered Kashmir]], was one of the attackers. The second attacker was identified as Bilal Afzal alias Suleman Shah, with 2019 issued CNIC [[unique identifier]] code 35401, as [[Lahore]] resident whose father's name is Muhammad Afzal. According to Indian intelligence, the terrorists were working under senior [[LeT]] operator Sajid Saifullah Jatt, who was identified by voice samples taken from the satellite phone retrieved during Operation Mahadev.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Swami |first=Praveen |author-link=Praveen Swami |date=2025-08-02 |title=ThePrint Exclusive: Government ID cards, family testimony nail Pakistan links of Pahalgam killers |url=https://theprint.in/india/govt-issued-id-cards-family-testimony-nail-pahalgam-terrorists-pakistan-links/2710994/ |access-date=2025-08-04 |website=ThePrint -US}}</ref><ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Shivank |date=2025-08-01 |title=Pahalgam Terror Attack: Pakistani IDs, Training Video At Lashkar HQ Confirm Pakistan Link |url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/pahalgam-terror-attack-pakistani-ids-lashkar-training-video-proof-1792005 |access-date=2025-08-04 |website=ABP Live }}</ref> Suleiman Shah was labelled as the mastermind of the Pahalgam attack.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=Shashank |date=28 July 2025 |title=Who Was Hashim Musa? Pahalgam Attack Mastermind & Ex-Pak Army Commando Killed In Operation Mahadev |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/who-was-hashim-musa-pahalgam-attack-mastermind-ex-pak-army-commando-killed-in-operation-mahadev |access-date=2025-10-17 |website=[[The Free Press Journal]] |language=en}}</ref>

Following the deaths of the terrorists, their weapons were sent to [[Central Forensic Science Laboratory]] for [[forensic firearm examination]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Mukul |first=Sushim |date=2025-07-29 |title=How bullet-matching confirmed M-9, AK-47s used in Pahalgam massacre |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/m9-ak-47-rifle-operation-mahadev-bullet-matching-confirmed-used-pahalgam-massacre-amit-shah-parliament-forensic-2762950-2025-07-29 |access-date=2025-07-29 |website=[[India Today]] }}</ref> The [[Striation (fatigue)|striation]] patterns on the three [[AK-103]]s recovered from the terrorists matched the [[7.62×39mm]] round casings that were analyzed and discovered at the Baisaran Valley.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":11" />

==== Other counter-terror operations ====
By 3 August, the Indian Army, [[Central Reserve Police Force]], [[Border Security Force]], and J&K Police killed 21 terrorists (9 local recruits and 12 Pakistani nationals) in six different confrontations in Jammu and Kashmir as a result of their joint [[counterterrorism]] efforts since the Pahalgam attack.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Sengar |first1=Mukesh Singh |last2=Mishra |first2=Samiran |date=2025-08-03 |title=After Pahalgam Attack, 21 Terrorists Killed In 6 Separate J&K Encounters |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pahalgam-attack-operation-sindoor-after-pahalgam-attack-21-terrorists-killed-in-6-separate-j-k-encounters-9010705 |access-date=2025-08-03 |work=[[NDTV]]}}</ref>

=== Independent investigation ===
Following India's allegations of Pakistani involvement in the attack, Pakistan proposed the establishment of a neutral, independent, third-party investigation, to be conducted by an impartial body, while condemning the attack as a tragedy. Simultaneously, it accused India of exacerbating regional tensions.<ref name="reuters20250426" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2025 |title=Pakistan offers to join 'neutral, transparent' probe in Pahalgam terror attack |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/pahalgam-attack-pakistan-pm-sharif-says-ready-for-neutral-investigation/article69493641.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250427032857/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/pahalgam-attack-pakistan-pm-sharif-says-ready-for-neutral-investigation/article69493641.ece |archive-date=27 April 2025 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2025 |title=Pakistan calls for 'neutral' investigation into Kashmir attack |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/4/26/pakistan-calls-for-neutral-investigation-into-kashmir-attack |website=[[Al Jazeera]]}}</ref> Pakistan's call for an unbiased inquiry received backing from [[Turkey]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 May 2025 |title=Finding support: On Operation Sindoor, international reaction |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/finding-support-on-operation-sindoor-international-reaction/article69553610.ece |url-access=subscription |access-date=2025-07-26 |work=[[The Hindu]] |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> China,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vats |first=Aparna |date=27 April 2025 |title=China backs Pakistan's 'independent probe' demand on Pahalgam terror attack |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/china-supports-pakistans-demand-for-independent-probe-in-pahalgam-attack-2715959-2025-04-27 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Malaysia's [[Anwar Ibrahim]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2025 |title=Malaysia backs Pakistan's call for independent probe into Pahalgam terror attack |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/world/malaysia-prime-minister-anwar-ibrahim-backs-pakistan-pm-shehbaz-sharif-call-for-independent-probe-into-pahalgam-terror-attack-19598876.htm |website=[[CNBC TV18]]}}</ref> Switzerland and Greece.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khawaja |first=Usama Iqbal |date=2025-05-03 |title=European states back Pakistan's proposal for Kashmir inquiry following Pahalgam attack |url=https://arab.news/zaeyb |access-date=2025-07-17 |website=[[Arab News]] }}</ref> However, India categorically rejected the proposal, dismissing the notion of an independent investigation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2025 |title=India rejects Pakistan's call for 'neutral' Pahalgam probe |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-rejects-pakistans-call-for-neutral-pahalgam-probe/articleshow/120858765.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Meanwhile, a [[Public interest litigation in India|Public Interest Litigation]] (PIL) was filed in India which sought a judicial investigation. The [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] justice [[Surya Kant (judge)|Surya Kant]] rejected the calls, stating that the court's role was to decide disputes, not to conduct investigations.<ref>{{Cite web |last=G |first=Ananthakrishnan |date=1 May 2025 |title='Don't make any prayer which can demoralise our forces': SC refuses to entertain PIL seeking judicial probe into Pahalgam terror attack |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/pahalgam-terror-attack-supreme-court-judicial-probe-plea-indian-armed-forces-9976800/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250501150302/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/pahalgam-terror-attack-supreme-court-judicial-probe-plea-indian-armed-forces-9976800/ |archive-date=1 May 2025 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2025 |title=Pahalgam terror attack: Supreme Court dismisses PIL for safety of tourists, rebukes petitioner |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pahalgam-terror-attack-supreme-court-dismisses-pil-for-safety-of-tourists-rebukes-petitioner/article69540343.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250505105535/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pahalgam-terror-attack-supreme-court-dismisses-pil-for-safety-of-tourists-rebukes-petitioner/article69540343.ece |archive-date=5 May 2025 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 May 2025 |title=Supreme Court rejects plea for judicial probe into Pahalgam attack: 'This is the time to fight…' |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/supreme-court-rejects-plea-on-pahalgam-attack-this-is-the-time-to-fight-11746085974142.html |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]}}</ref> Independently, investigative journalists from ''[[ThePrint]]'' found that the demand for the high-resolution satellite imagery of Pahalgam area surged at [[Maxar Technologies|Maxar]] two months before the Pahalgam attack. The period of the surge coincided with the joining of a Pakistani geospatial firm, Business Systems International (BSI), as a 'partner' with Maxar. The firm's owner Obaidullah Syed was previously convicted for illegally exporting computer equipment and software to Pakistani government agencies.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2025 |title=Pahalgam satellite images demand increased at US firm weeks before terror attack: Report |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pahalgam-satellite-images-demand-increased-at-us-firm-weeks-before-terror-attack-report-101746818822280.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pillai |first=Soumya |date=9 May 2025 |title=Orders for Pahalgam satellite images from US firm peaked two months before attack |url=https://theprint.in/defence/pahalgam-satellite-image-us-space-tech-firm-maxar-technologies/2620666/ |website=[[ThePrint]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pillai |first=Soumya |date=10 May 2025 |title=Controversial Pakistani firm BSI removed as partner from US satellite company's website |url=https://theprint.in/defence/pahalgam-satellite-images-bsi-pakistan-maxar-technologies/2621452/ |website=[[The Print]]}}</ref>

== Response ==
{{Main|2025 India–Pakistan crisis|2025 India–Pakistan conflict}}

Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi cut short his visit to Saudi Arabia and returned to India to chair a meeting with the [[Cabinet Committee on Security]] (CCS) on the issue.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Mitra |first1=Esha |last2=Ahmad |first2=Mukhtar |last3=Iyer |first3=Aishwarya S |last4=Fox |first4=Kara |last5=Yeung |first5=Jessie |title=Dozens killed as gunmen massacre tourists in Kashmir beauty spot |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/04/22/asia/gunmen-open-fire-jammu-kashmir-intl/index.html |work=[[CNN]] |date=22 April 2025 }}</ref> After this meeting, the Indian [[Foreign Secretary (India)|foreign secretary]], [[Vikram Misri]], briefed senior diplomats around the world regarding five major decisions made by the Indian government.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 April 2025 |editor-last=Achom |editor-first=Debanish |title=Decisions Taken At Cabinet Committee On Security Meet: Full Statement |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/decisions-taken-at-cabinet-committee-on-security-meet-full-statement-8238725 |website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> He announced India would immediately suspend the [[Indus Waters Treaty]] with Pakistan until Pakistan ceases its support for cross-border terrorism.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sinha |first=Sahil |date=23 April 2025 |title=Indus Waters Treaty paused, no entry to Pakistanis: India responds to J&K attack |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/indus-water-treaty-suspended-attari-checkpost-shut-government-response-pahalgam-attack-2713599-2025-04-23 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> He further announced the closure of the main border crossing between the two countries, a travel ban of all Pakistani nationals to India under the [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation#SAARC Visa Exemption Scheme|SAARC Visa Exemption Scheme]], and a cancellation of all previously issued visas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 April 2025 |title=Pahalgam Terror Attack: Vikram Misri Lists 5 Big Cabinet Decisions After Attack |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/bt-tv/video/pahalgam-terror-attack-vikram-misri-lists-5-big-cabinet-decisions-after-attack-473371-2025-04-24 |website=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]]}}</ref> Pakistani military advisers at the [[High Commission of Pakistan, New Delhi|High Commission of Pakistan]] in New Delhi were expelled, and their Indian counterparts in [[High Commission of India, Islamabad|Islamabad]] were withdrawn.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Connor |first1=Richard |last2=Majumdar |first2=Roshni |date=24 April 2025 |title=Kashmir attack: India downgrades ties with Pakistan |url=https://www.dw.com/en/kashmir-attack-india-downgrades-ties-with-pakistan/a-72315605 |work=Deutsche Welle |agency=AP, AFP, Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Seddon |first1=Sean |last2=Ewe |first2=Koh |date=24 April 2025 |title=India closes main border crossing with Pakistan after Kashmir attack |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce8g2njm2d2o |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref>

Union home minister [[Amit Shah]] travelled to [[Srinagar]] to assess the situation and coordinate the security response, and later travelled to the site of the attack.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/video/union-home-minister-amit-shah-visits-baisaran-meadow-site-of-attack-930078 |title=Union Home Minister Amit Shah Visits Baisaran Meadow, Site Of Attack |work=[[NDTV]] |date=23 April 2025 }}</ref> The government later admitted a security lapse revealing that Baisaran Valley had been opened to tourists two months ahead of schedule without notifying security forces, a factor which facilitated the attack. There were no security personnel present on the day of the attack at the site. On 24 April, the central government convened an all-party meeting to brief opposition parties in the wake of the attack. Opposition leaders criticised the oversight and Modi's absence from the briefing.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joy |first=Shemin |date=25 April 2025 |title=Pahalgam terror attack: Govt admits authorities were unaware Baisaran Valley was opened for tourists |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/pahalgam-terror-attack-govt-admits-authorities-were-unaware-baisaran-valley-was-opened-for-tourists-3509666 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Singh |first1=Mausami |date=24 April 2025 |editor-last=Sinha |editor-first=Sahil |title=At all-party meet, government admits to security lapses in Pahalgam: Sources |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/all-party-meeting-pahalgam-attack-government-says-local-authorities-opened-baisaran-without-intel-nod-2714697-2025-04-24 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> On the same day India briefed envoys from [[G20]] countries and strategic partners.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 April 2025 |title=India Briefs Envoys on Pahalgam Attack: Reaffirms Zero Tolerance for Terror |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/pahalgam-terror-attack-india-briefs-envoys-of-g20-nations-3508859 |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=[[Deccan Herald]] |language=en |agency=PTI}}</ref>

Pakistan also warned India of a comprehensive retaliation in response to the actions announced by the Indian government in the aftermath of the incident.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 April 2025 |title=Pakistan to respond to India's actions comprehensively: Dar |url=https://www.samaa.tv/index.php/2087332244-pakistan-to-respond-to-india-s-actions-comprehensively-dar |work=[[Samaa TV]]}}</ref> On 24 April, Pakistan suspended visas issued to Indian nationals and closed its airspace to Indian aircraft.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McGarvey |first=Emily |date=24 April 2025 |title=Pakistan suspends visas for Indians after deadly Kashmir attack on tourists |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cwy76y52l9eo |website=BBC}}</ref> On the night between 24 and 25 April, Pakistani and Indian troops skirmished and exchanged small arms fire at multiple positions along the [[Line of Control|line of control]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 April 2025 |editor-last=Tiwari |editor-first=Pushkar |title=Pakistan's 'Speculative Firing' Across Line Of Control, India Retaliates |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pahalgam-terror-attack-pakistan-opens-firing-across-line-of-control-india-retaliates-8250421 |work=[[NDTV]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=25 April 2025 |title=Border Tensions Update: Indian Army Responds to Pakistan Firing at LoC |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/jammu-and-kashmir/indian-army-effectively-responds-to-firing-by-pakistan-along-loc-3510020 |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India]]}}</ref> Small arms fire continued for the next few days.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bukhari |first=Fayaz |last2=Patel |first2=Shivam |date=28 April 2025 |title=India, Pakistan exchange small arms fire, China urges restraint |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/india-pakistan-exchange-small-arms-fire-across-kashmir-border-fourth-night-2025-04-28/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250429034408/https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/india-pakistan-exchange-small-arms-fire-across-kashmir-border-fourth-night-2025-04-28/ |archive-date=2025-04-29 |access-date=2025-10-30 |work=Reuters |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 May 2025 |title=Pakistan Violates Ceasefire For 9th Consecutive Day, India Responds |url=https://www.ndtv.com/video/pahalgam-attack-pakistan-violates-ceasefire-for-9th-consecutive-day-india-responds-934478 |website=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-05 |title=Pahalgam terror attack: Pakistan violates ceasefire for 11th day in a row |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pahalgam-terror-attack-pakistan-violates-ceasefire-for-11th-day-in-a-row-101746412105407.html |access-date=2025-10-30 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> In an escalation, small arms fire was reported across the international border as well on 30 April.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mallick |first=Ashesh |date=30 April 2025 |title=Pakistan Army Opens Fire At International Border For First Time Since Pahalgam, India Retaliates |url=https://www.news18.com/india/pahalgam-terror-attack-pakistan-army-opens-fire-at-international-border-loc-indian-army-retaliates-jammu-and-kashmir-9318134.html |website=[[News18]]}}</ref>

India launched [[Operation Sindoor]] on 7 May, striking nine targets in Pakistan and [[Azad Kashmir|Pakistan-administered Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 May 2025 |title='Act of war': Pakistan pledges retaliation to Indian deadly attacks |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/5/7/pakistan-decries-act-of-war-vows-retaliation-as-india-launches-strikes |access-date=10 May 2025 |website=Al Jazeera }}</ref> India said it delivered precision strikes on terrorist infrastructure while Pakistan said that the operation resulted in civilian casualties on the Pakistani side.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Indian army says 3 civilians killed in shelling by Pakistani troops in Indian-controlled Kashmir |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/article/indian-army-says-3-civilians-killed-in-shelling-by-pakistani-troops-in-indian-controlled-kashmir/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250507043037/https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/article/indian-army-says-3-civilians-killed-in-shelling-by-pakistani-troops-in-indian-controlled-kashmir/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 May 2025 |website=[[The Associated Press]] |publisher=[[CTV News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Shahzad |first1=Asif |last2=Patel |first2=Shivam |date=7 May 2025 |title=India strikes Pakistan over tourist killings, Pakistan says Indian jets downed |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/multiple-loud-explosions-heard-pakistani-kashmir-reuters-witness-2025-05-06/ |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> In response, Pakistan launched drone and missiles strikes around Indian-administered Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Gillani |first1=Waqar |last2=Hassan |first2=Aakash |last3=Abrams |first3=Corinne |date=8 May 2025 |title=India Says It Intercepted Missiles and Drones Launched by Pakistan |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/asia/india-pakistan-accuse-each-other-of-drone-attacks-on-military-targets-a2053194 |work=The Wall Street Journal |access-date=10 May 2025}}</ref> Residents of Indian-administered Kashmir stated that civilians had been killed in shelling from the Pakistani side of the border.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Mashal |first1=Mujib |last2=Kumar |first2=Hari |last3=Masood |first3=Salman |date=6 May 2025 |title=India Strikes Pakistan but Is Said to Have Lost Aircraft |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/06/world/asia/india-pakistan-attacks.html |access-date=7 May 2025 |work=The New York Times}}</ref>

By 30 April the Ministry of External Affairs of India had briefed envoys of 45 nations on the attack.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saha |first=Rushali |date=30 April 2025 |title=Pahalgam Attack Tests West Asian Countries' Neutrality |url=https://thediplomat.com/2025/04/pahalgam-attack-tests-west-asian-countries-neutrality/ |access-date=2025-10-23 |website=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] }}</ref> India also organized seven all-party delegations consisting of 51 members-of-parliament and former diplomats to visit 33 capitals across the world to convey India's stance on terrorism and the counter-terror operation Sindoor.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Padmanabhan |first=Keshav |date=19 May 2025 |title=7 delegations & 1 message: How India chose 33 countries for ambitious diplomatic push post-Op Sindoor |url=https://theprint.in/diplomacy/7-delegations-1-message-how-india-chose-33-countries-for-ambitious-diplomatic-push-post-op-sindoor/2630617/ |access-date=2025-07-28 |website=ThePrint -US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=19 May 2025 |title=Operation Sindoor: Where India's all-party delegations are headed and who's going |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-diplomatic-push-operation-sindoor-delegation-leaders-countries-mission-details/article69590359.ece |access-date=2025-07-28 |work=[[The Hindu]] |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Thakur |first=Rajesh Kumar |date=2 June 2025 |title=PM Modi to meet members of seven all-party delegations sent abroad to explain Operation Sindoor |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Jun/02/pm-modi-to-meet-members-of-seven-all-party-delegations-sent-abroad-to-explain-operation-sindoor |access-date=2025-07-28 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

The lower and upper houses of the Parliament of India held a debate on the Pahalgam attack and Operation Sindoor on 28 and 29 July respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-25 |title=Rajnath Singh to initiate 16-hour debate on Operation Sindoor in Lok Sabha on July 28, PM Modi to join |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Jul/25/rajnath-singh-to-initiate-16-hour-debate-on-operation-sindoor-in-lok-sabha-on-july-28-pm-modi-to-join |access-date=2025-10-31 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pandey |first=Neelam |date=2025-07-29 |editor-last=Goswami |editor-first=Madhurita |title=Akhilesh questions timing of Pahalgam terrorists' killings in LS—'why did it happen only yesterday?' |url=https://theprint.in/politics/akhilesh-questions-timing-of-pahalgam-terrorists-killings-in-ls-why-did-it-happen-only-yesterday/2706258/ |access-date=2025-07-29 |website=[[ThePrint]] -US}}</ref> 16 hours was allocated for debate for each house.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 July 2025 |title=Parliament allocates 16 hours for debate on Pahalgam attack & Op Sindoor in LS |url=https://www.newsonair.gov.in/parliament-allocates-16-hours-for-debate-on-pahalgam-attack-op-sindoor-in-ls/ |website=newsonair.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-28 |title=Parliament Monsoon session Day 6 highlights: MEA S. Jaishankar denies involvement of U.S. President Donald Trump in India-Pakistan ceasefire |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/parliament-monsoon-session-day-6-pahalgam-attack-operation-sindoor-live-updates-july-28-2025/article69863872.ece |access-date=2025-10-31 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The first news of the terrorists being killed on 28 July was made public by the Home Minister in the [[Lok Sabha]] on 29 July.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sebastian |first=Meryl |date=2025-07-29 |title=India says it has killed militants who shot dead tourists in Kashmir |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/crr25g8gerdo |access-date=2025-11-01 |website=[[BBC]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mogul |first=Rhea |last2=Iyer |first2=Aishwarya S. |date=2025-07-29 |title=India says it has killed three militants behind Kashmir tourist massacre |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/07/29/india/india-pahalgam-massacre-militants-killed-intl-hnk |access-date=2025-11-01 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref>

As a result of the attack, state police forces began an extensive drive to search and deport [[Illegal immigration to India|illegal immigrants]] from Pakistan and Bangladesh. Consequently, following Operation Sindoor, several illegal Pakistani and Bangladeshi immigrants were arrested nationwide and deported.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://zeenews.india.com/india/pahalgam-terror-attack-over-900-immigrants-detained-in-gujarat-rajasthan-in-major-crackdown-watch-2891502.html|title= Pahalgam Terror Attack: Over 900 Immigrants Detained in Gujarat, Rajasthan In Major Crackdown {{!}} WATCH}}</ref> An investigation revealed that many of these illegal immigrants had reportedly possessed voter IDs and ration cards, sparking a major controversy and debate as non-citizens do not have right to vote.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/22-women-with-pakistani-citizenship-found-in-moradabad-many-have-grandchildren-families-total-over-500/articleshow/120898093.cms?from=mdr|title= 22 women with Pakistani citizenship found in Moradabad; many have grandchildren, families total over 500}}</ref>

== Reactions ==
=== Domestic reactions ===

==== Tourism ====
Following the attack, an increase in the number of visitors leaving Jammu and Kashmir was recorded, prompting [[Air India]] to operate additional flights to the region.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Tourists flee India-administered Kashmir after deadly attack |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20250423-tourists-flee-india-administered-kashmir-after-deadly-attack |work=France 24 |date=23 April 2025 }}</ref> Furthermore, numerous tourist destinations in the region were closed.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashiq |first=Peerzada |date=29 April 2025 |title=48 tourist sites in Kashmir shut amid security concerns after Pahalgam terror attack |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jammu-and-kashmir/pahalgam-terror-attack-48-tourist-sites-in-kashmir-shut-amid-security-concerns/article69504134.ece |access-date=4 May 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Iqbal |first=Naveed |date=29 April 2025 |title=Pahalgam attack aftermath: Full list of tourist destinations shut in Kashmir |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/full-list-of-tourist-destinations-shut-in-kashmir-9972366/ |access-date=4 May 2025 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Months after the attack several tourist sites remained closed.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhat |first=Gulzar |date=2025-07-16 |title=Three months after Pahalgam terror attack, key tourist destinations in Kashmir remain shut |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/three-months-after-pahalgam-terror-attack-key-tourist-destinations-in-kashmir-remain-shut/article69819685.ece |access-date=2025-07-16 |work=[[The Hindu Business Line]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashiq |first=Peerzada |date=2025-09-18 |title=Omar Abdullah decries continued closure of tourist sites in Kashmir six months after Pahalgam terror attack |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jammu-and-kashmir/omar-abdullah-decries-continued-closure-of-tourist-sites-in-kashmir-six-months-after-pahalgam-terror-attack/article70066617.ece |access-date=2025-10-12 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wani |first=Fayaz |date=2025-09-22 |title=5 months on, Pahalgam shadow stays on tourism |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Sep/22/5-months-on-pahalgam-shadow-stays-on-tourism |access-date=2025-10-12 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> As compared to the same period in 2024 tourist numbers dropped by just over 50% in 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Zulfi |first=Muhammad Zulqarnain |date=15 July 2025 |title=Pahalgam Attack Wipes Out Early Gains: Kashmir Tourist Numbers Plunge 52% In First Half Of 2025 Vs 2024 |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!bharat/pahalgam-attack-jolts-kashmir-tourism-cm-omar-abdullah-urges-repeat-tourism-comeback-enn25071505698 |access-date=2025-07-18 |work=ETV Bharat }}</ref> In the recent past, tourism has been an indicator of 'normalcy' in the region for the government.<ref name="Newslaundry"/>

==== Kashmir ====
Protests were held across Muslim-majority regions of Kashmir, including [[Srinagar]], [[Pulwama]], [[Shopian]], Pahalgam, [[Anantnag]], [[Baramulla]], and other towns. Demonstrators expressed grief and anger, calling the attack a blow to ''[[Kashmiriyat]]'' and condemning the violence. Shops and businesses shut down in solidarity.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Peerzada |first=Ashiq |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jammu-and-kashmir/shutdown-against-terror-attack-in-kashmir-valley-first-time-in-35-years/article69481619.ece |title=Shutdowns, street protests in Kashmir over Pahalgam killings |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=23 April 2025 }}</ref> On 24 April an all-party meet in Srinagar was held where the attack was condemned.<ref name=":23">{{Cite web |date=28 April 2025 |title=J&K Assembly Condemns 'Barbaric' Terror Attack, Urges Media to Stop 'Irresponsibly Inflaming Passions' |url=https://thewire.in/government/jammu-kashmir-assembly-special-session-pahalgam-terror-attack-media |access-date=2025-10-13 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref> On 25 April, [[Mirwaiz Umar Farooq]], in his Friday sermon at Srinagar's [[Jamia Masjid, Srinagar|Jamia Masjid]], said that Kashmiris "stand shoulder to shoulder with the victims." A minute of silence was observed before prayers in memory of those killed.<ref>{{Cite news |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/national/pahalgam-attack-act-beyond-belief-totally-unacceptable-mirwaiz |title=Pahalgam attack act beyond belief, totally unacceptable: Mirwaiz |work=[[National Herald]] |date=25 April 2025 }}</ref> On 28 April, a special session of the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] was held; a three-page resolution with regard to the attack was passed and two minutes of silence was observed.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 April 2025 |title=J&K Assembly Holds Special Session On Pahalgam Attack, Expresses Solidarity |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/jammu-and-kashmir-assembly-holds-special-session-on-pahalgam-attack-expresses-solidarity-8275863 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250504110417/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/jammu-and-kashmir-assembly-holds-special-session-on-pahalgam-attack-expresses-solidarity-8275863 |archive-date=2025-05-04 |access-date=2025-10-13 |work=NDTV |language=en |agency=[[Asian News International]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Arun |date=2025-04-29 |title=One-day J&K Assembly Session {{!}} Govt, Opp slam 'selective targeting' of Pahalgam victims, says outrage shows 'start of end of terrorism' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/sj-k-assembly-resolution-pahalgam-attack-9970264/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=2025-10-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The assembly endorsed the diplomatic measures taken following the meeting of the Cabinet Committee on Security.<ref name=":23" />

==== Rest of India====
Protests and demonstrations were held in many parts of India condemning the attack.<ref name="Guard-protest">{{Cite news |last1=Hassan |first1=Aakash |last2=Beaumont |first2=Peter |date=22 April 2025 |title=At least 26 tourists killed by suspected militants in Kashmir attack |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/apr/22/tourists-killed-by-suspected-militants-in-kashmir-attack |work=[[The Guardian]] |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref name="thehindu20250505">{{Cite news |date=5 May 2025 |title=Pahalgam attack: T.N. BJP holds protest, urges DMK govt. to deport illegal immigrants from Pakistan, Bangladesh |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/pahalgam-attack-tn-bjp-holds-protest-urges-dmk-govt-to-deport-illegal-immigrants-from-pakistan-bangladesh/article69542367.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250505172918/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/pahalgam-attack-tn-bjp-holds-protest-urges-dmk-govt-to-deport-illegal-immigrants-from-pakistan-bangladesh/article69542367.ece |archive-date=5 May 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Numerous celebrities also denounced the attack.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Santanu |date=23 April 2025 |title=Shah Rukh Khan condemns Pahalgam terror attack, calls it an 'inhumane act of violence' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-condemns-pahalgam-terror-attack-calls-it-an-inhumane-act-of-violence-101745400300744.html |work=[[The Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nyayapati |first=Neeshita |date=23 April 2025 |title=Vijay Deverakonda, Allu Arjun revisit memories of Pahalgam; Pawan Kalyan, Mahesh Babu call attack 'heartbreaking' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/vijay-deverakonda-allu-arjun-revisit-memories-of-pahalgam-pawan-kalyan-mahesh-babu-call-attack-heartbreaking-101745387614781.html |work=[[The Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Various Indian cities, such as Delhi, Bengaluru, Hyderabad, among others, witnessed [[candlelight vigil]]s and silent marches to honour the victims.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 April 2025 |title=Prayer meetings, candlelight vigils held in Delhi to condemn Pahalgam terror |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/prayer-meetings-candlelight-vigils-held-in-delhi-to-condemn-pahalgam-terror-9962044/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250424193626/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/prayer-meetings-candlelight-vigils-held-in-delhi-to-condemn-pahalgam-terror-9962044/ |archive-date=24 April 2025 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2025 |title=Candlelight vigil for Pahalgam victims |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/candlelight-vigil-for-pahalgam-victims-3524508 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 April 2025 |title=Telangana Cabinet condemns Pahalgam terror attack; to hold candlelight vigil led by CM Revanth Reddy |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2025/Apr/25/telangana-cabinet-condemns-pahalgam-terror-attack-to-hold-candlelight-vigil-led-by-cm-revanth-reddy |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> Prominent Muslim organisations, such as [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind]], denounced the attack, stating that it contradicted Islam's promotion of peace.<ref name=":27">{{Cite web |date=23 April 2025 |title=Muslim bodies condemn Pahalgam attack; Madani says terrorism contradicts Islam's policy of peace |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Apr/23/muslim-bodies-condemn-pahalgam-attack-madani-says-terrorism-contradicts-islams-policy-of-peace |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India]]}}</ref> The All India Imam Organisation stated that they would be instructing the imams of over 5.5 lakh mosques to pray for the victims and strongly condemn terrorism during [[Friday prayer]]s.<ref name=":27" />

The attack also prompted a surge in [[Islamophobia in India|Islamophobic]] and anti-[[Kashmiris|Kashmiri]] sentiments across the country. The [[Association for Protection of Civil Rights]], a civil rights advocacy group, has recorded multiple incidents of Islamophobic hate speech, intimidation, and violence, since the attack.<ref name="HF">{{Cite web |last=Purohit |first=Kunal |date=29 April 2025 |title='Traitors': Hate-filled songs target Indian Muslims after Kashmir attack |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/4/29/traitors-hate-filled-songs-target-indian-muslims-after-kashmir-attack |website=[[Al Jazeera]] }}</ref> Particularly, Kashmiri women and students have faced incidents of threats, harassment, heckling, and assaults from [[Far-right politics|far-right]] [[Hindutva]] groups. In states such as [[Uttarakhand]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], and [[Uttar Pradesh]], Kashmiri tenants faced eviction from their rented accommodations, and shopkeepers refused to trade with them. Several Kashmiri students were forced to seek refuge in airports while attempting to return home.<ref name="IE-Campus">{{Cite web |last=Raj |first=Aiswarya |date=25 April 2025 |title='They've known us since we joined college' – In Dehradun, shocked Kashmiri students leave campus following threats & heckling |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/uttarakhand-kashmiri-threat-police-9962445/ |url-access=subscription |website=[[The Indian Express]] }}</ref><ref name="aljazeera20250425">{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Yashraj |date=25 April 2025 |title='We're cursed': Kashmiris under attack across India after Pahalgam killings |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/4/25/were-cursed-kashmiris-under-attack-across-india-after-pahalgam-killings |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Mateen |first1=Zoya |last2=Javeed |first2=Auqib |date=2 May 2025 |title=Pahalgam: Kashmiris in India face violence after deadly attack |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/crrz4ezzlxjo |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> In [[Dehradun]], the leader of the Hindu Raksha Dal, a far-right Hindutva organisation, issued a threat, warning that Kashmiri Muslims must leave or face unspecified consequences. He also announced plans to mobilise workers to act against them.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 April 2025 |title=Kashmiri Student Assaulted At Jamia Millia Islamia, Mess Worker Detained |url=https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/kashmiri-student-assaulted-at-jamia-millia-islamia-mess-worker-detained-8275774 |work=[[NDTV]] |agency=[[Asian News International]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bathla |first=Amit |date=24 April 2025 |title=FIR against Hindu Raksha Dal leader who threatened Kashmiri students in Uttarakhand |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/fir-against-hindu-outfit-leader-who-threatened-kashmiri-students-in-uttarakhand-101745501031829.html |work=[[The Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> The state government of [[Haryana]], led by the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP), issued directives to ensure the safety of Kashmiri students.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bajwa |first=Harpreet |date=26 April 2025 |title=Haryana government assures safety for Kashmiri students facing harassment following Pahalgam attack |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Apr/26/haryana-government-assures-safety-for-kashmiri-students-facing-harassment-following-pahalgam-attack |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> However, several BJP members and leaders have also been linked to the rise in hate speech and violence following the attack, including public calls for economic boycotts, inflammatory mosque protests, and assaults on Muslim vendors. Affiliates like the [[Bajrang Dal]] and the [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]] have also staged protests featuring similar rhetoric.<ref name="HF" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Raj |first=Aiswarya |date=30 April 2025 |title='No one stood up for us': 16 shawl sellers leave Mussoorie for Kashmir after 2 are 'assaulted by locals' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/16-shawl-sellers-leave-mussoorie-kashmir-assaulted-9973148/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ali |first=Jehangir |date=28 April 2025 |title='They Called Me a Terrorist': Kashmiri Students in Punjab Face Assault After Pahalgam Attack, Forced to Flee |url=https://thewire.in/education/they-called-me-a-terrorist-kashmiri-students-in-punjab-face-assault-after-pahalgam-attack-forced-to-flee |work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]}}</ref> Furthermore, calls were raised to deport illegal immigrants from Pakistan and Bangladesh.<ref name="thehindu20250505" />

On 1 May 2025, Himanshi Narwal, the widow of one of the victims, called for unity and the promotion of communal harmony;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Don't want people going against Kashmiris: Wife of Navy officer killed in Pahalgam attack |url=https://www.siasat.com/dont-go-against-kashmiris-or-wife-of-navy-officer-killed-in-pahalgam-attack-3215018/ |work=The Siasat Daily |date=1 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Don't target Muslims or Kashmiris': Wife of slain Navy officer Vinay Narwal calls for peace |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/news/dont-target-muslims-or-kashmiris-wife-of-slain-navy-officer-vinay-narwal-calls-for-peace |website=The News Minute |date=2 May 2025}}</ref> she was subsequently met with widespread online harassment and trolling, which was condemned by India's [[National Commission for Women]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Imran |first1=Sara |last2=Khan |first2=Seerat |last3=Nazar |first3=Maria |date=May 2025 |editor-last=Dad |editor-first=Nighat |editor-link=Nighat Dad |title=Digital Battlegrounds: Gendered Disinformation, TFGBV, and Hate Speech in the Indo-Pak Escalations |url=https://digitalrightsfoundation.pk/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/Digital-Battlegrounds-Report.pdf |website=[[Digital Rights Foundation]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Yadav |first=Nikita |date=6 May 2025 |title=How Kashmir attack victim's widow went from symbol of tragedy to trolling target |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cr5dgvmn6y5o |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506091154/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cr5dgvmn6y5o |archive-date=6 May 2025 |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2025 |title=NCW comes out in support of Pahalgam attack victim's wife over her online trolling |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ncw-support-pahalgam-attack-victims-wife-online-trolling-9983192/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506050808/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ncw-support-pahalgam-attack-victims-wife-online-trolling-9983192/ |archive-date=6 May 2025 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Menon |first1=Aditya |last2=Maseera |first2=Shaik |date=2 May 2025 |title=Pahalgam Victim's Wife Gets Hate for Peace Appeal, BJP Ally Member Among Trolls |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/pahalgam-attack-victim-himanshi-vinay-narwal-muslims-kashmiris-hate-trolling |access-date=4 May 2025 |work=[[TheQuint]]}}</ref> Sikh volunteers have assisted Kashmiri Muslims by providing safe spaces, food, and transportation, who have faced hostility in various parts of India following the terror attack.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mir |first=Rehan Qayoom |title='Treated Us As Family': How Sikhs Aided Kashmiri Students Post Pahalgam Attack |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/politics/amid-fears-anxiety-haunting-kashmiri-students-sikh-volunteers-step-in-to-help |work=[[The Quint]] |date=6 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| last=Singh |first=Bupinder |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/culture-society/how-sikhs-bridged-a-communal-gap-after-pahalgam |title=How Sikhs Bridged a Communal Gap After Pahalgam |work=[[Outlook India]] |date=4 May 2025}}</ref> The [[Supreme Court of India]] condemned the attack and held two minutes of silence.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 April 2025 |title=Supreme Court of India condemns the terrorist attack in Pahalgam, Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://www.sci.gov.in/supreme-court-of-india-condemns-the-terrorist-attack-in-pahalgam-jammu-and-kashmir/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250806084844/https://www.sci.gov.in/supreme-court-of-india-condemns-the-terrorist-attack-in-pahalgam-jammu-and-kashmir/ |archive-date=2025-08-06 |access-date=2025-10-12 |website=Supreme Court of India |language=en-US}}</ref> The attack also brought to question the narrative of "normalcy" in Indian-administered Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Majid |first=Zulfikar |date=4 May 2025 |title=Pahalgam attack jolts Modi's Kashmir's normalcy narrative, but doesn't collapse it |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/jammu-and-kashmir/pahalgam-attack-jolts-modis-kashmirs-normalcy-narrative-but-doesnt-collapse-it-3524118 |access-date=2025-10-18 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":30">{{Cite web |last=Puri |first=Luv |date=2025-07-12 |title=What Pahalgam Revealed, And Delhi Failed To Learn |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/what-pahalgam-revealed-and-delhi-failed-to-learn |access-date=2025-10-18 |website=[[Outlook India]] |language=en}}</ref>

====Political leaders====
{{Quote box
| width = 20em
| border = 1px
| align = right
| bgcolor = #c6dbf7
| fontsize = 85%
| title_bg =
| title_fnt =
| title =
| quote = "Militancy and terrorism will end when people will support us. This is the beginning of that... We should not say or show anything which harms this movement that has arisen... We can control militancy using guns, it will end only when people support us. And now it seems people are reaching that point."<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pahalgam-attack-live-updates-pakistan-opens-fire-along-loc-for-fourth-night-in-a-row-2716044-2025-04-28 |title=Pahalgam Attack Live Updates: Properties of terrorists, their associates in Jammu and Kashmir raided |newspaper=[[India Today]] |date=28 April 2025 |editor=India Today News Desk}}</ref>
| salign = right
| source = — [[Omar Abdullah]], Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir (in the Special session of J&K Assembly convened shortly after Pahalgam attack)
}}
The attack drew immediate widespread condemnation from political leaders. Indian president [[Droupadi Murmu]] called it a "dastardly and inhuman act."<ref name="AIR 23 Apr">{{Cite news |url=https://www.newsonair.gov.in/president-murmu-vp-dhankhar-pm-modi-term-pahalgam-terror-attack-shocking-painful/ |title=President Murmu, VP Dhankhar, PM Modi term Pahalgam terror attack shocking, painful |work=[[All India Radio]] |date=23 April 2025}}</ref> Vice-president [[Jagdeep Dhankhar]] called the act "reprehensible" and condemned it.<ref name="AIR 23 Apr"/> Modi termed the attack as "shocking and painful" and said that those responsible would be brought to justice.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Prime Minister strongly condemns the terror attack in Pahalgam, Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2123552 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]] |date=22 April 2025}}</ref>

Chief minister of Jammu and Kashmir [[Omar Abdullah]] described the incident as "much larger than anything we've seen directed at civilians in recent years."<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 April 2025 |title=Pahalgam terrorist attack 'much larger than anything seen directed at civilians in recent years': J&K CM Omar Abdullah |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pahalgam-terrorist-attack-much-larger-than-anything-seen-directed-at-civilians-in-recent-years-jk-cm-omar/article69478777.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India]]}}</ref> Defence minister [[Rajnath Singh]] labelled it an "act of cowardice."<ref name="AIR 23 Apr"/> The leader of the opposition in the Lok Sabha, [[Rahul Gandhi]], criticised the Indian government's policy on Kashmir in light of the attack but also extended support to the government to deal with the threat.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 April 2025 |title=Full support: Opposition backs government's action on Pahalgam terror attack |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/all-party-meeting-leaders-stand-by-centre-all-support-for-future-action-against-pahalgam-terror-attack-2714731-2025-04-24 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref name="AJ 23 Apr" /> President of the [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]], [[Asaduddin Owaisi]], criticised Pakistan for its purported involvement in the terror attack at Pahalgam, accusing the country of being the successor of [[ISIS]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 April 2025 |title=You are ISIS's successors: Asaduddin Owaisi to Pak over Pahalgam terror attack |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/aimim-chief-asaduddin-owaisi-warns-pakistan-retaliation-warmongering-its-leaders-2715984-2025-04-28?utm_source=global-search&utm_medium=global-search&utm_campaign=global-search&_gl=1*120wdin*_ga*SDZKLVNQN09sMm1BaTMtM0c4alNURGpRdVBtRG9HNkFaMW85dzJGSHFHT3VJM3FDWEU3cjV4Wm9aSlhlVXBfaA..*_ga_6PTEQ0MXGP*MTc0NTkyMDI3MC45LjAuMTc0NTkyMDI3MC4wLjAuMA |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> External Affairs Minister [[S. Jaishankar]] called the religious violence an act of [[economic warfare]] targeting tourism.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-01 |title=Pahalgam attack was act of economic warfare, says External Affairs Minister Jaishankar |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pahalgam-attack-was-act-of-economic-warfare-says-external-affairs-minister-jaishankar/article69758337.ece |access-date=2025-07-16 |work=[[The Hindu]] |issn=0971-751X |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]]}}</ref>

=== International reactions ===
The attack drew condemnations and statements of condolences from several countries including: Argentina, Australia, Bahrain, Belgium, Estonia, Egypt, France, Germany, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, Malaysia, Maldives, Mauritius, Moldova, New Zealand, Oman, Panama, Peru, Philippines, Qatar, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Africa, South Korea, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, the United States, Uzbekistan, Vietnam, and India's neighbours including Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.<ref>{{Cite news |title=India's neighbours condemn Pahalgam attack |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indias-neighbours-condemn-pahalgam-attack-101745407794403.html |newspaper=[[The Hindustan Times]] |date=23 April 2025 |access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=From Trump to Meloni, how world leaders reacted to 'heinous' Pahalgam terror attack |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/deeply-disturbing-how-world-leaders-trump-putin-reacted-heinous-pahalgam-terror-attack-101745365201307.html |newspaper=[[The Hindustan Times]] |date=23 April 2025 |access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=23 April 2025 |editor-last=Nath |editor-first=Sanstuti |title="Barbaric": From France, Italy To China- World Leaders Condemn J&K Attack |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/pahalgam-terror-attack-world-leaders-condemn-j-k-attack-from-us-france-italy-russia-china-8234952 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250803033805/https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/pahalgam-terror-attack-world-leaders-condemn-j-k-attack-from-us-france-italy-russia-china-8234952 |archive-date=2025-08-03 |access-date=2025-10-12 |work=NDTV |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mishra |first=Siddhant |date=23 April 2025 |title=Deadly Pahalgam Terror Attack Draws Global Condemnation: How Leaders Across The World Reacted |url=https://www.news18.com/world/deadly-pahalgam-terror-attack-draws-global-condemnation-how-leaders-across-the-world-reacted-9310217.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250727011130/https://www.news18.com/world/deadly-pahalgam-terror-attack-draws-global-condemnation-how-leaders-across-the-world-reacted-9310217.html |archive-date=2025-07-27 |access-date=2025-10-18 |work=News18 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Pravesh Kumar |date=2025-06-13 |title=Eurasian Responses to the Pahalgam Terrorist Attack and Operation Sindoor: An Assessment |url=https://www.vifindia.org/article/2025/june/13/Eurasian-Responses-to-the-Pahalgam-Terrorist-Attack-and-Operation-Sindoor |access-date=2025-10-19 |website=[[Vivekananda International Foundation]] (VIF) |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Diksha |date=2025-04-29 |title=Condolences, Condemnations and Silence: India's neighborhood reacts to Pahalgam (South East Asia) |url=https://claws.co.in/condolences-condemnations-and-silence-indias-neighborhood-reacts-to-pahalgam-south-east-asia/ |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=[[Centre for Land Warfare Studies]] (CLAWS) |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 May 2025 |title=Global Response to the Pahalgam Attack: From Sympathy to Strategy |url=https://indiasworld.in/global-response-to-the-pahalgam-attack-from-sympathy-to-strategy/ |access-date=2025-10-26 |website=India's World |language=en-US}}</ref> This included calls from at least 16 foreign leaders.<ref name=":33">{{Cite web |last=Padmanabhan |first=Keshav |date=2025-04-27 |title=India builds diplomatic case on Pahalgam as Modi receives calls from at least 16 world leaders |url=https://theprint.in/diplomacy/india-builds-diplomatic-case-on-pahalgam-as-modi-receives-calls-from-at-least-16-world-leaders/2605787/ |access-date=2025-10-24 |website=[[ThePrint]] }}</ref> The [[United Nations]], the [[United Nations Security Council|UN Security Council]], [[G7]] and the [[European Union]] issued similar statements.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Guterres condemns deadly attack in Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2025/04/1162506 |work=[[United Nations]] |date=23 April 2025 |access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=23 April 2025 |title=Pahalgam massacre: UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres strongly condemns the terror attack |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/united-nations-secretary-general-guterres-strongly-condemns-pahalgam-attack/article69481107.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=25 April 2025 |title=UN Security Council condemns Jammu and Kashmir terror attack |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2025/04/1162641 |access-date=1 June 2025 |work=[[United Nations]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=10 May 2025 |title=G7 nations condemn 'egregious terrorist attack in Pahalgam', urge India, Pak to de-escalate |url=https://www.firstpost.com/world/g7-condemn-pahalgam-terror-attack-urges-india-pakistan-to-de-escalate-operation-sindoor-tensions-13887150.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724033517/https://www.firstpost.com/world/g7-condemn-pahalgam-terror-attack-urges-india-pakistan-to-de-escalate-operation-sindoor-tensions-13887150.html |archive-date=2025-07-24 |access-date=2025-10-16 |work=Firstpost }}</ref> The [[Liberian parliament]] held a moment of silence in memory of the attack.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 June 2025 |title=Liberian parliament observes moment of silence in memory of Pahalgam terror attack victims |url=https://theprint.in/world/liberian-parliament-observes-moment-of-silence-in-memory-of-pahalgam-terror-attack-victims/2645247/ |access-date=30 June 2025 |work=The Print |agency=[[Press Trust of India]]}}</ref> On 29 April, in the Parliament of the United Kingdom, in response to an urgent question on Pahalgam and the increasing tensions in Kashmir several members of Parliament presented statements and condemned the attack.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2025 |title=Pahalgam attack: UK calls for calm amid heightened India-Pakistan tensions |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/world/pahalgam-attack-uk-calls-for-calm-amid-heightened-india-pakistan-tensions-3517082 |access-date=2025-11-02 |website=[[Deccan Herald]] |language=en |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kashmir: Increasing Tension (Volume 766: debated on Tuesday 29 April 2025) |url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/commons/2025-04-29/debates/77E34737-55C9-4F8E-B189-BDA1658F2A74/KashmirIncreasingTension |access-date=2025-11-02 |website=[[Hansard]] - UK Parliament |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Curtis |first=John |date=16 May 2025 |title=Kashmir: Renewed India-Pakistan tensions |url=https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-10264/CBP-10264.pdf |website=House of Commons Library, UK Parliament}}</ref> Iran offered to mediate.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2025 |editor-last=Mishra |editor-first=Samiran |title=Iran's Mediation Offer To India, Pakistan With A 13th Century Poem |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/india-pakistan-tensions-pahalgam-terror-attack-irans-mediation-offer-to-india-pakistan-with-a-13th-century-poem-8259590 |access-date=24 October 2025 |website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Yusuf |first=Moeed W. |author-link=Moeed Yusuf |date=July–August 2025 |title=Brokered Bargaining in Nuclear South Asia: U.S. Mediation in the India-Pakistan Pahalgam Crisis |url=https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2025-07/features/brokered-bargaining-nuclear-south-asia-us-mediation-india-pakistan-pahalgam#endnote26 |access-date=24 October 2025 |website=[[Arms Control Association]]}}</ref>

The [[United States Commission on International Religious Freedom]] condemned the Pahalgam attack and its Commissioner stated that "We are deeply concerned by the explicit targeting of Hindus and other non-Muslims".<ref>{{Cite press release |date=25 April 2025 |title=USCIRF Condemns Attack in Kashmir |url=https://www.uscirf.gov/news-room/releases-statements/uscirf-condemns-attack-kashmir |work=[[United States Commission on International Religious Freedom]] |access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> The [[United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs]] criticised a [[The New York Times|New York Times]] headline for using the word 'militant' instead of 'terrorist'.<ref name=":29">{{Cite news |date=2025-04-24 |title='This was a terrorist attack': US House panel slams NYT for 'whitewashing' Pahalgam terror attack on Hindus |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/this-was-a-terrorist-attack-us-house-panel-slams-nyt-for-whitewashing-pahalgam-terror-attack-on-hindus/articleshow/120578929.cms |access-date=2025-10-17 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> There has also been wider criticism with other international publications as well regarding the use of terms such as 'gunmen' and 'militants' as compared to 'terrorists'.<ref name=":29" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bajpai |first=Shailaja |date=2025-05-01 |title=Modi govt rapped BBC for 'militants'. That leaves NYT, AFP, AP, and the rest |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/telescope/modi-govt-rapped-bbc-for-militants-that-leaves-nyt-afp-ap-and-the-rest/2610463/ |access-date=2025-10-18 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> On 25 April, President [[Donald Trump|Trump]] said that Pakistan and India will sort out the tension by themselves.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2025 |title=Trump says India, Pakistan will sort out tensions |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/trump-says-india-pakistan-will-sort-out-tensions-2025-04-25/ |access-date=24 October 2025 |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> [[Tulsi Gabbard]], American politician and [[Director of National Intelligence|director of national intelligence]], called the attack Islamist terrorism and said that US stands with India as the terrorists are hunted down.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajghatta |first=Chidanand |date=2025-04-26 |title='Hunt them down', says US amid support for action by India on Pahalgam attack |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/hunt-them-down-says-us-amid-support-for-action-by-india-on-pahalgam-attack/articleshow/120626410.cms |access-date=2025-10-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> At least 100 United States' lawmakers have reacted to the attacks including United States National Security Advisor [[Mike Waltz]], Secretary of State [[Marco Rubio]] and director of the FBI [[Kash Patel]].<ref name=":33" />

On 3 May, the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] (OIC) issued a statement regarding the repercussions of the Pahalgam attack on Muslims in India. India rejected the remarks.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title="Absurd": India Strongly Rejects Islamic Bloc's Statement On Pahalgam Terror Attack |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/absurd-india-strongly-rejects-islamic-blocs-oic-statement-on-pahalgam-terror-attack-8347218 |access-date=25 October 2025 |website=NDTV |agency=[[Press Trust of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-05 |title=OIC body condemns 'rising Islamophobia,' reported attacks against Indian Muslims |url=https://arab.news/8m7jt |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=[[Arab News]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 May 2025 |title=OIC-IPHRC expresses deep concerns over the alarming rise in Islamophobia, hate-motivated violence, and targeted reprisal attacks against Muslim communities in India and Indian Occupied Jammu and Kashmir (IOJK) in the aftermath of a tragic attack on tourists in Pahalgam district of IOJK and calls for the protection of the rights and fundamental freedoms of Muslims in India |url=https://oic-iphrc.org/home/article/599 |access-date=25 October 2025 |website=[[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation|Independent Permanent Human Rights Commission (IPHRC) of The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)]] |publication-place=Jeddah}}</ref> On 17 June, the [[Financial Action Task Force]], which observes the global money laundering and terror financing activities, issued a statement condemning the Pahalgam terrorist attack, noting that such attacks cannot occur "without money and the means to move funds between terrorist supporters".<ref name="fatf">{{Cite news |title=Strengthening efforts to combat terrorist financing |url=https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Fatfgeneral/combat-terrorist-financing.html |access-date=17 June 2025 |agency=[[Financial Action Task Force]]}}</ref><ref name="IE-Fatf">{{Cite news |date=17 June 2025 |title=Global terror financing body FATF condemns Pahalgam terror attack |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/global-terror-financing-body-fatf-condemns-pahalgam-terror-attack-10070228/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=21 June 2025 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Expressing "grave concern" over the incident, the organization noted that such incidents show that terrorists continue to "kill, maim and inspire fear around the world."<ref name="fatf" /><ref name="IE-Fatf" /> On 2 July 2025, The foreign ministers of [[Quadrilateral Security Dialogue|QUAD]] released a joint statement condemning the attack and called for justice without delay.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 July 2025 |editor-last=Chitre |editor-first=Manjiri |title='Perpetrators Should Be Brought To Justice Without Delay': Quad Leaders On Pahalgam Attack |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/perpetrators-should-be-brought-to-justice-quad-leaders-on-pahalgam-attack-8810820 |access-date=16 July 2025 |work=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> On 6 July 2025, [[BRICS]] strongly condemned the attack during the [[17th BRICS summit]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 July 2025 |title=BRICS Leaders Condemn Pahalgam Attack, Reject 'Double Standards' In Countering Terror |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/brics-leaders-condemn-pahalgam-attack-reject-double-standards-in-countering-terror-8834383 |access-date=30 July 2025 |work=[[NDTV]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]}}</ref> On 1 September 2025, the leaders of the [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation]] strongly condemned the terror attack and "further stated that perpetrators, organizers and sponsors of such attacks must be brought to justice".<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 September 2025 |title=SCO 'strongly condemns' Pahalgam attack in Tianjin declaration, no mention of Pak |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/sco-leaders-strongly-condemn-pahalgam-terror-attack-in-tianjin-declaration-no-mention-of-pakistan-2779873-2025-09-01 |access-date=1 September 2025 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> At the [[IBSA Dialogue Forum]] the ministers of the three countries condemned the attack.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 2025 |title=IBSA Ministers Condemn Pahalgam Terror Attack, Reaffirm Zero Tolerance for Terrorism |url=https://www.newsonair.gov.in/ibsa-ministers-condemn-pahalgam-terror-attack-reaffirm-zero-tolerance-for-terrorism/ |access-date=5 October 2025 |website=newsonair.gov.in}}</ref>

==== Pakistan ====
Pakistani defence minister [[Khawaja Asif]] dismissed the allegations of his country's involvement in the attack, stating it was a homegrown insurgent attack and that the attacks may have been orchestrated by India as a [[false flag operation]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Pakistans 1st reaction To Pahalgam terror attack, says nothing to do with It |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/india/pakistans-1st-reaction-to-pahalgam-terror-attack-says-nothing-to-do-with-it/ |newspaper=[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]] |date=23 April 2025 |access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Pahalgam massacre: In first reaction, Pakistan defends terrorism in Kashmir, says 'locals acting against govt |url=https://www.firstpost.com/world/pahalgam-massacre-in-first-reaction-pakistan-defends-terrorism-in-kashmir-says-locals-acting-against-govt-13882315.html |work=[[Firstpost]] |date=23 April 2025 |access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> Post Pahalgam attack the hashtags #IndianFalseFlag and #PahalgamDramaExposed trended briefly on the social media platform [[Twitter|X]] with a majority of [[Tweet (social media)|posts]] originating from Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Awasthi |first=Soumya |date=22 October 2025 |title=Pakistan's Information Warfare: Strategic Implications and India's Response |url=https://www.orfonline.org/research/pakistan-s-information-warfare-strategic-implications-and-india-s-response |access-date=2025-10-24 |website=[[Observer Research Foundation]] (ORF) |language=en}}</ref> In an interview with [[Sky News]], the defence minister acknowledged that the [[Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism|Pakistani state has a history]] of funding, training, and supporting terrorist organisations, noting that Pakistan has "done the dirty work for the United States for about three decades. And West, including Britain."<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 April 2025 |title=Pakistan warns Kashmir row could lead to 'all-out war' with India |url=https://news.sky.com/video/pakistan-warns-kashmir-row-could-lead-to-all-out-war-with-india-13355107 |work=[[Sky News]] |access-date=1 June 2025 |type=Video}}</ref>

Pakistan deputy prime minister and foreign minister [[Ishaq Dar]] said the perpetrators may have been "freedom fighters".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-25 |title=J&K Pahalgam attack: Pakistan deputy PM refers to terrorists as 'freedom fighters' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/jk-pahalgam-attack-pakistan-deputy-pm-refers-to-terrorists-as-freedom-fighters/articleshow/120605541.cms |access-date=2025-10-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> With regard to TRF initially taking responsibility for the attack, Ishaq Dar stated in the Parliament of Pakistan, "We don't consider TRF illegal. Show us proof they carried out the Pahalgam attack. Show ownership by TRF. We won't accept the allegation."<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=19 July 2025 |editor-last=Jonko |editor-first=Anushree |title='Show Proof They Carried Out Pahalgam Attack': Pak Deputy PM Ishaq Dar Openly Supports TRF |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/show-proof-they-carried-out-pahalgam-attack-pak-deputy-pm-ishaq-dar-openly-supports-trf-8906816 |access-date=2025-07-26 |website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> Pakistan also successfully opposed mention of TRF in a UNSC release.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Samanta |first=Pranab Dhal |date=28 April 2025 |title=Pakistan got UNSC to drop mention of LeT offshoot TRF |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/pakistan-got-unsc-to-drop-mention-of-let-offshoot-trf/articleshow/120674769.cms?from=mdr |url-access=subscription |access-date=2025-07-26 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> On 26 April, the [[Senate of Pakistan]] passed a resolution describing the attack as an "orchestrated campaign to malign Pakistan".<ref name=":32">{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Iftikhar A. |date=26 April 2025 |title=Senate slams Indian attempt to frame Pakistan |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1906666 |access-date=2025-10-24 |website=Dawn |language=en}}</ref> It also referred to the [[Indus Waters Treaty|Indus Water Treaty]] and India's action regarding it as water terrorism and an act of war.<ref name=":32" />

Abu Musa Kashmiri, an [[Lashkar-e-Taiba|LeT]] commander, reportedly stated in a viral video that the attack propelled Pakistan's international standing forward. His remarks contradicted Pakistan's previous denials of involvement. Kashmiri also suggested that the attack positioned Pakistan as a potential mediator in the [[Islamabad Talks|2026 Islamabad Peace Talks]] between Iran and US.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pahalgam massacre enhanced Pak’s image globally: Lashkar commander exposes Islamabad’s role in killings |url=https://www.wionews.com/world/pahalgam-massacre-enhanced-pak-s-image-globally-lashkar-commander-exposes-islamabad-s-role-in-killings-1775932347779 |access-date=2026-04-16 |website=Wion |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* {{annotated link|2024 Reasi attack}}
* {{annotated link|2025 India–Pakistan conflict}}
* [[List of terrorist incidents in India]]
* {{annotated link|The Resistance Front}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Sirrs |first=Owen L. |title=Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate: Covert Action and Internal Operations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_S-TDAAAQBAJ |date=2016 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-317-19609-9}}
* {{Cite book |last=Fair |first=C. Christine |author-link=C. Christine Fair |title=Fighting to the End: The Pakistan Army's Way of War |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=szaTAwAAQBAJ |year=2014 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-989271-6}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kiessling |first=Hein |title=Faith, Unity, Discipline: The Inter-Service-Intelligence (ISI) of Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y_cgDgAAQBAJ |year=2016 |publisher=Hurst |isbn=978-1-84904-863-7}}
* {{Cite book |first=Christopher |last=Snedden |author-link=Christopher Snedden |title=Kashmir: The Unwritten History |publisher=HarperCollins India |year=2013 |isbn=978-9350298985 |orig-year=2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0cPjAAAAQBAJ}}

== Further reading ==
*{{Cite web |last=Siddharth |first=Abhinand |date=12 August 2025 |title=Treading the Grey Zones of International Law: India's Responses after the Pahalgam Attack |url=https://csep.org/blog/treading-the-grey-zones-of-international-law-indias-responses-after-the-pahalgam-attack/ |website=Centre for Social and Economic Progress (CSEP)}}
*{{Citation |last=Panda |first=Jagannath |title=Proxy Wars and Silent Partners: The Pahalgam Attack a Stress Test for India–China Stability |date=16 May 2025 |issue=Issue Brief |url=https://www.isdp.eu/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/Brief-Pahalgam-May-16-5.pdf |publisher=Institute for Security and Development Policy |last2=Pankaj |first2=Eerishika}}
*{{Citation |last=Panda |first=Jagannath |title=The Shadow War: How the Pahalgam Terror Attack Redefined India-China-Pakistan Equation |date=21 May 2025 |url=https://www.pf.org.tw/en/pfen/33-11329.html |publisher=[[Prospect Foundation]]}}
*{{Citation |last=Pankaj |first=Eerishika |title=China's Thinking on Pahalgam and Operation Sindoor: Impact on its Regional Credibility |date=7 May 2025 |publisher=Organisation for Research on China and Asia (ORCA) |last2=Bhole |first2=Omkar}}
*{{Cite web |last=Saxena |first=Anushka |date=2 May 2025 |title=Opinion {{!}} 'Indian Threat', '1962 War': How Chinese 'Experts' Are Batting For Pak Over India |url=https://www.ndtv.com/opinion/three-reasons-experts-in-china-are-siding-with-pakistan-over-india-8311997 |website=NDTV}}
*{{Citation |title=India's hardening policies towards terrorism and Pakistan |volume=31 |url=https://www.iiss.org/publications/strategic-comments/2025/06/indias-hardening-policies-towards-terrorism-and-pakistan/ |publisher=[[International Institute for Strategic Studies]] (IISS)}}
*{{Citation |title=India-Pakistan: Avoiding a War in Waiting |date=17 September 2025 |url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia-pacific/india-pakistan/b185-india-pakistan-avoiding-war-waiting |publisher=[[International Crisis Group]]}}
*{{Cite journal |last=Prayogo |first=Neola Hestu |last2=Sari |first2=Dewi Fortuna |date=January–June 2025 |title=Narrative, Identity and Terrorism: A Constructivist Analysis of the Pahalgam 2025 Attack in the Escalating India–Pakistan Conflict |url=https://wimaya.upnjatim.ac.id/index.php/wimaya/article/view/186 |journal=WIMAYA: Interdisciplinary Journal of International Affairs |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=46–64 |eissn=}}
*{{Cite journal |last=Roul |first=Animesh |date=September 2025 |title=Militant Violence in Jammu and Kashmir Post-Abrogation of Article 370 |url=https://ctc.westpoint.edu/militant-violence-in-jammu-and-kashmir-post-abrogation-of-article-370/ |journal=CTC Sentinel |volume=18 |issue=9 |pages=41–50}}
*{{Cite web |last=Chakma |first=Anurug |date=26 May 2025 |title=Pahalgam 2025: Analysing YouTube Comments across South Asia |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/southasia/2025/05/26/pahalgam-2025-analysing-youtube-comments-across-south-asia/ |website=London School of Economics and Political Science}}
*{{Cite web |last=Philip |first=Snehesh Alex |date=29 April 2025 |title=Ultra & Alpine Quest—technologies that keep Pakistani terrorists, especially LeT, going in J&K |url=https://theprint.in/defence/ultra-alpine-quest-technologies-that-keep-pakistani-terrorists-especially-let-going-in-jk/2608166/ |website=[[ThePrint]]}}
*{{Cite web |last=Linganna |first=Girish |date=30 April 2025 |title=Inside elusive hunt for Pahalgam terrorists armed with uncrackable tech |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/features/inside-elusive-hunt-for-pahalgam-terrorists-armed-with-uncrackable-tech-j5btkat1 |website=[[Mathrubhumi]]}}
*{{Citation |last=Roul |first=Animesh |title=Rising Islamist and Anti-Hindu Sentiment in Bangladesh in Wake of Pahalgam Attack |date=25 June 2025 |work=Terrorism Monitor |volume=23 |issue=2 |url=https://jamestown.org/program/rising-islamist-and-anti-hindu-sentiment-in-bangladesh-in-wake-of-pahalgam-attack/ |publisher=The Jamestown Foundation}}
*{{Cite web |date=19 June 2025 |title=Mapping Hate: The Pahalgam Attack and its ripple effects |url=https://cjp.org.in/mapping-hate-the-pahalgam-attack-and-its-ripple-effects/ |website=Citizens for Justice and Peace (CJP)}}
*{{Cite web |date=23 April 2025 |title='Mayhem in meadow': Newspapers piece together Pahalgam attack through eyewitness, official accounts |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2025/04/23/pahalgam-attack-baisaran-valley-newspapers-front-pages-eyewitness-and-official-accounts |website=[[Newslaundry]]}}
*{{Cite web |date=24 April 2025 |title='Avoid religious rhetoric, draw on past economic and security gains': Editorials after Pahalgam attack |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2025/04/24/avoid-religious-rhetoric-draw-on-past-economic-and-security-gains-editorials-after-pahalgam-attack |website=Newslaundry}}
*{{Cite web |last=Kartha |first=Tara |date=28 April 2025 |title=Opinion {{!}} Heft? History? What Pak's Real Motive Behind Pahalgam Attack Could Be |url=https://www.ndtv.com/opinion/heft-or-history-what-paks-real-motive-behind-pahalgam-attack-could-be-8278588 |website=NDTV}}
*{{Cite web |last=Sardesai |first=Rajdeep |author-link=Rajdeep Sardesai |date=24 April 2025 |title=The message of Pahalgam: 'Normalcy' and cross-border terror cannot co-exist |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/opinion/story/pahalgam-terror-attack-normalcy-and-cross-border-terror-cannot-co-exist-2713826-2025-04-24 |website=[[India Today]]}}

{{Kashmir conflict}}
{{India–Pakistan relations}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pahalgam attack, 2025}}
[[Category:2025 in international relations]]
[[Category:2025 mass shootings in Asia]]
[[Category:2025 murders in India]]
[[Category:2020s in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:21st-century mass murders in India]]
[[Category:April 2025 crimes in Asia]]
[[Category:April 2025 in India]]
[[Category:Diplomatic crises of the 2020s]]
[[Category:Islamic terrorist incidents in 2025]]
[[Category:Massacres in 2025]]
[[Category:2025 mass murders]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in India in 2025]]
[[Category:Ambushes of the Kashmir conflict]]
[[Category:Attacks on tourists in Kashmir]]
[[Category:Filmed killings in India]]
[[Category:Lashkar-e-Taiba attacks]]
[[Category:Mass murders in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Massacres of Hindus in Kashmir]]
[[Category:Mass shootings in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:India–Pakistan relations]]
[[Category:Anantnag district]]

Gudipoodi Srihari

2026-04-30T00:43:58Z

Musariaz: adding new info

{{Short description|Journalist (1934–2022)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = 
| image = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1934|09|08|df=yes}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2022|07|05|1934|09|08|df=yes}}
| death_place =
| nationality = 
| other_names =
| occupation = {{Hlist|Journalist|film and art critic}}
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}

'''Gudipoodi Srihari''' (8 September 1934 – 5 July 2022)<ref name="H">{{Cite web |last=Mary |first=S. B. Vijaya |date=5 July 2022 |title=Veteran journalist and art critic Gudipoodi Srihari passes away |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/gudipoodi-srihari-was-a-contributor-to-the-hindu-for-over-five-decades-and-as-the-writer-and-art-critic-set-a-precedent-in-film-and-art-reviews/article65602126.ece |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705090729/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/gudipoodi-srihari-was-a-contributor-to-the-hindu-for-over-five-decades-and-as-the-writer-and-art-critic-set-a-precedent-in-film-and-art-reviews/article65602126.ece |archive-date=5 July 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> was a journalist who worked as a film and art critic for ''[[Eenadu]]'' and later ''[[The Hindu]]''.

== Life and career ==
Gudipoodi Srihari did his [[Bachelor of Science]] at [[Andhra University]] and his [[Master of Arts|master's degree]] in [[Delhi University]].<ref name="H"/> He taught [[Pre-university course|PUC students]] mathematics and physics.<ref name="I">{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/interview_gudipoodi.html|title=Interview with Gudipoodi Srihari|last=Jeevi|date=25 December 2000|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=12 April 2024|archive-date=5 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305184754/https://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/interview_gudipoodi.html|url-status=live}}</ref> For 25 years, he wrote the ''Harivillu'' column of ''[[Eenadu]]'', which was a social commentary.<ref name ="H"/> Starting in 1969, he wrote reviews for the ''Friday Review'' and ''Sunday Magazine'' sections of ''[[The Hindu]]''.<ref name="I" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telanganatoday.com/hyderabad-veteran-journalist-gudipoodi-srihari-passes-away|title=Hyderabad: Veteran journalist Gudipoodi Srihari passes away|first=|last=|date=July 5, 2022|website=Telangana Today|access-date=12 April 2024|archive-date=21 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221044603/https://telanganatoday.com/hyderabad-veteran-journalist-gudipoodi-srihari-passes-away|url-status=live}}</ref> He worked as a news broadcaster for the Hyderabad station of [[All India Radio]] and introduced [[M. S. Ramarao]], whose [[Ramayana|Sundara Kanda]] became famous.<ref name="N">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2022/Jul/06/veteran-scribe-art-critic-srihari-passes-away-2473368.html|title=Veteran scribe, art critic Srihari passes away|first=|last=|date=July 6, 2022|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=12 April 2024|archive-date=14 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714062631/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2022/jul/06/veteran-scribe-art-critic-srihari-passes-away-2473368.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He published music reviews in the 1970s.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XigJAQAAMAAJ&q=Gudipoodi+Srihari|title=Music Criticism|date=2006|first=R.|last=Sathynarayana|publisher=Vidwan R.K. Srikantan Trust|access-date=12 April 2024|archive-date=3 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603063307/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Music_Criticism/XigJAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Gudipoodi+Srihari&dq=Gudipoodi+Srihari&printsec=frontcover|url-status=live}}</ref> He also worked on the cultural monthly ''Pallavi''.<ref name="H"/>

In 1995, he received a threat from [[Chiranjeevi]] fans on a satellite television channel for publishing a negative film review.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JXtYEAAAQBAJ&dq=Gudipoodi+Srihari&pg=PT141|title=Media and the Constitution of the Political|publisher=SAGE PUBLICATIONS PVT LIMITED|date=2022|isbn=978-93-5479-084-3 |access-date=12 April 2024|archive-date=3 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603063423/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Media_and_the_Constitution_of_the_Politi/JXtYEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Gudipoodi+Srihari&pg=PT141&printsec=frontcover|url-status=live}}</ref> In an interview in 2000, Srihari recalled "not missed a single Telugu film" and that he was called cynic for doing so.<ref name="I"/> He published two books: one on the cultural heritage’ of [[Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)|Andhra Pradesh]] and one on the Telugu film industry.<ref name="N"/> Srihari also served as the president of the Film Critics Association.<ref name="N"/> He was the first writer of ''Great Andhra'' and worked there until 2006.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.greatandhra.com/movies/news/veteran-critic-gudipudi-srihari-passes-away-122166|title=Veteran Critic Gudipudi Srihari Passes Away|last=Venkat|date=5 July 2022|work=Great Andhra|access-date=12 April 2024|archive-date=5 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705051627/https://www.greatandhra.com/movies/news/veteran-critic-gudipudi-srihari-passes-away-122166|url-status=live}}</ref> He was given the [[ANR National Award]] in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/ANR-award-to-senior-journalist/article15005778.ece|title=ANR award to senior journalist|date=September 29, 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=12 April 2024|archive-date=3 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603063329/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/ANR-award-to-senior-journalist/article15005778.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

He died on 5 July 2022.<ref name="H"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:Indian film critics]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male journalists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male journalists]]

Vinay Kumar (diplomat)

2026-04-26T11:15:41Z

Musariaz: stub!

{{Short description|Indian diplomat and Ambassador of India to Russia}}
{{about|the Indian diplomat|the Indian cricketer|Vinay Kumar}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vinay Kumar
| birth_name = Vinay Kumar
| image = Ambassador Vinay Kumar IFS.png
| caption = Vinay Kumar in 2024
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1969|08|23|df=yes}}
| birth_place = India
| spouse = Married
| children = 2 (daughters)
| education = [[IIT Kharagpur]] ([[Bachelor of Technology|B.Tech.]])
| office = [[Ambassador of India to Russia]]
| term_start = April 2024
| term_end =
| president = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| prime_minister = [[Narendra Modi]]
| predecessor = [[Pavan Kapoor]]
| successor =
| office2 = Ambassador of India to [[Islamic Republic of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]]
| term_start2 = 2018
| term_end2 = 2020
| president2 = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| prime_minister2 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| predecessor2 = [[Manpreet Vohra]]
| successor2 =
| office1 = Ambassador of India to [[Myanmar]]
| term_start1 = 2022
| term_end1 = 2024
| president1 = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| prime_minister1 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| predecessor1 = [[Saurabh Kumar (ambassador)|Saurabh Kumar]]
| successor1 = Abhay Thakur
| occupation = {{hlist|Civil servant|Diplomat}}
| image_size = 220px
| honorific_suffix = [[Indian Foreign Service|IFS]]
| honorific_prefix = [[His Excellency]]
| blank1 = Rank
| data1 = [[Secretary to the Government of India|Secretary]]
}}

'''Vinay Kumar''' is an Indian [[diplomat]] and a senior officer of the [[Indian Foreign Service]] (1992 batch). He is currently serving as the [[Ambassador of India to Russia]]. Over a career spanning more than three decades, he has held several key diplomatic, multilateral and administrative positions in India and abroad, including ambassadorships in [[Myanmar]] and [[Afghanistan]].<ref name="IndianEmbassy">{{Cite web |title=Ambassador – Embassy of India, Moscow |url=https://indianembassy-moscow.gov.in/ambassador.php |website=Embassy of India, Moscow |access-date=6 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Who is Vinay Kumar, new Indian Ambassador to Russia after Putin win presidential elections? Know all about him |url=http://india.com/news/india/who-is-vinay-kumar-new-indian-ambassador-to-russia-after-putin-win-presidential-elections-know-all-about-him-6798100/ |website=India.com |access-date=6 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Who is IFS Vinay Kumar; praised India‑Russia relations on public platform |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/india/who-is-ifs-vinay-kumar-praised-india-russia-relations-on-public-platform/articleshow/123495096.cms |website=Navbharat Times |access-date=6 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India's ambassador to Russia Vinay Kumar presents his letter of credence to President Putin |url=https://theprint.in/world/indias-ambassador-to-russia-vinay-kumar-presents-his-letter-of-credence-to-president-putin/2343240/ |website=ThePrint |access-date=6 February 2026}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Vinay Kumar was born on 23 August 1969. He graduated from the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur]] in 1991 with a Bachelor of Technology (Honours) degree. He joined the [[Indian Foreign Service]] in 1992 after qualifying the [[Civil Services Examination]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who is IFS Vinay Kumar, now India's new ambassador to Russia? Check education and more |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/career/who-is-ifs-vinay-kumar-now-indias-new-ambassador-to-russia-check-education-and-more/2165564 |website=Zee News |access-date=6 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vinay Kumar (IIT Kharagpur Alumnus) – Ambassador of India to Russia |url=https://www.iitkgpfoundation.org/article.html?aid=1847 |website=IIT KGP Foundation |access-date=6 February 2026}}</ref>

==Diplomatic career==

===Early overseas postings===
Following his induction into the Indian Foreign Service, Kumar served in several Indian diplomatic missions abroad. His early postings included assignments in [[Tashkent]] (1994–1995) and [[Bishkek]] (1995–1998). He later served at the Indian High Commission in [[Ottawa]] from 1998 to 2001.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India's Ambassador Vinay Kumar's Career path |url=https://ddnews.gov.in/en/vinay-kumar-appointed-as-next-ambassador-of-india-to-russia/ |website=DD News |access-date=6 February 2026}}</ref>

He was posted to the Embassy of India in [[Warsaw]] between 2003 and 2006, followed by a posting in [[Tehran]] from 2006 to 2009. From 2010 to 2013, he served at the [[Permanent Mission of India to the United Nations]] in [[New York City|New York]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vinay Kumar IFS Biography and Career in MEA |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mea-appoints-vinay-kumar-as-new-ambassador-to-russia-101710828074517.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=6 February 2026}}</ref>

===United Nations and multilateral roles===
During his tenure at the United Nations, Kumar served as India's Political Coordinator in the [[United Nations Security Council]] during 2011–2012. He was also a member of the ''Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions'' (ACABQ) in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanimozhi's delegation visit to Russia conveyed India's zero tolerance for terrorism: envoy Vinay Kumar |url=https://thenewsmill.com/2025/05/kanimozhis-delegation-visit-to-russia-conveyed-indias-zero-tolerance-for-terrorism-envoy-vinay-kumar/ |website=The News Mill |access-date=6 February 2026}}</ref>

===Senior roles in Nepal===
He was posted to [[Kathmandu]] from 2015 to 2017, where he served as [[Deputy Chief of Mission]] at the Embassy of India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MEA send Vinay Kumar to Nepal as No.2 |url=https://www.northblocksouthblock.com/vinay-kumar-new-indian-ambassador-to-russia/ |website=North Block South Block |access-date=6 February 2026}}</ref>

===Ministry of External Affairs, New Delhi===
At the headquarters of the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] in New Delhi, Kumar has held several senior administrative and policy positions. He served as Deputy Secretary in charge of Eastern Europe and Russia (2001–2003), Director for Administrative matters (2009–2010), and Joint Secretary for the East and Southern Africa Division (2013–2015).<ref>{{Cite web |title=NDTV on MEA|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/vinay-kumar-named-indias-new-ambassador-to-russia-5268300 |website=NDTV |access-date=6 February 2026}}</ref>

He subsequently served as Joint Secretary for the Southern Division (2017–2018) and later as Additional Secretary (International Organizations and Summits) from 2020 to 2022, overseeing India's engagement with multilateral institutions and global summits.

===Ambassadorial appointments===
Kumar was appointed as the Ambassador of India to [[Islamic Republic of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]] in 2018, serving until 2020. He later served as the Ambassador of India to [[Myanmar]] from 2022 to 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ambassador of India to Myanmar Mr. Vinay Kumar has been appointed as India's next ambassador to Russia |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/vinay-kumar-appointed-as-indias-ambassador-to-russia/articleshow/108628725.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=6 February 2026}}</ref>

===Ambassador of India to Russia===
In April 2024, Vinay Kumar assumed charge as the Ambassador of India to [[Russia]], representing India's interests in bilateral, regional and global engagements with the Russian Federation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shri Vinay Kumar appointed as the next Ambassador of India to the Russian Federation |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/37719/Shri_Vinay_Kumar_appointed_as_the_next_Ambassador_of_India_to_the_Russian_Federation |website=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |access-date=6 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=New envoy to Russia thanks PM Modi for his guidance for India‑Russia special partnership |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!bharat/new-envoy-to-russia-thanks-pm-modi-for-his-guidance-for-india-russia-special-partnership-enn24040503998 |website=ETV Bharat |access-date=6 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian envoy calls on Russian Foreign Minister Lavrov, discusses regional, global issues |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/indian-envoy-calls-on-russian-foreign-minister-lavrov-discusses-regional-global-issues20240417185748/ |website=ANI News |access-date=6 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India, Russia reaffirm commitment to enhance defence cooperation |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-russia-reaffirm-commitment-to-enhance-defence-cooperation/article69899874.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=6 February 2026}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Vinay Kumar is married and has two daughters.<ref name="IndianEmbassy" />

==See also==
* [[Indian Foreign Service]]
* [[India–Russia relations]]
* [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)]]
* [[List of ambassadors and high commissioners of India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{commons}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Vinay}}
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Foreign Service officers]]
[[Category:Indian diplomats]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Russia]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Myanmar]]
[[Category:IIT Kharagpur alumni]]

Chakleshwar Singh

2026-04-19T01:56:09Z

Musariaz: adding biography

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Chakleshwar Singh
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date |1922|7|8|df=y}}
| birth_place = Dhangaon,[[Mathura district]], [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day  [[Uttar Pradesh]], India)
| death_date =
| death_place =
| constituency = [[Mathura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mathura]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| term = 1971-1977
| predecessor = [[Chaudhary Digambar Singh]]
| successor = [[Mani Ram Bagri]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source = https://sansad.in/ls/members/biography/2051?from=amembers&former=1&profileURL=https://lssapi.nic.in/MemberProfile/biodata_1_12/2051.htm
}}

'''Chakleshwar Singh''' was an Indian politician. He was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]], the lower house of the [[Parliament of India]] from the [[Mathura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mathura]] constituency of [[Uttar Pradesh]] as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name="India. Parliament. Lok Sabha 1971 p. ">{{cite book | author=India. Parliament. Lok Sabha | title=Who's who | publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat | issue=5 | year=1971 | issn=0537-0140 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ncSNAAAAMAAJ | access-date=20 Mar 2023 | page=88}}</ref><ref name="India News and Feature Alliance 1974 p. ">{{cite book | author=India News and Feature Alliance | title=The States | publisher=India News and Feature Alliance. | issue=v. 6 | year=1974 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HkPVAAAAMAAJ | access-date=20 Mar 2023 | page=17}}</ref><ref name="The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Whos who 1977 p. ">{{cite book | title=The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's who | year=1977 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-8cQAQAAMAAJ | access-date=20 Mar 2023 | page=799}}</ref><ref name="Reed Times of India (Firm) 1974 p. ">{{cite book | last=Reed | first=Sir Stanley | author2=Times of India (Firm) | title=The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's who | publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Company | year=1974 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LAcfAQAAMAAJ | access-date=20 Mar 2023 | page=}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://sansad.in/ls/members/biography/2051?from=amembers&former=1&profileURL=https://lssapi.nic.in/MemberProfile/biodata_1_12/2051.htm Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website]

[[Category:1922 births]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:India MPs 1977–1979]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{UttarPradesh-INC-politician-stub}}

Balmoor Venkat

2026-04-18T23:06:33Z

Musariaz: Creating new article!

{{Short description|Indian politician from Telangana}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Balmoor Venkat
| birth_name = Balmoor Venkat Narsing Rao
| caption =
| image =
| birth_date = 1992
| birth_place = Tharupalle, [[Kalva Srirampur|Kalva Srirampur Mandal]], [[Peddapalli district]], [[Telangana]], [[India]]<ref name="Congress picks NSUI Telangana chief Balmoor Venkat Narsing Rao as Huzurabad bypoll candidate">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Congress picks NSUI Telangana chief Balmoor Venkat Narsing Rao as Huzurabad bypoll candidate |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2021/Oct/03/congress-picks-nsui-telangana-chief-balmoor-venkat-narsing-rao-as-huzurabad-bypoll-candidate-2366929.html |access-date=8 July 2025 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=3 October 2021 |archive-date= |language=en}}</ref>
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[State legislative councils of India|Member]] of [[Telangana Legislative Council]]
| term_start = 22 January 2024
| term_end = Incumbent
| predecessor =
| successor =
| constituency = Elected by [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLAs]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| office1 = [[National Students' Union of India|NSUI]] Telangana President
| term_start1 = 2018
| term_end1 = 2024
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| office2 =
| term_start2 = 2015
| term_end2 = 2017
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| other_party =
| children =
| alma_mater = MBBS from Chalmeda Anand Rao Institute of Medical Science, Karimnagar
| date =
| year =
| source = <ref name="Venkat Balmoor Afidavit MLC 2024">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of Telangana |title=Venkat Balmoor Afidavit MLC 2024 |url=https://ceotelangana.nic.in/BY_MLA_AFFIDAVIT_2024/Dr.%20Venkat%20Naraing%20Rao%20Balmoor_1.pdf |access-date=8 July 2025|date=2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250708172709/https://ceotelangana.nic.in/BY_MLA_AFFIDAVIT_2024/Dr.%20Venkat%20Naraing%20Rao%20Balmoor_1.pdf |archive-date=8 July 2025}}</ref>
}}
'''Balmoor Venkat Narsing Rao''' is an Indian politician from [[Telangana]]. He was elected unanimously as member of the [[Telangana Legislative Council]] under the MLA quota on 22 January 2024.<ref name="Mahesh Goud and Venkat Balmoor elected as MLCs">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |title=Mahesh Goud and Venkat Balmoor elected as MLCs |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/mahesh-goud-and-venkat-balmoor-elected-as-mlcs/article67766758.ece |access-date=30 January 2024 |date=22 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130190911/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/mahesh-goud-and-venkat-balmoor-elected-as-mlcs/article67766758.ece |archive-date=30 January 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="Telangana: Mahesh Goud, Balmoor elected unopposed as MLCs">{{cite news |last1=The New Indian Express |first1= |title=Telangana: Mahesh Goud, Balmoor elected unopposed as MLCs |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2024/Jan/23/telangana-mahesh-goud-balmoor-elected-unopposed-as-mlcs |access-date=30 January 2024 |date=23 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130192041/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2024/Jan/23/telangana-mahesh-goud-balmoor-elected-unopposed-as-mlcs |archive-date=30 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

==Political career==
Balmoor Venkat started his political journey with [[National Students' Union of India|NSUI]] and later he was elected as NSUI State President in 2015 and held various positions in Congress party. He unsuccessfully contested the 2021 By-election held for [[Huzurabad Assembly constituency|Huzurabad]] as a Congress candidate and managed to get only 3,014 votes.<ref name="Huzurabad Assembly constituency 2021 By Election Result">{{cite news |title=Huzurabad Assembly constituency 2021 By Election Result |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcByeNov2021/ConstituencywiseS2931.htm?ac=31 |access-date=8 July 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250708174242/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcByeNov2021/ConstituencywiseS2931.htm?ac=31 |archive-date=8 July 2025}}</ref> When the Congress was in the Opposition he as NSUI state president had launched many agitations, holding protests across the State and filed many PILs on behalf of students and unemployed youth. He was jailed numerous times by the BRS regime.

In 2022, [[Rahul Gandhi]] visited [[Chanchalguda Central Jail]] when he was jailed along with 18 NSUI members in for staging a protest at [[Osmania University]] on May 1 for denial of permission for Rahul Gandhi’s visit to the [[Osmania University]].<ref name="Telangana: Rahul Gandhi meets NSUI students in jail">{{cite news |title=Telangana: Rahul Gandhi meets NSUI students in jail |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/hyderabad/telangana-rahul-gandhi-nsui-students-jail-sanjeevaiah-park-7905544/ |access-date=8 July 2025 |publisher=The Indian Express |date=7 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Rahul Gandhi calls on NSUI leaders at Chanchalguda Central Jail">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Rahul Gandhi calls on NSUI leaders at Chanchalguda Central Jail |url=https://telanganatoday.com/hyderabad-rahul-gandhi-calls-on-nsui-leaders-at-chanchalguda-central-jail |access-date=8 July 2025 |publisher=Telangana Today |date=7 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250708181545/https://telanganatoday.com/hyderabad-rahul-gandhi-calls-on-nsui-leaders-at-chanchalguda-central-jail |archive-date=8 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

After Congress came in to power in [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023 Elections]], Balmoor Venkat's candidature was announced for member of the Legislative Council (MLC) under the MLAs' quota on 17 January 2024<ref name="Congress springs surprise by picking up Mahesh Goud, Balamoor Venkat as MLC candidates">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Congress springs surprise by picking up Mahesh Goud, Balamoor Venkat as MLC candidates |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/congress-springs-surprise-by-picking-up-mahesh-goud-balamoor-venkat-as-mlc-candidates/article67748427.ece |access-date=14 April 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=17 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250414150959/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/congress-springs-surprise-by-picking-up-mahesh-goud-balamoor-venkat-as-mlc-candidates/article67748427.ece |archive-date=14 April 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="Congress picks Mahesh Goud and Balmoor Venkat for two MLC seats">{{cite news |last1=The Times of India |title=Congress picks Mahesh Goud and Balmoor Venkat for two MLC seats |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/congress-picks-mahesh-goud-and-balmoor-venkat-for-two-mlc-seats/articleshow/106942392.cms |access-date=31 January 2024 |date=18 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131174933/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/congress-picks-mahesh-goud-and-balmoor-venkat-for-two-mlc-seats/articleshow/106942392.cms |archive-date=31 January 2024}}</ref> and filed his nomination on 18 January 2024<ref name="Mahesh Goud and Balmoor Venkat file nominations as Congress MLC candidates">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |title=Mahesh Goud and Balmoor Venkat file nominations as Congress MLC candidates |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/mahesh-goud-and-balmoor-venkat-file-nominations-as-congress-mlc-candidates/article67751645.ece |access-date=31 January 2024 |date=18 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131175825/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/mahesh-goud-and-balmoor-venkat-file-nominations-as-congress-mlc-candidates/article67751645.ece |archive-date=31 January 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref> and as no other nomination was filed from others, the election authorities declared him elected unopposed as MLC on 22 January 2024<ref name="Mahesh Goud, Balmoor elected unopposed as MLCs">{{cite news |last1=The New Indian Express |first1= |title=Mahesh Goud, Balmoor elected unopposed as MLCs |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2024/Jan/23/telangana-mahesh-goud-balmoor-elected-unopposed-as-mlcs |access-date=31 January 2024 |date=23 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131174901/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2024/Jan/23/telangana-mahesh-goud-balmoor-elected-unopposed-as-mlcs |archive-date=31 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref> and he took oath as [[Member of the Legislative Council]] (MLC) on 31 January 2024 in Legislative council chairman [[Gutha Sukender Reddy]]'s chamber.<ref name="New MLCs return sans oath as Council chief fails to turn up">{{cite news |title=New MLCs return sans oath as Council chief fails to turn up |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/new-mlcs-return-sans-oath-as-council-chief-fails-to-turn-up-hyderabad-m-kodandaram-and-amer-ali-khan/articleshow/107245401.cms |access-date=8 July 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250708180243/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/new-mlcs-return-sans-oath-as-council-chief-fails-to-turn-up-hyderabad-m-kodandaram-and-amer-ali-khan/articleshow/107245401.cms |archive-date=8 July 2025}}</ref>

He was Appointed as Govt Whip on 19 March 2026.<ref name="New Govt Whips appointed for Assembly and Council">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=19 March 2026 |title=New Govt Whips appointed for Assembly and Council |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/new-govt-whips-appointed-for-assembly-and-council/article70762194.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260326170423/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/new-govt-whips-appointed-for-assembly-and-council/article70762194.ece |archive-date=26 March 2026 |access-date=26 March 2026 |publisher=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="Govt Appoints Five Whips for Legislative Assembly & Council">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=19 March 2026 |title=Govt Appoints Five Whips for Legislative Assembly & Council |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/telangana/govt-appoints-five-whips-for-legislative-assembly-council-1944998 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260326170431/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/telangana/govt-appoints-five-whips-for-legislative-assembly-council-1944998 |archive-date=26 March 2026 |access-date=26 March 2026 |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Telangana]]
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Members of the Telangana Legislative Council]]

Cyclone Nilam

2026-04-17T06:09:14Z

Musariaz:

{{Short description|North Indian cyclone in 2012}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox weather event
| name = Cyclonic Storm Nilam
| image = Nilam Oct 31 2012 0805Z (gallery).jpg
| caption = Cyclonic Storm Nilam at landfall near peak intensity on October 31, 2012
| formed = October 28, 2012
| dissipated = November 1, 2012
}}{{Infobox weather event/IMD
| winds = 45
| pressure = 987
}}{{Infobox weather event/JTWC
| winds = 50
| pressure = 985
}}{{Infobox weather event/Effects
| year = 2012
| fatalities = 75 total 
| damage = 56700000
| damage-prefix = ≥
| areas = [[Sri Lanka]], [[South India]]
}}{{Infobox weather event/Footer
| season = [[2012 North Indian Ocean cyclone season]]
}}
'''Cyclonic Storm Nilam'''{{efn|The name ''Nilam'' ([[Urdu language|Urdu]]: نیلم, [[Help:IPA/Urdu|[niːləm]]]) was contributed by [[Pakistan]] and means "[[sapphire]]" in [[Urdu language|Urdu]].}} was a weak, but deadly [[tropical cyclone]] that became the deadliest tropical cyclone to directly affect South India since [[Cyclone Jal]] in [[2010 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|2010]]. The second named Cyclonic Storm of the rather quiet [[2012 North Indian Ocean cyclone season]], Nilam originated from an area of low pressure over the [[Bay of Bengal]] on October 28, 2012. The system began as a weak depression 550 km (340 mi) northeast of [[Trincomalee]], [[Sri Lanka]]. Over the following few days, the depression gradually intensified into a deep depression, and subsequently a cyclonic storm by October 30. It made landfall near [[Mahabalipuram]] on October 31 as a strong cyclonic storm with peak winds of {{convert|85|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=CWIND advisory 21 for Cyclonic Storm Nilam |url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/cwind.pdf |publisher=India Meteorological Department |access-date=31 October 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121118200123/http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/cwind.pdf |archive-date=November 18, 2012 }}</ref> In Chennai's [[Marina Beach]], strong winds pushed piles of sand ashore and seawater reached nearly a {{convert|100|m|ft|abbr=on}} inland. Schools and colleges in the city remained closed for more than three days.<ref>{{cite web|title=Video: Cyclone Nilam: 1 dead in TN, five Andhra districts still on alert|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xBk31JD7rXc|publisher=CNN IBN, YouTube|access-date=1 November 2012}}</ref>

More than 3000 people were evacuated around Mahabalipuram in the wake of the storm. Schools and colleges in [[Chennai]] declared holidays until November 1 as 282 schools had been converted into relief centers. Government offices and private organizations closed their operations by 3 p.m. to ease traffic congestion. Cyclone shelters had been arranged in [[Nagapattinam]] and [[Cuddalore]] districts. Mahabalipuram and chennai faced power outages and 90 trees were uprooted and two huts were damaged.<ref name="Dasgupta">{{cite news|last=Dasgupta|first=Sabyasachi|title=Cyclone Nilam makes landfall south of Chennai|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/cheat-sheet/cyclone-nilam-crew-members-of-grounded-ship-feared-missing-286737|access-date=31 October 2012|newspaper=NDTV|date=31 October 2012}}</ref> While damages to property were considerable, human casualties were very few.<ref name="thehindu_20121201">{{cite news|title=Cyclone Nilam spares Chennai|work=The Hindu|date=1 November 2012|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/gale-force-winds-as-nilam-makes-landfall/article4050114.ece|first=T.|last=Ramakrishnan}}</ref> Nilam was initially estimated to have caused economic losses of around {{INRConvert|700|m}} to {{INRConvert|800|m}}.<ref>{{cite news|title=Cyclone Nilam takes a toll on TN|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/cyclone-nilam-takestolltn/491335/|work=Business Standard|date=November 2012 |access-date=2 November 2012|last1=Narasimhan |first1=T. E. }}</ref> The figures soon went up to {{INRConvert|100|c}}.<ref name="Damage2">{{cite news|title=Tamil Nadu picks up after Nilam surge|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/tamil-nadu-picksafter-nilam-surge/491464/|work=Business Standard|date=2 November 2012 |access-date=2 November 2012|last1=Narasimhan |first1=T. E. }}</ref> Later, as the Andhra Pradesh government conducted their review on the storm, it was revealed that the state suffered huge economic losses of {{INRConvert|200|c}}.<ref name="ap damage" />

In [[Bangalore]], heavy rains and strong winds felled over 86 trees. One fell on the compound wall of a police commissioner's residence, causing structural damage. In Basava Road, a tree pulled down power lines, along with six electric poles outing power in the locality. Over 3,000 tonnes of debris was cleared out using 285 trucks. {{convert|87.5|mm}} of rainfall was recorded in the city with a maximum sustained windspeed of {{convert|47|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cyclone Nilam: Wet, windy spell takes a toll on Bangalore's tree cover|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report_cyclone-nilam-wet-windy-spell-takes-a-toll-on-bangalore-s-tree-cover_1759297|publisher=Diligent Media Corporation Ltd.|access-date=2 November 2012}}</ref>

==Meteorological history==
{{Storm path|Nilam 2012 track.png}}
In the early hours of October 27, the [[India Meteorological Department]]'s [[Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre]] in [[New Delhi]] started to monitor an area of low pressure, that had developed in south central Bay of Bengal.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tropical Weather Outlook — October 27th, 2012 |url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/rsmc.pdf |publisher=India Meteorological Department |access-date=November 1, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913171536/http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/rsmc.pdf |archive-date=September 13, 2012 }}</ref> The next day, the system intensified into a Depression about {{convert|550|km|mi|round=5|abbr=on}} to the northeast of [[Trincomalee]], [[Sri Lanka]]. The IMD officially designated it with BOB 02.<ref>{{cite web|title=Special Tropical Weather Outlook for the North Indian Ocean October 28, 2012 11z |author=Regional Specialised Meteorological Center New Delhi, India |access-date=October 31, 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240522043801/https://www.webcitation.org/6BooSGMHj?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIN20-DEMS_201210281035.htm |date=October 28, 2012 |publisher=India Meteorological Department |archive-date=May 22, 2024 |url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/rsmc.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> During that day the depression moved towards the west and gradually developed further with deep convection surrounding the system becoming better organized.<ref>{{cite web|title=Special Tropical Weather Outlook for the North Indian Ocean October 28, 2012 15z |author=Regional Specialised Meteorological Center New Delhi, India |access-date=October 31, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913171536/http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/rsmc.pdf |date=October 31, 2012 |publisher=India Meteorological Department |archive-date=September 13, 2012 |url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/rsmc.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Joint Typhoon Warning Centre]] also noted that deep convection was building over a cloud-covered [[Eye (cyclone)|low level circulation center]] and issued a [[Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert for Cyclone Nilam |url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/warnings/wp9312web.txt |publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |access-date=November 1, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240521192111/https://www.webcitation.org/6BkHMKvHd?url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/warnings/wp9312web.txt |archive-date=May 21, 2024 }}</ref> Early the next day, RSMC New Delhi reported that the depression had intensified into a deep depression, before later that day the JTWC started to monitor the system as Tropical Cyclone 02B with windspeeds equivalent to a tropical storm.<ref>{{cite web|author=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |title=Tropical Cyclone 02B Warning 1 - October 29, 2012 15z |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240522043722/https://www.webcitation.org/6BmQWpHFc?url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/warnings/io0212web.txt |url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/warnings/io0212web.txt |archive-date=May 22, 2024 |date=October 29, 2012 |publisher=United States Navy, United States Airforce |access-date=October 31, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Nilam continued to track northwestward under the influence of a low to mid-level [[subtropical ridge]].<ref>{{cite web|title=JTWC Tropical Cyclone Warning 8 for Cyclone Nilam |url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO31-PGTW_201210310900.htm |publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |access-date=November 1, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240522044001/https://www.webcitation.org/6BqSktkO8?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO31-PGTW_201210310900.htm |archive-date=May 22, 2024 }}</ref> In the early hours of November 1, Nilam weakened into a deep depression.<ref>{{cite web|title=CWIND advisory number 23 for Cyclonic Storm Nilam |url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/CWIND_201211010200.pdf |publisher=India Meteorological Department |access-date=November 1, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6BqS8L1Q2?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/CWIND_201211010200.pdf |archive-date=November 1, 2012 }}</ref> As it moved further inland into the [[Rayalaseema]] region of Andhra Pradesh, Nilam further weakened into a Depression.<ref>{{cite web|title=CWIND Advisory number 24 for Cyclonic Storm Nilam |url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/CWIND_201211010300.pdf |publisher=India Meteorological Department |access-date=November 1, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6BqS8EqSS?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/CWIND_201211010300.pdf |archive-date=November 1, 2012 }}</ref> The IMD continued tracking Nilam as a weak depression until November 2, when they issued their last warning on the system.<ref name="CWIND 27">{{cite web|title=CWIND Advisory number 27 for Cyclonic Storm Nilam |url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/cwind.pdf |publisher=India Meteorological Department |access-date=November 2, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121118200123/http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/cwind.pdf |archive-date=November 18, 2012 }}</ref>

==Preparations and impact==
{| class="wikitable" align="right"
|+ '''Total deaths and Damage'''
|-
! Region !! Deaths !! Damage (in millions) !! Source
|-
| Sri Lanka || 10 || Minimal || <ref name="DMC d 10" />
|-
| Tamil Nadu || 21 || 18.9 || <ref name="Damage2" /><ref name="Dow Jones & Company report" /><ref name="all ship victims found" />
|-
| Andhra Pradesh || 44 || 37.8 || <ref name="ap damage" /><ref name="AP 44" />
|-
! Total !! 75 !! 56.7 !!
|}

===India===
====Andhra Pradesh====
During the storm, 150,000 people were shifted to cyclone shelters in [[Nellore district]]. Along with Nellore, [[Chittoor district]] also saw very heavy rainfall.<ref name="Cyclone Nilam weakens after displacing 150,000" /> Severe flooding in [[Prakasam district]] blocked a highway and strong winds overturned a major truck. Several villages and towns in southern coastal Andhra Pradesh were flooded and heavy rains were also reported in [[Visakhapatnam]], a major city in north [[Coastal Andhra]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Video:Nilam floods Prakasham highway|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BZ1wiIjCv90|publisher=TV9|via=YouTube|access-date=1 November 2012|language=Telugu}}</ref> About 140 fishermen who all headed off a week ago, were reported to have been stranded off the [[Nellore]] coast. They were later on able to establish contact with their families and the Coast Guard successfully tried to rescue them.<ref name="Dasgupta"/> 3 were reportedly killed in Andhra Pradesh.<ref name="Cyclone Nilam leaves 11 dead in Tamil Nadu, Andhra"/> On November 1, more than 200 boats ran aground due to strong winds. [[TV9 Telugu|TV9]], a [[Telugu language|Telugu]] news channel reported that people in Nellore district continued to suffer from the effects of the storm even after landfall, due to lack of information regarding the cyclone.<ref>{{cite web|title=Video:200 boats washed ashore Nellore beach|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hp83k1IEEqE|publisher=TV9|via=YouTube|access-date=1 November 2012|language=Telugu}}</ref>

As Nilam weakened, heavy rainfall continued affecting south coastal Andhra Pradesh, Rayalaseema and Telangana with heavy rains and flash flooding.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cyclone Nilam: Heavy rain lashes coastal Andhra |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/cyclone-nilam-heavy-rain-lashes-coastal-andhra-120352-2012-11-01|publisher=Living Media India Limited.|access-date=2 November 2012}}</ref> The Kandaleru-Poondi part of the [[Telugu Ganga project]] near [[Gudur]], reportedly overflowed cutting transportation across the river.<ref>{{cite web|title=Video:Nilam brings rain to Nellore and Prakasham|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tpFGmwfNcIQ|publisher=TV9|via=YouTube|access-date=1 November 2012|language=Telugu}}</ref> Several villages in and around [[Ongole]] were inundated by floodwater. Several poor in coastal villagers who depended only on fishing had lost access to food and clean drinking water as fishing was prohibited for over three days. TV9 reported that over 12,000 poor had remained hungry over the past three days and no government official had visited the storm affected villages despite the prolonged shortage of food and lack of electricity. Severe flooding had blocked transportation between Ongole and the villages, stranding the villagers.<ref>{{cite web|title=Video:Nilam Cyclone brings rain to Coastal Andhra|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vDLuMMbB01s|publisher=TV9|via= YouTube|access-date=1 November 2012|language=Telugu}}</ref>

Four more people were found dead in Andhra Pradesh, as two people were electrocuted near the New Port railway station in [[Kakinada]]. Another old woman was killed by [[hypothermia]] while a man was found dead under the debris of a broken wall. The death toll in the state went up to seven.<ref name="seven dead in AP">{{cite web|title=Cyclone Nilam toll rises to seven|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-02/hyderabad/34877026_1_heavy-rains-coastal-districts-incessant-rain|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130127094733/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-02/hyderabad/34877026_1_heavy-rains-coastal-districts-incessant-rain|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 January 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2 November 2012}}</ref> Rains in Andhra Pradesh inundated 76,980 hectares of cropland, most of which was [[paddy field|paddy]]. As per reports, 449 electric poles were felled and 30 houses were damaged, out of which 16 houses were totally destroyed.<ref>{{cite news|title=Cyclone Nilam: Heavy rains in Andhra destroys crops|url=http://business-standard.com/india/news/cyclone-nilam-heavy-rains-in-andhra-destroys-crops/194160/on|work=Business Standard|date=2 November 2012 |access-date=2 November 2012|agency=Press Trust of India }}</ref> In [[Hyderabad]], heavy downpours from the cyclone's [[rainbands]] caused a six degree temperature drop. Trees were reportedly uprooted in the city's suburbs of SR Nagar, Shantinagar and Jaya Gardens near [[Malakpet]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Nilam effect: Rain chills Hyderabad|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-02/hyderabad/34877452_1_celsius-heavy-rains-maximum-temperature|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126063023/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-02/hyderabad/34877452_1_celsius-heavy-rains-maximum-temperature|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 January 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2 November 2012}}</ref>

====Tamil Nadu====
[[File:Pratibha Cauvery ship 4.JPG|thumbnail|left|MT ''Pratibha Cauvery'' which ran aground near Marina beach was towed by Malavya towing ship from Mumbai.]]
The Chennai Port sounded a 'Danger 7' alarm and had sent off ships to outer sea to minimize damage when the storm made landfall. [[Madras Atomic Power Station]], [[Kalpakkam]] officials stated that vigil was being maintained on all important equipment, and the reactors are made to withstand winds up to {{convert|160|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ram|first=Arun|title=Cyclone Nilam hits Tamil Nadu, no major damage reported so far|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-31/india/34836653_1_chennai-port-strong-winds-kalpakkam|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126084145/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-31/india/34836653_1_chennai-port-strong-winds-kalpakkam|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 January 2013|access-date=31 October 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=31 October 2012}}</ref> The oil tanker {{ship|MT|Pratibha Cauvery}} ran aground near Chennai after drifting into the storm. One crew member was reported to be killed, with 5 others missing. 16 crew members had reportedly escaped.<ref name="Dasgupta"/> The state government later declared a holiday for all schools and colleges of coastal districts.<ref name="nilamspares">{{cite news|title=Cyclone Nilam spares Chennai |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/nilam-to-make-landfall-near-mamallapuram/article4050114.ece|first=Ramakrishnan|last=T|date=October 31, 2012|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai|access-date=2012-11-01}}</ref> Over eight people were killed on the first day itself, as the storm made landfall on Tamil Nadu.<ref name="Cyclone Nilam leaves 11 dead in Tamil Nadu, Andhra">{{cite news|last=Yahoo! India News|title=Cyclone Nilam leaves 11 dead in Tamil Nadu, Andhra|url=http://in.news.yahoo.com/cyclone-nilam-leaves-11-dead-in-tamil-nadu--andhra.html|access-date=1 November 2012|newspaper=Yahoo! India News|date=1 November 2012}}</ref>

Floodwater totally inundated 51,486 hectares of directly sown farmland and 13,421 hectares of transplanted farmland; and partially submerged 4,404 hectares of directly sown area and 12,189 hectares of transplanted area. During the storm, 3,150 people were evacuated and kept in cyclone shelters at [[Thalainayar]] and [[Keezhaiyur]]. Among the evacuees, 2,100 people were from Pirinchamoolai, Vandal and Gundooranvellir villages and were taken to community halls. The rest of the people were taken to the Thalainayar Government Higher Secondary School in Thalainayar. Some {{convert|54|km|mi|abbr=on}} of municipality roads and {{convert|23|km|mi|abbr=on}} of town panchayat roads were damaged by the rains.<ref>{{cite news|title=Cyclone leaves a trail of misery, destruction and destitution|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/cyclone-leaves-a-trail-of-misery-destruction-and-destitution/article4054012.ece|work=The Hindu|date=November 2012 |access-date=1 November 2012|last1=Srividya |first1=P. V. }}</ref> In Chennai, weather returned to normal. Schools and colleges in the city, however, remained closed for November 1 and 2. Residents gathered at the [[Santhome]] beach, observing the relief and rescue efforts made to help the victims of the MV ''Pratibha Cauvery''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Normalcy, a day after Nilam|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/normalcy-a-day-after-nilam/article4055485.ece|work=The Hindu|date=November 2012 |access-date=2 November 2012}}</ref> On November 2, one of the MT ''Pratibha Cauvery''{{'}}s five missing sailors' bodies was found in the sea waters near Chennai. Four others remained missing even after a second day of search and rescue efforts which included four ships, two helicopters and two Dornier aircraft.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cyclone Nilam: Body of one missing sailor found, 4 still to be traced|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/south/cyclone-nilam-body-of-one-missing-sailor-found-4-still-to-be-traced-287414|publisher=NDTV|access-date=2 November 2012}}</ref><ref name="One sailor found dead">{{cite web|title=Cyclone Nilam: 5 sailors still missing from oil tanker|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_cyclone-nilam-15-sailors-rescued-six-still-missing-from-oil-tanker_1758783|work=DNA India|access-date=2 November 2012}}</ref>

A few hours later, a second body was found at the estuary of [[Adyar River]]. Reports revealed that the ship's captain had ignored instructions to leave for safe waters following the cyclone alert.<ref name="second sailor dead">{{cite web|title=Cyclone Nilam: Bodies of two missing sailors found, three still to be traced|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/cyclone-nilam-bodies-of-two-missing-sailors-found-three-still-to-be-traced-287414|publisher=NDTV|access-date=2 November 2012}}</ref> As efforts continued, another body was found afloat at sea. The Tamil Nadu death toll rose to 11, as a result. Though three bodies out of five were found, they were all yet to be identified.<ref name="third body found">{{cite web|title=Cyclone Nilam: Bodies of three missing sailors found, two still to be traced|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/cyclone-nilam-bodies-of-three-missing-sailors-found-two-still-to-be-traced-287414|publisher=NDTV Convergence Limited|access-date=2 November 2012}}</ref> M. Jayaraman, a senior disaster management official, said that at least 16 people were killed in rainfall-related events. This figure, along with the deaths of the MV Pratibha Cauvery incident sent the Tamil Nadu death toll up to 19.<ref name="Dow Jones & Company report">{{cite news|title=Cyclone Nilam: By the Numbers|newspaper=Wall Street Journal |date=2 November 2012 |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2012/11/02/cyclone-nilam-by-the-numbers/|publisher=Dow Jones & Company|access-date=2 November 2012|last1=Rana |first1=Preetika }}</ref> On November 3, the remaining two bodies from the MV ''Prathiba Cauvery'' incident were recovered, sending the death toll up to 21.<ref name="all ship victims found">{{cite web|title=Cyclone Nilam: Bodies of all missing sailors found|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/cyclone-nilam-bodies-all-missing-sailors-found-287880|publisher=NDTV|access-date=3 November 2012}}</ref>

===Sri Lanka===
[[File:Deep Depression BOB 02 Oct 29 2012.jpg|thumb|right|Nilam as a deep depression near Sri Lanka]]
Overall, 4,627 people were reportedly displaced due to the flooding and 56 people have left their homes in fear of landslides. Sri Lanka's Disaster Management Center said that about 1,000 houses were damaged by the storm.<ref name="Cyclone Nilam weakens after displacing 150,000">{{cite web|title=Cyclone Nilam weakens after displacing 150,000|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/cyclone-nilam-weakens-after-displacing-150000/1025150/|work=The Indian Express|access-date=1 November 2012}}</ref> Across Sri Lanka, ten people were killed in events related to Cyclone Nilam.<ref name="DMC d 10">{{cite web|title=Daily Situation Report - November 5, 2012 |url=http://www.dmc.gov.lk/situation%20report/reports-pdf/2012/2012.11.05%20SITREP_0900hrs.pdf |publisher=Disaster Management Center – Sri Lanka |access-date=5 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6BwpFDTu0?url=http://www.dmc.gov.lk/situation%20report/reports-pdf/2012/2012.11.05%20SITREP_0900hrs.pdf |archive-date=November 5, 2012 }}</ref>

==Aftermath==
On November 3, Sri Lanka's Disaster Management Centre reported that the process of relief and recovery had started. In [[Mullaitivu District]], evacuees in the evacuation centers were returned to their houses. The flood in [[Kilinochchi]] had receded and the situation was normalized. In [[Jaffna District]], divisional secretariats provided relief items and necessary amenities to the affected. In [[Nuwara Eliya District]], families vulnerable to landslides were evacuated and sent to Vidulipura Temple. Meals and relief items were provided to the flood victims of [[Colombo District|Colombo]] and [[Gampaha District|Gampaha]] districts.<ref name="dmc sl. 8 dead">{{cite web|title=Daily Situation Report - Sri Lanka - 03 November 2012 |url=http://www.dmc.gov.lk/situation%20report/reports-pdf/2012/SITREP2012.11.03_0900hrs.pdf |publisher=Disaster Management Center – Sri Lanka |access-date=3 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6BtVXn4Uc?url=http://www.dmc.gov.lk/situation%20report/reports-pdf/2012/SITREP2012.11.03_0900hrs.pdf |archive-date=November 3, 2012 }}</ref>

===Andhra Pradesh===
[[File:Cyclone Nilam floods Andhra Pradesh.jpg|thumb|left|Floods in agricultural fields after Nilam hit Andhra Pradesh]]
In a review conducted by the Government of Andhra Pradesh, the next day, it was depicted that nearly 67,819 people of 21,655 families have been shifted to 86 relief camps across the state. Also, as per the report of Municipality of Andhra Pradesh, {{convert|495|km|mi|abbr=on}} of roads, {{convert|406|km|mi|abbr=on}} of drains, {{convert|107|km|mi|abbr=on}} of water supply lines, 10,882 street lights and 36 municipal buildings were left in ruins, after the storm.<ref>{{cite web|title=Neelam's destruction continues, death toll rises to 22|url=http://www.siasat.com/english/news/neelams-destruction-continues-death-toll-rises-22|work=The Siasat Daily|access-date=5 November 2012}}</ref> As torrential rainfall damaged railway lines, several trains including [[Falaknuma Express]], [[East Coast Express (India)|East Coast Express]], and the [[Hyderabad–Visakhapatnam Godavari Express]] were either delayed or cancelled. Severe flooding in the state reportedly killed another 15 people, taking the death toll up to 22.<ref name="ap death toll 22">{{cite web|title=Cyclone Nilam: 22 killed in heavy rains in Andhra Pradesh|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/south/cyclone-nilam-22-killed-in-heavy-rains-in-andhra-pradesh-288250|publisher=NDTV Convergence Limited|access-date=5 November 2012}}</ref> Despite several hours passed since Nilam made landfall, the convection persisted and caused very heavy rainfall in north coastal Andhra Pradesh. Rains caused flash flooding and inundated five villages in [[Srikakulam district]]. To analyze the situation, Chief Minister [[Nallari Kiran Kumar Reddy]] conducted an aerial survey in flood affected areas. Also, heavy rains in Visakhapatnam district lead to a train derailment in Araku Valley, a famous tourist destination near Visakhapatnam.<ref>{{cite web|title=Video: Heavy rains in Srikakulam|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5XL6sDd7WBQ|publisher=TV9Zvia=YouTube|access-date=5 November 2012|language=Telugu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Video: CM aerial survey in flood affected areas|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lQdcQI2crc8|publisher=TV9|via=YouTube|access-date=5 November 2012|language=Telugu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Video: Train derails due to landslide at Araku|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d9ICW6Xwe2k|publisher=TV9|via=YouTube|access-date=5 November 2012|language=Telugu}}</ref> In [[East Godavari district]], floodwater reportedly overflew a railway bridge. A temple in the district along with the city of [[Rajahmundry]] were inundated.<ref>{{cite web|title=Video: Heavy rain lashes East Godavari|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gF3EIP_KUfE|publisher=TV9|via= YouTube|access-date=5 November 2012|language=Telugu}}</ref> TV9 supplied food and drinking water to the flood victims of the district.<ref>{{cite web|title=Video: TV9 supplies food to flood victims|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fkcng0Y9y60|publisher=TV9|via=YouTube|access-date=5 November 2012|language=Telugu}}</ref> Following severe flooding in [[West Godavari district]], four children were electrocuted on November 6. The death toll rose to 28. Around 500,000 hectares of cropland was ruined while 68,000 people were evacuated and taken to flood relief camps.<ref name="ap dtoll 28">{{cite web|title=Cyclone Nilam: Death toll climbs to 28 as rains continue to lash Andhra|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/cyclone-nilam-death-toll-climbs-to-28-as-rains-continue-to-lash-andhra/304097-62-127.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108102014/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/cyclone-nilam-death-toll-climbs-to-28-as-rains-continue-to-lash-andhra/304097-62-127.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 November 2012|publisher=IBNLive|access-date=6 November 2012}}</ref> On November 7, a government survey revealed economic losses of {{INRConvert|200|c}}. Exactly double the figure of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh suffered more economic damage and life loss though it was not directly hit.<ref name="ap damage">{{cite news|title=Cyclone Nilam aftermath: Crops in 70,000 hect damaged in Srikakulam|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/cyclone-nilam-aftermath-crops-in-70000-hect-damaged-in-srikakulam/articleshow/17130813.cms|work=The Economic Times|access-date=7 November 2012}}</ref> After another four-day long search and rescue, a total of 44 people were confirmed dead.<ref name="AP 44">{{cite web|title=Cyclone Nilam: 44 people killed in Andhra, says CM|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/cyclone-nilam-44-people-killed-in-andhra-says-cm/305041-62-127.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121115000800/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/cyclone-nilam-44-people-killed-in-andhra-says-cm/305041-62-127.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 November 2012|publisher=IBNLive|access-date=11 November 2012}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Commons category|Cyclone Nilam}}
* [[Cyclone Thane]]
* [[1990 Andhra Pradesh cyclone]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150517005046/http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/cyclone.htm India Meteorological Department]
* [http://www.usno.navy.mil/JTWC/ Joint Typhoon Warning Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150809201922/http://www.usno.navy.mil/JTWC/ |date=2015-08-09 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121105042435/http://www.cdrn.org.in/ Corporate Disaster Resource Network, India]
* [http://www.rapidresponse.org.in Rapid Response, India]

{{2012 North Indian Ocean cyclone season buttons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nilam}}
[[Category:2012 in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:2012 North Indian Ocean cyclone season]]
[[Category:Cyclonic storms]]
[[Category:2010s in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Disasters in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:2010s in Karnataka]]
[[Category:2010s in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Disasters in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:2010s in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Disasters in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in India]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in 2012]]

Pahari (Poonchi)

2026-04-16T16:21:37Z

Musariaz: added a entry!

{{Short description|Dialect of the Indo-Aryan Pahari-Pothwari language spoken in Azad Kashmir}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Poonchi Pahari
| altname = Pahari (Poonchi)
| nativename = {{nq|پونچھی پہاڑی}}, Punchhī Pahāṛī
| states = [[Pakistan]] (Azad Kashmir), [[India]] (Jammu and Kashmir)
| region = [[Poonch Division]] in [[Azad Kashmir]]; [[Poonch district, India|Poonch District]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4 = [[Northwestern Indo-Aryan languages|Northwestern]]
| fam5 = [[Punjabic]]
| fam6 = [[Lahnda]]
| fam7 = [[Pahari-Pothwari]]
| iso3 = phr
| glotto = punc1239
| glottorefname = Punchhi
| script = [[Shahmukhi]]
| map =
| mapcaption =
}}

'''Pahari (Poonchi)''' also known as '''Poonchi Pahari''' (Urdu: پونچھی پہاڑی) is a dialect of Punjabi, the [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] [[Pahari-Pothwari]] group, spoken primarily in the [[Poonch Division]] of Pakistani-administered [[Azad Kashmir]] and the [[Poonch District, India|Poonch District]] of Indian-administered [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. It is considered part of the [[Lahnda]] (Western Punjabi) dialect continuum, and is closely related to [[Hindko]] and [[Pothohari]].<ref name="Kashmiri2023">{{cite journal |last1=Kashmiri |first1=Naveed Sarwar Shad |last2=Rashid |first2=Haroon Ur |title=Language Dynamics among Pahari Speakers: Trends in Language Use and Shift over Time |journal=Pakistan Languages and Humanities Review |volume=7 |issue=3 |year=2023 |pages=996–1013 |doi=10.47205/plhr.2023(7-III)86 |doi-broken-date=1 July 2025 |url=https://ojs.plhr.org.pk/journal/article/view/830}}</ref><ref name="latifanalysis">{{cite journal |last1=Latif |first1=Iqra |title=The Morphosyntactic Analysis Of Pahari (Kotli Dialect) Azad Jammu And Kashmir |url=https://migrationletters.com/index.php/ml/article/view/11294|journal=Migration Letters|date=2 July 2024 |volume=21 |issue=S12 |pages=186–197 |access-date=20 June 2025|quote=...further classified by Karnai (2007) into four dialects: Muzafarabadi, Mirpuri, ''Poonchi'' and Kotli}}</ref>

== Classification ==
Linguists classify Poonchi Pahari under the Indo-European > Indo-Iranian > Indo-Aryan > Northwestern > Punjabic > Lahnda > Pahari-Pothwari > Punchic branch. Alongside Poonchi, the dialects of Shah-Mansuri, Zaghloli and Zirak-Boli also fall under the ''Punchic'' classification.<ref name="Lothers2010">{{cite book |last1=Lothers |first1=Michael |last2=Lothers |first2=Laura |title=Pahari and Pothwari: A Sociolinguistic Survey |work=SIL Global |url=https://www.sil.org/resources/publications/entry/9130 |publisher=SIL International |year=2010 |pages=1–120}}</ref><ref name="glottolog">{{cite web |title=Dialect: Punchhi |url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/punc1239 |website=Glottolog |publisher=Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology |access-date=20 June 2025}}</ref> Poonchi Pahari is mutually intelligible with neighboring Pahari dialects such as the [[Mirpuri dialect]] and [[Kotli District|Kotli]] [[Pahari-Pothwari|Pahari]], which are often grouped locally as part of a singular "Pahari" language.

== Distribution and speakers ==
The dialect is spoken primarily in Pakistani-administered Azad Kashmir's [[Poonch Division]], which comprises the districts of [[Poonch District, Pakistan|Poonch]], [[Bagh District|Bagh]], [[Sudhanoti District|Sudhanoti]], and [[Haveli District|Haveli]]. Additionally, it is also spoken in Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir's [[Poonch District, India|Poonch District]].<ref name="Karnai2007">{{cite journal |last=Karnai |first=Muzaffar |title=Karnai, M. (2007). Pahari Aor Urdu: Ik Taqabali Jaiza |journal=National Language Authority |year=2007}}</ref><ref name="latif">{{cite journal |last1=Latif |first1=Iqra |title=The Morphosyntactic Analysis Of Pahari (Kotli Dialect) Azad Jammu And Kashmir |url=https://migrationletters.com/index.php/ml/article/view/11294 |journal=Migration Letters|date=2 July 2024 |volume=21 |issue=S12 |pages=186–197 |access-date=20 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="Kashmiri2023" />

There is also a smaller diaspora of Poonchi and broader [[Pahari-Pothwari|Pahari]] speakers in the United Kingdom, together estimated at over 0.1 million.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Baart |first1=Joan L. G. |title=Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan |volume=2: Languages of Northern Areas |publisher=SIL International |url= https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/10/20/69/102069342071601500850856974312702005324/32840_SSNP02.pdf|year=2003}}</ref>

== Phonology and grammar ==
Poonchi Pahari features a rich phonological inventory. One study found 30 consonants, 12 oral vowels, 4 nasalized vowels, and 6 diphthongs in Pahari as spoken in [[Bagh District]], part of the [[Poonch Division]] in Azad Kashmir.<ref name="Niazi">{{cite thesis |last=Niazi |first=M. A. |title=The Phonological System of Pahari |publisher=University of Azad Jammu & Kashmir |url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362218748|year=2003}}</ref> Stress is non-contrastive and syllable structure resembles that of Punjabi and Hindko.

The language follows the typical [[SOV word order|subject–object–verb]] structure of Indo-Aryan languages. It makes use of postpositions, auxiliary verbs, and aspect-based verb stems.<ref name="Lothers2010" />

== Vocabulary and influence ==
The vocabulary is largely Indo-Aryan in origin, with substantial influence from [[Urdu]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], and [[English language|English]]. Daily speech frequently incorporates Urdu and English terms, especially among younger speakers.<ref name="Kashmiri2023" />

== Script ==
Poonchi Pahari is written informally in the [[Shahmukhi script]], which is the Perso-Arabic script also used for Punjabi and related varieties (including Pahari–Pothwari) in Azad Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2019/19111r-punjabi-lam.pdf|title=Unicode Proposal for ArLaam|last1=Evans|first1=Lorna Priest|last2=Malik|first2=M.G. Abbas|date=1 May 2019|website=Unicode|publisher=Punjabi Parchar|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421191456/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2019/19111r-punjabi-lam.pdf|archive-date=21 April 2020|access-date=21 April 2020}}</ref>

== Status and language shift ==
Some sociolinguists consider Poonchi Pahari to be a threatened or endangered language, due to its limited presence in education, media, and government.<ref name="Kashmiri2023" /> Younger speakers in Azad Kashmir are increasingly shifting toward Urdu and English for economic and social mobility.

Despite this, revitalization efforts are underway. The Government of Azad Kashmir, the [[University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir]], and the [[Allama Iqbal Open University]] have supported academic research into the preservation and documentation of the Pahari languages of [[Azad Kashmir]].<ref name="AJK2023">{{cite web |title=Institute of Languages established at AJK University |url=https://ajku.edu.pk/institutes/institute-of-languages |access-date=20 June 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Languages of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Languages of Azad Kashmir]]
[[Category:Punjabi language in Pakistan]]

Peddapalle Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T02:13:36Z

Musariaz: added a article!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Telangana legislative assembly in India}}
{{distinguish|Peddapalli Lok Sabha constituency}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Peddapalle
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Telangana (25-Peddapalle highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Peddapalle Assembly constituency within Telangana
| mla = [[Chinthakunta Vijaya Ramana Rao]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| established = 1951
| state = [[Telangana]]
| district = [[Peddapalli district|Peddapalli]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Peddapalli Lok Sabha constituency|Peddapalli]]
| electors = 2,14,771
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 25
}}

'''Peddapalle Assembly constituency''' is a constituency of [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is one of 3 constituencies in [[peddapalli district]]. It is part of [[Peddapalli Lok Sabha constituency]].

Chinthakunta Vijaya Ramana Rao of [[Indian National Congress]] won the 2023 election with over majority of 55,108 votes.

==Mandals==
The Assembly Constituency presently comprises the following Mandals:
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| [[Peddapalli|Peddapalle]]
|-
| [[Julapalle]]
|-
| [[Eligedu]]
|-
| [[Sultanabad, Karimnagar|Sultanabad]]
|-
| [[Odela]]
|-
| [[Kalva Srirampur]]
|-
|}

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Member !! colspan="2" |Party
|-
! colspan=4| [[Hyderabad State]]
|-
| 1952-57||L.Muttayya||{{Full party name with color|Peoples Democratic Front}}
|-
! colspan=4| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
| 1962-67||Butti Raja Ram||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 1967-72||Jinna Malla Reddy||{{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| 1972-78||Jinna Malla Reddy||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 1978-83||G.Raji Reddy
|-
| 1983-85||Gone Prakash Rao||{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 1985-89||Kalva Ramachandra Reddy
|-
| 1989-94||Geetla Mukunda Reddy||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 1994-99||Birudu Rajamallu||{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| 1999-04||Gujjula Ramakishna Reddy||{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 2004-09||Geetla Mukunda Reddy||{{Full party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|-
|[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|[[Chinthakunta Vijaya Ramana Rao]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
! colspan=4| [[Telangana]]
|-
|[[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|rowspan=2|[[Dasari Manohar Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
|[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|[[Chinthakunta Vijaya Ramana Rao]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

==Election results==

===Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2023===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|Telangana Assembly Elections, 2023]]: Peddapalle (Assembly constituency)}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Chinthakunta Vijaya Ramana Rao|votes=1,18,888|percentage=57.17|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharat Rashtra Samithi|candidate=[[Dasari Manohar Reddy]]|votes=63,780|percentage=30.67|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Dasari Usha|votes=10,315|percentage=4.96|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Pradeep Kumar Dugyala|votes=6,312|percentage=3.04|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=865|percentage=0.42|change=}}{{Election box majority|votes=55,108|percentage=26.5|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=2,07,944|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Indian National Congress|loser=Bharat Rashtra Samithi|swing=}}{{Election box end}}

===Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2018===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|Telangana Assembly Elections, 2018]]: Peddapalle (Assembly constituency)}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Telangana Rashtra Samithi|candidate=[[Dasari Manohar Reddy]]|votes=82,765|percentage=44.33|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Chinthakunta Vijaya Ramana Rao|votes=74,299|percentage=39.79|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Gujjula Ramakrishna Reddy|votes=9,375|percentage=5.02|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=1,853|percentage=0.99|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=8,466|percentage=4.54|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,86,718|percentage=84.08|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
|loser =Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|Telangana Assembly Elections, 2014]]: Peddapalle (Assembly constituency)}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Telangana Rashtra Samithi|candidate=[[Dasari Manohar Reddy]]|votes=96,220|percentage=57.33|change=}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiavotes.com/ac/details/61/34770/239|title=peddapelli Results|work=indiavotes.com}}</ref>
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=T. Bhanu Prasad Rao|votes=33,543|percentage=19.99|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Chinthakunta Vijaya Ramana Rao|votes=24,216|percentage=14.43|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=1,545|percentage=0.92|change=}}{{Election box majority|votes=62,677|percentage=37.34|change=}}{{Election box turnout|votes=1,67,829|percentage=75.94|change=}}{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Telangana Rashtra Samithi|loser=Telugu Desam Party|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Telangana Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Telangana}}
{{Peddapalli district}}
{{coord|18.24|78.33|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Telangana]]
[[Category:Karimnagar district]]
[[Category:Politics of Telangana]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]

Qazi Mohammad Afzal

2026-04-11T20:05:42Z

Musariaz: added a entry

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Qazi Mohammad Afzal
| image =
| caption =
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Ganderbal Assembly constituency|Ganderbal]]
| term_start = 2002
| term_end = 2008
| predecessor = [[Farooq Abdullah]]
| successor = [[Omar Abdullah]]
| office1 = Forest Minister of Jammu & Kashmir
| term_start1 = 2002
| term_end1 = 2008
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date = 1 March 2019
| death_place = [[Srinagar]], India
| party = [[Peoples Democratic Party (India)|Peoples Democratic Party]]
| other_party =
| occupation = Politician
| profession =
}}
'''Qazi Mohammad Afzal''' was an Indian politician from [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], belonging to the [[Peoples Democratic Party (India)|Peoples Democratic Party]]. He served as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] from 2002 to 2008. He gained prominence for his victory over [[Omar Abdullah]], the president of the National Conference (NC), in the [[Ganderbal Assembly constituency]] during the 2002 assembly elections.<ref>{{cite news|title=National Conference president bites the dust|url=https://m.rediff.com/news/2002/oct/11sld1.htm|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=11 October 2002|access-date=2023-06-22|language=en}}</ref>

He was appointed a cabinet minister in the PDP-Congress coalition government led by [[Mufti Mohammad Sayeed]]. He served as the Forest Minister from 2002 to 2008, contributing to governance and policy-making in the state.<ref>{{cite news |title=PDP founding member Qazi Afzal passes away |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/kashmir/pdp-founding-member-qazi-afzal-passes-away/ |publisher=[[Greater Kashmir]] |date=March 8, 2019}}</ref>

During his tenure as Forest Minister, Afzal was at the center of a controversial decision. In 2008, he issued the [[Amarnath land transfer controversy|Amarnath land order]], which led to protests in the Valley and intensified tensions between the [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] regions. He resigned from the cabinet in September 2007 after being accused of corruption and subsequently losing the forest portfolio.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jammu and Kashmir minister Qazi Afzal steps down|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/jammu-and-kashmir-minister-qazi-afzal-steps-down/story-sbG1WM0C3WIg4ixoc7ob3I.html|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=5 September 2007|access-date=2023-06-22|language=en}}</ref> He had also served as the Cabinet Minister handling the portfolio of Housing and Urban Development.<ref>{{cite news |title=Qazi is still cabinet minister: JK Govt |url=https://twocircles.net/2007oct05/qazi_still_cabinet_minister_jk_govt.html |publisher=Two Circles |date=October 5, 2007 |archive-date=12 December 2025 |access-date=14 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251212061140/https://twocircles.net/2007oct05/qazi_still_cabinet_minister_jk_govt.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

He contested as a PDP candidate but he could not win in both the 2008 and 2014 elections. He died on 1 March 2019, in [[Srinagar]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Former minister Qazi Afzal passes away|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/j-k/former-minister-qazi-afzal-passes-away-737140|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|date=15 April 2019|access-date=2023-06-22|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Qazi Afzal laid to rest|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/kashmir/qazi-afzal-laid-to-rest|work=[[Greater Kashmir]]|date=8 March 2019|access-date=2023-06-22|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohammad Afzal, Qazi}}
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2002–2008]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party politicians]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:People from Ganderbal district]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]

{{JammuKashmir-politician-stub}}

Susta territory

2026-04-10T05:16:41Z

Musariaz:

{{For-multi|the rural municipality|Susta Rural Municipality|other uses|Susta (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox territory
| name = Susta
| native_name = सुस्ता
| native_name_lang = 
| settlement_type = Disputed territory
| pushpin_map = Nepal Lumbini Province#Nepal
| nickname =
| motto =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_map = Disputed Susta.png
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Disputed Susta
| coordinates = {{coordinates|27.3572647|83.87609|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint =
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Status
| subdivision_name = Controlled by [[Nepal]] Claimed by [[India]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = [[Rana regime]]
| founder = [[Rana regime|Rana]]
| seat_type =
| seat =
| government_footnotes =
| government_type = Ward commissioner
| governing_body = Ward No. 5
| unit_pref = Metric

| area_footnotes =
| area_magnitude =
| area_note =
| area_water_percent =
| area_rank =
| area_blank1_title =
| area_blank2_title = 
| area_total_km2 = 50
| area_land_km2 =
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| area_rural_km2 =
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| area_blank1_km2 =
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| width_km =
| dimensions_footnotes =
| elevation_max_footnotes =
| elevation_max_m =
| elevation_min_m =
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| population_as_of =
| population_total =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_note =
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 =
| utc_offset1 = +5:45
| timezone1_DST =
| utc_offset1_DST =
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| area_code_type =
| area_code =
| iso_code =
| website = 
| footnotes =
}}
'''Susta''' is a disputed territory between [[Nepal]] and India. It is administered by Nepal as part of [[Susta Rural Municipality]], under [[Parasi District|West Nawalparasi District]] in [[Lumbini Province]]. It is claimed by India as part of [[West Champaran]] district of [[Bihar]]. The disputed territory is located on the eastern side of the Gandak river ([[Narayani River]] in Nepal). [[Nepal]] claims the area a part of [[Parasi District|West Nawalparasi District]] under [[Susta Rural Municipality|Susta rural municipality]] (part of ward no. 5), alleging that over 14,860 hectares of Nepali land in Susta has been encroached upon by India while India claims "Susta" to be a part of [[West Champaran district]].

According to the [[Sugauli Treaty]] signed between [[British East India Company]] and [[Nepal]] in 1816, the [[Gandak river]] is the international boundary and eastern part of the river belongs to India and western part of the river belongs to Nepal. At the time the treaty was signed Susta village was situated west of the river. But, over the years, the Gandak river changed its course and Susta moved to the east side of the river, that is now on the Indian side of the river.

Nepal maintains the Gandak's course in 1816 to be taken as the fixed international boundary but India claims that land on the eastern side of the river is its own territory.<ref name="sustaa">{{cite web |url= https://scroll.in/article/831576/as-a-river-changed-its-course-a-village-on-the-india-nepal-border-became-disputed-territory |title= As a river changed its course, a village on the India-Nepal border became disputed territory |date=19 March 2017 |website=www.scroll.in |publisher= |access-date=17 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://thediplomat.com/2014/09/india-and-nepal-tackle-border-disputes/ |title= India and Nepal Tackle Border Disputes |date=22 September 2014 |website=www.thediplomat.com |publisher= |access-date=17 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.lensculture.com/articles/prasiit-sthapit-change-of-course |title= Change of Course |date= |website= www.lensculture.com |publisher= |access-date=17 August 2018}}</ref>
[[File:1841 - 60 - 27(D) 1860 Sheet No. 5 Rough Thak Bust Map of Boundary between Nepal and British Territory.jpg|thumb|300px|Map of boundary between Nepal and British territory Oudh in 1860.]]

==See also==

* [[India–Nepal border#Dispute|India-Nepal disputed territories]]
* [[Kalapani territory]]
* [[Mechipari territory]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Territorial disputes in East, South, and Southeast Asia}}

[[Category:Parasi District]]
[[Category:Lumbini Province]]
[[Category:Disputed territories in Asia]]
[[Category:Territorial disputes of Nepal]]
[[Category:Territorial disputes of India]]
[[Category:India–Nepal relations]]

Signature Island

2026-03-24T03:55:31Z

Musariaz: fix page additionally and cleaned formatting

{{short description|Indian luxury development project}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox building
|name = Signature Island
|location = [[Bandra Kurla Complex]], [[Mumbai]], [[India]]<ref>{{cite web|title=BKC: Mumbai's hottest luxury residential location|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/real-estate/bkc-mumbais-hottest-luxury-residential-location_722566.html|website=Moneycontrol.com|accessdate=19 May 2015}}</ref>
|coordinates = {{coord|19.0666|72.8670|display=inline,title}}
|pushpin_map = Mumbai
|image =
|building_type = Residential
|status = completed
|antenna_spire =
|roof =
|floor_count = 18
|construction_start_date = 2009
|completion_date = 2015
|main_contractor = Sunteck Realty, [[Shapoorji & Pallonji Limited]]
|architect = Talati & Panthaky Associated (TPA)
}}

'''Signature Island''' is a luxury development project in the [[Bandra Kurla Complex]], [[Mumbai]], [[India]]. Built by Sunteck Realty Limited, the project features all duplex homes of 7,500 and 11,500 square feet. The project was completed in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|title=Uber-rich buying luxury apartments in Bandra-Kurla Complex|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Uber-rich-buying-luxury-apartments-in-Bandra-Kurla-Complex/articleshow/46800006.cms|website=Times of India|accessdate=19 May 2015}}</ref>

In 2013, Signature Island was named Project of the year at the 27th National Real Estate Awards.<ref>{{cite web|title=Signature Island, BKC: Project of the Year in Mumbai|url=http://accommodationtimes.com/signature-island-bkc-project-of-the-year-in-mumbai/|website=Accommodation Times|accessdate=19 May 2015}}</ref> In 2014 it won 2 awards at the Realty Plus Excellence Awards. In 2015 it was named Luxury Project of the Year by [[Lokmat]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Lokmat Presents National Awards for Excellence In Real Estate & Infrastructure|url=http://cmoasia.org/lokmat_realestate_and_infrastructure.html|accessdate=19 May 2015}}</ref>

==Notable residents==
* [[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan]] and [[Abhishek Bachchan]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/personal-finance-news/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-buys-apartment-in-bandra-kurla-complex-for-rs-21-crore/articleshow/48079058.cms|title=Aishwarya Rai Bachchan buys apartment in Bandra-Kurla Complex for Rs 21 crore|first=Kailash|last=Babar|via=The Economic Times}}</ref>
* [[Sonam K Ahuja]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.architecturaldigest.in/content/bollywood-celebrity-sonam-kapoor-mumbai-house-rs-35-crore-anand-ahuja-wedding/|title=Sonam Kapoor bought this Mumbai duplex apartment for INR 35 crores|date=25 April 2018|website=Architectural Digest India}}</ref>
*[[Rinke Khanna]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/rinke-khanna-buys-plush-mumbai-home-for-rs-26-crore-116091800792_1.html|title=Rinke Khanna buys plush Mumbai home for Rs 26 crore|first=Raghavendra|last=Kamath|date=19 September 2016|via=Business Standard}}</ref>
*[[Vikram Pandit]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/X2yGbr4yDmxbTyPwXQJbqK/Bandra-Kurla-Complex-neighbourhood-to-get-elite-residents.html|title=Look who's moving to Bandra Kurla Complex—Chadha, Pandit, Kampani...|first=Unnikrishnan|last=S|date=14 January 2013|website=Livemint}}</ref>
*[[Nimesh Kampani]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/bandra-kurla-complex-is-mumbais-new-pin-code-for-the-rich/1124071/|title=Bandra Kurla Complex is Mumbai's new pin code for the rich - Indian Express|website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref>
*[[Uday Kotak]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Big-ticket-sale-in-Bandra-Kurla-Compelx-Uday-Kotak-pays-Rs-55-crore-for-11000-sq-ft-flat/articleshow/46937709.cms|title=Big-ticket sale in Bandra-Kurla Complex: Uday Kotak pays Rs 55 crore for 11,000 sq ft flat | Mumbai News - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Mumbai]]

Operation Python

2026-03-19T06:49:28Z

Musariaz: brief updated section based on references and fixed typos

{{Short description|Part of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971}}
{{About||the operation conducted by Z Special Unit during World War II|Operation Python (1943–44)}}
{{primary sources|date=December 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}

{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Operation Python
| partof = [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]
| image =
| caption = 25th Missile Vessel Squadron of the Indian Western Naval Command during Operation Python
| date = 8–9 December 1971
| place = [[Arabian Sea]], {{convert|12|nmi|abbr=on}} off [[Karachi Port]], [[Pakistan]]
| territory =
| result = Indian victory, partial de facto naval blockade of Pakistan.
| combatant1 = {{flagcountry|India}}
| combatant2 = {{flagcountry|Pakistan}}
| commander1 = * [[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]]. [[Elenjikal Chandy Kuruvila|E. C. Kuruvila]]
* Commanding Officers of the ships engaged
| commander2 = *[[Rear admiral (Pakistan)|Rear Admiral]] [[Hasan Hafeez Ahmed|Hasan Ahmed]]
* Commanding Officers of the ships engaged
| units1 = {{navy|India}}
| units2 = {{navy|Pakistan}}
| strength1 = *1 [[INS Vinash (K85)|missile boat]]
*2 multipurpose [[Whitby-class frigate|frigate]]s
| strength2 = A group of ships stationed off the coast of Karachi
| casualties1 = None
| casualties2 = *1 [[PNS Dacca (A41)|fleet tanker]] damaged beyond repair
*Oil storage facility destroyed
| notes =
| casualties3 = 2 merchant vessels sunk, several civilians killed and injured
}}
{{Campaignbox Indo-Pakistani War of 1971}}

'''Operation Python''', a follow-up to [[Operation Trident (1971)|Operation Trident]], was the code name of a naval attack launched on West Pakistan's port city of [[Karachi]] by the [[Indian Navy]] during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]. After the first attack during [[Operation Trident (1971)|Operation Trident]] on the Port of Karachi, Pakistan stepped up [[Aerial reconnaissance|aerial surveillance]] of its coast as the presence of large [[Indian Navy]] ships gave the impression that another attack was being planned. Pakistani warships attempted to outsmart the Indian Navy by mingling with [[Maritime transport|merchant shipping.]] To counter these moves, Operation Python was launched on the night of 8/9 December 1971. A strike group consisting of one [[INS Vinash (K85)|missile boat]] and two [[Whitby-class frigate|frigates]] attacked the group of ships off the coast of Karachi. While India suffered no losses, Pakistani [[Replenishment oiler|fleet tanker]] {{ship|PNS|Dacca|A41|6}} was damaged beyond repair, and the Kemari Oil Storage facility was lost.<ref name="How the was won ...">{{cite news |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040111/spectrum/book1.htm|title=How west was won ...|work=The Tribune|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630124832/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040111/spectrum/book1.htm|archive-date=30 June 2017|url-status=live|access-date=22 November 2016}}</ref> Two other foreign ships stationed in Karachi were also sunk during the attack.

==Background==
In 1971, the [[Port of Karachi]] housed the headquarters of the [[Pakistan Navy]] and almost the entire Pakistan Naval fleet was based at [[Karachi Harbour]]. It was also the hub of Pakistan's maritime trade.{{Sfn|Karim|1996|p=69}} [[Pakistan Air Force]]'s shore-based aircraft were tasked with providing uninterrupted cover to Karachi port, against any possible air strikes. It also gained significance as it was the only major [[seaport]] in [[West Pakistan]].{{Sfn|Hiranandani|2000|p=118}}{{Sfn|Hiranandani|2000|p=125}}

Towards the end of 1971, there were rising tensions between India and Pakistan, and after Pakistan declared a national emergency on 23 November, the Indian Navy deployed three {{sclass|Vidyut|missile boat}}s in the vicinity of [[Okha, India|Okha]], near Karachi, to carry out patrols. As the Pakistani fleet would also be operating in the same waters, the Indian Navy set a demarcation line which ships in their fleet would not cross. Later this deployment proved to be useful to gain experience in the region's waters. On 3 December, after Pakistan attacked Indian airfields along the border, the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]] officially began.<ref name="40 Years Since Operation Trident">{{cite web|author1=Hiranandani|first=Gulab Mohanlal|author-link=Gulab Mohanlal Hiranandani|date=9 September 2020|title=1971 War: The First Missile Attack on Karachi|url=http://www.indiandefencereview.com/interviews/1971-war-the-first-missile-attack-on-karachi/0/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217084537/http://www.indiandefencereview.com/interviews/1971-war-the-first-missile-attack-on-karachi/0/|archive-date=17 February 2017|access-date=20 March 2019|website=Indian Defence Review|type=interview}}</ref>

==Operation==
===Prelude===
The Indian Naval Headquarters (NHQ) in Delhi along with the [[Western Naval Command]] planned to attack the strategically important [[Port of Karachi]].{{Sfn|Hiranandani|2000|p=124}} A strike group under Western Naval Command, was formed. This strike group was to be formed around the three ''Vidyut''-class missile boats already deployed off the coast of Okha. However these had limited operational and radar range and to overcome this difficulty, it was decided to assign support vessels to the group. On 4 December, what was now designated as the Karachi Strike Group was formed and consisted of the three ''Vidyut''-class missile boats: {{INS|Nipat|K86|6}}, {{INS|Nirghat|K89|6}} and {{INS|Veer|K82|6}}, each armed with four [[P-15 Termit|P-15 Termit (SS-N-2B Styx)]] [[surface-to-surface missile]]s with a range of {{convert|40|nmi}}, two {{sclass|Arnala|corvette|0}} [[anti-submarine]] [[corvette]]s: {{INS|Kiltan|P79|6}} and {{INS|Katchall|P81|6}}, and a [[Replenishment oiler|fleet tanker]], [[Poshak-class barge|INS ''Poshak'']].{{Sfn|Hiranandani|2000|p=184–185}} The group was under the command of [[Commander]] [[Babru Bhan Yadav]],{{Sfn|Jaques|2007|p=511}}<ref name="Commander BB YADAV Gallantry Awards GOV">{{cite web |title=Commander BB YADAV |url=http://gallantryawards.gov.in/Awardee/bb-yadav |website=Gallantry Awards |publisher=Ministry of Defence, Government of India |access-date=20 March 2019}}</ref> the Commanding Officer of the [[25th Missile Boat Squadron]]. (25-KS)<ref name="Indian Navy’s War Hero passes away Cmde Babru Yadav led the Missile Boat Attack on Karachi in 1971">{{cite web |author1=Cmde Ranjit B. Rai |title=Indian Navy's War Hero passes away Cmde Babru Yadav led the Missile Boat Attack on Karachi in 1971 |url=https://www.indiastrategic.in/topstories548.htm |website=India Strategic |access-date=20 March 2019 |date=April 2010 |archive-date=12 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012222939/http://www.indiastrategic.in/topstories548.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

On the night of 4/5 December, the Indian Navy launched Operation Trident with the Karachi Strike Group off the coast of Karachi. This operation saw the first use of [[anti-ship missile]]s in combat in the region and inflicted heavy damage on the Pakistanis. While India suffered no losses, Pakistan lost one [[PNS Muhafiz|minesweeper]], one [[HMS Cadiz (D79)|destroyer]], a cargo vessel carrying ammunition, and fuel storage tanks in Karachi.<ref name="GlobalSecurity">{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/indo-pak_1971.htm|title=Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|website=Global Security|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161126094736/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/indo-pak_1971.htm|archive-date=26 November 2016|url-status=live|access-date=21 November 2016}}</ref> Another [[HMS Charity (R29)|destroyer]] was also badly damaged and had, eventually, to be scrapped. The [[Pakistan Air Force]] retaliated against these attacks by bombing [[Okha, India|Okha Harbour]], scoring direct hits on fueling facilities for [[Missile boat|missile boats]], an ammunition dump, and the missile boats' jetty. The Indian Navy had anticipated this attack and had already moved the missile boats to other locations to prevent any losses.

Though the Indian Navy had [[strategic victory]] with Operation Trident, its main target, the oil storage facilities in Karachi were still operational as only one of the two [[P-15 Termit|missiles]] fired had hit them. This failure was later assessed as the result of confusion created between the commanding officers of the three missile boats. Furthermore, the Indians mistook [[Tracer ammunition|tracer]] fire from the [[coastal artillery]] of Karachi as originating from Pakistani aircraft and retreated hurriedly before they could properly target the tanks.<ref name="Trident, Grandslam and Python: Attacks on Karachi" /> After the first attack during Operation Trident on the Port of Karachi, Pakistan stepped up aerial surveillance of its coast as the presence of large Indian Navy ships gave the impression that another attack was being planned.<ref name="GlobalSecurity" /> Pakistani warships attempted to outsmart the Indian Navy by mingling with merchant shipping. To counter these moves, Operation Python was launched.<ref name="Trident, Grandslam and Python: Attacks on Karachi" />

===Attack===
On the night of 8/9 December 1971, at 10:00 pm [[Pakistan Standard Time]] (PKT), in rough seas, a small strike group consisting of the missile boat {{INS|Vinash|K85|6}}, equipped with four [[P-15 Termit|Styx]] missiles, and two multipurpose frigates, {{INS|Talwar|F140|6}} and {{INS|Trishul|F143|6}}, approached [[Manora, Karachi|Manora]], a peninsula south of the Port of Karachi. During their voyage, a Pakistani [[Patrol boat|patrol vessel]] was encountered and sunk. The Indian Navy's official historian, [[Vice admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Gulab Mohanlal Hiranandani|Hiranandani]] in his book ''Transition to Triumph'', mentioned that while the group approached Karachi, ''Trishul'''s [[electronic surveillance]] revealed that the [[radar]] there had stopped rotating and was directed straight at the group, confirming that it had been detected.{{Sfn|Hiranandani|2000|p=199}}

Around 11.00 pm (PKT), the group detected a batch of ships at a distance of {{convert|12|nmi|abbr=on}}. ''Vinash'' immediately fired all four of its missiles, the first of which struck the fuel tanks at the Kemari Oil Farm causing a heavy explosion. Another missile hit and sank the [[Panama|Panamanian]] fuel tanker SS ''Gulf Star''. The third and fourth missiles hit the Pakistani Navy fleet tanker [[USNS Mission Santa Clara|PNS ''Dacca'']] and the [[Merchant Navy (United Kingdom)|British merchant ship]] SS ''Harmattan''. ''Dacca'' was damaged beyond repair, while ''Harmattan'' sank. As ''Vinash'' had now expended all of its missiles, the group immediately withdrew to the nearest Indian port.{{Sfn|Hiranandani|2000|pp=201–202}}

Between Operations ''Trident'' and ''Python'', and the [[Indian Air Force]] attacks on Karachi's fuel and ammunition depots, more than fifty percent of the total fuel requirement of the Karachi zone was reported to have been destroyed. The result was a crippling economic blow to Pakistan. The damage was estimated to be worth $3 billion, with most of the oil reserves<ref name="How the was won ..." /> and ammunition warehouses and workshops destroyed. The [[Pakistan Air Force]] was also affected by the loss of fuel.<ref name="Trident, Grandslam and Python: Attacks on Karachi">{{cite web|author1=Harry|title=Trident, Grandslam and Python: Attacks on Karachi|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/History/1971War/44-Attacks-On-Karachi.html?showall=1|website=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=20 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141120020555/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/History/1971War/44-Attacks-On-Karachi.html?showall=1|archive-date=20 November 2014|date=7 July 2004}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
With no casualties observed on the Indian side, both missile attacks (Trident and Python) led the Pakistan Navy to take extreme measures to prevent any further damage. The rescue efforts were immediately coordinated by [[Rear admiral (Pakistan)|Rear Admiral]] [[Patrick Julian Simpson|Patrick Simpson]] who kept morale high among the Pakistani Navy officers. For this, he was awarded the [[Sitara-e-Jurat]].<ref name="GlobalSecurity"/> [[Lieutenant Commander]] Vijay Jerath, the commanding officer of ''Vinash'', was awarded the [[Vir Chakra]] for this operation.{{Sfn|Hiranandani|2000|p=398}} The Pakistani High Command ordered ships to reduce their ammunition dumps so as to reduce the explosion damage if hit.<ref name="Trident, Grandslam and Python: Attacks on Karachi" /> The ships were also ordered not to maneuver out at sea, especially during the night, unless ordered to do so. These two measures severely demoralized Pakistani naval crews. With the destruction caused by the Indian Navy, neutral [[Merchant ship|merchant vessels]] soon started to seek safe passage from the Indian authorities before heading to Karachi. Gradually, neutral ships ceased sailing for Karachi. In effect, a ''de facto'' [[naval blockade]] was created by the Indian Navy.{{Sfn|Hiranandani|2000|p=204}} Civilian casualties from the attack included at least seven killed and six wounded on the British merchant ship ''Harmattan''.<ref>{{cite Hansard |jurisdiction=United Kingdom |title=Harmattan" (British Seamen) |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1971/dec/10/harmattan-british-seamen |house=House of Commons |date=10 December 1971 |column_start=1683 |column_end=1686 |speaker= |position=}}</ref>

==Citations==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
*{{citation|last1=Hiranandani|first1=Gulab Mohanlal|year=2000|author-link=Gulab Mohanlal Hiranandani|title=Transition to Triumph: History of the Indian Navy, 1965–1975|publisher=Lancer Publishers LLC|isbn=978-1-897829-72-1}}
*{{citation|last1=Jaques|first1=Tony|year=2007|title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: F-O|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]]|isbn=978-0-313-33538-9}}
*{{citation|last1=Karim|first1=Afsir|year=1996|author-link=Afsir Karim|title=Indo-Pak Relations: Viewpoints, 1989-1996|publisher=Lancer Publishers LLC|isbn=978-1-897829-23-3}}
{{refend}}

{{Indo-Pakistani War of 1971}}

{{Military of Pakistan}}

{{Good article}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Python 1971}}
[[Category:Military operations of the India–Pakistan war of 1971]]
[[Category:Naval battles of India–Pakistan wars and conflicts]]
[[Category:20th century in Karachi]]
[[Category:Military history of Karachi]]
[[Category:Port of Karachi]]
[[Category:Naval bombing operations and battles]]
[[Category:Explosions in 1971]]
[[Category:Naval aviation operations and battles]]
[[Category:Industrial fires and explosions in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Explosions in Karachi]]

Buddhar kalaikuzhu

2026-03-15T21:19:18Z

Musariaz: adding data

{{more citations needed|date=November 2015}}

{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Buddhar Kalaikuzhu
| image =
| caption =
| image_size =
| alias =
| origin = [[Vedanthangal]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| genre = [[Tamil Folk]]
| years_active = 2007–Present
| label =
| associated_acts =
}}
'''Buddhar Kalaikuzhu''' is a folk music and dance troupe operating in Tamil Nadu.
The troupe, founded by '''Mr. Manimaran Magizhini''' in 2007, specializes in one of the Tamil's oldest folk art, [[Parai]] Aattam ([[Parai]] Music & Dance)and other folk art forms.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/drummerwoman-makes-it-big/article4471623.ece Drummer woman makes it big]</ref>
The troupe has a few full-time artistes and many part-time artistes. The troupe has a mix of men and women.
== Vision & Mission ==
The troupe's primary mission is to spread the folk-art (Parai Aattam) across the world and make the same attain a respectable spot among other forms of art.

== Performances ==
The troupe's flagship performance is the Parai Aattam. The troupe is also proficient in other folk art forms like Oyil Aattam, Peria Kuchi Aattam, Sila, Kazhiyalattam and Bommaiyattam

In principle, '''Buddhar Kalaikuzhu''' performs Parai Aattam to signify and celebrate life but not death. Hence, Parai Aattam is performed by the troupe's artistes on stages in uniforms, for occasions such as birth, puberty, engagement, marriages.

'''Buddhar Kalaikuzhu''' does not perform for funerals <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130125005720/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article1428556.ece Finding Paraiaattam a better place]</ref> for various reasons. As '''Mr.Manimaran''' explains "Performing at funerals would mean that we cannot wear uniforms/anklets nor can we express ourselves. Moreover, the women performers are not allowed in cremation grounds. It is also unfair to negotiate wages during that time". Artistes in '''Buddhar Kalaikuzhu''' do not touch the Parai with alcohol in their blood. So far, Buddhar Kalaikuzhu has performed across India in Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, [[Andhra Pradesh]], Bihar and [[West Bengal]].

Apart from the 'on invitation' performances, Buddhar Kalaikuzhu routinely participates in and for social causes.

== Spreading Parai ==
Sensing that the Parai art form is on the decline, Buddhar Kalaikuzhu is striving to find Parai a better place. Apart from holding lectures and demonstrations in colleges & schools, Buddhar Kalaikuzhu is running a few training programs to learn Parai through its Parai Training School.

Every year, a three-day training camp <ref>[http://inioru.com/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AA/ வேடந்தாங்கலில் அதிரும் பறை]</ref> is held in Vedanthangal and Chennai during the months of May and December. The participants in the camp learn the basics of Parai at a very nominal cost inclusive of food and accommodation. 
Buddhar Kalaikuzhu also conducts a one-year certificate course on Parai Aattam in Chennai. The participants are taken through the different stages of Parai music and dance. They also get to learn the history of Parai and are encouraged to contribute to the betterment of Parai. Buddhar Kalaikuzhu's Parai school is the first to introduce a written examination as part of their Parai certificate course, apart from the other routine practical tests.

== Awards and Recognitions ==
In 2012, Buddhar Kalaikuzhu was featured in Vikatan TV <ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L4X5XeMQT-M Real Heroes of Tamil Nadu: Manimaran]</ref> 
In 2014, the troupe was chosen as the Best Art Troupe for People (சிறந்த மக்கள் கலைக்குழு) by Kalagam. Same year, Mr. Manimaran Magizhini, troupe's founder and co-ordinator, received the prestigious [[Puthiya Thalaimurai]]'s Tamizhan Award.<ref>[http://www.pttamilanviruthugal.com/viruthugal/2014/index.html Puthiya Thalaimurai Viruthugal 2014]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.instagram.com/buddharkalaikuzhu?igsh=MXMxM3M0bnMybDluaw%3D%3D&utm_source=qr Instagram]{{Facebook|buddharkalaikuzhu|Buddhar Kalaikuzhu}}
http://www.youtube.com/@buddharkalaikuzhu
https://thebetterindia.com/tags/buddhar-kalai-kuzhu/
[[Category:Indian folk music groups]]

Baby (2015 Hindi film)

2026-03-14T23:36:02Z

Musariaz:

{{Short description|2015 film directed by Neeraj Pandey}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Baby
| image = BABY poster 2015.jpg
| alt = The poster features Akshay Kumar at left holding a pistol and taking cover behind a wall. At right appears title of the film, vertically.
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Neeraj Pandey]]
| producer = [[Bhushan Kumar]] Aruna Bhatia [[Shital Bhatia]] [[Krishan Kumar (actor)|Krishan Kumar]]
| writer = Neeraj Pandey
| screenplay =
| music = '''Songs:''' [[M. M. Kreem]] [[Meet Bros|Meet Bros. Anjjan]] '''Score:''' [[Sanjoy Chowdhury]]
| cinematography = [[Sudeep Chatterjee]] Sudheer Palsane
| editing = Shree Narayan Singh
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Akshay Kumar]]|[[Anupam Kher]]|[[Danny Denzongpa]]|[[Rana Daggubati]]|[[Taapsee Pannu]]|[[Kay Kay Menon]]|[[Rasheed Naz]]}}
| narrator = [[Danny Denzongpa]]
| studio = {{ubl|[[T-Series Films]]|[[Friday Filmworks]]|[[Cape of Good Films]]|Crouching Tiger Motion Pictures}}
| distributor = [[AA Films]]
| released = {{film date|2015|1|23|India}}
| runtime = 159 minutes<ref name="Baby Movie Review">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-review/Baby/movie-review/45975156.cms|title=Baby Movie Review|date=22 January 2015|work=The Times of India}}</ref>
| country = [[India]]
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR|25}} crore<ref name="budget">{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/baby-tuesday-5-days-collection-box-office-akshay-kumar-starrer-racing-towards-100-cr-mark-621716|title='Baby' (Tuesday) 5 Days Collection at Box Office: Akshay Kumar-Starrer Racing Towards ₹100 Cr Mark|work=International Business Times|date=28 January 2015}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR|143}} crore<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indicine.com/movies/bollywood/baby-total-box-office-collections-in-india-overseas-worldwide|title=Baby Total Box Office Collections in India, Overseas, Worldwide|publisher=Indicine.com|date=20 February 2015|access-date=30 September 2016}}</ref>
}}

'''''Baby''''' is a 2015 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Spy film|spy]] [[action thriller]] film written and directed by [[Neeraj Pandey]]. It is the first instalment of ''Baby'' franchise. It stars [[Akshay Kumar]], [[Anupam Kher]], [[Rana Daggubati]], [[Danny Denzongpa]], [[Taapsee Pannu]], [[Kay Kay Menon]], [[Mikaal Zulfiqar]], [[Madhurima Tuli]] and [[Rasheed Naz]].<ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/standpoint/story/saif-katrinas-phantom-to-akshays-baby-how-bollywood-has-dealt-with-terrorism-on-screen-290344-2015-08-26 Saif's Phantom to Akshay's Baby: How Bollywood has dealt with terrorism on screen] India Today. Retrieved 27 August 2015.</ref><ref name="firstpost.com">{{cite web | url=https://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/baby-trailer-akshay-kumar-breaks-stuff-while-kay-kay-menon-aspires-to-be-kasab-1834493.html | title=Baby trailer: Akshay Kumar breaks stuff while Kay Kay Menon aspires to be Kasab| date=4 December 2014 }}</ref> Named after a fictional elite team of the [[Indian intelligence|Indian Intelligence system]], it follows the team's perpetual strife to eliminate terrorists and their plots, during which an officer leads a team to destroy one such potentially lethal operation.

''Baby'' marked Pandey's third feature film endeavour as a writer and director, as well as his third with Kher after ''[[A Wednesday!]]'' (2008) and ''[[Special 26]]'' (2013), which also marked his maiden collaboration with Kumar. Filming began on 4 September 2014 in [[Greater Noida]], [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="Indian Express Limited">{{cite news|title=Akshay Kumar's 'Baby' team begins 'awesome' shoot|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/akshay-kumars-baby-team-begins-awesome-shoot/|access-date=5 September 2014|work=[[The Indian Express]]|publisher=[[Indian Express Limited]]|date=4 September 2014}}</ref><ref name="'Baby' team begins 'awesome' shoot">{{cite news|title='Baby' team begins 'awesome' shoot|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/movies/baby-team-begins-awesome-shoot_1465085.html|access-date=5 September 2014|publisher=india.com ([[Essel Group]])|date=4 September 2014}}</ref> It was shot in [[Gautam Buddha University]], [[Nepal]], [[Abu Dhabi]] and [[Istanbul]]. The film was one of the most anticipated of the year. Its theatrical trailer was released on 4 December 2014.<ref name="firstpost.com"/>

''Baby'' was released on 23 January 2015 where it generally received positive reviews from critics who praised its screenwriting, direction, action sequences and Kumar's performance.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://in.movies.yahoo.com/news/baby-miss-own-risk-ians-movie-review-rating-102624223.html | title='Baby' - Miss it at your own risk (IANS Movie Review, Rating - ****1/2) | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305134115/https://in.movies.yahoo.com/news/baby-miss-own-risk-ians-movie-review-rating-102624223.html | archive-date=5 March 2016 }}</ref><ref name="International Business Times">{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/baby-movie-review-roundup-must-watch-film-621237|title='Baby' Movie Review Roundup: A Must Watch Film|work=International Business Times|date=22 January 2015}}</ref> It was a commercial success at the box office, grossing over {{INRConvert|1.43|b}} worldwide.<ref name="budget"/> A [[Spinoff (media)|spin-off]] titled ''[[Naam Shabana]]'' began filming in September 2016, with Pannu in the lead role as Shabana Khan and Kumar reprising his role as Ajay Singh Rajput in a cameo appearance. It was released on 31 March 2017.<ref name="IndiaToday.in">{{cite news|last1=Ghosh|first1=Devarsi|title=Baby 2: Akshay Kumar and Taapsee Pannu shoot for Naam Shabana in Malaysia|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/baby-2-prequel-taapsee-pannu-akshay-kumar-naam-shabana-malaysia-346576-2016-10-14|work=IndiaToday.in|date=October 14, 2016}}</ref><ref name="Taapsee Pannu-starrer 'Naam Shabana' shoot begins">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Taapsee-Pannu-starrer-Naam-Shabana-shoot-begins/articleshow/54311309.cms|title=Taapsee Pannu-starrer 'Naam Shabana' shoot begins|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=13 September 2016|access-date=14 September 2016}}</ref><ref name="indianexpress-2016-09-13">{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/akshay-kumar-babys-sequel-naam-shabana-starts-shooting-taapsee-pannu-3029090/|title=Baby sequel Naam Shabana starts shooting without Akshay Kumar|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=13 September 2016|access-date=14 September 2016}}</ref><ref name="business-standard-2016-09-13">{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/taapsee-pannu-starrer-naam-shabana-shoot-begins-116091300559_1.html|title=Taapsee Pannu-starrer 'Naam Shabana' shoot begins|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]|date=13 September 2016|access-date=14 September 2016}}</ref>

== Plot ==
A temporary task force headed by Feroz Ali Khan is formed in response to the [[2008 Mumbai attacks|26/11 attacks]] in [[India]], the job being to find and eliminate terrorists planning attacks in India. While attempting to rescue a fellow secret agent in [[Turkey]], Ajay Singh Rajput captures a former colleague-turned-traitor, Jamaal. Frightened, Ajay threatens to have his family killed unless he provides the information about a terror attack plan. Jamaal tells Ajay about a plot to carry out a bomb blast in a Delhi [[shopping mall]], which Ajay is able to prevent with help from Jai. Jamaal then taunts Ajay saying that this was only the first of a series of massive attacks that the terrorists had planned and commits suicide.

[[Pakistan]]-based terrorist mastermind Maulana Mohammed Abdul Rehman is causing trouble near the [[India-Pakistan border]]. He plans an escape plan for Bilal Khan, a dangerous terrorist lodged in a prison in Mumbai. For this purpose, Bilal assigns another terrorist Javed Ali Khan who arrives in Mumbai via [[Dubai]]. Soon after, Bilal escapes from police custody and flees the country. The Indian agencies are alerted to Javed's arrival and a team of [[Anti-Terrorism Squad|ATS officers]], led by Ajay, is dispatched to interrogate Taufiq, an [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]] agent posing as a local Muslim leader. Ajay manages to get information on Javed after torturing Taufiq and raids Javed's hideout. However, things go haywire when all the officers except Ajay get killed along with Javed after the latter triggers a suicide explosion.

The agency is able to retrieve the remains of Javed's laptop and find a name from the [[hard drive]]: Wasim Sheikh, a [[logistics]] planner for the terrorist groups, living in [[Nepal]] under the name of Abdul Haq. Ajay and Shabana Khan travel to Nepal pretending to be a married couple. Their plan to capture Wasim goes awry when he finds out that Shabana is a [[covert operative]]. However, Shabana fights with him and knocks him unconscious and the duo bring Wasim back to India. Afraid of the torture that he might face, Wasim reveals all the information that the agency wants. He tells them that Bilal is in [[Al Dirah, Riyadh|Al-Dera]] in [[Saudi Arabia]] and will travel to [[Karachi]] to launch a lethal attack on numerous locations in India.

Feroz sends Ajay, Jai and frequent collaborator Om Prakash Shukla, an expert hacker, to meet their deep asset, Ashfaq, in Al-Dera. Bilal is holding meetings in Al-Dera to discuss the funding and execution of the terrorist attacks. With Shukla's help, Ajay and Jai break into Bilal's room and kill him. As they are about to return, they find that Maulana is also present in the suite. Jai knocks him out. They decide to bring him back to India, under the pretext that he is Ashfaq's uncle who needs to visit India for an urgent [[liver transplant]]. They manage to get a visa from the local authorities for Maulana (being shown as Ashfaq's ill uncle), but the hotel security discovers Bilal's corpse. [[Police Chief]] Hani Mohammad starts investigating Bilal's death. He quickly identifies Ajay and his team as Indian agents.

Maulana regains consciousness and suddenly attacks and wounds Ajay, who manages to subdue him. Meanwhile, Ajay and his team then board the plane, but Hani contacts the ATC and asks them to stop the aircraft. However, when he sees a newspaper that reveals that Maulana and Bilal are wanted terrorists with an international bounty on their heads, he smiles and lets the plane take off without any further hindrance. A voice-over by Feroz reveals that Maulana was brought to India, but his capture was kept a secret. After 6 weeks of rigorous interrogation, when Maulana had nothing substantial left to contribute, he was handed over to the [[Indian Army]] and taken to [[Srinagar]], where he was given the same treatment by the army as given to [[militant]]s (implying that he was eliminated). The trial run is successful, and the temporary task force is given permanent status where the agents celebrate their victory.

==Cast==
*[[Akshay Kumar]] as Ajay Singh Rajput / Rafiq Khan / Rahul Awasthi
*[[Danny Denzongpa]] as Feroz Ali Khan, Ajay's boss
*[[Taapsee Pannu]] as Shabana Khan / Shabana Kaif, undercover agent
*[[Madhurima Tuli]] as Anjali Rajput, Ajay's wife
*[[Rana Daggubati]] as Jai Singh Rathod / Vijay Sharma
*[[Anupam Kher]] as Omprakash Shukla / Brijmohan Singh
*[[Kay Kay Menon]] as Bilal Khan / Firdaus Ali / Jameel Rashid
*[[Sushant Singh]] as Wasim Khan / Abdul Haq
*[[Jameel Khan]] as Taufiq Aalam
*[[Mikaal Zulfiqar]] as Ashfaque Qazi
*[[Amar Talwar]] as [[Minister (government)|Minister]] Dhanraj Pradhan
*[[Murali Sharma]] as Jagdish Gupta, Pradhan's secretary
*[[Rasheed Naz]] as Maulana Mohammed Abdul Rehman / Abbas Sheikh, loosely based on [[Hafiz Saeed]]
*[[Sanjeev Tyagi]] as Sharan, a policeman
*Hasan Noman as Hani Mohammed, Officer of Al-Dera Police who investigates Bilal's murder
*[[Karan Aanand]] as Jamal
*Rumi Khan as Javed Ali Khan
*[[Niharica Raizada]] as Priya Jhaveri, a reporter
*[[Sajjad Delafrooz]] as Saudi Arabian Doctor
*[[Esha Gupta]] in a special appearance in the Song "Beparwah"

==Production==

''Baby'' was produced under [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] along with Crouching Tiger, Friday Filmworks and Cape of Good Films. The filming began on 4 September 2014, in [[Greater Noida]], [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="Indian Express Limited"/><ref name="'Baby' team begins 'awesome' shoot"/> Some filming was done in [[Gautam Buddha University]], at Meditation Hall, Shanti Sarover and Library, at Greater Noida. The second part was shot in [[Nepal]] and the team completed their final schedule in [[Abu Dhabi]] in October. Some parts were also shot in [[Istanbul]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}} [[Sajjad Delafrooz]] was hired to play the role of the Saudi doctor.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/meet-sajjad-delafrooz-the-salman-khans-arch-nemesis-in-tiger-zinda-hai/1166275 |title= Meet Sajjad Delafrooz, Salman Khan's arch-nemesis in Tiger Zinda Hai}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Baby
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = {{unbulleted list|[[Meet Bros Anjjan]]|[[M. M. Kreem]]}}
| cover =
| alt =
| caption = Soundtrack cover
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|1|23}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=17|s=38}}
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The songs for the film features songs composed by [[M. M. Kreem]] and [[Meet Bros Anjjan]]. Lyrics were written by Manoj Muntashir.

The [[film score]] was composed by [[Sanjoy Chowdhury]].

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 17:38
| title1 = Beparwah
| extra1 = [[Meet Bros Anjjan]], Apeksha Dandekar
| all_lyrics = [[Manoj Muntashir]]
| length1 = 5:13
| title2 = Main Tujhse Pyaar Nahin Karta
| extra2 = [[Papon (Assamese singer)|Papon]]
| length2 = 4:13
| title3 = Beparwah
| note3 = MBA Swag
| extra3 = Meet Bros Anjjan, [[Earl Edgar]]
| length3 = 4:22
| title4 = Main Tujhse Pyaar Nahin Karti
| extra4 = [[Ramya Behara]]
| length4 = 3:50
}}

==Release==
''Baby'' was released on 23 January 2015.

== Reception ==
''Baby'' received positive reviews from critics who praised Kumar's performance, action sequences, direction and writing.<ref name="International Business Times"/>

===Critical response===
Subhash K. Jha gave the film 4.5 stars out of 5 and stated,"''Baby'' is one helluva roller-coaster ride. Miss it at your own risk."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://in.movies.yahoo.com/news/baby-miss-own-risk-ians-movie-review-rating-102624223.html|title='Baby' - Miss it at your own risk (IANS Movie Review, Rating - ****1/2)|date=23 January 2015|work=Yahoo Movies India|access-date=30 January 2015|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305134115/https://in.movies.yahoo.com/news/baby-miss-own-risk-ians-movie-review-rating-102624223.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sarita A Tanwar of ''[[Daily News and Analysis]]'' gave the movie 4 stars, describing Akshay Kumar's performance in the movie as his career-best.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-film-review-baby-is-sensible-taut-and-yet-completely-mainstream-2055045|title=Film Review: 'Baby' is sensible, taut and yet completely mainstream|work=Daily News and Analysis|date=25 January 2015}}</ref> Anuj Kumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' summarized the film as "A gripping espionage thriller that eschews drama and jingoism".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/baby-review-preventive-measures/article6815285.ece|title=Baby review: Preventive measures|work=The Hindu|date=23 January 2015|last1=Kumar|first1=Anuj}}</ref> Srijana Mitra Das of ''[[The Times of India]]'' also gave it 4 stars out of 5 and said, "Akshay Kumar is terrific as Ajay whose core of steel you can almost feel".<ref name="Baby Movie Review"/> ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave the movie 4 stars out of 5 too, calling the film "sleek, well-timed and engaging."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/reviews/baby-review-get-the-feel-of-new-age-patriotism-with-this-gripping-thriller/article1-1309681.aspx |title=Baby review: New-age patriotism in a gripping thriller |work=Hindustan Times |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122182738/http://www.hindustantimes.com/reviews/baby-review-get-the-feel-of-new-age-patriotism-with-this-gripping-thriller/article1-1309681.aspx |archive-date=22 January 2015 |df=dmy }}</ref> Yahoo Movies gave the film 4 stars and wrote, "The film deals with a definite conflict, backs it up with a coherent plot trajectory and delivers a compelling resolution."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://in.movies.yahoo.com/blogs/movie-reviews/yahoo-movies-review--baby-115152687.html|title=Yahoo Movies Review: Baby|work=The Hindu}}</ref> [[Anupama Chopra]] gave the film 3.5 stars and stating that the movie will make the viewers forget Akshay's cinematic misdemeanours.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/video/player/news/anupama-chopra-s-verdict-on-baby/353750|title=Anupama Chopra's Verdict on Baby|publisher=NDTV}}</ref> [[Rajeev Masand]] gave the film 3 stars, hailing its action sequences and performance of the cast.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/baby-review-the-film-is-a-khichdi-of-influences-uneven-film/524548-47-84.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150125225902/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/baby-review-the-film-is-a-khichdi-of-influences-uneven-film/524548-47-84.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2015-01-25|title='Baby' review: The film is a khichdi of influences, uneven film|publisher=CNN-IBN}}</ref> Shubhra Gupta of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave the film 2 stars. However, Gupta praised Akshay Kumar's performance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/baby-movie-review-this-akshay-kumar-film-is-as-simplistic-as-its-title|title='Baby' is Akshay Kumar's most credible performance|work=The Indian Express|date=20 June 2020}}</ref> Devesh Sharma of [[Filmfare]] praised the breathtaking action of the movie and gave it 3 stars.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmfare.com/reviews/movie-review-baby-8281.html|title=Movie Review: Baby|publisher=Filmfare}}</ref> Ritika Handoo of [[Zee News]] hailed the movie as an entertaining movie which is a must-watch.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/movies/baby-review-kick-out-terrorism-the-akshay-kumar-way_1535064.html|title='Baby' review: Kick out terrorism the Akshay Kumar way!|date=23 January 2015|publisher=Zee News}}</ref> Saibal Chatterjee of [[NDTV]] gave the movie two stars calling it politically dodgy in spite of being a smartly-packaged, competently shot espionage thriller.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/baby-movie-review-1081|title=Baby Movie Review|publisher=NDTV|access-date=23 January 2015|archive-date=1 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301141713/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/baby-movie-review-1081|url-status=dead}}</ref> Shubha Shetty-Saha of [[Mid-Day]] gave the movie 4 stars, calling it a must-watch movie.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/baby---movie-review/15934167|title='Baby' - Movie review|work=[[Mid-Day]]|date=22 January 2015}}</ref> Mihir Fadnavis of [[Firstpost]] didn't give positive reviews to the plot but praised the movie as entertaining and fast-paced.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/baby-review-akshay-kumars-film-is-fast-entertaining-but-has-a-stupid-plot-2060481.html |title=Baby review: Akshay Kumar's film is fast, entertaining but has a stupid plot |publisher=Firstpost |date=2015-01-23 |access-date=2015-01-29}}</ref> Mayank Shekhar of [[ABP News]] gave 3 stars and wrote that the film manages to hold viewers' attention.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abplive.in/movies/2015/01/23/article483105.ece/MOVIE-REVIEW-Baby---Total-timepass|title=MOVIE REVIEW: 'Baby' - Total timepass|publisher=ABP News}}</ref> Abhishek Gupta of [[India TV]] said the film is "fast-paced and entertaining" and that it "goads by making a point that while America executed their plan to kill the 9/11 mastermind in Abbottabad, here, our politicians could just make loud promises " about the 26/11 attacks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/baby-movie-review-starring-akshay-kumar-anupam-kher-tapsee-pannu-20207.html|title=Baby movie review|date=22 January 2015|publisher=India TV}}</ref> ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' praised the "exceptional" cinematography; the "extremely gripping" storyline, which makes appropriate use of the actors; the score, which "instills the necessary emotions"; and Kumar's performance. It concluded, "On the whole, ''Baby'' is one of the finest films ever made in the history of Indian cinema" and gave it 4.5 out of 5 stars.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/506895|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103072641/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/506895|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 November 2013|title=Baby|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] }}</ref> R. M. Vijayakar of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' gave 3.5 ratings calling it "that near-perfect textbook espionage thriller we have been dying to see: straight and business-like, fast-paced, without frills, and immaculately detailed to the point of occasional verbosity"<ref>{{cite news|first=R.M. |last=Vijayakar|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/%E2%80%98Baby%E2%80%99-Movie-Review-Espionage-Thriller-is-Gritty-but-Overlong/2015/01/24/article2634645.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150130062109/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/%E2%80%98Baby%E2%80%99-Movie-Review-Espionage-Thriller-is-Gritty-but-Overlong/2015/01/24/article2634645.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 January 2015 |title='Baby' Movie Review: Espionage Thriller is Gritty but Overlong |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=2015-01-29}}</ref>

===Ban in Pakistan===
''Baby'' was banned in [[Pakistan]] by the censor boards in Islamabad and Karachi, which said that "it portrays a negative image of Muslims and the negative characters in the film also have Muslim names".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/pakistan-bans-akshay-kumars-baby/article6815020.ece|title=Pakistan bans Akshay Kumar's 'Baby'|work=The Hindu|date=23 January 2015}}</ref>

==Box office==
''Bollywood Hungama'' estimated the opening day at {{INRConvert|9.3|c}}.<ref name=BHgross>{{cite news|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/special-features/id/422|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150125161209/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/special-features/id/422|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 January 2015|title=Box Office: Baby becomes Akshay Kumar's 9th Highest Opening Day grosser|work=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> ''International Business Times'' said the film had "tremendous growth" over the weekend and that its first weekend total was {{INRConvert|36.07|c}}.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mehta |first=Ankita |date=2015-01-26 |title=Opening Weekend Box Office Collection: Akshay's 'Baby' Shows Tremendous Growth; Sonam's 'Dolly Ki Doli' Decent |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/opening-weekend-box-office-collection-akshays-baby-shows-tremendous-growth-sonams-dolly-ki-621548 |work=International Business Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/top-grossers-worldwide-2017-tubelight-beats-hindi-medium-claims-5th-rank/|title=Bollywood Top Grossers|date=27 June 2017 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>

==Spin-offs==
{{main|Naam Shabana}}
A spin-off titled ''[[Naam Shabana]]'' was released on 31 March 2017. The film features [[Tapsee Pannu]] as Shabana Khan in the lead and [[Akshay Kumar]] in an extended cameo role.<ref name="IndiaToday.in"/><ref name="Taapsee Pannu-starrer 'Naam Shabana' shoot begins"/><ref name="indianexpress-2016-09-13"/><ref name="business-standard-2016-09-13"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/naam-shabana-taapsee-pannu-baby-sequel-4536565/|title=After Naam Shabana makes a spy out of Taapsee Pannu, get ready for a Baby sequel|date=21 February 2017}}</ref> [[Neeraj Pandey]] is planning four more spin-offs based on different characters from the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/naam-shabana-neeraj-pandey-planning-4-more-baby-spin-offs-taapsee-pannu-4587749/|title=Not just Naam Shabana, Neeraj Pandey planning 4 more Baby spin-offs|date=27 March 2017}}</ref>

==Game==
''Baby: The Game'', an official game based on this film has been released by [[Vroovy]], for Android mobile phone users.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.vroovy.babythegame |title=Archived copy |access-date=28 October 2017 |archive-date=3 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203114507/https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.vroovy.babythegame |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Award
! Category
! Recipients and nominees
! Result
! Ref.
|-
| [[8th Mirchi Music Awards]]
| Best Background Score
| [[Sanjoy Chowdhury]]
| {{nom}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2015/Nomination/|title=MMA Mirchi Music Awards|website=MMAMirchiMusicAwards|access-date=2018-03-25}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|3848892}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes|baby_2015}}

{{Neeraj Pandey}}
{{Portal|India|Film|Bollywood}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2015 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2015 Indian films]]
[[Category:2010s spy thriller films]]
[[Category:2015 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:Film censorship in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Films about Islamic terrorism in India]]
[[Category:Films about jihadism]]
[[Category:Films about the Research & Analysis Wing]]
[[Category:Films adapted for other media]]
[[Category:Films directed by Neeraj Pandey]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. M. Keeravani]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sanjoy Chowdhury]]
[[Category:Films set in Nepal]]
[[Category:Films shot in Istanbul]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kathmandu]]
[[Category:Films shot in Nepal]]
[[Category:Films shot in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Hindi films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian detective films]]
[[Category:Indian spy thriller films]]
[[Category:India–Pakistan relations in popular culture]]
[[Category:T-Series (company) films]]
[[Category:Censored films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Abu Dhabi]]
[[Category:Films scored by Meet Bros]]
[[Category:Films scored by Meet Bros Anjjan]]
[[Category:AA Films films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language action thriller films]]
[[Category:2010s spy action films]]
[[Category:Indian spy action films]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Saudi Arabian people]]
[[Category:Hafiz Muhammad Saeed]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Pakistani people]]
[[Category:Films based on the 2008 Mumbai attacks]]
[[Category:Cape of Good Films films]]

List of Malayalam-language radio stations

2026-03-13T14:50:29Z

Musariaz: small fix

{{Short description|none}}
{{pp|small=yes}}

==All India Radio stations==

===AM/MW radio stations===
* [[All India Radio]] Thiruvananthapuram - 1161
* [[All India Radio]] Alapuzha - 576
* [[All India Radio]] Thrissur - 630
* [[All India Radio]] Kozhikode - 684
* [[All India Radio]] Kavaratti - 1584

===SW radio stations===
* [[All India Radio]] Thiruvananthapuram - 5010,7290 (inactive)

===FM radio stations===
* [[All India Radio]] Ananthapuri FM -Thiruvananthapuram -101.9
* [[All India Radio]] MW Relay Station -Pathanamthitta-101.1<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.news9live.com/state/kerala/kerala-gets-two-new-fm-radio-transmitters-in-mannaramala-kayamkulam-au1332-2120566 | title=Kerala gets two new FM radio transmitters in Mannaramala, Kayamkulam | date=28 April 2023 }}</ref>
* [[All India Radio]] MW Relay Station -Kayamkulam-101.1
* [[All India Radio]] Kochi 102.3<ref>{{cite news|title=All India Radio's First FM Station in Kerala to Celebrate Silver Jubilee|url=https://www.ndtv.com/south/all-india-radios-first-fm-station-in-kerala-to-celebrate-silver-jubilee-678465|accessdate=14 May 2020|work=[[NDTV]]|date=13 October 2014}}</ref>
* [[AIR FM Rainbow]] Kochi -107.5 (Music Channel)
* [[All India Radio]] Thrissur - 103
* [[All India Radio]] Devikulam ([[Idukki district]]) - 101.4<ref>{{Cite web|title=ദേവികുളം റോഡിയോ നിലയത്തിന് ഇന്ന് ഇരുപത്തിയഞ്ച് വയസ്സ് {{!}} 25 years of devikulam radio station|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/amp/local-news/25-years-of-devikulam-radio-station-q640em|access-date=2021-02-06|website=www.asianetnews.com}}</ref>
* [[All India Radio]] Real FM - Kozhikode - 103.6
* [[All India Radio]] [[AIR Manjeri FM|Manjeri FM]] ([[Malappuram district]]) -102.7<ref>{{Cite news|title=AIR's Manjeri FM station to begin 17-hour broadcast - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/airs-manjeri-fm-station-to-begin-17-hour-broadcast/articleshow/69549716.cms|access-date=2021-02-06|website=The Times of India|date=29 May 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[All India Radio]] Kannur - 101.5

==Private radio (FM and AM) stations==

===Kannur===
* [[Radio Mango 91.9]] ([[Malayala Manorama|Malayala Manorama Group]])
* [[Red FM 93.5]] ([[Sun Network]])
*[[Club FM – Ton Kanakkinu Fun|Club FM 94.3]] ([[Mathrubhumi]])
* Best FM 95 ([[Asianet Star Communications]]) - inactive

===Kozhikode===
* [[Radio Mango 91.9]] (Malayala Manorama Group)
* [[Radio Mirchi]] 92.7 ([[Times Group]])
*[[Red FM 93.5]] ([[Sun Network]])
* [[Club FM 94.3|Club FM 104.8]] (Mathrubhumi)

===Thrissur===
* [[Red FM (India)|Red FM 95]] (Sun Network)
* [[Radio Mango 91.9]] (Malayala Manorama Group)
* [[Club FM 94.3]] (Mathrubhumi)
* Best FM 95 (Asianet Star Communications)

===Kochi===
* [[Radio Mango 91.9]] (Malayala Manorama Group)
* [[Red FM 93.5]] (Sun Network)
* [[Club FM 94.3]] (Mathrubhumi)
* [[Radio Mirchi]] 104.0 (Times Group)

=== Alappuzha ===
* [[Radio Mango 91.9|Radio Mango 92.7 (Malayala Manorama Group)]]
*[[Club FM – Ton Kanakkinu Fun|Club FM 104.8]] (Mathrubhumi)

===Thiruvananthapuram===
* [[92.7 BIG FM]] ([[Reliance Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group]])
* [[Red FM 93.5]] [[Sun TV Network|(Sun Network)]]
* [[Club FM 94.3]] ([[Mathrubhumi]])
* [[Radio Mirchi|Radio Mirchi 98.3]] ([[Times Group]])

== Outside Kerala ==

* '''[[Dubai]]'''

# [[Asianet News Network#Asianet Radio|Asianet Radio 657AM]]
# [[Radio and television channels of Dubai|Radio Asia 1269 AM]]
# [[Radio and television channels of Dubai|Radio Me 95.3 FM]]
# [[Radio and television channels of Dubai|Hit FM 96.7]]
# [[Radio and television channels of Dubai|Oxygen FM 102.4]]
# [[Radio and television channels of Dubai|Radio Mango 96.2]]

== Community FM Radio stations ==
Kerala has 12 Community FM Radio stations .<ref>{{cite news|title=Listen up! community radios are here|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2020/may/13/listen-up-community-radios-are-here-2142506.html |accessdate=14 May 2020|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=13 May 2020}}</ref>

*'''[[Thiruvananthapuram]]'''

# [[Radio DC]] 90.4 - ([[Community Radio]] by DC School of Management and Technology)<ref>{{cite news|title=Kerala's first campus FM turns 10|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/keralas-first-campus-fm-turns-10/article29805140.ece|accessdate=14 May 2020|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=26 October 2019}}</ref>
# Kuttanad FM 90.0 (Farm Information Bureau)<ref name="mm">{{cite news |title=കർഷകർക്കു മാത്രമായൊരു റേഡിയോ നിലയം; ഇനി കേൾക്കാം കുട്ടനാട് എഫ്എം 90.0 |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/karshakasree/agri-news/2021/02/18/kuttanad-fm-for-farmers.html |access-date=3 December 2025 |work=കർഷകർക്കു മാത്രമായൊരു റേഡിയോ നിലയം; ഇനി കേൾക്കാം കുട്ടനാട് എഫ്എം 90.0 |publisher=[[Manorama Online]] |date=18 February 2021 |language=ml |trans-title=Radio station for farmers; let's listen to Kuttanad FM 90.0}}</ref>
# Karunasai Radio 91.2 FM - [[Vellanad]]<ref name="mib"/>

* [[Kollam district|'''Kollam''']]

# Community Radio Benziger 107.8 ( [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Quilon|Bishop Benziger Nursing College]])<ref>{{Cite news|date=2016-07-17|title=NAAC accreditation for nursing college|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/NAAC-accreditation-for-nursing-college/article14493300.ece|access-date=2021-02-06|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> - [[Kollam|Kollam City]]
# Ente Radio 91.2 ([[Government of Kerala|Kerala Rural Development Agency]]) - [[Kulasekharapuram]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ente Radio 91.2, Karunagappally|url=http://enteradio.com/|access-date=2021-02-06|website=enteradio.com}}</ref>
# Ashraya FM 90 (Ashraya Charitable Society) - [[Kottarakara]]<ref name="mib"/>
# Radio Saanthwanam 90.4 FM (Pain and Palliative Care Trust)<ref name="mib"/>

* [[Pathanamthitta district|'''Pathanamthitta''']]

# Radio MACFAST 90.4 - ([[Community Radio]] by [[Mar Athanasios College for Advanced Studies, Tiruvalla|Mar Athanasios College for Advanced Studies]]) - [[Thiruvalla]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kuttoor|first=Radhakrishnan|date=2009-10-31|title=Radio Macfast 90.4: Travancore's new voice|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/Radio-Macfast-90.4-Travancorersquos-new-voice/article16889624.ece|access-date=2021-02-06|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

*[[Alappuzha district|'''Alappuzha''']]

# [[Global Radio 91.2 FM]] - (Global Education Net) - [[Ambalappuzha]]
# Radio Neythal 107.8 ([[Diocese of Alleppey]]) - [[Alappuzha]]
# Chetna Radio 90.4 FM (Ashraya Charitable Society)<ref name="mib"/>

*[[Kottayam district|'''Kottayam''']]

# Radio Media Village 90.8 (St. Joseph College of Communication) - [[Changanassery]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=Rajwi|first=Tiki|date=2019-07-29|title=More community radio stations get nod|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/more-community-radio-stations-get-nod/article28751504.ece|access-date=2021-02-08|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
# Radio Mangalam 91.2 (Mangalam College of Engineering) - [[Ettumanoor]]
#Sargakshetra FM 89.6 (Sargakshetra Charitable Trust) - Mannanam<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kuruvilla |first1=Anu C. |title=On air! FM station has Kerala's first AI-driven jockey calling the tunes |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2023/Apr/17/on-air-fm-station-has-keralas-first-ai-driven-jockey-calling-the-tunes-2566597.html |access-date=3 December 2025 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=17 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
# Radio 90 FM (Amal Jyothi College of Engineering) - [[Koovappally]]<ref name="mib"/>

*[[Palakkad district|'''Palakkad''']]

# Ahalia FM 90.4 (Ahalia Healthcare Group) - [[IIT Palakkad]]

*[[Wayanad district|'''Wayanad''']]

# Radio Maattoli 90.4 (Wayanad Social Service Society) - [[Nalloornad]] - Kerala's first [[Community radio|community radio service]], it primarily caters farmers and tribals.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-04-28|title=Community radio stations across India brave lockdown, severe fund crunch to ensure last-mile awareness on COVID-19 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/health/community-radio-stations-across-india-brave-lockdown-severe-fund-crunch-to-ensure-last-mile-awareness-on-covid-19-8288841.html|access-date=2021-02-08|website=Firstpost}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=M|first=Athira|date=2020-11-28|title=Radio Kadal gives voice to the fisherfolk in Kerala capital|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/radio-kadal-a-community-radio-service-of-fisherfolk-in-thiruvananthapuram/article33200008.ece|access-date=2021-02-08|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

*[[Kannur district|'''Kannur''']]

# Janvani 90.8 (Academic and Technical Education Development Society) - [[Panoor (Municipality)|Panoor]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Community radio set for opening in Kerala|url=https://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/india/20130201/2148326.html|access-date=2021-02-08|website=news.webindia123.com}}</ref>
# Radio Malabar 89.6 FM (Salil Sivdas Foundation) - [[Mattanur]]<ref name="mib"/>

*[[Thrissur district|'''Thrissur''']]
# Hello Radio 90.8 ([[Kidney Federation of India]]) - Thrissur<ref name="mib">{{cite web |title=LIST OF COMMISSIONED COMMUNITY RADIO STATIONS IN INDIA HAVING VALID GOPA AS ON 17.01.2025 |url=https://mib.gov.in/sites/default/files/2025-01/list-of-commissioned-community-radio-stations-in-india-having-valid-gopa-as-on-17.01.2025.pdf |website=mib.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)]] |access-date=3 December 2025}}</ref>
# My Radio 90 FM (Snehapoorvam Educational Charitable Trust) - Ayyanthol<ref name="mib"/>

*[[Ernakulam district|'''Ernakulam''']]
# Radio Kochi 90 FM ([[St. Teresa's College]]) - [[Kochi]]<ref name="mib"/>

*[[Kozhikode district|'''Kozhikode''']]
# Care FM 89.6 (Healthcare Foundation) - [[Poonoor]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Care FM for differently abled to be launched on New Year’s eve |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/care-fm-for-differently-abled-to-be-launched-on-new-years-eve/article67238345.ece |access-date=3 December 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=26 August 2023 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

*[[Kasaragod district|'''Kasaragod''']]
# Radio For You 89.6 FM (Tellicherry Social Service Society) - [[Kanhangad]]<ref name="mib"/>

== See also ==

* [[Media in Kerala]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Malayalam-language radio stations}}
[[Category:Malayalam-language radio stations| ]]
[[Category:Lists of radio stations in India]]
[[Category:Malayalam-related lists|Radio stations]]

Mayar Badhon

2026-03-07T06:15:48Z

Musariaz: new the data nd citations.

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mayar Badhon
| image = MayarBadhon.jpeg
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| director = [[Swapan Saha]]
| producer = [[Shrikant Mohta]] Mahendra Soni
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| narrator =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]]|[[Rituparna Sengupta]]|[[Satabdi Roy]]|[[Anuradha Roy (actress)|Anuradha Roy]]|[[Abhishek Chatterjee]]|[[Subhendu Chatterjee]]|[[Rabi Ghosh]]|[[Srabanti Chatterjee]]|[[Soham Chakraborty]]}}
| music = [[Debojyoti Mishra]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
| distributor = Shree Venkatesh Films
| released = {{Film date|1997}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Mayar Badhon''''' is a 1997 [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali film]] directed by [[Swapan Saha]] and produced by [[Shree Venkatesh Films]] under the banner of [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]. The film narrates the story of a man who once learns that the girl he has so long believed to be his own daughter, is the daughter of someone else. The film stars [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] and [[Rituparna Sengupta]] in leading roles. It also stars [[Subhendu Chatterjee]], [[Abhishek Chatterjee]], [[Rabi Ghosh]], [[Satabdi Roy]], [[Anuradha Roy (actress)|Anuradha Roy]], [[Srabanti Chatterjee]] and [[Soham Chakraborty]] in supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/did-you-know/srabanti-and-soham-worked-as-child-artists-in-this-film/articleshow/65025034.cms|title=Srabanti and Soham worked as child artists in this film|last=|first=|date=|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=8 March 2020}}</ref> The film marked the big screen debut of [[Srabanti Chatterjee]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2019/mar/29/tolly-actor-srabanti-chatterjee-on-speech-impediment-in-her-latest-film-googly-13716.html|title=Tolly actor Srabanti Chatterjee on speech impediment in her latest film, Googly|last=|first=|date=|website=www.indulgexpress.com|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=8 March 2020}}</ref> The music of the film has been composed by [[Debojyoti Mishra]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.induna.com/1000006657-productdetails/|title=Mayar Bandhan VCD (1997)|publisher=Induna |accessdate=2014-04-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/mayar-bandhan-movie/14995|title=Mayar Badhon(1997)-Bengali Movie Reviews, Music, Trailers, Wallpapers, Photos, Cast & Crew, Story & Synopsis|publisher= gomolo|accessdate=2014-04-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/mayar-bandhan-movie-cast-crew/14995|title=Mayar Badhon Movie Plot-Cast-Crew-Song-Video-Photos-Movie Review|publisher=gomolo |accessdate=2014-04-20}}</ref>

==Plot==
Sagar Mukherjee is a tea taster. He lives beside the house of Shipra, his neighbour. Prasad Halder is the boss of Sagar's company and also lives beside them. Sagar and Shipra fall in love and go for registry marriage without informing Shipra's parents. Prasad helps them. Shipra starts living with Sagar but Shipra's father does not accept this relationship. Shipra becomes pregnant and has to be admitted in a hospital. There she meets with Krishna who is also pregnant. Shipra and Krishna give birth to girls on the same day, but suddenly fire breaks out in the hospital, and the girls are exchanged. Only the doctor and the nurse know this. Shipra and Sagar's daughter Maya, Nirmal and Krishna's daughter Trishna grow up. One day Shipra dies due to cardiac failure. So, taking Maya, Sagar shifts to a tea-garden. There he meets Nirmal and Krishna with their son Kushal and daughter Trishna. One day it is revealed that Trishna has a heart problem. The nurse accidentally learns about the Krishna's present status in the city and her girl's problem. In a major operation Trishna dies. The nurse reveals the incident of exchange of the babies to Krishna. Krishna and Nirmal discovered Maya's origin, but Sagar does not want to handover Maya to them. By law, Nirmal and Krishna get the charge of Maya. But Maya does not want to live with them. Sagar breaks down. Kushal does not want to recognise Maya as his sister. Maya runs away with Kushal and unites with her father Sagar and Krishna and Nirmal accept it.

== Cast ==
* [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] as Sagar Mukherjee
* [[Srabanti Chatterjee]] as Maya<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=Tollywood is a one big family |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Tollywood-is-a-one-big-family/articleshow/8550107.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=11 January 2017 |access-date=14 May 2018}}</ref>
* [[Abhishek Chatterjee]] as Nirmal
* [[Subhendu Chatterjee]]
* [[Rabi Ghosh]] as Prasad Halder
* [[Rituparna Sengupta]] as Shipra
* [[Satabdi Roy]] as Krishna
* [[Anuradha Roy (actress)|Anuradha Roy]]
* [[Soham Chakraborty]] as Kushal

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|11731624}}
{{Shree Venkatesh Films}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mayar Badhon}}
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:1997 films]]
[[Category:1997 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:SVF Entertainment films]]

Gujarat University

2026-03-06T12:46:51Z

Musariaz: fixes

{{Short description|University in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India}}
{{Distinguish|University of Gujrat}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Gujarat University
| native_name = ગુજરાત યુનિવર્સિટી
| image = Gujarat_University_Logo.png
| image_upright = .7
| image_alt =
| caption = Seal of Gujarat University
| motto = {{Motto|योग: कर्मसु कौशलम्|sa}}
| mottoeng = Excellence in action is Yog
| established = {{start date and age|23 November 1949}}
| type = [[Public university|Public]]
| chancellor = [[Governor of Gujarat]]
| vice_chancellor = Dr. Neerja A. Gupta
| academic_staff = 169<ref name="GU"/>
| administrative_staff =
| students = 3,747<ref name="GU">{{cite web |title=University Student Enrollment Details |url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/stateuniversitylist.aspx?id=7&Unitype=2 |website=www.ugc.ac.in |access-date=10 February 2020}}</ref>
| undergrad =
| postgrad = 3,376<ref name="GU"/>
| doctoral =
| address = Navarangpura
| city = [[Ahmedabad]] - 380009
| state = [[Gujarat]]
| country = [[India]]
| campus = [[Urban areas|Urban]]
| campus_size = {{Convert|300|acre}}
| colours =
| nickname =
| mascot =
| website = {{Official URL}}
| academic_affiliations = {{hlist|[[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]|[[Association of Indian Universities|AIU]]|[[Association of Commonwealth Universities|ACU]]}}
| accreditation = [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]]
| coor = {{coord|23|2|10|N|72|32|47|E|type:edu_region:IN|display=inline, title}}
| affiliations =
| native_name_lang =
| free_label = Map
| free = {{maplink
|text=University campus with main office
|type=shape-inverse
|frame=yes
|plain=yes
|frame-width=200
|frame-height=150
|zoom=14
|stroke-width=1
|fill-opacity = 0.1
|marker2=college
|type2=point
|marker-size2=small
}}
}}
The '''Gujarat University''' is a [[Public university|public]] [[State university (India)|state university]] located at [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]. The university is an [[affiliating university]] at the under-graduate level and a teaching university at the post graduate level. It is accredited A+ by [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]].<ref>{{cite web|title=List Of Institutions Accredited By Naac (2nd And Subsequent Cycle) (On 24th September 2014) Universities|url=http://naac.gov.in/docs/Result%20RAR-24-SEPT-2014.pdf|website=naac.gov.in|access-date=9 November 2015}}</ref> It was established on 23 November 1949.

==History==
Many leaders like [[Mahatma Gandhi]], [[Sardar Patel]], [[Anandshankar Dhruv]], [[Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar]] and [[Kasturbhai Lalbhai]] recommended formation of the university in the 1920s, and the university was established soon after the [[Indian independence movement|independence of India]].<ref name="guob">{{cite web | url=http://gujaratuniversity.ac.in/web/page/history | title=Brief History | publisher=Gujarat University Official Website | access-date=9 January 2013}}</ref> Gujarat University was evolved out of [[Ahmedabad Education Society]], a major educational organisation of Gujarat then.<ref name=g>{{cite book|title=Gandhinagar: Building National Identity in Postcolonial India|year=2004|page=53|isbn=9781570035449|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RVhNO2MwOCAC&pg=PA53|author=Ravi Kalia|publisher=Univ of South Carolina Press }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Mehta|first1=Kapilray M.|title=Ahmedabad, 1958|date=3 May 2010|publisher=Gujarat Publishers, 1959|pages=233|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_AouAQAAIAAJ}}</ref>

Gujarat University was formed under the Gujarat University Act of the [[Government of Gujarat]] in 1949 as a teaching and affiliating university. It was established under the recommendation of a committee headed by Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar for rearrangement of university education in [[Bombay State]].<ref name=hun>{{cite book|last1=Kumar|first1=compiled by Ameeta Gupta; Ashish|title=Handbook of universities : includes universities, deemed universities, colleges, private universities and prominent educational and research institutions|date=29 October 2008|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-8126906086|pages=472|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bFucAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> Many universities were established later which resulted in decrease in jurisdiction of Gujarat University.<ref name="guob"/>

It is an affiliating university at the under-graduate level and a teaching one at the post-graduate level. Close to 300,000 students study at university in the courses, faculties and affiliated institutes. The university caters for external as well as enrolled students. Affiliates include 285 colleges, 35 approved institutions and 20 recognised institutions, as of 2014. Gujarat University Ranks 1st in Gujarat and 26th in India for the Category: "Public State Universities" under the prestigious Outlook-ICare India University Ranking 2019.<ref name=":3">{{cite web|title=Affiliated Colleges & Recognised Institutions Part (A) Colleges|url=http://gujaratuniversity.ac.in/web/data/pdfs/static/08082017_Gujarat_University_Affiliated_Colleges_List%20(2017).pdf|website=gujaratuniversity.ac.in|access-date=19 August 2017}}</ref>
[[File:Gujarat University Tower Building.jpg|thumb|Gujarat University Tower Building]]
Organisation of the university is based on the Gujarat University Act, 1949.<ref name="guoc">{{cite web | url=http://gujaratuniversity.ac.in/web/page/overview | title=Organization of Gujarat University | publisher=Gujarat University | access-date=19 August 2017 | archive-date=17 October 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017100135/http://www.gujaratuniversity.ac.in/web/page/overview | url-status=dead }}</ref>

In March 2023, Gujarat University was at the center of a controversy following a clash at one of its hostels during a religious observance that resulted in injuries to several students, including those from abroad.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-18 |title=Ahmedabad police arrest 3 more in Gujarat University foreign students' assault case |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/police-arrest-gujarat-university-foreign-students-assault-case-9220511/ |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-20 |title=Attack on foreign students: Gambian delegation visits Gujarat University |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/attack-on-foreign-students-gambian-delegation-visits-gujarat-university-101710903217304.html |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-17 |title=Mob targets Gujarat University's foreign students during namaz, 5 injured |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/foreign-students-attacked-ramzan-prayers-gujarat-university-9218993/ |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bajpai |first=Shailaja |date=2024-03-21 |title=Gujarat University violence—Indian news channels focus on 'slap'; BBC, Al Jazeera on 'namaz' |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/telescope/gujarat-university-violence-indian-news-channels-focus-on-slap-bbc-al-jazeera-on-namaz/2009213/ |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Campus==
The campus of the university, located in the [[Navarangpura]] area of [[Ahmedabad]], is spread over {{convert|300|acre|km2}}. Affiliated colleges and institutes are spread across the [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gandhinagar]], [[Kheda district]] (excluding the limits of [[Vallabh Vidyanagar]] in [[Anand, Gujarat|Anand]] Taluka and the area with a radius of {{convert|5|mi|km}} from the office of [[Sardar Patel University]]).

The main tower building of the university was designed by [[Atmaram Gajjar]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=2016-08-28 |title=Creative tale of Amdavad's iconic buildings |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/tale-of-amdavads-iconic-buildings/articleshow/53826775.cms |access-date=2023-05-17 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Lang |first1=Jon T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0iwkAgAACAAJ |title=Architecture & Independence: The Search for Identity – India 1880 to 1980 |last2=Desai |first2=Madhavi |last3=Desai |first3=Miki |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-19-565247-5 |location=Delhi |pages=145, 174, 197 |language=}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{cite book |last=Frenger |first=Marion |url=https://www.degruyter.com/database/AKL/entry/_40458378/html |title=Allgemeines Künstlerlexikon - Internationale Künstlerdatenbank – Online |publisher=[[De Gruyter]] |others=K. G. Saur (2021) |year=2005 |editor=Andreas Beyer, Bénédicte Savoy and Wolf Tegethoff |edition=Online |volume=XLVII |place=Berlin, New York |pages=341 |language=de |chapter=Gajjar, Atmaram Mancharam |access-date=2023-05-17}}</ref>

==Academics==
===Rankings===
{{Infobox India university ranking
|NIRF_O_2024=94|NIRF_U_2024=76}}
* The [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) ranked Gujarat University 60th overall in India<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nirfindia.org/2020/OverallRanking.html | title=MoE, National Institute Ranking Framework (NIRF) | access-date=27 July 2023 | archive-date=13 August 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813035901/https://www.nirfindia.org/2020/OverallRanking.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> and 44th among universities in 2020<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nirfindia.org/2020/UniversityRanking.html | title=MoE, National Institute Ranking Framework (NIRF) | access-date=27 July 2023 | archive-date=28 June 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628054704/https://www.nirfindia.org/2020/UniversityRanking.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>
* The [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) ranked Gujarat University 62nd overall in India<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nirfindia.org/2021/OverallRanking.html | title=MoE, National Institute Ranking Framework (NIRF) | access-date=27 July 2023 | archive-date=9 September 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909140852/https://www.nirfindia.org/2021/OverallRanking.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> and 43rd among universities<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nirfindia.org/2021/UniversityRanking.html | title=MoE, National Institute Ranking Framework (NIRF) | access-date=27 July 2023 | archive-date=9 September 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909133741/https://www.nirfindia.org/2021/UniversityRanking.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> in 2021.
* The [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) ranked Gujarat University 73rd overall in India<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nirfindia.org/2022/OverallRanking.html | title=MoE, National Institute Ranking Framework (NIRF) | access-date=27 July 2023 | archive-date=20 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820073138/https://www.nirfindia.org/2022/OverallRanking.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> and 58th among universities<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nirfindia.org/2022/UniversityRanking.html | title=MoE, National Institute Ranking Framework (NIRF) | access-date=27 July 2023 | archive-date=12 November 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112070520/https://www.nirfindia.org/2022/UniversityRanking.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> in 2022.
* The [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) ranked Gujarat University 94th overall in India and 76th among universities in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 NIRF Ranking |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Report/IR2024_Report.pdf}}</ref>

===Awards===
Gujarat University has received the University Level National Service Scheme Award (2016–17) by [[President of India]] [[Ram Nath Kovind]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xuliGEduzFY |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/xuliGEduzFY |archive-date=2021-12-22 |url-status=live|title=Gujarat University receives NSS Award {{!}} YouTube|website=[[YouTube]] |date=23 December 2017 }}{{cbignore}}</ref>
[[File:NSS 2016-17 Trophy 1.jpg|thumb|NSS Awards (2016–17)]]

==Student life==
In March 2012, the university started a campus radio service named GURU on 90.8 MHz, which was first kind of it in the state of [[Gujarat]] and fifth in [[India]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Ahmed|first=Syed Khalique|title=GU launches first campus FM radio station in state, fifth in country|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/gu-launches-first-campus-fm-radio-station-in-state-fifth-in-country/930856/1|access-date=6 October 2012|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=31 March 2012}}</ref>

== B.K. School of Business Management ==
The B. K. School of Business Management is a [[Business school|business school]] in the state of [[Gujarat]]. It is a postgraduate department of Gujarat University situated in Gujarat University Campus, Ahmedabad.

The school was started in 1976, to serve local students and those who could not afford the higher fees at other schools. The school offers two-year full-time and three-year part-time [[MBA]] programs for working executives. It is approved by the [[All India Council for Technical Education]] and part of B+ [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] accreditation. The school receives a grant from the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC), and runs an Industry Institute Partnership cell under the UGC umbrella.

The school started a [[port management]] program to cater needs of expanding international business and privatisation of ports in Gujarat.

The school offers two year full-time MBA program and three year MBA part-time program (i.e. evening program for working executives) and offers specialization in finance, marketing and human resources. The school also offer post graduate diploma program in port management and diplomas in finance, human resources, and marketing and advertisement. The school updates courses in response to the demands of industry{{citation needed|date=January 2013}} and offers placement assistance for graduating students.

==Notable alumni and faculties==
*[[Amit Shah]], [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Union Minister of Home Affairs]]
* [[Gautam Adani]], founder of [[Adani Group]] (dropped out)
* [[Pranav Mistry]], [[Computer Scientist]]
* [[Pankaj Patel]], chairman of [[Zydus Lifesciences|Zydus]]
* [[Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan]], Space Scientist for [[ISRO]]
*[[Hasmukh Adhia]], [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]], [[Secretary to Government of India|Revenue Secretary]] of [[Government of India|India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://supremo.nic.in/ERSheetHtml.aspx?OffIDErhtml=14275&PageId=|title=Dr. Hasmukh Adhia – Executive Record sheet|website=Department of Personnel and Training, [[Government of India]]|access-date=15 August 2017}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/business/economy/phd-in-yoga-iim-a-gold-medallist-all-about-hasmukh-adhia-indias-new-financial-services-secy-1995383.html|title=PhD in Yoga, IIM-A gold medallist: All about Hasmukh Adhia, India's new financial services secy|date=5 November 2014|website=Firstpost|access-date=15 August 2017}}</ref>
* [[Kumarpal Desai]], Author
*[[Komal Shah (art collector)|Komal Shah]], Indian-born American art collector
*Michael Dabhi , Indian Politician

==See also==
* [[Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University]]
* [[List of educational institutions of Gujarat]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website}}

{{Universities in Gujarat}}
{{Ahmedabad topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Gujarat University| ]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1949]]
[[Category:1949 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Gujarat-related lists]]

Surajya

2026-03-04T09:47:12Z

Musariaz: put up

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Surajya
| image =
| alt =
| caption = Surajya (2014) Marathi Movie Poster
| director = [[Santosh Manjrekar]]
| producer = {{ubl|Vector Projects India Pvt. Ltd.|Umesh Rao|Siya Manjrekar Productions}}
| screenplay = {{ubl|Saurabh Bhave}}
| story = Vinayak Prabhu
| starring = {{ubl|[[Vaibbhav Tatwawdi]]|[[Mrunal Thakur]]|Sharad Ponkshe|Madhav Abhyankar|Dr. Sriram Patki|Vinayak Bhave}}
| music = Pankaj Padgham
| cinematography = Vikramkumar Amladi
| distributor = {{ubl|Prabhat Enterprises}}
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2014|04|18}}
| runtime = 1 hr 54 Min<ref>{{Cite web |title=Surajya... a Movement |url=http://www.surajyathemovie.com |access-date=25 April 2014}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
}}

'''''Surajya''''' is a 2014 Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi]] language movie.
The movie marks the debut of [[Vaibbhav Tatwawdi]] and is directed by award-winning Director of Mi Shivaji Raje Bhosale Boltoi fame [[Santosh Manjrekar]]. Music and Background score is given by Pankaj Padgham and Cinematography is by Vikramkumar Amladi.
Vector Projects mark their entry into the Movie Industry with this movie.

''[[Times of India]]'' praised the performances of the actors and commented that the film is "definitely a one-time watch".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Surajya (Review) |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/movie-review/33914489.cms |access-date=25 April 2014 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Plot==

When a young interior designer goes to his native place, the absence of a hospital there shocks him. He them embarks on a quest to get basic medical facilities to his village.

The residents of Mashem in [[Goa]] are god-fearing people who are afraid to go against the word of a Godman in the village. Such is the fear in them that they fail to speak up even when they witness money being collected in the name of God and being stacked in the hermitage locker.

Having been posted in [[Goa]], Omkar (Vaibbhav Tatwawdi) decides to spend a week with his parents at his village. His father Ramdas ([[Sharad Ponkshe]]) who is the local priest, asks Omkar to go around and collect money from the residents for the renovation of the [[hermitage (religious retreat)|hermitage]]. While doing this, Omkar comes across an old lady lying on her deathbed who cannot afford treatment because the nearest hospital is an hour away. By the time Omkar and his friend Bandya (Shriram Patki) get her to the hospital, she dies, and this jolts Omkar. He, along with his love interest Dr Swapna Bhosale (Mrunal Thakur) and Bandya tries to get funds from the hermitage for constructing a hospital but to no effect. That is when they take an oath to fight for the welfare of the people, by hook or by crook.

==Cast==
* [[Vaibbhav Tatwawdi]] as Omkar Prabhu
* [[Mrunal Thakur]] as Dr. Swapna Bhosale
* Dr. Sriram Patki as Bandya
* [[Sharad Ponkshe]] as Ramdas Prabhu
* Madhav Abhyankar as Swamy Sudarshan Maharaj
* Pournima Manohar as Omkar's Mother
* Vinayak Bhave as Manohar Swamy<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 2014 |title=Surajya Marathi Movie |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jOQNb_oJOUc |access-date=25 April 2014 |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! No. !! Title !! Singer(s) !! Music
|-
| 1 || "Ha Nava Bahana" ||Rohit Raut || Pankaj Padgham
|-
| 2 || "Mor Pisa" ||Sayali Pankaj & Mangesh Borgaonkar || Pankaj Padgham
|-
| 3 || "Surajya Yet Aahe" ||Various || Pankaj Padgham
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2014 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:2014 Indian films]]
[[Category:2014 drama films]]

Aaina (1974 film)

2026-03-03T23:30:35Z

Musariaz: Creating new details!

{{distinguish|Aina (1974 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aaina
| image = Aaina 1977.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[K. Balachander]]
| producer = L. Duraiswamy, N. Selvaraj
| writer = {{unbulleted list| K. Balachander, | [[Inder Raj Anand]] {{small|(dialogue)}} }}
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]]
}}
| music = [[Naushad]]
| cinematography = [[B. S. Lokanath]]
| editing = N. R. Kittu
| studio = Kalakendra Films
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1974|03|11|df=y}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Aaina''''' ({{translation|Mirror}}) is a 1974 [[India]]n [[Hindi]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] written and directed by [[K. Balachander]]. A remake of the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film ''[[Arangetram (1973 film)|Arangetram]]'' (1973), it stars [[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]] in the lead role with [[A. K. Hangal]], [[Nirupa Roy]], [[Lalita Pawar]], [[Jayasudha]] and [[Madan Puri]] in supporting roles. This film has a special appearance by [[Rajesh Khanna]]. The film is about a brahmin girl becoming a sex worker to support her large family.

== Plot ==
Ram Shashtri, an upper Caste Hindu [[Brahmin]], lives in a small village in India. He has a large family, consisting of his wife, Savitri, five daughters and three sons. Ram supports them, earning meagre wages, by performing prayers and last rites for the Hindu community.

Ashok, (the son of the Village Mukhiya, Jagannath Rao), is in love with Shalini, the eldest Shashtri child, and wants to marry her. As the Raos are of a much lower caste than the Shastri's, Ashok is told by his father that he cannot marry Shalini. After an argument with his dad, he joins the army, and a few weeks later, a telegram is sent to Jagannath informing him that Ashok has been killed.

As Ram's work dwindles and he can no longer sustain his family, Savitri attempts to poison the entire family, but Shalini stops her in time. She gets a job and is able to support her family. Her brother, Gautam, wants to be a doctor, while her sister, Poorna, wants to be a singer. Her siblings' need for schooling causes Shalini to make the choice to leave her village for Poona.

Her brother's need for admission to medical school comes at the cost of her dignity and innocence. The family, though are left in the dark. Shalini gets a ‘raise’ and an offer for a bigger pay raise if she relocates to the capital, Delhi. She sends plenty of money so her dad no longer has to work, and her siblings can carry on with their respective studies.

It's in Delhi, when late one night when a knock on Shalini's door, who was expecting a client, leads to a shocking truth. Ashok, alone in a new city and wanting company, was told to go to an address where he could find a prostitute.

Both are shocked to see each other. Shalini makes no attempt to hide her trade and tells Ashok that this is the way she has been supporting her family. Ashok, still in love with Shalini, leaves heartbroken.

Meanwhile, Shalini's sister, Girja, meets a young man, Raju, and both fall in love. Now a doctor, Gautam is in love with the Tehsildar's daughter, Usha, and wants to marry her. Shalini returns home to attend Girja's marriage and recognises the groom. Before the wedding, the groom is nowhere to be found.

It's revealed when Shalini goes looking for and finds him that they both have a secret. He was a former client. They promise to keep their past relations a secret, as he loves Girja and still wants to marry her. Girja's marriage takes place with great pomp and ceremony and everyone compliments Shalini, for without her efforts, the family would have been destitute.

Gautum, who has done nothing except ask Shalini for handouts, tells her to arrange his marriage to Usha.
Meanwhile, Ashok returns home to his father, who had been expecting him as Shalini had told him that Ashok was alive. During his return visit, Ram and Savitri arrive to invite them to the wedding.
After they leave, Ashok tells his father about his discovery of Shalini's work. Although his father is shocked and relieved Ashok said nothing in front of her parents, unfortunately Ram and Savithri overhear them, causing Ram to fall unconscious.

Meanwhile, Ram's sister also finds out and due to her bitterness at her own daughter not receiving any marriage proposals tells the Tehsildar and the rest of Ram's family of Shalini's windfall job. The Tehsildar, Shalini's aunt and Gautam demean her, disown her, and throw her out of the house.

Despite all she has done for her family, it is only her mother who feels for her but is helpless to do anything. Left with nowhere to turn, Ashok and his father take her in. Shalini has an emotional meltdown and talks about committing suicide. The sound of the shehnai from her brother's wedding can be heard in the background.

Ram comes to invite Jagannath to the wedding and Jagannath and Ashok refuse, saying they support Shalini. Ashok accepts her for what she is and marries her with the blessings of his father.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]] – Shalini Shastri
*[[A. K. Hangal]] – Ram Shastri
*[[Nirupa Roy]] – Savitri
*[[Rita Bhaduri]] – Poorna
*[[Adil Amaan]] – Dr. Gautam
* [[Yasmin (actress)|Yasmin]] - Devi
*[[Jayasudha]] – Usha
*[[Lalita Pawar|Lalitha Pawar]] – Janki
*[[Manmohan Krishna]] – Jagannath Rao
*[[Jagdish Raj|Jagdishraj]] – Managing Director
*Polson
*Brahmachari
*[[Madan Puri]] – M. B. Patil
*[[Jagdeep]] – Music Instructor
*[[Suresh Chatwal]] – Shyam Lal
*[[Rajesh Khanna]] - Ashok Rao (Cameo)
*[[Kamal Haasan]] – Prem Kapoor (Cameo)
*[[Dharmendra]] – Cameo appearance
*[[Neetu Singh]] – Cameo appearance
}}

== Production ==
Aaina is a remake of the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film ''[[Arangetram (1973 film)|Arangetram]]'', also directed by same director, starring Pramila, [[Kamal Haasan]] and [[Sivakumar]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=S. |date=11 July 2011 |title=K. Balachander: The Middle-Class Maestro |url=http://forbesindia.com/article/recliner/k-balachander-the-middleclass-maestro/26662/0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209171444/http://forbesindia.com/article/recliner/k-balachander-the-middleclass-maestro/26662/0 |archive-date=9 December 2013 |access-date=9 April 2018 |website=[[Forbes India]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|number=1212310823164497921|user=NFAIOfficial|title=#Remake K. Balachander remade his...|date=1 January 2020}}</ref> This was the first Hindi film where [[Kamal Haasan]] made an uncredited appearance and he also worked as an assistant choreographerfor the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kamal Haasan: My best roles came from Balachandersaab |url=http://inwww.rediff.com/movies/report/kamal-haasan-my-best-roles-came-from-balachandersaab/20141218.htm |date=18 December 2014 |work=Rediff.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201161914/http://inwww.rediff.com/movies/report/kamal-haasan-my-best-roles-came-from-balachandersaab/20141218.htm |archive-date=1 February 2017 |access-date=20 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinehistory/2021/01/29013346/2299481/cinima-history.vpf |title=ஜெமினிகணேசன் உதவியால் எனக்கு வாய்ப்பு கிடைத்தது - கமலஹாசன் வெளியிட்ட தகவல் |language=ta |date=29 January 2021 |access-date=5 May 2021 |work=[[Maalai Malar]]}}</ref> This was Mumtaz's last film as a heroine before she got married. She late made a one-film comeback with ''Aandhiyan'' (1990).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/i-dont-want-to-play-shah-rukh-khans-mom-or-akshay-kumar-s-aunt-mumtaz-23878.html |title=I don't want to play Shah Rukh Khan's mom or Akshay Kumar's aunt- Mumtaz |date=18 September 2017 |website=[[Filmfare]] |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref>

== Music ==
Jan Nisar Akhtar wrote all the songs.

{{Infobox album
| name = Aaina
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Naushad
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1974
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[EMI]]
| language = Hindi
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc =
}}

{{Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Dharti Hansti Re
| extra1 = [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Woh Jo Auron Ki Khatir"
| extra2 = Lata Mangeshkar
| length2 =

| title3 = Jane Kya Ho Jaye, Jab Dil Se Dil Takraye
| extra3 = Lata Mangeshkar, [[Mohammed Rafi]]
| length3 =

| title4 = Kaho To Aaj Bol Doon
| extra4 = [[Asha Bhosle]]
| length4 =

| title5 = Teri Dulhan Badi Jaadugarni
| extra5 = [[Vani Jairam]]
| length5 =

| title6 = Dhyan Dhyan Ki
| extra6 = Vani Jairam
| length6 =

| title7 = Saregamapa
| extra7 = Vani Jairam, Unknown
| length7 =
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0154178|Aaina}}

{{K. Balachander}}

[[Category:1974 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1974 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Balachander]]
[[Category:Films scored by Naushad]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:Films about prostitution in India]]

Insaan (1944 film)

2026-03-03T23:15:20Z

Musariaz: formatting fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name =Insaan
| image =

| caption =
| director =
| producer =
| writer =
| narrator =
| starring =
| music =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1944}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Insaan''''' is a [[Bollywood]] [[film]]. It was released in [[Bollywood films of 1944|1944]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/|publisher=Gomolo.com|accessdate=25 April 2013|title=Bollywood Hindi Movie, Latest Movies Release, Review & News, Actor Actress Photo Pics & Videos Gallery|archive-date=14 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120814141558/http://www.gomolo.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen1999">{{cite book|last1=Rajadhyaksha|first1=Ashish|last2=Willemen|first2=Paul|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofi0000raja|url-access=registration|accessdate=25 April 2013|year=1999|publisher=British Film Institute|isbn=9780851706696 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0426040 |title=Insaan}}

[[Category:1944 films]]
[[Category:1944 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1944 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]

{{1940s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Yaro Oraal

2026-03-03T20:57:17Z

Musariaz: stub!

{{Short description|1978 Malayalam film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Yaro Oraal
| image = Yaro Oraal.jpg

| alt =
| caption = Yaro Oraal production still with the cast (from left) Verma, Protima, ACK Raja and T. Ravindranath (above)
| director = [[V. K. Pavithran]]
| producer = V. K. Pavithran
| writer = V. K. Pavithran
| narrator =
| starring = {{ubl|Protima|A. C. K. Raja|T. Ravindranath|Verma|[[Adam Ayub]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Yaaro Oral|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0253961/|publisher=IMDb|date=31 August 2025}} </ref>}}
| music = [[G. Aravindan]]
| cinematography = [[Madhu Ambat]]
| editing = P. Raman Nair<ref>{{cite news|title=Kerala State Film Award for Best Editor|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala_State_Film_Award_for_Best_Editor| date=2 September 2025}}</ref>
| studio = Saga Movies
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1978}}
| runtime = 111 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Yaro Oraal''''' ({{langx|en|Someone Unknown}}) is a 1978 [[Malayalam film]] written, produced and directed by [[V. K. Pavithran]]. It was his debut as a director.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Experiments in Malayalam cinema|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/photo-features/experiments-in-malayalam-cinema/photostory/29715290.cms|access-date=2021-07-11|website=The Times of India|date=29 August 2018 }}</ref> Employing a surrealist narrative, it dealt with cynicism about death.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Thoraval |first1=Yves |title=The Cinemas of India |date=2000 |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan India]] |location=Delhi |isbn=9780333934104 |page=391 |url=https://archive.org/details/cinemasofindia0000thor |access-date=23 February 2023 }}</ref> The film's music is composed by acclaimed film director [[G. Aravindan]].

==Cast==
* Protima as Malathi
* T. Ravindranath as Hari
* Verma as Malathi's First Husband
* A. C. K. Raja as Moorthy, the artist
* [[Adam Ayub]]

== Awards ==
'''1978 [[Kerala State Film Awards]] (India)'''

* Won – [[Kerala State Film Award – Special Jury Award]] – [[V. K. Pavithran]]
* Won – [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Cinematography]] – [[Madhu Ambat]]
* Won – [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Editor]] – P. Raman Nair

== Additional information==
Actor T. Ravindranath ("Bank Ravi")<ref>{{Cite news|title=Aravindan, a scriptless creative film director|author=Sasikumar Vasudevan |url=https://www.sahapedia.org/aravindan-%E2%80%93-scriptless-creative-film-director|date=14 September 2025}} </ref> later became a film producer, most notably with movies like [[Vasthuhara]] and [[Ponthan Mada]]; the documentary Mounam Sowmanasyam (1997); and Verukal (1997), a television series.<ref>{{cite news|title=T.Ravindranath_Producer_Actor_Production Manager|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2246785/|publisher=IMDb}}, Archived on 31 August 2025</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Paragon Movie Makers_Vastuhara_T Ravindranath|url=https://malayalasangeetham.info/displayProfile.php?category=banner&artist=Paragon%20Movie%20Makers&limit=1|publisher=Malayala Sangeetham}}, Archived on 31 August 2025</ref> Actor ACK Raja later worked as an art director on [[K. P. Kumaran|KP Kumaran]]'s [[Kaattile_Paattu|Kattile Pattu]] (1982)<ref>{{cite web|title=Kaattilay Pattu|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DOEhABqYiI0|date=23 July 2014}}, Archived on 31 August 2025 </ref> [[Vipin Mohan]] was the associate cameraman on Yaaro Oral.<ref>{{cite news|title=പവിത്രന്‍ എപ്പോഴും പറയാറുണ്ടായിരുന്നു; അന്‍പത്തഞ്ചവയസ്സ് വരെയേ താന്‍ ജീവിക്കുകയുള്ളൂ|url=https://www.mediaoneonline.com/mediaone-shelf/column/about-pavithran-258559|publisher=MediaOne, 25 June 2024}}, Archived on 31 August 2025 </ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0253961|title=Yaro Oraal}}

[[Category:1978 films]]
[[Category:1978 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1978 Indian films]]
[[Category:1978 directorial debut films]]

{{1970s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Bell (2023 film)

2026-03-03T02:32:07Z

Musariaz: Creating a data

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bell
| image = Bell (2023 film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = R. Vengat Bhuvan
| writer = Veyilon R. Vengat Bhuvan
| producer = Peter Chakravarthy David Nalachakravarthy
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Guru Somasundaram]]
*[[Sridhar (choreographer)|Sridhar]]
*[[Nitish Veera]]
}}
| cinematography = Bharanikannan
| editing = Thiagarajan Vignesh RL
| music = Robert
| studio = Brogan Movies
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2023|06|9}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Bell''''' is a 2023 Indian Tamil-language romantic [[drama film]] directed by R. Vengat Bhuvan and starring [[Guru Somasundaram]], [[Sridhar (choreographer)|Sridhar]] and [[Nitish Veera]] in the lead roles. It was released on 9 June 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vallavan |first=Prashanth |date=5 June 2023 |title=Guru Somasundaram: A man of many shades |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2023/jun/05/guru-somasundaram-a-man-of-many-shades-2581824.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630162104/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2023/jun/05/guru-somasundaram-a-man-of-many-shades-2581824.html |archive-date=2023-06-30 |access-date=2024-02-11 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2023 |title=Motion poster of Guru Somasundaram's Bell out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/jun/04/motion-poster-of-guru-somasundarams-bell-out-44224.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630162104/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/jun/04/motion-poster-of-guru-somasundarams-bell-out-44224.html |archive-date=2023-06-30 |access-date=2023-06-30 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Guru Somasundaram]] as Brahma
*[[Sridhar (choreographer)|Sridhar]] as Bell
*[[Nitish Veera]] as Bell
*Petter Raj
*Jack Arunachalam as Kavin
*Kalki
*Durga
*Swetha
*Josephine
*Yogi Ram
}}

==Production==
[[Nitish Veera]]'s death in April 2021 prompted the makers to rework the film's script, with [[Sridhar (choreographer)|Sridhar]]'s character portraying another version of Veera's character.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=9 June 2023 |title=Bell Movie Review: Hard to extract any entertainment out of this wreckage- Cinema express |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2023/jun/09/bell-movie-review-hard-to-extract-any-entertainment-out-of-this-wreckage-44408.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609112457/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2023/jun/09/bell-movie-review-hard-to-extract-any-entertainment-out-of-this-wreckage-44408.html |archive-date=2023-06-09 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

== Reception ==
The film was released on 9 June 2023 across Tamil Nadu. Rating the film 0.5/5 stars, Logesh Balachandran of ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote "when makers forget to develop a one-line into a proper feature script, this is what the result will look like" and that "though the core idea is good, ''Bell'' suffers from amateurish filmmaking and lacklustre performances, ultimately resulting in a disappointing viewing experience".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bell Movie Review : Good core idea with a poorly written script |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/bell/movie-review/100889700.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623123934/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/bell/movie-review/100889700.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=2023-06-23 |access-date=2023-06-30 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Prashanth Vallavan of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' wrote "the film struggles to present a story that was mangled, to begin with" and "despite some sincere performances, the problems are further exacerbated by an unfocused creative vision".<ref name="auto" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|27773277}}

{{improve categories|date=July 2023}}

[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:2023 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]

BBC Online

2026-03-02T15:52:35Z

Musariaz: updated content also and added references per sources

{{short description|Brand name and home for the BBC's online service}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox website
| name = BBC Online
| logo = BBC Online 2022.svg
| logo_caption = Logo
| logo_size = 200
| screenshot = [[File:BBC Online International Partial Screenshot 2022.png|250px]]
| caption = The BBC international website in March 2022
| url = {{URL|https://www.bbc.co.uk}} ([[United Kingdom|UK]]) {{URL|https://www.bbc.com}} (International)
| commercial = No (Yes if accessed outside the UK)
| type = [[Web portal|Portal]]
| registration = Optional
| owner = [[BBC]]
| author = [[BBC]]
| launch_date = {{start date and age|1994|04|df=y}} ({{URL|https://www.bbci.com}} domain registered) {{start date and age|1994|05|11|df=y}} (launched the BBC Networking Club) {{start date and age|1997|04|28|df=y}} (as BBC Online)
| current_status = Active
}}
{{BBC sidebar}}
'''BBC Online''', formerly known as '''BBCi''', is the [[BBC]]'s online service. It is a large network of websites including such high-profile sites as [[BBC News]] and [[BBC Sport|Sport]], the on-demand video and radio services branded [[BBC iPlayer]] and [[BBC Sounds]], the children's sites [[CBBC]] and [[CBeebies]], and learning services such as [[Bitesize]] and [[BBC Own It|Own It]]. The BBC has had an online presence supporting its TV and radio programmes and web-only initiatives since April 1994,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://support.bbc.co.uk/support/history.html|title=BBC Internet Services – History|website=support.bbc.co.uk|access-date=2020-02-03}}</ref> but did not launch officially until 28 April 1997, following government approval to fund it by [[Television licensing in the United Kingdom|TV licence fee]] revenue as a service in its own right. Throughout its history, the online plans of the BBC have been subject to competition and complaint from its commercial rivals, which has resulted in various public consultations and government reviews to investigate their claims that its large presence and public funding distorts the UK market.

The website has gone through several branding changes since it was launched. Originally named BBC Online, it was rebranded as [[BBC Red Button|BBCi]] (which itself was the brand name for interactive TV services) before being named ''bbc.co.uk''. It was then renamed BBC Online again in 2008,<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2008/12_december/11/partnership1.shtml |title=BBC launches PSB partnerships |date=11 December 2008 |publisher=BBC Press Office |access-date=13 December 2008 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081214052226/http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2008/12_december/11/partnership1.shtml| archive-date= 14 December 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref> although the service uses the branding "BBC".

On 26 February 2010 ''[[The Times]]'' claimed that [[Mark Thompson (media executive)|Mark Thompson]], then Director General of the BBC, proposed that the BBC's web output should be cut by 50%, with online staff numbers and budgets reduced by 25% in a bid to scale back BBC operations and allow commercial rivals more room.<ref>[https://archive.today/20100920022419/http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/media/article7041944.ece "BBC signals an end to era of expansion"] 26 February 2010 Retrieved 26 February 2010</ref> On 2 March 2010, the BBC reported that it would cut its website spending by 25% and close BBC 6 Music and Asian Network.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/03/business/media/03bbc.html "BBC Proposes Deep Cuts in Web Site"] 2 March 2010 Retrieved 2 March 2010</ref><ref name="e640">{{cite web | title=BBC stations face axe in shake-up | website=BBC News | date=2010-03-02 | url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/8544150.stm | access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref> On 24 January 2011, the confirmed cuts of 25% were announced, leaving a £34 million shortfall.{{clarify|reason=Shortfall relative to what? If 25% cut was planned and then carried out, why was there any "shortfall"?|date=November 2024}} This resulted in the closure of several sites, including [[BBC Switch]], [[BBC Blast]], [[6-0-6]], and the announcement of plans to sell the Douglas Adams created site [[h2g2]].<ref name="Cutback">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-12265173|title=BBC News – BBC to cut online budget by 25%|work=BBC Online|access-date=24 January 2011|date=24 January 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110125024549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-12265173| archive-date= 25 January 2011 | url-status= live}}</ref>

==History==

=== Early years ===
'''''www.bbc.co.uk''''' was introduced in April 1994 with some regional information and [[Open University]] Production Centre (OUPC) content. By September, the first commercial service launched, a transcription service via [[FTP]] server. At its peak, it had 122 accounts, including FBI bureaus around the world, taking daily updates from 12 feeds.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ErOOP2ocl0C&pg=PA50|title=Film and Television in Education: The Handbook of the British Universities Film & Video Council|last1=Dry|first1=Chris|last2=Council|first2=British Universities Film & Video|date=1995|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-1-85713-016-4|language=en}}</ref>

Within 12 months, the BBC website offered "Auntie" online discussion groups; web pages for select web-related programs and BBC departments; free web pages for associate members.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbcnc.org.uk/|title=BBC|date=29 October 1996|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020601095232/http://www.bbcnc.org.uk/|archive-date=1 June 2002|access-date=1 October 2012}}</ref>

The BBC Multimedia Centre was a team led by [[Martin Freeth]] to introduce new media across the corporation.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Freeth |first1=Martin |title=Biography |url=https://www.directors.uk.com/users/5984 |website=Directors UK |access-date=9 March 2021}}</ref>

===BBC Networking Club===
[[Image:BBC Networking Club 1994.jpg|200px|thumb|right|The BBC Networking club, 1994]]
BBC Networking Club '''''www.bbcnc.org.uk''''' (the "nc" standing for "networking club") was launched by BBC Education on 11 May 1994 as a non-profit paid subscription service. For a joining fee of £25 and a monthly subscription of £12, members of the club were given access to an early type of [[social networking site]] featuring a [[bulletin board]] for sharing information and real-time conversation, along with a dialup Internet connection service.<ref name="bbnc-times">{{cite news |title=The BBC is launching an on-line service...|date=17 April 1994|work=The Sunday Times }} quoted in {{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/bbcinternet/2007/12/the_www_inforainforest_1.html|title=The WWW Info-Rainforest|last=Connor |first=Alan |date=25 December 2007|work=BBC Internet Blog|publisher=BBC|access-date=2 October 2008}}</ref>

===BBC Online and beeb.com===
[[Image:BBC website 1997.jpg|thumb|right|200px|BBC website as it appeared in 1997]]
The BBC Director General [[John Birt]] sought government approval to direct licence fee revenue into the service, describing planned BBC Internet services as the "third medium" joining the BBC's existing TV and radio networks, achieving a change in the [[BBC Charter]]. This led to the official launch of ''BBC Online'' at the ''www.bbc.co.uk'' address in April 1997.

As well as the licence fee funded www.bbc.co.uk, BBC Worldwide launched the commercially funded beeb.com, featuring mostly entertainment focused content, with sites including ''Radio Times'', ''Top Gear'' and ''Top of the Pops''. The development of these services formed the basis of a three-year agreement between BBC Worldwide and [[International Computers Limited]], intended to assist the former in exploiting commercial opportunities in the "new medium" of the consumer Internet, while permitting the latter to gain commercial and technical experience and to position itself as a supplier to the media industry.<ref name="icl1998_dyer">{{ cite journal | url=https://archive.org/details/ICL-Technical-Journal-v13i01/page/1/mode/2up | title=An Architecture for Commercial On-line Internet Services | journal=ICL Technical Journal | last1=Dyer | first1=Nigel | date=Autumn 1998 | access-date=23 June 2024 | volume=13 | issue=1 | pages=1–16 }}</ref> Later, BBC Online launched licence-fee funded web sites for ''Top of the Pops'' and ''Top Gear'', resulting in some duplication.

Beeb.com was later refocussed as an online shopping guide,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/bbcworldwide/worldwidestories/pressreleases/2002/01_january/beeb_motoreasy.shtml |title=Worldwide Press Office – beeb.com motoreasy |publisher=BBC |access-date=1 October 2012}}</ref> and was closed in 2002.<ref>{{cite web|author=Claire Billings |url=http://www.brandrepublic.com/News/142748/BBC-Worldwide-close-Beeb-Ventures/?DCMP=ILC-SEARCH |title=BBC Worldwide to close Beeb Ventures |publisher=Brand Republic |date=23 April 2002 |access-date=1 October 2012}}</ref> beeb.com later redirected to the BBC Shop website, run by [[BBC Worldwide]].

In 1999, the BBC bought the '''bbc.com''' domain name, previously owned by Boston Business Computing, for $375,000,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bbc.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990508175641/http://bbc.com/ |title=Boston Business Computing – OpenVMS Migration Solutions |archivedate=1999-05-08 |website=Boston Business Computing}}</ref> but the price of this purchase was not revealed until six years later.<ref>[https://www.theregister.co.uk/2005/10/05/bbc_domain/ BBC blew $375k on bbc.com]. ''The Register''</ref> {{Asof|2005}}, ''www.bbcnc.org.uk'' no longer exists.

===BBCi===
[[Image:Bbci website jan 2004.jpg|thumb|right|200px|BBCi website navbar, 2004]]
In 2001, BBC Online was rebranded as BBCi; the website launched on 7 November 2001. The BBCi name was conceived as an umbrella brand for all the BBC's digital interactive services across web, digital teletext, interactive TV and on mobile platforms.<ref name="bbcsnews0711">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1643259.stm|title=BBCi heralds new interactive era|date=7 November 2001|work=BBC News|access-date=2 October 2008}}</ref><ref name="whatisBBCi">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/home/whatisbbci/|title=What is BBCi?|date=15 December 2002|publisher=BBC|access-date=2 October 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011215000308/http://www.bbc.co.uk/home/whatisbbci/|archive-date=15 December 2001}}</ref> The use of letter "i" [[prefix]]es and [[suffix]]es to denote information technology or interactivity was very much in vogue at this time; according to the BBC, the "i" in BBCi stood for "interactivity" as well as "innovation".<ref name="guardian1101">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2001/nov/12/mondaymediasection.bbc1|title=A fresh i for BBC|last=Gibson|first=Owen|date=12 November 2001|work=The Guardian |access-date=2 October 2008|location=London}}</ref>

As part of the rebrand, BBC website pages all displayed a standard navigation bar across the top of the screen, offering category-based navigation: Categories, TV, Radio, Communicate, Where I Live, A-Z Index and a search function.<ref name="wwwibar">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/home/whatisbbci/on_web.shtml|title=What is BBCi? – On the web|date=15 December 2002|publisher=BBC|access-date=2 October 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011215101431/http://www.bbc.co.uk/home/whatisbbci/on_web.shtml|archive-date=15 December 2001}}</ref> The navbar was designed to offer a similar navigation system to the i-bar on [[BBC Red Button|BBCi interactive television]].

===bbc.co.uk and the return of BBC Online===
[[File:BBC Online Logo.svg|thumb|200px|Previous BBC Online logo]]
[[File:BBC.co.uk.png|185px|right|thumb|The BBC homepage in March 2010]]
After three years of consistent use across different platforms, the BBC began to drop the BBCi brand gradually; on 6 May 2004, the BBC website was renamed bbc.co.uk, after the main [[URL]] used to access the site.<ref name="bbccouk">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2004/05_may/04/bbc_co_uk.shtml|title=BBC website gets new look and new name: bbc.co.uk|date=4 May 2004|publisher=BBC Press Office|access-date=30 September 2008}}</ref> Interactive TV services continued under the BBCi brand until it was dropped completely in 2008. The BBC's online video player, the [[iPlayer]] has, however, retained an i-prefix in its branding.

On 14 December 2007, a [[beta version]] of a new bbc.co.uk homepage was launched, with the ability to customise the page by adding, removing and rearranging different categories, such as 'News', 'Weather' and 'Entertainment'. The [[Web widget|widget]]-based design was inspired by sites such as [[Facebook]] and [[iGoogle]], and allowed the BBC to add new content to the homepage while still retaining users' customisations.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/bbcinternet/2007/12/a_lick_of_paint_for_the_bbc_ho.html A Lick of Paint for the BBC Homepage], bbc.co.uk, 13 December 2007</ref> The new homepage also incorporated the clock design used in the 1970s on the BBC's television service into the large header and a box containing featured content of the website. The new BBC homepage left beta on Wednesday, 27 February 2008 to serve as the new BBC Homepage under the same URL as the previous version.

On 30 January 2010, a new webpage design became available as a [[beta version]],<ref>{{cite web |author=London |url=https://id.bbc.co.uk/ |title=BBC – Homepage |publisher=Id.bbc.co.uk |date=1 January 1970 |access-date=1 October 2012 |archive-date=27 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127170201/http://id.bbc.co.uk/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> that by May 2010, replaced the old homepage. This homepage expanded on the modules idea and the customisation theme. The website allowed certain themes that interested the viewer to be tracked, via a new module. It also included a new 'Media Zone' where featured content could be displayed, with this new featured box being located across the entire top of the webpage, below the header. The Media Zone was also changed so that the content changed by running the mouse over the tabs. The header was again changed to include the headings of the major sections of the website, these being: Home, [[BBC News Online|News]], [[BBC Sport|Sport]], [[BBC Weather|Weather]], [[iPlayer]], [[BBC Television|TV]], [[BBC Radio|Radio]] and more, spread out evenly across the header. This new header was included across the entire website. Despite the cosmetic appearance of the relaunch, the new website was actually relaunched using a completely different operating system, allowing the site's four different international versions to be more easily altered. It also brought their website layouts and operations closer to that of the main website.

Following the launch of the new BBC News website, which altered the header bar on that site, in October 2010, the new style of header was launched across the whole website, starting off with some of the larger, yet not obvious, sites, such as [[Doctor Who]], first before relaunching all of the sites, including the homepage with the new look. This new style of header included the headings as before, but with the search box redesigned and aligned right, as with the links which are significantly smaller. Other links, such as BBC id login and mobile versions of the website also appear on the header, just to the right of the smaller BBC logo.

[[File:BBC Homepage November 2011.png|thumb|The BBC Online homepage in 2011]]
On 21 September 2011, a new BBC homepage went into beta testing that was drastically different from those before it. The new homepage was based on feedback that stated that the current page was too narrow in focus and not distinctive enough, with the homepage not displaying the full extend of the BBC Online site and that some did not realise it was the homepage. As a result, they launched a new version that featured as a centrepiece a revolving carousel of content on the BBC Online website, with filters beneath to restrict it to, and to show more of entertainment, lifestyle, knowledge and news and sports topics. At the top of the page, a new header has been inserted giving the date, the time through the use of the vintage BBC clock, as well as weather prospects for the next three days through the use of the traditional weather symbols. Below the carousel, boxes contain links to the most popular video material, web articles and pages on the site, as well as TV and Radio listings alongside an A-Z list of the BBC's top level domains.<ref>{{cite web|last=Thornett|first=James|title=Redesigning the BBC Online Homepage|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/bbcinternet/2011/09/bbc_online_homepage_beta_producer.html|publisher=BBC Internet Blog|access-date=17 October 2011}}</ref> This new site replaced the previous one on 30 November 2011. In a blog post<ref>{{cite web|last=Thornett|first=James|title=A New Homepage for BBC Online|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/bbcinternet/2011/11/bbc_online_homepage_launch.html|publisher=BBC Internet Blog|access-date=30 November 2011}}</ref> from the same day, James Thornett explained the changes – while the post attracted complaints from users disliking the refreshed layout, the new-look site was critically acclaimed and nominated by the Design Museum as one of their Designs of the Year in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|last=Thornett|first=James|title=BBC Homepage Three Months On|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/legacy/bbcinternet/2012/03/homepage_update_design_museum.html|publisher=BBC Internet Blog|access-date=17 April 2014|archive-date=18 April 2014|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140418143049/http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/legacy/bbcinternet/2012/03/homepage_update_design_museum.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> It also won a [[Peabody Award]] in 2011 because it "continued, expanded and enhanced one of the greatest traditions in electronic media."<ref>[http://www.peabodyawards.com/award-profile/bbc.com 71st Annual Peabody Awards], May 2012.</ref>
[[File:BBC Online partial screenshot 2016.png|250px|thumb|The BBC Online homepage in October 2016]]

==Content==
BBC Online contains a variety of content ranging from News, Sport, Music, Science, Technology and Entertainment, amongst other things. The website has a British orientation, although the home page, news section and sports section each provide different content between UK and "International" visitors. There are also separate pages for Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland written by the BBC Nations.<ref>{{cite web|last=Hudson|first=Clare|title=Homepages for Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/internet/posts/homepages_for_the_nations|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130419235054/http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/internet/posts/homepages_for_the_nations|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 April 2013|work=BBC Internet Blog|publisher=BBC|access-date=25 March 2013|date=12 June 2012}}</ref>

The website focuses around the primary top level domains of [[BBC News|News]], [[BBC Sport|Sport]], [[BBC Weather|Weather]], [[iPlayer]], [[BBC Television|TV]] and [[BBC Radio|Radio]]. These are easily accessible from the taskbar running across the top of all current BBC Online pages. However, other top level domains are also in existence: some are available from a drop down list on the taskbar including [[CBBC]], [[CBeebies]], Comedy, [[BBC Food|Food]], Health, History, [[BBC Learning|Learning]], [[BBC Music|Music]], Science and Nature, while other top level domains are only available through the A-Z index on the BBC website. These include [[BBC Archives|Archives]], Arts & Culture, Ethics, Gardening, Parenting, Religion and Travel news. However, there are many more top level domains – some 400 in March 2010<ref>{{cite web|last=Huggers|first=Erik|title=BBC Online's top level directories|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/bbcinternet/2010/03/bbc_onlines_top_level_director.html|work=BBC Internet Blog|access-date=11 November 2011}}</ref> however this number has decreased as top level domains now frequently link to a lower domain name – that link to websites for individual services or programmes.

===News, Sport and Weather===
{{main|BBC News Online|l2=BBC Sport Online|BBC Sport#BBC Sport Online|BBC Weather}}
One of the most used aspects of the BBC Online website are the sections relating to News content, Sports results and news and Weather forecasts. The '''BBC News Online''' subsite launched in 1997 and received around 2 billion page views each month in 2012.<ref name="BBC News usage 2012">{{cite web|title=The ups, downs and ups of BBC News online|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-20678217|work=BBC News|access-date=25 March 2013|date=12 December 2012}}</ref> The site contains journalistic content from the BBC covering news from the UK, both as a whole as well as regional news from the BBC Nations and Regions, and International content. The site also contains analysis from correspondents and other features from the Magazine section of the website. The '''BBC Sport Online''' subsite offers, in a similar way to news, a wide variety of material including sports results, live feeds to on-air programming, sports related news and analysis from commentators and pundits.<ref name="New BBC Sport site">{{cite web|last=O'Riordan|first=Cait|title=Launching the new BBC Sport website|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/bbcinternet/2012/02/launching_bbc_sport_new.html|work=BBC Internet Blog|publisher=BBC|access-date=25 March 2013|date=1 February 2012}}</ref> The '''BBC Weather''' subsite primarily focuses on weather forecasts for UK and International locations, but also includes other features including Country guides that detail to geography and climate of each country, winter sports forecasts and during times of unusual or extreme weather, videos are produced explaining the causes for this weather.<ref name="New weather website editors blog">{{cite web|last=Howell|first=Liz|title=New look for BBC Weather website|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/theeditors/2011/10/new_look_bbc_weather_online.html#comments|work=The Editors Blog|publisher=BBC|access-date=25 March 2013}}</ref>

===iPlayer and Programmes sites===
{{main|BBC iPlayer}}
The '''BBC iPlayer''' subsite allows programmes to be viewed again after broadcast over the Internet. This successful site has now been expanded to include mobile views and downloads onto computers and mobiles allowing viewing for up to 30 days after broadcast.

'''BBC Programmes''' is a service of BBC Online which provides a page for every television and radio programme broadcast by the BBC in the United Kingdom. It was launched in October 2007 and gives each programme an [[BBC Programme Identifier|eight or eleven digit identifier]] which is used to provide a permanent URL.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/bbcinternet/2007/11/a_page_for_every_programme_1.html|title=A Page For Every Programme|last=Walpole|first=Sophie|date=5 November 2007|work=BBC Internet Blog|publisher=BBC|access-date=9 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://derivadow.com/2007/10/18/programme-support/|title=Ladies and gentlemen I give you BBC Programmes|last=Scott|first=Tom|date=18 October 2007|publisher=derivadow.com|access-date=9 January 2010}}</ref> It currently only holds data from the launch date plus a selection of high-profile programmes (notably Natural History programmes and Radio 4 programmes), but [[Jana Bennett]], Director of [[BBC Vision]], said in June 2008 that the BBC will eventually add a page for each programme it has broadcast over its history to the service.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/broadcasting/news/a99319/bbc-to-expand-web-programmes-database.html|title=BBC to expand web programmes database|last=West|first=Dave|date=11 June 2008|work=[[Digital Spy]]|access-date=9 January 2010}}</ref>

BBC Programmes is available as [[HTML]] and [[Resource Description Framework|RDF]]/[[XML]] and [[JSON]].

The [[BBC Programme Catalogue]] is an internal archive of the BBC back catalogue which was briefly available online to the public in beta.

===Sounds===
{{main|BBC Sounds}}
'''BBC Sounds''' is an internet streaming, catchup, radio and Podcast service from the BBC. The service is available on a wide range of devices, including mobile phones and tablets, personal computers, and smart televisions. It was launched in November 2018 and replaces the 'iPlayer Radio' branded service, and the mobile apps currently complement the existing iPlayer Radio native applications, which remain available.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/mediapacks/bbcsounds|title=BBC - BBC Sounds to transform what you hear with exclusive music mixes, radio and new podcasts - Media Centre|website=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref>

===Knowledge and learning===
The BBC also operates numerous sub sites that focus on different topics and subjects to expand the knowledge of the reader. These are mainly centred around the topics of Science, Nature, Arts and Culture, Religion and Ethics, [[BBC Food|Food]] and History. Each of these sub sites feature new articles published on the topic and contain other collections relating to the topic.

For example, the '''[[BBC Food|Food]]''' site contains recipes featured on various BBC cookery programmes, the '''History''' site has an interactive timeline of key events and individuals, the '''Nature''' site contains a database of creatures, and the '''Language''' site<ref>{{cite web|title=Languages|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/languages/index.shtml|publisher=BBC|access-date=20 September 2013}}</ref> teaches phrases and more in 40 languages. Included in this range was the well received [[Your Paintings]] website that catalogued every painting in public ownership for view.<ref>{{cite web|last=Cohen|first=Nick|title=Your Paintings: Opening up the nation's art collection|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/bbcinternet/2011/06/your_paintings_opening_up_the.html|work=BBC Internet Blog|publisher=BBC|access-date=24 April 2013}}</ref>

Until 2013, the BBC also hosted a '''health''' website with detailed information, checked by professionals, of medical conditions and symptoms. However, the BBC withdrew the site as this service is available from other sources on the Internet which did not exist when the Health site launched, the most prominent of which is [[NHS Choices]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Gluckman|first=Dan|title=BBC Health website closure|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/internet/posts/BBC-Health-website-closure|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130406003320/http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/internet/posts/BBC-Health-website-closure|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 April 2013|work=BBC Internet Blog|publisher=BBC|access-date=24 April 2013|date=5 April 2013}}</ref>

In addition to these subsites, the BBC also runs sites dedicated to education and learning. These include the [[Bitesize]] revision website for teenagers and a section with resources for teachers including Learning Zone Class Clips that provides video from educational programmes for use in the classroom.

The BBC plans to merge this content into one easier to access site in the foreseeable future.<ref>{{cite web|last=Sizemore|first=Chris|title=Knowledge & Learning Beta: Welcome to the new site|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/internet/posts/Knowledge-Learning-Product|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130418212137/http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/internet/posts/Knowledge-Learning-Product|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 April 2013|work=BBC Internet Blog|publisher=BBC|access-date=24 April 2013|date=18 April 2013}}</ref>

[[BBC Own It]] is an offshoot that provides online safety advice for parents, teachers, and young people to help them make positive choices online.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is Own It? |url=https://www.bbc.com/ownit/about-us/what-is-own-it |access-date=2022-10-03 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en}}</ref> It follows in the footsteps of other online safety services such as [[Internet Matters]] and [[Childnet]].

===Children's===
The BBC runs a comprehensive children's website.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/cbbc|title=CBBC – Home: The Official Homepage for CBBC|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=1 January 1970|access-date=1 October 2012}}</ref> It includes information on all of CBBC's shows along with several subsites covering art, sport, news, and other current events. Its message boards are especially popular with children who use them to communicate with each other about all of CBBC's output among other salient topics for kids like bullying, books, and personal problems.

In conjunction with the Children's subsite, the BBC also runs an online revision website using the [[Bitesize]] brand and also ran a message board for students. This latter service, now called "BBC Student Life" and previously called "Onion Street", was launched in 2001 and is aimed at young people between the ages of 11 and 16. The site offers a pre-moderated forum discussion on school work, revision and other areas of learning.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/410.shtml |title=Student Life – Homepage |publisher=BBC |date=17 April 2008 |access-date=1 October 2012 |archive-date=26 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926115917/http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/studentlife/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The BBC previously ran a page to help young people sort out their life difficulties entitled "Your Life".<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/cbbc/yourlife/index.shtml] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061220042031/http://www.bbc.co.uk/cbbc/yourlife/index.shtml|date=20 December 2006}}</ref> The page featured agony uncle "Ask Aaron", a professional psychotherapist who provided regular answers to children's questions across the message boards; after the page's closure, the agony uncle has moved on to Radio One's Sunday Surgery as their mental health expert.

There is integration between television output and website content with aspects of children's programming have follow-up information on their websites.

===International-only site===
An international BBC subsite named "BBC Britain" is only available to users with IP addresses outside the UK. UK users attempting to visit the site are told: "We're sorry but this site is not accessible from the UK as it is part of [[BBC Studios|our international service]] and is not funded by the [[Television licensing in the United Kingdom|licence fee]]." Additional subsites exist which were initially inaccessible to UK users in the same manner as BBC Britain but have since been made accessible while displaying the following disclaimer: "This website is produced by BBC Global News Ltd, a commercial company owned by the BBC (and just the BBC). No money from the licence fee was used to create this website. The money we make from it is re-invested to help fund the BBC's international journalism." These subsites include:

* "Culture" which is a fusion of videos and images coupled with editorial content from a host of well-known and respected journalists and commentators, offering an alternative lens on global trends across the arts.
* "Future" which is universal topics focused on future trends in the worlds of science, technology, environment and health.
* "Worklife" (formerly Capital<ref>{{Cite web| title = BBC - BBC News launches Worklife - Media Centre| access-date = 2020-10-03| url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/worldnews/2019/worklife}}</ref>) which is dedicated to offering a global perspective on economic stories, trends and profiles on a personal level.
* "Autos" which is an entertaining, insightful daily read focused on the passionate side of the motor industry, including design, technology and community.
* "Earth" which is the website of the BBC International channel [[BBC Earth (TV channel)|BBC Earth]].
* "Travel" which is a site about all aspects of travel.
* "Reel" which has video features.<ref>{{Cite web| title = BBC - BBC Global News launches BBC Reel - new video features platform - Media Centre| access-date = 2020-10-03| url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/worldnews/2018/reel}}</ref>

===Former subsites===

====BBC Blast====
BBC Blast was the BBC's network which encouraged teenagers to become creative in music, film, dance, art and fashion. It provided access to mentors online, and at free events and workshops across the UK. The website specifically catered for 13- to 19-year-olds but the BBC Blast project also ran a variety of work experience schemes for young adults between the ages of 18 and 25. Blast was running from 2002 until 2011. It included an online forum where participants could upload videos, audio tracks and images and comment on each other's work. There was an annual season on BBC2 where their films could be shown. The BBC Blast tour built partnerships with local arts organisations around the UK, featuring workshops and talks with stars from a variety of backgrounds, and providing a performance space for participants. These including rapper [[Akala (rapper)|Akala]], director and actor [[Noel Clarke]], the artists Antony Gormley and Jake and Dinos Chapman, BBC Radio 1Xtra DJs [[Ace and Vis]], singer-songwriter [[Jay Sean]], rapper [[Chipmunk (rapper)|Chipmunk]], Panjabi Hit Squad and [[Yngve Wieland|Yngve & The Innocent]]. The tour also featured very early performances and interviews by artists such as [[Rizzle Kicks]] and [[Ed Sheeran]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/blast/153645|title=BBC - Blast - Rizzle Kicks Interview}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/blast/153651|title=BBC - Blast - Ed Sheeran Interview}}</ref>

Blast worked with a number of national partners to put on events and give teenagers' content a chance to be used at a higher level. These included the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]], [[Royal Shakespeare Company|RSC]], [[National Portrait Gallery (London)|National Portrait Gallery]], [[Royal National Theatre|National Theatre]], Zoo Nation, and the [[British Film Institute]].

On 24 January 2011, the BBC announced the closure of BBC Blast as part of a 25% cut to the BBC Online budget, resulting in a £34 million shortfall.<ref name="Cutback" />{{clarify|reason=Shortfall relative to what?|date=November 2024}}

====Cult TV====
From 1999 to 2005, the [[BBC]] ran a popular subsite called ''Cult TV''. This subsite had news, star interviews, trivia, and other content popular with fans of the [[Cult television|cult]] TV shows they covered. Examples of covered TV shows include ''[[The X-Files]]'', ''[[Doctor Who]]'', ''[[Buffy the Vampire Slayer]]'', ''[[Farscape]]'' and ''[[The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (TV series)|The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy]]''.

On 15 July 2005, the [[BBC]] announced that the site was closing as of the end of the month, although the ''Doctor Who'' section would be unaffected as the series was an ongoing BBC concern. The announcement explained that this was "part of the restructuring of the BBC's online activities". It was promised that some of the content would be moved to new places on bbc.co.uk, although as of January 2017 it is currently still all online at the no-longer-updated Cult site. In recent years, some of the content covered in the Cult section was included in the BBC's Archive section, such as content and information on the 25th Anniversary of [[CBBC (TV channel)|Children's BBC]].

====''BBC Guide to Comedy''====
The ''BBC Guide to Comedy'' was an online encyclopaedia based on [[Mark Lewisohn]]'s 1998 book ''The [[Radio Times]] Guide to Comedy''. It offered "Info on every TV comedy shown in the UK, from 1936 to today..." and featured articles on almost every comedy programme and sitcom produced by the main channels in the United Kingdom. The site also featured video clips, viewable in [[RealPlayer]], and a small gallery of cast photographs or screenshots. It was replaced by a smaller, less detailed guide in 2007, which only focussed on BBC shows and is also now discontinued.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20050305024637/http://www.bbc.co.uk/comedy/guide/ Web archive] of the BBC Guide to Comedy (2005)</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/comedy/archive/|title=BBC - Error 404 : Not Found|access-date=7 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100308215146/http://www.bbc.co.uk/comedy/archive/|archive-date=8 March 2010|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

====Democracy Live====
Democracy Live was a subsite of the BBC that contains live streams and recorded programmes from deciding bodies that affect the UK. Launched in November 2009, the site focused around live and recorded debate from the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] and the [[House of Lords]] in Westminster, the [[Scottish Parliament]], the [[National Assembly for Wales]], the [[Northern Ireland Assembly]] and the [[European Parliament]].<ref name="BBC News DL">{{cite news|title=BBC launches Democracy Live|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/8338306.stm|access-date=25 March 2013|newspaper=BBC News|date=2 November 2009}}</ref> While recordings tended to focus on the main debating chambers, the site also hosted video from some committees. The site also included a search facility to find relevant debate, a tool to follow a particular member and see videos of their contributions and other videos of historic events from these institutions.<ref name="BBC PO DL">{{cite web|title=BBC launches Democracy Live|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2009/11_november/02/democracy.shtml|publisher=BBC|access-date=25 March 2013|date=2 November 2009}}</ref> The service also allowed the translation of Welsh Assembly proceedings to and from [[Welsh language|Welsh]]. Most of its services are now covered by the [[Freeview (UK)|Freeview]]/[[BBC iPlayer]] channels [[BBC Parliament]] and its website (bbc.co.uk/tv/bbcparliament).

==Funding==
The BBC's site was initially entirely free from advertising; this was due to the BBC's funding being derived primarily from compulsory [[television licence]] fees from UK viewers. [[BBC Studios]] who exploit BBC brands commercially have had several attempts at launching services online including Beeb.com in the late 1990s.

In 2006, the BBC began making controversial plans to raise revenue by including advertising on the international version of [[BBC News Online]] accessed from outside the United Kingdom.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6369055.stm BBC urged to resist website ads] [[BBC News Online]]. 16 February 2007</ref> BBC Online is currently freely available worldwide (via various URLs including bbc.com/news) but planned video services and a lower than expected licence fee settlement paid for by UK residents only led to the BBC introducing banner advertisements to the site from November 2007.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7050625.stm BBC's global website to carry ads] [[BBC News Online]]. 18 October 2007</ref> The [[BBC Trust]] approved the plans for introducing advertisements which also involved creating bbc.com as a part of BBC Worldwide.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/bbctrust/our_work/commercial_services/bbc_com.shtml BBC Trust approval for BBC to implement its 'bbc.com' proposals] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202153327/http://www.bbc.co.uk/bbctrust/our_work/commercial_services/bbc_com.shtml |date=2 December 2010 }} [[BBC Trust]]. 18 October 2007</ref> [[Sir Michael Lyons]], Chairman of the Trust, confirmed the BBC would not charge for online news following [[News International]]'s planned introduction of charges for online content.<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/bbc-trust-dampens-worldwides-plans-for-global-domination-1826896.html BBC Trust dampens Worldwide's plans for global domination] Nick Clark. [[The Independent]]. 25 November 2009</ref>

Prior to this there had been criticism from some, as web users outside the UK could use the services (including the entire BBC radio services) without having to pay for them.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6381647.stm Q&A: Adverts on BBC website] Torin Douglas. [[BBC News Online]]. 21 February 2007</ref> In addition, where rights to sporting events (such as certain [[association football|football]] or [[cricket]] matches) do not include international online coverage, users from outside the UK are blocked from listening to commentaries.

On 24 January 2011, it was announced that the BBC was to cut its online budget by 25% or £34 million. To cope with this, many BBC websites would be closed including [[BBC Switch]], [[BBC Blast]], [[6-0-6]], BBC raw, [[Video Nation]], and planned to sell the Douglas Adams created website [[h2g2]], as well as the automation of many programme websites and radio websites.<ref name="Cutback" />

==Technical details==

===Streaming media===
A service, called [[BBC iPlayer]], was launched in December 2007, which allows users to download both radio and TV content for up to seven days after broadcast. The television version allows users to either stream programmes or to download them using [[peer-to-peer]] and [[digital rights management|DRM]] technology.

Initially streams were generally broadcast in the [[RealAudio]] and [[RealVideo]] formats controlled by [[RealNetworks]] and the BBC drew criticism with some for using those closed formats which, at the time, could only be played using [[RealPlayer]]. In response to such criticisms, the BBC negotiated a deal with RealNetworks a 'cut-down' version of RealPlayer which did not contain as much advertising and marketing.

[[Windows Media]] has also been adopted and since Autumn 2006, a Windows Media stream of all national BBC radio stations has been available.

More recently, the BBC has been experimenting with MP3 downloads and [[podcast]]ing facilities for an increasing number of radio shows, with a high level of success{{Citation needed|date=March 2008}}; a less publicised trial of [[Ogg Vorbis]] streams for certain programmes was less successful, and has now been discontinued.

During major events, the BBC often features [[liveblogging|liveblogs]] which publish the most recent text and image posts from BBC correspondents; particularly significant political events may pair live blogs with live video streams or recorded video loops relevant to the event.

===Message boards===
In February 2001, BBC Online incorporated [[Douglas Adams]]' previously independent [[h2g2]] project into its group of web sites, and eventually replaced all its existing message boards, which used an archaic system called Howerd, with the [[H2G2#DNA|DNA]] software derived from that project. The site's now archived ''[[Collective (BBC)|Collective]]'' magazine also used the DNA software along with numerous other sites created after the BBC's acquisition of h2g2.

===Developers===
The website has extensive technical information available about its operation. The BBC also made some of the content on bbc.co.uk and the BBC News Website available in XML format on the former developer network [[backstage.bbc.co.uk]]. Also, through participation in the [[Creative Archive Licence]] group, bbc.co.uk allows legal downloads of selected material via the Internet.

In November 2011, the BBC launched the Connected Studio initiative which resulted in the running of workshops for independent web designers to work with the BBC in conceiving new designs and ways for current BBC services to be improved.<ref name="Connected Studio">{{cite web|title=Connected Studio|url=http://www.bbcconnectedstudio.co.uk/|publisher=BBC|access-date=25 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Woolard |first=Adrian |date=11 April 2012 |title=Connected Studio: Launching Phase One |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/bbcinternet/2012/04/connected_studio_launch_backstage.html |access-date=25 March 2013 |website=BBC Internet Blog |publisher=BBC}}</ref>

===Tracking cookies and privacy policy===
BBC Online uses several third-party companies to log information from users, by means of cookies. The BBC lists the companies it uses in its [[privacy policy]]:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/privacy/information/policy/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120526044829/http://www.bbc.co.uk/privacy/information/policy/|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 May 2012|website=BBC.co.uk|title=Privacy Information: Privacy Policy : Our policy in full|access-date=30 July 2014}}</ref>
* [[24/7 Real Media]]
* [[AOL]] Advertising
* [[Atlas Solutions]] ([[Microsoft Advertising]])
* Audience Science
* Google [[DoubleClick]]
* Media Mind
* Specific Media
* [[Yahoo!]] Network Plus

===Vulnerabilities===
In March 2007, a vulnerability was exposed in the BBC's "Most Emailed" and "Most Read" news sections which could allow for the popularity of a news article to be exaggerated and thus highlight it to other website visitors.<ref>Statistics Hacking – Exploiting Vulnerabilities in News Websites [http://paper.ijcsns.org/07_book/200703/20070348.pdf PDF] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227083913/http://paper.ijcsns.org/07_book/200703/20070348.pdf |date=27 February 2008 }}, Amrinder Arora, International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, Vol.7 No.3, March 2007</ref>

==Graf report==
In early 2004, the site was made the focus of a government review, launched by the [[Department for Culture, Media and Sport]], led by Philip Graf. Sections of the UK Internet industry had argued that the BBC site offered things that were available in the commercial sector, creating unnecessary competition.

The review was published in July 2004 and it was recommended that the BBC "prioritise news, current affairs, education and information which is of value to the citizen." In response the BBC also shut down a small number of sections of the site, including the Soaps section.

In November 2004, the Governors of the BBC announced a newer, much more tightly drawn remit for bbc.co.uk as part of their response to the review. They also announced, as Graf had recommended, a new approach towards external providers which will see bbc.co.uk aiming to spend at least 25% of its eligible budget on content and services through independent commissions by the end of 2006/07.

The implementation of the Graf report has seen the popular message boards in the BBC Sport section shut down, as the BBC tries to promote its 606 brand, but these changes have proved unpopular as the interface has proven unusable and large numbers of content providers have abandoned the BBC site.{{Citation needed|date=March 2008}}

==See also==
{{Portal|BBC}}
* [[BBC News Online]]
* [[Language education]]
* [[List of Language Self-Study Programs]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.bbc.co.uk|BBC}} – official site
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080706020214/http://news.independent.co.uk/media/article1219009.ece Latest on plans for bbc.co.uk including archive] (archived 6 July 2008)
* [https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/3866355.stm Summary of results of Graf Review]
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/info/policies/online_review.shtml BBC's response to Graf review] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607083608/http://www.bbc.co.uk/info/policies/online_review.shtml |date=7 June 2007 }}
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2005/04_april/14/pod.shtml Press release] concerning radio podcasting and download trials
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2005/05_may/16/imp.shtml Press release] announcing extended trial of [[Interactive Media Player|iMP]]
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/special/politics97/ BBC Politics 97 Site]—a 1997 BBC web page that is still active
* [http://backstage.bbc.co.uk Backstage]
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/homearchive/ BBC Home Archive]
* [http://creativearchive.bbc.co.uk Creative Archive] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050414020056/http://creativearchive.bbc.co.uk/ |date=14 April 2005 }}
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/commissioning BBC Commissioning]
* [https://support.bbc.co.uk/support/ Engineering Data]

{{BBC}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bbc Online}}
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Akrodha

2026-02-28T16:09:15Z

Musariaz: minor cleanup

{{Short description|Important virtue in Indian philosophy and Hindu ethics}}
{{Hinduism}}
'''{{transliteration|sa|Akrodha}}''' ([[Sanskrit]]: {{lang|sa|अक्रोध}}) literally means "free from anger".<ref name=apte/> It's an important virtue in [[Indian philosophy]] and [[Hindu ethics]].<ref>{{cite book | last1=Mohapatra | first1=Amulya | last2=Mohapatra | first2=Bijaya | title=Hinduism: Analytical Study | publisher=Mittal Publications | year=1993 | isbn=978-81-7099-388-9 | page=40}}</ref>

==Etymology==
{{transliteration|sa|Akrodha}} is a fusion word between the Sanskrit prefix {{transliteration|sa|a}} ([[Sanskrit]]: {{lang|sa|अ}}; "without", "non") and the term {{transliteration|sa|krodha}} ([[Sanskrit]]: {{lang|sa|क्रोध}}; "anger"),<ref>{{cite web|title=krodha|website=Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary|url=https://sanskrit-english.net/hk/deva/krodha}}</ref> meaning "without anger".

A related word is {{transliteration|sa|akrodhah}} ([[Sanskrit]]: {{lang|sa|अक्रोध}}), which also means "absence of anger".<ref name=apte>{{cite web|title=akrodhah|website=Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary|url=https://sanskrit-english.net/hk/deva/akrodha}}</ref>

==Discussion==
{{transliteration|sa|Akrodha}} is considered a virtue and desirable ethical value in [[Hinduism]]. When there is cause of anger but nevertheless there is absence of [[anger]], this is non-anger or {{transliteration|sa|akrodha}}.<ref>{{cite book|title=Integrated Development Plan for India|first=Shanti Swarup|last= Gupta|author-link=Shanti Swarup Gupta (economist)|year=1992|publisher=Concept Publishing|page=72|isbn=9788170224112|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UY7vr_CF_WcC&q=Akrodha&pg=PA72}}</ref> Absence of anger ({{transliteration|sa|akrodha}}) means being calm even when insulted or rebuked, or despite great provocation. {{transliteration|sa|Akrodha}} does not mean absence of ''causes'' of anger, it means not getting angry and keeping an even, calm temper despite the circumstances.<ref>{{cite book|title=Bhagavad Gita|translator-first=Dharmdeo|translator-last=Singh|publisher=Llumina Press|page=69|isbn=9781605948775|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eixNr74-MggC&q=Akrodha&pg=PT69}}</ref>

{{transliteration|sa|Krodha}} ("anger") is excessive mental turmoil on account of obstacles interfering with the gratification of some desire; it is manifestation of the quality of {{transliteration|sa|[[Tamas (philosophy)|tamas]]}} (dark, negative, destructive), an undesirable psychological state.<ref>{{cite book|title=Shrimad Bhagavad Gita|first=Pushpa|last=Anand|year=2000|publisher=Arpana publications|pages=874–875|isbn=9788186338322|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rl8pAAAAYAAJ&q=Akrodha}}</ref> The opposite of {{transliteration|sa|krodha}} is {{transliteration|sa|akrodha}}: a productive, positive, and constructive state.

{{clarify|text=Bhawuk|reason=who is Bhawuk and why are they an authority?|date=July 2023}} states that {{transliteration|sa|akrodha}} is necessary for peace and happiness, which is a state of contentment ({{transliteration|sa|santustah}}) where there is absence of spite or envy ({{transliteration|sa|advestah}}), absence of anger ({{transliteration|sa|akrodhah}}), and absence of violence ({{transliteration|sa|[[ahimsa]]}}).<ref>{{cite book | last=Bhawuk | first=Dharm | title=Spirituality and Indian Psychology | publisher=Springer | year=2011 | isbn=978-1-4419-8109-7 | page=138}}</ref> {{transliteration|sa|[[Dharma]]}} relies on {{transliteration|sa|akrodha}}, because it creates an environment of serenity, a rational principle of life, and because it is a moral virtue inspired by love.<ref>{{cite book|title=Hinduism: Analytical Study|first=Amulya|last= Mohapatra|year=1993|publisher=Mittal Publications|pages=40–41|isbn=9788170993889|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vpiU9m7T_tQC&q=Akrodha&pg=PA40}}</ref>

==Literature==
According to [[Vedic]] sages, when work becomes akin to a {{transliteration|sa|[[yajna]]}} (a worship ceremony), the effect of that work is transformed into {{transliteration|sa|[[apurva]]}}, that is, it becomes something unique, unprecedented, and empowering. In contrast, anger clouds reason, which results in the loss of discrimination between right and wrong and virtue and vice. When the discriminating faculty is ruined, the person loses self-identity and the inner good perishes. With freedom from anger, a person reaches an {{transliteration|sa|apurva}} state.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Hindu Mind|author=Bansi Pandit|year=2001|publisher=New Age Books|page=142|isbn=9788178220079|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XA9zEw93KXEC&q=Akrodha&pg=PA142}}</ref>

===The Upanishads===
The ''[[Naradaparivrajaka Upanishad]]'' states the nature of {{transliteration|sa|akrodha}} for a person who seeks self-knowledge and liberation ({{transliteration|sa|[[Moksha|kaivalya]]}}) as follows:

{{quote|All cruel words should be endured. None should be treated with disrespect. No anger should be directed in turn towards one who is angry. Only soft words should be spoken, even when violently pulled by another.|[[Narada Parivrajaka Upanishad]], Atharva Veda|<ref>{{cite book | translator-last= Aiyar | translator-first=K. Narayanaswami | title=Thirty Minor Upanishads | publisher=Annie Besant at the V̇asanṭā Press | publication-place=Madras | year=1914 | oclc=23013613| pages=138–140}}</ref>}}

{{transliteration|sa|Akrodha}}, states {{clarify|text=Manickam|reason=who is Manickam and why are they an authority?|date=July 2023}},<ref name=lssm>{{cite book|first=L. Sam S.|last=Manickam|chapter-url=http://www.indigenouspsych.org/Interest%20Group/Manickam/Y-5f-Sam.pdf|chapter=Sahya: The Concept in Indian Philosophical Psychology and Its Contemporary Relevance| editor-last=Joshi | editor-first=Kireet | editor-last2=Cornelissen | editor-first2=Matthijs | title=Consciousness, Indian Psychology, and Yoga | publisher=Project of History of Indian Science, Philosophy and Culture | publication-place=New Delhi | year=2004 | isbn=978-81-87586-17-3 | oclc=466687885|pages=426–435}}</ref> is related to the concept {{transliteration|sa|sahya}} (Sanskrit: {{lang|sa|सह्य}}) in the [[Upanishads]]. {{transliteration|sa|Sahya}} means, depending on the context, "to bear", "endure", "suffer", and "put up with".<ref name=lssm/> {{transliteration|sa|Sahya}} is considered an ethical value in Hinduism, not out of {{clarify|text=weakness to react|date=July 2023}}, but for the cause of the [[Brahman|Ultimate Truth]]. It is the attribute by which a person willingly bears what is unpleasant in order to "win over" the opponent or whatever is offensive, in the pursuit of holding on to Truth, in order to achieve oneness with {{transliteration|sa|Brahman}}, the Ultimate Truth. This endurance, this striving to overcome the adversaries through {{transliteration|sa|akrodha}} and {{transliteration|sa|ahimsa}}, is the constructive way to pursue Truth.<ref name=lssm/>

===The Epics===
The Hindu epic ''[[Mahabharata]]'' repeatedly emphasizes the virtue of {{transliteration|sa|akrodha}}. For example, in ''[[Adi Parva]]'', it states:<ref name=mndap/>

{{quote|If wronged, you should not wrong in return. One's anger, if not subdued, burns one's own self; if subdued, it procures the virtues of the doers of good acts. You should never give pain to others by cruel words. Never defeat your enemies by despicable means. Never utter sinful and burning words as may give pain to others.|The Mahabharata, Adi Parva, Chapter LXXXVII, verses 7–8|<ref name=mndap>{{cite book|translator-first=M.N.|translator-last=Dutt| url=https://archive.org/stream/aproseenglishtr00duttgoog |title=The Mahabharata|chapter=Sambhava Parva LXXXVII|date=1895 |page=[https://archive.org/details/aproseenglishtr00duttgoog/page/n140/mode/1up?view=theater 129]|publisher=Calcutta, Printed by H.C. Dass }}</ref>}}

In ''[[Vana Parva]]'', the ''Mahabharata'' states:<ref name=mndap2/>

{{quote|Anger is in this world, the root of the destruction of mankind. The angry man commits a sin; the angry man murders his preceptor; the angry man insults with harsh words. The angry man cannot distinguish what should be and should not be said by him; there is nothing which cannot be said or done by an angry man. From anger, a man may kill one who should not be killed and adore one that should be slain; an angry man may even despatch his own self to the abode of [[Yama]]. Beholding these evils, anger must be conquered.|The Mahabharata, Vana Parva, Chapter XXIX, verses 3–7|<ref name=mndap2>{{cite book|translator-first=M.N.|translator-last=Dutt| url=https://archive.org/stream/aproseenglishtr00duttgoog |title=The Mahabharata|chapter=Arjunabhigamana Parva XXIX|date=1895 |page=[https://archive.org/details/aproseenglishtr00duttgoog/page/n488/mode/1up?view=theater 41]|publisher=Calcutta, Printed by H.C. Dass }}</ref>}}

In ''[[Shanti Parva]]'', the ''Mahabharata'' states:<ref name=mndap3/>

{{quote|That [[Yogin]] who is freed from attachment and pride, who transcends all pairs of opposites such as pleasure and pain, who never gives way to '''wrath''' or hate, who never speaks an untruth, who though slandered or struck still shows friendship for the slanderer or the striker, who never thinks of doing ill to others, who restrains these three, viz. speech, acts and mind, and who behaves uniformly towards all creatures, succeeds in approaching [[Brahman]] (true self).|The Mahabharata, Shanti Parva, Chapter CCXXXVI|<ref name=mndap3>
{{cite book|translator-first=M.N.|translator-last=Dutt| url=https://archive.org/details/mahabharataofkri07royp |title=The Mahabharata|chapter=Canti Parva CCXXXVI|page=[https://archive.org/details/mahabharataofkri07royp/page/260/mode/1up?view=theater 260]}}</ref>}}

The ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'' (Slokas XVI.1–3), in the ''Mahabharata'', gives a list of twenty-six divine attributes beginning with {{transliteration|sa|abhayam}} ("fearlessness") and {{transliteration|sa|sattva sansuddhih}} ("purity of mind"), ending with {{transliteration|sa|adroha}} ("bearing enmity to none") and {{transliteration|sa|naatimaanita}} ("absence of arrogance"), and including {{transliteration|sa|akrodha}}:<ref>{{cite book|title=Srimadbhagavadgita Tattvavivecani|first=Jayadayal|last= Goyandaka|year=2013|publisher=Gita Press|location=Gorakhpur|pages=621–623|quote=Quote: Non-violence in thought, word and deed, truthfulness and geniality of speech, '''absence of anger even on provocation''', disclaiming doership in respect of actions, quietude or composure of mind, abstaining from malicious gossip compassion towards all creatures, absence of attachment to the objects of senses even during their contact with the senses, mildness, a sense of shame in transgressing against the scriptures or usage, and abstaining from frivolous pursuits; (XVI.2)}}</ref>

:{{lang|sa|अभयं सत्त्वसंशुध्दिर्ज्ञानयोगव्यवस्थितिः|}}
:{{lang|sa|दानं दमश्च यज्ञश्च स्वाध्यायस्तप आर्जवम् ||}}

:{{lang|sa|अहिंसा '''सत्यमक्रोधस्त्यागः''' शान्तिरपैशुनम् |}}
:{{lang|sa|दया भूतेष्वलोलुप्त्वं मार्दवं ह्रीरचापलाम् ||}}

:{{lang|sa|तेजः क्षमा धृतिः शौचमद्रोहो नातिमानिता |}}
:{{lang|sa|भवन्ति सम्पदं दैवीमभिजातस्य भारत ||}}

===Dharmasastra===
[[Manu (Hinduism)|Manu]] listed {{transliteration|sa|akrodha}} among the ten primary virtues. The ''Apastambhadharmasutra'' (I.iii.22) rules that a student be not given to anger, and that a house-holder abstains from anger and from action or words that would provoke someone else to anger (II.xviii.2). The ''Baudhayanadharmasutra'' (I.xv.30) requires a house-holder never to be angry, and the ''Gautamdharmasutra'' (II.13) advises that he must not feel angry. The ''Vashisthadharmasutra'' (IV.4) avers that refraining from anger is a virtue like truthfulness or charity.<ref name=rp>{{cite book|title=A Conceptual-analytic Study of Classical Indian Philosophy of Morals|author=Rajendra Prasad|year=2008|publisher=Concept Publishing|page=319|isbn=9788180695445|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D5Hk8EkmQBcC&q=Akrodha&pg=PA319}}</ref>

Manu mentions ten {{transliteration|sa|Dharma Lakshanas}}, {{transliteration|sa|akrodha}} is one of these {{transliteration|sa|[[lakshana]]}} (attribute, sign of a dharmic person). The other nine are: {{transliteration|sa|dhriti}} (patience), {{transliteration|sa|kshama}} (forgiveness), {{transliteration|sa|damah}} (temperance), {{transliteration|sa|asteya}} (non-stealing), {{transliteration|sa|shaucham}} (purity), {{transliteration|sa|indriyaigraha}} (freedom from sensual craving), {{transliteration|sa|dhi}} (reason), {{transliteration|sa|vidya}} (knowledge), and {{transliteration|sa|satyam}} (truth).<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Karanam Nagaraja|last1=Rao|first2=Krishna|last2=Kishore|title=Dharmic Education: A Panacea for Social Evils in Emerging Economies|journal=Electronic Journal of Business Ethics and Organization Studies|volume=19|number=2|year=2014|pages=4–8|url=http://ejbo.jyu.fi/pdf/ejbo_vol19_no2_pages_4-9.pdf}}</ref>

===Shaivism===
The [[Shaivite]] doctrine considers four {{transliteration|sa|yamas}} for the ''[[Pashupata Shaivism|Pashupata]]'' ascetic who smears on his body {{transliteration|sa|bhasam}}. These four {{transliteration|sa|yamas}} are – non-injury, celibacy, truthfulness, and non-stealing; the {{transliteration|sa|[[niyama]]s}} consist of non-irritability ({{transliteration|sa|akrodha}}), attendance on the teachers, purity, lightness of diet, and carefulness ({{transliteration|sa|[[apramada]]}}). {{transliteration|sa|Akrodha}} is a virtue.<ref>{{cite book|title=A History of Indian Philosophy|volume=5|author=Surendranath Dasgupta |year=1975 |publisher= Motilal Banarsidass |page=134|isbn=9788120804166 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aohGsuUuXuMC&q=Akrodha&pg=PA134}}</ref>

==Universalism==
[[Hinduism]] and [[Buddhism]] both suggest ten freedoms needed for good life.<ref name=ms/> These are – ''[[Ahimsa]]'' ('freedom from violence'), ''[[Asteya]]'' ('freedom from want, stealing'), ''[[Aparigraha]]'' ('freedom from exploitation'), ''Amritava'' ('freedom from early death') and ''Arogya'' ('freedom from disease'), ''Akrodha'' ('freedom of anger'), ''[[Jnana]]'' or ''Vidya'' ("freedom from ignorance"), ''Pravrtti'' ("freedom of conscience"), ''Abhaya'' ('freedom from fear') and ''[[Dhrti]]'' ('freedom from frustration and despair').<ref name=ms>{{cite book|title=The History of Human Rights|author=Micheline Ishay|author-link=Micheline Ishay|date=2 June 2008|publisher=University of California Press|page=20|isbn=9780520256415|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YTh22XQrtlQC&q=Akrodha&pg=PA20}}</ref>

==See also==
*{{annotated link|[[Ahiṃsā]]}}
*{{annotated link|[[Ārjava]]}}
*{{annotated link|[[Asteya]]}}
*{{annotated link|[[Brahmacharya]]}}
*{{annotated link|[[Dāna]]}}
*{{annotated link|[[Compassion#Hinduism|Dayā]]}}
*{{annotated link|[[Dhrti|Dhṛti]]}}
*{{annotated link|[[Forgiveness#Hinduism|Kṣamā]]}}
*{{annotated link|[[Mitahara]]}}
*{{annotated link|[[Satya]]}}
*{{annotated link|[[Shaucha]]}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Hindudharma}}
{{Indian Philosophy|state=collapsed}}
{{Virtues}}

[[Category:Upanishadic concepts]]
[[Category:Vedas]]
[[Category:Hindu philosophical concepts]]
[[Category:Buddhist philosophical concepts]]
[[Category:Buddhist ethics]]
[[Category:Hindu ethics]]
[[Category:Yoga concepts]]

Maya Jayapal

2026-02-27T01:26:10Z

Musariaz: new basic pg w/ infobox.

{{Short description|Indian writer (born 1941)}}
{{Indian patronymic|Maya|Jayapal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1941}}
| birth_place = [[Palakkad]], [[Kerala]], [[British Raj]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Jayapal Menon||2025|end=d}}
| alma_mater = [[Mount Carmel College, Bangalore]]
| children = {{Plainlist|
* [[Susheela Jayapal]]
* [[Pramila Jayapal]]
}}
}}

'''Maya Jayapal''' (born 1941) is an Indian historian, author, columnist, teacher, and [[Mental health counselor|counselor]].

==Early life and education==
Maya Jayapal is a [[Malayali]] from [[Palakkad]], [[Kerala]], India.<ref name="NIE 2016">{{cite news |title=We are proud of her victory, say Pramila Jayapal's parents |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2016/nov/10/we-are-proud-of-her-victory-say-pramila--jayapals-parents-1536882.html |access-date=5 February 2022 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=10 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/indian-american-congresswoman-pramila-jayapals-parents-shes-interested-in-social-justice-3112814.html/|title=Indian American Congresswoman Pramila Jayapal's parents: 'She's interested in social justice'|website=firstpost|date=November 19, 2016|access-date=November 20, 2016|archive-date=November 15, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115164116/https://www.firstpost.com/living/indian-american-congresswoman-pramila-jayapals-parents-shes-interested-in-social-justice-3112814.html/|url-status=live}}</ref> She moved from [[Chennai]] to [[Bengaluru]] to attend college in 1955,<ref name="Datta 2014">{{cite news |last1=Datta |first1=Sravasti |title=The real Bangalore |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/the-real-bangalore/article6170459.ece |access-date=5 February 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bring bygone B'lore into classrooms |url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A348787961/ITOF?u=wikipedia&sid=ebsco&xid=baafdb37 |access-date=24 April 2022 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=12 November 2013}}</ref> and graduated from [[Mount Carmel College, Bangalore]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/author-maya-jayapal-feels-a-graciousness-about-bengaluru-that-is-not-found-elsewhere/articleshow/55615792.cms|title=Author Maya Jayapal feels a graciousness about Bengaluru that is not found elsewhere|first=Divya|last=Shekhar|date=25 November 2016|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref name="NIE 2016"/> After her marriage to MP Jayapal,<ref name="Murali 2016" /><ref name="Joseph 2016">{{cite news |last1=Joseph |first1=George |title=The making of the first Indian-American woman in US House of Representatives |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/uspoll-the-making-of-the-first-indian-american-woman-in-us-congress/20161109.htm |access-date=5 February 2022 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=11 November 2016}}</ref> she resided in Bengaluru for a decade before moving to [[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]], for 11 years and then [[Singapore]] for 13 years.<ref name="The Hindu 2016">{{cite news |title=Pramila Jayapal has a close city-connect |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/Pramila-Jayapal-has-a-close-city-connect/article16441132.ece |access-date=5 February 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2 December 2016}}</ref><ref name="Murali 2016">{{cite news |last1=Murali |first1=Janaki |title=Indian American Congresswoman Pramila Jayapal's parents: 'She's interested in social justice' |url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/indian-american-congresswoman-pramila-jayapals-parents-shes-interested-in-social-justice-3112814.html |access-date=5 February 2022 |work=[[Firstpost]] |date=19 November 2016}}</ref> Since 1993, Jayapal has lived in Bengaluru.<ref name="Datta 2014" />

==Career==
Maya Jayapal is the author of several books, including ''Bangalore: Roots and Beyond'' and ''Bangalore: The Story of A City''.<ref name="Datta 2014"/><ref name="TOI 2014">{{cite news |title='Bangalore's history is missing from texts' |url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A365912504/STND?u=wikipedia&sid=ebsco&xid=3724a3a9 |access-date=5 February 2022 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=25 April 2014}}</ref> ''Bangalore: The Story of A City'' was released in 1997<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=goM8DwAAQBAJ&q=Maya+Jayapal&pg=PT68|title=Nature in the City: Bengaluru in the Past, Present, and Future|first=Harini|last=Nagendra|date=7 July 2016|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199089680|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BjFuAAAAMAAJ&q=Maya+Jayapal|title=Indian Review of Books|date=16 May 1998|publisher=Acme Books Pvt. Limited|via=Google Books}}</ref> during the commemoration of the 460th anniversary of the city,<ref name="Moona 2019">{{cite news |last1=Moona |first1=Suresh |title=Bangalore in books |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/bangalore-in-books/article26397348.ece |access-date=5 February 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=28 February 2019}}</ref> and includes her research about the Victoria Hotel<ref name="Deshpande 2021">{{cite news |last1=Deshpande |first1=Sanjana |title=Victoria Hotel: Remembering Bengaluru's forgotten heritage |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/victoria-hotel-remembering-bengaluru-s-forgotten-heritage-144881 |access-date=5 February 2022 |work=[[The News Minute]] |date=9 March 2021}}</ref> and the BRV theatre.<ref name="Shekhar 2015">{{cite news |last1=Shekhar |first1=Divya |title=103-year-old building now Army canteen was earlier a ballroom and later BRV talkies |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/103-year-old-building-now-army-canteen-was-earlier-a-ballroom-and-later-brv-talkies/articleshow/49490567.cms |access-date=5 February 2022 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=22 October 2015}}</ref> The book was one of the first histories of Bengaluru that specifically connected to its present, while ''Bangalore: Roots and Beyond'' contains additional research and photographs.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Varma |first1=Nikhil |title=Cultivating a creative bond |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=11 January 2018|id={{ProQuest|}} }}</ref> While residing in Singapore, Jayapal expanded presentations she gave on the history of Singapore into a book,<ref name="Chhakchhuak 2018">{{cite news |last1=Chhakchhuak |first1=Ramzauva |title='Wish this was kinder, gentler city... like 25 yrs ago' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2018/jan/14/wish-this-was-kinder-gentler-city-like-25-yrs-ago-1753867.html |access-date=5 February 2022 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=15 January 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190907182410/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2018/jan/14/wish-this-was-kinder-gentler-city-like-25-yrs-ago-1753867.html |archive-date=7 September 2019 }}</ref> ''Old Singapore'', based on collections of letters and memoirs.<ref name="Duncanson 1993">{{cite journal |last1=Duncanson |first1=Dennis |title=Old Singapore. By Maya Jayapal. (Images of Asia.) pp. 86, 16 col. pl., 26 bl. & wh. illus., map (on end papers). Singapore etc., Oxford University Press, 1992. £8.95 – Historical dictionary of Singapore. By K. Mulliner & Lian The –Mulliner. (Asian Historical Dictionaries No. 7.) pp. xxxii, 251, 4 maps. Metuchen, NJ and London, Scarecrow Press, 1991. US $32.50. |journal=[[Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society]] |date=July 1993 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=302–303 |doi=10.1017/S1356186300004661 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-royal-asiatic-society/article/abs/old-singapore-by-maya-jayapal-images-of-asia-pp-86-16-col-pl-26-bl-wh-illus-map-on-end-papers-singapore-etc-oxford-university-press-1992-895-historical-dictionary-of-singapore-by-k-mulliner-lian-themulliner-asian-historical-dictionaries-no-7-pp-xxxii-251-4-maps-metuchen-nj-and-london-scarecrow-press-1991-us-3250/DFB02DBD3B46A89DB51978B761B5903D |access-date=5 February 2022|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cangi |first1=Ellen C. |title=Civilizing the people of Southeast Asia: Sir Stamford Raffles' town plan for Singapore, 1819–23 |journal=[[Planning Perspectives]] |date=1993 |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=166–187 |doi=10.1080/02665439308725769 |quote=A brief, wellwritten overview of Singapore's history is Maya Jayapal, Old Singapore. Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1992.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XiIQfX-EuRUC&q=Maya+Jayapal&pg=PT293|title=The Rough Guide to Singapore|first=Richard|last=Lim|date=1 May 2013|publisher=Rough Guides UK|isbn=9781409330073|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uRX5zMsCeNgC&q=Maya+Jayapal&pg=PA943|title=Southeast Asia|first=Jeremy|last=Atiyah|date=16 May 2002|publisher=Rough Guides|isbn=9781858288932|via=Google Books}}</ref>

Jayapal has cited [[Jane Austen]], [[Amitav Ghosh]], and [[Yaa Gyasi]] as influences.<ref name="Chhakchhuak 2018"/>

==Personal life==
Her daughter, [[Pramila Jayapal]], is a member of the [[U.S. House of Representatives]] and the first Indian-American woman elected to the House.<ref name="DC 2020"/><ref>{{cite news |date=8 November 2021 |title=പ്രമീളയുടെ അമ്മയെ ഫോണിൽ വിളിച്ച് ബൈഡൻ 'സർപ്രൈസ്' |language=Malayalam |work=[[Malayala Manorama]] |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/world/2021/11/08/joe-biden-talks-to-maya-jayapal.html |access-date=24 April 2022}}</ref><ref name="Murali 2016" /><ref name="Sharma 2016">{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Swati |title=A woman of substance |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sunday-chronicle/headliners/111216/a-woman-of-substance.html |access-date=5 February 2022 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=11 December 2016}}</ref> Her elder daughter [[Susheela Jayapal]] resides in [[Portland, Oregon]],<ref name="The Hindu 2016" /> and is the first Indian-American to serve on the [[Multnomah County Board of Commissioners]].<ref name="Sparling 2019">{{cite news |last1=Sparling |first1=Zane |title=Susheela Jayapal: New politico settles in on county board |url=https://pamplinmedia.com/pt/9-news/420946-324328-susheela-jayapal-new-politico-settles-in-on-county-board |access-date=5 February 2022 |work=[[Portland Tribune]] |date=26 February 2019 |archive-date=30 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200830153528/https://pamplinmedia.com/pt/9-news/420946-324328-susheela-jayapal-new-politico-settles-in-on-county-board |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Maya Jayapal lives in [[Langford Town metro station|Langford Town]] in [[Bangalore]].<ref name="DC 2020">{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/city/life-in-bengaluru/us-elections-celebrations-at-indian-american-pramila-jayapal-s-home-in-bengaluru-911898.html|title=US elections: Celebrations at Indian-American Pramila Jayapal's home in Bengaluru|date=6 November 2020|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref>

==Works==
* ''Old Singapore'' (1992)
* ''Old Jakarta'' (1993)
* ''Bangalore: The story of a city'' (1997)
* ''Bangalore: Roots and Beyond'' (2014)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jayapal, Maya}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Mount Carmel College, Bangalore alumni]]
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:Indian women historians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:Writers from Jakarta]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Singapore]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Indonesia]]
[[Category:Writers from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Historians of India]]

Sundarbans

2026-02-26T22:12:59Z

Musariaz: minor correct intro per sources and cleaned formatting

{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Short description|Mangrove forest in the Bay of Bengal}}
{{Other uses}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2026}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Sundarbans
| image = Save the sundarbans 20.jpg
| image_alt = Sundarbans
| image_caption = Inside the Sundarbans
| image_size = 300
| map = South Asia
| map_alt = Sundarbans
| map_caption = Location of the Sundarbans in the [[Ganges]]-[[Brahmaputra]] delta
| map_width = 300
| location = * [[Khulna Division]], {{flag|Bangladesh}}
* [[Presidency division]], [[West Bengal]], {{flag|India}}
| nearest_city = * [[Basirhat]]
* [[Diamond Harbour]]
* [[Haldia]]
* '''[[Khulna]]'''
* '''[[Kolkata]]'''
* [[Bagerhat]]
* [[Patuakhali]]
* [[Barguna]]
* [[Satkhira]]
* [[Port of Mongla|Mongla]]
| coordinates = {{coord|21|45|N|88|45|E|type:forest|display=inline,title}}
| coords_ref =
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| area_km2 = 10277
| area_ref = {{cvt|10277|km2}}
| governing_body = * {{flagicon|Bangladesh}}[[Government of Bangladesh]]
* {{flagicon|India}}[[Government of India]]
| module = {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| child = yes
| official_name = Sundarbans National Park
| location =
[[Presidency division]], [[West Bengal]], {{flag|India}}
| includes = {{flatlist|
* [[Sundarbans National Park]]
}}
| criteria = {{UNESCO WHS type|(ix)(x)}}(ix)(x)
| ID = 452
| coordinates = {{coord|21|56|42|N|88|53|45|E}}
| year = 1987
| area = {{cvt|133010|ha|sqmi}}
| website =
| locmapin = 
| map_caption =
}}
| module2 = {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| child = yes
| official_name = The Sundarbans
| location = [[Khulna Division]], {{flag|Bangladesh}}
| includes = {{flatlist|
* [[Sundarbans West Wildlife Sanctuary]]
* [[Sundarbans South Sanctuary]]
* [[Sundarbans East Sanctuary]]
}}
| criteria = {{UNESCO WHS type|(ix)(x)}}(ix)(x)
| ID = 798
| coordinates = {{coord|21|57|N|89|11|E|format=dms}}
| year = 1997
| area = {{cvt|139500|ha|sqmi}}
| website =
| locmapin = 
| map_caption =
}}
{{Designation list
| embed = yes
| designation1 = Ramsar
| designation1_offname = Sundarbans Reserved Forest
| designation1_date = 21 May 1992
| designation1_number = 560<ref name="RSIS1">{{Cite web |title=Sundarbans Reserved Forest, Bangladesh |website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/560 |access-date=14 February 2019 |archive-date=13 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213112741/https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/560 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| designation2 = Ramsar
| designation2_offname = Sundarban Wetland
| designation2_date = 30 January 2019
| designation2_number = 2370<ref name="RSIS2">{{Cite web |title=Sundarban Wetland, India |website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2370 |access-date=14 February 2019 |archive-date=19 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519175050/https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2370 |url-status=live}}</ref>}}
}}

'''Sundarbans''' ({{langx|bn|সুন্দরবন}}; pronounced {{IPAc-en|s|ʌ|n|'|d|ɑːr|b|ə|n|z}}) is a [[mangrove forest]] area in the [[Ganges Delta]] formed by the confluence of the [[Ganges River|Ganges]], [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]] and [[Meghna River]]s in the [[Bay of Bengal]]. It spans the area from the [[Hooghly River]] in [[India]]'s state of [[West Bengal]] to the [[Baleswar River]] in [[Bangladesh]]'s [[Khulna Division]]. It comprises closed and open mangrove forests, land used for agricultural purpose, [[mudflat]]s and barren land, and is intersected by multiple [[tide|tidal]] streams and channels.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sundarbans National Park |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/452/ |access-date=29 July 2022 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en |archive-date=19 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119234446/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/452/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Spread across {{cvt|10277|km2}}, it is the world's largest mangrove forest. It covers over {{cvt|6017|km2}} in Bangladesh's [[Khulna Division]].<ref name=bd>{{cite journal |title=An overview of fishes of the Sundarbans, Bangladesh and their present conservation status |author1=Habib, K.A. |author2=Neogi, A.K. |author3=Nahar, N. |author4=Oh, J. |author5=Lee, Y-H. |author6=Kim, C-G. |year=2020 |journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=15154–15172 |doi=10.11609/jott.4893.11.15.15154-15172 |doi-access=free}}</ref> In West Bengal's [[Presidency division]], they extend over {{cvt|4260|km2}} in the [[South 24 Parganas]] and [[North 24 Parganas district]]s.<ref name=Pani_al2013>{{cite journal |last1=Pani |first1=D. R. |last2=Sarangi |first2=S. K. |last3=Subudhi |first3=H. N. |last4=Misra |first4=R. C. |last5=Bhandari |first5=D. C. |year=2013 |title=Exploration, evaluation and conservation of salt tolerant rice genetic resources from Sundarbans region of West Bengal |journal=Journal of the Indian Society of Coastal Agricultural Research |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=45–53 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Dilip_Kundu2/post/What_are_the_rice_varieties_that_show_salt_tolerance_naturally/attachment/59d6397779197b8077996ae6/AS%3A401904459894785%401472832898899/download/Art+9+Pani+et+al..pdf |access-date=3 May 2019 |archive-date=26 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026122725/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Dilip_Kundu2/post/What_are_the_rice_varieties_that_show_salt_tolerance_naturally/attachment/59d6397779197b8077996ae6/AS%3A401904459894785%401472832898899/download/Art+9+Pani+et+al..pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=sundarbanaffairswb>{{cite web |title=Department of Sundarban Affairs |publisher=Government of West Bengal |url=https://sundarbanaffairswb.in/home/page/sundarban_biosphere |work=Sundarban Affairs |access-date=7 May 2024 |archive-date=7 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507182348/https://sundarbanaffairswb.in/home/page/sundarban_biosphere |url-status=live}}</ref>
Four protected areas in the Sundarbans are enlisted as [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]]s, viz. [[Sundarbans West Wildlife Sanctuary|Sundarbans West]], [[Sundarbans South Wildlife Sanctuary|Sundarbans South]], [[Sundarbans East Wildlife Sanctuary|Sundarbans East]] in Bangladesh and [[Sundarbans National Park]] in India.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Giri |first1=C. |last2=Pengra |first2=B. |last3=Zhu |first3=Z. |last4=Singh |first4=A. |last5=Tieszen |first5=L. L. |year=2007 |title=Monitoring mangrove forest dynamics of the Sundarbans in Bangladesh and India using multi-temporal satellite data from 1973 to 2000 |journal=Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science |volume=73 |issue=1–2 |pages=91–100 |doi=10.1016/j.ecss.2006.12.019 |bibcode=2007ECSS...73...91G}}</ref>
The Indian Sundarbans were considered endangered in a 2020 assessment under the [[IUCN Red List of Ecosystems]] framework.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sievers |first1=M. |last2=Chowdhury |first2=M. R. |last3=Adame |first3=M. F. |last4=Bhadury |first4=P. |last5=Bhargava |first5=R. |last6=Buelow |first6=C. |last7=Friess |first7=D. A. |last8=Ghosh |first8=A. |last9=Hayes |first9=M. A. |last10=McClure |first10=E. C. |last11=Pearson |first11=R. M. |year=2020 |title=Indian Sundarbans mangrove forest considered endangered under Red List of Ecosystems, but there is cause for optimism |journal=Biological Conservation |volume=251 |article-number=108751 |doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108751 |bibcode=2020BCons.25108751S |hdl=10072/400371 |s2cid=222206165 |url=https://iucnrle.org/static/media/uploads/references/published-assessments/sievers_etal_2020_indian_sundarbans_mangrove_forest_assessment.pdf |access-date=19 September 2021 |archive-date=15 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211015191835/https://iucnrle.org/static/media/uploads/references/published-assessments/sievers_etal_2020_indian_sundarbans_mangrove_forest_assessment.pdf }}</ref> The most abundant tree species are sundri (''[[Heritiera fomes]]'') and gewa (''[[Excoecaria agallocha]]''). The forests provide habitat to 453 [[fauna]] wildlife, including 290 bird, 120 fish, 42 mammal, 35 reptile and eight amphibian species.<ref name="Iftekhar2004">{{cite journal |last1=Iftekhar |first1=M. S. |last2=Islam |first2=M. R. |year=2004 |title=Managing mangroves in Bangladesh: A strategy analysis |journal=Journal of Coastal Conservation |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=139–146 |url=http://balticeucc.databases.eucc-d.de/files/documents/00000613_C10.139-146.pdf |doi=10.1652/1400-0350(2004)010[0139:MMIBAS]2.0.CO;2 |s2cid=130056584 |access-date=28 November 2018 |archive-date=29 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129012918/http://balticeucc.databases.eucc-d.de/files/documents/00000613_C10.139-146.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> Despite a total ban on all killing or capture of wildlife other than fish and some invertebrates, there has been a consistent pattern of depleted biodiversity or loss of species in the 20th century, with the ecological quality of the forest declining.<ref>{{Cite journal |year=2010 |last1=Manna |first1=S. |title=Dynamics of Sundarban estuarine ecosystem: Eutrophication induced threat to mangroves |journal=Saline Systems |volume=6 |page=8 |last2=Chaudhuri |first2=K. |last3=Bhattacharyya |first3=S. |last4=Bhattacharyya |first4=M. |pmid=20699005 |pmc=2928246 |doi=10.1186/1746-1448-6-8 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

The Sundarbans are under threat from both natural and human-made causes. In 2007, the landfall of [[Cyclone Sidr]] damaged around 40% of the Sundarbans. The forest is also suffering from increased [[salinity]] caused by [[sea level rise]] due to [[effects of climate change]] and reduced freshwater supply. In May 2009, [[Cyclone Aila]] devastated the Sundarbans with massive casualties. At least 100,000 people were affected by this cyclone.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/38786/cyclone-aila |title=Cyclone Aila |year=2009 |work=NASA |access-date=3 March 2019 |archive-date=5 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805143026/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/38786/cyclone-aila |url-status=live}}</ref> Climate change is expected to continue to negatively affect both natural systems and human populations in the region, resulting in further ecosystem degradation and [[climate migration]]. Experts examining the region recommend further focus on [[mangrove restoration]] and management and advocating for adaptation of human populations, through processes like [[managed retreat]] and investments in resilient infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite report |author1=Danda, A. A. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Ghosh, N. |author3=Bandyopadhyay, J. |author4=Hazra, S. |title=Strategic and Managed Retreat as Adaptation: Addressing Climate Vulnerability in the Sundarbans |publisher=Observer Research Foundation |place=New Delhi |date=2020 |url=https://www.orfonline.org/research/strategic-and-managed-retreat-as-adaptation-addressing-climate-vulnerability-in-the-sundarbans/ |access-date=18 September 2021 |archive-date=7 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207024321/https://www.orfonline.org/research/strategic-and-managed-retreat-as-adaptation-addressing-climate-vulnerability-in-the-sundarbans/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
The proposed coal-fired [[Rampal Power Station (Proposed)|Rampal power station]] is anticipated to further damage this unique mangrove forest according to a 2016 report by UNESCO.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://en.prothom-alo.com/environment/news/122299/Unesco-calls-for-shelving-Rampal-project |title=Unesco calls for shelving Rampal project |author=Iftekhar, M. |work=Prothom Alo |year=2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160926203716/http://en.prothom-alo.com/environment/news/122299/Unesco-calls-for-shelving-Rampal-project |archive-date=26 September 2016 |access-date=13 October 2016}}</ref>

==Etymology==

The literal meaning of Sundarbans ({{langx|bn|সুন্দরবন|Sundôrbôn}}) is "beautiful forest". Alternatively, it was proposed that the name is a corruption of ''Samudraban'', ''Shomudrobôn'' ("Sea Forest"), or ''Chandra-bandhe'', the name of a tribe.<ref name="Bpedia">{{cite book |last=Siddiqui |first=N. A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |year=2012 |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=S. |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |edition=Second |chapter=The Sundarbans |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=A. A. |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Sundarbans,_The |access-date=9 May 2016 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304200506/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Sundarbans,_The |url-status=live}}</ref> However, the likely origin of the word is ''Sundari'' or ''Sundri'', the local name of the mangrove species ''[[Heritiera fomes]]'' abundant in the area.<ref name="Rainey 1891 p=2732">{{cite journal |last=Rainey |first=John Rudd |year=1891 |title=The Sundarban: Its Physical Features and Ruins |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and Monthly Record of Geography |publisher=JSTOR |volume=13 |issue=5 |pages=273–287 |doi=10.2307/1800883 |jstor=1800883 |issn=0266-626X}}</ref>

==History==
{{multiple image| perrow=1 |align=right |image1=Sunderbans village 1839.jpg |caption1=Village in a clearing of the Sundarbans. Drawing by Frederic Peter Layard after an original sketch of 1839 |image2=FarmHouseSunderban.JPG |caption2=Farm among paddy fields in the Sundarbans, 2010}}

The history of human settlement in the Sundarbans area can be traced back to [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan era]] (4th-2nd century BCE).<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Bandyopadhyay |first1=Krishnendu |date=1 August 2016 |title=Civilisation in Sunderbans traced to Mauryan era {{!}} Kolkata News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/civilisation-in-sunderbans-traced-to-mauryan-era/articleshow/53483794.cms |access-date=8 April 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408160922/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/civilisation-in-sunderbans-traced-to-mauryan-era/articleshow/53483794.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> A ruin of an abandoned city was found in the Baghmara Forest Block that is attributed to [[Chand Sadagar]], a pre-Mauryan semi-historical figure in Bengali folklore.<ref name=":4" /> Archaeological excavation at [[Kapilmuni Union|Kapilmuni]], [[Paikgachha Upazila|Paikgacha Upazilla]], north of the Sundarbans in Bangladesh, revealed ruins of urban settlement dating back to the [[History of Bangladesh#Early Middle Ages|early middle ages]].<ref name="Iftekhar Mahmud 2022">{{cite web |last=Iftekhar Mahmud |first=Sk. Al-Ehsan |date=16 April 2022 |title=Ancient ruins near the Sundarbans |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/good-day-bangladesh/ancient-ruins-near-the-sundarbans |access-date=16 April 2022 |website=Prothomalo |archive-date=16 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416091339/https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/good-day-bangladesh/ancient-ruins-near-the-sundarbans |url-status=live}}</ref> During the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] period, forest tracts were leased out by the local rulers for establishing settlements.<ref name=":4">{{cite web |title=Sunderban Mangroves |publisher=Geological Survey of India |url=http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/portal/page?_pageid=127,723772&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&linkId=1213 |access-date=21 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091210224353/http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/portal/page?_pageid=127,723772&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&linkId=1213 |archive-date=10 December 2009}}</ref> In 1757, The British [[East India Company]] obtained proprietary rights over Sundarbans from the [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Alamgir II]] and completed mapping the area in 1764. However, systematic forest management started a century later. The first Forest Management Division to have jurisdiction over the Sundarbans was established in 1869. In 1875 a large portion of the mangrove forests was declared as [[Nature reserve|reserved]] forests under the Indian Forest Act of 1865 (Act VIII of 1865). The remaining portions of the forests were declared a reserve forest the following year and the forest, which was so far administered by the civil administration district, was placed under the control of the Forest Department. A Forest Division, which is the basic forest management and administration unit, was created in 1879 with the headquarters in today [[Khulna]], Bangladesh. The first management plan was written for the period 1893–1898.<ref name="hussain">{{cite book |editor-last1=Hussain |editor-first1=Z. |editor-last2=Acharya |editor-first2=G. |date=1994 |title=Mangroves of the Sundarbans |volume=2 |location=Bangkok |publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources |oclc=773534471}}</ref><ref>UNDP (1998). [http://www.fao.org/docrep/field/383933.htm Integrated resource development of the Sundarbans Reserved Forests, Bangladesh] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170523051219/http://www.fao.org/docrep/field/383933.htm |date=23 May 2017 }}. Volume I Project BGD/84/056, [[United Nations Development Programme]], [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] of the United Nations, [[Dhaka]], The [[People's Republic of Bangladesh]].</ref>

==Geography==
The Sundarban forest lies in the vast delta on the [[Bay of Bengal]] formed by the super-confluence of the [[Hooghly River|Hooghly]], [[Padma]] (both are distributaries of [[Ganges]]), [[Brahmaputra]] and [[Meghna]] rivers across southern [[Bangladesh]]. The seasonally flooded Sundarbans freshwater swamp forest lies inland from the mangrove forests on the coastal fringe. The forest covers {{cvt|10277|km2|mi2}} of which about {{cvt|6517|km2|mi2}} are in Bangladesh. The Indian part of Sundarbans is estimated to be about {{cvt|4260|km2|mi2}}, of which about {{cvt|1700|km2|mi2}} is occupied by water bodies in the forms of river, canals and creeks of width varying from a few metres to several kilometres.<ref name="bd">{{cite journal |author1=Habib, K.A. |author2=Neogi, A.K. |author3=Nahar, N. |author4=Oh, J. |author5=Lee, Y-H. |author6=Kim, C-G. |year=2020 |title=An overview of fishes of the Sundarbans, Bangladesh and their present conservation status |journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=15154–15172 |doi=10.11609/jott.4893.11.15.15154-15172 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Pani_al2013">{{cite journal |last1=Pani |first1=D. R. |last2=Sarangi |first2=S. K. |last3=Subudhi |first3=H. N. |last4=Misra |first4=R. C. |last5=Bhandari |first5=D. C. |year=2013 |title=Exploration, evaluation and conservation of salt tolerant rice genetic resources from Sundarbans region of West Bengal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Dilip_Kundu2/post/What_are_the_rice_varieties_that_show_salt_tolerance_naturally/attachment/59d6397779197b8077996ae6/AS%3A401904459894785%401472832898899/download/Art+9+Pani+et+al..pdf |url-status=live |journal=Journal of the Indian Society of Coastal Agricultural Research |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=45–53 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026122725/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Dilip_Kundu2/post/What_are_the_rice_varieties_that_show_salt_tolerance_naturally/attachment/59d6397779197b8077996ae6/AS%3A401904459894785%401472832898899/download/Art+9+Pani+et+al..pdf |archive-date=26 October 2019 |access-date=3 May 2019}}</ref><ref name="sundarbanaffairswb">{{cite web |title=Department of Sundarban Affairs |url=https://sundarbanaffairswb.in/home/page/sundarban_biosphere |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507182348/https://sundarbanaffairswb.in/home/page/sundarban_biosphere |archive-date=7 May 2024 |access-date=7 May 2024 |work=Sundarban Affairs |publisher=Government of West Bengal}}</ref>

The Sundarbans is intersected by a complex network of [[tide|tidal]] waterways, [[mudflat]]s and small islands of salt-tolerant mangrove forests. The interconnected network of waterways makes almost every corner of the forest accessible by boat. The area is known for the [[Bengal tiger]] (''Panthera tigris''), as well as numerous fauna including species of birds, [[chital]], [[crocodile]]s and snakes. The fertile soils of the delta have been subject to intensive human use for centuries, and the ecoregion has been mostly converted to intensive agriculture, with few enclaves of forest remaining. The remaining forests, taken together with the Sundarbans mangroves, are important habitat for the endangered tiger. Additionally, the mangrove species of the Sundarbans serve a vital ecological role, forming a natural barrier that shields millions of residents in and around [[Kolkata]], [[Khulna]], and the [[Port of Mongla]] from [[cyclone]]-induced flooding.. It also protects from [[tsunami]] and [[soil erosion]] for the coastal population.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Behera |first1=R. S. |last2=Shaoo |first2=C. K. |last3=Sahu |first3=R. K. |year=2021 |title=Mangroves – Nature's shield against natural disasters and climate change |journal=SocialDhara |url=https://socialdhara.com/mangroves-natures-shield-against-natural-disasters/ |access-date=3 February 2022 |archive-date=3 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203150318/https://socialdhara.com/mangroves-natures-shield-against-natural-disasters/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Physiography==
{{multiple image
| perrow = 1
| image1 = Sundarbans SPOT 1219.jpg
| caption1 = [[SPOT (satellite)|SPOT satellite]] image of Sundarbans, released by [[CNES]]
| image2 = Sundarbans.jpg
| caption2 = [[Landsat 7]] image of Sundarbans, released by [[NASA Earth Observatory]]
}}

The mangrove-dominated [[Ganges Delta]] – the Sundarbans – is a complex [[ecosystem]] comprising one of the three largest single tracts of mangrove forests of the world. The larger part is situated in Bangladesh, a smaller portion of it lies in India. The Indian part of the forest is estimated to be about 40 percent, while the Bangladeshi part is 60 percent. To the south the forest meets the Bay of Bengal; to the east it is bordered by the [[Baleswar River]] and to the north there is a sharp interface with intensively cultivated land. The natural drainage in the upstream areas, other than the main river channels, is everywhere impeded by extensive embankments and [[polder]]s. The Sundarbans was originally measured (about 200 years ago) to be of about {{convert|16700|km2|mi2}}. Now it has dwindled into about one-third of its original size. The total land area today is {{convert|4143|km2|mi2}}, including exposed [[sandbar]]s with a total area of {{convert|42|km2|mi2}}; the remaining water area of {{convert|1874|km2|mi2}} encompasses rivers, small streams and canals. Rivers in the Sundarbans are meeting places of salt water and freshwater. Thus, it is a region of transition between the freshwater of the rivers originating from the Ganges and the saline water of the Bay of Bengal.<ref name=Wahid/>

The Sundarbans along the Bay of Bengal has evolved over the millennia through natural deposition of upstream sediments accompanied by intertidal segregation. The physiography is dominated by deltaic formations that include innumerable drainage lines associated with surface and subaqueous levees, splays and tidal flats. There are also marginal marshes above mean tide level, tidal sandbars and islands with their networks of tidal channels, subaqueous distal bars and proto-delta clays and silt sediments. The Sundarbans' floor varies from {{convert|0.9|to|2.11|m|ft}} above sea level.<ref>Katebi, M.N.A. and Habib, M.G. (1987). Sundarbans and Forestry in Coastal Area Resource Development and Management Part II, BRAC Printers, Dhaka, Bangladesh.</ref>

Biotic factors here play a significant role in physical coastal evolution, and for [[wildlife]] a variety of [[habitat]]s have developed which include beaches, [[Estuary|estuaries]], permanent and semi-permanent swamps, tidal flats, [[tidal creek]]s, coastal dunes, back dunes and levees. The mangrove vegetation itself assists in the formation of new landmass and the intertidal vegetation plays a significant role in swamp morphology. The activities of mangrove fauna in the intertidal mudflats develop [[micromorphological]] features that trap and hold sediments to create a substratum for mangrove seeds. The morphology and evolution of the [[Aeolian processes|eolian]] dunes is controlled by an abundance of [[xerophytic]] and [[halophytic]] plants. Creepers, grasses and sedges stabilise sand dunes and uncompacted sediments. The Sunderbans mudflats (Banerjee, 1998) are found at the estuary and on the deltaic islands where low velocity of river and tidal current occurs. The flats are exposed in low tides and submerged in high tides, thus being changed morphologically even in one tidal cycle. The tides are so large that approximately one third of the land disappears and reappears every day.<ref>{{cite news |last=Shapiro |first=Ari |date=20 May 2016 |title=Rising Tides Force Thousands To Leave Islands of Eastern India |url=https://www.npr.org/2016/05/20/478915685/rising-tides-force-thousands-to-leave-islands-of-eastern-india |publisher=NPR |access-date=22 May 2016 |archive-date=27 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427022914/https://www.npr.org/2016/05/20/478915685/rising-tides-force-thousands-to-leave-islands-of-eastern-india |url-status=live}}</ref> The interior parts of the mudflats serve as a perfect home for mangroves.

{{See also|List of rivers of Sundarbans}}

==Ecoregions==
Sundarbans features two [[ecoregion]]s — "Sundarbans freshwater swamp forests" (IM0162) and "Sundarbans mangroves" (IM1406).<ref>[http://www.certisource.co.uk/Press_Articles/Article_Archive/articles/Ecoregions%20profile%20-%20pick%20from%20over%20100%20rain%20forests.htm Ecoregions: Indo-Malayan] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628180622/http://www.certisource.co.uk/Press_Articles/Article_Archive/articles/Ecoregions%20profile%20-%20pick%20from%20over%20100%20rain%20forests.htm |date=28 June 2009 }}, [[World Wildlife Fund]]</ref>

===Sundarbans freshwater swamp forests===
The Sundarbans freshwater swamp forests are a [[tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests|tropical moist broadleaf forest]] ecoregion of Bangladesh and India. It represents the brackish swamp forests that lie behind the ''Sundarbans Mangroves'', where the salinity is more pronounced. The freshwater ecoregion is an area where the water is only slightly brackish and becomes quite fresh during the rainy season, when the freshwater plumes from the Ganges and the Brahmaputra rivers push the intruding salt water out and bring a deposit of silt. It covers {{convert|14600|km2|sqmi}} of the vast [[Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta]], finishing at the mouth of the Bay of Bengal from the northern part of [[Khulna District]] and the southern part of [[North 24 Parganas district]] in the Indian state of West Bengal. The Sundarbans freshwater swamp forests lie between the upland [[Lower Gangetic plains moist deciduous forests]] and the [[brackish]]-water [[Sundarbans mangroves]] bordering the Bay of Bengal.<ref name=IM0162>{{WWF ecoregion|id=im0162|name=Sundarbans freshwater swamp forests}}</ref>

A victim of large-scale clearing and settlement to support one of the densest human populations in Asia, this ecoregion is under a great threat of extinction. Hundreds of years of habitation and exploitation have exacted a heavy toll on this ecoregion's habitat and biodiversity. There are two protected areas – Narendrapur (110 km2) and Ata Danga Baor (20 km2) that cover a mere 130 km2 of the ecoregion. Habitat loss in this ecoregion is so extensive, and the remaining habitat is so fragmented, that it is difficult to ascertain the composition of the original vegetation of this ecoregion. According to Champion and Seth (1968), the freshwater swamp forests are characterised by ''[[Heritiera]] minor'', ''[[Xylocarpus]] molluccensis'', ''[[Bruguiera|Bruguiera conjugata]]'', ''[[Sonneratia]] apetala'', ''[[Avicennia officinalis]]'', and ''[[Sonneratia caseolaris]]'', with ''[[Pandanus tectorius]]'', ''[[Hibiscus tiliaceus]]'', and ''[[Nipa fruticans]]'' along the fringing banks.<ref name=IM0162/>

===Sundarbans Mangroves===
{{See also|Mangrove}}
[[File:Ecoregion IM1406.svg|thumb|Ecoregion IM406, also known as the Sundarbans Mangroves ecoregion]]
The Sundarbans Mangroves ecoregion on the coast forms the seaward fringe of the [[river delta|delta]] and is the world's largest mangrove ecosystem, with {{convert|20400|km2|sqmi}} of an area covered. The dominant mangrove species ''[[Heritiera fomes]]'' is locally known as ''sundri'' or ''sundari''. Mangrove forests are not home to a great variety of plants. They have a thick canopy, and the undergrowth is mostly seedlings of the mangrove trees. Besides the ''sundari'', other tree species in the forest include ''[[Avicennia]]'', ''[[Xylocarpus mekongensis]]'', ''[[Xylocarpus granatum]]'', ''[[Sonneratia apetala]]'', ''[[Bruguiera gymnorhiza]]'', ''[[Ceriops decandra]]'', ''[[Aegiceras corniculatum]]'', ''[[Rhizophora mucronata]]'', and ''[[Nypa fruticans]]'' palms.<ref name=IM1406>{{WWF ecoregion|id=im1406|name=Sundarbans Mangroves}}</ref>
Twenty-six of the fifty broad mangrove species found in the world grow well in the Sundarbans. The commonly identifiable vegetation types in the dense Sundarbans mangrove forests are salt water mixed forest, mangrove scrub, brackish water mixed forest, littoral forest, wet forest and wet alluvial grass forests. The Bangladesh mangrove vegetation of the Sundarbans differs greatly from other non-deltaic coastal mangrove forests and upland forests associations. Unlike the former, the [[Rhizophoraceae]] are of minor importance.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rahman |first1=MR |last2=Asaduzzaman |first2=M |date=16 April 2013 |title=Ecology of Sundarban, Bangladesh |journal=Journal of Science Foundation |volume=8 |issue=1–2 |pages=35–47 |doi=10.3329/jsf.v8i1-2.14618 |issn=1728-7855 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

===Ecological succession===
[[Ecological succession]] is generally defined as the successive occupation of a site by different plant communities.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Weaver |first1=J. E. |last2=Clements |first2=F. E. |date=1938 |title=Plant Ecology |edition=2nd |publisher=McGraw-Hill Book Company |oclc=502944133}}</ref> In an accreting mudflats the outer community along the sequence represents the pioneer community which is gradually replaced by the next community representing the seral stages and finally by a climax community typical of the climatic zone.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Watson |first=J.G. |year=1928 |title=Mangrove swamps of the Malayan peninsula |journal=Malayan Forest Records |volume=6 |pages=1–275}}</ref> [[Robert Scott Troup]] suggested that succession began in the newly accreted land created by fresh deposits of eroded soil. The pioneer vegetation on these newly accreted sites is ''[[Sonneratia]]'', followed by ''[[Avicennia]]'' and ''[[Nypa fruticans|Nypa]]''. As the ground is elevated as a result of soil deposition, other trees make their appearance. The most prevalent, though one of the late species to appear, is ''[[Excoecaria]]''. As the level of land rises through accretion and the land is only occasionally flooded by tides, ''[[Heritiera fomes]]'' begins to appear.<ref>{{cite book |last=Troup |first=R. S. |author-link=Robert Scott Troup |date=1921 |title=The Silviculture of Indian Trees |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ISPxAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA155 |location=Oxford |publisher=Clarendon Press |page=155 |quote=On newly formed islands, flooded by every tide, ''Sonneratia'' usually springs up first, followed by ''Avicennia'' and the palm ''Nipa fruticans''. As the ground rises other trees make their appearance, the most prevalent, though one of the later species to appear, being ''Exaecaria Agallocha''. As the level rises by accretion, and the land is only occasionally flooded by the tide, the ''sundri'' makes its appearance.}}</ref>

==Flora==
{{multiple image
| perrow = 1
| align = right
| image1 = Sundarbans 02.jpg
| caption1 = Sundari tree (''[[Heritiera littoralis]]'')
| image2 = XP Nepf D4090.JPG
| caption2 = Golpata (''[[Nypa fruticans]]'')
}}

A total of 245 genera and 334 plant species were recorded by [[David Prain]] in 1903.<ref>{{cite book |last=Prain |first=David |author-link=David Prain |date=1903 |chapter=Flora of the Sundribuns |title=Records of the Botanical Survey of India |volume=2 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hBpAAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA251 |location=Calcutta |publisher=Allied Book Centre |page=251 |access-date=2 August 2023 |archive-date=9 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509095930/https://books.google.com/books?id=hBpAAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA251#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> While most of the mangroves in other parts of the world are characterised by members of the [[Rhizophoraceae]], Avicenneaceae or [[Combretaceae]], the mangroves of Bangladesh are dominated by the [[Malvaceae]] and [[Euphorbiaceae]].<ref name=hussain/>

The Sundarbans flora is characterised by the abundance of sundari (''[[Heritiera fomes]]''), gewa (''[[Excoecaria agallocha]]''), goran (''[[Ceriops decandra]]'') and keora (''Sonneratia apetala'') all of which occur prominently throughout the area. The characteristic tree of the forest is the ''sundari'' (''[[Heritiera littoralis]]''), from which the name of the forest had probably been derived. It yields a hard wood, used for building houses and making boats, furniture and other things. New forest accretions is often conspicuously dominated by keora (''Sonneratia apetala'') and tidal forests. It is an indicator species for newly accreted mudbanks and is an important species for wildlife, especially spotted deer (''[[Axis axis]]''). There is abundance of {{transliteration|bn|dhundul}} or {{transliteration|bn|passur}} (''[[Xylocarpus granatum]]'') and {{transliteration|bn|kankra}} (''[[Bruguiera gymnorhiza]]'') though distribution is discontinuous. Among palms, ''Poresia coaractata'', ''Myriostachya wightiana'' and golpata (''[[Nypa fruticans]]''), and among grasses spear grass (''[[Imperata cylindrica]]'') and khagra (''Phragmites karka'') are well distributed.

The varieties of the forests that exist in Sundarbans include mangrove scrub, [[Littoral zone|littoral forest]], [[saline water|saltwater]] [[mixed forest]], [[brackish water]] mixed forest and [[swamp forest]]. Besides the forest, there are extensive areas of brackish water and [[freshwater]] [[marshes]], [[intertidal]] [[mudflat]]s, [[sandflat]]s, [[sand dune]]s with typical dune vegetation, open [[grassland]] on sandy soils and raised areas supporting a variety of terrestrial shrubs and trees. Since Prain's report there have been considerable changes in the status of various mangrove species and taxonomic revision of the man-grove flora.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Khatun |first1=B.M.R. |last2=Hafiz |first2=Syed |year=1987 |title=Taxonomic studies in the genus ''Avicennia'' L. from Bangladesh |journal=Bangladesh J. Bot. |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=39–44}}</ref> However, very little exploration of the botanical nature of the Sundarbans has been made to keep up with these changes. Differences in vegetation have been explained in terms of freshwater and low salinity influences in the Northeast and variations in [[Drainage basin|drainage]] and [[siltation]]. The Sundarbans has been classified as a moist tropical forest demonstrating a whole mosaic of [[Seral community|seres]], comprising primary colonisation on new [[Accretion (coastal management)|accretions]] to more mature beach forests. Historically vegetation types have been recognised in broad correlation with varying degrees of water salinity, freshwater flushing and physiography.

==Fauna==
The Sundarbans provides a unique ecosystem and a rich wildlife habitat. According to the 2015 tiger census in Bangladesh, and the 2011 tiger census in India, the Sundarbans have about 180 tigers (106 in Bangladesh and 74 in India). Earlier estimates, based on counting unique [[pugmark]]s, were much higher. The more recent counts have used [[camera trap]]s, an improved methodology that yields more accurate results.<ref name="tg27Jul2015">{{cite news |title=Only 100 tigers left in Bangladesh's famed Sundarbans forest why only 100 tigers???¿ |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/jul/27/only-100-tigers-left-in-bangladeshs-famed-sundarbans-forest |newspaper=The Guardian |agency=Agence France-Presse |date=27 July 2015 |access-date=13 December 2016 |archive-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522212305/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/jul/27/only-100-tigers-left-in-bangladeshs-famed-sundarbans-forest |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="bbc 2011">{{cite news |title=India wild tiger census shows population rise |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12877560 |work=BBC News |date=28 March 2011 |access-date=31 March 2011 |archive-date=23 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423062951/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12877560 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bforest.gov.bd/highlights.php |title=Joint Tiger census-2004 in Sundarban Reserved Forests |website=Bangladesh Forest Department |publisher=Ministry of Environment and Forest |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041207075333/http://www.bforest.gov.bd/highlights.php |archive-date=7 December 2004 |access-date=6 May 2012}}</ref> Tiger attacks [[Tiger attacks in the Sundarbans|were historically common in the area]], and are still frequent in the Sundarbans, with around 40 people killed in 2000–2010.<ref name="iucn redlist"/>

Most importantly, mangroves are a transition from the marine to freshwater and terrestrial systems, and provide critical habitat for numerous species of small fish, crabs, shrimps and other crustaceans that adapt to feed and shelter, and reproduce among the tangled mass of roots, known as [[pneumatophore]]s, which grow upward from the anaerobic mud to get the supply of oxygen. A 1991 study has revealed that the Indian part of the Sundarbans supports diverse biological resources including at least 150 species of commercially important fish, 270 species of birds, 42 species of mammals, 35 reptiles and 8 amphibian species, although new ones are being discovered. This represents a significant proportion of the species present in Bangladesh (i.e. about 30% of the reptiles, 37% the birds and 34% of the mammals) and includes many species which are now extinct elsewhere in the country.<ref>{{cite book |last=Scott |first=D. A. |date=1991 |chapter=Asia and the Middle East in |editor-last1=Finlayson |editor-first1=C. M. |editor-last2=Moser |editor-first2=M. |title=Wetlands |url=https://archive.org/details/wetlands00rvat_0 |url-access=registration |publisher=Oxford |pages=[https://archive.org/details/wetlands00rvat_0/page/151 151]–178 |isbn=978-0-8160-2556-5}}</ref> Two amphibians, 14 reptiles, 25 aves and five mammals are endangered.<ref name=sarakar/> The Sundarbans is an important wintering area for migrant water birds<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zöckler |first1=C. |last2=Balachandran |first2=S. |last3=Bunting |first3=G.C. |last4=Fanck |first4=M. |last5=Kashiwagi |first5=M. |last6=Lappo |first6=E.G. |last7=Maheswaran |first7=G. |last8=Sharma |first8=A. |last9=Syroechkovski |first9=E.E. |last10=Webb |first10=K. |year=2005 |url=http://m-h-s.org/stiftung/upload/pdf-downloadbar/Ornith_Expedition_Indien.pdf |title=The Indian Sunderbans: an important wintering site for Siberian waders |journal=Wader Study Group Bulletin |volume=108 |pages=42–46 |access-date=7 May 2012 |archive-date=9 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809054917/http://m-h-s.org/stiftung/upload/pdf-downloadbar/Ornith_Expedition_Indien.pdf }}</ref> and is an area suitable for watching and studying avifauna.<ref>Habib, M.G. (1999). Message In: Nuruzzaman, M., I.U. Ahmed and H. Banik (eds.). The Sundarbans world heritage site: an introduction, Forest Department, Ministry of Environment and Forest, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh.</ref>

The management of wildlife is restricted to, firstly, the protection of fauna from poaching, and, secondly, designation of some areas as wildlife sanctuaries where no extraction of [[forest produce]] is allowed and where the wildlife face few disturbances. Although the fauna of Bangladesh have diminished in recent times<ref name=hussain/> and the Sundarbans has not been spared from this decline, the mangrove forest retains several good wildlife habitats and their associated fauna. Of these, the tiger and dolphin are target species for planning wildlife management and tourism development. There are high profile and vulnerable mammals living in two contrasting environments, and their statuses and management are strong indicators of the general condition and management of wildlife. Some species are protected by legislation, notably by the Bangladesh Wildlife (Preservation) Order, 1973 (P.O. 23 of 1973).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110727024639/http://www.nishorgo.org/nishorgo/wildlife_Act/Amended_Wildlife_Order_Eng.pdf THE ORIGINAL BANGLADESH WILDLIFE PRESERVATION ORDER 1973 THE DRAFT]. nishorgo.org</ref>

===Mammals===
{{multiple image
| perrow = 1
| align = right
| image1 = Sundarban Tiger.jpg
| caption1 = A Bengal tiger in the Sundarbans
| image2 = Axishirsche in den Sundarbans.JPG
| caption2 = [[Chital]] deer (''Axis axis'')
| image3 = Monkeys of The Sundarbans 07.jpg
| caption3 = A [[Rhesus macaque]] (''Macaca mulatta'')
}}

The Sundarbans are an important habitat for the [[Bengal tiger]] (''Panthera tigris'').<ref name="Khan">{{cite thesis |last=Khan |first=M. M. H. |year=2004 |title=Ecology and conservation of the Bengal tiger in the Sundarbans Mangrove forest of Bangladesh |type=PhD thesis |publisher=University of Cambridge |location=Cambridge |url=http://www.carnivoreconservation.org/files/thesis/khan_2004_phd.pdf |access-date=26 February 2018 |archive-date=26 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026122726/http://www.carnivoreconservation.org/files/thesis/khan_2004_phd.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> The forest also provides habitat for small wild cats such as the [[jungle cat]] (''Felis chaus''), [[fishing cat]] (''Prionailurus viverrinus''), and [[leopard cat]] (''P. bengalensis'').<ref>{{cite journal |last=Khan |first=M. M. H. |year=2004 |title=Food habit of the Leopard Cat ''Prionailurus bengalensis'' (Kerr, 1792) in the Sundarbans East Wildlife Sanctuary, Bangladesh |journal=Zoos' Print Journal |volume=19 |issue=5 |pages=1475–1476 |doi=10.11609/JoTT.ZPJ.1101.1475-6 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Several predators dwell in the labyrinth of channels, branches, and roots that poke up into the air. This is the only mangrove ecoregion that harbors the Indo-Pacific region's largest terrestrial predator, the Bengal tiger. Unlike in other habitats, tigers live here and swim among the mangrove islands, where they hunt scarce prey such as the [[chital]] deer (''Axis axis''), [[Indian muntjac]]s (''Muntiacus muntjak''), [[wild boar]] (''Sus scrofa''), and [[Rhesus macaque]] (''Macaca mulatta''). It is estimated that there are now 180 Bengal tigers<ref name="tg27Jul2015" /> and about 30,000 spotted deer in the area. The tigers are known to attack and kill humans who venture into the forest, with around 40 deaths recorded in 2000–2010.<ref name="iucn redlist">{{Cite iucn |author1=Goodrich, J. |author2=Lynam, A. |author3=Miquelle, D. |author4=Wibisono, H. |author5=Kawanishi, K. |author6=Pattanavibool, A. |author7=Htun, S. |author8=Tempa, T. |author9=Karki, J. |author10=[[Yadvendradev Vikramsinh Jhala|Jhala, Y.]] |author11=Karanth, U. |title=''Panthera tigris'' |article-number=e.T15955A50659951 |year=2015}}</ref>

{{multiple image
| perrow = 1
| image1 = Saltwater Crocodiles of Sundarbans 03.jpg
| caption1 = A saltwater crocodile on a river bank in the Sundarbans
| image2 = 2009 Pristis microdon1.JPG
| caption2 = A [[largetooth sawfish]]
| image3 = Periophthalmus argentilineatus.jpg
| caption3 = A [[mudskipper]]
}}

==Endangered and extinct species==
{{multiple image
| align = right
| perrow = 1
| image1 = Jamrach-1877.jpg
| caption1 = Extinct [[Lesser Indian rhinoceros|Indian Javan rhinoceros]] of Sunderbans, drawing from 1877
| image2 = GangeticDolphin.jpg
| caption2 = [[Ganges river dolphin|Gangetic dolphin]], drawing from 1894
}}

Forest inventories reveal a decline in standing volume of the two main commercial mangrove species – sundari (''[[Heritiera]]'' spp.) and [[Euphorbiaceae|gewa]] (''Excoecaria agallocha'') — by 40% and 45% respectively between 1959 and 1983.<ref name=Forestal/><ref name=ODA/> Despite a total ban on all killing or capture of wildlife other than fish and some [[invertebrates]], it appears that there is a consistent pattern of depleted biodiversity or loss of species (notably at least six mammals and one important reptile) in the 20th century, and that the "ecological quality of the original mangrove forest is declining".<ref name=hussain/>

The endangered species that live within the Sundarbans and extinct species that used to be include the Bengal tiger, [[estuarine crocodile]], [[northern river terrapin]] (''Batagur baska''), [[olive ridley sea turtle]], [[Ganges river dolphin|Gangetic dolphin]], ground turtles, [[hawksbill sea turtle]]s and king crabs (horse shoe). The Sundarbans hold globally important numbers of the critically endangered [[masked finfoot]] and are important wintering sites for the [[spoon-billed sandpiper]] and the [[Indian skimmer]].<ref name=BirdLife>{{cite web |url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/sunderbans-(east-south-west-wildlife-sanctuaries)-iba-bangladesh/details |title=BirdLife Data Zone |access-date=2 December 2022 |archive-date=2 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202132031/http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/sunderbans-(east-south-west-wildlife-sanctuaries)-iba-bangladesh/details |url-status=live}}</ref> Some species such as [[Indian hog deer|hog deer]] (''Axis porcinus''), [[water buffalo]]s (''Bubalus bubalis''), [[barasingha]] or swamp deer (''Cervus duvauceli''), [[Javan rhinoceros]] (''Rhinoceros sondaicus''), [[Indian rhinoceros]] (''Rhinoceros unicornis'') and the [[mugger crocodile]] (''Crocodylus palustris'') started to become extinct in the Sundarbans towards the middle of the 20th century, because of extensive poaching and hunting by the British and locals.<ref name=sarakar>Sarker, S.U. 1993. Ecology of Wildlife UNDP/FAO/BGD/85/011. Field Document N. 50 Institute of Forestry and Environmental Sciences. Chittagong, Bangladesh.</ref> There are other threatened mammal species, such as the [[capped langur]] (''Semnopithecus pileatus''), [[smooth-coated otter]] (''Lutrogale perspicillata''), [[Asian small-clawed otter]] (''Aonyx cinerea'') and [[large Indian civet]] (''Viverra zibetha'').

==Climate change impact==
{{See|Climate change in South Asia}}{{multiple image
| align = right
| perrow = 1
| image1 = Sundarbans a few months after cyclone sidr.jpg
| caption1 = Sundarbans a few months after [[Cyclone Sidr]]
| image2 = Mudflat and clouds in Sundarbans.jpg
| caption2 = [[Mudflat]]s in Sundarbans
}}

The physical development processes along the coast are influenced by a multitude of factors, comprising wave motions, micro and macro-tidal cycles and long shore currents typical to the coastal tract. The shore currents vary greatly along with the [[monsoon]]. These are also affected by [[cyclonic]] action. Erosion and accretion through these forces maintains varying levels, as yet not properly measured, of physiographic change whilst the mangrove vegetation itself provides a remarkable stability to the entire system. During each monsoon season almost all the Bengal Delta is submerged, much of it for half a year. The sediment of the lower delta plain is primarily advected inland by monsoonal coastal setup and cyclonic events. One of the greatest challenges people living on the [[Ganges Delta]] may face in coming years is the threat of rising sea levels caused mostly by [[subsidence]] in the region and partly by climate change.

In many of the Bangladesh's mangrove wetlands, freshwater reaching the mangroves was considerably reduced from the 1970s because of diversion of freshwater in the upstream area by neighbouring [[India]] through the use of the [[Farakka Barrage]] bordering [[Rajshahi]], Bangladesh. Also, the Bengal [[Drainage basin|Basin]] is slowly tilting towards the east because of neo-[[tectonic]] movement, forcing greater freshwater input to the Bangladesh Sundarbans. As a result, the salinity of the Bangladesh Sundarbans is much lower than that of the Indian side. A 1990 study noted that there "is no evidence that environmental degradation in the [[Himalayas]] or a 'greenhouse' induced rise in sea level have aggravated floods in Bangladesh"; however, a 2007 report by UNESCO, "Case Studies on Climate Change and World Heritage" has stated that an anthropogenic {{convert|45|cm|in|adj=on}} rise in sea level (likely by the end of the 21st century, according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change), combined with other forms of anthropogenic stress on the Sundarbans, could lead to the destruction of 75 percent of the Sundarbans mangroves.<ref>[https://whc.unesco.org/documents/publi_climatechange.pdf Case Studies of Climate Change] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327130901/https://whc.unesco.org/documents/publi_climatechange.pdf |date=27 March 2009 }}, UNESCO, 2007</ref> Already, [[Lohachara Island]] and [[South Talpatti Island|New Moore Island/South Talpatti Island]] have disappeared under the sea, and [[Ghoramara Island]] is half submerged.<ref>{{cite news |last=George |first=Nirmala |date=24 March 2010 |title=Disputed isle in Bay of Bengal disappears into sea |url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/as_india_disappearing_island |newspaper=Yahoo News |agency=Associated Press |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100329164736/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/as_india_disappearing_island |archive-date=29 March 2010 |access-date=24 March 2010}}</ref>

In a study conducted in 2012, the Zoological Society of London (ZSL) found out that the Sunderban coast was retreating up to {{convert|200|m}} in a year. Agricultural activities had destroyed around {{convert|17179|ha}} of mangroves within three decades (1975–2010). Shrimp cultivation had destroyed another {{convert|7554|ha}}.

Researches from the School of Oceanographic Studies, Jadavpur University, estimated the annual rise in sea level to be {{convert|8|mm}} in 2010. It had doubled from {{convert|3.14|mm}} recorded in 2000. The rising sea levels had also submerged around {{convert|7500|ha}} of forest areas. This, coupled with an around {{convert|1.5|C-change}} rise in surface water temperatures and increased levels of salinity have posed a problem for the survival of the indigenous flora and fauna. The Sundari trees are exceptionally sensitive to salinity and are being threatened with extinction.

Mangroves mitigate the effects of cyclones and tsunamis on coastal areas. Protecting mangrove health is therefore an urgent concern.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cornforth |first1=William A. |last2=Fatoyinbo |first2=Temilola E. |author2-link=Lola Fatoyinbo|last3=Freemantle |first3=Terri P. |last4=Pettorelli |first4=Nathalie |year=2013 |title=Advanced Land Observing Satellite Phased Array Type L-Band SAR (ALOS PALSAR) to Inform the Conservation of Mangroves: Sundarbans as a Case Study |journal=Remote Sensing |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=224–237 |doi=10.3390/rs5010224 |bibcode=2013RemS....5..224C |doi-access=free}}</ref> Climate change-linked worsening of tidal and storm surges is causing flight to the mainland; about 13% of residents relocated in the decade of 2000–2010.<ref name="Foundation">{{Cite web |title='Everyday disasters' driving flight from Sundarbans |url=http://www.trust.org/item/20150407060825-66t6a/?source=search |website=trust.org |access-date=5 June 2015 |archive-date=5 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605213517/http://www.trust.org/item/20150407060825-66t6a/?source=search }}</ref>

A 2015 ethnographic study, conducted by a team of researchers from Heidelberg university in Germany, found a crisis brewing in the Sunderbans. The study contended that poor planning on the part of the India and Bangladesh governments coupled with natural ecological changes were forcing the flight of human capital from the region<ref name="Foundation"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Poor planning, climate shifts devastating India's Sundarbans |url=http://www.trust.org/item/20121117004000-yc0l9/?source=search |website=trust.org |access-date=5 June 2015 |archive-date=5 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605194903/http://www.trust.org/item/20121117004000-yc0l9/?source=search }}</ref>

==Hazards==
===Natural hazards===
According to a report created by UNESCO, the landfall of [[Cyclone Sidr]] damaged around 40% of Sundarbans in 2007.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cyclone Sidr damaged 40% of Sundarbans: UNESCO |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/cyclone-sidr-damaged-40-of-sundarbans-unesco/54259-11.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150221192011/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/cyclone-sidr-damaged-40-of-sundarbans-unesco/54259-11.html |archive-date=21 February 2015 |work=ibnlive.in |access-date=21 February 2015}}</ref>

===Human made hazards===
{{Further|Rampal Power Station|2014 Sundarbans oil spill}}

In August 2010, a memorandum of understanding was signed between [[Bangladesh Power Development Board]] (BPDB) and India's state-owned [[National Thermal Power Corporation]] (NTPC) where they designated to implement the coal-fired Rampal power station by 2016.<ref>''New Age | Newspaper''</ref><ref>''Final report on environmental impact assessment of 2x (500–660) MW coal-based thermal power plant to be constructed at the location of Khulna – India Environment Portal''</ref> The proposed project, on an area of over 1,834 acres of land, is situated {{convert|14|km}} north of the Sundarbans.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rahman |first=Khalilur |date=24 February 2013 |title=Demand for Rampal power plant relocation |url=http://today.thefinancialexpress.com.bd/public/last-page/demand-for-rampal-power-plant-relocation |newspaper=The Financial Express |location=Dhaka |access-date=2 September 2018 |archive-date=26 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126143548/https://today.thefinancialexpress.com.bd/public/last-page/demand-for-rampal-power-plant-relocation |url-status=live}}</ref> This project violates the [[environmental impact assessment]] guidelines for coal-based thermal power plants.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite news |last=Kumar |first=Chaitanya |date=24 September 2013 |title=Bangladesh Power Plant Struggle Calls for International Solidarity |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/chaitanya-kumar/bangladesh-power-plant-st_b_3983560.html |newspaper=The World Post |access-date=18 November 2016 |archive-date=8 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808154126/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/chaitanya-kumar/bangladesh-power-plant-st_b_3983560.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Environmental activists contend that the proposed location of the Rampal Station would violate provisions of the [[Ramsar Convention]].<ref>{{cite news |date=29 September 2013 |title=The Roar of Disapproval |url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3084633261.html |url-access=subscription |newspaper=Dhaka Courier |via=[[HighBeam Research]] |access-date=29 November 2015 |archive-date=20 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220221855/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3084633261.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=27 October 2015 |title=Rampal plant won't hamper environ |url=http://thedailynewnation.com/news/71523/rampal-plant-wont-hamper-environ.html |newspaper=The New Nation |access-date=29 November 2015 |archive-date=26 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126142544/https://thedailynewnation.com/news/71523/rampal-plant-wont-hamper-environ.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The government of Bangladesh rejected the allegations that the coal-based power plant would adversely affect the world's largest mangrove forest.<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite news |last=Habib |first=Haroon |date=27 September 2013 |title=Bangladesh begins import of power from India |url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/bangladesh-begins-import-of-power-from-india/article5176272.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=18 November 2016 |archive-date=10 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210022711/http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/bangladesh-begins-import-of-power-from-india/article5176272.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>

On 9 December 2014 an oil-tanker named ''Southern Star VII'',<ref name=":3" /> carrying {{convert|358000|L|impgal usgal}} of [[furnace oil]],<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> was sunk in the Sela river<ref name="Global Voices Online">{{Cite news |url=http://globalvoicesonline.org/2014/12/14/massive-oil-spill-threatens-bangladeshs-sundarbans/ |title=Massive Oil Spill Threatens Bangladesh's Sundarbans |work=Global Voices Online |access-date=15 December 2014 |archive-date=14 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150814234842/https://globalvoicesonline.org/2014/12/14/massive-oil-spill-threatens-bangladeshs-sundarbans/ |url-status=live}}</ref> of Sundarbans after it had been hit by a cargo vessel.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/pollution/350-tonne-oil-spill-by-Bangladeshi-ship-threatens-Sunderbans/articleshow/45483696.cms |title=350-tonne oil spill by Bangladeshi ship threatens Sunderbans |last=Krishnendu Mukherjee |first=Rakhi Chakrabarty |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=15 December 2014 |archive-date=9 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409183046/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/pollution/350-tonne-oil-spill-by-Bangladeshi-ship-threatens-Sunderbans/articleshow/45483696.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite news |last1=Phillips |first1=Tom |date=13 December 2014 |title=Fears for rare wildlife as oil 'catastrophe' strikes Bangladesh |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/bangladesh/11291856/Fears-for-rare-wildlife-as-oil-catastrophe-strikes-Sundarbans.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/bangladesh/11291856/Fears-for-rare-wildlife-as-oil-catastrophe-strikes-Sundarbans.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |access-date=15 December 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The oil spread over {{cvt|350|km2}} area after the clash, as of 17 December.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dw.de/assessing-the-oil-spills-impact-on-bangladeshs-sundarbans-forest/a-18137182 |title="Assessing the oil spill's impact on Bangladesh's Sundarbans forest". ''Deutsche Welle''. 17 December 2014. |access-date=24 December 2014 |archive-date=24 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224222107/http://www.dw.de/assessing-the-oil-spills-impact-on-bangladeshs-sundarbans-forest/a-18137182 |url-status=live}}</ref> The slick spread to a second river and a network of canals in the Sundarbans and blackened the shoreline.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bangladesh launches campaign to clean up Sunderbans oil spill |url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/bangladesh-launches-campaign-to-clean-up-sunderbans-oil-spill/article6689136.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=15 December 2014 |archive-date=9 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409052339/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/bangladesh-launches-campaign-to-clean-up-sunderbans-oil-spill/article6689136.ece/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The event was very threatening to trees, plankton, and vast populations of small fishes and dolphins.<ref name=":132">{{cite news |title=Bangladesh begins oil clean-up after spill |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia/2014/12/bangladesh-begins-oil-clean-up-after-spill-2014121292319849578.html |date=12 December 2014 |publisher=Al Jazeera |access-date=15 December 2014 |archive-date=12 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212061004/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia/2014/12/bangladesh-begins-oil-clean-up-after-spill-2014121292319849578.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The event occurred at a protected Sundarbans mangrove area, home to the rare [[Irrawaddy dolphin|Irrawaddy]] and [[Ganges dolphin]]s.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |title=Bangladesh oil spill threatens rare dolphins |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia/2014/12/bangladesh-oil-spill-threatens-rare-dolphins-20141211165442529249.html |date=11 December 2014 |publisher=Al Jazeera |access-date=15 December 2014 |archive-date=7 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907183757/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia/2014/12/bangladesh-oil-spill-threatens-rare-dolphins-20141211165442529249.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Until 15 December 2014 only {{convert|50000|L|impgal usgal}} of oil from the area had been cleaned up by local residents, the [[Bangladesh Navy]], and [[Government of Bangladesh|the government of Bangladesh]].<ref name=":1">{{cite news |title=India on alert after Sunderbans oil spill in Bangladesh |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-30448377 |work=BBC News |access-date=16 December 2014 |archive-date=15 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215053354/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-30448377 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{cite news |title=No capacity to tackle oil spills |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/no-capacity-to-tackle-oil-spills-55592 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |date=16 December 2014 |access-date=16 December 2014 |archive-date=9 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109100333/http://www.thedailystar.net/no-capacity-to-tackle-oil-spills-55592 |url-status=live}}</ref> Some reports indicated that the event killed some wildlife.<ref name="Global Voices Online"/> On 13 December 2014, a dead [[Irrawaddy dolphin]] was seen floating on the Harintana-Tembulbunia channel of the Sela River.<ref name=":6">{{cite news |last=Siddique |first=Abu Bakar |date=14 December 2014 |title=First dead dolphin spotted |url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2014/dec/14/first-dead-dolphin-spotted |newspaper=Dhaka Tribune |access-date=18 December 2014 |archive-date=16 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216080827/http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2014/dec/14/first-dead-dolphin-spotted |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Economy==
{{multiple image
| align = right
| perrow = 1
| image1 = Fishing boats in Sundarbans.jpg
| caption1 = [[Commercial fishing]] boat in the Sundarbans
| image2 = Boat,_trees_and_water_in_Sundarbans.jpg
| caption2 = Logging boat in the Sundarbans
| image3 = Ferry in Sundarbans.jpg
| caption3 = Ferry in the Sundarbans
| image4 = A Sailboat in Sundarbans, West Bengal, India 07.jpg
| caption4 = A sailboat in the Sundarbans
}}

The forest has immense protective and productive functions. Constituting 51% of the total [[reserve forest]] of Bangladesh, it contributes about 41% of total forest revenue and accounts for about 45% of all timber and fuel wood output of the country.<ref name=FAO95/>

===Agriculture===
[[File:Flooded rice fields in monsoon.jpg|thumb|Flooded [[paddy field]]s in the Sunderbans ]]
Part of the Sundarbans is shielded from tidal inflow by leaves and there one finds villages and agriculture. During the [[monsoon]] season, the low lying agricultural lands are waterlogged and the summer ''[[kharif crop]]'' is therefore mainly [[deepwater rice]] or floating rice. In the dry winter season, the land is normally uncropped and used for cattle grazing. The land near the villages are irrigated from ponds that were filled up during monsoon, and vegetable ''[[Rabi crop]]s'' are grown.<ref>Sen, H.S. 1992. ''Research on water management in the Sundarbans, West Bengal, India.'' Published in the Annual Report 1992 of the International Institute for Land Reclamation and improvement, Wageningen, the Netherlands. On line:[https://www.waterlog.info/pdf/sunderbans.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210070910/https://www.waterlog.info/pdf/sunderbans.pdf|date=10 February 2018}}</ref> Some farms and mangrove areas are being cleared for [[aquaculture]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Caught in the net: Unchecked shrimp farming transforms India's Sundarbans |author=Sarkar, N. |work=Mongabay |date=2024 |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2024/06/caught-in-the-net-unchecked-shrimp-farming-transforms-indias-sundarbans/|access-date=25 June 2024}}</ref>

===Habitation===
The Sundarbans has a population of over 4 million,<ref name=BBCSubir>{{cite news |author=Subir Bhaumik |title=Fears rise for sinking Sundarbans |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3102948.stm |work=BBC News |date=2003 |access-date=26 December 2006 |archive-date=22 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322071923/https://secure-uk.imrworldwide.com/v51.js |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Administration==
[[File:Sundarban police boat.jpg|thumb|Police boat patrolling in [[Sundarban National Park]], West Bengal]]
West Bengal Cabinet has approved a new district in South 24 Parganas and proposed district was named Sundarban.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Explained: 7 new districts in West Bengal — how and why are districts created or abolished in India? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/everyday-explainers/explained-7-new-districts-west-bengal-districts-created-abolished-8064221/ |access-date=2 August 2022 |work=The Indian Express |archive-date=2 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220802163006/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/everyday-explainers/explained-7-new-districts-west-bengal-districts-created-abolished-8064221/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Protected areas==
[[File:Sunderbans map.png|thumb|A map of the protected areas of the Indian Sunderbans, showing the boundaries of the tiger reserve, the national park and the three wildlife sanctuaries, conservation and lodging centres, subsistence towns, and access points. The entire forested (dark green) area constitutes the Biosphere Reserve, with the remaining forests outside the national park and wildlife sanctuaries being given the status of a [[reserve forest]].]]

The Bangladesh part of the forest lies under two forest divisions, and four administrative ranges viz Chandpai (Khulna District), [[Sarankhola]] (Khulna), and [[Burigoalini]] ([[Satkhira District]]) and has sixteen forest stations. It is further divided into fifty-five compartments and nine blocks.<ref name="Bpedia"/> There are three wildlife sanctuaries established in 1977 under the Bangladesh Wildlife (Preservation) Order, 1973 (P.O. 23 of 1973). The West Bengal part of the forest lies under the district of South & North 24 Parganas.

Protected areas cover 15% of the Sundarbans mangroves including [[Sundarbans National Park]] and [[Sajnakhali Wildlife Sanctuary]], in West Bengal, [[Sundarbans East Wildlife Sanctuary|Sundarbans East]], [[Sundarbans South Wildlife Sanctuary|Sundarbans South]] and [[Sundarbans West Wildlife Sanctuary|Sundarbans West Wildlife Sanctuaries]] in Bangladesh.<ref name=IM1406/>

In May 2019, the local authorities in Bangladesh killed 4 tiger poachers in a shootout in the Sunderbans mangrove area where currently 114 tigers dwell.

===Sundarban National Park===
{{main|Sundarbans National Park}}

The Sundarban National Park is a [[National Park]], [[Tiger Reserve]], and a [[Biosphere Reserve]] in West Bengal, India. It is part of the Sundarbans on the [[Ganges Delta]], and adjacent to the Sundarbans Reserve Forest in Bangladesh. The [[River delta|delta]] is densely covered by mangrove forests, and is one of the largest reserves for the [[Bengal tiger]]. It is also home to a variety of bird, reptile and [[invertebrate]] species, including the [[salt-water crocodile]]. The present Sundarbans National Park was declared as the core area of Sundarbans Tiger Reserve in 1973 and a wildlife sanctuary in 1977. On 4 May 1984 it was declared a National Park.

===Sundarbans West Wildlife Sanctuary===
{{main|Sundarbans West Wildlife Sanctuary}}

Sundarbans West Wildlife Sanctuary is a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Bangladesh. The region supports mangroves, including: sparse stands of Gewa (''[[Excoecaria agallocha]]'') and dense stands of Goran (''[[Ceriops]] tagal''), with discontinuous patches of Hantal palm (''[[Phoenix paludosa]]'') on drier ground, river banks and levees. The fauna of the sanctuary is very diverse with some 40 species of mammals, 260 species of birds and 35 species of reptiles. The greatest of these being the Bengal tiger of which an estimated 350 remain in the Bangladesh Sundarbans. Other large mammals are [[wild boar]], chital horin ([[spotted deer]]), Indian otter and [[macaque monkey]]. Five species of marine turtles frequent the coastal zone and two endangered reptiles are present – the [[estuarine crocodile]] and the [[Indian python]].<ref>UNESCO World Heritage Nomination, 1997</ref>

===Sundarbans East Wildlife Sanctuary===
{{main|Sundarbans East Wildlife Sanctuary}}

Sundarbans East Wildlife Sanctuary extends over an area of {{convert|31227|ha|acre}} in Bangladesh. Sundari trees (''Heritiera fomes'') dominate the flora, interspersed with Gewa (''[[Excoecaria agallocha]]'') and Passur (''Xylocarpus mekongensis'') with Kankra (''[[Bruguiera gymnorhiza]]'') occurring in areas subject to more frequent flooding. There is an understory of Shingra (''Cynometra ramiflora'') where, soils are drier and Amur (''Aglaia cucullata'') in wetter areas and Goran (''[[Ceriops]] decandra'') in more saline places. Nypa palm (''Nypa fruticans'') is widespread along drainage lines.

===Sundarbans South Wildlife Sanctuary===
{{main|Sundarbans South Wildlife Sanctuary}}

Sundarbans South Wildlife Sanctuary extends over an area of {{convert|36970|ha|acre}} in Bangladesh. There is evidently the greatest seasonal variation in salinity levels and possibly represents an area of relatively longer duration of moderate salinity where Gewa (''[[Excoecaria agallocha]]'') is the dominant woody species. It is often mixed with Sundri, which is able to displace in circumstances such as artificially opened canopies where Sundri does not regenerate as effectively. It is also frequently associated with a dense understory of Goran (''[[Ceriops]] tagal'') and sometimes Passur.

===Sajnakhali Wildlife Sanctuary===
{{main|Sajnakhali Wildlife Sanctuary}}

Sajnakhali Wildlife Sanctuary is a {{convert|362|km2|mi2|adj=on}} area in the northern part of the Sundarbans delta in [[South 24 Parganas district]], West Bengal, India. It is mainly mangrove scrub, forest and swamp. It was set up as a sanctuary in 1976. It is home to a rich population of different species of wildlife, such as [[water fowl]], [[heron]], [[pelican]], [[Chital|spotted deer]], [[rhesus macaque]]s, [[wild boar]], tigers, [[Asian water monitor|water monitor lizards]], [[fishing cat]]s, [[otter]]s, [[olive ridley turtle]]s, [[crocodile]]s, [[Batagur baska|batagur terrapins]], and migratory birds.

==In popular culture==
{{multiple image
| align = right
| perow = 1
| image1 = Göttin Manasa in Lehm.jpg
| caption1 = Idol of [[Manasa]], the deity of snakes
| image2 = Banbibi (cropped).jpg
| caption2 = [[Bonbibi]], the goddess of Sundarbans
}}

The Sundarbans is celebrated through numerous Bengali folk songs and dances, often centred around the folk heroes, gods and goddesses specific to the Sunderbans (like [[Bonbibi]] and [[Dakshin Rai]]) and to the Lower Gangetic Delta (like [[Manasa]] and [[Chand Sadagar]]). The Bengali folk epic [[Manasamangal]] mentions ''Netidhopani'' and has some passages set in the Sundarbans during the heroine [[Behula]]'s quest to bring her husband ''Lakhindar'' back to life.

The area provides the setting for several novels by [[Emilio Salgari]], (e.g. ''[[The Mystery of the Black Jungle]]''). ''Sundarbaney Arjan Sardar'', a novel by Shibshankar Mitra, and ''[[Padma Nadir Majhi]]'', a novel by [[Manik Bandopadhyay]], are based on the rigors of lives of villagers and fishermen living in the Sunderbans region, and are woven into the Bengali psyche to a great extent. Part of the plot of [[Salman Rushdie]]'s [[Booker Prize]] winning novel ''[[Midnight's Children]]'' is set in the Sundarbans. This forest is adopted as the setting of [[Kunal Basu]]'s short story "The Japanese Wife" and the subsequent [[The Japanese Wife|film adaptation]]. Most of the plot of an internationally acclaimed novelist, [[Amitav Ghosh]]'s 2004 novel, ''[[The Hungry Tide]]'', is set in the Sundarbans. The plot centres on a headstrong American cetologist who arrives to study a rare species of river dolphin, enlisting a local fisherman and translator to aid her. The book also mentions two accounts of the Bonbibi story of "Dukhey's Redemption".<ref>Ghosh, A. (2005). ''The Hungry Tide: A Novel.'', Boston: Houghton Mifflin, pp. 84–88, 292–97 {{ISBN|0-14-301556-7}}.</ref> Manik Bandopadhyay's ''[[Padma Nadir Majhi]]'' was made into a movie by [[Goutam Ghose]].

The Sunderbans has been the subject of a detailed and well-researched scholarly work on Bonbibi (a 'forest goddess' venerated by Hindus), on the relation between the islanders and tigers and on conservation and how it is perceived by the inhabitants of the Sundarbans,<ref>Jalais, Annu. (2010). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=XIW3AwAAQBAJ Forest of Tigers: People, Politics and Environment in the Sundarbans]'', Routledge: New Delhi, London, New York, {{ISBN|0-415-69046-3}}.</ref> as well as numerous non-fiction books, including ''The Man-Eating Tigers of Sundarbans'' by Sy Montegomery for a young audience, which was shortlisted for the [[Dorothy Canfield Fisher Children's Book Award]]. In ''Up The Country'', [[Emily Eden]] discusses her travels through the Sunderbans.<ref>{{cite book |author=Eden, Emily |title='Up the country': letters written to her sister from the upper provinces of India |url=https://archive.org/details/upcountryletter03edengoog |year=1867 |publisher=R. Bentley}}</ref> Numerous documentary movies have been made about the Sunderbans, including the 2003 [[IMAX]] production ''Shining Bright'' about the Bengal tiger. The acclaimed [[BBC]] TV series ''[[Ganges (BBC TV series)|Ganges]]'' documents the lives of villagers, especially [[honey collector]]s, in the Sundarbans.

==See also==
{{Portal|Ecology}}
* [[Sundarbans Tiger Project]]
* [[Mangroves in India]]
* [[Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education]]
* [[Sangu Wildlife Sanctuary]]
* [[Environmental impact of development in the Sundarbans]]
* [[Tiger attacks in the Sundarbans]]
== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=FAO95>{{cite report |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/field/383933.htm |title=Integrated Resource Management Plan of the Sundarbans Reserved Forest, FAO Project BGD/84/056 |publisher=FAO |location=Rome, Italy |year=1995 |access-date=11 January 2008 |archive-date=23 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170523051219/http://www.fao.org/docrep/field/383933.htm }}</ref>

<ref name=Forestal>{{cite report |author=Forestal |year=1960 |title=Forest Inventory 1958–59 Sundarbans Forests |location=Oregon, Canada |publisher=Forestal Forestry and Engineering International Ltd.}}</ref>

<ref name=ODA>{{cite report |author=Chaffey, D. R. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Miller, F. R. |author3=Sandom, J. H. |year=1985 |title=A forest inventory of the Sundarbans, Bangladesh |publisher=Land Resources Development Centre |location=Surbiton, England}}</ref>

<ref name=Wahid>{{cite conference |author=Wahid, S.M. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Alam, M.J. |author3=Rahman, A. |year=2002 |title=Mathematical river modelling to support ecological monitoring of the largest mangrove forest of the world – the Sundarbans |conference=Proceedings of First Asia-Pacific DHI software conference, 17–18 June 2002}}</ref>
}}

==Sources==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{EB1911|wstitle=Sundarbans}}
* Laskar Muqsudur Rahman, [http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs/rmrs_p015_2/rmrs_p015_2_143_148.pdf The Sundarbans: A Unique Wilderness of the World] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228194444/http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs/rmrs_p015_2/rmrs_p015_2_143_148.pdf |date=28 February 2008 }}; at [http://www.fs.fed.us/ USDA Forest Reserve] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970708105238/http://www.fs.fed.us/ |date=8 July 1997 }}; McCool, Stephen F.; Cole, David N.; Borrie, William T.; O'Loughlin, Jennifer, comps. 2000. Wilderness science in a time of change conference, Volume 2: Wilderness within the context of larger systems; 1999 May 23–27; Missoula, MT. Proceedings RMRS-P-15-VOL-2. Ogden, UT: US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, [[Rocky Mountain Research Station]].
* Terminal Report, [http://www.fao.org/docrep/field/383933.htm Integrated Resource Development of the Sundarbans Reserved Forest] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170523051219/http://www.fao.org/docrep/field/383933.htm |date=23 May 2017 }}: Project Findings and Recommendations, [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] (acting as executing agency for the [[United Nations Development Programme]]), United Nations, Rome, 1998 (prepared for the Government of Bangladesh)
* Blasco, F. (1975). ''The Mangroves of India''. Institut Francis de Pondichéry, Travaux de las Section Scientifique et Technique, Tome XIV, Facicule 1. Pondicherry, India.
* Jalais, Annu. (2005). "Dwelling on Morichjhanpi: When Tigers Became 'Citizens', Refugees 'Tiger-Food'"; ''Economic and Political Weekly'', 23 April 2005, pp. 1757 – 1762.
* Jalais, Annu. (2007). "The Sundarbans: Whose World Heritage Site?", ''Conservation and Society'' (vol. 5, no. 4).
* Jalais, Annu. (2008). "Unmasking the Cosmopolitan Tiger", ''Nature and Culture'' (vol. 3, no. 1), pp. 25–40.
* Jalais, Annu. (2008). "Bonbibi: Bridging Worlds", ''Indian Folklore'', serial no. 28, Jan 2008.
* Jalais, Annu. (2009). "Confronting Authority, Negotiating Morality: tiger prawn seed collection in the Sundarbans", International Collective in Support of Fishworkers, Yemaya, 32, Nov. [https://www.icsf.net/en/yemaya/detail/EN/1582.html] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902084426/https://www.icsf.net/en/yemaya/detail/EN/1582.html |date=2 September 2018 }}; Also in French: http://base.d-p-h.info/en/fiches/dph/fiche-dph-8148.html {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511170603/http://base.d-p-h.info/en/fiches/dph/fiche-dph-8148.html |date=11 May 2013 }}
* Jalais, Annu. (2010). "Braving Crocodiles with Kali: Being a prawn-seed collector and a modern woman in the 21st century Sundarbans", ''Socio-Legal Review'', Vol. 6.
* Montgomery, Sy (1995). ''Spell of the Tiger: The Man-Eaters of Sundarbans''. Houghton Mifflin Company, New York.
* Rivers of Life: Living with Floods in Bangladesh. M. Q. Zaman. ''Asian Survey'', Vol. 33, No. 10 (October 1993), pp. 985–996
* {{cite journal |last1=Allison |first1=M. A. |last2=Kepple |first2=E. B. |date=September 2001 |title=Modern sediment supply to the lower delta plain of the Ganges-Brahmaputra River in Bangladesh |journal=Geo-Marine Letters |volume=21 |issue=2 |page=66 |doi=10.1007/s003670100069 |bibcode=2001GML....21...66M |s2cid=140636544}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091222015740/http://www.unep-wcmc.org/sites/wh/pdf/Sundarbans%20%5Bboth%5D.pdf Sundarbans on United Nations Environment Programme]
* {{cite journal |last=Brammer |first=H. |date=July 1990 |title=Floods in Bangladesh: II. Flood Mitigation and Environmental Aspects |journal=The Geographical Journal |volume=156 |issue=2 |pages=158–165 |doi=10.2307/635323 |jstor=635323 |bibcode=1990GeogJ.156..158B}}
* [http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/mar252003/757.pdf Environmental classification of mangrove wetlands of India] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701040202/http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/mar252003/757.pdf |date=1 July 2007 }}. V. Selvam. ''Current Science'', Vol. 84, No. 6, 25 March 2003.
{{Refend}}
* {{cite book |author1=Green, M.J.B. |author2=Centre, W.C.M. |author3=Parks, I.C.o.N. |author4=Areas, P. |year=1990 |title=Iucn Directory of South Asian Protected Areas |publisher=IUCN-The World Conservation Union |isbn=978-2-8317-0030-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/iucndirectoryofs90gree}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Sundarbans}}
* {{Wikivoyage-inline}}
* [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/798 UNESCO World Heritage Centre: The Sundarbans]
* [http://www.unesco.org/mabdb/br/brdir/directory/biores.asp?code=IND+03&mode=all UNESCO: Sundarban Biosphere Reserve Information]
* [https://www.worldheritagesite.org/list/The+Sundarbans World Heritage Site: The Sundarbans]
* [https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20080510070643/http://www.unep-wcmc.org/sites/wh/sundarb.html United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre Protected Areas Programme: The Sundarbans]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110714132030/http://srmilan.multiply.com/journal/item/15/15 The Sundarban of Bangladesh: A Rich Biodiversity of the World's Largest Mangrove Ecosystem]
* [http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/multimedia/multimedia-archive/Photo-Essays1/sinking-sundarbans-climate-v/ Greenpeace: Sinking Sundarbans – Climate voices]
* [http://www.wild-team.org Tiger Conservation Project in the Bangladeshi Sundarbans] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006142656/http://wild-team.org/ |date=6 October 2020 }}
* [http://www.waterlog.info/pdf/sunderbans.pdf Research on water management and control in the Sunderbans, West Bengal, India]
* [http://en.bdfish.org/2011/10/finfishes-of-the-sundarbans/ Finfishes of Sundarbans]
* Nasa images: [https://web.archive.org/web/20130502032619/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Search/index.php?hq=site%3Aearthobservatory.nasa.gov%2FIOTD%2F&q=Sundarbans set 01] and [https://web.archive.org/web/20130502072250/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Search/index.php?q=sunderbans set 2]

{{mangroves}}
{{World Heritage Sites in Bangladesh}}
{{World Heritage Sites in India}}
{{National Parks of India}}
{{Protected Forests of Bangladesh}}
{{Ramsar sites in India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Sundarbans| ]]
[[Category:Geography of South 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Bay of Bengal]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Protected areas of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indomalayan ecoregions]]
[[Category:Mangrove ecoregions]]
[[Category:Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests]]
[[Category:Ecoregions of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Natural regions of India]]
[[Category:Environment of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Forests of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Forests of India]]
[[Category:Forests of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Ramsar sites in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Wetlands of India]]
[[Category:Ramsar sites in India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in West Bengal]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in India]]
[[Category:Regions of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Regions of India]]

University College of Science, Technology and Agriculture

2026-02-24T11:49:50Z

Musariaz:

{{Short description|Science College, Kolkata, West Bengal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Rajabazar Science Collge
| native_name = বিজ্ঞান কলেজ
| former_name = Rajabazar Science College
| image = Sumit Chakraborty.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption = Main entrance to the college
| established = {{Start date and age|27 March 1914}}
| type = [[Public university|Public]]
| founder = [[Ashutosh Mukherjee]]
| chancellor = [[Governor of West Bengal]]
| vice_chancellor = Asis Kumar Chattopadhyay<ref>{{Cite news |date=October 21, 2022 |title=Bengal appoints CU pro-vice chancellor Asis Chattopadhyay as interim VC |work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] 12:28:52 pm |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/education-2/bengal-cu-pro-vice-chancellor-asis-chattopadhyay-interim-vc/2725142/ |access-date=October 21, 2022}}</ref>
| location = 92, [[AJC Bose Road & APC Road|Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road]], [[Rajabazar, Kolkata|Rajabazar]], [[Kolkata]] - 700009, [[West Bengal]] Annex : JD-2, Sector-III, Salt Lake City, Kolkata-700106, West Bengal.

35, [[Ballygunge Circular Road]], [[Ballygunge]], [[Kolkata]] - 700026, [[West Bengal]]
| nickname = Science College, Calcutta College of Science, University College of Science
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.caluniv.ac.in/campuses/campus_area.htm |title=campus-area |publisher=Caluniv.ac.in |access-date=2020-01-28}}</ref>
| affiliations = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]], [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]], [[Association of Indian Universities|AIU]], [[All India Council for Technical Education|AICTE]]
| free_label = Acronym
| website = {{URL|http://www.caluniv-ucsta.net/|UCSTA}}
| free = UCSTA
}}

The '''University College of Science, Technology and Agriculture''' or '''UCSTA''' (formerly known as '''Rajabazar Science College''') are two of five main campuses of the [[University of Calcutta]] (CU). The college served as the cradle of Indian sciences, where Raman won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930, with many fellowships of the [[The Royal Society of London|Royal Society London]].<ref name="caluniv-ucsta1">{{cite web |title=About UCSTA College Website |url=http://caluniv-ucsta.net/ |website=UCSTA |access-date=18 January 2020}}</ref>

== History ==

[[File:M N Saha, J C Bose, J C Ghosh, Snehamoy Dutt, S N Bose, D M Bose, N R Sen, J N Mukherjee, N C Nag.jpg|thumb|'''C.U. alumni : Seated (L to R): [[Meghnad Saha]], [[Jagadish Chandra Bose]], [[Jnan Chandra Ghosh]].
Standing (L to R): Snehamoy Dutt, [[Satyendranath Bose]], [[Debendra Mohan Bose]], [[Nikhil Ranjan Sen|NR Sen]], [[Jnanendra Nath Mukherjee]], N C Nag''']]

[[File:The Calcutta University by Francis Frith.jpg|thumb|left|The Calcutta University by Francis Frith]]

Despite the fact that the [[Presidency College, Kolkata|Presidency College]] at Calcutta witnessed great scientific research by [[Jagadish Chandra Bose]] and [[Prafulla Chandra Ray]] in the last decade of the 19th and the first decade of the 20th century, first organised scientific research at Calcutta University began with the establishment of its '''University College of Science and Technology''' in March 1914. A galaxy of Indian scientists joined the Chairs set up with the income of the endowments of nearly '''thirty seven and half lakhs rupees''' donated by [[Taraknath Palit|Sir Taraknath Palit]] and [[Rash Behari Ghosh|Sir Rashbehari Ghosh]] who were associated with the National Education Movement in Bengal since the Indian Universities Act of 1904-5 and the [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|partition of Bengal]] in 1905. [[Mahendranath Roy|Babu Mahendranath Roy]] was given the responsibility of supervising the project by [[Sir Ashutosh Mukherjee]], the then [[Vice Chancellor of Calcutta University|VC of Calcutta University]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}

The first group of faculties included [[Acharya Prafulla Chandra Ray]], [[Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman]], [[Ganesh Prasad]], [[Sisir Kumar Mitra]] and the legendary 1915 M.Sc. batch comprising [[Satyendranath Bose]], [[Meghnad Saha]], [[Jnan Chandra Ghosh]], [[Jnanendra Nath Mukherjee]] among others.<ref name="caluniv-ucsta1"/> The holders of the Chairs often worked under great financial constraints and with whatever apparatus was locally available in Calcutta. Yet their scientific research was soon to put Calcutta University on the map of world recognition. The science that developed at Calcutta University in colonial India was not a colonial science, as it was hardly supported by any large scale imperial funds and was solely meant for ''"The promotion and diffusion of scientific and technical education for the cultivation and advancement of science, both pure and applied among Indians".''<ref name="insa.nic.in"/>

===Science in Calcutta University before 1914===

One reason why Calcutta University could not develop a research programme in science earlier than 1914 was partly because of a great handicap inherent in its constitution and partly because of the paucity of funds needed for the development of such an institute at the post-graduation level. Till the end of 19th century Calcutta University remained mainly an examination body fed by a number of affiliated colleges which actually did teaching and which were dispersed from [[Shimla]] and [[Mussorie]] to [[Indore]] and [[Jaipur]], and from [[Jaffna]] and [[Batticaloa]] to [[Sylhet]] and [[Chittagong]]. In these colleges there was hardly any provision for teaching of science courses with the exception of three colleges each in Civil Engineering and Medicine, all the 85 colleges in British India by 1882 were teaching courses in liberal arts leading to matriculation, F.A., B.A., Honours and M.A. Career in India was never virtually open to talents, through the principle had been asserted time and again in the Charter Act of 1883 and the Queen's Proclamation of 1858 after the Mutiny to allay fear, suspicion and distrust. In those days agriculture, manufacturing and commerce offered little to no incentives and was almost impossible to initiate without proper skills, capital and equality of terms with which it could compete with the European industry. Such discontentment among the educated unemployed gave rise to militant nationalism threatening the existence of very British Raj in India. Higher education in India was singled out as the root for all evils. So to curb this growing distress, [[Lord Curzon]] (then Viceroy of India) passed the Indian University Act in 1904 based on the recommendation of the Indian University Commission in 1902. While the various recommendations of the Commission to enable the Raj to control higher education in India were not strictly relevant here, some at least relating to the creation of new courses in science became important. The commission for the first time suggested the creation of the Faculty of Science and Technology in addition to the faculties of Arts, Law, Medicine and Civil Engineering previously offered by Calcutta University. Thus Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) and Master of Science (M.Sc.) courses were introduced for first time in India. The commission also recommended the award of Doctor of Science (D.Sc.) degree which is to be given to a M.Sc. after some years spent in original investigations.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}

When Sir [[Asutosh Mookerjee]] became the Vice Chancellor of Calcutta University in 1906, he used the Indian University Act of 1904-5 and converted the university from an examination body to a teaching university which will not only start post graduate degrees in humanities, English, Sanskrit, Pali, Arabic, Persian, Mental & Moral Philosophy, History, Economics and Mathematics but also establish chairs in some of them with financial support from the government by 1912. But for seven years, Mookerjee struggled hard to establish postgraduate teaching and research in Science and Technology despite his best intentions. The paucity of funds and accommodations were deplorable which meant that even if there were men, there was no accommodation laboratories, workshops, museums, equipment, etc. In Presidency College a small room measuring 35'6" by 25'6" was available to be used as a laboratory room, preparation room and as well as a practical room for biology and physiology classes, whereas a large number of B.A. students did not get the opportunity of having a regular course of practical training.<ref name="insa.nic.in"/>

===Establishment of the University College of Science and Technology===

In these circumstances, [[Calcutta University]] was pleasantly surprised to receive the princely gifts of [[Taraknath Palit|Sir Taraknath Palit]], an eminent barrister and advocate of national education during the Anti-Partition movement(1905). In June and October 1912, he donated total assets of fourteen and a half lakh rupees which included his own dwelling house. His donations were made over to the university for the advancement of Science and Technology and were used to maintain the income of endowment of Physics and Chemistry Chair and also to institute scholarships to distinguished graduates of Calcutta University for higher studies. The university had to provide "from its own funds" suitable lecture rooms, libraries, museums, laboratories, workshops and other facilities for teaching and research. As the funds provided by the university was not fully adequate, Mookerjee approached the Government of India for financial support, which was rejected by Henry Sharp who was the joint secretary in department of education. The opposition of Sharp mainly emanated from his dislike of Calcutta University which he considered will become a non-political body with strong prejudice against the white men and the Europeans. He said, "To give this money to this place is to give money to the cause which will embarrass ourselves. The money will go to political ends rather than to truly educational ends."{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}

In August 1913, [[Rash Behari Ghosh|Sir Rashbehari Ghosh]], an eminent jurist and scholar, in a letter to Asutosh Mookerjee placed in the hands of the university "a sum of ten lakh rupees" as per the conditions of his gift, there were to be established four chairs - one each for Applied Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry and Botany, with special reference to Agriculture, and eight studentships to be awarded to the distinguished graduates of this university "to carry on investigation" under the guidance of a professor. Both Palit and Ghosh wanted promotion and diffusion of scientific and technical education among their countrymen by indigenous agency and with the money now available through their endowments, Mookerjee could now launch his projected dream. [[Sir Ashutosh Mukherjee]] delegated the responsibility of managing the funds, and of disbursing them proportionally and judiciously to, [[Mahendranath Roy|Babu Mahendranath Roy]], his friend and an emninent educationist of the time.

Thus four days before the expiry of the fourth term of his [[Vice Chancellor of Calcutta University|Vice-Chancellorship]], Mookerjee laid the founding stone of the University College of Science and Technology on 27 March 1914 hoping fervently that "although the College of Science and Technology is an integral part of the [[University of Calcutta]], it will be regarded not as a provincial but as an all-India college of Science and Technology to which students will flock from every corner of the [[British Raj|Indian Empire]], attracted by the excellence of the instruction imparted and of the facilities provided for research."{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}

The influence of the teachings of [[Raja Rammohan Roy]] on the importance of education broadly based on science and technology impressed a group of newly graduated scientists [[S.N. Bose]], [[Jnan Chandra Ghosh]], [[Meghnad Saha|M.N. Saha]], [[N.R. Sen]], [[Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis|P.C. Mahalanobis]], [[Sisir Kumar Mitra|S.K. Mitra]] and [[Jnanendranath Mukherjee]]. [[Ashutosh Mukherjee|Sir Asutosh Mukherjee]] believed in young talents, selected promising young men and appointed them straightaway as lecturers in post graduate classes of newly formed Sc. College and provided them research facilities also. He was the first and perhaps the last to establish a centre of academic studies at the university stage with distinct atmosphere of learning and scholarships and appointed some of the best men available in the country as University Professor or Lecturers.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}

The establishment of the Calcutta University College of Science and Technology signals the beginning of outstanding research in some branches of science and applied science, which put India on the map of world recognition. A galaxy of Indian scientists joined the departments set up with the income of endowments donated by Palit and Ghosh and began their work in science with whatever apparatus available in India and soon made their mark in their chosen fields. Palit Chairs in Physics and Chemistry and Ghosh Chairs in Applied Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics and Botany were soon filled up after the formal establishment of the University College of Science and Technology in March 1914.<ref name="insa.nic.in"/>

===Keys to the start of outstanding research in "non-colonial" science in colonial India===

The establishment of Chairs in chemistry, physics, mathematics, zoology and Botany was the start of outstanding research and teaching by dedicated Indian scientists. [[Asutosh Mookerjee|Sir Asutosh Mookerjee]] who became the first president of the first session of the Indian Science Congress at Calcutta, where nearly a hundred scientists met on 26 January 1914, took great care to identify the right talent for the right post from different parts of India in science as in humanities and was able to attribute to the "University College of Science and Technology" as a true national character. No nation could live solely upon the achievements of its past or upon its borrowing from others, and at the same time hoped to retain its place among the great people of the Earth. Besides advancing the frontiers of knowledge, the work by the Indian scientists at the University College of Science and Technology not only helped in increasing the wealth of the country but also succeeded in drawing attention of the scientific world. The dedication and devotion with which the Indian scientists at the University College of Science and Technology began their work to explain the many unknown phenomena can only remind us of the zeal and enthusiasm with which William Jones and his choice band of thirty elite Englishmen in 1783-84 had begun their investigations into "the history and antiquities, arts, sciences and literature of Asia."{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}

Despite the fact that the University College of Science and Technology was a department of Calcutta University set up as a part of the colonial educational despatch of 1854. there had been no substantial financial support from the British Raj to encourage the Indian scientists in their works presumably under the idea that Indian brains were not suitable for scientific research despite great promise shown by [[Jagadish Chandra Bose]] and [[Prafulla Chandra Ray]] at the Presidency College years before the foundation of the University College of Science and Technology. Of the total expenditure of rupees 1,813,959 of the University College of Science and Technology between March 1914 and March 1922, the Government of India's contributions from public funds was a meagre rupees 1,20,000 only. Yet in spite of these financial constraints and difficulties none of the scientists left for better position in imperial organisations. Instead classic example was provided by [[Prafulla Chandra Ray]] who when re-appointed Palit Professor for five years after reaching the age of superannuation donated his full monthly salary for the entire period for the special benefit of his department which was "proud to acknowledge him as its leader". During this difficult time, there had been "a steady output of original work rapidly increasing in volume and improving in quality which emanated not from one or two extraordinarily isolated or exceptionally gifted workers blessed with special advantages and facilities, but from a large body of able and devoted scholars". No doubt, the scientists at the University College of Science and Technology sowed the seeds of many a promising project which were to bear fruits in the post-independence years. The University College of Science and Technology was indeed an oasis of scientific research in India since 1914.<ref name="insa.nic.in"/>

[[Sir C.V. Raman]], A Palit Professor of Sc. College made this revolutionary discovery on the "Scattering of Light" which is known as [[Raman Effect|The Raman Effect]]. He announced his discovery on 28 February 1928 and was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics, the day widely celebrated as [[National Science Day|the National Science Day]] in India. [[Jnan Chandra Ghosh|Sir Jnan Chandra Ghosh]] became the first director of the newly created IIT in 1951 ([[Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur]]).<ref>{{cite web|author=Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur |url=http://www.iitkgp.ac.in/about-iitkgp-history |title=Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur |publisher=Iitkgp.ac.in |access-date=2020-01-28}}</ref> Sir J.C. Ghosh also was the second person to be associated with Sc. College (after Sir CV Raman) who became the director of IISc ([[Indian Institute of Science]]). Prof. A.P.C Ray founded the Bengal Chemicals and Pharmaceutical Work and he along with prof. Hemendra Kumar Sen established the department of Applied Chemistry in Sc. College in 1920. [[Sisir Kumar Mitra|Prof. S.K. Mitra]], the pioneer of Radio Science in India founded the department of Radio Physics and Electronics which [[Bidhan Chandra Roy|Dr. Bidhan Chandra Roy]] (then chief minister of Bengal) laid the founding stone of, on 21 April 1949.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irpel.org/HistoryDetails.aspx |title=Institute of Radio Physics and Electronics | (IRPE) |publisher=Irpel.org |access-date=2020-01-28}}</ref>

Notable scholars associated with Science college include one [[Nobel Laureate]] in Physics, two [[National Film Awards|National Award]] winning "Film Directors", at least twenty-five [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology|Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Laureates]], six [[Royal Society of London]] Fellows and several [[Order of the British Empire|British Knighthood]] title holders and [[Padma Shree|Padma]] Awardees.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}

== Academics ==

=== Rankings ===
{{Infobox India university ranking
| type = Subject

| QS_W_2021 = 451-500 {{small|([[Chemistry]])}} 451-500 {{small|([[Physics]])}}
| THE_W_2021 = 601-800 {{small|([[Engineering]])}}

| NIRF_U_2021 = 4
| NIRF_O_2021 = 11
| WEEK_U_2021 = 6
| OUTLOOK_U_2020 = 6
}}

=== Departments ===

Science college campus houses few of country's oldest applied science departments like applied physics, applied chemistry and Institute of Radio-Physics and Electronics. The college is also responsible for introducing degrees like [[M.Sc.]] and [[D.Sc.]] for first time in India.<ref name="insa.nic.in">{{Cite journal | url=https://insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/IJHS/Vol29_1_6_SCGhosh.pdf | title=Towards the transformation of the Calcutta University into a Teaching University | journal=Indian Journal of History of Science | volume=29 | issue=1 | year=1994 | author=S.C. Ghosh}}</ref> The Faculty of Engineering and Technology arm of Science college is the second oldest in West Bengal after [[IIEST Shibpur]](Formerly B.E. College affiliated to Calcutta University).

The departments are as follows:
* Radio Physics & Electronics (Electronics and Communication Engineering)
* Applied Physics (Electrical Engineering, Instrumentation Engineering and Department of Applied Optics and Photonics)
* Faculty of Agriculture, comprising six departments
* Applied Optics and Photonics (Optics and Opto Electronics Engineering)-----a derivative of Department of Applied Physics .
* Pure Mathematics
* Applied Chemistry (Polymer Science & Technology, Chemical Engineering and Chemical Technology)
* Applied Mathematics
* Physics
* Marine Science
* Zoology
* Chemistry
* Geography
* Atmospheric Science
* Electronic Science
* Psychology & Applied Psychology
* Physiology
* Geology
* Neuroscience
* Genetics
* Environmental Science
* Botany
* Statistics
* Biophysics, Molecular Biology & Bioinformatics.

From 2015 onwards, the department of CSE (Computer Science and Engineering), A.K. Chowdhury School of IT (Information Technology) and OOE (Optics and Opto Electronics Engineering) has been shifted to the annex at '''Technology Campus''' in Salt Lake, (Address : JD-2, Sector-III, Salt Lake City, Kolkata-700106).

Degrees being offered are:
* [[D.Sc.]]
* [[Ph.D.]](Tech)
* [[M.Tech.]]
* [[B.Tech.]]
* [[M.Sc.]]
* [[M.Phil.]]<ref name="caluniv1">{{cite web|url=https://www.caluniv.ac.in/campuses/campus2.htm |title=Rajabazar_Science_College_campus |publisher=Caluniv.ac.in |access-date=2020-01-28}}</ref>

=== Research ===

The University College of Science and Technology has 172 principal investigators and around 1,500 research students.<ref name="telegraphindia1">{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/education/the-science-factory/cid/296412 |title=The Science Factory |publisher=Telegraphindia.com |date=2017-10-30 |access-date=2020-01-28}}</ref>
On average, 250 PhDs are awarded every year and around 750 research papers were published in 2011. Fifteen national and international patents have been filed so far by science and technology departments of chemical engineering, polymer science, radio-physics and electronics, applied physics, physiology, biotechnology and biochemistry. The proportion of teaching activity and research at the university is “50:50”. The university has signed high number of MoU with different institutes across the globe.

The university is currently linked with over 50 institutions of higher learning across the globe and the '''UK-India Education Research Initiative''' awarded £30,000 to CU's department of radio physics and the [[University of Sheffield]] for collaborative research on photonics and biomedical applications. The track record of Calcutta University science graduates at all-India competitive exams such as UGC-CSIR NET ([[Centre for Science and Industrial Research]] National Eligibility Test) and Jest ([[Joint Entrance Screening Test]]) for admission to premier research institutes in India has also been commendable. And CU alumni are at the helm in several Indian research organisations.<ref name="telegraphindia1" />

The Technology Faculty of this university is supported by TEQIP Phase 3 project of [[MHRD]] and has been working as the mentoring institute for [[Indira Gandhi Institute of Technology, Sarang]], Odisha and [[Jorhat Engineering College]], Assam. The university also received fund of '''INR 5 Crore''' from Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan (RUSA) for Infrastructure development. After successful completion the university received another fund of '''INR 50 Crore''' from RUSA 2.0 for project '''(INR 35 Crore)''' and Manpower & Entrepreneurship Development for project '''(INR 15 Crore)'''. Different department of the university have received many funds from India and abroad for conducting research, manpower development etc. The university has many collaborations with industrial bodies for conducting joint research.

Based on research publication output in [[Scopus|SCOPUS International Data]] for a period of 10-years University of Calcutta/ Rajabazar Sc. College along with CRNN(Centre for Research in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology) has been granted funds by several government agencies under R&D Infrastructure Division of Ministry of Science and Technology like DST-PURSE (Promotion of University Research and Scientific Excellence) and FIST (Fund for Improvement of Science and Technology).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dst.gov.in/promotion-university-research-and-scientific-excellencepurse |title=Promotion of University Research and Scientific Excellence(PURSE) | Department Of Science & Technology |publisher=Dst.gov.in |date=2019-10-09 |access-date=2020-01-28}}</ref>

==Notable alumni ==
{{unreferenced section|date=June 2021}}
* [[Bibha Chowdhuri]] (Alumni of Physics Department and she was the only woman to complete an M.Sc. degree in the year 1936. She worked on particle physics and cosmic rays.)
* [[Asima Chatterjee]] (Alumni and later Khaira Professor of Chemistry Department. She was the first woman to receive a [[Doctorate of Science]] from an [[Indian university]]. She held office as a member of [[Rajya Sabha]], president of [[Indian Science Congress Association]] and was appointed for the [[Padma Bhushan]], [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]] and D.Sc. (honoris causa) degree by Calcutta University.)
* [[Purnima Sinha]] (Alumni of Physics department and was one of the first Bengali Women to receive a doctorate in physics from an Indian University.)
* [[Satyendra Nath Bose]] (Alumni and later Professor of the physics department. Fellow of [[Royal Society]] known for [[Bose-Einstein Condensate]] and [[Bosons]])
* [[Meghnad Saha]] (Alumni and later Khaira Professor of Physics department, fellow of [[Royal Society]] known for [[Saha ionization equation|Saha Ionisation Equation]] and is regarded as father of Modern [[Astrophysics]].)
* [[Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis]] (Alumni, fellow of [[Royal Society]] and founder of [[Indian Statistical Institute|Indian Statistical Institute Kolkata]])
* [[Anadi Sankar Gupta]] (Alumni and Professor of Applied Mathematics Department, an Indian Mathematician, S.S. Bhatnagar Awardee, [[INSA]] Senior Scientist and [[Emeritus Professor]] of IIT Kharagpur.)
* [[Sisir Kumar Mitra]] (Alumni of Physics Department, fellow of [[Royal Society]], founder/ HOD of radio physics department and father of radio science in India)
* [[Jnan Chandra Ghosh|Jnanchandra Ghosh]] (Alumni and later Professor of Chemistry, founder of IIT Model and first director of [[IIT Kharagpur]].)
* [[Jnanendra Nath Mukherjee|Jnanendranath Mukherjee]] (Alumni and later Professor of Chemistry department, [[Padma Bhushan Awards (1960-1969)|Padma Bhusan Awardee]], [[Order of British Empire|Commander of Order of British Empire]], fellow of [[Royal Society]] and Ex-General President of ISA, 1952)
* [[Mrinal Sen]] (Alumni of Physics department, Indian film director. He has won [[National Film Awards]] 18 times along with French [[Ordre des Arts et des Lettres]] 1985, the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 2008 and the [[Order of Friendship]] in 2005 and the [[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]] 2005 for his contribution to Indian cinema.)
* [[Amal Kumar Raychaudhuri]] (Alumni of Physics Department, An Indian Physicist known for his most significant contribution Raychaudhuri equation [[Landau–Raychaudhuri equation|Raychaudhuri equation]].)
* [[Chanchal Kumar Majumdar]] (Alumni of Physics Department, A [[Condensed matter physics|Condensed matter]] physicist and Founder Director of [[S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences]] Kolkata. He is an elected fellow of the [[Indian National Science Academy]], the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] and the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] – as well a member of the [[New York Academy of Sciences]] and the [[American Physical Society]].)
* [[Mihir Chowdhury]] (Alumni of chemistry department and elected follow of the [[Indian National Science Academy]], the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] and recipient of [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]].)
* [[Tapan Sinha]] (Alumni of physics department. He was one of the most prominent Indian film directors of his time along with [[Satyajit Ray]] and [[Mrinal Sen]]. He have won numerous national and international awards.)
* [[Mani Lal Bhaumik]] (Alumni of physics department, founder of immensely popular [[LASIK]] eye surgery. He is a bestselling author, celebrated physicist, entrepreneur and philanthropist.)
* [[Bidyut Baran Chaudhuri]] (Alumni of radio physics department, A senior computer scientist at [[Indian Statistical Institute|ISI Kolkata]], A J.C. Bose Fellow, Life Fellow of [[IEEE]] "for contributions to pattern recognition, especially Indian language script OCR, document processing and natural language processing".)
* [[Bikas Chakrabarti]] (Alumni of Physics department, An Indian Physicist and emeritus professor of physics at [[Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics]].)
* [[Sankar Kumar Pal]] (Alumni of radio physics and electronics department, Computer Scientist and AI Researcher, Ex-Director of [[Indian Statistical Institute]] Kolkata and [[Padma Shri Awards (2010-19)|Padma Shri Awardee]] of 2013. He is also a recipient of [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]].)
* [[Biswarup Mukhopadhyaya]] (Alumni of Physics department, An India theoretical [[High energy physics|High energy]] physicist and a senior professor at [[Harish-Chandra Research Institute]]. He is an elected fellow of [[National Academy of Sciences, India|National Academy of Sciences]] and [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]] Awardee 2003.)
* [[Biman Bagchi]] (Alumni of Chemistry Department, A theoretical chemist and an Amrut Mody Professor at the Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit of the [[Indian Institute of Science]].)
* [[Sanghamitra Bandyopadhyay]] (Alumni of computer science engineering department and present Director of [[Indian Statistical Institute]] Kolkata. She is also [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], Infosys Awardee 2017 and TWAS Prize in 2018)
* [[Kankan Bhattacharyya]] (Alumni of chemistry department, a modern non-linear [[laser spectroscopy]] scientist. He is the Ex-director and chair professor of [[Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science]], Kolkata, the oldest centre for scientific research in Asia.)
* [[Santanu Bhattacharya]] (Alumni of chemistry department, and elected follow of The World Academy of Sciences, Indian National Science Academy, and Indian Academy of Science, an Indian bio-organic chemist, a professor at the [[Indian Institute of Science]], Bangalore and former Director of the [[Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science]], Kolkata. He is N-Bios laureate and recipient of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar prize and TWAS prize in Chemistry.)
* [[Anuradha Lohia]] (Alumni of physiology department, an Indian molecular parasitologist and present Vice Chancellor of [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Presidency University]]. She is also a fellow of [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] and an Ex-Chairperson of [[Bose Institute]] in Kolkata.)
* [[Phoolan Prasad]] (Alumni of Applied Mathematics Department,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.caluniv.ac.in/academic/department/Apl-Math.html |title=Department of Applied Mathematics |access-date=18 February 2020 |archive-date=7 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407173715/https://www.caluniv.ac.in/academic/department/Apl-Math.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> 1983 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]] Awardee and Fellow of [[INSA]]. He is currently a professor at Department of Mathematics at [[Indian Institute of Science]] Bangalore.)
* [[Indrani Bose]] (Alumni of Physics department and fellow of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]], Bangalore, the [[National Academy of Sciences]], Allahabad and was the first recipient of the Stree Shakthi Science Samman award (2000). She is currently a senior professor at [[Bose Institute]], [[Kolkata]].)
* [[Deb Shankar Ray]] (Alumni of Chemistry Department and fellow of [[INSA]], [[Indian Academy of Sciences]], West Bengal Academy of Science and Technology and recipient of [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]]. He is currently a professor at department of physical chemistry at [[Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science]], Kolkata.)
* [[Bidyendu Mohan Deb]] (Alumni of chemistry department and elected follow of the [[International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry]], The [[World Academy of Sciences]], [[Indian National Science Academy]], the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] and recipient of [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]]. He is currently a professor at [[IISER Kolkata]].)
* [[Debashis Mukherjee]] (Alumni of chemistry department. He is a recipient of [[Humboldt Prize]], [[Chemical Pioneer Award]], [[Indian Academy of Sciences]], [[Indian National Science Academy]] and [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]]. He is currently professor emeritus at the [[Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science]].)
* [[Rahul Banerjee (chemist)|Rahul Banerjee]] (Alumni of chemistry department and currently professor at [[IISER Kolkata]]. Banerjee is a fellow of [[Royal Society of Chemistry]] and [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]] among many others.)
* [[Anil Kumar Gain]] (Alumni of Applied Mathematics Department. He was an Indian Mathematician who worked closely with [[Ronald Fisher]] on [[Applied Statistics]] under the guidance of [[Henry Ellis Daniels]], who was then President of the [[Royal Statistical Society]].)
* [[Animesh Chakravorty]] (Alumni of chemistry department and Ex-HOD of chemistry department of [[IIT Kanpur]] and [[Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science|IACS]] Kolkata and visiting professor at [[Texas A&M University]]. He is a recipient of [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]] 1975 and [[TWAS Prize]] among other fellowships.)
* [[Siva Brata Bhattacherjee]] (Alumni of Physics department and an [[X-ray crystallographer]] who worked with Physicist [[Satyendra Nath Bose]]. Since 1945 he was a Khaira Professor at Science College and was also a faculty member at [[University of Manchester]])
* [[Lilabati Bhattacharjee]] (Alumni of Physics Department and an Indian [[Crystallography|crystallographer]] who worked with Physicist [[Satyendra Nath Bose]] and known from contributions in fields like structural crystallography, optical transform methods, computer programming, phase transformations, crystal growth, topography and instrumentation.
* [[Usha Ranjan Ghatak]] (Alumni of chemistry department, Ex-Director of [[Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science]] and elected fellow of [[Indian Academy of Sciences]], [[Indian National Science Academy]] and the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]].)
* [[Partha Ghose]] (Alumni of Physics department and one of the last doctoral students of the then National Professor of Physics [[Satyendra Nath Bose]]. He is an Indian Physicist, Author, Philosopher, Musician and former professor at the [[S.N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences]].
* [[Asok Kumar Barua]] (Alumni of Physics department and Honorary Professor Emeritus at [[IIEST Shibpur]]. He is an Indian [[Condensed matter physics|Condensed matter physicist]] whose main focus on research is in [[Optoelectronics]].
* [[Debatosh Guha]] (Alumni of Radio Physics and Electronics Department, an Indian Antenna Researcher and currently a professor of the same Institute.)
* [[Sushmita Mitra]] (Alumni of Computer Science Engineering Department and currently Head INAE Chair Professor at the Machine Intelligence Unit at [[Indian Statistical Institute]], Kolkata.)
* [[Aditi Sen De]] (Alumni of Applied mathematics department, An Indian Physicist and currently associate professor in quantum information and computation group at [[Harish-Chandra Research Institute]], Allahabad.)
* [[Kalobaran Maiti]] (Alumni of Physics department and recipient of [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]]. He is currently a professor of condensed matter Physics at [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] "TIFR".)
* [[Ujjwal Maulik]] (Alumni of Computer Science Engineering Department, an IEEE and INAE Fellow and Professor and former Head, Computer Science Engineering Department, Jadavpur University.)
* [[Akhil Ranjan Chakravarty]] (Alumni of Chemistry department, an Indian organic chemist and currently professor at [[Indian Institute of Science]] Bangalore.)
* [[Rabindranath Mukherjee]] (Alumni of Chemistry department, an Indian chemistry chair professor of [[IIT, Kanpur|IIT Kanpur]] and Director of [[Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata]].)
* [[Palash Baran Pal]] (Alumni of Physics department, An Indian Theoritical Physicist, Writer, Linguist, Poet and currently emeritus Professor at Calcutta University.)
* [[Sudhansu Datta Majumdar]] (Alumni of Physics Department and Faculty member at [[IIT, Kharaghpur|IIT Kharagpur]]. He was president of [[Calcutta Mathematical Society]].)
* [[Amar Nath Bhaduri]] (Alumni of chemistry department and an Indian Chemical Biologist known for his work on [[UDP-glucose 4-epimerase]] and [[Leishmania donovani]]. He was the director of [[Indian Institute of Chemical Biology]] "IICB".)
* [[Samarendra Nath Roy]] (Alumni of Applied Mathematics Department, an Indian born American Mathematician and Applied Statistician well known for his pioneering contribution to [[Multivariate statistics|multivariate statistical analysis]].)
* [[Sandipta Sen]] ( Alumni of master's degree in Applied psychology)
* [[Rupamanjari Ghosh]] (Alumni of Physics Department, a professor of Physics Department at [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] and present Vice Chancellor at [[Shiv Nadar University]], Uttar Pradesh.)
* [[Chitra Dutta]] (Alumni of Physics Department, an Indian Physicist who is also a Chief Scientist and Head of Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division at [[Indian Institute of Chemical Biology]].)
* [[Maitree Bhattacharyya]] (Alumni of Physics Department, an Indian Physicist and currently professor of department of Biochemistry at [[University of Calcutta]] and worked as visiting scientist at [[University of California, San Diego]].)
* [[Moumita Dutta]] (Alumni of Applied Physics department, an Indian Physicist currently working at the [[Space Applications Centre]] "SAC", [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] "ISRO" - Ahmedabad as a scientist/engineer.)
* [[Ashesh Prosad Mitra]] (Alumni of Physics Department, An Indian Physicist who headed the National Physics Laboratory in [[Delhi]], India and was the Director-General of the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] (CSIR).)
* [[Samarendra Kumar Mitra]] (Alumni of both Chemistry and Applied Mathematics Department, He was an Indian Scientist who planned, designed and developed, in 1953, India's first computer (an electron-analog computer).
* [[Raj Chandra Bose]] (Alumni of both pure and applied mathematics department, He was a well-known Mathematician and Statistician.)
* [[Anish Deb]] (Alumni and later professor of Applied Physics Department, He was also a well-known science fiction Bengali writer.)
* [[Asim Duttaroy]] (Alumni of the Biochemistry Department, and currently serving as a professor in the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Oslo, Norway. He has been invited five times by the Nobel committee for accessing nominees for this prestigious award in the field of Physiology or in Medicine.)
* [[P. P. Vaidyanathan]] (Alumni of radio-physics and electronics, he is a renowned electrical engineering professor at Caltech, known for his groundbreaking work in digital signal processing, filter banks, image processing, and more. He has authored four books and hundreds of papers, and holds degrees from Kolkata and [[University of California, Santa Barbara|UC Santa Barbara]].)

==Notable faculty ==
* [[Chandrasekhar Venkata Raman]] ([[Palit Professor of Physics]] Department, fellow of [[Royal Society]] and India's only Nobel laureate in Physics.)
* [[Acharya Prafulla Chandra Ray]] (Professor, fellow of [[Royal Society]] and founder of [[Bengal Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals]])
* [[Ganesh Prasad]] (Rashbehari Ghosh Professor of Applied Mathematics department and considered by mathematical community as ''Father of Mathematical Research in India.'')
* [[Debendra Mohan Bose]] (Rashbehary Ghose Professor of Physics 1919 and succeeded [[C.V. Raman]] as the [[Palit Professor of Physics]])
* [[Amitava Raychaudhuri]] (Professor Emeritus at the Physics Department and an Indian theoretical particle physicist. He is also an S.S. Bhatnagar Awardee, J.C. Bose, INSA & IAS fellow.)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.caluniv.ac.in/campuses/campus2.htm Rajabazar Science College]

{{University of Calcutta}}

[[Category:University of Calcutta]]
[[Category:Engineering colleges in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Kolkata]]
[[Category:All India Council for Technical Education]]
[[Category:Academic institutions associated with the Bengal Renaissance]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1914]]
[[Category:1914 establishments in British India]]

Pune–Supaul Superfast Express

2026-02-23T01:28:01Z

Musariaz: added new article!

{{short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Pune–Danapur Superfast Express
| image = Pune Danapur relaxing at Pune jn.jpg
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale =
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2003|08|29}}
| last =
| operator = [[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{rws|Pune}} (PUNE)
| stops = 17
| end = {{rws|Supaul}} (SOU)
| distance = {{convert|1996|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 37 hours 30 minutes
| frequency = Daily
| class = AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| seating = No
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = Available
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = No
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm}}
| trainnumber = 11401 / 11402
| el =
| speed = {{convert|58|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The 11401 / 11402 Pune–Supaul is a Express train of the Indian Railways connecting [[Pune Junction railway station|Pune Junction]] in [[Maharashtra]] and [[Supaul railway station|Supaul]] of [[Bihar]].

Previously, this train used to run between Danapur and Pune, but on 12th September 2025, the railway extended it up to Supaul Railway Station.<ref>Jagran, D. (2025, September 12). ''Supaul gets first express train to Pune; MP Dileshwar Kamait flags off service''. ''Jagran''. Retrieved September 18, 2025, from https://www.jagran.com/bihar/supaul-supaul-gets-first-express-train-to-pune-mp-dileshwar-kamait-flag-off-service-24044710.html</ref><ref>Indian Express. (2023, October 11). ''Ahead of Diwali, Railways approves extension of 18 Bihar-bound trains''. ''Indian Express''. Retrieved September 18, 2025, from https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ahead-of-diwali-railways-approves-extension-of-18-bihar-bound-trains-10243743/</ref>

== Route and halts ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Code
! Station name
|-
| SOU || Supaul
|-
| GEB || Garh Baruari
|-
| SHC || Saharsa Jn
|-
| SBV || Simri Bakhtiyarpur
|-
| MNE || Mansi Jn
|-
| KGG || Khagaria Jn
|-
| BGS || Begusarai
|-
| BJU || Barauni Jn
|-
| SPP || Shahpur Patoree
|-
| HJP || Hajipur Jn
|-
| SEE || Sonpur Jn
|-
| PPTA || Patliputra Jn
|-
| DNR || Danapur
|-
| ARA || Ara Jn
|-
| BXR || Buxar
|-
| DDU || Pt DD Upadhyaya Jn
|-
| MZP || Mirzapur
|-
| PCOI || Prayagraj Chheoki Jn
|-
| STA || Satna Jn
|-
| MYR || Maihar
|-
| KTE || Katni Jn
|-
| JBP || Jabalpur
|-
| ET || Itarsi Jn
|-
| KKN || Khirkiya
|-
| KNW || Khandwa Jn
|-
| BAU || Burhanpur
|-
| BSL || Bhusaval Jn
|-
| MMR || Manmad Jn
|-
| KPG || Kopargaon
|-
| BAP || Belapur
|-
| ANG || Ahilyanagar Jn
|-
| DDCC || Daund Chord Line
|-
| PUNE || Pune Jn
|}

==Coach Composition==
{| class="wikitable"
! Type of coach
! Number of coaches
|-
| AC II Tier || 2
|-
| AC III Tier || 7
|-
| Sleeper Coaches || 6
|-
| General || 3
|-
| Pantry Car || 1
|-
| Second-class Luggage/parcel van || 2
|-
! Total || 21
|}

==Traction==

As the route is yet fully electrified, it is hauled by a Pune Diesel Loco Shed based [[WAP4]] locomotive from [[Pune]] to [[Danapur]].

== Direction reversal==

Earlier it used to reverse its direction at {{rws|Daund Junction}} but after the opening of {{rws|Daund Chord line}} it passes without rake reversal.

== See also ==

* [[Pune–Darbhanga Gyan Ganga Express]]
* [[Muzaffarpur - Hadapsar (Pune) AC Express]]
* SSS Hubballi - Muzaffarpur Special

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/pune-danapur-sf-express-12149/1237/76/601#st 12149/Pune – Danapur SF Express]
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/danapur-pune-sf-express-12150/1283/601/76 12150/Danapur – Pune SF Express]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pune - Danapur Superfast Express}}
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]
[[Category:Transport in Pune]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Transport in Patna]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Gadwal Samsthanam

2026-02-17T19:04:26Z

Musariaz: adding details

{{Short description|Vassal of the Nizam of Hyderabad}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}

[[File:Nala Somanadri.jpg|thumb|Somanadri]]
'''Gadwal Samsthanam''' was a [[vassal]] of the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]]. Once part of [[Raichur district]], it is now [[Gadwal]] in [[Jogulamba Gadwal district]]. It was one of the three important samsthanams, the other two being [[Wanaparthy Samsthanam]] and Jatprole Samsthanam.

==Historical Places==
{{Infobox ancient site
| name = Gadwal Fort
| native_name =
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| location = [[Jogulamba Gadwal]], [[Telangana]], [[India]]
| region =
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| builder = Somanadri
| material =
| built = 1662
| abandoned = 1948
| epochs = 
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}}

The Samsthanam contains a now dilapidated fort known as Gadwal, or Nalla Somanadri Fort.

{{Infobox ancient site
| name = Lingamma Bavi and Chokkamma Bavi
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| alternate_name = 
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
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| location = [[Jogulamba Gadwal]], [[Telangana]], [[India]]
| region =
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| builder = Somanadri
| material =
| built = between 1662 and 1713
| abandoned =
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}}

Lingamma Bavi and Chokkamma Bavi are two wells constructed by Somanadri. The wells were named based on the names of his wives Lingamma and Chokkamma.

==The Feudatory==
It was once ruled by a [[feudal]] lord, Maha Raja Sri Somashekar Ananda bhoopal Reddy, called [[Somanadri]], who hailed from Poodoor village. Gadwal has developed around a fort built by Somanadri. This Gadwal Samsthanam was protected by Mallichetti Vamshiyulu. The Nagi Reddy fondly knew Nagappa was an Ayngarashakulu of Gadwal samsthanam (Raja somanadri was a minor). When Nagappa died in a war with fanatic sultans, Narsappa succeeded him as Gadwal Samsthanam Ayngarashakulu. Unfortunately, for some reason, he then had to leave the palace.<ref>[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V12_127.gif Gadwal Samthanam in Imperial Gazetteer]</ref>

In 1947, the feudatory queen of Gadwal Samsthanam during [[Nizam]] rule, Adi Lakshmidevamma, aided forces led by [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel]] in annexing [[Hyderabad State]] into independent India, and let those forces enter Hyderabad State through Gadwal.

==List of Rulers==
According to the family history, Pedda Veera Reddy, Peddanna Bhupaludu, Sarga Reddy, Veera Reddy and Kumara Veera Reddy ruled Gadwal between 1553 and 1704.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://mahabubnagar.telangana.gov.in/history/samsthans/ | title=Samsthans | Mahabubnagar District, Telangana | India }}</ref>

== Asthana Purohit ==
The last known feudal lord to live in Gadwal Samsthanam, Maharani Adhilakshmi Devamma, appointed S.P. Anandamurthy. Anandamurthy was, at the time, in charge of the [[Agraharam]] in Gadwal containing Ramachandra Swamy Temple, along with the surrounding lands. When the Maharani Adhilaxmi Devamma moved to Hyderabad with her children, S.P.Anandamurthy appointed S.P. Narashimamurthy as the Asthan Purohit to move along with the Asthanam to Hyderabad to perform the daily rituals at the palace. S.P. Narashimamurthy, along with his wife, S.P. Subbamma and the adopted child (S.P. Subrahmanyam) moved to Hyderabad.

==Popular culture==
The Samsthanam was the main feature in a hit 2009 Telugu movie, [[Arundhati (2009 film)|Arundhati]] and [[Kondaveeti Raja]].

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Chennakeshava swamy temple in Gadwal Fort.jpg|Chennakeshava swamy temple in Gadwal Fort
File:Maharani Adhilaxmi Devamma.jpg|Maharani Adhilaxmi Devamma

File:Chenna Keshava Temple.jpg|Chenna Keshava Temple

</gallery>

==See also==

*[[Wanaparthy Samsthanam]]
*[[Papannapet Samsthanam]]
*[[Samasthans of Hyderabad]]
*[[Gona Budda Reddy]]
*[[List of Reddy dynasties and states]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:People from Hyderabad State]]
[[Category:People from Mahbubnagar district]]

Sahil Chauhan

2026-02-15T08:06:38Z

Musariaz: put up!

{{Short description|Estonian cricketer}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Sahil Chauhan
| image =
| country = Estonia
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1992|02|19|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Pinjore]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/amp/local/haryana/panchkula/pinjore/news/sahil-chauhan-honored-132150013.html?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_ct=1721837470559&amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17218374276499&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bhaskar.com%2Flocal%2Fharyana%2Fpanchkula%2Fpinjore%2Fnews%2Fsahil-chauhan-honored-132150013.html
|title=साहिल चौहान को किया सम्मानित
|work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]|lang=hi}}</ref>
, [[Haryana]], India
| heightft =
| heightinch =
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm medium
| role =
| international = true
| internationalspan = 2023-present
| T20Idebutdate = 30 September
| T20Idebutyear = 2023
| T20Idebutagainst = Gibraltar
| T20Icap = 28
| lastT20Idate = 3 August
| lastT20Iyear = 2025
| lastT20Iagainst = Switzerland
| columns = 2
| column1 = [[Twenty20 International|T20I]]
| matches1 = 22
| runs1 = 479
| bat avg1 = 29.93
| 100s/50s1 = 1/1
| top score1 = 144*
| wickets1 = 6
| deliveries1 = 72
| bowl avg1 = 14.00
| fivefor1 = 0
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 4/19
| catches/stumpings1 = 7/–
| column2 = [[Twenty20|T20]]
| matches2 = 22
| runs2 = 479
| bat avg2 = 29.93
| 100s/50s2 = 1/1
| top score2 = 144*
| wickets2 = 6
| deliveries2= 72
| bowl avg2 = 14.00
| fivefor2 = 0
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 4/19
| catches/stumpings2 = 7/–
| date = 7 September 2025
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1400318.html Cricinfo
}}

'''Sahil Chauhan''' is an [[Estonia|Estonian]] cricketer. He currently holds the record of fastest century in [[Twenty20 International]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/firstcricket/sports-news/fastest-t20i-century-sahil-chauhan-estonia-13783374.html
|title=Estonia's Sahil Chauhan scores fastest T20I century in 27 balls
|work=[[Firstpost]]|date=17 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/estonia-s-sahil-chauhan-smashes-quickest-men-s-t20i-century-off-27-balls-against-cyprus-1439228?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&platform=amp&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17218395983981&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.espncricinfo.com%2Fstory%2Festonia-s-sahil-chauhan-smashes-quickest-men-s-t20i-century-off-27-balls-against-cyprus-1439228
|title=Estonia's Sahil Chauhan smashes quickest T20I century, off 27 balls!
|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|date=17 June 2024}}</ref>

==Personal life==

Sahil completed his schooling from DAV Senior Public School, Surajpur. then, he did his graduation from [[Panjab University]], and later, he completed his postgraduation from a private university, in [[Mohali]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/100-off-27-balls-pinjore-born-sahil-chauhan-scripts-new-t20-record-in-cyprus-632101?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17217534909433&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2Fnews%2Fchandigarh%2F100-off-27-balls-pinjore-born-sahil-chauhan-scripts-new-t20-record-in-cyprus-632101
|title=100 off 27 balls: Pinjore-born Sahil Chauhan scripts new T20 record in Cyprus
|work=[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]]|date= 19 June 2024}}</ref>

He currently works as a manager in a chain of restaurants, in [[Estonia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/estonias-sahil-chauhan-calls-rohit-sharma-his-inspiration-after-world-record-t20-ton/article68311890.ece/amp/?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17218381551452&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fsport%2Fcricket%2Festonias-sahil-chauhan-calls-rohit-sharma-his-inspiration-after-world-record-t20-ton%2Farticle68311890.ece
|title=Estonia's Sahil Chauhan calls Rohit Sharma his inspiration after world record T20 ton
|work=[[The Hindustan Times]]|date= 20 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/from-haryana-to-estonia-how-rohit-sharma-became-sahil-chauhans-calling-in-cricket/amp_articleshow/111136963.cms?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17220661056473&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fsports%2Fcricket%2Fnews%2Ffrom-haryana-to-estonia-how-rohit-sharma-became-sahil-chauhans-calling-in-cricket%2Farticleshow%2F111136963.cms
|title=From Haryana To Estonia, How Rohit Sharma Became Record-Breaker Sahil Chauhan's Calling In Cricket
|work=[[The Times of India]]|date= 20 June 2024}}</ref>

==Cricket career==
===International career===

Sahil made his [[International cricket|international]] debut against [[Gibraltar national cricket team|Gibraltar]] in September, 2023. After early failures, he scored a blistering knock of unbeaten 144 runs off 41 balls against [[Cyprus national cricket team|Cyprus]], when his team was struggling to chase a mammoth total of 192. Through his marathon innings, he broke multiple records. He registered the century in 27 balls, which is the fastest century in [[Twenty20|T20 cricket]], broke the record of fastest century in [[Twenty20 International|T20Is]] and [[Twenty20|T20 cricket]] which previously held by [[Jan Nicol Loftie-Eaton]] and [[Chris Gayle]] respectively. His 18 sixes in this innings is the highest for any batter in [[Twenty20 International|T20Is]] and joint-highest in [[Twenty20|T20 cricket]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/estonias-sahil-chauhan-smashes-fastest-t20i-hundred-off-27-balls/articleshow/111065245.cms
|title=Estonia's Sahil Chauhan smashes fastest T20I hundred off 27 balls
|work=[[The Times of India]]|date= 17 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/articles/cp33e1znl3ko.amp?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17218395983981&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fsport%2Fcricket%2Farticles%2Fcp33e1znl3ko
|title=Estonia's Chauhan hits fastest T20 century off 27 balls
|work=[[BBC]]|date=18 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/sahil-chauhan-smashes-quickest-t20-century-estonia-batter-hits-most-sixes-in-historic-knock-against-cyprus-101718680605551.html
|title=Sahil Chauhan smashes quickest T20 century, Estonia batter hits most sixes in historic knock against Cyprus
|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date= 18 June 2024}}</ref>

===Domestic career===

Sahil represents Tallinn United in ECS Estonia T10 league tournament. He has hit a consecutive six sixes in an over, in the same [[T10 cricket|T10]] league competition.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gujaratsamachar.com/news/sports/sahil-chauhan-6-sixes-in-an-over-smashed-78-runs-in-20-balls-european-cricket
|title=6,6,6,6,6,6...ભારતીય મૂળના ખેલાડીની તોફાની બેટિંગ, 20 બોલમાં 78 રન ફટકારી ટીમને જીત અપાવી
|work=[[Gujarat Samachar]]|lang= gu|date=17 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tv9gujarati.com/sports/cricket-news/sahil-chauhan-hit-6-sixes-in-6-balls-scoring-78-runs-in-20-balls-to-win-the-team-1025215.html/amp?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17218385716288&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Ftv9gujarati.com%2Fsports%2Fcricket-news%2Fsahil-chauhan-hit-6-sixes-in-6-balls-scoring-78-runs-in-20-balls-to-win-the-team-1025215.html
|title=આ બેટ્સમેન છે કે હંગામો… 6 બોલમાં 6 સિક્સર ફટકારી ટીમને જીત અપાવી
|work=[[TV9 Bharatvarsh|TV9 Gujurati]]|lang=gu|date= 15 May 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chauhan, Sahil}}
[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Estonia Twenty20 International cricketers]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate cricketers]]

Ninaithen Vandhai (TV series)

2026-02-04T09:43:18Z

Musariaz:

{{Short description|Indian television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Ninaithen Vandhai (TV series).jpg
| genre = {{ubl|
* [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
* [[Supernatural fiction|Supernatural]]
}}
| screenplay = Paari Ayyasamy
| writer =
| director = Brahma G Dev (prev)
Jeevarajan (currently)
| starring = {{ubl|
* [[Ganesh Venkatraman]]
* Keerthana Podhuval
* [[Abhirami Venkatachalam]]
* [[Anjali Rao (actress)|Anjali Rao]]
}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 285<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/ganesh-venkatram-and-keertha-starrerninaithen-vandhai-completes-100-episodes/articleshow/110900060.cms|title=Ganesh Venkatram and Keertha starrer'Ninaithen Vandhai' completes 100 episodes|date=11 June 2024|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=|archive-date=11 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240611090559/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/ganesh-venkatram-and-keertha-starrerninaithen-vandhai-completes-100-episodes/articleshow/110900060.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
| list_episodes =
| composer =
| opentheme =
| editor = Mojith Aji
| runtime = 22 minutes
| cinematography =
| producer = S. Singaravelan
| executive_producer =
| company = SS Group
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| network = [[Zee Tamil]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2024|1|22}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2025|1|19|df=yes}}
| related = ''[[Nindu Noorella Savaasam]]''
}}

'''''Ninaithen Vandhai''''' ({{translation|When I Thought of You, You Came}}) is a 2024-2025 Indian [[Supernatural fiction|supernatural]] [[Tamil language]] [[Tamil television drama|television series]] starring [[Ganesh Venkatraman]], Keerthana Podhuval, [[Abhirami Venkatachalam]], and [[Anjali Rao (actress)|Anjali Rao]]<ref>{{cite web|author=|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-fame-ganesh-venkatraman-to-play-the-lead-in-ninaithen-vandhai/articleshow/105448498.cms|title=Ganesh Venkatraman to play the lead in 'Ninaithen Vandhai'|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=23 November 2023|access-date=16 December 2023|archive-date=16 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216151101/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-fame-ganesh-venkatraman-to-play-the-lead-in-ninaithen-vandhai/articleshow/105448498.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> It is the official remake of [[Zee Telugu]]'s TV series ''[[Nindu Noorella Savaasam]]''. It aired on [[Zee Tamil]] from 22 January 2024<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cineulagam.com/article/actor-ganesh-venkatraman-new-serial-1700725973|title=ஜீ தமிழ் தொலைக்காட்சியில் ஒளிபரப்பாகவுள்ள புதிய தொடர், நினைத்தேன் வந்தாய்- நடிகர் கணேஷ் வெங்கட்ராமன் நடிக்கின்றார்.|website=cineulagam.com|language=ta|access-date=16 December 2023|archive-date=16 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216151102/https://cineulagam.com/article/actor-ganesh-venkatraman-new-serial-1700725973|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tamilstar.com/ninaithen-vanthai-serial-promo-video/#google_vignette|title=ஜீ தமிழில் ஒளிபரப்பாக இருக்கும் புதிய சீரியல். வைரலாகும் புரோமோ வீடியோ|website=www.tamilstar.com|date=15 December 2023|language=ta}}</ref> and ended on 19 January 2025 completing 285 episodes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/cinema/zee-tamil-ninaithen-vandhai-serial-ending-soon-mma-speand|title=ஆரம்பித்த ஒரே வருடத்தில் முடிவுக்கு வரும் சூப்பர் ஹிட் சீரியல்; அதிர்ச்சியில் ரசிகர்கள்!|website=tamil.asianetnews.com|date=1 January 2025|language=ta}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Ezhil, a successful doctor, is happily married to Indhumathi and has four children with her. After she gets into a car accident and dies, Ezhil is unable to cope and neglects his children due to his inability to get over his wife’s death. Whilst her soul roams the house and looks after the children, when Sudarvizhi comes to the house to look after the kids, will she be the right fit?

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* [[Ganesh Venkatraman]] as Dr. Ezhil: Kanakavalli's son; Indhumathi's widower; Sudarvizhi's husband; Abhi, Kavin and Kavya's father; Anjali's adoptive father (2024–2025)
* Keerthana Podhuval as Indhumathi: Subramani's elder daughter; Sudarvizhi's sister; Ezhil's first wife; Abhi, Kavin and Kavya's mother; Anjali's adoptive mother (2024–2025)
* Jasmine Rath / [[Abhirami Venkatachalam]] as Sudarvizhi / Tamizh: Subramani's younger daughter; Indhumathi's sister; Ezhil's second wife; Abhi, Kavin and Kavya's step-mother; Anjali's adoptive step-mother (2024) / (2024–2025)<ref>{{citation|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actress-jasmine-rath-announces-her-exit-from-ninaithen-vandhai-abhirami-to-replace-her-as-sudar/articleshow/112674036.cms|title=Actress Jasmine Rath announces her exit from 'Ninaithen Vanddhai'; Abhirami to replace her as Sudar?|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 August 2024|access-date=21 August 2024|archive-date=21 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240821140145/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actress-jasmine-rath-announces-her-exit-from-ninaithen-vandhai-abhirami-to-replace-her-as-sudar/articleshow/112674036.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Supporting ===
* [[Anjali Rao (actress)|Anjali Rao]] as Manohari: Ezhil's childhood best friend and obsessive lover; Indhumathi's murderer; Muthupandi’s wife (2024–2025)
* Kanishka Vijaykumar as Abhi: Ezhil and Indhumathi's elder daughter; Sudarvizhi's step-daughter; Kavin and Kavya's sister; Anjali's adopted sister (2024–2025)
* Koushik Shivanand as Kavin: Ezhil and Indhumathi's son; Sudarvizhi's step-son; Abhi and Kavya's brother; Anjali's adopted brother (2024–2025)
* Yuktha Sharma / Sasha as Kavya: Ezhil and Indhumathi's younger daughter; Sudarvizhi's step-daughter; Abhi and Kavin's sister; Anjali's adopted sister (2024) / (2024–2025)
* Safa as Anjali: Ezhil and Indhumathi's adopted daughter; Sudarvizhi's adopted step-daughter; Abhi, Kavin and Kavya's adopted sister (2024–2025)
* Udumalai Ravi as Ramaiyya: Ezhil's driver (2024–2025)
* Revathee Shankar as Kanakavalli: Ezhil's mother; Abhi, Kavin and Kavya's grandmother; Anjali's adoptive grandmother (2024–2025)
* Punitha / Karthika as Selvi: Ezhil's house helper (2024) / (2024–2025)
* Ravi Shankar as Subramani: Indhumathi and Sudarvizhi's father; Abhi, Kavin and Kavya's grandfather; Anjali's adoptive grandfather (2024–2025)
* Ashwinkarthi as Muthupandi: Sudarvizhi's cousin; Manohari’s husband (2024–2025)
* Mahesh as Ponnuvel: Sudarvizhi's ex-fiancé (2024)
* Akshaya Kimmy as Deepa: Indhumathi and Sudarvizhi's friend (2024)
* Sripavi as Tamizh (2024)
* Mounika Subramaniyam as Swetha (2024)
* [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]] as Kasiammal (2024)
* Sravanan Sudhan as Manoj: Indhumathi’s killer planned by Manohari

== Production ==
=== Casting ===
Actor [[Ganesh Venkatraman]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/varisu-inuenced-me-to-take-up-my-new-tv-show-ganesh-venkatraman/articleshow/106724808.cms|title=Varisu influenced me to take up my new TV show: Ganesh Venkatraman|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=11 January 2024|access-date=11 January 2024|archive-date=11 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111191820/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/varisu-inuenced-me-to-take-up-my-new-tv-show-ganesh-venkatraman/articleshow/106724808.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> was cast in the main lead role in the serial,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-fame-ganesh-venkatraman-to-play-the-lead-in-ninaithen-vandhai/articleshow/105925144.cms|title=Bigg Boss fame Ganesh Venkatraman to play the lead in 'Ninaithen Vandhai'|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=12 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actor-ganesh-venkatraman-to-play-the-lead-in-ninaithen-vandhai/articleshow/106114443.cms|title=Actor Ganesh Venkatraman to play the lead in 'Ninaithen Vandhai'|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 December 2023|access-date=19 December 2023|archive-date=19 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219112315/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actor-ganesh-venkatraman-to-play-the-lead-in-ninaithen-vandhai/articleshow/106114443.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> making his comeback full-fledged return to television silverscreen after a hiatus of 17 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil-actor-ganesh-venkatram-play-lead-role-on-new-serial-ninaithen-vanthai-2018502|title=சின்னத்திரையின் புதிய சீரியல்... முக்கிய கேரக்டரில் கணேஷ் வெங்கட்ராம்|website=tamil.indianexpress.com|date=12 December 2023|language=ta|access-date=16 December 2023|archive-date=16 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216151102/https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil-actor-ganesh-venkatram-play-lead-role-on-new-serial-ninaithen-vanthai-2018502|url-status=live}}</ref> Keerthana Podhuval was cast in the female lead role in the serial, returning to Tamil television after nearly two years. Odia actress Jasmine Rath was cast in the female lead role as Sudarvizhi, making this her Tamil debut. However she left the series in end of August 2024<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actress-jasmine-rath-announces-her-exit-from-ninaithen-vandhai-abhirami-to-replace-her-as-sudar/articleshow/112674036.cms|title=Actress Jasmine Rath announces her exit from 'Ninaithen Vandhai'; Abhirami to replace her as Sudar?|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 August 2024|access-date=21 August 2024|archive-date=21 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240821140145/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actress-jasmine-rath-announces-her-exit-from-ninaithen-vandhai-abhirami-to-replace-her-as-sudar/articleshow/112674036.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> and was replaced by [[Abhirami Venkatachalam]] from episodes 154.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-fame-abhirami-venkatachalam-joins-the-cast-of-ninaithen-vandhai/articleshow/112705138.cms|title=Bigg Boss Tamil fame Abhirami Venkatachalam joins the cast of 'Ninaithen Vandhai'|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 August 2024|access-date=22 August 2024|archive-date=22 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822083830/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-fame-abhirami-venkatachalam-joins-the-cast-of-ninaithen-vandhai/articleshow/112705138.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> SS Group Max are producers for the show, having previously produced ''[[Thavamai Thavamirundhu]]'' for the channel.

==== Release ====
The first promo was unveiled on 13 December 2023,<ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g2xeTERlGoE|title=Ninaithen Vandhai (நினைத்தேன் வந்தாய்) - Launch Promo{{!}} Zee Tamil |people=Ganesh Venkatraman}}</ref> featuring [[Ganesh Venkatraman]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kalakkalcinema.com/ninaithen-vanthai-serial-promo/240252/#google_vignette|title=ஜீ தமிழின் அடுத்த புதிய சீரியல்.. அட்டகாசமாக வெளியான ப்ரோமோ வீடியோ – யாரெல்லாம் நடிக்கிறார்கள் தெரியுமா? (Ninaithen Vandhai serial Promo)|website=kalakkalcinema.com|date=14 December 2023|language=ta|access-date=16 December 2023|archive-date=16 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216151102/https://kalakkalcinema.com/ninaithen-vanthai-serial-promo/240252/|url-status=live}}</ref> The second promo was unveiled on 6 January 2024, which gives a brief insight into Ezhil’s life and introduced the audience to Sudarvizhi.<ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wNE-UaF_SFM|title=Ninaithen Vandhai(நினைத்தேன் வந்தாய்) Launch Promo 1{{!}} Zee Tamil |people=Ganesh Venkatraman}}</ref>

It began airing on [[Zee Tamil]] starting 22 January 2024,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/others/1185876-ninaithen-vandhai-serial-from-zee-tamil.html|title=ஜீ தமிழில் நினைத்தேன் வந்தாய்|website=www.hindutamil.in|date=|language=ta}}</ref> replacing ''[[Seetha Raman|Seetha Raman’s]]'' time slot. This series was launched along with [[Thangamagal (TV series)|Thangamagal]], Gowri and Chinna Marumagal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/television/4-new-serials-will-be-telacast-from-today-163083|title=ஒரே நாளில் ஒளிபரப்பை தொடங்கும் 4 புதிய சீரியல்கள்.. உங்கள் சாய்ஸ் எது?|website=tamil.abplive.com|date=22 January 2024|language=ta|access-date=23 January 2024|archive-date=23 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123142819/https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/television/4-new-serials-will-be-telacast-from-today-163083|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Adaptations ==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"| Language
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"| Title
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"| Original release
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"| Network(s)
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"| Last aired
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"| Notes
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| ''[[Nindu Noorella Savaasam]]'' నిండు నూరెళ్ల సవాసం
| 14 August 2023
| [[Zee Telugu]]
| Ongoing
| Original
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''Ninaithen Vandhai'' நினைத்தேன் வந்தாய்
| 22 January 2024
| [[Zee Tamil]]
| 19 January 2025
| Remake
|}
|-
| [[Malyalam language|Malyalam]]
| ''[[Aval Arundhati]]'' അവൾ അരുന്ധതി
| 24 May 2025
| [[Zee Keralam]]
| Ongoing
| Dubbed
|-

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt32335206}}
* [https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/ninaithen-vandhai/0-6-4z5500078 ''Ninaithen Vandhai''] at [[ZEE5]]

{{Zee Tamil shows}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ninaithen_Vandhai_(TV_series)}}
[[Category:Zee Tamil original programming]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil-language melodrama television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language supernatural television series]]
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television series based on Telugu-language television series]]
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language television series endings]]

Bhor Saidan

2026-01-22T06:35:02Z

Musariaz: Creating details!

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bhor Saidan
| other_name = Bhour Saidan and Bhoor Saiydan
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline = [[File:Marsh Crocodiles basking in the sun.JPG|250px|center]]
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Crocodiles Sanctuary At Bhor Saidan
| pushpin_map = India Haryana#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Haryana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|29|57|43|N|76|41|49|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Haryana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kurukshetra district]]
| established_title =
| established_date = [[Vedic period]] ( c. 1500 – c. 500 BCE)

| founder = [[Bhurishravas|Bhurisrava]] ([[Kaurava]] hero)

| named_for =
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)|Panchayati raj]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 =
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| website = [https://web.archive.org/web/20141109052030/http://haryanaforest.gov.in/ www.haryanaforest.gov.in]
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Bhor Saidan''', formerly also spelled '''Bhour Saidan''' and '''Bhoor Saiydan''', is a village located 22 km from [[Kurukshetra]] and 13 km west of [[Thanesar]] on the Kurukshetra-Pehowa road near Bhureeshwar Temple,<ref>{{Cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141105200932/http://www.kurukshetra.nic.in/tour/Religious/tirath/Kurukshetra/022-bhurisarva/index.htm|url=http://www.kurukshetra.nic.in/tour/Religious/tirath/Kurukshetra/022-bhurisarva/index.htm|title=Bhurishrava Tirtha Bhorsaidan|archive-date=2014-11-05|website=[[Kurukshetra]] District}}</ref> one of the pilgrimage sites on the river bed of now extinct [[Sarasvati River]]<ref name=saras1>{{Cite news |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/saraswati-research-centre-yet-to-come-up-at-ku/410636.html |date=2017-05-22 |first=Vishal |last=Joshi |title=Saraswati research centre yet to come up at KU |newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |access-date=2019-11-06 |archive-date=12 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912011425/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/saraswati-research-centre-yet-to-come-up-at-ku/410636.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=saras2>{{Cite web|date=2007-02-11 |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070211/haryana.htm#5 |title=Experts for work on Saraswati river project |newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |access-date=2019-11-06}}</ref> in [[Kurukshetra]] in the Indian state of [[Haryana]].<ref name="2011 Census">{{cite web |title=Bhor Saidan |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=65288 |website=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=[[Government of India]] |accessdate=14 October 2017 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20171014215601/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=65288 |archivedate=14 October 2017 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name=kruk1/> It is also the location of [[Crocodile Breeding Centre, Kurukshetra]].

==Etymology==
''Bhor Saidan'' village was named after [[Kaurava]] hero [[Bhurishravas|Bhurisrava]] of [[Mahabharta]], son of Somadutta the king of [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaishali]].<ref name="Bhor">{{Cite web|date=2008-02-06|url=http://sarasvati97.blogspot.com/2008/02/vedic-saravati-channel-at-bhor-sayidan.html|title=Vedic Saravati channel at Bhorsaidon and Reborn Sarasvati, Rajasthan|website=Sarasvati blog|access-date=2019-11-06}}</ref><ref name=kruk1>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kurukshetra.nic.in/tour/Archeologysite/bhor.htm |title=Bhor Saidan on Kurukshetra's official website |access-date=22 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912011402/http://www.kurukshetra.nic.in/tour/Archeologysite/bhor.htm |archive-date=12 September 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Bhor Saidan Archeology mound==
''Bhor Saidan'' sits on an ancient archeological mound,<ref name=kruk1/> on the banks of dried up river bed of [[Sarasvati River]] that dried up due to the [[Plate tectonics|movement of tectonic plates]]. Curator Archaeologist of [[Shrikrishna Museum]] in Kurushketra, Rajesh Purohit, discovered [[Painted Grey Ware culture]] (1200 BCE to 600 BCE)) pottery from the [[Vedic period]] of [[Mahabharata]].<ref name=saras1/>

Chairman of [[Kurukshetra University]]'s geology department, Rk Chaudhari, who collaborated with [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation]] in 2006 to conducted a study of Bhor Saidan's course of Sarasvati river, explains that the [[Sediment|sedimentary samples]] from Bhor Saidan and other sites along the Sarwasati river were similar to with those found in the upper [[Himalaya]]s.<ref name=archbhor1>{{Cite web|first=Vishal|last=Joshi|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/haryana-plans-to-flow-water-in-ancient-saraswati-riverbed/story-GqtOf1pEITRZmtoX0fuG0I.html|title=Haryana plans to flow water in ancient Saraswati riverbed|date=2015-03-31|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|language=en|access-date=2019-11-06}}</ref> [[Government of Haryana]] is working on implementing the plan to make the Sarasvati river flow again, by diverting the water from the [[Somb river]], along Sarasvati river's ancient route from [[Adi Badri (Haryana)]], where the river emerges from Himalayas, to [[Pehowa]] via Bhor Saidan.<ref name=archbhor1/>

=={{anchor|Bhor Saidan Tirath |Bhureeshwar Tirth}} Bhurishrava Tirtha ==
'''Bhor Saidan Tirath''' with '''Bhurirava kund''' (pond named after [[Bhurishravas|Bhurisrava]]) who was killed by the [[Satyaki]] in [[Mahabharata]] war, is an ancient [[Tirtha (Hinduism)|Tirth]] (sacred place) within [[48 kos parikrama of Kurukshetra]] pilgrimage circuit of [[Hindu]] tirths.<ref name=kruk1/><ref name=saras1/>

==Crocodiles Sanctuary At Bhor Saidan==
[[File:Mugger crocodile Crocodylus palustris (2155269175).jpg|thumb|Mugger crocodile]]
[[Crocodile Breeding Centre, Kurukshetra]] origin lies in the fact that [[Mugger crocodile]]s are believed to have been brought by one of the [[Mahant]]s of the nearby temple of the ''Bhor Saidan Tirath'' in the 1930s. In 1980, [[Forests Department, Haryana]] took over the breeding centre and the Bhor Saidan village [[Panchayati raj in India|panchayat]] gave 15+ acre land to the [[Government of Haryana]] to start the breeding centre.<ref>{{Cite report|first1=Akhilesh|last1=Kumar|first2=Sandeep|last2=Kumar|first3=Yasmin Fatima|last3=Zaidi|first4=Amita|last4=Kanaujia|url=http://www.upsbdb.org/pdf/Souvenir2012/ch-16.pdf|title=A Review on Status and Conservation of Saltwater Crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) in India|pages=141–148|publisher=Uttar Pradesh State Biodiversity Board|work=Marine Biodiversity: One Ocean – Many worlds of life|date=2012-05-22|access-date=22 May 2017|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303212500/http://www.upsbdb.org/pdf/Souvenir2012/ch-16.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Periphery has been fenced and a mound inside the pond was created to watch the crocodiles from the close range.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/kurukshetra_2009/Chapter_I.pdf |title=Revenue Department of Haryana Govt Gazetteers of Kurukshetra 2009: Chapter I |access-date=22 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304090027/http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/kurukshetra_2009/Chapter_I.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Demography==
As per the [[2011 Census of India]], the village has a population of 2289; 1234 males and 1055 females in 422 families, with a literacy rate of 71.15%, 78.63% literate male and 62.72% literate female.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/58461-bhor-saidan-haryana.html|title=Bhor Saidan Village Population - Pehowa - Kurukshetra, Haryana|website=Population Census 2011|access-date=2019-11-06}}</ref>

==External links==
* [http://kurukshetra.nic.in Official website of Kurukshetra]
* [http://www.thedivineindia.com/kurukshetra/5900 Kurukshetra in thedivineindia.com]

==See also==
* [[Crocodiles in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist|20em}}

{{Mahabharata}}
{{Hindu holy cities}}
{{Hindu temples in Haryana}}
{{Indus Valley Civilization}}
{{Haryana}}

[[Category:48 kos parikrama of Kurukshetra]]
[[Category:Indus Valley Civilisation sites]]
[[Category:Tourism in Haryana]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Haryana]]
[[Category:Villages in Kurukshetra district]]
[[Category:Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Hindu pilgrimage sites in India]]
[[Category:Hindu holy cities]]

Namrata Mohanty

2026-01-18T17:24:17Z

Musariaz: new initial info w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian singer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{BLP sources|date=June 2015}}
'''Namrata Mohanty''' is an Odia singer based in [[Cuttack]], [[Odisha]], [[India]]. She is a B-High grade singer of [[Akashvani (radio broadcaster)|All India Radio (AIR)]], Cuttack since 1983. She is a science graduate from [[Brahmapur University]]. She was undergoing her Masters degree, but discontinued her studies because of illness.

==Career==
Mohanty received training in [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani classical vocal]] from musicians like Dhananjay Satapathy, A. Maheswar Rao and Shantanu Das. Her first solo album of Oriya modern songs ‘Janhare Tolide Ghara’ was released in 2009. The album had lyrics by Bijaya Malla, Nizam and Arun Mantri, and composer Om Prakash Mohanty had set them to tune.

Her second solo Oriya album ‘Dipa Jale Dipa Libhe’ was released in 2010. She recovered and rendered some lost and unpublished lyrics written by the legendary songwriter-singer-composer of Odisha, [[Akshaya Mohanty]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1101116/jsp/orissa/story_13179973.jsp | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619120114/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1101116/jsp/orissa/story_13179973.jsp | url-status=dead | archive-date=19 June 2015 | title=Singer gives lease of life to unsung lyrics | publisher=Telegraph India | accessdate=19 June 2015 | author=Lalmohan Patnaik}}</ref> Music director Om Prakash Mohanty used befitting compositions for the lost lyrics.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.orissadiary.com/ShowEntertainmentNews.asp?id=22373 | title=Akshaya Mohanty's lost lyrics find elixir of music | publisher=Orissa Diary | date=15 November 2010 | accessdate=19 June 2015 | archive-date=27 June 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627092839/http://www.orissadiary.com/ShowEntertainmentNews.asp?id=22373 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2014, she released two more solo albums simultaneously named 'Chhuti' and 'Ninad'. 'Chhuti' was a collection of twelve modern peppy [[Music of Odisha|Oriya songs]] written by lyricist Bijaya Malla and composed by Om Prakash Mohanty.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140826/jsp/odisha/story_18759510.jsp#.VYOtX4oW1FU | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140827112828/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140826/jsp/odisha/story_18759510.jsp#.VYOtX4oW1FU | url-status=dead | archive-date=27 August 2014 | title=Namrata releases two albums | publisher=Telegraph India | date=25 August 2015 | accessdate=19 June 2015 | author=NAMITA PANDA}}</ref> ‘Ninad’ is a collection of eight traditional Hindi bhajans written by saint-poets like Tulsidas, Surdas, Meera Bai, Kabir and Lalit Kishori. Veteran composer A. Maheswar Rao has composed the music. The two albums reflect her versatility in singing traditional bhajans as well as modern songs. While her Hindi devotional album ‘Ninad’ reached a wider audience all over the country, ‘Chhuti’ appealed to the young generation of Odisha.

She has sung the Oriya translations of some of the most popular songs of Bengali poet and musician [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]] (1899–1976), which is popularly known as Nazrul Geeti. Veteran lyricist and composer, Swaroop Naik has translated twelve selected songs of Nazrul into Oriya and noted music arranger and designer Nityashree Ranjan has supervised the dubbing sessions.

==Discography==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Song !! Album !! Music director
|-
| rowspan="20" |2014 || "Kichhi Kahibi Kahibi"|| rowspan="12" | ''Chhuti'' || rowspan="12" | Om Prakash Mohanty
|-
| "Tume Janichha"
|-
| "Jyotsnare Bhijibhiji"
|-
| "Ki Dinare"
|-
| "Kie Se Dhire Dhire"
|-
| "Asadha Asichhi"
|-
| "Eitthi Khusi"
|-
| "Tu Chandrama"
|-
| "Dheu Ase"
|-
| "Jemiti Pachhe"
|-
| "Chham Chham"
|-
| "Dina Sabu"
|-
| "Bhaja Mana Ramacharana Sukhadayi"|| rowspan="8" | ''Ninad'' || rowspan="8" | A. Maheswar Rao
|-
| "Nishidina Barasata Nain Hamare"
|-
| "Soi Rasana Jo Harigun Gawei"
|-
| "Mein Girdhar Ke Ghar Jaaon"
|-
| "Ya Bidhi Manko Lagawei"
|-
| "Tanaki Dhanaki Kaun Badai"
|-
| "Hariko Lalita Badana Niharu"
|-
| "Lataka Lataka Manamohana Aawan"
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
4. http://www.asianage.com/music/now-nazrul-geeti-odia-885 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315103425/https://www.asianage.com/music/now-nazrul-geeti-odia-885 |date=15 March 2023 }}

5. http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/bhubaneswar/now-you-can-listen-to-nazrul-geeti-in-odia.html

6. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150801020427/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150729/jsp/odisha/story_34147.jsp#.VeK7N_mqqko]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohanty, Namrata}}
[[Category:Indian radio actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People from Cuttack]]
[[Category:Indian women classical singers]]
[[Category:Odia-language playback singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Odisha]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Odisha]]

Ratna Fabri

2025-12-30T13:08:02Z

Musariaz:

{{Short description|Indian museologist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2010}}

'''Ratna Fabri''' was an Indian [[museologist]] and an artist<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Yesterday and today |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/odisha/yesterday-and-today/cid/476266}}</ref>who was awarded [[List of Padma Shri award recipients (1970–79)|Padma Shri]] in 1970 in the Art field for her achievements. Ratna Fabri had studied museums in America and Europe and had displayed arrangements in the Indian pavilion in the Montreal exhibition.{{which|date=April 2013}}

She was married to [[Charles Fabri]]<ref name=":0" />, a [[Hungary|Hungarian]] émigré. She hailed from [[Rajasthan]].

== References ==
<references />

==External links==
*[https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030304/cth1.htm Reference to Ratna Fabri, "Leaf from History Museum was also brainchild of Corbusier"], tribuneindia.com, 4 March 2003.

{{authority control}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fabri, Ratna}}
[[Category:Educators from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Women educators from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Indian museologists]]
[[Category:Indian women historians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian scientists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
{{India-academic-bio-stub}}

1980 Indian Federation Cup final

2025-12-23T21:06:18Z

Musariaz: Creating a article!

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox football match
| title = 1980 Indian Federation Cup final
| image =
| caption =
| event = [[Federation Cup (India)|1980 Indian Federation Cup]]
| team1 = [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]
| team1score = 1
| team2 = [[Mohun Bagan FC|Mohun Bagan]]
| team2score = 1
| details = '''Joint winners'''
| date = 8 May 1980
| stadium = [[Eden Gardens]]
| city = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal, India|West Bengal]]
| man_of_the_match1a =
| referee = J. P. Coutinho (Maharashtra) <ref name=report>{{cite news |first=Novy|last=Kapadia|title=East Bengal's Federation Cup successes|url= https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/east-bengals-federation-cup-successes |work=Sportskeeda |date=7 October 2012 |access-date=8 June 2021 }}</ref>
| attendance =
| weather =
| previous = 1979
| next = 1981
}}
The '''1980 Indian Federation Cup final''' was the 4th final of the [[Federation Cup (India)|Indian Federation Cup]], the top knock-out competition in [[India]], and was contested between Kolkata giants [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]] and [[Mohun Bagan FC|Mohun Bagan]] on 8 May 1980 at the [[Eden Gardens]] in Kolkata.<ref>{{cite web|first=Shahid|last=Judge|date=29 October 2022|url=https://scroll.in/field/1036136/kolkata-derby-when-iran-striker-jamshid-nassiri-a-neutral-was-consumed-by-the-famous-rivalry|title=Kolkata Derby: When Iran striker Jamshid Nassiri, a neutral, was consumed by the famous rivalry|work=Scroll|accessdate=2 November 2022}}</ref>

Both the teams were announced as joint winners after the match ended 1–1 after the regulation time.<ref name=final>{{cite news |date=9 May 1980 |title=কথায় কথায় মারামারি, নিয়ম ভেঙে নিষ্পত্তি, ফেডারেশন কাপ দু'দলেরই |trans-title=Constant fights. match ends with breaking of rules, Federation Cup title for both teams |language=bn |work=Jugantor }}</ref>

==Route to the final==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!colspan="4"| [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]
!Round
!colspan="4"| [[Mohun Bagan FC|Mohun Bagan]]
|- style="background:#C1E0FF"
|Opponent
|colspan="3"|Result
|Group stage
|Opponent
|colspan="3"|Result
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited SC|HAL]]
|colspan="3"|2–1
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Matchday 1
|style="text-align:left"|[[Salgaocar S.C.|Salgaocar]]
|colspan="3"|2–0
|-
|style="text-align:left"|Mafatlal
|colspan="3"|2–0
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Matchday 2
|style="text-align:left"|ITI
|colspan="3"|2–0
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]
|colspan="3"|3–0
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Matchday 3
|style="text-align:left"|[[JCT F.C.|JCT]]
|colspan="3"|2–1
|- style="background:#C1E0FF"
|Opponent
|Agg.
|1st leg
|2nd leg
|Knockout Stage
|Opponent
|Agg.
|1st leg
|2nd leg
|-
|style="text-align:left"|Punjab Police
|4–1
|3–0
|1–1
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Semi–Final
|style="text-align:left"|[[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]]
|2–2 {{pso|4–2}}
|1–1
|1–1
|-
|}

==Match==
===Summary===
The Federation Cup final began at the [[Eden Gardens]] in Kolkata in front of a packed crowd as two Kolkata giants [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]] and [[Mohun Bagan FC|Mohun Bagan]] faced each other in the [[Kolkata Derby]]. The match for fierce and full of fights, as both teams played a physical game. Referee J. P. Coutinho had to flash out four yellow cards to the players: [[Majid Bishkar]], [[Jamshid Nassiri]], Kajal Chatterjee, and Compton Dutta. East Bengal scored the first goal of the match after [[Mohammed Habib (footballer)|Mohammed Habib]] scored in the twenty-fourth minute of the match with a powerful header from an unmarked position inside the box from a corner kick. Mohun Bagan equalized in the sixty-sixth minute after Mihir Bose scored with a half-volley from inside the box. The match ended 1–1 in regulation time but as prior decided, the extra 15 minutes were not played and both the teams were announced as joint champions of the Federation Cup. Referee J. P. Coutinho explained the decision was taken due to poor visibility and lack of lights.<ref name=final/><ref name=report/>

===Details===
{{footballbox
|date=8 May 1980
|time=14:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|report=
|team2=[[Mohun Bagan FC|Mohun Bagan]]
|score= 1–1
|goals1=[[Mohammed Habib (footballer)|Habib]] {{goal|24}}
|goals2=[[Mihir Bose (footballer)|Bose]] {{goal|66}}
|stadium=[[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=60,000 (est.)
|referee=J. P. Coutinho (Maharashtra)}}

{| width=92%
|-
|{{Football kit
|pattern_b = _EastBengal_12_13_Home
|pattern_la =
|pattern_ra =
|pattern_sh =
|pattern_so = _2 gold stripes
|leftarm = FFDF00
|body = FFDF00
|rightarm = FF0000
|shorts = 000000
|socks = FF0000
|title = East Bengal
}}
|{{Football kit
| pattern_la =
| pattern_b =
| pattern_ra =
| pattern_sh =
| pattern_so =
| leftarm = 234f1e
| body = 800000
| rightarm = 234f1e
| shorts = ffffff
| socks = ffffff
| title = Mohun Bagan
}}
|}

{| width="100%"
|valign="top" width="40%"|
{| style="font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
|colspan="4"|
|-
!width="25"| !!width="25"|
|-
|GK || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Nasir Ahmed
|-
|LB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Satyajit Mitra ([[Captain (association football)|c]])
|-
|CB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Monoranjan Bhattacharya]]
|-
|CB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Samar Bhattacharya
|-
|RB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Thomas Matthew
|-
|CM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Kajal Chatterjee {{yel|}}
|-
|CM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohammed Habib (footballer)|Mohammed Habib]] || || {{suboff|80}}
|-
|RW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Tapan Das
|-
|LW || ||{{flagicon|IRN}} Mahmood Khabazi {{yel|}}
|-
|ST || ||{{flagicon|IRN}} [[Majid Bishkar]] {{yel|}}
|-
|ST || ||{{flagicon|IRN}} [[Jamshid Nassiri]]
|-
|colspan=4|'''Substitutes:'''
|-
|CM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Bivash Sarkar || || {{subon|80}}
|-
|colspan=4|'''Head Coach:'''
|-
|colspan="4"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[P. K. Banerjee]]
|}
|valign="top"|
|valign="top" width="50%"|
{| style="font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align=center
|colspan="4"|
|-
!width="25"| !!width="25"|
|-
|GK || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Pratap Ghosh
|-
|RB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Sanjib Chowdhury
|-
|CB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Compton Dutta {{yel|}}
|-
|CB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Subrata Bhattacharya]]
|-
|LB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Shyamal Banerjee
|-
|CM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gautam Sarkar]] ([[Captain (association football)|c]])
|-
|CM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Prasun Banerjee]]
|-
|RW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Manas Bhattacharya
|-
|LW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Xavier Pius || {{suboff|81}}
|-
|ST || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mihir Bose (footballer)|Mihir Bose]]
|-
|ST || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Bidesh Bose
|-
|colspan=4|'''Substitutes:'''
|-
|ST || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Shyam Thapa]] || {{subon|81}}
|-
|colspan=4|'''Head coach:'''
|-
|colspan="4"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Arun Ghosh]]
|}
|}
{| width=100% style="font-size: 90%"

|style="width:60%; vertical-align:top;"|
'''Match rules'''
* 90 minutes.
* 15 minutes of [[Overtime (sports)#Association football|extra time]] if necessary.
|}

==See also==
* [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiacuphist.html India - List of Federation Cup Winners]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Federation Cup (India)}}
{{East Bengal Club}}
{{Mohun Bagan Super Giant}}

[[Category:East Bengal Club matches]]
[[Category:Mohun Bagan Super Giant matches]]
[[Category:Indian Federation Cup finals]]

S. Rajeswaran

2025-12-10T05:16:16Z

Musariaz: added new info

{{Short description|Former judge of the Madras High Court}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=March 2021}}
{{Orphan|date=March 2021}}
}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Justice S. Rajeswaran
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Rajeswaran
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Tanjore]] [[Tamil Nadu]] [[India]]
| occupation = {{Hlist|Judge (retired)}}
| known_for = [[Jallikattu]]
| net_worth =
| title =
| boards =
| spouse =
| children = Daughter
| parents =
| website =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
}}
'''Justice S Rajeswaran''' is a former judge of the [[Madras High Court]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Google Books Judges of the Supreme Court and the High Courts| year=2005 | publisher=Ministry of Law, Justice and Company Affairs, Department of Justice, Government of India. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3xumQFFOFAcC&q=%22S.+Rajeswaran%22+-wikipedia}}</ref> S. Rajeswaran was directly elevated to the [[Madras High Court]] from the panel of [[Advocate]]s. His native district is [[Thanjavur district|Thanjavur]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. He had headed the Commission of inquiry for the violence in [[Jallikattu]] Agitation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Justice S. Rajeswaran to head probe panel |work=The Hindu |date=2 February 2017 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Justice-S.-Rajeswaran-to-head-probe-panel/article17131462.ece}}</ref> He also chaired the PT Lee Chengalvaraya Naickar Trust along with Nine Trustees.<ref>{{cite news |title=High court appoints former judge Rajeswaran to head PT Lee Trust |work=The Times of India |date=12 November 2017 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/high-court-appoints-former-judge-rajeswaran-to-head-pt-lee-trust/articleshow/61611082.cms}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=News citation from the "Times of India"|website=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/high-court-appoints-former-judge-rajeswaran-to-head-pt-lee-trust/articleshow/61611082.cms}}</ref>

Justice S. Rajeswaran was appointed as the Administrator of Yadava College, Madurai and its Trust Fund.<ref>{{Cite news|title=News Paper "The Hindu" News|website=[[The Hindu]] |date=31 March 2021 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/high-court-appoints-retired-judge-as-administrator-of-college-society/article34209131.ece}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Rajeswaran was born in Thanjavur. After he completed his schooling there, he completed his law studies at the [[Dr. Ambedkar Government Law College, Chennai|Madras Law College]]. After completing his law studies, he enrolled as an Advocate with the Bar Council of Tamil Nadu and Pondicherry.

== High Court ==
S. Rajeswaran practiced as an [[Advocate]] in all fields of [[law]] in the [[Madras High Court]]. Later, he was directly elevated as a judge of the Madras High Court.

== Important cases ==

=== Mexico Child Case ===
S. Rajeswaran, as a sitting Judge of [[Madurai]] Bench of Madras High Court, had dealt with a case involving the custody of a 5-year-old child from [[Mexico]]. The father of the child (who was a Mexican working as a professor in a private Educational Institution at [[Krishnankoil]], Tamil Nadu) was charged for murdering the mother of the child and disposed the body in a suitcase. The murder took place as the result of the dispute over the custody of the child. S. Rajeswaran, ordered that the child should be handed over to the Mexican Embassy at New Delhi and then the child should be sent to Mexico and monitored by the [[Mexican embassy|Mexican Embassy]] until it is handed over to the appropriate guardian as ordered by the Mexican court.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mexican child case|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-authorities-directed-to-handover-over-mexican-child-to-embassy-1681181}}</ref>

== Jallikattu Agitation ==
[[File:Avaniyapuram_Jallikattu_13.jpg|right|400x400px|Jallikattu at Avaniyapuram, Madurai.]]Following the protests demanding [[Jallikattu]], Madras High Court Judge S. Rajeswaran was appointed by the Government of Tamil Nadu to inquire the violence took place during the protest. Cases were registered against those who took part in the agitation at [[Madurai]]. A total of 179 protesters who took part in the protests were charged under various sections of Law. Police have registered cases against 179 protesters, out of 179 protesters, 64 were from [[Alanganallur]], 54 protesters in the [[Sellur]] protest, 34 in the Perungkudi protest and 27 in the Tilakar Thidal protest.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cases registered against the Protesters|date=14 January 2021 |url=https://thefederal.com/states/south/tamil-nadu/jallikattu-goes-on-as-usual-but-life-stalled-for-booked-protesters/}}</ref>

A commission headed by Justice S. Rajeswaran was appointed to inquire into the incidents of violence.<ref>{{Cite news|title=News Citation|website=[[The Hindu]] |date=17 February 2017 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/enquiry/article17321108.ece}}</ref> The names of the 179 people in the cases are not just from Madurai. At most, young people studying and working in 20 districts came here and took part in the Protest.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Citation from News|url=https://www.india.com/news/india/jallikattu-tamil-nadu-governor-c-vidyasagar-rao-appoints-retired-madras-high-court-judge-s-rajeswaran-to-head-commission-of-inquiry-1801019/}}</ref> They were unable to attend the ongoing trial in every court. Only if all 179 people gather for the trial then only the trial will continue. But it seems impossible to gather all of them at a single place for the trial. They have had to travel long distances and time for the end of the cases.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Criminal Trials|date=14 January 2021 |url=https://thefederal.com/states/south/tamil-nadu/jallikattu-goes-on-as-usual-but-life-stalled-for-booked-protesters/}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajeswaran, Justice S}}
[[Category:Madras High Court]]
[[Category:Indian judges]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Raj Kumar Ray

2025-11-23T16:20:34Z

Musariaz: added page per sources based on references

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Raj Kumar Ray
| birth_name =
| caption =
| image =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1972|02|11}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/member_profile/140.pdf|title=Member Profile|website=Bihar Vidhan Sabha|accessdate=20 November 2015}}</ref>
| birth_place = Belsandi Bithan [[Samastipur district]], [[Bihar]], India
| residence = Patna, Bihar
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|Member of the Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Hasanpur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Hasanpur]]
| term_start = 2025
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Tej Pratap Yadav]]
| successor =
| constituency1 = [[Hasanpur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Hasanpur]]
| term_start1 = 2010
| term_end1 = 2020
| predecessor1 = Sunil Kumar Pushpam
| successor1 = [[Tej Pratap Yadav]]
| party = [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| otherparty =
| website =
| alma_mater =
| profession = Politician
| date =
| year =
| source = http://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/member_profile/140.pdf
}}
'''Raj Kumar Ray''' or '''Raj Kumar Yadav''' is an Indian politician. He was MLA of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] from [[Hasanpur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Hasanpur]] as a member of the [[Janata Dal (United)]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04140.htm|title=General Election to Assembly Constituencies: Trends & Results November-2025|website=Election Commission of India|accessdate=23 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/hasanpur.html|title=Bihar Legislative Assembly|website=Election in India|accessdate=8 November 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ray, Raj Kumar}}
[[Category:People from Samastipur district]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2015–2020]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2010–2015]]
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (United) politicians]]

{{Bihar-JDU-politician-stub}}

Tuloni biya

2025-11-10T07:19:50Z

Musariaz:

{{Infobox festival
| name = Tuloni Biya
| image = তোলনি বিয়াৰ এগৰাকী কইনা.jpg
| caption = A young Assamese Hindu girl celebrating Tuloni Biya
| location = [[Assam]]
| country = [[India]]
}}
[[File:Tuloni Biya Naam Sung by Two lady.webm|thumb|Tuloni Biya Naam Sung by Two lady]]
'''Tuloni biya''', also referred to as '''Xoru Biya, Nua-tuloni, or Santi Biya''', is a traditional [[Assamese people|Assamese]] [[Hindu]] ceremony that marks the attainment of puberty in girls<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gogoi |first=Nitul Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DrN5_kseuDcC&dq=tuloni+biya&pg=PA70 |title=Continuity and Change Among the Ahom |date=2006 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-8069-281-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Das |first=Rajat Kanti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IgNFAQAAIAAJ&q=tuloni+biya |title=North East India in Perspective: Biology, Socio-cultural Formations and Contemporary Problems |date=2005 |publisher=Akansha Publishing House |isbn=978-81-87606-90-1 |language=en}}</ref> and celebrates the girl's transition from childhood to womanhood.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kumaramkandath |first1=Rajeev |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SG_CDwAAQBAJ&dq=tuloni+biya&pg=PA159 |title=(Hi)Stories of Desire: Sexualities and Culture in Modern India |last2=Srivastava |first2=Sanjay |date=2020-02-20 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-49441-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pragya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SQVcEAAAQBAJ&dq=tuloni+biya&pg=PA41 |title=Pages from the diary of small town girl |date=2022-02-01 |publisher=Blue Rose Publishers |language=en}}</ref> The Tuloni biya, which translates to "small wedding",<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-27 |title=Celebration Of Woman's Period In Assam Is Refreshing But It Isn't An Entirely Rosy Picture |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/celebration-of-womans-period-in-assam-is-refreshing-but-it-isnt-an-entirely-rosy-picture-604017.html |access-date=2023-10-10 |website=IndiaTimes |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sachdeva |first=G. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9V35DwAAQBAJ&dq=tuloni+biya&pg=PA33 |title=Sacred and Profane: Unusual Customs and Strange Rituals |date=2020-09-23 |publisher=SAGE Publishing India |isbn=978-93-5388-517-5 |language=en}}</ref> is accompanied by a multitude of rituals and traditions, all rooted in the concepts of purity and separation.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-08-29 |title=Tuloni Biya: Assam's Distinctive Commemoration of a Young girl's first menstruation |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/lifestyle/story/tuloni-biya-assams-distinctive-commemoration-of-a-young-girls-first-menstruation-669558-2023-08-29 |access-date=2023-10-10 |website=India Today NE |language=en}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
One theory is that the name comes from the Assamese words "tuli" (to lift or raise) and "biya" (marriage). This suggests that Tuloni Biya is a ceremony that marks the girl's transition from childhood to womanhood, and her readiness for marriage.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Barua |first=Birinchi Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YXMwAQAAIAAJ&q=Assamese+Customs+and+Traditions+by+bk+barua |title=A Cultural History of Assam |date=1969 |publisher=Lawyer's Book Stall |language=en}}</ref>
== Ceremony ==
[[File:Pani tula Tradition.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Pani tula ritual.]]
[[File:নোৱাই তোলনি বিয়া.jpg|thumb|A girl is bathed in Tuloni Biya]]
The ceremony is typically held seven days after the girl's first menstruation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=K. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ofT90TF7pJcC&q=tuloni+biya |title=People Of India - Assam (Part 1) |date=2003 |publisher=Seagull Books Pvt. Limited |isbn=978-81-7046-128-9 |language=en}}</ref> The family of the girl sends out invitations to loved ones, inviting them to share their blessings and celebrate the beginning of her new life chapter.<ref name=":1" />

The girl is confined to a specific room for the first few days, with all other areas considered off-limits to her. On one day, the ladies of the community preparing for “Pani tula ritual” which means collecting the sacred water for the ceremonial bath, the girl is bathed in sandalwood, adorned in the traditional silk mekhela sador, complemented by the wearing of ornate jewelry for the wedding, and her hair is braided.<ref name=":1" /> She is then seated on an elevated platform called the "Vivah Mandap," with family and friends surrounding her.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pathak |first=Dr Juhi P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ssa8EAAAQBAJ&dq=tuloni+biya&pg=PA7 |title=Film Appreciation On Cinemas (1990-2000) Of Jahnu Barua: Women, Children, Political And Psychological Perspectives |publisher=RED'SHINE Publication. Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=978-1-387-44518-9 |language=en}}</ref>

A priest performs a [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]], or religious ceremony, to invoke the blessings of the gods, and the girl is married to a [[Banana|banana tree]] in a mock wedding.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kundu |first=Sreemoyee Piu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b4DQEAAAQBAJ&dq=tuloni+biya&pg=PT45 |title=Everything Changes: A Memoir |date=2023-08-18 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-93-5435-634-6 |language=en}}</ref> During this event, neighboring families' women gather to sing traditional folk songs, which convey specific teachings to the young girl.<ref name=":0" /> The girl is then given gifts of money, jewelry, and clothing.<ref name=":1" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Menstruation in religion]]
[[Category:Culture of Assam]]

Monita Borgohain

2025-10-24T20:11:14Z

Musariaz: new basic entry w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian festival director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox
| name = Monita Borgohain
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = as
| image = [[File:GIFF - Monita Borgohain and Apurba Sarma.jpg|left|thumb|Festival Director Monita Borgohain felicitates film critic [[Apurba Sarma]] at the 3rd Guwahati International Film Festival]]
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|19??|(month)|(year)}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| occupation = Festival Director
| years active = 2017 – present
| nationality = Indian
| education =
| alma_mater =
| period =
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks =
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| relatives =
| awards =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
| portaldisp =
| ethnicity =
| influences =
| influenced =
}}
'''Monita Borgohain, IAS,''' is the Secretary to the Govt. of [[Assam]], Director of the [[Dr. Bhupen Hazarika Regional Government Film and Television Institute]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Contact Us {{!}} Dr. Bhupen Hazarika Regional Government Film & Television Institute {{!}} Government Of Assam, India|url=https://dbhrgfti.assam.gov.in/contact-us|access-date=2022-02-21|website=dbhrgfti.assam.gov.in}}</ref> Secretary of the Jyoti Chitraban Film Studio,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Staff|first=Magical Assam|date=2017-09-24|title=Jyoti Chitraban Mourns the Demise of Veteran Assamese Filmmaker Abdul Mazid|url=https://www.magicalassam.com/2017/09/jyoti-chitraban-mourns-demise-veteran-assamese-filmmaker-abdul-mazid.html|access-date=2022-02-21|website=Magical Assam|language=en-US}}</ref> Festival Director of the [[Guwahati International Film Festival]], and Producer of the feature film Xobdo Nixobdo Kolahol (Soul of Silence). Occasionally, she writes for journals, such as the [[Film Critics Circle of India]] Journal of Indian Cinema<ref>{{Cite web|title=Monita Borgohain, Author at Journal of Indian Cinema|url=https://filmcriticscircle.com/journal/author/monitaborgohain/|access-date=2022-02-21|website=Journal of Indian Cinema|date=21 March 2020 |language=en-GB}}</ref> and the [[FIPRESCI]]-India journal.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Author List (A-J) – FIPRESCI-India|url=https://fipresci-india.org/authorlist2/|access-date=2022-02-22|website=fipresci-india.org}}</ref> She is the festival director of [[Guwahati Asian Film Festival]].

==Govt. of Assam==
Monita Borgohain, IAS,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Daily|first=The Business|title=Ruby Bordoloi launches book on Fashion and Lifestyle. - The Business Daily|url=https://www.thebusinessdaily.in/ruby-bordoloi-launches-book-on-fashion-and-lifestyle/|access-date=2022-02-21|language=en-US}}</ref> studied Political Geography at [[Guwahati University]]. In May 2020, she was one of 25 Assam Civil Service officers of the 1992 and 1993 batches who were promoted with a selection grade.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Desk|first=Sentinel Digital|date=2020-05-28|title=State government promoted 25 ACS (Assam Civil Service) officers - Sentinelassam|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/guwahati-city/state-government-promoted-25-acs-assam-civil-service-officers-479355|access-date=2022-02-21|website=www.sentinelassam.com|language=en}}</ref> In Feb 2022, she was promoted from the post of Joint Secretary to the Govt. of Assam, Cultural Affairs Department, to the rank of Secretary to the Govt. of Assam, Administrative Reforms and Training, Pension and Public Grievances. In June 2023, Borgohain, along with 10 others from Assam, was promoted to the [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS) rank by the [[Govt. of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-13 |title=Assam: 11 ACS Officers Promoted To IAS Rank |url=https://www.pratidintime.com/latest-assam-news-breaking-news-assam/assam-11-acs-officers-promoted-to-ias-rank |access-date=2023-06-22 |website=Pratidin Time |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Sentinel Digital |date=2023-06-15 |title=11 Assam Civil Service cadres appointed as IAS officers - Sentinelassam |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/guwahati-city/11-assam-civil-service-cadres-appointed-as-ias-officers-653681 |access-date=2023-06-22 |website=www.sentinelassam.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Film Festival Circuit==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year/s !! Role !! Festival !!class="unsortable" | References
|-
! 2017
|Festival Director ||1st Guwahati International Film Festival||<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian film festival features Turkish movies|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/culture-and-art/indian-film-festival-features-turkish-movies/951761|access-date=2022-02-21|website=www.aa.com.tr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-11-01|title=Govt should build a permanent GIFF venue: Adoor Gopalakrishnan|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/640498/govt-should-build-permanent-giff.html|access-date=2022-02-21|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-10-27|title='The Salesman' to open Assam's first international film fest - Bollywood News|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/the-salesman-to-open-assams-first-international-film-fest-hindi-news-199402|access-date=2022-02-24|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=5 October 2017|title=Guwahati to host first international film festival from October 28|url=http://www.theshillongtimes.com/2017/10/05/guwahati-to-host-first-international-film-festival-from-october-8/|access-date=2022-02-22|website=The Shillong Times|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=26 October 2017|title=Films & schedule of the 1st Guwahati International Film Festival - The News Mill|url=https://thenewsmill.com/films-schedule-1st-guwahati-international-film-festival/amp/|access-date=2022-02-22|website=The News Mill|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Ghani|first=Abdul|date=2017-10-22|title=Turkey Arrives in Assam via the First Guwahati International Film Festival|work=Indian Cultural Forum|url=https://indianculturalforum.in/2017/10/22/turkey-arrives-in-assam-via-the-first-guwahati-international-film-festival/|access-date=2022-02-22}}</ref>
|-
! 2018
| Festival Director ||2nd Guwahati International Film Festival ||<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-11-06|title=GIFF 2018 is a valuable addition to the film festival circuit, but needs more local participation|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/giff-2018-is-a-valuable-addition-to-the-film-festival-circuit-but-needs-more-local-participation-5511421.html|access-date=2022-02-21|website=Firstpost|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=sana|date=2018-09-19|title=Priyanka Chopra's Assamese film to release on October 26|url=https://archive.siasat.com/news/priyanka-chopras-assamese-film-release-october-26-1409474/|access-date=2022-02-24|website=The Siasat Daily – Archive|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=News|first=Ne Now|date=2018-09-21|title=Guwahati International Film Festival to kickoff in city from October|url=http://nenow.in/north-east-news/assam/guwahati-international-film-festival-kickoff-october.html|access-date=2022-02-21|website=NORTHEAST NOW|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Feeds|first=P. T. I.|title=Guwahati Int'l Film Festival concludes, attracts record 10K {{!}} India.com|url=https://www.india.com/news/agencies/guwahati-intl-film-festival-concludes-attracts-record-10k-3409326/|access-date=2022-02-21|website=www.india.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Ghani|first=Abdul|date=2017-10-06|title=Guwahati film festival: International filmmakers to be star attraction|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/guwahati-film-festival-international-filmmakers-to-be-star-attraction/articleshow/60965260.cms|access-date=2022-02-21|website=Times of India|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-11-01|title=Guwahati International Film Festival (GIFF) takes the curtain call|work=Sentinel Assam|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/guwahati-city/guwahati-international-film-festival-giff-takes-the-curtain-call/|access-date=2022-02-22}}</ref>
|-
!2019
|Festival Director ||3rd Guwahati International Film Festival||<ref>{{Cite web|last=NewsDesk|first=T. N. M.|date=2019-10-31|title=Rich collection of Northeast India films at Guwahati International Film Festival|url=https://thenewsmill.com/rich-collection-of-northeast-india-films-at-guwahati-international-film-festival/|access-date=2022-02-21|website=thenewsmill.com|language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=AS-GIFF|url=https://www.theweek.in/content/archival/wire-updates/entertainment/2019/10/31/ces21-as-giff.html|access-date=2022-02-21|website=The Week|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=Nov 1, 2019|title=Guwahati international film fest kicks off, to screen 100 movies from 65 nations {{!}} Guwahati News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/guwahati-international-film-fest-kicks-off-to-screen-100-movies-from-65-nations/articleshow/71847357.cms|access-date=2022-02-22|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=piyushpintoo|date=2019-11-18|title=International film festival upon the virgin hills of Uttarakhand|url=https://cinematicillusions.com/festival-circuit/international-film-festival-on-the-virgin-hills-of-uttarakhand/|access-date=2022-02-22|website=Cinematic Illusions|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Government of Assam, Office of the Director of Higher Education, Assam|url=https://directorateofhighereducation.assam.gov.in/sites/default/files/swf_utility_folder/departments/dhe_medhassu_in_oid_4/menu/document/giff.pdf|access-date=2022-02-22|website=Directorate of Higher Education}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=NewsDesk|first=T. N. M.|date=2019-11-04|title=Horror of AFSPA portrayed in Rajni Basumatary's Bodo film Jwlwi – The Seed|url=https://thenewsmill.com/horror-of-afspa-portrayed-in-bodo-film-jwlwi-the-seed-by-rajni/|access-date=2022-02-22|website=thenewsmill.com|language=en-us}}</ref>
|-
!2020
|Jury Member ||4th [[Chalachitram National Film Festival]]||<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-04-08|title=Women in cinema in the age of digital|url=https://filmcriticscircle.com/journal/women-in-cinema-in-age-of-digital/|access-date=2022-02-22|website=Journal of Indian Cinema|language=en-GB}}</ref>
|-
!2020
|Jury Member ||4th Kautik International Film Festival||<ref>{{Cite web|title=Festival People – Kautik International Film Festival|url=https://kautik.org/festival-people/|access-date=2022-02-21|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=Dec 9, 2021|title=3-day Kautik International Student Film Festival ends in Nainital {{!}} Dehradun News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/3-day-kautik-international-student-film-festival-ends-in-nainital/articleshow/88172473.cms|access-date=2022-02-21|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
!2021
|Jury Member ||5th Kautik International Film Festival ||<ref>{{Cite web|last=Post|first=Garhwal|title=Kautik International Film Festival concludes {{!}} Garhwal Post|date=9 December 2021 |url=https://garhwalpost.in/kautik-international-film-festival-concludes/|access-date=2022-02-21|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
!2021
|Preview Committee Member ||1st Chicago International Indie Film Festival||<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bureau|first=Pratidin|title=International Sound Designer From Assam Launches Indie Film Festival In Chicago|url=https://www.pratidintime.com/latest-assam-news-breaking-news-assam/international-sound-designer-from-assam-launches-indie-film-festival-in-chicago|access-date=2022-02-21|website=Pratidin Time|date=11 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!2022
|Film Producer ||Xobdo-Nixobdo-Kolahol /Soul of Silence||<ref>{{Cite web |last=NewsDesk |first=T. N. M. |date=2022-07-13 |title=Public screening of 'Soul of Silence' on July 16–17 |url=https://thenewsmill.com/2022/07/public-screening-of-soul-of-silence-on-july-16-17/,%20https://thenewsmill.com/2022/07/public-screening-of-soul-of-silence-on-july-16-17/ |access-date=2023-06-22 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shankar |first=Vijaya |date=2022-12-17 |title=CIFF 2022: Tried to reflect society, says Dir Das on Soul of Silence |url=https://www.dtnext.in/cinema/2022/12/17/ciff-2022-tried-to-reflect-society-says-dir-das-on-soul-of-silence |access-date=2023-06-22 |website=www.dtnext.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pune International Film Festival |url=https://www.piffindia.com/Soul-of-Silence.php |access-date=2023-06-22 |website=www.piffindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-28 |title=Dhanjit Das' anthology film Xobdo Nixobdo Kolahol: Soul of Silence is a keenly tuned exploration of various upheavals in a relationship that thrives despite the stresses of conflicting desires and quirks of fate. |url=https://northeastfilmjournal.com/dhanjit-das-anthology-film-xobdo-nixobdo-kolahol-soul-of-silence-is-a-keenly-tuned-exploration-of-various-upheavals-in-a-relationship-that-thrives-despite-the-stresses-of-conflicting-desires-and-quirks-of-fate |access-date=2023-06-22 |website=North East Film Journal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=International Film Festival Thrissur |url=https://www.ifft.in |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=International Film Festival of Thrissur}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title='Pedro' marches on despite the BIFFes snub, to compete at the Thrissur and IFFK festivals - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/pedro-marches-on-despite-the-biffes-snub-to-compete-at-the-thrissur-and-iffk-festivals/articleshow/90044353.cms |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=The Times of India |date=7 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

*{{IMDb name|13428850}}
*[http://giff.assam.gov.in Monita Borgohain] at Guwahati International Film Festival
*[https://kautik.org/festival-people/ Monita Borgohain] at Kautik International Film Festival
*[https://festivalofchicago.com Monita Borgohain] at Chicago International Indie Film Festival
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Borgohain, Monita}}
[[Category:Assamese people]]
[[Category:Festival directors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Shakeelur Rehman

2025-10-16T17:19:42Z

Musariaz: stub!

{{short description| Indian politician and writer (1931–2016)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}

'''Shakeelur Rehman''' (18 February 1931 – 9 May 2016) was an Indian politician and Urdu-language writer.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Shakeelur Rehman, 9th Lok Sabha Biodata|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/3413.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116074614/http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/3413.htm|archive-date=16 January 2022|website=Lok Sabha}}</ref> He served as [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|Minister of Health and Family Welfare]] in [[Chandra Shekhar ministry|Chandra Shekhar]] government.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=21 November 1990|title=Chandra Shekhar Cabinet|url=https://cabsec.nic.in/writereaddata/changeinportfolio/english/1_Upload_1574.pdf|website=Cabinet Secretariat}}</ref> His father Khan Bahadur Muhammad Jan was a Government lawyer in British India.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/Aashram-of-a-lifetime/article13986454.ece|title=Aashram of a lifetime|website=[[The Hindu]] |date=7 January 2016 |publisher=}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=http://theindianawaaz.com/qaumi-awaaz/former-union-minister-prof-shakeelurrahman-passes-away/|title=Former Union minister Prof. Shakeel ur Rahman passes away - The Indian Awaaz|website=theindianawaaz.com|date=10 May 2016 }}</ref>

==Life and career==
He studied at [[Patna University]], where he gained a B.A. with First Class Honors, an M.A. with First Class Honors and a D.Litt. He remained attached to the [[University of Kashmir]] as Professor and Head of the Department of Urdu. He also served as Vice-Chancellor of the University of Bihar (1978–1989), Kashmir University (1987) and L.N. Mithila University (1987–1988).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

Rehman was elected to 9th Lok Sabha from [[Darbhanga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Darbhanga]] constituency on [[Janata Dal]] ticket.<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=9th Lok Sabha members|url=http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/lokaralpha.aspx?lsno=9&tab=7|website=Lok Sabha}}</ref> In November 1990, he was one of the 64 MPs who left Janata Dal and formed [[Chandra Shekhar ministry|Chandra Shekhar]] government. In January 1991, Lok Sabha speaker [[Rabi Ray]] disqualified him from Lok Sabha, along with 7 other MPs under the Tenth Schedule to the Constitution of India.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=11 January 1991|title=Decision of the Speaker under Tenth Schedule of the Constitution Disqualification of Members on Ground of Defection|url=https://eparlib.nic.in/handle/123456789/810959?view_type=browse|website=Lok Sabha Digital Library |last1=Ray |first1=Rabi }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> He served as [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|Minister of Health and Family Welfare]] in Chandra Shekhar's government from November 1990 to February 1991.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />

Shakeelur Rehman had written books on aesthetics and was known as Babe-Jamaliat and more than 50 plays for the stage, TV and radio. He had received the "Ghalib Award", the "Urdu Academy Award", the "National Award" from India and the "Ahmad Nadeem Qasmi Award" from Pakistan for his outstanding contribution to Urdu Literature. He wrote memoir titled ''Aashram''. His near relative Tanwir Phool is a Pakistani author and poet writing in [[Urdu]] and
[[English language|English]]. He has written an article in the quarterly ''Khayaal'' (Karachi) about Shakeelur Rehman.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shakilur Rahman Writer Biography - Bihar Urdu Youth Forum, Patna|url=http://urduyouthforum.org/biography/biography-Shakilur-Rahman.html|access-date=2022-01-16|website=urduyouthforum.org}}</ref><ref name="one">{{cite journal|last=Rahman|first=Shakeel|title=Khayaal|journal=Karachi|date=October 2003|issue=#13|url=http://www.urdubandhan.com/bazm/viewtopic.php?f=11&t=6637|access-date=29 October 2010|archive-date=8 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308231329/http://www.urdubandhan.com/bazm/viewtopic.php?f=11&t=6637|url-status=dead}}</ref> Shakeelur Rehman died on 9 May 2016 at Gurgaon in Haryana near New Delhi.

==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
*http://www.shakeelurrehman.com
*http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/lok09/alpha/09lss.htm (25th name in the list).
*http://www.iosworld.org/urdu.htm (See S.No.1)
*http://www.urdubandhan.com/bazm/viewtopic.php?f=11&t=6637 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308231329/http://www.urdubandhan.com/bazm/viewtopic.php?f=11&t=6637 |date=8 March 2018 }}
*http://www.urdubandhan.com/bazm/viewtopic.php?f=8&t=8394

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rahman, Shakeelur}}
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Kashmir]]
[[Category:Patna University alumni]]

{{India-academic-bio-stub}}
[[Category:Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:India MPs 1989–1991]]

Yathothkari Perumal Temple

2025-09-18T08:50:57Z

Musariaz: new!

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Kanchipuram}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Tiruvekka Temple
| image = Yathothkari (9).jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in [[Tamil Nadu]]
| coordinates = {{coord|12|49|27|N|79|42|44|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| native_name = Yathokthakari Temple
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Kanchipuram]]
| location = [[Kanchipuram]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Yathothkari ([[Vishnu]])
| primary_deity_Godess =
| utsava_deity_God =
| utsava_deity_Godess=
| Direction_posture =
| Pushakarani =
| Vimanam =
| festivals=
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}

'''Tiruvekkaa Temple''' or '''Yathothkari Perumal Temple''' (locally called '''Sonnavannam Seitha Perumall''') is a [[Hindu temple]] located in [[Kanchipuram]] in the [[South India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]] and dedicated to the [[Hindu god]] [[Vishnu]]. Constructed in the [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian style of architecture]], the temple is glorified in the ''[[Divya Prabandha|Naalayira Divya Prabandham]]'', the early medieval [[Tamil literature|Tamil]] canon of the [[Alvars|Alvar]] saints from the 6th–9th centuries CE. It is one of the 108 ''[[Divyadesam|Divya Desams]]'' dedicated to Vishnu, who is worshipped as Yathothkari Perumal, and his consort [[Lakshmi]] as Komalavalli. This is the 2nd largest temple in south Kanchi, after the Varadaraja perumal temple.

The temple is considered one of three oldest Vishnu temples in Kanchipuram, the other two being [[Ulagalantha Perumal Temple, Kanchipuram|Ulagalantha Perumal Temple]] and [[Pandava Thoothar Perumal Temple]]. The temple finds a mention in the Sangam text [[Perumpāṇāṟṟuppaṭai]] which is dated between 300 BCE and 100 CE.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/pattupattutentamilidyllschelliahj.v._108_Q/page/127/mode/2up | title=Pattupattu Ten Tamil Idylls Chelliah J. V. }}</ref> The temple is believed to have been built by the [[Pallavas]] of the late 8th century CE, with later contributions from [[Medieval Cholas]] and [[Vijayanagar Empire|Vijayanagara kings]]. The temple has three inscriptions on its walls, two dating from the period of [[Parantaka I]] (907–955 CE), [[Kulothunga Chola I]] (1070–1120 CE) and one to that of [[Rajadhiraja Chola]] (1018–1054 CE). A granite wall surrounds the temple, enclosing all the shrines. There is a three-tiered ''[[gopuram|rajagopuram]]'', the temple's gateway tower, in the temple.

Yathothkari Perumal is believed to have appeared for [[Saraswati]] and [[Thirumalisai Alvar]]. Six daily rituals and three yearly festivals are held at the temple. The temple houses a rare image of [[Ranganatha]] recumbent on his left hand unlike other temples where he is recumbent on his right.

[[Poigai Azhwar|Poigai Alvar]], one of the ''[[alwar|Alvar]]s'', was born at this temple's lotus tank. Panguni Brahmotsavam celebrated during April - May and Poigai Alvar birthday during Aipassi Thiruvonam star are the two major festivals celebrated in the temple.

==Legend==
[[File:Yathothkari (5).jpg|Stucco image indicating the legend|200px|thumb|left]]
As per Hindu legend, once there was an argument between [[Saraswati]], the consort of [[Brahma]] and [[Lakshmi]] on superiority. They went to [[Indra]], the king of celestial deities. Indra judged Lakshmi as superior and not satisfied with his argument, Saraswati went to her husband, Brahma. He also chose Lakshmi to be the superior one. Saraswati was unhappy with the decision and decided to stay away from Brahma. Brahma did a severe penance praying to Vishnu and did an [[Ashvamedha|ashvamedha yagna]]. Saraswati was still angry that the ''[[yagna]]'', which usually is done along with consorts was done alone by Brahma. She tried to disrupt the penance, but Vishnu interfered with his serpent [[Adisesha|Adishesha]]. Saraswati, on seeing Vishnu in her path, accepted her defeat and subsided in the form of river Vegavathi. As Vishnu interfered the path of the river, it was termed ''Vegavani'', then as ''Vegannai'' and gradually corrupted to ''Vekka''. The presiding deity thus got one of his names, Vegasetu.<ref name=MS>[[#MS|MS 1993]], pp. 66-72</ref><ref name="R1">[[#R.|R. 2001]], pp. 557-8</ref><ref>[[#Rao|Rao 2012]], p. 52</ref> As per historian Nagaswamy, the temple was called ''Vehha'' meaning Vishnu leaning as a slanted slope, which gradually became ''vekka''.<ref name=Naga>{{cite journal|title=Visnu Temples of Kancipuram|journal=Marg, A Magazine of the Arts|date=1 September 2013|access-date=26 April 2018|first=Indira S|last=Aiyar|url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-346532518.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180427044810/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-346532518.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 April 2018}}</ref>

Once sage Bhargava had a son through Kanakangi, a celestial dancer. The boy was stillborn and was not fully developed during his birth. Kanakangi left his son under bushes and left to celestial world. It is believed that the child was a divine incarnation of one of Vishnu's weapons, the [[Sudarshan Chakra|Chakra]]. By the grace of Vishnu and Lakshmi, the baby became alright and began to cry. A childless farmer couple who were passing by took up the child, named him Sivavakkiyar and started rearing him. Once the boy reached adulthood, he was sceptical about choosing between [[Saivism|Shaivism]] and [[Vaishnavism]]. He was defeated in arguments by [[Pey Azhwar|Pey Alvar]]. He became a devotee of Vaishnavism and the disciple of Pey Alvar. Sivavakkiyar was also called Bhakthisarar and later as [[Thirumalisai Alvar]].<ref name=MS/><ref name="R1"/>

Thirumalisai had a disciple by name Kanikkannan. He also had an old lady serving him - Thirumalisai prayed to the presiding deity of the temple and by the grace of Bhujangasayana Perumal, the old lady became a beautiful young lady. The Pallava king who was ruling the region at that time got attracted by the lady and married her. With time while the king was growing older, the lady remained young. He called up Kanikannan and ordered to sing praise of him so that he also turned young. When he refused, the king ordered Kanikannan to be banished out of the country. Kanikannan explained this to his master Thirumalisai, who prayed to Bhujangasayana Perumal. When the king heard this, he ordered the three to be sent of the country, which they obliged. When the three left Kanchipuram, it was engulfed in darkness. Realising his sin, the king worshipped Bhujangasayana Perumal to return along with his two devotees. Since the presiding deity obliged to his devotees wishes, he is called Yathothkari Perumal. ''Yathothka'' means as requested and ''kari'' denotes the person who accomplishes the task.<ref name=MS/><ref name="R1"/> One of the ''[[alwar|Alvar]]s'', poet saints of 7-10th century, [[Poigai Alvar]] was born at this temple.<ref>[[#Ayyar|Ayyar 1991]], p. 539</ref>

==History==
[[File:Yathothkari (4).jpg|200px|thumb|Shrine of [[Poigai Azhwar|Poigai Alvar]] in the temple]]
The temple is considered one of three oldest Vishnu temples in Kanchipuram, the other two being [[Ulagalantha Perumal Temple, Kanchipuram|Ulagalantha Perumal Temple]] and [[Pandava Thoothar Perumal Temple]].<ref name=M4>[[#Madhavan|Madhavan 2007]], pp. 4-5</ref> The temple has 12 inscriptions from the Chola and Vijayanagara period.<ref name=M17/> The temple finds a mention in the Sangam text [[Perumpāṇāṟṟuppaṭai]] which is dated between 300 BCE and 100 CE. [[Perumpāṇāṟṟuppaṭai]] Mentions [[Lord Vishnu]] sleeping on a serpent bed in the town ''Thiruvekka'' where the [[Gloriosa superba]] blooms.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/pattupattutentamilidyllschelliahj.v._108_Q/page/127/mode/2up | title=Pattupattu Ten Tamil Idylls Chelliah J. V. }}</ref> The temple is originally believed to be built during the period of [[Pallavas]]. The temple has a set of inscriptions associated with [[Cholas]]. A record of the [[Chola]] king, [[Parantaka I]] (907–950 CE) indicating gift of 367 ''kalanju'' of gold to the temple by an individual . The south wall of the central shrine of the temple has inscriptions from the period [[Rajendra Chola I]] (1012–44) indicating gifts of land measuring to one tuni of land and 127 ''kalanju'' of gold to the temple. The inscriptions on the base of the eastern wall of the central shrine from the period of [[Kulothunga Chola I]] (1070–1120 CE) indicating gift for lighting lamps of the temple. The southern side inscriptions of the temple from the period of [[Kulothunga Chola III]] (1178–1218 CE) indicates a gift of village to feed 32 Brahmins.<ref name=MS/> The inscriptions also detail the float festival and the summer festival celebrated in the temple.<ref name=M17/>

==Architecture==
[[File:Yathothkari (6).jpg|200px|thumb|left|Temple tank where Poigai Alvar originated]]
The temple in Chinna Kanchipuram, a locality in the Eastern side of [[Kanchipuram]], a [[South Indian]]n town in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Top Ten Temple Towns of India|publisher=Mark Age Publication|first=S.C.|last=Karkar|location=Kolkota|isbn=978-81-87952-12-1|year=2009|page=46}}</ref> The central shrine of the temple has the image of presiding deity, "Sonnavannam Seitha Perumal" sported in Bhuganja Sayanam posture. The West facing sanctum is approached through the flagstaff, pillared halls, namely Mahamandapam and the Ardhamandapam. The stucco image of the presiding deity is a rare one of [[Ranganatha]] recumbent on his left hand unlike other temples where he is recumbent on his right. It is believed that Perumal was lying left to right as in other temples, but on hearing Thirumalisai Alvar sing, he turned his lying posture from right to left.<ref name="dinamalar"/> As per historian Nagaswamy, the image made of stucco, is one of the rarest representation of the deity.<ref name=Naga/> The image of [[Saraswathi|Saraswati]] praying at his feet is also present in the sanctum. The roof of the sanctum is called Vedasara Vimana and it has five ''kalasams'' and stucco images of various legend. The temple has separate shrines for [[Poigai Azhwar|Poigai Alvar]] located to the North of the flagstaff. There are other shrines of [[Rama]] along with [[Seetha]] and [[Hanuman]] and [[Garuda]]. The ''[[vimana (shrine)|vimana]]'' of the central shrine is called Vedasara Vimana. The shrine of Komavalli, the consort of Yathothkari, is located facing the central shrine in the Eastern side of the temple. The temple lotus tank where [[Poigai Azhwar|Poigai Alvar]] was born is located outside the main entrance, parallel to the shrine. The Mahamandapa has ornamental sculpted pillars built during the Vijayanagara period of 15-16th centuries.<ref name=M17>[[#Madhavan|Madhavan 2007]], pp. 17-20</ref> The temple has two precincts with the second precinct enclosed by granite walls pierced by a five tiered ''raja[[gopuram]]'' (gateway tower).<ref name=Chari>{{cite book|title=The Glorious Temples of Kanchi|first=T. V. R.|last=Chari|year=1982|publisher=Sri Kanchi Kamakshi Ambal Devasthanam and Sarada Navaratri Kalai Nigazhchi Trust|location=Big Kancheepuram|pages=17–24}}</ref>

==Festivals and religious practices==
The temple follows [[Tenkalai]] traditions of Srivaishnava Srivishtaadvaita sampradaya. The Kanchipuram thathacharyas eventually lost rights of this temple. Vegasetu stotram was written about this temple.

The temple priests perform the ''[[puja (Hinduism)|pooja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. As at other Vishnu temples of Tamil Nadu, the priests belong to the [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavaite]] community, a Brahmin sub-caste. The temple rituals are performed six times a day: ''Ushathkalam'' at 7 a.m., ''Kalasanthi'' at 8:00 a.m., ''Uchikalam'' at 12:00 p.m., ''Sayarakshai'' at 6:00 p.m., ''Irandamkalam'' at 7:00 p.m. and ''Ardha Jamam'' at 10:00 p.m. Each ritual has three steps: ''alangaram'' (decoration), ''neivethanam'' (food offering) and ''deepa aradanai'' (waving of lamps) for both Yathothkari Perumal and Komalavalli.<ref name=Diwakar>{{cite book|title=Temples of South India|first=Macherla|last=Diwakar|location=Chennai|year=2011|edition=1st|page=146|isbn=978-93-83440-34-4|publisher=Techno Book House}}</ref> During the last step of worship, ''[[nadaswaram]]'' (pipe instrument) and ''[[tavil]]'' (percussion instrument) are played, religious instructions in the ''[[Vedas]]'' (sacred text) are recited by priests, and worshippers prostrate themselves in front of the [[Iconography of Shiva temples in Tamil Nadu#Dvajasthamba and Pali Peedam|temple mast]]. There are weekly, monthly and fortnightly rituals performed in the temple.<ref name="dinamalar">{{cite web|title=Sri Son vannam seitha perumal temple|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=242|publisher=Dinamalar|access-date=31 May 2014|year=2014}}</ref> Aipassi Thiruvonam, the birth star of Poigai Alvar, is celebrated every year. Brahmotsavam celebrated during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil month]] of ''Panguni'' (April - May) is the major festival of the temple.<ref name=Chari/> To indicate the legend of Kanikannan, the festive image of Yathothkari, Tirumalisai Alvar and Kanikkannan are taken in procession to [[Orikkai]] village to have a short stay during the Thai Magam festival celebrated during the Tamil month of Thai (January - February).<ref name=M17/> Alvar Utsavam is a festival celebrated annually during the birth date of the Poigai Alvar based on [[Tamil calendar]] in the temple.<ref>{{cite news|title=Alwar utsavam |url=http://www.hindu.com/2003/10/20/stories/2003102009350300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040103141336/http://www.hindu.com/2003/10/20/stories/2003102009350300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2004|date=20 October 2003|work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=22 April 2014}}</ref>

==Religious importance==
[[File:Yathothkari (8).jpg|200px|thumb|[[Poigai Azhwar|Poigai Alvar]] in the temple]]
This temple was the temple [[Vedanta Desika]] dedicated vegasetu stotram! The temple finds mention in ''Perumpaanatrupadai'' written by [[Patanjali]]. There is a mention about the temple in ''[[Silappatikaram]]'' (2nd-3rd century CE), ''Patanjali Mahabharatham'' and ''[[Tolkāppiyam]]'' (3rd century BCE). The temple is revered in ''[[Nalayira Divya Prabandham]]'', the 7th–9th century Vaishnava canon, by [[Poigai Azhwar|Poigai Alvar]], [[Peyalvar]], [[Bhoothathazhwar|Bhoothathalvar]] and [[Thirumazhisai Aazhwar|Thirumalisai Avar]]. The Alvars have sung praise on the different forms of Yathothkari Peruamal. The temple is classified as a ''[[Divyadesam|Divya Desam]]'', one of the 108 Vishnu temples that are mentioned in the book. Many [[acharyas]] have also written songs on the various forms of God in this Temple.<ref name=MS/>

The temple is considered the birthplace of [[Poigai Azhwar|Poigai Alvar]], one of the first three [[Azhwar|Alvar]] saints. He was found in a small pond (called ''Poigai'' in [[Tamil language|Tamil]]) near the temple. The temple and the pond are thus considered holy as it is the birthplace of the saint.<ref name="Dalal308">[[#Dalal|Dalal]] 2011, p. 308</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Vaiṣṇavism: Its Philosophy, Theology, and Religious Discipline|last=Chari|first=S.M. Srinivasa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=evmiLInyxBMC&q=poygai&pg=PA44|page=202|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishes|year=1994|isbn=9788120810983}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Grundriss der indo-arischen Philologie und Altertumskunde: (Encyclopedia of Indo-Aryan research)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AdstAAAAMAAJ&q=poygai&pg=RA1-PA49|page=4|last1=Bühler|first1=Georg |last2=Kielhorn|first2=Franz|last3=Lüders|first3=Heinrich |last4=Wackernagel|first4=Jacob |publisher=K.J. Trübner|year=1897}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite book |last=Ayyar |first=P. V. Jagadisa |title=South Indian shrines: illustrated |year=1991 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-206-0151-3|ref=Ayyar}}
* {{cite book|title=108 Vaishnavite Divya Desam Volume 1|publisher=Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams |location=Tirupati|year=1993|last=M.S.|first=Ramesh|ref=MS}}
* {{cite book|title=Vishnu Temples of South India Volume 1 (Tamil Nadu)|first=Chithra|publisher=Chithra Madhavan|last=Madhavan|isbn=978-81-908445-0-5|year=2007|ref=Madhavan}}
* {{cite book|title=An introduction to religion and Philosophy - Tévarám and Tivviyappirapantam|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.jZY9lup2kZl6TuXGlZQdjZY2lZpy.TVA_BOK_0006115|last=R.|first=Dr. Vijayalakshmy|publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies| location=Chennai|year=2001|edition=1st|ref=R.}}
* {{cite book|title=Temples of Tamil Nadu|last=Rao|first=A.V.Shankaranarayana|publisher=Vasan Publications|isbn=978-81-8468-112-3|year=2012|page=52|ref=Rao}}
{{refend}}

{{Commons Category|Yathothkari Perumal Temple}}
{{Vaishnavism}}
{{HinduMythology}}
{{Famous Vishnu temples}}

[[Category:Perumal temples in Kanchipuram district]]
[[Category:Divya Desams| ]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Kanchipuram]]

Polyandry

2025-09-14T05:44:36Z

Musariaz: cleaned up content also and corrected details to improve readability

{{Short description|Mating system in which the female partner may have multiple partners}}
{{About|polyandrous marriage practices|polyandrous animal mating|Polyandry in nature}}
[[File:Draupadi and Pandavas.jpg|thumb|upright=1.20|alt=Illustration of Draupadi, a princess and queen in the [[ancient India]]n epic "Mahabharata", with her five brother husbands|[[Draupadi]] and her five brother husbands, the [[Pandava]]s. Top down, from left to right: the twins [[Nakula]] and [[Sahadeva]] stand either side of the throne on which [[Yudhishthira]] and Draupadi sit between [[Bhima]] and [[Arjuna]].]]
{{Anthropology of kinship |concepts}}
{{Close relationships |types}}

'''Polyandry''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|ɒ|l|i|ˌ|æ|n|d|r|i|,_|ˌ|p|ɒ|l|i|ˈ|æ|n|-}}; {{etymology|grc|''{{wikt-lang|grc|πολύ}}'' ({{grc-transl|πολύ}})|many||''{{wikt-lang|grc|ἀνήρ}}'' ({{grc-transl|ἀνήρ}})|man}}) is a form of [[polygamy]] in which a woman takes two or more husbands at the same time. Polyandry is contrasted with [[polygyny]], involving one male and two or more females. If a marriage involves a plural number of "husbands and wives" participants of each gender, then it can be called polygamy,<ref>{{cite journal|author1=McCullough, Derek|author2=Hall, David S.|title=Polyamory – What it is and what it isn't.|journal=Electronic Journal of Human Sexuality|date=27 February 2003|volume=6|url=http://www.ejhs.org/volume6/polyamory.htm|access-date=30 July 2015|archive-date=10 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210093927/http://www.ejhs.org/volume6/polyamory.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> [[group marriage|group or conjoint marriage]].<ref name="Zeitzen">{{cite book |last=Zeitzen |first=Miriam Koktvedgaard |title=Polygamy: a cross-cultural analysis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WIzHjpTJgdQC&pg=PA3 |publisher=Berg |page=3 |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-84520-220-0 |access-date=2017-06-08 |archive-date=2020-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801115116/https://books.google.com/books?id=WIzHjpTJgdQC&pg=PA3 |url-status=live }}</ref> In its broadest use, polyandry refers to sexual relations with multiple males within or without marriage.

Of the 1,231 societies listed in the 1980 Ethnographic Atlas, 186 were found to be monogamous, 453 had occasional polygyny, 588 had more frequent polygyny, and four had polyandry.<ref name="Atlas">[http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/Codebook4EthnoAtlas.pdf ''Ethnographic Atlas Codebook''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121118232413/http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/Codebook4EthnoAtlas.pdf |date=2012-11-18 }} derived from George P. Murdock's ''Ethnographic Atlas'' recording the marital composition of 1,231 societies from 1960 to 1980.</ref> Polyandry is less rare than this figure suggests, as it considered only those examples found in the Himalayan mountain region (eight societies). More recent studies have found at least four other societies practicing polyandry.<ref name="Starkweather/Hames 2012">{{cite journal |last2=Hames |first2=Raymond |last1=Starkweather |first1=Katherine |title=A survey of non-classical polyandry |journal=Human Nature (Hawthorne, N.Y.) |year=2012 |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=149–150 |doi=10.1007/s12110-012-9144-x |pmid=22688804 |s2cid=2008559 |url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1049&context=anthropologyfacpub |access-date=2020-11-19 |archive-date=2019-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204020235/http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1049&context=anthropologyfacpub |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Fraternal polyandry is practiced among [[Tibetan people|Tibetans]] in [[Nepal]] and parts of [[China]], in which two or more brothers are married to the same wife, with the wife having equal sexual access to them.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Dreger |first1=A. |title=When Taking Multiple Husbands Makes Sense |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2013/02/when-taking-multiple-husbands-makes-sense/272726/ |access-date=31 July 2018 |magazine=The Atlantic |date=2013 |archive-date=31 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731183141/https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2013/02/when-taking-multiple-husbands-makes-sense/272726/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Gielen1993">Gielen, U. P. (1993). Gender Roles in traditional Tibetan cultures. In L. L. Adler (Ed.), ''International handbook on gender roles'' (pp. 413–437). Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.</ref> It is associated with ''[[partible paternity]]'', the cultural belief that a child can have more than one father.<ref name="Starkweather/Hames 2012"/> Several ethnic groups practicing [[polyandry in India]] identify their customs with their descent from [[Draupadi]], a central character of the [[Mahabharta|Mahabharata]] who was married to five brothers, although local practices may not be fraternal themselves.

Polyandry is believed to be more likely in societies with scarce environmental resources. It is believed to limit human population growth and enhance child survival.<ref name="Gielen1993" /><ref name="Stone2006">(Linda Stone, ''Kinship and Gender'', 2006, Westview, 3rd ed., ch. 6) [http://www.case.edu/affil/tibet/tibetanSociety/marriage.htm The Center for Research on Tibet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121072233/http://case.edu/affil/tibet/tibetanSociety/marriage.htm |date=2018-01-21 }} Papers on Tibetan Marriage and Polyandry (accessed October 1, 2006).</ref> It is a rare form of marriage that exists not only among peasant families but also among elite families.<ref>Goldstein, "Pahari and Tibetan Polyandry Revisited" in ''[[Ethnology (journal)|Ethnology]]'' 17(3): 325–327 (1978) ([http://www.case.edu/affil/tibet/tibetanSociety/marriage.htm The Center for Research on Tibet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121072233/http://case.edu/affil/tibet/tibetanSociety/marriage.htm |date=2018-01-21 }}; accessed October 1, 2007).</ref> For example, polyandry in the Himalayan mountains is related to the scarcity of land. The marriage of all brothers in a family to the same wife allows family land to remain intact and undivided. If every brother married separately and had children, family land would be split into unsustainable small plots. In contrast, very poor persons not owning land were less likely to practice polyandry in Buddhist [[Ladakh]] and [[Zanskar]].<ref name="Gielen1993" />{{check source |reason=Isn't Zanskar a place within Ladakh? |date=September 2022}}

In Europe, the splitting up of land was prevented through the social practice of impartible inheritance. With most siblings disinherited, many of them became celibate monks and priests.<ref>{{cite book |last=Levine |first=Nancy |title=The Dynamics of polyandry: kinship, domesticity, and population on the Tibetan border |year=1988 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago|isbn=0226475689}}</ref>

==Types==

===Successional polyandry ===
Unlike in fraternal polyandry (where a woman will receive a number of husbands simultaneously), in successional polyandry, a woman will acquire one husband after another in sequence.

This form is flexible. These men may or may not be related. And it may or may not incorporate a [[Hierarchical|hierarchical system]], where one husband is considered primary and may be allotted certain rights or privileges not awarded to secondary husbands, such as biologically fathering a child.

In cases where one husband has a primary role, the secondary husbands have the power to succeed the primary if he were to become severely ill or be away from the home for a long period of time or is otherwise rendered incapable of fulfilling his husbandly duties.

Successional polyandry can likewise be [[Egalitarianism|egalitarian]], where all husbands are equal in status and receive the same rights and privileges. In this system, each husband will have a wedding ceremony and share the paternity of whatever children she may bear.

===Associated polyandry ===
Another form of polyandry is a combination of polyandry and polygyny; whereas women are married to several men simultaneously and the same men may marry other women. It is found in some tribes of Africa such as villages in northern Nigeria and northern Cameroon. Usually, one of the woman's husbands will be chosen to be the husband of a woman from another tribe who would also have many husbands; this double-polyandrous union serves to form a marital alliance between tribes.

''Other Classifications: Equal polygamy, [[Polygynandry]]''

The system results in less land fragmentation, and a diversification of domestic activities.

===Fraternal polyandry===
{{see also|Polyandry in Tibet}}

Fraternal polyandry (from the [[Latin]] ''frater''—brother), also called '''adelphic polyandry''' (from the [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] ''{{Lang|grc|ἀδελφός}}''—brother), is a form of polyandry in which a woman is married to two or more men who are brothers. Fraternal polyandry was (and sometimes still is) found in certain areas of [[Tibet]], [[Nepal]], and Northern India, as well as some central African cultures<ref>{{cite news|last1=Banerjee|first1=Partha S.|title=Wild, Windy and Harsh, yet Stunningly Beautiful|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020421/spectrum/travel.htm|work=The Sunday Tribune|date=21 April 2002|access-date=19 August 2008|archive-date=4 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804121514/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020421/spectrum/travel.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> where polyandry was accepted as a social practice.<ref name="Gielen1993" /><ref name="Levine, Nancy">Levine, Nancy, ''The Dynamics of Polyandry: Kinship, domesticity and population on the Tibetan border'', Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988.{{Page needed|date=August 2011}}</ref> The [[Toda people]] of southern [[India]] practiced fraternal polyandry, but monogamy has become prevalent recently.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sidner|first1=Sara|title=Brothers Share Wife to Secure Family Land|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/10/24/polygamy.investigation/index.html|work=CNN|access-date=2008-10-24|archive-date=2020-01-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126210132/http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/10/24/polygamy.investigation/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In contemporary Hindu society, polyandrous marriages in [[agrarian societies]] in the [[Malwa (Punjab)|Malwa]] region of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] seem to occur to avoid division of farming land.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/modern-draupadis-exist-in-mansa-villages/articleshow/7847515.cms|title=Modern Draupadis exist in Mansa villages | India News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=2 April 2011 }}</ref>

Fraternal polyandry achieves a similar goal to that of [[primogeniture]] in 19th-century England. Primogeniture dictated that the eldest son inherited the family estate, while younger sons had to leave home and seek their own employment. Primogeniture maintained family estates intact over generations by permitting only one heir per generation. Fraternal polyandry also accomplishes this, but does so by keeping all the brothers together with just one wife so that there is only one set of heirs per generation.<ref>{{cite book |last=Goldstein |first=Melvyn |title=Natural History |year=1987 |publisher=Natural History Magazine |pages=39–48}}</ref> This strategy appears less successful the larger the fraternal sibling group is.<ref>{{cite journal|author2-link=Joan Silk |last2=Silk |first2=Joan B. |last1=Levine |first1=Nancy |title=Why Polyandry Fails: Sources of Instability in Polyandrous marriages |journal=Current Anthropology |year=1997 |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=375–98 |doi=10.1086/204624|s2cid=17048791 }}</ref>

Some forms of polyandry appear to be associated with a perceived need to retain [[Aristocracy (class)|aristocratic]] titles or [[agricultural]] [[Real Property|land]]s within kin groups, and/or because of the frequent absence, for long periods, of a man from the household. In Tibet the practice was particularly popular among the priestly [[Sakya (tribe)|Sakya]] class.

The female equivalent of fraternal polyandry is [[sororate marriage]].

===Partible paternity===
Anthropologist Stephen Beckerman points out that at least 20 tribal societies accept that a child could, and ideally should, have more than one father, referring to it as "[[partible paternity]]".<ref name=beckerman>Beckerman, S., Valentine, P., ''(eds)'' (2002) ''The Theory and Practice of Partible Paternity in South America,'' University Press of Florida</ref> This often results in the shared nurture of a child by multiple fathers in a form of polyandric relation to the mother, although this is not always the case.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Starkweather, Katie|title=A Preliminary Survey of Lesser-Known Polyandrous Societies|date=2009|journal=Nebraska Anthropologist|url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/nebanthro/50|access-date=2013-08-04|archive-date=2020-10-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001170847/https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/nebanthro/50/|url-status=live}}</ref> One of the most well known examples is that of [[Trobriand]] "virgin birth". The matrilineal Trobriand Islanders recognize the importance of sex in reproduction but do not believe the male makes a contribution to the constitution of the child, who therefore remains attached to their mother's lineage alone. The mother's non-resident husbands are not recognized as fathers, although the mother's co-resident brothers are, since they are part of the mother's lineage.

==Culture==
According to inscriptions describing the reforms of the [[Sumer]]ian king [[Urukagina]] of [[Lagash]] ({{circa|2300 BC}}), the earlier custom of polyandry in his country was abolished, on pain of the woman taking multiple husbands being stoned with stones upon which her crime was written.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8G43DwAAQBAJ&q=stoned |title=Engaging the Powers: 25th Anniversary Edition |first=Walter|last=Wink |date=October 15, 2017 |publisher=Fortress Press|via=Google Books |page=40 |isbn=9781506438542 }}</ref>

An extreme [[gender imbalance]] has been suggested as a justification for polyandry. For example, the selective abortion of female children in India has led to a significant margin in [[human sex ratio|sex ratio]] and, it has been suggested, results in related men "sharing" a wife.<ref>{{cite news |last=Arsenault |first=Chris |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/features/2011/10/201110415385524923.html |title=Millions of aborted girls imbalance India |newspaper=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]] |date=24 October 2011 |quote=While prospects for conflict are unclear, other problems including human trafficking, prostitution and polyandry—men (usually relatives) sharing a wife—are certain to get worse. |access-date=29 October 2011 |archive-date=9 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111109041205/http://english.aljazeera.net//indepth/features/2011/10/201110415385524923.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Known cases==

[[Polyandry in Tibet]] was a common practice and continues to a lesser extent today. A survey of 753 Tibetan families by [[Tibet University]] in 1988 found that 13% practiced polyandry.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ma |first1=Rong |title=试论藏族的"一妻多夫"婚姻 |journal=《民族学报》 |date=2000 |issue=6 |url=http://www.mzb.com.cn/res/Home/0904/1/%E8%97%8F%E6%97%8F%E5%A9%9A%E5%A7%BB.pdf |access-date=31 July 2018 |language=zh |archive-date=31 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731153518/http://www.mzb.com.cn/res/Home/0904/1/%E8%97%8F%E6%97%8F%E5%A9%9A%E5%A7%BB.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Polyandry in India]] still exists among minorities, and also in [[Bhutan]], and the northern parts of [[Nepal]]. Polyandry has been practised in several parts of India, such as [[Rajasthan]], [[Ladakh]] and [[Zanskar]], in the [[Jaunsar-Bawar]] region in [[Uttarakhand]], among the [[Toda (tribe)|Toda]] of [[South India]].<ref name="Gielen1993" /><ref name="Palm">{{cite news |title=Polyandry Practice Fascinates Prince |first=Dee |last=Whittington |newspaper=[[The Palm Beach Post]] |page=50 |date=December 12, 1976 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=blc0AAAAIBAJ&pg=2638,6668094&dq=polyandry+sri+lanka&hl=en |access-date=October 14, 2010}}</ref>

It also occurs or has occurred in [[Nigeria]], the Nymba,<ref name="Palm" />{{Clarify|reason=see Talk:Polyandry#Nymba|date=November 2014}}  Irigwe<ref>Sangree, W. H. (1980). The persistence of polyandry in lrigwe, Nigeria. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 11(3), 335–343.</ref> and some pre-contact [[Polynesians|Polynesian]] societies,<ref>Goldman I., 1970, ''Ancient Polynesian Society''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press'</ref> though probably only among higher caste women.<ref>{{cite journal |jstor=40332354 |pages=261–270 |last1=Thomas |first1=N. |title=Complementarity and History Misrecognizing Gender in the Pacific |volume=57 |issue=4 |journal=Oceania |year=1987|doi=10.1002/j.1834-4461.1987.tb02221.x }}</ref> It is also encountered in some regions of Yunnan and Sichuan regions of China, among the [[Mosuo people]] in [[China]] (who also practice polygyny as well), and among some sub-Saharan Africans such as the [[Maasai people]] in [[Kenya]] and northern [[Tanzania]]<ref>''The Last of the Maasai''. Mohamed Amin, Duncan Willetts, John Eames. 1987. Pp. 86–87. Camerapix Publishers International. {{ISBN|1-874041-32-6}}</ref> and American indigenous communities. The [[Guanches]], the first known inhabitants of the [[Canary Islands]], practiced polyandry until Spanish colonization.<ref>{{cite journal |date=October 1891 |title=On Polyandry |journal=[[Popular Science]] |publisher=Bonnier Corporation |volume=39 |issue=52 |pages=804 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7CEDAAAAMBAJ&q=polyandry+Guanches&pg=PA801 }}</ref> The [[Zoe (tribe)|Zo'e tribe]] in the state of [[Pará]] on the [[Cuminapanema River]], [[Brazil]], also practice polyandry.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Starkweather |first=Kathrine E. |degree=Master's |title=''Exploration into Human Polyandry: An Evolutionary Examination of the Non-Classical Cases'' |url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1005&context=anthrotheses |year=2010 |publisher=[[University of Nebraska–Lincoln]] |access-date=October 14, 2010 |archive-date=June 11, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611172207/http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1005&context=anthrotheses |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Africa===
[[File:Polyandry (bold, color).svg|thumb|Polyandry]]
*In the Lake Region of Central Africa, "Polygyny ... was uncommon. Polyandry, on the other hand, was quite common."<ref>Warren R. Dawson (ed.): ''The Frazer Lectures, 1922–1932''. Macmillan & Co, 1932. p. 33.</ref>
* Among the Irigwe of Northern Nigeria, women have traditionally acquired numerous spouses called "co-husbands".
* In August 2013, two [[Kenya]]n men entered into an agreement to marry a woman with whom they had both been having an affair. Kenyan law does not explicitly forbid polyandry, although it is not a common custom.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-23840824|title=Kenyan trio in 'wife-sharing' deal|publisher=BBC|date=26 August 2013|access-date=20 June 2018|archive-date=11 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811224427/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-23840824|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Asia===
{{See also|Polyandry in India|Polyandry in Tibet}}
* In the reign of [[Urukagina]] of Lagash, "Dyandry, the marriage of one woman to two men, is abolished."<ref>J. Bottero, E. Cassin & J. Vercoutter (eds.) (translated by R. F. Tannenbaum): ''The Near East: the Early Civilizations''. New York, 1967. p. 82.</ref>
* M. [[Nicolas Notovitch|Notovitck]] mentioned polyandry in [[Ladakh]] or Little 'Tibet' in his record of his journey to Tibet. ("[[The Life of Issa|The Unknown life of Jesus Christ]]" by [[Virchand Gandhi]].)
* Polyandry was widely (and to some extent still is) practised in Lahaul-Spiti situated in isolation in the high Himalayas in India.
* Prior to Islam, in Arabia (southern) "All the kindred have their property in common ...; all have one wife" whom they share.<ref>Strabōn : ''Geographia'' 16:4:25, C 783. Translated in Robertson Smith: ''Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia'', p. 158; quoted in [https://books.google.com/books?id=HWAbAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA154&lpg=PA154&dq= Edward Westermarck: ''The History of Human Marriage''. New York: Allerton Books Co., 1922. vol. 3, p. 154.] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018042907/https://books.google.com/books?id=HWAbAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA154&lpg=PA154&dq= |date=2015-10-18 }}</ref>
* The Hoa-tun ([[Hephthalite]]s, White Huns) "living to the north of the Great Wall ... practiced polyandry."<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20090529002250/http://www.taiwandna.com/ChineseXinjiangPage.html Xinjiang]}}</ref> Among the Hephthalites, "the practice of several husbands to one wife, or polyandry, was always the rule, which is agreed on by all commentators. That this was plain was evidenced by the custom among the women of wearing a hat containing a number of horns, one for each of the subsequent husbands, all of whom were also brothers to the husband. Indeed, if a husband had no natural brothers, he would adopt another man to be his brother so that he would be allowed to marry."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rick-heli.info/silkroad/eph.html |title=The Hephthalites of Central Asia |website=Rick-heli.info |access-date=6 April 2018 |archive-date=10 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310060957/http://www.rick-heli.info/silkroad/eph.html |url-status=usurped}}</ref>
* "Polyandry is very widespread among the [[Sherpa people|Sherpas]]."<ref>René von Nebesky-Wojkowitz (translated by Michael Bullock) :one research done by one organization about Fraternal Polyandry in Nepal and its detail data find [http://volunteercharitywork.org/polyandry_research.php here] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110803141335/http://volunteercharitywork.org/polyandry_research.php |date=2011-08-03 }} ''Where the Gods are Mountains''. New York: Reynal & Co. p. 152.</ref>
* In Bhutan in 1914, polyandry was "the prevailing domestic custom".<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/cu31924023234531/cu31924023234531_djvu.txt L. W. Shakespear: ''History of Upper Assam, Upper Burmah and North-eastern Frontier''. London: Macmillan & Co., 1914.] p. 92.</ref> Nowadays polyandry is rare, but still found for instance among the Brokpas of the Merak-Sakten region.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kuenselonline.com/feature-all-in-the-family/ |title=Feature: All in the Family |access-date=2014-12-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511100949/http://www.kuenselonline.com/feature-all-in-the-family/ |archive-date=2015-05-11 |publisher=Kuensel |date=27 August 2007 }}</ref>
* In several villages in [[Nyarixung]] Township, [[Xigaze Prefecture|Xigaze]], Tibet, up to 90% of families practiced polyandry in 2008.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Suozhen |title=西藏一妻多夫婚姻研究 |date=2009 |publisher=China University of Political Science and Law |url=http://xuewen.cnki.net/ArticleCatalog.aspx?filename=2009087442.nh&dbtype=CMFD&dbname=CMFD2009 |access-date=31 July 2018 |language=zh |archive-date=31 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731153758/http://xuewen.cnki.net/ArticleCatalog.aspx?filename=2009087442.nh&dbtype=CMFD&dbname=CMFD2009 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Among the [[Nivkh people|Gilyak]]s of Sakhalin Island "polyandry is also practiced."<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/russiannihilisme00buelrich/russiannihilisme00buelrich_djvu.txt ''Russian Nihilism and Exile Life in Siberia''. San Francisco: A. L. Bancroft & Co., 1883.] p. 365.</ref>
* Fraternal polyandry was permitted in Sri Lanka under Kandyan Marriage law, often described using the euphemism ''eka-ge-kama'' (literally "eating in one house").<ref>{{cite web |last=Hussein |first=Asiff |title=Traditional Sinhalese Marriage Laws and Customs |url=http://www.lankalibrary.com/rit/marry.htm |access-date=28 April 2012 |archive-date=21 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120521061007/http://www.lankalibrary.com/rit/marry.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>{{disputed inline|date=September 2019|talk=Sri Lanka}} Associated Polyandry, or polyandry that begins as monogamy, with the second husband entering the relationship later, is also practiced<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lavenda |first1=Robert H. |last2=Schultz |first2=Emily A |title=Additional Varieties Polyandry |url=http://www.oup.com/us/companion.websites/9780195189766/student_resources/Supp_chap_mats/Chap13/Additional_Varieties_Polyandry/?view=usa |work=Anthropology: What Does It Mean To Be Human? |access-date=28 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081005175758/http://www.oup.com/us/companion.websites/9780195189766/student_resources/Supp_chap_mats/Chap13/Additional_Varieties_Polyandry/?view=usa |archive-date=5 October 2008 }}</ref> and is sometimes initiated by the wife.<ref>{{cite web |last=Levine |first=NE |title=Conclusion |url=https://urresearch.rochester.edu/fileDownloadForInstitutionalItem.action?itemId=6274&itemFileId=10010 |work=Asian and African Systems of Polyandry |access-date=28 April 2012 |archive-date=16 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216001112/https://urresearch.rochester.edu/fileDownloadForInstitutionalItem.action?itemId=6274&itemFileId=10010 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Polyandry was common in Sri Lanka, until it was banned by the British in 1859.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kok |first1=Jan |last2=Bulten |first2=Luc |last3=Leede |first3=Bente M. de |title=Persecuted or permitted? Fraternal Polyandry in a Calvinist colony, Sri Lanka (Ceylon), seventeenth and eighteenth centuries |journal=Continuity and Change |year=2021 |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=347–348 |doi=10.1017/S0268416021000308 |s2cid=246905403 |doi-access=free |hdl=2066/247308 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

===Europe===
[[File:Sepulchral inscription of Allia Potestas (1st–4th century CE) - 200505.jpg|thumb|Sepulchral inscription for Allia Potestas, ''Museo Epigrafico'', ''Terme di Diocleziano'', Rome]]
*Reporting on the mating patterns in ancient [[Greece]], specifically [[Sparta]], [[Plutarch]] writes: "Thus if an older man with a young wife should take a liking to one of the well-bred young men and approve of him, he might well introduce him to her so as to fill her with noble sperm and then adopt the child as his own. Conversely a respectable man who admired someone else’s wife noted for her lovely children and her good sense, might gain the husband’s permission to sleep with her thereby planting in fruitful soil, so to speak, and producing fine children who would be linked to fine ancestors by blood and family."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://vico.wikispaces.com/Sparta63|title=Sparta63|website=Vico.wikispaces.com|access-date=6 April 2018|archive-date=28 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728011840/https://vico.wikispaces.com/Sparta63|url-status=live}}</ref>
*"According to Julius Caesar, it was customary among the ancient Britons for brothers, and sometimes for fathers and sons, to have their wives in common."<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://infomotions.com/etexts/gutenberg/dirs/1/1/9/3/11934/11934.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100625021451/http://infomotions.com/etexts/gutenberg/dirs/1/1/9/3/11934/11934.htm |url-status=dead |first=Henry Theophilus |last=Finck |title=Primitive Love and Love-Stories |date=1899 |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |archivedate=June 25, 2010}}</ref>
*"Polyandry prevailed among the Lacedaemonians according to Polybius."<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/cu31924021847060/cu31924021847060_djvu.txt John Ferguson McLennon : ''Studies in Ancient History''. Macmillan & Co., 1886.] p. xxv</ref> (Polybius vii.7.732, following Timæus)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=2078&chapter=157846&layout=html&Itemid=27 |title=Henry Sumner Maine : ''Dissertations on Early Law and Custom''. London: John Murray, 1883. Chapter IV, Note B. |access-date=2009-12-11 |archive-date=2011-02-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110211125743/http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=2078&chapter=157846&layout=html&Itemid=27 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*"The matrons of Rome flocked in great crowds to the Senate, begging with tears and entreaties that one woman should be married to two men."<ref>Macrobius (translated by Percival V. Davies): ''The Saturnalia''. New York: Columbia University Press, 1969, p. 53 (1:6:22)</ref>
*The gravestone of [[Allia Potestas]], a woman from [[Perusia]], describes how she lived peacefully with two lovers, one of whom immortalized her in his famous epigraphic eulogy, dating (probably) from the second century.<ref name="horsfall85">Horsfall, N:''CIL VI 37965 = CLE 1988 (Epitaph of Allia Potestas): A Commentary'', ZPE 61: 1985</ref>

===North America===
* [[Aleut people]] in the 19th century<ref>Katherine E. Starkweather & Raymond
Hames. "[http://www.unl.edu/rhames/Starkweather-Hames-Polyandry-published.pdf A Survey of Non-Classical Polyandry] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228165115/http://www.unl.edu/rhames/Starkweather-Hames-Polyandry-published.pdf |date=2013-02-28 }}". Human Nature An Interdisciplinary Biosocial Perspective ISSN 1045-6767 Volume 23 Number 2 Hum Nat (2012) 23:149–172 DOI 10.1007/s12110-012-9144-x 12 Jun 2012.</ref>
* [[Inuit]]<ref>Starkweather, Katherine E. and Raymond Hames. [https://www.academia.edu/1785593/A_Survey_of_Non-Classical_Polyandry "A Survey of Non-Classical Polyandry."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106101913/http://www.academia.edu/1785593/A_Survey_of_Non-Classical_Polyandry |date=2016-11-06 }} 12 June 2012. Retrieved 28 Dec 2013.</ref>

===Oceania===
* Among the [[Kanak people|Kanak]] of [[New Caledonia]], "every woman is the property of several husbands. It is this collection of husbands, having one wife in common, that...live together in a hut, with their common wife."<ref>Dr. Jacobs: ''Untrodden Fields of Anthropology''. New York: Falstaff Press, 1937. vol. 2, p. 219.</ref>
* [[Marquesan]]s had "a society in which households were polyandrous".<ref>{{cite book |first=Roslyn |last=Poignant |title=Oceanic Mythology |publisher=Paul Hamlyn |location=London |date=1967 |page=69 }}</ref>
* [[Friedrich Ratzel]] in ''The History of Mankind''<ref>{{cite web |first=Ratzel |last=Friedrich |publisher=MacMillan |date=1896 |url=http://www.inquirewithin.biz/history/american_pacific/oceania/courtship-weddings.htm |title=The History of Mankind |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120727043227/http://www.inquirewithin.biz/history/american_pacific/oceania/courtship-weddings.htm |archive-date=2012-07-27 }}</ref> reported in 1896 that in the [[New Hebrides]] there was a kind of convention in cases of widowhood, that two widowers shall live with one widow.

===South America===
* "The [[Bororo]]s ... among them...there are also cases of polyandry."<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/cu31924029884099/cu31924029884099_djvu.txt ''Races of Man : an Outline of Anthropology''. London: Walter Scott Press, 1901.] p. 566.</ref>
* "The Tupi-Kawahib also practice fraternal polyandry."<ref>C. Lévi-Strauss (translated by John Russell): ''Tristes Tropiques''. New York: Criterion Books, 1961, p. 352.</ref>
* "...up to 70 percent of Amazonian cultures may have believed in the principle of multiple paternity"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/11/101110161930.htm|title=Multiple fathers prevalent in Amazonian cultures, study finds|website=Sciencedaily.com|access-date=6 April 2018|archive-date=9 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809212333/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/11/101110161930.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Mapuche polygamy|Mapuche polyandry]] is rare but not unheard of.<ref name=Milla2018>{{Cite thesis|title=Poligamia mapuche / Pu domo ñi Duam (un asunto de mujeres): Politización y despolitización de una práctica en relación a la posición de las mujeres al interior de la sociedad mapuche|last=Millaleo Hernández|first=Ana Gabriel|degree=PhD|year=2018|publisher=[[University of Chile]] |url=http://repositorio.conicyt.cl/bitstream/handle/10533/220808/TesisDocAnaMillaleoCONICYT.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|place=Santiago de Chile|language=Spanish|access-date=2021-01-30|archive-date=2019-07-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711025315/http://repositorio.conicyt.cl/bitstream/handle/10533/220808/TesisDocAnaMillaleoCONICYT.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|url-status=live}}</ref> The men are often brothers.<ref name="Milla2018" />

==Religious attitudes==
{{Religious text primary|section|date=September 2015}}

===Hinduism ===
[[File:Pandavas with Draupadi OR ayudhapurushas facing Madhu Kaitabha.jpg|thumb|[[Draupadi]] with her five husbands – the [[Pandavas]]. The central figure is [[Yudhishthira]]; the two to his left are [[Bhima]] and [[Arjuna]]. [[Nakula]] and [[Sahadeva]], the twins, are to his right. Their wife, at far right, is Draupadi. [[Deogarh, Uttar Pradesh|Deogarh]], [[Dashavatara Temple, Deogarh|Dashavatara Hindu Temple]].]]

There is at least one reference to polyandry in the ancient [[Hindu]] epic ''[[Mahabharata]]''. [[Draupadi]] married the five [[Pandava]] brothers, as this is what she chose in a previous life. This ancient text remains largely neutral to the concept of polyandry, accepting this as her way of life.<ref>{{cite book |title=The position of women in Hindu civilization, from prehistoric times to the present day |last=Altekar |first=Anant Sadashiv |year=1959 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ |isbn=978-81-208-0324-4 |page=112 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VYG4K0yYHQgC&pg=PA112 |access-date=October 14, 2010 |archive-date=September 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921050741/https://books.google.com/books?id=VYG4K0yYHQgC&pg=PA112 |url-status=live }}</ref> However, in the same epic, when questioned by [[Kunti]] to give an example of polyandry, [[Yudhishthira]] cites Jatila of the lineage of [[Gautama Maharishi|Gautama]] (married to the seven [[Saptarishi]]) and [[Hiranyaksha]]'s sister Pracheti (married to ten brothers), thereby implying a more open attitude toward polyandry in [[Hindu]] society.<ref name="sacred-texts">{{cite web|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01199.htm|title=The Mahabharata, Book 1: Adi Parva: Vaivahika Parva: Section CLXLVIII|website=Sacred-texts.com|access-date=6 April 2018|archive-date=19 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419174401/http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01199.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Judaism===
The Hebrew Bible contains no examples of women married to more than one man,<ref>Coogan, Michael D., ''A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament: The Hebrew Bible in Its Context'', Oxford University Press, 2008, p. 264, [https://books.google.com/books?id=2rxBAQAAIAAJ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151102034034/https://books.google.com/books?id=2rxBAQAAIAAJ|date=2015-11-02}}</ref><ref>Bromiley, Geoffrey W., ''The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia'', Volume 1, Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1980, p. 262, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Zkla5Gl_66oC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151205165035/https://books.google.com/books?id=Zkla5Gl_66oC|date=2015-12-05}}</ref> but its description of [[adultery]] clearly implies that polyandry is unacceptable<ref>Fuchs, Esther, ''Sexual Politics in the Biblical Narrative: Reading the Hebrew Bible as a Woman'', Continuum International, 2000, p. 122, [https://books.google.com/books?id=xyvZT6PRsP0C] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151030103524/https://books.google.com/books?id=xyvZT6PRsP0C|date=2015-10-30}}</ref><ref>Satlow, Michael L., ''Jewish Marriage in Antiquity'', Princeton University Press, 2001, p. 189, [https://books.google.com/books?id=-tCwHpLFKTYC]</ref> and the practice is unknown in Jewish tradition.<ref>Witte, John & Ellison, Eliza; ''Covenant Marriage In Comparative Perspective'', Wm. B. Eerdmans, 2005, p. 56, [https://books.google.com/books?id=9zY2vQ7NPPoC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015182548/https://books.google.com/books?id=9zY2vQ7NPPoC|date=2015-10-15}}</ref><ref>''Marriage, Sex And Family in Judaism'', Rowman & Littlefield, 2005, p. 90, [https://books.google.com/books?id=JFny1k_bv5cC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123175340/https://books.google.com/books?id=JFny1k_bv5cC|date=2015-11-23}}</ref> In addition, the children from other than the first husband are considered illegitimate (i.e., [[mamzer]]s), unless he has already divorced her or died,<ref>{{cite book |title=Principles of Conduct: Aspects of Biblical Ethics |last=Murray |first=John |year=1991 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |isbn=978-0-8028-1144-8 |pages=250–256 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=phoqAAaGMpUC&pg=PA250 |access-date=October 14, 2010 |archive-date=September 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921050741/https://books.google.com/books?id=phoqAAaGMpUC&pg=PA250 |url-status=live }}</ref> being a product of an adulterous relationship.

===Christianity===
Most [[Christianity|Christian]] denominations in the [[Western world]] strongly advocate [[monogamy|monogamous]] marriage, and a passage from the Pauline epistles<ref>{{bibleverse||1 Corinthians|7|NRSV}}</ref> can be interpreted as forbidding polyandry.

===Latter-Day Saints===
{{Main|Mormonism and polygamy#Polyandry}}

[[Joseph Smith]], [[Brigham Young]], and other prominent early [[Mormons]] like [[Zina D. H. Young]], [[Sarah M. Cleveland]], [[Heber C. Kimball]], and [[Orson Hyde]], practiced religious [[Mormonism and polygamy#Polyandry|polyandry]] beginning in the mid-1800s.{{refn|<ref name=MormonPolyandry>{{Cite journal |last=Van Wagoner |first=Richard S. |date=1985-10-01 |title=Mormon Polyandry in Nauvoo |url=https://www.dialoguejournal.com/articles/mormon-polyandry-in-nauvoo/#pdf-wrap |journal=[[Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought|Dialogue]]|publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]] |volume=18 |issue=3 |doi=10.2307/45227986 |issn=0012-2157|pages=2,23,78 |jstor=45227986 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Nalley|first=James|title=Bethel's Patty Bartlett Sessions: The Mother of Mormon Midwifery |url=https://issuu.com/discovermainemagazine/docs/2022_western_lakes_and_mountains/s/21465762 |magazine=Discover Maine|publisher=CreMark|location=Portland, Maine|date=2022|page=79}}</ref><ref name=Expanding>{{Cite journal |last=Hales |first=Brian C. |date=2024-04-01 |title=Joseph Smith's 'Polyandry': Expanding the Narrative |url=https://scholarlypublishingcollective.org/jmh/article/50/2/105/386867/Joseph-Smith-s-Polyandry-Expanding-the-Narrative |journal=[[Journal of Mormon History]] |volume=50 |issue=2 |doi=10.5406/24736031.50.2.06 |url-access=subscription|issn=0094-7342|page=105}}</ref><ref name=Trajectory>{{Cite journal |last=Compton |first=Todd |author-link=Todd Compton|date=1996-07-01 |title=A Trajectory of Plurality: An Overview of Joseph Smith's Thirty-three Plural Wives |url=https://www.dialoguejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/sbi/articles/Dialogue_V29N02_21.pdf |journal=[[Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought|Dialogue]] |publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]]|volume=29 |issue=2 |doi=10.2307/45226184 |issn=0012-2157|page=22 |jstor=45226184 }}</ref>}} The performance of new polygamous marriages in the [[Latter Day Saint movement]]'s largest denomination, the [[Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (LDS Church), was partially ended by the [[1890 Manifesto]], and completely discontinued by the 1904 [[Second Manifesto]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Van Wagoner |first=Richard S. |url=https://archive.org/details/mormonpolygamyhi0000vanw_v2v1/mode/2up|url-access=registration|via=[[Internet Archive]] |title=Mormon Polygamy: A History |date=1989 |publisher=[[Signature Books]] |isbn=978-1-56085-303-9 |edition=2nd |oclc=681161668|pages=41–49, 242}}</ref><ref name=MormonPolyandry/> Existing polygamous marriages, including those of prominent LDS Church leaders, continued into the 1950s.<ref name=1950s>{{Cite web |last=Embry |first=Jessie L. |year=1994 |title=The History of Polygamy |url=https://heritage.utah.gov/history/uhg-history-polygamy-2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107044102/https://heritage.utah.gov/history/uhg-history-polygamy-2 |archive-date=2018-11-07 |access-date=2018-12-31 |publisher=[[Utah State Historical Society]] |quote=Those involved in plural marriages after 1904 were excommunicated; and those married between 1890 and 1904 were not to have church callings where other members would have to sustain them. Although the Mormon church officially prohibited new plural marriages after 1904, many plural husbands and wives continued to cohabit until their deaths in the 1940s and 1950s.}}</ref>

===Islam===
According to [[Islamic marital law]], polyandry is forbidden.<ref name="Rehman2007">{{cite journal|last1=Rehman|first1=J.|title=The Sharia, Islamic Family Laws and International Human Rights Law: Examining the Theory and Practice of Polygamy and Talaq|journal=International Journal of Law, Policy and the Family|volume=21|issue=1|year=2007|page=114|issn=1360-9939|doi=10.1093/lawfam/ebl023|quote=Polyandry is not permitted, so that Muslim women cannot have more than one husband at the same time}}</ref><ref name="wing_2008">{{cite journal|last1=Wing|first1=AK|title=Twenty-First Century Loving: Nationality, Gender, and Religion in the Muslim World|journal=Fordham Law Review|date=2008|volume=76|issue=6|page=2900|quote=Muslim women can only marry one man; no polyandry is allowed.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam |last=Ahmed |first=Mufti M. Mukarram |year=2005 |publisher=Anmol Publications PVT. LTD. |isbn=978-81-261-2339-1 |page=383 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JkrQ8AbgD1sC&pg=PA383 |access-date=October 14, 2010}}</ref>

==In biology==
{{main|Polyandry in nature}}
Polyandrous behaviour [[Polyandry in nature|exists in the animal kingdom]], occurring for example in certain insects, fish, birds, and mammals.

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Legal status of polygamy]]
* [[Matrilineality]]
* [[Polygyny in India]]
* [[Polyandry in India]]
* [[Polyandry in Tibet]]
* [[Sacred prostitution]]
* [[Sexual conflict]]
Types of mating, marriage and lifestyle:
* [[Bigamy]]
* [[Cuckold]]
* [[Cuckquean]]
* [[Eusociality]]
* [[Group marriage]]
* [[Monogamy]]
* [[Non-monogamy]]
* [[Open marriage]]
* [[Polyamory]]
* [[Polygamy]]
* [[Polygynandry]]
* [[Polygyny]]
* [[Unicorn hunting]]
* [[Threesome]]
* [[sororate marriage]]
* [[Lavender Marriage]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Levine, Nancy, ''The Dynamics of Polyandry: Kinship, domesticity and population on the Tibetan border'', Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988. {{ISBN|0-226-47569-7}}, {{ISBN|978-0-226-47569-1}}
* [[Prince Peter of Greece and Denmark|Peter, Prince of Greece]], ''A Study of Polyandry,'' The Hague, Mouton, 1963.
* {{cite journal |last1=Beall |first1=Cynthia M. |last2=Goldstein |first2=Melvyn C. |date=1981 |title=Tibetan Fraternal Polyandry: A Test of Sociobiological Theory |doi=10.1525/aa.1982.84.4.02a00170 |journal=American Anthropologist |volume=83 |issue=1 |pages=898–901 |doi-access=free }}
* Gielen, U. P. (1993). Gender Roles in traditional Tibetan cultures. In L. L. Adler (Ed.), ''International handbook on gender roles'' (pp. 413–437). Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
* {{cite journal |jstor=3629185 |pages=64–74 |last1=Goldstein |first1=M. C. |title=Stratification, Polyandry, and Family Structure in Central Tibet |volume=27 |issue=1 |journal=Southwestern Journal of Anthropology |year=1971|doi=10.1086/soutjanth.27.1.3629185 |s2cid=146900571 }}
* Crook, J., & Crook, S. 1994. "Explaining Tibetan polyandry: Socio-cultural, demographic, and biological perspectives". In J. Crook, & H. Osmaston (Eds.), ''Himayalan Buddhist Villages'' (pp. 735–786). Bristol, UK: University of Bristol.
* {{cite journal |jstor=3629185 |pages=64–74 |last1=Goldstein |first1=M. C. |title=Stratification, Polyandry, and Family Structure in Central Tibet |volume=27 |issue=1 |journal=Southwestern Journal of Anthropology |date=1971|doi=10.1086/soutjanth.27.1.3629185 |s2cid=146900571 }}
*{{cite journal |jstor=4602366 |pages=223–233 |last1=Goldstein |first1=M. C. |title=Fraternal Polyandry and Fertility in a High Himalayan Valley in Northwest Nepal |volume=4 |issue=3 |journal=Human Ecology |date=1976 |doi=10.1007/bf01534287|bibcode=1976HumEc...4..223G |s2cid=153817518 }}
* [[Thierry Lodé|Lodé, Thierry]] (2006) ''La Guerre des sexes chez les animaux''. Paris: Eds O. Jacob. {{ISBN|2-7381-1901-8}}
* {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Eric Alden |doi=10.1007/s12110-998-1004-3 |url=http://faculty.washington.edu/easmith/Polyandry-HN1998.pdf |title=Is Tibetan polyandry adaptive? |date=1998 |journal=Human Nature |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=225–261|pmid=26197483 |s2cid=3022928 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Trevithick |first1=Alan |year=1997 |title=On a Panhuman Preference for Monandry: Is Polyandry an Exception? |journal=Journal of Comparative Family Studies |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=154–81}}

==External links==
{{Wiktionary}}
* {{cite EB1911|wstitle=Polyandry |volume=22 |short=x}}
* [http://anecdotesofananth.blogspot.in/2014/03/bharathi-kanda-puthumai-pen.html Another example for polyandry in India]

{{Close plural relationships}}
{{Types of marriages|state=autocollapse}}

[[Category:Polyandry| ]]
[[Category:Heterosexuality]]
[[Category:Mating systems]]

Yaseen Akhtar Misbahi

2025-09-12T20:01:20Z

Musariaz: details!

{{Short description|Indian Sunni scholar (1953–2023)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}

{{Infobox religious biography
| religion = [[Islam]]
| name = Yaseen Akhtar Misbahi
| birth_date = 1953
| birth_place = Azamgarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| creed = [[Maturidi]]
| denomination = [[Sunni]]
| jurisprudence = [[Hanafi]]
| movement = [[Barelvi]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|7 May 2023|1953}}
| known_for = Qadri Mosque, Delhi
}}

'''Yaseen Akhtar Misbahi''' (1953 – 7 May 2023) was an Indian Sunni [[Sufi]] Islamic scholar and journalist, associated with the [[Raza Academy]]. He was the vice-president of the [[All India Muslim Personal Law Board]] and the chairman of [[All India Muslim Majlis-e-Mushawarat]]. He was an alumnus of [[Al Jamiatul Ashrafia]] and authored books including ''Angrez-nawazi ki Haqeeqat''.

==Early life and education==
Misbahi was born in 1953 in Khalispur, [[Adari]], [[Mau district|Mau]], [[Uttar Pradesh ]], India.<ref name="jm">{{cite book |last1=Jamal |first1=Malik |title=Madrasas in South Asia: Teaching Terror? |date=27 November 2007 |publisher=Routledge |pages=38–39 |isbn=9781134107629 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KLl9AgAAQBAJ |access-date=16 August 2019 |archive-date=16 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216145348/https://books.google.com/books?id=KLl9AgAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> He received his religious education at [[Al Jamiatul Ashrafia]], and graduated in 1970. He enrolled at the [[Lucknow University]] for a B.A. and then shifted to study Arabic and Persian Board exams at the [[Uttar Pradesh State Board of High School and Intermediate Education|Allahabad Board]].<ref name="jm"/> He went to Saudi Arabia during 1982–84 for extensive study of the Arabic language.<ref name="jm"/>

==Career==
During his studies in Allahabad, Misbahi taught Arabic language at a local madrasa, and subsequently taught Arabic literature at his alma mater, Al Jamiatul Ashrafia.<ref name="jm"/> He taught [[Islamiyat]] in the Department of Islamic Studies, [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] from 1988 to 1990.<ref name="jm"/>

Misbahi established the Qadri Mosque in [[Okhla|Zakir Nagar]], New Delhi.<ref name="mm">{{cite news |title=Renowned Islamic scholar Maulana Yaseen Akhtar Misbahi passes away |url=https://muslimmirror.com/eng/renowned-islamic-scholar-maulana-yaseen-akhtar-misbahi-passes-away/ |work=Muslim Mirror |date=8 May 2023 |access-date=8 May 2023 |archive-date=8 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508124532/https://muslimmirror.com/eng/renowned-islamic-scholar-maulana-yaseen-akhtar-misbahi-passes-away/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He was affiliated with [[Raza Academy]] and served as the vice-president of [[All India Muslim Personal Law Board]].<ref name="mm"/> He founded Al-Jamiatul Qadria in Jogabai Extension, [[Okhla]], and chaired Darul Qalam, a research and writing house,<ref name="mg">{{cite news |last1=Dehlvi |first1=Ghulam Rasool |title=Why Maulana Misbahi was arrested? |url=http://www.milligazette.com/news/11803-why-maulana-misbahi-was-arrested |access-date=11 May 2023 |work=Milli Gazette |date=28 February 2015 |archive-date=16 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516111229/https://www.milligazette.com/news/11803-why-maulana-misbahi-was-arrested/ |url-status=live }}</ref> that he had established in 1991.<ref name="jm"/> He also served as the chairman of the [[All India Muslim Majlis-e-Mushawarat]].<ref name="jm"/>

On 23 July 2015, Delhi Police special cell called him to Okhla Jamia Nagar police station and questioned him at another location. Zakir Nagar residents, led by local politicians, gathered in protest outside Jamia Nagar police station. His detention was protested by local residents of the area and later Police released him with respect and apologised.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhardwaj |first1=Ananya |last2=Iqbal |first2=Naveed |title=Police detain Jamia Nagar cleric over calls from Pakistan |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/police-detain-jamia-nagar-cleric-over-calls-from-pakistan |access-date=11 May 2023 |work=Indian Express |date=23 January 2015 |archive-date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513114441/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/police-detain-jamia-nagar-cleric-over-calls-from-pakistan/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Views==
Misbahi stated about the community-run Shairah courts in India that, "If they help in solving the problems related to a particular community, no one should object."<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/shariat-has-no-legal-sanctity-sc-rules-114070701151_1.html|title = Shariat has no legal sanctity, SC rules|newspaper = Business Standard India|date = 7 July 2014|access-date = 29 July 2015|archive-date = 9 March 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190309022245/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/shariat-has-no-legal-sanctity-sc-rules-114070701151_1.html|url-status = live}}</ref> He expressed that Indian Muslims should proudly call themselves Indians and stated that "Indian Muslims are against every form of terror whether physical or theoretical." He believed that Muslims in India were living in a safe haven in comparison to many Muslim-majority countries.<ref>Islamic Voice, July 2015 Vol. 28-07 No. 343 Ramadan / Shawwal 1436 H></ref>

Misbahi was of the view that, that Lashkar-e-Tayyiba, Jaish-e-Muhammad, Al-Qaida and ISIS are perpetrating atrocities, brazenly violating Islam in the name of Islam, Jihad and Khilafat. In a national seminar organised to condemn terrorism in New Delhi, he stated, "We also proclaim that they have nothing to do with the peace-loving and pluralistic Indian Muslims who are vehemently opposed to the handful terrorist goons".<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://islamicvoice.com/indian-muslims-condemn-all-forms-of-terror/ | title=Indian Muslims Condemn all Forms of Terror – Islamic Voice | access-date=29 July 2015 | archive-date=5 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305094759/http://islamicvoice.com/indian-muslims-condemn-all-forms-of-terror/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

Misbahi criticised the Indian National Congress and regarded it as prejudiced against Muslims. In his words, "Successive Congress prime ministers had only exploited the Muslims without ensuring benefits of development for them".<ref>{{cite journal |title=ays Yaseen Akhtar Misbahi |journal=India Today |date=1990 |volume=15 |issue=4 |page=45 |publisher=Thomson Living Media India Limited}}</ref>

==Works==
Misbahi was a journalist and edited a monthly magazine titled ''Kanzul Iman''.<ref name="mm" /> In 2015, the Delhi Police had detained him for questioning due to his book ''24 Ayat Ka Qurani Mafhoom''.<ref name="tc">{{cite news |last1=Reyaz |first1=M |title=Sufi Imam picked up by Delhi police; released after furor |url=https://twocircles.net/2015jan21/1421852795.html#.VbjqBfmqqko |access-date=11 May 2023 |work=Two Circles |date=21 January 2015 |archive-date=5 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305085529/https://twocircles.net/2015jan21/1421852795.html#.VbjqBfmqqko |url-status=live }}</ref> His other works include:<ref>{{cite web |title=Miṣbāhī, Yāsīn Ak̲h̲tar |url=https://viaf.org/viaf/72690582 |website=VIAF |access-date=11 May 2023 |archive-date=16 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516035752/https://viaf.org/viaf/72690582/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Urdu Books of Yaseen Akhtar Misbahi |url=https://www.rekhta.org/authors/yaseen-akhtar-misbahi/ebooks |website=Rekhta |access-date=11 May 2023 |archive-date=11 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511050254/https://www.rekhta.org/authors/yaseen-akhtar-misbahi/ebooks |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=Books by Maulana Yaseen Akhtar Misbahi | url=https://www.islamicacademy.org/html/authors/YasAkhMisbahi.htm | access-date=2025-07-12 | website=www.islamicacademy.org}}</ref>
* ''Ahle Sunnat Ka Taaruf By Allama Yaseen Misbahi''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/AhleSunnatKaTaarufByAllamaYaseenMisbahi | title=Ahle Sunnat Ka Taaruf by Allama Yaseen Misbahi | date=5 February 2015 }}</ref>
* ''Angrez-nawazi ki Haqeeqat''
* ''Chand Mumtāz ʻUlamā-yi Inqilāb 1857''
* ''Imām Aḥmad Raz̤ā arbāb-i ʻilm o Dānish kī Naẓar men̲''
* ''Khaleej ka Bahran''
* ''Shaarih-e-Bukhari''
* ″Al-Madih-un-Nabvi Arabic
* ″Gunbad-e-Khizra Urdu
* ″Imam Ahmad Raza Ki Fiqhi Basirat Urdu
* ″Imam Ahmad Raza Ki Muhaddisana Azmat Urdu
* ″Islahe Fikro Aitiqad Urdu
* ″Jashn-e-Milad-un-Nabi Urdu
* ″Mooe Mubarak Urdu
*″Muarife Kanzul Iman Urdu
*″Muslim Personal Law Ka Thaffuz Urdu
*″Paigham-e-Amal Urdu
*″Radde Bidat-o-Monkirat(Imam Raza) Urdu
*″Sawad-e-Azam Urdu
*″Sharihe Bukhari Urdu
*″Taarufe Al Jamtul Ashrafia

== Death ==
Misbahi died on 7 May 2023, at the age of 69.<ref name="mm" />

==See also==
*[[Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi]]
*[[Arshadul Qaudri]]
*[[Ahmed Yaar Khan]]
*[[Syed Kifayat Ali Kafi]]
*[[Ahmad Saeed Kazmi]]
*[[Hamid Raza Khan]]
*[[Obaidullah Khan Azmi]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Misbahi, Yaseen Akhtar}}
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Barelvis]]
[[Category:People from Mau district]]
[[Category:Hanafis]]
[[Category:Maturidis]]

Ya Sukhano Ya

2025-09-04T19:57:47Z

Musariaz: put up

{{Short description|Marathi language TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| image_size =
| genre = [[Drama]]
| creator =
| story =
| based_on =
| writer = Shilpa Navalkar
| director = Virendra Pradhan
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| theme_music_composer = ''"Ya Sukhanno Ya"'' by [[Sadhana Sargam]]
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| composer = Mangesh Kulkarni
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 855
| list_episodes =
| company = Rahul Production
| producer = [[Smita Thackeray]]
| news_editor =
| location = [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra
| cinematography =
| runtime = 22 minutes
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2005|11|14}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2008|11|14}}
| related =
| network = [[Zee Marathi]]
}}

'''''Ya Sukhano Ya''''' ({{translation|Come, my pleasures}}) is an Indian [[Marathi language]] television series which aired on [[Zee Marathi]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=‘या सुखांनो या’ मालिकेतली बालकलाकार १६ वर्षांनंतर दिसते अशी… जाणून घ्या…|url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/television/child-actress-shraddha-ranade-ya-sukhano-ya-how-she-looks-now-a591/|website=[[Lokmat]]|access-date=2025-01-27|language=mr}}</ref> It starred [[Vikram Gokhale]] and [[Aishwarya Narkar]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Actress Priya Marathe gets nostalgic: shares throwback pictures from her first TV show Ya Sukhanno Ya|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/actress-priya-marathe-gets-nostalgic-shares-throwback-pictures-from-her-first-tv-show-ya-sukhanno-ya/articleshow/78751919.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2025-01-27}}</ref> It is produced by [[Smita Thackeray]] and directed by Virendra Pradhan under the banner of Rahul Production.<ref>{{Cite web|title='या सुखांनो या'मधील कस्तुरी आठवते का? अक्षय कुमारच्या 'सूर्यवंशी'मध्ये साकारलीये महत्त्वपूर्ण भूमिका|url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/photos/marathi-serial-ya-sukhano-ya-fame-marathi-actress-sharvari-lohokare-latest-photos-a734/|website=[[Lokmat]]|access-date=2025-01-27|language=mr}}</ref> It premiered from 14 November 2005 by replacing ''Tuzyavina''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ya Sukhanno Ya to Tujhech Me Geet Gaat Aahe; A look at the popular Marathi TV shows of late actor Vikram Gokhale|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/ya-sukhanno-ya-to-tujhech-me-geet-gaat-aahe-a-look-at-the-popular-marathi-tv-shows-of-late-actor-vikram-gokhale/photostory/95790359.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2025-01-27}}</ref> It ended on 14 November 2008 completing 855 episodes.<ref>{{Cite web|title='या सुखांनो या' मालिकेतील बालकलाकार नुकतीच अडकली लग्नबेडीत, फोटो आले समोर|url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/television/the-child-artist-from-the-serial-ya-sukhno-ya-recently-got-married-photos-surfaced-a-a603/|website=[[Lokmat]]|access-date=2025-01-27|language=mr}}</ref>

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* [[Vikram Gokhale]] as Avinash Adhikari (Dada)
* [[Aishwarya Narkar]] as Sarita Abhay Adhikari

=== Recurring ===
;Adhikari family
* Rajan Bhise as Abhay Adhikari
* Sampada Kulkarni / Prajakta Dighe as Deepika Ankush Vaidya
* Girish Pardeshi as Mayuresh Adhikari
* Sharvari Lohokare as Kasturi Mayuresh Adhikari
* [[Priya Marathe]] as Pavani Dada Adhikari / Pavani Aryan Datar
* Shraddha Ranade as Sameera Abhay Adhikari
* Mrunmayee Phadke as Swanandi Abhay Adhikari

;Others
* Prasanna Ketkar as Ankush Vaidya
* Jyotsna Das as Vanita Prabhudesai
* Aastad Kale as Divij Prabhudesai
* [[Resham Tipnis]] as Grishma Rajneesh Sarangdhar
* Lokesh Gupte as Rajneesh Sarangdhar
* Sumukhi Pendse as Krutika Ratnani
* Shashank Sawant as Narhari Sawant
* Rahul Mehendale as Aryan Datar
* Milind Safai as Bhargav Dalvi
* Faiyaz Shaikh as Vrunda Hardikar
* Satish Joshi as Mr. Kadam
* [[Chandrakant Gokhale]] as Mauli
* [[Upendra Limaye]] as Aakash
* Meena Naik as Kamini
* Nisha Parulekar as Shubhada
* Sonali Naik as Chinmayee
* [[Megha Dhade]] as Pooja
* [[Vinay Apte]] as Janardan Chintan Swami
* [[Sunil Barve]] as Niranjan Hardikar
* [[Girish Oak]] as Raghunath Pandit
* [[Leena Bhagwat]] as Shruja Joshi
* Sunil Shende as Raosaheb Daftardar
* Sunil Godse as Dr. Kulkarni
* Shantanu Moghe as Jaydeep Bandal
* Pallavi Vaidya as Pranaya Deshmukh
* Sushant Shelar as Parth Deshmukh
* Shalmali Tolye as Vaibhavi Marathe
* Avishkar Darvhekar as Aalok Acharya
* Sameer Vijayan as Yuvraj Pandit
* Anil Gawas as Nityanand
* Atul Mahajan as Mr. Karkhanis
* Mugdha Shah as Mrs. Datar
* Milind Phatak as Mr. Gupte
* Pratibha Goregaonkar as Nilima
* Sachin Deshpande as Mr. Shetty
* Pournima Ahire as Mrs. Kashikar
* Vighnesh Joshi as Dhruv
* Kirti Pendharkar as Ritu
* Vijay Mishra as Ronit
* Pradnya Jadhav as Charvi
* Rajashri Nikam as Shashi
* Dipti Bhagwat

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ [[Zee Marathi Utsav Natyancha Awards]]
!Year
!Category
!Recipient
!Role
|-
|rowspan="3"|2006<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zee Marathi Awards 2006 Winners List|url=http://www.zeemarathi.com/Marathi_Awards.aspx?zsid=43|access-date=27 January 2025|archive-date=23 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023042309/http://zeemarathi.com/Marathi_Awards.aspx?zsid=43|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|Best Character Male
|Rajan Bhise
|Abhay
|-
|Best Supporting Male
|Girish Pardeshi
|Mayuresh
|-
|Best Series
|
|
|-
|rowspan="5"|2007
|Best Couple
|[[Aishwarya Narkar]]-Rajan Bhise
|Sarita-Abhay
|-
|Best Supporting Male
|Girish Pardeshi
|Mayuresh
|-
|Best Lyricist
|Mangesh Kulkarni
|
|-
|Best Actress
|rowspan="2"|[[Aishwarya Narkar]]
|rowspan="2"|Sarita
|-
|Best Mother
|-
|rowspan="3"|2008
|Best Father
|Rajan Bhise
|Abhay
|-
|Best Mother
|[[Aishwarya Narkar]]
|Sarita
|-
|Best Family
|Adhikari
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt9675360}}
* {{Cite web | url = http://www.zeemarathi.com/Zee_Serial.aspx?zsid=41 | title = Ya Sukhano Ya | archive-date = 2006-08-22 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060822040906/http://www.zeemarathi.com/Zee_Serial.aspx?zsid=41 | access-date = 2025-01-27 | url-status = live }}

[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Zee Marathi original programming]]
[[Category:2005 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2008 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:2000s Indian television series]]

Calamus latifolius

2025-09-03T13:07:15Z

Musariaz: adding post

{{Short description|Species of palm}}
{{Speciesbox
|image =
|genus = Calamus (palm)
|species = latifolius
|authority = [[William Roxburgh|Roxb.]], Hort. Bengal. 73; Fl. Ind. iii. 775 (1832)<ref>{{cite web |title=Calamus latifolius Roxb. |url=https://www.ipni.org/n/665186-1 |website=International Plant Name Index (IPNI) |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |accessdate=16 April 2020}}</ref><ref name="palm" />
|synonyms = {{smalldiv|
*''Calamus dumetorum'' [[Henry Nicholas Ridley|Ridl.]]<ref name="powo">{{cite web |title=Calamus latifolius Roxb. |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:665186-1 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |accessdate=16 April 2020}}</ref>
*''C. gregisectus'' [[Max Burret|Burret]]
*''C. humilis'' Roxb.
*''C. kerrianus'' [[Odoardo Beccari|Becc.]]
*''C. loeiensis'' Hodel
*''C. macracanthus'' [[Thomas Anderson (botanist)|T.Anderson]]
*''C. palustris'' [[William Griffith (botanist)|Griff.]]
*''C. palustris'' var. ''cochinchinensis'' Becc.
*''Palmijuncus humilis'' (Roxb.) [[Carl Ernst Otto Kuntze|Kuntze]]
*''P. latifolius'' (Roxb.) Kuntze
*''P. macracanthus'' (T.Anderson) Kuntze
*''P. palustris'' (Griff.) Kuntze}}}}

'''''Calamus latifolius''''' is a climbing plant, part of a subfamily, [[Calamoideae]], whose members are usually called [[rattan]]s in English, they are part of the [[Arecaceae]], or palm, family.

==Description==
It is a moderately robust climber, growing up to 30m, usually with a cluster of stems and a leafsheath 3 cm in diameter. Its leaves are curate, 2-3m long, with a prominently kneed, spiny (3 cm long) leafsheath. Both female and male flowers are simply decompound. The globose fruit is dull brown to blackish, with flattened fruit scales and a single seed.<ref name="palm">{{cite web |title=Calamus latifolius Roxb., Fl. Ind. ed. 1832, 3: 775 (1832) |url=http://www.palmweb.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/e6e65b56-425a-4b29-8481-1a42f6243f48 |website=PALMweb |publisher=palmweb.org |accessdate=16 April 2020}}</ref><ref name="dyphon">{{cite book |last1=Pauline Dy Phon |title=Plants Utilised In Cambodia/Plantes utilisées au Cambodge |date=2000 |publisher=Imprimerie Olympic |location=Phnom Penh |page=121 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=InD2RAAACAAJ|author1-link=Pauline Dy Phon }}</ref>
The rattan grows in semi-dense forests of Cambodia and southern Vietnam.<ref name="dyphon" />
In the [[Dâmrei Mountains|Chuŏr Phnum Dâmrei]] of southwestern Cambodia, they are characterized as growing on the edge of evergreen rainforest, usually as understorey, but becoming [[liana]]s when mature.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rundel |first1=Philip W. |title=Forest habitats and flora in Laos PDR, Cambodia, and Vietnam |date=1999 |publisher=Conservation Priorities In Indochina - WWF Desk Study, World Wide Fund for Nature, Indochina Programme Office |location=Hanoi |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259623025 |accessdate=16 April 2020}}</ref>
It also occurs as a large liana in the forest around [[Sangkae River|Steung Sangke]] in the northwest of Cambodia.
Growing in the [[Botanical Garden and Eco-Park, Sitakunda|Sitakunda Botanical Garden and Eco-park]], Bangladesh, it is regarded as under threat from illicit felling, over-harvesting for raw material and intentional fire hazards during the dry season.<ref name="dutta">{{cite journal |last1=Dutta |first1=Shourav |last2=Hossain |first2=M. K. |last3=Chowdhury |first3=Pinaki |title=Non wood forest resources of Sitakunda Botanical Garden and Eco-park, Chittagong, Bangladesh |journal=International Journal of Forest Usufructs Management |date=2014 |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=101–9 |issn=0972-3927}}</ref>
In India it occurs in moist lower hill forest communities up to 1000m, mostly near fresh water swamps.<ref name="palm" />

==Distribution and ecology==
It is native to: [[Peninsular Malaysia]]; [[Thailand]]; [[Cambodia]]; southern [[Vietnam]]; [[Laos]]; [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]; [[Myanmar]]; [[Bangladesh]]; [[Manipur]], [[Nagaland]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Assam]], [[Meghalaya]], [[Sikkim]], and [[West Bengal]] in [[India]]; and eastern [[Nepal]].<ref name="powo" />

==In culture==
Various names by which the plant is known by include: ''phdau chhvèang'', ''phdau chu:(r)'', [[Khmer language|Khmer]] (''phdau''=rattan).;<ref name="dyphon" /> ''korak'', ''budum'', Bangladesh.;<ref name="dutta" /> ''lee-ren'', [[Meitei language|Meitei]], Manipur; ''golar'', ''raiding'', [[Adi people|Adi]] language, Arunuchal Pradesh;<ref name="angami">{{cite journal |last1=Angami |first1=A. |display-authors=et al |title=Status and potential of wild edible plants of Arunuchal Pradesh |journal=Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge |date=2006 |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=541–50 |url=http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/6948/1/IJTK%205%284%29%20%282006%29%20541-550.pdf |accessdate=16 April 2020}}</ref> ''korak bet'', ''horna bet'', India.<ref name="palm" />

The fruit are eaten in Cambodia.<ref name="dyphon" />
In the same country the canes are regarded as flexible and strong, and are much appreciated for basket making.
One of the many ingredients of ''[[Singju]]'' (prepared mainly of green vegetables with other plant parts like inflorescences and flowers, seeds, roots, rhizomes, etc., along with [non-vegetarian] or without [vegetarian] fermented dry fish, ''Ngari''), the [[Meitei people|Meitei]] people of Manipur use the young shoots, which can sell for 10-15 Rupees for a bunch of 3-5 young shoots in the local markets.<ref name="singh">{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=P. K. |last2=Devi |first2=M. H. |title=Plants associated with Singju: a traditional salad delicacy of Meitei community of Manipur, India |journal=Pleione |date=2015 |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=409–18 |url=http://pleione.ehsst.org/journals/Pleione92/013%20Plants%20of%20Singju%20by%20Meiteis%20of%20Assam.pdf |accessdate=16 April 2020 |publisher=East Himalayan Society for Spermatophyte Taxonomy |issn=0973-9467}}</ref>
In Arunuchal Pradesh, the stems and fruit are eaten raw and are sold in markets.<ref name="angami" />
In India the rattan is characterized as moderately strong, and is used for making rough baskets, walking sticks, and furniture frames, with the split canes used for weaving chair bottoms.<ref name="palm" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q15459579}}

[[Category:Calamus (palm)|latifolius]]
[[Category:Flora of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Flora of Assam (region)]]
[[Category:Flora of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Flora of Cambodia]]
[[Category:Flora of India (region)]]
[[Category:Flora of Laos]]
[[Category:Flora of Malaya]]
[[Category:Flora of Malesia]]
[[Category:Flora of Manipur]]
[[Category:Flora of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Flora of Myanmar]]
[[Category:Flora of Nagaland]]
[[Category:Flora of Nepal]]
[[Category:Flora of Peninsular Malaysia]]
[[Category:Flora of Sikkim]]
[[Category:Flora of Thailand]]
[[Category:Flora of the Andaman Islands]]
[[Category:Flora of the Nicobar Islands]]
[[Category:Flora of Vietnam]]
[[Category:Flora of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1832]]

New Delhi Institute of Management

2025-08-13T16:32:22Z

Musariaz: revised

{{short description|Business school in India}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2014}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox university
|name = New Delhi Institute of Management
|native_nam =
|image = The Minister of State for Information & Broadcasting, Col. Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore addressing at the 23rd Foundation Day of New Delhi Institute of Management (NDIM), in New Delhi on October 16, 2015.jpg
|logo = New Delhi Institute of Management.jpg
|caption =The Minister of State for Information & Broadcasting, Col. Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore addressing at the 23rd Foundation Day of New Delhi Institute of Management (NDIM), in New Delhi on October 16, 2015
|latin_name =
|motto = Nurturing Business Leaders Since 1992
|mottoeng =
|established = 1992
|closed =
|type = [[Education]] & Semi Private
|endowment =
|officer_in_charge =
|founder = J. R. Bansal
|chairman = V. M. Bansal
|chancellor =
|president =
|vice-president =
|superintendent =
|provost =
|vice_chancellor =
|rector =
|principal =
|dean =
|director = Dr. Gauri Modwel
|head_label =
|head =
|faculty = Dr. Manab Adhikary Dr. A. T. K. Raman S. C. Kuchal
|staff =
|students =
|undergrad =
|postgrad =
|doctoral =
|other =
|city = [[Delhi]]
|state =[[New Delhi]]
|province =
|country = India
|coor =
|campus = Urban
|former_names =
|sports =
|colors =
|colours =
|nickname = NDIM
|mascot =
|athletics =
|affiliations = [[AICTE]] & [[Association of Indian Universities|AIU]]
|website = {{URL|www.ndimdelhi.org}}
}}

The '''New Delhi Institute of Management''' ('''NDIM''') is a state not-for-profit business [[school]] in Tughlakabad, [[New Delhi]]. Established in 1992, NDIM offers [[AICTE]]-approved 2-year full-time [[PGDM]]. The PGDM at NDIM is approved by the AICTE since 1996, declared equivalent to MBA by the AICTE in 2008,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Universities {{!}} Government of India, All India Council for Technical Education |url=https://www.aicte-india.org/education/institutions/Universities |access-date=2022-06-18 |website=aicte-india.org}}</ref> and is internationally accredited by ASIC, The UK with Premier College Status.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NDIM – New Delhi Institute of Management {{!}} ASIC – Accreditation Service for International Schools, Colleges & Universities |url=https://www.asicuk.com/institution-profiles/ndim-delhi-institute-management/ |access-date=2022-06-18 |website=asicuk.com}}</ref> The Nearest metro station is at Saket, Govindpuri, and GK-2.

==Programs==
* [[Post graduate diploma in management|Post Graduate Diploma in Management]] (PGDM)
* Post Graduate Diploma in Management-Marketing (PGDM Marketing)
* Post Graduate Diploma in Management-Finance (PGDM Finance)
* [[Master of Business Administration|MBA]] with Dual Specialization in HR, Marketing, Finance, IT & Systems, Media Marketing & Communication, Digital Marketing, Business Analytics, Logistics-Supply Chain Management & Operations, International Business.

==Rankings and accreditation==
NDIM was awarded by the AICTE-CII two years in a row (2017 & 2018) as the Best Industry Linked Management Institute of India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndimdelhi.org/aicte-cii-survey-award-ceremony/|title = AICTE- CII Survey Award Ceremony Dec 08, 2017|date = 8 December 2017}}</ref>

The PGDM at NDIM is declared equivalent to MBA by the [[Association of Indian Universities]] (AIU) and accredited by the [[National Board of Accreditation]] (NBA). MBA at NDIM is internationally accredited by the International rating body, ASIC(UK), with Premier College Status. It is ranked amongst the Top 10 B-Schools and 7th amongst the Top Private B-Schools of India by Business World, June 2013. It is ranked as the 12th Best Private B-School in India and 3rd Best Private B-School in North India by AIMA-Business Standard, June 2015. NDIM's Industry Interface and Scale of Operations ranked as No.1 in India by AIMA-Business Standard, June 2015.<ref>{{Citation|url=http://www.ndimdelhi.org/index.php/highlights-of-ndim|title=Ratings & Highlights|accessdate=12 June 2012|archive-date=1 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601023039/http://www.ndimdelhi.org/index.php/highlights-of-ndim|url-status=live}}</ref>

WCRC Leaders-Asia & KPMG ranked NDIM amongst the Fastest Growing B-Schools of Asia, January 2014.<ref>http://www.ndimdelhi.org/index.php/wcrc-leaders-asia-a-kpmg-excellence-award-to-ndim {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526113246/http://www.ndimdelhi.org/index.php/wcrc-leaders-asia-a-kpmg-excellence-award-to-ndim |date=26 May 2015 }}. Fastest Growing B-Schools of Asia Retrieved 12 January 2014</ref>

== Board of Directors and Executive Council ==
NDIM Board is includes 7 former Chief Secretaries and Secretaries to the Govt. of India., eminent educationalists, industrialists, management consultants and former governors.
*[[Suresh Prabhu]] Union Minister of Commerce & Industry and Civil Aviation. Former Railway Minister of India
*[[T. K. A. Nair]] Secretary in the Prime Minister's Office
*[[S. P. Oswal]] Chairman & Managing Director of Vardhman Spinning & General Mills Ltd
*[[Tarlochan Singh]] MP, Rajya Sabha
*Padma shri Harshavardhan Neotia Chairman Ambuja Neotia Group
*Mahesh Gupta Chairman Kent RO Systems
*Sirajuddin Qureshi President, India Islamic Culture Centre
*[Tarun Vijay. MP Directorof the Dr. Syamaprasad Mookherjee Research Foundation, member of Rajya Sabha
*[[Hemant Kanoria]] Chairman, managing director of SERI Infrastructure Finance Ltd.
*Ashok Chandra IAS, Sec'y Govt. of India
*Major Gen. D.N. Khurana AVSM, Ex-Dir. General AIMA ; Secretary General Asia Association of Management Associations
*I.K Rasgotra Sec'y Govt. of India (Retd.) Ministry of Personnel and Administrative Reforms

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.ndimdelhi.org Official website of NDIM]
*[https://www.ndimdelhi.org/application-form/ NDIM Admission Process]
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Business schools in Delhi]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1992]]
[[Category:1992 establishments in Delhi]]

Aram Shah

2025-08-04T03:20:55Z

Musariaz:

{{Short description|Sultan of Delhi from 1210 to 1211}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox Monarch
| name = Aram Shah
| title =
| image = Aram Shah of the Mamluk Sultanate.jpg
| succession = [[Sultan of Delhi]]
| predecessor = [[Qutb ud-Din Aibak]]
| successor = [[Iltutmish]]
| titletext =
| caption = Photograph of an Indian miniature painting depicting Aram Shah, published in 'Tawarikh-i-Ghuri' by Munshi Bulaqi Das Sahib (1881)
| reign = December 1210 – June 1211
| house =
| religion = [[Islam]]
| birth_date = 1176
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1211|06||1176|||df=y}}
| death_place = [[Delhi]]
}}

'''Aram Shah''' ({{langx|fa|{{nq|آرام شاه}}}}; 1176 – June 1211) was the second [[sultan]] of the [[Mamluk Sultanate (Delhi)|Mamluk Sultanate]]. He briefly held the throne from [[Lahore]] after the unexpected death of [[Qutb ud-Din Aibak]] before being defeated and dethroned by [[Iltutmish]] who began ruling from [[Delhi]].

== Origins ==

Aram Shah is an obscure figure, and his relationship to his predecessor [[Qutb al-Din Aibak]] is not certain. In some manuscripts of [[Minhaj-i-Siraj]]'s ''[[Tabaqat-i Nasiri]]'', the words "bin Aibak" ("son of Qutub-i-deen-Aibak") appear after his name in a chapter heading, and later writers believed him to be a son of Aibak. However, the words "bin Aibak" in the headline may have been an erroneous addition made by a scribe.{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=207}} Minhaj-i-Siraj refers to only three daughters of Aibak elsewhere in the text, and [[Ata-Malik Juvayni]]'s ''[[Tarikh-i Jahangushay]]'' explicitly states that Aibak did not have any son.{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=206}} What is known is that he succeeded Aibak in city of [[Lahore]].{{sfn|Satish Chandra|2004|p=39}}

== Reign ==

In 1210, Qutb al-Din Aibak died unexpectedly in [[Lahore]] during a sport game, without having named a successor. To prevent instability in the kingdom, the [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] nobles (''[[malik]]s'' and ''umara'') in Lahore appointed Aram Shah as his successor at [[Lahore]].{{sfn|Satish Chandra|2004|p=39}}{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=206}} However, the Turkic nobles in different parts of the Sultanate opposed his ascension, and some of them - such as the Khalji nobles of [[Bengal]] - rebelled against him. According to the 16th century historian [[Firishta]], the kingdom also suffered an invasion from the neighbouring ruler [[Nasir ad-Din Qabacha]] of [[Multan]].{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=207}}

A group of nobles, led by the military justiciar (''Amir-i Dad'') Ali-yi Ismail, invited [[Iltutmish]] to occupy the throne.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=29}} Iltutmish, a former slave of Aibak and the governor of [[Badaun]], had a distinguished record of service and was called a son by Aibak, because of which the nobles considered him as a good candidate for the throne.{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|pp=207-208}} Iltutmish marched to [[Delhi]], where he seized the power, and later defeated Aram Shah's forces at Bagh-i Jud. According to the ''Tabaqat-i Nasiri'', Aram Shah was "martyred": it is not clear if he was killed on the battlefield, or put to death as a prisoner of war.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=29}} Two of his important officers - Aqsanqar and Farrukh Shah - were killed on the battlefield. Iltutmish subsequently consolidated his power and began ruling from [[Delhi]].{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=208}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book |author=K. A. Nizami |author-link=K. A. Nizami |chapter=The Early Turkish Sultans of Delhi |editor1=Mohammad Habib |editor2=Khaliq Ahmad Nizami |title=A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206–1526) |volume=5 |edition=Second |year=1992 |publisher=The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9cmAQAAMAAJ |oclc=31870180 }}
* {{cite book |author=Peter Jackson |title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&pg=PA29 |year=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-54329-3 |page=29 }}
* {{cite book |author=Satish Chandra |title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526) |volume=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC |year=2004 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=978-81-241-1064-5 }}
{{ref end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aram Shah}}
[[Category:Sultans of the Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)]]
[[Category:13th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]
[[Category:13th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:13th-century Indian people]]

Kali Bein

2025-07-31T01:36:15Z

Musariaz: further reworked information based on references and fixed typos

{{short description|Indian rivulet}}
[[File:Present-20.jpg|thumb|Kali Bein river]]
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
'''Kali Bein''' is a [[rivulet]] in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]] that flows into the confluence of the rivers [[Beas River|Beas]] and [[Satluj]] at [[Hari ke Pattan|Harike]]. [[Guru Nanak]] attained enlightenment after taking a bath in the Kali Bein, and despite its religious history in Sikhism, the rivulet is not considered holy by the Sikhs in Punjab, as no bodies of water are considered holy in [[Sikhism]] aside from the Sikh Sarovars (pools of water within gurdwaras) of [[Gurdwara]]s (Sikh Temples).<ref>{{cite book |title=Punjab : building the land of the five rivers |date=March 2017 |location=Mumbai, India |isbn=978-9383243167 |last1=Lambah |first1=Abha Narain }}</ref> In the wake of the [[Green Revolution in India|Green Revolution]] and the rise of chemical pesticides, the Kali Bein became progressively polluted until it was cleaned and rejuvenated in a mass action led by Sant [[Balbir Singh Seechewal]] in the 2000s.

== Etymology ==
Kali Bein literally means the ''Black Stream''.<ref name="TwoCircles.net">{{cite news|title=Sultanpur Lodhi: the site where Guru Nanak attained enlightenment|url=http://twocircles.net/2014dec20/1419085679.html#.VJvH9F4AAA|accessdate=25 December 2014 |publisher=TwoCircles.net|date=20 December 2014}}</ref> It is called Kali ('black') due to the black colour reflected by the minerals in its waters.<ref name="Menon2011">{{cite book|author=Sreelata Menon|title=Guru Nanak: The Enlightened Master |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4AVnckdqbu8C&pg=PA4|year=2011|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-333190-2|pages=4}}</ref> The [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] word 'bein' derives from the [[Sanskrit]] 'veni' meaning a stream or a water body. Beins are a feature of the plains and are marked by their zigzagging course.<ref name="University of Manitoba">{{cite book|last1=Nigah|first1=Manpreet|title=An Assessment of Seechewal Initiative in the State of Punjab, India: An example of Community-based Conservation?|date=September 2007|publisher=University of Manitoba|location=Winnipeg|page=64|url=https://umanitoba.ca/institutes/natural_resources/pdf/theses/Masters%20Thesis%20Nigah%202008.pdf|accessdate=25 December 2014|archive-date=10 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410190512/http://umanitoba.ca/institutes/natural_resources/pdf/theses/Masters%20Thesis%20Nigah%202008.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Course ==
[[File:Present15.jpg|thumb|right|280px| Kali Bein at present]]The Kali Bein rises from a spring in the Dhanoa village of Dasuya tehsil [[Hoshiarpur district]] of Punjab, India. Odhra rivulet, and Mukerian Hydel Channel are the main source of water for Kali Bein. After flowing for 160 km, it merges at the confluence of the Beas and the Satluj at [[Hari ke Pattan|Harike Pattan]].<ref name="Quiet flows the Kali Bein, again">{{cite news|title=Quiet flows the Kali Bein, again|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/quiet-flows-the-kali-bein-again/article3151868.ece|accessdate=25 December 2014|work=The Hindu|date=24 April 2006}}</ref> The Kali Bein is also called the Western Bein in Hoshiarpur and its course lies parallel to the Beas in the Hoshiarpur and [[Kapurthala district|Kapurthala]] districts. The Kali Bein is also thought to be the abandoned [[Stream bed|riverbed]] of the Beas and its depth varies from 1.5 to 3 metres.<ref name="SinghKaur2005">{{cite book|author1=Mandeep Singh|author2=Harvinder Kaur|title=Punjab Today|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=__VU4vm33ykC&pg=PA60|date=1 January 2005|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications|isbn=978-81-7629-702-8|pages=60}}</ref> The Bein's spring was brick lined during the [[Emperor Akbar|Emperor Akbar's]] reign.<ref name="Quiet flows the Kali Bein, again"/> The Chhoti Bein is a [[tributary]] of the Kali Bein.<ref>{{cite news|title=District collector joins Seechewal in cleaning Chhoti Bein|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/District-collector-joins-Seechewal-in-cleaning-Chhoti-Bein/articleshow/39446129.cms|accessdate=25 December 2014|publisher=Times of India|date=2 August 2014}}</ref> The Kali Bein flows through the districts of Hoshiarpur, Kapurthala and [[Jalandhar district|Jalandhar]] and there are several towns on its banks including [[Kapurthala]] and [[Sultanpur Lodhi]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Efforts to check pollution of Kali Bein|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/efforts-to-check-pollution-of-kali-bein/9512.html|accessdate=25 December 2014|work=The Tribune|date=19 November 2014|archive-date=26 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226140728/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/efforts-to-check-pollution-of-kali-bein/9512.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Mukerian Hydel Channel at Terkiana is a major waterworks on the Bein that controls the flow of water downstream.<ref name="The Indian Express">{{cite news|title=Prayers dry up on lips as Kali Bein fails to rise at Sultanpur Lodhi|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/prayers-dry-up-on-lips-as-kali-bein-fails-to-rise-at-sultanpur-lodhi/|accessdate=25 December 2014|publisher=The Indian Express|date=15 April 2011}}</ref> The Kali Bein has a [[catchment area]] covering 945 square kilometers.<ref name="University of Manitoba"/>

== Sikhism ==
[[File:Janamsakhi series painting depicting the search-and-rescue mission launched to recover Guru Nanak from the Kali Bein.jpg|thumb|''[[Janamsakhis|Janamsakhi]]'' series painting depicting the search-and-rescue mission launched to recover Guru Nanak from the Kali Bein, circa late 18th or early 19th-century.]]
Guru Nanak Dev Ji, the founder of [[Sikhism]], is believed to have attained enlightenment after taking a dip in the Kali Bein.<ref name="The Indian Express"/> Guru Nanak Dev Ji is said to have disappeared while bathing in the Bein only to reappear three days later. Guru Nanak Dev Ji then proclaimed that "There is no Hindu and there is no Musalman. There is only one God and all are equal before Him".<ref name="Menon2011 b">{{cite book|author=Sreelata Menon|title=Guru Nanak: The Enlightened Master|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4AVnckdqbu8C&pg=PA4|year=2011|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-333190-2|pages=3}}</ref> The [[Mool Mantra|moolmantra]] of Sikhism, [[Ik Onkar]], originated from this experience.<ref>{{cite news|title=The River Has Spoken|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article/The-River-Has-Spoken/286502|accessdate=25 December 2014|publisher=Outlook|date=8 July 2013}}</ref> The [[Gurdwara Sri Ber Sahib]], where Guru Nanak Dev Ji used to meditate under a ber tree, is located on the Kali Bein's banks in Sultanpur Lodhi.<ref name="TwoCircles.net"/>

== Ecological concerns ==
[[File:Past 1.jpg|thumb|Photograph of a polluted Kali Bein producing white foam]]
Kali Bein plays a key role in recharging the [[water table]] and in flood management in its watershed. It is also a key source of irrigation for the agricultural fields there.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kali Bein|url=http://ecoheritage.cpreec.org/Viewcontall.php?$mFJyBfK$MUznQBkxyW1m|publisher=CPR Environmental Education Centre|accessdate=25 December 2014|archive-date=26 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226141631/http://ecoheritage.cpreec.org/Viewcontall.php?$mFJyBfK$MUznQBkxyW1m|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Kanjli Wetland]], a [[Ramsar site]] (a wetland site designated of international importance under the [[Ramsar Convention]]), is supported by the Kali Bein. As a result of the Green Revolution, the use of industrial and [[agrochemical|agricultural chemicals]] and the exploitation of groundwater led to the drying up of the Kali Bein along parts of its course and the contamination of groundwater leading to diseases and the drying up of farmlands.<ref>{{cite news|title=Heroes of the Environment 2008: Balbir Singh Seechewal|url=https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1841778_1841781_1841808,00.html|access-date=25 December 2014|publisher=Time|date=24 September 2008}}</ref>

== Clean up ==
[[File:Cleaning the kali.jpg|thumb|Cleaning of the Kali Bein]]
The clean up of the Kali Bein was led by Sant Balbir Singh Seechewal who organised a ''kar sewa'' and roped in the [[Government of Punjab, India|Government of Punjab]]. Seechewal's efforts involved the clearing of [[water hyacinth]] and other weeds from the Bein, the building of bathing ghats and the construction of a road along the Bein.<ref name="Mahapragya2012">{{cite book|author=A. P. J. Abdul Kalam/ Acharya Mahapragya|title=The Family and The Nation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZIjdviDe2m4C&pg=PT11|date=21 July 2012|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers|isbn=978-93-5029-260-0|pages=11–}}</ref> The kar sewa began in 2000 and till 2003 focused on cleaning up the Kali Bein near Sultanpur Lodhi after which the focus shifted to cleaning up the Bein between Dhanoa and the [[Kanjli Wetland|Kanjli wetland]]. Seechewal often referred to the [[Guru Granth Sahib]] and its verses exhorting the preservation of natural resources in his appeals for cleaning the Bein.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Nigah|first1=Manpreet|title=An Assessment of Seechewal Initiative in the State of Punjab, India: An example of Community-based Conservation?|date=September 2007|publisher=University of Manitoba|location=Winnipeg|page=71|url=https://umanitoba.ca/institutes/natural_resources/pdf/theses/Masters%20Thesis%20Nigah%202008.pdf|accessdate=25 December 2014|archive-date=10 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410190512/http://umanitoba.ca/institutes/natural_resources/pdf/theses/Masters%20Thesis%20Nigah%202008.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> 3000 volunteers a day worked under Seechewal for three and a half years to accomplish the revival of the Bein. It directly led to a rise in the water table and the reusability of hand pumps that had remained dry for several decades.<ref name="Bharati2006">{{cite book|author=Radha Kant Bharati|title=Interlinking of Indian Rivers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YcyNUNeHQsYC&pg=PA35|date=1 January 2006|publisher=Lotus Press|isbn=978-81-8382-041-7|pages=35–}}</ref> Further, these efforts have contributed to eliminating the problem of water logging in the Kali Bein's upstream areas and improved the availability of water in its downstream areas resulting in improved irrigation and better crops.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Nigah|first1=Manpreet|title=An Assessment of Seechewal Initiative in the State of Punjab, India: An example of Community-based Conservation?|date=September 2007|publisher=University of Manitoba|location=Winnipeg|page=79|url=https://umanitoba.ca/institutes/natural_resources/pdf/theses/Masters%20Thesis%20Nigah%202008.pdf|accessdate=25 December 2014|archive-date=10 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410190512/http://umanitoba.ca/institutes/natural_resources/pdf/theses/Masters%20Thesis%20Nigah%202008.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Despite Seechewal's success, the Kali Bein has continued to suffer in recent years. Inadequate release of water from Mukerian Hydel Channel, the flow back of polluted water from Harike and the failure of sewage treatment plants led to the mass death of fishes in the Kali Bein in 2013.<ref>{{cite news|title=Lakhs of fish die in Kali Bein|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/pollution/Lakhs-of-fish-die-in-Kali-Bein/articleshow/19656773.cms|accessdate=25 December 2014|work=The Times of India|date=21 April 2013}}</ref>

On 17 July 2022, while on a visit to mark the 22nd anniversary of the river's cleaning, Punjab Chief Minister [[Bhagwant Mann]] consumed a glass of water directly from the river in Sultanpur Lodhi. Two days later he was admitted to a hospital, reportedly, suffering from a stomach infection. He was discharged a day later.<ref>{{cite news|title=Days after drinking water from Kali Bein, Punjab CM Bhagwant Mann in hospital|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/punjab-news-bhagwant-mann-hospital-admitted-stomach-ache-delhi-apollo-hospital-8042452/|accessdate=21 July 2022|work=The Indian Express |date=21 July 2022}}</ref> While it was speculated that his visit to the hospital was caused by a stomach infection from drinking polluted water, official sources denied this and claimed it was a routine health check-up.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bhagwant Mann Discharged From Delhi Hospital After A Day|url=https://ndtv.com/india-news/bhagwant-mann-in-delhi-hospital-days-after-drinking-polluted-water-3179396|accessdate=21 July 2022|work=NDTV |date=21 July 2022}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Punjab (India)}}

[[Category:Rivers of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Tributaries of the Indus River]]

PSLV-D3

2025-07-19T03:32:18Z

Musariaz: enhanced citations also and added references as per guidelines

{{Infobox spaceflight
| name = PSLV-D3
| image = PSLV.svg
| image_caption = Model of the [[PSLV]] rocket
| image_alt = 
| image_size = 70px
| mission_type = Deployment of one [[satellite]].
| operator = [[ISRO]]
| Harvard_designation = 
| COSPAR_ID =
| SATCAT =
| website = [http://www.isro.gov.in/ ISRO website]
| mission_duration =
| distance_travelled =
| orbits_completed = 
| suborbital_range = 
| suborbital_apogee = 

| spacecraft = [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle]]
| spacecraft_type = [[Launch vehicle]]
| spacecraft_bus = 
| manufacturer = [[ISRO]]
| launch_mass = {{convert|295000|kg|lbs}}
| BOL_mass = 
| landing_mass = 
| dry_mass = 
| payload_mass = {{convert|920|kg|lbs}}
| dimensions = 
| power = 

| space_station = 
| start_date = 
| end_date = 
| arrival_craft = 
| departure_craft = 

| crew_size = Nil
| crew_members = 
| crew_launching = 
| crew_landing = 
| crew_callsign = 
| crew_expedition = 
| crew_EVAs = 
| crew_EVA_duration = 
| crew_photo = 
| crew_photo_alt = 
| crew_photo_caption = 
| crew_photo_size = 

| launch_date = {{start date|1996|03|21|04|53|00}} ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]])
| launch_rocket = [[PSLV]]
| launch_site = [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|Sriharikota Launching Range]]
| launch_contractor = [[ISRO]]
| deployment_from = 
| deployment_date =
| entered_service = 


| disposal_type = Placed in [[graveyard orbit]]
| deactivated = 21 March 1996
| destroyed = 
| last_contact = 
| recovery_by = 
| recovery_date = 
| decay_date = 
| landing_date = 
| landing_site = 


| orbit_reference =
| orbit_regime = [[Sun-synchronous orbit|Sun-synchronous]] [[Low Earth orbit]]
| orbit_longitude = 
| orbit_slot = 
| orbit_semimajor = 
| orbit_eccentricity = 
| orbit_periapsis = 
| orbit_apoapsis = 
| orbit_inclination = 
| orbit_period = 
| orbit_RAAN = 
| orbit_arg_periapsis = 
| orbit_mean_anomaly = 
| orbit_mean_motion = 
| orbit_repeat = 
| orbit_velocity = 
| orbit_epoch = 
| orbit_rev_number = 
| apsis = 
| interplanetary = 

| payload_items = [[IRS-P3]]
| cargo_mass = 
| cargo_mass_press = 
| cargo_mass_unpress = 
| cargo_mass_fuel = 
| cargo_mass_gas = 
| cargo_mass_water = 

| instrument_type = 
| telescope_name = 
| telescope_type = 
| telescope_diameter = 
| telescope_focal_length = 
| telescope_area = 
| telescope_wavelength = 
| telescope_resolution = 
| instruments = 

| trans_band = 
| trans_frequency = 
| trans_bandwidth = 
| trans_capacity = 
| trans_coverage = 
| trans_TWTA = 
| trans_EIRP = 
| trans_HPBW = 

| programme = '''[[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle#Launch history|Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle missions]]'''
| previous_mission = '''[[PSLV-D2]]'''
| next_mission = '''[[PSLV-C1]]'''

| insignia = 
| insignia_caption = 
| insignia_alt = 
| insignia_size = 
}}
'''PSLV-D3''' was the overall third and second successful mission of the [[PSLV]] program by [[Indian Space Research Organisation]]. The vehicle carried [[IRS-P3]] satellite which was deployed in the [[Sun-synchronous orbit|Sun-synchronous]] [[Low Earth orbit]].<ref name="PSLV-D3">{{cite news|title=PSLV-D3|publisher=[[Indian Space Research Organisation]] website|accessdate=23 Jun 2016|url=http://www.isro.gov.in/launcher/pslv-d3|archive-date=11 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811040311/http://www.isro.gov.in/launcher/pslv-d3|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="PSLV Launch Vehicle">{{cite news|title=PSLV Launch Vehicle|publisher=spaceflight101.com|accessdate=23 Jun 2016|url=http://spaceflight101.com/spacerockets/pslv/|archive-date=28 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160628060239/http://spaceflight101.com/spacerockets/pslv|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="PSLV">{{cite news|title=PSLV|publisher=spacelaunchreport.com|accessdate=23 Jun 2016|url=http://www.spacelaunchreport.com/pslv.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130104225437/http://www.spacelaunchreport.com/pslv.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=January 4, 2013}}</ref><ref name="ISRO Timeline">{{cite news|title=ISRO Timeline|publisher=[[Indian Space Research Organisation]] website|accessdate=23 Jun 2016|url=http://www.isro.gov.in/about-isro/isros-timeline-1960s-to-today#33|archive-date=20 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120150630/http://isro.gov.in/about-isro/isros-timeline-1960s-to-today#33|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Launch==
PSLV-D3 was launched at 4:53 a.m. [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] on 21 March 1996 from [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]] (then called "Sriharikota Launching Range"). The vehicle successfully achieved orbit, placing the [[IRS-P3]] satellite in the [[Sun-synchronous orbit]].<ref name="PSLV-D3"/><ref name="PSLV Launch Vehicle"/><ref name="PSLV"/><ref name="ISRO Timeline"/>

==See also==
* [[Indian Space Research Organisation]]
* [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle]]
{{Portal bar|India|Science|Space|Spaceflight}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
{{PSLV}}
{{Indian space programme}}

{{Expendable launch systems}}

[[Category:Spacecraft launched in 1994]]
[[Category:Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle]]

Bich Kagay

2025-06-12T19:10:42Z

Musariaz: correct details per sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bich Kagay
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.1392|88.6368|type:city_region:IN|display=inline, title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kalimpong district|Kalimpong]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 2401
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
| area_code =
| registration_plate = WB
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Darjeeling (Lok Sabha constituency)|Darjeeling]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Kalimpong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kalimpong]]
| website = {{URL|kalimpongdistrict.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Bich Kagay''' is a village in the [[Kalimpong II]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Kalimpong Sadar subdivision]] of the [[Kalimpong district]] in [[West Bengal]], [[India]]

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=450| height=280| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|27|1|0|N|88|40|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Places in the Kalimpong Sadar subdivision in Kalimpong district''' CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, M: municipality, F: facility, NP: national park Abbreviations used in names – TG for Tea Garden (town/village) Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|27|7|4|N|88|35|1|E}}| label-pos1=right|label1= Algarah| numbered1=R| mark-title1= [[Algarah]] (R)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C42222|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|27|5|33|N|88|28|53|E}}| label-pos2=left|label2=Bhalukhop| numbered2=R| mark-title2= [[Bhalukhop]] (R)
|mark-coord3={{coord|27|8|45|N|88|38|12|E}}| label-pos3=right|label3=Bich Kagay| numbered3=R| mark-title3= Bich Kagay (R)| shape-color3=black| label-size3=13|label-color3=black 
|mark-coord4={{coord|27|5|53|N|88|52|18|E}}| label-pos4=left|label4=Bindu| numbered4=R| mark-title4= [[Bindu, Kalimpong]] (R)
|mark-coord5={{coord|26|57|18|N|88|41|42|E}}| label-pos5=left|label5=Gorubathan| numbered5=R| mark-title5= [[Gorubathan]] (R)
|mark-coord6={{coord|27|7|55|N|88|34|32|E}}| label-pos6=right|label6=Icche Gaon| numbered6=R| mark-title6= [[Icche Gaon]] (R)
|mark-coord7={{coord|27|2|0|N|88|52|23|E}}| label-pos7=right|label7=Jaldhaka| numbered7=R| mark-title7= [[Jaldhaka]] (R)
|mark-coord8={{coord|27|2|40|N|88|52|26|E}}| label-pos8=right|label8=Jhalong| numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[Jhalong]] (R)
|mark-coord9={{coord|27|0|2|N|88|49|39|E}}| label-pos9=left|label9=Kumai TG| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Kumai Tea Garden]] (R)
|mark-coord10={{coord|27|5|10|N|88|39|38|E}}| label-pos10=left|label10=Lava| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Lava, West Bengal]] (R)
|mark-coord11={{coord|27|1|14|N|88|33|54|E}}| label-pos11=left|label11=Loleygaon| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Loleygaon]] (R)
|mark-coord12={{coord|26|56|59|N|88|42|47|E}}| label-pos12=right|label12=Lower Fagu TG| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Lower Fagu Tea Garden]] (R)
|mark-coord13={{coord|26|52|39|N|88|30|7|E}}| label-pos13=right|label13=Mongpong| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Mongpong]] (R)
|mark-coord14={{coord|26|56|35|N|88|26|30|E}}| label-pos14=right|label14= Kalijhora| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Kalijhora]] (R)
|mark-coord15={{coord|27|9|36|N|88|36|56|E}}| label-pos15=right|label15= Pedong| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Pedong]] (R)
|mark-coord16={{coord|27|7|17|N|88|34|0|E}}| label-pos16=left|label16= Ramdhura| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Ramdhura]] (R)
|mark-coord17={{coord|26|59|33|N|88|24|49|E}}| label-pos17=bottom|label17= Rambi Bazar| numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[Rambi Bazar]] (R)
|mark-coord18={{coord|27|6|43|N|88|39|40|E}}| label-pos18=right|label18= Rishyap| numbered18=R| mark-title18= [[Rishyap]] (R)
|mark-coord19={{coord|27|2|36|N|88|50|6|E}}| label-pos19=left|label19= Rongo| numbered19=R| mark-title19= [[Rongo, Kalimpong]] (R)
|mark-coord20={{coord|27|3|18|N|88|39|20|E}}| label-pos20=bottom|label20= Samabiyong TG| numbered20=R| mark-title20= [[Samabiyong Tea Garden]] (R)
|mark-coord21={{coord|27|8|44|N|88|34|48|E}}| label-pos21=left|label21= Sillery Gaon| numbered21=R| mark-title21= [[Sillery Gaon]] (R)
|mark-coord22={{coord|27|0|48|N|88|47|16|E}}| label-pos22=left|label22= Suntalekhola| numbered22=R| mark-title22= [[Suntalekhola]] (R)
|mark-coord23={{coord|27|3|36|N|88|25|48|E}}| label-pos23=top|label23= Teesta Bazaar| numbered23=R| mark-title23= [[Teesta Bazaar]] (R)
|mark-coord24={{coord|27|6|35|N|88|49|30|E}}| label-pos24=left|label24= Todey|labela24= Tangta| numbered24=R| mark-title24= [[Todey Tangta]] (R)
|mark-coord25={{coord|26|58|37|N|88|35|26|E}}| label-pos25=left|label25= Nimbong| numbered25=R| mark-title25= [[Nimbong]] (R)
|mark-coord26={{coord|27|6|0|N|88|41|0|E}}| label-pos26=left|label26= Kolakham| numbered26=R| mark-title26= [[Kolakham]] (R)
|mark-coord27={{coord|27|9|46|N|88|34|50|E}}| label-pos27=left|label27= Mansong| numbered27=R| mark-title27= [[Mansong]] (R)
|mark-coord28={{coord|27|3|25|N|88|28|12|E}}| label-pos28=right |label28=Kalimpong| numbered28=M| mark-title28= [[Kalimpong]] (M)| shape-color28=#800000
|mark-coord29={{coord|27|4|32|N|88|29|50|E}}| label-pos29=right|label29=Dungra| numbered29=CT| mark-title29= [[Dungra, Kalimpong]] (CT) |shape-color29= #A40000
|mark-coord30={{coord|27|5|22|N|88|29|50|E}} | label-pos30=top|label30= Dr. Graham's Homes| numbered30=F| mark-title30= [[Dr. Graham's Homes]] (F) |shape-color30=#967117
|mark-coord31={{coord|27|5|30|N|88|45|0|E}}| label-pos31=bottom|label31=Neora Valley |labela31= National Park| numbered31=NP| mark-title31= [[Neora Valley National Park]] (NP)| shape-color31=#228B22
|mark-coord32={{coord|27|1|50|N|88|26|10|E}}|label32= Teesta |labela32=River| label-color32 = #77A1CB| label-angle32=75| label-pos32=top| label-size32=10| mark-size32=0| mark-title32=none
|mark-coord33={{coord|26|58|50|N|88|52|23|E}}|label33= Jaldhaka River| label-color33 = #77A1CB| label-angle33=85| label-pos33=top| label-size33=10| mark-size33=0| mark-title33=none
|mark-coord34={{coord|26|55|42|N|88|27|21|E}}| label34= Teesta Low|labela34= Dam IV| label-color34 = #C42222 | label-angle34=0| label-pos34=right| label-size34=10| mark-size34=12| numbered34=D|mark-title34 =[[Teesta Low Dam - IV Hydropower Plant]]| shape-color34=#C42222
|mark-coord35={{coord|27|0|6|N|88|26|35|E}}| label35= Teesta Low|labela35= Dam III| label-color35 = #C42222 | label-angle35=0| label-pos35=right| label-size35=10| mark-size35=12| numbered35=D|mark-title35 =[[Teesta Low Dam - III Hydropower Plant]]| shape-color35=#C42222
|arc-coordA={{coord|27|7|0|N|88|25|0|E}}|arc-textA= SIKKIM| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-50| arc-gapA=3.5| arc-radiusA=0.4
|arc-coordB={{coord|27|10|0|N|88|54|0|E}}|arc-textB= BHUTAN| arc-text-colorB=hard grey| arc-angleB=50| arc-gapB=3.5| arc-radiusB=0.4}}

===Location===
Bich Kagay is located at {{coord|27.1392|88.6368|type:city_region:IN|display=inline}}.

Bich Kagay is an agricultural village located 40 km from [[Kalimpong]] town.

Notable places of interest in Bich Kagay include Janmukti Falls and Banjhakri Falls.

===Area overview===
The map alongside shows the Kalimpong Sadar subdivision of Kalimpong district. Physiographically, this area forms the Kalimpong Range, with the average elevation varying from {{convert|300 to 3000|m}}. This region is characterized by abruptly rising hills and numerous small streams.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1901_PART_A_DCHB_DARJILING.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Darjeeling, Series 20, Part XII A, 2011 Census of India| work= Page 13: Physiography| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |accessdate = 6 April 2020}}</ref> It is a predominantly rural area with 77.67% of the population living in rural areas and only 22.23% living in the urban areas. While [[Kalimpong]] is the only municipality, [[Dungra, Kalimpong|Dungra]] is the sole [[census town]] in the entire area.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Hanbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2013 Darjeeling |work = Table 2.4b |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 6 April 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The economy is agro-based and there are 6 tea gardens in the Gorubathan CD block.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://kalimpongdistrict.in/about-kalimpong/ |title = About Kalimpong District |work = Tea Gardens |publisher = District administration |accessdate = 6 April 2020 |archive-date = 10 August 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200810020910/https://kalimpongdistrict.in/about-kalimpong/ |url-status = dead }}</ref> In 2011, Kalimpong subdivision had a literacy rate of 81.85%, comparable with the highest levels of literacy in the districts of the state.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Hanbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2013 Darjeeling |work = Table 4.5 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 6 April 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_wb.html |title = Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011 : West Bengal | work = Statement-4 Ranking of Districts by Literacy Rate in 2001 and 2011 | publisher =Office of the Registrar General and & Census Commissioner, India, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |accessdate = 2012-06-20 }}</ref> While the first degree college in the subdivision was established at [[Kalimpong]] in 1962,<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.collegeadmission.in/KalimpongCollege/Kalimpong_College.shtml |title = Kalimpong College |publisher= College Admission | accessdate = 6 April 2020 }}</ref> the entire subdivision (and now the entire district), other than the head-quarters, had to wait till as late as 2015 (more than half a century) to have their first degree colleges at [[Pedong]] and [[Gorubathan]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://pedongcollege.in/ |title = Government General Degree College at Pedong |publisher= GGDC | accessdate = 6 April 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.gorubathanggdc.co.in/ |title = Government General Degree College, Gorubathan |publisher= GGDC | accessdate = 6 April 2020 }}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Kagey Khasmahal had a total population of 2,401 of which 1,215 (51%) were males and 1,286 (54%) were females. There were 309 persons in the age range of 0 to 6 years. The total number of literate people in Kagey Khasmahal was 1,646 (78.68% of the population over 6 years).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 2 April 2020 }}</ref>

==Transport==
Bich Kagay is accessible by following roads network:
* Road from [[Pedong]] through the Sakyong Valley and the Mudum River.
* Road from [[Rhenock]] through Lingsay, Chuba, Byandah.
* Road from [[Lava, West Bengal|Labha]] through Budabarey, Bangla daara.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kalimpong District}}

[[Category:Villages in Kalimpong district]]