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Gajsukhdesar

2026-05-01T21:29:40Z

Murmupp: Starting Pg

{{Short description|Village in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gajsukhdesar
| settlement_type = Village
| map_caption = Gajsukhdesar (India)
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|27.6363|N|73.8200|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bikaner District|Bikaner]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil|Sub-District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Jasrasar]]
| government_type = [[Panchayati Raj]]
| governing_body = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 = 28.29
| population_total = 3486
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products__rajasthan.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429055242/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products__rajasthan.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 April 2011|title=Census of India : Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011 : Rajasthan|last=ORGI}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 334802
| registration_plate = RJ-50, RJ-07
}}

'''Gajsukhdesar''' is a village located in [[Jasrasar]] Tehsil of [[Bikaner District]], [[Rajasthan]], India.

People residing in this village rely on agriculture, consists both irrigated and non-irrigated farming.

==Demographics==
According to the 2011 Census, conducted by the [[Government of India]], the population of this village was 3,486, out of which 1,802 were males and 1,684 were females.<ref>{{cite web |title=Population of Gajsukhdesar village as per 2011-Census, conducted by Government of India. |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/69650-gajsukhdesar-rajasthan.html |access-date= 18 November 2024}}</ref>
Literacy rate of this village is 58.47%.

Inhabitants of this village follows [[Hinduism]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population by religious community - Bikaner District |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11390/download/14503/DDW08C-01%20MDDS.XLS}}{{failed verification|date=November 2024}}</ref>

Pin Code (Postal Index Number Code) of this village is 334802.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gajsukhdesar Pin CODE|url=https://www.ndtv.com/tools/pincodes/rajasthan/bikaner/gajsukhdesar-bo |work=NDTV |access-date=18 November 2024}}</ref>

==Transportation==
Transport facilities in this village are good. This village is located near SH-20, and SH-20(B).<ref>{{cite web |title= SH-20(B) Project, Bikaner-Napasar-Ladnun Highway |url=https://www.pioneerinfraindia.com/52-dpr-package-5/ |date=12 November 2024 | publisher=pioneerinfraindia.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

[[Category:Villages in Bikaner district]]

{{Bikanerdivision-geo-stub}}

Abdur Rahman Chowdhury (politician)

2026-04-18T19:42:12Z

Murmupp: starting a details more to come!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Abdur Rahman Chowdhury
| image =
| birth_date =
| death_date =
| birth_place =
| alma_mater =
| death_place =
| office = Member of the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1972
| term_end = 1978
| predecessor = [[Abdul Matlib Mazumdar]]
| successor = [[Dipak Bhattacharjee]]
| constituency = [[Hailakandi Assembly constituency|Hailakandi]]
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| constituency1 =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| children =
| source =
}}

'''Abdur Rahman Chowdhury''' is an Indian politician. He was elected to the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] from [[Hailakandi Assembly constituency|Hailakandi constituency]] in the [[1972 Assam Legislative Assembly election]] as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/3995-assam-1972/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Assam |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=8 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://assamassembly.gov.in/mla-1972-78.html
|title=Assam Legislative Assembly - MLA 1972-78
|website=Assam Legislative Assembly|accessdate=30 October 2019}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chowdhury, Abdur Rahman}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Assam]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1972–1978]]
[[Category:People from Hailakandi district]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Assam-INC-politician-stub}}

Dear Friend (2022 film)

2026-04-18T18:10:34Z

Murmupp: Starting A Stub - done

{{Short description|2022 Malayalam film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Dear Friend
| image = Dear Friend (2022 film).jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = 
| director = [[Vineeth Kumar]]
| writer = [[Suhas-Sharfu]] [[Arjun Lal]]
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = [[Shyju Khalid]] [[Sameer Thahir]] [[Ashiq Usman]]
| starring = [[Tovino Thomas]] [[Darshana Rajendran]] [[Basil Joseph]] [[Arjun Radhakrishnan]] Arjun Lal
| narrator =
| cinematography = Shyju Khalid
| editing = Deepu Joseph
| music = [[Justin Varghese]]
| studio = Happyhours Entertainment [[Ashiq Usman|Ashiq Usman Productions]]
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2022|6|10}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}
'''''Dear Friend''''' is a 2022 Indian [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]-language [[thriller film]] directed by [[Vineeth Kumar]]. The film stars [[Tovino Thomas]], [[Darshana Rajendran]], [[Basil Joseph]], [[Arjun Radhakrishnan]] and [[Arjun Lal]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/dear-friend-trailer-tovino-thomas-starrer-is-all-about-friends-family-and-fun/articleshow/91807684.cms |title='Dear Friend' trailer: Tovino Thomas starrer is all about friends, family, and fun! |website=The Times of India |access-date=4 July 2022 |archive-date=15 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615093508/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/dear-friend-trailer-tovino-thomas-starrer-is-all-about-friends-family-and-fun/articleshow/91807684.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/dear-friend-teaser-tovino-thomas-plays-the-dearie/articleshow/91509883.cms |title='Dear Friend' teaser: Tovino Thomas plays the dearie |website=The Times of India |access-date=4 July 2022 |archive-date=13 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513193500/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/dear-friend-teaser-tovino-thomas-plays-the-dearie/articleshow/91509883.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/dear-friend-teaser-2-the-camaraderie-is-heart-warming/articleshow/92051923.cms |title='Dear Friend' teaser 2: The camaraderie is heart-warming |website=The Times of India |access-date=4 July 2022 |archive-date=14 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614062159/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/dear-friend-teaser-2-the-camaraderie-is-heart-warming/articleshow/92051923.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> The film was released on 10 June 2022, and was a [[box office failure]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/tovino-thomas-basil-joseph-starrer-dear-friend-to-hit-screens-on-june-10/articleshow/91118673.cms |title=Tovino Thomas - Basil Joseph starrer 'Dear Friend' to hit screens on June 10 |website=The Times of India |access-date=4 July 2022 |archive-date=28 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428054245/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/tovino-thomas-basil-joseph-starrer-dear-friend-to-hit-screens-on-june-10/articleshow/91118673.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/tovinos-dear-friend-to-lock-horns-with-nivin-paulys-thuramukham-in-june/articleshow/91936678.cms |title=Tovino's 'Dear Friend' to lock horns with Nivin Pauly's 'Thuramukham' in June |website=The Times of India |access-date=4 July 2022 |archive-date=9 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609084813/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/tovinos-dear-friend-to-lock-horns-with-nivin-paulys-thuramukham-in-june/articleshow/91936678.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Six friends (Vinod, Jannath, Arjun, Shyam, Sajith and Amutha) are celebrating Vinod's birthday. Vinod is dared to wear a homemade [[superman]] costume while roaming the city.

While celebrating in a club, the group get into a physical altercation with a passer-by who was [[livestreaming]] Vinod in the costume without his consent, leading to their arrests. The police officer mocks Vinod's tattoos, one of which reads '‘AMMA’' in [[Malayalam]]. Vinod is slapped by the interrogating officer for retaliating. Embarrassed by this, he tells Jannath that this was his most memorable birthday.

Jannath struggles to be accepted by her conservative father, who disapproves of her relationship with Arjun; knowing that they won't get his blessing, the couple have a courthouse wedding. Arjun, Vinod, Shyam, and Sajith are aiming to earn financial backing for a health-based app that they are developing. While Shyam comes from a well-off family, he does not wish to join his family business of running a pub. Sajith comes from a financially struggling family; his minimal English and lack of social skills make it difficult for him to find job interviews.

One night, while the group are partying at a club, Arjun spikes Vinod's drink, leading to Vinod, who was abstaining from alcohol that day due to his mother's death anniversary, shoving him. After leaving the club, he is followed by Amutha who confesses her love for him, however he does not reciprocate.

Later on, Vinod visits Jannath at the medical practice she works in, and confesses to having many unresolved feelings about his mother's death. The pair have a heartfelt conversation. One morning, the group are unable to find Vinod who has left behind a letter revealing that he doesn't want to be searched and thanks them for the memories they created. Jannath initially believes that Vinod is playing a joke and is simply getting revenge on them for humiliating him on his birthday. However, the group are visited by police officers who take them in for questioning, and it becomes clear to the group that the situation is serious.

The police suspect Vinod of being a thief, claiming that he has stolen {{INR}}70 [[lakh]]s from a company he previously worked for. Jannath believes that the whole situation must be a misunderstanding, and Shyam is angered at being deceived by his alleged business partner.

The group learn that Vinod did not record pieces of music that he claimed were his, and find out about many lies he had told them. They then go to Mumbai and meet the original musician, Sreenath, who reveals the truth. Vinod and Sreenath were roommates, and Vinod had helped Sreenath, who was unable to cope after his mother had died after battling cancer, through registering him on a [[matrimonial website]]. He then suddenly disappeared, and the following morning, the police question Sreenath about stolen money.

The group then discover that Vinod's mother is in fact alive, and due to Vinod's estrangement from her, she believes that he is dead. However, after having failed to locate Vinod; they return home and carry on with their lives. Things eventually become better for the group: Jannath and Arjun are expecting a baby, Sajith secures a well-paying job, and Shyam has taken over his family business.

One day, Sajith spots Vinod parking a car on a street. He calls Jannath, Arjun, and Shyam, however the latter is still upset at Vinod, however Jannath and Arjun agree to meet Sajith at the spot where he saw Vinod. They wait until late at night for Vinod to reappear, and follow him to an apartment complex. Sajith, Arjun, and Jannath confront Vinod, who reveals that he is the run from the police, who are still searching for him. He also reveals that he lied about his mother's death to hide his past. Jannath asks Vinod about whether he is lying about his identity; to which Vinod points to the ‘Mother’ tattoo on his arm, claiming that the same story works every time.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Tovino Thomas]] as Vinod
*[[Darshana Rajendran]] as Jannath
*[[Basil Joseph]] as Sajith
*[[Arjun Radhakrishnan]] as Shyam
*[[Arjun Lal]] as Arjun
*[[Sanchana Natarajan]] as Amutha
*[[Rekha Harris|Rekha]] as Vijayakumari Viswanathan
*[[Vishak Nair]] as Shyam's brother
*[[Jaffar Idukki]] as Jannath's father
*[[Assim Jamal]] as Shyam's lawyer
*[[Hakim Shahjahan]] as Sreenath
}}

==Production ==
The film's story is inspired by Arjun Lal's experiences in [[Bengaluru]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/actor-and-filmmaker-vineeth-kumar-on-his-second-film-dear-friend/article65502876.ece |title='Dear Friend' has a different take on friendship, says director Vineeth Kumar |first=Athira |last=M |newspaper=The Hindu |date=7 June 2022 |access-date=4 July 2022 |archive-date=16 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616165343/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/actor-and-filmmaker-vineeth-kumar-on-his-second-film-dear-friend/article65502876.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Reception ==
[[Anna M. M. Vetticad]] of ''[[Firstpost]]'' wrote, “''Dear Friend'' is matter of fact yet intriguing, and the finale is nicely open-ended. “<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/dear-friend-movie-review-intriguing-blend-of-buddy-flick-thriller-and-psychological-profile-10909441.html |title=Dear Friend movie review: Intriguing blend of buddy flick, thriller and psychological profile |author=Anna M. M. Vetticad |website=Firstpost |date=14 July 2022}}</ref> She ranked it tenth on her year-end list of best Malayalam films for the publication.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/best-malayalam-films-2022-a-year-so-good-that-keeping-this-list-down-to-10-was-impossible-11875531.html |title=Best Malayalam Films 2022: A year so good that keeping this list down to 10 was impossible |author=Anna M. M. Vetticad |website=Firstpost |date=26 December 2022}}</ref> Cris of ''[[The News Minute]]'' wrote that "But for the abruptness of the ending which makes you feel a little cheated, the film is a cosy and engaging watch".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/dear-friend-review-darshana-tovino-film-cosy-and-engaging-watch-164841 |title=Dear Friend review: Darshana-Tovino film is a cosy and engaging watch |author=Cris |work=The News Minute |date=10 June 2022 |access-date=2022-07-04 |archive-date=2022-06-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615064710/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/dear-friend-review-darshana-tovino-film-cosy-and-engaging-watch-164841 |url-status=live}}</ref> S. R. Praveen of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that "Filmmaker Vineeth Kumar's second outing has an interesting premise, but what the film serves in the end — after all the painful work of building the suspense — is quite disappointing".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/dear-friend-movie-review-tovino-thomas-drama-wastes-a-promising-build-up/article65514185.ece |title='Dear Friend' movie review: Tovino Thomas' drama wastes a promising build-up |author=S. R. Praveen |work=The Hindu |date=10 June 2022 |access-date=2022-07-04 |archive-date=2022-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623223524/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/dear-friend-movie-review-tovino-thomas-drama-wastes-a-promising-build-up/article65514185.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> Anjana George of ''[[The Times of India]]'' said that "''Dear Friend'' is for those who cherish intimate friendships as an important part of the fabric of their life. Letting go, giving space and accepting individuals the way they are also part of bonding".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/dear-friend/movie-review/92144849.cms |title=Dear Friend Movie Review : A story on urban friendships |work=The Times of India |author=Anjana George |access-date=2022-07-04 |archive-date=2022-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616234438/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/dear-friend/movie-review/92144849.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> Sajin Srijith of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' opined that "''Dear Friend'' is one of those films that should inspire young aspiring filmmakers who think out of the box because this is a work that screams simplicity".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2022/jun/11/offbeat-friendship-drama-bolstered-by-organic-performances-2464126.html |title=Dear Friend Movie Review: Offbeat friendship drama bolstered by organic performances |author=Sajin Srijith |work=The New Indian Express |date=11 June 2022 |access-date=4 July 2022 |archive-date=15 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615095816/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/review/2022/jun/10/dear-friend-movie-review-offbeat-friendship-drama-bolstered-by-organic-performances-32060.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=15373558}}

[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:2022 thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:2022 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films about friendship]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films scored by Justin Varghese]]

Sri Hargobindpur Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:54:34Z

Murmupp: created a post

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Punjab State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sri Hargobindpur
| map_image = 8-Sri Hargobindpur.svg
| state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| district = [[Gurdaspur district|Gurdaspur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Hoshiarpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hoshiarpur]]
| reservation = SC
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 8
| mla = [[Amarpal Singh]]
| party = {{Party index link|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| electors = {{formatnum:181209}}{{update after|2027|02}}
}}
'''Sri Hargobindpur''' is a [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] constituency in [[Gurdaspur district]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state, India.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf|title= List of Punjab Assembly Constituencies|accessdate= 19 July 2016|url-status= dead|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20160423033326/http://ceopunjab.nic.in/english/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf|archivedate= 23 April 2016|df= dmy-all}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
* 2012: [[Des Raj Dhugga]], [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| Balwinder Singh<ref name=election2017/>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress }}
|-
|[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[Amarpal Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2022 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2022]]: Sri Hargobindpur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = [[Amarpal Singh]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=Punjab Election 2022: Complete List of AAP Candidates, Check Names HERE|url=https://www.india.com/news/india/punjab-election-2022-complete-list-of-aap-candidates-check-names-announced-5198549/|access-date=2022-01-22|website=www.india.com|language=en}}</ref>
|votes = 53,205
|percentage = 42.74
|change = {{increase}}23.10
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = Rajanbir Singh
|votes = 36,242
|percentage = 29.12
|change = {{decrease}}2.75
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Mandeep Singh Rangar Nangal<ref name="Punjab INC 2022">{{cite news |title=Punjab Elections 2022: Full list of Congress Candidates and their Constituencies |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-elections-2022-full-list-of-congress-candidates/2407341/ |access-date=18 February 2022 |work=FE Online |agency=The Indian Express Group |issue=The Financial Express (India) |date=February 18, 2022}}</ref>
|votes = 24,563
|percentage = 19.73
|change = {{decrease}}26.75
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Sanyukt Samaj Morcha
|candidate = Dr Kamaljit Singh
|votes = 4,757
|percentage = 3.82
|change = new
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 1,398
|percentage = 1.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 16,963
|percentage = 13.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 124,473
|percentage = 68.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:181209}}
|ref=<ref name="Punjab Election 2022">{{cite web |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Aam Aadmi Party|loser=Indian National Congress|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

=== 2017 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2017"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2017]]: Sri Hargobindpur<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/members/detail/13|title= Sri Hargobindpur Assembly election result, 2012|accessdate= 13 January 2017}}</ref><ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3614-punjab-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date= 26 June 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Balwinder Singh Laddi
|votes = 57,489
|percentage = 47.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = Manjit Singh
|votes = 39,424
|percentage = 31.87
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Amarpal Singh
|votes = 24,294
|percentage = 19.64
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aapna Punjab Party
|candidate = Om Prakash
|votes = 889
|percentage = 0.72
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Gurmeet Singh
|votes = 653
|percentage = 0.53
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Sarabjit Singh
|votes = 560
|percentage = 0.45
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Sikander Singh
|votes = 388
|percentage = 0.31
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 16963
|percentage = 16.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:170470}}
|ref=<ref name=electors2017>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/VS2017/D03-Electors%20and%20Polling%20Stations%20VS%202017.pdf |title=Electors and Polling Stations - VS 2017 |author=Chief Electoral Officer - Punjab |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box end}} <section end="Assembly Election 2017"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Punjab Assembly Election results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/86-punjab/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Punjab}}
{{coord|31.69|75.47|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Gurdaspur district]]
[[Category:Politics of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Punjab, India]]

Chohtan Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:54:20Z

Murmupp: Starting Data

{{Short description|Constituency of the Rajasthan legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Chohtan
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-140-Chohtan.svg
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| constituency_no = 140
| incumbent_image =
| district = [[Barmer district|Barmer]]
| established = 1957
| reservation = SC
| type= SLA
| mla = [[Aduram Meghwal]]<ref name="ElectionResult2023"/>
| party = [[Bhartiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2023
| electors = {{formatnum:309744}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
}}
'''Chohtan Assembly constituency''' is a constituency of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of Chohtan in the [[Barmer district]] of [[Rajasthan]], [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP.pdf |title=New Assembly Constituencies |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in |date=25 January 2006| access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref> Chohtan is one of eight assembly constituencies in the [[Barmer Lok Sabha constituency]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|1957
|Fateh Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|1962
|Fateh Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad}}
|-
|1967
|A. Badi
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|1972
|rowspan="2"|Abdul Hadi
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|1977
|-
|1980
|Bhagwandas Doshi
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
|1985
|rowspan="2"|Abdul Hadi
|{{Full party name with color|Lokdal}}
|-
|1990
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|1993
|Bhagwandas Doshi
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|1998
|Abdul Hadi<ref name=election1998>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3400-rajasthan-1998/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 1998 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=14 January 2022}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|2003
|[[Gangaram Choudhary]]<ref name=election2003>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3403-rajasthan-2003/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2003 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=14 January 2022}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}
|-
|2008
|[[Padma Ram|Padmaram Meghwal]]<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3407-rajasthan-2008/|title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|2013
|[[Tarun Rai Kaga]]<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3411-rajasthan-2013/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2013 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}
|-
|2018
|[[Padma Ram|Padmaram Meghwal]]<ref name=election2018/>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|2023
|[[Aduram Meghwal]]<ref name="ElectionResult2023">{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |date=2023-12-03 |title=Chohtan Election Result 2023 Live: Bjp Candidate Adu Ram Meghwal Wins From Chohtan |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/chohtan-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-winner-loser-bjp-congress-bsp-aap-rajasthan-assembly-election-results-news-1647154 |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janta Party}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Chohtan<ref name="ElectionResult2023"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Adu Ram Meghwal
|votes = {{formatnum:103205}}
|percentage = 43.46
|change = +4.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Padmaram
|votes = {{formatnum:101777}}
|percentage = 42.86
|change = +1.29
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Loktantrik Party
|candidate = Tarun Rai Kaga
|votes = {{formatnum:22149}}
|percentage = 9.33
|change = -2.62
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Bhartharam
|votes = {{formatnum:4572}}
|percentage = 1.93
|change = +0.28
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3901}}
|percentage = 1.64
|change = -1.04
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:1428}}
|percentage = 0.6
|change = -1.52
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:237451}}
|percentage = 76.66
|change = -0.05
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Chohtan<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Padma Ram|Padmaram Meghwal]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:83601}}
|percentage = 41.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Adu Ram Meghwal
|votes = {{formatnum:79339}}
|percentage = 39.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Loktantrik Party
|candidate = Surta Ram Meghwal
|votes = {{formatnum:24036}}
|percentage = 11.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Yuva Shakti
|candidate = Dhoora Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:3625}}
|percentage = 1.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ravindra Kumar Meghwal
|votes = {{formatnum:3314}}
|percentage = 1.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Nainaram
|votes = {{formatnum:1810}}
|percentage = 0.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:5391}}
|percentage = 2.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:4262}}
|percentage = 2.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:201116}}
|percentage = 76.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}
{{coord|25.48|71.07|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Barmer district]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Rajasthan]]

P. N. Patil

2026-04-11T12:39:55Z

Murmupp: put up article

{{Short description|Leader of Indian National Congress (1953–2024)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = P. N. Patil-Sadolikar
| native_name =
| image =
| office = Member of [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 27 Oct 2019
| term_end = 23 May 2024
| predecessor = [[Chandradip Narke]]
| successor = [[Chandradip Narke]]
| constituency = [[Karvir Assembly constituency|Karvir]]
| term_start1 = 2004
| term_end1 = 2009
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 = '''Abolished'''
| constituency1 = Sangrul
| birth_date = {{birth date|1953|1|6|df=y}}
| birth_place = Sadoli Khalsa, [[Kolhapur district]], [[Bombay State]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|2024|5|23|1953|1|6|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Kolhapur]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = Politician
| children =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| profession =
| spouse =
| sibling =
| website =
}}

'''P. N. Patil-Sadolikar''' (6 January 1953 – 23 May 2024) was an Indian politician who was a leader of the [[Indian National Congress]] and a member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] elected from
[[Karvir Assembly constituency]] in [[Kolhapur]] city.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 April 2016 |title=काँग्रसचे जिल्हाध्यक्षपद पी. एन. यांच्याकडेच |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/maharashtra/kolhapur/kolhapur-congress-president-p-n-patil/articleshow/51869374.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101082952/https://maharashtratimes.com/maharashtra/kolhapur/kolhapur-congress-president-p-n-patil/articleshow/51869374.cms |archive-date=1 November 2022 |access-date=1 November 2022 |website=[[Maharashtra Times]] |language=Marathi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 November 2022 |title=P. N. Patil (Sadolikar) - Constituency- Karvir(KOLHAPUR) Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://myneta.info/mh2009/candidate.php?candidate_id=3517 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101081836/https://myneta.info/mh2009/candidate.php?candidate_id=3517 |archive-date=1 November 2022 |access-date=1 November 2022 |website= [[Association for Democratic Reforms|myneta.info]] |language=English
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2019 |title=Karvir Election Results 2019 Live Updates (करवीर): P.n. Patil Sadolikar of Congress Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/karvir-election-results-2019-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-2359441.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221030034450/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://www.news18.com/news/politics/karvir-election-results-2019-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-2359441.html |archive-date=30 October 2022 |access-date=30 October 2022 |website=[[News18 India]] |language=English}}</ref> In 2004 he was also elected from old Sangrul Assembly constituency in Kolhapur.<ref name=":0" />

==Political career==
P. N. Patil was active in district politics for the past 40 years. He was the President of [[Kolhapur District]] Congress for 20 years from 1999 to 2019.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Ex-Cong District Prez PN Patil Passes away at 71 |url=http://www.uniindia.com/news/west/ex-cong-district-prez-p-n-patil-passes-away-at-71/3204879.html#google_vignette |work=[[United News of India]]}}</ref> He also held position of Vice President of [[Maharashtra Pradesh Congress Committee]].<ref name=":0" />

At the age of 25 years he became Kolhapur District Congress general secretary and was Kolhapur District Congress general secretary from 1978 to 1985. In 1995, he contested for the first time in assembly election from Sangrul Assembly Constituency in Kolhapur.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |title=Maharashtra Congress MLA P N Patil passes away |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/maharashtra/maharashtra-congress-mla-p-n-patil-passes-away-3035324 |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

Patil made significant contributions, notably as the founder of Rajivji Sahakari Soot Girni and Shripatrao Sahakari Bank.<ref name=":0" /> He also played roles as chairman for 5 years and director in the Kolhapur District Central Cooperative Bank for more than 35 years. He was also former chairman of Bhogavati Sugar Factory.<ref name=":0" />

==Positions held==
* 2004:Elected to [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]].<ref name=":0" />
* 2019: Elected to [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2019 |title=राज्यातील विजयी उमेदवारांची यादी येथे पाहा|url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/maharashtra/mumbai-news/vidhan-sabha-nivadnuk-list-of-winning-candidates-in-the-state/articleshow/71749478.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026162142/https://maharashtratimes.com/maharashtra/mumbai-news/vidhan-sabha-nivadnuk-list-of-winning-candidates-in-the-state/amp_articleshow/71749478.cms |archive-date=26 October 2022 |access-date=26 October 2022 |website= [[Maharashtra Times]] |language=Marathi
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2019 |title=Maharashtra Election 2019 Winners Full List: Check full list of winning candidates in Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha Chunav 2019 |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/maharashtra-assembly-election-2019-winners-full-list/1744244/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026205732/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/maharashtra-assembly-election-2019-winners-full-list/1744244/ |archive-date=26 October 2022 |access-date=26 October 2022 |website=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|language=English
}}</ref>

==Personal life and death==
Patil died from a fall on 23 May 2024, at the age of 71.<ref>[https://marathi.abplive.com/news/kolhapur/mla-p-n-patil-passed-away-in-kolhapur-fighting-to-the-death-congress-loyalist-shiledar-lost-1284217 MLA P. N. Patil : आमदार पी. एन. पाटील यांचे निधन; मृत्यूशी झुंज अयशस्वी, काँग्रेसचा निष्ठावंत शिलेदार हरपला] {{in lang|hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=24 May 2024 |title=जनसागराच्या साक्षीने पी. एन. पाटील यांना अखेरचा निरोप |url=https://pudhari.news/maharashtra/kolhapur/797012/senior-leaders-p-n-patil-passed-away/ar |access-date=2024-05-24 |work=[[Pudhari]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patil, P. N.}}
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:People from Kolhapur]]
[[Category:Accidental deaths from falls in India]]

{{Maharashtra-INC-politician-stub}}

Sri Ranganayaka Swamy Temple

2026-04-08T03:50:39Z

Murmupp: created new place...

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{refimprove|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple|name=Sri Ranganayaka Swamy Temple|elevation_m=|creator=|year_completed=18th century|inscriptions=|architecture=|festivals=|deity=Sri Ranganayakaswamy|location=Shri Rangapur Village, Pebbair (Mandal), [[Wanaparthy District]], [[Telangana]]|image=|district=|state=[[Telangana]]|country=India|coordinates={{coord|16.198|N|78.049|E|display=inline,title}}|map_type=|caption=|alt=|website=}}'''Sri Ranganayaka Swamy Temple''', also known as the '''Shri Rangapur Temple''', was constructed in the 18th century AD. it is located in Shri Rangapur Village, [[Pebbair]], [[Wanaparthy District]], [[Telangana]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trip to SriRangapur Temple, Pebbair -Wanaparthy District |url=https://www.india-drive.com/index.php?/topic/1143-trip-to-srirangapur-sri-ranganayaka-swamy-temple-pebbair-wanaparthy-district/ |website=india-drive}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Special Story On Sri Ranganayaka Swamy Temple {{!}} Wanaparthy {{!}} Telangana Theertham {{!}} V6 News |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2malZGKdUA4 |access-date=22 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Srirangapuram Temple History {{!}} Less Facilities and Dilapidation Condition {{!}} Mahabubnagar {{!}} HMTV |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EGK1HF5c-jI |access-date=22 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref> The temple was inspired by the renowned '''[[Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam|Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple]]''' in '''[[Srirangam]]''', Tamil Nadu. It was built by '''King Krishnadevaraya''' of the '''[[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagar Empire]]''', who sought to create a similar shrine in his kingdom. According to legend, King Krishnadevaraya was guided to the idol of Lord '''Ranganatha''' through a divine dream, leading him to establish the temple between the '''Kothakota''' and '''Kanvayapally''' temples.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Know Why Aditi Rao Hydari And Siddharth Tied Knot At This 400-Year-Old Historic Temple In Telangana |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/lifestyle/know-why-aditi-rao-hydari-and-siddharth-tied-knot-at-this-400-year-old-historical-temple |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref> The temple is a significant example of '''Vijayanagara architecture''' and is located near the '''Ratna Pushkarini Lake'''.

== History ==
Sri Ranganayaka temple is one of the oldest temples in Telangana and was built by Rajas of [[Wanaparthy Samsthanam]] in the 18th century.<ref>{{Cite news|date=25 June 2017|title=Sri Ranganayaka Swamy Temple: Steeped in mythological epics|work=Telangana Today|url=https://telanganatoday.com/sri-ranganayaka-swamy-temple-mythological}}</ref>

== Festivals ==
The temple hosts multiple festivals per year:

*Brahmotsavalu, [[Krishna]] worship festival

*Jatara, 15-day holy pilgrimage

== Transport ==
Srirangapur is about 10 km from Pebber and 25 km from [[Wanaparthy]], as well as 160 km from [[Hyderabad]] The nearest railway station is [[Gadwal]] station, which is about 40 km for passenger trains.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sri Ranganayaka Swamy Temple, Srirangapuram (V), Pebbair (M)|url=https://wanaparthy.telangana.gov.in/tourist-place/sri-ranganayaka-swamy-temple-srirangapuram-v-pebbair-m/|website=Telangana Govt}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Hindu temples in Telangana]]
[[Category:Wanaparthy district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Telangana]]

Project 77-class submarine

2026-04-06T16:46:47Z

Murmupp: put up article

{{Short description|Indian class of nuclear-powered attack submarines under development}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2020}}
{{For|the conventional-attack submarine programme|Project 75I-class submarine}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
| image =
| image_caption =
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/class overview
| name = '''Project 77'''
| builders = * Ship Building Centre, [[Visakhapatnam]]
* [[Larsen & Toubro]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumari |first1=Khushboo |title=L&T in focus : India clears two nuclear-powered attack submarines armed with supersonic, hypersonic missiles |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/industry-lampt-in-focus-india-clears-two-nuclear-powered-attack-submarines-armed-with-supersonic-hypersonic-missiles-3906761/ |access-date=9 July 2025 |publisher=financialexpress.com |date=8 July 2025}}</ref>
| operators = {{navy|India}} (Planned)
| class_after =
| in_commission_range = 2036 (planned)
| total_ships_building =
| total_ships_planned = *2 cleared
*6 planned
| total_ships_completed =
| total_ships_active = 0
| total_ships_laid_up =
| cost = *{{INRConvert|1.2|lc|lk=lc|year=2020}} total cost<ref name="ETfeb2020"/>
*{{INRConvert|40000|c||year=2024}} for two (includes cost for establishing, infrastructure, equipments & associated machineries for new class of SSN).
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
| hide_header =
| header_caption =
| type = [[SSN (hull classification symbol)|Nuclear attack submarine]]
| displacement = {{convert|10,000|t|lk=on}}
| length =
| beam =
| height =
| draft =
| depth =
| decks =
| deck_clearance =
| power =
| propulsion = * 1 × CLWR-B2 ([[Pressurized water reactor|Compact]] [[light-water reactor]]) {{cvt|200|MW|HP}}<ref name=":2" />
*{{cvt|35|MW|HP}} Nuclear-Electric Propulsion (NEP) [[Turbine–electric powertrain]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Potluri |first1=Parthu |title=Project-77: An Analysis of the Indian Navy’s Nuclear Attack Submarine Program |url=https://www.strategicfront.org/project-77-an-analysis-of-the-indian-navys-nuclear-attack-submarine-program/ |access-date=26 August 2025 |publisher=www.strategicfront.org |date=26 November 2024}}</ref>
* 1 × single shaft [[pump-jet]] propulsor
| speed =
| range = Unlimited except by food supplies
| endurance =
| test_depth =
| complement =
| time_to_activate =
| sensors =
| EW =
| armament = [[Varunastra (torpedo)|Varunastra]] heavyweight [[torpedo]], Electronic Heavy Weight Torpedo Takshak (EHWT) , [[Nirbhay]], [[BrahMos]] and [[BrahMos-II]] [[land-attack missile|land-attack]]/[[anti-ship missile|anti-ship]] [[cruise missiles]]
| notes =
}}
}}

'''Project 77''' is an Indian Navy acquisition programme to procure [[SSN (hull classification symbol)|nuclear-powered attack submarines]].

==Background==
{{Excerpt|Project 76 submarine|Background|bold=yes|links=yes}}

== Development ==
The [[Government of India]], through the [[Cabinet Committee on Security]] (CCS), approved the construction of six nuclear attack submarines on 18 February 2015. Following the approval, the Naval Staff Qualitative Requirements (NSQR) are to be ascertained for the over 6,000 tonne-displacement submarines. These are to be built at the Ship Building Centre at [[Visakhapatnam]].<ref name=":1">{{cite news |date=18 February 2015 |title=Government clears construction of 7 stealth frigates, 6 nuclear-powered attack submarines |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/government-clears-construction-of-7-stealth-frigates-6-nuclear-powered-attack-submarines/articleshow/46282586.cms?from=mdr |access-date=19 April 2015 |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> On 8 December 2017, [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Navy chief]], [[Admiral (India)|Admiral]] [[Sunil Lanba]], announced that the design for the class of six submarines had commenced at the newly commissioned Submarine Design Centre, [[Gurgaon]]. The project cost was estimated at {{INRConvert|60000|c|lk=on|year=2017}}.<ref name=":3">{{cite news |last1=Unnithan |first1=Sandeep |date=10 December 2017 |title=A peek into India's top secret and costliest defence project, nuclear submarines |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/the-big-story/story/20171218-india-ballistic-missile-submarine-k-6-submarine-launched-drdo-1102085-2017-12-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420153439/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/the-big-story/story/20171218-india-ballistic-missile-submarine-k-6-submarine-launched-drdo-1102085-2017-12-10 |archive-date=20 April 2019 |work=India Today |language=en}}</ref> These will be designed by the Navy's in-house Directorate of Naval Design (now Warship Design Bureau). The construction was expected to commence on 2023–24 while the first submarine is expected to enter service in 2032.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-31 |title=INS Arighaat: How a second nuclear submarine boosts India’s strategic reach |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ins-arighaat-how-a-second-nuclear-submarine-boosts-indias-strategic-reach-2591300-2024-08-31 |access-date=2025-07-21 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

On 24 June 2019, it was reported that {{INRConvert|100|c}} have been allocated for the initial phase of the project. The development is expected to continue till 2025. [[Mishra Dhatu Nigam]] is developing a new hull material that is expected to allow the submarine to dive to deeper depths than {{sclass|Arihant|submarine|4}}. A scaled down model of the submarine is planned to be tested first. The total cost of the project is now estimated to be around {{INRConvert|1|lc|lk=on|year=2020}}.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/work-begins-on-indias-next-gen-nuclear-powered-submarines/articleshow/69921014.cms|title=Work begins on India's next gen nuclear-powered submarines|last=Pubby|first=Manu|date=2019-06-24|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2019-07-02|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190624164324/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/work-begins-on-indias-next-gen-nuclear-powered-submarines/articleshow/69921014.cms|archive-date=24 June 2019}}</ref>

In February 2020, ''[[The Economic Times]]'' reported that the preliminary design phase of the programme has been successfully completed. The report stated that Submarine Design Group of the Directorate of Naval Design, assisted by the [[DRDO]], will now start working on the detailed design and construction phase of the programme.<ref name="ETfeb2020">{{Cite news|last=Pubby|first=Manu|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indias-rs-1-2-l-cr-n-submarine-project-closer-to-realisation/articleshow/74234776.cms|title=India's Rs 1.2 lakh crore nuclear submarine project closer to realisation|date=2020-02-21|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2020-02-23}}</ref>

As of March 2021, it was reported that the [[Indian Navy]] has prioritised the construction of Project 75 Alpha submarines over a planned third aircraft carrier.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gupta|first=Shishir|date=2021-03-24|title=For Navy, 6 nuclear-powered submarines take priority over 3rd aircraft carrier|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/for-navy-6-nuclear-powered-submarines-take-priority-over-3rd-aircraft-carrier-101616564522467.html|newspaper=The Hindustan Times|access-date=2021-04-02}}</ref> Later it was announced that initially, three submarines will be cleared in 2023-24 while the remaining three will get clearance later. The first boat was expected to roll out in 2032.<ref>{{Cite news| date=2023-03-18|title=Project-77 (formerly Project-75 Alpha): India may reduce number of SSN to 3, from planned 6 initially|url=https://theigmp.org/project-77-project-75-alpha-india-may-reduce-ssn-number/|website=IgMp|access-date=2023-03-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Pandit|first=Rajat|date=2021-03-31|title=Project to build N-powered attack subs set to get CCS nod|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/project-to-build-n-powered-attack-subs-set-to-get-ccs-nod/articleshow/81770216.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2021-04-02}}</ref> The ship class will have a final design clearance in [[Gurugram]] by Submarine Design Group, its nuclear reactor will be built in [[Kalpakkam]], hull fabrication will be undertaken by [[Larsen & Toubro]] at [[Hazira]] and finally assembly and sea trials will be conducted by the Ship Building Centre (SBC) in [[Visakhapatnam]].<ref name="Sharks">{{Cite news|last=Unnithan|first=Sandeep|date=2021-04-17|title=India's nuclear sharks|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/defence/story/20210426-india-s-nuclear-sharks-1791817-2021-04-17|newspaper=India Today|location=New Delhi|access-date=2021-05-21}}</ref>

As of August 2024, a report suggested that the first batch of P-75A class will have 2 submarines, while 4 more will be cleared in a later phase. The final clearance for the 1st batch worth {{INRConvert|40000|c}} is expected to be received "soon" from the [[Cabinet Committee on Security]] (CCS).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-11 |title=India 'fully ready' to add to fleet 2nd submarine with nuclear-tipped missiles |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-fully-ready-to-add-to-fleet-2nd-sub-with-n-tipped-missiles/articleshow/112433199.cms |access-date=2024-08-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-11 |title=India set to commission its second nuclear-missile submarine |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-set-to-commission-its-second-nuclear-missile-submarine/articleshow/112438432.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-08-12 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

On 9 October 2024, the CCS cleared the project at {{INRConvert|40000|c|lk=|year=2024}} to construct 2 nuclear attack submarines for the Indian Navy. The submarines shall be built at Ship Building Centre in Visakhapatnam and will include major private sector firms including Larsen & Toubro.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-10-09 |title=Centre clears deal to build 2 nuclear submarines, purchase 31 predator drones |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/nuclear-submarine-deal-centre-31-us-predator-drone-indian-army-navy-2614341-2024-10-09 |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> According to reports, the first submarine will take 10–12 years to be [[Launched (ship)|launched]] with a 190 MW pressurised light-water reactor and a displacement of almost 10,000-tonnes. The maximum speed will be over {{Convert|30|kn|abbr=on}}. The submarines will feature an indigenous content of 95% and foreign assistance will include design consultancy only.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-09 |title=India clears two mega defence projects for 2 indigenous nuclear submarines & 31 Predator drones |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-clears-two-mega-defence-projects-for-2-indigenous-nuclear-submarines-31-predator-drones/articleshow/114095147.cms |access-date=2024-10-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-14 |title=Navy setting up base to control submarines on long-range patrols |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/navy-sets-up-base-to-control-submarines-on-long-range-patrols/articleshow/114196990.cms |access-date=2024-10-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

During a press conference, the Indian Navy confirmed that it plans to operate 6 SSNs in total. The first of the initial two submarines is to be completed by 2036-37 followed by the next in 2038-39.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-12-02 |title=Navy Chief Dinesh Kumar Tripathi: Deals for Rafale-M jets, three additional Scorpene submarines in advanced stages |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/deals-for-rafale-m-jets-three-additional-scorpene-submarines-in-advanced-stages-navy-chief/article68937239.ece/ |access-date=2024-12-02 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Philip |first=Snehesh Alex |date=2024-12-02 |title=Navy chief spells out mega nuclear attack submarine plan. Here's what it is |url=https://theprint.in/defence/navy-chief-spells-out-mega-nuclear-attack-submarine-plan-heres-what-it-is/2383199/ |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Peri |first=Dinakar |date=2024-12-07 |title=Indigenous nuclear attack submarine design to take 4-5 years, another five years for construction |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indigenous-nuclear-attack-submarine-design-to-take-4-5-years-another-five-years-for-construction/article68959614.ece/ |access-date=2024-12-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The submarines are anticipated to be equipped with DRDO-developed hypersonic missiles and an upgraded BrahMos, which might have a strike range of 1,500–2,000 kilometers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumari |first=Khushboo |date=2025-07-08 |title=L&T in focus {{!}} India clears two nuclear-powered attack submarines armed with supersonic, hypersonic missiles |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/industry-lampt-in-focus-india-clears-two-nuclear-powered-attack-submarines-armed-with-supersonic-hypersonic-missiles-3906761/ |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-21 |title=Indian Navy Project-77 SSN to get 2,500 km range Hypersonic SLCM to expand its firepower
|url=https://igmp.in/indian-navy-project-77-ssn-to-get-2500-km-range-hypersonic-slcm/ |access-date=2026-02-22 |website=India's growing Military power - IgMp |language=en}}</ref>

In September 2025, the ''[[Times of India]]'' reported that the [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]] (BARC) is developing a 200 [[MWe]]-rated nuclear reactor for the Indian Navy's next-generation nuclear submarines, including Project 77 and [[S5-class submarine]]s.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |title=Bhabha Atomic Research Centre making reactor for Navy's next-generation nuclear-submarines |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bhabha-atomic-research-centre-making-reactor-for-navys-next-generation-nuclear-submarines/articleshow/124005864.cms |access-date=2025-09-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Submarines of the Indian Navy]]
* [[Future of the Indian Navy]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Submarines of the Indian Navy}}

{{Ship classes of the Indian Navy}}
{{Current SSN}}

[[Category:Nuclear-powered submarines]]
[[Category:Submarine classes]]
[[Category:Attack submarines]]
[[Category:Submarines of the Indian Navy]]

Bhagawana Ram Saini

2026-04-04T03:46:16Z

Murmupp: starting some details and citations

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Bhagawana Ram Saini
| office = Member of [[16th Rajasthan Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Udaipurwati Assembly constituency|Udaipurwati]]
| country =
| assembly = [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| predecessor = [[Rajendra Singh Gudha]]
| successor =
| term_start = 15 December 2023
| term_end =
| source =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| birth_name =
| birth_place =
| occupation = Politician
| profession =
| education = [[University of Rajasthan]]
}}

'''Bhagawana Ram Saini''' is an Indian politician from Rajasthan. He is member of [[Indian National Congress]]. He is serving as member of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly representing [[Udaipurwati Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/rajasthan/constituency-show/udaipurwati|title=Udaipurwati Constituency Election Results 2023: Udaipurwati Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/rajasthan-assembly-election/udaipurwati-constituency/|title=Udaipurwati Election 2023: Get Latest News Updates of the Udaipurwati Constituency Seat in Rajasthan Assembly Election 2023.|website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/udaipurwati-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470639-2023-12-03|title=Udaipurwati Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: INC's Bhagawana Ram Saini wins Udaipurwati with 68399 votes|website=India Today}}</ref>

==Political life==
In the [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]], Bhagwan Ram Saini of the Indian National Congress (INC) won by defeating Shubhkaran Chaudhary of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) with a margin of 416 votes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/rajasthan/udaipurwati-assembly-result-20030|title=Udaipurwati assembly election results 2023: Udaipurwati Winning Candidates List and Vote Share|website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/rajasthan/udaipurwati-assembly-result-20030|title=Udaipurwati Assembly Election Results 2023: Udaipurwati Election Candidates List, Chunav Results, Vote Share News in Hindi | उदयपुरवाटी विधानसभा चुनाव परिणाम 2023 - AajTak|website=Aaj Tak|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/rajasthan-assembly-election-2023/rajasthan-udaipurwati-constituency-30.html|title=Udaipurwati Election Result 2023 Live, Udaipurwati Elections Vote Counting, Rajasthan Results 2023 | ABP News|website=news.abplive.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saini, Bhagawana Ram}}
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People from Jhunjhunu district]]

Hebbuli Cut

2026-04-01T01:32:41Z

Murmupp: Started a data!

{{short description|Indian Kannada-language drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Hebbuli Cut
| image = Hebbuli Cut.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Bheemarao
| producer = {{Ubl| Bheemarao
| Pramodini R. Rudrayya
| Karna Maladakal
| Mohan Karate}}
| writer = {{Ubl| Bheemarao
| Anantha Shandreya}}
| starring = {{plainlist|* Mounesh Nataranga
* Ananya Niharika
* Mahadev Hadapad
* Uma Y. G.
* Punith Shetty
* Vinaya Mahadevan
* Mahantesh Hiremath}}
| music = Navaneeth Sham
| cinematography = Deepak Yaragera
| editing = Ashe Prajwal
| studio = Saara Film's
| distributor = [[KRG Studios]]
| released = {{film date|2025|7|4|df=yes}}
| runtime = 110 minutes<ref name=":THR" />
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = 
| gross =
}}
'''''Hebbuli Cut''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[drama film]] directed by Bheemarao in his directorial debut.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sudeep's 'Hebbuli haircut' inspires a feature film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/sudeeps-hebbuli-haircut-inspires-a-feature-film/articleshow/117119537.cms |work=The Times of India |date=11 January 2025}}</ref> The film stars Mounesh Nataranga, Ananya Niharika, Mahadev Hadapad, Uma Y. G., Punith Shetty, Vinaya Mahadevan, and Mahantesh Hiremath.

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=July 2025}}

== Cast ==
''Source''<ref name=":TNIE">{{cite news |last1=A. |first1=Sharadhaa |title=Hebbuli Cut turns a trendy hairstyle into a bold statement: Bheemrao |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2025/Jun/18/hebbuli-cut-turns-a-trendy-hairstyle-into-a-bold-statement-bheemrao-2 |work=The New Indian Express |date=4 June 2025 |language=en |archive-date=19 June 2025 |access-date=8 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250619133648/https://www.newindianexpress.com/amp/story/entertainment/kannada/2025/Jun/18/hebbuli-cut-turns-a-trendy-hairstyle-into-a-bold-statement-bheemrao-2 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":TNM" />
* Mounesh Nataranga as Vinaya
* Ananya Niharika as Rekha
* Mahadev Hadapad as Mallanna, Vinaya's father
* Uma Y. G. as Kanaka, Vinaya's mother
* Punith Shetty as Rafeeq
* Vinaya Mahadevan as Basavan Gowda
* Mahantesh Hiremath as Channa
* Sarvesh Gouduru
* Preetam
* Dingri Naresh
* Mahantesh Yaramaras

== Music ==
The music was composed by Navaneeth Sham.<ref>{{cite web |title=Disco Kaala (From "Hebbuli Cut") Song |url=https://gaana.com/album/disco-kaala-from-hebbuli-cut |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]] |language=en |date=2 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Badava RAP (From "Hebbuli Cut") |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/badava-rap-from-hebbuli-cut/i2tHlEG3-jU_ |website=[[JioSaavn]] |date=11 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Haadu Hagalalle - From "Hebbuli Cut" |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/3cRgg92WZohbcD4HZ14LYv |website=[[Spotify]] |language=en |date=28 March 2025}}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Disco Kalla
| length1 = 4:17
| lyrics1 = {{mdash}}
| extra1 = Azim Naza
| title2 = Badava Rap
| length2 = 3:04
| lyrics2 = Sanju YBH
| extra2 = Sanju YBH
| title3 = Haadu Hagalalle
| length3 = 4:01
| lyrics3 = Sampath Sirimane
| extra3 = Keerthan Holla
| total_length = 11:22
}}

== Release ==
''Hebbuli Cut'' was released theatrically on 4 July 2025.<ref name=":TNIE" />

=== Critical reception ===
Susmita Sameera of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 3.5/5 stars and wrote, "It makes you laugh, tugs at your heart, and holds up a mirror to society’s harsh truths—all without losing its emotional grip. Despite its realism, it remains thoroughly engaging and entertaining."<ref>{{cite news |title=Hebbuli Cut Movie Review: Tender Dreams in a Harsh Reality |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/regional/kannada/tender-dreams-in-a-harsh-reality/movie-review/122223750.cms |work=The Times of India |date=3 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Giving the same rating, Pranati A. S. of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote, "While the film makes interesting observations, it fails to build a compelling narrative. To its credit, ‘Hebbuli Cut’ is not preachy — it holds a mirror to society and examines how propaganda drives people."<ref>{{cite news |title=Film Review Hebbuli Cut: 'Hebbuli Cut' Exposes Caste, Faith Discrimination with Grit |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/hebbuli-cut-movie-review-sharp-take-on-social-discrimination-3616500 |work=Deccan Herald |date=5 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

A. Sharadhaa of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave the film 3.5/5 stars and wrote, "An intimate movie with a generous heart, ''Hebbuli Cut'' doesn't demand change but rather gently reveals the need for it".<ref>{{cite news |last1=A. |first1=Sharadhaa |title=Kapata Nataka Sutradhari Movie Review: A sharp political satire that hits home |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/review/2025/Jul/05/kapata-nataka-sutradhari-movie-review-a-sharp-political-satire-that-hits-home |work=Cinema Express |date=5 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Subha J. Rao of ''[[The News Minute]]'' wrote, "This is probably one of those very rare Kannada films that speak about caste without couching it in pleasant, acceptable language. But, to its credit, it does so without being preachy."<ref name=":TNM">{{cite news |last1=Rao |first1=Subha J. |title=Hebbuli Cut review: Incisive, engaging take on simple desires derailed by caste |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/hebbuli-cut-review-incisive-engaging-take-on-simple-desires-derailed-by-caste |work=The News Minute |date=4 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

Swaroop Kodur of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave the film 3.5/5 stars and wrote, "''Hebbuli Cut'' has lots of insights to offer as it bats defiantly for the underdog/marginalised, and still manages to be thoroughly entertaining."<ref>{{cite news |title=Hebbuli Cut movie review: A deeply perspective caste allegory disguised as teen romance |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/hebbuli-cut-movie-review-a-deeply-perspective-caste-allegory-disguised-as-teen-romance-10106427/lite/ |work=The Indian Express |date=4 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Vivek M. V. of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "Director Bheemrao’s Kannada film, starring Mounesh Nataranga, is a rare attempt that never forgets to engage even as it conveys harsh truths".<ref name=":THR">{{cite news |last1=M.V |first1=Vivek |title='Hebbuli Cut' movie review: A sharp narrative on caste bias with an engaging screenplay |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/hebbuli-cut-movie-review-a-sharp-narrative-on-caste-bias-with-an-engaging-screenplay/article69773577.ece |work=The Hindu |date=5 July 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

Prathibha Joy of ''[[OTTPlay]]'' gave the film 3.5/5 stars and wrote, "An engaging and entertaining take on a social injustice with barely any melodrama makes ''Hebbuli Cut'' a good watch. That there’s no clear resolution in the end may frustrate those looking for a solid payoff, but that doesn’t seem to be the filmmaker’s intention."<ref>{{cite web |title=Hebbuli Cut review: Bheemrao's film is a lesson on social injustice; not preachy |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/hebbuli-cut-movie-review-bheemraos-film-is-a-lesson-on-social-injustice-but-never-preachy/f5099c1adf953 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |date=4 July 2025}}</ref> Critics from ''[[Vijayavani]]'' and ''[[Prajavani]]'' gave the film positive reviews.<ref>{{cite news |title=hebbuli cut movie review: ರಂಜನೆ, ವಿಷಾದ, ವಿವೇಕ |url=https://www.vijayavani.net/hebbuli-cut-movie-review |work=[[Vijayavani]] |date=5 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=ಪಿ.ಎಸ್‌ |first1=ಅಭಿಲಾಷ್ |title=ಸಿನಿಮಾ ವಿಮರ್ಶೆ: ಸಮಾಜಕ್ಕೆ ಕೈಗನ್ನಡಿಯಾಗುವ 'ಹೆಬ್ಬುಲಿ ಕಟ್‌' |url=https://www.prajavani.net/entertainment/movie-review/hebbuli-cut-kannada-movie-review-caste-discrimination-untouchability-social-drama-3389674 |work=Prajavani |date=7 July 2025 |language=kn}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2025 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]

Kharian, Sirsa

2026-03-25T05:00:57Z

Murmupp:

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kharian
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Haryana#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|29.618722|N|74.857879|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Haryana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sirsa district|Sirsa]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsils]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Rania, Haryana|Rania]]
| established_title =
| established_date = near 170 year before
| established_title1 =
| established_date1 =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Gram Panchayat]], Kharian
| leader_title = [[Sarpanch]]
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 188
| population_total = 7941
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[English language|English]], [[Hindi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Regional
| demographics1_info2 = [[Bagri language|Bagri]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 125076
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 91-01698
| registration_plate =[[List of RTO districts in India#HR.E2.80.94Haryana|HR]]-44
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Sirsa, Haryana|Sirsa]], [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]], [[New Delhi]], [[Chandigarh]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = 873
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = Tropical desert<ref name=climatepdf>{{cite web|title=climatepdf|url=http://cgwb.gov.in/District_Profile/Haryana/Sirsa.pdf|accessdate=20 June 2012}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|haryana.gov.in}}
| footnotes = Prominent Personality: Ch. Hari singh Bander, Shanker Lal Bander (Software Developer)}}
'''Kharian''' is a village situated in [[Sirsa district]], [[Haryana]]. It is situated 14 km away from National Nighway 9 (NH9). The main source of economic growth is agriculture supported by a number of canals flowing through the village.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kharian channel sanctioned|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99oct28/haryana.htm#9|accessdate=31 May 2012|newspaper=Tribune India|date=27 Oct 1999}}</ref>

However, Gram Panchayat Kharian also received a cheque for Rs 10 lakh as prize money for carrying out outstanding development work in the village. The prize was given by [[Om Prakash Chautala]] to the former Sarpanch, Ram Kumar Nain.<ref>{{cite news|title=prize money to the panchayat of Kharian|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030918/haryana.htm|accessdate=31 May 2012|date=17 Sep 2003}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{As of|2014}} India [[census]] Kharian had a population of 16000.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kharian population|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/View_Village_Population.aspx?pcaid=999007&category=VILLAGE|accessdate=30 May 2012}}</ref> Male population was 8,239 and female population was 7,761.

==Geography==
The location of Kharian is {{Coord|29.61|N|74.85|E|}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kharian Rainfall|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/10/Khariyan.html|accessdate=30 May 2012}}</ref> It has an average elevation of 188 metres (620 [[foot (length)|feet]]).

===Climate===
Kharian can be classified as tropical desert, arid and hot; which is mainly dry with very hot summers and cold winters except during monsoon season when moist air of oceanic origin penetrate into the district. There are four seasons in a year. The hot weather season starts from mid March until the last week of June, followed by the south- west monsoon which lasts until September. The transition period from September to October forms the post-monsoon season. The winter season starts late in November and remains up to the first week of March.

{| style="color:white"
|-
| bgcolor="red"|Rainfall
|-
| width="300" bgcolor="green"|Normal Annual Rainfall || bgcolor="blue"|318 mm
|-
| width="300" bgcolor="green"|Normal monsoon Rainfall || bgcolor="blue"|253 mm
|-
| width="300" bgcolor="green"|Normal Rain days || bgcolor="blue"|20
|-
| bgcolor="red"|Temperature
|-
| width="300" bgcolor="green"|Temperature Mean Maximum || bgcolor="blue"|41.1 °C(May&June)
|-
| width="300" bgcolor="green"|Temperature Mean Maximum || bgcolor="blue"|5.1 °C(January)
|}<ref name="climatepdf"/>

==Religions and communities==
Kharian has a number of communities including [[Jats]], [[Bairagi (caste)|Bairagi]], Bhatiwal, [[Mehta]], [[Nai (caste)|Nai]], and [[Meghwal]]. Approximately 80% of the population are [[Jaat]]s the majority consisting of Nain.This village is known as Nain Gotra for example as Naino Wala Kharian.
Nain(majority), Dehru (देहड़ू ,देड़ू ), Bana (बाना), Saharan, Swami (स्वामी), Bander, Niol, chhimpa, Kasnia, [[Poonia]], Dhukia ढुकिया, Jakhar जाखड़, Nandewal and Bhadu (also, ''Bhadoo'', {{lang|hi|भादो|italic=no}}) [[gotra]]s. Among the [[Mehta]] are [[Mehndiratta]], [[Chawla]], Kalra, [[Raheja]], Julah, and Gera.

Most people of Kharian are of the [[Hindu]] religion, but there are also followers of the spiritual and philosophical group, [[Radha Soami Satsang Beas]] (RSSB).<ref name="Kharian Details">{{cite web|title=Kharian|url=http://khariansirsa.blogspot.in/#!/2012/06/baba-munganath-mandir-kharian-kharian.html}}</ref>

Kharian has a temple of saint Sidh Yogi Baba Munganath Ji Also temples of [[Baba Ramdev Ji]], [[Shri Radha Krishna]], [[Shri Bajrang Bali Ji]], [[Shree Sani Dev Ji]], Shri Bhabhuta Sidh Ji, Shri Goga Ji, Shri Bhomia Ji and more others.The village kharian is a very religious. There is also a branch centre of the RSSB.<ref name="Kharian Details" />

==Location==
Kharian is situated at a distance of 25 kilometers from [[Sirsa, Haryana|Sirsa]]. Kharian is well connected with nearby villages and cities like [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]] by regular bus service run by the [http://hartrans.gov.in/ Haryana Roadways]

==Facilities==

===Schools and Teaching Institutions===
*Ch. Devi Lal Library
*Kharian Public School
*Govt. Primary School
*Govt. Senior Secondary School
*Govt. Girls Senior Secondary School
*Maa Saraswati Play School
*Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam Library (Govt.)
*Kharian Coaching Center
*Adhyayan Library (Private)
*The sarvodhya play school(private)
*Sarvodhya play school(private)
(The sarvodhya school (private)
===Banks===
*State Bank Of India<ref name="Sbi Kharian">{{cite web|title=Banks IFSC Code|url=http://banksifsccode.com/state-bank-of-india-ifsc-code/haryana/sirsa/kharian-branch/|accessdate=6 June 2012}}</ref>
*Sarva Haryana Gramin Bank<ref name="Gramin Bank Kharian">{{cite web|title=Haryana Gramin Bank Branches|url=http://hgb.co.in/Branch_Network.html#Rania_Block}}</ref>

<gallery>
File:Kharian.jpg|Baba Munganath Temple
File:Park kharian.jpg|Ch.Devi Lal Park
File:Sbikharian.jpg|SBI kharian Kharian Skyline: https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=vM-l2KWJql0&t=1s&pp=ygUPS2hhcmlhbiBza3lsaW5l
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Sirsa district]]

{{Haryana-geo-stub}}

Tor malabaricus

2026-03-22T09:30:58Z

Murmupp: created new stub...

{{Short description|Species of fish}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Tor malabaricus 32065626 (cropped).jpg
| image_caption = ''Tor malabaricus'' in [[Karnataka]], India
| status = EN
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>Raghavan, R. & Ali, A. 2011. Tor malabaricus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011: e.T172457A6895822. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T172457A6895822.en.</ref>
| taxon = Tor malabaricus
| authority = [[Thomas C. Jerdon|Jerdon]], 1849
}}

'''''Tor malabaricus''''', the '''Malabar mahseer''', is a fish, a species of [[mahseer]] native to southwestern [[India]].

==Taxonomy==
This mahseer possesses many typical [[Cyprinidae]] features, with a slim, torpedo-shaped body, plus large head and scales, and four barbels at the corners of the mouth. In the original description, Jerdon <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kRoYAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA302|title=Madras Journal of Literature and Science|date=August 12, 1849|publisher=Vepery mission Press.|via=Google Books}}</ref> says: "Head to whole body as 1:4; height 3 1/2 times in its length... 23 scales along its body." as among the identification characteristics. 
Tor malabaricus may be confused with juvenile [[Tor remadevii]], but the distributions should be very different, with Tor remadevii only to be found within the basin of the eastwards-flowing [[Cauvery River]].

There have been several recent papers on the genetics of Tor malabaricus and other mahseer species of India.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Complete-mitogenome-analysis-of-endangered-Malabar-Chandhini-Arjunan/09c815f00519a01dcd596a3595f51a6bd2cef51e|title=Complete mitogenome analysis of endangered Malabar mahseer (Tor malabaricus)|first1=V. J. Rejish|last1=Kumar|first2=Dylan R.|last2=Pillai|first3=R.|last3=Raghavan|first4=Palakkaparambil Hamsa Anvar|last4=Ali|first5=V. M.|last5=Arjunan|first6=Shaik|last6=Chandhini|journal=Conservation Genetics Resources|year=2019|volume=11|issue=2|pages=185–189|doi=10.1007/s12686-018-0997-0|bibcode=2019ConGR..11..185C |s2cid=33276077}}</ref><ref name=Pavan-Kumar2019>{{Cite web|url=https://www.was.org/meetings/mobile/Paper.aspx?id=153761&src=P|title = World Aquaculture Society | Meeting Abstract |MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY OF SELECTED MAHSEER SPECIES USING COMPLETE MITOCHONDRIAL GENOME}}</ref> These papers may help in future identification, although comparisons between Tor malabaricus and [[Tor khudree]] should be viewed carefully as despite Pavan-Kumar et al. reporting that "Individuals of Tor putitora, Tor khudree, Tor tor, Tor mahanadicus and Tor malabaricus were collected from respective type locations <ref name=Pavan-Kumar2019 />", it is known that Tor khudree is no longer to be found at the type locality.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mahseer (Tor spp.) fishes of the world: status, challenges and opportunities for conservation|first1=Adrian C.|last1=Pinder|first2=J. Robert|last2=Britton|first3=Andrew J.|last3=Harrison|first4=Prakash|last4=Nautiyal|first5=Shannon D.|last5=Bower|first6=Steven J.|last6=Cooke|first7=Steve|last7=Lockett|first8=Mark|last8=Everard|first9=Unmesh|last9=Katwate|first10=K.|last10=Ranjeet|first11=Sam|last11=Walton|first12=Andy J.|last12=Danylchuk|first13=Neelesh|last13=Dahanukar|first14=Rajeev|last14=Raghavan|date=June 1, 2019|journal=Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries|volume=29|issue=2|pages=417–452|doi=10.1007/s11160-019-09566-y|bibcode=2019RFBF...29..417P |doi-access=free|url=https://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1325877/FULLTEXT01}}</ref> Genetic comparisons between ''T. malabaricus'' and ''T. khudree'' have confirmed that the two are distinct species.<ref>Silas, E. G., Gopalakrishnan, A., John, L., and Shaji, C. P.. 2005. [https://eprints.cmfri.org.in/192/1/IJF_2005_E%20G%20Silas.pdf.pdf Genetic identity of ''Tor malabaricus '' (Jerdon) (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) as revealed by RAPD markers.] Indian journal of fish. 52(2): 125–140.</ref>

==Distribution==
This mahseer is confined to the west-flowing rivers and streams of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu <ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.earth-syst-sci-data.net/10/1735/2018/essd-10-1735-2018.pdf |journal=Earth Syst. Sci. Data|volume=10|pages=1735–1752|date=2018|title=Freshwater fish fauna of rivers of the southern Western Ghats, India|author1=Anbu Aravazhi Arunkumar|author2=Arunachalam Manimekalan|issue=3 |doi=10.5194/essd-10-1735-2018 |bibcode=2018ESSD...10.1735A |s2cid=203434934 |access-date=14 March 2022 |doi-access=free }}</ref> and Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284166826|title=A checklist of fishes of Kerala, India|website=ResearchGate.net}}</ref>

==Ecology==
It may be expected that Tor malabaricus has similarities with all other [[mahseer]] species, being [[omnivore|omnivorous]], with a diet that likely includes aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates, fruit and vegetation, small amphibians and other fish. It would seem probable that adult fish access headwaters for spawning during high water conditions, although as it inhabits the faster, shorter rivers draining westwards along the [[Western Ghats]], migrations would likely be shorter than other species.

==Conservation==
This species is currently assigned as Endangered by the [[IUCN]]. The major constraining factor in any conservation strategy is the relative lack of understanding of the distribution and ecology of the species and how it interacts with other local fish species within the same habitat.

As with other mahseer species, the main threats are: loss of habitat due to urbanisation, encroachment on flood plains, dam building, sand extraction and pollution. Destructive fishing methods like dynamite, poisoning and electricity are in common use throughout South and Southeast Asia, and may be expected to be a major threat to the sustainability of populations. 
In many of the rivers that have, historically, held Tor malabaricus, an emerging threat is deliberate stocking of the mahseer species from Maharastra, Tor khudree.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/3/y3994e/y3994e0p.htm|title=Mahseer breeding and conservation and possibilities of commercial culture. The Indian experience. (by Ogale, S.N.)|website=www.fao.org}}</ref> The spread of this fish poses problems for native stocks and it must be considered an invasive species.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Raghavan|first1=R.|last2=Ali|first2=A.|last3=Dahanukar|first3=N.|last4=Rosser|first4=A.|year=2011|title=Is the Deccan Mahseer, Tor khudree (Sykes, 1839)(Pisces: Cyprinidae) fishery in the Western Ghats Hotspot sustainable? A participatory approach to stock assessment|journal=Fisheries Research|volume=110|issue=1|pages=29–38|url=https://indiabiodiversity.org/biodiv/content/projects/project-302976b2-3d05-43ab-934f-f6d8d83a3411/47.pdf|doi=10.1016/j.fishres.2011.03.008 |bibcode=2011FishR.110...29R }}</ref>

It seems likely that the fish deliberately poisoned in a temple pool in Shishla, Karnataka in 1996 would have been Tor malabaricus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2013/oct/06/the-sacred-fish-tales-of-shishila-523411.html|title=The sacred fish tales of Shishila|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Unfortunately, these fish were replaced with Tor khudree stocks from artificial breeding programmes, thus adding to the pressures on native stocks of fish.
Temple pools, while useful repositories of local stocks are also extremely vulnerable to diverse habitat pollution incidents.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiawaterportal.org/sites/indiawaterportal.org/files/Temple_Fish_Sanctuaries__Last_bastions_of_native_fish_and_pristine_river_stretches_-_Parineeta_Dandekar.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2019-08-09 |archive-date=2011-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110923202437/http://www.indiawaterportal.org/sites/indiawaterportal.org/files/Temple_Fish_Sanctuaries__Last_bastions_of_native_fish_and_pristine_river_stretches_-_Parineeta_Dandekar.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.mahseertrust.org/ Mahseer Trust | Rivers - Fish - People | Conservation]
{{Taxonbar|from=Q6397555}}

[[Category:Tor (fish)|malabaricus]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Thomas C. Jerdon]]
[[Category:Fish described in 1849]]

Puri International Airport

2026-03-21T17:41:30Z

Murmupp: put up entry

{{Short description|Future airport to serve Puri, Odisha, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox airport
| name = Shri Jagannath International Airport
| image =
| image-width =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| IATA =
| ICAO =
| type = Public
| owner = Commerce and Transport Department, Government of Odisha
| operator = [[Airport Authority of India]]
| city-served = [[Puri]]
| location = Sipasarubali and Sandhapur,<ref name="newindianexpress1"/> [[Puri District]], [[Odisha]]
| built =
| hub =
| focus_city =
| elevation-f = 23
| elevation-m = 7
| metric-elev =
| coordinates = {{coord|19|47|40|N|085|45|04|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| image_map =
| image_mapsize =
| image_map_alt =
| image_map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Odisha#India
| pushpin_mapsize =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| pushpin_relief =
| pushpin_image =
| pushpin_label =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_mark =
| pushpin_marksize =
| r1-number = 23/05
| r1-length-f = 12,140
| r1-length-m = 3,700
| r1-surface = Asphalt (Proposed)
| metric-rwy =
| stat1-header =
| stat1-data = 
| stat-year =
| footnotes =
| website =
}}
'''Puri International Airport''' or '''Shri Jagannath International Airport''' is a proposed [[international airport]] in the Indian state [[Odisha]], which will primarily serve the [[Puri]] region.<ref name="newindianexpress1">{{cite web |last1=Hemant Kumar |first1=Rout |title=Puri International airport gets site clearance from MoCA |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2023/oct/11/puri-international-airport-gets-site-clearance-from-moca-2622864.html |website=www.newindianexpress.com |publisher=The New Indian Express |access-date=13 October 2023 |date=11 October 2023 |quote=The state will have to submit its application along with the DPR for in-principle approval of the steering committee on greenfield airports within two years.}}</ref><ref name="economictimes-indiatimes1">{{cite web |title=AAI technical team visits proposed site of Puri international airport |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/aai-technical-team-visits-proposed-site-of-puri-international-airport/articleshow/90084494.cms?from=mdr |website=economictimes.indiatimes.com |publisher=The Economic Times |access-date=13 October 2023 |date=8 March 2022}}</ref> The airport will be built in public private partnership (PPP) mode near Sipasarubali and Sandhapur areas under Brahmagiri tehsil in Puri district. It will be developed in three phases at an estimated cost of Rs 5,631 crore.<ref name="N1">{{cite web |title=Odisha: Idco floats global tender for international airport at Puri |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2024/Feb/19/odisha-idco-floats-global-tender-for-international-airport-at-puri |publisher=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=27 April 2024 |date=19 February 2024}}</ref> A six-lane, high-speed corridor between [[Biju Patnaik International Airport]] and proposed greenfield airport will also be built. This will shorten the travel time to 30 minutes.<ref name="N2">{{cite web |title=Adani, GMR and Fairfax in pre-bid process to develop Puri airport |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2023/Nov/26/bhubaneswar-puri-expressway-to-be-developed-as-growth-corridor-2636333.html |publisher=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=27 April 2024 |date=26 November 2023 }}</ref> The location of the airport was chosen due to its close proximity to Puri and its famous [[Jagannath Temple]] and other tourist attractions.<ref name="N1"/>
Spread over an area of 1,164 acres, Puri Airport will be operated as the first airport in the [[Puri]] city and the second international airport in [[Odisha]].<ref name="newindianexpress1"/><ref name="economictimes-indiatimes1"/> The [[Fairfax Financial|Fairfax group]], [[Adani Group]] and [[GMR Group]] expressed interest in developing the greenfield airport in April 2024.<ref name="HBL1">{{cite web |title=Adani, GMR and Fairfax in pre-bid process to develop Puri airport |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/adani-gmr-and-fairfax-in-pre-bid-process-to-develop-puri-airport/article68110793.ece |publisher=[[The Hindu Business Line]] |access-date=27 April 2024 |date=26 April 2024 }}</ref>

==History==
The need for an airport at [[Puri]] arose in 2021, when Chief Minister [[Naveen Patnaik]] urged Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] to set up an international airport.<ref name="newindianexpress1"/><ref name="thehindu1">{{cite web |title=Naveen Patnaik pitches for international airport at Puri |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/naveen-patnaik-pitches-for-international-airport-at-puri/article33473098.ece |website=www.thehindu.com |publisher=The Hindu |access-date=13 October 2023 |location=Bhubaneswar |language=en-IN |date=1 January 2021 |quote=“The State government has identified land at Puri for the proposed airport and will proactively support all the activities required for establishing the airport in record time. I request that the Ministry of Civil Aviation may be asked to take up this airport as a priority project,” Chief Minister Naveen Patnaik said in a letter addressed to Prime Minister Narendra Modi.}}</ref><ref name="theprint1">{{cite web |title=Odisha CM seeks PM's help for early construction of international airport at Puri |url=https://theprint.in/india/odisha-cm-seeks-pms-help-for-early-construction-of-international-airport-at-puri/1581209/ |website=www.theprint.in |publisher=ThePrint |access-date=13 October 2023 |location=Bhubaneswar |date=18 May 2023}}</ref><ref name="odishatv">{{cite web |last1=Ranjan |first1=Rashmi |title=Odisha News: AAI Surveys Sites At Puri For Proposed International Airport |url=https://odishatv.in/news/miscellaneous/aai-surveys-sites-at-puri-for-proposed-international-airport-49653 |website=www.odishatv.in |publisher=OdishaTV |access-date=13 October 2023 |language=en |date=17 June 2021}}</ref> The [[Government of Odisha]]'s plan to set up the airport was granted site clearance by the [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Ministry of Civil Aviation]] (MOCA) in 2023, one year after the [[Government of Odisha]] Submitted all requisites to the ministry, as per the Greenfield Airport Policy (GFA), 2008.<ref name="newindianexpress1"/><ref name="eisamay">{{cite web |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Arunima |title=কলকাতা থেকে মাত্র ১ ঘণ্টায় পৌঁছনো যাবে পুরী! বড় সিদ্ধান্ত কেন্দ্রের |url=https://eisamay.com/nation/puri-international-airport-gets-site-clearance-from-moca-here-are-the-details/articleshow/104398809.cms |website=www.eisamay.com |publisher=Eisamay |access-date=13 October 2023 |language=bn |trans-title=Puri can be reached in just 1 hour from Kolkata! Big decision of center |date=13 October 2023 |quote=পর্যটকদের জন্য রয়েছে সুখবর। এবার পুরী বিমানবন্দর তৈরি হতে চলেছে খুব শীঘ্রই। বিমানবন্দর যে জায়গায় তৈরি হবে সেই জায়গায় জন্য প্রাথমিক ছাড়পত্র মিলেছে। চূড়ান্ত ছাড়পত্র পাওয়ার জন্য় আরও বেশ কয়েকটি ধাপ পেরোতে হবে সরকারকে।}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Odisha CM meets PM Modi, asks for site clearance of Sri Jagannath Puri International Airport |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/odisha-cm-meets-pm-modi-asks-for-site-clearance-of-sri-jagannath-puri-international-airport-1503180586.html |website=www.thestatesman.com |publisher=The Statesman |access-date=13 October 2023 |location=New Delhi |date=12 May 2023}}</ref> On 20 November 2023, the Environment Appraisal Committee (Infra 2) of [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]] recommends granting Terms of Reference (ToR) for preparation of the Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) Report and Environment Management Plan (EMP) with Public Consultation for development of Greenfield Shree Jagannath International Airport by M/s Commerce and Transport (Transport) Department, Government of Odisha.<ref>{{Citation |last=Change |first=Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate |title=English: Development of Greenfield Shree Jagannath International Airport at Sipasarubali, Puri District, Odisha |date=20 November 2023 |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ToR_-_Puri_Airport.pdf |access-date=30 November 2023}}</ref>

On 25 January 2024, Commerce and Transport Department, Government of Odisha applied for Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Approval.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Limited |first=Engineers India |date=23 January 2024 |title=ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT STUDY FOR GREENFIELD SHREE JAGANNATHA INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT AT SIPASARUBALI, PURI DISTRICT, ODISHA |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ENVIRONMENTAL_IMPACT_ASSESSMENT_STUDY_FOR_GREENFIELD_SHREE_JAGANNATHA_INTERNATIONAL_AIRPORT_AT_SIPASARUBALI,_PURI_DISTRICT,_ODISHA.pdf |journal=EIA Study of Puri International Airport}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to PARIVESH |url=https://parivesh.nic.in/newupgrade/#/trackYourProposal/proposal-details?proposalId=IA/OR/CRZ/459561/2024&proposal=40551656 |access-date=5 March 2024 |website=parivesh.nic.in}}</ref> The tender for a public-private partnership (PPP) was floated by the Odisha Industrial Infrastructure Development Corporation (IDCO) in February 2024.<ref name="HBL1"/> Odisha Coastal Zone Management Authority (OCZMA) after detailed deliberation and discussion decided to recommend the proposal to [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]], Govt. of India for grant of composite [[Environment Protection Act, 1986|Environment Clearance]] (EC) & [[Coastal Regulation Zone]] (CRZ) Clearance for the Airport on 16th of March 2024.<ref>{{Citation |last=Authority |first=Odisha Coastal Zone Management |title=English: OCZMA RECOMMENDATION LETTER |date=2024-03-16 |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:OCZMA_RECOMMENDATION_LETTER.pdf |access-date=2024-07-19}}</ref>
The Environment Assessment Committee (EAC), on 26th June 2025, recommended Environmental Clearance to the Project, subject to submission of Stage-I Forest Clearance & Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Clearance by the Project Proponent.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-05 |title=Environment ministry panel recommends green clearance for Puri airport |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/puri-airport-environment-ministry-panel-green-clearance-10108302/ |access-date=2025-07-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to PARIVESH |url=https://parivesh.nic.in/newupgrade/#/trackYourProposal/proposal-details?proposalId=IA/OR/INFRA2/472127/2024&proposal=66544497 |access-date=2025-07-07 |website=parivesh.nic.in}}</ref>
In July 2025, The Forest Advisory Committee deferred the project clearance, citing concerns about the proposed airport’s likely impact on [[Olive ridley sea turtle]] and [[Irrawaddy dolphins]], as well as the impact of felling 13,000 trees on the Puri coastline, which is vulnerable to frequent cyclones.<ref name="TIE1">{{cite web |title=Ministry defers forest land nod for Puri airport, cites concerns over Olive Ridley turtles, migratory birds |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ministry-defers-forest-land-nod-for-puri-airport-cites-concerns-over-olive-ridley-turtles-migratory-birds-10105109/ |website=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=31 July 2025 |date= 4 July 2025}}</ref>

Forest Advisory Committee (FAC) in [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change|Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change of Govt of India]] grants Forest Clearance to the Project on 27th February 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to PARIVESH |url=https://parivesh.nic.in/newupgrade/#/trackYourProposal/proposal-details?proposalId=FP/OR/Airport/426096/2023&proposal=4623722 |access-date=2026-03-21 |website=parivesh.nic.in}}</ref>

===Land purchase===
In June 2021, the officials of [[Airports Authority of India]] inspected the land identified for the Puri International Airport.<ref name="indiatoday1">{{cite web |last1=Datta |first1=Romita |title=Why an international airport at Puri will be a boon for Odisha |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/why-an-international-airport-at-puri-will-be-a-boon-for-odisha-1826339-2021-07-10 |website=www.indiatoday.in |publisher=India Today |access-date=13 October 2023 |location=Kolkata |language=en |date=12 July 2021}}</ref> A draft of Social Impact Assessment (SIA) report on the proposed airport was prepared by the National Institute of Rural Development and Environmental Science under the Nabakrishna Chowdhury Center for Development Studies for acquisition of private land. In May 2023, Puri Sub-Collector Bhavataran Sahu organised the first public hearing at Sipasarubali Mauza to discuss the draft of Social Impact Assessment (SIA) report before the acquisition of private land.<ref name="timesofindia-indiatimes1">{{cite web |title='Positive' response to 1st public hearing on Puri int'l airport |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/positive-response-to-1st-public-hearing-on-puri-intl-airport/articleshow/100636698.cms?from=mdr |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |publisher=The Times of India |access-date=13 October 2023 |location=Bhubaneswar |date=31 May 2023}}</ref>

The [[Puri district]] administration has started the process for acquisition around 1,164 acres of land including 68 acres of forest and 221.48 acres private land at Sipasarubali and Sandhapur Mauza in 2023. The private land for the project was identified as 153.37 acres at Sipasarubali and 68.11 acres at Sandhapur.<ref name="newindianexpress1"/>

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

{{Airports in Odisha}}
{{Airports in India}}

[[Category:Transport in Puri]]
[[Category:Airports in Odisha]]
[[Category:International airports in India]]
[[Category:Proposed airports in India]]
[[Category:Airports Authority of India]]

Indore–Nagpur Vande Bharat Express

2026-03-19T19:01:06Z

Murmupp: Started a info!

{{Italic title}}{{short description|Mini Vande Bharat Express train route in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = 28457D
| name = Indore Junction - Nagpur Junction ''Vande Bharat Express''
| logo =
| logo_width =
| image = Vande Bharat at Itarsi.jpg
| image_width = 300
| image_alt =
| alt =
| caption = Indore Junction - Nagpur Junction 'Vande Bharat Express At [[Itarsi Junction railway station]]
| type = [[Vande Bharat Express]]
| locale = [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Maharashtra]]
| first = {{start date|2023|06|27|df=yes}} (Inaugural run) {{start date and age|28 June 2023|df=yes}} (Commercial run)
| last =
| operator = [[Western Railway zone|Western Railways (WR)]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Indore Junction}} '''(INDB)'''
| stops = 5
| end = {{stnlnk|Nagpur Junction}} '''(NGP)'''
| distance = {{convert|635|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 08:20 hrs
| frequency = Six days a week {{efn|Except Sundays}}
| trainnumber = 20911 / 20912
| line_used = *[[Indore-Dewas-Ujjain section|Indore–Dewas–Ujjain section]]
*[[Ujjain–Bhopal section]]
*[[Bhopal–Nagpur section]]
| class = AC Chair Car, AC Executive Chair Car
| seating = {{Hlist|Airline style|Rotatable seats}}
| sleeping = No
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering
| observation = Large windows in all coaches
| entertainment = {{Hlist|[[Wi-Fi|On-board WiFi]]|Infotainment System|[[AC power plugs and sockets: British and related types#Indian IS 1293|Electric outlets]]|Reading light|Seat Pockets|Bottle Holder|Tray Table}}
| baggage = Overhead racks
| otherfacilities = [[Kavach (train protection system)|Kavach]]
| stock = [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Second generation|Mini Vande Bharat 2.0]] ''(Last service: Nov 22 2025)'' [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Second generation|Vande Bharat 2.0]] ''(First service: Nov 24 2025)''
| gauge = [[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|Indian gauge]] {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| el =
| speed = {{cvt|76|km/h|0|abbr=on}} (Avg.)
| trainlength = {{convert|192|m|ft}} (08 coaches)
| owners = [[Indian Railways]]
| maintenance = [[Western Railway zone|Indore Jn (INDB)]]
| map = {{Indore-Nagpur VB Express Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| electrification = [[25 kV 50 Hz AC]] Overhead line
}}

The 20911/20912 '''Indore - Nagpur ''Vande Bharat Express''''' is India's 23rd [[Vande Bharat Express]] train, connecting the city of [[Indore]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]] with [[Nagpur]] city in [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 June 2023 |title=पहली बार एक साथ 5 वंदे भारत ट्रेनों का होगा उद्घाटन |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/business/railways-5-new-vande-bharat-trains-from-june-26-mumbai-goa-bangalore-hubli-patna-ranchi-bhopal-indore-bhopal-jabalpur-6517823.html |access-date=18 June 2023 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref> Initially it ran from Indore Jn to Bhopal Jn when the train was first flagged off by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] on 27 June 2023.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=PM Modi Launches Bhopal-Indore, Bhopal-Jabalpur Vande Bharat Express Trains |url=https://zeenews.india.com/railways/pm-modi-launches-bhopal-indore-bhopal-jabalpur-vande-bharat-express-trains-2627530.html |access-date=27 June 2023 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref> Starting from 9 October 2023, the train was extended to Nagpur, providing enhanced connectivity in the region.[https://www.patrika.com/indore-news/big-news-bhopal-indore-vande-bharat-train-will-run-daily-from-indore-to-nagpur-from-9-october-8526005/]

==Overview==
This train is operated by [[Indian Railways]], connecting [[Indore Junction railway station|Indore Jn]], [[Ujjain Junction railway station|Ujjain Jn]], [[Bhopal Junction railway station|Bhopal Jn]], [[Narmadapuram railway station|Narmadapuram]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-31 |title=Vande Bharat's trial halt at Narmadapuram launched |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/vande-bharats-trial-halt-at-narmadapuram-launched/articleshow/117753741.cms |access-date=2025-01-31 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> [[Itarsi Junction railway station|Itarsi Jn]], [[Betul railway station|Betul]] and [[Nagpur Junction railway station|Nagpur Jn]]. It is being operated with train numbers 20912/20911 on 6 days a week basis.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indore: समय नहीं बदला तो इंदौर सेे नहीं मिलेंगे इंदौर-भोपाल वंदे भारत ट्रेन को ज्यादा यात्री |url=https://www.amarujala.com/madhya-pradesh/indore/indore-bhopal-vande-bharat-train-will-not-get-more-passengers-if-time-does-not-change-2023-06-15 |access-date=18 June 2023 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> Initially it ran from Indore Jn to Bhopal Jn when the train was first flagged off on 27 June 2023.<ref name=":0" /> Starting from 9 October 2023, the train was extended to Nagpur, providing enhanced connectivity in the region.[https://www.patrika.com/indore-news/big-news-bhopal-indore-vande-bharat-train-will-run-daily-from-indore-to-nagpur-from-9-october-8526005/]

==Rakes==
It is the twenty-first [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Second generation (Vande Bharat 2.0)|2nd Generation]] and ninth [[Vande Bharat Express#Mini Vande Bharat Express|'''Mini Vande Bharat 2.0 Express train''']] which was designed and manufactured by the [[Integral Coach Factory]] at [[Perambur]], [[Chennai]] under the [[Make in India]] Initiative.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Train 18, India's Fastest, Named "Vande Bharat Express": Piyush Goyal |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/train-18-indias-fastest-named-vande-bharat-express-piyush-goyal-1983965 |access-date=19 April 2023 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

=== Coach augmentation ===
According to [[Western Railway zone|Western Railways]]' notification dated '''20 November 2025''', this express train will be permanently augmented with 08 additional AC coaches, thus running with 16-coach rake in order to meet the surging passenger demand on this route. This change will come into effect on '''24 November 2025''' and will start from [[Indore Junction Railway Station|Indore Jn]]. <ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-21 |title=Nagpur–Indore Vande Bharat to have 16 coaches from Nov 24 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/nagpurindore-vande-bharat-to-have-16-coaches-from-nov-24/articleshow/125470842.cms |access-date=2025-11-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Service ==

The 20911/20912 Indore Jn - Nagpur Jn Vande Bharat Express operates six days a week except Sundays, covering a distance of {{cvt|636|km}} in a travel time of 8 hours with an average speed of {{cvt|76|km/h}}. The service has 5 intermediate stops. The Maximum Permissible Speed is {{cvt|130|km/h}}.

== See also ==
* [[Vande Bharat Express]]
* [[Gatimaan Express]]
* [[Tejas Express]]
* [[Bhopal Junction railway station]]
* [[Indore Junction railway station]]
* [[Nagpur Junction railway station]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Vande Bharat Express}}

[[Category:Vande Bharat Express trains]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Higher-speed rail]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Electric multiple units of India]]

Bharatpedia:Userboxes/Politics by country/India

2026-03-08T07:38:19Z

Murmupp: created new entry...

{{Wikipedia:Userboxes/Location/navbox}}
{{User India/boxes}}
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{{see also|Wikipedia:Userboxes/Politics}}
This gallery includes '''[[Wikipedia:Userboxes|userbox]] [[Help:Template|templates]] about the [[politics of India]]'''.
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{{UBX warning politics}}

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{{yy|User No farmer no food}}
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{{yy|User:A Werewolf/Userboxes/CPI}}
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{{yy|User:A Werewolf/Userboxes/NCP}}
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{{yytop}}
{{yy|User Naam Tamilar}}
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==Organizations==

===Sangh Parivar===
{{yytop}}
{{yy|User:Witchilich/Ex Sangh Parivar Supporter}}
{{yyend}}

===Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh===
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{{yy|User Oppose Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh}}
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{{yy|User:UBX/Support Hindutva}}
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===Vishva Hindu Parishad===
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{{yy|User Vishva Hindu Parishad}}
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==See also==
{{Wikipedia:Userboxes/footer}}

[[Category:Userbox galleries|Location/India/Politics]]
[[Category:Location userbox galleries|India/Politics]]

Administrative divisions of Haryana

2026-03-07T06:46:08Z

Murmupp: expanded details based on references and corrected details

{{short description|Regional divisions in Haryana}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Cleanup reorganize|date=October 2019}}
{{Too many sections|date=October 2019}}
{{Expert needed|1=India|reason=Many of the details of the article require a local resident or expert in the administration of the state of Haryana is required|date=October 2019}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2019}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
[[File:Divisions of Haryana.png|thumb|Administrative Divisions of Haryana]] 


[[Haryana]], formed on 1 November 1966, is a state in [[Northern Zonal Council|North India]]. For the administrative purpose, Haryana is divided into {{wikidata|qualifier|P31|P1114}} revenue divisions which are further divided into {{wikidata|qualifier|Q2668932|P360|P1114}} districts. For Law and Order maintenance, it is divided into 5 [[Police ranks and insignia of India#State police forces and their structure|Police Ranges]] and 4 [[Police ranks and insignia of India#State police forces and their structure|Police Commissionerates]].<ref name=harD1>[http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/haryana-re-organises-administrative-units.html Reorganisation of Haryana divisions], Daily Pioneer, 3 January 2017.</ref><ref name=reddiv1>[http://www.uniindia.com/haryana-approves-to-create-two-new-revenue-divisions/states/news/768930.html Haryana approves to create two new revenue divisions], 2 February 2017.</ref><ref name=reddiv2>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/authority-set-up-to-rejig-administrative-units-across-haryana/articleshow/56302722.cms Authority set up to rejig administrative units across Haryana], Times of India, 3 January 2017.</ref><ref name=reddiv3>[https://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/india/20170202/3048081.html Haryana approves to create two new revenue divisions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229172256/https://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/india/20170202/3048081.html |date=29 December 2017 }}, Web India, 2 February 2017.</ref><ref name="Service">{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=B Satheesh Balan appointed Commissioner of newly formed Sonepat Police Commissionerate |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/b-satheesh-balan-appointed-commissioner-of-newly-formed-sonepat-police-commissionerate-466407 |access-date=2 January 2023 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref>

==Administrative divisions==

===Civil administration and revenue divisions===
{{anchor | Revenue divisions of Haryana | Revenue }}
{{see also | List of districts of Haryana | History of Haryana#Districts | l2= History of districts of Haryana }}

Administration of Haryana is divided into Revenue divisions composed of districts. Districts are further subdivided in to [[tehsil]]s of the revenue administration and the [[Community development block in India|Community development block]]s for the development work.

Haryana has 6 administrative divisions, 23 [[List of districts of Haryana|districts]], 80 sub-divisions, 94 [[tehsil|revenue tehsil]]s, 50 sub-tehsils, 142 [[Community development block in India|community development block]]s, 154 [[List of cities in Haryana by population|cities and towns]], 7,030 villages and 6234 [[Gram panchayat|villages panchayats]].<ref name="harec1">{{cite web|title=Haryana State Budget 2017–18|url=http://web1.hry.nic.in/budget/Bgfinal.pdf|website=Haryana Finance Dept|access-date=7 October 2017|archive-date=22 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822065346/http://web1.hry.nic.in/budget/Bgfinal.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=September 2022|reason=No mention of division in the linked PDF file}}

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|-
! Divisions !! Districts
|-
| [[Ambala division|Ambala]] || [[Ambala district|Ambala]], [[Kurukshetra district|Kurukshetra]], [[Panchkula district|Panchkula]], [[Yamuna Nagar district|Yamuna Nagar]]
|-
|[[Faridabad division|Faridabad]] || [[Faridabad]], [[Palwal]], [[Nuh district|Nuh]]
|-
| [[Gurugram division|Gurugram]] || [[Gurugram district|Gurugram]], [[Mahendragarh district|Mahendragarh]], [[Rewari district|Rewari]]
|-
| [[Hisar division|Hisar]] || [[Fatehabad district|Fatehabad]], [[Jind district|Jind]], [[Hisar district|Hisar]], [[Sirsa district|Sirsa]] [[Hansi district|Hansi]]
|-
| [[Rohtak division|Rohtak]] || [[Jhajjar district|Jhajjar]], [[Charkhi Dadri]], [[Rohtak district|Rohtak]], [[Sonipat district|Sonipat]], [[Bhiwani district|Bhiwani]]
|-
| [[Karnal division|Karnal]] || [[Karnal]], [[Panipat]], [[Kaithal]]
|}

== Engineering divisions ==
=== Electricity distribution zones ===
[[Haryana Power Generation Corporation]] is responsible for producing and procuring power,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://hpgcl.gov.in/aboutus_1.hp |title=HPGCL |access-date=18 October 2019 |archive-date=7 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407070116/http://www.hpgcl.gov.in/aboutus_1.hp |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=HGPCL1>{{Cite web |url=http://hpgcl.gov.in/powerplants_rpp.hp |title=HPGCL power plant capacity |access-date=18 October 2019 |archive-date=6 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206005819/http://hpgcl.gov.in/powerplants_rpp.hp |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the following two [[Government of Haryana]] [[Public sector undertakings in India|PSU]]s are responsible for the distribution of electricity to the consumers and industries in the south and north zone, respectively:

* [[Dakshin Haryana Bijli Vitran Nigam]], south zone distributor.HQ (OP) Hisar and Delhi.<ref name=address>{{cite web |title=Address of various offices under DHBVN |url=http://www.dhbvn.com/main/contactus/address/addresses.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119080725/http://www.dhbvn.com/main/contactus/address/addresses.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 January 2012 |publisher=DHBVN |access-date=10 July 2012 }}</ref><ref name="power">{{cite web|title=Dakshin Haryana Bijli Vitran Nigam(DHBVN) – Department of Power|url=http://dhbvn.org.in/web/portal/deptt.-of-power|website=dhbvn.org.in|access-date=14 December 2017|archive-date=14 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214182609/http://dhbvn.org.in/web/portal/deptt.-of-power|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Uttar Haryana Bijli Vitran Nigam]], north zone distributor.HQ(OP) Rohtak and Panchkula.

=== Irrigation commands ===
There are 6 command areas based on the systems of arterial supply canal and its end user branches and feeders.

* Bhakra Canal Command: Fed by [[Sutlej]] river, controls [[Bhakra Dam#Irrigation|Bhakra Canal]] network within northern Haryana along Punjab border in the districts of Kaithal, northern Jind (Narwana), Sirsa, Fatehabad, parts of Hisar (down to Hisar city).
* Yamuna Canal Command: Fed by [[Western Yamuna Canal]], controls this network within northeastern, east and central Haryana in the districts of Karnal, Jind, Rohtak, Hansi-I area of Hisar, Tosham, Bhiwani, Jhajjar, Sonepat, Panipat, and Karnal.
* Siwani Canal Command: Fed by Western Yamuna Canal command, covers Siwani, Isharwal, Jhumpa areas of Bhiwani district.
* Jui Canal Command: Fed by Western Yamuna Canal command, covers narrow tract of Kairu and Jui in Bhiwani district.
* Loharu Canal Command: Fed by Western Yamuna Canal command, covers districts of Charkhi Dadri and Loharu and Bahal areas of Bhiwani.
* [[Western Yamuna Canal#Jawahar Lal Nehru Lift Irrigation Project|JNL Canal Command]]: Fed by Western Yamuna Canal command, covers districts of Rewari and Mahendragarh.
* Gurugaon Canal Command: Fed by Western Yamuna Canal command, covers tract of Gurugaon, Nuh, Ferozepur Jhirka, Faridabad city, etc.
* [[Agra Canal]] Command: Directly fed by Yamuna river, covers narrow tract of Ballabhgarh and Palwal district.

== Police divisions ==
{{anchor | Police divisions of Haryana | Police }}

===Police commissionerates===
Police commissionerates of Haryana, total 5 in number, are as follows (c. January 2024):<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sonipat News: गुरुग्राम, फरीदाबाद और पंचकूला के बाद चौथा पुलिस कमिश्नरेट होगा सोनीपत |url=https://www.jagran.com/haryana/sonipat-ncr-sonipat-will-be-the-fourth-police-commissionerate-after-gurugram-faridabad-and-panchkula-23178618.html |access-date=2 January 2023 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 2023 |title=Sonepat Police Commissionerate to start functioning from today |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/sonepat-police-commissionerate-to-start-functioning-from-today-101672515459474.html |access-date=2 January 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Service"/>

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|-
! Commissionerate !! Urban area
|-
| [[Faridabad|Faridabad Commissionerate]] || [[Faridabad]]
|-
| [[Gurugram|Gurugram Commissionerate]] || [[Gurugram]]
|-
| [[Panchkula|Panchkula Commissionerate]] || [[Panchkula]]
|-
| [[Sonipat|Sonipat Commissionerate]] || [[Sonipat]]
|-
|[[Jhajjar|Jhajjar Commissionerate]] || [[Jhajjar]]
|}

===Police ranges===
{{anchor | Police ranges of Haryana | Ranges }}


Police ranges of Haryana, total 5 in number, each headed by an officer not below the rank of ADG of Police reporting to the Director General of Police, are as follows (c. September 2018):<ref name=range1>[http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/haryana-establishes-five-police-ranges-117011601376_1.html Haryana establishes five police ranges], business Standard, 16 January 2017.</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!#
!Police range
!Districts
|-
| rowspan="3" |1
| rowspan="3" |Ambala
|Ambala
|-
|Yamunanagar
|-
|Kurukshetra
|-
| rowspan="5" |2
| rowspan="5" |Hisar
|Hisar
|-
|Hansi (Police District)
|-
|Fatehabad
|-
|Sirsa
|- Mandi Dabwali (Police District)
|-
|Jind
|-
| rowspan="3" |3
| rowspan="3" |Karnal
|Karnal
|-
|Panipat
|-
|Kaithal
|-
| rowspan="4" |4
| rowspan="4" |South
|Mahendragarh
|-
|Rewari
|-
|Palwal
|-
|Nuh
|-
| rowspan="4" |5
| rowspan="4" |Rohtak
|Rohtak
|-
|Jhajjar
|-
|Bhiwani
|-
|Sonipat
|-
|Charkhi Dadri
|}

===Prisons===

See [[list of prisons in Haryana]].
{{anchor | Police ranges of Haryana | Ranges }}

==Electoral divisions==
{{anchor | Ethnic divisions | Ethnic }}

===Lok Sabha===
[[File:Haryana_Wahlkreise_Lok_Sabha.svg|thumb|240px | right |Lok Sabha constituencies in Haryana. Reserved constituencies in yellow.]]

For electing the national-level [[Government of India]], there are 10 [[Lok Sabha]] constituencies in Haryana. [[Elections in Haryana#Lok Sabha elections|Current Lok Sabha constituencies]] in Haryana are: [[Ambala (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ambala]], [[Bhiwani–Mahendragarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhiwani–Mahendragarh]], [[Faridabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Faridabad]], [[Gurugram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gurgaon]], [[Hisar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hisar]], [[Karnal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karnal]], [[Kurukshetra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kurukshetra]], [[Rohtak (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rohtak]], [[Sirsa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sirsa]], and [[Sonipat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sonipat]].

===Vidhan sabha===
[[File:Wahlkreise_zur_Vidhan_Sabha_von_Haryana.svg|thumb|right|240px|Haryana Vidhan Sabha constituencies, reserved constituencies in yellow.]]
{{Main|List of constituencies of the Haryana Legislative Assembly|l1 = }}
For electing the state-level [[Government of Haryana]], there are 90 Vidhan Sabha constituencies of [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]], of which 17 are [[Reserved political positions in India|reserved constituencies for the scheduled castes]].

==Forests and wildlife divisions==
{{main | Forests_Department,_Haryana#Administrative_divisions | label 1 = Administrative divisions of wildlife and forests department of Haryana}}
{{ see also | List of National Parks & Wildlife Sanctuaries of Haryana, India | label 1 = National Parks & Wildlife Sanctuaries of Haryana}}[[Principal Chief Conservator of Forests]] head the [[Forests Department, Haryana]], there are separate two divisions each for wildlife and forests:

===Forests zones===
There are 2 Forests Protections zone and 4 Forests circles/divisions, i.e. 2 circles per zone.<ref name=fork1>[http://haryanaforest.gov.in/Portals/0/hfs-mannual-25-5-2015.pdf Haryana Forests Manual]</ref>

* Forests Protection zone-1: Panchkula, covers geographical northern half of Haryana.<ref name=fork1/> It consists of North Forests Circle/Division which covers northeast geographical quadrant of Haryana including Shivalik Hills and down to Sonipat<ref name="fork1" /> and West Forests Circle/Division which Covers northwest geographical quadrant of Haryana including Sirsa, Hisar, Jind.<ref name="fork1" />
* Forests Protection zone-2: Based at Gurugram, covers geographical southern half of Haryana.<ref name=fork1/> It consists of Central Forests Circle/Division which covers central geographical quadrant of Haryana including Rohtak, Jhajjar, Charkhi Dadri, Bhiwani, Mahendragarh etc.<ref name="fork1" /> and South Forests Circle/Division which covers geographical South Haryana including Faridabad, Nuh, Palwal, etc.<ref name="fork1" />

===Wildlife areas===
; Wildlife zones
There are two Wildlife zones, each headed by the Chief Conservator of Wildlife.<ref name=fork1/>
* Wildlife North zone: Based at Panchkula, covers geographical northern half of Haryana including Shivalik Hills to Sirsa, to Hisar to Rohtak.<ref name=fork1/>
* Wildlife South zone: Based at Gurugram, covers geographical southern half of Haryana including Charkhi Dadri, Bhiwani, Mahendragarh, Nuh, palwal, Gurugram, Faridabad, etc.<ref name=fork1/>

; [[Wildlife corridor]]s
* [[Aravalli Range#Northern Aravalli leopard and wildlife corridor|Sariska-Delhi leopard corridor]]
* Sahibi wildlife corridor (planned)
* Shivalik wildlife corridor
* Yamuna wildlife corridor

; National parks and protected areas
See [[List of national parks and wildlife sanctuaries of Haryana]].

==Geographical regions==

Haryana is bounded by the Shivalik (Himalaya's foothills) in the northeast, Yamuna in the east which enters Haryana in the northeast from Shivalik hills and it forms the natural border between Haryana and [[Uttar Pradesh]], Aravalli in [[South Haryana]] which also includes Mewat and Ahirawal as well as parts of Vedic era region of Braj and Matsya, Bagar tract in the west along the Haryana-Rajasthan border, and in the north it is bounded by the channel of [[Ghaggar-Hakra River|Ghaggar River]] (paleo [[Sarasvati River]], including its tributary present day [[Chautang]] which is paleo channel of vedic era [[Drishadvati river]]) along Haryana-Punjab border.

Regions, clockwise from northeast, are as follows.

===Shivalik in northeast===

Areas of Haryana lying in [[Siwalik Hills]] range, i.e. northern parts of Panchkula and Yamunanagar district as well as Naraingarh tehsil of Ambala.

===Yamuna basin in east===

====GT Road belt====
{{anchor | GT Road belt | Grand Trunk Road belt }}

''GT Road belt'' is the geographical area on either side of the [[Grand Trunk Road]] from Delhi to Ambala. Upland areas around Indri north of Karnal is called [[Nardak]]. The road itself lies inside the unflooded Bangar area roughly along the demarcation between Yamuna bangar and Yamuna Khadir. GT Road is a new term for the ancient vedic era route which was later rehabilitated by [[Ashoka]] (268 to 232 BCE), [[Harsha]] (c. 590–647 CE), and [[Sher Shah Suri]] (1486 – 22 May 1545), etc.

==== Yamuna Bangar ====
{{anchor | Deshwal | Deshwali | Yamuna bangar | Yamuna Bangar }}
[[File:Khadir-and-bangar.jpg|thumb|240px|In a [[doab]], ''khadar'' (green) floodplain lies next to a river, unflooded ''bangar'' (olive) with higher elevation lies further from river.]]

Yamuna Bangar in Yamuna basin is the upland area of Haryana which does not get flooded. Northern end of it is called Nardak.

=====Deshwal=====

Deshwal region of Haryana covers the districts of Panipat, Sonipat, Rohtak, Jhajjar, southern part of Jind. Sometimes, its definition is widened to include the southwest Kurukshetra, southern Kaithal, non-bagar tracts of Hisar and Bhiwani as well as Charkhi Dadri. Deshwal region covers both bangar and Khadir areas. The area within Deshwal to the east of Grant Trunk Road is called Deshwali khadir which gets flooded and the unflooded area to the west of Grant Trunk Road in Deshwal region is called Deshwali khadir. Comparatively, a much larger area of Deshwal in Haryana is bangar (unflooded upland) area.

=====Nardak=====

''Nardak'' ("high tract" or bangar) is a region in western and northern parts of [[Karnal district]] in northeastern area of [[Haryana]] state of India. All definitions of this area include [[Assandh]], [[Nissing]] and [[Nilokheri]] [[Community Development Block]]s (CDB) in western and northern parts of [[Karnal district]], and it ends in the north of Karnal city at [[Indri]] where Nardak, [[Khadir and Bangar]] areas of [[Yamuna]] river basin meet.<ref name=wolv1>K. K. Aggarwal, 1975, [https://books.google.com/books?id=W187AAAAMAAJ&q=Nardak Karnal District], page 2.</ref> ''Nardak'' is a title of the [[Kurukshetra]] from the words ''"Nirdukh"'', meaning the ''"painless"''.<ref name=nard1>1890, Calcutta Review, Volumes 90-91, Page 108.</ref> Nardak is the high tract, hence a sub-region of [[Khadir and Bangar|bangar]] (unflooded) region of Yamuna river.

During the [[Vedic era]], it was part of [[Kuru Kingdom|Kuru]] [[janapada]], hence presently has many ''[[Mahabharata]]'' era [[Tirtha (Hinduism)|tirthas]] which are part of the wider [[48 Kos Parikrama of Kurukshetra]]. Presently, Nardak area lies on either side of [[Grand Trunk Road]].

====Yamuna Khadir====

[[Khadir and Bangar|Khadir]] (खादर) is any low-lying [[floodplain]]s of a river usually relatively narrower compared to unflooded ''bangar'' area. Khadar areas are prone to flooding and sometimes include [[Palaeochannel|portions of former river-bed]]s that became available for agriculture when a [[Avulsion (river)|river changes course]]. It is moisture retentive and sticky when wet.<ref name="ref07rejic">{{Citation | title=भूगोल (Geography) | author=Yash Pal Singh | year=1920 | publisher=VK Publications | isbn=978-81-89611-21-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dzSfcInDKD8C | quote=''... मैदान के उस भाग को बांगर कहते हैं जहाँ नदियों की बाढ़ का पानी नहीं पहुंच पाता ... पुरानी जलोढ़ मिट्टी ... खादर: यह वह क्षेत्र है जहाँ नदियों की बाढ़ का जल प्रतिवर्ष आ जाता है ...''}}</ref><ref name=allsoil1/> ''Khadir'' soil consists of new [[alluvial soil]] relatively higher in new [[silt]] content from the river, gets replenished with each flooding cycle, and is often very fertile.<ref name=allsoil1>Kiran Prem,1994, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wjhuAAAAMAAJ Haryana District Gazetteers: Faridabad], Haryana, Page 16.</ref> Haryana has two such floodplains, Yamuna Khadir and Nali.

Yamuna Khadir, or simply ''Khadir'', is a fertile floodland area lying between the Yamuna river and the [[Grand Trunk Road]], i.e. eastern parts of Sonepat, Panipat, Karnal and Kurukshetra as well as southeastern Yamunanagr district.

=== Aravalli in South Haryana: Ahirwal, Braj and Mewat ===
Areas of Haryana lying in [[Aravalli Range|Aravalli]] hills range mostly fall within [[Ahirwal]] and [[Mewat]] regions.

* [[Vedic era|Vedia]] era [[janapada]] regions are:
** [[Braj]] includes [[Palwal]] district and [[Faridabad]] district. 84 kos Braj Mandal Parikrama also passes by many villages in Palwal district. This Parikrama starts from [[Banchari]].
** [[Kuru Kingdom|Kuru]] including Gurugram and Faridabad, Palwal in Aravali area. Kuru also extended along Yamuna to Kurukshetra.
** [[Matsya (tribe)|Matsya]] Narnaul, Rewari, Mahendergarh, Kanina, Nuh, etc. which also corresponds with the present day Ahirawal and Mewat regions.
* Pre-Islamic Hindu-[[Rajput]] era regions: These areas were part of [[Alwar State|Alwar kingdom]] ruled by [[Kachhwaha]] [[Rajput]]s who claim descent from [[Kusha]] - the eldest son of [[Rama]]. These areas were adjacent [[Dhundhar]], also called [[Jaipur]] region under [[Jaipur State|Jaipur kingdom]], to Dhundhar's the east and northeast side.
** [[Bighoto]]: Historic region which covered present day districts of Rewari and Mahendragarh.
** [[Bighoto#Chandain|Chandain]]: Historic region, which covered 12 villages of Taoru, was a subdivision of the bigger Bighoto region, which in turn was part of [[Alwar State]]. This region overlaps with and also lies entirely within Mewat.
** [[Dhundhoti]]: Historic region which covered present day districts of Gurugram has its seat of power at [[Garhi Harsaru]].
* Medieval and present day regions:
** [[Ahirwal]]: [[Ahir]] dominated areas such as Narnaul, Rewari, Kanina, Mahendergarh and parts of Faridabad district
** [[Mewat]]: narrow tract in Haryana in [[Nuh district]] from Nuh city ion the north to [[Ferozepur Jhirka]] in the south and till [[Ujina]] and [[Uttawar]] in the east. Mewat, [[Meo (ethnic group)|Meo]]-dominated area, covers much larger area which spans the contiguous area in Rajasthan.

=== Bagar Region or Westen Haryana ===
{{anchor | Bagar | West | Western }}

[[Bagar region]] or ''Bagad'' (''बागड़''), from "''Bar"'' meaning the dry country,<ref name=bagartribune1>Nonica Datta, [http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99jul03/saturday/head1.htm "Forming an identity"], [[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]], 3 July 1999.</ref> refers to the area where [[Bagri language]] is spoken by majority of population characterised by sandy tract of north-western [[India]] and eastern [[Pakistan]] bordering [[Rajasthan]], [[India]] which are now transformated into fertile tracts, irrigated by Bhakhra canal, [[Indira Gandhi Canal]], [[Gang canal]] in India.<ref name="HarRev">{{Cite web |url=http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/revised_settlement_hisar.pdf |title=Revised Land and Revenue Settlement of Hisar District 9006–9011 |access-date=26 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517124050/http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/revised_settlement_hisar.pdf |archive-date=17 May 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In Haryana, it covers [[Sirsa district]] and western villages of [[Fatehabad, Haryana|Fatehabad]], [[Hisar district]], [[Bhiwani district]] and [[Charkhi Dadri district]].<ref name="GL1">Gusain, Lakhan: Reflexives in Bagri. Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 1994</ref><ref name="GL2">Gusain, Lakhan: Limitations of Literacy in Bagri. [[Nicholas Ostler]] & [[Blair Rudes]] (eds.). Endangered Languages and Literacy. Proceedings of the Fourth FEL Conference. University of North Carolina, Charlotte, 21–24 September 2000</ref> in [[Rajasthan]] it covers [[Anupgarh district]], [[Sri Ganganagar district]]; [[Hanumangarh district]]; [[Taranagar]] tehsil in [[Churu district]].<ref name="GL1" /><ref name="Census1961">[https://archive.org/stream/districtcensusha01indi/districtcensusha01indi_djvu.txt India District Census Handbook, 1961]</ref> [[Chak (village)|Chak]], type of villages, were established in the northern part of this tract along the canal network during [[British Raj]]. Smaller settlements in the farms are called [[dhani (settlement type)|dhani]].

=== Sarasvati-Ghaggar-Chautang basin in north ===

This area lies in the Ghaggar-Chautang [[doab]] in northwestern Haryana bounded by Narvana, Hansi, Hisar and Ellenabad. It is considered as one of the most productive farmland areas in Haryana with a high yield of wheat, rice, mustard, kinnow, green leafy vegetables and cotton especially.

====Sarasvati-Ghaggar basin====

Bangar remains unflooded, while Nali (also called Khadir) becomes flooded during the rainy season.

=====Sarasvati-Ghaggar bangar=====

These are areas along either side of Ghaggar that do not get flooded. They lie in the district of Jind (Narwana), Fatehabad, north Hisar and Sirsa. This basin has numerous [[Indus Valley civilization|Sarasvati-Indus Valley civilisation]] sites.

===== Nali khadir or Ghaggar khadir =====

Nali area, or simply ''Nali'' (नाळी), is the fertile floodland Khadir area in Fatehabad and Sirsa districts between the [[Ghaggar-Hakra River|Ghaggar]] river and the southern limits of the [[Drishadvati river|Saraswati palaeochannel depression]] that gets flooded during the rains.<ref name="nali1">[https://archive.org/stream/imperialgazettee14grea/imperialgazettee14grea_djvu.txt "The imperial gazetteers of India, 1908"], [[British Raj]], page 288.</ref> It includes areas such as Sardulgarh on Punjab-Haryana Border, Rori, Mirpur, Panniwala Motta, Rania, Jiwan Nagar and Ellenabad in Sirsa District and Tibi of adjacent Tibi tehsil in Hanumangarh District of Rajasthan. Parts of this also lie in Narwana (north Jind region). [[Kunal, Haryana|Kunal]] is an important Sarasvati-Indus Valley civilisation site on the paleo bank of Sarasvati (Ghaggar) river.

====Drishadvati-Chautang basin====

This area lies in the Ghaggar-Chautang [[doab]] in northwestern Haryana.

===== Chautang bangar =====

The area which get flooded along and either side of Chautang include area in the tehsils of Jind, Hansi, Hisar, [[Bawani Khera]], [[Siwani]],

===== Chautang khadir =====

The area which get flooded along Chautang include low lying areas of Jind, Hansi, Hisar. This is the paleo channel of Drishadvati. The Sarasvati-Indus Valley civilisation sites on the paleo channel of Drishadvati are [[Rakhigarhi]], [[Lohari Ragho]], [[Banawali]] and [[Sothi (archaeology)|Sothi]] which lies in the western Haryana districts of Hisar, Fatehabad and Sirsa.

==Industrial zones and corridors==
[[Haryana State Industrial and Infrastructure Development Corporation|HSIIDC]] has developed at least 11 specialised ''"Industrial Clusters and Theme Parks"'', 24 ''"Industrial Estate (IE)"'' (each with an area larger than at least {{cvt|610|ha}}), ''"Industrial Model Township (IMT)"'' (smaller than {{cvt|610|ha}}), and an IT Park (denoted by double asterisk or star symbol). Haryana has at least 24 IEs, 7 IMT, an IT Park, and several [[Haryana State Industrial and Infrastructure Development Corporation#Integrated Multimodel Logistics Hubs (IMLH)|Integrated Multimodel Logistics Hubs]] (IMLH) in the state of Haryana.<ref name=theme1>[https://hsiidc.org.in/industrial-cluster HSIIDC Industrial Clusters and Theme Parks] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018105825/https://hsiidc.org.in/industrial-cluster |date=18 October 2019 }}.</ref><ref name=about2>[https://hsiidc.org.in/industrial-estates HSIIDC branches and estates] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018105824/https://hsiidc.org.in/industrial-estates |date=18 October 2019 }}.</ref>

; [[Industrial corridor#India|Industrial corridors]]
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Amritsar Delhi Kolkata Industrial Corridor]]
* [[Delhi–Mumbai Industrial Corridor Project|Delhi–Mumbai Industrial Corridor]]
{{col div end}}

; [[Haryana State Industrial and Infrastructure Development Corporation#Industrial clusters and theme parks|Industrial clusters and theme parks]]
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* Textile Hub, Panipat
* IIDC Narwana in Jind
* Food Park, Saha
* Growth Centre, Saha
* Footwear Park, Bahadurgarh
* Apparel Park, Barhi
* Theme Park, Kundli
* Electronic Hardware Technology Park, Kundli
* EPIP, Kundli
* Food Park, Rai
* Mega Food Park, Rai
{{col div end}}

; Industrial estates and townships
See the [[Haryana State Industrial and Infrastructure Development Corporation#Industrial estates and townships|list of 30+ industrial estates and townships]] spread across Haryana.

== Interfluve ==
[[File:Punjabdoabs1.jpg|thumb|200px|A map of the Punjab region {{circa}} 1947 showing the different ''doabs''.]]

[[Doab]] ([[interfluve]]) is land lying between two [[confluence|confluent]] rivers<ref name=oed-doab-cite-1>{{citation|title=doab or duab, n.|publisher=OED Online, Oxford University Press |date=March 2014|url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/56229|access-date=24 April 2019}} Quote: "Originally and chiefly in South Asia: (the name of) a strip or narrow tract of land between two rivers; spec. (with) the area between the rivers Ganges and Jumna in northern India."</ref><ref name=oed-doab-cite-2>{{citation|title=doab or duab, n.|publisher=OED Online, Oxford University Press |date=March 2014|url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/56229|access-date=24 April 2019}} Quote: "confluence, land between two rivers, used in India of the tongue of land between the Ganges and Jumna, and of similar tracts in the Punjab, etc., lit. 'two waters' "</ref><ref name=doab-websters-unabridge>{{citation|title=Doab.|publisher=Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged.|year=2013|url=http://www.merriam-websterunabridged.com/unabridged/doab|access-date=24 April 2019}} Quote: " a tract of land between two rivers : interfluve"</ref>

===Extant doab===

*'''Sarsuti-Ghaggar doab:''' It is the only extant doab which covers the entire length of northern border of Haryana with Punjab, i.e. districts of Panchkula, eastern Yamunanagar, Ambala, northern Kurukshetra, Kaithal, northern Jind, northern Fatehabad and northern Sirsa.

===Palaeo doab===

*'''Sarasvati-Yamuna doab / Ghaggar-Yamuna doab''': Almost all of the northern border of Haryana is roughly defined by the course of present-day seasonal [[Sarsuti]] river, which is one of many [[Palaeochannel]] of [[Sarasvati river]]. It is now the tributary of present-day [[Ghaggar-Hakra River|Ghaggar river]], which is currently the most voluminous or main ramnant channel of Sarasvati river. Almost all of the eastern border of Haryana is roughly defined by the course of [[Yamuna]] river. Area between the ancient Sarasvati (with its several palaeochannel in Haryana, including Sarsuti and Ghaggar, and the largest [[Paleolithic|paleo]] tributary Dhrisdhavati) and Yamuna is called the ''Sarasvati-Yamuna doab''. According to the paleo studies, the earliest paleo channel of Sarasvati flowed southeast collecting [[Sahibi|Sahibi river]] and converging with Yamuna. This ''Sarasvati-Yamuna doab'' covered the area of districts of Panchkula, Ambala, Yamunanagr, Kurukshetra, Kaithal, parts of Jind, Karnal, Panipat, Sonepat, Rohtak, Jhajjar and Gurugram. It remains a matter of further study if Sarasvati ever confluenced with [[Ganges]]-Yamuna at [[Prayagraj]] as alluded to in the [[Hindu texts]], if this hypothesis if found to be true, Sarasvati would have also flowed through Rwari, Fridabad and Nuh districts of Haryana and would have collected [[Chambal River|Chambal]] and [[Betwa River|Betwa]] rivers as its tributaries. Since Sarasvati and Yamuna no longer confluence, this palaeo Sarasvati-Yamuna doab no longer exists. Only extant doab in Haryana is ''Sarsuti-Ghaggar doab''. Palaeo Sarasvati-Yamuna doab could be subdivided into the following doabs of ''Drishadvati-Sahibi doab'', ''Drishadvati-Sahibi doab'' and ''Sahibi-Yamuna doab''.
*'''Sarasvati-[[Drishadvati river|Drishadvati]] doab''' / '''Ghaggar-[[Drishadvati river|Drishadvati]] doab''': This palaeo doab covered the area lying between Ghaggar river (palaeochannel of Sarasvati) and the palaeochannel Drishadvati river which confluenced in Hanumangarh district immediately northwest of Haryana. This doab area included entire Northern Haryana on Haryana-Punjab, i.e. districts of Panchkula, Ambala, Yamunanagar, Kurukshetra, Kaithal, Jind, northern part of Hisar, Fatehabad and Sisra.
*'''Drishadvati-[[Sahibi River|Sahibi]] doab''' / '''Ghaggar-Sahibi doab''': This palaeo doab covered the area of northwestern Haryana, i.e. districts of Sirsa, Fatehabad, Hisar, Bhiwani, Charkhi Dadri and Mahendragarh.
*'''Sahibi-Yamuna doab''': This palaeo doab covered the area lying between Sahibi river and Yamuna. This doab area included [[South Haryana]]m i.e. districts of Rewari, southern Gurugam, Southern Faridabad, Nuh and Palwal.

==Language zones==

* [[Hindi languages|Hindi (Central Zone)]]
** [[Haryanvi language]]
*** [[Deswali (dialect)]](also called ''Deshwali'', ''Desari'' and ''Desaru'', spoken in Deswal region covering districts of Rohtak, Sonipat and Jhajjar.
*** [[Standard Haryanvi (dialect)]] spoken in Jind, Hisar, Hansi, Bhiwani, Tosham, Charki Dadri, Meham.
*** [[Jatu (dialect)]] (dialect of the [[Jat]]s) sub-dialect of deswali, spoken by [[Jat]]s and [[Ror]]s in low-lying [[Khadir and Bangar|khadir]] flood planes on western banks of Yamuna in Panipat, Karnal, Kuruksehtra and Yamunanagar districts.
*** [[Bangru (dialect)]] (also called ''Banagaru'', ''Hariani'' & ''Haryiani'', spoken in areas between Khadar region, Bagar region and deswali region in Kaithal District, Pehowa, Tohana, Barwala, Narwana and Assandh.
** [[Bagri language]] spoken in ([[Bagar region]] of sandy western Haryana covering Sirsa, Ellenabad, Fatehabad, Adampur, Balsamand, Siwani and Bahal in Haryana.
** [[Sansi language]] (distinct language of [[Sansi people|Sansi]] nomads, with influence of Rajasthani, Punjabi, Haryanvi and Hindi languages)
** [[Mewati language]] is spoken in Nuh District, Sohna and part of Palwal District.
*** [[Ahirwati dialect]] of [[Mewati language]] is spoken in Rewari, Mahendragarh, Narnaul, Loharu, Matanheil and parts of Gurugram District like Pataudi and Manesar.
*** [[Rangri dialect (Haryanvi)|Rangri dialect]] is another type for Haryanvi language used by Haryanvi-Muslim migrants living in Pakistan.
* [[Braj Bhasha]] in Faridabad and Palwal districts.
* [[Pahari languages]] in hill areas of Ambala, Panchkula and Yamuna Nagar districts.
* [[Punjabi languages]]
** [[Puadhi dialect]] is spoken in districts of Panchkula District, Ambala District and parts of Kuruksehtra District like Shahbad Markanda.
** [[Malwai dialect]] is spoken in northern Sirsa District which includes Mandi Dabwali, Kalanwali and Odhan. It also spoken in Ratia Tehsil of Fatehbad District and guhla cheeka of kaithal District
** [[Rath tribe#Language|Rathi dialect]] is spoken in central Sirsa District and northern Fatehabad district.

==Martial zones==

The modern military history commenced with British colonial rule when [[George Thomas (soldier)|George Thomas]] established modern European style army in 1798 to 1801,<ref name=TOIgt1>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Desi-Irish-Raja-of-Haryana/articleshow/53360680.cms Desi Irish Raja of Haryana, Times of India newspaper, Jul-24-2016]</ref><ref name=GrBio1>[https://archive.org/details/militarymemoirs01frangoog Military memoirs of George Thomas, William_Francklin, 1805]</ref> and later [[James Skinner (East India Company officer)|Colonel James Skinner]] (1778 – 4 December 1841) the Anglo-Indian military adventurer in India founded [[1st Horse (Skinner's Horse)|1st Skinner's Horse]] and [[3rd Skinner's Horse]] at [[Asigarh Fort]] at Hansi in 1803 which is now part of the [[Indian Army]].<ref>[http://www.national-army-museum.ac.uk/exhibitions/shortVisits/iconic/page9.shtml Colonel James Skinner CB] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101218033415/http://national-army-museum.ac.uk/exhibitions/shortVisits/iconic/page9.shtml |date=18 December 2010 }} ''[[National Army Museum]]'' ([[British Army]]).</ref><ref name=EB1911>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Skinner, James |volume=25 |page=192}}</ref>

===Military zones===

; Current military stations
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Indian Army]]
** [[Ambala Cantonment]]
** [[Hisar Military Station]]
* [[Indian Air Force]]
** [[Ambala Air Force Station|Ambala AFS]]
** [[Raja Nahar Singh Faridabad Air Force Logistics Station|Faridabad Logistics AFS]]
** [[Gurugram Air Force Station|Gurugram store]]
** [[Sirsa Air Force Station|Sirsa AFS]]
* [[Indian Navy]]
** [[Information Management and Analysis Centre|Gurugram IMAC]]
{{col div end}}

; Defunct [[British Raj]] cantonments
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Asigarh Fort]] ([[Prithviraj Chauhan]], [[George Thomas (soldier)|George Thomas]], [[James Skinner (East India Company officer)|Skinner]])
* [[Cantonment Church Tower|Karnal Cantonment]] (British raj)
* [[Bharawas]] ([[Company rule in India|Company rule]])
* [[Jharsa]] ([[Begum Samru]])
{{col div end}}

; Defunct [[princely state]] garrisons (^ denotes abolished in 1858)
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Jat people|Jat]] [[Raja]] (Hindu-Sikh)
** [[Buria]] of Jat Sikh
** [[Ballabhgarh|Balramgarh]]^ of Hindu Raja Nahar Singh
** [[Jind State]] of Phulkian Jat Sikh
** [[Kaithal|Kaithal State]] of Phulkian Jat Sikh
** [[Kalsia]] of Jat Sikh
** [[Kapurthala State]] (Narwana) of Phulkian Jat Sikh
* [[Pathan]] [[Nawab]] (Muslim)
** [[Bahadurgarh]]^ of Muslim Pathan
** [[Dujana]]^ of Yusufzai Pathan Muslim
** [[Jhajjar]]^ of Pathan Muslim<ref>[https://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20140216/spectrum/main3.htm ‘He who rode a tiger’], The Tribune India, 16 February 2014.</ref>
** [[Loharu State]] of Pathan Muslim
{{col div end}}

===Para-military zones===
This is a partial list, please help expand.

* [[Border Security Force]]
** Hisar BSF Camp
* [[Central Industrial Security Force]] (CISF)
** [[Mandawar, Haryana|Mandawar]] CISF, Sohna<ref name=jag1>[https://www.jagran.com/haryana/panchkula-ten-big-projects-approved-in-haryana-18899617.html Ten big projects approved in Haryana], 29 January 2019.</ref>
* [[Central Reserve Police Force]] (CRPF)
** Hisar CRPF Camp
* [[National Security Guard]] (NSG) at Manesar
*CRPF CAMP KHEWRA(SONIPAT)

== Tourist and archaeological zones ==
[[Haryana State Directorate of Archaeology & Museums]] and [[Haryana Tourism]] are responsible for archaeology and [[tourism in Haryana]] respectively.

{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[List of Indian states and territories by highest point#States|Highest point]]
* [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Haryana|National monuments]]
* [[List of State Protected Monuments in Haryana|State monuments]]
* [[List of Indus Valley civilisation sites|Indus-Sarasvati civilisation sites]]
* [[:Category:Monuments and memorials in Haryana|Monuments and memorials]]
* [[:Category:Culture of Haryana|Culture]]
* [[:Category:Dams in Haryana|Dams]]
* [[:Category:Forts in Haryana|Forts]]
* [[:Category:Lakes of Haryana|Lakes]]
* [[:Category:Mountains of Haryana|Mountains]]
* [[:Category:Museums in Haryana|Museums]]
* [[Music of Haryana|Music]]
* [[:Category:Hindu temples in Haryana|Temples]]
* [[:Category:Tourist attractions in Haryana|Tourist attractions]]
* [[:Category:Tourism in Haryana|Other]]
{{col div end}}

==Transport==

===Aviation zones===
Haryana has 6 civil and 2 military aviation zones / airports. See [[:Category:Airports in Haryana|airports in Haryana]].

; Civil
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Bhiwani Airport]]
* [[Gurugram Airstrip]]
* [[Hisar Airport]]
* [[Karnal Airport]]
* [[Narnaul Airport]]
* [[Pinjore Airport]]
{{col div end}}

; Military
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Ambala Air Force Station]]
* [[Sirsa Air Force Station]]
{{col div end}}

; National and state capitals
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Chandigarh Airport]]
* [[IGI Airport]]
{{col div end}}

===Integrated multimodel logistics hubs===
There are many [[Haryana State Industrial and Infrastructure Development Corporation#Integrated Multimodel Logistics Hubs (IMLH)|existing and proposed]] Integrated Multimodel Logistics Hubs (IMLH) in the state of Haryana including the following existing IMLH with containerised road and rail facilities and/or air facilities (denoted by asterisk):<ref name=theme1/>

* [[Manesar]] road cargo and [[Railway in Haryana#Future projects|railway sliding]] for [[Maruti Suzuki]] on Western Peripheral Expressway.
* [[Nangal Choudhary#Integrated Multimodel Logistics Hub (IMLH)|Nangal Choudhary IMLH]] on Delhi–Mumbai Industrial Corridor.
* [[Pinjore|Pinjore IMLH]]* for the fruits on [[Ambala Chandigarh Expressway]]. [[Bilaspur, Haryana|Bilaspur]] to be developed as spoke with railway sliding on the [[Railway in Haryana#Future projects|proposed Chandigarh-Yamunanagar rail line]].
* [[Sonipat]] inland container depot and logistics park on Delhi-Chandigarh [[National Highway 1 (India)|NH1]].<ref name=sonlog1>[https://jmbaxigroup.com/companies/infrastructure/delhi-international-cargo-terminal/ Sonepat Logistics Park].</ref> [[Kharkhoda, Haryana|Kharkhoda Footwear IMLH]] in Sonipat under implementation with containerised road and rail cargo.

===RTO (Regional Transport Office) districts===

See the [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#HR—Haryana|list of RTO districts in Haryana]].

=== Road corridors ===
* [[List of highways in Haryana#Expressways|Expressways (EWay)]]
* [[List of highways in Haryana#List of National Highways in Haryana|National highways (BH)]]
* [[List of highways in Haryana#State Highways (SH)|State highways (SH)]]
* [[List of highways in Haryana#Major District Roads (MDR)|Major district roads (MDR)]]
* [[List of highways in Haryana#Other District Roads (ODR)|Other district roads (ODR)]]

=== Railway zones and dedicated corridors ===
Parts of the following [[Railway in Haryana#Divisions and workshops|3 zones and their 5 subordinate divisions]] of [[Indian Railways]] fall within Haryana:

; Dedicated Freight Corridors
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor]]
* [[Western Dedicated Freight Corridor]]
{{col div end}}

; Railway zones
* [[North Western Railway zone]]
**[[Bikaner railway division]] covers [[Hisar division|western]] and [[Gurugram division|southern]] Haryana including [[Jodhpur–Bathinda line|Bhatinda-Dabwali-Hanumangarh line]], [[Bathinda–Rewari line|Rewari-Bhiwani-Hisar-Bathinda line]], Hisar-Sadulpur line and Rewari-Loharu-Sadulpur line.<ref name=harrlyz22>[http://www.nwr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1450093153283-BKN.pdf Bikaner Division map and history]</ref><ref name=harrlyz2>{{cite web | url = http://www.nwr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1390378076313-Overview%20dt.21.01.14.pdf | title = Overview of Bikaner Division | publisher = North Western Railway | access-date = 7 May 2014 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140508030427/http://www.nwr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1390378076313-Overview%20dt.21.01.14.pdf | archive-date = 8 May 2014}}</ref>
** [[Jaipur railway division]] covers [[Hisar division|south-west Haryana]] including [[Delhi–Jaipur line|Rewari-Reengas-Jaipur line]], Delhi-Alwar-Jaipur line and Loharu-Sikar line.<ref name=jaip1>[http://www.nwr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1450093177866-JP.pdf Jaipur division network map]</ref>
* [[Northern Railway zone]]
**[[Delhi railway division]] covers [[Karnal division|north]] and [[Rohtak division|east and central]] Haryana including [[Delhi–Kalka line|Delhi-Panipat-Ambala line]], [[Delhi–Fazilka line|Delhi-Rohtak-Tohana line]], [[Rewari–Rohtak line]], Jind-Sonepat line and [[Delhi–Jaipur line|Delhi-Rewari line]].<ref name=harrlyz21>[http://www.nr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,263,314,315 Delhi division map and history]</ref><ref name=harrlyz5>{{cite web|title=Zones and their Divisions in Indian Railways |url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in/ir_zones.pdf |work=Indian Railways |access-date=13 January 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319003737/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/ir_zones.pdf |archive-date=19 March 2015 }}</ref><ref name=harrlyz6>{{Cite web|url = http://www.nr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,263,314,319|title = Ambala Railway Division|access-date = 13 January 2016|website = [[Railway Board]]|publisher = [[Northern Railway zone]]}}</ref><ref name=harrlyz3>{{cite web|title=Statement showing Category-wise No.of stations in IR based on Pass. earning of 2011 |url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/StationRedevelopment/AI&ACategoryStns.pdf |access-date=15 January 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128044328/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/StationRedevelopment/AI%26ACategoryStns.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2016 }}</ref><ref name=harrlyz4>{{cite web|title=PASSENGER AMENITIES – CRITERIA= For Categorisation of Stations |url=http://www.cr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1432447500773-23.Passenger%20Amenities%20PDF.pdf |access-date=15 January 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304045206/http://www.cr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1432447500773-23.Passenger%20Amenities%20PDF.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref>
**[[Ambala railway division]] covers [[Ambala division|north-east Haryana]] including [[Moradabad–Ambala line|Ambala-Yamunanagar line]], [[Delhi–Kalka line|Ambala-Kurukshetra line]] and [[UNESCO World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage]] [[Kalka–Shimla Railway]].<ref name=amb1>[http://www.nr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,263,314,319 Ambala Division map and history].</ref> There are 2 Workshops in this division which falls within Haryana: [[Carriage & Wagon Workshop, Jagadhari]] and [[Carriage & Wagon Workshop, Kalka]] for narrow gauge.<ref>[http://www.kalkashimlarailway.in/ksr/kalkaworkshop.jsp Kalka workshop]</ref>
* [[North Central Railway zone]]
**[[Agra railway division]] covers very small part of network in [[South Haryana|south-east Haryana]] which includes [[Palwal railway station|Palwal]]-[[Mathura railway station|Mathura]] line only.<ref name=harrlyz11>[http://www.ncr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,262 NCR Zone map]</ref><ref name=harrlyz1>{{cite web|url=http://www.ncr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,261|title=North Central Railways / Indian Railways Portal|website=www.ncr.indianrailways.gov.in|access-date=4 December 2017}}</ref>

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[History of Haryana]]
* [[List of districts of Haryana]]
* [[List of tehsils of Haryana]]
* [[:Category:Haryana-related lists|List of Haryana-related lists]]
* [[Outline of Haryana]]
{{col div end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Commons category}}
{{Districts of Haryana}}
{{Municipalities of Haryana|state=collapsed}}
{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Haryana|state=collapsed}}
{{Indian Highways Network}}
{{Monuments of NI in India}}
{{Protected areas of Haryana}}
{{Protected Areas of India}}
{{National Parks of India}}
{{Zoos of India}}

[[Category:Divisions of Haryana|*]]
[[Category:Villages in Haryana|*]]
[[Category:Haryana-related lists|*]]

Kodur (East)

2026-03-05T05:56:12Z

Murmupp:

{{other uses|Koduru (disambiguation)}}
{{Short description|Village in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox place
| name = Kodur (East)
| settlement_type = Village
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| coordinates = {{coord|13|57|33|N|79|21|10|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of mandals of Andhra Pradesh|Mandal]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tirupati district|Tirupati]]
| subdivision_name3 = Kodur
| government_type = [[Sarpanch]]
| area_total_km2 = 47.24
| elevation_m = 185
| population_total = 39408
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 516101
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in India|STD code]]
| area_code = 08566
| registration_plate = AP-04
}}'''Kodur (East)''' is a village and the administrative center of [[Koduru mandal,Tirupati district|Kodur Mandal]], [[Tirupati district|Tirupati District]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]. It is located near the district boundary with [[Kadapa district]] and [[Annamayya district]]. As of 2011, it has a total population of 39,408.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302073337/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=2023-03-02 |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>

Prior to the reorganization of districts under [[Andhra Pradesh]] in 2022, this village was part of [[Kadapa district|YSR District]] along with the rest of the Kodur Mandal.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://ahd.aptonline.in/AHMS/Views/DownLoads/All26Districts.pdf |title=The Andhra Pradesh Gazette |publisher=[[Government of Andhra Pradesh]] |publication-date=2022-04-03 |access-date=2023-04-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220906064253/https://ahd.aptonline.in/AHMS/Views/DownLoads/All26Districts.pdf |archive-date=2022-09-06}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Kodur (East) is located on the south of [[Penna River]]. [[National Highway 716 (India)|National Highway 716]] passes through the village. It covers an area of 4724 hectares.

== Demographics ==
According to the [[2011 Indian census|2011 Indian Census]], Kodur (East) has 9,326 households. Among the 39,408 inhabitants, 19,886 are male and 19,522 are female. The total literacy rate is 65.46%, with 14,455 of the male population and 11,342 of the female population being literate. The census location code of the village is 593719.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Villages in Tirupati district]]

{{AndhraPradesh-geo-stub}}

Vishnumoorthy Theyyam

2026-03-05T01:05:24Z

Murmupp: updated page

{{Short description|Ritual dance in India}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2023}}
'''Vishnumoorthy Theyyam''' is a ritual form of dance worship in [[Kerala]] and [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. [[Theyyam]] consisted of several thousand-year-old traditions, rituals and customs. The performance includes complicated rites and rituals. The peculiar drum-beats can be heard up to a distance of 2 km from where the performance of the Vishnumoorthi Theyyam takes place. The enactment involving the [[Narasimha]] [[Avatar]] of [[Lord Vishnu]] by the Koladhari especially thrills the devotees and the spectators as a result of the body movements involved in it.
[[File:Make up of Vishnumoorthi Theyyam.jpg|thumb|270px|Make up of Vishnumoorthi Theyyam]]
[[File:Thottam of Vishnumoorthi Theyyam.jpg|thumb|270px|Thottam of Vishnumoorthi Theyyam]]
[[File:വിഷ്ണുമൂർത്തി ഭഗവാൻ.jpg|thumb|A picture of Vishnumurthi Elamkolam]]

== Story of Vishnumoorthi ==
[[File:Vishnumoorthi Theyyam.jpg|thumb|270px|Vishnumoorthy Theyyam]]
The most popular part of the '''Vaishnava Theyyam''' is the depiction of Vishnumoorthi. It is associated with [[Nileshwar]] and [[Jeppu Kudupady - Mangalore]]. It tells the story of Palanthai Kannan, a great devotee of [[Lord Vishnu]]. Palanthai Kannan, a native of [[Nileshwar]] in his boyhood, tried to pick mangoes from a mango tree owned by Kuruvat Kurup. Without considering his age or the thirst for food, Kuruvat Kurup and his bodyguards beat him and drove away from [[Nileshwar]]. After that incident, Palanthai Kannan went to [[Jeppu Kudupady - Mangalore]], [[kunchadka]] - [[Sullia]] and took shelter in a [[Vishnu]] temple there. When there, he obtained the blessings of [[Lord Vishnu]] and years later, he returned to his homeland, [[Nileshwar]]. On the way, Palanthai Kannan stayed one day in Moolapally in the house of a blacksmith [now near the railway line] and rested in the Kanakkappalli Anikkil [[Tharavadu]] [situated near the [[Nileshwar]] bus stand, on the Koroth - N.H. Road, and once up on a time famous as a center of martial arts and education]. Then he proceeded to Kundon Kadavu and leaving his Olakkuda [umbrella] and Churika [shield], went to Kadalikulam [a pond near [[Nileshwar]] Market junction] for taking bath. Within a short time the news of the arrival of Palanthai Kannan spread in the all across [[Nileshwar]]. Hearing the news, Kuruvat Kurup and his men came to the Kadalikulam and killed Palanthai Kannan. The God Vishnu who accompanied his ardent devotee Palanthai Kannan was provoked and destroyed the everything near by Kuruvat tharavad.Kuruvat kurup was frightened and called up an astrologer. He identified the presence of God and advised Kurup to a make a Kettikkolam for lord Vishnu and build a shrine for the God.Kuruvat kurup and his family members build a shrine for the god Vishnu by carrying stones by themselves and also made a '''Kettikkolam''' for the God. That time onward, he became known as the Vishnumoorthi and began to reside in Vaikundeswara Temple, [[Kottappuram, Kasaragod|Kottappuram]], [[Nileshwar]]. Vishnumoorthi theyyam is also believed to be The '''Narasinha Avatar''' of Lord Mahavishnu who came to save his dear devotee [[Prahlada]] from his father, The Asura king Hiranya Kasipu by breaking the pillar. This Theyyakolam is dancing in all major [[Maniyani (caste)|Maniyani Nair]] Tharavadu, Thiyya and other [[Nambiar (Nair subcaste)|Nambiar]] Tharavadu. This kolam was worn by Malayan in special community. This Theyyakolam is dancing Edakkad Nadal, the Chalil Vishnu Moorthy temple, Nambiar family Chalil Veluva is following the same Theyakolam in Chalil Vishnumoorthy in Edakkad, Nadal every year in February.'''Marathakkad sri iver paradevatha kshethram''',kuppam,taliparamba on makaram 25 to makaram 28.Kanavath vishnnumoorthy kshethram,kannapuram, mottammal, kannur.Sree Vishnu Murthy temple, [[Cheemeni]] ( Cheemeni Mundya )is a famous Kavu of Vishnumurthy .Thousands of devotees visiting there during the period of [[Kaliyattam]]. Devotees believe that Bajanamirikkal at Cheemeni Mundya is a remedy for snake bite and skin disease.This theyyam is also performed in all major Muchilot Kavu as an ''upadevatha'' of Muchilot Bhagavathi.

== Legend of Vishnumoorthi Theyyam ==
The Theyyam <ref>{{Citation |title=വിഷ്ണുമൂർത്തി |date=2023-01-08 |url=https://ml.Bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%82%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF&oldid=3834978 |work=വിക്കിപീഡിയ |access-date=2023-03-20 |language=ml}}</ref> in question is a divine representation of Palanthai Kannan, a follower of Lord Vishnu and member of the thiyya caste, performed by individuals belonging to the Malaya clan. The story of Palanthai Kannan goes back to his childhood in Neeleswaram, where he tended to cattle and ate mangoes from a tree owned by Kuruvat Nair, a member of the upper caste. Kuruvat Nair's servants brutally beat the boy, leading him to flee the village and seek refuge in a Vishnu temple in Mangalore, where he lived for 12 years.

Eventually, Lord Vishnu instructed Palanthai Kannan to return to Neeleswaram. Upon his return, which angered Kuruvat Nair and his followers. They subsequently murdered Palanthai Kannan, and as a result, Kuruvat Nair faced numerous problems. An astrologer declared that Lord Vishnu was displeased with the death of his devotee and ordered a kolam to be performed. Additionally, a temple was to be constructed in honor of the Vishnumoorthi who had accompanied Palanthai Kannan from Mangalore, and the deity was to be worshipped.

== Where does Vishnumoorthi Theyyam take place ==
The Theyyam of Vishnumoorthi is a customary practice at numerous temples, Kavus, and households where Theyyam is a part of the tradition. The deity Vishnumoorthi is situated at the Vaikunteshwara temple in Kottapuram, Neeleswaram. Chimeni Sri Vishnumoorthi<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cheemeni Sree Vishnumoorthy Temple at Kasaragod |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/ebooks/dance-of-the-divine/cheemeni-vishnumoorthy-temple/68 |access-date=2023-08-10 |website=www.keralatourism.org |language=en}}</ref> Temple is a famous Vishnumoorthi temple in Uttara Kerala called Guruvayoor.

== Vishnumoorthi in Ottakolams ==

Ottakkolam is very famous in the payyannur area. [[Kinathil]] arayalin keezhil and annur kurinji temple<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vishnumoorthy Theyyam {{!}} Theyyam Dance of the Divine |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/ebooks/dance-of-the-divine/vishnumoorthy/8 |access-date=2023-03-20 |website=www.keralatourism.org |language=en}}</ref> are famous for the yearly festival featuring Ottakkolam.
In Ottakolams, [meaning only one Theyyam] Vishnumoorthi Theyyam enters into the pyre and returns amongst the midst of the devotees [known as Agnipravesam]. It is repeated several times and it is believed that performing this act 104 times helped the Koladhari to become a Panikker. In April 2008, Ottakkolam was performed in a grand manner in Velu Vayal Ottakkuthiru, [[Nileshwar]] with the presence of thousands of devotees after a gap of 47 years. It is associated with Veethuveppu [a rite related to agriculture]. Four people take kayar [rope] from Vishnumoorthi and become Kayattukar. Their duty is to protect agricultural land from cattle. With the kayar [rope] and vadi [rod] they roam the area from Karyamkode to Thalachai and catch them with the kayar or drive them away using the vadi.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Vishnumoorthy Theyyam}}

[[Category:Theyyam]]
[[Category:Dances of Kerala]]
[[Category:Ritual dances]]
[[Category:Hinduism in Kerala]]

Apne

2026-03-03T11:58:11Z

Murmupp: quick update

{{short description|2007 Indian Hindi sports drama}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Apne
| image = Apne_poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Anil Sharma (director)|Anil Sharma]]
| producer = Rahul Sughand Sangeeta Ahir<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apne.uk/|title=Apne TV|website=Apne.uk|access-date={{CURRENTDAY}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}|archive-date=|archive-url=}}</ref>
| writer = Neerraj Pathak
| based_on =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Dharmendra]]
*[[Sunny Deol]]
*[[Bobby Deol]]
*[[Shilpa Shetty]]
*[[Katrina Kaif]]
*[[Kirron Kher]]
*[[Jawed Sheikh|Javed Sheikh]]
*[[Victor Banerjee]]
*Jonnie Brown
}}
| narrator =
| music = '''Score''': [[Monty Sharma]] '''Songs''': [[Himesh Reshammiya]]
| cinematography = Kabir Lal
| editing = Ashfaque Makrani
| studio = [[DNEG|Prime Focus]] Glamour Entertainment
| distributor = [[Vijayta Films]]
| released = {{Film date|2007|06|29||df=y}}
| runtime = 174 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR|20 crore}}<ref name="boxofficeindia.com">{{Cite web |title=Apne – Movie – Box Office India |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=227 |website=boxofficeindia.com |access-date=1 June 2021 |archive-date=16 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516021701/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=227|url-status=live }}</ref>
| gross = {{INR|69.28 crore}}<ref name="boxofficeindia.com">{{Cite web |title=Apne – Movie – Box Office India |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=227 |website=boxofficeindia.com |access-date=1 June 2021 |archive-date=16 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516021701/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=227|url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

'''''Apne''''' ({{translation|''Ours''}}) is a 2007 Indian [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]-language [[Sports film|sports drama film]] directed by [[Anil Sharma (director)|Anil Sharma]]. It stars [[Dharmendra]], [[Sunny Deol]], [[Bobby Deol]], [[Katrina Kaif]] and [[Shilpa Shetty]]. It is the first film to feature Dharmendra, and his real-life sons Sunny Deol and [[Bobby Deol]] together. Previously, Sunny and Bobby had worked together in ''[[Dillagi (1999 film)|Dillagi]]'' (1999), and Dharmendra and Sunny had also appeared together in ''[[Sultanat (1986 film)|Sultanat]]'' (1986) and ''[[Kshatriya (film)|Kshatriya]]'' (1993). The story revolves around Baldev Chaudhary (Dharmandra), a disgraced former heavyweight boxer, who tries to wash a stain in his boxing career through his sons Angad and Karan (Sunny and Bobby Deol). The theme of a disgruntled retired boxer seeking personal redemption through a boxer son had been explored earlier in Hindi cinema, in [[Boxer (1984 film)|''Boxer'']] (1984). Dharmendra had earlier played the role of a boxer in the film ''[[Main Intequam Loonga]]'' (1982). Footage from that film is used as flashback scenes in this film to show Baldev's career as a boxer. Both ''Boxer'' (1984) and ''Apne'' (2007) took inspirations from the [[Rocky (franchise)|''Rocky'']] movies. While ''Boxer'' is inspired only by the first two ''Rocky'' movies, ''Apne'' is inspired by the first six ''Rocky'' movies.

The film was released on 29 June 2007, and received positive reviews from critics and emerged as a commercial success at the box office.

==Plot==

Olympic medallist, professional [[heavyweight]] [[Boxing|boxer]], Baldev Singh Choudhary is disgraced while competing for the World Heavyweight Boxing Championship when a betting syndicate falsely accuses him of drug doping. He tries to erase this stain upon his honour by training up his son, Angad, but financial difficulties keep them from achieving his dream, straining their relationship with each other. Baldev's younger son, Karan, an aspiring musician with a paralyzed arm, has just launched his first music album. Baldev trains a local boy to participate in a media-hyped TV boxing show, but he is dropped for a better coach at the last minute. Baldev, distraught at this, is consoled by Karan, who overcomes his paralysis in a moment of emotional intensity. Realising his father is depressed, Karan gives up his own dream of a musical career to become a boxer and please his father. Karan persists with training and wins a series of fights, thinking that victory will bring his family together. The final match is with the current world heavyweight champion; Karan is tricked, and he ends up paralysed in a hospital bed. Baldev, who wanted to wash a stigma, is now about to lose his son. When Karan reveals the world heavyweight champion cheated, Angad decides to return to boxing and win the title for his father. Although Angad is also badly injured in a boxing match, he somehow survives and wins the match. Meanwhile, Karan suffers liver damage and requires a liver to survive. A pang of guilt-stricken Baldev pleads with the doctors to use his liver, but the doctors reject the idea. In a stroke of luck, a liver is given to Karan through an unknown donor. In the end, Baldev, who was going to give up his life for Karan, is instead alive and happy with his family.

==Cast==
* [[Dharmendra]] as Baldev Singh Chaudhary – Former professional heavyweight boxer
* [[Sunny Deol]] as Angad Singh Chaudhary – Baldev's elder son, Simran's husband
* [[Bobby Deol]] as Karan Singh Chaudhary – Baldev's younger son, Nandini's boyfriend and fiancé
* [[Shilpa Shetty]] as Simran Chaudhary – Angad’s wife
* [[Katrina Kaif]] as Dr. Nandini Sarabhai – Karan’s girlfriend and fiancée
* [[Kirron Kher]] as Ravi Chaudhary – Baldev’s wife, Angad and Karan’s mother
* [[Jawed Sheikh|Javed Sheikh]] as Roy – Media baron, Baldev's friend
* [[Victor Banerjee]] as Ehsaan Ali – Boxing coach, Baldev's friend
* Jonnie Brown as Luca Gracia – Professional heavyweight boxer
* [[Aryan Vaid]] as Gaurav Gera
* [[Divya Dutta]] as Pooja B. Singh Choudhary
* [[Kurush Deboo]] as Dr. Niranjan Sarabhai – Nandini's father
* [[Parvin Dabas]] as Saket
* Nishikant Dixit as Sukhi Lala
* [[Rajendra Gupta]] as Bhullar Saab
* Master [[Utkarsh Sharma]] as Child Angad Singh Chaudhary
* Raj Khatri as Boxing commentator
* [[Bhagwant Mann]] as himself
* [[Amar Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Amar Singh]] as Himself

==Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Apne
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = Himesh Reshammiya
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 22 May 2007
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer = [[Himesh Reshammiya]]
| prev_title = [[Fool N Final]]
| prev_year = 2007
| next_title = [[Aap Kaa Surroor]]
| next_year = 2007
}}

The music for the film’s songs was composed by [[Himesh Reshammiya]], with lyrics penned by [[Sameer Anjaan|Sameer]]. The background score of the movie was done by [[Monty Sharma]].

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_writing =
| extra0 =
| title1 = Mehfuz Rakhta
| length1 = 4:08
| extra1 = [[Himesh Reshammiya]]
| title2 = Dekhoon Tujhe To Pyaar Aaye
| length2 = 5:06
| extra2 = Himesh Reshammiya, [[Akriti Kakkar]]
| title3 = Apne To Apne Hote Hain
| length3 = 5:12
| extra3 = [[Jaspinder Narula]], [[Sonu Nigam]], Jayesh Gandhi
| title4 = Anch Vich Chehra Pyaar Da
| length4 = 4:50
| extra4 = [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Kunal Ganjawala]], [[Amrita Kak]], Himesh Reshammiya
| title5 = Bulls Eye
| length5 = 3:45
| extra5 = Shaan, Earl D'Souza
| title6 = Tere Sang Ek Simple Si Coffee
| length6 = 4:40
| extra6 = Jaspinder Narula, Sonu Nigam
| title7 = Mehfooz
| note7 = Remix
| length7 = 4:16
| extra7 = Himesh Reshammiya
| title8 = Ankh Vich Chehra Pyaar Da
| note8 = Remix
| length8 = 5:34
| extra8 = Shaan, Amrita Kak, Himesh Reshammiya, Kunal Gunjanwala
| title9 = Dekhoon Tujhe To Pyaar Aaye
| note9 = Remix
| length9 = 5:58
| extra9 = Himesh Reshammiya, Akriti Kakkar
}}

== Reception ==

=== Box office ===
''Apne'' opened to a good response throughout the country especially in the North India where it had a mammoth opening becoming a super-hit in the long run.<ref name="Punjab">{{cite web|publisher=Box Office India|title=Overwhelming response in Punjab |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/apnepunjab.htm |accessdate=24 July 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070715050931/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/apnepunjab.htm |archivedate=15 July 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> The rest of the country saw a good opening for the film.

The film was declared a "hit" in India and overseas.<ref name="Verdict">{{cite web| title=boxofficeindia.com| work=Apne's verdict| url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/| accessdate=24 July 2007| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070808095716/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/| archivedate= 8 August 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref>

=== Critical response ===
[[Taran Adarsh]] wrote "Apne is rich in emotions and has the potential to strike a chord with families. Those who love emotional fares are bound to take a liking for its theme".<ref>{{cite web |last=Adarsh |first=Taran |title=Apne: Movie Review |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/12711/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306085243/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/12711/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 March 2008 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |accessdate=2011-04-07 |authorlink=Taran Adarsh}}</ref> Sukanya Verma of [[Rediff.com]] gave 3/5 stars and wrote "Ultimately, it is an Anil Sharma film. Going by his past record (''Tehelka'', ''Hukumat'', ''Gadar: Ek Prem Katha'', ''The Hero: Love Story of a Spy''), the man has an amazing appetite for kitsch and absurdities. The movie bears his stamp alright".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Apne: Watch it for knock-out Dharmendra |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/jun/29apne.htm |access-date=2025-11-09 |website=www.rediff.com}}</ref>

== Sequel ==
A sequel titled ''Apne 2'' was officially announced on 30 November 2020, and will star [[Dharmendra]], [[Sunny Deol]], [[Bobby Deol]] and [[Karan Deol (actor)|Karan Deol]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Apne 2: Karan Deol joins family franchise with Dharmendra, Sunny Deol and Bobby Deol, see motion poster|url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/apne-2-karan-deol-joins-family-franchise-with-dharmendra-sunny-deol-and-bobby-deol-see-motion-poster/story-pB3xqxD4bCYafVeAZcSBvO_amp.html|accessdate=30 November 2020|work=Hindustan Times|date=1 December 2020|archive-date=30 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130091102/https://m.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/apne-2-karan-deol-joins-family-franchise-with-dharmendra-sunny-deol-and-bobby-deol-see-motion-poster/story-pB3xqxD4bCYafVeAZcSBvO_amp.html|url-status=live}}.</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of boxing films]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0814014|Apne}}

[[Category:2007 films]]
[[Category:2007 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian boxing films]]
[[Category:Indian sports drama films]]
[[Category:2000s sports drama films]]
[[Category:2007 sports films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Himesh Reshammiya]]
[[Category:Films directed by Anil Sharma]]
[[Category:2007 drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Gujarat]]

Mercy Killing

2026-03-03T09:12:55Z

Murmupp: new entry

{{Short description|2024 Indian Telugu-language film by Venkatramana Surapalli}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Mercy Killing.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Venkatramana Surapalli
| writer = Venkatramana Surapalli
| screenplay =
| story =
| producer = {{plain list|
* Siddhartha Hariyala
* Madhavi Talabattula
}}
| starring = {{plain list|
* [[:simple: Parvateesam|Parvateesam]]
* [[P. Sai Kumar]]
* Ishwarya Vullingala
* Harika Pedada
}}
| cinematography = Amar G
| editing = Kapil Balla
| music = ML Raja
| studio = Sai Siddhartha Movie Makers
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2024|4|12|df=y|ref1=}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Mercy Killing''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] film written and directed by Venkatramana Surapalli. The film features [[:simple:Parvateesam|Parvateesam]], [[P. Sai Kumar]], Ishwarya Vullingala and Harika Pedada in important roles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2024-03-19 |title=Akash Puri unveils 'Mercy Killing' first look |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/akash-puri-unveils-mercy-killing-first-look-866191 |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=thehansindia.com |language=en |archive-date=1 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401004416/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/akash-puri-unveils-mercy-killing-first-look-866191 |url-status=live}}</ref> The film was released on 12 April 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-16 |title=మెర్సీ కిల్లింగ్ మూవీకి చక్కటి ఆదరణ : దర్శకుడు వెంకటరమణ.. |url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/mercy-killing-movie-is-well-received-says-director-venkataramana-sr-2450247.html |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=News18 తెలుగు |language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=telugu |first=NT News |date=2024-04-17 |title=Mercy Killing Movie {{!}} 'మెర్సీ కిల్లింగ్‌' చిత్రానికి చక్కటి ఆదరణ లభిస్తోంది : దర్శకుడు వెంకటరమణ |url=https://www.ntnews.com/cinema/mercy-killing-movie-getting-postive-reviews-1552501 |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=www.ntnews.com |language=te}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=January 2025}}

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[:simple:Parvateesam|Parvateesam]] as Mahesh
* [[P. Sai Kumar]] as Ramakrishnam Raju
* Ishwarya Vullingala as Bharati
* Harika Pedada as Sweccha
* [[Ramaraju (actor)|Ramaraju]] as Bhasavaraju
* [[Surya (Telugu actor)|Surya]]
* [[Chakrapani Ananda]]
* Gharshana Srinivas
* Fm Babai
* Shaking Seshu
* Ragastalam Laxmi
* Lab Sharath
* Hemasundhar
* Veerabadram
* Pramila Rani
}}

== Music ==
The film's music is composed by ML Raja.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-27 |title=New single 'Muddha Banthi Pavvula' from Mercy Killing out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Mar/27/new-single-muddha-banthi-pavvula-from-mercy-killing-out |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_lyrics = ML Raja
| all_music = ML Raja
| title1 = Muddha Banthi Puvvulaa
| length1 = 4:12
| extra1 = [[Javed Ali]]
| title2 = Neelala Aa Kallu
| length2 = 3:35
| extra2 = Sai Charan Bhaskaruni
}}

== Release ==
''Mercy Killing'' was released on 12 April 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chilukuri |first=Arun |date=2024-04-12 |title=Mercy Killing 2024 Review: ఆర్టికల్ 21తో న్యాయం జరిగిందా? మెర్సీ కిల్లింగ్ మూవీ మెప్పించిందా? |url=https://www.hmtvlive.com/moviereviews/mercy-killing-movie-review-in-telugu-112644 |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=hmtvlive.com |language=te}}</ref> It was later released on [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]] on 28 September 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-28 |title=Mercy Killing now available for streaming |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Sep/28/mercy-killing-now-available-for-streaming |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mercy Killing OTT release date: When and where to watch Sai Kumar's film |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/mercy-killing-ott-release-date-when-where-to-watch-the-sai-kumar-film/9f85195a11799 |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=2 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002021214/https://www.ottplay.com/news/mercy-killing-ott-release-date-when-where-to-watch-the-sai-kumar-film/9f85195a11799 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Suhas Sistu of ''[[The Hans India]]'' gave a rating of 2.75 out of 5 stating, "Venkat Raman's adept direction weaves together various narrative threads, offering a compelling cinematic experience that resonates with real-life incidents and societal issues".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2024-04-12 |title='Mercy Killing' review: A honest attempt in portraying real life incidents |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/mercy-killing-review-a-honest-attempt-in-portraying-real-life-incidents-872134 |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=thehansindia.com |language=en |archive-date=2 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802012514/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/mercy-killing-review-a-honest-attempt-in-portraying-real-life-incidents-872134 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Sakshi (newspaper)|''Sakshi'']] gave a mixed review and praised the performances of lead cast.<ref>{{Cite web |title=మెర్సీ కిల్లింగ్ మూవీ రివ్యూ {{!}} Mercy Killing Movie Review And Rating In Telugu {{!}} Sai Kumar {{!}} Parvateesam - Sakshi |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/mercy-killing-movie-review-and-rating-telugu-2021590 |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=www.sakshi.com |language=te |archive-date=17 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417050625/https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/mercy-killing-movie-review-and-rating-telugu-2021590 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
Harika Pedada who acted as Swechha, was awarded with Best Child Artist at the [[Gaddar Film Awards]] which was issued by [[Government of Telangana]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-15 |title=Gaddar Telangana Film Awards 2025: Allu Arjun, Nandamuri Balakrishna, Nag Ashwin and more honoured |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/gaddar-telangana-film-awards-2025-allu-arjun-nandamuri-balakrishna-nag-ashwin-and-more-honoured/article69697102.ece |access-date=2025-06-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=31986077}}

[[Category:2024 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films about social issues in India]]
[[Category:Works about articles of the Constitution of India]]

Zero (2016 film)

2026-03-03T03:06:36Z

Murmupp: improved article

{{Short description|2016 Indian film by Shiv Mohaa}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Zero 2016 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Shiv Mohaa
| writer = Shiv Mohaa
| producer = Balaji Kappa
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Ashwin Kakumanu]]
*[[Sshivada]]
}}
| cinematography = Babu Kumar.I.E.
| editing = [[R. Sudharsan]]
| music = [[Nivas K. Prasanna]]
| studio = Madhav Media
| released = {{Film date|2016|03|25|df=yes}}
| runtime = 141 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Zero''''' is a 2016 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Science fiction film|science fiction]] [[horror film]] written and directed by Shiv Mohaa. The film stars [[Ashwin Kakumanu]] and [[Sshivada]], while [[J. D. Chakravarthy]], [[Ravi Raghavendra]], [[Dr. Sharmila]], [[Andreanne Nouyrigat|Andreanne]] and [[Tulasi (actress)|Tulasi]] play supporting roles. Filming began in June 2014 and lasted till March 2015, and the film had a worldwide theatrical release on 25 March 2016.

== Plot ==
The movie starts off with the story of how God created [[Adam]] and [[Eve]]. Then, the screen moves to the present as a newly wedded couple, Balaji alias Bala ([[Ashwin Kakumanu]]) and Priya ([[Sshivada]]), move into their new apartment. Bala's father Vijay Kumar ([[Ravi Raghavendra]]) does not approve of the marriage because of a history of mental illness in Priya's family. Her mother ([[Lintu Rony]]) had gone mad after she was pregnant with Priya and died giving birth to her. But Bala accepts Priya even after knowing her past, due to the great love he has on her. After moving into their new home, the young couple visits a store where Priya takes some lipsticks without paying and claims that she does not remember taking them. She argues with the security guard and is forced to leave. After returning home and refusing to meet Bala's visiting father, she shares her past with her neighbour and tells how she cannot get pregnant. Later that night, Priya dreams about her mother and talks to her about how everyone today called her a thief, and initially reluctant, she accepts that she stole the lipstick and explains that how she has an affinity towards the colour pink and how she enjoys it.

After that, she soon enters a world where her mother is and starts sleepwalking at night. This is the part where weird and eerie things begin to happen around her, and she starts seeing illusions and becomes almost mad and stabs Bala one day. She gets stuck into the world where her mother is and [[Lilith]], a [[Biblical]] demon ([[Andreanne Nouyrigat|Andreanne]]) starts to roam freely after taking over the body of Priya. Bala searches for Solomon ([[J. D. Chakravarthy]]), an occult specialist who has the supernatural ability to speak with ghosts, and explains the situation to him. Solomon confronts the possessed Priya, and when Priya/Lilith touches Solomon, he sees everything about the being called Lilith who was created before Eve at the beginning of the time with Adam and how when Lilith rebelled and abandoned Adam did God create Eve as Adam's better half. God had cursed Lilith for abandoning Adam with the inability to have a child, and Lilith conceived so many times with the devil's child, but every child was dead or stillborn, and she finally becomes a hateful spirit who, over the time as a spirit, tortured and caused pregnant women to miscarriage, and kill themselves and trapping their soul in her spirit world, and Priya is the only child to escape her death, and now she wants to destroy the world as part of devils' bidding.

It is revealed that the Devil himself, in the form of a snake, has sent Lilith to carry his mission to destroy the world. Since Bala is a hindrance in her mission, she decides to kill him, but the Devil suggests that since Lilith resides in Priya's body and if Lilith touches Bala, her powers will be lost, as Priya and Bala have been soulmates for the past seven births and their love is more stronger than Lilith. Solomon explains the situation to other priests, and three exorcists from different parts of the world come together to challenge Lilith, but they eventually fail. When Lilith tries to choke Bala, he touches her, and Priya starts to remember all the times they spent together and gets unpossessed and returns to the real world where Balaji and Solomon are, and when Lilith is about to possess Priya again, God freezes the time and saves the world, and God blesses Priya with pregnancy. It is then revealed that the God chose the couple to be the parents of his child and also destroys Lilith permanently. The film ends with the Devil in the form of a snake, taking his usual form of a giant human and vowing to complete his mission by himself, hence hinting at a possible sequel, ''Zero-2''.

== Cast ==
* [[Ashwin Kakumanu]] as Balaji alias Bala
* [[Sshivada]] as Priya / Lilith (present)
* [[J. D. Chakravarthy]] as Solomon, an exorcist and occult specialist
* [[Ravi Raghavendra]] as Vijay Kumar, Balaji's father
* [[Lintu Rony]] as Priya's mother
* [[Tulasi (actress)|Tulasi]] as Priya's neighbour
* [[Andreanne Nouyrigat|Andreanne]] as Lilith (past), the main antagonist as well as the satan
* Anoop as The Evil Giant and Snake
* [[Dr. Sharmila]] as Sharmila, Balaji's paternal aunt
* [[Krishna Kumar (actor)|Krishna Kumar]] as Koran
* Carl A. Harte as Head Exorcist

== Production ==
''Zero'' is the directorial debut of Arun Kumar. The film began production in June 2014 in Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2014 |title=Shivada signs "zero", a supernatural thriller |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/shivada-signs-zero-a-supernatural-thriller-news-tamil-ogulOhcagadbg.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426105715/http://www.sify.com/movies/shivada-signs-zero-a-supernatural-thriller-news-tamil-ogulOhcagadbg.html |archive-date=26 April 2015 |access-date=8 August 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Many scenes were shot in [[Binny Mills]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Rinku |date=29 July 2014 |title=Horror Story with a Difference |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Horror-Story-with-a-Difference/2014/07/29/article2353087.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814175436/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Horror-Story-with-a-Difference/2014/07/29/article2353087.ece |archive-date=14 August 2014 |access-date=8 August 2014 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> Filming was completed by mid-2015, with the film having moved to post-production.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 June 2015 |title=Zero In Post Production |url=https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/news/zero-in-post-production/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251211060357/https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/news/zero-in-post-production/ |archive-date=11 December 2025 |access-date=11 December 2025 |website=Silverscreen India |language=en}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Zero (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Nivas K. Prasanna]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 24 February 2016
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 25:46
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Think Music India]]
| producer = [[Nivas K. Prasanna]]
| prev_title = [[Sethupathi (film)|Sethupathi]]
| prev_year = 2016
| next_title = [[Kootathil Oruthan]]
| next_year = 2016
}}

The soundtrack was composed by [[Nivas K. Prasanna]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}

{{tracklist
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 25:46
| title1 = Uyire Un Uyirena
| lyrics1 = [[Kabilan (lyricist)|Kabilan]]
| extra1 = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| length1 = 4:44
| title2 = Veredhuvum Nijamae Illai
| lyrics2 = [[Madhan Karky]]
| extra2 = [[Haricharan]]
| length2 = 5:07
| title3 = Engae Ponnai
| lyrics3 = Kabilan
| extra3 = [[Vijay Prakash]], [[Neeti Mohan]]
| length3 = 5:38
| title4 = You Are In My Heart
| lyrics4 = Tyler Done
| extra4 = [[Natalie Di Luccio]]
| length4 = 5:54
| title5 = Indha Kaadhal Illaiyel
| lyrics5 = Kabilan
| extra5 = [[Nivas K. Prasanna]]
| length5 = 4:23
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Zero'' was initially scheduled to release in November 2015,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vandhana |date=26 July 2014 |title=Zero Out This November |url=https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/news/zero-november/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210919044422/https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/news/zero-november/ |archive-date=19 September 2021 |access-date=11 December 2025 |website=Silverscreen India |language=en}}</ref> but ultimately released on 25 March 2016.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |date=12 March 2016 |title=From hero to Zero: A chat with actor Ashwin Kakumanu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/from-hero-to-zero-a-chat-with-actor-ashwin-kakumanu/article8346124.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260227080821/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/from-hero-to-zero-a-chat-with-actor-ashwin-kakumanu/article8346124.ece |archive-date=27 February 2026 |access-date=11 December 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> ''[[The Hindu]]'' stated, "From a thrilling tale about a woman battling mental illness, the film, for all its signs of promise, reduces itself to another exorcism story."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Menon |first=Vishal |date=26 March 2016 |title=Zero: Zero worship |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/Zero-Zero-worship/article14213393.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226002813/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/Zero-Zero-worship/article14213393.ece |archive-date=26 December 2024 |access-date=27 February 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' gave it a 2.5/5 saying that it is "a thrilling ride into the unknown".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=26 March 2016 |title=Zero movie review: A thrilling ride into the unknown |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/260316/zero-movie-review-a-thrilling-ride-into-the-unknown.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226001649/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/260316/zero-movie-review-a-thrilling-ride-into-the-unknown.html |archive-date=26 December 2024 |access-date=6 June 2024 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave it a 3/5 saying that, "''Zero'' is certainly that rare film where the audience is unsure where it will go next."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M |date=26 March 2016 |title=Zero Movie Review |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Zero/movie-review/51558720.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331080318/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Zero/movie-review/51558720.cms |archive-date=31 March 2016 |access-date=25 April 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2016 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2016 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:2016 Indian films]]
[[Category:2016 science fiction horror films]]
[[Category:The Devil in film]]
[[Category:Films scored by Nivas K. Prasanna]]
[[Category:Indian science fiction horror films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language horror films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language science fiction films]]

Cashew House

2026-03-01T19:14:51Z

Murmupp: Starting New Entry - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox building
|name = Cashew House
|image = Cashew House in Kollam, a distant view, June 2015.jpg
|caption = A distant view of Cashew House in [[Mundakkal]], [[Kollam]] city
|coordinates = {{coord|8.876947|76.595962|display=inline}}
|location_town = [[Mundakkal]], [[Kollam]] city
|location_country= India
|architect=
|client= Lindsay Johnson
|engineer=
|construction_start_date=
|completion_date= 1935
|demolished_date=
|cost=
|structural_system=
|architectural_style= Indian
|size=
}}
The '''Cashew House''' in [[Mundakkal]], [[Kollam]] city, is the headquarters of [[Kerala State Cashew Development Corporation Limited]] in [[Kerala]], India. It is very closely related with the history of ancient [[Quilon]] and the Cashew business of [[Kollam]] city.<ref name="Kollam to have heritage museum – News published in The Hindu">{{cite web |url=http://www.cashewcorporation.com/contactus.php |title=The Kerala State Cashew Development Corporation Limited |year=2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020181844/http://www.cashewcorporation.com/contactus.php |archive-date=2014-10-20 }}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Cashew @ Paravur.jpg|thumb|right|Nila Cashew packets displayed in a supermarket at [[Paravur, Kollam|Paravur]] near [[Kollam]]. Nila Cashews is one among the popular [[Kollam]]-based cashew exporters]]
Cashew business and export from [[Kollam]] city is world-famous and that is why [[Kollam]] is known as ''Cashew Capital of the World''. The gigantic two-storied building was owned by an American businessman Lindsay Johnson since it was built in 1935. He came to [[Kerala]] as the representative of a [[New York City|New York]]-based food company. He named his daughter '''Kerala''' because of his love to the state. Johnson became one of the richest men of his times because of his cashew business in [[Kollam]] city. But he was forced to go back to his country, United States during the time of [[World War II]], when the American Government ordered its citizens in India to return. Johnson pledged his house to the well-established Quilon bank at that time and had handed over his cashew business to his manager Swaminathan, while looking forward to return after the war.

But later, Swaminathan told Johnson that his business was running at a loss due to the [[World War II|world war]] and the Quilon bank was looking to attach the building. The manager knowingly diverted the profit from Johnson's business and later Quilon Bank had attached the property. Later, Mr. F.X. Pereira (former owner of [[Kerala Minerals and Metals]] and started mining rare earth minerals from the shores of [[Kollam]]) acquired the building in an auction. As time passed, the old bungalow of Mr. Johnson was procured by the [[Government of Kerala|Kerala Government]] to make it the headquarters of [[Kerala State Cashew Development Corporation Limited]], a public sector company that deals with cashew business in [[Kollam]] and the entire [[Kerala]].<ref name="Cashew HQ tells story of a betrayal – News published in Deccan Chronicle">{{cite web | url = https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141018/nation-current-affairs/article/cashew-hq-tells-story-betrayal | title = Cashew HQ tells story of a betrayal | date = 18 October 2014 | newspaper=Deccan Chronicle | first=Sham | last=Mohammed | access-date=8 July 2018 }}</ref><ref name="Cashew Exporters in Kollam">{{cite web | url = http://yellowpages.webindia123.com/d-py/Kerala/Kollam/Cashew-Exporters-1430/1/ | title = Yellow pages }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Cashew business in Kollam}}
{{Kollam}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Kollam]]
[[Category:Cashews]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1935]]
[[Category:1935 establishments in India]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

Rashtriya Janmat Party

2026-02-26T13:14:03Z

Murmupp: put up new data

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{COI|date=July 2025}}
{{single source|date=July 2025}}
}}

{{Infobox Indian political party
|name=Rashtriya Janmat Party
|eci=56/134/2009/PPS-I
|party_logo=
|president=Sushil Ratnaker
|founder=[[Ram Nath Priyadarshi Suman]]
|Political position=National President
|website=[https://web.archive.org/web/20240928164743/https://www.rjp.org.in/ rjp.org.in]
|flag=
|foundation=25 December 2008
}}

The '''Rashtriya Janmat Party''' ('''RJP''') is a political party in [[Prayagraj]], India which is active in 40 to 50 districts of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Since 2022, the party has been continuously organizing programmes in every district of the state.

== History ==
Rashtriya Janmat Party was founded on 25 December 2008 by [[Ram Nath Priyadarshi Suman]], and the party got recognition by the [[Election Commission of India]] on 21 August 2012. Suman was a candidate from the [[2014 Lok Sabha election]], the 2017 Assembly and the [[2019 Lok Sabha election]] for the [[Phulpur Lok Sabha constituency]]

Under Suman's leadership and [[Chandra Bhan Shankhwar]], candidate from the [[Kanpur Lok Sabha constituency]], were fielded in the elections. Both of the candidates fought the elections strongly, till now the party has not got success from anywhere.

In the National Convention on 25 December 2022, the election of the National Executive was conducted as per the party constitution, in which the 5th National President of the party, [[Sushil Ratnakar]] was elected and members of the new National Executive were also elected. All the newly elected members and the National President were made to take a pledge to strengthen the organisation of the party. But in the Panchayat elections, two candidates of the party had won the election of the Block chief. Similarly, they were successful in winning the election of the District Panchayat member.

The health of the Honorable National President Honorable Shri Ramnath Priyadarshi Ji was also bad for more than a year, he was undergoing treatment at Swaroop Rani Prayagraj, due to his age of 84 years, he started getting weak and suffering from various diseases in his body, ultimately he died on 21st October 2022, consequently the party could not participate in the 2022 assembly elections and 2024 Lok Sabha elections, a convention was convened on 25th December 2022 in which the fifth National President Engineer Sushil Ratnakar was selected through election and a new National Executive was also formed and under the leadership of the newly elected National President, candidates contested the 2024 by-election from Majhava and Sisamau assembly in which the nomination of the candidate from Sisamau was rejected and Prakash Chand Maurya was made the candidate from Majhava assembly, he fought the election strongly, the party was afraid that his nomination would also be rejected, due to the tireless struggle of the party workers, success was achieved in saving the nomination.<ref name="Nag">
{{cite book |last=Nag |first=Kingshuk |title=The NaMo Story - A Political Life |year=2013 |publisher=Roli Books| isbn=978-8174369383 |pages=62–65}}
</ref>

== List of presidents of the RJP ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Presidents of the RJP
! Number
! Name
! Tenure
|-
| 1st
| [[Ram Nath Priyadarshi Suman]]
| 2008–2012
|-
|2nd
|[[Ram Nath Priyadarshi Suman]]
| 2012-2015
|-
|3rd
|[[Ram Nath Priyadarshi Suman]]
|2015-2018
|-
|4th
|[[Ram Nath Priyadarshi Suman]]
|2018-2022
|-
|5
|[[Sushil Ratnakar]]
|2022 -
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Political parties in India}}

[[Category:Political schisms]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 2008]]

{{india-party-stub}}

Jama Masjid, Chanderi

2026-02-24T21:22:37Z

Murmupp: Started new pg

{{Short description|Mosque in Chanderi, Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{for|similarly named mosques|List of grand mosques}}
{{Infobox religious building
| building_name = Jama Masjid
| infobox_width =
| image = Jama Masjid-Chanderi-Madhya Pradesh.jpg
| caption = The mosque in 2014
| image_upright = 1.4
| alt =
| map_type = India Madhya Pradesh
| map_size = 250
| map_relief = 1
| map_caption = Location of the mosque in [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| location = [[Chanderi]], [[Ashoknagar district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|24.7103|78.1350|type:landmark_region:IN-MP|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| religious_affiliation = [[Sunni Islam]]
| rite =
| consecration_year =
| status = [[congregational mosque|Friday mosque]]
| functional_status = Active
| heritage_designation =
| leadership =
| website =
| architect =
| architecture_type = {{nowrap|[[Mosque architecture]]}}
| architecture_style = [[Indo-Islamic architecture|Indo-Islamic]]
| founded_by =
| funded_by =
| general_contractor =
| facade_direction =
| groundbreaking =
| year_completed = {{AH|853|link=yes}}
| construction_cost =
| specifications =
| capacity =
| length =
| width =
| width_nave =
| height_max =
| dome_quantity = Three
| dome_height_outer =
| dome_height_inner =
| dome_dia_outer =
| dome_dia_inner =
| minaret_quantity =
| minaret_height =
| spire_quantity =
| spire_height =
| materials = Stone; marble
| designated =
| module = {{Infobox historic site
| embed = yes
| designation1 = MANI | designation1_offname = Jama Masjid | designation1_type = | designation1_criteria = | designation1_date = | delisted1_date = | designation1_partof = | designation1_number = N-MP-127 | designation1_free1name = | designation1_free1value = | designation1_free2name = | designation1_free2value = | designation1_free3name = | designation1_free3value = }}
}}
The '''Jama Masjid''' is a [[congregational mosque|Friday mosque]] in [[Chanderi]], in the [[Ashoknagar district]] of the state of [[Madhya Pradesh]], India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |author=Brown, Percy |url=https://archive.org/details/IndianArchitecture/page/n117/mode/2up |title=Indian Architecture |date=1942 |pages=65}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Merklinger |first=Elizabeth Schotten |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5UXqAAAAMAAJ |title=Sultanate Architecture of Pre-Mughal India |date=2005 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |isbn=978-81-215-1088-2 |language=en}}</ref> The mosque was completed in {{AH|853|link=yes}}<ref name=Archnet/> and is a [[Monuments of National Importance (India)|Monument of National Importance]].{{cn|date=January 2025}}

== Description ==
The mosque has three domes, one over each [[Bay (architecture)|bay]], completed in white marble. The prayer hall has eleven arched entrances, while the northern and southern arcades have nine each.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=Archnet>{{Cite web |title=Archnet > Site > Jami' Masjid of Chanderi |url=https://www.archnet.org/sites/8466 |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=www.archnet.org}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
Ornately carved doorway at Jami Mosque.jpg|Ornately carved doorway
Juma Masjid, Chanderi.jpg|The mosque in 1850, by [[Frederick Charles Maisey]]
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{stack|{{portal|India|Islam}}}}
* [[Islam in India]]
* [[List of mosques in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book |last=Nath |first=Ram |author-link=Ram Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YllXAAAAMAAJ |title=The Art of Chanderi: A Study of the 15th Century Monuments of Chanderi |publisher=Ambika Publications |year=1979 |chapter=The Jami Masjid (c. 1450 A.D.)}}

== External links ==
{{commons category-inline|Jama Masjid, Chanderi}}

{{Mosques in India}}

[[Category:15th-century mosques in India]]
[[Category:Architecture of the Delhi Sultanate]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1450]]
[[Category:Grand mosques|Chanderi]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Mosque buildings with domes in India]]
[[Category:Mosques completed in the 1450s]]
[[Category:Mosques in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Sunni mosques in India]]

{{India-mosque-stub}}

Bahula Temple

2026-02-23T18:43:55Z

Murmupp: starting new place more to come!

{{Short description|Hindu temple in West Bengal, India}}
{{for|the Durgapur subdivision's town|Bahula}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Bahula Temple
| native_name =
| religious_affiliation = [[Hinduism]]
| image = নাট_মন্দির.png
| alt =
| caption = Bahula Temple
| map_type = India West Bengal # India3
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|23|42|01|N|88|02|30|E|display=inline,title}}
| location = [[Ketugram]], [[Purba Bardhaman district]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| country = {{flag|India}}
| elevation_m =
| year_completed =
| architecture_type =
| festivals =
| deity = [[Mahadevi|Bahula]]
}}
'''Bahula Temple''', or '''Shri Bahula Shaktipeeth''',<ref>[https://news.abplive.com/religion/durga-puja-2024-51-shakti-pithas-of-goddess-sati-to-visit-and-seek-blessings-1721135 Bahula, one of the 51 Shakti Pithas]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=মণ্ডল |first=মেঘা |date=2024-10-27 |title=পশ্চিমবঙ্গে কালীঘাট ছাড়া আর কী-কী সতীপীঠ রয়েছে? ঘুরে দেখতে পারেন কালীপুজোর মরশুমে |url=https://eisamay.com/lifestyle/travel/must-visit-13-shakti-peeth-of-west-bengal/200319800.cms |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=Eisamay Online |language=bn}}</ref> is a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] temple situated in the [[Ketugram]] at [[Katwa subdivision|Katwa Subdivision]] in the [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]] district of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sati Pith Durga Puja : বাংলার সতীপীঠগুলিতেও দুর্গাপুজোর খুব ধুমধাম, কীভাবে দর্শন? রইল |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/specials/story/durga-puja-very-famous-birbhum-bakreswar-temple-east-burdwan-bahula-temple-and-tamluk-bargabhima-temple-sati-pith-prb-451531-2022-09-26 |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref> It is one of the 51 [[Shakta pithas|Shakti Pithas]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Deepak |date=2024-06-21 |title=51 Shakti Peeth List: Check Name, Location, Body Part Of Devi Sati That Fell At Shakti Peeth |url=https://bestbengaluru.com/51-shakti-peeth |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=Best Bengaluru |language=en-US}}</ref> The temple is dedicated to Goddess ''Bahula'' a form of Devi [[Parvati]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alightindia |title=Bahula shakti peeth - Information, Temple timings & how to Reach |url=https://www.alightindia.com/bahula-shakti-peeth#:~:text=The%20picturesque%20Bahula%20shakti%20peeth,Goddess%20Durga%20in%20Hindu%20mythology. |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=Bahula shakti peeth - Information, Temple timings & how to Reach |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Shakta pithas]]

{{Hindu-temple-stub}}

Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Puducherry

2026-02-22T04:14:07Z

Murmupp: general improve lead after review and corrected details to improve readability

{{short description|School in Puducherry district, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Puducherry
| native_name = JNV Puducherry
| image_size = 100px
| alt = Logo of Navodaya schools
| caption = Pragyanam Brahma
{{OSM Location map
| coord = {{coord|12.00|N|79.8528|E}} 
| float = center
| zoom = 11
| width = 240 
| height = 240
| caption = {{center|Location of JNV Puducherry}}
| mark-coord1 = {{coord|12.0356|N|79.8528|E}} 
| mark1 = Red pog.svg
| mark-size1 = 10
| label1 = JNV Puducherry
| label-size1 = 12
| label-color1 = black
| label-pos1 = top
| mark-title1 =
| mark-image1 =
| mark-description1 = JNV Puducherry
}}
| motto = Pragyanam Brahma
| motto_translation = Consciousness is [[Brahman]]
| location = [[Kalapet|Periya Kalapet]], [[Puducherry district]]
| city =
| state = [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] [[Union territory|U.T.]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|12.0356|N|79.8528|E|type:edu|display=inline,title|format=dms}}
| postal_code = 605014
| type = Public
| established = 1986
| opened =
| closed =
| district =
| superintendent =
| principal = P Ramachandran
| principal_label =
| principal1 = C Uma Maheswari
| principal_label1 = Vice Principal
| faculty = 28
| staff = 17
| grades = VI - XII
| enrollment = 507
| campus_size = 30 acre (121,406 sqm)
| campus_type = Rural
| colors =
| feeder_schools =
| affiliation = [[Central Board for Secondary Education|CBSE]]
| website = {{URL|https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/Puducherry/en/home/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Puducherry''' or locally known as '''JNV Kalapet''' is a [[Boarding school|boarding]], [[co-educational]] school in [[Puducherry district]] of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] [[Union territory|U.T.]] in [[India]]. Navodaya Vidyalayas are funded by the Indian [[Ministry of Human Resource Development|Ministry of Human Resources Development]] and administered by Navodaya Vidyalaya Smiti, an autonomous body under the ministry. Navodaya Vidyalayas provide free education to talented children from Class VI to XII.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/en/Home1/|title=Navodaya Vidyalaya Smiti|last=|first=|date=|website=Navodaya Vidyalaya Smiti|access-date=18 January 2019|archive-date=17 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417144104/http://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/en/Home1|url-status=dead}}</ref> Puducherry district is a coastal [[Enclave and exclave|enclave]] within [[Tamil Nadu]] state.

== History ==
The school was established in 1986, and is a part of [[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya]] schools. This school is administered and monitored by [[Hyderabad]] regional office of [[Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti|Navodaya Vidyalaya Smiti]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://navodayahyd.gov.in/ut.html|title=NVS RO Hyderabad - JNVs in Union territories|last=|first=|date=|website=NVS RO Hyderabad|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201180737/http://navodayahyd.gov.in/ut.html|archive-date=1 December 2018|access-date=25 Feb 2019}}</ref>

== Admission ==
Admission to JNV Puducherry at class VI level is made through selection test (JNVST) conducted by Navodaya Vidyalaya Smiti. The information about test is disseminated and advertised in district by the office of Puducherry [[District collector (India)|district magistrate]] (Collector), who is also the chairperson of Vidyalya Management Committee (VMC).

== Affiliations ==
JNV Puducherry is affiliated to [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] with affiliation number 2940001.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cbseaff.nic.in/cbse_aff/schdir_Report/AppViewdir.aspx?affno=2940001|title=CBSE affiliation details of JNV Puducherry|last=|first=|date=|website=[[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]] - Online School Affiliation & Monitoring System|access-date=18 January 2019|archive-date=19 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119121118/http://cbseaff.nic.in/cbse_aff/schdir_Report/AppViewdir.aspx?affno=2940001|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Yanam]]
* [[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Karaikal]]
* [[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Mahe]]
* [[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya#List of schools|List of JNV schools]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [http://jnvpuducherry.gov.in/ Official Website of JNV Puducherry] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804093214/http://jnvpuducherry.gov.in/ |date=4 August 2019 }}

{{Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya}}

[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Puducherry]]
[[Category:Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalayas in Puducherry]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1986]]
[[Category:1986 establishments in Pondicherry]]
[[Category:Puducherry district]]

{{Puducherry-school-stub}}

2008–09 Nissar Trophy

2026-02-14T15:47:14Z

Murmupp: starting basic pg and citations!

{{one source|date=August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox limited overs final
| title = 2008–09 Nissar Trophy
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| event = 2008–09 Nissar Trophy
| team1 = [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]
| team1flag = {{flagicon|IND|size=40px}}
| team1score1 = 134
| team1overs1 = 36.3 overs
| team2 = [[Sui Northern Gas Pipelines Limited cricket team|SNGPL]]
| team2flag = {{flagicon|PAK|size=40px}}
| team2score1 = 266
| team2overs1 = 78.3 overs
| team1score2 = 516
| team1overs2 = 124
| team2score2 =
| team2overs2 =
| rain =
| details = Match drawn. SNGPL won on 1st innings.
| date = 15–18 September 2008
| stadium = [[Arun Jaitley Cricket Stadium|Feroz Shah Kotla Stadium]]
| city = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| man_of_the_match =
| umpires = [[Sudhir Asnani]] (Ind) and [[Umesh Dubey]] (Ind)<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/mohammad-nissar-trophy-2008-09-368222/delhi-vs-sui-northern-gas-pipelines-limited-368336/live-cricket-score| title = Mohammad Nissar Trophy 2008/09 | access-date = 11 November 2023|publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
| attendance =
| television =
| previous = [[2007–08 Nissar Trophy|2007–08]]
| next =
}}
The '''Mohammad Nissar Trophy''' was an annual [[first class cricket]] competition which takes place in [[Feroz Shah Kotla]], [[New Delhi]], [[India]] from 15 to 18 September 2008. It was contested over four days between [[Sui Northern Gas Pipelines Limited cricket team]] the winner of [[Quaid-i-Azam Trophy]] from [[Pakistan]] and [[Delhi cricket team]] the winner of [[Ranji Trophy]] from [[India]].

==News==
* '''18 September 2008:''' [[Sui Northern Gas Pipelines Limited cricket team|SNGPL]] became the first [[Pakistan]] team to win the [[Nissar Trophy|Mohammad Nissar Trophy]] as the game ended in a draw after overnight rain ruled out play on the final day.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/370159.html SNGPL take title after rain ruins final day]</ref>
* '''17 September 2008:''' [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]], backed by massive scores by the overnight pair of [[Virat Kohli]] (197) and [[Aakash Chopra]] (182), gained a handsome 384-run lead on the penultimate day.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/370014.html Chopra and Kohli stretch lead to 384]</ref>
* '''16 September 2008:''' [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]] wrested the initiative halfway into their [[Nissar Trophy]] game against [[Sui Northern Gas Pipelines Limited cricket team|Sui Northern Gas Pipelines Limited]].<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/369923.html Chopra and Kohli seize advantage]</ref>
* '''15 September 2008:''' On a day when 16 wickets tumbled, the honours rested with [[Imran Ali (cricketer, born 1980)|Imran Ali]], [[Sui Northern Gas Pipelines Limited cricket team|Sui Northern Gas Pipeline Limited]]'s (SNGPL) right-arm seamer, who took a [[Hat-trick (cricket)|hat-trick]] to sink a star-studded [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]] to 134 under overcast conditions at the [[Feroz Shah Kotla]].<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/369839.html Imran Ali hat-trick gives SNGPL the edge]</ref>
* '''14 September 2008:''' The third [[Nissar Trophy|Mohammad Nissar Trophy]] kicks off at the [[Feroz Shah Kotla]] in [[New Delhi]] on Monday, [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]] taking on [[Sui Northern Gas Pipelines Limited cricket team|Sui Northern Gas Pipeline Limited]].<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/369791.html Star-studded Delhi start off as favourites]</ref>
* '''6 September 2008:''' Apart from [[Mohammad Hafeez]], the squad includes three other players with international experience - [[Misbah-ul-Haq]], [[Yasir Arafat (cricketer, born 1984)|Yasir Arafat]] and [[Samiullah Khan (cricketer)|Samiullah Khan]].<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/pakistan/content/story/368448.html Three internationals in SNGPL squad]</ref>
* '''4 September 2008:''' [[Virender Sehwag]] will lead a strong [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]] squad in the [[Nissar Trophy|Mohammad Nissar Trophy]], with [[Ashish Nehra]] returning from injury.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/368199.html Sehwag to lead Delhi in Nissar Trophy]</ref>

==Fixtures and results==
{{Test match
| date = 15–18 September
| team1 = [[Sui Northern Gas Pipelines Limited cricket team|Sui Northern Gas Pipelines Limited]]
| team2 = [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 266 (78.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Khurram Shehzad (cricketer, born 1982)|Khurram Shehzad]] 66 (136)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Chetanya Nanda]] 3/24 (16 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 134 (36.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Virat Kohli]] 52 (83)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Imran Ali (cricketer, born 1980)|Imran Ali]] 6/52 (15.3 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 =
| runs-team1-inns2 =
| wickets-team1-inns2 =

| score-team2-inns2 = 516/4 (124 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Virat Kohli]] 197[[Not out|*]] (274)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Asad Ali (cricketer)|Asad Ali]] 2/98 (36 overs)

| result = Match drawn (Sui Northern Gas Pipelines Limited won on 1st innings)
| venue = [[Feroz Shah Kotla Ground|Feroz Shah Kotla]], [[Delhi]]
| umpires = [[Sudhir Asnani]] (Ind) and [[Umesh Dubey]] (Ind)
| motm =
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indiandomestic2008/engine/current/match/368336.html Scorecard]
| toss = Delhi won the toss and chose to bat.
| rain = No play on day 4 due to rain
| notes = Sui Northern Gas Pipelines Limited won Nissar Trophy
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{First-class Cricket Domestic Competitions}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2008-09 Nissar Trophy}}
[[Category:2008 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:2008 in Pakistani cricket]]

Eve teasing

2026-02-14T05:22:44Z

Murmupp: refined formatting per sources and improved wording

{{Short description|Euphemism for public sexual harassment or assault of women by men}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Violence against women|sp=uk}}
{{Other uses|Street harassment}}
In [[India]], '''eve teasing''' is a [[euphemism]], primarily occurring in [[Indian English]], used for public [[sexual harassment]] or [[sexual assault]] of women by men. The name "[[Eve]]" alludes to the [[Bible]]'s [[Creation myth|creation story]] concerning [[Adam and Eve]].<ref>{{citation| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Fn-Sh1nv7pQC&q=eve-teasing&pg=PA109 |title= Eve Teasing |work= The Official Dictionary of Unofficial English |first= Grant |last= Barrett |publisher= McGraw-Hill Professional |year= 2006 |isbn= 0-07-145804-2 |page= 109}}</ref> Considered a problem related to [[Juvenile delinquency|delinquency]] in male youth,<ref>{{citation| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=0sHAmkBpUoIC&q=eve-teasing&pg=PA233 |title= Eve-Teasing |work= Image Makers: An Attitudinal Study of Indian Police |first= Giriraj |last= Shah |publisher= Abhinav Publications |date= 1993 |isbn= 81-7017-295-0 |pages= 233–34}}</ref> it is a form of sexual aggression that ranges in severity from sexually suggestive remarks, brushing in public places and [[catcall]]s, to [[groping]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kanpur/Lewd-nature-goes-unchecked/articleshow/4191905.cms?|title= Lewd nature goes unchecked |location= [[Kanpur]] |work= [[The Times of India]] |date= 26 February 2009 |publisher= Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url= http://www.hindu.com/op/2004/04/13/stories/2004041300121800.htm | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20040928014542/http://www.hindu.com/op/2004/04/13/stories/2004041300121800.htm | url-status= dead | archive-date= 28 September 2004 |title= Controlling eve-teasing |first= Rajesh |last= Venkataraman |work= [[The Hindu]] |date= 13 April 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/Harassment-in-public-places-a-routine-for-many/articleshow/4130034.cms | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121106154352/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-02-15/jaipur/28045948_1_eve-teasing-boys-buses | url-status= live | archive-date= 6 November 2012 |title= Harassment in public places a routine for many |work= [[The Times of India]] |first= Shoeb |last= Khan |date= 15 February 2009 |location= [[Jaipur]] |access-date= 9 February 2015}}</ref>

The Indian [[National Commission for Women]] has suggested that the expression serves only to trivialize the seriousness of the offence and should be replaced by a more appropriate term.<ref name=nat/> They argue that, considering the semantic roots of the term in [[Indian English]], Eve teasing refers to the temptress nature of [[Eve]] in Christian thought, and places the responsibility on the woman as an alluring tease.<ref>{{citation| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=SKkzbVsmGOQC&q=eve-teasing&pg=PA63 |title= Sexual Harassment |work= Indian Feminisms: Law, Patriarchies and Violence in India |first= Geetanjali |last= Gangoli |publisher= Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. |year= 2007 |isbn= 978-0-7546-4604-4| pages= 63–64}}</ref>

As with most forms of personal harassment, sexual harassment is notoriously difficult to prove in a legal sense as perpetrators often devise intentionally discreet ways to harass women, although Eve teasing usually occurs in [[public space]]s and streets and on public transport.<ref name=cho>{{citation| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=G4oDbma2Y0MC&q=eve-teasing&pg=PA45 |title= In Public Spaces: Security in the Street and in the Chowk |work= Women, Security, South Asia: A Clearing in the Thicket |first1= Farah |last1= Faizal |first2= Swarna |last2= Rajagopalan| publisher= SAGE |year= 2005| isbn= 0-7619-3387-5 |page= 45}}</ref> Some guidebooks to the region warn female tourists to avoid attracting the attention of these kinds of men by wearing modest, conservative clothing.<ref name="LonelyPlanet001">{{cite web|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/practical-information/health |title=India – Practical information – Health & Safety |publisher=Lonely Planet |work=Lonelyplanet.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617000923/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/practical-information/health |archive-date=17 June 2012}}</ref><ref name="FrommersIndia001">{{cite web|url=http://www.frommers.com/destinations/india/3475028784.html |title=India – Tips for Women Travelers |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc. |work=Frommer's |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120428162121/http://www.frommers.com/destinations/india/3475028784.html |archive-date=28 April 2012}}</ref> However, this form of harassment has been reported by both Indian and foreign women in conservative dress.<ref name=BBC-13Jan12>{{cite news| url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-16503338 |title= Eve teasing in India: Assault or harassment by another name |first= Nidhi |last= Dutt |publisher= BBC |date= 13 January 2012}}</ref>

==History==
The problem first received public and media attention in India in the 1970s.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Eve-Teasing |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,897530,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070217090420/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,897530,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 February 2007 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=12 September 1960}}</ref><ref>[http://www.waywordradio.org/?s=eve-teasing Historical citations of the phrase] at WayWordRadio.org</ref> In the following decades, more and more women started attending college and working independently, meaning that they were often no longer accompanied by a male escort as had been the norm in traditional society. In response, the problem grew to alarming proportions, despite this not being the case in other cultures where women come and go as they please.<ref name=pol>{{citation| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=RKnClbGW9-AC&q=eve-teasing&pg=PA54 |title= Role of Women Police |work= Women Police in a Changing Society: Back Door to Equality |first= Mangai |last= Natarajan |publisher= Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. |year= 2008| isbn= 978-0-7546-4932-8 |page= 54}}</ref> Soon the [[Government of India|Indian government]] had to take remedial measures, both judicial and law enforcement, to curb the practice. Efforts were made to sensitise the police about the issue, and police started to round up Eve teasers. The deployment of plain-clothed female police officers for the purpose has been particularly effective.<ref>{{cite news| url= http://www.oneindia.com/2006/08/28/special-squad-to-nab-eve-teasers-formed-in-kerala-1156746313.html |title= Special squad to nab eve teasers formed in Kerala | work= OneIndia | publisher= Greynium Information Technologies Pvt. Ltd. | date= 28 August 2006 |access-date= 8 February 2015}}</ref> Other measures taken in various [[States and union territories of India|states]] by the police were setting up of dedicated women's helplines in various cities, police stations staffed by women, and special police cells.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indopia.in/India-usa-uk-news/latest-news/507034/National/1/20/1 |title=Special team to check roadside romeos in Allahabad |date=20 February 2009 |website=Indopia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090413024554/http://www.indopia.in/India-usa-uk-news/latest-news/507034/National/1/20/1 |archive-date=13 April 2009}}</ref>

Also seen during this period was a marked rise in the number of women coming forward to report cases of sexual harassment, due to changing public opinion against this practice. In addition, the severity of these incidents grew as well, in some cases leading to [[acid throwing]], which in turn led to states like [[Tamil Nadu]] making it a non-bailable offence. The number of women's organisations and those working for [[women's rights]] also increased, and during this period reports of [[bride burning]] increased.<ref>{{citation | url= http://www.sage-ereference.com/view/law/n64.xml | title= Bride Burning | author= Linda S. Stone | access-date= 13 May 2015 | archive-date= 24 September 2015 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150924093623/http://www.sage-ereference.com/view/law/n64.xml | url-status= usurped }}</ref> The increase in the number of violent incidents involving women meant previously lackadaisical attitudes towards women's rights had to be revised and supported by law. In the coming years, certain organisations played a key role in lobbying for the passing of legislation designed to protect women from aggressive behaviour from strangers, including 'The Delhi Prohibition of Eve-teasing Bill 1984'.<ref name=pol/>

The death of a female student, Sarika Shah, in [[Chennai]] in 1998,<ref>{{Cite web|title = Hassled, but helpless|url = http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/10/stories/2002091000070100.htm|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20030325005001/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/10/stories/2002091000070100.htm|url-status = dead|archive-date = 25 March 2003|website = [[The Hindu]]|access-date=4 February 2016}}</ref> resulted in some tough laws to counter the problem in [[South India]].<ref>{{cite news |date=27 July 1998 |title=Murder charges in eve-teasing case |url=http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19980727/20850084.html |newspaper=The Indian Express|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015021542/http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19980727/20850084.html |archive-date=15 October 2012}}</ref> After murder charges were brought, about a half-dozen reports of [[suicide]] have been attributed to pressures caused by this behaviour.<ref name=pol/> In February 2009, female students from [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda|Maharaja Sayajirao University]] (MSU) in [[Vadodara]] assaulted four young men near the family and community sciences faculty, after the men made lewd comments about a girl student staying in SD Hall hostel.<ref>{{cite news| url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/MSU-hostel-girls-beat-up-eve-teasers/articleshow/4179252.cms | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121106154403/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-02-23/vadodara/28032265_1_eve-teasers-hostel-girl-students | url-status= live | archive-date= 6 November 2012 |title= MSU hostel girls beat up eve teasers |date= 23 February 2009 |location= Vadodara | newspaper= [[The Times of India]] | access-date= 8 February 2015}}</ref>

Many other cases go unreported for fear of reprisals and exposure to public shame. In some cases police let the offenders go, after [[public humiliation]] through the [[murga punishment]].<ref>{{cite news| url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/lucknow-times/public-prosecution-crime-and-instant-punishment/articleshow/1690507.cms |title= Public prosecution: Crime and instant punishment! |first= Arunima |last= Srivastava |newspaper= The Times of India |date= 29 June 2006 |access-date= 9 February 2015}}</ref> In 2008, a Delhi court ordered a 19-year-old caught making lewd remarks to passing females to distribute 500 handbills to youngsters outside schools and colleges detailing the consequences of indecent conduct.<ref>{{cite news |date=10 June 2008 |title=Youth held for eve-teasing, told to distribute handouts |url=http://www.screenindia.com/news/youth-held-for-eveteasing-told-to-distribute-handouts/320866/ |publisher=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]] |agency=[[Indian Express]] News Service |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224210700/http://www.screenindia.com/news/youth-held-for-eveteasing-told-to-distribute-handouts/320866/ |archive-date=24 February 2009}}</ref>

==Depiction in popular culture==
Some depictions in [[Cinema of India|Indian cinema]] shows mild teasing as a part of flirtatious beginnings of a courtship, along with the usual accompaniment of song and dance routines, which invariably results in the heroine submitting to the hero's advances towards the end of the song. Young men tend to emulate the example depicted so flawlessly on screen; the term ''roadside Romeos''<ref name=cho/> even made it to film in ''[[Roadside Romeo]]'' (2007).

It also has been frequently depicted that when a girl is teased in this way, the hero will come and beat the perpetrator up in order to protect her and 'defend her honour', such as in the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] films ''Madhumasam'', ''Magadheera'' and ''Eega'', and also the [[Hindi]] film ''Wanted''. Nowadays, this issue is also featured in Indian television [[soap opera|soaps]] like ''[[Savdhaan India]]'' and [[Crime Patrol (TV series)|''Crime Patrol'']].

==Legal redress==
[[File:INAFI-WIKI 01.jpg|thumb|Campaign "I Never Ask for It", organised by [[Blank Noise]], that addresses eve teasing and violence justified through blame, across spaces and as experienced by multiple identities of women in India]]
Although [[Law of India|Indian law]] does not use the term ''Eve teasing'', victims earlier usually seek recourse through Section 294 of the [[Indian Penal Code]], which sentences a man found guilty of making a girl or woman the target of obscene gestures, remarks, songs or recitation to a maximum jail sentence of three months. Section 292 of the IPC clearly spells out that showing pornographic or obscene pictures, books or papers to a woman or girl results in a fine of {{INRConvert|2000}} with two years' imprisonment for first offenders. In the case of a repeated offense, the offender may have a fine of {{INRConvert|5000}} with five years' imprisonment imposed. Under Section 509 of the IPC, obscene gestures, indecent body language and negative comments directed at any woman or girl or exhibiting any object which intrudes upon the privacy of a woman, carries a penalty of imprisonment for one year or a fine or both.<ref>{{citation| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=SKkzbVsmGOQC&q=eve-teasing&pg=PA63 |title= The Legal Regulation of Women's Sexuality |work= Indian Feminisms: Law, Patriarchies and Violence in India |first= Geetanjali |last= Gangoli |publisher= Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. |year= 2007 |isbn= 978-0-7546-4604-4 |page= 63}}</ref> The [[Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013]] introduced changes to the Indian Penal Code, making sexual harassment an expressed offence under Section 354 A, which is punishable up to three years of imprisonment and or with fine. The Amendment also introduced new sections making acts like disrobing a woman without consent, [[stalking]] and sexual acts by person in authority an offense. It also made acid attacks a specific offence with a punishment of imprisonment not less than 10 years and which could extend to life imprisonment and with fine.<ref>{{cite web|title=Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013 |url=http://mha.nic.in/pdfs/TheCrimnalLaw030413.pdf |publisher=Government of India |access-date=11 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130417194151/http://mha.nic.in/pdfs/TheCrimnalLaw030413.pdf |archive-date=17 April 2013 }}</ref>

The [[National Commission for Women]] (NCW) also proposed No 9. Eve Teasing (New Legislation) 1988.<ref name=nat>[http://ncw.nic.in/frmReportLaws09.aspx Laws and Legislative Measures Affecting Women] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181029152016/http://ncw.nic.in/frmReportLaws09.aspx |date=29 October 2018 }}, [[National Commission for Women]] (NCW).</ref> The Indian Parliament has passed the [[Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013]], which adds protections for female workers in most workplaces. The Act came into force from 9 December 2013.

==Public response==
[[File:Blank Noise project's intervention on Majestic bus stand, against Eve Teasing.jpg|right|thumb|The [[Blank Noise]] Project's intervention on [[Kempegowda Bus Station|Majestic bus stand]], against Eve teasing<ref>{{cite news |title=Blank Noise Project - I Never Asked For It|first=Mandy|last=Van Deven|date=13 June 2009|work=[[Bitch (magazine)|Bitch]]| url=http://bitchmagazine.org/post/blank-noise-project-i-never-asked-for-it }}</ref>]]

''Nirbhaya Karnataka'' ("Fearless Karnataka") is a coalition of many individuals and groups including Alternative Law Forum, Blank Noise, Maraa, Samvada and Vimochana. After the rise of eve teasing cases in the 2000s, it organised several public awareness campaigns, including [[Take Back the Night (protest)|Take Back the Night]], followed by another public art project titled, The [[Blank Noise]] Project, starting in [[Bangalore]] in 2003.<ref>{{cite news | url= http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Mar72009/metrosat20090306122452.asp | title= Not just eve-teasing! | newspaper= [[Deccan Herald]] | date= 7 March 2009 | access-date= 9 February 2015 | url-status= dead | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150209202959/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Mar72009/metrosat20090306122452.asp | archive-date= 9 February 2015}}</ref> A similar programme to fight eve-teasing was also hosted in [[Mumbai]] in 2008.<ref>{{cite news| url= http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/mar/04mumbai.htm |title= Join the fight against eve teasing in Mumbai |work= [[Rediff.com]]| date= 4 March 2008 |access-date= 9 February 2015}}</ref>

In [[Delhi]], one of India's most dangerous cities for women,<ref name="ncrb">[http://ncrb.nic.in/cii2007/cii-2007/Chapters.htm Statistics on metros] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619063851/http://ncrb.nic.in/CII2007/cii-2007/Chapters.htm |date=19 June 2009 }}, National Crime Records Bureau, India</ref> the Department of Women and Child Development established a steering committee in 2009 to prepare the city for the [[2010 Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games to be held in 2010]].<ref name="WSJdelhieveteasing">{{cite news| url= https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125291645948508175 |title= Delhi Versus 'Eve Teasers': a Race Against Time |first= Ketaki |last= Gokhale |newspaper= [[The Wall Street Journal]] |date= 14 September 2009}}</ref> In Mumbai, "Ladies Special" train compartments have been introduced to allow women to travel without the fear of being sexually harassed, for the length of the journey at least. Given that the number of women needing to travel has doubled since 1995, there is a very strong demand for these kinds of services.<ref name="Ladies Special Train - Times Online UK">{{cite news| url= http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article6840167.ece |title= Mumbai's Ladies Special train leaves the commuter sex pests behind |first1=Helen |last1= Alexander |first2= Rhys |last2= Blakel |newspaper= Times Online |location= UK |date= 14 October 2009}}{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Today "Ladies Special" compartments are present in most local trains in big cities. The [[Delhi Metro]] also has exclusive women-only cars.<ref name="Women get exclusive coach in Delhi Metro">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Women-get-exclusive-coach-in-Delhi-Metro/Article1-607431.aspx |title=Women get exclusive coach in Delhi Metro |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=2 October 2010 |publisher=HT Media Limited |access-date=9 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216161805/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/newdelhi/women-get-exclusive-coach-in-delhi-metro/article1-607431.aspx |archive-date=16 December 2014}}</ref>

Starting in 2017, the [[Kung Fu Nuns#Humanitarian Work|Drukpa nuns of Amitabha]], known as the "Kung Fu Nuns", started teaching women's self-defence training for the Ladakh/Himalayan towns, the first class being held at [[Hemis Monastery]]. While the sisters were performing rescue work after the 2015 Gorkha earthquake, they heard many stories of young women being sent away for better opportunities but ending up in sex slavery; these same small villages high in the Himalayas were also vulnerable to banditry. As part of their outreach, the nuns seek to strengthen women's safety, position and value in their communities by teaching new skills, including self-defence and vocational training.

Eve teasing is highly criticised by the media and on [[social media]] websites such as [[Facebook]].<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.vishwasdailynews.com/hyderabad-news/how-2-eve-teasing-hyderabadi-men-were-taught-a-lesson-using-facebook-105.html | title= How 2 eve teasing Hyderabadi men were taught a lesson using Facebook | newspaper=[[Vishwas News]] | publisher= Vishwas News| date= 30 April 2015 | access-date= 13 May 2015}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{colbegin|colwidth=}}
* [[2012 Delhi gang rape and murder]]
* [[Besharmi Morcha]]
* [[Blank Noise]]
* [[Dekh Le]]
* [[Feminism in India]]
* [[Gender inequality in India]]
* [[Groping]]
* [[Human rights in India]]
* [[Pink Chaddi Campaign]]
* [[Rape culture]]
* [[Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War]]
* [[Rape in India]]
* [[Rape in Pakistan]]
* [[Rohtak sisters viral video controversy]]
* [[Sexual abuse by yoga gurus]]
* [[SlutWalk]]
* [[An Open Letter to Honey Singh]]
{{colend}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|title= Crimes Against Women and Protective Laws |first= Shobha |last= Saxena |publisher= Deep & Deep Publications |year= 1995}}
* {{cite book|title= Sexual Harassment: Contemporary Feminist Perspectives |first1= Alison M. |last1= Thomas |first2= Celia |last2= Kitzinger |publisher= Open University Press |year= 1997 |isbn= 0-335-19580-6}}
* {{cite book|chapter=Sexual Harassment in India: A Case Study of Eve-Teasing in Historical Perspective |title= Rethinking Sexual Harassment |first1= Clare |last1= Brant |first2= Yun Lee |last2= Too |publisher= Pluto Press |year= 1994 |isbn= 0-7453-0838-4 |page= 200}}
* {{cite web| url= http://www.legalserviceindia.com/articles/etea.htm |title= Eveteasing in India And Tortious Liabilities |first= B. Jyoti |last= Kiran | publisher= LegalServiceIndia.com}}
* {{citation| url= http://www.tn.gov.in/gorders/par/par-e-20054.htm |title= Vishakha v. State of Rajasthan| at= (JT 1997 (7) SC 384)| publisher= Govt. of [[Tamil Nadu]]}}

==External links==
{{colbegin}}
* [http://indiatogether.org/evetease-women Fighting eve-teasing: rights and remedy]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090414032029/http://www.merinews.com/catFull.jsp?articleID=124337 Eve teasing and male dominance]
* [https://www.bbc.com/news/10220920 Bangladesh 'Eve Teasing' craze takes a terrible toll]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120525160054/http://chd.ihollaback.org/ Chandigarh-ihollaback.org]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120525155456/http://chennai.ihollaback.org/ Chennai-ihollaback.org]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110404063243/http://mumbai.ihollaback.org/ Mumbai-ihollaback.org]
{{colend}}

{{Social issues in India}}
{{Sexual abuse}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Eve Teasing}}
[[Category:Sexual euphemisms]]
[[Category:Sexual abuse]]
[[Category:Sexual misconduct]]
[[Category:Sexual harassment in India]]
[[Category:English-language slang]]
[[Category:Violence against women in India]]
[[Category:Violence against women in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Women's rights in Asia]]

Raxaul–Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Antyodaya Express

2026-02-05T04:44:51Z

Murmupp: put up pg

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = 800000
| name = Raxaul Junction – Mumbai Lokmanya Tilak Terminus ''Antyodaya Express''
| logo = Ministry of Railways India.svg
| caption =
| type = [[Antyodaya Express]]
| locale = [[Bihar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] & [[Maharashtra]]
| first =
| last =
| operator = [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railways]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Raxaul Junction}} (RXL)
| stops = 21
| end = [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]] (LTT)
| distance = {{convert|1928|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 38 hours
| frequency = Weekly
| class = General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = No
| observation =
| entertainment =
| baggage =
| other facilities =
| stock = [[LHB coach|LHB-Antyodaya]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 15267 / 15268
| speed = {{convert|50|km/h|0|abbr=on}}
| map = [[File:(Raxaul - Mumbai LTT) Jan Sadharan Express route map.png|260px]]
| map_state =
}}

The 15267 / 15268 '''Raxaul–Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Antyodaya Express''' is an [[Antyodaya Express]] train belonging to [[Indian Railways]] [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Raxaul Junction}} and [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]] in India.<ref>[https://www.jagran.com/bihar/patna-city-two-dozon-trains-of-mumbai-and-bengaluru-canceled-till-21st-12604487.html], ''jagran.com'', 16 July 2015</ref>

It operates as train number 15267 from Raxaul Junction to Lokmanya Tilak Terminus and as train number 15268 in the reverse direction, serving the states of [[Bihar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], and [[Maharashtra]].

Till 31 August 2019, it used to run as [[Jan Sadharan Express]]. After 1 September 2019, it was converted into Antyodaya Express with [[LHB coach|LHB rakes]] for more comfortable journey in an unreserved train.<ref>[https://www.jagran.com/bihar/samastipur-jansadharan-express-will-now-be-operational-from-lhb-rack-19533881.html jagran.com], Retrieved 27 November 2019</ref>

==Coaches==
The 15267 / 68 Raxaul Junction–Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Antyodaya Express has 23 general unreserved & two SLR (seating with luggage rake) coaches. It does not carry a [[pantry car]].

As is customary with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.

==Service==
The 15267 Raxaul Junction–Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Antyodaya Express covers the distance of {{convert|1928|km|0|abbr=on}} in 37 hours 10 mins (52 km/h) and in 39 hours 50 mins as the 15268 Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Raxaul Junction Antyodaya Express (48 km/h).<ref>[http://www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/darbhanga/story/519917.html], ''prabhatkhabar.com'', 16 July 2015</ref>

As the average speed of the train is lower than {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, as per railway rules, its fare doesn't includes a Superfast surcharge.

==Routing==
The 15267 / 68 Raxaul Junction–Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Antyodaya Express runs from Raxaul Junction via {{stnlnk|Muzaffarpur Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Chhapra Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Mughalsarai Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Allahabad Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Jabalpur Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Itarsi Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Bhusaval Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Kalyan Junction}} to Lokmanya Tilak Terminus.

==Traction==
As the route is fully electrified an electric locomotive [[Indian locomotive class WAP-4|WAP-4]] pulls the train to its destination.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://indiarailinfo.com/train/raxaul-mumbai-ltt-jan-sadharan-express-15267/808/2314/466 12567 Antyodaya Express] at India Rail Info
*[http://indiarailinfo.com/train/mumbai-ltt-raxaul-jansadharan-express-15268/809/466/2314 12568 Antyodaya Express] at India Rail Info

{{Antyodaya Express}}
{{Jan Sadharan Express}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raxaul-Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Antyodaya Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]
[[Category:Transport in Raxaul]]
[[Category:Antyodaya Express trains]]
[[Category:Jan Sadharan Express trains]]

Betty von Fürer-Haimendorf

2026-01-29T19:07:26Z

Murmupp: brief improve article for consistency and updated info per standard format

{{short description|British ethnologist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Betty von Fürer-Haimendorf
| image = BettyBarnardo1936SOAS.jpg
| caption = Betty von Fürer-Haimendorf, photographed in the 1930s.
| other_names = Elizabeth von Furer-Haimendorf, Betty von Fuehrer-Haimendorf, Betty Fürer-Haimendorf
| birth_name = Elizabeth Barnardo
| birth_date = 1911
| birth_place = [[Darbhanga]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = 11 January 1987
| death_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[India]]
| occupation =
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| spouse(s) =
| relatives =
}}

'''Betty von Fürer-Haimendorf''' (1911 – 11 January 1987), born '''Elizabeth Barnardo''', was a British [[Ethnology|ethnologist]] in India and Nepal. She was married to Austrian ethnologist [[Christoph von Fürer-Haimendorf]].

== Early life ==
Elizabeth Barnardo was born in [[Darbhanga]], [[British Raj|British India]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Barnardo|first=Frederick|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IhD3ngEACAAJ&q=Elizabeth|title=An Active Life|date=1963|publisher=Bodley Head|pages=178|language=en}}</ref> one of the five children of Col. Frederick "Barnie" Barnardo and Violet Barnardo, of [[Bexhill-on-Sea|Bexhill]]. Her father, also born in [[British Raj|British India]], was a physician with the Indian Medical Service,<ref>[https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/N13635541 Frederick Adolphus Fleming Barnardo papers (1894-1962)], The National Archives.</ref> nephew of Irish philanthropist [[Thomas John Barnardo]], and dean of a medical school in Calcutta before 1921.<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 May 1962|title=Dr. Frederick Barnardo|page=19|work=[[The Times]]|url=https://login.thetimes.com/?gotoUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.com%2Ftto%2Farchive%2Fframe%2Fviewer%2F1962-05-11%2F19%2F2.html|access-date=24 October 2020}}</ref> Her mother died by suicide in 1942. In girlhood, Betty Barnardo was close to [[Patience Gray]], who became a noted food writer. The two young women traveled together in central Europe in 1937.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Federman|first=Adam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=70DiDgAAQBAJ&q=Betty+von+F%C3%BCrer&pg=PA10|title=Fasting and Feasting: The Life of Visionary Food Writer Patience Gray|date=2017|publisher=Chelsea Green Publishing|isbn=978-1-60358-752-5|pages=10–11|language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Barnardo, who had trained as a nurse,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Betty Haimendorf: Apa Tani Films|url=https://mandala.shanti.virginia.edu/|access-date=2020-10-24|website=Mandala Collections, University of Virginia|language=en}}</ref> worked closely with her husband on documenting the tribal cultures of northern India and Nepal.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Macfarlane|first=Alan|date=2010-10-14|title=Early Ethnographic Film in Britain: A Reflection on the Work of Christoph von Fürer-Haimendorf|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/08949468.2010.508706|journal=Visual Anthropology|volume=23|issue=5|pages=375–397|doi=10.1080/08949468.2010.508706|s2cid=144069628|issn=0894-9468|url-access=subscription}}</ref> "No Himalayan pass was too high for her, no field site too remote," recalled a colleague in a 1987 obituary.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|date=1987|title=Obituary|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3033273|journal=Anthropology Today|volume=3|issue=1|pages=26|jstor=3033273|issn=0268-540X}}</ref> She compiled the three-volume ''An anthropological bibliography of South Asia'' (1958).<ref>{{Cite book|last=von Fürer-Haimendorf|first=Elizabeth|title=An anthropological bibliography of South Asia, together with a directory of recent anthropological field work. (Book, 1958) [WorldCat.org]|year=1958|oclc=412100|language=en}}</ref> With her husband, she co-wrote ''The Reddis of the Bison hills: A study in acculturation'' (1945),<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Fürer-Haimendorf|first1=Christoph von|title=The Reddis of the Bison hills: a study in acculturation|last2=Fürer-Haimendorf|first2=Elizabeth von|last3=Mills|first3=J. P|date=1945|publisher=MacMillan|location=London|language=en|oclc=17987535}}</ref> ''The Raj Gonds of Adilabad: A peasant culture of the Deccan'' (1948), and ''The Gonds of Andhra Pradesh: Tradition and change in an Indian tribe'' (1979),<ref>{{Cite book|last=Fürer-Haimendorf, Christoph von, 1909-1995.|title=The Gonds of Andhra Pradesh : tradition and change in an Indian tribe|date=1979|publisher=George Allen & Unwin|others=Fürer-Haimendorf, Elizabeth von|isbn=0-04-301090-3|location=London|oclc=5842687}}</ref> Her diaries became an important source of her husband's 1990 memoir, ''Life Among Indian Tribes: the Autobiography of an Anthropologist''.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=MacFarlane|first1=Alan|last2=Turin|first2=Mark|date=1996|title=Christoph von Fürer-Haimendorf|url=https://www.therai.org.uk/archives-and-manuscripts/obituaries/christoph-von-fuerer-haimendorf|access-date=2020-10-24|website=Royal Anthropological Institute|language=en-gb}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
In 1938, Elizabeth Barnardo married Christoph von Fürer-Haimendorf. They had a son, Nicholas, born in 1946. She died in 1987, in [[Hyderabad]].<ref name=":0" /> The couple's papers are archived at the [[SOAS University of London|School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS)]] at the University of London.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Papers of Professor Christoph von Fürer-Haimendorf|url=https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/data/gb102-ppms19|access-date=2020-10-24|website=School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) Archives, University of London; via Archives Hub.}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.digitalhimalaya.com/collections/films/tribute/ "A Tribute to Christoph and Betty von Fürer-Haimendorf"] (1996), a film by British anthropologist [[Mark Turin]].
* [https://digital.soas.ac.uk/LOADI11940/00001/citation "Betty von Furer-Haimendorf and Apatanis"] (1944), a photograph of von Fürer-Haimendorf by her husband, one of several photos of her, taken 1939 to 1974, in the collection of [[SOAS University of London]].

{{Subject bar|portal1=Biography}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Furer-Haimendorf, Betty von}}
[[Category:1911 births]]
[[Category:1987 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Darbhanga]]
[[Category:British ethnologists]]
[[Category:British women anthropologists]]
[[Category:British people in British India]]
[[Category:20th-century British anthropologists]]
[[Category:20th-century British women scientists]]
[[Category:British Indologists]]
[[Category:Scholars from Hyderabad, India]]

Baharistan-i-Ghaibi

2026-01-29T02:57:23Z

Murmupp: starting the pg and citations!

{{Short description|17th century Mughal history}}
{{italic title}}

The '''''Baharistan-i-Ghaibi''''' ({{langx|fa|{{Nastaliq|بهارستان غیبی}}}}), written by Mirza Nathan in [[Persian language|Persian]], is a 17th-century [[chronicle]] on the [[history of Bengal]], [[Cooch Behar]], [[Assam]] and [[Bihar]] under the reign of Mughal emperor [[Jahangir]] (1605–1627). Unlike other history books of the [[Mughal Empire]], written by court historians by order of the emperor and covering the history of the whole empire, the ''Baharistan-i-Ghaibi'' deals only with the affairs of Bengal and the adjoining area.

==Author==
The ''Baharistan-i-Ghaibi'' was written by Alauddin Isfahani, alias Mirza Nathan. His father, Ibrahim Kalal, later entitled Ihtimam Khan was a special officer of Jahangir.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hanif |first=N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DIxTAAAAYAAJ&q=Kalal+Khan |title=Islamic Concept of Crime and Justice: Political justice and crime |date=1999 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=978-81-7625-063-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Richards |first=John F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&q=Kalal&pg=PA314 |title=The Mughal Empire |date=1993 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-56603-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dr. M. I. Borah |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.84864/page/n345/mode/2up?q=Kalal |title=Baharistan I Ghaybi Volume I |date=1936}}</ref> On his orders, Ibrahim Kalal went to Bengal in 1608, along with [[Islam Khan Chishti]], as an [[admiral]] of the Mughal fleet. Mirza Nathan accompanied his father in his service. Later Mirza Nathan was awarded the title of Shitab Khan by Jahangir.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Karim |first1=Abdul |author-link=Abdul Karim (historian) |title=History of Bengal: Mughal Period |year=1992 |volume=1 |publisher=Rajshahi University |oclc=28183749 |pages=7–8}}</ref> Serving in the Mughal army in Bengal, he witnessed most of the region's political events and common life, and wrote from personal observation. He took part in battles against [[Khwaja Usman]] and [[Pratapaditya]] during the viceroyalty of Islam Khan,<ref name="Banglapedia">{{cite book |last=Karim |first=Abdul |year=2012 |chapter=Baharistan-i-Ghaibi |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Baharistan-i-Ghaibi |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |access-date=2016-05-09 |archive-date=2015-11-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120065654/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Baharistan-i-Ghaibi |url-status=live}}</ref> but during the later period he was engaged in the warfare in [[Undivided Kamrup district|Kamrup]].

When the prince [[Shah Jahan]] revolted against his father Jahangir and came to Bengal, Mirza Nathan joined him and helped in his war operations, but when the prince left Bengal for the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]], Mirza Nathan went into hiding and was not heard of anymore. Believed to be living a retired life, he adopted the pseudonym of ''Ghaibi'' (''Invisible'').<ref name="Banglapedia" /> Mirza Nathan's eyewitness accounts have provided detailed and lucid accounts of the Mughal conquest of Kamarupa, Kachhar and Assam. The accounts of the several Magh invasions of the Mughal territory of [[Bhulua]] and the several Mughal invasions to [[Chittagong]] are found in greater details in the Baharistan; the [[Rakhine State|Arakan]]ese and the Portuguese sources give only a short account.

==Organisation==
The ''Baharistan-i-Ghaibi'' was lost for a long time until its discovery by [[Sir Jadunath Sarkar]] in the [[Bibliothèque nationale de France|national library]] in Paris, France. Sir Jadunath wrote several articles in English and [[Bengali language|Bengali]] journals, bringing the manuscript to scholarly attention. The [[University of Dhaka]] procured a photograph copy of the book and M. I. Borah, the then professor of [[Persian language|Persian]], translated it into English. The government of Assam published it in 1936; the book consists of two large volumes of about a thousand printed pages. The English translation of Borah is very scholarly with copious notes of technical terms and geographical places. The book is divided into sub-sections called ''daftars''. The first ''daftar'' is the ''Islamnama'' account of the generalship of Islam Khan, while the second ''daftari'' documents the generalship of Qasim Khan Chisti; the ''Ibrahimnama'' documents the generalship of Ibrahim Khan Fath-i-Jang, and the last ''daftar'' deals with the rebellion of Shahjahan that usurped control of the Bengal region, and is called the ''Waqiat-i-Jahanshahi''. Mirza Nathan gives only four complete dates in the whole book, three of which are negated by his own narrative. However, references to the Muslim months of [[Ramadan]], [[Eid ul-Fitr|Eid]], [[Muharram]] and other festivals help ascertain the chronology of events accurately. Scholars have ascertained that the first two ''daftars'' were completed before 1632 and the last two were completed before 1641.<ref name="Banglapedia" />

==Accounts==

The ''Baharistan-i-Ghaibi'' is a unique and extensively documented source of the history of contemporary [[Bengal]], [[Bihar]] and [[Assam]] and the Mughal subjugation of the region.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}} The only other source of the time [[Tuzk-e-Jahangiri]], the official memoirs of the emperor only briefly mention a few events in Bengal.<ref name="Banglapedia" /> Mirza Nathan's account follows the campaigns of Islam Khan, as well as the conflicts with of [[Koch Hajo]], [[Twipra Kingdom|Tippera]], [[Dimasa Kingdom|Kachar]], [[Ahom kingdom|Ahoms]] and [[Kingdom of Mrauk U|Mrauk U]] (over [[Mughal conquest of Chittagong|Chittagong]]) in lucid and copious details, including full accounts of the battles, the political situation and socio-economic life and conditions of the region during Jahangir's time. The book names and describes the regional political and military leaders and warriors who played instrumental roles in the events of the era.

==See also==
* [[History of Bangladesh]]
* [[Islam in Bangladesh]]
* [[Khalekdad Chowdhury]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite book |title=Baharistan-I-Ghaybi – Volume 1 |author=Nathan, Mirza |editor=M. I. Borah |year=1936 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.84864/page/n7/mode/2up |publisher=[[Government of Assam]] |location=[[Gauhati]], [[Assam]], [[British Raj]]}}
* {{cite book |title=Baharistan-I-Ghaybi – Volume II |author=Nathan, Mirza |editor=M. I. Borah |year=1936 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279665/page/n1/mode/2up |publisher=[[Government of Assam]] |location=[[Gauhati]], [[Assam]], [[British Raj]]}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Books about the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Bengal Subah]]
[[Category:1630s books]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian books]]
[[Category:17th-century Persian books]]

Gurdwara Paonta Sahib

2026-01-22T17:47:58Z

Murmupp: Starting Article

{{short description|Sikh worship place in Sirmour, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Gurdwara Paonta Sahib
| religious_affiliation = [[Sikhism]]
| image = Paonta Sahib 20.JPG
| caption = Gurdwara photographed in September 2012
| location = [[Paonta Sahib]], Sirmur district, Himachal Pradesh
}}

'''Gurdwara Paonta Sahib''' is a noted [[Gurudwara|gurdwara]] in [[Paonta Sahib]], district of [[Sirmaur district|Sirmaur]], [[Himachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 February 2016 |title=Historical Picture of Gurdwara Paonta Sahib – 1962 |work=Sikh24 |url=https://www.sikh24.com/2016/02/11/historical-picture-of-gurdwara-paonta-sahib-1962/ |access-date=30 July 2023}}</ref>

== History ==
This Gurdwara was built in memory of [[Guru Gobind Singh]], the tenth [[guru]] of [[sikh]]s.<ref name="GS">{{cite book|title=Sikh shrines in India|last=G.S.|first=Randhir|year=1990|publisher=The Director of Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|location=New Delhi|page=47}}</ref> The gurdwara enjoys a high historic and religious importance among the followers of the Sikh religion world over. The Gurudwara has a palanquin "Palki" made of pure gold, donated by devotees.

== Attractions ==
[[File:Gurudwara Paonta Sahib, Sirmour, Himachal Pradesh.jpg|300px|right|thumb|Inside the Gurudwara Paonta Sahib, Sirmour dist., Himachal Pradesh.]]

Sri Talab Asthan and Sri Dastar Asthan are the vital places inside the Sikh shrine. Sri Talab Asthan is used for disbursing salaries and Sri Dastar Asthan is used for organizing the turban tying competitions. A legendary temple is also attached to the Gurdwara which is rebuilt recently in the vicinity of Gurdwara compound. Kavi Darbar, a prominent place near the Gurdwara is the venue for holding the poetry competitions. The weapons and pens used by Guru Gobind Singh are displayed in a museum near the Paonta Sahib Gurdwara. The Gurdwara is visited by tourists from different states. The site is situated on the bank of the [[Yamuna|River Yamuna]]. This gurdwara serves [[Langar (Sikhism)|langar]] (''[[Karah Parshad|parshada]]'') for all. The gurdwara contains the Sahibzada Baba Ajit Singh Library and Museum.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sahibzada Baba Ajit Singh Library and Museum at Paonta Sahib |url=https://gurudwarapaontasahib.com/Library-and-Museum-at-paonta-sahib.html |access-date=22 November 2025 |website=Gurudwara Sri Paonta Sahib}}</ref>

Another place of religious and historical importance is the Gurdwara built at Bhangani Sahib, about 1 km from Gurdwara Tir Garhi Sahib. With its proximity to the river Yamuna, the whole area presents a picturesque sight.

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Photograph taken of Gurdwara Paonta Sahib located in the territory of the former Sirmur State, ca.1944.jpg|Photograph taken of Gurdwara Paonta Sahib in circa 1944
File:Photograph taken of Gurdwara Paonta Sahib located in the territory of the former Sirmur State, ca.1962.jpg|Photograph taken of Gurdwara Paonta Sahib in circa 1962 during a celebration or festival
File:Paonta Sahib 02.JPG|Present-day shrine
File:Paonta Sahib Gurudwara in Himachal Pradesh 02.jpg|Gateway to the complex
File:Paonta Sahib 03.JPG|Reverence of the ''[[Nishan Sahib]]''
File:Ponta Sahib.JPG|View of the entire complex
File:Paonta Sahib 25.JPG|Gurdwara Sri Dastar Asthan Sahib, located within the Gurdwara Paonta Sahib complex
File:Paonta Sahib 14.JPG|View of the Yamuna River from the complex
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210309101424/https://gurudwarapaontasahib.org/ Official website]}}
* [https://gurudwarapaontasahib.com/ Other website]

{{Guru Gobind Singh}}
{{Sikhism}}

[[Category:Gurdwaras in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Sirmaur district]]

Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff (India)

2026-01-18T09:02:17Z

Murmupp: Refined content and updated sections

{{Short description|Senior Appointment in the Indian Navy}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Deputy Chief
| body = the Naval Staff
| native_name =
| insignia =
| insigniasize =
| insigniacaption =
| flag = Vice Admiral ensign of Indian Navy.svg
| flagsize =
| flagborder = yes
| flagcaption = Flag of the Vice Admiral
| image = File:Vice_Admiral_Tarun_Sobti,_VSM.jpg
| imagesize = 150
| alt =
| incumbent = [[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Tarun Sobti]], {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|UYSM|AVSM|VSM}}}}
| acting =
| incumbentsince = 1 October 2023
| department = {{Navy|India}}
| style =
| type = Principal Staff Officer
| status = 3rd highest ranking naval officer
| abbreviation = DCNS
| member_of =
| reports_to = [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]]
| residence =
| seat = Naval Headquarters, [[New Delhi]]
| nominator =
| appointer =
| appointer_qualified =
| termlength =
| termlength_qualified =
| constituting_instrument =
| precursor =
| formation =
| first =
| last =
| abolished =
| succession =
| unofficial_names =
| deputy =
| salary =
| website =
}}
The '''Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff''' (DCNS) is a senior appointment in the [[Indian Navy]]. The DCNS is a PSO (Principal Staff Officer) at Naval Headquarters in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Principal Staff Officers {{!}} Indian Navy |url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/principal-staff-officers |website=www.indiannavy.nic.in}}</ref> The office is held by a [[Three-star rank|Three star officer]] in the rank of [[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]]. The current DCNS is [[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Tarun Sobti]] who took over [[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Sanjay Mahindru]] on 1 October 2023.

==History==
At the time of [[independence of India]] on 15 August 1947, the Chief of Staff to the [[Chief_of_the_Naval_Staff_(India)#Commander-in-Chief,_Royal_Indian_Navy_(1947–1948)|Commander-in-Chief]], [[Royal Indian Navy]] was the de facto [[Second-in-command]]. The appointment was held by an officer of the rank of [[Commodore (rank)|Commodore]]. In 1949, the Chief of Staff was also made Deputy Commander-in-Chief RIN.<ref>{{cite web |title=NHQ REORGANISATION |url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1949-JAN-DEC-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1949-02-03_040.pdf |website=pibarchive.nic.in |date=3 February 1949}}</ref> In 1955, the post was re-designated ''Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nanda |first1=S M |title=The man who bombed Karachi : a memoir |date=October 2015 |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India |isbn=978-8172235628 |page=113}}</ref> In 1959, the post was upgraded to [[Two-star rank]].<ref name="radm"/> In 1967, this post was re-designated to [[Vice Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Naval Staff]] and then [[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] [[Sourendra Nath Kohli]] took over as the first VCNS.<ref name="Kohli_first">{{cite web|title=Admiral Kohli First Naval Vice-Chief|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1967-JAN-JUNE-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1967-05-11_158.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=11 May 1967|accessdate=1 February 2020}}</ref>

==From 1972==
The appointment was brought back in 1972 in the rank of Rear Admiral. The appointment of [[Assistant Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Assistant Chief of the Naval Staff]] (ACNS) was redesignated DCNS. The DCNS had the directorates of Operations, Intelligence, Signals, Air Staff, Air Materiel and Submarines under him.<ref>{{cite web|title=Naval Headquarters Reorganised|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1973-JAN-MAY-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1973-03-09_111.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=9 March 1973|accessdate=4 July 2020}}</ref> In 1984, the post was upgraded to [[three-star rank]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Transition to eminence : the Indian Navy 1976-1990 |date=2005 |publisher=Principal Director of Administration, Integrated Headquarters, Ministry of Defence (Navy) in association with Lancer Publishers |isbn=978-8170622666 |url={{GBurl|9p3fAAAAMAAJ}}}}</ref>

==Current organisation==
The DCNS heads the Staff Branch-II at the Naval Headquarters. The following Director General/Assistant Principal Staff Officers report into the DCNS.<ref>{{cite web |title=Staff Branch-II {{!}} Indian Navy |url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/staff-branch-ii |website=www.indiannavy.nic.in}}</ref>
* [[Director General Naval Operations]] (DGNO)
** [[Assistant Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Assistant Chief of Naval Staff]] (Communication, Space and Network Centric Operations) (reports through the DGNO)
* Assistant Chief of Naval Staff (Foreign Co-operation & Intelligence)
* Assistant Chief of Naval Staff (Air)
* Assistant Chief of Naval Staff (Air Materiel)

==Order of precedence==
The DCNS ranks at No. 24 on the [[Indian order of precedence]], along with [[Lieutenant General]]s of the [[Indian Army]] and [[Air Marshal (India)|Air Marshals]] of the [[Indian Air Force]].<ref name="rajyasabha">{{cite web |work=Office of the President of India |publisher=[[Rajya Sabha]] |accessdate=2010-08-05 |date=1979-08-26 |url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/guidline_govt_mp/chap11.pdf |title=President's Secretariat}}</ref> The DCNS is in the HAG+ pay scale (pay level 16), and draws salary depending on the years in service. However, since they should not draw equivalent or more than the next higher level, the remuneration is capped at ₹224,000.<ref>{{cite web |title=Report of the Seventh Central Pay Commission |url=http://7cpc.india.gov.in/pdf/sevencpcreport.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120092637/http://7cpc.india.gov.in/pdf/sevencpcreport.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 November 2015 |date=20 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=7th Pay Commission cleared: What is the Pay Commission? How does it affect salaries? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/7th-pay-commission-cleared-what-is-pay-commission-how-does-it-effect-our-pockets-16980-2016-06-29 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==Deputy Chiefs of Naval Staff==
===1947-1967===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! scope="col" style="width: 40px;"|S.No.
! scope="col" style="width: 450px;" | Name
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Assumed office
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Left office
! scope="col" style="width: 500px;" | Notes
|-
| colspan="5" |'''Chief of Staff to Commander-in-Chief, Royal Indian Navy'''
|-
|1
|[[Commodore (rank)|Commodore]] [[M. H. St. L. Nott]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=GBR|sep=,|DSO|OBE}}}}
|August 1947
|March 1948
|Seconded from the [[Royal Navy]]. Killed in an air crash.<ref>{{cite web |title=DEATH OF COMMODORE NOTT |url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1948-JAN-JUNE-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1948-04-03_190.pdf |website=pibarchive.nic.in |date=3 April 1948}}</ref>
|-
|
|[[Commodore (rank)|Commodore]] [[Ajitendu Chakraverti]]
|March 1948
|November 1948
|Officiating. First Indian officer to be promoted to Commodore. Later [[Flag Officer Commanding Western Fleet|Flag Officer Commanding Indian Fleet]].<ref>{{cite web |title=PIB (DEFENCE WING) |url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1948-JAN-JUNE-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1948-05-08_240.pdf |website=pibarchive.nic.in |date=8 May 1948}}</ref>
|-
|2
|[[Commodore (rank)|Commodore]] [[Harold Drew (Royal Navy officer)|Harold Drew]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=GBR|sep=,|CBE|DSC}}}}
|6 December 1948
|February 1949
|Seconded from the [[Royal Navy]].<ref name="Navy_List_50">{{cite book |chapter=Naval Establishments of Commonwealth Governments: The Indian Navy |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/navylist1950/1950NavyList/page/353/mode/2up |title=The Navy List for May 1950 |volume= |publication-place=London|publisher= HM Stationery Office |publication-date=May 1950 |pages=354–355}}</ref><ref name="PIBDEFNOV48">{{cite web |title=PIB (DEFENCE WING) |url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1948-JULY-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1948-11-06_337.pdf |website=pibarchive.nic.in |date=6 November 1948}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="5" |'''Deputy Commander-in-Chief'''
|-
|2
|[[Commodore (rank)|Commodore]] Harold Drew {{small|{{post-nominals|country=GBR|sep=,|CBE|DSC}}}}
|February 1949
|18 February 1952
|Seconded from the [[Royal Navy]].<ref name="PIBDEFNOV48"/><ref>{{cite web |title=NEW CHIEF OF STAFF FOR THE NAVY |url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1952-JULY-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1952-01-07_004.pdf |website=pibarchive.nic.in |date=7 January 1952}}</ref>
|-
|3
|[[Commodore (rank)|Commodore]] [[Godfrey French]]
|18 February 1952
|16 March 1954
|Seconded from the [[Royal Navy]].<ref>{{cite web |title=NEW CHIEF OF STAFF FOR THE NAVY |url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1952-JULY-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1952-01-07_004.pdf |website=pibarchive.nic.in |date=7 January 1952}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Press Information Bureau (Defence Wing)|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1954%20DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1954-03-24_009.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=22 March 1954|accessdate=12 June 2021}}</ref><ref name="Navy_List_54">{{cite book |chapter=Naval Establishments of Commonwealth Governments: The Indian Navy |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/navylist1950/1954NavyList/page/451/mode/2up |title=The Navy List for May 1954 |volume= |publication-place=London|publisher= HM Stationery Office |publication-date=May 1954 |pages=451–452}}</ref>
|-
|4
|[[Commodore (rank)|Commodore]] [[Ram Dass Katari]]
|16 March 1954
|March 1955
|Later took over as the first Indian [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]].<ref>{{cite web |title=TWO SENIOR NAVAL OFFICERS PROMOTED COMMODORES|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1953-JAN-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1953-12-05_387.pdf |website=pibarchive.nic.in |date=5 December 1953}}</ref><ref name="Navy_List_55">{{cite book |chapter=Naval Establishments of Commonwealth Governments: The Indian Navy |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/navylist1955/1955NavyList/page/453/mode/2up |title=The Navy List for May 1955 |volume= |publication-place=London|publisher= HM Stationery Office |publication-date=May 1955 |pages=453–454}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="5" |'''Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff'''
|-
|4
|[[Commodore (rank)|Commodore]] [[Ram Dass Katari]]
|April 1955
|March 1956
|Later took over as the first Indian [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]].<ref>{{cite web |title=TWO SENIOR NAVAL OFFICERS PROMOTED COMMODORES|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1953-JAN-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1953-12-05_387.pdf |website=pibarchive.nic.in |date=5 December 1953}}</ref>
|-
|5
|[[Commodore (rank)|Commodore]] [[Ajitendu Chakraverti]]
|March 1956
|April 1958
|First Indian officer to be promoted to Commodore. Later [[Flag Officer Commanding Western Fleet|Flag Officer Commanding Indian Fleet]].<ref>{{cite web |title=TWO SENIOR NAVAL OFFICERS PROMOTED COMMODORES|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1955-JULY%20DEC-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1955-12-24_265.pdf |website=pibarchive.nic.in |date=24 December 1955}}</ref>
|-
|6
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] [[Adhar Kumar Chatterji]]
|April 1958{{refn|Post upgraded to Rear Admiral 5 March 1959.<ref name="radm">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Navy Branch) |page=124 |date=23 May 1959 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1959/O-1985-1959-0021-89539.pdf|publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> |group= n}}
|May 1962
|Later [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]].<ref>{{cite web |title=NEW DEPUTY CHIEF OF NAVAL STAFF |url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1962-JAN-DEC-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1962-05-14_188.pdf |website=pibarchive.nic.in |date=14 May 1962}}</ref>
|-
|7
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] [[Sardarilal Mathradas Nanda]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM}}}}
|May 1962
|December 1964
|Later [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]].<ref>{{cite web |title=NEW DEPUTY CHIEF OF NAVAL STAFF |url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1962-JAN-DEC-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1962-05-14_188.pdf |website=pibarchive.nic.in |date=14 May 1962}}</ref>
|-
|8
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] [[Sourendra Nath Kohli]]
|December 1964
|May 1967
|Later [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]].<ref name="Kohli_first" />
|-
|}

===1973-present===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! scope="col" style="width: 40px;"|S.No.
! scope="col" style="width: 450px;" | Name
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Assumed office
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Left office
! scope="col" style="width: 500px;" | Notes
|-
|1
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] [[Swaraj Parkash]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|MVC|AVSM}}}} (first tenure)
|March 1973
|November 1973
|Later [[Director General of the Indian Coast Guard]].<ref name="appts">{{cite web|title=Naval Appointments|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1973-JUNE-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1973-11-02_152.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=2 November 1973|accessdate=4 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
|2
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] [[N. P. Datta]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM}}}} (first tenure)
|November 1973
|April 1974
|<ref name="appts"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Vice Admiral Datta to Head Mazagaon Dock Limited|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1977-AUG-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE-PART-2/PDF/DEF-1977-11-02_154.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=2 November 1977|accessdate=6 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
|3
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] [[Swaraj Parkash]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|MVC|AVSM}}}} (second tenure)
|April 1974
|March 1976
|<ref>{{cite web |title=REAR ADMIRAL DATTA TO BE FLAG OFFICER COMMANDING WESTERN FLEET |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1974-JAN-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1974-04-20_100.pdf |website=archive.pib.gov.in |date=20 April 1974}}</ref>
|-
|4
|[[Vice admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] N. P. Datta {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM}}}} (second tenure)
|March 1976
|November 1977
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Rear Admiral Datta Promoted|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1977-AUG-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE-PART-2/PDF/DEF-1977-09-08_066.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=8 September 1977|access-date=28 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Vice Admiral Datta to Head Mazagaon Dock Limited|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1977-AUG-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE-PART-2/PDF/DEF-1977-11-02_154.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=2 November 1977|access-date=28 December 2020}}</ref>
|-
|5
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] [[M. R. Schunker]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM}}}}
|November 1977
|February 1978
|<ref>{{cite web |title=ADMIRAL SCHUNKER TO HEAD EASTERN NAVAL COMMAND |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1978-JAN-MAR-MIN-OF-DEFENCE-PART-I/PDF/DEF-1978-02-02_113.pdf |website=archive.pib.gov.in |date=2 February 1978}}</ref>
|-
|6
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] D. S. Paintal {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM}}}}
|February 1978
|October 1980
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Senior Naval Appointments|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1978-JAN-MAR-MIN-OF-DEFENCE-PART-I/PDF/DEF-1978-02-13_129.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=13 February 1978|accessdate=6 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
|7
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] [[Radhakrishna Hariram Tahiliani]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM}}}}
|4 October 1980
|20 February 1982
|Later [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]].<ref>{{cite web|title=New Deputy Chief for the Navy|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1980-JULY-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1980-10-04_118.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=4 October 1980|accessdate=6 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
|8
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] Subimal Mookerjee {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM}}}}
|20 February 1982
|27 June 1983
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Admiral Mookerjee Appointed Deputy Chief of Naval Staff|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1982-JAN-JUNE-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1982-02-20_092.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=20 February 1982|accessdate=6 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
|9
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Gulab Mohanlal Hiranandani]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM|NM}}}}
|27 June 1983
|28 November 1984
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Admiral Hiranandani New Deputy Chief|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1983-JAN-JUNE-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1983-06-26_210.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=26 June 1983|accessdate=6 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
|10
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] S. Jain {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM}}}}
|2 February 1985
|20 February 1986
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Vice Admiral Jain Appointed New Deputy Chief of Naval Staff|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1985-JAN-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1985-02-02_054.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=2 February 1985|accessdate=5 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Vice Admiral Jain Takes Over Western Naval Command|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1986-JAN-JULY-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1986-02-26_121.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=26 February 1986|accessdate=5 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
|11
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Laxminarayan Ramdas]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM|VrC|VSM}}}}
|20 February 1986
|28 November 1987
|Later [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]].<ref>{{cite web|title=New Deputy Chief at Naval Headquarters|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1986-JAN-JULY-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1986-02-20_119.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=20 February 1986|accessdate=5 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
|12
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] R. P. Sawhney
|28 November 1987
|25 February 1989
|Later [[Fortress Commander, Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] and [[Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Southern Naval Command]].<ref>{{cite web|title=New Vice Chief of Navy, Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Southern Naval Command and Deputy Chief of Navy Announced|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1987-JULY-DEC-DEFENCE-/PDF/DEF-1987-11-28_153.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=28 November 1987|accessdate=5 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=New Vice Chief, FOC-in-C (East) and FOC-in-C (South) for Navy|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1989-JAN-JUNE-DEFENCE-I/PDF/DEF-1989-02-20_065.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=20 February 1989|accessdate=5 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
|13
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[KASZ Raju]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM|NM}}}}
|10 March 1989
|28 December 1990
|Later [[Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Southern Naval Command]] and [[Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Western Naval Command]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Vice-Admiral Raju Takes Over as Deputy Chief of Navy|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1989-JAN-JUNE-DEFENCE-I/PDF/DEF-1989-03-10_096.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=10 March 1989|accessdate=5 July 2020}}</ref><ref name="new_for"/>
|-
|14
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] B. Guha
|28 December 1990
|10 November 1992
|<ref name="new_for">{{cite web|title=New Vice Chief, Flag Officer Commanders-in-Chief and Deputy Chief for Indian Navy|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1990-JULY-DEC-DEFENCE-II/PDF/DEF-1990-12-28_181.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=28 December 1990|accessdate=5 July 2020}}</ref><ref name="new_deputy"/>
|-
|15
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Vishnu Bhagwat]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM}}}}
|10 November 1992
|31 December 1994
|Later [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]].<ref name="new_deputy">{{cite web|title=New Deputy Chief of Naval Staff|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1992-JAN-DEC-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1992-11-10_262.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=10 November 1992|accessdate=5 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Vice-Admiral Vishnu Bhagwat Takes Over as FOC-in-C, West|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1994-JAN-DEC-DEFENCE-/PDF/DEF-1994-12-31_440.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=31 December 1994|accessdate=5 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
|16
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] Avnish Rai Tandon {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM}}}}
|1 January 1995
|24 April 1996
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Top Appointments in the Indian Navy|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1995-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1995-01-05_007.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=5 January 1995|accessdate=5 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
|17
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Madhvendra Singh]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM}}}}
|24 April 1996
|30 October 1996
|Later [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]].<ref>{{cite web|title=New Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1996-JAN-JUNE-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1996-04-24_116.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=24 April 1996|accessdate=5 July 2020}}</ref><ref name="new_appts"/>
|-
|18
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] Vinod Pasricha
|30 October 1996
|28 February 1998
|<ref name="new_appts">{{cite web|title=New Naval Appointments Announced|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1996-JULY-DEC-DEFENCE-III/PDF/DEF-1996-10-30_155.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=30 October 1996|accessdate=5 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Top Naval Appointments Announced By the Government|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1998-JAN-JUNE-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1998-02-26_056.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=26 February 1998|accessdate=5 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
|19
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] Madanjit Singh
|March 1998
|March 1999
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Mandanjit Singh appointed flag office commander|url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/mandanjit-singh-appointed-flag-office-commander_42552.html|work=Zee News|date=21 May 2002}}</ref>
|-
|20
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] Harinder Singh
|March 1999
|November 2000
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Admiral Bhagwat Sacked|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/1998/98dec31/head1.htm|work=Tribune (Chandigarh)|date=30 December 1998}}</ref>
|-
|21
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] Raman Puri
|24 November 2000
|January 2002
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Appointments: Deputy Chief of Naval Staff|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/2000-OCT-DEC-MIN-OF-DEC/PDF/DEF-2000-11-24_111.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=24 November 2000|accessdate=4 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Vice Admiral Raman Puri appointed C-in-C, Eastern Naval command|url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/vice-admiral-raman-puri-appointed-cinc-eastern-naval-command_31068.html|work=Zee News|date=12 January 2002}}</ref>
|-
|22
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] S. V. Gopalachari
|January 2002
|August 2004
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Navy shifts officer on health grounds|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Navy-shifts-officer-on-health-grounds/articleshow/795569.cms|work=Times of India|date=30 July 2004}}</ref>
|-
|23
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Sureesh Mehta]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM}}}}
|August 2004
|27 September 2005
|Later [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Vice Admiral Sureesh Mehta, takes over as Foc-In-C East |website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive |date=1 October 2005}}</ref>
|-
|24
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Jagjit Singh Bedi]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|UYSM|AVSM|VSM}}}}
|27 September 2005
|24 July 2006
|Later [[Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Southern Naval Command]] and [[Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Western Naval Command]].<ref>{{cite news |title=New Deputy Chief for the Navy |website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive |date=27 September 2005}}</ref>
|-
|25
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] Raman P. Suthan {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM|VSM}}}}
|24 July 2006
|26 April 2007
|<ref name="anup"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Senior Naval Appointments Announced |website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive |date=19 March 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Vice Admiral Raman P Suthan, AVSM VSM appointed Foc-in-C East |website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive |date=19 April 2007}}</ref>
|-
|26
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] Anup Singh
|26 April 2007
|30 November 2009
|Later [[Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Eastern Naval Command]]<ref name="anup">{{cite news |title=Vice Admiral Anup Singh to take over as Deputy Chief of Naval Staff |website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive |date=23 April 2007}}</ref>
|-
|27
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Robin K. Dhowan]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM|YSM}}}}
|30 November 2009
|16 September 2011
|Later [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Vice Admiral RK Dhowan takes charge as new Deputy Chief of Naval Staff |website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive |date=30 November 2009}}</ref>
|-
|28
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Satish Soni]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM|NM}}}}
|16 September 2011
|29 May 2012
|Later [[Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Southern Naval Command]] and [[Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Eastern Naval Command]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Appointments |url=http://sainiksamachar.nic.in/englisharchives/2011/sep16-11/h17.htm |website=Sainik Samachar - Archive |date=16 September 2011}}</ref>
|-
|29
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Pradeep Kumar Chatterjee]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM|NM}}}}
|29 May 2012
|31 May 2014
|Later [[Commander-in-Chief, Andaman and Nicobar Command]].<ref name="pattanaik"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Vice Admiral Pradeep K Chatterjee takes over as Deputy Chief of Naval Staff - First ever Submariner Deputy Chief of Naval Staff |website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive |date=29 May 2012}}</ref>
|-
|30
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Rama Kant Pattanaik]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM|YSM}}}}
|31 May 2014
|31 October 2015
|<ref name="pattanaik">{{cite web |title=Vice Admiral RK Pattanaik is new DCNS |url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/vice-admiral-rk-pattanaik-new-dcns |website=Indian Navy |accessdate=4 July 2020 |date=31 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
|31
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Karambir Singh]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM}}}}
|31 October 2015
|6 June 2016
|Later [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]].<ref name="karambir">{{cite web |title=Vice Admiral Karambir Singh, AVSM,assumed charge as Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff |url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/vice-admiral-karambir-singh-avsmassumed-charge-deputy-chief-naval-staff |website=Indian Navy |accessdate=4 July 2020 |date=31 October 2015}}</ref>
|-
|32
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[G. Ashok Kumar]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM|VSM}}}}
|6 June 2016
|30 January 2019
|Later [[Vice Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Naval Staff]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Vice Admiral G Ashok Kumar, AVSM, VSM assumes charge as Deputy Chief of Naval Staff |url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/vice-admiral-g-ashok-kumar-avsm-vsm-assumes-charge-deputy-chief-naval-staff |website=Indian Navy |accessdate=4 July 2020 |date=6 June 2016}}</ref>
|-
|33
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Murlidhar Sadashiv Pawar]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM|VSM}}}}
|3 January 2019
|31 May 2021
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Vice Admiral MS Pawar, AVSM, VSM Assumes Charge as Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff (DCNS) |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=187876 |website=Indian Navy |accessdate=4 July 2020 |date=30 January 2019}}</ref>
|-
|34
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Ravneet Singh (vice admiral)|Ravneet Singh]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM|NM}}}}
|1 June 2021
|31 March 2022
|<ref name="bhs-290521">{{cite web|url=https://bharatshakti.in/big-reshuffle-in-naval-headquarters/|title=Big Reshuffle in Naval Headquarters|publisher=Bharat Shakti|date=2021-05-29}}</ref>
|-
|35
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Sanjay Mahindru]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM|NM}}}}
|1 April 2022
|30 September 2023
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-01 |title=Vice Admiral Sanjay Mahindru assumes charge as Deputy Chief of Naval Staff |url=https://theprint.in/india/vice-admiral-sanjay-mahindru-assumes-charge-as-deputy-chief-of-naval-staff/898861/ |access-date=2022-04-02 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|36
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Tarun Sobti]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|UYSM|AVSM|VSM}}}}
|1 October 2023
|Incumbent
|<ref name="DCNS">{{cite web |title=VICE ADMIRAL TARUN SOBTI, AVSM, VSM ASSUMED CHARGE AS DEPUTY CHIEF OF NAVAL STAFF |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1962592 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=1 October 2023}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]]
* [[Vice Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Naval Staff]]
* [[Deputy Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Deputy Chief of the Army Staff]]
* [[Deputy Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Deputy Chief of the Air Staff]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist |30em|group=n}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian Navy}}

[[Category:Indian Navy appointments]]
[[Category:Indian military appointments]]

Ponni (TV series)

2026-01-06T10:44:51Z

Murmupp:

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Ponni.jpeg
| caption =
| genre = [[Family film|Family]] [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| creator =
| writer = Sridharan K.A. Vijayan Yasir '''Dialogue''' Sivaram Kumar Santham George
| director = M Manoj Kumar (Episode 1-540) Neeravi Pandian (Episode 541-663)
| screenplay = Vijayan Rajesh (Episode 1-165) Priya Thambi (Episode 166-663)
| starring = Vaishnavi Sundar Sabari Nathan
| opentheme = ''Ponniyn Thirumurga'' by [[Sai Vignesh]] and [[Surmukhi Raman]]
| theme_music_composer = Ilayavannan
| editor = Tamil Selvan
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 663<ref>{{cite web |date=12 July 2023 |title=Popular TV show 'Ponni' completes 100 episodes|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/popular-tv-show-ponni-completes-100-episodes/articleshow/102098432.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=12 July 2023 |title=Popular TV show 'Ponni' completes 200 episodes|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/popular-tv-show-ponni-completes-200-episodes/articleshow/105293803.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref>
| list_episodes =
| cinematography =
| producer = Sivakanth
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = approx.20-22 minutes per episode
| company = Kanaa Productions
| first_aired = {{Start date|2023|03|27|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=y|2025|6|7}}
| network = [[Star Vijay]]
| related =
}}

'''''Ponni''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Tamil television drama|drama]] television series starring Vaishnavi Sundar, Sabari Nathan, Supergood Kannan and Reehana B and director by Manoj Kumar. The story is about a young woman named Ponni who is compelled to wed Shakthi. It describes how Sakthivel will accept her as a wife despite the fact that she has also faced challenges and sufferings.

It premiered on [[Star Vijay]] on 27 March 2023<ref>{{cite web |date=2023-02-23 |title=New Tamil TV Serial Ponni To Start Airing On Vijay TV Soon; Watch Promo Here |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/new-tamil-tv-serial-ponni-to-start-airing-on-vijay-tv-soon-watch-promo-here-7150957.html |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2023-02-22 |title=விஜய் டிவி-யின் புதிய சீரியல் பொன்னி! - கதைகளம் என்ன தெரியுமா? |url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/television-vijay-tv-ponni-serial-premiere-soon-vaishu-sundar-896882.html |website=tamil.news18.com |language=ta}}</ref> and ended with 663 episodes on 7 June 2025.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 June 2025 |title=Popular daily soap 'Ponni' concludes its remarkable journey after 663 Episodes|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/popular-daily-soap-ponni-concludes-its-remarkable-journey-after-663-episodes/articleshow/121706034.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref> And available on the digital platform [[Disney+ Hotstar]].<ref>{{cite web |date=10 May 2025 |title=Daily soap Ponni to go off-air soon|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/daily-soap-ponni-to-go-off-air-soon/articleshow/121050555.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
The story revolves around Ponni and her father, focusing on the deep love Ponni feels for her father, who is seriously ill. To take care of him, she decides to arrange her own marriage. Ponni’s mother died when she was young, so she has always been the main person looking after her father.

At the same time, we meet Sakthi and his family, who are well-known in their town for their devotion to the god Murugan and their beautiful chants during important events. Ponni and Sakthi are childhood friends, but they face pressure from society to marry according to tradition. Determined to make her own choice, Ponni disguises herself as a maid and joins Sakthi's household, where a mix of complicated relationships and love stories begin to unfold.

Sakthi is in love with two women, Preethi and Vennila. Eventually, he decides to marry, but things get complicated. Preethi leaves after her father insists on the dowry system, and Vennila also leaves when Sakthi admits he doesn't love her. Ponni, pushed into an unusual marriage, faces many challenges but handles them with strength, growing closer to Sakthi.

Sakthi's father, Chandrasekar, realizes Ponni’s situation and accepts her as part of the family. The family struggles with societal judgment, especially since people misunderstand Ponni because of her background and appearance.

Shivani, someone Ponni helped succeed, is incredibly grateful and becomes a key player in bringing Ponni and Sakthi together. Even though Sakthi doesn’t seem to care much at first, Shivani works behind the scenes to help Ponni find her place within the family.

The story reaches its emotional peak during a wedding celebration, where Sakthi is distracted and ends up rejecting Shivani. At the same time, Jeyalakshmi, who has to conduct the rituals alone because Ponni’s father is ill, faces her own set of difficulties. The heart of the story is about Ponni's journey to get married, overcoming societal obstacles, and finally gaining the approval of Jeyalakshmi, making for an emotionally charged and powerful ending.

==Cast==
===Main===
* Vaishnavi Sundar as Ponni
* Sabari Nathan as Sakthivel "Sakthi"

===Recurring ===
* [[Shamitha Shreekumar]] (2023)/ Sindhujaa Vijii (2023-2024)/ Reehana B (Jul.2024-2025) as Jayalakshmi "Jaya"
* Supergood Kannan as Chandrasekar
* Azhagu (2023)/Vincent Roy (2025) as Muthaiah
* Varun Udhai as Sundaram (Antagonist)
* Janane Prabhu as Bhavani
* Baby Vedhasya as Shivani
* Karthik Sasidharan as Shanmugam
* [[Sridevi Ashok]] as Usha (Antagonist turns Protagonist)
* Shiyara Sharmi (2023)/ Jayashri Jue (2023-2024)/ Kadhanayagi Pavithra (Oct.2024-2025) as Vennila (Main Antagonist)
* Tharshika (2023-2024)/ Sanjana Mani (Oct.2024-2025) as Preethi
* Sai Gopi as Muthukaalai (Antagonist)
* [[K. S. G. Venkatesh]] as Govindarajan (Antagonist)
* Maaran Chandrasekaran as ACP Kailash Tuyanathan (Antagonist)
* [[Mohan Vaidya (singer)|Mohan Vaidya]] as Thuyanathan (Antagonist)
* Jayashree Binuraj as Vijaya (Antagonist)
* [[Sethu Subbu]] as Vaithiyalingam (Antagonist)
* Babitha Jose as Usha's mother
* Sasindhar Pushpalingam as Victor (Antagonist)
* VJ Mohammed Azharuddin as Karthik
* [[Yuvanraj Nethrun]] as Moorthy (Antagonist) *died in 2024
* [[Praveen Devasagayam]] as Muthukaalai's henchman (Antagonist)

=== Special appearances ===
* Vetri Vasanth as [[Siragadikka Aasai (TV series)|Muthu]] (2024).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-24 |title=Vetri Vasanth to make a cameo appearance in 'Ponni' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/vetri-vasanth-to-make-a-cameo-appearance-in-ponni-exciting-news-for-fans/articleshow/107103208.cms |access-date=2024-10-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* [[Gomathi Priya]] as [[Siragadikka Aasai (TV series)|Meena]], (2024).
* [[Meera Krishna]] as Rajaamani Ponni's mother (dead, photogenic appearance)

==Production==
===Casting===
Vaishu Sundar<ref>{{cite web |date=2023-02-22 |title=Tamil TV serial 'Ponni' to premiere soon; here's what actress Vaishu Sundar has to say |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/tamil-tv-serial-ponni-to-premiere-soon-heres-what-actress-vaishu-sundar-has-to-say/articleshow/98143608.cms |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |language=en}}</ref> was cast as Ponni by making this her first lead role. Initially, Sameer Ahamathu was chosen to play male leads but he declined, as he got an offer to act in ''[[Modhalum Kaadhalum (TV series)|Modhalum Kaadhalum]]''. Later, Sabari Nathan plays the male lead alongside her. [[Shamitha Shreekumar]] was selected to portray the role of Jayalakshmi (Sakthivel's mother) who played an Main role,<ref>{{cite web |date=2023-02-18 |title=Ponni Serial on Vijay TV – Story, Hero, Heroine, Support Star Cast and Launch Date |url=https://www.indiantvinfo.com/ponni-serial-star-vijay/ |website=www.indiantvinfo.com |language=en}}</ref> but in November 2023 she quit the series,<ref>{{cite web |date=7 November 2023 |title=Actress Shamitha Geddada quits her show 'Ponni'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actress-shamitha-geddada-quits-her-show-ponni/articleshow/105035937.cms |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|language=en}}</ref> and it was replaced by Actress Sindhu.<ref>{{cite web |date=15 November 2023 |title=Actress Sindhu joins the cast of 'Ponni'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actress-sindhu-joins-the-cast-of-ponni/articleshow/105238902.cms|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|language=en}}</ref> It also marks Shamitha Shreekumar, who was last seen in ''[[Mouna Raagam (Tamil TV series)|Mouna Raagam season 1]]'' on the same channel, was cast after a lengthy absence.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-tv-serials/59474/Chinna-thirai-Television-News/Shamita-well-performaing-in-nagative-role-also.htm| title=Shamita well performing in nagative [sic] role also| date=22 May 2017|publisher=[[Dinamalar]]|access-date=22 May 2017}}</ref> However In 2 July 2024, Sindhu was replaced by Reehana who was cast to play the role of Jayalakshmi.<ref>{{cite web |date=19 June 2024 |title=Actress Reehana joins the cast of 'Ponni'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/ananda-ragam-actress-reehana-joins-the-cast-of-ponni/articleshow/111112177.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref>

In October 2023, Shiyara Sharmi<ref>{{cite web |date=12 October 2023 |title=Actress Shiyara Sharmi announces her exit from the TV show 'Ponni'; Jayashri Jue to replace her as Vennila?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actress-shiyara-sharmi-announces-her-exit-from-the-tv-show-ponni-jayashri-jue-to-replace-her-as-vennila/articleshow/104367691.cms|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|language=en}}</ref> was replaced by Jayashri Jue who was cast to play the role of Vennila.<ref>{{cite web |date=12 October 2023 |title=Television actress Jayashri Jue joins the cast of 'Ponni'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/television-actress-jayashri-jue-joins-the-cast-of-ponni/articleshow/104370646.cms|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|language=en}}</ref> In 26 January 2024, actor Vetri Vasanth was cast as special Appearances.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 January 2024 |title=Vetri Vasanth to make a cameo appearance in 'Ponni'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/vetri-vasanth-to-make-a-cameo-appearance-in-ponni-exciting-news-for-fans/articleshow/107103208.cms|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|language=en}}</ref> In June 2024, singer and actor [[Mohan Vaidya (singer)|Mohan Vaidya]] was cast as Thuyanathan in special Appearances.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 June 2024 |title=Did you know Ponni fame Mohan Vaidya was a playback singer once?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/did-you-know-ponni-fame-mohan-vaidya-was-a-playback-singer-once/articleshow/110818441.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref> In same month, anchor Azhar was cast as Karthik.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 June 2024 |title=Anchor Azhar joins the cast of 'Ponni'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/anchor-azhar-joins-the-cast-of-ponni/articleshow/111081673.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref>

==Release==
It began airing on Star Vijay starting 27 March 2023, replacing ''[[Namma Veetu Ponnu]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=TV show Namma Veetu Ponnu to go off-air soon|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/tv-show-namma-veetu-ponnu-to-go-off-air-soon/articleshow/98851979.cms|newspaper=The Times of India |date=21 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/ponni/1260136055 ''Ponni''] at [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
* {{IMDb title|tt27172928}}

{{STAR Vijay TV shows}}

[[Category:Star Vijay original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language melodrama television series]]
[[Category:2023 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language television series endings]]

Edakkode

2026-01-05T16:13:00Z

Murmupp:

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Edakkode
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|8.6654|N|76.8459|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = [[Chirayinkeezhu]]
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 12994
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 695104<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiapost.gov.in/pin/pinsearch.aspx|title=India Post :Pincode Search|access-date=2008-12-16}}</ref>
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#KL.E2.80.94Kerala|KL]]-
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

''' Edakkode''' is a village in [[Thiruvananthapuram district]] in the state of [[Kerala]], [[India]].<ref name="censusindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |title=Census of India : Villages with population 5000 & above |publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=2008-12-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208044522/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |archive-date=2008-12-08 }}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]], Edakkode had a population of 12994 with 5956 males and 7038 females.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Edakkode Census Town City Population Census 2011-2026 {{!}} Kerala |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/628477-edakkode-kerala.html |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref name="censusindia" />

{{Thiruvananthapuram district}} {{Thiruvananthapuram district settlements}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Thiruvananthapuram district]]

{{Thiruvananthapuram-geo-stub}}

Maharaja Institute of Technology Mysore

2026-01-04T23:21:58Z

Murmupp: Redirect article

#REDIRECT [[List of engineering colleges affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University#Private colleges]]
{{R from school}}

N. G. Krishna Murti

2026-01-02T15:54:12Z

Murmupp: new a pg...

{{Short description|Indian civil engineer (1910–1995)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = N. G. Krishna Murti
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1910|2|10}}
| birth_place = [[Bapatla]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|1995|2|24|1910|2|10|df=y}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.isrmtt.com/honorary-fellows-isrmtt/ |title=Honorary Fellows of ISRMTT |access-date=28 April 2020 |archive-date=8 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240608131539/https://www.isrmtt.com/honorary-fellows-isrmtt/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra, India
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Civil engineer
| yearsactive =
| known_for = {{ublist|[[Koyna Hydroelectric Project]]|[[Bhakra Dam]] Management Board}}
| awards = {{ublist|1963 [[Padma Shri]]|1972 [[Padma Bhushan]] }}
}}
'''Nori Gopala Krishna Murti''' (10 February 1910 – 24 February 1995) was an Indian civil engineer, known for his contributions for the implementation of [[Koyna Hydroelectric Project]]. He was the chairman of [[Bhakra Dam]] Management Board and the vice-chairman of the International Congress on Large Dams. The [[Government of India]] awarded him the [[Padma Shri]], the fourth highest civilian award, in 1963. He received the [[Padma Bhushan]], the third highest civilian award, in 1972.

==Biography==
[[File:Koynaa dam.jpg|thumb|left|Koyna dam]]
[[File:Bhakra Dam Aug 15 2008.JPG|thumb|Bhakra Dam]]
Krishna Murti was born on 16 February 1910 at [[Bapatla]] in the south Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] to Venkateswarlu Nori–Sundaramma couple and did his early education at Bapatla Board School.<ref name="NGK Murti">{{Cite web |url=https://www.geni.com/people/NGK-Murti/6000000012999608906 |title=NGK Murti |date=2018-05-28 |website=geni_family_tree |language=en-US |access-date=2018-05-28}}</ref> As a civil engineer in the Government service, he was involved in the development of a number of dams and airports in India.<ref name="KRISHNAMURTHY">{{cite book|author=KRISHNAMURTHY|title=IF YOU CAN DREAM|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iTejAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT44|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education|isbn=978-1-259-05871-4|pages=44–}}</ref> The most notable among his achievements was the designing, implementation and commissioning of [[Koyna Hydroelectric Project]].<ref name="The Innovator">{{Cite web |url=http://www.constructionworld.in/News.aspx?nId=3XZla9i7wmJKw83/CY9ZIQ==&NewsType=The-Innovator |title=The Innovator |date=2018-05-28 |website=Construction World Magazine India |access-date=2018-05-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710102048/http://www.constructionworld.in/News.aspx?nId=3XZla9i7wmJKw83%2FCY9ZIQ%3D%3D&NewsType=The-Innovator |archive-date=10 July 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He also served as the chairman of the Bhakranangal Dam Management Board and was the vice-chairman of the International Congress on Large Dams (ICLD) from 1969 to 1972.<ref name="ICOLD CIGB - Officers since Foundations">{{Cite web |url=http://www.icold-cigb.net/GB/icold/officers_since_foundations.asp |title=ICOLD CIGB - Officers since Foundations |date=2018-05-28 |website=www.icold-cigb.net |language=en |access-date=2018-05-28}}</ref>

Murti, who was married to Sundararamaratnam, died in 1995, at the age 85.<ref name="NGK Murti" /> Nori Pandurang Vithal, erstwhile chief commissioner of railway safety of the [[Indian Railways]] and Vasudev Nori, both civil engineers, were his sons.<ref name="The Innovator" />

== Awards and honors ==
Krishna Murti received the [[Padma Shri]], the fourth highest civilian award from the Government of India in 1963.<ref name="Padma Awards Directory (1954–2014">{{Cite web |url=http://mha.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/Year_Wise_main_25042017.pdf |title=Padma Awards Directory (1954–2014) |date=21 May 2014 |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs (India) |format=PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 |url-status=dead |access-date=22 March 2016 |pp=37–72}}</ref> The Government honored him again in 1972 with the third highest award of the [[Padma Bhushan]].<ref name="Padma Awards">{{Cite web |url=http://www.dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/ |title=Padma Awards |date=2018-05-17 |website=Padma Awards |publisher=Government of India |access-date=2018-05-17 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015000149/http://www.dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Hydroelectric power in India]]
* [[List of conventional hydroelectric power stations]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal|India}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/wcee/article/11_1710.PDF |title=Identification of System Parameters of Koyna Dam |date=2018-05-28 |website=IIT Kanpur |access-date=2018-05-28}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Civil Service}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1970–79}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Murti, N.G. Krishna}}
[[Category:1910 births]]
[[Category:1995 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in civil service]]
[[Category:Indian civil engineers]]
[[Category:People from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in civil service]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian engineers]]

List of colleges affiliated to the Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow

2025-12-27T06:42:04Z

Murmupp: new a pg...

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2021}}
{{as of|2018}}, [[Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University]] (AKTU), formerly '''Uttar Pradesh Technical University''', has a total of 592 institutes affiliated to it located across 55 [[List of districts of Uttar Pradesh|districts]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Know your college-AKTU|url=http://kyc.aktu.ac.in/|publisher=[[Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University]]|accessdate=29 July 2018}}</ref> [[Lucknow district]] has the higher number of colleges (80), followed by [[Ghaziabad district, Uttar Pradesh|Ghaziabad]] (63), [[Gautam Buddha Nagar district|Gautam Buddha Nagar]] (56), [[Meerut district|Meerut]] (55) and [[Kanpur Nagar district|Kanpur Nagar]] (41), the five districts together accounting for almost half (295) the total number of colleges.<ref>{{Cite web |title=List Of Affiliated Institute |url=https://aktu.ac.in/List-affiliation-institute.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413085606/https://aktu.ac.in/list-affiliation-institute.html |archive-date=13 April 2023 |access-date=3 September 2023}}</ref>

The university has three constituent colleges, three associated colleges and three colleges which have been granted autonomous status.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aktu.ac.in/pdf/annualreport2017.pdf|title=Annual Report 2017|publisher=AKTU|accessdate=5 August 2018}}</ref>

== Colleges by city ==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!District !! City !! Number of colleges 753
|-
|| [[Agra district]] || [[Agra]] || 19
|-
|| [[Aligarh district]] || [[Aligarh]] || 11
|-
|| [[Allahabad district]] || [[Allahabad]] || 22
|-
|| [[Ambedkar Nagar district]] || [[Akbarpur, Ambedkar Nagar|Akbarpur]] || 1
|-
|| [[Amethi district]] || [[Amethi]] || 2
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Amroha district]] || [[Amroha]] || 7
|-
|| [[Gajraula]] || 2
|-
|| [[Azamgarh district]] || [[Azamgarh]] || 6
|-
|| [[Baghpat district]] || [[Baghpat]] || 4
|-
|| [[Ballia district]] || [[Ballia]] || 1
|-
|| [[Balrampur district, Uttar Pradesh|Balrampur district]] || [[Balrampur]] || 1
|-
|| [[Banda district (India)|Banda district]] || [[Banda, Uttar Pradesh|Banda]] || 2
|-
|| [[Barabanki district]] || [[Barabanki city|Barabanki]] || 13
|-
|| [[Bareilly district]] || [[Bareilly]] || 26
|-
|| [[Bhadohi district]] || [[Bhadohi]] || 1
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[Bijnor district]]||[[Bijnor]]|| 10
|-
|| [[Dhampur]] || 1
|-
|| [[Najibabad]] || 1
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Bulandshahr district]] || [[Bulandshahr]] || 9
|-
|| [[Khurja]] || 2
|-
|| [[Etawah district]] || [[Etawah]] || 4
|-
|| [[Faizabad district]] || [[Faizabad]] || 3
|-
|| [[Farrukhabad district]] || [[Farrukhabad]] || 2
|-
|| [[Fatehpur district]] || [[Fatehpur, Uttar Pradesh|Fatehpur]] || 3
|-
|| [[Firozabad district]] || [[Firozabad]] || 1
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[Gautam Buddha Nagar district]] || [[Dadri]] || 4
|-
|| [[Greater Noida]] || 47
|-
|| [[Noida]] || 5
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[Ghaziabad district, India|Ghaziabad district]] || [[Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh|Ghaziabad]] || 49
|-
|| [[Modinagar]] || 11
|-
|| [[Muradnagar]] || 3
|-
|| [[Ghazipur district]] || [[Ghazipur]] || 3
|-
|| [[Gonda district]] || [[Gonda, Uttar Pradesh|Gonda]] || 5
|-
|| [[Gorakhpur district]] || [[Gorakhpur]] || 10
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Hapur district]] ||[[Garhmukteshwar]]|| 1
|-
||[[Hapur]]|| 3
|-
|| [[Hardoi district]] || [[Hardoi]] || 1
|-
|| [[Hathras district]] || [[Hathras]] || 1
|-
|| [[Jaunpur district]] || [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]] || 4
|-
|| [[Jhansi district]] || [[Jhansi]] || 8
|-
|| [[Kannauj district]] || [[Kannauj]] || 1
|-
|| [[Kanpur Nagar district|Kanpur district]] || [[Kanpur]] || 47
|-
|| [[Kanpur Dehat district]] || Kanpur Dehat || 6
|-
|| [[Kanshiram Nagar district|Kasganj district]] || [[Kasganj]] || 1
|-
|| [[Kaushambi district]] || Kaushambi || 5
|-
|| [[Lalitpur district, India|Lalitpur district]] || [[Lalitpur, India|Lalitpur]] || 2
|-
|| [[Lucknow district]] || [[Lucknow]] || 80
|-
|| [[Maharajganj district]] || [[Mahrajganj, Uttar Pradesh|Maharajganj]] || 3
|-
|| [[Mainpuri district]] || [[Mainpuri]] || 1
|-
|| [[Mathura district]] || [[Mathura]] || 20
|-
|| [[Mau district]] || [[Mau, Uttar Pradesh|Mau]] || 1
|-
|| [[Meerut district]] || [[Meerut]] || 55
|-
|| [[Mirzapur district]] || [[Mirzapur]] || 3
|-
|| [[Moradabad district]] || [[Moradabad]] || 9
|-
|| [[Muzaffarnagar district]] || [[Muzaffarnagar]] || 8
|-
| [[Raebareli district]] || [[Raebareli]] || 2
|-
|| [[Rampur district]] || [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh|Rampur]] || 1
|-
|| [[Saharanpur district]] || [[Saharanpur]] || 13
|-
|| [[Shahjahanpur district]] || [[Shahjahanpur]] || 3
|-
|| [[Sitapur district]] || [[Sitapur]] || 3
|-
|| [[Sonbhadra district]] || Sonbhadra || 1
|-
|| [[Sultanpur district]] || [[Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh|Sultanpur]] || 6
|-
|| [[Unnao district]] || [[Unnao]] || 7
|-
|| [[Varanasi district]] || [[Varanasi]] || 17
|-
!scope="row" colspan="2"|Total || 597
|}

==List of colleges==

===Agra===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! S.No !! Institute Code !! Name of College
|-
|| 1
|| 001
|| [[Anand Engineering College, Agra|Anand Engineering College, Artoni]]
|-
|| 2
|| 002
|| Faculty of Engineering & Technology, [[Agra College]]
|-
|| 3
|| 004
|| Raja Balwant Singh Engineering Technical Campus
|-
|| 4
|| 005
|| Raja Balwant Singh Management Technical Campus
|-
|| 5
|| 006
|| Agra Public Institute of Technology & Computer Education, Artoni
|-
|| 6
|| 243
|| College of Pharmacy, Jakhoda
|-
|| 7
|| 244
|| Anand College of Pharmacy
|-
|| 8
|| 324
|| Anjali College of Pharmacy & Science Etmadpur
|-
|| 9
|| 338
|| K.P. Engineering College, Etmadpur
|-
|| 10
|| 394
|| College of Business Studies, Sikandara
|-
|| 11
|| 448
|| Neelam College of Engineering & Technology, Kirawali
|-
|| 12
|| 547
|| Chaudhary Beeri Singh College of Engineering & Management, Near Peeli Pokhar, Teh.- Etmadpur
|-
|| 13
|| 617
|| Uttam Institute of Management Studies, Runakta, Kirawali Road
|-
|| 14
|| 659
|| Heritage Institute of Hotel & Tourism
|-
|| 15
|| 697
|| Agra Public College of Technology & Management
|-
|| 16
|| 706
|| Agra Vansthali Mahavidyalaya
|-
|| 17
|| 798
|| Anand college of Architecture
|-
|| 18
|| 799
|| ACE College of Engineering & Management, Etmadpura
|-
|| 19
|| 812
|| CBS College of Management
|}

===Akbarpur===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! S.No !! Institute Code !! Name of College
|-
|| 1
|| 737
| Rajkiya Engineering College, Ambedkar Nagar
|}

===Aligarh===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! S.No !! Institute Code !! Name of College
|-
|| 1
|| 007
|| [[Shivadan Singh Institute of Technology and Management]]
|-
|| 2
|| 109
|| Aligarh College of Engineering & Technology
|-
|| 3
|| 175
|| Al Barkat Institute of Management Studies
|-
|| 4
|| 234
|| Aligarh College of Pharmacy
|-
|| 5
|| 339
|| ACN College of Engineering & Management Studies, Kasimpur Road, VIll.- Cherrat
|-
|| 6
|| 340
|| Vivekanand College of Technology & Management, Near Khair Road
|-
|| 7
|| 341
|| Institute of Technology & Management, Aligarh-Palwal-Delhi Road, Karsua
|-
|| 8
|| 518
|| SSLD Varshney Engineering College, Aligarh - Kanpur G.T. Road
|-
|| 9
|| 524
|| Vision Institute of Technology, Shahpur Madrak
|-
|| 10
|| 689
|| Institute of Information Management & Technology
|-
|| 11
|| 708
|| SSLD Varshney Institute of Management & Engineering
|}

===Allahabad===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! S.No !! Institute Code !! Name of College
|-
|| 1
|| 010
|| United College of Engineering & Research
|-
|| 2
|| 011
|| United Institute of Management
|-
|| 3
|| 110
|| Institute of Engineering & Rural Technology
|-
|| 4
|| 138
|| B.B.S.College of Engineering and Technology
|-
|| 5
|| 155
|| Ewing Christian Institute of Management & Technology
|-
|| 6
|| 162
|| Shambhunath Institute of Engg. & Technology
|-
|| 7
|| 241
|| Shambhunath Institute of Pharmacy
|-
|| 8
|| 283
|| LDC Institute of Technical Studies
|-
|| 9
|| 284
|| United Institute of Technology
|-
|| 10
|| 315
|| United Institute of Pharmacy, United College of Engg. & Research
|-
|| 11
|| 342
|| United College of Engineering & Management
|-
|| 12
|| 411
|| H.M.F.A.Memorial Institute of Engineering & Technology
|-
|| 13
|| 461
|| Chatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj College of Engineering and Technology
|-
|| 14
|| 575
|| Malti Memorial Trusts CSM "group of Institutions", Faculty of B. Pharmacy
|-
|| 15
|| 576
|| Faculty of Management, CSM Group of Institutions
|-
|| 16
|| 625
|| Sanskar College of Management & Computer Application
|-
|| 17
|| 643
|| Abhay Memorial Trust Group of Institutions
|-
|| 18
|| 657
|| Krishnarpit Institute of Pharmacy
|-
|| 19
|| 661
|| Krishnarpit Institute of Management & Technology
|-
|| 20
|| 688
|| Devprayag Institute of Management
|-
|| 21
|| 727
|| Shambhunath Institute of Management
|-
|| 22
|| 740
|| Prayag Institute of Technology & Management
|}

===Amethi===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! S.No !! Institute Code !! Name of College
|-
|| 1
|| 167
|| Rajarshi Rananjay Singh College of Pharmacy
|-
|| 2
|| 383
|| Rajarshi Rananjay Singh Institute of Management & Technology
|}

=== Amroha district ===

==== Amroha ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! S.No !! Institute Code !! Name of College
|-
|| 1
|| 256
|| DNS College of Engineering & Technology, Didoli
|-
|| 2
|| 493
|| Maharaja Agrasen College of Engineering & Technology, Dhanaura
|-
|| 3
|| 647
|| Indraprasth Institute of Technology
|-
|| 4
|| 780
|| Landmark Technical Campus Didauli
|-
|| 5
|| 815
|| Amani Group of Institutions, Amroha
|-
|| 6
|| 859
|| Mesco Institute of Pharmacy
|-
|| 7
|| 886
|| Yogendra Nath Saxena College of Pharmacy & Research
|}

==== Gajraula ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! S.No !! Institute Code !! Name of College
|-
|| 1
|| 726
|| Institute of Management & Science
|-
|| 2
|| 825
|| IMS
|}

=== Azamgarh ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! S.No !! Institute Code !! Name of College
|-
|| 1
|| 012
|| Pharmacy College
|-
|| 2
|| 233
|| R.K Pharmacy College
|-
|| 3
|| 455
|| Navneet College of Technology & Management
|-
|| 4
|| 535
|| Rajendra Prasad College of Management
|-
|| 5
|| 736
|| Rajkiya Engineering College, Azamgarh
|-
|| 6
|| 860
|| RAHUL SANKRITYAYAN COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
|}

===Baghpat===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! S.No !! Institute Code !! Name of College
|-
|| 1
|| 013
|| Shri Gopichand College of Pharmacy
|-
|| 2
|| 542
|| Shri Krishan College of Engineering, Singhawali Ahir
|-
|| 3
|| 800
|| [[JagMohan Institute of Management and Technology]], Khekada
|-
|| 4
|| 861
|| SARAS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
|}

===Ballia===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! S.No !! Institute Code !! Name of College
|-
||1
|| 764
|| Smt.Fulehra Smarak College of Pharmacy
|}

===Balrampur===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! S.No !! Institute Code !! Name of College
|-
||1
|| 261
|| Shakti College of Pharmacy, Dulhinpur
|}

===Banda===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! S.No !! Institute Code !! Name of College
|-
|| 1
|| 139
|| Kali Charan Nigam Institute of Technology
|-
|| 2
|| 734
|| [[Rajkiya Engineering College, Banda]]
|}

===Barabanki===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! S.No !! Institute Code !! Name of College
|-
|| 1
|| 141
|| Sagar Institute of Technology & Management
|-
|| 2
|| 269
|| Sherwood College of Pharmacy
|-
|| 3
|| 281
|| Sherwood College of Engineering Research & Technology
|-
|| 4
|| 301
|| Sagar Institute of Technology & Management Department of Pharmacy
|-
|| 5
|| 345
|| Seth Vishambhar Nath Institute of Engineering & Technology
|-
|| 6
|| 447
|| Gokaran Narvadeshwar Institute of Technology & Management
|-
|| 7
|| 545
|| Jahangirabad Educational Trust's Group of Institutions, Faculty of Engineering
|-
|| 8
|| 599
|| Jahangirabad Educational Trust's Group of Institutions, Faculty of Management
|-
|| 9
|| 669
|| Seth Vishambhar Nath Institute of Management Studies & Research
|-
|| 10
|| 862
|| Seth Vishambhar Nath Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
|-
|| 11
|| 863
|| Seth Vishambhar Nath Institute of Pharmacy
|-
|| 12
|| 864
|| TRC MAHAVIDYALAYA, DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACY
|-
|| 13
|| 865
|| AUROUS INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT
|}

===Bareilly===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! S.No !! Institute Code !! Name of College
|-
|| 1
|| 014
|| Shri Ram Murti Smarak College of Engineering & Technology
|-
|| 2
|| 016
|| Rakshpal Bahadur Management Institute
|-
|| 3
|| 142
|| Khandelwal College of Management Science and Technology
|-
|| 4
|| 169
|| Rakshpal Bahadur College of Pharmacy
|-
|| 5
|| 319
|| Rakshpal Bahadur College of Engineering & Technology
|-
|| 6
|| 450
|| Shri Ram Murti Smarak College of Engineering, Technology & Research
|-
|| 7
|| 474
|| Shri Siddhi Vinayak Institute of Technology
|-
|| 8
|| 475
|| Shri Jeet Ram Smarak Institute of Engg. and Technology
|-
|| 9
|| 476
|| Future Institute of Engineering & Technology
|-
|| 10
|| 479
|| Rajshree Institute of Management & Technology
|-
|| 11
|| 486
|| A.N.A. College of Engineering & Management
|-
|| 12
|| 566
|| Future Institute of Management and Technology
|-
|| 13
|| 595
|| Srajan Institute of Management & Technology
|-
|| 14
|| 597
|| Khandelwal College of Architecture & Design
|-
|| 15
|| 604
|| Prem Prakash Gupta Institute of Management
|-
|| 16
|| 635
|| Jyoti College of Management Science and Technology
|-
|| 17
|| 653
|| Prem Prakash Gupta Institute of Engineering
|-
|| 18
|| 687
|| ANA College of Management Studies
|-
|| 19
|| 703
|| Shri Siddhi Vinayak Institute of Management
|-
|| 20
|| 757
|| Utkarsh College of Management Education
|-
|| 21
|| 760
|| Lotus Institute of Management
|-
|| 22
|| 827
|| Mascot Institute of Management
|-
|| 23
|| 850
|| Future Institute of Pharmacy
|-
|| 24
|| 866
|| A.N.A Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research
|-
|| 25
|| 867
|| S.R. INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY
|-
|| 26
|| 868
|| STELLER INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY
|}

===Bhadohi===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! S.No !! Institute Code !! Name of College
|-
|| 1
|| 112
|| Indian Institute of Carpet Technology
|}

=== Bijnor district ===

==== Bijnor ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! S.No !! Institute Code !! Name of College
|-
|| 1
|| 017
|| [[Veera College of Engineering|Kunwar Satya Vira College of Engineering & Management]]
|-
|| 2
|| 210
|| Vivek College of Technical Education
|-
|| 3
|| 438
|| Vivek College of Management & Technology
|-
|| 4
|| 481
|| KLS institute oF Engineering & Technology, Vill- Khudaheri, Bijnor -Hardwar Road
|-
|| 5
|| 499
|| Veer Kunwar Institute of Technology
|-
|| 6
|| 501
|| R.V. Institute of Technology
|-
|| 7
|| 735
|| [[Rajkiya Engineering College, Bijnor]]
|-
|| 8
|| 844
|| Janta College of Pharmacy
|-
|| 9
|| 845
|| Krishna Pharmacy College
|-
|| 10
|| 869
|| Krishna Institute
|}

==== Dhampur ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! S.No !! Institute Code !! Name of College !! Fields of study
|-
|| 1
|| 306
|| Disha Institute of Science & Technology, Dhampur
|| Management, Computer Science<ref>{{cite web|url=https://erp.aktu.ac.in/WebPages/KYC/CollegeDetailedInformation.aspx?Inst=306|title=Disha Institute of Science and Technology, Bijnaur - Know your college - AKTU|publisher=AKTU|accessdate=29 July 2018}}</ref>
|}

====Najibabad====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! S.No !! Institute Code !! Name of College !! Fields of Study
|-
|| 1
|| 480
|| North India Institute of Technology
|| Engineering, Management<ref>{{cite web|url=https://erp.aktu.ac.in/WebPages/KYC/CollegeDetailedInformation.aspx?Inst=480#courses|title=North India Institute of Technology, Bijnaur - Know your college - AKTU|publisher=AKTU|accessdate=29 July 2018}}</ref>
|}

=== Bulandshahr district ===

==== Bulandshahr ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! S.No !! Institute Code !! Name of College
|-
|| 1
|| 018
|| [[Babu Banarsi Das Institute of Engineering Technology & Research Centre]]
|-
|| 2
|| 019
|| Marathwada Institute of Technology
|-
|| 3
|| 395
|| V.Tech Institute Of Integrated Technology
|-
|| 4
|| 671
|| Brahmanand Group of Institutions
|-
|| 5
|| 785
|| G & R Institute of Management and Technology
|-
|| 6
|| 790
|| School of Business Management and Technology, Khurja Road
|-
|| 7
|| 806
|| Brahmanand Institute of Research Technology & Management
|-
|| 8
|| 870
|| D.N. College
|-
|| 9
|| 871
|| Hillwood Medical School
|}

==== Khurja ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! S.No !! Institute Code !! Name of College
|-
|| 1
|| 710
|| Ch. Harchand Singh College of Management
|-
|| 2
|| 741
|| J.K. Institute of Pharmacy and Management, Khurja
|}

===Etawah===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! S.No !! Institute Code !! Name of College
|-
|| 1
|| 171
|| Shri R.L.T. Institute of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology
|-
|| 2
|| 236
|| Sri Madan Lal Institute of Pharmacy
|-
|| 3
|| 265
|| Sir Madan Lal Institute of Management
|-
|| 4
|| 603
|| Shri RLT Institute of Management
|}

===Faizabad===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! S.No !! Institute Code !! Name of College
|-
||1
|| 026
|| Faculty of Management, Jhunjhunwala Degree College
|-
|| 2
|| 743
|| Bhavdiya Institute of Business Management
|-
|| 3
|| 851
|| Bhavdiya Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research
|}

===Farrukhabad===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! S.No !! Institute Code !! Name of College
|-
|| 1
|| 759
|| Dr. Om Prakash Institute of Management & Technology
|-
|| 2
|| 872
|| Dr. Om Prakash School Of Pharmacy
|}

===Fatehpur===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! S.No !! Institute Code !! Name of College
|-
|| 1
|| 456
|| Pratap College of Management, Vill.Sindhav
|-
|| 2
|| 590
|| Trivedi Institute of Management & Technology
|-
|| 3
|| 873
|| Shiv Bali Singh Group of Educational and Training Institute College of Pharmacy
|}

===Firozabad===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! S.No !! Institute Code !! Name of College
|-
|| 1
|| 541
|| Dushyant college of pharmacy
|}

=== Gautam Buddha Nagar district ===

==== Dadri ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! S.No !! Institute Code !! Name of College
|-
|| 1
|| 096
|| [[Vishveshwarya Institute of Engineering and Technology|Vishveshwarya Group of Institutions]]
|-
|| 2
|| 204
|| R.V. Northland Institute
|-
|| 3
|| 286
|| [[Vishveshwarya Institute of Technology]]
|-
|| 4
|| 533
|| R.V. Northland Institute of Management
|}

==== Greater Noida ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! S.No !! Institute Code !! Name of College
|-
|| 1
|| 088
|| Apeejay Institute of Technology, School of Architecture & Planning
|-
|| 2
|| 090
||IEC College of Engineering and Technology
|-
|| 3
|| 093
|| Ram-Eesh Institute of Vocational and Technical Education
|-
|| 4
|| 094
|| Galgotias Institute of Management & Technology
|-
|| 5
|| 097
||Galgotias College of Engineering and Technology
|-
|| 6
|| 099
|| Harlal Institute of Management & Technology
|-
|| 7
|| 132
|| Greater Noida Institute of Technology
|-
|| 8
|| 133
||Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology
|-
|| 9
|| 150
||IILM College of Engineering and Technology
|-
|| 10
|| 151
|| Global Institute of Information Technology
|-
|| 11
|| 152
||Mangalmay Institute of Engineering & Technology
|-
|| 12
|| 153
|| Sky line Institute of Engineering & Technology
|-
|| 13
|| 172
|| Lloyd Institute of Management & Technology
|-
|| 14
|| 192
||GL Bajaj Institute of Technology and Management
|-
|| 15
|| 193
||United College of Engineering and Research
|-
|| 16
|| 211
|| Rakshpal Bahadur Management Institute
|-
|| 17
|| 212
|| United Institute of Management
|-
|| 18
|| 214
|| H.I.M.T. College of Pharmacy
|-
|| 19
|| 216
|| IIMT College of Engineering
|-
|| 20
|| 222
||I.T.S. Engineering College
|-
|| 21
|| 225
||[[Accurate Institute of Management and Technology]]
|-
|| 22
|| 227
|| Innovative College of Pharmacy
|-
|| 23
|| 230
||[[Dronacharya Group of Institutions]]
|-
|| 24
|| 238
|| NIMT Institute of Hospital & Pharma Management
|-
|| 25
|| 247
|| I.I.M.T. College of Pharmacy
|-
|| 26
|| 272
|| Greater Noida Institute of Technology (MBA Institute)
|-
|| 27
|| 273
|| Noida Institute of Engineering & Technology (MCA Institute)
|-
|| 28
|| 277
|| Patronage Institute of Management Studies
|-
|| 29
|| 295
|| B.B.S. Institute of Pharmaceutical & Allied Science
|-
|| 30
|| 323
|| Spectrum Institute of Pharmaceutical Science & Research
|-
|| 31
|| 492
|| KCC Institute of Technology and Management
|-
|| 32
|| 588
|| Prince Institute of Innovative Technology
|-
|| 33
|| 654
|| Sarvottam Institute of Technology & Management
|-
|| 34
|| 663
|| KCC Institute of Management
|-
|| 35
|| 681
|| Lloyd Business School
|-
|| 36
|| 686
|| Accurate Institute of Advanced Management
|-
|| 37
|| 692
|| Sky Line Institute of Management & Technology
|-
|| 38
|| 717
|| FMG Academy Group of Institutions
|-
|| 39
|| 786
|| Mangalmay Institute of Engineering and Technology, Knowledge Park
|-
|| 40
|| 801
|| G.L Bajaj Institute of Management and Research
|-
|| 41
|| 803
|| Greater Noida Institute of Business Management
|-
|| 42
|| 805
|| Accurate Institute of Architercture & Panning
|-
|| 43
|| 810
|| Greater Noida College of Technology
|-
|| 44
|| 852
|| Metro College of Health Sciences & Research
|-
|| 45
|| 874
|| Ch. Charan Singh College of Pharmacy
|-
|| 46
|| 875
|| Skyline Institute of Pharmacy
|-
|| 47
|| 876
|| Maharishi Institute of Management
|}

==== Noida ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! S.No !! Institute Code !! Name of College
|-
|| 1
|| 091
||[[JSSATE Noida|J.S.S. Academy of Technical Education]]
|-
|| 2
|| 095
|| Mahatma Gandhi Mission College of Engineering & Technology
|-
|| 3
|| 098
|| Institute of Management Studies
|-
|| 4
|| 733
|| Hierank Business School
|-
|| 5
|| 857
||[[U.P. Institute of Design, Noida]]
|}

===Ghaziabad district===

==== Ghaziabad ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! S.No !! Institute Code !! Name of College
|-
|| 1
|| 027
||Ajay Kumar Garg Engineering College
|-
|| 2
|| 028
||Ideal Institute of Technology
|-
|| 3
|| 030
||Indraprastha Engineering College
|-
|| 4
|| 032
||ABES Engineering College
|-
|| 5
|| 033
||[[Raj Kumar Goel Institute of Technology]]
|-
|| 6
|| 035
|| Babu Banarasi Das Institute of Technology, Duhai
|-
|| 7
|| 036
||Institute of Management Studies, Ghaziabad
|-
|| 8
|| 037
|| Institute of Management Education
|-
|| 9
|| 038
|| Institute of Technology & Science, Mohan Nagar
|-
|| 10
|| 039
||Institute of Management and Research
|-
|| 11
|| 113
|| Integrated Academy of Management & Technology{[[inmantec]]}
|-
|| 12
|| 114
|| Institute of Professional Excellence & Management
|-
|| 13
|| 116
||Jaipuria institute of management
|-
|| 14
|| 117
|| Ram Chameli Chaddha Vishwas Girls College
|-
|| 15
|| 143
||[[IMS Engineering College]]
|-
|| 16
|| 161
|| Krishna Engineering College
|-
|| 17
|| 194
|| H.R. Institute of Technology, Morta
|-
|| 18
|| 215
|| Sanskar College of Engineering & Technology
|-
|| 19
|| 220
||Hi-Tech Institute of Engineering & Technology
|-
|| 20
|| 223
|| Viveknanad Institute of Technology & Science, Jindal Nagar
|-
|| 21
|| 231
|| R.D. Engineering College, Duhai
|-
|| 22
|| 237
|| H.R. Institute of Hotel Management, Morta
|-
|| 23
|| 240
|| Sunderdeep Engineering College, Dasna
|-
|| 24
|| 245
|| H.R. Institute of Pharmacy, Morta
|-
|| 25
|| 259
|| Sunderdeep Pharmacy College, Dasna
|-
|| 26
|| 290
||ABES Institute of Technology
|-
|| 27
|| 326
|| Sunder Deep College of Hotel Management, Dasna
|-
|| 28
|| 327
|| Sunder Deep College of Architecture, Dasna
|-
|| 29
|| 331
|| Devender Singh Institute of Technology & Management
|-
|| 30
|| 333
|| Raj Kumar Goel Institute of Technology & Management
|-
|| 31
|| 334
|| Rishi Chadha Vishvas Girls Institute of Technology for Women
|-
|| 32
|| 389
|| Oxford College of Pharmacy, Mussori-Gulawati, NTPC Road
|-
|| 33
|| 412
|| Aryan Institute of Technology, Jindal Nagar
|-
|| 34
|| 414
|| Bhagwati Institute of Technology and Science, Masuri
|-
|| 35
|| 579
|| HLM College, 11 km. Delhi-Meerut Road
|-
|| 36
|| 622
|| Modern Institute of Technology and Management, Duhai
|-
|| 37
|| 645
|| Ideal Institute of Management and Technology
|-
|| 38
|| 679
|| ITERC College of Management
|-
|| 39
|| 783
|| R.D. Engineering College Research Center, Duhai
|-
|| 40
|| 792
|| Institute of Advanced Management and Research
|-
|| 41
|| 796
|| Adhunik College of Engineering, Duhai
|-
|| 42
|| 797
|| Adhunik Institute of Productivity Management and Research
|-
|| 43
|| 802
|| Nitra Technical Campus
|-
|| 44
|| 820
|| Ajay Kumar Garg Institute of Management
|-
|| 45
|| 826
|| Sanskar College of Architecture & Planning
|-
|| 46
|| 834
|| Integrated Academy of management & Technology
|-
|| 47
|| 836
|| Bhagwant Institute of Technology
|-
|| 48
|| 846
|| Sanskar College of Pharmacy & Research
|-
|| 49
|| 877
|| BBDIT COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
|}

==== Modinagar ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! S.No !! Institute Code !! Name of College
|-
|| 1
|| 077
||Dr. K.N.Modi institute of Engineering & Technology
|-
|| 2
|| 078
|| Dr. K.N. Modi Institute of Pharmaceutical Science & Research
|-
|| 3
|| 079
|| Unique Institute of Management & Technology
|-
|| 4
|| 195
|| KNGD Modi Engineering College
|-
|| 5
|| 226
|| D.J.College of Engineering & Technology
|-
|| 6
|| 445
|| Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute
|-
|| 7
|| 449
|| K.S. Jain Institute of Engineering & Technology
|-
|| 8
|| 507
|| R.D. Foundations Group of Institutions, Faculty of Engineering, Kadrabad
|-
|| 9
|| 587
|| RD Foundation's Group of Institutions, Faculty of Management
|-
|| 10
|| 878
|| D.J. College of Pharmacy
|-
|| 11
|| 879
|| Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia College of Pharmacy
|}

==== Muradnagar ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! S.No !! Institute Code !! Name of College
|-
|| 1
|| 029
||Krishna Institute of Engineering and Technology
|-
|| 2
|| 170
|| I.T.S. College of Pharmacy
|-
|| 3
|| 199
|| KIET School of Pharmacy
|}

===Ghazipur===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! S.No !! Institute Code !! Name of College
|-
|| 1
|| 040
|| Technical Education & Research Institute
|-
|| 2
|| 880
|| Lutawan Institute of Pharmacy
|-
|| 3
|| 881
|| Satyadeo College of Pharmacy
|}

===Gonda===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! S.No !! Institute Code !! Name of College
|-
|| 1
|| 041
|| Acharya Narendra Dev College of Pharmacy
|-
|| 2
|| 118
|| Nandani Nagar Mahavidayala College of Pharmacy
|-
|| 3
|| 390
|| K.R.S. College of Pharmacy
|-
|| 4
|| 403
|| K.R.S. College of Management
|-
|| 5
|| 752
|| Nandini Nagar Technical Campus
|}

===Gorakhpur===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! S.No !! Institute Code !! Name of College
|-
|| 1
|| 120
|| [[Institute of Technology & Management, Gorakhpur|Institute of Technology & Management]]
|-
|| 2
|| 408
|| Chandra Mauli Institute of Management Sciences & Technology
|-
|| 3
|| 490
|| Suyash Institute of Information Technology
|-
|| 4
|| 516
|| Kailash Institute of Pharmacy & Management
|-
|| 5
|| 517
|| KIPM College of Management
|-
|| 6
|| 525
|| Buddha Institute of Technology
|-
|| 7
|| 571
|| Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Pooja College of Pharmacy
|-
|| 8
|| 751
|| KIPM College of Engineering & Technology
|-
|| 9
|| 766
|| Purvanchal Institute of Architecture & Design, Gida<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.purvanchalinstitute.org|title=Welcome to Purvanchal Institute of Architecture and Design|publisher=Purvanchal Institute of Architecture & Design|accessdate=29 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
|| 10
|| 882
|| tahira institute of medical sciences
|}

===Hapur district===

==== Garhmukteshwar ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! S.No !! Institute Code !! Name of College
|-
|| 1
|| 413
|| Vedant Institute of Management & Technology
|}

====Hapur====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! S.No !! Institute Code !! Name of College
|-
|| 1
|| 224
|| Lord Krishna College of Engineering, Pilkhuwa
|-
|| 2
|| 330
|| Saraswati Institute of Engineering & Technology, Pilkhuwa
|-
|| 3
|| 705
|| JMS Group of Institutions
|}

===Hardoi===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! S.No !! Institute Code !! Name of College
|-
|| 1
|| 260
|| Ibne Seena Pharmacy College
|}

===Hathras===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! S.No !! Institute Code !! Name of College
|-
|| 1
|| 512
|| MASS College of Engineering and Management, Hathras
|}

===Jaunpur===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! S.No !! Institute Code !! Name of College
|-
|| 1
|| 144
|| Prasad Institute of Technology
|-
|| 2
|| 453
|| Kunwar Haribansh Singh College of Pharmacy
|-
|| 3
|| 746
|| Kunwar Haribansh Singh Institute of Management
|-
|| 4
|| 883
|| RDS College of Pharmacy
|}

===Jhansi===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! S.No !! Institute Code !! Name of College
|-
|| 1
|| 043
|| [[Bundelkhand Institute of Engineering & Technology]]
|-
|| 2
|| 145
|| SR Group of Institutions College of Science and Engineering
|-
|| 3
|| 168
|| Smt. Vidyawati College of Pharmacy
|-
|| 4
|| 387
|| SR Group of Institutions College of Pharmacy
|-
|| 5
|| 715
|| SR Group of Institutions College of Engineering Management & Technology
|-
|| 6
|| 855
|| Shri Rawatpura Sarkar Institute of Pharmacy
|-
|| 7
|| 884
|| Doodhnath College of Pharmacy
|-
|| 8
|| 885
|| M.C.S.College of Science And Technology
|}

===Kannauj===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! S.No !! Institute Code !! Name of College
|-
|| 1
|| 839
|| [[Rajkiya Engineering College, Kannauj]]
|}

===Kanpur===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! S.No !! Institute Code !! Name of College
|-
|| 1
|| 044
|| Uttar Pradesh Textile Technology Institute
|-
|| 2
|| 046
|| Maharana Pratap Engineering College
|-
|| 3
|| 047
|| Dr. Virendra Swarup Institute of Computer Studies
|-
|| 4
|| 048
|| Dayanand Academy of Management Studies
|-
|| 5
|| 050
|| College of Management Studies
|-
|| 6
|| 164
|| Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology
|-
|| 7
|| 165
|| Kanpur Institute of Technology
|-
|| 8
|| 166
|| Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology For Handicapped
|-
|| 9
|| 181
|| S.T.E.P.- H.B.T.I.
|-
|| 10
|| 188
|| Advanced Institute of Bio-Tech & Paramedical Sciences
|-
|| 11
|| 200
|| Maharana Pratap College of Pharmacy
|-
|| 12
|| 246
|| Dayanand Dinanath College, Institute of Pharmacy
|-
|| 13
|| 287
|| Naraina College of Engineering & Technology
|-
|| 14
|| 307
|| Dayanad Deena Nath College of Management
|-
|| 15
|| 348
|| PSIT College of Engineering
|-
|| 16
|| 349
|| Maharana Institute of Professional Studies
|-
|| 17
|| 350
|| Indus Institute of Technology & Management
|-
|| 18
|| 351
|| Krishna Institute of Technology
|-
|| 19
|| 353
|| Apollo Institute of Technology
|-
|| 20
|| 429
|| Naraina Vidya Peeth Engineering & Management Institute
|-
|| 21
|| 434
|| Jagran Institute of Management
|-
|| 22
|| 440
|| Naraina Vidya Peeth Management Institute
|-
|| 23
|| 505
|| Allenhouse Institute of Technology
|-
|| 24
|| 522
|| Maharana Prataap College of Engineering
|-
|| 25
|| 523
|| Vision Institute of Technology
|-
|| 26
|| 546
|| Seth Sriniwas Agarwal Institute of Engineering and Technology
|-
|| 27
|| 550
|| Kanpur Institute of Technology & Pharmacy
|-
|| 28
|| 554
|| Naraina Vidya Peeth Group of Institutions Faculty of Pharmacy
|-
|| 29
|| 568
|| Seth Sri Nivas Agarwal Institute of Management
|-
|| 30
|| 584
|| Banshi College of Management & Technology
|-
|| 31
|| 607
|| Dr Virendra Swaroop Institute of Professional Studies
|-
|| 32
|| 719
|| Axis Institute of Technology & Management
|-
|| 33
|| 720
|| Axis Institute of Fashion Technology
|-
|| 34
|| 721
|| Axis Institute of Architecture
|-
|| 35
|| 722
|| Axis Business School
|-
|| 36
|| 723
|| Axis Institute of Planning and Management
|-
|| 37
|| 843
|| Asian Institute of Management & Higher Studies
|-
|| 38
|| 848
|| PSIT COLLEGE OF MANAGEMENT
|-
|| 39
|| 853
|| NARAINA SCHOOL OF PLANNING & ARCHITECTURE
|-
|| 40
|| 887
|| VISION INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT
|-
|| 41
|| 889
|| Maharana Pratap College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
|-
|42
|990
|DR. VIRENDRA SWARUP MEMORIAL TRUST GROUP OF INSTITUIONS , KANPUR NAGAR
|-
|43
|1137
|AXIS INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY
|-
|44
|1012
|KRISHNA INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY AND SCIENCES
|-
|45
|1013
|SIGNA COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
|-
|46
|1014
|RADHA KRISHNA COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
|-
|47
|1015
|ADVANCE COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
|}

===Kanpur Dehat===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! S.No !! Institute Code !! Name of College
|-
|| 1
|| 254
|| Bhabha Institute of Technology
|-
|| 2
|| 355
|| Bhabha College of Engineering
|-
|| 3
|| 419
|| Prabhat Engineering College
|-
|| 4
|| 830
|| Devidayal Memorial Institutions
|-
|| 5
|| 832
|| Kamal Institute of Technology
|-
|| 6
|| 888
|| Sanskriti College of Higher Education and Studies
|}

===Kasganj===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! S.No !! Institute Code !! Name of College
|-
|| 1
|| 494
|| Sri Sri Institute of Technology & Management
|}

===Kaushambi===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! S.No !! Institute Code !! Name of College
|-
|| 1
|| 310
|| Dr. Rizvi College of Engineering, Karari
|-
|| 2
|| 364
|| S P Memorial Institute of Technology
|-
|| 3
|| 467
|| Madhu Vachaspati Institute of Engineering and Technology
|-
|| 4
|| 552
|| Chandra Shekhar Singh College of Pharmacy
|-
|| 5
|| 749
|| Madhu Vachaspati School of Management
|}

===Lalitpur===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! S.No !! Institute Code !! Name of College
|-
|| 1
|| 890
|| Late Ravindranand Baronia College of Pharmacy Mahroni
|-
|| 2
|| 891
|| Pahalwan Gurudeen College of Science and Technology
|-
|| 3
|| 892
|| Maa Gayatri College of Pharmacy Lalitpur
|}

===Lucknow===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! S.No !! Institute Code !! Name of College
|-
|| 1
|| 051
|| Faculty of Architecture, AKTU(Formerly: Lucknow College of Architecture & GCA)
|-
|| 2
|| 052
|| [[Institute of Engineering and Technology|Institute of Engineering and Technology(IET)]]
|-
|| 3
|| 053
|| Azad Institute of Engineering & Technology
|-
|| 4
|| 054
|| B.B.D National Institute of Tech. & Management
|-
|| 5
|| 056
|| Babu Banarasi Das Northern India Institute of Technology
|-
|| 6
|| 057
|| International Institute For Special Education (IISE)
|-
|| 7
|| 058
|| Institute of Environment & Management
|-
|| 8
|| 059
|| Lal Bahadur Shastri Institute of Management & Development Studies
|-
|| 9
|| 061
|| Sherwood College of Management
|-
|| 10
|| 062
|| Motilal Rastogi School of Management
|-
|| 11
|| 122
|| Shri Ramswaroop College of Engineering & Management
|-
|| 12
|| 123
|| [[Saroj Institute of Technology & Management]]
|-
|| 13
|| 124
|| Institute of Co-Operative & Corporate Management, Research & Training
|-
|| 14
|| 163
|| Dr. M.C. Saxena College of Engineering & Technology
|-
|| 15
|| 177
|| Indira Gandhi Institute of Co-Operative Management
|-
|| 16
|| 189
|| Central Institute of Plastic Engineering & Technology
|-
|| 17
|| 196
|| College of Engineering, Science & Technology
|-
|| 18
|| 197
|| Azad Institute of Pharmacy & Research
|-
|| 19
|| 202
|| Hygia Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research
|-
|| 20
|| 203
|| Rameshwaram Institute of Technology & Management
|-
|| 21
|| 274
|| Narmadeshwar Management College
|-
|| 22
|| 303
|| Dr. M.C.Saxena College of Pharmacy
|-
|| 23
|| 316
|| Aryakul College of Pharmacy & Research
|-
|| 24
|| 357
|| Aryavart Institute of Technology & Management
|-
|| 25
|| 358
|| Rameshwaram Institute of Technology & Management
|-
|| 26
|| 360
|| Goel Institute of Technology & Management
|-
|| 27
|| 361
|| R.R. Institute of Modern Technology
|-
|| 28
|| 362
|| [[Lucknow Institute of Technology]]
|-
|| 29
|| 363
|| Ambalika Institute of Management & Technology
|-
|| 30
|| 391
|| Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Pharmacy
|-
|| 31
|| 392
|| Goel Institute of Pharmacy & Sciences
|-
|| 32
|| 396
|| Aryakul College of Management
|-
|| 33
|| 397
|| T.D.L. College of Technology & Management
|-
|| 34
|| 398
|| Bhalchandra Institute of Education & Management
|-
|| 35
|| 422
|| Bansal Institute of Engineering & Technology
|-
|| 36
|| 423
|| School of Management Science (SMS Institute of Technology)
|-
|| 37
|| 430
|| Maharana Institute of Technology & Sciences
|-
|| 38
|| 431
|| B.N.College of Engineering & Technology
|-
|| 39
|| 441
|| Central Institute of Management & Technology
|-
|| 40
|| 442
|| Sardar Bhagat Singh College of Technology & Management
|-
|| 41
|| 465
|| Himalayan Institute of Technology & Management
|-
|| 42
|| 473
|| G.C.R.G. Memorial Trust's Group of Institutions, Faculty of Engineering
|-
|| 43
|| 483
|| Institute of Technology & Management
|-
|| 44
|| 484
|| Lucknow Model Institute of Technology & Management
|-
|| 45
|| 485
|| S.R. Institute of Management & Technology
|-
|| 46
|| 508
|| Babu Banarasi Das Engineering College
|-
|| 47
|| 529
|| Saroj Institute of Management & Technology
|-
|| 48
|| 538
|| AKS Management College, Bakshi-Ka-Talab
|-
|| 49
|| 567
|| Bora Institute of Management Science
|-
|| 50
|| 572
|| Lucknow Institute of Pharmacy
|-
|| 51
|| 620
|| GCRG Memorial Trust's Group of Institutions, Faculty of Management
|-
|| 52
|| 648
|| Babu Sundar Singh Institute of Technology & Management
|-
|| 53
|| 649
|| M.G. Institute of Management & Technology
|-
|| 54
|| 660
|| Goel Institute of Higher Studies
|-
|| 55
|| 662
|| S S Institute of Management
|-
|| 56
|| 666
|| SRM Business School
|-
|| 57
|| 670
|| Lucknow Model Institute of Management
|-
|| 58
|| 672
|| ITM School of Architecture and Town Planning
|-
|| 59
|| 673
|| ITM School of Management
|-
|| 60
|| 680
|| City College of Management & Technology
|-
|| 61
|| 718
|| Heeralal Yadav Institute of Technology & Management
|-
|| 62
|| 754
|| DNM Institute of Engineering & Technology
|-
|| 63
|| 755
|| Basudev Institute of Management & Technology
|-
|| 64
|| 756
|| Institute of Management Research & Technology
|-
|| 65
|| 758
|| Shine College of Management
|-
|| 66
|| 761
|| Maa Vaishno Devi Educational & Law College
|-
|| 67
|| 762
|| Noble Institute of Management & Technology
|-
|| 68
|| 765
|| Remote Sensing Application Centre
|-
|| 69
|| 828
|| Dayal Group of Institutions
|-
|| 70
|| 829
|| IILM Academy of Highier Learning
|-
|| 71
|| 849
|| ISABELLA THOBURN COLLEGE
|-
|| 72
|| 858
|| Centre for Advance Studies
|-
|| 73
|| 892
|| F I PHARMACY COLLEGE
|-
|| 74
|| 893
|| GCRG COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
|-
|| 75
|| 894
|| GSRM MEMORIAL COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
|-
|| 76
|| 895
|| HYGIA INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY
|-
|| 77
|| 896
|| J. P. COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
|-
|| 78
|| 897
|| Jan Kalyan Institute of Technical Excellence
|-
|| 79
|| 898
|| YASH RAJ INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY
|-
|| 80
|| 899
|| Sri Sharda Institute Of Management and Technology
|-
|| 81
|| 1000
|| Hygia College Of Pharmacy
|}

===Maharajganj===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! S.No !! Institute Code !! Name of College
|-
|| 1
|| 235
|| Rajeev Gandhi College of Pharmacy
|-
|| 2
|| 472
|| Institute of Technology and Management
|-
|| 3
|| 900
|| ITM College of Pharmacy
|}

===Mainpuri===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! S.No !! Institute Code !! Name of College
|-
|| 1
|| 840
|| [[Rajkiya Engineering College, Mainpuri]]
|}

===Mathura===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! S.No !! Institute Code !! Name of College
|-
|| 1
|| 064
|| Hindustan College of Science and Technology
|-
|| 2
|| 065
|| B.S.A. College of Engineering & Technology
|-
|| 3
|| 066
|| Rajeev Academy for Pharmacy
|-
|| 4
|| 067
|| Hindustan Institute of Management & Computer Studies
|-
|| 5
|| 126
|| Sachdeva Institute of Technology
|-
|| 6
|| 173
|| Rajeev Academy for Technology & Management
|-
|| 7
|| 239
|| Ishwarchand Vidyasagar Institute of Technology, Akbarpur
|-
|| 8
|| 267
|| Sanjay College of Pharmacy
|-
|| 9
|| 471
|| Eshan group of Institute
|-
|| 10
|| 511
|| G.L. Bajaj Group of Institutions, Mathura Delhi Highway
|-
|| 11
|| 536
|| Shree Jee Baba Institute of Professional Studies, Semari Chata
|-
|| 12
|| 581
|| Shri Giriraj Maharaj Institute of Management, Mundesi Kosi Khurd
|-
|| 13
|| 602
|| Aashlar Business School, Mahuan, Near Toll Plaza
|-
|| 14
|| 605
|| Unnati Management College, Daulatpur, Farah
|-
|| 15
|| 668
|| Edify Institute of Management & Technology
|-
|| 16
|| 704
|| Shree Jee Goverdhan Maharaj College of Professional Studies
|-
|| 17
|| 781
|| Hardayal Technical Campus
|-
|| 18
|| 822
|| Eshan College of Management
|-
|| 19
|| 901
|| Divya College of Pharmacy
|-
|| 20
|| 902
|| NSS College of Management
|}

===Mau===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! S.No !! Institute Code !! Name of College
|-
|| 1
|| 763
|| Maa Bhagwata Kunwar Institute of Management
|}

===Meerut===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! S.No !! Institute Code !! Name of College
|-
|| 1
|| 068
|| Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology
|-
|| 2
|| 069
|| Radha Govind Group of Institutions
|-
|| 3
|| 070
|| College of Engineering & Rural Technology
|-
|| 4
|| 074
|| Dewan Institute of Management Studies
|-
|| 5
|| 127
|| IIMT Engineering College
|-
|| 6
|| 128
|| Bharat Institute of Technology
|-
|| 7
|| 129
|| Forte Institute of Technology
|-
|| 8
|| 157
|| Institute of Hotel Management, Catering Technology & Applied Nutrition
|-
|| 9
|| 159
|| J.P. Institute of Hotel Management & Catering Technology
|-
|| 10
|| 174
|| Kishan Institute of Information Technology
|-
|| 11
|| 182
|| Kalka Institute for Research & Advanced Studies
|-
|| 12
|| 201
|| NKBR College of Pharmacy & Research Centre
|-
|| 13
|| 206
|| Translam Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Rajpura, Mawana Road
|-
|| 14
|| 229
|| [[Vidya College of Engineering]]
|-
|| 15
|| 263
|| Vidya School of Business
|-
|| 16
|| 266
|| LTR Institute of Technology, Dharamsala-Bhagpat Road
|-
|| 17
|| 271
|| Bharat Institute of Technology (MBA Institute)
|-
|| 18
|| 282
|| J.P. Institute of Engineering & Technology
|-
|| 19
|| 285
|| Institute of Technology & Management, Meerut-Baghpat Road, Panchli
|-
|| 20
|| 292
|| Meerut Institute of Technology, Baral, Partapur
|-
|| 21
|| 311
|| Deewan V.S. Institute of Engineering & Technology
|-
|| 22
|| 312
|| ABSS Institute of Technology, Mawana Road
|-
|| 23
|| 318
|| Vidya Institute of Fashion Technology, Baghpat Road
|-
|| 24
|| 321
|| Translam Institute of Technology & Management, Mawana Road
|-
|| 25
|| 370
|| Shanti Institute of Technology, Kurali, Baghpat Road
|-
|| 26
|| 372
|| KITE Group of Institutions, KITE School of Engineering and Technology
|-
|| 27
|| 373
|| Neelkanth Institute of Technology, Pawli Khas, Modipuram
|-
|| 28
|| 374
|| Rishi Institute of Engineering & Technology, Partapur
|-
|| 29
|| 377
|| Gyan Bharti Institute of Technology, Partapur Bypass Road
|-
|| 30
|| 425
|| Meerut International Institute of Technology
|-
|| 31
|| 444
|| Mahaveer Institute of Technology, Sardhana Road
|-
|| 32
|| 487
|| Panchwati Institute of Engineering & Technology, Delhi- Hardwar Bypass
|-
|| 33
|| 488
|| Shri Nath Ji Institute for Technical Education, VIll-Ghat, Delhi- Roorkee Bypass
|-
|| 34
|| 496
|| FIT Engineering College, Kaseru Buxar
|-
|| 35
|| 498
|| [[Delhi Institute of Engineering and Technology]]
|-
|| 36
|| 514
|| Faculty of Engineering, Shanti Niketan Trust's Group of Institutions, Mohiuddinpur
|-
|| 37
|| 540
|| Krishna Institute of Management, Bana, Mawana Road
|-
|| 38
|| 544
|| Kalka Engineering College, Partapur Bypass Road
|-
|| 39
|| 548
|| Dewan V.S. Institute of Hotel Management & Technology
|-
|| 40
|| 557
|| Shanti Niketan Trust's Group of Institutions, Faculty of Management, Mohiuddinpur
|-
|| 41
|| 593
|| Vinayak Vidyapeeth, Pawli khas, Modipuram
|-
|| 42
|| 609
|| J P School of Business, Salarpur, Jalalpur, Rajpura
|-
|| 43
|| 623
|| Bharti Institute of Management & Technology, Kila Road, Rali Chauhan
|-
|| 44
|| 644
|| SVS Group of Institutions
|-
|| 45
|| 682
|| BIMT College
|-
|| 46
|| 709
|| Gauri Vidya Peeth Business School
|-
|| 47
|| 711
|| Vishveshwarya College of Education, Mawana
|-
|| 48
|| 716
|| Mahaveer Institute of Engineering and Technology
|-
|| 49
|| 732
|| Rudra Group of Institutions
|-
|| 50
|| 789
|| Dayanand Vidhyapeeth Education
|-
|| 51
|| 804
|| APS College of Education & Technology
|-
|| 52
|| 817
|| AR Institute of Management & Technology
|-
|| 53
|| 821
|| Mahaveer College of Pharmacy
|-
|| 54
|| 835
|| LTR Institute of Management
|-
|| 55
|| 903
|| APS College of Education
|}

===Mirzapur===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! S.No !! Institute Code !! Name of College
|-
|| 1
|| 076
|| Ghanshyam Binani Academy of Management Sciences
|-
|| 2
|| 904
|| Apex Institute of Pharmacy
|-
|| 3
|| 905
|| Vindhya Gurukul College of Pharmacy
|}

===Moradabad===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! S.No !! Institute Code !! Name of College
|-
|| 1
|| 082
|| [[Moradabad Institute of Technology]]
|-
|| 2
|| 410
|| R.S.D. Academy, College of Management & Technology
|-
|| 3
|| 521
|| Kothiwal Institute of Technology & Professional Studies, Pachokara Haridwar Road
|-
|| 4
|| 549
|| Radha Govind Institute of Pharmacy, Moradabad-Chandausi Road
|-
|| 5
|| 598
|| Moradabad Educational Trust (MET) Group of Institutions, Faculty of Pharmacy
|-
|| 6
|| 614
|| Shree Satya Institute of Management, Lodhipur Rajput, Palbara
|-
|| 7
|| 631
|| Moradabad Educational Trust (MET) Group of Institutions, Faculty of B. Architecture
|-
|| 8
|| 702
|| MIT College of Management
|-
|| 9
|| 906
|| R.K. College of Pharmacy
|}

===Muzaffarnagar===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! S.No !! Institute Code !! Name of College
|-
|| 1
|| 1026
|| Shri Ram College of Pharmacy
|-
|| 2
|| 083
|| S.D.College of Engineering and Technology
|-
|| 3
|| 084
|| Bhagwant Institute of Technology
|-
|| 4
|| 085
|| S.D.College of Management Studies, Bhopa Road
|-
|| 5
|| 136
|| S.D. College of Pharmacy & Vocational Studies
|-
|| 6
|| 219
|| Bhagwant Institute of Pharmacy
|-
|| 7
|| 249
|| Sri Ram College of Management
|-
|| 8
|| 695
|| Shri Ram Group of Colleges
|}

===Raebareli===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! S.No !! Institute Code !! Name of College
|-
|| 1
|| 187
|| Feroze Gandhi Institute of Engineering & Technology
|-
|| 2
|| 534
|| Mahaveer Institute of Technology and Management
|}

===Rampur===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! S.No !! Institute Code !! Name of College
|-
|| 1
|| 280
|| Apex Institute of Technology
|}

===Saharanpur===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! S.No !! Institute Code !! Name of College
|-
|| 1
|| 299
|| Doon College of Education
|-
|| 2
|| 502
|| Dev Bhoomi Groups of Institutions
|-
|| 3
|| 520
|| Indraprastha Institute of Management & Technology
|-
|| 4
|| 561
|| Hari College of Management, Gagalheri
|-
|| 5
|| 586
|| Dev Bhoomi Groups of Institutions, Faculty of Computer Application
|-
|| 6
|| 621
|| Dev Bhoomi Groups of Institutions, Faculty of Management
|-
|| 7
|| 636
|| Saharanpur Institute of Advance Studies, Gokelpur
|-
|| 8
|| 698
|| Dwarikadheesh Research Education & Management School
|-
|| 9
|| 791
|| Disha Bharti College of Management & Education
|-
|| 10
|| 811
|| Forth Dimension College of Architecture
|-
|| 11
|| 842
|| Devrishi Institute of Management & Technology
|-
|| 12
|| 854
|| Saharanpur Pharmacy College
|-
|| 13
|| 856
|| Veer Vijay Pharmacy College
|-
|| 14
|| 426
|| Doon College of Engg. & Technology
|}

===Shahjahanpur===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! S.No !! Institute Code !! Name of College
|-
|| 1
|| 582
|| Sun Institute of Management and Technology
|-
||2
|| 583
|| Lakshya Institute of Management & Information Technology
|-
||3
|| 753
|| Lakshya Technical Campus
|}

===Sitapur===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! S.No !! Institute Code !! Name of College
|-
|| 1
|| 134
|| Sacred Heart Institute of Management & Technology
|-
|| 2
|| 221
|| Institute of Engineering and Technology
|-
|| 3
|| 258
|| Institute of Pharmacy
|}

===Sonbhadra===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! S.No !! Institute Code !! Name of College
|-
|| 1
|| 841
|| [[Rajkiya Engineering College, Sonbhadra]]
|}

===Sultanpur===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! S.No !! Institute Code !! Name of College
|-
|| 1
|| 104
|| Kamla Nehru Institute of Technology
|-
|| 2
|| 135
|| Kamla Nehru Institute Of Physical & Social Sciences, Management Institute
|-
|3
|167
|Rajarshi Rananjay Singh College of Pharmacy
|-
|| 4
|| 186
|| Kamla Nehru Institute of Management & Technology
|-
|| 5
|| 382
|| Kamla Nehru Institute of Physical & Social Sciences
|-
|6
|383
|Rajarshi Rananjay Singh Institute of Management & Technology
|}

===Unnao===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! S.No !! Institute Code !! Name of College
|-
|| 1
|| 262
|| Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research
|-
|| 2
|| 427
|| Mahatma Gandhi Universe Institute
|-
|| 3
|| 446
|| Institute of Professional Studies & Research (IPSR)
|-
|| 4
|| 527
|| Sunrise Institute of Engineering Technology & Management
|-
|| 5
|| 640
|| Dr Virendra Swarup Memorial Trust Group of Institutions
|-
|| 6
|| 714
|| Kanpur Institute of Management Studies
|-
|| 7
|| 745
|| Shri Rammurti Smarak College of Engineering & Technology
|}

===Varanasi===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! S.No !! Institute Code !! Name of College
|-
|| 1
|| 106
|| School of Management Sciences
|-
|| 2
|| 107
|| Institute of Computer Science & Technology
|-
|| 3
|| 108
|| Rajarshi School of Management and Technology (RSMT)
|-
|| 4
|| 154
|| Faculty of Management and Technology
|-
|| 5
|| 179
|| Jeevandeep Institute of Management & Technology
|-
|| 6
|| 205
|| Institute of Pharmacy
|-
|| 7
|| 248
|| Society of Advanced Management Studies, Institute of Hotel Management
|-
|| 8
|| 300
|| Saraswati Higher Education & Technical College of Pharmacy
|-
|| 9
|| 384
|| Saraswati Higher Education & Technical College of Engineering
|-
|| 10
|| 393
|| College of Pharmacy
|-
|| 11
|| 428
|| Kashi Institute of Technology
|-
|| 12
|| 551
|| Kashi Institute of Pharmacy
|-
|| 13
|| 641
|| Ashoka Institute of Technology & Management
|-
|| 14
|| 747
|| Raj School of Management & Sciences
|}

==See also==
* [[Education in Uttar Pradesh]]
* [[List of institutions of higher education in Uttar Pradesh]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Colleges Affiliated With Uttar Pradesh Technical University}}
[[Category:Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University|*]]
[[Category:Lists of universities and colleges in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Lists of colleges affiliated to universities in India|Uttar Pradesh Technical University]]

Rajeswari Ray

2025-12-25T08:39:49Z

Murmupp: put up data

{{Short description|Indian actress (died 2022)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rajeswari Ray
| native_name =
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Balasore|Baleswar]], [[Odisha]], India
| birth_name =
| other_names = Rajeswari Ray Mohapatra
| death_date = {{Death date |df=y| 2022|07|20}} (37 years)
| death_place = [[Bhubaneswar]]
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2008–2022
| spouse =
| children =
| parents =
| relatives =
| awards =
| website =
}}

'''‌Rajeswari Ray''' (died 20 July 2022) was an Indian actress and television presenter from Odisha. She started her career as a television presenter and then appeared in popular Odia daily soaps like Basundahara, Sanskar, Devi, Swabhiman, Unasi Kanya,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ranjan |first1=Rashmi |title=Eminent Odia tele actress Rajeswari Ray Mohapatra no more |url=https://odishatv.in/news/entertainment/ollywood/eminent-odia-tele-actress-rajeswari-ray-mohapatra-no-more-181194 |accessdate=21 July 2022 |work=OTV News |date=21 July 2022 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721143351/https://odishatv.in/news/entertainment/ollywood/eminent-odia-tele-actress-rajeswari-ray-mohapatra-no-more-181194 |archivedate=21 July 2022 |location=Bhubaneswar |language=English |url-status=live}}</ref> Kumkum, To Pain Mun, etc.<ref>{{cite news |date=21 July 2022 |title=Popular Odia actress Rajeshwari passes away |language=English |work=Argus News |location=Bhubaneswar |url=https://argusnews.in/article/odisha/popular-odia-actress-rajeshwari-passes-away |url-status=live |accessdate=21 July 2022 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721142814/https://argusnews.in/article/odisha/popular-odia-actress-rajeshwari-passes-away |archivedate=21 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Dash |first1=Chinmayee |title=Odia television actress Rajeswari Ray Mahapatra no more |url=https://sambadenglish.com/odia-television-actress-rajeswari-ray-mahapatra-no-more/ |accessdate=21 July 2022 |work=Sambad English |publisher=sambadenglish.com |date=21 July 2022 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721143415/https://sambadenglish.com/odia-television-actress-rajeswari-ray-mahapatra-no-more/ |archivedate=21 July 2022 |location=Bhubaneswar |language=English |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2008 she debuted in [[Cinema of Odisha|Ollywood]] through Satyameba Jayate,<ref>{{cite news |title=Odisha TV Actor Rajeswari Ray Mahapatra Passes Away |url=https://odishabytes.com/odisha-tv-actor-rajeswari-ray-mahapatra-passes-away/ |accessdate=21 July 2022 |work=odishabytes |date=21 July 2022 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721143346/https://odishabytes.com/odisha-tv-actor-rajeswari-ray-mahapatra-passes-away/ |archivedate=21 July 2022 |location=Bhubaneswar}}</ref> and later appeared in two more movies like Aare Sathi Aa and Blackmail.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://pragativadi.com/odia-tele-actress-rajeswari-ray-mohapatra-passes-away/|title=Odia tele actress Rajeswari Ray Mohapatra passes away|last1=Das|first1=Haraprasad|date=21 July 2022|work=Pragativadi|accessdate=21 July 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721143538/https://pragativadi.com/odia-tele-actress-rajeswari-ray-mohapatra-passes-away/|archivedate=21 July 2022|location=Bhubaneswar|language=English |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

===Odia films===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Films !! Role !! Note
|-
| 2008 || ''Satyameba Jayate'' || || Debuted in [[Ollywood]]
|-
|2009
|''Aa Re Sathi Aa''
|
|
|-
|2018
|''Blackmail''
|
|
|-
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable"
! Serial !! Channel !! Role
|-
|''Basundhara''
|[[DD Odia]]
|
|-
|''Sanskar''
|ETV Odia
|
|-
|''Devi''
|[[Odisha TV|O TV]]
|
|-
| ''Uansi Kanya'' || [[Tarang TV]]|| Alaka
|-
|''Swabhima''
|Tarang TV
|
|-
|''Kumkum''
|Colors Odia
|
|-
|''To Pain Mun''
|Zee Sarthak
|Tara Patnaik
|}

== Death ==
She died on 20 July 2022 in a private hospital of [[Bhubaneswar]] at 37.<ref>{{cite news |title=Popular Odia tele actress Rajeswari Ray Mohapatra passes away |url=https://www.prameyanews.com/popular-odia-tele-actress-rajeswari-ray-mohapatra-passes-away/ |accessdate=21 July 2022 |work=Prameya English |date=21 July 2022 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721143353/https://www.prameyanews.com/popular-odia-tele-actress-rajeswari-ray-mohapatra-passes-away/ |archivedate=21 July 2022 |location=Bhubaneswar |language=English |url-status=live}}</ref> She was suffering from [[Brain tumor|brain]] and [[lung cancer]] since 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title=Odia tele actress Rajeswari Ray Mohapatra passes away |url=https://kalingatv.com/state/odia-tele-actress-rajeswari-ray-mohapatra-passes-away/ |accessdate=21 July 2022 |work=KalingaTV |date=21 July 2022 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721143349/https://kalingatv.com/state/odia-tele-actress-rajeswari-ray-mohapatra-passes-away/ |archivedate=21 July 2022 |location=Bhubaneswar |language=English |url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Actresses in Odia cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Cinema of Odisha]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Balasore]]
[[Category:Date of birth missing]]

{{India-screen-actor-stub}}

Battle of Walong

2025-12-21T03:39:13Z

Murmupp: starting basic stub from scratch!

{{Short description|Sino Indian war Battle}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Walong
| partof = [[Sino-Indian War]]
| date = 21 October{{notetag|There is a discrepancy between the Chinese and Indian source with regard to the starting date of the battle. The Chinese source considered the battle didn't commence until 130th Infantry Division was able to arrive and reinforce the offensive force on '''14 November'''.{{sfn|Palit|1991|p=243}}}} – 16 November 1962
| place = [[Walong]], [[North-East Frontier Agency|NEFA]], India
| coordinates = {{coord|28.1288|97.0166|display=inline,title}}
| map_type = India Arunachal Pradesh#India
| map_size = 280
| result = Chinese victory{{sfn|Palit|1991|p=247}}
| combatant1 = {{flag|India}}
| combatant2 = {{flag|China}}
| commander1 = Brig. [[N.C. Rawlley]]
| commander2 = {{ill|Sr Col. Dong Zhanlin|lt=|zh|董占林}} {{ill|Col. Qie Jinwu|lt=|zh|郄晋武}}{{sfn|Palit|1991|p=242}}
| units1 = 11 Infantry Brigade
*6th Battalion, [[Kumaon Regiment]]
*4th Battalion, [[Sikh Regiment]]
*3rd Battalion, [[Gorkha regiments (India)|3rd Gorkha Regiment]]
*4th Battalion, [[Dogra Regiment]]
* [[Assam Rifles]]
| units2 = '''Initial Phase''': [[Chamdo]] Military sub-District
*153rd Infantry Regiment{{notetag|The regiment was a garrison formation instead of a maneuver one, therefore the soldiers contain many fresh recruits and are relatively inexperienced in combat, the actual fighting strength was equivalent to a "reinforced battalion", commanded by Commanding Officer of the 1st Battalion, Major Liu Dongshan{{sfn|People's Liberation Army Academy of Military Sciences|1993|p=242}}}}
*1 X 120mm mortar battery
*1 X 82mm mortar battery
'''Reinforcements''':{{notetag|arrived after 8 November, 153rd IR was placed under 130th ID command after the date}} 
130th Infantry Division
*388th, 389th, 390th Infantry Regiments
*Composite Artillery Battalion
*1 X anti-air gun battery
| strength1 = 2,191 soldiers <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/battle-of-walong-indian-army-china-1962-war-arunachal-pradesh-13826463.html|title=Battle of Walong: When 2,500 Indian troops took on the Chinese might amid 1962 war|date=17 October 2024|website=Firstpost}}</ref>
| strength2 = ~2,700 soldiers (Initial phase) ~10,000 soldiers (From 8 November 1962){{sfn|People's Liberation Army Academy of Military Sciences|1993|p=241}}
| casualties1 = Indian source:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usiofindia.org/publication-journal/1962-war-operations-in-the-walong-sector-a-view-from-the-other-side-of-the-hill.html|title=1962 War - Operations in the Walong Sector (A View from the Other Side of the Hill)|website=www.usiofindia.org}}</ref> 364 dead 345 captured 278 wounded

Chinese source:{{sfn|People's Liberation Army Academy of Military Sciences|1993|p=251}} 750 dead 502 captured
| casualties2 = 198 dead 554 wounded{{sfn|People's Liberation Army Academy of Military Sciences|1993|p=252}}
| territorial_changes =
| image = Walong War Memorial.JPG
| image_size = 300px
| caption = The war memorial at Walong
| territory = Temporary Chinese occupation of [[Walong]] until eventual withdrawal from [[North-East Frontier Agency|NEFA]] in late November 1962
}}

The '''Battle of Walong''' took place during the [[Sino-Indian War]] of 1962. It took place near the town of [[Walong]] in the eastern sector of the conflict, in the present-day [[Arunachal Pradesh]] region of India. Indian forces, despite being outnumbered and under equipped, resisted the Chinese advance for nearly a month.{{sfn|Palit|1991|p=238}}

== Background ==
[[File:Simla Convention - contending claims in Kham.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Simla Convention maps – the light blue line represents the initial Chinese claims, the dark blue line was the eventually agreed boundary of Chinese control.]]

The Sino-Indian War was the result of long-standing border disputes between India and China. In particular, the Chinese government refused to recognize the [[McMahon Line]], which had been established as the boundary between British India and Tibet [[Simla Convention|in 1914]].{{sfn|Maxwell|1970|p=180}} In 1911, the [[Walong#Encroach|Chinese had encroached]] and later withdrew from this area.<ref>{{citation |last=Mehra |first=Parshotam |title=The McMahon Line and After: A Study of the Triangular Contest on India's North-eastern Frontier Between Britain, China and Tibet, 1904-47 |year=1974 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=9780333157374 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3459 |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Mehra, The McMahon Line and After|1974}}}}, pp=83–84.</ref>

In the [[Sino-Indian War|1962 Sino-Indian War]], the Walong sector on the disputed border became a key battleground in the northeastern sector of the war. By October 1962, Chinese forces had already begun advancing into Indian-held territory, and the Indian Army was tasked with defending key positions along the border.{{sfn|Palit|1991|p=240}} At Walong, the responsibility for defense fell to the Indian 11th Infantry Brigade, led by Brigadier [[N. C. Rawlley|N.C. Rawlley]] (Naveen Chand Rawlley).{{fact|date=September 2024}}

== The battle ==

===21 October: initial Chinese attack===

On 21 October 1962, the battle began when Chinese 153rd Infantry Regiment launched their first attack on India's [[Kibithu]] Post (40 km north of Walong) in Dhola sector in Arunachal Pradesh's Kameng Division.{{sfn|Palit|1991|p=243}} The battle started by Chinese machine guns and mortars fire from south of Sama, followed by infantry attacks on two platoons with over 3000 soldiers. It started at around midnight and went on for three hours. At about 5 am, the Chinese reinforced their assaulting troops and launched another fierce attack. About 60-70 Chinese soldiers died in that attack and four Indian soldiers were killed, including {{anchor | Bahadur |Naik Bahadur Singh}}'''Naik Bahadur Singh''' (later awarded Vir Chakra), who took over the [[light machine gun]] (LMG) after his LMG detachment was killed, and kept firing till he was hit in the chest.

The Indian defenders, consisting primarily of troops from the [[Sikh Regiment|4th Sikh Regiment]] and the [[Kumaon Regiment|6th Kumaon Regiment]], had prepared defensive positions along the ridges and valleys around Walong. The Indian forces put up a determined defense, engaging the Chinese in numerous skirmishes for nearly four weeks.{{sfn|Singh|2016|p=174}} Using the difficult terrain to their advantage, Indian troops created bottlenecks and ambushes to slow the advancing Chinese forces.{{sfn|Palit|1991|p=246}}

===22 October: Indian withdrawal to Walong===

In the days to follow, multiple such skirmishes and change in deployments took place, both from the Indian and the Chinese side. Acknowledging that Kibithu could not be defended, 6 Kumaon was ordered to withdraw to Walong.<ref>Ref Kumaoni Nostalgia! by Col N.N. Bhatia (retd)</ref>

===23 October: India's defensive win===

23 October 1962 marks a landmark Indian win against the 153 Regt of PLA (Chengdu Sub area) when Delta Company of 6 Kumaon under Lt Bikram Singh Rathore (IC 11867) was ordered to establish screen position on Ashi Hill (NH 5484). Lt. Bikram Singh planned and executed a classic ambush at a small hanging bridge over Namti Nallah (5 km away from Walong). Lt Bikram removed the last few planks of the hanging bridge and positioned his men at various positions adjoining Namti Nullah and sighted the MMGs and Mortars of his men on spots likely to be enemy position and to bring down accurate fire. Lt Bikram Singh briefed his soldiers to hold fire until he fired the first 'Very Light'. At 3 a.m. on 23 October, the Chinese Army marching towards Walong walked down Ashi hill to reach the hanging bridge on Namti Nullah. The first Chinese soldier of 153 Regiment crossed the bridge and stepped on the last few plank and fell into the [[nullah]]. The following Chinese soldiers milled around and Lt. Bikram Singh fired the first Very Light revealing the Chinese in a cramped path of a planned accurate fire of Indian MMG and Mortar fire. About 200 Chinese troops were killed or wounded in this action against nine Indian fatalities. At 4 a.m. the screen by Delta Company of 6 Kumaon was ordered to withdraw.<ref>Bharat Rakshak.com; http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/ARMY/history/1962war/263-walong.html 2.1962</ref>
<ref>The War That Wasn't – by Shiv Kunal Verma</ref><ref>Lt. Bikram Singh's Letter dt. 11 Nov 1962 to his father Th. Ranbir Singh</ref> After the success at Namti Nullah, The Delta Company of 6 Kumaon was tasked to occupy critical defenses on "West Ridge" overlooking the Advanced Landing Grounds, Walong.

===24 October to 13 November: skirmishes===

On 5 November, there were multiple exchanges of fire between the Indian and the Chinese troops when a company under then Captain '''Ravi Mathur''' (later awarded Vir Chakra) was asked to occupy Green Pimple and rescue an [[Assam Rifles]] patrol which was ambushed in the area.

On 29 October, due to the difficulties encountered by the China's 153rd Infantry Regiment, [[Joint Staff Department (China)|General Staff Department of PLA]] ordered 130th Infantry Division to Walong direction in support of Chamdo Military sub-District,{{sfn|People's Liberation Army Academy of Military Sciences|1993|p=241}} which arrived in the Walong sector on 8 November,{{sfn|People's Liberation Army Academy of Military Sciences|1993|p=241}} and participated in the offensive from 14 November.{{sfn|People's Liberation Army Academy of Military Sciences|1993|p=245}}

=== 14-16 November: main battle ===

On 14 November 1962, 6 Kumaon attacked and captured Chinese defenses in the Walong sector, [[Arunachal Pradesh]], without any [[artillery]] or aerial support.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}} This was the only battle of the war in which an [[India]]n unit attacked the Chinese, rather than defending. The attack continued until 15 November but the captured positions could not be sustained because of a lack of ammunition, heavy casualties and large enemy buildup.<ref>Through Wars and Insurgency by Brigadier Kuldip Singh, VSM(retd); 1962, A View from the Other Side of the Hill (A USI Study)</ref>

The main Battle of Walong<ref>1962: a View From the Other Side of the Hill, a USI Study</ref> was on 16 November, when a large number of soldiers of the PLA [[130th Division (People's Republic of China)]] attack on approx. 100 soldiers of Delta Company of 6 Kumaon which were holding West Ridge. Lt. Bikram was tasked to hold this defense at all costs till 1100 hours<ref name="ReferenceA">DO No A/F/13 dated 24 December by Brig N.C. Rawlley</ref> and he promised Brigadier N.C. Rawley that he would never withdraw & hold on till his end. Waves of Chinese attacks came on his post one after the other. However, Kumaonis fought gallantly and repulsed the attack. Then the Chinese fanned out and the next attack came with an overwhelming superiority of numbers from three sides (the fourth side was a steep cliff) and was supported by machine gun fire & artillery bombardment. The tenacity of the troops still prevented the Chinese from capturing West Ridge, however at a heavy price in lives. By now, Lt Bikram Singh had held on to the post well beyond the assigned time of 1100 hrs. He was now left with a handful of troops, all their ammunition was exhausted and had no logistical support. They then engaged in hand-to-hand combat and fought to the last man and bullet. In the words of Brig. N. C. Rawlley, MC, <blockquote>"He (Lt. Bikram Singh) held on as long as humanly possible. Very few men from his Company managed to escape. The bulk of them being killed and wounded on the hill. Under his courageous and gallant leadership the men fought until all their ammunition was exhausted and they were completely overrun. Bikram's message to me over the wireless was that he would hold on and not withdraw. He has fulfilled these words to the limit."<ref name="ReferenceA"/></blockquote>

By 16 November 1962, however, after suffering heavy casualties and running low on supplies, the Indian forces were ordered to withdraw.{{sfn|Maxwell|1970|p=315}} The Chinese forces took control of Walong, but their advance was considered by Indians had been significantly delayed by the Indian resistance.{{sfn|Palit|1991|p=247}} Indians were defeated at Walong, however the Chinese withdrawal allowed India to regain the territory.<ref name="census">{{Cite web |title=Census of India 2011: District Census Hanbook Anjaw, Village and Town Directory |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/12/1216_PART_A_DCHB_ANJAW.pdf |access-date=19 July 2021 |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Arunachal Pradesh |page=9}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==

=== Casualties ===

It is said that five times as many Chinese soldiers died in this battle of 16 November on West Ridge.<ref>Chinese Book, A History of Counter Attack War in Self Defense Along Sino-Indian Border, Military Science Publications, Beijing, 1994.</ref> Overall, the killed and wounded numbered 642 Indians and 752 Chinese.<ref>{{citation |last1=Sandhu |first1=P. J. S. |last2=Shankar |first2=Vinay |last3=Dwivedi |first3=G. G. |title=1962: A View from the Other Side of the Hill |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=boBNCgAAQBAJ |year=2015 |publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-84464-37-0 |ref={{sfnref|Sandhu, Shankar & Dwivedi, 1962 from the Other Side of the Hill|2015}}, p=119}}.</ref> Only 17 Indian soldiers of Delta Company returned from this battle.<ref>Historical records of the Jangi 6th - 6 Kumaon Regiment</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2018/07/15/heroes-of-1962-war-in-arunachal-6/|title=Heroes of 1962 War in Arunachal | The Arunachal Times|date=15 July 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://usiofindia.org/publication/usi-journal/1962-war-operations-in-the-walong-sector-a-view-from-the-other-side-of-the-hill/|title=1962 War – Operations in the Walong Sector (A View from the Other Side of the Hill)|website=usiofindia.org|access-date=20 September 2020|archive-date=11 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111035935/https://usiofindia.org/publication/usi-journal/1962-war-operations-in-the-walong-sector-a-view-from-the-other-side-of-the-hill/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Gallantry awards ===

[[Vir Chakra]]s were awarded to following 5 soldiers of 6 Kumaon for their actions in the battle:
# Major '''Prem Nath Bhatia''', Vir Chakra.
# Captain '''Ravi Kumar Mathur''', Vir Chakra.
# Captain '''B.C. Chopra''', Vir Chakra, AMC.
# Lieutenant '''A.S. Khatri''', Vir Chakra.
# Naink '''Bahadur Singh''', Vir Chakra, martyred on 21 October 1962.<ref>Ref Kumaoni Nostalgia! by Col N.N. Bhatia (retd)</ref>

The 6 Kumaon battalion celebrates 14 November as Walong Day, and there is a Hut of Remembrance memorial with his statue lies next to ''Kalika Mata Temple'' at [[Kibithu]].

In March 1963, a cremation party of 6 Kumaon, led by Major Prem Nath Bhatia reached Walong to cremate Lt. Bikram Singh and soldiers of Delta Company on West Ridge, however, due to heavy snow, the operation could not be completed.<ref>Through Wars and Insurgency by Brigadier Kuldip Singh, VSM(retd)</ref> Subsequently, this assignment could not be completed because of the untimely death of Maj. Bhatia in 1965, in a road accident.

In 1986 (almost 24 years after the Battle of Walong) a patrol party of the 6th Battalion of The [[Assam Regiment]] climbed up to West Ridge and discovered the skeletal remains of the soldiers of Delta Company of 6 Kumaon who died fighting on 16 November 1962. A lot of war relics such as helmets, LMG magazines, water bottles and used/burnt ammunition and a pair of binoculars (possibly of the company commander, Lt. Bikram Singh) were also found on the site.<ref>Company commander of 6 Assam Regiment</ref> The Patrol party of 6th Assam Regiment cremated the bodies of at least 37 soldiers of Delta Company and kept their ashes in a make shift memorial on the West Ridge. 6th Assam Regiment also constructed a memorial of "Unknown Soldiers" displaying the helmets and battle relics. This memorial is also known as '''Helmet Top Post''' and is a short drive from Walong town. Based on this development, the records of the Kumaon Regiment have been updated with the following citation "''remarks Killed/missing mentioned on the authorization of ....... Records of the Kumaon Regiment. Letter no A4/380/6/Stats dt/ 15/04/88 (Ref File No. 260/on Page 97)"''.

==Legacy ==

=== Morale booster===

The Battle of Walong has become a symbol of Indian resistance during the 1962 war, despite the overall outcome of the conflict.{{sfn|Singh|2016|p=180}} The Battle of Walong is remembered by Indians for the bravery of the Indian soldiers who fought against overwhelming odds.{{sfn|Palit|1991|p=250}} The delaying action at Walong gave the Indian Army time to regroup further south, preventing a deeper Chinese advance into Indian territory.{{sfn|Maxwell|1970|p=318}} The Sino-Indian War ended shortly after the Battle of Walong, with China declaring a unilateral ceasefire on 21 November 1962.{{sfn|Maxwell|1970|p=325}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-17 |title=Battle of Walong: When 2,500 Indian troops took on the Chinese might amid 1962 war |url=https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/battle-of-walong-indian-army-china-1962-war-arunachal-pradesh-13826463.html |access-date=2024-10-22 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref>

Researchers of PLA Academy of Military Science also noted the Indian forces encountered in Walong has a "significantly and notably higher morale and will to resist", especially compared to their fellow Indians in [[Namka Chu|Kejielang River]] and [[Aksai Chin]].{{sfn|People's Liberation Army Academy of Military Sciences|1993|p=247}}

=== Memorials ===

The 6 Kumaon battalion celebrates 14 November as Walong Day. There are several war memorials:

* '''Walong War Memorial''' next to [[Walong Advanced Landing Ground]] on [[National Highway 113 (India)|NH-113]] commemorates the martyrs of battle of Walong, with the names of 32 martyrs of 4th Sikh Regiment and 17 martyrs of [[Dogra Regiment|4th Dogra Regiment]]. In 2012, a memorial was built in Walong to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the battle.{{sfn|Singh|2016|p=180}} Veterans and military historians continue to study the battle for its lessons in [[mountain warfare]], especially the importance of terrain and logistics.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brad |first=K.S. |title=Through Wars and Insurgency: Diary of an Army Officer |date= 2013|publisher=Pentagon Press |isbn=9788182746824 |pages=138–142}}</ref> A canopied memorial to the Indian war dead of 1962 was erected next to the airstrip with the following verses composed by a Walong veteran inscribed on it:<ref name="census" />

: ''The sentinel hills that round us stand''
: ''bear witness that we loved our land.''
: ''Amidst shattered rocks and flaming pine''
: ''we fought and died on Namti Plain.''

: ''O Lohit gently by us glide''
: ''pale stars above us softly shine''
: ''as we sleep here in sun and rain.''

* '''Helmet Top Post War Memorial''', on the cliff between Walong and Tilam, there is ''Helmet Top Walong War Memorial'' in the memory of unknown soldiers who fought till the last bullet.

* '''[[Kibithu]] Hut of Remembrance memorial''', with Vir Chakra awardee Bahadur Singh's statue, lies next to ''Kalika Mata Temple'' on NH-113.

<gallery>
File:Helmet Top Walong Memorial Arunachal Pradesh.jpg|Battle of Walong memorial, built by [[Jammu and Kashmir Rifles|12 JAK Rif]] at ''Helmet Top'' where Indian soldier's helmets and other military gear were found at this location.
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Battle of Bum La Pass]]
* [[Battle of Rezang La|Battle of Rezanga La]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==

===Citations===
{{Reflist|22em}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Maxwell |first=Nevill |title=India's China War |location=London |publisher=Jonathan Cape |date=1970|doi=10.2307/40201086 |jstor=40201086 |s2cid=151886230 }}
* {{cite book |last=Palit |first=D.K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ukw1PuEt8IcC |title=War in High Himalaya: The Indian Army in Crisis, 1962 |publisher=Lancer International |date=1991|isbn=978-0-312-06147-0 }}
* {{cite book |last=Singh |first=Amarinder |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1790518802 |title=The Monsoon War: Young Officers Reminisce – 1962 India-China War |publisher=Roli Books |date=2016|id={{ProQuest|1790518802}} }}
*{{cite book|trans-title= History of Sino-Indian Border Self-defensive counterattack|title=中印边境自卫反击作战史|publisher=Military Science Publication|author=[[People's Liberation Army Academy of Military Sciences]]|url=http://bjzc.org/lib/53/wxls/ts053031.pdf|access-date=7 May 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910171310/http://bjzc.org/lib/53/wxls/ts053031.pdf|archive-date=10 September 2016|url-status=dead|location=[[Beijing]]|language=zh-cn|year=1993}}
{{refend}}

===External links===
* ''[https://www.easternsentinel.in/news/state/the-epic-battle-of-walong-1962.html The Epic Battle of Walong 1962]''. Eastern Sentinel.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Walong 1962}}
[[Category:Battles of the Sino-Indian War]]
[[Category:October 1962 in Asia]]
[[Category:November 1962 in Asia]]
[[Category:Anjaw district]]
[[Category:1960s in the North-East Frontier Agency]]

Hemidactylus mahonyi

2025-12-16T04:00:47Z

Murmupp: Started data!

{{Short description|Species of lizard}}
{{Speciesbox
| status =
| genus = Hemidactylus
| species = mahonyi
| authority = Adhikari, Achyuthan, Kumar, Khot, Shreeram, & Ganesh, 2022
| synonyms =
}}

'''''Hemidactylus mahonyi''''' is a species of [[gecko]]. It is [[endemic]] to [[India]].<ref name=RDB>{{NRDB species|genus=Hemidactylus|species=mahonyi}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q113561051}}

[[Category:Hemidactylus]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 2022]]
[[Category:Endemic reptiles of India]]
{{Hemidactylus-stub}}

8th International Film Festival of India

2025-12-15T03:19:01Z

Murmupp: fixed issues

{{Short description|Indian film festival in 1981}}
{{Infobox film awards
| number =8
| award = International Film Festival of India
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| awarded_for = Best of World cinema
| award_org =
| presenting_org = [[Directorate of Film Festivals]]
| announced_date =
| presented_date =16 January 1981
| host =
| website = {{URL|http://www.iffigoa.org/}}
| lifetime_achievement =
| best_feature = "The Unknown Soldier’s Patent Leather Shoes" "[[Aakrosh (1980 film)|Aakrosh]]"
| last = 7th
| next = 9th
}}
The '''8th [[International Film Festival of India]]''' was held from 3–16 January 1981 in [[New Delhi]], India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=130560|title=English Releases|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm8IIFAAward.aspx?PdfName=8IIFA.pdf |title=Directorate of Film Festival |access-date=2018-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101233112/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm8IIFAAward.aspx?PdfName=8IIFA.pdf |archive-date=2018-01-01 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://rrtd.nic.in/iffi-2002.htm|title=International Film Festival in India|website=rrtd.nic.in|access-date=31 March 2020|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041121093039/http://rrtd.nic.in/iffi-2002.htm|archive-date=21 November 2004}}</ref>

==Winners==
*'''[[IFFI Best Film Award|Golden Peacock (Best Film)]]:''' "The Unknown Soldier’s Patent Leather Shoes" by [[Rangel Valchanov]] and "[[Aakrosh (1980 film)|Aakrosh]]" by [[Govind Nihalani]]
*'''[[IFFI_Best_Film_Award#Golden_Peacock_Award_winners_(Short_Films)|Golden Peacock (Best Short Film)]]''' "A Period of Transition" (Denmark film)

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{International Film Festival of India|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:1981 film festivals]]
[[Category:International Film Festival of India|08]]
[[Category:1981 in Indian cinema]]

Agra City railway station

2025-11-16T18:56:31Z

Murmupp: general expand details per standard format and corrected details

{{short description|Railway Station in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}

{{Infobox station
| name = Agra City
| type = [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|100px]]
| image_caption = Indian Railways logo
| address = Ghatia Road, near Belaganj, [[Agra]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|27.1943|N|78.0155|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline}}
| map_type = India#India Uttar Pradesh
| elevation = {{convert|165|m|ft}}
| line = [[Agra–Delhi chord]]
| other =
| structure = Standard on ground
| platform = 2
| tracks =
| entrances =
| parking = No
| bicycle = No
| opened = 1903
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = 1982–85
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = AGA
| division = {{rwd|Agra}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[North Central Railway zone|North Central Railway]]
| status = Functioning
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_size = 300
| map_dot_label = Agra City
}}
{{Railways in Agra|collapse=y}}
'''Agra City''' is a railway and bus station in the heart of the old city in [[Agra]], India. It is near Belangunj, which is the trading hub of Agra. The station is a relic of the past and at present very few trains stop here.<ref>{{cite news|title=AGRA CITY (AGA) Railway Station|url=https://www.ndtv.com/indian-railway/agra-city-aga-station|work=[[NDTV]]}}</ref>

==Overview==
[[Agra]], the 16–17th century capital of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]], is home to monuments such as the [[Taj Mahal]] and [[Agra Fort]].<ref name=Agra>{{cite web| url = http://www.makemytrip.com/railways/agra.html |title = Agra Railway Station| publisher= Make my trip| access-date = 2 July 2013}}</ref> The [[Taj Mahal]] attracts 7-8 million tourists annually. About 0.8 million foreign tourists visit it.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://tajmahal.gov.in/taj_visitors.html | title = Taj Visitors | publisher = Department of Tourism, Govt. of Uttar Pradesh | access-date = 2 July 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160831140804/http://www.tajmahal.gov.in/taj_visitors.html | archive-date = 31 August 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==History==
The station belonged to [[Great Indian Peninsula Railway]] in British era and was built in 1903 by [[Kutch Gurjar Kshatriya#Contribution in history of Indian Railways in British India|Mistris of Kutch]].

==See also==
* [[Agra Cantonment railway station]]
* [[Agra Fort railway station]]
* [[Railways in Agra]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Wikivoyage inline|Agra}}

{{Railway stations in Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1903]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Agra]]
[[Category:Agra railway division]]

{{UttarPradesh-railstation-stub}}

Aashiqana

2025-11-13T18:02:09Z

Murmupp: starting first stub more to come!

{{Short description|Indian TV series}}


{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| genre = {{Plainlist|
* [[Action fiction|Action]]
* [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
* [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]
}}
| creator = [[Gul Khan (producer)|Gul Khan]]
| based_on =
| screenplay =
| director = Gul Khan
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Khushi Dubey]]
*[[Zayn Ibad Khan]]
}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 4
| num_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer =
| location = India
| released =
| editor =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 23-32 minutes
| company = [[4 Lions Films]]
| network = [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2022|06|06}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=y|2023|09|09}}
}}
'''''Aashiqana''''' is an [[India|Indian]] [[Hindi|Hindi-language]] drama television series directed by Gul Khan.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Aashiqana': Disney+ Hotstar romance thriller has 'love, passion, action and grit' says producer Gul Khan|url=https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/web-series/aashiqana-disney-hotstar-romance-thriller-has-love-passion-action-and-grit-says-producer-gul-khan-2466445.html|access-date=2025-01-28 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref> The series features [[Khushi Dubey]] and Zayn Ibad Khan in the lead role.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aashiqana Cast: Where and when will you be able to watch Aashiqana web series, the cast told what is the mood of the story|url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/entertainment/bollywood/article/aashiqana-cast-plot-know-when-to-watch-this-webseries-on-disney-hotstar/412065|access-date=2025-01-28 |website=Times Now|date=2 June 2022 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='The lips told the whole story...', 'Aashiqana' lead pair lip lock|url=https://www.aajtak.in/entertainment/television/story/aashiqana-web-series-yashwardhan-chikki-steamy-liplock-viral-bold-intimate-scene-watch-video-tmovh-1502229-2022-07-19|access-date=2025-01-28 |website=Aaj Tak|date=19 July 2022 |language=hi}}</ref> The first season premiered on [[Disney+ Hotstar]] on 6th June 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=OTT web show: A thrilling romance Aashiqana to stream on Disney+ Hotstar from THIS date!|url=https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/web-series/ott-web-show-a-thrilling-romance-aashiqana-to-stream-on-disney-hotstar-from-this-date-2467835.html|access-date=2025-01-28 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref><ref name=:"1">{{Cite web |title=Aashiqana: Disney+ Hotstar renews Zayn Ibad Khan and Khushi Dubey's series for a fourth season with a supernatural twist |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/aashiqana-disney-hotstar-renews-zayn-ibad-khan-and-khushi-dubeys-series-for-a-fourth-season-with-a-supernatural-twist/b709f3abe5112 |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/5-times-aashiqana-served-love-with-an-unusual-twist-across-its-seasons-news-247641|title=5 Times 'Aashiqana' Served Love With An Unusual Twist Across Its Seasons|date=23 December 2022 }}</ref>

== Cast ==
===Main===
*[[Khushi Dubey]] as Chikki Sharma
*Zayn Ibad Khan as ACP Yashvardhan Chauhan

===Recurring===
*Geeta Tyagi
*Vipul Deshpandey
*Anurag Vyas
*Anshu Zarbade
*Sneha Chauhan
*Harshita Shukla
*Parimal Bhattacharya
*Vishal Joshi
*Vikas Rai

==Episode list==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%; margin:auto; background:#FFFFF;"
|-
! style="padding:0 8px;" rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Season
! style="padding:0 8px;" rowspan="2"|{{Abbr|No.|number}} of episodes
! colspan="2" style="paddning:0 80px;" |Original air dates
|-
!Premiere
!Finale
|-
| style="background:#0abab5; color:#100; text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| '''[[#Season 1 (2022)|1]]'''
| style="text-align:center;" |66
| style="text-align:center;" |6 June 2022<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aashiqana: Love in the season of murder... Disney Plus Hotstar's new show 'Aashiqana' will attack hearts |url=https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/web-series-review-aashiqana-on-disney-plus-hotstar-release-date-out-staring-zayn-ibad-khan-and-khushi-dubey-directed-by-gul-khan-22737297.html|access-date=2025-01-28 |website=Jagran|language=hi}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| style="background:#00bfff; color:#100; text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| '''[[#Season 2 (2022–2023)|2]]'''
| style="text-align:center;" |60
| style="text-align:center;" |10 October 2022<ref>{{Cite web |title='Aashiqana 2' director Gul Khan talks about unleashing new villain in the show|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/aashiqana-2-director-gul-khan-talks-about-unleashing-new-villain-in-show/articleshow/95527590.cms|access-date=2025-01-28 |website=Times Of India|date=15 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=:0>{{Cite web |title=Aashiqana Season 2 episode 1 review: Karanvir Bohra is a ray of hope |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/aashiqana-season-2-episode-1-review-karanvir-bohra-is-a-ray-of-hope-in-the-romance-thriller-show/352bb68ff3362 |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| style="background:#B980E1; color:#100; text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| '''[[#Season 3 (2023)|3]]'''
| style="text-align:center;" |60
| style="text-align:center;" |27 February 2023<ref>{{Cite web |title=Love returns in the season of murder - 'Aashiqana Season 3' releasing on Disney+Hotstar on 27 February|url=https://ndtv.in/web-series/aashiqana-season-3-releasing-on-disney-plus-hotstar-on-february-27-3781719|access-date=2025-01-28 |website=ndtv.in|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Aashiqana 3' trailer has Yash and Chikki haunted by gang of assassins|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/aashiqana-3-trailer-has-yash-and-chikki-haunted-by-gang-of-assassins/articleshow/97914458.cms|access-date=2025-01-28 |website=Times Of India|date=14 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| style="background:#FFD522; color:#100; text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Best of Luck Nikki#Season 4 (2023)|4]]'''
| style="text-align:center;" |42
| style="text-align:center;" |24 July 2023<ref name=:"1"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aashiqana Season 4 Trailer: Zayn Ibad Khan And Khushi Dubey starrer Aashiqana Season 4 Official Trailer|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/web-series/hindi/aashiqana-season-4-trailer-zayn-ibad-khan-and-khushi-dubey-starrer-aashiqana-season-4-official-trailer/videoshow/101816127.cms|access-date=2025-01-28 |website=Times Of India|language=en}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;" |
|}

==Reception==
Archika Khurana from Times of India rated Season 1, 2 out of 5 and wrote, "''Aashiqana'' is just another soap opera with the Bollywood tadka. However, it's a mediocre love story set against an intriguing thriller with outstanding production values. Only watch it if you have time to devote to it on a regular basis, as new episodes are released daily."
<ref>{{Cite news |title=Aashiqana Season 1 Review : Action-packed drama with an underwhelming plot |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/aashiqana/aashiqana-season-1/seasonreview/92031433.cms |access-date=2025-02-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Sunidhi Prajapat from OTT Play rated the Season 2, episode 1, 2.5 out of 5 and wrote "The plot and performances seem a little better than last season. However, the cliched dialogues and not-so-great screenplay reduce the marks."<ref name=:0/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aashiqana: मर्डर के मौसम में प्यार... डिज्नी प्लस हॉटस्टार के नये शो 'आशिकाना' में दिलों पर होगा वार - Aashiqana On Disney Plus Hotstar Release Date Out Staring Zayn Ibad Khan and Khushi Dubey Directed By Gul Khan |url=https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/web-series-review-aashiqana-on-disney-plus-hotstar-release-date-out-staring-zayn-ibad-khan-and-khushi-dubey-directed-by-gul-khan-22737297.html |access-date=2025-04-15 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pal |first=Deepanjana |date=2023-08-03 |title=Why You Should Watch Aashiqana |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/streaming/why-you-should-watch-aashiqana-season-4-disney-hotstar-deepanjana-pal#google_vignette |access-date=2025-04-15 |website=www.filmcompanion.in |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt20673854}}
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/shows/aashiqana/1260103747 ''Aashiqana''] on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]

{{Disney+ Hotstar|state=collapsed}}
{{Portal bar|India|Television}}

[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series debuts]]

Suraj Tal

2025-10-26T10:44:05Z

Murmupp: created new entry

{{Short description|Lake in Himachal Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox body of water
| name = Suraj Tal Surya Tal
| image = Suraj Tal Lahaul Himachal Jul16 D32 13220.jpg
| alt = View of Surya Tal lake
| caption =
| image_bathymetry =
| caption_bathymetry =
| location = CB Range, [[Lahaul and Spiti district|Lahaul Valley, Himachal]]
| coords = {{coord|32|45|46|N|77|23|52|E|region:IN_type:waterbody|display=inline,title}}
| type = High altitude Lake
| inflow = Glacier and Snow melt
| outflow = Bhaga River
| catchment =
| pushpin_map = India Himachal Pradesh
| pushpin_map_alt = Location of Surya Taal within Himachal Pradesh
| basin_countries = India
| length =
| width =
| area =
| depth =
| max-depth =
| volume =
| residence_time =
| shore = {{cvt|4|km}}
| elevation = {{cvt|4883|m|ft|1}}
| islands =
| cities =
| frozen = During winter
}}
'''Suraj Tal''', also called
'''Tso Kamtsi''' or '''Surya Tal''', is an {{cvt|800|m}} long lake that lies just below the {{cvt|4890|m}} high [[Bara-lacha-la]] pass in [[Lahaul and Spiti district]] of the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]]. It is the third-highest lake in India and the 21st-highest in the world.<ref>[http://www.highestlake.com/highest-lake-world.html The Highest Lake in the World]</ref><ref name = him>[http://www.shubhyatra.com/himachal-pradesh/lakes.html Lakes]</ref> Suraj Tal Lake is just below the source of the Bhaga River that joins the Chandra River downstream at [[Tandi]] to form the [[Chenab River|Chandrabhaga]] River in Himachal Pradesh. The Chandrabhaga River is known as the [[Chenab River|Chenab]] as it enters the [[Jammu region]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref name = him/> The other major tributary of the Chandrabhaga, the Chandra, originates and flows south-east of the Bara-lacha La.<ref name="Harcourt" />

==Access==
Suraj Tal is {{cvt|65|km}} from [[Keylong]], the district headquarters of the [[Lahaul and Spiti district|Lahaul Spiti district]]. It is accessible by National Highway NH 21, also known as the [[Leh-Manali Highway]]. The road skirts Suraj Tal, which is just {{cvt|3|km}} short of the [[Bara-lacha-la]] pass.<ref name="sase">[http://www.ce.cmu.edu/~svo/papers/SASE%20Report.pdf Sharad V. Oberoi & P. Mathur, "Training Report on Feasibility Study of Existing Manali-Darcha Highway and Proposed Darcha-Padam Road Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques", SASE, Chandigarh, India, (pages 11-13), 22 Jun 2004] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070922053329/http://www.ce.cmu.edu/~svo/papers/SASE%20Report.pdf|date=22 September 2007}}</ref> It remains inaccessible during the winter months of November to April since the pass becomes totally snowbound during this period.<ref name="highestroad">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W4mCH1oCKTkC&q=Heliocpter+services+to+Keylong+in+Lahaul+valley&pg=PA130 | page=130 | title=Lahaul-Spiti: A Forbidden Land in the Himalayas | last=Bajpai | first=S.C. | year=2002 | publisher=Indus Publishing | isbn=81-7387-113-2}}</ref><ref name="Lahaul and Spiti District">[http://www.educationhp.org/explore_himachal_lahaul.html Lahaul and Spiti District] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613060403/http://educationhp.org/explore_himachal_lahaul.html |date=13 June 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://hplahaulspiti.gov.in/Administration1.htm |title=Lahaul & Spiti District, Himachal Pradesh, India |access-date=2008-11-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060713113544/http://hplahaulspiti.gov.in/Administration1.htm |archive-date=13 July 2006 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
==Physical description==

===Terrain===
[[File:Surajtal.jpg|thumb|250px|View of Suraj Tal towards Bara-lacha La]]
[[File:Suraj Tal Lahaul Himachal Jul19 D72 10866.jpg|thumb|250px|View of Suraj Tal down the Bhaga valley]]
The glaciers and nullahs (streams) that from the [[Bara-lacha la|Bara-lacha-la pass]] feed the lake. The pass is 8 km long and is also called the "Pass with Crossroads on Summit" since roads from [[Zanskar]], [[Ladakh]], Spiti, and Lahaul meet at this pass.<ref name = sase/> In addition to the Bhaga River that originates from it and flows through Suraj Tal, Bara-lacha-la Pass is also the source of the Chandra and Yunan Rivers in the southeast and north, respectively.<ref name = sase/>

The lake is situated in the Upper Himalayan Zone, or High Latitudinal Zone part of the [[Himalayas]] which has very sparse population with climatic conditions akin to polar conditions. Snowfall in this zone, though scanty, is reported to be spread throughout the year. Rainfall is rare in the region. [[Snow]] [[precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]] from snow storms is reported to be less than {{cvt|200|mm}} of snow in nearly 50% of the storms, even though one observatory in the region has reported {{cvt|800|mm}} of snowfall. The precipitation starts melting in May. Snow on slopes is generally slackly bonded, with the [[wind]] redistributing it. The average total snowfall recorded in a year is reported to be {{cvt|12-15|m}}, with the highest temperature at {{cvt|13|°C}}, the mean highest temperature at {{cvt|0.5|°C}}, the mean minimum temperature at {{cvt|-11.7|°C}}, and the lowest temperature at {{cvt|-27|°C}}. The ground in the zone is covered with scree and boulders.<ref name = sase/>

===Geology===
The lake's [[geology]] is similar to that of the nearby Bara-lacha-la Pass, which is reported to be an early rifting event on the northern Indian passive margin, and the [[Basalt]]s which are emplaced along the trans–tensional faults indicate that.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://bsgf.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/176/6/499|title=The Carboniferous Baralacha la basaltic dykes (Upper Lahul, Ladakh): remnants of an early rifting event along the Indian northern plate |access-date= 13 November 2008|author= |last= |first= |authorlink= |date= |year= |format= |publisher= |location= |pages= |language= |doi= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061008045924/http://bsgf.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/176/6/499|archive-date=2006-10-08|url-status= dead|quote= They derive from the partial melting of an enriched OIB mantle source, characterized by a HIMU component, and contaminated by the lower [[continental crust]].}}</ref>

===Bhaga Valley===
The Bhaga River originates in Bara-Lacha La and flows north-west through Suraj Tal to [[Tandi]], the confluence point with the Chandra River. The Bhaga Valley (Tod or Stod Valley) is {{cvt|72|km|mi}} long.<ref name="Harcourt">{{Cite book|last=Harcourt|first=A.F.P.|title=The Himalayan Districts of Kooloo, Lahoul and Spiti|publisher=W.H. Allen & Sons|year=1871|location=London|pages=16–23}}</ref> The valley, which is a narrow gorge, is devoid of any vegetation up to Darcha, and thereafter it widens up to its confluence with the Chandra River at Tandi. There are terraces between Darcha and Tandi which are under cultivation in the lower slopes, with the middle slopes having grasslands. Plantations of trees and shrubs to meet fuel wood and fodder requirements have been done on the hill slopes.<ref>[http://library.thinkquest.org/10131/lahaul_lahaul.html#bv Indian Himalayas, Lahaul and Spiti]</ref>

==Tourism==
[[File:Suraj tal.jpg|thumb|left|250px|National Highway skirting the lake on the left]]
Lahaul-Spiti Valley is a common destination for Indian and foreign tourists on road trips, trekking, and motorcycling. The NH 21 route from Manali to Leh covers the Suraj Tal Lake and the Bara-lacha-la pass.<ref>[http://www.whereincity.com/india/himachal-pradesh/lahaul.php Suraj Tal]</ref>

===Trekking===
Trekking tours are common. One trek route is the [[Zingzingbar]]–Suraj Tal–Bara-lacha-la. This involves trekking along the Bhaga River for {{cvt|3|km}}, crossing a bridge to the north bank, then a further climb of {{cvt|2.5|km}} from the bridge, followed by a steep foot trail up to Suraj Tal.<ref>[http://www.incrediblehimalayas.com/darcha-baralacha-pass-trek-lahaul.html Darcha Baralacha Pass Trek Lahaul]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.sunrisevilla.in/himachal/lakes/surajtal.asp Suraj Tal Lake]
* [http://www.trekearth.com/gallery/Asia/India/North/Himachal_Pradesh/Suraj_Taal/ Surya Taal photos on Trek Earth]
* [http://www.stikage.com/map_baralacha.htm Road and trekking map]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070211170143/http://library.advanced.org/10131/lahaul_baralacha.html Lahaul and Spiti - Bara-lacha-la Pass]

{{Lahaul and Spiti}}

[[Category:Lakes of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Sacred lakes of India]]
[[Category:Glacial lakes of India]]
[[Category:Geography of Lahaul and Spiti district]]

Pseudolaguvia ferula

2025-10-04T15:55:10Z

Murmupp: put up new details

{{Short description|Species of catfish}}
{{Speciesbox
| image =
| image_caption =
| status = DD
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref>{{cite iucn|author=Ng, H.H. |author-link=Ng Heok Hee |year= 2010 |title= ''Pseudolaguvia ferula'' |article-number= e.T168572A6517523 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-4.RLTS.T168572A6517523.en |access-date=1 October 2023}}</ref>
| taxon = Pseudolaguvia ferula
| authority = [[Ng Heok Hee|H. H. Ng]], 2006
| synonyms =
}}

'''''Pseudolaguvia ferula''''' is a [[species]] of [[sisorid catfish]] in the family [[Erethistidae]]. It is found in the [[Tista River]] in [[West Bengal]], India.<ref>Ng, H.H., 2006. Pseudolaguvia ferula, a new species of sisoroid catfish (Teleostei: Erethistidae) from India. Zootaxa 1229:59-68.</ref>

== Description ==
''Pseudolaguvia ferula'' reaches a [[standard length]] of {{cvt|2.5|cm|in}}.<ref>{{FishBase |genus= Pseudolaguvia|species= ferula| id=63502 |month = February | year = 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q6410028}}

[[Category:Catfish of Asia]]
[[Category:Fish of India]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Heok Hee Ng]]
[[Category:Fish described in 2006]]
[[Category:Erethistidae]]

{{Catfish-stub}}

2022 Surat gas leak

2025-09-03T22:20:30Z

Murmupp: starting basic post first draft

{{Infobox event
|date = 6 January 2022
|location = Sachin, [[Surat]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]
|type = gas leak
|reported deaths = 6
|reported injuries = 22-29
}}
On 6 January 2022, at least six people died and 22 people became sick following [[gas leak]] from a tanker in an industrial area in Sachin, [[Surat]], [[Gujarat]], India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2022-01-06|title=Gujarat: At least 6 dead, 20 sick after gas leak at industrial area in Surat|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/gujarat-surat-chemical-gas-leak-deaths-7709114/|access-date=2022-01-18|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-08|title=4 accused arrested in Surat gas leak case, 6 people died|url=https://english.newstracklive.com/news/4-accused-arrested-in-surat-gas-leak-case-6-people-died-ta303-1203922-1.html|access-date=2022-01-18|website=News Track|language=English}}</ref>

== Incident and rescue ==
Around 4:25 am [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] on 6 January 2022, the gas leaked from a tanker parked in Sachin [[Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation|GIDC]], an industrial area. It was reported that the driver of the tanker was illegally dumping the chemical waste in the drain which resulted in the gas leak. The driver fled. The labourers sleeping in nearby textile mill and outside were affected. They fell unconscious following inhaling the leaked gas and were admitted in the New Civil Hospital in Surat. At least six people died and 22 people were hospitalised. Two stray dogs also died. The fire brigade sealed the tanker.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chemical tanker leaks in Surat: Six dead, 22 hospitalised after inhaling toxic chemical fumes|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/surat-chemical-tanker-leak-latest-updates/846791|access-date=2022-01-18|website=www.timesnownews.com|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2022-01-06|title=Surat: Six workers killed in chemical tanker leak|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/surat-six-workers-killed-in-chemical-tanker-leak-101641491854939.html|access-date=2022-01-18|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Six die, 29 sick as gas leaks from tanker in Surat|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/jan/07/six-die-29-sick-as-gas-leaks-from-tanker-in-surat-2404087.html|access-date=2022-01-18|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2022-04-02 |title=Surat gas leak: Compensation of Rs 6 lakh handed over to kin of six victims |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/surat/compensation-of-rs-6-l-handed-over-to-kin-of-six-victims-7848876/ |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The leaked chemical was identified as [[sodium hydrosulphite]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2022-01-08|title=Surat gas leak: Four accused arrested|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/four-accused-in-gas-leak-case-held/articleshow/88764459.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-18|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107230318/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/four-accused-in-gas-leak-case-held/articleshow/88764459.cms |archive-date=2022-01-07 }}</ref>{{Clarify|reason=Sodium hydrosulphite exists as a white crystalline powder; and not as a gas |date=August 2023}} The people from the area were evacuated as a precaution.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2022-01-06|title=Surat: Six workers killed in chemical tanker leak|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/surat-six-workers-killed-in-chemical-tanker-leak-101641491854939.html|access-date=2022-01-18|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

== Relief ==
The [[government of Gujarat]] paid an ''[[ex gratia]]'' of {{INRConvert|4|l|lk=l}} while the textile mill owner where the labourers worked paid {{INRConvert|2|l|lk=l}} to the [[next of kin]] of each person who died.<ref name=":4" />

== Investigation ==
The initial investigation revealed that the chemical was purchased from Hikal Ltd, a pharma-chemical factory from Taloja in [[Maharashtra]] on pretext of selling it to another company and then was illegally dump in Surat by the accused.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2022-01-08|title=Surat gas leak: Four accused arrested|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/four-accused-in-gas-leak-case-held/articleshow/88764459.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-18|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107230318/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/four-accused-in-gas-leak-case-held/articleshow/88764459.cms |archive-date=2022-01-07 }}</ref> An FIR was also register against the managing director of the Hikal Ltd and other officials.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-25|title=Surat gas leak: Bombay High Court grants transit pre-arrest bail to pharma company MD till Feb 1|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/surat-gas-leak-bombay-high-court-grants-transit-pre-arrest-bail-to-pharma-company-md-till-feb-7740949/|access-date=2022-02-14|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> Eleven people were arrested by state police.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=2022-01-20|title=Sachin GIDC Gas Leak Case: NGT Issues Notice To GPCB|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/sachin-gidc-gas-leak-case-ngt-issues-notice-to-gpcb/articleshow/89006064.cms|access-date=2022-02-14|website=The Times of India}}</ref> Later the case was transferred to the crime branch which had arrested 13 people by April 2022 and five people were absconding.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-26 |title=Surat gas leak Tragedy: Mumbai-based pharmaceutical firm MD arrested, released on bail |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/surat/surat-gas-leak-tragedy-mumbai-based-pharmaceutical-firm-md-arrested-released-on-bail-sameer-hiremath-7936557/ |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

The [[National Green Tribunal Act|National Green Tribunal]] (NGT) issued notice to the [[Gujarat Pollution Control Board]].<ref name=":3" /> The NGT constituted nine member committee for investigation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Surat Gas leak: NGT constitutes 9-member joint Committee |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/surat-gas-leak-ngt-constitutes-9-member-joint-committee20220119211910/ |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref> The report from committee was accepted in March 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-25 |title=Surat gas leak case: NGT upholds compensation for victims |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/surat-gas-leak-case-ngt-upholds-compensation-for-victims/article66662211.ece |access-date=2023-04-08 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Visakhapatnam gas leak]]
*[[List of industrial disasters]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Disasters in India in 2022}}

{{coord|21.090|72.856|display=title}}

[[Category:2022 disasters in India]]
[[Category:2022 industrial disasters]]
[[Category:Disasters in Gujarat]]
[[Category:2020s in Gujarat]]
[[Category:January 2022 in India|Surat gas leak]]
[[Category:Pollution events in 2022]]
[[Category:Industrial accidents and incidents in India]]

Panagal, Nalgonda district

2025-08-30T01:55:35Z

Murmupp: improve content for accuracy and cleaned formatting

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Panagal
| other_name = Panagallu, Panugal
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = Sri Chaya Someswara Temple at Pangal.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Sri Chaya Someswara Temple at Panagal
| pushpin_map = India Telangana
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.077236|N|79.287336|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 508001
| registration_plate = TS 05
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest cities
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Nalgonda]], [[Suryapet]]
| website = {{URL|telangana.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Panagal''', also referred to as '''Panagallu''' or '''Panugallu''', is a historic town located 4 km northeast from [[Nalgonda]] city in [[Telangana]], [[India]].<ref name=SekharA91>A Chandra Sekhar (1967), District Census Handbook: Nalgonda district, Andhra Pradesh, Government of Andhra Pradesh, Chapter XIV, pages A91–92</ref>

Panagal is older than Nalgonda, and was a capital of several dynasties between the 9th and 13th-centuries. The Hindu governors and kings of various dynasties, including the Kakatiyas built major public infrastructure in Panagal. This included a water reservoir called the ''Udaya Samudram'' in historic texts that has evolved into the Panagal Reservoir with the modern era Srisailam project.<ref name=Bhaskar21>V.S. Bhaskar (2004), District Census Handbook: Nalgonda District, Series 29, Census of India 2001, page 23, 684</ref> The early dynasties also built several major temples in Panagal such as the [[Chaya Someswara temple]] and [[Pachala Someswara temple]]. These were mostly ruined during the [[Deccan wars]] between Islamic Sultanates and Hindu kingdoms. Four temples survive, while coins, inscriptions, temple parts, fort ruins and statues from other lost historic monuments found in this region are now preserved in the Panagal Museum established in 1982.<ref>{{cite book|author=M. Rama Rao|title=Select Andhra Temples|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n-R6swEACAAJ |year=1970|isbn=9781340109394| publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|pages=76–79}}</ref>

By the 19th-century, Panagal had been reduced to a small village.<ref name=SekharA91/><ref name=sarma1972>{{cite book|author=M R Sarma|title=Temples of Telingaṇa: The Architecture, Iconography, and Sculpture of the Calukya and Kakatiya Temples|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SSNUAAAAMAAJ |year=1972|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal|isbn=978-81-215-0437-9|page=84}}</ref> With the growth of Nalgonda city, Panagal has been incorporated and now a part of the Nalgonda municipal area. In state literature, it is sometimes subdivided into Panagallu (Urban) and Panagallu (Rural).<ref name=Bhaskar21/>

==History==
Panagal is a historic site. The earliest records mention it as one of the regional capitals of the Kadumba dynasty, from where governors and kings of Andhradesa ruled this part of Dakkhina-kshetra (Deccan-region). With Kirtivarman's conquest, the Chalukyas gained and nurtured Panagal, building some temples in the Chalukyan style. It was one of three capitals for Chalukyas, the other two being Vardhamanapuram and Kandur.<ref name=SekharA91/> Later the Cholas (Chodas), Yadavas-Seunas, and Kakatiyas ruled their regions in Telingana from their administrative headquarters at Panagal. In 1124 CE, Udayaraju of the Chola dynasty constructed a large water tank to the northeast of the town.<ref name=SekharA91/> Panagal reached its highest state of development with the [[Kakatiya dynasty]]. They expanded the tank, built many public wells for drinking water, and built several major temple complexes, now considered among the finest examples of Kakatiya architecture of Hindu temples. The reach of historic Panagal is evident from the numerous old public wells found over a 5-kilometers range from the bund of the historic water reservoir, and the remains of a mud fort that is found in a circular radius of about 3 kilometers. Panagal was mostly destroyed in the centuries after the 13th-century, and reduced to a small village by the 19th-century. By the advent of the modern age, the majestic temples were in ruins and replaced with small village temples and a few mosques.<ref name=SekharA91/>

The history of Panagal is evidenced by numerous inscriptions found on stones, panels and fragments of panels found near the temple, in the farm fields and on some broken panels found with Muslim tombs.<ref name=sarma1972/> They generally refer to this place as ''Panugallu'', mention kings or governors in Deccan history. A few of these are dated to, for example, the Kalyani Chalukya era.<ref name=sarma1972/> Others mention men or women of different classes and other major Hindu dynasties. These record gifts to maintain the temple, for the priest, for vocal musicians, for instrumental music performances, for garlands, for dancing, for festivals, and in one case "half to the god and half to the people" in Panagallu. Some of these inscriptions are still in Panagal, while others have been moved to the local museum and to the state museum.<ref name=sarma1972/>

===Temples===
Panagal has several historic temples, all from the 11th to 12th century:<ref>{{cite book|author1=Madhusudan A. Dhaky|author2=Michael Meister|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture, Volume 1 Part 3 South India Text & Plates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a1VJAQAAIAAJ |year=1996|publisher=American Institute of Indian Studies|isbn=978-81-86526-00-2 |pages = 445–459}}</ref>
*[[Chaya Someswara temple]] in the northeast part of Panagal, a complex of 7 temples of which one is the main trikuta temple
*[[Pachala Someswara temple]] in the north side of Panagal, this is the most sophisticated, intricately carved temple in Panagal notable for hosting simultaneous sanctums of same size for Shaiva, Vaishnava, Shakta and Saurya traditions of Hinduism
*Venkatesvara temple

Statues and sculptures of Hindu gods and goddesses dating back to [[Andhra Ikshvaku]]s of 3rd century CE are preserved and protected at the [[Panagal Museum|museum]] constructed in the compound of Pachala Someswara Swamy temple. Some of the ancient Siva lingas preserved in the museum were collected from a village called Yelleswaram (a Saivite centre), which was submerged during the construction of [[Nagarjuna Sagar Dam|Nagarjuna Sagar]] dam.

During late 14th Century and early 15th century, there was an equilibrium of sorts between [[Recherla Nayaks|Recherla Padmanayaks]] in Central Telangana, [[Reddy dynasty|Panta Reddis]] in [[Coastal Andhra]], [[Bahmani Sultans]] of Gulbarga in Western Telangana and [[Eastern Ganga dynasty|Eastern Gangas]] of Kalinga in the North East (modern [[Srikakulam district|Srikakulam]] and [[Vizianagaram district|Vijayanagaram]]). In the south were [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara]] kings, in [[Udayagiri, Andhra Pradesh|Udayagiri]] fort (operating from Udayagiri, with base in Vijayanagara).

Recherla Padmanayaks, operating from [[Rachakonda]] (Samsathan Narayanpur, near Choutuppal) and [[Devarakonda]], were regional adversaries of Panta Reddis.

The Panta Reddis had established their bases in two places - [[Kondaveedu Fort|Kondaveedu]] and [[Rajahmundry]], the ones from the latter being the juniors. A fratricidal war broke out between Kondaveedu Reddis and Reddis of Rajahmundry. The Kondaveedu Reddis who were in allegiance with Vijayanagara Kings for fending off Recherla Padmanayaks, switched their allegiance to Bahmanis as Vijayanagara kings started reaching out to Rajahmundry Reddis. This in turn angered Recherla kings who till then were in allegiance with Bahmanis to fend off Viyanagara push into the Recherla territories, shifted their allegiance to Vijayanagara kingdom out of pure realpolitik.

A major battle was fought in 1419 at Panagal that led to the victory of Vijayanagara-Rajahmundry Reddi-Recherla Padmanayaks. After this battle, the Kondaveedu Reddi dynasty gradually got extinct.

==References==
{{reflist}}

*Precolonial India in Practice - Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra - Cynthia Talbot, Oxford University Press 2001, Pages 180, 181

==External links==
*[http://www.telanganastateinfo.com/panagal-utsavalu-2016-from-april-27-to-29/ Panagal Utsavalu 2016]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070127093449/http://nalgonda.ap.nic.in/ Official Website of the Nalgonda District]
*[http://wikimapia.org/#lat=17.0774255&lon=79.2951295&z=19&l=0&m=b Chaya Someswaralayam (wikimapia location)]
*[http://wikimapia.org/#lat=17.0796126&lon=79.2881718&z=19&l=0&m=b Pachchala Someswaralayam & archaeological museum]

[[Category:Cities and towns in Nalgonda district]]

2014–15 Indian Federation Cup group stage

2025-08-01T10:57:57Z

Murmupp:

{{main|2014–15 Indian Federation Cup}}
{{moresources|date=July 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
The '''group of stage of 2014–15 Indian Federation Cup''' took place between 28 November 2014 and 6 January 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/upcoming-fixtures.htm?tnmt_id=36|title=Federation cup fixtures|publisher=AIFF|accessdate=27 November 2014}}</ref>

==Group A==
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group A
|res_col_header=Q
|show_positions=n

|team1=DEM|name_DEM=[[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]
|team2=SCG|name_SCG=[[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]]
|team3=EB|name_EB=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|team4=RWFC|name_RWFC=[[Royal Wahingdoh F.C.|Royal Wahingdoh]]
|team5=MUM|name_MUM=[[Mumbai F.C.|Mumbai]]
|win_DEM=3|draw_DEM=1|loss_DEM=0|gf_DEM=8|ga_DEM=2
|win_SCG=2|draw_SCG=0|loss_SCG=2|gf_SCG=7|ga_SCG=9
|win_EB=1|draw_EB=1|loss_EB=2|gf_EB=4|ga_EB=5
|win_RWFC=1|draw_RWFC=1|loss_RWFC=2|gf_RWFC=4|ga_RWFC=5
|win_MUM=1|draw_MUM=1|loss_MUM=2|gf_MUM=2|ga_MUM=4

|col_A=#ccffcc|text_A=
|result1=A|result2=A
|update=complete|source=
}}</onlyinclude>

{{Football box
|date=28 December 2014
|time= 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Mumbai F.C.|Mumbai]]
|score=1–2
|report=[https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=6110 Report]
|team2=[[Royal Wahingdoh F.C.|Royal Wahingdoh]]
|goals1=[[Josimar da Silva Martins|Josimar]] {{goal|71}}
|goals2=[[Jackichand Singh|Singh]] {{goal|34||59}}
|stadium=[[Fatorda Stadium]], [[Goa]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}

{{Football box
|date=29 December 2014
|time= 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]
|score=1–0
|report=[https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=6115 Report]
|team2=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1=[[Romeo Fernandes|Fernandes]] {{goal|40}}
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Fatorda Stadium]], [[Goa]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}

{{Football box
|date=30 December 2014
|time= 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Mumbai F.C.|Mumbai]]
|score=1–0
|report=[https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=6118 Report]
|team2=[[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]]
|goals1=[[Sampath Kuttymani|Kuttymani]] {{goal|45+2}}
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Fatorda Stadium]], [[Goa]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}

{{Football box
|date=31 December 2014
|time= 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Royal Wahingdoh F.C.|Royal Wahingdoh]]
|score=0–1
|report=[https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=6122 Report]
|team2=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1=
|goals2=[[Dudu Omagbemi|Dudu]] {{goal|90+6}}
|stadium=[[Fatorda Stadium]], [[Goa]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}

{{Football box
|date=1 January 2015
|time= 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]
|score=4–1
|report=[https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=6126 Report]
|team2=[[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]]
|goals1=[[Tolgay Özbey|Özbey]] {{goal|11||37|pen.|53|pen.}} [[Romeo Fernandes|Fernandes]] {{goal|83}}
|goals2=[[Beevan D'Mello|D'Mello]] {{goal|77}}
|stadium=[[Fatorda Stadium]], [[Goa]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}

{{Football box
|date=2 January 2015
|time= 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Mumbai F.C.|Mumbai]]
|score=0–0
|report=[https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=6128 Report]
|team2=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Fatorda Stadium]], [[Goa]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}

{{Football box
|date=4 January 2015
|time= 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]]
|score=2–1
|report=[https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=6130 Report]
|team2=[[Royal Wahingdoh F.C.|Royal Wahingdoh]]
|goals1=[[Anthony Wolfe|Wolfe]] {{goal|53}} [[Biswajit Saha|Saha]] {{goal|89}}
|goals2=[[Jackichand Singh|Singh]] {{goal|29}}
|stadium=[[Fatorda Stadium]], [[Goa]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}

{{Football box
|date=5 January 2015
|time= 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]
|score=2–0
|report=[https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=6133 Report]
|team2=[[Mumbai F.C.|Mumbai]]
|goals1=[[Clifford Miranda|Miranda]] {{goal|15}} [[Romeo Fernandes|Fernandes]] {{goal|33}}
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Fatorda Stadium]], [[Goa]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}

{{Football box
|date=6 January 2015
|time= 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score=3–4
|report=[https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=6135 Report]
|team2=[[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]]
|goals1=[[Ranti Martins|Martins]] {{goal|6|pen.}} [[Dudu Omagbemi|Dudu]] {{goal|31}} [[Shylo Malsawmtluanga|Malsawmtluanga]] {{goal|36}}
|goals2=[[Victorino Fernandes|Fernandes]] {{goal|1||67||78}} [[Anthony Wolfe|Wolfe]] {{goal|45+2}}
|stadium=[[Fatorda Stadium]], [[Goa]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}

{{Football box
|date=7 January 2015
|time= 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Royal Wahingdoh F.C.|Royal Wahingdoh]]
|score=1–1
|report=[https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=6140 Report]
|team2=[[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]
|goals1=[[Bekay Bewar|Bewar]] {{goal|36}}
|goals2=[[Romeo Fernandes|Fernandes]] {{goal|90+1}}
|stadium=[[Fatorda Stadium]], [[Goa]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}

==Group B==
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group B
|res_col_header=Q
|show_positions=n

|team1=BFC|name_BFC=[[Bengaluru FC]]
|team2=SFC|name_SFC=[[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]]
|team3=MB|name_MB=[[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]
|team4=PFC|name_PFC=[[Pune F.C.|Pune]]
|team5=SLFC|name_SLFC=[[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]]
|win_BFC=3|draw_BFC=1|loss_BFC=0|gf_BFC=6|ga_BFC=3
|win_SFC=3|draw_SFC=0|loss_SFC=1|gf_SFC=11|ga_SFC=6
|win_MB=1|draw_MB=2|loss_MB=1|gf_MB=3|ga_MB=5
|win_PFC=1|draw_PFC=1|loss_PFC=2|gf_PFC=6|ga_PFC=7
|win_SLFC=0|draw_SLFC=0|loss_SLFC=4|gf_SLFC=2|ga_SLFC=7

|col_A=#ccffcc|text_A=
|result1=A|result2=A
|update=complete|source=
}}</onlyinclude>

{{Football box
|date=28 December 2014
|time= 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Bengaluru FC]]
|score=3–2
|report=[https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=6109 Report]
|team2=[[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]]
|goals1=[[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{goal|25|pen.|40}} [[Sean Rooney (footballer)|Rooney]] {{goal|45}}
|goals2=[[Gurjinder Kumar|Gurjinder]] {{goal|33}} [[Douhou Pierre|Douhou]] {{goal|41}}
|stadium=[[Tilak Maidan Stadium]], [[Goa]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}

{{Football box
|date=29 December 2014
|time= 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Pune F.C.|Pune]]
|score=3–1
|report=[https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=6114 Report]
|team2=[[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]]
|goals1=[[Anthony D'Souza|D'Souza]] {{goal|45+2}} [[Arata Izumi|Izumi]] {{goal|66}} [[Eric Brown (footballer)|Brown]] {{goal|90+2}}
|goals2=[[Lalrammuana]] {{goal|12}}
|stadium=[[Tilak Maidan Stadium]], [[Goa]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}

{{Football box
|date=30 December 2014
|time= 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Bengaluru FC]]
|score=0–0
|report=[https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=6117 Report]
|team2=[[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Tilak Maidan Stadium]], [[Goa]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}

{{Football box
|date=31 December 2014
|time= 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]]
|score=2–1
|report=[https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=6120 Report]
|team2=[[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]]
|goals1=[[Bikash Jairu|Jairu]] {{goal|58}} [[Gurjinder Kumar|Gurjinder]] {{goal|64}}
|goals2=[[Jacob Lalrawngbawla|Lalrawngbawla]] {{goal|90+2}}
|stadium=[[Tilak Maidan Stadium]], [[Goa]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}

{{Football box
|date=1 January 2015
|time= 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Pune F.C.|Pune]]
|score=1–1
|report=[https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=6124 Report]
|team2=[[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]
|goals1=[[Ryuji Sueoka|Sueoka]] {{goal|66|pen.}}
|goals2=[[Pierre Boya|Boya]] {{goal|26}}
|stadium=[[Tilak Maidan Stadium]], [[Goa]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}

{{Football box
|date=2 January 2015
|time= 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Bengaluru FC]]
|score=1–0
|report=[https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=6127 Report]
|team2=[[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]]
|goals1=[[Robin Singh (footballer)|Singh]] {{goal|50}}
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Tilak Maidan Stadium]], [[Goa]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}

{{Football box
|date=4 January 2015
|time= 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]
|score=1–4
|report=[https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=6129 Report]
|team2=[[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]]
|goals1=[[Pierre Boya|Boya]] {{goal|28}}
|goals2=[[Douhou Pierre|Pierre]] {{goal|35||89}} [[Francis Kasonde|Kasonde]] {{goal|77}} [[Clifton Dias|Dias]]{{goal|90+1}}
|stadium=[[Tilak Maidan Stadium]], [[Goa]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}

{{Football box
|date=5 January 2015
|time= 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Pune F.C.|Pune]]
|score=1–2
|report=[https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=6132 Report]
|team2=[[Bengaluru FC]]
|goals1=[[Thongkhosiem Haokip|Haokip]] {{goal|87}}
|goals2=[[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{goal|43||45+3|pen.}}
|stadium=[[Tilak Maidan Stadium]], [[Goa]]
|attendance=
|referee=[[C.R. Srikrishna]]
}}

{{Football box
|date=6 January 2015
|time= 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]]
|score=0–1
|report=[https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=6134 Report]
|team2=[[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]
|goals1=
|goals2=[[Kingshuk Debnath|Debnath]] {{goal|74}}
|stadium=[[Tilak Maidan Stadium]], [[Goa]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}

{{Football box
|date=7 January 2015
|time= 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]]
|score=3–1
|report=[https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=6139 Report]
|team2=[[Pune F.C.|Pune]]
|goals1=[[Douhou Pierre|Pierre]] {{goal|36}} [[Darryl Duffy|Duffy]] {{goal|70}} [[Gurjinder Kumar|Gurjinder]] {{goal|76}}
|goals2=[[Ryuji Sueoka|Sueoka]] {{goal|61}}
|stadium=[[Tilak Maidan Stadium]], [[Goa]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Federation Cup (India)}}
{{2014–15 in Indian football}}
{{Football in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2014-15 Indian Federation Cup group stage}}
[[Category:2014–15 Indian Federation Cup|Group Stage]]

Gangajalghati (community development block)

2025-07-28T05:28:58Z

Murmupp: cleaned up article

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gangajalghati
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Community development block
| image_skyline = File:Gangajalghati in Bankura (West Bengal).svg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.42|N|87.12|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bankura District|Bankura]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Representative democracy]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 366.47
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 83
| population_total = 180,974
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 722 133 (Gangajalghati)
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
| area_code = 03242
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-67, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-68
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 68.11%
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Bankura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bankura]], [[Bishnupur Lok Sabha constituency|Bishnupur]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Saltora (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Saltora]], [[Barjora (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Barjora]]
| website = {{URL|bankura.gov.in/}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-WB]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Gangajalghati''' is a [[Community development block in India|community development block]] (CD block) that forms an administrative division in the [[Bankura Sadar subdivision]] of the [[Bankura district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==History==
===From Bishnupur kingdom to the British Raj===
{{Main|History of Bankura district}}

From around the 7th century AD till around the advent of British rule, for around a millennium, history of Bankura district is identical with the rise and fall of the Hindu Rajas of [[Bishnupur, Bankura|Bishnupur]]. The Bishnupur Rajas, who were at the summit of their fortunes towards the end of the 17th century, started declining in the first half of the 18th century. First, the [[Bardhaman Raj|Maharaja of Burdwan]] seized the Fatehpur Mahal, and then the [[Bargi|Maratha]] invasions laid waste their country.<ref name=omalley>{{cite web| url = http://bankura.gov.in/gezetter.htm |title = Bengal District Gazetteers: Bankura |last = O’Malley |first= L.S.S. | publisher= Bankura District Authorities | access-date = 29 August 2016}}</ref>

Bishnupur was ceded to the British with the rest of Burdwan chakla in 1760. In 1787, Bishnupur was united with [[Birbhum district|Birbhum]] to form a separate administrative unit. In 1793 it was transferred to the Burdwan collectorate. In 1879, the district acquired its present shape with the thanas of Khatra and Raipur and the outpost of Simplapal being transferred from Manbhum, and the thanas of Sonamukhi, Kotulpur and Indas being retransferred from Burdwan. However, it was known for sometime as West Burdwan and in 1881 came to be known as Bankura district.<ref name=omalley/>

==Geography==
[[File:Bakura District.svg|500px|thumb|left|Map of Bankura District showing CD blocks and municipalities]]
Gangajalghati is located at {{Coord|23.42|N|87.12|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/28/Gangajalghati.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Gangajalghati]</ref> It has an average elevation of 110 metres (361 [[foot (length)|feet]]).

Gangajalghati CD block is located in the north-western part of the district. The Main Bankura Upland, of which Gangajalghati CD block is a part, is characterised by undulating terrain with many hills and ridges. The area is having a gradual descent from the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]]. The soil is [[laterite]] red and hard beds are covered with scrub jungle and [[Shorea robusta|sal]] wood.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf|title = District Census Handbook Bankura |work = pages 13-17 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations West Bengal | access-date = 8 December 2016}}</ref>

Gangajalghati CD block is bounded by [[Mejia (community development block)|Mejia]] CD block on the north, [[Barjora (community development block)|Barjora]] CD block on the east, [[Bankura II]] CD block on the south and [[Chhatna (community development block)|Chhatna]] and [[Saltora (community development block)|Saltora]] CD blocks on the west.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf| title = District Census Handbook Bankura, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Map on fifth page| publisher = Directorate of census Operations V, West Bengal |access-date = 8 April 2020}}</ref>

Gangajalghati CD block has an area of 366.47 km2. It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 10 [[gram panchayat]]s, 138 gram sansads (village councils), 165 [[mouza]]s and 156 inhabited villages. [[Gangajalghati#Police station|Gangajalghati]] police station serves this block.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bankura |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 15 May 2020 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref> Headquarters of this CD block is at [[Amarkanan]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Bankura | work= Map of Bankura with CD block HQs and Police Stations (on the fifth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 20 November 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://bankura.gov.in/Blocks/Gangajalghati.pdf |title = Bankura District | work= Gangajalghati |publisher= Bankura district administration | access-date = 20 November 2016 }}</ref>

[[Gram panchayat]]s of Gangajalghati block/ panchayat samiti are: Ban Asuria, Barsol, Bhaktabandh, Gangajalghati, Gobindadham, Kapista, Lachmanpur, Latiabani, Nityandapur and Pirrabani.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Bankura - Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 27 August 2016}}</ref>

==Demographics==
===Population===
According to the [[2011 Census of India]] Gangajalghati CD block had a total population of 180,974, all of which were rural. There were 93,252 (52%) males and 87,722 (48%) females. Population in the age range of 0 to 6 years was 21,412. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 63,832 (35.27%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 7,160 (3.96%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 29 August 2016}}</ref>

In the [[Demographics of India|2001 census]], Gangajalghati community development bloc had a total population of 161,919 of which 83,060 were males and 78,869 were females. Decadal growth for the period 1991-2001 was 12.76% for Gangajalghati, against 13.79% in Bankura district.<ref name=census>{{cite web | url =http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_13.htm | title = Provisional population totals, West Bengal, Table 4, Bankura District | access-date = 18 August 2016 | work = Census of India 2001 | publisher = Census Commission of India|url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110928204920/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_13.htm |archive-date= 28 September 2011}}</ref> Decadal growth in West Bengal was 17.84%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date= 17 July 2016 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041813/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 }}</ref>

Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in Gangajalghati CD block are (2011 census figures in brackets): Gangajalghati (8,798), Keshiara (6,922) and Bhairabpur (4,669).<ref name=census2011/>

Other villages in Gangajalghati CD block are (2011 census figures in brackets): Pirrabani (2,252), Kapistha (3,757), Gobinda Dham (3,650), Lachmanpur (3,117), Latiabani (2,847), Barsal (2,550), Nityanandapur (2,151), Ban Ashuria (2,078) and Bhakta Band (1,850).<ref name=census2011/>

===Literacy===
According to the 2011 census the total number of literates in Gangajalghati CD block was 108,675 (68.11% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 65,451 (79.79% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 43,224 (55.75%) of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 24.04%.<ref name=census2011/>

See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Bankura district|collapsible=y}}

===Language and religion===

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Gangajalghati CD block (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|97.34}}
{{bar percent|Other (tribal religion)|maroon|1.59}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism in Bengal|Jainism]]|brown|0.76}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.31}}
}}

In the 2011 census Hindus numbered 176,168 (97.34%) in Gangajalhati CD Block and Jains 1,384 (0.76%). Others numbered 3,422 and formed 1.89% of the population.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> Others include Addi Bassi, Marang Boro, Santal, Saranath, Sari Dharma, Sarna, Alchchi, Bidin, Sant, Saevdharm, Seran, Saran, Sarin, Kheria, and other religious communities.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/SCST-Series/ST14A.html |title = ST-14 A Details Of Religions Shown Under 'Other Religions And Persuasions' In Main Table | work= West Bengal |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 28 August 2016}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Gangajalghati CD block (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 95.63 |color1 = orchid
|label2 = [[Santali language|Santali]] |value2 = 3.76 |color2 = darkturquoise
|label3 = Others |value3 = 0.61 |color3 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 95.63% of the population spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and 3.76% [[Santali language|Santali]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Rural poverty==
In Gangajalghati CD Block 41.08% families were living [[Below Poverty Line (India)|below poverty line]] in 2007.<ref name=humandev2 >{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/Human%20Development%20Bankura.pdf | title = District Human Development Report: Bankura | work = April 2007. Page 27, Pages 237-244 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 8 December 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170207213021/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/Human%20Development%20Bankura.pdf | archive-date = 7 February 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref> According to the Rural Household Survey in 2005, 28.87% of the total number of families were [[Below Poverty Line|BPL]] families in the Bankura district.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://220.225.90.38/Summary/WestBengal.htm| title = West Bengal Summary| work = Rural Household Survey 2005| publisher = Department of Panchayat & Rural Development, Government of West Bengal| access-date = 10 April 2020| archive-date = 13 January 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200113235534/http://220.225.90.38/Summary/WestBengal.htm| url-status = dead}}</ref>

==Economy==
===Livelihood===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Livelihood in Gangajalghati CD block'''
|value1 = 24.33
|label1 = Cultivators
|value2 = 36.51
|label2 = Agricultural labourers
|value3 = 3.71
|label3 = Household industries
|value4 = 35.45
|label4 = Other Workers}}

In the Gangajalghati CD block in 2011, among the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 16,856 and formed 24.33%, agricultural labourers numbered 25,301 and formed 36.51%, household industry workers numbered 2,571 and formed 3.71% and other workers numbered 24,563 and formed 35.45%.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf|title = District Census Handbook Bankura, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 33: Distribution of Workers by Sex in Four Categories of Economic Activity in Sub-district 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 8 April 2020}}</ref> Total workers numbered 69,291 and formed 38.29% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 111,683 and formed 61.71% of the population.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf|title = District Census Handbook Bankura, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 30: Number and percentage of Main workers, Marginal workers and Non workers by Sex, in Sub-districts, 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 8 April 2020}}</ref>

Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned by self/government/institution. When a person who works on another person's land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the [[Factories Act,1948, India|Factories Act]]. Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers. It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers, entertainment artistes and so on.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Bankura, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Census Concepts and Definitions, Page 27 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 8 April 2020}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 156 inhabited villages in the Gangajalghati CD block, as per the ''District Census Handbook'', Bankura, 2011. 100% villages have power supply. 153 villages (98.08%) have drinking water supply. 22 villages (14.10%) have post offices. 124 villages (79.49%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 53 villages (33.97%) have pucca (paved) approach roads and 34 villages (21.79%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 11 villages (7.05%) have agricultural credit societies and 7 villages (4.49%) have banks.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Bankura, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 83, Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities, 2011 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 10 April 2020}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
There were 47 fertiliser depots, 6 seed stores and 59 [[Public distribution system|fair price shops]] in the CD block.<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bankura |work = Tables 8.2, 17.2, 18.2, 18.1, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.3 – arranged as per use |publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 15 May 2020 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref>

In Bankura district in 2010-11, 34.92% of the operational holdings were held in marginal holdings of less than 1 hectare by 68.22% of the holders. Another 31.16% of the operational holdings were held in small holdings between 1 and 2 hectares by 21.05% of the holders. In Bankura district, 23,389 hectares of [[Land reform in India|vested land]] was distributed amongst 191,915 beneficiaries up to 31 October 2013.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2013-14, persons engaged in agriculture in Gangajalghati CD block could be classified as follows: [[bargadar]]s 7.85%, patta (document) holders 12.32%, small farmers (possessing land between 1 and 2 hectares) 6.90%, marginal farmers (possessing land up to 1 hectare) 22.37% and agricultural labourers 50.56%.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2003-04 net area sown in Gangajalghati CD block was 22,335 hectares and the area in which more than one crop was grown was 893 hectares.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/Human%20Development%20Bankura.pdf | title = District Human Development Report: Bankura | work = April 2007. Page: 58 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 23 August 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170207213021/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/Human%20Development%20Bankura.pdf | archive-date = 7 February 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

In 2013-14, the total area irrigated in Gangajalghati CD block was 7,268 hectares, out of which 443 hectares was by canal water, 6,095 hectares by tank water, 480 hectares by river lift irrigation, 5 hectares by shallow tubewells and 245 hectares by open dug wells.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2013-14, Gangajalghati CD block produced 5,781 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop, from 2.109 hectares, 12 tonnes of wheat from 12 hectares and 29,539,000 tonnes of potatoes from 1,010 hectares. It also produced pulses and mustard.<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Power===
In 1996 [[Mejia Thermal Power Station]] was set up by [[Damodar Valley Corporation]] at [[Durlabhpur]]. It has an installed capacity of 2340 MW – 4 units of 210 MW each, 2 units of 250 MW each and 2 units of 500 MW each.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dvc.gov.in/dvcwebsite_new1/generating-units/ | title = Damodar Valley Corporation | work = Generating Units | publisher = DVC | access-date = 25 August 2016 | archive-date = 8 December 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151208101108/http://www.dvc.gov.in/dvcwebsite_new1/generating-units/ | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Handloom and pottery industries===
The handloom industry engages the largest number of persons in the non farm sector and hence is important in [[Bankura district]]. The handloom industry is well established in all the CD blocks of the district and includes the famous Baluchari saris. In 2004-05 Gangajalghati CD Block had 427 looms in operation.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/Human%20Development%20Bankura.pdf | title = District Human Development Report: Bankura | work = April 2007. Page: 85 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 23 August 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170207213021/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/Human%20Development%20Bankura.pdf | archive-date = 7 February 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

[[Bankura district]] is famous for the [[artistic]] excellence of its pottery products that include the famous [[Bankura horse]]. The range of pottery products is categorised as follows: domestic utilities, terracota and other decorative items and roofing tiles and other heavy pottery items. Around 3,200 families were involved in pottery making in the district in 2002. 65 families were involved in Gangajalghati CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/Human%20Development%20Bankura.pdf | title = District Human Development Report: Bankura | work = April 2007. Pages: 83-84 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 23 August 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170207213021/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/Human%20Development%20Bankura.pdf | archive-date = 7 February 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Banking===
In 2013-14, [[Gangajalghati]] CD block had offices of 6 commercial banks and 4 [[Regional Rural Bank|gramin banks]].<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Backward Regions Grant Fund===
The Bankura district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund]]. The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 11 districts of West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | title = Backward Regions Grant Funds: Programme Guidelines | publisher = Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India | access-date = 10 April 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171030225317/http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | archive-date = 30 October 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=84879 | title= Backward Regions Grant Fund| work= Press Release, 14 June 2012 |publisher= Press Information Bureau, Government of India | access-date = 10 April 2020}}</ref>

==Transport==
In 2013-14, Gangajalghati CD Block had 9 originating/ terminating bus routes. The nearest railway station is 15 km from the CD block headquarters.<ref name=handbook2014/>

[[National Highway 14 (India)|NH 14]], (old numbering [[National Highway 60 (India, old numbering)|NH 60]]), running from [[Morgram]] to [[Kharagpur]], passes through this CD block.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|title=Rationalisation of Numbering Systems of National Highways|publisher=[[Department of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=5 August 2016|location=New Delhi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201124738/http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|archive-date=1 February 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Education==
In 2013-14, [[Gangajalghati]] CD block had 166 primary schools with 13,461 students, 14 middle schools with 2,961 students, 11 high schools with 7,484 students and 12 higher secondary schools with 8,337 students. [[Gangajalghati]] CD block had 1 general college with 1,312 students, 1 professional/ technical institution with 63 students and 280 institutions for special and non-formal education with 8,522 students. Gangajalghati CD block had 10 mass literacy centres.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bankura | work = Tables 4.4, 4.6 | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 15 May 2020 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref>

See also – [[Education in India]]

According to the 2011 census, in the Gangajalghati CD block, among the 156 inhabited villages, 19 villages did not have a school, 38 villages had two or more primary schools, 39 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 23 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Bankura, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 1293, Appendix I A: Villages by number of Primary Schools and Appendix I B: Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 10 April 2020}}</ref>

[[Gobindaprasad Mahavidyalaya]] was established at [[Amarkanan]] in 1985 to pay homage to Gobinda Prasad Singha, an Indian independence activist.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://gpmbankura.in/ |title = Gobinda Prasad Mahavidyalaya | publisher=GPV | access-date = 16 December 2016}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
In 2014, Gangajalghati CD block had 1 rural hospital, 3 primary health centres and 1 private nursing home with total 75 beds and 8 doctors. It had 30 family welfare sub centres and 1 family welfare centre. 6,832 patients were treated indoor and 260,807 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bankura | work = Tables 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 15 May 2020 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Gangajalgati (Amar Kanan) Rural Hospital, with 30 beds at PO [[Amarkanan]], is the major government medical facility in the Gangjalghati CD block. There are [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] at [[Gangajalghati]] (with 4 beds), Ramharipur (with 4 beds) and Srichandrapur (with 10 beds).<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =10 April 2020 | archive-date =8 October 2022 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics – Primary Health Centres | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 10 April 2020 | archive-date = 21 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180421215645/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Gangajalghati (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]]

==External links==
* {{Wikivoyage-inline|Amarkanan}}

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{Bankura topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in Bankura district]]