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Bangladesh

2023-10-12T14:20:54Z

Muralikvs11: Added driving side in infobox

{{short description|Country in South Asia}}
{{about|the country|other uses}}

{{Use Bangladeshi English|date=December 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}

{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = People's Republic of Bangladesh
| common_name = Bangladesh
| native_name = {{ubl|{{native name|bn|গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ}}|''Gônoprojatontrī Bangladesh''}}
| image_flag = Flag of Bangladesh.svg
| image_coat = National emblem of Bangladesh.svg
| symbol_type = Emblem
| other_symbol = {{unbulleted list |[[File:Government Seal of Bangladesh.svg|100px|Seal of the Government of Bangladesh]]}}
| other_symbol_type = [[Government Seal of Bangladesh|Official Seal of the Government of Bangladesh]]
| national_anthem = {{native phrase|bn|"[[Amar Sonar Bangla]]"|italics=off}} "My Golden Bengal" <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:Amar Sonar Bangla instrumental by US Navy Band.oga|center]]</div>{{center|'''March:''' "[[Notuner Gaan]]" "The Song of Youth"<ref name="national march">{{cite web|title=National Symbols→National march|website=Bangladesh Tourism Board|publisher=Ministry of Civil Aviation & Tourism|url=http://visitbangladesh.gov.bd/about-bangladesh/national-symbol/|quote=In 13 January 1972, the ministry of Bangladesh has adopted this song as a national marching song on its first meeting after the country's independence.|access-date=21 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228040953/http://visitbangladesh.gov.bd/about-bangladesh/national-symbol/|archive-date=28 December 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}{{center|'''National Slogan:''' "[[Joy Bangla]]" "Victory to Bengal"<ref>{{cite news|url= https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/joy-bangla-to-be-national-slogan-hc|title='Joy Bangla' to be national slogan: HC|publisher= Daily Prothom Alo|date=10 March 2020|access-date = 10 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="bn2">{{cite news|url=https://m.bdnews24.com/en/detail/bangladesh/1732865|title=HC orders govt to announce 'Joy Bangla' as national slogan in three months|publisher=bdnews24.com|date=10 March 2020|access-date=10 March 2020|archive-date=30 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630151417/https://m.bdnews24.com/en/detail/bangladesh/1732865|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
| image_map = Bangladesh (orthographic projection).svg
| map_caption =
| map_width = 220px
| capital = [[Dhaka]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|23|45|50|N|90|23|20|E|type:city_region:BD|display=inline}}
| largest_city = Dhaka
| languages_type = Official language {{nowrap|{{nobold|and national language}}}}
| languages = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref name="bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd">{{cite web |url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-details-367.html |title=The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh |website=Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs |access-date=1 February 2017}}</ref>
| religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |91.04% [[Islam in Bangladesh|Islam]] ([[State religion|official]])<ref>The Constitution of the People‌‌‍'s Republic of Bangladesh ( ACT NO. OF 1972 ). (n.d.). In Bangladesh. Retrieved June 13, 2023, from http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-367/section-24549.html</ref> |7.95% [[Hinduism in Bangladesh|Hinduism]] |0.61% [[Buddhism in Bangladesh|Buddhism]] |0.30% [[Christianity in Bangladesh|Christianity]]
|0.12% [[Religion in Bangladesh|other]]}}
| religion_year = [[2022 Census of Bangladesh|2022 census]]<ref name="dhakatribune1">{{cite web |title=Census 2022: Bangladesh population now 165 million |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2022/07/27/bangladeshs-population-size-now-1651-million |date=27 July 2022}}</ref>
| ethnic_groups = {{vunblist
| 98.2–99% [[Bengalis]]
| {{collapsible list
|titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%;
|title= 1–1.8% minorities
| [[Chakma people|Chakmas]] | [[Manipuri people|Manipuris]] ([[Meitei people|Meiteis]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Meitei {{!}} people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Meitei |access-date=12 February 2023 |website=Britannica |quote=Meitei, also spelled Meetei or Meithei, also called Manipuri, ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Manipuri language |website= Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Manipuri-language |access-date=12 February 2023 |quote=Manipuri language, Manipuri Meiteilon, also called Meitei (Meetei), a Tibeto-Burman language spoken predominantly in Manipur, a northeastern state of India. Smaller speech communities exist in the Indian states of Assam, Mizoram, and Tripura, as well as in Bangladesh and Myanmar (Burma).}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Meitei |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mni/25 |access-date=12 February 2023 |website=Ethnologue}}</ref>) | [[Biharis in Bangladesh|Biharis]] | [[Marma people|Marmas]] | [[Santal people|Santals]] | [[Mru people (Mrucha)|Mros]] | [[Tanchangya people|Tanchangyas]] | [[Bawm people|Bawms]] | [[Tripuri people|Tripuris]] | [[Khasi people|Khasis]]| [[Khumi people|Khumis]] | [[Kuki people|Kukis]] | [[Garo people|Garos]] | [[Bisnupriya Manipuri people|Bisnupriya Manipuris]]
}}
}}
| ethnic_groups_year = 2022<ref>{{cite web |title=Ethnic population in 2022 census: Real picture not reflected |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/ethnic-population-2022-census-real-picture-not-reflected-3090941 |work=The Daily Star |date=9 August 2022 |access-date=11 August 2022}}</ref>
| demonym = [[Bangladeshis|Bangladeshi]]
| government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] dominant-party [[parliamentary republic]]
| leader_title1 = [[President of Bangladesh|President]]
| leader_name1 = [[Mohammed Shahabuddin]]
| leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Bangladesh|Prime Minister]]
| leader_name2 = [[Sheikh Hasina]]
| legislature = [[Jatiya Sangsad]]
| sovereignty_type = [[Bangladesh Liberation War|Independence]]
| sovereignty_note = from [[Pakistan]]
| established_event1 = [[Independence Day (Bangladesh)|Declared]]
| established_date1 = 26 March 1971
| established_event2 = [[Victory Day (Bangladesh)|Victory Day]]
| established_date2 = 16 December 1971
| established_event3 = [[Constitution of Bangladesh|Current Constitution]]
| established_date3 = 16 December 1972
| area_km2 = 148,460 <ref name="bdarea">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Bangladesh|access-date=13 November 2021|year=2021}}</ref>
| area_rank = 92nd
| area_sq_mi = 57320
| area_label2 = Land area
| area_data2 = 130,170 km2<ref name="bdarea"/>
| area_label3 = Water area
| area_data3 = 18,290 km2<ref name="bdarea"/>
| percent_water = 6.4
| population_estimate =
| population_census = 169,828,911<ref name="populationcensus2022">{{cite web |title=Population and Housing Census 2022: Post Enumeration Check (PEC) Adjusted Population |url=http://bbs.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bbs.portal.gov.bd/page/b343a8b4_956b_45ca_872f_4cf9b2f1a6e0/2023-04-18-08-42-4f13d316f798b9e5fd3a4c61eae4bfef.pdf |date=18 April 2023 |website=Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics}}</ref>
| population_estimate_year =
| population_estimate_rank =
| population_census_year = 2022
| population_census_rank = 8th
| population_density_km2 = 1,305
| population_density_sq_mi = 3,379.9
| population_density_rank = 7th
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $1.476 trillion<ref name="IMFWEO.BD">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=513,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Bangladesh) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=12 October 2023}}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_year = 2023
| GDP_PPP_rank = 25th
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $8,673<ref name="IMFWEO.BD" />
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 128th
| GDP_nominal = {{decrease}} $446.349 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.BD" />
| GDP_nominal_year = 2023
| GDP_nominal_rank = 34th
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{decrease}} $2,621<ref name="IMFWEO.BD" />
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 138th
| Gini = 49.9 
| Gini_year = 2022
| Gini_change = increase
| Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite press release |title=KEY FINDINGS HIES 2022 |url=https://bbs.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bbs.portal.gov.bd/page/57def76a_aa3c_46e3_9f80_53732eb94a83/2023-04-13-09-35-ee41d2a35dcc47a94a595c88328458f4.pdf |page=15 |publisher=[[Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics]] |access-date=13 April 2023 |archive-date=30 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530091430/https://bbs.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bbs.portal.gov.bd/page/57def76a_aa3c_46e3_9f80_53732eb94a83/2023-04-13-09-35-ee41d2a35dcc47a94a595c88328458f4.pdf |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref>
| Gini_rank =
| HDI = 0.661 
| HDI_year = 2021 
| HDI_change = increase 
| HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live|title=Human Development Report 2021/2022|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=8 September 2022|access-date=8 September 2022}}</ref>
| HDI_rank = {{ordinal|129}}
| currency = [[Bangladeshi taka|Taka]] ({{lang|bn|৳}})
| currency_code = BDT
| time_zone = [[Bangladesh Standard Time|BST]]
| drives_on = left
| utc_offset = +6
| calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Bangladesh|+880]]
| cctld = [[.bd]] {{lang|bn|[[.bangla|.বাংলা]]}}
| official_website = 
| area_magnitude =
| footnote =
| today =
}}
{{Contains special characters|Bengali}}

'''Bangladesh''' ({{IPAc-en|%|b|ae|N|g|l|@|"|d|E|S|,_|%|b|A:|N|-}};<ref>{{cite book|title=Collins English Dictionary |publisher=HarperCollins |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-008-28437-4|edition=13th|chapter=Bangladesh}}</ref> {{lang-bn|বাংলাদেশ}}, {{IPA-bn|ˈbaŋlaˌdeʃ|pron|Bn-বাংলাদেশ.oga}}), officially the '''People's Republic of Bangladesh''', is a country in [[South Asia]]. It is the [[List of countries and dependencies by population|eighth-most-populous]] and among the [[List of countries and dependencies by population density|most densely populated countries]], with a population of around 200 million in an area of {{convert|148460|km2|sqmi}}.<ref name="bdarea"/> Bangladesh shares land borders with [[India]] to the west, north, and east, and [[Myanmar]] to the southeast; to the south it has a coastline along the [[Bay of Bengal]]. It is narrowly separated from [[Bhutan]] and [[Nepal]] by the [[Siliguri Corridor]]; and from [[China]] by the Indian state of [[Sikkim]] in the north. [[Dhaka]], the capital and [[list of cities and towns in Bangladesh|largest city]], is the nation's political, financial and cultural centre. [[Chittagong]], the second-largest city, is the busiest port on the [[Bay of Bengal]]. The official language is [[Bengali language|Bengali]].

Bangladesh forms the sovereign part of the historic and [[ethnolinguistic]] region of [[Bengal]], which was divided during the [[Partition of India]] in 1947.<ref name="EyetsemitanGire2003">{{cite book|author1=Frank E. Eyetsemitan|author2=James T. Gire|title=Aging and Adult Development in the Developing World: Applying Western Theories and Concepts|url={{GBurl|id=xxZf3Jai1rAC|p=91}}|year=2003|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-89789-925-3|page=91}}</ref> The country has a [[Bengali Muslim]] majority. Ancient Bengal was known as [[Gangaridai]] and was a bastion of pre-Islamic kingdoms. [[Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent|Muslim conquest]]s after 1204 heralded the sultanate and [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] periods, during which an independent [[Bengal Sultanate]] and a wealthy [[Mughal Bengal]] transformed the region into an important centre of regional affairs, trade, and diplomacy. After 1757, Bengal's administrative jurisdiction reached its greatest extent under the [[Bengal Presidency]] of the [[British Empire]]. The creation of [[Eastern Bengal and Assam]] in 1905 set a precedent for the emergence of Bangladesh. In 1940, the first [[Prime Minister of Bengal]] [[A. K. Fazlul Huq]] supported the [[Lahore Resolution]]. Before the [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|partition of Bengal]], a [[United Bengal|Bengali sovereign state]] was first proposed by premier [[H. S. Suhrawardy]]. A [[Sylhet referendum, 1947|referendum]] and the announcement of the [[Radcliffe Line]] established the present-day territorial boundary.

In 1947, [[East Bengal]] became the most populous province in the [[Dominion of Pakistan]]. It was renamed as [[East Pakistan]], with Dhaka becoming the country's legislative capital. The [[Bengali Language Movement]] in 1952; the [[East Bengali legislative election, 1954]]; the [[1958 Pakistani coup d'état]]; the [[six point movement]] of 1966; and the [[1970 Pakistani general election]] resulted in the rise of [[Bengali nationalism]] and [[pro-democracy]] movements. The refusal of the Pakistani military junta to transfer power to the [[Awami League]] led by [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] led to the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] in 1971, in which the [[Mukti Bahini]] aided by India waged a successful [[Revolution|armed revolution]]. The conflict saw the [[1971 Bangladesh genocide|Bangladesh genocide]] and the massacre of pro-independence Bengali civilians, including [[1971 killing of Bengali intellectuals|intellectuals]]. The new state of Bangladesh became the first constitutionally [[Secularism in Bangladesh|secular state]] in South Asia in 1972.<ref>{{cite web|author=Lailufar Yasmin |url=https://institute.global/policy/struggle-soul-bangladesh |title=Struggle for the Soul of Bangladesh |publisher=Institute for Global Change |access-date=10 January 2022}}</ref> [[Islam]] was declared the state religion in 1988.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12651483 |title=Bangladesh profile – Timeline |publisher=BBC News |date=26 February 2019 |access-date=10 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/43110030|title=The State-Religion Amendment to the Constitution of Bangladesh: A Critique|author=Alam, Shah |year=1991 |journal=Verfassung und Recht in Übersee / Law and Politics in Africa, Asia and Latin America |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=209–225 |jstor=43110030 |via=JSTOR}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Writ challenging Islam as state religion rejected |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/city/islam-retains-status-state-religion-1200808 |work=The Daily Star |date=28 March 2016 |access-date=10 January 2022}}</ref> In 2010, the [[Bangladesh Supreme Court]] reaffirmed secular principles in the constitution.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/171752.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/171752.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live |title=Bangladesh |website=U.S. State Department |access-date=7 November 2016}}</ref>

A [[middle power]] in the [[Indo-Pacific]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/rising-bangladesh-starts-exert-its-regional-power |title=A rising Bangladesh starts to exert its regional power|work= The Interpreter |publisher=Lowyinstitute.org |date=2019-02-21 |access-date=2022-01-10}}</ref> Bangladesh is home to the [[List of languages by number of native speakers|sixth-most spoken language in the world]], the [[Islam by country|third-largest Muslim-majority population]] in the world, and the [[Economy of Bangladesh|second-largest economy]] in South Asia. It maintains the third-largest [[Bangladesh Armed Forces|military]] in the region and is the largest contributor of personnel to [[UN peacekeeping]] operations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2023 |title=Contribution of Uniformed Personnel to UN by Country and Personnel Type |url=https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/01_contributions_to_un_peacekeeping_operations_by_country_and_post_59_february_23.pdf.pdf |access-date=12 May 2023 |website=[[United Nations]] |language=en}}</ref> Bangladesh is a unitary [[parliamentary republic]] based on the [[Westminster system]]. [[Bengalis]] make up 99% of the total population.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Roy |first1=Pinaki |last2=Deshwara |first2=Mintu |date=2022-08-09 |title=Ethnic population in 2022 census: Real picture not reflected |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/ethnic-population-2022-census-real-picture-not-reflected-3090941 |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=The Daily Star}}</ref> The country consists of [[Divisions of Bangladesh|eight divisions]], [[Districts of Bangladesh|64 districts]] and [[Upazila|495 subdistricts]], as well as the [[Sundarbans|world's largest mangrove forest]]. It hosts one of the largest [[Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh|refugee]] populations in the world due to the [[Rohingya genocide]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Mahmud |first=Faisal |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/25/rohingya-exodus-hopes-are-getting-thin-for-repatriation |title=Four years on, Rohingya stuck in Bangladesh camps yearn for home |work=Al Jazeera |access-date=2022-01-10}}</ref> Bangladesh faces many challenges, particularly [[Corruption in Bangladesh|corruption]], [[political instability]], [[overpopulation]] and [[effects of climate change]]. Bangladesh has been a leader within the [[Climate Vulnerable Forum]]. It hosts the headquarters of [[BIMSTEC]]. It is a founding member of [[SAARC]], as well as a member of the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] and the [[Commonwealth of Nations]].

==Etymology==
{{Main|Names of Bengal}}

The etymology of ''Bangladesh'' ("Bengali country") can be traced to the early 20th century, when Bengali patriotic songs, such as ''Namo Namo Namo Bangladesh Momo'' by [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]] and ''Aaji Bangladesher Hridoy'' by [[Rabindranath Tagore]], used the term.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.geetabitan.com/lyrics/A/aaji-bangladesher-hridoy.html |title=Notation of song aaji bangladesher hridoy |access-date=10 September 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904011316/http://www.geetabitan.com/lyrics/A/aaji-bangladesher-hridoy.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 September 2015}}</ref> Starting in the 1950s, Bengali nationalists used the term in political rallies in [[East Pakistan]]. The term ''Bangla'' is a major name for both the [[Bengal]] region and the [[Bengali language]]. The origins of the term ''Bangla'' are unclear, with theories pointing to a [[Bronze Age]] [[Proto-Dravidian language|proto-Dravidian]] tribe,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field%28DOCID+bd0014%29 |title=Bangladesh: early history, 1000 B.C.–A.D. 1202 |date=September 1988 |website=Bangladesh: A country study |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] |access-date=1 December 2014 |quote=Historians believe that Bengal, the area comprising present-day Bangladesh and the Indian state of [[West Bengal]], was settled in about 1000 B.C. by Dravidian-speaking peoples who were later known as the Bang. Their homeland bore various titles that reflected earlier tribal names, such as Vanga, Banga, Bangala, Bangal, and Bengal. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207010051/http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+bd0014%29 |url-status=live |archive-date=7 December 2013 }}</ref> and the Iron Age [[Vanga Kingdom]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Vanga|title=Vanga | ancient kingdom, India |website= Britannica}}</ref> The earliest known usage of the term is the [[Nesari|Nesari plate]] in 805 AD. The term ''Vangala Desa'' is found in 11th-century South Indian records.<ref>{{cite book |last=Keay |first=John |author-link=John Keay |year=2000 |title=India: A History |publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press |page=220 |isbn=978-0-87113-800-2 |quote=In C1020 ... launched Rajendra's great northern escapade ... peoples he defeated have been tentatively identified ... 'Vangala-desa where the rain water never stopped' sounds like a fair description of Bengal in the monsoon.}}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra Nath |year=1999 |orig-year=First published 1988 |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |url={{GBurl|id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC|p=281}} |publisher=New Age International |page=281 |isbn=978-81-224-1198-0}}</ref> The term gained official status during the [[Sultanate of Bengal]] in the 14th century.<ref name="Ahmed2004">{{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Salahuddin |date=2004 |title=Bangladesh: Past and Present |url={{GBurl|id=Szfqq7ruqWgC|p=23}} |publisher=APH Publishing |page=23 |isbn=978-81-7648-469-5 |access-date=14 May 2016 }}</ref><ref>"But the most important development of this period was that the country for the first time received a name, ie Bangalah." [http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Islam,_Bengal Banglapedia: Islam, Bengal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723091245/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Islam,_Bengal |date=23 July 2015 }}</ref> [[Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah]] proclaimed himself as the first "[[Shah]] of Bangala" in 1342.<ref name="Ahmed2004"/> The word ''Bangāl'' became the most common name for the region during the Islamic period.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sircar |first=D.C. |author-link=Dineshchandra Sircar |year=1971 |orig-year=First published 1960 |title=Studies in the Geography of Ancient and Medieval India |url={{GBurl|id=AqKw1Mn8WcwC}} |edition=2nd |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |page=135 |isbn=978-81-208-0690-0 |access-date=19 April 2016 }}</ref> 16th-century historian [[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak]] mentions in his ''[[Ain-i-Akbari]]'' that the addition of the suffix ''"al"'' came from the fact that the ancient rajahs of the land raised mounds of earth in lowlands at the foot of the hills which were called "al".<ref>Land of Two Rivers, [[Nitish Sengupta]]</ref> This is also mentioned in [[Ghulam Husain Salim]]'s [[Riyaz-us-Salatin]].<ref name="riaj">[http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=07601010&ct=11 RIYAZU-S-SALĀTĪN: A History of Bengal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215055926/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=07601010&ct=11|date=15 December 2014}}, [[Ghulam Husain Salim]], The Asiatic Society, Calcutta, 1902.</ref> The Indo-Aryan suffix ''Desh'' is derived from the Sanskrit word ''deśha'', which means "land" or "country". Hence, the name ''Bangladesh'' means "Land of Bengal" or "Country of Bengal".<ref name="auto3"/>

==History==
{{Main|History of Bengal|History of Bangladesh}}

===Ancient Bengal===
[[File:Asia 800ad.jpg|thumb|The earliest form of the [[Bengali language]] developed during the [[Pala Empire]], shown here on a map of Asia in 800 CE.]]
[[Stone Age]] tools have been found in different parts of Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Prehistory | title=Prehistory |website=Banglapedia}}</ref> Remnants of [[Copper Age]] settlements date back 4,000 years.<ref name="Bharadwaj2003">{{cite book |editor=Majumdar, RC |year=2003 |title=History of Bengal |publisher=B.R. Publishing Corp |isbn=93-86223-46-5}}</ref> Ancient Bengal was settled by [[Austroasiatic]]s, [[Tibeto-Burman]]s, [[Dravidian people|Dravidians]] and [[Rigvedic tribes|Indo-Aryans]] in consecutive waves of migration.<ref name="Bharadwaj2003" /><ref name="congress">{{cite book |last=Blood |first=Peter R. |year=1989 |chapter=Early History, 1000 B.C.–A.D. 1202 |chapter-url=http://countrystudies.us/bangladesh/4.htm |editor1-last=Heitzman |editor1-first=James |editor2-last=Worden |editor2-first=Robert |title=Bangladesh: A Country Study |url=http://countrystudies.us/bangladesh/ |publisher=Federal Research Division, Library of Congress |page=4 |access-date=17 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622211513/http://countrystudies.us/bangladesh/21.htm |archive-date=22 June 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> Archaeological evidence confirms that by the second millennium BCE, rice-cultivating communities inhabited the region. By the 11th century, people lived in systemically aligned housing, buried their dead, and manufactured copper ornaments and black and red pottery.<ref name="google5">{{cite book|title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760|author=Eaton, R.M.|date=1996|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-20507-9|url={{GBurl|id=gKhChF3yAOUC}}|access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref> The [[Ganges]], [[Brahmaputra]] and [[Meghna]] rivers were natural arteries for communication and transportation,<ref name="google5"/> and estuaries on the Bay of Bengal permitted maritime trade. The early [[Iron Age]] saw the development of metal weaponry, coinage, agriculture and [[irrigation]].<ref name="google5"/> Major urban settlements formed during the late Iron Age, in the mid-[[first millennium BCE]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Lewis |first=David |author-link=David Lewis (academic) |date=2011 |title=Bangladesh: Politics, Economy and Civil Society |url={{GBurl|id=5lH40gT7xvYC|p=42}} |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=42 |isbn=978-1-139-50257-3 |access-date=16 July 2017}}</ref> when the [[Northern Black Polished Ware]] culture developed.<ref name="PierisRaven2010">{{cite book |last1=Pieris |first1=Sita |last2=Raven |first2=Ellen |date=2010 |title=ABIA: South and Southeast Asian Art and Archaeology Index |volume=3 |url={{GBurl|id=fCL8pjd0JVMC|p=116}} |publisher=Brill |page=116 |isbn=978-90-04-19148-8 |access-date=11 December 2015}}</ref> In 1879, [[Alexander Cunningham]] identified [[Mahasthangarh]] as the capital of the [[Pundra Kingdom]] mentioned in the ''[[Rigveda]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Alam |first=Shafiqul |year=2012 |chapter=Mahasthan |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Mahasthan |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Ghosh |first=Suchandra |year=2012 |chapter=Pundravardhana |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Pundravardhana |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> The oldest inscription in Bangladesh was found in Mahasthangarh and dates from the 3rd century BCE, written in the [[Brahmi script]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Mahasthan_Brahmi_Inscription |title = Mahasthan Brahmi Inscription |website=Banglapedia}}</ref>

[[Greco-Roman world|Greek and Roman]] records of the ancient [[Gangaridai]] Kingdom, which (according to legend) deterred the invasion of [[Alexander the Great]], are linked to the fort city in [[Wari-Bateshwar ruins|Wari-Bateshwar]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Diodorus Siculus |translator=Charles Henry Oldfather |title=The Library of History of Diodorus Siculus |volume=II |series=[[Loeb Classical Library]] |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/2B*.html |year=1940 |oclc=875854910}}</ref><ref name="thedailystar1">{{cite news |last=Hossain |first=Emran |date=19 March 2008 |title=Wari-Bateshwar one of earliest kingdoms |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-28431 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=16 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630014116/http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-28431 |archive-date=30 June 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> The site is also identified with the prosperous trading centre of Souanagoura listed on [[Ptolemy's world map]].<ref name="google1">{{cite book |last=Olivelle |first=Patrick |date=2006 |title=Between the Empires: Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE |url={{GBurl|id=efaOR_-YsIcC|p=6}} |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=6 |isbn=978-0-19-977507-1 |access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref> Roman geographers noted a large seaport in southeastern Bengal, corresponding to the present-day [[Chittagong District|Chittagong]] region.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ring |first1=Trudy |last2=Salkin |first2=Robert M. |last3=La Boda |first3=Sharon |date=1994 |title=International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania |url={{GBurl|id=vWLRxJEU49EC|p=186}} |publisher=Taylor & Francis |page=186 |isbn=978-1-884964-04-6 |access-date=11 December 2015}}</ref>

Ancient [[Buddhist]] and [[Hindu]] states which ruled Bangladesh included the [[Vanga Kingdom|Vanga]], [[Samatata]] and Pundra kingdoms, the Mauryan and [[Gupta Empire]]s, the [[Varman dynasty]], [[Shashanka]]'s kingdom, the [[Khadga dynasty|Khadga]] and [[Candra dynasty|Candra dynasties]], the [[Pala Empire]], the [[Sena dynasty]], the [[Harikela]] kingdom and the [[Deva dynasty]]. These states had well-developed currencies, banking, shipping, architecture, and art, and the ancient universities of [[Bikrampur]] and [[Mainamati]] hosted scholars from other parts of Asia. [[Gopala I]] was the first ever elected ruler of the region in 750 AD; he went on to form the Pala dynasty that ruled until 1161 AD, during which time Bengal prospered.<ref name="Majumdar1977">{{cite book |author=R. C. Majumdar |author-link=R. C. Majumdar |date=1977 |title=Ancient India |url={{GBurl|id=XNxiN5tzKOgC|p=268}} |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |pages=268– |isbn=978-81-208-0436-4}}</ref> [[Xuanzang]] of China was a noted scholar who resided at the [[Somapura Mahavihara]] (the largest monastery in ancient India), and [[Atisa]] travelled from Bengal to [[Tibet]] to preach Buddhism. The earliest form of the Bengali language emerged during the eighth century. Seafarers in the [[Bay of Bengal]] sailed and traded with [[Southeast Asia]]<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/19480881.2019.1640577|title=Crossings and contacts across the Bay of Bengal: a connected history of ports in early South and Southeast Asia|first=Suchandra|last=Ghosh|date=2 September 2019|journal=Journal of the Indian Ocean Region|volume=15|issue=3|pages=281–296|via=Taylor and Francis+NEJM|doi=10.1080/19480881.2019.1640577|s2cid=202332142 }}</ref> and exported Buddhist and Hindu cultures to the region since the early Christian era.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/025764309000600101?journalCode=siha|title=Seafaring in the Bay of Bengal in the Early Centuries AD By Himanshu Prabha Ray|journal=Studies in History|volume=6|issue=1|doi=10.1177/025764309000600101 |s2cid=220673640 }}</ref>
<gallery mode="packed" style="font-size:88%; line-height:130%; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;" heights="180" caption="Ancient Bengal">
File:Ruins of Somapura Mahavihara, May 2017 47.jpg|Pyramid-like [[Somapura Mahavihara|ruins of Paharpur]]
File:Mohastangor.jpg|[[Mahasthangarh]]
File:শরতের বয়ে চলা নদী.jpg|[[Mainamati]]
</gallery>

===Islamic Bengal===
The early history of Islam in Bengal is divided into two phases: the period of maritime trade with Arabia and Persia between the 8th and 12th centuries, and centuries of Muslim dynastic rule after the Islamic conquest of Bengal. The writings of [[Muhammad al-Idrisi|Al-Idrisi]], [[Ibn Hawqal]], [[Al-Masudi]], [[Ibn Khordadbeh]] and [[Sulaiman al-Tajir|Sulaiman]] record the maritime links between Arabia, Persia and Bengal.<ref name="auto5">{{cite web|url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Arabs,_The|title=Arabs, The |website=Banglapedia}}</ref> Muslim trade with Bengal flourished after the fall of the [[Sasanian Empire]] and the Arab takeover of Persian trade routes. Much of this trade occurred with southeastern Bengal in areas east of the [[Meghna River]]. There is speculation regarding the presence of a Muslim community in Bangladesh as early as 690 CE; this is based on the discovery of one of South Asia's oldest mosques in northern Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D7zy_hTIyNA|title=Remains of ancient mosque found in Bangladesh|via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://m.theindependentbd.com/magazine/details/139441/Harano-Masjid- |title=Harano Masjid |work=The Independent |access-date=18 January 2022|archive-date=16 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116095507/https://m.theindependentbd.com/magazine/details/139441/Harano-Masjid-|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="auto5"/> Bengal was possibly used as a transit route to [[China]] by the earliest Muslims. [[Abbasid]] coins have been discovered in the archaeological ruins of [[Somapura Mahavihara|Paharpur]] and [[Mainamati]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Coins|title=Coins |website=Banglapedia}}</ref>

====Sultanate period====
{{see also|Bengal Sultanate}}
[[File:Delhi Sultanate Coin from Gaur, Bengal in the British Museum.jpg|thumb|Coin featuring a horseman issued after the Muslim conquest of Bengal.]]
The Muslim conquest of Bengal began with the 1204 [[Ghurid Empire|Ghurid]] expeditions led by [[Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji]], who overran the Sena capital in [[Gauda (city)|Gauda]] and led the [[Islamic invasion of Tibet|first Muslim army into Tibet]].<ref name="google5" /> Bengal was ruled by the Sultans of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] for a century under the [[Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)|Mamluk]], Balban, and [[Tughluq dynasty|Tughluq dynasties]]. In the 14th century, three city-states emerged in Bengal, including [[Sonargaon]] led by [[Fakhruddin Mubarak Shah]], [[Satgaon]] led by [[Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah]] and [[Gauḍa (city)|Lakhnauti]] led by [[Alauddin Ali Shah]]. These city-states were led by former governors who declared independence from Delhi. In 1352, Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah united the three city-states into a single, unitary and independent [[Bengal Sultanate]]. The new Sultan of Bengal forced the Sultan of Delhi to [[Bengal Sultanate-Delhi Sultanate War|retreat]] during an invasion. The army of Ilyas Shah reached as far as [[Varanasi]] in the northwest, [[Kathmandu]] in the north, [[Kamarupa]] in the east, and [[Orissa]] in the south. During the reign of [[Sikandar Shah]], Delhi recognised Bengal's independence. The Bengal Sultanate established a network of mint towns that acted as provincial capitals where the [[History of the taka|Sultan's currency]] was minted.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Mint_Towns|title=Mint Towns |website=Banglapedia}}</ref> As Bengal became the easternmost frontier of the Islamic world, Bengali crystallized as an official court language, giving rise to various prominent writers. The sultanate was evolving as a commercialized and monetized economy and as a melting pot of Muslim political, mercantile and military elites.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bengal|title=Bengal|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica}}</ref>

The two most prominent dynasties of the Bengal Sultanate were the [[Ilyas Shahi dynasty|Ilyas Shahi]] and [[Hussain Shahi dynasty|Hussain Shahi]] dynasties. The reign of Sultan [[Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah]] saw the opening of diplomatic relations with [[Ming China]]. The reign of the Sultan [[Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah]] saw the development of [[Bengali architecture]]. During the early 15th century, Bengal aided the [[Restoration of Min Saw Mon]] in [[Arakan]], which led to the latter becoming a tributary state of Bengal.<ref name="Chowdhury2004">{{cite book | author = Mohammed Ali Chowdhury | date = 2004 | title = Bengal-Arakan Relations, 1430–1666 A.D. | publisher = Firma K.L.M. | pages = | isbn = 9788171021185 | url = {{GBurl|id=rohuAAAAMAAJ}}}}</ref><ref name="ChutintharanonChutintharānonBaker2002">{{cite book | author1 = [[Jacques Leider]] | date = 2002 | title = Recalling Local Pasts: Autonomous History in Southeast Asia | publisher = Silkworm Books | pages = | isbn = 9789747551686 | url = {{GBurl|id=HnluAAAAMAAJ}}}}</ref> During the reign of Sultan [[Alauddin Hussain Shah]], Bengali forces penetrated deep into the [[Brahmaputra Valley]]—and being led by [[Shah Ismail Ghazi]], conquered [[Kamata Kingdom|Assam]],<ref name=r1>Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2006). ''The Delhi Sultanate'', Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, pp.215–20</ref> Jajnagar in Orissa,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Kamata-Kamatapura|title=Kamata-Kamatapura |website=Banglapedia}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Husain_Shah|title=Husain Shah |website=Banglapedia}}</ref> the [[Jaunpur Sultanate]], [[Pratapgarh Kingdom]] and the island of [[Chandradwip]].<ref name="Hasan2007p16-17">{{cite book |author=Perween Hasan |year=2007 |title=Sultans and Mosques: The Early Muslim Architecture of Bangladesh |url={{GBurl|id=Uunyz4qFZwEC|p=16}} |publisher=I.B.Tauris |pages=16–17 |isbn=978-1-84511-381-0 |quote="[Husayn Shah pushed] its western frontier past Bihar up to Saran in Jaunpur ... when Sultan Husayn Shah Sharqi of Jaunpur fled to Bengal after being defeated in battle by Sultan Sikandar Lodhi of Delhi, the latter attacked Bengal in pursuit of the Jaunpur ruler. Unable to make any gains, Sikandar Lodhi returned home after concluding a peace treaty with the Bengal sultan."}}</ref><ref>{{cite wikisource |script-title=bn:শ্রীহট্রের ইতিবৃত্ত: উত্তরাংশ |title=Srihattar Itibritta: Uttarrangsho |wslink=পাতা:শ্রীহট্টের_ইতিবৃত্ত_-_উত্তরাংশ.pdf/৪৮৪ |wslanguage=bn |last=Choudhury |first=Achyut Charan |author-link=Achyut Charan Choudhury |year=1917|publisher=Katha |page=484}}</ref><ref>Bangladesh Itihas Samiti, Sylhet: History and Heritage, (1999), p. 715</ref><ref name="Hasan1987">{{cite book |author=Sayed Mahmudul Hasan |title=Muslim monuments of Bangladesh |url={{GBurl|id=9vdtAAAAMAAJ}} |year=1987 |publisher=Islamic Foundation Bangladesh}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Population Census of Bangladesh, 1974: District census report |url={{GBurl|id=cE7C3wpNgX4C}} |year=1979 |publisher=Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Statistics Division, Ministry of Planning, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh}}</ref> By 1500, Gaur became the fifth-most populous city in the world with a population of 200,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pMs5xapBewM |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/pMs5xapBewM |archive-date=21 December 2021 |url-status=live|title=Bar chart race: the most populous cities through time|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/917929/medieval-cities-in-gujarat-were-once-the-biggest-in-the-world-their-culture-deeply-influential|title=Gujarat's medieval cities were once the biggest in the world – as a viral video reminds us|first=Aparna|last=Kapadia|website=Scroll.in|date=30 March 2019 }}</ref> Maritime trade linked Bengal with [[China]], [[Malacca Sultanate|Malacca]], [[Aceh Sultanate|Sumatra]], [[Bruneian Empire|Brunei]], [[Portuguese India]], [[East Africa]], Arabia, Persia, Mesopotamia, [[Yemen]] and the [[Maldives]]. The Sultans permitted the opening of the [[Portuguese settlement in Chittagong]].

The disintegration of the Bengal Sultanate began with the intervention of the [[Suri Empire]]. [[Babur]] began invading Bengal after creating the Mughal Empire. The Bengal Sultanate collapsed with the overthrow of the [[Karrani dynasty]] during the reign of Akbar. However, the [[Bhati (region)|Bhati]] region of eastern Bengal continued to be ruled by aristocrats of the former Bengal Sultanate led by [[Isa Khan]]. They formed an independent federation called the [[Baro-Bhuyan|Twelve Bhuiyans]], with their capital in Sonargaon. The Bhuiyans ultimately succumbed to the Mughals after [[Musa Khan of Bengal|Musa Khan]] was defeated.

<gallery mode="packed" caption="Sultanate period" style="font-size:88%; line-height:130%; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;" heights="180">
Faridpur PatrailMoshjid MG 2967.jpg|[[Pathrail Mosque]]
Darashbari Mosque PRG 8155.jpg|[[Mihrab]]s in [[Darasbari Mosque]]
ছোট সোনা মসজিদ 5.jpg|[[Choto Sona Mosque]]
গোয়ালদি মসজিদ 2.jpg|[[Goaldi Mosque]]
ষাট গম্বুজ মসজিদ, বাগেরহাটের সম্মুখ দৃশ্য.jpg|[[Sixty Dome Mosque]]
Kusumba Mosque, Naogaon.jpg|[[Kusumba Mosque]]
বাঘা মসজিদ, রাজশাহী ০৩.jpg|[[Bagha Mosque]]
</gallery>

====Mughal period====
{{See also|Bengal Subah}}
[[File:Siraj ud-Daula.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Siraj-ud-Daulah]], the last independent Nawab of Bengal]]
The [[Mughal Empire]] controlled Bengal by the 17th century. [[Musa Khan of Bengal]], the last independent ruler of [[Sonargaon]] after resisting Mughal conquest for several years on 10 July 1610 was defeated and dethroned by [[Islam Khan I|Islam Khan Chishti]], the army general of Mughal Emperor [[Jahangir]]. Islam Khan Chisty became the first Mughal [[Subahdar]] of Bengal. After his defeat Musa Khan became loyal to the Mughal Empire. He actively participated in the conquest of [[Tripura]] and the suppression of revolt in [[Kamrup region|Kamrup]].<ref name="bpedia">[http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Shipbuilding_Industry Shipbuilding Industry] in [[Banglapedia]]</ref>

The Mughals established Dhaka as a fort city and commercial metropolis. It was the capital of [[Bengal Subah]] for 75 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Dhaka|title=Dhaka – national capital, Bangladesh|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=19 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010143325/https://www.britannica.com/place/Dhaka|archive-date=10 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> n 1666, the Mughals expelled the [[Kingdom of Mrauk U|Arakanese]] from the port of Chittagong. Mughal Bengal attracted foreign traders for its [[muslin]] and silk goods, and the [[Armenians in Bangladesh|Armenians]] were a notable merchant community. A Portuguese settlement in Chittagong flourished in the southeast, and a [[Dutch settlement in Rajshahi]] existed in the north. Bengal accounted for 40% of overall Dutch imports from Asia, including more than 50% of textiles and around 80% of silks.<ref name="Prakash">[[Om Prakash (historian)|Om Prakash]], "[http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3447600139/WHIC?u=seat24826&xid=6b597320 Empire, Mughal]", ''History of World Trade Since 1450'', edited by John J. McCusker, vol. 1, Macmillan Reference USA, 2006, pp. 237–240, ''World History in Context''. Retrieved 3 August 2017</ref> The Bengal Subah, described as the ''Paradise of the Nations'',<ref name=paradise>{{cite news |url=http://archive.dhakatribune.com/heritage/2014/dec/20/paradise-nations |title=The paradise of nations |work=Dhaka Tribune |date=20 December 2014 |access-date=7 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216011429/http://archive.dhakatribune.com/heritage/2014/dec/20/paradise-nations |archive-date=16 December 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> was the empire's wealthiest province, and a major global exporter,<ref name="Prakash" /><ref name="richards95">[[John F. Richards]] (1995), [{{GBurl|id=HHyVh29gy4QC|p=202}} ''The Mughal Empire'', page 202], [[Cambridge University Press]]</ref><ref name="riello">{{cite book |title=How India Clothed the World: The World of South Asian Textiles, 1500–1850 |author=Giorgio Riello, Tirthankar Roy |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] | year=2009 |page=174 |url={{GBurl|id=niuwCQAAQBAJ|p=174}}|isbn=978-90-474-2997-5}}</ref> a notable centre of worldwide industries such as [[Muslin trade in Bengal|muslin]], cotton textiles, silk,<ref name="google5"/> and [[shipbuilding in Bangladesh|shipbuilding]].<ref name="ray174">{{cite book |last=Ray |first=Indrajit |year=2011 |title=Bengal Industries and the British Industrial Revolution (1757–1857)|url={{GBurl|id=CHOrAgAAQBAJ|p=174}} |publisher=Routledge |page=174 |isbn=978-1-136-82552-1}}</ref> Its citizens enjoyed one of the world's best [[Standard of living|living standards]].<ref name="harrison">{{cite book|title=Developing cultures: case studies|author=[[Lawrence Harrison (academic)|Lawrence E. Harrison]], [[Peter L. Berger]]|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2006|page=158|url={{GBurl|id=RB0oAQAAIAAJ}}|isbn=978-0-415-95279-8}}</ref>

During the 18th century, the [[Nawabs of Bengal]] became the region's [[de facto]] rulers, with a realm encompassing much of [[eastern South Asia]]. The Nawabs forged alliances with European colonial companies, making the region relatively prosperous early in the century. Bengal accounted for 50% of the gross domestic product of the empire. The Bengali economy relied on [[textile manufacturing]], shipbuilding, [[saltpetre]] production, craftsmanship, and agricultural produce. Bengal was a major hub for international trade, renowned for its silk and cotton textiles worldwide.<ref>John F. Richards (1995), The Mughal Empire, p. 202, Cambridge University Press</ref><ref name="google5"/> Bengal was also famed as a shipbuilding hub.<ref>[[Angus Maddison|Maddison, Angus]] (2003): ''[{{GBurl|id=rHJGz3HiJbcC|p=259}} Development Centre Studies The World Economy Historical Statistics: Historical Statistics]'', [[OECD Publishing]], {{ISBN|92-64-10414-3}}, pages 259–261</ref><ref name="Prakash 1450, pp. 237">Om Prakash, "Empire, Mughal", ''History of World Trade Since 1450'', edited by [[John J. McCusker]], vol. 1, Macmillan Reference US, 2006, pp. 237–240, World History in Context. Retrieved 3 August 2017</ref>

Eastern Bengal was a thriving [[melting pot]] with strong trade and cultural networks. It was a relatively prosperous part of the subcontinent and the centre of the Muslim population in the eastern subcontinent.<ref name="star">{{cite news |last=Khandker |first=Hissam |date=31 July 2015 |title=Which India is claiming to have been colonised? |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/op-ed/politics/which-india-claiming-have-been-colonised-119284 |work=The Daily Star |type=Op-ed}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url={{GBurl|id=sxhAtCflwOMC|q=bengal+most+fertile+salma+farooqi|p=366}} |title=A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century |author=Farooqui Salma Ahmed |page=366 |access-date=7 November 2016|isbn=9788131732021 |year=2011 |publisher=Pearson Education India }}</ref> The [[Bengali Muslim]] population was a product of conversion and religious evolution,<ref name="google5"/> and their pre-Islamic beliefs included elements of Buddhism and Hinduism. The construction of mosques, Islamic academies (madrasas), and Sufi monasteries ([[khanqah]]s) facilitated conversion, and [[Islamic cosmology]] played a significant role in developing Bengali Muslim society. Scholars have theorised that Bengalis were attracted to Islam by its egalitarian social order, which contrasted with the Hindu caste system.<ref name="Roy1999">{{cite book|author=Samaren Roy|title=The Bengalees: Glimpses of History and Culture|url={{GBurl|id=2e44ZHj_fsQC|p=72}}|year=1999|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=978-81-7023-981-9|page=72|access-date=30 July 2017}}</ref> By the 15th century, Muslim poets were widely writing in the Bengali language. [[Syncretic]] cults, such as the [[Baul]] movement, emerged on the fringes of Bengali Muslim society. The [[Persianate]] culture was significant in Bengal, where cities like Sonargaon became the easternmost centres of Persian influence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bengal|title=Bengal|website=Encyclopaedia Iranica|access-date=19 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930180854/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bengal|archive-date=30 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Persian|title=Persian|work=Banglapedia|access-date=21 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911055911/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Persian|archive-date=11 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1756, nawab [[Siraj ud-Daulah]] sought to rein in the rising power of the [[British East India Company]] by revoking their free trade rights and demanding the dismantling of their fortification in Calcutta. A military conflict culminated in the [[Battle of Plassey]] on 23 June 1757.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lewis |first1=David |author-link=David Lewis (academic) |year=2011 |title=Bangladesh: Politics, Economics, and Civil Society |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=47 |isbn=978-0-521-88612-3}}</ref> [[Robert Clive]] exploited rivalries within the nawab's family, bribing [[Mir Jafar]], the nawab's uncle and commander in chief, to ensure Siraj-ud-Daula's defeat.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lewis |first1=David |author-link=David Lewis (academic) |year=2011 |title=Bangladesh: Politics, Economics, and Civil Society |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=47–48 |isbn=978-0-521-88612-3}}</ref><ref name="Avari2013p137">{{cite book |last1=Avari |first1=Burjor |author-link=Burjor Avari |year=2013 |title=Islamic Civilization in South Asia: A History of Muslim Power and Presence in the Indian Subcontinent |publisher=Routledge |page=137 |isbn=978-0-203-09522-5}}</ref> Clive rewarded Mir Jafar by making him nawab in place of Siraj-ud-Daula, but henceforth the position was a figurehead appointed and controlled by the company.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Metcalf |first1=Barbara D. |author1-link=Barbara D. Metcalf |last2=Metcalf |first2=Thomas R. |author2-link=Thomas R. Metcalf |year=2012 |orig-year=First published 2001 |title=A Concise History of Modern India |edition=3rd |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=52 |isbn=978-1-139-53705-6}}</ref><ref name="Lewis2011p48">{{cite book |last1=Lewis |first1=David |author-link=David Lewis (academic) |year=2011 |title=Bangladesh: Politics, Economics, and Civil Society |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=48 |isbn=978-0-521-88612-3}}</ref> Historians often describe the battle as "the beginning of British colonial rule in South Asia".<ref>{{cite book |last1=van Schendel |first1=Willem |year=2009 |title=A History of Bangladesh |edition=1st |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=49 |isbn=978-0-521-86174-8}}</ref>

The Company replaced Mir Jafar with his son-in-law, Mir Kasim, in 1760. Mir Kasim challenged British control by allying with Mughal emperor [[Shah Alam II]] and the Nawab of Awadh, Shuja ud-Daulah, but the company decisively defeated the three at the [[Battle of Buxar]] on 23 October 1764.<ref name="Avari2013p137" /><ref name="Lewis2011p48" /> The resulting treaty made the Mughal emperor a puppet of the British and gave the company the right to collect taxes (''[[Dewan|diwani]]'') in Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa, giving them de facto control of the region.<ref name="Lewis2011p48" /><ref name="vanSchendel2009p56">{{cite book |last1=van Schendel |first1=Willem |year=2009 |title=A History of Bangladesh |edition=1st |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=56 |isbn=978-0-521-86174-8}}</ref> The Company used Bengal's tax revenue to conquer the rest of India.<ref name="vanSchendel2009p56" />
<gallery mode="packed" style="font-size:88%; line-height:130%; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;" heights="180" caption="Mughal period">
File:DG 85 - 09 SAINT SHEKH NIAMOT ULLAH MOSQUE 15 CENTURY CHANPAI NAWAB GONJ IMG 3196.jpg|[[Mughal Tahakhana]]
File:Rohanpur Octagonal Tomb 04.jpg|Rohanpur Octagonal Tomb
ইদ্রাকপুর দুর্গ 04.jpg|[[Idrakpur Fort]]
File:Atia mosque Tangail.jpg|[[Atia Mosque]]
File:Lalbagh fort.jpg|[[Lalbagh Fort]]
File:Asiatic Society Heritage Museum.jpg|[[Nimtali arch]]
</gallery>

===Colonial period===
{{Main|Bengal Presidency|Eastern Bengal and Assam}}

====Initial period====
[[File:Clive.jpg|thumb|[[Lord Clive]] meeting with [[Mir Jafar]] after the [[Battle of Plassey]], which led to the overthrow of the last independent [[Nawab of Bengal]]]]
The Bengal Sultanate permitted the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] settlement in Chittagong to be established in 1528. It became the first European colonial enclave in Bengal. The Bengal Sultanate lost control of Chittagong in 1531 after Arakan declared independence and the established Kingdom of Mrauk U. Portuguese ships from Goa and [[Portuguese Malacca|Malacca]] began frequenting the port city in the 16th century. The ''[[cartaz]]'' system was introduced and required all ships in the area to purchase naval trading licenses from the Portuguese. [[Slave trade]] and piracy flourished. The nearby island of [[Sandwip]] was conquered in 1602. In 1615, the [[Portuguese Navy]] defeated a joint [[Dutch East India Company]] and Arakanese fleet near the coast of Chittagong.

The Bengal Sultan after 1534 allowed the Portuguese to create several settlements at Chitagoong, Satgaon,<ref>{{cite book |editor1=Taniya Gupta |editor2=Antonia Navarro-Tejero |year=2014 |title=India in Canada: Canada in India |url={{GBurl|id=EmYxBwAAQBAJ|p=22}} |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |pages=22– |isbn=978-1-4438-5571-6}}</ref> Hughli, Bandel, and Dhaka. In 1535, the Portuguese allied with the Bengal sultan and held the Teliagarhi pass {{Convert|280|km|mi}} from [[Patna]] helping to avoid the invasion by the Mughals. By then several of the products came from Patna and the Portuguese send in traders, establishing a factory there in 1580.<ref>{{cite book |last=Thakur |first=Baleshwar |year=1980 |title=Urban Settlements in Eastern India |url={{GBurl|id=HHVIU-HsMswC|p=117}} |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |pages=117– |oclc=729123405}}</ref> The region accounted for 40% of Dutch imports outside Europe.<ref name="Prakash"/><ref name="star"/>In 1666, the Mughal government of Bengal led by viceroy [[Shaista Khan]] moved to retake Chittagong from Portuguese and Arakanese control. The [[Anglo-Mughal War (1686–1690)|Anglo-Mughal War]] was witnessed in 1686.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Conflict and Cooperation in Anglo-Mughal Trade Relations during the Reign of Aurangzeb|first=Farhat|last=Hasan|journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient|volume=34|issue=4|year=1991|pages=351–360|doi=10.1163/156852091X00058|jstor=3632456}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=John Company Armed: The English East India Company, the Anglo-Mughal War and Absolutist Imperialism, c. 1675–1690|first=James|last=Vaugn|journal=Britain and the World|volume=11|issue=1|date=September 2017}}

</ref>

====Company rule====
[[File:Lord Cornwallis.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Charles Cornwallis]] was responsible for enacting the [[Permanent Settlement]].]]
After the 1757 [[Battle of Plassey]], Bengal was the first region of the Indian subcontinent conquered by the [[British East India Company]]. The company formed the [[Bengal Presidency|Presidency of Fort William]], which administered the region until 1858. A notable aspect of [[Company rule in India|Company rule]] was the [[Permanent Settlement]], which established the feudal [[zamindar]]i system; in addition, Company policies led to the [[deindustrialisation]] of Bengal's textile industry.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://academic.eb.com/levels/collegiate/article/Cornwallis-Code/26365|title=Cornwallis Code|date=4 February 2009|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=24 February 2017}}</ref> The capital amassed by the East India Company in Bengal was invested in the emerging [[Industrial Revolution]] in [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Great Britain]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Ray |first=Indrajit |year=2011 |title=Bengal Industries and the British Industrial Revolution (1757–1857) |url={{GBurl|id=CHOrAgAAQBAJ|p=7}} |publisher=Routledge |pages=7–10 |isbn=978-1-136-82552-1}}</ref><ref name="sengupta">Shombit Sengupta, [http://www.financialexpress.com/archive/bengals-plunder-gifted-the-british-industrial-revolution/576476/ Bengals plunder gifted the British Industrial Revolution], ''[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]'', 8 February 2010</ref> Economic mismanagement, alongside drought and a smallpox epidemic, directly led to the [[Great Bengal famine of 1770]], which is estimated to have caused the deaths of between 1 million and 10 million people.<ref name="Roy2019">{{citation|last=Roy|first=Tirthankar|title=How British Rule Changed India's Economy: The Paradox of the Raj|url={{GBurl|id=XBWZDwAAQBAJ|p=117}}|year=2019|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-030-17708-9|pages=117–|quote=The 1769-1770 famine in Bengal followed two years of erratic rainfall worsened by a smallpox epidemic.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Datta|first=Rajat|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/44927255|title=Society, economy, and the market : commercialization in rural Bengal, c. 1760–1800|date=2000|publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors|isbn=81-7304-341-8|pages=262, 266|oclc=44927255}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Amartya Sen|title=Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation|url=https://archive.org/details/povertyfamineses0000sena|url-access=registration|year=1981|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-828463-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/povertyfamineses0000sena/page/39 39]}}</ref><ref name="Jonsson2013p167">{{cite book|author=Fredrik Albritton Jonsson|title=Enlightenment's Frontier: The Scottish Highlands and the Origins of Environmentalism|url={{GBurl|id=d9FUmajYyqgC|pg=PT167}}|date=18 June 2013|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-16374-2|pages=167–170}}</ref> Several rebellions broke out during the early 19th century, as Company rule had displaced the Muslim ruling class from power. A conservative Islamic cleric, [[Haji Shariatullah]], sought to overthrow the British by propagating Islamic revivalism.<ref>Khan, Moin-Ud-Din. "[http://search.proquest.com/docview/1301938794/?pq-origsite=primo Haji Shari'at-Allah]". ''Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society'', vol. 11, no. 2 p. 106 (1 April 1963).</ref> Several towns in Bangladesh participated in the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/revisiting-the-great-rebellion-of-1857-33161 |title=Revisiting the Great Rebellion of 1857 |work=The Daily Star |date=13 July 2014}}</ref>

====British Raj====
[[File:George Nathaniel Curzon by John Singer Sargent 1914.jpeg|thumb|upright|[[Lord Curzon]] oversaw the creation of [[Eastern Bengal and Assam]].]]
[[File:Fort William Presidency Map.png|thumb|The [[Bengal Presidency]] at its greatest extent]]
[[File:BengalPartition1905 Map.png|thumb|West Bengal and [[Eastern Bengal and Assam]] in the early 20th century]]
The challenge posed to company rule by the failed Indian Mutiny led to the creation of the [[British Indian Empire]] as a [[crown colony]]. The British established several schools, colleges, and a university in Bangladesh. [[Syed Ahmed Khan]] and [[Ram Mohan Roy]] promoted modern and [[liberal education]] in the subcontinent, inspiring the [[Aligarh movement]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/history/sir-syed-ahmed-khan-and-the-aligarh-movement/23145/|title=Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and the Aligarh Movement|website=YourArticleLibrary.com: The Next Generation Library|date=4 January 2014|access-date=3 April 2016}}</ref> and the [[Bengal Renaissance]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Nitish Sengupta |author-link=Nitish Sengupta |year=2001 |title=History of the Bengali-speaking People |publisher=UBS Publishers' Distributors |page=211 |isbn=978-81-7476-355-6 |quote=The Bengal Renaissance can be said to have started with Raja Ram Mohan Roy (1775-1833) and ended with Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941), also there were many other stalwarts embodying particular aspects of the unique intellectual and creative ferment.}}</ref> During the late 19th century, novelists, social reformers, and feminists emerged from Muslim Bengali society. [[Electricity]] and municipal water systems were introduced in the 1890s; [[Movie theatre|cinemas]] opened in many towns during the early 20th century. East Bengal's [[plantation economy]] was important to the British Empire, particularly its [[jute]] and [[Tea production in Bangladesh|tea]]. The British established [[free port|tax-free river ports]], such as the [[Port of Narayanganj]], and large seaports like the [[Port of Chittagong]].

Bengal had the highest gross domestic product in British India.<ref name="daily-sun.com">{{Cite news |url=https://www.daily-sun.com/home/printnews/218795 |title=Reimagining the Colonial Bengal Presidency Template (Part I) |work=Daily Sun}}</ref> Bengal was one of the first regions in Asia to have a railway, which began operating in 1862.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Railway |title=Railway |website=Banglapedia |access-date=15 August 2019}}</ref> The main railway companies in the region were the [[Eastern Bengal Railway]] and [[Assam Bengal Railway]]. Railways competed with waterborne transport to become one of the main means of transport.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/in-focus/news/railways-colonial-bengal-1726765 |title=Railways in colonial Bengal |date=8 April 2019 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=15 August 2019}}</ref>

Supported by the Muslim aristocracy, the British government created the province of [[Eastern Bengal and Assam]] in 1905; the new province received increased investment in education, transport, and industry.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theodora.com/encyclopedia/e/eastern_bengal_and_assam.html |title=Eastern Bengal and Assam – Encyclopedia |publisher=Theodora.com |access-date=24 September 2015}}</ref> However, the [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|first partition of Bengal]] created an uproar in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] and the [[Indian National Congress]]. In response to growing Hindu nationalism, the [[All India Muslim League]] was formed in Dhaka in 1906. The British government reorganised the provinces in 1912, reuniting East and West Bengal and making [[Assam Province|Assam]] a second province.

The Raj was slow to allow self-rule in the colonial subcontinent. It established the [[Bengal Legislative Council]] in 1862, and the council's native Bengali representation increased during the early 20th century. The [[Bengal Provincial Muslim League]] was formed in 1913 to advocate [[civil rights]] for Bengali Muslims. During the 1920s, the league was divided into factions supporting the [[Khilafat movement]] and favouring cooperation with the British to achieve self-rule. Segments of the Bengali elite supported [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]]'s [[Secularism in Turkey|secularist]] forces.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Kennedy |first=Bernard |date=December 2005 |title=Ambassador Rezaqul Haider: Mediating for commerce |url=http://www.diplomat.com.tr/sayilar/s14/yazilar/s14-3.htm |magazine=Diplomat|quote=After the First World War when the great leader Mustafa Kemal Atatürk started his war of independence, the people of Bengal were very spontaneous in giving all sorts of support. To the extent that there is evidence that the womenfolk donated their own bangles and gold ornaments, and the funds were used for the establishment of a bank, the construction of the parliament building, and the purchase of armaments and ammunition to help the war of liberation. Bangladesh's national poet, Nazrul Islam, was the first foreigner to write an epic poem about Mustafa Kemal. |access-date=30 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010140515/http://www.diplomat.com.tr/sayilar/s14/yazilar/s14-3.htm |archive-date=10 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1929, the [[Krishak Sramik Party|All Bengal Tenants Association]] was formed in the Bengal Legislative Council to counter the influence of the Hindu landed gentry, and the [[Indian Independence Movement|Indian Independence]] and [[Pakistan Movement]]s strengthened during the early 20th century. After the [[Morley-Minto Reforms]] and the [[Government of India Act 1919|diarchy]] era in the [[legislatures of British India]], the British government promised [[Government of India Act 1935|limited provincial autonomy]] in 1935. The [[Bengal Legislative Assembly]], British India's largest legislature, was established in 1937.

Although it won most seats in 1937, the Bengal Congress boycotted the legislature. [[A. K. Fazlul Huq]] of the [[Krishak Sramik Party|Krishak Praja Party]] was elected as the first [[Prime Minister of Bengal]]. In 1940 Huq supported the [[Lahore Resolution]], which envisaged independent states in the subcontinent's northwestern and eastern Muslim-majority regions. Huq was succeeded by [[Khawaja Nazimuddin]], who grappled with the effects of the [[Burma Campaign]], the [[Bengal famine of 1943]], which killed up to 3 million people,<ref>{{cite news |title=Churchill's policies contributed to 1943 Bengal famine – study |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/29/winston-churchill-policies-contributed-to-1943-bengal-famine-study |work=The Guardian |date=29 March 2019}}</ref> and the [[Quit India]] movement. In 1946, the Bengal Provincial Muslim League won the provincial election with the largest Muslim League mandate in British India. [[H. S. Suhrawardy]], who made a final futile effort for a [[United Bengal]] in 1946, was the last premier of Bengal.
<gallery mode="packed" style="font-size:88%; line-height:130%; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;" heights="180" caption="Colonial period">
File:Baliati Jamindar Bari (140699635).jpeg|Baliati
File:স্মৃতিরা যেথায় খেলে লুকোচুরি.jpg|[[Panam Nagar]]
File:Curzon Hall (185220146).jpg|Curzon Hall
File:Old Highcourt Bhaban (3).JPG|Old High Court
File:তাজহাট জমিদার বাড়ি, রংপুর, বাংলাদেশ.jpg|[[Tajhat Palace]]
File:Administration Building of Rajshshi College.jpg|Rajshahi College
File:Colonial-Era Court Building - Chittagong - Bangladesh (13081106214).jpg|Chittagong Court House
File:Rani Vabani Rajbari.jpg|Natore
File:Shoshi Lodge Mymensingh (শশী লজ).jpg|Mymensingh
File:Mohera Zamindar Bari 3.jpg|Tangail
</gallery>

===Partition of Bengal (1947)===
{{Main|Partition of Bengal (1947)}}
[[File:Suhrawardy interview on Partition of India.oga|thumb|British Bengal's last premier [[H. S. Suhrawardy]] speaking about partition]]

On 3 June 1947, the [[Mountbatten Plan]] outlined the [[partition of British India]]. On 6 July, the [[Sylhet Division|Sylhet region]] of Assam voted in a [[1947 Sylhet referendum|referendum to join East Bengal]]. [[Cyril Radcliffe]] was tasked with drawing the borders of Pakistan and India, and the [[Radcliffe Line]] established the boundaries of present-day Bangladesh. The Radcliffe Line awarded two-thirds of Bengal as the eastern wing of Pakistan, but the medieval and early modern Bengali capitals of [[Gauda (city)|Gaur]], [[Pandua, Malda|Pandua]] and [[Murshidabad]] fell on the Indian side close to the border with Pakistan.

===Union with Pakistan===
{{Main|East Bengal|East Pakistan}}
[[File:21 Feb 1953 Dhaka University female students procession.png|thumb|Women students of Dhaka University marching in defiance of the [[Section 144]] prohibition on assembly during the Bengali Language Movement in early 1953]]
[[File:Sheikh Mujib at Fletcher School.jpg|thumb|[[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] (seated) at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy in the United States in 1958]]

The [[Dominion of Pakistan]] was created on 14 August 1947. East Bengal, with Dhaka as its capital, was the most populous province of the 1947 [[State of Pakistan|Pakistani federation]] (led by [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], who promised freedom of religion and secular democracy in the new state).<ref name="Ispahani2017">{{cite book|author=Farahnaz Ispahani|title=Purifying the Land of the Pure: A History of Pakistan's Religious Minorities|url={{GBurl|id=o36uDQAAQBAJ|p=8}}|year=2017|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-062165-0|page=8|access-date=29 August 2017}}</ref><ref name="Saikia2011">{{cite book|author=Yasmin Saikia|title=Women, War, and the Making of Bangladesh: Remembering 1971|url={{GBurl|id=YdQaz1ddI-wC|p=34}}|year=2011|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-5038-5|page=34}}</ref>

Khawaja Nazimuddin was East Bengal's first [[Chief Minister of East Bengal|chief minister]] with [[Frederick Chalmers Bourne]] its governor. The [[All Pakistan Awami Muslim League]] was formed in 1949. In 1950, the [[East Bengal Legislative Assembly]] enacted [[land reform]], abolishing the Permanent Settlement and the zamindari system.<ref>[[#Baxter|Baxter]], p. 72</ref> The 1952 [[Bengali Language Movement]] was the first sign of friction between the country's geographically separated wings. The Awami Muslim League was renamed the more secular [[Awami League]] in 1953.<ref name="LewisSagar1992">{{cite book|author1=David S. Lewis|author2=Darren J. Sagar|title=Political Parties of Asia and the Pacific: A Reference Guide|url={{GBurl|id=S4uyAAAAIAAJ}}|year=1992|publisher=Longman|isbn=978-0-582-09811-4|page=36|access-date=30 July 2017}}"ts present name in December 1953"</ref> The first constituent assembly was dissolved in 1954. The [[United Front (East Pakistan)|United Front]] coalition swept aside the Muslim League in a landslide victory in the [[1954 East Bengali legislative election]]. The following year, East Bengal renamed East Pakistan as part of the [[One Unit]] programme, and the province became a vital part of the [[Southeast Asia Treaty Organization]].

Pakistan adopted a new constitution in 1956. The [[Pakistan Army]] imposed [[1958 Pakistani coup d'état|military rule in 1958]], and [[Ayub Khan (general)|Ayub Khan]] was the country's strongman for 11 years. Political repression increased after the coup. Khan introduced a new constitution in 1962, replacing Pakistan's parliamentary system with a presidential and gubernatorial system (based on [[electoral college]] selection) known as Basic Democracy.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4323370 | jstor=4323370 | title=Pakistan's Basic Democracy | last1=Sayeed | first1=Khalid B. | journal=Middle East Journal | year=1961 | volume=15 | issue=3 | pages=249–263 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-9776.html | title=Pakistan - Basic Democracies }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Basic_Democracies | title=Basic Democracies |website=Banglapedia}}</ref> In 1962, Dhaka became the seat of the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]], a move seen as appeasing increased Bengali nationalism.<ref>{{cite book |last=Vale |first=Lawrence J. |year=2008 |title=Architecture, Power and National Identity |url={{GBurl|id=qWx9AwAAQBAJ|p=291}} |publisher=Routledge |edition=2nd |page=291 |isbn=978-1-134-72921-0 |access-date=14 May 2016}}</ref> The Pakistani government built the controversial [[Kaptai Dam]], displacing the [[Chakma people]] from their indigenous homeland in the [[Chittagong Hill Tracts]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Terminski |first=Bogumil |year=2014 |title=Development-Induced Displacement and Resettlement |url={{GBurl|id=WW8xCgAAQBAJ|p=28}} |publisher=Columbia University Press |page=28 |isbn=978-3-8382-6723-4 |access-date=20 January 2017}}</ref> The [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]] blocked cross-border transport links with neighbouring India in what is described as a second partition.<ref>{{cite news |author=Zafar Sobhan |date=17 August 2007 |title=Tragedy of errors |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-318 |work=The Daily Star |type=Editorial |access-date=19 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829180610/http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-318 |archive-date=29 August 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1966, Awami League leader [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] announced a [[six point movement|six-point movement]] for a federal parliamentary democracy.

According to senior [[World Bank]] officials, the Pakistani government practised extensively [[economic discrimination]] against East Pakistan. Despite generating 70 per cent of Pakistan's export revenue with jute and tea,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/bangladesh/15.htm|title=Bangladesh – The "Revolution" of Ayub Khan, 1958–66|access-date=11 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306080130/http://countrystudies.us/bangladesh/15.htm|archive-date=6 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> East Pakistan received much less government spending than West Pakistan. Economists in East Pakistan, including [[Rehman Sobhan]] and [[Nurul Islam (economist)|Nurul Islam]] among others, demanded a separate foreign exchange account for the eastern wing. The economists paraphrased Pakistan's [[Two-Nation Theory]] ideology against India, by pointing to the existence of two different economies with Pakistan itself, dubbed the Two-Economies Theory.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/the-two-economies-thesis-road-to-the-six-points-programme-29679 |title=The Two Economies thesis: Road to the Six Points Programme |first=Nurul |last=Islam |date=22 June 2014 |work=The Daily Star}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cpd.org.bd/from-two-economies-to-two-nations-my-journey-to-bangladesh/ |title=Two Economies to Two Nations: Rehman Sobhan's Journey to Bangladesh |work=CPD |date=30 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/first-anniversary/two-economies-two-nations-revisiting-bangladeshs-economic-transformation-189289 |title=From Two Economies to Two Nations: Revisiting Bangladesh's Economic Transformation |work=The Daily Star |date=21 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.goodreads.com/work/best_book/48150285-from-two-economies-to-two-nations-my-journey-to-bangladesh |title=From Two Economies To Two Nations |website=goodreads.com}}</ref> The central government also refused to release foreign aid allocated for East Pakistan.<ref name="google.co.nz">{{cite book |last=Muscat |first=Robert J. |year=2015 |title=Investing in Peace: How Development Aid Can Prevent or Promote Conflict |url={{GBurl|id=yZ5zCQAAQBAJ|pg=PT72}} |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-46729-8 |access-date=20 January 2017}}</ref> The populist leader Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was arrested for treason in the [[Agartala Conspiracy Case]] and was released during the [[1969 uprising in East Pakistan]] which resulted in Ayub Khan's resignation. General [[Yahya Khan]] assumed power, reintroducing martial law.

Ethnic and linguistic discrimination was common in Pakistan's civil and military services, in which Bengalis were under-represented.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Raic |first1=D |year=2002 |title=Statehood and the Law of Self-Determination |url={{GBurl|id=L7UOyPGYBkwC|p=336}} |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers |page=336 |isbn=978-90-411-1890-5 |access-date=20 January 2017}}</ref> Cultural discrimination also prevailed, making East Pakistan forge a distinct political identity.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=Raju G.C. |year=2003 |title=Yugoslavia Unraveled |url={{GBurl|id=9L6ZayN27PAC|p=322}} |publisher=Lexington Books |page=322 |isbn=978-0-7391-0757-7}}</ref> Authorities banned Bengali literature and music in state media.<ref>{{cite news |author=Ahsan |first=Syed Badrul |author-link=Syed Badrul Ahsan |date=2 June 2010 |title=The sky, the mind, the ban culture |work=The Daily Star |type=Editorial |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=140968 |url-status=live |access-date=11 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222114353/http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=140968 |archive-date=22 December 2015}}</ref> A [[1970 Bhola cyclone|cyclone]] devastated the coast of East Pakistan in 1970, killing an estimated 500,000 people,<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1483615/Bangladesh-cyclone-of-1991 Bangladesh cyclone of 1991] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826071713/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1483615/Bangladesh-cyclone-of-1991 |date=26 August 2009}}. Britannica Online Encyclopedia.</ref> and the central government was criticised for its poor response.<ref name="countrystudies.us1">{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/bangladesh/16.htm|title=Bangladesh – Emerging Discontent, 1966–70|access-date=11 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623150140/http://countrystudies.us/bangladesh/16.htm|archive-date=23 June 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> After the December 1970 elections, the Bengali-nationalist Awami League won 167 of 169 East Pakistani seats in the National Assembly. The League claimed the right to form a government and develop a new constitution but was strongly opposed by the Pakistani military and the [[Pakistan Peoples Party]] (led by [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]]).

===War of Independence===
{{Main|Bangladesh Liberation War}}
{{see also|Bangladesh genocide}}
In early 1971, negotiations began on the transfer of power.<ref name="auto2">{{cite web | url=http://www.uplbooks.com/book/bangladesh-quest-freedom-and-justice | title=Bangladesh: Quest for Freedom and Justice | the University Press Limited }}</ref> The Awami League wanted to develop a constitution based on its [[Six point movement|Six Points]] agenda;<ref name="auto2"/> this was opposed by the Pakistani military, the Pakistan Peoples Party and the Muslim League factions. Talks eventually broke down as the junta led by [[Yahya Khan]] prepared for a military operation in East Pakistan. The Bengali population was angered when the newly elected National Assembly was not convened under pressure from the junta and West Pakistani politicians. Despite enjoying an [[absolute majority]] in the newly elected parliament, Prime Minister-elect [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] was prevented from taking the oath. [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] threatened to break the legs of West Pakistani MPs if they flew to Dhaka for the first session of parliament.<ref>Hossain, Kamal (2013). Bangladesh: Quest for Freedom and Justice. Oxford University Press. p. 130. {{ISBN|978-0199068531}}.</ref><ref>[[#Baxter|Baxter]], pp. 78–79</ref> [[Non-cooperation movement (1971)|Civil disobedience]] erupted across East Pakistan,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ray |first1=Jayanta Kumar |author-link=Jayanta Kumar Ray |year=2010 |title=India's Foreign Relations, 1947–2007 |url={{GBurl|id=-NnfCgAAQBAJ|pg=PG148}} |publisher=Routledge |pages=148–149 |isbn=978-0-415-59742-5}}</ref> with loud calls for independence. Mujib addressed a [[7 March Speech of Bangabandhu|pro-independence rally]] of nearly 2 million people on 7 March 1971, where he said, "This time the struggle is for our liberation. This time the struggle is for our independence".<ref>{{cite web |title=The Historic 7th March Speech|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ScueL1pcHD4 |website=YouTube |access-date=31 October 2017}}</ref> The flag of Bangladesh was raised for the first time on 23 March, Pakistan's Republic Day.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Thorpe |first1=Edgar |year=2012 |title=The Pearson General Knowledge Manual |url={{GBurl|id=I9OyQ9mEpxkC|pg=SL1-PA125}} |publisher=Pearson Education India |page=A.125 |isbn=978-81-317-6190-8}}</ref>
[[File:Central Rotunda with Light-infused Water Pillar - Museum of Independence - Suhrawardy Udyan - Dhaka 2015-05-31 2177-2181.tif|300px|thumb|[[Museum of Independence, Dhaka]]]]
Around midnight on 26 March 1971, military operations under the code name of [[Operation Searchlight]] began.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bass |first=Gary J. |author-link=Gary J. Bass |year=2013 |title=The Blood Telegram: Nixon, Kissinger, and a Forgotten Genocide |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |page=50 |isbn=978-0-307-70020-9 |quote=That night [25 March] ... The Pakistani military had launched a devastating assault on the Bengalis.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Siegfried O. Wolf|author2=Jivanta Schöttli|author3=Dominik Frommherz|author4=Kai Fürstenberg|author5=Marian Gallenkamp|author6=Lion König|author7=Markus Pauli|title=Politics in South Asia: Culture, Rationality and Conceptual Flow|url={{GBurl|id=BAJNBQAAQBAJ|p=111}}|year=2014|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-09087-0|page=111|access-date=20 January 2017}}</ref> The first targets were the [[1971 Dhaka University massacre|student dormitories of Dhaka University]], the police barracks in Dhaka's Rajarbagh locality, and Hindu neighbourhoods in Old Dhaka. The Pakistan Army arrested Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and flew him to a jail in West Pakistan.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bates |first1=Crispin |year=2013 |title=Subalterns and Raj: South Asia Since 1600 |url={{GBurl|id=fXjdAAAAQBAJ|p=191}} |publisher=Routledge |page=191 |isbn=978-1-134-51375-8 |access-date=20 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Pervez Musharraf|title=In the Line of Fire|url={{GBurl|id=ZBws32j4zwYC|pg=PT70}}|year=2008|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-84739-596-2|page=70}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Johnston |first1=Faith |year=2013 |title=Four Miles to Freedom |url={{GBurl|id=LFYiAgAAQBAJ|pg=PT112}} |publisher=Random House India |isbn=978-81-8400-507-3 |access-date=20 January 2017}}</ref> The army burnt down the ''[[The Daily Ittefaq|Ittefaq]]'' newspaper's office.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thedailystar.net/opinion/views/news/the-genocide-march-25-metaphor-3279591 | title=The genocide of March 25 as a metaphor |work=The Daily Star | date=25 March 2023 |type=Opinion}}</ref> Before his arrest, Mujib [[Proclamation of Bangladeshi Independence|proclaimed the independence of Bangladesh]].<ref>{{cite web |title=ABC News, March 26, 1971 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0tQk4r0FtmY |website=YouTube |access-date=25 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bangabandhur Shadhinota Ghoshonar Telegraphic Barta |url=https://opinion.bdnews24.com/bangla/archives/46455 |newspaper=BDNews24 |type=Opinion |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=5 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405024844/https://opinion.bdnews24.com/bangla/archives/46455 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Pakistani forces launched a widespread campaign of killings, torture, rape, arson and destruction across East Pakistan, targeting segments of the population perceived to be pro-Awami League and pro-independence. The Hindu minority was distinctly targeted because of Pakistan's hostility with neighbouring Hindu-majority India.<ref>{{cite book |last=Debnath |first=Angela |year=2012 |orig-year=First published 2009 |chapter=The Bangladesh Genocide: The Plight of Women |editor-last1=Totten |editor-first1=Samuel |editor-link=Samuel Totten |title=Plight and Fate of Women During and Following Genocide |chapter-url={{GBurl|id=crJ7ai7GJH0C|p=47}} |publisher=Transaction Publishers |page=47 |isbn=978-1-4128-4759-9 |access-date=20 January 2017}}</ref>

During the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]], the [[Mukti Bahini]] emerged as the Bengali resistance force. A highly successful [[guerrilla war]] was fought against Pakistan. Bengalis continued to defect from Pakistan's diplomatic service, military, police, and bureaucracy. In April, they helped Awami League leaders to set up the [[Provisional Government of Bangladesh]], which operated in exile from [[Calcutta]] with the support of the Indian government until December 1971. The [[Bangladesh Armed Forces]] was formally established in November 1971, when Bengali forces secured control of much of the countryside. The Mukti Bahini forced the railway network to shut down to stop Pakistani troop movements. Some of the notable operations of the Mukti Bahini included [[Operation Jackpot]] and [[Operation Barisal]].

India intervened in the war on 3 December 1971, after Pakistan's failed pre-emptive air strikes on India's northwestern flank. With a joint ground advance by Bangladeshi and Indian forces, coupled with air strikes by both India and the small Bangladeshi air contingent, the capital Dhaka was liberated from Pakistani occupation in mid-December. During the last phase of the war, both the Soviet Union and the United States dispatched naval forces to the Bay of Bengal in a Cold War standoff. The nine-month-long war ended with the [[Surrender of Pakistan|surrender of the Pakistan Eastern Command]] to the Bangladesh-India Allied Forces on 16 December 1971.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thedailystar.net/victory-pakistan-army-surrenders-to-allied-forces-54462 | title=Victory: Pakistan army surrenders to allied forces | date=15 December 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2022/12/15/indian-1971-veteran-unveils-prelude-to-surrender-negotiation | title=Victory Day: Indian 1971 veteran unveils prelude to surrender negotiation | date=15 December 2022 }}</ref> Under international pressure, Pakistan released Mujib from imprisonment on 8 January 1972 and he was flown to a million-strong homecoming in Dhaka.<ref>{{cite book|author=Srinath Raghavan|title=1971|url={{GBurl|id=u6gQCgAAQBAJ|pg=PT247}}|year=2013|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-73127-1|page=247|access-date=20 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PsTOIiJr7so|title=Sheikh Mujib's Return to Bangladesh – January 10, 1972 Monday|date=23 December 2013|publisher=NBC|access-date=21 December 2015|via=Centre for Bangladesh Genocide Research|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317043314/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PsTOIiJr7so|archive-date=17 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Remaining Indian troops were withdrawn by 12 March 1972.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lyon |first=Peter |year=2008 |title=Conflict Between India and Pakistan: An Encyclopedia |url={{GBurl|id=vLwOck15eboC|p=192}} |publisher=ABC-CLIO |page=193 |isbn=978-1-57607-712-2 |quote="12 March India's armed forces withdraw from Bangladesh at a ceremonial parade in Dacca."}}</ref>

By August 1972, the new state was recognised by 86 countries.<ref name="Benvenisti2012">{{cite book |last=Benvenisti |first=Eyal |author-link=Eyal Benvenisti |year=2012 |orig-year=First published 1992 |title=The International Law of Occupation |edition=2nd |url={{GBurl|id=f19hVb54_s8C|p=190}} |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=190 |isbn=978-0-19-163957-9 |quote=The genuine and widely recognized claim for Bangladeshi self-determination as an entity independent of West Pakistan, coupled with the repulsion caused by the Pakistani measures to suppress that claim convinced global public opinion ... By the time its admission for membership in the United Nations came before the Security Council, in August 1972, Bangladesh had already been recognized by eighty-six countries. |access-date=20 January 2017}}</ref> Pakistan recognised Bangladesh in 1974 after pressure from most of the Muslim countries.<ref>{{cite news |author=Syed Muazzem Ali |date=19 February 2006 |title=Bangladesh and the OIC |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/suppliments/2006/15thanniv/bangladesh&theworld/bd_world21.htm|work=The Daily Star|access-date=21 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065259/http://archive.thedailystar.net/suppliments/2006/15thanniv/bangladesh%26theworld/bd_world21.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Artifact in liberation war museum, Agargaon 11.jpg|thumb|The Liberation War Museum in Dhaka has many exhibits on the victims of the 1971 war.]]
The government of Bangladesh records the official death toll of the war at 3 million,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/30-lakh-martyrs-settled-history-211537 | title=30 lakh martyrs a settled history | date=3 February 2016 }}</ref> including victims of atrocities and those who died from starvation. Minimum estimates for the number of those killed range between 300,000 and 500,000.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/genocide-us-cant-remember-bangladesh-cant-forget-180961490/ | title=The Genocide the U.S. Can't Remember, but Bangladesh Can't Forget }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-16207201 | title=Bangladesh war: The article that changed history | work=BBC News | date=15 December 2011 }}</ref> An estimated 10 million [[refugee]]s fled to neighboring India and 30 million were internally displaced.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tbsnews.net/feature/panorama/1971-exodus-managing-astronomical-10-million-refugees-222751 | title=1971 Exodus: Managing an astronomical 10 million refugees | date=27 March 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.governancenow.com/news/regular-story/how-india-responded-the-influx-10-million-refugees | title=How India responded to the influx of 10 million refugees | date=5 October 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://bdnews24.com/opinion/1971/genocide-confusion-with-numbers | title=Genocide: Confusion with numbers }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.efsas.org/publications/study-papers/bangladesh%E2%80%99s-genocide-debate;-a-conscientious-research/ | title=Bangladesh's genocide debate; A conscientious research }}</ref> The war was one of the first to record the use of [[Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War|rape as a weapon of war]], with an estimated 200,000 women being subjected to sexual abuse by the Pakistani army.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2023/apr/03/52-years-bangladesh-birangona-women-mass-rape-surviviors?CMP=share_btn_tw | title='We lay like corpses. Then the raping began': 52 years on, Bangladesh's rape camp survivors speak out | newspaper=The Guardian | date=3 April 2023 | last1=Begum | first1=Thaslima }}</ref> The war saw the systematic targeting of Bengali elites,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://mittalsouthasiainstitute.harvard.edu/2019/09/gary-bass-development-legacy-1971-bangladesh/ | title=Gary Bass: Development and the Legacy of the 1971 War in Bangladesh • the Lakshmi Mittal and Family South Asia Institute | date=5 September 2019 }}</ref> particularly [[1971 killing of Bengali intellectuals|intellectual]]s. The [[Jamaat-e-Islami]] formed paramilitary militias, which aided Pakistani troops and guided them to their intended targets. While [[Bengali Muslims]] bore the brunt of atrocities because of racial tensions with the largely [[Punjabi Muslims|Punjabi Muslim]] West Pakistani forces,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thedailystar.net/opinion/editorial/news/why-wont-the-un-recognise-1971-genocide-3280396 | title=Why won't the UN recognise 1971 genocide? | date=25 March 2023 }}</ref> the minority [[Bengali Hindu]] community was singled out for attacks by the Pakistani armed forces, a legacy which has led Hindu nationalist groups to claim that the war was a Hindu genocide.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hinduamerican.org/1971-bangladesh-genocide | title=1971 Bengali Hindu Genocide }}</ref> [[Archer Blood]], the US Consul General in East Pakistan at the time of the war, described the situation as "selective genocide".<ref>{{cite book | url={{GBurl|id=NjxuAAAAMAAJ|q=archer+k+blood+selective+genocide+1971+bangladesh+war+book}} | title=The Cruel Birth of Bangladesh: Memoirs of an American Diplomat | isbn=9789840516506 | last1=Blood | first1=Archer K. | year=2002 | publisher=University Press }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bass |first1=Gary J. |author-link=Gary J. Bass |year=2013 |title=The Blood Telegram: Nixon, Kissinger, and a Forgotten Genocide |url={{GBurl|id=dQ_lAAAAQBAJ}} |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |page=58 |isbn=978-0-307-70020-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/american-centre-library-after-name-of-archer-k-blood-his-son-deplores-bombers | title=American Centre Library after name of Archer K Blood: His son deplores bombers }}</ref> In 1974 and 2002, Pakistan formally expressed "regret" for what happened.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/06/29/archives/bhutto-regrets-crimes-in-bangladesh.html | title=Bhutto Regrets 'Crimes' in Bangladesh | work=The New York Times | date=29 June 1974 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dawn.com/news/50327/president-regrets-71-war-excesses-trade-accords-to-be-signed-today | title=President regrets '71 war excesses: Trade accords to be signed today | date=30 July 2002 }}</ref> In 2015, Pakistan denied any atrocities took place.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thedailystar.net/country/pakistan-denies-war-atrocities-1971-180319 | title=Pakistan denies war atrocities in 1971 | date=30 November 2015 }}</ref> In 2022, a bipartisan resolution was introduced in the [[US Congress]] to "Recognize the Bangladesh Genocide of 1971".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-resolution/1430/text|title=Text - H.Res.1430 - 117th Congress (2021-2022): Recognizing the Bangladesh Genocide of 1971. | Congress.gov | Library of Congress}}</ref> The [[International Association of Genocide Scholars]] regards the atrocities as a genocide.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newagebd.net/article/200115/scholars-recognise-1971-genocide|title=Scholars recognise 1971 genocide|website=New Age | The Most Popular Outspoken English Daily in Bangladesh}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/h604uz7l94|title=IAGS declares crimes committed by Pakistan during Bangladesh's independence war were genocide|work=bdnews24.com}}</ref>

===Modern Bangladesh===
====First parliamentary era====
[[File:MH Khan with Bangabandhu.jpg|thumb|Sheikh Mujibur Rahman with a commander of the Bangladesh Navy]]
The new government of Bangladesh transformed East Pakistan's state apparatus into an independent Bangladeshi state. The Awami League successfully reorganised the bureaucracy, framed a [[written constitution]], and rehabilitated war victims. In January 1972, Mujib introduced a [[parliamentary republic]] through a presidential decree.<ref name=autogenerated5>{{cite web |url=https://whiteboardmagazine.com/1874/mujib-administrations-policy-action-timeline/ |title=Mujib Administration's Policy Action Timeline |date=16 March 2020}}</ref> On 12 January 1972 Mujib took oath and assumed office as Prime Minister of Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.albd.org/pages/7/Bangabandu-Sheikh-Mujibur-Rahman |title=Life and Struggle of Bangbandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman |date=19 December 2017 |website=Bangladesh Awami League}}</ref> The emerging state structure was heavily influenced by the British [[Westminster]] model. The Constitution Drafting Committee led by Kamal Hossain established a [[bill of rights]] influenced by the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://legal.un.org/avl/ls/Hossain_HR.html | title=Lecture Series - Dr. Kamal Hossain }}</ref>

The constituent assembly adopted the constitution of Bangladesh on 4 November 1972, establishing a secular, multiparty parliamentary democracy. Bangladesh joined the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], the UN, the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation|OIC]], and the [[Non-Aligned Movement]]. In his maiden speech to the [[UNGA]], Mujib stated that "the Bengali has struggled for many centuries for the right to live a free and honourable life as independent citizens of an independent country. They expected to live in peace and harmony with all the nations in the world".<ref name=autogenerated2>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theindependentbd.com/post/253673 |title=Bangabandhu's historic 1974 UN speech |work=The Independent |access-date=6 April 2023 |archive-date=5 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105024614/https://www.theindependentbd.com/post/253673 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=autogenerated3>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bzpb14fl73M |title=25th September 1974 Speech in UN by Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman |via=YouTube}}</ref> He strengthened relations with India by signing a 25-year friendship treaty, a border demarcation agreement, and protocols on cross-border trade. The land boundary treaty was aimed at resolving border disputes inherited from East Pakistan and swapping the [[Indo-Bangladesh enclaves]]. The land boundary agreement was challenged in court, which ruled that the government needed the prior approval of parliament to implement the land boundary treaty.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-law-reports/article/abs/kazi-mukhlesur-rahman-v-bangladesh-and-another/33725F95F2064D3BE08F2035865C7763 | doi=10.1017/CBO9781316151983.013 | title=Kazi Mukhlesur Rahman v. Bangladesh and Another | journal=International Law Reports | year=1986 | volume=70 | pages=35–50 | s2cid=248999854 }}</ref> Mujib was a vocal supporter of Palestinian rights despite Israel being one of the first countries to recognize Bangladesh's independence. In what became Bangladesh's first dispatch of military aid overseas, Mujib sent an army medical unit to Egypt during the [[Yom Kippur War|1973 Arab-Israeli War]].<ref name="auto8">{{cite web | url=https://archive.dhakatribune.com/opinion/op-ed/2020/10/24/op-ed-bangladesh-and-the-first-gulf-war | title=OP-ED: Bangladesh and the first Gulf War | date=24 October 2020 }}</ref>

In economic policy, the first five years of Bangladesh was the only [[socialist]] period in its history. Mujib [[nationalized]] 580 industrial plants, as well as banks and insurance companies. In 1974, the government invited international oil companies to explore the [[Bay of Bengal]] for oil and natural gas. [[Petrobangla]] was established as the national oil and gas corporation.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newagebd.net/article/178014/national-energy-security-day-today |title=National Energy Security Day today |work=New Age}}</ref> The Mujib government faced huge economic problems exasperated by the resettlement of millions of people displaced in 1971, a breakdown in the food supply chain, poor health services and a lack of other necessities. The effects of the 1970 cyclone were still being felt, and the [[economy of Bangladesh|economy]] needed reconstruction after the war.<ref>Lawrence B. Lesser. "Economic Reconstruction after Independence". [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/bdtoc.html ''A Country Study: Bangladesh''] (James Heitzman and Robert Worden, editors). [[Federal Research Division]], Library of Congress (September 1988). ''This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.''[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/about.html About the Country Studies / Area Handbooks Program: Country Studies – Federal Research Division, Library of Congress]</ref> The [[Bangladesh famine of 1974]] damaged Mujib's popularity.

Mujib presided over a regime that was built around his personality cult. Sycophants and loyalists developed an ideology called [[Mujibism]].

====Presidential era (1975–1991)====
{{See also|Military coups in Bangladesh}}
[[File:Statiefoto Koninklijke Familie en President Ziaur Rakm (Bangladesj) en echtgenot, Bestanddeelnr 253-8087.jpg|thumb|[[Ziaur Rahman]] (second from right) with members of the Dutch royal family in 1978]]
In January 1975, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman introduced [[One-party state|one-party socialist rule]] under [[Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League|BAKSAL]]. Rahman banned all newspapers except four state-owned publications and amended the constitution to increase his power. He was [[Assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman|assassinated]] during a coup on 15 August 1975, and the presidency passed to the [[usurper]] [[Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad]] for four months. Ahmad is widely regarded as a traitor by Bangladeshis.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mushtaq was the worst traitor: attorney general|url=http://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2009/11/08/mushtaq-was-worst-traitor-attorney-general|work=bdnews24.com|access-date=19 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010140521/https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2009/11/08/mushtaq-was-worst-traitor-attorney-general|archive-date=10 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Tajuddin Ahmad, the nation's first prime minister, and four other independence leaders were assassinated on 4 November 1975. Chief Justice [[Abu Sadat Mohammad Sayem]] was installed as president by the military on 6 November 1975. Bangladesh was governed by a [[military junta]] led by the [[Chief Martial Law Administrator]] for three years. In 1977, the army chief [[Ziaur Rahman]] became president. Rahman reinstated [[multiparty]] politics, [[privatised]] industries and newspapers, re-opened the [[Dhaka Stock Exchange]], established [[Bangladesh Export Processing Zone Authority|BEPZA]] and held the country's second general election in 1979. In 1978, 200,000 [[Arakan]]ese Muslim refugees crossed the [[Naf River]] into Bangladesh due to a Burmese military crackdown. The refugees were later repatriated.<ref name="auto4">{{cite web | url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2000/burma/burm005-01.htm | title=Burma/Bangladesh: Burmese Refugees in Bangladesh - Historical Background }}</ref> A [[semi-presidential]] system evolved, with the [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]] (BNP) governing until 1982. Rahman was assassinated in 1981 and was succeeded by vice-president [[Abdus Sattar (president)|Abdus Sattar]].<ref name="Khasru">{{cite book|author=B.Z. Khasru|title=The Bangladesh Military Coup and the CIA Link|url={{GBurl|id=z8OeAwAAQBAJ}}|publisher=Rupa Publications India Pvt. Ltd|isbn=978-81-291-3416-5}}</ref>

After a year in office, Sattar was overthrown in the [[1982 Bangladesh coup d'état]]. Chief Justice [[A. F. M. Ahsanuddin Chowdhury]] was installed as president, but army chief [[Hussain Muhammad Ershad]] became the country's ''de facto'' leader and assumed the presidency in 1983. Ershad lifted martial law in 1986. He governed with four successive prime ministers ([[Ataur Rahman Khan]], [[Mizanur Rahman Chowdhury]], [[Moudud Ahmed]] and [[Kazi Zafar Ahmed]]) and a parliament dominated by his [[Jatiya Party (Ershad)|Jatiyo Party]]. Ershad pursued administrative decentralisation, dividing the country into 64 districts, and pushed Parliament to make Islam the state religion in 1988.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-12651483|title=Bangladesh profile|date=13 August 2017|access-date=19 September 2017|work=BBC News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711040420/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-12651483|archive-date=11 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Bangladesh dispatched its first contingent of [[UN Peacekeeping|UN peacekeepers]] in 1988.<ref name="auto8"/> In 1990, Bangladesh joined the US-led coalition to liberate Kuwait during the [[Gulf War]].<ref name="auto8"/><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41393571 | jstor=41393571 | title=Bangladesh and the Gulf War: Response of a Small State | last1=Hossain | first1=Ishtiaq | journal=Pakistan Horizon | year=1997 | volume=50 | issue=2 | pages=39–55 }}</ref> A [[1990 Mass Uprising in Bangladesh|mass uprising]] forced Ershad to resign, and Chief Justice [[Shahabuddin Ahmed]] led the country's first caretaker government as part of the transition to parliamentary rule.<ref name="Khasru"/>

====Parliamentary era (1991–present)====
[[File:Mohammad Mosaddak Ali met with Emir of Bahrain Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa at the Kings Palace in Bahrain.jpg|thumb|[[Khaleda Zia]] (standing second from right) with the Emir of Bahrain in 1994.]]
[[File:Sheikh Hasina with David Cameron.jpg|thumb|[[Sheikh Hasina]] with British Prime Minister [[David Cameron]] at [[10 Downing Street]] in 2011.]]
After the 1991 general election, the twelfth amendment to the constitution restored the parliamentary republic, and [[Begum Khaleda Zia]] became Bangladesh's first female prime minister. Zia, a former first lady, led a BNP government from 1990 to 1996. In 1991, her finance minister, [[Saifur Rahman (Bangladeshi politician)|Saifur Rahman]], began a major programme to liberalise the Bangladeshi economy.<ref name="Lewis2011">{{cite book|author=David Lewis|title=Bangladesh: Politics, Economy and Civil Society|url={{GBurl|id=5lH40gT7xvYC}}|year=2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-50257-3|access-date=11 December 2015}}</ref> In addition to setting up the [[Chittagong Stock Exchange]]; banking, pharmaceuticals, aviation, ceramics, steel, telecoms, and tertiary education were opened up for investments, resulting in increased market competition. In 1992, an estimated 250,000 refugees from [[Burma]] took shelter in Bangladesh due to the suppression of the Burmese pro-democracy movement; most of these refugees returned to Burma by 1993.<ref name="auto4"/> In 1994, Bangladesh provided the largest non-US contingent in [[Operation Uphold Democracy]], a military intervention in [[Haiti]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3452.htm |title=Background Note: Bangladesh |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref>

In 1996, a year of political upheaval saw a [[February 1996 Bangladeshi general election|boycotted February election]], an [[1996 Bangladeshi coup d'état attempt|attempted military coup]], and mediation efforts producing a [[caretaker government of Bangladesh|caretaker government]] to oversee elections. For three months, [[Muhammad Habibur Rahman]] served as the interim leader of the country. The Awami League returned to power in the [[June 1996 Bangladeshi general election|June election]] after 21 years. One of the first initiatives of Prime Minister [[Sheikh Hasina]] was to repeal the deeply controversial [[Indemnity Ordinance]], which protected her father's killers from prosecution. Hasina also signed the [[Chittagong Hill Tracts Peace Accord]], which ended an insurgency in the southeastern hill districts. She reached an agreement with India for [[sharing the water of the Ganges]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.uplbooks.com/book/sharing-ganges-water-indo-bangladesh-treaties-and-international-law | title='Sharing' Ganges Water: Indo-Bangladesh Treaties and International Law | the University Press Limited }}</ref>

The economic reform momentum lost steam due to political instability, including frequent [[hartal]]s and strikes by the opposition. In 2001, the BNP returned to power on the back of promises to improve the economy. The second Zia administration saw higher economic growth, but security and political problems gripped the country between 2004 and 2006. A radical Islamist militant group, the [[Jamaat-ul-Mujahideen Bangladesh|JMB]], carried out a series of terror attacks. At the end of the BNP's term in 2006, there was widespread political unrest. The Bangladeshi military urged President [[Iajuddin Ahmed]] to impose a [[state of emergency]] and a caretaker government, led by [[Fakhruddin Ahmed]], was installed from January 2007 to December 2008 to implement reforms to the electoral system, judiciary, and bureaucracy.<ref name="Lewis2011"/> The JMB leaders were arrested and later executed in March 2007.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://archive.thedailystar.net/2007/03/31/d7033101011.htm|title=Six JMB militants hanged|work=The Daily Star|access-date=10 November 2018}}</ref>

After achieving a landslide victory in the [[2008 Bangladeshi general election]] the Awami League Government returned to power taking oath on 6 January 2009, with Sheikh Hasina once again becoming the Prime Minister and brought political stability and economic growth to the nation.<ref name="mid-day">{{Cite news |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/hasina-sworn-in-bangladesh-pm-for-second-time/26544|title=Hasina sworn-in Bangladesh PM for second time|date=2009-01-06|work=mid-day|language=en|access-date=2019-01-09}}</ref> In 2010, the [[Supreme Court of Bangladesh|Supreme Court]] reduced the scope for military interventions through legal loopholes and reaffirmed [[Secularism|secular]] principles in the constitution. The Awami League set up a [[International Crimes Tribunal (Bangladesh)|war crimes tribunal]] to prosecute surviving Bengali Islamist collaborators of the 1971 atrocities. [[Human rights abuses]] increased under the Hasina administration, particularly [[Forced disappearance in Bangladesh|enforced disappearances]] by the [[Rapid Action Battalion]]. The [[2014 Bangladeshi general election|2014 election]] was boycotted by the BNP-Jamaat alliance. The BNP and Jamaat have often engaged in violent protests to overthrow the government. In 2017, Bangladesh experienced the largest influx of Arakanese refugees in its history. An estimated 700,000 [[Rohingya]] refugees took shelter in [[Cox's Bazar District|Cox's Bazar]] after a campaign of [[Rohingya genocide|ethnic cleansing]] in [[Rakhine State]], [[Myanmar]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.oxfam.org/en/what-we-do/emergencies/bangladesh-rohingya-refugee-crisis#:~:text=Beginning%20on%2025%20August%202017,huge%20protection%20risks%20and%20challenges | title=Bangladesh Rohingya refugee crisis | date=25 May 2022 }}</ref>

The national [[poverty rate]] went down from 80% in 1971 to 44.2% in 1991 to 12.9% in 2021.<ref name="auto">{{cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/pre-pandemic-level-poverty-set-drop-further-2193171 |title=Pre-Pandemic Level: Poverty set to drop further |work=The Daily Star |date=8 October 2021 |access-date=2 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cri.org.bd/2021/03/26/what-milestones-have-bangladesh-crossed-in-50-years/|title=What milestones have Bangladesh crossed in 50 years|date=26 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/results/2018/11/15/bangladesh-reducing-poverty-and-sharing-prosperity|title=Bangladesh: Reducing Poverty and Sharing Prosperity|website=World Bank}}</ref> Bangladeshi economist [[Muhammad Yunus]] and the [[Grameen Bank]], which Yunus founded, were awarded the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] for pioneering [[microfinance]] and their efforts to eradicate poverty. Bangladesh has emerged as the second-largest economy in South Asia,<ref name="auto9">{{cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/bangladesh/bangladesh-ranked-41st-largest-economy-in-2019-all-over-the-world-study-1684078 |title=Bangladesh ranked 41st largest economy in 2019 all over the world |work=The Daily Star |date=8 January 2019 |access-date=2 October 2022}}</ref><ref name="scroll.in">{{cite news |author=Sayeed Iftekhar Ahmed |url=https://scroll.in/article/1019006/where-do-bangladesh-and-pakistan-stand-after-50-years-of-separation#:~:text=Bangladesh%20outpaces%20Pakistan%20across%20all,the%20world's%20fastest%2Dgrowing%20economies |title=Where do Bangladesh and Pakistan stand after 50 years of separation? |work=Scroll.in |date=18 March 2022 |access-date=2 October 2022}}</ref> surpassing the per capita income levels of both India and Pakistan.<ref name="auto7">{{cite news |last=Sharma |first=Mihir |date=31 May 2021 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2021-05-31/india-and-pakistan-are-now-poorer-than-bangladesh |title=South Asia Should Pay Attention to Its Standout Star |work=Bloomberg News |type=Opinion |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207162332/https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2021-05-31/india-and-pakistan-are-now-poorer-than-bangladesh |archive-date=7 February 2022 |access-date=2 October 2022}}</ref><ref name="scroll.in"/> Since 2009, Bangladesh has launched a series of infrastructure megaprojects. On 25 June 2022, the [[Padma Bridge]] opened and connected southwestern Bangladesh with the rest of the country, while the [[Dhaka Metro]] was opened in 2023.<ref name="likely">{{cite news |date=24 June 2022 |title=Grand preparations made for Padma Bridge inauguration |work=The Daily Star |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/development/news/grand-preparations-made-padma-bridge-inauguration-3055601 |access-date=24 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-64111526 | title=Bangladesh: Densely-populated Dhaka gets first metro line | work=BBC News | date=28 December 2022 }}</ref> As part of the [[green transition]], Bangladesh's industrial sector emerged as a leader in building green factories, with the country having the largest number of certified green factories in the world in 2023.<ref>[https://www.dhakatribune.com/opinion/op-ed/321769/spearheading-sustainable-industries". Spearheading sustainable industries"]. ''Dhaka Tribune.'' 6 August 2023.</ref>

==Geography==
{{Main|Geography of Bangladesh}}
[[File:Map of Bangladesh-en.svg|thumb|Physical map of Bangladesh]]
Bangladesh is in [[South Asia]] on the [[Bay of Bengal]]. It is surrounded almost entirely by neighbouring [[India]], and shares a small border with [[Myanmar]] to its southeast, though it lies very close to [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], and [[China]]. The country is divided into three regions. Most of the country is dominated by the fertile [[Ganges Delta]], the largest river delta in the world.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Aditi Rajagopal|title=How the World's Largest Delta Might Slowly Go Under Water|url=https://www.discovery.com/nature/largest-delta-underwater|website=Discovery|date=8 February 2020}}</ref> The northwest and central parts of the country are formed by the [[Madhupur tract|Madhupur]] and the [[Barind Tract|Barind]] plateaus. The northeast and southeast are home to [[evergreen]] hill ranges.

The Ganges delta is formed by the confluence of the Ganges (local name [[Padma River|Padma]] or ''Pôdda''), [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]] ([[Jamuna River (Bangladesh)|Jamuna]] or ''Jomuna''), and [[Meghna River|Meghna]] rivers and their tributaries. The Ganges unites with the Jamuna (main channel of the Brahmaputra) and later join the Meghna, finally flowing into the Bay of Bengal. Bangladesh is called the "Land of Rivers";<ref>{{cite web |title=No Place Like Home – BANGLADESH: LAND OF RIVERS |url=https://ejfoundation.org/films/bangladesh-land-of-rivers |work=Environmental Justice Foundation |access-date=10 March 2020}}</ref> as it is home to over 57 [[trans-boundary river]]s, the most of any nation-state. Water issues are hence politically complicated inasmuch as the country is a lower [[Riparian zone|riparian]] state to India.<ref>{{cite book |last=Suvedī |first=Sūryaprasāda |title=International watercourses law for the 21st century |publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. |year=2005 |pages=154–166 |isbn=978-0-7546-4527-6}}</ref>

Bangladesh is predominantly rich fertile flat land. Most of it is less than {{convert|12|m|ft|abbr=on}} above sea level, and it is estimated that about 10% of its land would be flooded if the sea level were to rise by {{convert|1|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name="ali">{{cite journal |last=Ali |first=A. |title=Vulnerability of Bangladesh to climate change and sea level rise through tropical cyclones and storm surges |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00175563 |journal=Water, Air, & Soil Pollution |volume=92 |issue=1–2 |pages=171–179 |year=1996 |bibcode=1996WASP...92..171A |s2cid=93611792 |doi=10.1007/BF00175563}}</ref> 17% of the country is covered by forests and 12% is covered by hill systems. The country's [[haor]] wetlands are of significance to global environmental science. The [[List of mountains of Bangladesh|highest point in Bangladesh]] is the [[Saka Haphong]], located near the border with Myanmar, with an elevation of {{convert|1064|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name=CIA/> Previously, either [[Keokradong]] or [[Tazing Dong]] were considered the highest.

===Administrative divisions===
{{main|Administrative geography of Bangladesh}}
{{further|Divisions of Bangladesh|Districts of Bangladesh|Upazilas of Bangladesh}}
{{Bangladesh Divisions Image Map}}
Bangladesh is divided into eight administrative divisions,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bangladesh.gov.bd/site/view/division-list/List-of-Divisions|publisher=Bangladesh Government|title=National Web Portal of Bangladesh|date=15 September 2015|access-date=23 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923061605/http://www.bangladesh.gov.bd/site/view/division-list/List-of-Divisions|archive-date=23 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=CIA>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Bangladesh|access-date=15 May 2007 |year=2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2010/01/25/rangpur-becomes-a-division |title=Rangpur becomes a divivion |work=bdnews24.com |date=25 January 2010 |access-date=6 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903184553/http://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2010/01/25/rangpur-becomes-a-division |archive-date=3 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> each named after their respective divisional headquarters: [[Barisal Division|Barisal]] (officially ''Barishal''<ref name=namechange>{{cite news|url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2018/04/02/bangladesh-changes-english-spellings-of-five-districts|title=Bangladesh changes English spellings of five districts|work=bdnews24.com|date=2 April 2018|access-date=1 October 2019}}</ref>), [[Chittagong Division|Chittagong]] (officially ''Chattogram''<ref name=namechange/>), [[Dhaka Division|Dhaka]], [[Khulna Division|Khulna]], [[Mymensingh Division|Mymensingh]], Rajshahi, Rangpur, and Sylhet.

Divisions are subdivided into districts (''zila''). There are 64 districts in Bangladesh, each further subdivided into ''upazila'' (subdistricts) or ''thana''. The area within each police station, except for those in metropolitan areas, is divided into several ''[[Union Councils of Bangladesh|unions]]'', with each union consisting of multiple villages. In the metropolitan areas, police stations are divided into wards, further divided into ''mahallas''.

There are no elected officials at the divisional or district levels, and the administration is composed only of government officials. Direct elections are held in each union (or ward) for a chairperson and a number of members. In 1997, a parliamentary act was passed to reserve three seats (out of 12) in every union for female candidates.<ref>''Local Government Act'', No. 20, 1997</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right"
|+ Administrative Divisions of Bangladesh
|-
! scope="col" | [[Divisions of Bangladesh|Division]]
! scope="col" | [[Capital (political)|Capital]]
! scope="col" data-sort-type="date" | Established
! scope="col" | Area (km2) <ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web |url=http://www.dghs.gov.bd/images/docs/Publicaations/HB%202016%20_2nd_edition_13_01_17.pdf |title=Health Bulletin 2016 |website=Directorate General of Health Services |page=14 |access-date=7 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613050056/http://dghs.gov.bd/images/docs/Publicaations/HB%202016%20_2nd_edition_13_01_17.pdf |archive-date=13 June 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
! scope="col" | 2021 Population (projected)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/PopMonographs/PopulationProjection.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/PopMonographs/PopulationProjection.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live |title=Population Projection of Bangladesh: Dynamics and Trends, 2011–2061 |date=November 2015 |website=Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics |pages=25–28}}</ref>
! scope="col" | [[Population density|Density]] 2021
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Barisal Division]]
| style="text-align:left" | [[Barisal]]
| 1 January 1993
| 13,225
| 9,713,000
| 734
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Chittagong Division]]
| style="text-align:left" | [[Chittagong]]
| 1 January 1829
| 33,909
| 34,747,000
| 1,025
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Dhaka Division]]
| style="text-align:left" | [[Dhaka]]
| 1 January 1829
| 20,594
| 42,607,000
| 2,069
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Khulna Division]]
| style="text-align:left" | [[Khulna]]
| 1 October 1960
| 22,284
| 18,217,000
| 817
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Mymensingh Division]]
| style="text-align:left" | [[Mymensingh]]
| 14 September 2015
| 10,584
| 13,457,000
| 1,271
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Rajshahi Division]]
| style="text-align:left" | [[Rajshahi]]
| 1 January 1829
| 18,153
| 21,607,000
| 1,190
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Rangpur Division]]
| style="text-align:left" | [[Rangpur City|Rangpur]]
| 25 January 2010
| 16,185
| 18,868,000
| 1,166
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Sylhet Division]]
| style="text-align:left" | [[Sylhet]]
| 1 August 1995
| 12,635
| 12,463,000
| 986
|}

===Climate===
{{Main|Geography of Bangladesh#Climate|Climate change in Bangladesh}}
[[File:Flooding after 1991 cyclone.jpg|thumb|Flooding after the [[1991 Bangladesh cyclone]], which killed around 140,000 people]]
Straddling the [[Tropic of Cancer]], Bangladesh's climate is tropical, with a mild winter from October to March and a hot, humid summer from March to June. The country has never recorded an air temperature below {{convert|0|°C}}, with a record low of {{convert|1.1|°C}} in the northwest city of [[Dinajpur]] on 3 February 1905.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kantaji.com/dinajpurmap.html |title=Map of Dinajpur |website=kantaji.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713134542/http://kantaji.com/dinajpurmap.html |archive-date=13 July 2011 |access-date=17 April 2015}}</ref> A warm and humid [[monsoon]] season lasts from June to October and supplies most of the country's rainfall. Natural calamities, such as [[Floods in Bangladesh|floods]], [[tropical cyclone]]s, [[tornado]]es, and [[tidal bore]]s occur almost every year,<ref name="NatDis">{{cite book |last=Alexander |first=David E. |title= Natural Disasters |chapter-url= {{GBurl|id=gWHsuGTcF34C|p=532}}|year= 1999|publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers |isbn=978-0-412-04751-0 |page=532 |chapter=The Third World |orig-year=1993}}</ref> combined with the effects of [[deforestation]], [[Soils retrogression and degradation|soil degradation]] and [[erosion]]. The [[List of Bangladesh tropical cyclones|cyclones]] of 1970 and 1991 were particularly devastating, the [[1991 Bangladesh cyclone|latter]] killing approximately 140,000 people.<ref>"[https://articles.latimes.com/2005/feb/27/news/adfg-bangla27 Beset by Bay's Killer Storms, Bangladesh Prepares and Hopes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511191252/http://articles.latimes.com/2005/feb/27/news/adfg-bangla27 |date=11 May 2011}}". ''Los Angeles Times''. 27 February 2005</ref>

In September 1998, Bangladesh saw the [[1998 Bangladesh floods|most severe flooding]] in modern history, after which two-thirds of the country went underwater, along with a death toll of 1,000.<ref name="EWG">{{cite book |last=Haggett|first=Peter |title= Encyclopedia of World Geography |chapter-url= {{GBurl|id=IROIY4ONOSEC|p=2634}}|publisher=Marshall Cavendish |year= 2002 |isbn=978-0-7614-7308-4 |oclc= 46578454|pages=2, 634 |chapter=The Indian Subcontinent |orig-year=2002}}</ref> As a result of various international and national level initiatives in disaster risk reduction, the human toll and economic damage from floods and cyclones have come down over the years.<ref>{{cite news|last=Raju |first= M. N. A. |title=Disaster Preparedness for Sustainable Development in Bangladesh |url=https://www.daily-sun.com/arcprint/details/294175/Disaster-Preparedness-for-Sustainable-Development-in-Bangladesh/2018-03-10 |work=Daily Sun|date=10 March 2018 |access-date=26 September 2019}}</ref> The [[2007 South Asian floods]] ravaged areas across the country, leaving five million people displaced, had a death toll around 500.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bangladesh flood death toll nears 500, thousands ill |url=http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/DHA30252.htm |agency=[[Reuters]] |date=15 August 2007 |access-date=15 August 2007}}</ref>

Bangladesh is recognised to be one of the countries most [[Climate change vulnerability|vulnerable to climate change]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kulp|first1=Scott A.|last2=Strauss|first2=Benjamin H.|date=29 October 2019|title=New elevation data triple estimates of global vulnerability to sea-level rise and coastal flooding|journal=Nature Communications|volume=10|issue=1|page=4844|bibcode=2019NatCo..10.4844K|doi=10.1038/s41467-019-12808-z|issn=2041-1723|pmc=6820795|pmid=31664024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=29 October 2019|title=Report: Flooded Future: Global vulnerability to sea level rise worse than previously understood|url=https://climatecentral.org/news/report-flooded-future-global-vulnerability-to-sea-level-rise-worse-than-previously-understood|access-date=3 November 2019|website=climatecentral.org|archive-date=2 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102025006/https://climatecentral.org/news/report-flooded-future-global-vulnerability-to-sea-level-rise-worse-than-previously-understood|url-status=dead}}</ref> Over the course of a century, 508 cyclones have affected the Bay of Bengal region, 17 percent of which are believed to have made landfall in Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chaturvedi|first=Sanjay|url={{GBurl|id=UB1qDwAAQBAJ|pg=PT67}}|title=Climate Change and the Bay of Bengal|date=29 April 2016|publisher=Flipside Digital Content Company Inc.|isbn=978-981-4762-01-4}}</ref> Natural hazards that come from increased rainfall, rising sea levels, and tropical cyclones are expected to increase as the climate changes, each seriously affecting agriculture, water and food security, human health, and shelter.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.moef.gov.bd/moef.pdf|title=Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan, 2008|publisher=Ministry of Environment and Forests Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh|year=2008|isbn=978-984-8574-25-6|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007060017/http://www.moef.gov.bd/moef.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is estimated that by 2050, a three-foot rise in sea levels will inundate some 20 percent of the land and displace more than 30 million people.<ref>{{cite web|last=Glennon|first=Robert|title=The Unfolding Tragedy of Climate Change in Bangladesh|url=https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/the-unfolding-tragedy-of-climate-change-in-bangladesh/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201040750/https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/the-unfolding-tragedy-of-climate-change-in-bangladesh/|archive-date=1 December 2017|access-date=23 November 2017}}</ref> To address the [[sea level rise]] threat in Bangladesh, the Bangladesh Delta Plan 2100 has been launched.<ref name=":2">{{cite web|url=https://www.dutchwatersector.com/news/bangladesh-delta-plan-2100|title=Bangladesh Delta Plan 2100|publisher=The Dutch water sector|access-date=24 September 2019|date=20 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gwp.org/globalassets/global/gwp-sas_images/gwp-sas-in-action/ldai/bdp-2100-ppt.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.gwp.org/globalassets/global/gwp-sas_images/gwp-sas-in-action/ldai/bdp-2100-ppt.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live|title=Bangladesh Delta Plan (BDP) 2100}}</ref>

===Biodiversity===
{{Main|Wildlife of Bangladesh|Fauna of Bangladesh}}
[[File:Bengal Tiger gets down in a shallow canal in Sundarban.jpg|thumb|A [[Bengal tiger]], the national animal, in the Sundarbans]]
Bangladesh is located in the [[Indomalayan realm]], and lies within four terrestrial ecoregions: [[Lower Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests]], [[Mizoram–Manipur–Kachin rain forests]], [[Sundarbans freshwater swamp forests]], and [[Sundarbans mangroves]].<ref name="DinersteinOlson2017">{{cite journal|last1=Dinerstein|first1=Eric|last2=Olson|first2=David|last3=Joshi|first3=Anup|last4=Vynne|first4=Carly|last5=Burgess|first5=Neil D.|last6=Wikramanayake|first6=Eric|last7=Hahn|first7=Nathan|last8=Palminteri|first8=Suzanne|last9=Hedao|first9=Prashant|last10=Noss|first10=Reed|last11=Hansen|first11=Matt|last12=Locke|first12=Harvey|last13=Ellis|first13=Erle C|last14=Jones|first14=Benjamin|last15=Barber|first15=Charles Victor|last16=Hayes|first16=Randy|last17=Kormos|first17=Cyril|last18=Martin|first18=Vance|last19=Crist|first19=Eileen|last20=Sechrest|first20=Wes|last21=Price|first21=Lori|last22=Baillie|first22=Jonathan E. M.|last23=Weeden|first23=Don|last24=Suckling|first24=Kierán|last25=Davis|first25=Crystal|last26=Sizer|first26=Nigel|last27=Moore|first27=Rebecca|last28=Thau|first28=David|last29=Birch|first29=Tanya|last30=Potapov|first30=Peter|last31=Turubanova|first31=Svetlana|last32=Tyukavina|first32=Alexandra|last33=de Souza|first33=Nadia|last34=Pintea|first34=Lilian|last35=Brito|first35=José C.|last36=Llewellyn|first36=Othman A.|last37=Miller|first37=Anthony G.|last38=Patzelt|first38=Annette|last39=Ghazanfar|first39=Shahina A.|last40=Timberlake|first40=Jonathan|last41=Klöser|first41=Heinz|last42=Shennan-Farpón|first42=Yara|last43=Kindt|first43=Roeland|last44=Lillesø|first44=Jens-Peter Barnekow|last45=van Breugel|first45=Paulo|last46=Graudal|first46=Lars|last47=Voge|first47=Maianna|last48=Al-Shammari|first48=Khalaf F.|last49=Saleem|first49=Muhammad|title=An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm|journal=BioScience|volume=67|issue=6|year=2017|pages=534–545|issn=0006-3568|doi=10.1093/biosci/bix014|pmid=28608869|pmc=5451287}}</ref> Its ecology includes a long sea coastline, numerous [[List of rivers in Bangladesh|rivers and tributaries]], lakes, [[wetland]]s, evergreen forests, semi evergreen forests, hill forests, moist [[deciduous forest]]s, freshwater swamp forests and flat land with tall grass. The Bangladesh Plain is famous for its fertile [[alluvial]] soil which supports extensive cultivation. The country is dominated by lush vegetation, with villages often buried in groves of [[mango]], [[jackfruit]], [[bamboo]], [[betel nut]], [[coconut]], and [[date palm]].<ref name="global.britannica.com">[http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/51736/Bangladesh/33426/Plant-and-animal-life Bangladesh | history – geography :: Plant and animal life] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203195926/http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/51736/Bangladesh/33426/Plant-and-animal-life|date=3 February 2014}}. ''Encyclopædia Britannica''.</ref> The country has up to 6000 species of plant life, including 5000 flowering plants.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bdhcdelhi.org/index.php/flora-fauna|title=Flora and Fauna – Bangladesh high commission in India |website=Bangladesh High Commission, New Delhi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130820012655/http://www.bdhcdelhi.org/index.php/flora-fauna |archive-date=20 August 2013}}</ref> Water bodies and wetland systems provide a habitat for many aquatic plants. [[Nymphaeaceae|Water lilies]] and [[Nelumbo nucifera|lotuses]] grow vividly during the monsoon season. The country has [[List of protected areas of Bangladesh|50 wildlife sanctuaries]].

Bangladesh is home to much of the [[Sundarbans]], the world's largest [[mangrove forest]], covering an area of {{convert|6,000|km2}} in the southwest littoral region. It is divided into three protected sanctuaries–the [[Sundarbans South Wildlife Sanctuary|South]], [[Sundarbans East Wildlife Sanctuary|East]], and [[Sundarbans West Wildlife Sanctuary|West]] zones. The forest is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The northeastern Sylhet region is home to haor wetlands, a unique ecosystem. It also includes [[tropical and subtropical coniferous forests]], a [[freshwater swamp forest]], and mixed deciduous forests. The southeastern Chittagong region covers evergreen and semi-evergreen hilly jungles. Central Bangladesh includes the plainland Sal forest running along with the districts of Gazipur, [[Tangail]], and [[Mymensingh]]. [[St. Martin's Island]] is the only [[coral reef]] in the country.

Bangladesh has an abundance of [[Wildlife in Bangladesh|wildlife]] in its forests, marshes, woodlands, and hills.<ref name="global.britannica.com"/> The vast majority of animals dwell within a habitat of {{convert|150,000|km2}}.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Soraya Auer |author2=Anika Hossain |date=7 July 2012 |title=Lost Wards of the State |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/magazine/2012/07/01/cover.htm|work=The Daily Star|access-date=14 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214120509/http://archive.thedailystar.net/magazine/2012/07/01/cover.htm |archive-date=14 February 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Bengal tiger]], [[clouded leopard]], [[saltwater crocodile]], [[black panther]] and [[fishing cat]] are among the chief predators in the Sundarbans.<ref>{{cite book|author=Peter Haggett|title=Encyclopedia of World Geography|url={{GBurl|id=IROIY4ONOSEC|p=2620}}|year=2001|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|isbn=978-0-7614-7289-6|page=2620|access-date=20 January 2017}}</ref> Northern and eastern Bangladesh is home to the [[Asian elephant]], [[hoolock gibbon]], [[Asian black bear]] and [[oriental pied hornbill]].<ref name="bearprojectbd.weebly.com">{{cite web|url=http://bearprojectbd.weebly.com/bears-in-bangladesh.html|title=Bears in Bangladesh|website=Bangladesh Bear Project|access-date=14 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214061240/http://bearprojectbd.weebly.com/bears-in-bangladesh.html|archive-date=14 February 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Chital]] deer are widely seen in southwestern woodlands. Other animals include the [[black giant squirrel]], [[capped langur]], [[Bengal fox]], [[sambar deer]], [[jungle cat]], [[king cobra]], [[wild boar]], [[mongoose]]s, [[pangolin]]s, [[Python (genus)|pythons]] and [[Asian water monitor|water monitors]]. Bangladesh has one of the largest populations of [[Irrawaddy dolphins|Irrawaddy]] and [[South Asian river dolphin|Ganges dolphins]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/03/090331-dolphins-found.html|title=6,000 Rare, Large River Dolphins Found in Bangladesh|work=National Geographic|date=March 2009|access-date=13 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012093653/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/03/090331-dolphins-found.html|archive-date=12 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> The country has numerous species of [[amphibian]]s (53), reptiles (139), [[marine reptile]]s (19) and [[marine mammal]]s (5). It also has [[List of birds of Bangladesh|628 species of birds]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hossain |first1=Muhammad Selim |date=23 May 2009 |title=Conserving biodiversity must for survival |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=89375 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530100603/http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=89375 |archive-date=30 May 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Several animals became extinct in Bangladesh during the last century, including the one-horned and two-horned [[rhinoceros]] and common [[peafowl]]. The human population is concentrated in urban areas, limiting deforestation to a certain extent. Rapid urban growth has threatened natural habitats. The country has widespread environmental issues, pollution of the [[Dhaleshwari River]] by the textile industry and shrimp cultivation in Chakaria Sundarbans have both been described by academics as [[ecocide]]s.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Suny |first1=Rabby Us |title=Political Economy of River Ecocide in Bangladesh: A Study in the Context of Dhaleshwari River |date=2022-06-20 |url=https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/9789811263750_0005 |work=Politics of Climate Change |pages=83–103 |access-date=2023-07-10 |publisher=WORLD SCIENTIFIC |doi=10.1142/9789811263750_0005 |isbn=978-981-12-6374-3 |last2=Sarkar |first2=Oliver Tirtho |last3=Hasan |first3=Md Abid}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zaman |first=Samia |date=2023-06-07 |title=The Bangladesh Environmental Humanities Reader: by Samina Luthfa, Mohammad Tanzimuddin Khan, and Munasir Kamal, Lanham, Lexinton Books, 2022. ISBN:978-1-4985-9913-9 and 978-1-4985-9914-6 |journal=Environmental Politics |language=en |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=752–754 |doi=10.1080/09644016.2023.2192149 |s2cid=257785219 |issn=0964-4016|doi-access=free }}</ref> Although many areas are protected under law, some Bangladeshi wildlife is threatened by this growth. The [[Bangladesh Environment Conservation Act]] was enacted in 1995. The government has designated several regions as [[Ecologically Critical Area]]s, including wetlands, forests, and rivers. The [[Sundarbans tiger project]] and the Bangladesh Bear Project are among the key initiatives to strengthen conservation.<ref name="bearprojectbd.weebly.com"/> It ratified the Rio [[Convention on Biological Diversity]] on 3 May 1994.<ref name="cbd.int">{{cite web|url=http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/default.shtml?country=bd|title=Bangladesh – Country Profile|website=cbd.int|access-date=16 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217020013/http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/default.shtml?country=bd|archive-date=17 February 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2014}}, the country was set to revise its [[Biodiversity action plan|National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan]].<ref name="cbd.int"/>

==Politics and government==
{{Main|Politics of Bangladesh|Government of Bangladesh}}
[[File:Bangabhaban.jpg|thumb|[[Bangabhaban]] (literally ''Bengal House'') is the [[presidential palace]] of Bangladesh. It was originally a house for the [[Viceroy of India]] and the [[List of governors of Bengal Presidency|Governor of Bengal]].]]
[[File:Bangladesh National Parliament in 2022.04.jpg|thumb|The [[Jatiya Sangsad Bhaban|National Parliament]] building in [[Sher-e-Bangla Nagar]], a neighborhood named after the first [[Prime Minister of Bengal]]]]
{{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=320
| align = right
| image_style = border:none;
| title =
| image1 = Dr. Kamal Hossain in front of Bangladesh Supreme Court (cropped).PNG
| caption1 = [[Kamal Hossain]], jurist and author of the 1972 [[Constitution of Bangladesh]]
| image2 = Bangladesh Supreme Court.jpg
| caption2 = [[Supreme Court of Bangladesh]]
}}
Bangladesh is a ''[[de jure]]'' [[representative democracy]] under its [[Constitution of Bangladesh|constitution]], with a [[Westminster system|Westminster]]-style [[parliamentary republic]] that has [[universal suffrage]]. The head of government is the Prime Minister, who forms a government every five years. The President invites the leader of the largest party in parliament to become Prime Minister.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Is Bangladesh becoming an autocracy? |url=https://www.dw.com/en/is-bangladesh-becoming-an-autocracy/a-43151970 |publisher=Deutsche Welle |date=27 March 2018 |access-date=15 August 2019}}</ref>

The [[Jatiya Sangshad]] (National Parliament) is the [[unicameral]] parliament. It has 350 [[Member of parliament|Members of Parliament]] (MPs), including 300 MPs elected on the [[first past the post]] system and 50 MPs appointed to reserved seats for [[women's empowerment]]. [[Article 70 of the Constitution of Bangladesh]] forbids MPs from voting against their party. However, several laws proposed independently by MPs have been transformed into legislation, including the anti-torture law.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.newagebd.net/article/32228/amendment-to-anti-torture-law-to-hinder-hr-protection-says-ask|title=Amendment to anti-torture law to hinder HR protection, says ASK |work=New Age |access-date=15 August 2019}}</ref> The parliament is presided over by the [[Speaker of the Jatiya Sangsad]], who is second in line to the president as per the constitution.<ref>{{cite news|last=Shahid|first=S. A.|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-71818|title=Deputy speaker from opposition, no chance for war criminals|date=18 January 2019|work=The Daily Star|access-date=14 October 2019}}</ref>

The [[Government of Bangladesh]] is overseen by a [[Cabinet of Bangladesh|cabinet]] headed by the [[Prime Minister of Bangladesh]]. The tenure of a parliamentary government is five years. The [[Bangladesh Civil Service]] assists the cabinet in running the government. Recruitment for the civil service is based on a public examination. In theory, the civil service should be a meritocracy. But a disputed quota system coupled with politicisation and preference for seniority have allegedly affected the civil service's meritocracy.<ref>{{cite magazine |url= https://thediplomat.com/2013/08/no-meritocracy-bangladeshs-civil-service/|last=Kabir|first=A.|title=No Meritocracy: Bangladesh's Civil Service|magazine=The Diplomat|date=12 August 2013|access-date=9 October 2019}}</ref> The [[President of Bangladesh]] is the ceremonial head of state<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.commonwealthofnations.org/sectors-bangladesh/government/president/|title=President|publisher=The Nexus Commonwealth Network|access-date=10 October 2019}}</ref> whose powers include signing bills passed by parliament into law. The President is the Supreme Commander of the Bangladesh Armed Forces and the chancellor of all universities.
The [[Supreme Court of Bangladesh]] is the highest court of the land, followed by the [[High Court Division|High Court]] and Appellate Divisions. The head of the judiciary is the [[Chief Justice of Bangladesh]], who sits on the Supreme Court. The courts have wide latitude in [[judicial review in Bangladesh|judicial review]], and judicial [[precedent]] is supported by Article 111 of the constitution. The [[Judiciary of Bangladesh|judiciary]] includes district and metropolitan courts divided into civil and criminal courts. Due to a shortage of judges, the judiciary has a large backlog.

===Military===
{{Main|Bangladesh Armed Forces}}
[[File:BangladeshMilitaryUN PeacekeepingForce.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|alt=World map, indicating where the Bangladeshi UN peacekeeping force is stationed|Map of [[Bangladesh UN Peacekeeping Force]] deployments]]

The Bangladesh Armed Forces have inherited the institutional framework of the [[British military]] and the [[British Indian Army]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p33231/mobile/ch07.html|title=The Military and Democracy in Bangladesh|website=press-files.anu.edu.au|access-date=19 September 2017}}</ref> In 2022, the active personnel strength of the [[Bangladesh Army]] was around 250,000,<ref name="IISS">*{{cite book| title=The Military Balance 2018| author1=International Institute for Strategic Studies| author-link1=International Institute for Strategic Studies| date=14 February 2018| publisher=[[Routledge]]| isbn=978-1-85743-955-7| ref=IISS2018}}</ref> excluding the Air Force and the Navy (24,000).<ref>Including service and civilian personnel. See [https://web.archive.org/web/20120112044228/http://www.bangladeshnavy.org/glance.html Bangladesh Navy]. Retrieved 17 July 2007.</ref> In addition to traditional defence roles, the military has supported civil authorities in disaster relief and provided internal security during periods of political unrest. For many years, Bangladesh has been the world's largest contributor to [[United Nations peacekeeping|UN peacekeeping forces]]. The [[military budget of Bangladesh]] accounts for 1.3% of GDP, amounting to US$4.3 billion in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS?locations=BD |title=Military expenditure (% of GDP) – Bangladesh |website=World Bank}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Alif |first= Abdullah |date=11 June 2020 |title=Budget FY21: Military spending increases by Tk2,327 crore |url=https://archive.dhakatribune.com/business/economy/2020/06/11/military-spending-increases-by-tk2-327-crore |work=Dhaka Trbiune}}</ref>

The [[Bangladesh Navy]], one of the largest in the Bay of Bengal, includes a [[List of active ships of the Bangladesh Navy|fleet]] of frigates, submarines, corvettes, and other vessels. The [[Bangladesh Air Force]] has a [[List of active Bangladesh military aircraft|small fleet]] of multi-role combat aircraft. Most of Bangladesh's military equipment comes from China.<ref>{{cite news |last=Balachandran |first=P.K. |date=12 April 2017 |title=Rivals India and China woo Bangladesh with aid totalling $46 b |url=http://www.ft.lk/article/609166/Rivals-India-and-China-woo-Bangladesh-with-aid-totalling---46-b |work=[[Daily FT]]}}</ref> In recent years, Bangladesh and India have increased joint military exercises, high-level visits of military leaders, [[counter-terrorism]] cooperation and intelligence sharing. Bangladesh is vital to ensuring stability and security in [[northeast India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.orfonline.org/research/migration-river-management-radicalisation-66008/ |title=Migration, river management, radicalisation: What does the future hold for India-Bangladesh relations? |last=Bhattacharjee |first=Joyeeta |date=May 2020 |website=Observer Research Foundation}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-206537 |title=Bangladesh and India's Northeast: A security perspective |publisher=The Daily Star |date=15 October 2011 |access-date=14 February 2022}}</ref>

Bangladesh's strategic importance in the eastern subcontinent hinges on its proximity to China, its frontier with Burma, the separation of mainland and northeast India, and its maritime territory in the Bay of Bengal.<ref>{{cite web|author=Anu Anwar, Michael Kugelman |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/12/01/us-bangladesh-relations-dhaka-india-china-bri/ |title=The U.S. Should Deepen Ties With Bangladesh |publisher=Foreignpolicy.com |date=1 December 2021 |access-date=14 February 2022}}</ref> In 2002, Bangladesh and China signed a Defence Cooperation Agreement.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kinne |first=Brandon J. |date=15 August 2018 |title=Defense Cooperation Agreements and the Emergence of a Global Security Network |journal=International Organization |volume=72 |issue=4 |pages=799–837 |doi=10.1017/S0020818318000218 |s2cid=158722872 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The United States has pursued negotiations with Bangladesh on a [[Status of forces agreement|Status of Forces Agreement]], an [[Acquisition and Cross-Servicing Agreement]] and a General Security of Military Information Agreement.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Paul |first=Bimal Kanti |date=2005 |title=Bangladeshi American Response to the 1998 Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA): An Assessment |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-9272.2005.00494.x?journalCode=rtpg20 |journal=The Professional Geographer |volume=57 |issue=4 |pages=495–505 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9272.2005.00494.x |bibcode=2005ProfG..57..495P |s2cid=129498633}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Ashraf |first=Nazmul |url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/us-keen-on-military-ties-with-dhaka-1.386026 |title=U.S. keen on military ties with Dhaka | Uae – Gulf News |publisher=Gulfnews.com |date=11 May 2002 |access-date=14 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=US wants 2 defence deals with Bangladesh |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/us-wants-2-defence-deals-bangladesh-1815466 |work=The Daily Star |date=18 October 2019}}</ref> In 2019, Bangladesh ratified the UN [[Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Bangladesh ratifies nuclear weapons prohibition treaty |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/government-affairs/2019/09/28/bangladesh-ratifies-nuclear-weapons-prohibition-treaty |work=Dhaka Tribune |date=28 September 2020}}</ref>

===Foreign relations===
{{main|Foreign relations of Bangladesh}}
Bangladesh is considered a [[middle power]] in [[global politics]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2021/12/bangladesh-at-50-on-the-path-to-becoming-a-middle-power/|title=Bangladesh at 50: On the Path to Becoming a Middle Power|work=[[The Diplomat]]|date=16 December 2021|last=Hassan|first=Asif Muztaba|access-date=26 September 2022}}</ref> It plays an important role in the geopolitical affairs of the [[Indo-Pacific]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbr.org/publication/understanding-the-importance-of-bangladesh-in-the-bay-of-bengal-and-the-indo-pacific/|title=Understanding the Importance of Bangladesh in the Bay of Bengal and the Indo-Pacific|last=Karim|first=Tariq A.|date=21 May 2022|publisher=[[National Bureau of Asian Research]]|access-date=26 September 2022}}</ref> due to its strategic location between South and Southeast Asia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/156355/adbi-wp500.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/156355/adbi-wp500.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live|title=Connecting South Asia and Southeast Asia: A Bangladesh Country Study|date=September 2014|publisher=[[Asian Development Bank]]|access-date=26 September 2022|number=500|last1=Rahman|first1=Mustafizur|last2=Moazzem|first2=Khondaker Golam|last3=Chowdhury|first3=Mehruna Islam|last4=Sehrin|first4=Farzana}}</ref> Bangladesh joined the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] in 1972 and the [[United Nations]] in 1974.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/news/bangladesh-enters-commonwealth-1894048|title=Bangladesh enters Commonwealth|last=Sajen|first=Shamsuddoza|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|date=18 April 2020|access-date=26 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.un.org/en/audio/2014/09/592702|title=Bangladesh marks 40 years as Member State of the UN|work=[[United Nations]]|date=26 September 2014|access-date=26 September 2022|last=Chaudhury|first=Dipanjan Roy}}</ref> It relies on [[multilateralism|multilateral]] diplomacy on issues like climate change, nuclear nonproliferation, trade policy and non-traditional security issues.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://rsis-ntsasia.org/roundtable-on-non-traditional-security-threats-in-the-indo-pacific-region/ | title=Roundtable on 'Non Traditional Security Threats in the Indo-Pacific Region' – NTS-Asia | date=30 August 2022 }}</ref> Bangladesh pioneered the creation of [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|SAARC]], which has been the preeminent forum for regional diplomacy among the countries of the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/156717/adbi-dp78.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/156717/adbi-dp78.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live|last1=De|first1=Prabir|last2=Bhattacharyay|first2=Biswa N.|title=Prospects of India–Bangladesh Economic Cooperation: Implications for South Asian Regional Cooperation|work=[[Asian Development Bank]]|date=September 2007|access-date=27 September 2022}}</ref> It joined the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] in 1974,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/news/bangladesh-example-religious-harmony-oic-2064177|title=Bangladesh an example of religious harmony: OIC|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|date=21 March 2021|access-date=27 September 2022}}</ref> and is a founding member of the [[Developing 8 Countries]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/bangladesh-receives-international-peace-award-d-8-founding-member-3085371|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|date=1 August 2022|access-date=27 September 2022|title=Bangladesh receives "International Peace Award" as D-8 founding member}}</ref> In recent years, Bangladesh has focused on promoting regional trade and transport links with support from the [[World Bank]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2022/06/28/regional-trade-and-connectivity-in-south-asia-gets-more-than-1-billion-boost-from-world-bank | title=Regional Trade and Connectivity in South Asia Gets More Than $1 Billion Boost from World Bank }}</ref> Dhaka hosts the headquarters of [[BIMSTEC]], an organisation that brings together [[countries dependent on the Bay of Bengal]].

[[Bangladesh–Myanmar relations|Relations]] with neighbouring Myanmar have been severely strained since 2016–2017, after over 700,000 [[Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh|Rohingya refugees]] illegally entered Bangladesh.<ref name="RohingyaHRW">{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2018/08/05/bangladesh-not-my-country/plight-rohingya-refugees-myanmar|title=Bangladesh Is Not My Country|publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]|date=5 August 2018|access-date=27 September 2022}}</ref> The parliament, government, and civil society of Bangladesh have been at the forefront of [[International reaction to the 2016–17 Rohingya exodus|international criticism]] against Myanmar for military operations against the Rohingya, and have demanded their [[right of return]] to [[Arakan]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://thediplomat.com/2022/02/bangladesh-and-myanmar-resume-talks-on-rohingya-repatriation/ | title=Bangladesh and Myanmar Resume Talks on Rohingya Repatriation }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/8/17/rohingya-refugees-have-to-be-taken-back-bangladesh-pm-says|title=Bangladesh tells UN that Rohingya refugees must return to Myanmar|date=17 August 2022|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|access-date=27 September 2022}}</ref>

Bangladesh shares an important [[Bangladesh–India relations|bilateral and economic relationship]] with its largest neighbour India,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/India_Bangladesh_MAR2021.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/India_Bangladesh_MAR2021.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live|title=India-Bangladesh Bilateral Relations|date=March 2021|publisher=[[Ministry of External Affairs (India)]]|access-date=27 September 2022}}</ref> which is often strained by [[Water politics in India|water politics]] of the [[Ganges water dispute|Ganges]] and the [[Teesta River#Water sharing challenge|Teesta]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://climate-diplomacy.org/case-studies/india-and-bangladesh-conflict-over-ganges-river | title=India and Bangladesh Conflict over the Ganges River | Climate-Diplomacy | date=January 1957 }}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |last=Karim |first=Sajid |date=November 2020 |title=Transboundary Water Cooperation between Bangladesh and India in the Ganges River Basin: Exploring a Benefit-sharing Approach |type=Master's |publisher=[[Uppsala University]] |url=http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1499222/FULLTEXT01.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1499222/FULLTEXT01.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live|access-date=27 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2021/04/india-must-settle-the-teesta-river-dispute-with-bangladesh-for-lasting-gains/|title=India Must Settle the Teesta River Dispute With Bangladesh for Lasting Gains|work=[[The Diplomat]]|date=9 April 2021|access-date=27 September 2022|last=Banerji|first=Anuttama}}</ref> and the [[Deaths along the Bangladesh–India border|border killings of Bangladeshi civilians]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/unlawful-killings-along-india-border-bangladeshi-families-seek-justice/2141343|title='Unlawful killings' along India border: Bangladeshi families seek justice|work=[[Anadolu Agency]]|date=11 February 2021|access-date=27 September 2022|last=Kamruzzaman|first=Md.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2020/12/22/bangladesh-sees-highest-border-deaths-in-10-years|title=Bangladesh sees highest border deaths in 10 years|date=22 December 2020|last=Anik|first=Syed Samiul Basher|work=[[Dhaka Tribune]]|access-date=27 September 2022}}</ref> Post-independent Bangladesh has continued to have a problematic relationship with Pakistan, mainly due to its denial of the 1971 Bangladesh genocide.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/should-pakistan-apologize-to-bangladesh-for-the-1971-war/a-57051549|title=Should Pakistan apologize to Bangladesh for the 1971 war?|work=[[DW News]]|publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]]|date=30 March 2021|access-date=27 September 2022|last=Janjua|first=Haroon}}</ref> It maintains a [[Bangladesh-China relations|warm relationship]] with China, which is its largest trading partner, and the largest arms supplier.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/41935-decoding-china-bangladesh-relationship/|title=Decoding China-Bangladesh relationship|last=Bhattacharjee|first=Joyeeta|date=27 June 2018|access-date=27 September 2022|publisher=[[Observer Research Foundation]]}}</ref> Japan is Bangladesh's largest economic aid provider, and the two maintain a [[Bangladesh–Japan relations|strategic and economic partnership]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2022/02/50-years-of-japan-bangladesh-ties-from-economic-to-strategic-partnership/|title=50 Years of Japan-Bangladesh Ties: From Economic to Strategic Partnership|work=[[The Diplomat]]|date=10 February 2022|last=Shazzad|first=Hussain|access-date=26 September 2022}}</ref> Political relations with Middle Eastern countries are robust.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://saudigazette.com.sa/article/38010 | title=Bangladesh and Saudi Arabia have extremely cordial relations — Rizvi | date=27 March 2013 }}</ref> Bangladesh receives 59% of its remittances from the Middle East,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tbsnews.net/thoughts/middle-east-dual-shock-spillover-bangladeshs-remittance-108325 | title=Middle East dual shock spillover on Bangladesh's remittance | date=19 July 2020 }}</ref> despite poor working conditions affecting over 4 million [[Bangladeshis in the Middle East|Bangladeshi workers]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2022/06/29/experts-middle-east-remains-key-to-bangladeshs-fortunes-in-a-changing-world|title=Experts: Middle East remains key to Bangladesh's fortunes in a changing world|date=29 June 2022|work=[[Dhaka Tribune]]|access-date=27 September 2022}}</ref> Bangladesh plays a major role in [[Climate change|global climate]] diplomacy as a leader of the [[Climate Vulnerable Forum]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://study.soas.ac.uk/cop26-bangladesh-climate-diplomacy/ | title=COP26 and Bangladesh: Time to Consolidate Climate Diplomacy | date=11 October 2021 }}</ref>

===Civil society===
Since the colonial period, Bangladesh has had a prominent [[civil society]]. There are various special interest groups, including [[non-governmental organisations]], human rights organisations, professional associations, [[chamber of commerce|chambers of commerce]], employers' associations, and [[trade unions]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bti-project.org/en/reports/country-reports/detail/itc/BGD/|title=Detail|website=bti-project.org|access-date=15 August 2019|archive-date=26 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626213607/https://www.bti-project.org/en/reports/country-reports/detail/itc/BGD/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[National Human Rights Commission of Bangladesh]] was set up in 2007. Notable human rights organisations and initiatives include the [[Centre for Law and Mediation (Bangladesh)|Centre for Law and Mediation]], [[Odhikar]], the [[Alliance for Bangladesh Worker Safety]], the [[Bangladesh Environmental Lawyers Association]], the [[Bangladesh Hindu Buddhist Christian Unity Council]] and the [[War Crimes Fact Finding Committee]]. The world's largest international NGO [[BRAC (organisation)|BRAC]] is based in Bangladesh. There have been concerns regarding the shrinking space for independent civil society in recent years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://netra.news/2021/the-rise-and-fade-of-ngos-2357|title=The rise and fade of NGOs?|date=26 October 2021|access-date=8 January 2022|archive-date=8 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108042353/https://netra.news/2021/the-rise-and-fade-of-ngos-2357|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/internationaldevelopment/2021/10/25/bangladeshs-ngos-at-50-a-conversation-between-david-lewis-and-naomi-hossain/|title=Bangladesh's NGOs at 50: a conversation between David Lewis and Naomi Hossain|date=25 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/op-ed/2021/12/30/is-our-civil-society-dead|title=Is our civil society dead?|work=Dhaka Tribune}}</ref>

===Human rights===
{{Main|Human rights in Bangladesh}}
[[File:R.A.B.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Armed men in black uniforms on a street|The [[Rapid Action Battalion]] has been sanctioned by the United States for human rights abuses.]]
[[Torture]] is banned by the [[Constitution of Bangladesh]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-367/section-24583.html|title=The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh | 35. Protection in respect of trial and punishment|website=bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd}}</ref> but is rampantly used by Bangladesh's security forces. Bangladesh joined the [[Convention against Torture]] in 1998 and it enacted its first anti-torture law, the [[Torture and Custodial Death (Prevention) Act]], in 2013. The first conviction under this law was announced in 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/law-our-rights/news/jonnys-custodial-death-case-lessons-learned-the-verdict-1969413|title=Jonny's custodial death case: Lessons learned from the verdict|first=Ali|last=Mashraf|date=29 September 2020|website=The Daily Star}}</ref> Amnesty International [[Prisoner of conscience|Prisoners of Conscience]] from Bangladesh have included [[Saber Hossain Chowdhury]] and [[Shahidul Alam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa13/9065/2018/en/|title=Bangladesh: Prisoner of conscience faces prolonged detention: Shahidul Alam|date=11 September 2018 |publisher=Amnesty International}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/asa130022003en.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/asa130022003en.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live |title=Bangladesh: Senior Awami League politician in danger of torture |date=9 January 2003 |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> The [[Digital Security Act]] of 2018 has greatly reduced [[freedom of expression]] in Bangladesh and has been used to target critics of the government.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/how-is-bangladeshs-digital-security-act-muzzling-free-speech/a-56762799|title=How is Bangladesh's Digital Security Act muzzling free speech? |publisher=Deutsche Welle |date=3 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://carnegieendowment.org/2021/12/09/how-bangladesh-s-digital-security-act-is-creating-culture-of-fear-pub-85951|title=How Bangladesh's Digital Security Act Is Creating a Culture of Fear|first1=Ali|last1=Riaz|website=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa13/4514/2021/en/|title=Bangladesh: Repeal the digital security act and end crackdown on freedom of expression online|date=26 July 2021 |publisher=Amnesty International}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/opinion/the-third-view/news/column-mahfuz-anam-why-individual-freedom-such-plaything-our-legal-system-2187881|title=Column by Mahfuz Anam: Why is individual freedom such a plaything in our legal system?|first=Mahfuz|last=Anam|date=1 October 2021|website=The Daily Star}}</ref>

On [[International Human Rights Day]] in December 2021, the United States [[United States Department of the Treasury|Department of Treasury]] announced [[Economic sanctions|sanctions]] on commanders of the [[Rapid Action Battalion]] for extrajudicial killings, torture, and other human rights abuses.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/jy0526|title=Treasury Sanctions Perpetrators of Serious Human Rights Abuse on International Human Rights Day|website=U.S. Department of the Treasury}}</ref> [[Freedom House]] has criticised the ruling party for human rights abuses, the crackdown on the opposition, mass media, and civil society through politicized enforcement.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/bangladesh|title=Bangladesh: Country Profile|website=Freedom House|date=30 March 2022 }}</ref> Bangladesh is ranked "partly free" in Freedom House's ''[[Freedom in the World]]'' report,<ref>[https://freedomhouse.org/country/bangladesh Bangladesh]. Freedom House. Retrieved 27 April 2015.</ref> but its [[press freedom]] has deteriorated from "free" to "not free" in recent years due to increasing pressure from the authoritarian government.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2016/bangladesh|title=Bangladesh – Country report – Freedom in the World – 2016|website=freedomhouse.org|access-date=12 May 2016|date=27 January 2016|archive-date=10 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610020814/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2016/bangladesh|url-status=dead}}</ref> According to the British [[Economist Intelligence Unit]], the country has a [[hybrid regime]]: the third of four rankings in its [[Democracy Index]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sudestada.com.uy/Content/Articles/421a313a-d58f-462e-9b24-2504a37f6b56/Democracy-index-2014.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.sudestada.com.uy/Content/Articles/421a313a-d58f-462e-9b24-2504a37f6b56/Democracy-index-2014.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live |title=Democracy Index 2014: Democracy and its discontents |newspaper=The Economist |via=Sudestada.com.uy}}</ref> Bangladesh was ranked 96th among 163 countries in the 2022 [[Global Peace Index]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.visionofhumanity.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/GPI-2022-web.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.visionofhumanity.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/GPI-2022-web.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live |title=Global Peace Index 2022 |publisher=Institute for Economics & Peace |date=June 2022 |access-date=16 June 2022 |pages=10–11}}</ref> According to National Human Rights Commission, 70% of alleged human-rights violations are committed by law-enforcement agencies.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/bangladeshs-crisis-civil-liberties-and-human-rights |title= Clashing ideologies |author= Ridwanul Hoque |date= 5 August 2015 |publisher=D+C, development and cooperation|access-date=21 December 2015}}</ref>

[[LGBT rights in Bangladesh|LGBT rights]] are heavily suppressed:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/01/18/lgbt-activists-are-using-visual-arts-change-hearts-and-minds-bangladesh|last=Knight|first=Kyle|title=LGBT Activists Are Using Visual Arts to Change Hearts and Minds in Bangladesh|date=18 January 2019|publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]|access-date=3 October 2022}}</ref> [[homosexuality]] is punishable by a maximum of life imprisonment.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Ashif Islam Shaon |date=27 April 2016 |title=Where does Bangladesh stand on homosexuality issue? |url=http://archive.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2016/apr/27/where-does-bangladesh-stand-homosexuality-issue |work=Dhaka Tribune |access-date=30 May 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605155955/http://archive.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2016/apr/27/where-does-bangladesh-stand-homosexuality-issue |archive-date=5 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/bangladesh-authorities-arrest-27-men-gay-homosexuality-muslim-country-islam-police-charge-a7744366.html|title=Bangladesh authorities arrest 27 men on suspicion of being gay|work=[[The Independent]]|date=19 May 2017}}</ref> However, Bangladesh recognises the [[third gender]] and accords limited rights for [[transgender]] people.<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/01/bangladesh-adds-third-gender-option-to-voter-forms/|title=Bangladesh Adds Third Gender Option to Voter Forms|last=Shakil Bin Mushtaq|magazine=The Diplomat|access-date=15 August 2019}}</ref> According to the 2016 Global Slavery Index, an estimated 1,531,300 people are enslaved in Bangladesh, or roughly 1% of the population.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Kevin Bales|display-authors=etal|title=Bangladesh|url=https://www.globalslaveryindex.org/country/bangladesh/|website=The Global Slavery Index 2016|publisher=The Minderoo Foundation Pty Ltd|access-date=13 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313231120/https://www.globalslaveryindex.org/country/bangladesh/|archive-date=13 March 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Bales|first1=Kevin|title=Blood and Earth: Modern Slavery, Ecocide, and the Secret to Saving the World|date=2016|publisher=Spiegel & Grau|isbn=978-0-8129-9576-3|pages=71–97|edition=First}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Siddharth|first1=Kara|title=Bonded Labor: Tackling the System of Slavery in South Asia|date=2012|publisher=Columbia University Press|pages=104–22}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=McGoogan|first1=Cara|last2=Rashid|first2=Muktadir|title=Satellites reveal 'child slave camps' in Unesco-protected park in Bangladesh|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2016/10/23/satellites-reveal-child-slave-camps-in-unesco-protected-park-in/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2016/10/23/satellites-reveal-child-slave-camps-in-unesco-protected-park-in/ |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=13 March 2018|work=The Telegraph|date=23 October 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

===Corruption===
{{Main|Corruption in Bangladesh}}
Like many developing countries, [[institutional corruption]] is an issue of concern for Bangladesh. Bangladesh was ranked 146th among 180 countries on [[Transparency International]]'s 2018 [[Corruption Perceptions Index]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.transparency.org/cpi2018/results|title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2018 – Transparency International|publisher=[[Transparency International]]|access-date=29 January 2017|archive-date=30 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130053429/https://www.transparency.org/cpi2018/results|url-status=dead}}</ref> Land administration was the sector with the most bribery in 2015,<ref name=":3">''[https://www.ti-bangladesh.org/beta3/images/2016/es_nhhs_16_en.pdf Corruption in Service Sectors: National Household Survey 2015] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107003918/https://www.ti-bangladesh.org/beta3/images/2016/es_nhhs_16_en.pdf |date=7 January 2017 }}'', Transparency International Bangladesh, Dhaka, 2016, p. 1</ref> followed by education,<ref>''[https://www.ti-bangladesh.org/beta3/images/2016/es_nhhs_16_en.pdf Corruption in Service Sectors: National Household Survey 2015] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107003918/https://www.ti-bangladesh.org/beta3/images/2016/es_nhhs_16_en.pdf |date=7 January 2017 }}'', Transparency International Bangladesh, Dhaka, 2016, p. 12</ref> police<ref>''[https://www.ti-bangladesh.org/beta3/images/2016/es_nhhs_16_en.pdf Corruption in Service Sectors: National Household Survey 2015] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107003918/https://www.ti-bangladesh.org/beta3/images/2016/es_nhhs_16_en.pdf |date=7 January 2017 }}'', Transparency International Bangladesh, Dhaka, 2016, p. 21</ref>
and water supply.<ref>
''[https://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/bribe/2009/08/bangladesh-a-dirty-deal-back-fires.html The Business of Bribes: Bangladesh: The Blowback of Corruption]'', Public Broadcasting Services, Arlington, Virginia, 2009</ref> The [[Anti Corruption Commission Bangladesh|Anti Corruption Commission]] was formed in 2004, and it was active during the [[2006–08 Bangladeshi political crisis]], indicting many leading politicians, bureaucrats and businessmen for [[Graft (politics)|graft]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.u4.no/publications/overview-of-corruption-and-anti-corruption-in-bangladesh/|title=Overview of corruption and anti-corruption in Bangladesh|website=U4|access-date=9 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=ACC largely ineffective |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/acc-largely-ineffective-25194 |newspaper=The Daily Star |date=21 May 2014 |access-date=1 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://govpoliju.com/anti-corruption-commission-and-political-government-an-evaluation-of-awami-league-regime-2009-2012/|title=Anti Corruption Commission and Political Government: An Evaluation of Awami League Regime (2009–2012) {{!}} Government and Politics, JU|website=govpoliju.com|access-date=1 June 2016|archive-date=18 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118035306/http://govpoliju.com/anti-corruption-commission-and-political-government-an-evaluation-of-awami-league-regime-2009-2012/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Economy==
{{main|Economy of Bangladesh}}
[[File:Buildings on Gulshan Avenue 3.jpg|thumb|[[Gulshan Thana|Gulshan Avenue]], one of the financial hubs of Bangladesh]]
Bangladesh is the second largest economy in South Asia after India.<ref name="auto9" /><ref name="scroll.in" /> The country has outpaced India and Pakistan in terms of per capita income.<ref name="auto7" /><ref name="scroll.in" /> According to the World Bank, <blockquote>When the newly independent country of Bangladesh was born on December 16, 1971, it was the second poorest country in the world—making the country's transformation over the next 50 years one of the great development stories. Since then, poverty has been cut in half at record speed. Enrolment in primary school is now nearly universal. Hundreds of thousands of women have entered the workforce. Steady progress has been made on maternal and child health. And the country is better buttressed against the destructive forces posed by climate change and natural disasters. Bangladesh's success comprises many moving parts—from investing in human capital to establishing macroeconomic stability. Building on this success, the country is now setting the stage for further economic growth and job creation by ramping up investments in energy, inland connectivity, urban projects, and transport infrastructure, as well as focusing on climate change adaptation and disaster preparedness on its path toward sustainable growth.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/immersive-story/2021/09/16/country-on-a-mission-the-remarkable-story-of-bangladeshs-development-journey|title=Country on a Mission: The Remarkable Story of Bangladesh's Development Journey|website=World Bank}}</ref></blockquote>

[[File:Shah Amanat 763.jpg|thumb|[[Chittagong]] has the [[Port of Chittagong|busiest port]] on the Bay of Bengal.]]In 2022, Bangladesh had the second largest [[List of countries by foreign exchange reserves|foreign-exchange reserves]] in South Asia. The reserves have boosted the government's spending capacity despite tax revenues forming only 7.7% of government revenue.<ref name="trade.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/bangladesh-market-overview |title=Bangladesh - Market Overview |publisher=Trade.gov |date=20 July 2022 |access-date=2 October 2022}}</ref> A big chunk of investments have gone into the [[Electric power|power]] sector. In 2009, Bangladesh was experiencing daily blackouts several times a day. In 2022, the country achieved 100% electrification.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tbsnews.net/economy/how-100-electrification-changed-rural-game-384954|title=How 100% electrification changed the rural game|date=14 March 2022|website=The Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://english.news.cn/20220323/02a1bb98b82b465a9774029ad01797fd/c.html |title=Bangladesh attains full electricity coverage with inauguration of China-funded power plant-Xinhua |publisher=English.news.cn |date=23 March 2022 |access-date=2 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/electricity-now-every-house-2987601 |title=Electricity now in every house |publisher=The Daily Star |date=22 March 2022 |access-date=2 October 2022}}</ref> One of the major anti-poverty schemes of the Bangladeshi government is the [[Ashrayan Project]] which aims to eradicate homelessness by providing free housing.<ref>{{cite web |date=28 September 2022 |title=PM Hasina: 1 million families get free homes under Ashrayan project |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2022/09/28/pm-hasina-1-million-families-get-free-homes-under-ashrayan-project |access-date=23 November 2022 |website=dhakatribune.com}}</ref> The poverty rate has gone down from 80% in 1971,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cri.org.bd/2021/03/26/what-milestones-have-bangladesh-crossed-in-50-years/|title=What milestones have Bangladesh crossed in 50 years|date=26 March 2021}}</ref> to 44.2% in 1991,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/results/2018/11/15/bangladesh-reducing-poverty-and-sharing-prosperity|title=Bangladesh: Reducing Poverty and Sharing Prosperity|publisher=World Bank}}</ref> to 12.9% in 2021.<ref name="auto"/> The literacy rate was 74.66% in 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/youth/education/news/bangladeshs-literacy-rate-now-7466-3080701 |title=Population census 2022: Bangladesh's literacy rate now 74.66% |website=Thedailystar.net |date=27 July 2022 |access-date=2 October 2022}}</ref> Bangladesh has a [[labor force]] of roughly 70 million,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.TOTL.IN?locations=BD|title=Labor force, total - Bangladesh|work=[[World Bank]]|access-date=30 September 2022}}</ref> which is the world's [[List of countries by labour force|seventh-largest]]; with an unemployment rate of 5.2% {{as of|2021|lc=y}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?locations=BD|title=Unemployment, total (% of total labor force) (modeled ILO estimate) - Bangladesh|work=[[World Bank]]|access-date=30 September 2022}}</ref> The government is setting up 100 special economic zones to attract [[foreign direct investment]] (FDI) and generate 10 million jobs.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Razzaque |first1=Mohammad A. |last2=Khondker |first2=Bazlul H. |last3=Eusuf |first3=Abu |title=Promoting inclusive growth in Bangladesh through special economic zones |url=https://asiafoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/EDIG-Promoting-inclusive-growth-in-Bangladesh-through-special-economic-zones.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022182453/https://asiafoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/EDIG-Promoting-inclusive-growth-in-Bangladesh-through-special-economic-zones.pdf |archive-date=22 October 2021 |url-status=live |access-date=12 October 2022 |website=asiafoundation.org}}</ref> The [[Bangladesh Investment Development Authority]] (BIDA) and the [[Bangladesh Economic Zones Authority]] (BEZA) have been established to help investors in setting up factories; and to complement the longstanding [[Bangladesh Export Processing Zone Authority]] (BEPZA).

The [[Bangladeshi taka]] is the national currency. The service sector accounts for about 51.3% of total GDP and employs 39% of the workforce. The industrial sector accounts for 35.1% of GDP and employs 20.4% of the workforce. The [[Agriculture in Bangladesh|agriculture sector]] makes up 13.6% of the economy but is the biggest employment sector, with 40.6% of the workforce.<ref name="trade.gov"/> In agriculture, the country is a major producer of [[Rice production in Bangladesh|rice]], [[List of fishes in Bangladesh|fish]], [[Tea production in Bangladesh|tea]], fruits, vegetables, flowers,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tbsnews.net/thoughts/floriculture-lucrative-sector-bangladesh-131728|title=Floriculture: A lucrative sector in Bangladesh|date=12 September 2020|website=The Business Standard}}</ref> and jute. [[Lobster]]s and [[shrimp]]s are some of Bangladesh's well-known exports.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kabir |first=S. Humayun |title=Sea Food Export from Bangladesh and Current Status of Traceability |url=https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/6-%20%20Sea%20Food%20Export%20from%20Bangladesh-Kabir.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528030027/http://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/6-%20%20Sea%20Food%20Export%20from%20Bangladesh-Kabir.pdf |archive-date=28 May 2016 |url-status=live |access-date=12 October 2022 |website=unescap.org}}</ref>
===Private sector===
The private sector accounts for 80% of GDP compared to the dwindling role of state-owned companies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tbsnews.net/supplement/public-sector-needs-keep-pace-private-sector-359749|title=Public sector needs to keep pace with private sector|date=20 January 2022|website=The Business Standard}}</ref> Bangladesh's economy is dominated by family-owned [[List of companies of Bangladesh|conglomerates]] and small and medium-sized businesses. Some of the largest publicly traded companies in Bangladesh include [[Beximco]], [[BRAC Bank]], [[BSRM]], [[GPH Ispat]], [[Grameenphone]], [[Summit Group]], and [[Square Pharmaceuticals]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dse.com.bd/dse30_share.php|title=DS30 Index | Dhaka Stock Exchange|website=dse.com.bd}}</ref> Capital markets include the [[Dhaka Stock Exchange]] and the [[Chittagong Stock Exchange]]. Its [[Telecommunications in Bangladesh|telecommunications industry]] is one of the world's fastest-growing, with 171.854 million cellphone subscribers in January 2021.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mobile Phone Subscribers in Bangladesh January, 2021 {{!}} BTRC|url=http://www.btrc.gov.bd/content/mobile-phone-subscribers-bangladesh-january-2021|access-date=24 December 2021|website=btrc.gov.bd}}</ref> Over 80% of Bangladesh's export earnings come from the [[Bangladesh textile industry|garments industry]].<ref name="bdarea"/> Other major industries include [[Shipbuilding in Bangladesh|shipbuilding]], [[pharmaceutical industry in Bangladesh|pharmaceuticals]], [[Steel industry in Bangladesh|steel]], [[Ceramics industry in Bangladesh|ceramics]], [[Electronics industry in Bangladesh|electronics]], and [[Leather industry in Bangladesh|leather goods]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ahaduzzaman|last2=Sarkar|first2=Prottasha|last3=Anjum|first3=Aniqa|last4=Khan|first4=Easir A.|title=Overview of Major Industries in Bangladesh|date=7 December 2017|journal=Journal of Chemical Engineering|volume=30|number=1|doi=10.3329/jce.v30i1.34798|pages=51–58|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Aziz Khan (businessman)|Muhammad Aziz Khan]] became the first person from Bangladesh to be listed as a billionaire by ''[[Forbes]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Muhammed Aziz Khan |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/muhammed-aziz-khan/ |access-date=23 November 2022 |website=Forbes}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
[[File:উদ্বোধনের আগের দিনে পদ্মা সেতু.jpg|thumb|The [[Padma Bridge]] is a [[List of road–rail bridges|road-rail bridge]] which spans the Bangladeshi branch of the [[Ganges]] that is known as the [[Padma River]]. It is the longest bridge on the Ganges. When it was opened in June 2022, the bridge was expected to boost GDP by 1.23%.<ref>{{cite web |title=Economic impact of Padma Bridge |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/business/economy/news/economic-impact-padma-bridge-3092311 |date=11 August 2022}}</ref>]]
Since 2009, Bangladesh has embarked on a series of [[List of megaprojects in Bangladesh|megaprojects]]. The 6.15 km long Padma Bridge was built for US$3.86 billion.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/bangladesh-unveils-padma-river-bridge/6633218.html#:~:text=Costing%20%243.86%20billion%2C%20it%20is,company%20linked%20to%20the%20bridge |title=Bangladesh Unveils Padma River Bridge |publisher=Voanews.com |date=25 June 2022 |access-date=2 October 2022}}</ref> The bridge was the first self-financed megaproject in the country's history.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/padma-bridge-collects-over-tk52-crore-tolls-20-days-459242|title=Padma Bridge collects over Tk52 crore tolls in 20 days|date=16 July 2022|website=The Business Standard}}</ref> Other megaprojects include the [[Dhaka Metro]], [[Karnaphuli Tunnel]], [[Dhaka Elevated Expressway]] and [[Chittagong Elevated Expressway]]; as well as the [[Bangladesh Delta Plan]] to mitigate the impact of climate change.

===Tourism===
The [[Tourism in Bangladesh|tourism industry]] is expanding, contributing some 3.02% of total GDP.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Byron|first1=Rejaul Karim|first2=Mahmudul|last2=Hasan|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/business/economy/industries/tourism/news/tourisms-share-302pc-gdp-2904556|title=Tourism's share 3.02% in GDP|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|date=28 November 2021|access-date=30 September 2022}}</ref> Bangladesh's international tourism receipts in 2019 amounted to $391 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ST.INT.RCPT.CD?locations=BD|title=International tourism, receipts (current US$) - Bangladesh|work=[[World Bank]]|access-date=30 September 2022}}</ref> The country has [[List of World Heritage Sites in Bangladesh|three UNESCO World Heritage Sites]] ([[Historic Mosque City of Bagerhat|the Mosque City]], [[Ruins of the Buddhist Vihara at Paharpur|the Paharpur Buddhist Ruins]] and the [[Sundarbans]]) and five [[World Heritage Site#Nominating process|tentative-list]] sites.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/state=bd|title=Tentative Lists|access-date=6 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806231331/https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/state=bd|archive-date=6 August 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> Activities for tourists include [[angling]], [[water skiing]], river cruising, hiking, [[rowing (sport)|rowing]], [[yachting]], and [[beachgoing]].<ref name=lp>{{cite book |title=Lonely Planet's Best in Travel |year=2011 |publisher=Lonely Planet |url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/ |isbn=978-1-74220-090-3 |access-date=11 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990224000651/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/ |archive-date=24 February 1999 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=lp_web>{{cite web |url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/usa/travel-tips-and-articles/76216 |title=Top 10 best value destinations for 2011 |website=Lonely Planet |year=2011 |access-date=11 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116145605/https://www.lonelyplanet.com/usa/travel-tips-and-articles/76216 |archive-date=16 January 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[World Travel and Tourism Council]] (WTTC) reported in 2019 that the travel and tourism industry in Bangladesh directly generated 1,180,500 jobs in 2018 or 1.9% of the country's total employment.<ref name="2019 report">{{cite web |url=http://reports.weforum.org/pdf/ttci-2019/WEF_TTCI_2019_Profile_BGD.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://reports.weforum.org/pdf/ttci-2019/WEF_TTCI_2019_Profile_BGD.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live |title=Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index 2019 edition: Bangladesh |website=World Travel and Tourism Council|access-date=18 December 2019}}</ref> According to the same report, Bangladesh experiences around 125,000 international tourist arrivals per year.<ref name="2019 report"/> Domestic spending generated 97.7 percent of direct travel and tourism gross domestic product (GDP) in 2012.<ref name="2013 report">{{cite web |url=http://www.wttc.org/site_media/uploads/downloads/bangladesh2013.pdf |title=Travel & Tourism Economic Impact 2013: Bangladesh |website=World Travel and Tourism Council |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007183403/http://www.wttc.org/site_media/uploads/downloads/bangladesh2013.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2013}}</ref>

===Energy and electricity===
{{main|Electricity sector in Bangladesh|Energy policy of Bangladesh|Bangladesh Power Development Board|Natural gas and petroleum in Bangladesh|Petrobangla}}
[[File:Moving Turbines!!.jpg|thumb|Wind turbines on [[Kutubdia Island]]]]
Bangladesh is gradually transitioning to a [[green economy]]. It has the largest off-grid solar power programme in the world, benefiting 20 million people.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2021/04/07/bangladesh-solar-home-systems-provide-clean-energy-for-20-million-people|title=Bangladesh Solar Home Systems Provide Clean Energy for 20 million People|website=World Bank}}</ref> An [[electric car]] called the ''Palki'' is being developed for production in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/tech-startup/news/palki-affordable-locally-assembled-electric-vehicle-its-way-3103341 |title=Palki: An affordable locally assembled Electric Vehicle on its way |publisher=The Daily Star |date=26 August 2022 |access-date=2 October 2022}}</ref> [[Biogas]] is being used to produce organic fertilizer.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mang |first=Heinz-Peter |title=Situation Analysis of Agro-Industrial Biogas Plants in Bangladesh |url=https://reeep.sreda.gov.bd/projects/2017-02-Situation-Analysis-of-Agro-Industrial-Biogas-Plants-In-Bangladesh_HPMang.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618191038/https://reeep.sreda.gov.bd/projects/2017-02-Situation-Analysis-of-Agro-Industrial-Biogas-Plants-In-Bangladesh_HPMang.pdf |archive-date=18 June 2022 |url-status=live |access-date=12 October 2022 |website=sreeda.gov.bd}}</ref>

Bangladesh continues to have huge untapped reserves of [[natural gas]], particularly in its maritime territory.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geoexpro.com/articles/2021/12/natural-gas-underexplored-in-bangladesh|title=Natural Gas – Underexplored in Bangladesh?|date=15 December 2021|website=GEO ExPro|access-date=3 October 2022|archive-date=3 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003114124/https://www.geoexpro.com/articles/2021/12/natural-gas-underexplored-in-bangladesh|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/11/bangladesh-asias-new-energy-superpower/#:~:text=With%20its%20new%20territory%2C%20Bangladesh%27s,the%20end%20of%20the%20year. | title=Bangladesh: Asia's New Energy Superpower?}}</ref> A lack of exploration and decreasing proven reserves have forced Bangladesh to import [[LNG]] from abroad.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/energy/imported-lng-be-24-times-more-expensive-local-gas-cpd-370075|title=Imported LNG to be 24 times more expensive than local gas: CPD|date=13 February 2022|website=The Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/bangladesh-lng-power-idINL1N2Z10R7|title=Bangladesh halts expensive spot LNG imports despite load-shedding|newspaper=Reuters |date=20 July 2022|via=www.reuters.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/views/opinion/news/let-us-not-become-dependent-lng-import-2925721|title=Let us not become dependent on LNG import|first=Badrul|last=Imam|date=26 December 2021|website=The Daily Star}}</ref> Gas shortages were further exasperated by the [[Russia-Ukraine War]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/a9b8d051-a126-469c-b1ad-b0d29a8d53eb|title=Bangladesh is being 'killed by economic conditions elsewhere in the world'|newspaper=Financial Times |date=24 August 2022}}</ref>

While [[List of government-owned companies of Bangladesh|government-owned companies in Bangladesh]] generate nearly half of Bangladesh's electricity, privately owned companies like the Summit Group and [[Orion Group]] are playing an increasingly important role in both generating electricity, and supplying machinery, reactors, and equipment.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ge.com/news/press-releases/summit-signs-22-year-ppa-upcoming-583-mw-gas-power-plant-ge-co-develop-plant|title=Summit signs 22-year PPA for upcoming 583 MW gas power plant; GE to co-develop plant in Bangladesh |website= GE News}}</ref> Bangladesh increased electricity production from 5 gigawatts in 2009 to 25.5 gigawatts in 2022. It plans to produce 50 [[gigawatts]] by 2041. U.S. companies like [[Chevron Corporation|Chevron]] and [[General Electric]] supply around 55% of Bangladesh's domestic natural gas production and are among the largest investors in power projects. 80% of Bangladesh's installed gas-fired power generation capacity comes from turbines manufactured in the United States.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/bangladesh-power-and-energy | title=Bangladesh - Power and Energy }}</ref>

On 4 October 2022, the national grid collapsed and plunged the entire country into a nationwide blackout lasting eight hours. The government's investigation focused on technical failure, negligence, and possible sabotage. The investigation found that grid capacity has not kept up with the expansion of electricity generation and the opening of new power plants.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/environment/natural-resources/energy/news/power-grid-failure-result-neglect-lessons-not-learnt-3135946|title=Power grid failure: Result of neglect, lessons not learnt|first=Asifur|last=Rahman|date=6 October 2022|website=The Daily Star}}</ref> Gas shortages were also to blame. The [[electricity sector in Bangladesh]] is heavily reliant on natural gas.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/large-parts-bangladesh-without-power-after-national-grid-failure-daily-star-2022-10-04/ | title=Bangladesh plunged into darkness by national grid failure | newspaper=Reuters | date=4 October 2022 | last1=Paul | first1=Ruma | last2=Varadhan | first2=Sudarshan }}</ref> Gas shortages forced the government to import [[Liquified natural gas|LNG]] from abroad. As a result, Texas-based Excelerate Energy opened Bangladesh's first floating LNG terminal in 2018 off the coast of [[Maheshkhali Island]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://excelerateenergy.com/projects/moheshkhali-floating-lng/|title=Moheshkhali Floating LNG | Excelerate Energy | Integrated LNG Solutions|website=Excelerate Energy}}</ref> The Summit LNG Terminal was opened in 2019.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.offshore-energy.biz/bangladeshs-2nd-lng-terminal-starts-operations/#:~:text=Bangladesh%20has%20commissioned%20its%20second,in%20the%20Bay%20of%20Bengal | title=Bangladesh's 2nd LNG Terminal Starts Operations | date=2 May 2019 }}</ref> The Government of Bangladesh has [[subsidized]] LNG imports worth several billion dollars. Since October 2021, Bangladesh imported LNG for US$30–37 per million [[British thermal unit|Btu]] which is 10 times the price it paid in May 2020.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ieefa.org/resources/global-lng-outlooks-point-rough-waters-ahead-bangladesh#:~:text=Since%20October%202021%2C%20Bangladesh%20has,cost%20US%24110%2D135%20million | title=Global LNG outlooks point to rough waters ahead for Bangladesh }}</ref>
The government stopped buying [[spot price]] LNG in June 2022. The country's [[forex]] reserves declined due to surging fuel imports. Bangladesh imported 30% of its LNG on the [[spot price]] market in 2022, down from 40% in 2021. Bangladesh continues to trade in LNG on the [[futures exchange]] markets.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devnath |first=Arun |date=7 August 2022 |title=Bangladesh Plans Staggered Factory Holidays to Ease Power Crunch |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-08-08/bangladesh-plans-staggered-factory-holidays-to-ease-power-crunch |access-date=12 October 2022 |website=Bloomberg}}</ref>

The [[Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant]], Bangladesh's first operational nuclear plant, is nearing completion as of the end of 2023. <ref>{{cite web | url=https://apnews.com/article/bangladesh-russia-nuclear-plant-b38f3dcdce3404c3da0be1d68e7ba469 | title=Bangladesh gets first uranium shipment from Russia for its Moscow-built nuclear power plant | website=[[Associated Press News]] | date=5 October 2023 }}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{Main|Demographics of Bangladesh|Bengalis}}
{{Historical populations
|source = OECD/World Bank<ref name=IEApop2011>[https://web.archive.org/web/20111021013446/http://www.iea.org/co2highlights/co2Highlights.XLS CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion] Population 1971–2009 IEA ([https://web.archive.org/web/20120202035728/http://www.iea.org/co2highlights/co2highlights.pdf pdf]. pp. 87–89)</ref><ref name="dhakatribune1"/>
|title = Population (millions)
|percentages = pagr
|1971 |67,800,000
|1980 |80,600,000
|1990 |105,300,001
|2000 |129,600,000
|2010|148,700,000
|2012|161,100,200
|2022|165,160,000
}}
According to the [[2022 Census of Bangladesh|2022 Census]], Bangladesh has a population of 165.1 million,<ref name="populationcensus2022"/> and is the [[List of countries by population|eighth-most-populous country]] in the world, the [[List of Asian countries by population|fifth-most populous country]] in Asia, and the [[List of countries and dependencies by population density|most densely populated large country]] in the world, with a headline [[population density]] of 1,265 people/km2 {{as of|2020|lc=y}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.POP.DNST?locations=BD|title=Population density (people per sq. km of land area) - Bangladesh|work=[[World Bank]]|access-date=4 October 2022}}</ref> Its [[total fertility rate]] (TFR), once among the highest in the world, has experienced a dramatic decline, from 5.5 in 1985 to 3.7 in 1995, down to 2.0 in 2020,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.TFRT.IN?locations=BD|title=Fertility rate, total (births per woman) - Bangladesh|work=[[World Bank]]|access-date=4 October 2022}}</ref> which is below the [[sub-replacement fertility]] of 2.1.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bora|first1=Jayanta Kumar|last2=Saikia|first2=Nandita|last3=Kebede|first3=Endale Birhanu|last4=Lutz|first4=Wolfgang|title=Revisiting the causes of fertility decline in Bangladesh: the relative importance of female education and family planning programs|date=21 January 2022|journal=[[Asian Population Studies]]|volume=19 |publisher=[[Routledge]]|doi=10.1080/17441730.2022.2028253|pages=81–104|s2cid=246183181 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The vast majority of Bangladeshis live in [[rural area]]s, with only 39% of the population living in [[urban area]]s {{as of|2021|lc=y}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS?locations=BD|title=Urban population (% of total population) - Bangladesh|work=[[World Bank]]|access-date=4 October 2022}}</ref> It has a [[median age]] of roughly 28 years, with 26% of the total population aged 14 or younger,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.0014.TO.ZS?locations=BD|title=Population ages 0-14 (% of total population) - Bangladesh|work=[[World Bank]]|access-date=4 October 2022}}</ref> and merely 5% aged 65 and above.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.65UP.TO.ZS?locations=BD|title=Population ages 65 and above (% of total population) - Bangladesh|work=[[World Bank]]|access-date=4 October 2022}}</ref>

Bangladesh is an [[List of countries ranked by ethnic and cultural diversity level|ethnically and culturally homogeneous society]], as [[Bengali people|Bengalis]] form 99% of the population.<ref name="dhakatribune1"/> The [[Adivasi]] population includes the [[Chakma people|Chakmas]], [[Marma people|Marmas]], [[Santhal people|Santhals]], [[Mru people (Mrucha)|Mros]], [[Tanchangya people|Tanchangyas]], [[Bawm people|Bawms]], [[Tripuri people|Tripuris]], [[Khasi people|Khasis]], [[Khumi people|Khumis]], [[Kuki people|Kukis]], [[Garo people|Garos]], and [[Bisnupriya Manipuri people|Bisnupriya Manipuris]]. The Chittagong Hill Tracts region experienced unrest and an [[Chittagong Hill Tracts conflict|insurgency]] from 1975 to 1997 in an autonomy movement by its indigenous people. Although a peace accord was signed in 1997, the region remains militarised.<ref name="rashiduzzaman">{{cite journal |last=Rashiduzzaman |first=M |year=1998 |title=Bangladesh's Chittagong Hill Tracts Peace Accord: Institutional Features and Strategic Concerns |journal=Asian Survey |volume=38 |issue=7 |pages=653–70 |doi=10.2307/2645754 |jstor=2645754}}</ref> [[Urdu]]-speaking [[stranded Pakistanis]] were given citizenship by the Supreme Court in 2008.<ref>[https://www.ecoi.net/file_upload/1226_1261574665_4b2b90c32.pdf Note on the nationality status of the Urdu-speaking community in Bangladesh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222201246/https://www.ecoi.net/file_upload/1226_1261574665_4b2b90c32.pdf |date=22 February 2015}}. UNHCR – The UN Refugee Agency.</ref> Bangladesh also hosts over 700,000 Rohingya refugees since 2017, giving it one of the largest refugee populations in the world.<ref name="RohingyaHRW"/>

===Urban centres===
{{Further|List of cities and towns in Bangladesh}}
Bangladesh's capital Dhaka and the largest city and is overseen by two city corporations that manage between them the northern and southern parts of the city. There are 12 [[List of City Corporations of Bangladesh|city corporations]] which hold mayoral elections: Dhaka South, Dhaka North, [[Chittagong]], [[Comilla]], [[Khulna]], [[Mymensingh]], [[Sylhet]], [[Rajshahi]], [[Barisal]], [[Rangpur, Bangladesh|Rangpur]], [[Gazipur, Dhaka Division|Gazipur]] and [[Narayanganj]]. Mayors are elected for five-year terms. Altogether there are 506 urban centres in Bangladesh which 43 cities have a population of more than 100,000.
{{Largest cities
| country = Bangladesh
| stat_ref = [http://bbs.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bbs.portal.gov.bd/page/b343a8b4_956b_45ca_872f_4cf9b2f1a6e0/2022-07-28-14-31-b21f81d1c15171f1770c661020381666.pdf]
| list_by_pop =
| div_name = Country
| div_link = Bangladesh 
| city_1 = Dhaka| pop_1 = 10,278,882| img_1 = 2.শাপলা চত্বর.jpg
| city_2 = Chittagong | pop_2 = 3,227,246 | img_2 = Chittagong city skyline.jpg
| city_3 = Gazipur| pop_3 = 2,674,697| img_3 = Halls and student center (front view), Islamic University of Technology.jpg
| city_4 = Narayanganj| pop_4 = 967,724| img_4 = Hajiganj Fort.jpg

| city_5 = Khulna| pop_5 = 718,735
| city_6 = Rangpur| pop_6 = 708,384
| city_7 = Mymensingh| pop_7 = 576,722
| city_8 = Rajshahi| pop_8 = 552,791
| city_9 = Sylhet| pop_9 = 532,426
| city_10 = Cumilla| pop_10 = 439,414
}}

===Language===
{{Main|Languages of Bangladesh}}
[[File:Hamtramck Bangladeshi mural.jpg|thumb|A mural with [[Bengali language|Bengali]] letters in [[Detroit]], United States]]
The official and predominant language of Bangladesh is [[Bengali language|Bengali]], which is spoken by more than 98% of the population as their [[first language|native language]].<ref name="LOG">{{cite web|editor1-last=Heitzman|editor1-first=James|editor2-last=Worden|editor2-first=Robert|title=Ethnicity and Linguistic Diversity|year=1989|access-date=24 September 2022|url=http://countrystudies.us/bangladesh/29.htm|publisher=[[Library of Congress]]}}</ref> Bengali is described as a [[dialect continuum]] where there are various [[Bengali dialects|dialects]] spoken throughout the country. There is a [[diglossia]] in which much of the population is able to understand or speak Standard Colloquial Bengali, and in their regional dialects.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/supplements/amar-ekushey-2018/amago-bhasha-1537534|title=Amago Basha|last=Khan|first=Sameer Ud Dowla|date=21 February 2018|access-date=24 September 2022|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]}}</ref> These include [[Chittagonian language|Chittagonian]] or [[Sylheti language|Sylheti]], though some linguists consider them as separate languages.<ref name="LOG"/>

[[English language|English]] plays an important role in Bangladesh's judicial and educational affairs, due to the country's history as part of the British Empire. It is widely spoken and commonly understood, and is taught as a compulsory subject in all [[List of schools in Bangladesh|schools]], [[List of colleges in Bangladesh|colleges]] and [[List of universities in Bangladesh|universities]], while the English-medium educational system is widely attended.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Rahman|first1=Mohammad Mosiur|last2=Islam|first2=Mohammad Shaiful|last3=Karim|first3=Abdul|last4=Chowdhury|first4=Takad Ahmed|last5=Rahman|first5=Muhammad Mushfiqur|last6=Ibna Seraj|first6=Prodhan Mahbub|last7=Mehar Singh|first7=Manjet Kaur|title=English language teaching in Bangladesh today: Issues, outcomes, and implications|date=5 June 2019|journal=Language Testing in Asia|volume=9|number=9|doi=10.1186/s40468-019-0085-8|s2cid=189801612 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Tribal languages, although increasingly endangered, include the [[Chakma language]], another native Eastern Indo-Aryan language, spoken by the Chakma people. Others are [[Garo language|Garo]], [[Meitei language|Meitei]], [[Kokborok]] and [[Rakhine language|Rakhine]]. Among the [[Austroasiatic languages]], the most spoken is the [[Santali language]], native to the [[Santal people]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Seung|first1=Kim|last2=Kim|first2=Amy|title=The Santali cluster in Bangladesh: a sociolinguistic survey|year=2010|url=https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/85/39/32/85393268857150358467007206894440229270/silesr2010_006.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/85/39/32/85393268857150358467007206894440229270/silesr2010_006.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live|issue=2010–006|publisher=[[SIL International]]|series=Survey Report|access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref>

The [[Stranded Pakistanis in Bangladesh|stranded Pakistanis]] and some sections of the [[Dhakaiyas|Old Dhakaite]]s often use [[Urdu]] as their native tongue, but the usage of the latter remains highly reproached.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ashrafi|first=Shah Tazrian|title=How the Urdu language and literature slipped into darkness in Bangladesh|url=https://www.trtworld.com/opinion/how-the-urdu-language-and-literature-slipped-into-darkness-in-bangladesh-43391|work=[[TRT World]]|date=19 January 2021|access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref>

=== Religion ===
{{Main|Religion in Bangladesh}}
[[File:Baitul Mukarram (Arabic, بيت المكرّم; Bengali, বায়তুল মুকাররম; The Holy House).jpg|thumb|[[Baitul Mukarram National Mosque]]]][[File:Swarno Mandir.JPG|thumb|[[Buddha Dhatu Jadi]], the largest [[Theravada Buddhist]] temple in Bangladesh]]
Bangladesh was constitutionally proclaimed as the first [[secular state]] of South Asia in 1972. It grants [[freedom of religion]] and claims to be "secular in practise" while establishing Islam as the [[state religion]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-367/section-24556.html |title=The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh (part II) |website=Laws of Bangladesh}}</ref><ref name="Secularism">{{cite web |url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-details-367.html |title=The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh |website=Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs |access-date=17 May 2019 |quote=Article 2A. – The state religion and Article 12. – Secularism and freedom of religion}}</ref><ref name="constituteproject">{{cite web|url=https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Bangladesh_2014.pdf?lang=en|title=Bangladesh's Constitution of 1972, Reinstated in 1986, with Amendments through 2014|website=constituteproject.org|access-date=29 October 2017}}</ref><ref name="aljazeera:1">{{cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/03/bangladesh-court-upholds-islam-religion-state-160328112919301.html|title=Bangladesh court upholds Islam as the religion of the state|last=Bergman|first=David|date=28 March 2016|publisher=[[Al Jazeera]]}}</ref> The constitution bans religion-based politics and discrimination, and proclaims equal recognition of people adhering to all faiths.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2013/sca/222325.htm|title=Report on International Religious Freedom|website=U.S. Department of State|access-date=24 June 2017}}</ref> [[Islam in Bangladesh|Islam]] is the largest religion across the country, being followed by about 91.1% of the population.<ref name="dhakatribune1" /><ref name="globalreligiousfutures1">{{cite web | url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/bangladesh#/?affiliations_religion_id=14&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2020 | title=Religions in Bangladesh | PEW-GRF }}</ref><ref name="kbrs">{{cite web |title=Know Bangladesh |url=https://bangladesh.gov.bd/site/page/812d94a8-0376-4579-a8f1-a1f66fa5df5d/Know--Bangladesh |website=Government of Bangladesh |access-date=10 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009183830/http://www.bangladesh.gov.bd/site/page/812d94a8-0376-4579-a8f1-a1f66fa5df5d/Know--Bangladesh |archive-date=9 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> The vast majority of Bangladeshi citizens are [[Bengali Muslims]], adhering to [[Sunni Islam]]. The country is the third-most populous Muslim-majority state in the world and has the fourth-largest overall Muslim population.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://features.pewforum.org/muslim-population/?sort=Pop2010 |title=Muslim Population by Country |publisher=Pew Research |date=27 January 2011 |access-date=23 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726201620/http://features.pewforum.org/muslim-population/?sort=Pop2010 |archive-date=26 July 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Hinduism in Bangladesh|Hinduism]] is followed by 7.9% of the population,<ref name="dhakatribune1"/><ref name="globalreligiousfutures1"/><ref name=kbrs/> mainly by the [[Bengali Hindus]], who form the country's second-largest religious group and the third-largest Hindu community globally, after those in India and Nepal. [[Buddhism in Bangladesh|Buddhism]] is the third-largest religion, at 0.6% of the population. Bangladeshi Buddhists are concentrated among the tribal ethnic groups in the Chittagong Hill Tracts. At the same time, coastal Chittagong is home to many [[Bengali Buddhist]]s. Christianity is the fourth-largest religion at 0.3%, followed mainly by a small [[Bengali Christians|Bengali Christian]] minority. 0.1% of the population practices other religions like [[Animism]] or is [[Irreligion|irreligious]].<ref name="dhakatribune1"/><ref>{{cite news |url=http://archive.prothom-alo.com/detail/date/2012-09-22/news/291536|script-title=bn:১০ বছরে ৯ লাখ হিন্দু কমেছে|work=Prothom Alo |language=bn |access-date=3 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224032117/http://archive.prothom-alo.com/detail/date/2012-09-22/news/291536|archive-date=24 December 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Education ===
{{Main|Education in Bangladesh}}
[[File:Literacy rate Bangladesh.png|thumb|right|Literacy rates in Bangladesh districts]]
The constitution states that all children shall receive free and compulsory education.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh: Article 17 (Free and compulsory education) |url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/sections_detail.php?id=367&sections_id=24565 |website=Legislative and Parliamentary Affairs Division, Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs |access-date=2 May 2017}}</ref> Education in Bangladesh is overseen by the [[Ministry of Education (Bangladesh)|Ministry of Education]]. The [[Ministry of Primary and Mass Education]] is responsible for implementing policy for [[primary education]] and state-funded schools at a local level. Primary and secondary education is [[compulsory education|compulsory]], and is financed by the state and free of charge in public schools. Bangladesh has a [[literacy rate]] of 74.7% per cent as of 2019: 77.4% for males and 71.9% for females.<ref>{{cite news|date=8 September 2020 |title=State minister: Literacy rate now 74.7% |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/education/2020/09/08/state-minister-literacy-rate-now-74-7|newspaper=Dhaka Tribune|agency=BSS}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Bangladesh|date=27 November 2016|url=http://uis.unesco.org/en/country/bd|publisher=UNESCO Institute for Statistics|access-date=30 March 2021}}</ref> The country's educational system is three-tiered and heavily subsidised, with the government operating many schools at the primary, secondary and higher secondary levels and subsidising many private schools. In the tertiary education sector, the Bangladeshi government funds over 45 state universities<ref name="ugc-universities.gov.bd">{{cite web|url=http://www.ugc-universities.gov.bd/public-universities|title=List of Public Universities | University Grants Commission of Bangladesh|first=University Grants Commission of Bangladesh|last=info@ugc.gov.bd|website=List of Public Universities | University Grants Commission of Bangladesh}}</ref> through the [[University Grants Commission (Bangladesh)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC), created by Presidential Order 10 in 1973.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.moedu.gov.bd/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=318&Itemid=229 |title=University Grant Commission (UGC) |access-date=29 March 2008 |website=Ministry of Education, Government of Bangladesh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121201205902/http://www.moedu.gov.bd/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=318&Itemid=229 |archive-date=1 December 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The education system is divided into five levels: primary (first to fifth grade), junior secondary (sixth to eighth grade), secondary (ninth and tenth grade), higher secondary (11th and 12th grade), and tertiary which is university level.<ref name="CompEd2">{{cite book |author=T. Neville Postlethwaite |title=The Encyclopedia of Comparative Education and National Systems of Education |publisher=Pergamon Press |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-08-030853-1 |page=130}}</ref> According to Hossain 2016, the formal schooling of secondary education in Bangladesh is seven years. The first three years are called junior secondary and include grades six to eight. The next two years are called secondary and include grades nine and ten. The final two years are called higher secondary and include grade eleven and twelve. Based on the information from Hossain 2016 and Daily Star 2010, to pass the fifth grade the Bangladesh Education Ministry requires a public exam called Primary School Certificate (PSC). During the eighth grade students have to pass the Junior School Certificate (JSC) exam to get enrolled in ninth grade, while tenth-grade students have to pass the Secondary School Certificate (SSC) exam to proceed to eleventh grade. Lastly, students have to pass the Higher Secondary Certificate (HSC) exam at grade twelve to apply for university.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mamun |first1=Mohammed A. |last2=Griffiths |first2=Mark D. |date=2022 |title=Young Teenage Suicides in Bangladesh—Are Mandatory Junior School Certificate Exams to Blame? |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11469-020-00275-3 |journal=International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction |language=en |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=1627–1631 |doi=10.1007/s11469-020-00275-3 |s2cid=216076151 |issn=1557-1874}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=News |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news |access-date=2023-08-08 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref>

[[Universities in Bangladesh]] are of three general types: public (government-owned and subsidised), private (privately owned universities) and international (operated and funded by international organisations). The country has 47 public,<ref name="ugc-universities.gov.bd"/> 105 private<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ugc-universities.gov.bd/private-universities|title=List of Private Universities | University Grants Commission of Bangladesh|first=University Grants Commission of Bangladesh|last=info@ugc.gov.bd|website=List of Private Universities | University Grants Commission of Bangladesh}}</ref> and two international [[List of universities in Bangladesh|universities]]; [[Bangladesh National University]] has the largest enrolment, and the [[University of Dhaka]] (established in 1921) is the oldest. [[Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology|Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET)]] is a premiere university for engineering education. [[University of Chittagong]], established in 1966, has the largest campus.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/education/2017/10/19/chittagong-university-model-campus-tourism/|title=Chittagong University: A model of campus tourism|last=Mahmud|first=Tarek|date=19 October 2017|work=[[Dhaka Tribune]]|access-date=4 October 2022|archive-date=7 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007152843/https://archive.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/education/2017/10/19/chittagong-university-model-campus-tourism|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Dhaka College]], established in 1841, is the oldest educational institution for higher education in Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhaka College |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Dhaka_College |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=Banglapedia |language=en}}</ref> Medical education is provided by 29 government and private [[List of medical colleges in Bangladesh|medical colleges]]. All medical colleges are affiliated with the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (Bangladesh)|Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]].

===Health===
{{Main|Health in Bangladesh}}
[[File:Life expectancy by WBG -Bangladesh.png|thumb|Historical development of [[life expectancy]] in Bangladesh, displaying significant strides since independence<ref>{{cite web|last1=Byron|first1=Rejaul Karim|last2=Alamgir|first2=Mohiuddin|title=Life expectancy rises|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|date=1 July 2020|access-date=1 October 2022|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/news/life-expectancy-birth-rises-1923149}}</ref>]]
Bangladesh, by the constitution, guarantees healthcare services as a fundamental right to all of its citizens.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mof.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/mof.portal.gov.bd/budget_mof/b3342588_2e85_4fcb_95af_dddfdea4851b/G-1_04_127_Health%20Services_English.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://mof.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/mof.portal.gov.bd/budget_mof/b3342588_2e85_4fcb_95af_dddfdea4851b/G-1_04_127_Health%20Services_English.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live|title=Chapter-5 {{!}} Health Services Division|publisher=[[Ministry of Finance (Bangladesh)]]|access-date=1 October 2022}}</ref> The [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (Bangladesh)|Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]] is the largest institutional healthcare provider in Bangladesh,<ref name="overview">{{cite book|editor-last1=Naheed|editor-first1=Aliya|editor-last2=Hort|editor-first2=Krishna|last1=Ahmed|first1=Syed Masud|last2=Alam|first2=Bushra Binte|last3=Anwar|first3=Iqbal|last4=Begum|first4=Tahmina|last5=Huque|first5=Rumana|last6=AM Khan|first6=Jahangir|last7=Nababan|first7=Herfina|last8=Osman|first8=Ferdaus Arfina|title=Bangladesh Health System Review|volume=5|number=3|year=2015|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]|isbn=978-92-9061-705-1|url=https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/208214/9789290617051_eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|access-date=1 October 2022}}</ref> and contains two divisions: [[Health Service Division]] and [[Medical Education And Family Welfare Division]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newagebd.net/article/11610/onelink.to/articlelist/323/Cartoon|title=Health Ministry split into 2 divisions|work=[[New Age (Bangladesh)|New Age]]|date=20 March 2017|access-date=1 October 2022|quote=The government has now split the Health and Family Welfare Ministry into two divisions. The new divisions under the ministry are — Health Services Division and Medical Education and Family Welfare Division.}}</ref> However, healthcare facilities in Bangladesh are considered less than adequate, although they have improved as the economy has grown and poverty levels have decreased significantly.<ref name="overview"/> Bangladesh faces a severe health workforce crisis, as formally-trained providers make up a short percentage of the total health workforce.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ahmed|first1=Syed Masud|last2=Hossain|first2=Md Awlad|last3=Chowdhury|first3=Ahmed Mushtaque Raja|last4=Bhuiya|first4=Abbas Uddin|title=The health workforce crisis in Bangladesh: shortage, inappropriate skill-mix, and inequitable distribution|date=22 January 2011|journal=[[Human Resources for Health]]|publisher=[[BioMed Central]]|volume=9|number=3|page=3 |pmid=21255446|doi=10.1186/1478-4491-9-3|pmc=3037300 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Significant deficiencies in the treatment practices of village doctors persist, with widespread harmful and inappropriate drug prescribing.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mahmood|first1=Shehrin S.|last2=Iqbal|first2=Mohammad|last3=Hanifi|first3=S M A|last4=Wahed|first4=Tania|last5=Bhuiya|first5=Abbas|title=Are 'Village Doctors' in Bangladesh a curse or a blessing?|date=6 July 2010|doi=10.1186/1472-698X-10-18|volume=10|number=18|pmid=20602805|journal=BMC International Health and Human Rights|page=18 |publisher=[[BioMed Central]]|pmc=2910021 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Bangladesh's poor healthcare system suffers from severe underfunding from the government.<ref name="overview"/> {{As of|2019}}, some 2.48% of total GDP was attributed to healthcare,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.CHEX.GD.ZS?locations=BD|title=Current health expenditure (% of GDP) - Bangladesh|work=[[World Bank]]|access-date=1 October 2022}}</ref> and domestic general government spending on healthcare was 18.63% of the total budget,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.GHED.CH.ZS?locations=BD|title=Domestic general government health expenditure (% of current health expenditure) - Bangladesh|work=[[World Bank]]|access-date=1 October 2022}}</ref> while out-of-pocket expenditures made up the vast majority of the total budget, totalling 72.68%.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.OOPC.CH.ZS?locations=BD|title=Out-of-pocket expenditure (% of current health expenditure) - Bangladesh|work=[[World Bank]]|access-date=1 October 2022}}</ref> Domestic private health expenditure was about 75% of the total healthcare expenditure.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.PVTD.CH.ZS?locations=BD|title=Domestic private health expenditure (% of current health expenditure) - Bangladesh|work=[[World Bank]]|access-date=4 October 2022}}</ref> {{As of|2020}}, there are only 5.3 doctors per 10,000 people, and about six physicians<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS?locations=BD|title=Physicians (per 1,000 people) - Bangladesh|work=[[World Bank]]|access-date=1 October 2022}}</ref> and three nurses per 10,000 people, while the number of hospital beds is 8 per 10,000.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Islam|first1=Md. Taimur|last2=Talukder|first2=Anup Kumar|last3=Siddiqui|first3=Md. Nurealam|last4=Islam|first4=Tofazzal|title=Tackling the COVID-19 pandemic: The Bangladesh perspective|journal=Journal of Public Health Research|doi=10.4081/jphr.2020.1794|date=14 October 2020|volume=9|number=4|pages=jphr.2020.1794 |pmid=33117758|pmc=7582102 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.MED.BEDS.ZS?locations=BD|title=Hospital beds (per 1,000 people) - Bangladesh|work=[[World Bank]]|access-date=1 October 2022}}</ref> The overall life expectancy in Bangladesh at birth was 73 years (71 years for males and 75 years for females) {{as of|2020|lc=y}},<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?locations=BD|title=Life expectancy at birth, total (years) - Bangladesh|work=[[World Bank]]|access-date=1 October 2022}}</ref> and it has a comparably high [[infant mortality]] rate (24 per 1,000 live births) and [[child mortality]] rate (29 per 1,000 live births).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.IMRT.IN?locations=BD|title=Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) - Bangladesh|work=[[World Bank]]|access-date=1 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.DYN.MORT?locations=BD|title=Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births) - Bangladesh|work=[[World Bank]]|access-date=1 October 2022}}</ref> [[Maternal death|Maternal mortality]] remains high, clocking at 173 per 100,000 live births.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.STA.MMRT?locations=BD|title=Maternal mortality ratio (modeled estimate, per 100,000 live births) - Bangladesh|work=[[World Bank]]|access-date=1 October 2022}}</ref> Bangladesh is a key source market for [[medical tourism]] for various countries, mainly [[Medical tourism in India|India]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/business/tourism/bangladesh-key-source-market-medical-tourism-1571314|title=Bangladesh a key source market for medical tourism|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|date=4 May 2018|access-date=4 October 2022}}</ref> due to its citizens dissatisfaction and distrust over their own healthcare system.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Andaleeb|first1=Syed Saad|last2=Siddiqui|first2=Nazlee|first3=Shahjahan|last3=Khandakar|title=Patient satisfaction with health services in Bangladesh|volume=22|number=4|date=July 2007|pages=263–273|doi=10.1093/heapol/czm017 |journal=[[Health Policy and Planning]]|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|pmid=17545252 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

The main causes of death are [[coronary artery disease]], [[stroke]], and chronic [[respiratory disease]]; comprising 62% and 60% of all adult male and female deaths, respectively.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Shawon|first1=Md. Toufiq Hassan|last2=Ashrafi|first2=Shah Ali Akbar|last3=Azad|first3=Abul Kalam|last4=Firth|first4=Sonja M.|last5=Chowdhury|first5=Hafizur|last6=Mswia|first6=Robert G.|last7=Adair|first7=Tim|last8=Riley|first8=Ian|last9=Abouzahr|first9=Carla|last10=Lopez|first10=Alan D.|title=Routine mortality surveillance to identify the cause of death pattern for out-of-hospital adult (aged 12+ years) deaths in Bangladesh: introduction of automated verbal autopsy|date=12 March 2021|journal=BMC Public Health|publisher=[[BioMed Central]]|volume=21|number=491|page=491 |doi=10.1186/s12889-021-10468-7|pmid=33706739 |pmc=7952220 |doi-access=free }}</ref> [[Malnutrition]] is a major and persistent problem in Bangladesh, mainly affecting the rural regions, more than half of the population suffers from it. Severe acute malnutrition affects 450,000 children, while nearly 2 million children have moderate acute malnutrition. For children under the age of five, 52% are affected by [[anaemia]], 41% are [[stunted growth|stunted]], 16% are [[wasting|wasted]], and 36% are [[underweight]]. A quarter of women are underweight and around 15% have short stature, while over half also suffer from anaemia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icddrb.org/news-and-events/press-corner/media-resources/malnutrition|title=Malnutrition|publisher=[[International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh]] (ICDDR,B)|access-date=1 October 2022}}</ref>

==Culture==
{{Main|Culture of Bangladesh|Culture of Bengal|Bengali Renaissance}}

===Visual arts and crafts===
{{Main|Bangladeshi art}}
[[File:Kantha (Quilt) LACMA AC1994.131.1.jpg|thumb|Embroidery on [[Nakshi kantha]] (embroidered [[quilt]]), a centuries-old Bengali art tradition]]
The recorded history of art in Bangladesh can be traced to the 3rd century BCE, when [[terracotta]] sculptures were made in the region. In classical antiquity, notable sculptural Hindu, Jain, and Buddhist art developed in the Pala Empire and the Sena dynasty. Islamic art has evolved since the 14th century. The architecture of the Bengal Sultanate saw a distinct style of domed mosques with complex niche pillars that had no minarets. [[Mughal Bengal]]'s most celebrated artistic tradition was the weaving of [[Jamdani]] [[Motif (textile arts)|motifs]] on fine muslin, which is now classified by UNESCO as an [[intangible cultural heritage]]. Jamdani motifs were similar to Iranian textile art (buta motifs) and Western textile art ([[Paisley (design)|paisley]]). The Jamdani weavers in Dhaka received imperial patronage.<ref name="star"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/blogs/ruminations/2015/bangladeshi-islamic-art|title=In Search of Bangladeshi Islamic Art|website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art, i.e. The Met Museum|access-date=19 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812083629/http://www.metmuseum.org/blogs/ruminations/2015/bangladeshi-islamic-art|archive-date=12 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Ivory]] and [[brass]] were also widely used in Mughal art. [[Pottery]] is thoroughly used in Bengali culture.

The [[modern art]] movement in Bangladesh took shape during the 1950s, particularly with the pioneering works of [[Zainul Abedin]]. East Bengal developed its own modernist painting and sculpture traditions, which were distinct from the art movements in West Bengal. The [[Art Institute Dhaka]] has been a significant centre for visual art in the region. Its annual [[Mangal Shobhajatra|Bengali New Year parade]] was enlisted as an intangible cultural heritage by UNESCO in 2016.

Modern Bangladesh has produced many of South Asia's leading painters, including [[SM Sultan]], [[Mohammad Kibria]], [[Shahabuddin Ahmed (artist)|Shahabuddin Ahmed]], [[Kanak Chanpa Chakma]], [[Kafil Ahmed]], [[Saifuddin Ahmed]], [[Qayyum Chowdhury]], [[Rashid Choudhury]], [[Quamrul Hassan]], [[Rafiqun Nabi]] and [[Syed Jahangir]], among others. [[Novera Ahmed]] and [[Nitun Kundu]] were the country's pioneers of modernist sculpture.

In recent times, photography as a medium of art has become popular. Biennial [[Chobi Mela]] is considered the largest photography festival in Asia.<ref>{{cite news |date=19 December 2014 |title=Chobi Mela kicks off next month |url=http://www.observerbd.com/2014/12/19/61610.php |newspaper=The Daily Observer}}</ref>

===Literature===
{{See also|Bangladeshi literature}}
[[File:Syed Mujtaba Ali.jpg|thumb|[[Syed Mujtaba Ali]]]]
Bengali literature is a millennium-old tradition; the [[Charyapada]]s are the earliest examples of Bengali poetry. Sufi spiritualism inspired many Bengali Muslim writers. During the Bengal Sultanate, medieval Bengali writers were influenced by [[Arabic literature|Arabic]] and [[Persian literature|Persian works]]. Sultans of Bengal patronized Bengali literature. Examples include the writings of [[Maladhar Basu]], [[Bipradas Pipilai]], [[Vijay Gupta (poet)|Vijay Gupta]], and Yasoraj Khan. The [[Chandidas]] are notable lyric poets from the early Medieval Age. [[Alaol|Syed Alaol]] was the bard of Middle Bengali literature. The Bengal Renaissance shaped modern Bengali literature, including novels, short stories, and [[Bengali science fiction|science fiction]]. Rabindranath Tagore was the first non-European laureate of the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] and is described as the Bengali Shakespeare.<ref>{{cite news |author=Junaidul Haque |date=7 May 2011 |title=Rabindranath: He belonged to the world |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=184548 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=17 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304092524/http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=184548 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]] was a revolutionary poet who espoused political rebellion against colonialism and fascism. [[Begum Rokeya]] is regarded as the pioneer feminist writer of Bangladesh.<ref name="Rubaiyat">{{cite news|url=https://rubaiyat-hossain.com/2011/05/26/begum-rokeya-the-pioneer-feminist-of-bangladesh/|title=Begum Rokeya : The Pioneer Feminist of Bangladesh|last1=Rubaiyat|first1=Hossain|work=The Daily Star|access-date=25 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815113311/https://rubaiyat-hossain.com/2011/05/26/begum-rokeya-the-pioneer-feminist-of-bangladesh/|archive-date=15 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Other renaissance icons included Michael Madhusudan Dutt and [[Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay]].
The writer [[Syed Mujtaba Ali]] is noted for his cosmopolitan Bengali worldview.<ref>{{cite news |title=Syed Mujtaba Ali |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=106359 |work=The Daily Star |date=18 September 2009 |access-date=17 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222125956/http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=106359 |archive-date=22 December 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Jasimuddin]] was a renowned pastoral poet. [[Shamsur Rahman (poet)|Shamsur Rahman]] and [[Al Mahmud]] are considered two of the greatest Bengali poets to have emerged in the 20th century. [[Farrukh Ahmad]], [[Sufia Kamal]], [[Syed Ali Ahsan]], [[Ahsan Habib (poet)|Ahsan Habib]], [[Abul Hussain]], [[Shahid Qadri]], [[Fazal Shahabuddin]], [[Abu Zafar Obaidullah]], [[Omar Ali (poet)|Omar Ali]], [[Al Mujahidi]], [[Syed Shamsul Huq]], [[Nirmalendu Goon]], [[Abid Azad]], [[Hasan Hafizur Rahman]] and [[Abdul Hye Sikder]] are important figures of modern Bangladeshi poetry. [[Ahmed Sofa]] is regarded as the most important Bangladeshi intellectual in the post-independence era. [[Humayun Ahmed]] was a popular writer of modern Bangladeshi [[magical realism]] and science fiction. Notable writers of Bangladeshi fictions include Mir Mosharraf Hossain, [[Akhteruzzaman Elias]], [[Alauddin Al Azad]], [[Shahidul Zahir]], [[Rashid Karim]], [[Mahmudul Haque]], [[Syed Waliullah]], [[Shahidullah Kaiser]], [[Shawkat Osman]], [[Selina Hossain]], [[Shahed Ali]], [[Razia Khan]], [[Anisul Hoque]], and [[Abdul Mannan Syed]].

The annual [[Ekushey Book Fair]] and [[Hay Festival Dhaka|Dhaka Literature Festival]], organised by the [[Bangla Academy]], are among the enormous literary festivals in South Asia.

===Women===
{{Main|Women in Bangladesh}}{{See also|Gender inequality in Bangladesh}}{{Further|Child marriage in Bangladesh}}
Although {{as of|2015|lc=y}}, several women occupied a key political office in Bangladesh. Its women continue to live under a patriarchal social regime where violence is common.<ref name=whispers>[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2008/03/25/000334955_20080325105524/Rendered/PDF/430450NWP0BD0gender0Box0327344B01PUBLIC1.pdf Whispers to Voices: Gender and Social Transformation in Bangladesh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303214942/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2008/03/25/000334955_20080325105524/Rendered/PDF/430450NWP0BD0gender0Box0327344B01PUBLIC1.pdf |date=3 March 2016}} World Bank.org 2008</ref> Whereas in India and Pakistan, women participate less in the workforce as their education increases, the reverse is the case in Bangladesh.<ref name=whispers/>

Bengal has a long history of [[feminist activism]] dating back to the 19th century. [[Begum Rokeya]] and [[Nawab Faizunnesa|Faizunnessa Chowdhurani]] played an important role in emancipating Bengali Muslim women from [[purdah]], before the country's division, as well as promoting girls' education. Several women were elected to the Bengal Legislative Assembly in the British Raj. The first women's magazine, ''[[Begum (magazine)|Begum]]'', was published in 1948.

In 2008, Bangladeshi female workforce participation stood at 26%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2008/03/25/000334955_20080325105524/Rendered/PDF/430450NWP0BD0gender0Box0327344B01PUBLIC1.pdf|title=World Bank Document|publisher=World Bank|access-date=19 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303214942/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2008/03/25/000334955_20080325105524/Rendered/PDF/430450NWP0BD0gender0Box0327344B01PUBLIC1.pdf|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Women dominate [[blue collar]] jobs in the Bangladeshi garment industry. Agriculture, social services, healthcare, and education are chosen occupations for Bangladeshi women, while their employment in [[White-collar worker|white collar]] positions has steadily increased.

===Architecture===
{{Main|Architecture of Bangladesh}}
{{multiple image
|align = right
|direction = horizontal
|caption_align = center
|image1 = Mosque in the 15th century Bengal style.jpg
|caption1 = Mosque in the 15th century [[Bengal Sultanate|Bengal style]]
|width1 = 240
|image2 = Zoffany-Lalbagh Fort.jpg
|caption2 = 'The South Gate of the [[Lalbagh Fort]]' by [[Johan Zoffany]]
|width2 = 200
|image3 = Kantaji Temple 1870's.jpg
|caption3 = 18th century [[terracotta]] [[Kantanagar Temple]]
|width3 = 140
|total_width =
}}
The architectural traditions of Bangladesh have a 2,500-year-old heritage.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rahman |first=Mahbubur |year=2012 |chapter=Architecture |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Architecture |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> Terracotta architecture is a distinct feature of Bengal. Pre-Islamic Bengali architecture reached its pinnacle in the Pala Empire when the Pala School of Sculptural Art established grand structures such as the Somapura Mahavihara. [[Islamic architecture]] began developing under the Bengal Sultanate, when local terracotta styles influenced medieval mosque construction.

The [[Sixty Dome Mosque]] was the largest medieval mosque built in Bangladesh and is a fine example of Turkic-Bengali architecture. The [[Mughal architecture|Mughal style]] replaced indigenous architecture when Bengal became a province of the Mughal Empire and influenced urban housing development. The [[Kantajew Temple]] and [[Dhakeshwari Temple]] are excellent examples of late medieval [[Hindu temple architecture]]. [[Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture]], based on Indo-Islamic styles, flourished during the British period. The zamindar gentry in Bangladesh built numerous Indo-Saracenic palaces and country mansions, such as the [[Ahsan Manzil]], [[Tajhat Palace]], [[Uttara Gonobhaban|Dighapatia Palace]], [[Puthia Rajbari]] and [[Natore Rajbari]].

Bengali [[vernacular architecture]] is noted for pioneering the [[bungalow]]. Bangladeshi villages consist of [[thatch]]ed roofed houses made of natural materials like [[mud]], [[straw]], wood, and bamboo. In modern times, village bungalows are increasingly made of [[tin]].

[[Muzharul Islam]] was the pioneer of Bangladeshi modern architecture. His varied works set the course of modern architectural practice in the country. Islam brought leading global architects, including [[Louis Kahn]], [[Richard Neutra]], [[Stanley Tigerman]], [[Paul Rudolph (architect)|Paul Rudolph]], [[Robert Boughey]] and [[Konstantinos Apostolos Doxiadis|Konstantinos Doxiadis]], to work in erstwhile East Pakistan. Louis Kahn was chosen to design the National Parliament Complex in [[Sher-e-Bangla Nagar]]. Kahn's monumental designs, combining regional red brick aesthetics, his concrete and marble [[brutalism]] and the use of lakes to represent Bengali geography, are regarded as one of the masterpieces of the 20th century. In recent times, award-winning architects like [[Rafiq Azam]] have set the course of contemporary architecture by adopting influences from the works of Islam and Kahn.

===Performing arts===
[[File:Bangladesh Udichi Shilpigoshthi - Chittagong University Sangsad celebrating Pohela Falgun 1423 at CU Muktomoncho (02).jpg|thumb|left|Women dancers during the [[Bengali New Year]] in Chittagong]]
[[File:Ektara player.jpg|thumb|A [[Baul]] playing the ''[[ektara]]'' at [[Lalon Shah]]'s shrine in [[Kushtia]]]]
[[Theatre in Bangladesh]] includes various forms with a history dating back to the 4th century CE.<ref name="Ahmed, Syed Jamil 2000 p. 396">{{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Syed Jamil |date=2000 |title=Achinpakhi Infinity: Indigenous Theatre of Bangladesh |publisher=University Press Ltd. |page=396 |isbn=978-984-05-1462-5}}</ref> It includes narrative forms, song and dance forms, supra-personae forms, performances with scroll paintings, puppet theatre and processional forms.<ref name="Ahmed, Syed Jamil 2000 p. 396"/> The [[Jatra (theatre)|Jatra]] is the most popular form of Bengali folk theatre.
The dance traditions of Bangladesh include indigenous tribal and Bengali dance forms, as well as [[classical Indian dance]]s, including the [[Kathak]], [[Odissi]] and [[Manipuri dance]]s.

The [[music of Bangladesh]] features the [[Baul]] [[Mysticism|mystical]] tradition, listed by UNESCO as a [[Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity|Masterpiece of Intangible Cultural Heritage]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=30973&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html|title=UNESCO – The Samba of Roda and the Ramlila proclaimed Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=17 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303211111/http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D30973%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Lalon|Fakir Lalon Shah]] popularised Baul music in the country in the 18th century and it has since been one of the most popular music genres in the country since then. Most modern [[Bauls]] are devoted to Lalon Shah.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3623345.stm|title=Listeners name 'greatest Bengali'|date=14 April 2004|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> Numerous lyric-based musical traditions, varying from one region to the next, exist, including [[Gombhira]], [[Bhatiali]] and [[Bhawaiya]]. Folk music is accompanied by a one-stringed instrument known as the [[ektara]]. Other instruments include the [[dotara]], [[dhol]], flute, and [[tabla]]. Bengali classical music includes [[Tagore songs]] and [[Nazrul geeti|Nazrul Sangeet]]. Bangladesh has a rich tradition of [[Indian classical music]], which uses instruments like the [[sitar]], tabla, [[sarod]], and [[santoor]].<ref>London, Ellen (2004). Bangladesh. Gareth Stevens Pub. p. 29. {{ISBN|0-8368-3107-1}}.</ref> [[Sabina Yasmin]] and [[Runa Laila]] were considered the leading playback singers in the 1990s, while musicians such as [[Ayub Bachchu]] and [[James (musician)|James]] are credited with popularising rock music in Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite news| url=https://www.thedailystar.net/arts-entertainment/news/ayub-bachchu-passes-away-1648585| title=Rock's leading light goes out|work=The Daily Star| date=18 October 2018| access-date=10 November 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020110810/https://www.thedailystar.net/arts-entertainment/news/ayub-bachchu-passes-away-1648585| archive-date=20 October 2018| url-status=live| df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Shahnewaz|first=Sadi Mohammad|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/showbiz/cover-story/ode-the-guru-of-bangladeshi-rock-james-1509028|title=An Ode to the Guru of Rock|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|date=23 December 2017|access-date=28 September 2022}}</ref>

===Textiles===
{{See also|Textile arts of Bangladesh|Muslin trade in Bengal}}
[[File:Fashion Exhibition of Bangladesh.jpg|thumb|upright|A ramp walk by a model during a fashion show in Bangladesh in 2012]]
The [[Nakshi Kantha]] is a centuries-old [[embroidery]] tradition for [[quilt]]s, said to be indigenous to eastern Bengal (Bangladesh). The sari is the national dress for Bangladeshi women. Mughal Dhaka was renowned for producing the finest [[muslin]] saris, as well as the famed [[Dhakai]] and [[Jamdani]], the weaving of which is listed by UNESCO as one of the masterpieces of humanity's intangible cultural heritage.<ref>{{cite web|title=Traditional art of Jamdani weaving – intangible heritage – Culture Sector – UNESCO|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/traditional-art-of-jamdani-weaving-00879|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=2 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151209021720/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/traditional-art-of-jamdani-weaving-00879|archive-date=9 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Bangladesh also produces the [[Rajshahi silk]]. The [[shalwar kameez]] is also widely worn by Bangladeshi women. In urban areas, some women can be seen in Western clothing. The [[kurta]] and [[sherwani]] are the national dress of Bangladeshi men; the [[lungi]] and [[dhoti]] are worn in informal settings. Aside from ethnic wear, domestically [[tailored]] [[suit (clothing)|suits]] and [[neckties]] are customarily worn by the country's men in offices, in schools, and at social events.

The handloom industry supplies 60–65% of the country's clothing demand.<ref>Ahmad, Shamsuddin (2012). "Textiles". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.</ref> The Bengali ethnic [[fashion industry]] has flourished. The retailer [[Aarong]] is one of South Asia's most successful ethnic wear brands. The development of the Bangladesh textile industry, which supplies leading international brands, has promoted the local production and retail of modern Western attire. The country now has several expanding local brands like Westecs and Yellow. Bangladesh is the world's second-largest garment exporter. Among Bangladesh's fashion designers, [[Bibi Russell]] has received international acclaim for her "Fashion for Development" shows.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.culture-and-development.info/issues/morebibi.htm|title=more Bibi Russell|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722064606/http://www.culture-and-development.info/issues/morebibi.htm|archive-date=22 July 2015}}</ref>

===Cuisine===
{{Main|Bangladeshi cuisine}}
{{Further|Bengali cuisine}}
[[File:Bangladeshi cuisine.png|thumb|Traditional Bangladeshi meals: [[shorshe ilish]], Dhakaiya [[biryani]] and [[pitha]]]]
Bangladeshi cuisine, formed by its geographic location and climate, is rich and diverse; sharing its culinary heritage with the neighbouring Indian state of [[West Bengal]].<ref name="cuisine">{{cite book|last=Osman|first=Shawkat|title=খুনতি কড়াই : Bangladeshi Cuisine|publisher=Mapin Publishing|date=16 February 2009|isbn=978-1-890-20602-4}}</ref>{{rp|14}} [[White rice]] is the staple, and along with [[fish]], forms the culinary base. Varieties of [[leaf vegetable]]s, [[potato]]es, [[gourd]]s and [[lentil]]s ([[dal]]) also play an important role. [[Curry|Curries]] of [[beef]], [[mutton]], [[chicken]] and [[duck]] are commonly consumed,<ref name="shaheda">{{cite web|last=Yesmin|first=Shaheda|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/lifestyle/spotlight/bangladesh-cuisine-part-i-delectable-and-diverse-1325551|title=Bangladesh cuisine part I - delectable and diverse|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|date=6 December 2016|access-date=1 October 2022}}</ref> along with multiple types of [[Bhurta|bhorta]]s,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/lifestyle/recipe/news/mashed-1723366|title=MASHED|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|last=Huda|first=Shahana|date=2 April 2019|access-date=2 October 2022|quote=Bhorta is just another staple for Bengalis...}}</ref> ''bhajis'' and ''torkaris''.<ref name="cuisine"/>{{rp|8}} Mughal-influenced dishes include [[korma]]s, kalias, [[biryani]]s, [[pilaf|pulaos]], [[Tahri (dish)|tehari]]s and [[khichuri]]s. Among the various spices, [[turmeric]], [[fenugreek]], [[nigella]], [[coriander]], [[anise]], [[cardamom]] and [[chili powder]] are widely used; a famous spice mix is the [[panch phoron]]. Condiments and herbs used include [[red onion]]s, [[Chili pepper|green chilli]]es, [[garlic]], [[ginger]], [[cilantro]], and [[Mentha|mint]].<ref name="cuisine"/>{{rp|12}} [[Coconut milk]], [[Mustard (condiment)|mustard paste]], [[mustard seeds]], [[mustard oil]], [[ghee]], [[South Asian pickle|achar]]s<ref name="shaheda"/> and [[chutney]]s are also widely used in the cuisine.<ref name="cuisine"/>{{rp|13–14}}

Fish is the main source of protein, owing to the country's [[river]]ine geography, and it is often enjoyed with its [[roe]]. The [[hilsa]] is the national fish and is immensely popular; a famous dish is [[shorshe ilish]]. [[Rohu]], [[Pangasius pangasius|pangas]], [[tilapia]],<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Rahman|first1=Md. Naimur|last2=Islam|first2=Abu Reza Md Towfiqul|title=Consumer fish consumption preferences and contributing factors: empirical evidence from Rangpur city corporation, Bangladesh|pmid=33426347|doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05864|volume=6|number=12|date=28 December 2020|journal=[[Heliyon]]|pages=e05864 |publisher=[[Cell Press]]|pmc=7779775|bibcode=2020Heliy...605864R }}</ref> [[lobster]]s, [[shrimp]]s and [[dried fish]] (''shutki'') are also widely consumed, with the [[chingri malai curry]] being a famous shrimp dish.<ref name="cuisine"/>{{rp|8}} In Chittagong, famous dishes include [[kala bhuna]] and [[mezban]], the latter being a traditionally popular feast, featuring the serving of ''mezbani gosht'', a hot and spicy beef curry.<ref name="cuisine"/>{{rp|10}}<ref name="shaheda"/><ref name="guardiancuisine">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/21/from-kala-bhuna-to-shatkora-curry-lets-all-get-a-taste-for-bangladesh|last=Akbar|first=Ahsan|title=From kala bhuna to shatkora curry – let's all get a taste for Bangladesh|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=21 March 2021|access-date=2 October 2022}}</ref> In Sylhet, the ''[[shatkora]]'' lemons are used to marinate dishes, a notable one is [[Beef Hatkhora|beef hatkora]].<ref name="guardiancuisine"/> Among the tribal communities in the [[Chittagong Hill Tracts]], cooking with [[bamboo shoot]]s is popular.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tbsnews.net/feature/food/bamboo-shoots-now-popular-delicacy-tourists-120037|title=Bamboo shoots now a popular delicacy for tourists|work=[[The Business Standard]]|date=16 August 2020|access-date=2 October 2022}}</ref> Khulna is renowned for using ''chui jhal'' ([[piper chaba]]) in its meat-based dishes.<ref name="guardiancuisine"/><ref name="shaheda"/>

Bangladesh has a vast spread of desserts, including distinctive [[sweets]] such as the ''[[Rasgulla|rôshogolla]]'', ''[[Ras malai|roshmalai]]'', ''[[chomchom]]'', ''[[Sandesh (confectionery)|sondesh]]'', ''[[mishti doi]]'' and ''[[Gulab jamun|kalojaam]]'', and ''[[Jalebi|jilapi]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/star-weekend/the-concept-desserts-bangladesh-1244389|title=The Concept of Desserts in Bangladesh|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|date=24 June 2016|access-date=2 October 2022|last=Karim|first=Elita}}</ref> [[Pitha]]s are traditional boiled desserts made with rice or fruits.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/lifestyle/deshi-mix/winter-pitha-176893|title=Winter Pitha|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|date=24 November 2015|access-date=2 October 2022}}</ref> [[Halwa]] and [[shemai]], the latter being a variation of [[vermicelli]]; are popular desserts during religious festivities.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/life-living/news/shab-e-barat-the-night-fortune-and-forgiveness-2983236|title=Shab-e-Barat: The night of fortune and forgiveness|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|date=15 March 2022|access-date=2 October 2022|last=Khondokar|first=Faiza}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/lifestyle/aappayon/variations-vermicelli-1250221|title=Variations on Vermicelli|date=5 July 2016|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|access-date=24 April 2023}}</ref> [[Roti|Ruti]], [[naan]], [[paratha]], [[luchi]] and [[bakarkhani]] are the main local breads.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/lifestyle/ls-special/bread-101-1566847|title=Bread 101|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|date=24 April 2018|access-date=2 October 2022|last=Tariq|first=Jahanara}}</ref><ref name="shaheda"/> Hot [[milk tea]] is the most commonly consumed beverage in the country, being the centre of [[Adda (South Asian)|adda]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/lifestyle/reader%E2%80%99s-chit/coffee-lifestyle-or-just-another-alternative-tea-1503541|title=Coffee: a lifestyle or just another alternative to tea?|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|date=12 December 2017|access-date=1 October 2022|last1=Amatya|first1=Suki|last2=Mahin|first2=Tamanna|last3=Sadaaf|first3=Bushra Humaira|last4=Sarkar|first4=Supriti}}</ref> [[Borhani]], [[mattha]] and [[lassi]] are popular traditionally consumed beverages.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jyoti Prakash |first1=Tamang |title=Ethnic Fermented Foods and Alcoholic Beverages of Asia |date=2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9788132228004 |pages=77–89}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Sarkar|first=Supriti|title=Tis' the season (almost) for Lassi|date=13 February 2018|access-date=24 April 2023|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/lifestyle/ls-pick/tis-the-season-almost-lassi-1533559}}</ref> [[Kebab]]s are widely popular, particularly [[seekh kebab]], [[chapli kebab]], [[shami kebab]], [[chicken tikka]] and [[shashlik]], along with various types of ''chaaps''.<ref name="shaheda"/> Popular street foods include [[chotpoti]], [[jhal muri]] and [[Panipuri|fuchka]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://archive.thedailystar.net/lifestyle/2010/03/02/centre.htm|title=street food 101|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|date=9 March 2010|last=Haider|first=M. H.|access-date=2 October 2022}}</ref>

===Festivals===
{{Main|Public holidays in Bangladesh|List of festivals in Bangladesh}}
''[[Pahela Baishakh]]'', the Bengali new year, is the major festival of [[Culture of Bengal|Bengali culture]] and sees widespread festivities. Of the major holidays celebrated in Bangladesh, only Pahela Baishakh comes without any pre-existing expectations (specific religious identity, a culture of gift-giving, etc.) and has become an occasion for celebrating the simpler, rural roots of Bengal. Other cultural festivals include [[Nabanna|Nabonno]] and Poush Parbon, Bengali harvest festivals.
[[File:Eid Prayers at Barashalghar, Debidwar, Comilla.jpg|thumb|An [[Eid al-Fitr]] prayer]]
The Muslim festivals of Eid al-Fitr, [[Eid al-Adha]], [[Mawlid]], [[Muharram]], [[Chand Raat]], [[Barat Night|Shab-e-Barat]]; the Hindu festivals of [[Durga Puja]], [[Janmashtami]] and [[Rath Yatra]]; the Buddhist festival of [[Vesak|Buddha Purnima]], which marks the birth of [[Gautama Buddha]], and the Christian festival of Christmas are [[Public holidays in Bangladesh|national holidays]] in Bangladesh and see the most widespread celebrations in the country. The two Eids are celebrated with a long streak of public holidays and allow celebrating the festivals with their families outside the city.

Alongside national days like the remembrance of 21 February 1952 [[Language Movement Day]] (declared as [[International Mother Language Day]] by [[UNESCO]] in 1999),<ref name="UNESCO">{{cite web |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000117961.page=38|title=The General Conference proclaim"International Mother Language Day" to be observed on 21 February|publisher=UNESCO |date=16 November 1999 |access-date=21 April 2019}}</ref> [[Independence Day (Bangladesh)|Independence Day]] and [[Victory day of Bangladesh|Victory Day]]. On Language Movement Day, people congregate at the [[Shaheed Minar, Dhaka|Shaheed Minar]] in Dhaka to remember the national heroes of the Bengali Language Movement. Similar gatherings are observed at the [[National Martyrs' Memorial]] on Independence Day and Victory Day to remember the national heroes of the Bangladesh Liberation War.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Pahela_Baishakh|title=Pahela Baisakh |website=Banglapedia|access-date=12 July 2019}}</ref>

===Sports===
{{Main|Sports in Bangladesh}}
[[File:Mashrafe 2016 (9).jpg|thumb|[[Bangladesh cricket team]]]]
In rural Bangladesh, several [[Traditional games of Bangladesh|traditional indigenous sports]] such as [[Kabaddi]], [[Boli Khela]], [[Lathi Khela]] and [[Nouka Baich]] remain fairly popular. While Kabaddi is the national sport,<ref>{{cite book |last=Faroqi |first=Gofran |year=2012 |chapter=Kabadi |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Kabadi |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> [[Cricket]] is the most popular sport in the country. The [[Bangladesh national cricket team|national cricket team]] participated in their first [[Cricket World Cup]] in 1999 and the following year was granted [[Test cricket]] status. Bangladesh reached the quarter-final of the [[2015 Cricket World Cup]], the semi-final of the [[2017 ICC Champions Trophy]] and they reached the final of the [[Asia Cup]] 3 times – in 2012, 2016, and 2018. [[Shakib Al Hasan]] is widely regarded as one of the greatest [[All-rounder]]s in the history of Cricket and as one of the greatest Bangladeshi sportsman ever.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 March 2020 |title=Why Shakib Al Hasan is one of cricket's greatest allrounders |language=en |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/stats-analysis-why-shakib-al-hasan-is-one-of-cricket-s-greatest-allrounders-1219732 |access-date=2021-03-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Is Shakib Al Hasan a greater allrounder than Garry Sobers? |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/anantha-narayanan-is-shakib-al-hasan-a-greater-allrounder-than-garry-sobers-1257937 |access-date=2021-04-25 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Express |first=The Financial |title=Where does Shakib stand among the greatest test all-rounders? |url=https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/sports/where-does-shakib-stand-among-the-greatest-test-all-rounders-1640519263 |access-date=2021-12-29 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-14 |title=The Current All-Format World XI, As Based On The ICC Rankings |url=https://wisden.com/stories/the-current-all-format-world-xi-as-based-on-the-icc-rankings |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=Wisden |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name="dailycricket.com.bd">{{Cite web |title=Top Five Shakib Al Hasan Match Winning Performances |url=https://dailycricket.com.bd/en/news/top-five-shakib-al-hasan-match-winning-performances |access-date=2022-10-28 |website=dailycricket.com.bd |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=2019 World Fame 100: Who are the biggest names in sports? |url=https://www.espn.com/espn/feature/story/_/id/26113613/espn-world-fame-100-2019 |access-date=2022-03-30 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> On 9 February 2020, the Bangladesh youth national cricket team won the men's [[2020 Under-19 Cricket World Cup|Under-19 Cricket World Cup]], held in South Africa. This was Bangladesh's first World Cup victory.<ref>{{cite news|title=U19s Cricket World Cup: Bangladesh beat India in final to win first title|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/51437334|work=BBC Sport|date=9 February 2020|access-date=9 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author1=Minhaz Uddin Khan|title=Young Tigers become World Champions|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/sport/cricket/2020/02/09/u19wc-final-tilak-out-india-103-2-after-29-overs|work=Dhaka Tribune|date=9 February 2020|access-date=9 February 2020}}</ref> Women's Cricket saw significant progress in the 2010s decade in Bangladesh. In 2018, the [[Bangladesh women's national cricket team]] won the [[2018 Women's Twenty20 Asia Cup]] defeating [[India women's national cricket team]] in the final.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/star-live/women-asia-cup-t20-champions-2018-bangladesh-womens-cricket-team-got-victory-1590118 |title=Champions of Asia T20 Cup 2018: Bangladesh Women's Cricket Team |work=The Daily Star |date=12 June 2018 |access-date=14 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829153434/https://www.thedailystar.net/star-live/women-asia-cup-t20-champions-2018-bangladesh-womens-cricket-team-got-victory-1590118 |archive-date=29 August 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Bangladesh National Football Team in Maldives in the SAFF Championship 2021.jpg|thumb|[[Bangladesh national football team|Bangladeshi football team]]]]
Football is also a leading sport in Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/views/football-the-game-which-makes-us-come-alive-1671032486|title=Football ... the game which makes us come alive|first=The Financial|last=Express|website=The Financial Express}}</ref> Although football was seen as the most popular sport in the country before the 21st century, success in cricket has overshadowed its previous popularity. The first instance of a national football team was the emergence of the [[Shadhin Bangla Football Team|Shadhin Bangla Team]], which played friendly matches throughout India to raise international awareness about the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/sports/shadhin-bangla-football-dal-team-no-other |title='Shadhin Bangla Football Dal': A team like no other |date=16 December 2019 |work=The Business Standard |access-date=15 August 2022 |archive-date=15 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815160845/https://www.tbsnews.net/sports/shadhin-bangla-football-dal-team-no-other |url-status=live }}</ref> On 26 July 1971, the team's captain, [[Zakaria Pintoo]], became the first person to hoist the Bangladesh flag on foreign land before their match in [[Nadia district]] of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newagebd.net/article/133717/i-am-luckier-than-pele-zakaria-pintoo|title=I am luckier than Pele: Zakaria Pintoo|website=New Age | The Most Popular Outspoken English Daily in Bangladesh}}</ref> Following independence, the [[Bangladesh national football team|national football team]] participated in the [[AFC Asian Cup]] ([[1980 AFC Asian Cup|1980]]), becoming only the second South Asian team to do so.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.prothomalo.com/sports/football/যে-ম্যাচগুলো-‘আফসোস’-বাংলাদেশের-ফুটবলে|title=যে ম্যাচগুলো 'আফসোস' বাংলাদেশের ফুটবলে|first=নাইর|last=ইকবাল|website=Prothomalo|date=6 April 2020 }}</ref> Bangladesh's most notable achievements in football include the [[2003 South Asian Football Federation Gold Cup|2003 SAFF Gold Cup]] and [[Football at the 1999 South Asian Games|1999 South Asian Games]]. In 2022, the [[Bangladesh women's national football team]] won the [[2022 SAFF Women's Championship]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2022/09/19/president-pm-lauds-bangladesh-team-for-winning-saff-womens-championship-2022|title=President, PM lauds Bangladesh team for winning SAFF Women's Championship 2022|website=[[Dhaka Tribune]]|date=19 September 2022|access-date=19 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/sport/2022/09/19/bangladesh-women-create-history-clinch-saff-championship-for-first-time|title=Bangladesh women create history, clinch Saff Championship for first time|website=[[Dhaka Tribune]]|date=19 September 2022|access-date=19 September 2022}}</ref>

Bangladesh archers Ety Khatun and Roman Sana won several gold medals winning all the 10 [[archery]] events (both individual and team events) in the [[2019 South Asian Games]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/sports/athletics/bangladesh-win-all-10-golds-in-archery-sa-games-2019-1837909 |title=Ety, Sana complete Bangladesh's clean sweep in archery |date=9 December 2019 |work=The Daily Star}}</ref> The [[National Sports Council]] regulates 42 sporting federations.<ref>{{cite web|title=All Affiliated National Federation/Association |url=http://nsc.gov.bd/n/?cat=11 |publisher=[[National Sports Council]] |access-date=25 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121160742/http://nsc.gov.bd/n/?cat=11 |archive-date=21 January 2013}}</ref> [[Chess]] is very popular in Bangladesh. Bangladesh has five grandmasters in chess. Among them, [[Niaz Murshed]] was the first grandmaster in South Asia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bdchessfed.com/grand-masters|title=Bangladesh Chess Federation|website=bdchessfed.com}}</ref> In 2010, mountain climber [[Musa Ibrahim]] became the first Bangladeshi climber to conquer [[Mount Everest]].<ref name="dailystardetail">{{cite news |title=Musa conquers Everest |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=139787 |work=The Daily Star |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027015045/https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-139787 |archive-date=27 October 2017 |date=24 May 2010}}</ref> [[Wasfia Nazreen]] is the first Bangladeshi climber to climb the [[Seven Summits]].<ref>{{cite web |author1=Mary Anne Potts |title=Bangladeshi Climber Shares Her Spiritual Journey for the Women of Her Country |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/adventure-blog/2016/05/27/bangadeshi-climber-wasfia-nazreen-shares-her-spiritual-journey-for-the-women-of-her-country/ |website=National Geographic |date=27 May 2016}}</ref>

Bangladesh hosts several international tournaments. [[Bangabandhu Cup]] is an international football tournament hosted in the country. Bangladesh hosted the South Asian Games several times. In 2011, Bangladesh co-hosted the [[ICC Cricket World Cup 2011]] with India and Sri Lanka. Bangladesh solely hosted the [[2014 ICC World Twenty20]] championship. Bangladesh hosted the Asia Cup Cricket Tournament in 2000, 2012, 2014 and 2016.

===Media and cinema===
{{Main|Media of Bangladesh|Cinema of Bangladesh}}
[[File:Anwar Hossain in the film "Nawab Sirajuddoulah" (1967).jpg|thumb|[[Anwar Hossain (actor)|Anwar Hossain]] playing [[Siraj-ud-Daulah]], the last independent [[Nawab of Bengal]], in the 1967 film ''[[Nawab Sirajuddaula (film)|Nawab Sirajuddaulah]]'']]
The Bangladeshi press is diverse and privately owned. Over 200 newspapers are published in the country. [[Bangladesh Betar]] is a state-run radio service.<ref>{{cite news |title=Swadhin Bangla Betar Kendra's Rashidul Hossain passes away |url=http://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2015/12/22/swadhin-bangla-betar-kendras-rashidul-hossain-passes-away |work=bdnews24.com |access-date=2 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151229065132/http://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2015/12/22/swadhin-bangla-betar-kendras-rashidul-hossain-passes-away |archive-date=29 December 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[British Broadcasting Corporation]] operates the popular [[BBC Bangla]] news and current affairs service. Bengali broadcasts from [[Voice of America]] are also very popular. [[Bangladesh Television]] (BTV) is a state-owned television network. More than 20 privately owned television networks, including several [[news channel]]s. [[Freedom of the media]] remains a major concern due to government attempts at censorship and the harassment of journalists.

The [[cinema of Bangladesh]] dates back to 1898 when films began screening at the Crown Theatre in Dhaka. The [[Dhaka Nawab Family]] patronised the production of several [[silent film]]s in the 1920s and 30s. In 1931, the East Bengal Cinematograph Society released the first full-length feature film in Bangladesh, titled ''Last Kiss''. The first feature film in East Pakistan, ''[[Mukh O Mukhosh]]'', was released in 1956. During the 1960s, 25–30 films were produced annually in Dhaka. By the 2000s, Bangladesh produced 80–100 films a year. While the Bangladeshi film industry has achieved limited commercial success, the country has produced notable independent filmmakers. [[Zahir Raihan]] was a prominent documentary maker assassinated in 1971. [[Tareque Masud]] is regarded as one of Bangladesh's outstanding directors.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Tareque Masud, filmmaker extraordinaire|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/tareque-masud-filmmaker-extraordinaire-36845|date=13 August 2014|work=The Daily Star|access-date=28 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Tareque Masud's 63rd birth anniversary observed|url=https://www.unb.com.bd/category/Lifestyle/tareque-masuds-63rd-birth-anniversary-observed/37230|website=UNB|access-date=28 May 2020}}</ref> Masud was honoured by [[FIPRESCI]] at the 2002 [[Cannes Film Festival]] for his film ''[[Matir Moina|The Clay Bird]]''. [[Tanvir Mokammel]], [[Mostofa Sarwar Farooki]], [[Humayun Ahmed]], [[Alamgir Kabir (filmmaker)|Alamgir Kabir]], [[Chashi Nazrul Islam]] and [[Sohanur Rahman Sohan]], who was best known in [[Dhallywood]] for directing romantic films.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kamol |first1=Ershad |date=23 May 2007 |title="Our young generation is least interested in Dhallywood" |language=en |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/2007/05/23/d705231401127.htm |access-date=6 December 2017}}</ref> His film ''[[Ananta Bhalobasha]]'' released in 1999 marked a turning point in Bangladeshi cinema by introducing [[Shakib Khan]], who is now one of the biggest superstars in the industry,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-14 |title=Renowned filmmaker Sohanur Rahman Sohan found dead at home, a day after his wife's demise |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/renowned-filmmaker-sohanur-rahman-sohan-found-dead-at-home-a-day-after-his-wifes-demise/articleshow/103657633.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-09-25 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> are some of the prominent directors of Bangladeshi cinema. Bangladesh has a very active film society culture. It started in 1963 in Dhaka. Now around 40 Film Societies are active all over Bangladesh. [[Federation of Film Societies of Bangladesh]] is the parent organisation of the film society movement of Bangladesh. Active film societies include the Rainbow Film Society, [[Children's Film Society]], [[Moviyana Film Society]], and [[Dhaka University Film Society]].

===Museums and libraries===
{{Main|Museums in Bangladesh|List of libraries in Bangladesh}}
[[File:Varendra Research Museum 10.jpg|thumb|The [[Varendra Research Museum]] in [[Rajshahi]] is the oldest surviving museum in Bangladesh.]]
The [[Varendra Research Museum]] is the oldest museum in Bangladesh. It houses important collections from both the pre-Islamic and Islamic periods, including the sculptures of the Pala-Sena School of Art and the Indus Valley civilisation, and Sanskrit, Arabic, and Persian manuscripts and inscriptions. The Ahsan Manzil, the former residence of the Nawab of Dhaka, is a national museum housing collections from the British Raj.

The [[Tajhat Palace]] Museum preserves artifacts of the rich cultural heritage of North Bengal, including Hindu-Buddhist sculptures and Islamic manuscripts. The [[Mymensingh Museum]] houses the personal antique collections of Bengali aristocrats in central Bengal. The [[Ethnological Museum of Chittagong]] showcases the lifestyle of various tribes in Bangladesh. The [[Bangladesh National Museum]] is located in [[Ramna]], Dhaka, and has a rich collection of antiquities. The [[Liberation War Museum]] documents the Bangladeshi struggle for independence and the 1971 genocide.

The Hussain Shahi dynasty established royal libraries during the Bengal Sultanate. Libraries were established in each district of Bengal by the [[Zamindar]] gentry during the Bengal Renaissance in the 19th century. The trend of establishing libraries continued until the beginning of World War II. In 1854, four major public libraries were opened, including the Bogra Woodburn Library, the Rangpur Public Library, the Jessore Institute Public Library, and the Barisal Public Library.

The [[Northbrook Hall|Northbrook Hall Public Library]] was established in Dhaka in 1882 in honour of [[Lord Northbrook]], the Governor-General. Other libraries inaugurated in the British period included the Victoria Public Library, Natore (1901), the Sirajganj Public Library (1882), the [[Rajshahi Public Library]] (1884), the Comilla Birchandra Library (1885), the Shah Makhdum Institute Public Library, Rajshahi (1891), the Noakhali Town Hall Public Library (1896), the Prize Memorial Library, Sylhet (1897), the Chittagong Municipality Public Library (1904) and the Varendra Research Library (1910). The Great Bengal Library Association was formed in 1925.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rahman |first=Md Zillur |year=2012 |chapter=Library |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Library |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> The [[Central Public Library (Dhaka)|Central Public Library of Dhaka]] was established in 1959. The [[National Library of Bangladesh]] was established in 1972. The [[Bishwo Shahitto Kendro|World Literature Centre]], founded by [[Ramon Magsaysay Award]] winner [[Abdullah Abu Sayeed]], is noted for operating numerous [[mobile library|mobile libraries]] across Bangladesh and was awarded the UNESCO Jon, Amos Comenius Medal.

==See also==

* [[Index of Bangladesh-related articles]]
* [[Outline of Bangladesh]]{{clear}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Cited sources==
* {{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Salahuddin |year=2004 |title=Bangladesh: Past and Present |publisher=APH Publishing |isbn=978-81-7648-469-5}}
* {{cite book|ref=Baxter
|last=Baxter |first=Craig|author-link = Craig Baxter |year=1997 |title=Bangladesh, from a Nation to a State |publisher=Westview Press |isbn=978-0-8133-3632-9
|oclc=47885632}}
* {{cite book |last=Lewis |first=David |year=2011 |title=Bangladesh: Politics, Economy and Civil Society |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-50257-3}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* Ahmed, Nizam. ''The Parliament of Bangladesh'' (Routledge, 2018).
* {{cite book |last=Ali |first=S. Mahmud |date=2010|title=Understanding Bangladesh |url={{GBurl|id=FD2KzBG1ejwC}}|publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-70143-3}}
* {{cite book |title=Bangladesh War: Report from Ground Zero |last=Ghosh |first=Manash |year=2021 |publisher=Niyogi Books |isbn=9789391125370}}
* Baxter, Craig. ''Bangladesh: From a nation to a state'' (Routledge, 2018).
* {{cite book |last=Bose |first=Sarmila |date=2012 |title=Dead Reckoning Memories of the 1971 Bangladesh War |publisher=Hachette UK |isbn=978-93-5009-426-6 }}
* {{cite book |last=Chakrabarty |first=Bidyut | date=2004 |title=The Partition of Bengal and Assam, 1932-1947: Contour of Freedom |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-33274-8 |url={{GBurl|id=in1_AgAAQBAJ}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Grover |first=Verinder |date=2000 |title=Bangladesh: Government and Politics |publisher=Deep and Deep Publications |isbn=978-81-7100-928-2 }}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Guhathakurta |editor1-first=Meghna |editor2-last=van Schendel |editor2-first=Willem |year=2013 |title=The Bangladesh Reader: History, Culture, Politics |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0-8223-5304-1}}
* Hasnat, GN Tanjina, Md Alamgir Kabir, and Md Akhter Hossain. "Major environmental issues and problems of South Asia, particularly Bangladesh." ''Handbook of environmental materials management'' (2018): 1-40. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/G_N_Hasnat/publication/323264078_Major_Environmental_Issues_and_Problems_of_South_Asia_Particularly_Bangladesh/links/5e7c678fa6fdcc139c04692f/Major-Environmental-Issues-and-Problems-of-South-Asia-Particularly-Bangladesh.pdf online]
* Iftekhar Iqbal (2010) ''The Bengal Delta: Ecology, State and Social Change, 1840–1943'' (Palgrave Macmillan) {{ISBN|0-230-23183-7}}
* Islam, Saiful, and Md Ziaur Rahman Khan. "A review of the energy sector of Bangladesh." ''Energy Procedia'' 110 (2017): 611–618. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1876610217302230/pdf?md5=762df35a45d6d280234429fc79ec79bd&pid=1-s2.0-S1876610217302230-main.pdf online]
* Jannuzi, F. Tomasson, and James T. Peach. ''The agrarian structure of Bangladesh: An impediment to development'' (Routledge, 2019).
* {{cite book |last=Khan |first=Muhammad Mojlum |year=2013 |title=The Muslim Heritage of Bengal: The Lives, Thoughts and Achievements of Great Muslim Scholars, Writers and Reformers of Bangladesh and West Bengal |publisher=Kube Publishing Ltd |isbn=978-1-84774-052-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Mookherjee |first=Nayanika |date=2015 |title=The Spectral Wound: Sexual Violence, Public Memories, and the Bangladesh War of 1971 |url={{GBurl|id=JjUWrgEACAAJ}}|publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0-8223-5949-4}}
* M. Mufakharul Islam (edited) (2004) Socio-Economic History of Bangladesh: essays in memory of Professor Shafiqur Rahman, 1st Edition, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, {{oclc|156800811}}
* M. Mufakharul Islam (2007) ''Bengal Agriculture 1920–1946: A Quantitative Study'' (Cambridge University Press), {{ISBN|0-521-04985-7}}
* Prodhan, Mohit. "The educational system in Bangladesh and scope for improvement." ''Journal of International Social Issues'' 4.1 (2016): 11–23. [https://www.winona.edu/socialwork/Media/Prodhan%20The%20Educational%20System%20in%20Bangladesh%20and%20Scope%20for%20Improvement.pdf online]
* {{cite book |last=Raghavan |first=Srinath |year=2013 |title=1971: A Global History of the Creation of Bangladesh |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-72864-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Rashid |first=Haroun Er |year=1977 |title=Geography of Bangladesh|publisher=University Press Ltd. |oclc=4638928}}
* Riaz, Ali. ''Bangladesh: A political history since independence'' (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2016).
* {{cite book |last=Riaz |first=Ali |date=2010 |title=Political Islam and Governance in Bangladesh |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-92624-2 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Riaz |first1= Ali|last2=Rahman |first2= Mohammad Sajjadur |date=2016 |title=Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Bangladesh |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-30877-5 }}
* {{cite book |last=Schendel |first=Willem van |year=2009 |title=A History of Bangladesh |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-86174-8 }}
* Shelley, Israt J., et al. "Rice cultivation in Bangladesh: present scenario, problems, and prospects." ''Journal of International Cooperation for Agricultural Development'' 14.4 (2016): 20–29. [http://icrea.agr.nagoya-u.ac.jp/jpn/journal/Vol14_20-29-Review-Shelley.pdf online]
* Sirajul Islam (edited) (1997) History of Bangladesh 1704–1971(Three Volumes: Vol 1: Political History, Vol 2: Economic History Vol 3: Social and Cultural History), 2nd Edition (Revised New Edition), The Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, {{ISBN|984-512-337-6}}
* Sirajul Islam (Chief Editor) (2003) Banglapedia: A National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh.(10 Vols. Set), (written by 1300 scholars & 22 editors) The Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, {{ISBN|984-32-0585-5}}
* {{cite book |last1=Sisson |first1=Richard |last2=Rose |first2= Leo E|date=1991|title=War and Secession: Pakistan, India, and the Creation of Bangladesh |publisher=University of California Press |isbn= 978-0-520-07665-5}}
* {{cite book |last= Sogra|first= Khair Jahan|date=2014 |title=The Impact of Gender Differences on the Conflict Management Styles of Managers in Bangladesh: An Analysis |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn= 978-1-4438-6854-9}}
* {{cite book |last= Umar|first=Badruddin |date=2006 |title=The Emergence of Bangladesh: Rise of Bengali nationalism, 1958–1971|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn= 978-0-19-597908-4}}
* Van Schendel, Willem. ''A history of Bangladesh'' (Cambridge University Press, 2020).
* {{cite book |last=Uddin |first=Sufia M. |date=2006|title=Constructing Bangladesh: Religion, Ethnicity, and Language in an Islamic Nation |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |isbn=978-0-8078-7733-3 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Wahid |first1=Abu N.M.. |last2=Weis |first2= Charles E |date=1996 |title=The Economy of Bangladesh: Problems and Prospects |publisher=Praeger |isbn=978-0-275-95347-8 }}

{{Refend}}

==External links==

'''Government'''
* {{Official website|http://www.bangladesh.gov.bd}}
* [http://bida.portal.gov.bd/ Official Site of Bangladesh Investment Development Authority]

'''General information'''
* {{Britannica|51736}}
* [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/bangladesh/ Bangladesh]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].
* {{Curlie|Regional/Asia/Bangladesh}}
* [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-12650940 Bangladesh] from the [[BBC News]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081026124922/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/bangladesh.htm Bangladesh] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''
* {{osmrelation-inline|184640}}
* {{wikiatlas|Bangladesh}}
* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=BD Key Development Forecasts for Bangladesh] from [[International Futures]]

{{Bangladesh topics}}
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ICC Men's ODI Team Rankings

2023-10-06T22:15:16Z

Muralikvs11: rv, unexplained deletion of content

{{short description|One Day International team rankings}}

{{Infobox cricket rankings
| name = ICC Men's ODI Team Rankings
| administrator = [[International Cricket Council]]
| creation = 2002
| total_teams = 20
| current = {{cr|IND}} (116 rating)
| cumulative = {{cr|AUS}} (147 months)
| continuous = {{cr|WIN}} (65 months)
| highest = {{cr|WIN}} (141 rating)
| updated = 22 September 2023
}}

The '''ICC Men's ODI Team Rankings''' (formerly known as the '''ICC ODI Championship''') is an international [[One Day International]] (ODI) [[cricket]] rankings system of the [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC). After every ODI match, the two teams involved receive points based on a mathematical formula. Each team's points total is divided by their total number of matches played to give a rating, and all the teams are ranked in a table in order of rating.<ref name="Formula"/>

By analogy to cricket [[batting average (cricket)|batting averages]], the points for winning an ODI match are always greater than the team's rating, increasing the rating, and the points for losing an ODI match are always less than the rating, reducing the rating. A drawn match between higher and lower rated teams will benefit the lower-rated team at the expense of the higher-rated team. An "average" team that wins as often as it loses while playing a mix of stronger and weaker teams should have a rating of 100.<ref name="Formula">{{cite news |title=Reliance ICC One-Day International Team Rankings -frequently asked questions|url=http://icc-live.s3.amazonaws.com/cms/media/about_docs/536b1a48c16e5-Reliance%20ICC%20ODI%20Team%20Rankings%20FAQs%202014.pdf |work=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ICC |access-date=6 January 2015 }}</ref>

{{As of|2023|09|25}}, [[India national cricket team|India]] leads the ICC Men's ODI Team Rankings with a rating of 117 from 43 weighted matches, while the lowest rated team, [[Papua New Guinea national cricket team|Papua New Guinea]], has a rating of 4 from 28 weighted matches.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icc-cricket.com/team-rankings/odi|title=ICC ODI Rankings – Cricket ODI Ranking – ICC Cricket|work=icc-cricket.com}}</ref>

Until 2013, the team ranked number one at the annual 1 April cut-off date received the ICC ODI Championship Shield and prize money.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/178076 |title=Dhoni receives Reliance ICC ODI Championship Shield and cheque |date=3 June 2013 |publisher=International Cricket Council |access-date=28 November 2020 }}</ref> Up until the 2019 edition, the rankings were used to award direct qualification for the [[Cricket World Cup]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricket.yahoo.net/news/explainer-2023-cricket-world-cup-052300258 |title=Explainer: With 2023 Cricket World Cup qualifying process underway, here's a breakdown of ICC's new-look league structure |date=16 August 2019 |publisher=Yahoo! Cricket |access-date=27 November 2020 }}</ref>

==Current rankings ==
{{ICC Men's ODI Team Rankings}}

== Associate rankings ==
{{Main|World Cricket League#Associate one-day rankings}}
[[File:Paras khadka.JPG|thumb|[[Nepal national cricket team|Nepal]] Captain [[Paras Khadka]] batting during the [[2013 ICC World Cricket League Division Three]] in [[Bermuda]]]]

In late 2005, the [[International Cricket Council]] ranked the top non-Test nations from 11–30 to complement the [[Test cricket|Test]] nations' rankings in the ICC Men's ODI Team Rankings. The ICC used the results from the [[2005 ICC Trophy]] and [[2007 Cricket World Cup qualification#World Cup Qualifying Series Division 2 2005|WCQS Division 2 competition]] (i.e. the primary qualification mechanisms for the [[2007 Cricket World Cup]]) to rank the nations.

These rankings were used to seed the initial stage of the global World Cricket League. Teams ranked 11–16 were placed into Division 1; teams 17–20 were placed into Division 2; teams 21–24 were placed into Division 3; the remaining teams were placed into the upper divisions of their respective regional qualifiers.

As of 19 April 2009 the top six associates gained one day status. Kenya and Ireland have both qualified to appear on the main rating table, Kenya from its existing status and Ireland for its two victories in the 2007 World Cup. Following their victory over Bangladesh in July 2010, the Netherlands joined the main table. Afghanistan, Canada and Scotland remain on the secondary table. In May 2009, the ICC added a rankings table for all associate members. This contained both global and regional placings. In June 2018, the four associates with ODI status were moved to the main ranking list.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/23666283/four-new-teams-icc-odi-rankings|title=Four new teams in the ICC's ODI rankings|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=2018-06-02}}</ref>

== Historical rankings ==

The ICC provides ratings for the end of each month back to October 2002. This table lists the teams that have successively held the highest rating since that date, by whole month periods.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Team
! Start
! End
! Total months
! Cumulative months
! Highest rating
|-
| {{cr|AUS}} || {{Date table sorting|October 2002}} || {{Date table sorting|January 2007}} || 52 || 52 || 140
|-
| {{cr|RSA}} || {{Date table sorting|February 2007}} || {{Date table sorting|February 2007}} || 1 || 1 || 128
|-
| {{cr|AUS}} || {{Date table sorting|March 2007}} || {{Date table sorting|February 2008}} || 12 || 64 || 130
|-
| {{cr|RSA}} || {{Date table sorting|March 2008}} || {{Date table sorting|May 2008}} || 3 || 4 || 127
|-
| {{cr|AUS}} || {{Date table sorting|June 2008}} || {{Date table sorting|December 2008}} || 7 || 71 || 131
|-
| {{cr|RSA}} || {{Date table sorting|January 2009}} || {{Date table sorting|August 2009}} || 8 || 12 || 127
|-
| {{cr|AUS}} || {{Date table sorting|September 2009}} || {{Date table sorting|August 2012}} || 35 || 106 || 134
|-
| {{cr|ENG}} || {{Date table sorting|August 2012}} || {{Date table sorting|January 2013}} || 5 || 5 ||121
|-
| {{cr|IND}} || {{Date table sorting|January 2013}} || {{Date table sorting|January 2014}} || 12 || 12 ||124
|-
| {{cr|AUS}} || {{Date table sorting|January 2014}} || {{Date table sorting|September 2014}} || 8 || 114 || 117
|-
| {{cr|IND}} || {{Date table sorting|September 2014}} || {{Date table sorting|October 2014}} || 1 || 13 || 113
|-
| {{cr|AUS}} || {{Date table sorting|October 2014}} || {{Date table sorting|October 2014}} || 1 || 115 || 114
|-
| {{cr|SA}} || {{Date table sorting|October 2014}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2014/media-releases/82629/south-africa-reclaims-number-one-odi-ranking-after-five-years|title=South Africa reclaims number-one ODI ranking after five years|date=28 October 2014|publisher=[[International Cricket Council]]|access-date=30 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924044019/http://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2014/media-releases/82629/south-africa-reclaims-number-one-odi-ranking-after-five-years|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> ||{{Date table sorting|November 2014}} || {{sort|0.5|½}} || 13 || 115
|-
| {{cr|IND}} || {{Date table sorting|November 2014}} || {{Date table sorting|November 2014}} || {{sort|0.5|½}} || 14|| 117
|-
| {{cr|AUS}} || {{Date table sorting|November 2014}} || {{Date table sorting|February 2017}} || 26 || 141 || 129
|-
| {{cr|SA}} || {{Date table sorting|February 2017}} || {{Date table sorting|February 2017}} || 1 || 14 || 119
|-
| {{cr|AUS}} || {{Date table sorting|March 2017}} || {{Date table sorting|March 2017}} || {{sort|0.13|4 days}} || 141 || 118
|-
| {{cr|SA}} || {{Date table sorting|March 2017}} || {{Date table sorting|September 2017}} || 6 || 20 || 123
|-
| {{cr|IND}} || {{Date table sorting|September 2017}} || {{Date table sorting|September 2017}} || {{sort|0.13|4 days}} || 14 || 120
|-
| {{cr|SA}} || {{Date table sorting|September 2017}} || {{Date table sorting|September 2017}} || {{sort|0.13|4 days}} || 20 || 119
|-
| {{cr|IND}} || {{Date table sorting|October 2017}} || {{Date table sorting|October 2017}} || {{sort|0.56|17 days}} || 15 || 120
|-
| {{cr|SA}} || {{Date table sorting|October 2017}} || {{Date table sorting|February 2018}} || 4 || 24 || 120
|-
| {{cr|IND}} || {{Date table sorting|February 2018}} || {{Date table sorting|May 2018}} || 3 || 18 || 123
|-
| {{cr|ENG}} || {{Date table sorting|May 2018}} || {{Date table sorting|June 2019}} || 14 || 19 || 127
|-
| {{cr|IND}} || {{Date table sorting|June 2019}} || {{Date table sorting|June 2019}} || {{sort|0.16|5 days}} || 18 || 123
|-
| {{cr|ENG}} || {{Date table sorting|June 2019}} || {{Date table sorting|May 2021}} || 22 || 41 || 135
|-
| {{cr|NZ}} || {{Date table sorting|May 2021}} || {{Date table sorting|September 2022}} || 16 || 16 || 121
|-
| {{cr|ENG}} || {{Date table sorting|September 2022}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/icc-rankings-new-zealand-lose-top-spot-in-odis-to-england-after-second-successive-loss-1333580|title=England overtake NZ to reclaim top spot in ODI rankings|date=8 September 2022|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref> || {{Date table sorting|November 2022}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2915250?sf173115478=1|title=England lose top spot in ODI rankings after series defeat in Australia|date=23 November 2022|publisher=[[International Cricket Council]]}}</ref> || 2 || 43 || 119
|-
| {{cr|NZ}} || {{Date table sorting|November 2022}} ||{{Date table sorting|January 2023}} || 2 || 18 || 116
|-
| {{cr|ENG}} || {{Date table sorting|January 2023}} ||{{Date table sorting|January 2023}} || {{sort|0.1|3 days}} || 43 || 113
|-
| {{cr|IND}} || {{Date table sorting|January 2023}} ||{{Date table sorting|March 2023}} || 2 || 20 || 115
|-
| {{cr|AUS}} || {{Date table sorting|March 2023}} ||{{Date table sorting|May 2023}} || 2 || 143 || 115
|-
| {{cr|PAK}} || {{Date table sorting|May 2023}} ||{{Date table sorting|May 2023}} || {{sort|0.06|2 days}} || || 113
|-
| {{cr|AUS}} || {{Date table sorting|May 2023}} || {{Date table sorting|August 2023}} || 3 || 146 || 118
|-
| {{cr|PAK}} || {{Date table sorting|August 2023}} || {{Date table sorting|September 2023}} || {{sort|0.43|13 days}} || || 120
|-
| {{cr|AUS}} || {{Date table sorting|September 2023}} || {{Date table sorting|September 2023}} || 3 days || 146 || 121
|-
| {{cr|PAK}} || {{Date table sorting|September 2023}} || {{Date table sorting|September 2023}} || 6 days || 1 || 118
|-
| {{cr|AUS}} || {{Date table sorting|September 2023}} || {{Date table sorting|September 2023}} || 3 days || 146 || 115
|-
| {{cr|PAK}} || {{Date table sorting|September 2023}} || {{Date table sorting|September 2023}} || 5 days || 1 || 115
|-
| style="background:gold;" | '''{{cr|IND}}''' || {{Date table sorting|September 2023}} || || || || 116
|}

In 2011, the ICC applied its rating system to results since 1981, providing ratings for the end of each month back to 1981, further indicating Australia's historical dominance in ODI Cricket with the highest number of months ranked first (200 months). The table only begins from 1981 as, prior to this date, there is not enough data available due to the infrequency of matches and the small number of competing teams in the earlier periods.

The teams that have successively held the highest rating since January 1981 till September 2002, by whole month periods, are:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Team
! Start
! End
! Total months
! Cumulative months
|-
| {{cr|ENG}} || {{Date table sorting|January 1981}} || {{Date table sorting|February 1981}} || 2 || 2
|-
| {{cr|West Indies}} || {{Date table sorting|June 1981}} || {{Date table sorting|November 1981}} || 6 || 6
|-
| {{cr|ENG}} || {{Date table sorting|December 1981}} || {{Date table sorting|December 1981}} || 1 || 3
|-
| {{cr|West Indies}} || {{Date table sorting|January 1982}} || {{Date table sorting|May 1987}} || 65 || 71
|-
| {{cr|ENG}} || {{Date table sorting|August 1987}} || {{Date table sorting|March 1988}} || 8 || 11
|-
| {{cr|West Indies}} || {{Date table sorting|April 1988}} || {{Date table sorting|May 1988}} || 2 || 73
|-
| {{cr|ENG}} || {{Date table sorting|August 1988}} || {{Date table sorting|May 1989}} || 10 || 21
|-
| {{cr|West Indies}} || {{Date table sorting|August 1989}} || {{Date table sorting|December 1989}} || 5 || 78
|-
| {{cr|AUS}} || {{Date table sorting|January 1990}} || {{Date table sorting|March 1990}} || 3 || 3
|-
| {{cr|West Indies}} || {{Date table sorting|April 1990}} || {{Date table sorting|April 1990}} || 1 || 79
|-
| {{cr|AUS}} || {{Date table sorting|May 1990}} || {{Date table sorting|May 1990}} || 1 || 4
|-
| {{cr|West Indies}} || {{Date table sorting|July 1990}} || {{Date table sorting|July 1990}} || 1 || 80
|-
| {{cr|AUS}} || {{Date table sorting|August 1990}} || {{Date table sorting|November 1990}} || 4 || 8
|-
| {{cr|PAK}} || {{Date table sorting|December 1990}} || {{Date table sorting|January 1991}} || 2 || 2
|-
| {{cr|AUS}} || {{Date table sorting|February 1991}} || {{Date table sorting|May 1991}} || 4 || 12
|-
| {{cr|PAK}} || {{Date table sorting|August 1991}} || {{Date table sorting|August 1991}} || 1 || 3
|-
| {{cr|AUS}} || {{Date table sorting|October 1991}} || {{Date table sorting|May 1992}} || 8 || 20
|-
| {{cr|ENG}} || {{Date table sorting|August 1992}} || {{Date table sorting|March 1993}} || 8 || 29
|-
| {{cr|West Indies}} || {{Date table sorting|April 1993}} || {{Date table sorting|April 1993}} || 1 || 81
|-
| {{cr|AUS}} || {{Date table sorting|May 1993}} || {{Date table sorting|July 1993}} || 3 || 23
|-
| {{cr|West Indies}} || {{Date table sorting|August 1993}} || {{Date table sorting|November 1994}} || 16 || 97
|-
| {{cr|IND}} || {{Date table sorting|December 1994}} || {{Date table sorting|March 1995}} || 4 || 4
|-
| {{cr|West Indies}} || {{Date table sorting|April 1995}} || {{Date table sorting|May 1995}} || 2 || 99
|-
| {{cr|IND}} || {{Date table sorting|August 1995}} || {{Date table sorting|October 1995}} || 3 || 7
|-
| {{cr|ENG}} || {{Date table sorting|November 1995}} || {{Date table sorting|December 1995}} || 2 || 31
|-
| {{cr|AUS}} || {{Date table sorting|January 1996}} || {{Date table sorting|April 1996}} || 4 || 27
|-
| {{cr|RSA}} || {{Date table sorting|May 1996}} || {{Date table sorting|February 2000}} || 46 || 46
|-
| {{cr|AUS}} || {{Date table sorting|March 2000}} || {{Date table sorting|January 2002}} || 23 || 50
|-
| {{cr|RSA}} || {{Date table sorting|February 2002}} || {{Date table sorting|February 2002}} || 1 || 47
|-
| {{cr|AUS}} || {{Date table sorting|March 2002}} || {{Date table sorting|September 2002}} || 7 || 57
|-
|colspan=5|''Reference: [https://web.archive.org/web/20130120040151/http://www.icc-cricket.com/match_zone/historical_ranking.php Historical Rankings]''
|}

The summary of teams that have held the highest rating since 1981 till present by whole month periods, are:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Team
! Total months
! Highest rating
|-
| {{cr|AUS}} || 204 || 140
|-
| {{cr|WIN}} || 99 || 141
|-
| {{cr|SA}} || 71 || 134
|-
| {{cr|ENG}} || 66 || 135
|-
| {{cr|IND}} || 25 || 127
|-
| {{cr|NZ}} || 18 || 121
|-
| {{cr|PAK}} || 4 || 131
|-
|colspan=5|''Reference: [https://web.archive.org/web/20130120040151/http://www.icc-cricket.com/match_zone/historical_ranking.php Historical Rankings]'' updated to 21 January 2023
|}

== ICC ODI championship (2002–2013)==
[[File:ICC ODI CHAMPIONSHIP SHIELD.jpg|thumb|ICC ODI Championship Shield]]
The rankings system was formerly called the '''ICC ODI championship''' and, until 2013, the team at the top of the table at the start of each April was awarded the ICC ODI Championship Shield. Like a [[2 euro coins|2 euro coin]], the shield features an inner circle of gold-coloured metal and is surrounded by a ring of silver-coloured metal. It was first presented in December 2002, when [[Australia cricket team|Australian]] captain [[Ricky Ponting]] received the award.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/130651.html|title=Australia increases lead in ODI standings|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=23 March 2003|access-date=3 May 2021}}</ref>

It was last presented in July 2013, when [[India cricket team|Indian]] captain [[MS Dhoni]] received the award.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/178076|title=Dhoni receives Reliance ICC ODI Championship Shield and cheque|date=3 June 2013|access-date=3 May 2021}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Nation
|-
| 2002
| {{cr|AUS}}
|-
| 2003
| {{cr|AUS}}
|-
| 2004
| {{cr|AUS}}
|-
| 2005
| {{cr|AUS}}
|-
| 2006
| {{cr|AUS}}
|-
| 2007
| {{cr|AUS}}
|-
| 2008
| {{cr|RSA}}
|-
| 2009
| {{cr|RSA}}
|-
| 2010
| {{cr|AUS}}
|-
| 2011
| {{cr|AUS}}
|-
| 2012
| {{cr|AUS}}
|-
| 2013
| {{cr|IND}}
|}

== Points calculations ==

===Time period===
{{ICC rankings time period}}

===Find the points earned from a match===
Each time two teams play another match, the rankings table is updated as follows, based on the ratings of the teams immediately before they played. To determine the teams' new ratings after a particular match, first calculate the points earned from the match:

If the gap between the ratings of the two teams before the match was less than 40 points, then:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background: #BFB6A3;"| Match result
! style="background: #BFB6A3;"| Points earned
|-
| Win || Opponent's rating + 50
|-
| Tie || Opponent's rating
|-
| Lose || Opponent's rating − 50
|}

If the gap between the ratings of the two teams before the match was at least 40 points, then:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background: #BFB6A3;"| Match result
! style="background: #BFB6A3;"| Points earned
|-
| Stronger team wins || Own rating + 10
|-
| Weaker team loses || Own rating − 10
|-
| style="border-width:4px 1px 1px 1px;border-style:solid;border-color:pale grey" | Stronger team ties || style="border-width:4px 1px 1px 1px;border-style:solid;border-color:pale grey" | Own rating − 40
|-
| Weaker team ties || Own rating + 40
|-
| style="border-width:4px 1px 1px 1px;border-style:solid;border-color:pale grey" | Stronger team loses || style="border-width:4px 1px 1px 1px;border-style:solid;border-color:pale grey" | Own rating − 90
|-
| Weaker team wins || Own rating + 90
|}

* Each team's rating is equal to its total points scored divided by the total matches played. (Series are not significant in these calculations).
* Add the match points scored to the points already scored (in previous matches as reflected by the Table), add one to the number of matches played, and determine the new rating.<ref name="Formula"/>
* Points earned by teams depend on the opponent's ratings, therefore this system needed to assign base ratings to teams when it started.

See also a detailed example at: [[ICC Men's T20I Team Rankings#Example]]

== See also ==

*[[ICC Men's Test Team Rankings]]
*[[ICC Men's T20I Team Rankings]]
*[[World Cricket League]]
*[[International cricket]]
*[[ICC Women's ODI and T20I rankings]]
*[[ICC Player Rankings]]
*[https://sports324.com/icc-mens-t20i-batting-players-rankings/ ICC Men’s T20I Batting Players Rankings]

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
*[https://www.icc-cricket.com/rankings/mens/team-rankings/odi ICC Men's ODI Team Rankings]

{{Sport world rankings}}

[[Category:International Cricket Council awards and rankings|ODI Championship]]
[[Category:Sports world rankings]]

Kavvayi River

2023-09-11T12:36:08Z

Muralikvs11: New page layout.

{{Use dmy dates}}
{{unreferenced}}
The Kavvayi [[river basin]] is located between 120 05’ to 120 15’ North latitude and 750 05 ‘ to 750 20’ East longitude. It spread over the district of [[Kannur]] and [[Kasargod]]. It has a total area of 164.76 km2 covering 14 villages spread over 9 local bodies in the two districts. Kavvayi river or Thattar river emerges from the [[Cheemeni]] Kunnu at elevation 114 m. above MSL having the length of 31 km and join directly to Kavvai backwater. Kavvayi river is typical among the 14 midland originated rivers in [[Kerala]]. It has a watershed area confined to midland hillocks and their valley. Kavvayi River includes five rivers, the Kavvayi River, and its tributaries- [[Kankole|Kankol]], Vannathichal, Kuppithodu, and [[Kuniyan River|Kuniyan]] – flows together to form the [[Kavvayi Backwaters]].

[[Category:Rivers of Kasaragod district]]

{{Kasaragod-geo-stub}}
{{Kannur-geo-stub}}
{{India-river-stub}}

Deaths in August 2023

2023-09-10T12:46:35Z

Muralikvs11: Contributed a new entry to the platform.

{{Short description|List of notable deaths in a month}}
{{bots|deny=Afiu07081320}}
{{Deaths in month lead}}



==August 2023==
===1===
*[[Owe Adamson]], 88, Swedish Olympic cyclist ([[Cycling at the 1960 Summer Olympics|1960]]).<ref>[https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/13302 Owe Adamson]</ref>
*[[William Edward Bauer]], 97, Canadian diplomat, [[List of ambassadors of Canada to South Korea|ambassador to South Korea]] (1981–1984).<ref>[https://www.legacy.com/ca/obituaries/theglobeandmail/name/william-bauer-obituary?id=52673235 William Edward Bauer]</ref>
*[[Henri Konan Bédié]], 89, Ivorian politician, [[List of heads of state of Ivory Coast|president]] (1993–1999).<ref>[https://www.afrique-sur7.ci/494232-deces-du-president-henri-konan-bedie-a-la-pisam-la-cote-divoire-perd-une-figure-politique Décès du Président Henri Konan Bédié à la Pisam: La Côte d'Ivoire perd une figure politique] {{in lang|fr}}</ref>
*[[Phillip Bennett|Sir Phillip Bennett]], 94, Australian general and politician, [[governor of Tasmania]] (1987–1995).<ref>[https://www.mytributes.com.au/notice/funeral-notices/bennett-phillip-harvey/6104459/ Bennett, Phillip Harvey]</ref>
*[[Tony Brien]], 54, Irish footballer ([[Chesterfield F.C.|Chesterfield]], [[Hull City A.F.C.|Hull City]], [[Rotherham United F.C.|Rotherham United]]).<ref>[https://www.derbyshiretimes.co.uk/sport/football/always-smiling-tributes-paid-to-popular-former-chesterfield-rotherham-united-and-hull-city-defender-4240306 'Always smiling' – tributes paid to popular former Chesterfield, Rotherham United and Hull City defender]</ref>
*[[Franz Csandl]], 74, Austrian Olympic boxer ([[Boxing at the 1972 Summer Olympics – Light middleweight|1972]]).<ref>[https://wienerbezirksblatt.at/wiener-boxsport-trauert-um-franz-csandl/ Der Wiener Boxsport trauert um Franz Csandl!] {{in lang|de}}</ref>
*[[Vwaere Diaso]], Nigerian doctor, elevator accident.<ref>[https://guardian.ng/news/lp-mourns-lagos-doctor-diaso-says-death-avoidable/ LP mourns Lagos doctor, Diaso, says death avoidable]</ref>
*[[Takaharu Doi]], 90, Japanese lawyer and prosecutor, heart failure.<ref>[https://www.sankei.com/article/20230804-OIKKQJGNEJLZFEJY5STW3RHYFM/ 元検事総長の土肥孝治氏死去「イトマン事件」指揮] {{in lang|ja}}</ref>
*[[Dương Văn Ngộ]], 93, Vietnamese postal worker and letter writer.<ref>[https://e.vnexpress.net/news/news/saigon-post-office-s-letter-writer-dies-at-94-4637017.html Saigon Post Office's letter writer dies at 94]</ref>
*[[Richard Face]], 80, Australian politician, [[Parliament of New South Wales|New South Wales MP]] (1972–2003) and [[Minister for Gaming and Racing|minister for gaming and racing]] (1995–2003).<ref>[https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/8293197/former-nsw-minister-richard-face-dies/ Former Charlestown MP and Carr Government minister Richard Face dies aged 80]</ref>
*[[Geneviève de Fontenay]], 90, French businesswoman, president of the [[Miss France|Miss France committee]] (1981–2007), cardiac arrest.<ref>[https://www.francebleu.fr/infos/medias-people/genevieve-de-fontenay-ancienne-patronne-de-miss-france-est-morte-a-l-age-de-90-ans-8754684 Geneviève de Fontenay, figure historique du concours Miss France, est morte à l'âge de 90 ans] {{in lang|fr}}</ref>
*[[Yozo Fujita]], 81, Japanese politician, mayor of [[Chikushino, Fukuoka|Chikushino]] (2011–2023).<ref>[https://www.data-max.co.jp/article/65543 【訃報】前筑紫野市長・藤田陽三氏死去] {{in lang|ja}}</ref>
*[[Annabelle Gamson]], 94, American dancer and choreographer.<ref>[https://www.dignitymemorial.com/obituaries/costa-mesa-ca/annabelle-gamson-11398768 Annabelle Gamson]</ref>
*[[Heinz Golombeck]], 74, German politician, [[Bundestag|MP]] (2009–2013).<ref>[https://www.sueddeutsche.de/panorama/personen-karlsruhe-ehemaliger-bundestagsabgeordneter-heinz-golombeck-gestorben-dpa.urn-newsml-dpa-com-20090101-230804-99-696437 Ehemaliger Bundestagsabgeordneter Heinz Golombeck gestorben] {{in lang|de}}</ref>
*[[Fred W. Heard]], 82, American politician, member of the [[Oregon House of Representatives]] (1969–1972) and [[Oregon State Senate|Senate]] (1973–1983).<ref>[https://www.cityviewfh.com/obituaries.asp Fred W Heard]</ref>
*[[Alexander Kolker]], 90, Russian film composer (''[[Private Life of Kuzyayev Valentin]]'', ''[[Tomorrow, on April 3rd...]]'', ''[[Three Men in a Boat (1979 film)|Three Men in a Boat]]'').<ref>[https://www.fontanka.ru/2023/08/01/72556763/ В Петербурге умер композитор Александр Колкер] {{in lang|ru}}</ref>
*[[Howard Kunreuther]], 84, American economist.<ref>[https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/inquirer/name/howard-kunreuther-obituary?id=52622849 Howard Kunreuther]</ref>
*[[David Le Batard]], 50, American graphic artist (''[[Norwegian Getaway]]'').<ref>[https://www.local10.com/news/local/2023/08/01/miami-artist-lebo-dies/ Miami artist LEBO dies after struggle with illness]</ref>
*[[Tibor Lendvai]], 83, Hungarian Olympic cyclist ([[Cycling at the 1968 Summer Olympics – Men's track time trial|1968]]).<ref>[https://bringasport.hu/2023/08/01/elhunyt-lendvai-tibor-palyakerekparos/ Elhunyt Lendvai Tibor pályakerékpáros olimpikon] {{in lang|hu}}</ref>
*[[John Madigan (sportsperson, born 1946)|John Madigan]], 76, Irish hurler ([[Charleville GAA|Charleville]]) and rugby union player ([[UL Bohemians R.F.C.|UL Bohemians]], [[Munster Rugby|Munster]]).<ref>[https://rip.ie/death-notice/john-madigan-cork-charleville-525280 The death has occurred of John Madigan]</ref>
*[[Dom Minasi]], 80, American jazz guitarist, composer and music producer.<ref>[http://www.thejazzguitarlife.com/2023/08/01/dom-minasi-rip/ Dom Minasi – RIP]</ref>
*[[Williamson Murray]], 81, American historian.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2023/08/08/williamson-wick-murray-historian-dies/ Williamson Murray, military historian who peered beyond battles, dies at 81]</ref>
*[[Sheila Oliver]], 71, American politician, [[Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey|lieutenant governor of New Jersey]] (since 2018), member (2004–2018) and speaker (2010–2014) of the [[New Jersey General Assembly]].<ref>[https://newjerseyglobe.com/in-memoriam/lt-governor-sheila-oliver-dies-at-71/ Lt. Governor Sheila Oliver dies at 71]</ref>
*[[Gérard Pommier]], 81, French psychiatrist and psychoanalyst.<ref>[https://www.oedipe.org/annonces/20230803/deces-de-gerard-pommier Décès de Gérard Pommier] {{in lang|fr}}</ref>
*[[Robbie Shepherd]], 87, Scottish broadcaster ([[BBC Radio Scotland]]) and author.<ref>[https://www.pressandjournal.co.uk/fp/news/aberdeen-aberdeenshire/6006370/robbie-shepherd-died/ Legendary broadcaster, compere and Doric doyen Robbie Shepherd dies at 87]</ref>
*[[Mariana Sîrbu]], 73–75, Romanian violinist ([[I Musici]]) and professor ([[University of Music and Theatre Leipzig]]).<ref>[https://www.thestrad.com/news/violinist-mariana-sirbu-has-died/16826.article Violinist Mariana Sîrbu has died]</ref>
*[[R. Stewart Wood]], 89, American Episcopal clergyman, bishop of [[Episcopal Diocese of Michigan|Michigan]] (1990–2000).<ref>[https://livingchurch.org/2023/08/04/michigan-bishop-stewart-wood-jr-dies-at-89/ Michigan Bishop Stewart Wood Jr. Dies at 89]</ref>

===2===
*[[Charles Ayo]], 64, Nigerian academic administrator, vice chancellor of the [[Covenant University]] (2012–2016).<ref>[https://independent.ng/trinity-varsity-vc-prof-charles-ayo-passes-on/ Trinity Varsity VC, Prof Charles Ayo Passes On]</ref>
*[[Gerry Bermingham]], 82, British politician, [[House of Commons|MP]] (1983–2001).<ref>[https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/midlands-news/tributes-legendary-lawyer-former-mp-27486293 Tributes to legendary lawyer and former MP Gerry Bermingham who has died aged 82]</ref>
*[[Mark Birkinshaw]], 68–69, British physicist.<ref>[https://bristolastrosoc.org.uk/prof-mark-birkinshaw-vice-president-has-sadly-passed-away/ Prof. Mark Birkinshaw (Vice-President) has sadly passed away]</ref>
*[[Paul Brodeur]], 92, American journalist and writer.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2023/08/10/paul-brodeur-dead/ Paul Brodeur, journalist who exposed asbestos hazards, dies at 92]</ref>
*[[Shams Buneri]], 77, Pakistani poet.<ref>[https://www.dawn.com/news/1768160/progressive-poet-shams-buneri-dies-at-77 Progressive poet Shams Buneri dies at 77]</ref>
*[[Sherry Combs Johnson]], 84, American [[ProRodeo Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame]] rodeo barrel racer, complications from COPD.<ref>[https://www.prorodeo.com/news/2023/8/3/general-prorodeo-hall-of-famer-sherry-combs-johnson-passes-away ProRodeo Hall of Famer Sherry Combs Johnson passes away]</ref>
*[[Constance Darnowski]], 88, American Olympic hurdler ([[Athletics at the 1952 Summer Olympics|1952]], [[Athletics at the 1956 Summer Olympics – Women's 80 metres hurdles|1956]]).<ref>[https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/77798 Connie Darnowski]</ref>
*[[Élisabeth de Chimay]], 97, French-born Belgian princess and writer.<ref>[https://www.lavoixdunord.fr/1358726/article/2023-08-03/la-princesse-elisabeth-de-chimay-est-decedee-ce-mercredi-apres-midi-elle-avait La princesse Elisabeth de Chimay est décédée ce mercredi après-midi, elle avait 97 ans] {{in lang|fr}}</ref>
*[[Ward Demuyt]], 88, Belgian politician, [[Chamber of Representatives (Belgium)|MP]] (1991–1995).<ref>[https://www.focus-wtv.be/nieuws/oud-burgemeester-ward-demuyt-van-oostkamp-overleden Oud-burgemeester Ward Demuyt van Oostkamp overleden] {{in lang|nl}}</ref>
*[[Laurence Deonna]], 86, Swiss journalist.<ref>[https://www.letemps.ch/culture/laurence-deonna-la-force-de-la-colere Laurence Deonna, la force de la colère] {{in lang|fr}}</ref>
*[[Nitin Chandrakant Desai]], 57, Indian art director (''[[Lagaan]]'', ''[[1942: A Love Story]]'') and production designer (''[[Such a Long Journey (film)|Such a Long Journey]]''), suicide by hanging.<ref>[https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/art-director-nitin-desai-dies-by-suicide-at-nd-studio-in-karjat Art Director Nitin Desai Dies By Suicide At ND Studios In Karjat]</ref>
*[[Peter Dixon]], 79, English rugby union player ([[Harlequin F.C.|Harlequins]], [[England national rugby union team|national team]], [[British & Irish Lions|British Lions]]), brain cancer.<ref>[https://www.newcastlefalcons.co.uk/news/story/gosforth-england-and-lions-great-peter-dixon-passes-away Gosforth, England and Lions great Peter Dixon passes away]</ref>
*[[Pnina Gary]], 95, Israeli playwright and theatre director.<ref>[https://www.ynet.co.il/entertainment/article/bkbqq600ih אשת התיאטרון פנינה גרי הלכה לעולמה בגיל 95] {{in lang|he}}</ref>
*[[John Goto]], 74, British photographic artist.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2023/aug/18/john-goto-obituary John Goto obituary]</ref>
*[[Tom Kempinski]], 85, English playwright and actor (''[[The Damned (1963 film)|The Damned]]'', ''[[Moon Zero Two]]'', ''[[The McKenzie Break]]'').<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2023/aug/21/tom-kempinski-obituary Tom Kempinski obituary]</ref>
*[[Delano Lewis]], 84, American diplomat, [[List of ambassadors of the United States to South Africa|ambassador to South Africa]] (1999–2001).<ref>[http://www.lascrucesbulletin.com/stories/las-cruces-loses-another-icon-former-ambassador-delano-lewis-has-died,52162 Las Cruces loses another icon: Former ambassador Delano Lewis has died]</ref>
*[[Ramón Lobo]], 68, Spanish-Venezuelan journalist (''[[El País]]''), lung cancer.<ref>[https://www.elpais.com/cultura/2023-08-02/fallece-el-escritor-y-periodista-ramon-lobo-uno-de-los-grandes-corresponsales-de-guerra-espanoles.html Fallece el escritor y periodista Ramón Lobo, uno de los grandes corresponsales de guerra españoles] {{in lang|es}}</ref>
*[[Antonio Nitto]], 84, Italian Olympic speed skater ([[Speed skating at the 1960 Winter Olympics|1960]]).<ref>[https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/95873 Antonio Nitto]</ref>
*[[Mark E. Noennig]], 75, American politician.<ref>[https://www.michelottisawyers.com/obituary/Mark-Noennig Mark Edward Noennig]</ref>
*[[Ignacy Sachs]], 95, Polish economist.<ref>[https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/blogs/ambiencia/2023/08/morre-ignacy-sachs-pensador-do-ecodesenvolvimento-aos-96.shtml Morre Ignacy Sachs, pensador do ecodesenvolvimento, aos 96] {{in lang|pt}}</ref>
*[[Vincent Speranza]], 98, American World War II veteran.<ref>[https://www.sudinfo.be/id693478/article/2023-08-03/bastogne-vince-speranza-le-heros-de-guerre-decore-de-la-legion-dhonneur-est Bastogne: Vince Speranza, le héros de guerre décoré de la Légion d'honneur, est décédé] {{in lang|fr}}</ref>
*[[Tater Tot (cat)|Tater Tot]], 6 weeks, American Internet celebrity cat.<ref>[https://www.foxnews.com/lifestyle/inspirational-kitten-tater-tot-dies-charming-thousands-fans-worldwide Inspirational kitten Tater Tot dies after charming thousands of fans worldwide]</ref>
*[[Ignacas Stasys Uždavinys]], 88, Lithuanian mathematician and politician, [[Seimas|MP]] (1992–2000).<ref>[https://www.lrt.lt/naujienos/lietuvoje/2/2052689/mire-buves-seimo-narys-matematikas-ignacas-stasys-uzdavinys Mirė buvęs Seimo narys, matematikas Ignacas Stasys Uždavinys] {{in lang|lt}}</ref>
*[[Muhammad Naufal Zidan]], 19, Indonesian student, stabbed.<ref>[https://news.detik.com/berita/d-6861246/kronologi-lengkap-mahasiswa-ui-tewas-dibunuh-senior-di-kamar-kos Kronologi Lengkap Mahasiswa UI Tewas Dibunuh Senior di Kamar Kos] {{in lang|id}}</ref>

===3===
*[[Abu al-Hussein al-Husseini al-Qurashi]], Syrian militant, caliph of the [[Islamic State]] (since 2022).<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/8/3/isil-confirms-death-of-leader-abu-hussein-al-qurashi-names-successor ISIL confirms death of leader Abu Hussein al-Qurashi, names successor]</ref> (death announced on this date)
*[[James Barnes (murderer)|James Barnes]], 61, American convicted murderer, execution by lethal injection.<ref>[https://apnews.com/article/florida-execution-phillip-linda-barnes-patsy-miller-ddd049645a792429e70d15819074a164 Florida man who dropped appeals is executed for 1988 hammer killing of a nurse]</ref>
*[[Michael Boyd (theatre director)|Sir Michael Boyd]], 68, British theatre director, cancer.<ref>[https://www.rsc.org.uk/news/announcing-the-death-of-michael-boyd/ Announcing the death of Michael Boyd]</ref>
*[[Ijaz Butt]], 85, Pakistani cricket player ([[Pakistan national cricket team|national team]]) and administrator, chairman of the [[Pakistan Cricket Board]] (2008–2011).<ref>[https://www.aajenglish.tv/news/30329365/former-pcb-chairman-ijaz-butt-passes-away Former PCB chairman Ijaz Butt passes away]</ref>
*[[James Cafiero]], 94, American politician, member of the [[New Jersey General Assembly]] (1968–1972) and [[New Jersey Senate|Senate]] (1972–1982, 1990–2004).<ref>[https://ingersollgreenwoodfh.com/tribute/details/877/James-Cafiero/obituary.html James S. Cafiero]</ref>
*[[Walter Charles]], 78, American actor (''[[Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street]]'', ''[[Fletch Lives]]'', ''[[Prancer (film)|Prancer]]'').<ref>[https://playbill.com/article/broadway-veteran-walter-charles-dies-at-78 Broadway Veteran Walter Charles Dies at 78]</ref>
*[[Carl Davis]], 86, American-British composer (''[[The French Lieutenant's Woman (film)|The French Lieutenant's Woman]]'', ''[[Pride and Prejudice (1995 TV series)|Pride and Prejudice]]'', ''[[Paul McCartney's Liverpool Oratorio|Liverpool Oratorio]]'') and conductor, brain hemorrhage.<ref>[https://www.fabermusic.com/news/carl-davis-cbe-1936-202303082023 In Memoriam: Carl Davis CBE (1936–2023)]</ref>
*[[Sunil Dev]], 75, Indian cricketer ([[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]).<ref>[https://www.indiatvnews.com/sports/cricket/sunil-dev-manager-of-india-s-t20-wc-2007-winning-team-dies-at-75-all-you-need-to-know-about-him-2023-08-03-884589 Sunil Dev, manager of India's T20 WC 2007 winning team, dies at 75: All you need to know about him]</ref>
*[[Richard M. Goody]], 102, British-American atmospheric physicist.<ref>[https://www.peacefulalternatives.com/obituary/richard-goody Richard Mead Goody]</ref>
*[[Charles Hardy (eater)|Charles Hardy]], 57, American competitive eater, cancer.<ref>[https://majorleagueeating.com/articles/1038 Charles Hardy, Commissioner Of Major League Eating, Dies]</ref>
*[[Mohamed Shalleh Abdul Latiff]], 39, Singaporean drug smuggler, execution by hanging.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/8/3/singapore-hangs-third-person-for-drug-offences-in-little-over-a-week Singapore hangs third person for drug offences in little over a week]</ref>
*[[Nick Lowden]], 23, Australian [[Australian rules football|football]]er ([[Norwood Football Club|Norwood]]), suicide.<ref>[https://www.news.com.au/sport/afl/family-of-nick-lowden-reveal-frightening-change-before-his-tragic-death/news-story/acaf19d16d9e98c62379b83587f787ad Family of Nick Lowden reveal ‘frightening’ change before his tragic death]</ref>
*[[Namdeo Dhondo Mahanor]], 80, Indian poet.<ref>[https://www.punekarnews.in/pune-renowned-poet-n-d-mahanor-passes-away-in-pune/ Pune: Renowned Poet N D Mahanor Passes Away in Pune]</ref>
*[[Mark Margolis]], 83, American actor (''[[Breaking Bad]]'', ''[[Better Call Saul]]'', ''[[Pi (film)|Pi]]'').<ref>[https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/mark-margolis-dead-breaking-bad-better-call-saul-1235551107/ Mark Margolis, Actor on 'Breaking Bad' and 'Better Call Saul,' Dies at 83]</ref>
*[[Viktor Maslov (mathematician)|Viktor Maslov]], 93, Russian mathematical physicist ([[Maslov index]]).<ref>[https://www.hse.ru/our/news/850464253.html Умер Виктор Павлович Маслов] {{in lang|ru}}</ref>
*[[Bruno Mealli]], 85, Italian road racing cyclist.<ref>[https://www.quibicisport.it/2023/08/03/addio-a-bruno-mealli-aveva-85-anni-era-il-piu-vecchio-campione-italiano/ Addio a Bruno Mealli: aveva 85 anni, era il più vecchio campione italiano] {{in lang|it}}</ref>
*[[Irina Miroshnichenko]], 81, Russian actress (''[[Walking the Streets of Moscow]]'', ''[[Mission in Kabul]]'', ''[[Could One Imagine?]]'').<ref>[https://rtvi.com/news/umerla-aktrisa-irina-miroshnichenko/ Умерла актриса Ирина Мирошниченко] {{in lang|ru}}</ref>
*[[Bram Moolenaar]], 61–62, Dutch computer programmer ([[Vim (text editor)|Vim]]).<ref>[https://www.linuxadictos.com/en/murio-bram-moolenaar-creador-de-vim.html Bram Moolenaar, creator of Vim, has died]</ref>
*[[Bob Murdoch (ice hockey, born 1946)|Bob Murdoch]], 76, Canadian ice hockey player ([[Los Angeles Kings]], [[Montreal Canadiens]]) and coach ([[Winnipeg Jets (1972–1996)|Winnipeg Jets]]).<ref>[https://www.tsn.ca/nhl/stanley-cup-champion-and-jack-adams-award-winner-bob-murdoch-passes-away-at-76-1.1992347 Stanley Cup champion and Jack Adams Award winner Bob Murdoch passes away at 76]</ref>
*[[Gilles Perrault]], 92, French writer and journalist.<ref>[https://www.lunion.fr/id508849/article/2023-08-03/lecrivain-gilles-perrault-est-mort-lage-de-92-ans L'écrivain Gilles Perrault est mort à l'âge de 92 ans] {{in lang|fr}}</ref>
*[[Elvira Petrozzi]], 86, Italian Roman Catholic nun.<ref>[https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/255015/mother-elvira-who-shared-god-s-love-with-those-struggling-with-addiction-dies-at-86 Mother Elvira, who shared God's love with those struggling with addiction, dies at 86]</ref>
*[[W. A. Shishak]], 82, Indian jurist, chief justice of [[Chhattisgarh High Court|Chhattisgarh]] (2000–2002) and [[Himachal Pradesh High Court|Himachal Pradesh]] (2002–2003) high courts.<ref>[https://ukhrultimes.com/former-chief-justice-w-a-shishak-passes-away-at-82/ Former Chief Justice W A Shishak passes away at 82]</ref>
*[[Zygmunt Szweykowski (musicologist)|Zygmunt Szweykowski]], 94, Polish academic and musicologist.<ref>[https://ruchmuzyczny.pl/article/3440 Zygmunt Marian Szweykowski (1929–2023)] {{in lang|pl}}</ref>
*[[Melvin George Talbert]], 89, American Methodist bishop.<ref>[https://www.unitedmethodistbishops.org/newsdetail/bishop-melvin-george-talbert-dies-at-89-17527727 Bishop Melvin George Talbert dies at 89]</ref>
*[[Nechama Tec]], 92, Polish-American sociologist and writer.<ref>[https://www.timesofisrael.com/nechama-tec-holocaust-survivor-whose-book-inspired-the-film-defiance-dies-at-92/ Nechama Tec, Holocaust survivor whose book inspired the film ‘Defiance,’ dies at 92]</ref>
*[[Adrienne Vaughan]], 45, American publishing house executive, president of [[Bloomsbury Publishing|Bloomsbury USA]] (since 2021), boat collision.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/aug/04/bloomsbury-usa-president-dies-in-speedboat-collision-in-italy Bloomsbury USA president dies in speedboat collision in Italy]</ref>

===4===
*[[Michele Achilli]], 92, Italian politician, [[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|deputy]] (1967–1987), [[Senate of the Republic (Italy)|senator]] (1987–1992).<ref>[https://agenparl.eu/2023/08/05/comunicato-stampa-milano-lo-storico-leader-socialista-michele-achilli-si-e-spento-a-92-anni/ Comunicato stampa: Milano, lo storico leader socialista Michele Achilli si è spento a 92 anni] {{in lang|it}}</ref>
*[[Luis Alarcón]], 93, Chilean actor (''[[Jackal of Nahueltoro]]'', ''[[Julio comienza en julio]]'', ''[[Three Sad Tigers]]'').<ref>[https://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/espectaculos-y-tv/tv/2023/08/04/a-los-93-anos-fallecio-el-iconico-actor-de-teleseries-chilenas-luis-alarcon.shtml A los 93 años falleció el icónico actor de teleseries chilenas, Luis Alarcón] {{in lang|es}}</ref>
*[[Boniface Alexandre]], 87, Haitian politician, [[President of Haiti|provisional president]] (2004–2006).<ref>[https://haiti.loopnews.com/content/deces-de-boniface-alexandre-ancien-chef-de-letat-haitien-par-interim Décès de Boniface Alexandre, ancien président haïtien par intérim] {{in lang|fr}}</ref>
*[[Andreas Däscher]], 96, Swiss four-time Olympic ski jumper.<ref>[https://www.tagesanzeiger.ch/seine-technik-revolutionierte-das-skispringen-612915484866 Seine Technik revolutionierte das Skispringen] {{in lang|de}}</ref>
*[[Tudor Deliu]], 67, Moldovan politician, [[Parliament of Moldova|deputy]] (2009–2019).<ref>[https://www.zdg.md/stiri/politic/fostul-deputat-si-presedinte-al-pldm-tudor-deliu-a-decedat/ Fostul deputat și președinte al PLDM Tudor Deliu a decedat] {{in lang|ro}}</ref>
*[[Jango Edwards]], 73, American clown and comedian.<ref>[https://www.usanews.net/life-style/jango-edwards-clown-and-comedian-dies-at-73-h79852.html Jango Edwards, clown and comedian, dies at 73]</ref>
*[[Ray Enright (Canadian football)|Ray Enright]], 94, Canadian football player ([[Edmonton Eskimos]], [[BC Lions]]).<ref>[https://www.dignitymemorial.com/obituaries/kelowna-bc/raymond-enright-11396524 Raymond Leo Enright]</ref>
*[[Dalia Fadila]], 51, Israeli educationist, drowning.<ref>[https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/s1yrrh5i2 טרגדיה בהרצליה: טבעה למוות האישה הערבייה הראשונה שייסדה רשת חינוך] {{in lang|he}}</ref>
*[[John Gosling (The Kinks musician)|John Gosling]], 75, English keyboardist ([[The Kinks]]).<ref>[https://ultimateclassicrock.com/john-gosling-rip/ Ex-Kinks keyboardist John Gosling dead at 75]</ref>
*[[Daniel W. Herzog]], 82, American Episcopal clergyman, bishop of [[Episcopal Diocese of Albany|Albany]] (1998–2007), [[neurosarcoidosis]].<ref>[https://www.timesunion.com/news/article/former-albany-episcopal-bishop-opposed-gay-18283108.php Former Episcopal Diocese of Albany bishop, who left church over ordination of gay man, dies]</ref>
*[[Panna Kaiser]], 73, Bangladeshi politician, [[Jatiya Sangsad|MP]] (1996–2001).<ref>[https://www.jagonews24.com/en/national/news/69773 Ex-MP Panna Kaiser passes away]</ref>
*[[Rhoda Karpatkin]], 93, American lawyer and consumers rights activist, brain cancer.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2023/08/10/rhoda-karpatkin-consumer-reports-dead/ Rhoda Karpatkin, a driving force at Consumer Reports, dies at 93]</ref>
*[[Arthur Mauro]], 96, Canadian lawyer and businessman.<ref>[https://news.umanitoba.ca/um-community-mourns-arthur-v-mauro/ UM community mourns Arthur V. Mauro]</ref>
*[[Mikhail Nikolayev]], 85, Russian politician, [[president of the Sakha Republic]] (1991–2002), [[Federation Council (Russia)|senator]] (2002–2010).<ref>[https://tass.ru/obschestvo/18449867 Умер первый президент Якутии Михаил Николаев] {{in lang|ru}}</ref>
*[[Tane Norton]], 81, New Zealand rugby union player ([[Canterbury Rugby Football Union|Canterbury]], [[Māori All Blacks|New Zealand Māori]], [[New Zealand national rugby union team|national team]]).<ref>[https://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/former-all-blacks-great-tane-norton-passes-away/CMJLBMG7TRFYLMJFPT2MI2XSPE/ Former All Blacks great Tane Norton passes away]</ref>
*[[Colin O'Daly]], 70, Irish chef.<ref>[https://www.irishtimes.com/ireland/2023/08/06/tributes-paid-to-inspirational-chef-colin-odaly-who-has-died-aged-70/ Tributes paid to 'inspirational' chef Colin O'Daly who has died aged 70]</ref>
*[[Charles Ogletree]], 70, American attorney and law professor.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2023/08/04/charles-ogletree-dead/ Charles Ogletree, legal scholar who championed reparations, dies at 70]</ref>
*[[Edrissa Sanneh]], 72, Gambian-born Italian television personality and football journalist, complications from vasculitis.<ref>[https://www.repubblica.it/spettacoli/2023/08/04/news/morto_idris_giornalista_noto_per_quelli_che_il_calcio-410063719/ È morto il giornalista Idris Sanneh, tifoso della Juventus di 'Quelli che il calcio'] {{in lang|it}}</ref>
*[[Serhii Slabenko]], 57, Ukrainian politician, [[Verkhovna Rada|MP]] (2002–2006).<ref>[https://censor.net/ua/photo_news/3435758/v_hodi_boyiv_na_zaporizkomu_napryamku_zagynuv_kolyshniyi_deputat_sergiyi_slabenko_foto В ході боїв на Запорізькому напрямку загинув колишній депутат Сергій Слабенко] {{in lang|uk}}</ref>
*[[N. Vittal]], 85, Indian civil servant.<ref>[https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/architect-of-indias-it-sector-n-vittal-passes-away/article67158273.ece Architect of India's IT sector: N Vittal passes away]</ref>
*[[Eberhard Werner (theologian)|Eberhard Werner]], 57, German anthropologist.<ref>[https://trauer.gea.de/traueranzeige/eberhard-werner Eberhard Werner] {{in lang|de}}</ref>
*[[Carmen Xtravaganza]], 62, Spanish-born American model and singer, depicted in ''[[Paris Is Burning (film)|Paris is Burning]]'', lung cancer.<ref>[https://www.out.com/celebs/carmen-xtravaganza-obituary Paris Is Burning Icon Carmen Xtravaganza Passes Away At 62]</ref>
*[[Achyut Yagnik]], 77, Indian journalist, academic, and activist, cardiac arrest.<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/author-and-historian-achyut-yagnik-passes-away/article67158312.ece Author and historian Achyut Yagnik passes away]</ref>

===5===
*[[Walter Bortz II]], 93, American physician and author.<ref>[https://inmenlo.com/2023/08/15/dr-walter-bortz-ii-passes-away-at-age-93/ Dr. Walter Bortz II passes away at age 93]</ref>
*[[Hélène Carrère d'Encausse]], 94, French historian, [[European Parliament|MEP]] (1994–1999) and secretary of the [[Académie Française]] (since 1999).<ref>[https://www.lefigaro.fr/culture/deces-d-helene-carrere-d-encausse-premiere-femme-a-la-tete-de-l-academie-francaise-20230805 Décès d'Hélène Carrère d'Encausse, première femme à la tête de l'Académie française] {{in lang|fr}}</ref>
*[[Nermin Crnkić]], 30, Bosnian-American footballer ([[FK Tuzla City|Tuzla City]], [[FK Sarajevo|Sarajevo]], [[FK Jablonec|Jablonec]]), heart attack.<ref>[https://www.klix.ba/sport/nogomet/preminuo-nermin-crnkic-30-nekadasnji-nogometas-sarajeva-i-tuzla-cityja/230805024 Preminuo Nermin Crnkić (30), nekadašnji nogometaš Sarajeva i Tuzla Cityja] {{in lang|bs}}</ref>
*[[Philippe Curval]], 93, French journalist and science fiction writer.<ref>[https://actualitte.com/article/112917/auteurs/mort-de-philippe-curval-plus-qu-un-monsieur-de-la-sf-une-tronche Mort de Philippe Curval: plus qu'un Monsieur de la SF, une "Tronche"] {{in lang|fr}}</ref>
*[[Timothy Daunt|Sir Timothy Daunt]], 87, British diplomat, [[lieutenant governor of the Isle of Man]] (1995–2000).<ref>[https://www.energyfm.net/cms/news_story_793282.html Former Lieutenant Governor Sir Timothy Daunt has passed away]</ref>
*[[Julio Ferreyra]], 81, Argentine politician, [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|deputy]] (since 2019).<ref>[https://www.perfil.com/noticias/amp/actualidad/a-los-81-anos-fallecio-el-legislador-jujeno-julio-daniel-ferreyra.phtml A los 81 años, murió el diputado nacional por Jujuy Julio Daniel Ferreyra] {{in lang|es}}</ref>
*[[Gan Teik Chai]], 40, Malaysian badminton player, heart attack.<ref>[https://www.nst.com.my/sports/badminton/2023/08/939158/former-national-doubles-star-teik-chai-dies Former national doubles star Teik Chai dies]</ref>
*[[Shreyas Hareesh]], 13, Indian motorcycle racer, race crash.<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/sport/motorsport/young-rider-shreyas-hareesh-dies-in-racing-incident/article67163145.ece Young rider Shreyas Hareesh dies in racing incident]</ref>
*[[Bambi Harper]], 82, Filipino cultural writer, [[Intramuros Administration|administrator of Intramuros]] (2008–2010).<ref>[https://www.manilatimes.net/2023/08/05/news/former-intramuros-administrator-bambi-harper-dies/1904028/ Former Intramuros administrator Bambi Harper dies]</ref>
*[[Tristan Honsinger]], 73, American cellist.<ref>[https://jazzpages.de/rip-tristan-honsinger/ RIP Tristan Honsinger] {{in lang|de}}</ref>
*[[Leonid Kozik]], 75, Belarusian trade unionist, president of the [[Federation of Trade Unions of Belarus|FTUB]] (2002–2014).<ref>[https://www.1prof.by/news/obshhestvo-i-profsoyuzy/ushyol-iz-zhizni-leonid-kozik-belorusskij-gosudarstvennyj-i-profsoyuznyj-deyatel/ Ушёл из жизни Леонид Козик – белорусский государственный и профсоюзный деятель] {{in lang|be}}</ref>
*[[Slim Lehart]], 88, American country singer.<ref>[https://www.theintelligencer.net/obituaries/2023/08/slim-lehart/ Slim Lehart]</ref>
*[[James J. Lindsay]], 90, American general.<ref>[https://www.fayobserver.com/story/news/2023/08/06/gen-lindsay-former-leader-of-airborne-and-special-operations-dies-at-90/70498906007/ 'One of our greatest': U.S. Special Operations Command retired Gen. James Lindsay dies at 90]</ref>
*[[Giuseppe Montanari (cartoonist)|Giuseppe Montanari]], 86, Italian comic artist (''[[Dylan Dog]]'').<ref>[https://www.artribune.com/editoria/grafica-illustrazione/2023/08/muore-giuseppe-montanari-dylan-dog/ Muore Giuseppe Montanari, celebre disegnatore di Dylan Dog] {{in lang|it}}</ref>
*[[Toshio Moriuchi]], 86, Japanese author, pneumonia.<ref>[https://www.kobe-np.co.jp/news/zenkoku/obituaries/202308/0016697078.shtml 森内俊雄氏死去　作家] {{in lang|ja}}</ref>
*[[Dennis M. Nagy]], 80, American air force lieutenant.<ref>[https://www.moneyandking.com/obits/dennis-mark-nagy/ Dennis Mark Nagy]</ref>
*[[Nami Sano]], 36, Japanese manga artist (''[[Haven't You Heard? I'm Sakamoto]]''), cancer.<ref>[https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2023-08-16/havent-you-heard-im-sakamoto-creator-nami-sano-passes-away-at-36-due-to-cancer/.201304 'Haven't You Heard? I'm Sakamoto' Creator Nami Sano Passes Away at 36 Due to Cancer]</ref>
*[[Arthur Schmidt (film editor)|Arthur Schmidt]], 86, American film editor (''[[Back to the Future]]'', ''[[Who Framed Roger Rabbit]]'', ''[[Forrest Gump]]''), [[Academy Award for Best Film Editing|Oscar]] winner ([[61st Academy Awards|1988]], [[67th Academy Awards|1994]]).<ref>[https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/arthur-schmidt-dead-oscar-winner-film-editor-roger-rabbit-forrest-gump-1235557921/ Arthur Schmidt, Oscar-Winning Film Editor on ‘Who Framed Roger Rabbit’ and ‘Forrest Gump,’ Dies at 86]</ref>
*[[Helmut Siber]], 81, Austrian footballer ([[Kickers Offenbach]], [[WSG Tirol|WSG Wattens]], [[Austria national football team|national team]]).<ref>[https://www.bestattung-ebenbichler.at/sterbefall/helmut-siber/ Helmut Siber] {{in lang|de}}</ref>
*[[Herbert J. Siegel]], 95, American businessman.<ref>[https://www.thewrap.com/herbert-siegel-entertainment-industry-mogul-dead-dies-obit/ Herbert J. Siegel, Entertainment Industry Mogul, Dies at 95]</ref>
*[[Elton Veals]], 62, American football player ([[Pittsburgh Steelers]]).<ref>[https://obits.theadvocate.com/us/obituaries/theadvocate/name/elton-veals-sr-obituary?id=52697222 Elton Veals Sr.]</ref>

===6===
*[[Ahmed Anarbayev]], 75, Kyrgyz Olympic swimmer ([[Swimming at the 1968 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metre freestyle|1968]]).<ref>[https://24.kg/obschestvo/271885_skonchalsya_proslavlennyiy_plovets_uchastnik_olimpiyskih_igr_ahmed_anarbaev/ Скончался прославленный пловец, участник Олимпийских игр Ахмед Анарбаев] {{in lang|ru}}</ref>
*[[Gaddar]], 74, Indian poet and communist militant, lung and urinary infection.<ref>[https://www.siasat.com/telangana-poet-activist-gaddar-passes-away-at-apollo-hospitals-2660638/ Telangana: Poet activist Gaddar passes away at Apollo Hospitals]</ref>
*[[Ignazio Marcello Gallo]], 99, Italian jurist and politician, [[Senate of the Republic (Italy)|senator]] (1983–1992).<ref>[https://www.lastampa.it/torino/2023/08/06/news/morto_marcello_gallo-12984710/ Morto Marcello Gallo: il decano dei giuristi italiani aveva 99 anni] {{in lang|it}}</ref>
*[[Patrick Garland (judge)|Sir Patrick Garland]], 94, English judge.<ref>[https://www.middletemple.org.uk/news/memoriam-master-patrick-garland In Memoriam: Master Patrick Garland]</ref>
*[[Marcel André Joseph Gervais]], 91, Canadian Roman Catholic prelate, auxiliary bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of London|London]] (1980–1985), bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Sault Sainte Marie, Ontario|Sault Ste. Marie]] (1985–1989) and archbishop of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ottawa-Cornwall|Ottawa]] (1989–2007).<ref>[http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bgervais.html Archbishop Marcel André Joseph Gervais †]</ref>
*[[Gilles Gilbert]], 74, Canadian ice hockey player ([[Minnesota North Stars]], [[Boston Bruins]], [[Detroit Red Wings]]).<ref>[https://detroithockeynow.com/2023/08/06/former-red-wings-goaltender-gilbert-dies-at-74-played-detroit/ Former Red Wings Goaltender Gilbert Dies at 74]</ref>
*[[Yevgeny Golubovsky]], 86, Ukrainian journalist and culturologist.<ref>[https://www.mk.ru/culture/2023/08/06/umer-redaktor-odesskogo-almanakha-kotoryy-polveka-druzhil-so-zhvaneckim.html Умер редактор одесского альманаха, который полвека дружил со Жванецким] {{in lang|ru}}</ref>
*[[Harold Hyman]], 99, American historian.<ref>[https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/houstonchronicle/name/harold-hyman-obituary?id=52643506 Harold M. Hyman]</ref>
*[[Roger Kramer]], 84, American-born Canadian football player ([[Calgary Stampeders]], [[Ottawa Rough Riders]], [[Montreal Alouettes]]).<ref>[https://www.forevermissed.com/roger-allan-kramer/about Roger Allan Kramer]</ref>
*[[David LaFlamme]], 82, American singer and violinist ([[It's a Beautiful Day]]).<ref>[https://bestclassicbands.com/david-laflamme-obituary-8-8-23/ David LaFlamme, Leader of San Francisco’s It’s a Beautiful Day, Dies]</ref>
*[[Veniamin Mandrykin]], 41, Russian footballer ([[PFC CSKA Moscow|CSKA Moscow]], [[Russia national football team|national team]]), complications from a heart attack.<ref>[https://news.rambler.ru/incidents/51195613-pervyy-trener-veniamina-mandrykina-soobschil-o-smerti-eks-futbolista/ Первый тренер Вениамина Мандрыкина сообщил о смерти экс-футболиста] {{in lang|ru}}</ref>
*[[Harvey Meyerhoff]], 96, American businessman.<ref>[https://www.thebaltimorebanner.com/economy/nonprofit-philanthropy/harvey-bud-meyerhoff-baltimore-businessman-and-philanthropist-who-was-a-driving-force-behind-holocaust-museum-dies-at-96-INWIC7QR2NBBFC66RV44WXQ4AI/ Harvey 'Bud' Meyerhoff, Baltimore businessman and philanthropist who was a driving force behind Holocaust museum, dies at 96]</ref>
*[[Roger Pirenne]], 88, Belgian Roman Catholic prelate, bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Batouri|Batouri]] (1994–1999) and archbishop of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bertoua|Bertoua]] (1999–2009).<ref>[https://camerounactuel.com/deces-de-mgr-roger-pirenne-leglise-catholique-romaine-du-cameroun-en-deuil/ Décès de Mgr Roger Pirenne: l'église catholique romaine du Cameroun en deuil] {{in lang|fr}}</ref>
*[[Mohammad Rafiq (poet)|Mohammad Rafiq]], 79, Bangladeshi poet.<ref>[https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/sl4gkuwnlr কবি মোহাম্মদ রফিক মারা গেছেন] {{in lang|bn}}</ref>
*[[Kristján Þorvaldsson]], 61, Icelandic journalist.<ref>[https://www.visir.is/g/20232447863d/kristjan-thorvaldsson-er-latinn Kristján Þorvaldsson er látinn] {{in lang|is}}</ref>
*[[Ingrid Schmidt]], 78, German swimmer, Olympic bronze medallist ([[Swimming at the 1960 Summer Olympics – Women's 4 × 100 metre medley relay|1960]]).<ref>[https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/47529 Ingrid Schmidt]</ref>
*[[Louis Tillett]], 64, Australian singer and musician.<ref>[https://themusic.com.au/news/aussie-rock-singer-louis-tillett-passes-away-aged-64/BjK0GBsaHRw/14-08-23 Aussie Rock Singer Louis Tillett Passes Away, Aged 64]</ref>
*[[Johannes Tomana]], 55, Zimbabwean lawyer and diplomat, [[Attorney-General of Zimbabwe|attorney-general]] (2008–2017).<ref>[https://zimseen.com/breakingzimbabwes-ambassador-to-drc-johannes-thomas-dies/ Zimbabwe's Ambassador To DRC Johannes Tomana Dies]</ref>
*[[Elizabeth Webby]], 81, Australian literary critic.<ref>[https://www.austlit.edu.au/austlit/page/A6186 Elizabeth Webby]</ref>

===7===
*[[Zenon Andrusyshyn]], 76, German-born Canadian football player ([[Toronto Argonauts]], [[Kansas City Chiefs]], [[Tampa Bay Bandits]]).<ref>[https://www.tsn.ca/cfl/longtime-toronto-argonauts-kicker-punter-zenon-andrusyshyn-dead-at-76-1.1993654 Argos great Andrusyshyn dead at 76]</ref>
*[[Aracy Balabanian]], 83, Brazilian actress (''[[Rainha da Sucata]]'', ''[[A Próxima Vítima]]'', ''[[Sai de Baixo]]'').<ref>[https://g1.globo.com/rj/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/2023/08/07/aracy-balabanian-morre-no-rio.ghtml Aracy Balabanian morre no Rio aos 83 anos] {{in lang|pt}}</ref>
*[[Gillian Bibby]], 77, New Zealand composer, pianist, and music teacher.<ref>[https://www.tributes.co.nz/ViewMyTribute.aspx?id=19649 In memory of Gillian Bibby MNZM]</ref>
*[[Jean-Louis Cohen]], 74, French architect and architectural historian.<ref>[https://www.archpaper.com/2023/08/world-renowned-architecture-professor-jean-louis-cohen-dies-at-74/ 1949–2023 World-renowned architecture professor Jean-Louis Cohen dies at 74]</ref>
*[[Vera Dedanwala]], 80, German politician, member of the [[Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia]] (1990–2005).<ref>[https://www.wuppertaler-rundschau.de/lokales/wuppertaler-spd-politikerin-vera-dedanwala-verstorben_aid-95297081 Vera Dedanwala verstorben] {{in lang|de}}</ref>
*[[DJ Casper]], 58, American DJ and songwriter ("[[Cha Cha Slide]]"), kidney and liver cancer.<ref>[https://www.cbsnews.com/chicago/news/dj-casper-cha-cha-slide-dies/ Chicago native DJ Capser, creator of the "Cha-Cha Slide," has died]</ref>
*[[Nidhi Eoseewong]], 83, Thai historian, lung cancer.<ref>[https://www.pptvhd36.com/news/สังคม/202714 อาลัย! "นิธิ เอียวศรีวงศ์" นักคิด-นักเขียนด้านประวัติศาสตร์ เสียชีวิต] {{in lang|th}}</ref>
*[[Roland Freeman]], 87, American photographer.<ref>[https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/speed-art-museum-outdoors-roland-freeman-dead-morning-links-1234677284/ Speed Art Museum Plans Sculpture Park, Photographer Roland Freeman Dies at 87]</ref>
*[[William Friedkin]], 87, American film director (''[[The French Connection (film)|The French Connection]]'', ''[[The Exorcist]]'', ''[[To Live and Die in L.A. (film)|To Live and Die in L.A.]]''), [[Academy Award for Best Director|Oscar]] winner ([[44th Academy Awards|1971]]), heart failure and pneumonia.<ref>[https://variety.com/2023/film/news/william-friedkin-dead-the-exorcist-1235689676/ William Friedkin, ‘The Exorcist’ Director, Dies at 87]</ref>
*[[Mirko Giansanti]], 46, Italian motorcycle road racer.<ref>[https://www.fanpage.it/sport/motori/e-morto-mirko-giansanti-lex-pilota-aveva-46-anni-lutto-nel-mondo-del-motociclismo-italiano/ È morto Mirko Giansanti, l’ex pilota aveva 46 anni: lutto nel mondo del motociclismo italiano] {{in lang|it}}</ref>
*[[Robert Giles]], 90, American newspaper editor and publisher (''[[The Detroit News]]''), metastatic melanoma.<ref>[https://eu.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/2023/08/07/robert-giles-former-editor-of-the-detroit-news-dies-at-90/70545576007/ Robert Giles, former editor of The Detroit News, dies at 90]</ref>
*[[Kostis Gimossoulis]], 63, Greek poet and novelist.<ref>[https://www.lifo.gr/now/entertainment/pethane-o-poiitis-kai-pezografos-kostis-gkimosoylis Πέθανε ο ποιητής και πεζογράφος Κωστής Γκιμοσούλης] {{in lang|el}}</ref>
*[[Michalis Katsouris]], 29, Greek man, stabbed.<ref>[https://apnews.com/article/greece-dinamo-croatia-soccer-aek-football-violence-a9d2091bb4702e028d772345beba837e Funeral held for fan killed in Athens attack. UEFA President Ceferin to meet Greek PM]</ref>
*[[Erkin Koray]], 82, Turkish singer-songwriter and guitarist.<ref>[https://www.dailysabah.com/arts/music/turkish-rock-legend-erkin-koray-dies-at-age-of-82 Turkish rock legend Erkin Koray dies at age of 82]</ref>
*[[Toussaint McCall]], 89, American R&B singer.<ref>[https://www.kedm.org/kedm-news/2023-08-08/monroe-musician-toussaint-mccall-dies-at-89 NELA musician Toussaint McCall dead at 89]</ref>
*[[Ambareesh Murty]], 51, Indian entrepreneur and business executive ([[Pepperfry]]), cardiac arrest.<ref>[https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/pepperfry-ceo-ambareesh-murty-dies-aged-51-due-to-cardiac-arrest-533287 Pepperfry CEO Ambareesh Murty dies of cardiac arrest at 51]</ref>
*[[Taiwo Odukoya]], 67, Nigerian Pentecostal pastor.<ref>[https://www.channelstv.com/2023/08/08/just-in-pastor-taiwo-odukoya-dies-at-67/ Pastor Taiwo Odukoya Dies At 67]</ref>
*[[Jim Price (catcher)|Jim Price]], 81, American baseball player and sportscaster ([[Detroit Tigers]]), [[World Series]] champion ([[1968 World Series|1968]]).<ref>[https://www.mlive.com/tigers/2023/08/longtime-tigers-broadcaster-passes-away-at-81.html Longtime Tigers broadcaster Jim Price passes away at 81]</ref>
*[[Margit Saad]], 94, German actress (''[[Three Birch Trees on the Heath]]'', ''[[The Criminal (1960 film)|The Criminal]]'', ''[[The Magnificent Two]]'').<ref>[https://www.t-online.de/unterhaltung/stars/id_100221510/margit-saad-ist-tot-trauer-um-die-schauspielerin-und-regisseurin.html Schauspielerin Margit Saad ist tot] {{in lang|de}}</ref>
*[[Bohdan Seniuk]], 22, Ukrainian soldier.<ref>[https://novynarnia.com/2023/08/15/pid-chas-operacziyi-na-livomu-berezi-dnipra-zagynuv-22-richnyj-bogdan-senyuk-plastun-i-speczpryznachenecz/ Під час операції на лівому березі Дніпра загинув 22-річний Богдан Сенюк – пластун і спецпризначенець] {{in lang|uk}}</ref>
*[[Mahbanoo Tata]], 81, Indian-born Iranian statistician.<ref>[https://en.irna.ir/news/85193320/Mother-of-Statistics-of-Iran-laid-to-rest-in-Kerman Mother of Statistics of Iran laid to rest in Kerman]</ref>
*[[Gérard Toulouse]], 83, French theoretical physicist.<ref>[https://carnetdujour.lefigaro.fr/deces/annonces/460101379/ Gérard Toulouse] {{in lang|fr}}</ref>
*[[Mario Tronti]], 92, Italian philosopher and politician, [[Senate of the Republic (Italy)|senator]] (1992–1994, 2013–2018).<ref>[https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2023/08/07/news/mario_tronti_morto_politico_92_anni-410335343/ È morto a 92 anni Mario Tronti, politico e filosofo] {{in lang|it}}</ref>
*[[Aimo Vartiainen]], 96, Finnish Olympic alpine skier ([[Alpine skiing at the 1948 Winter Olympics|1948]]).<ref>[https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/98579 Aimo Vartiainen]</ref>
*[[Nobel Vega]], 92, Cuban actor and children's television presenter.<ref>[https://www.elnuevodia.com/entretenimiento/television/notas/fallece-nobel-vega-quien-hizo-el-famoso-personaje-infantil-tio-nobel/ Fallece Nobel Vega, quien hizo el famoso personaje infantil “Tío Nobel”] {{in lang|es}}</ref>
*[[Leigh Verstraete]], 61, Canadian ice hockey player ([[Toronto Maple Leafs]]).<ref>[https://www.evanjstrong.com/obituary/Leigh-Verstraete Leigh Owen Verstraete]</ref>
*[[Joggie Viljoen (rugby union, born 1945)|Joggie Viljoen]], 78, South African rugby union player ([[Griquas (rugby union)|Griquas]], [[Eastern Province Elephants]], [[South Africa national rugby union team|national team]]).<ref>[https://www.thesouthafrican.com/sport/rugby/springboks/springbok-joggie-viljoen-dies-aged-78-breaking-rip-12-august-2023/ Springbok Joggie Viljoen dies aged 78]</ref>
*[[Leonid Volodarskiy]], 73, Russian translator, writer and radio presenter.<ref>[https://rg.ru/2023/08/08/umer-leonid-volodarskij.html Умер Леонид Володарский] {{in lang|ru}}</ref>

===8===
*[[Ask Victor More]], 4, Japanese Thoroughbred racehorse, winner of the [[Kikuka-shō]] (2022), heat stroke.<ref>[https://www.sanspo.com/race/article/general/20230809-C3EYV6IS3VJV5JTMI5Y5YWBTPQ/ 昨年の菊花賞馬アスクビクターモアが死す　熱中症による多臓器不全] {{in lang|ja}}</ref>
*[[Federico Bahamontes]], 95, Spanish road racing cyclist, [[Tour de France]] winner ([[1959 Tour de France|1959]]).<ref>[https://euroweeklynews.com/2023/08/08/legendary-spanish-cyclist-federico-bahamontes-dies/ Legendary Spanish Cyclist Federico Bahamontes Dies]</ref>
*[[Yuliya Borisova]], 98, Russian actress (''[[The Ambassador of the Soviet Union]]'', ''[[The Idiot (1958 film)|The Idiot]]'').<ref>[https://vakhtangov.ru/news/skonchalas-yuliya-borisova/ Ушла из жизни Юлия Борисова] {{in lang|ru}}</ref>
*[[John Bradbury, 3rd Baron Bradbury]], 83, British aristocrat, member of the [[House of Lords]] (1994–1999).<ref>[https://announcements.telegraph.co.uk/marketplace/advert/bradbury-notices_52974 Bradbury]</ref>
*[[Rogelio Canches]], 69, Peruvian politician, [[Congress of the Republic of Peru|deputy]] (2011–2016).<ref>[https://elcomercio.pe/politica/congreso/rogelio-canches-fallece-expresidente-regional-del-callao-y-excongresista-confirma-patricia-chirinos-ultimas-noticia/ Fallece Rogelio Canches, expresidente regional del Callao y excongresista, confirma Patricia Chirinos] {{in lang|es}}</ref>
*[[Julio Capote]], 90, Cuban actor (''[[The White Rose (1954 film)|The White Rose]]'', ''[[Cara sucia (TV series)|Cara sucia]]'', ''[[Gata Salvaje]]'').<ref>[https://peopleenespanol.com/celebridades/muere-actor-julio-capote/ Muere Julio Capote, primer actor de telenovelas como La Usurpadora o La Doña] {{in lang|es}}</ref>
*[[Bryan Cassidy]], 89, British politician, [[Member of the European Parliament|MEP]] (1984–1999).<ref>[https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/births-marriages-and-deaths-august-15-2023-csgjwmzws Cassidy] {{paywall}}</ref>
*[[Dorothy Casterline]], 96, American linguist.<ref>[https://www.dignitymemorial.com/obituaries/irmo-sc/dorothy-casterline-11402674 Dorothy "Dot" Casterline]</ref>
*[[Martin Diño]], 66, Filipino politician, chairman and administrator of the [[Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority]] (2016–2017), lung cancer.<ref>[https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1814070/dino-who-helped-pave-way-for-duterte-presidency-dies-at-66 Diño, who helped pave way for Duterte presidency, dies at 66]</ref>
*[[Goodall Gondwe]], 86, Malawian economist, [[Minister of Finance (Malawi)|minister of finance]] (2004–2009, 2014–2019).<ref>[https://malawi24.com/2023/08/09/breaking-former-malawi-finance-minister-goodall-gondwe-has-passed-away/ Former Malawi Finance Minister Goodall Gondwe has passed away]</ref>
*[[Johnny Hardwick]], 64, American voice actor and television writer (''[[King of the Hill]]''), [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program|Emmy]] winner ([[51st Primetime Emmy Awards|1999]]).<ref>[https://deadline.com/2023/08/johnny-hardwick-dead-king-of-the-hill-1235459599/ Johnny Hardwick Dies: ‘King Of The Hill’ Dale Gribble Voice Actor Was 64]</ref>
*[[Dušan Kaprálik]], 75, Slovak actor ([[The Teacher (2016 film)|''The Teacher'']], ''[[Old-Timers]]'').<ref>[https://www.tyzden.sk/kultura/98995/zomrel-divadelny-a-filmovy-herec-reziser-i-pedagog-dusan-kapralik/ Zomrel divadelný a filmový herec, režisér i pedagóg Dušan Kaprálik] {{in lang|sk}}</ref>
*[[Gaston Ouassénan Koné]], 84, Ivorian general and politician.<ref>[https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20230809-côte-d-ivoire-décès-du-général-gaston-ouassénan-koné-vice-président-du-pdci Côte d'Ivoire: décès du général Gaston Ouassénan Koné, vice-président du PDCI] {{in lang|fr}}</ref>
*[[Ian G. Macdonald]], 94, British mathematician.<ref>[https://www.cecam.org/news-details/ian-mcdonald-1938-2020 Ian McDonald 1938-2020]</ref>
*[[Luis Alberto Parra Mora]], 79, Colombian Roman Catholic prelate, bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Mocoa–Sibundoy|Mocoa–Sibundoy]] (2003–2014).<ref>[http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bpamo.html Bishop Luis Alberto Parra Mora †]</ref>
*[[Daniel Naatehn]], Liberian politician, [[Senate of Liberia|senator]] (2005–2011, since 2014).<ref>[https://smartnewsliberia.com/alternative-national-congress-chairman-senator-daniel-naatehn-is-dead/ Alternative National Congress Chairman Senator Daniel Naatehn is dead]</ref>
*[[Jamie Reid]], 76, British visual artist ([[Sex Pistols]]) and anarchist.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-66450958 Jamie Reid: Punk artist behind Sex Pistols record covers dies at 76]</ref>
*[[Sixto Rodriguez]], 81, American singer-songwriter ("[[Sugar Man (song)|Sugar Man]]"), subject of ''[[Searching for Sugar Man]]''.<ref>[https://www.fox2detroit.com/news/sixto-rodriguez-detroit-born-musician-and-subject-of-searching-for-sugar-man-documentary-dies-at-81 Sixto Rodriguez, Detroit-born musician and subject of 'Searching for Sugar Man' documentary, dies at 81]</ref>
*[[Siddique (director)|Siddique]], 69, Indian film director (''[[Ramji Rao Speaking]]'', ''[[Big Brother (2020 film)|Big Brother]]''), screenwriter (''[[Pappan Priyappetta Pappan]]''), and actor, heart attack.<ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/malayalam-director-siddique-dies-of-heart-attack-2418162-2023-08-08 Malayalam director Siddique dies after suffering a heart attack]</ref>
*[[Shelley Smith (actress)|Shelley Smith]], 70, American model and actress (''[[The Associates (American TV series)|The Associates]]''), cardiac arrest.<ref>[https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/shelley-smith-dead-model-turned-actress-1235562340/ Shelley Smith, Super Model Turned Actress, Dies at 70]</ref>
*[[Vera Vasilyeva]], 97, Russian actress (''[[Ballad of Siberia]]'', ''[[Bride with a Dowry]]'', ''[[Adventures of a Dentist]]'').<ref>[https://iz.ru/1558131/2023-08-12/narodnuiu-artistku-sssr-veru-vasilevu-pokhoronili-na-novodevichem-kladbishche Народную артистку СССР Веру Васильеву похоронили на Новодевичьем кладбище] {{in lang|ru}}</ref>

===9===
*[[Dionys Baeriswyl]], 79, Swiss theoretical physicist, cancer.<ref>[https://www.cdnbqs.uevora.pt/Web-2023/webpage/In_memoriam.php In Memoriam - Dionys Baeriswyl]</ref>
*[[Polali Jayarama Bhat]], 71, Indian banker, CEO of [[Karnataka Bank]] (2009–2015).<ref>[https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1108367 Mangaluru: P Jayaram Bhat, former chairman of Karnataka Bank passes away]</ref>
*[[María Cangá]], 60, Ecuadorian Olympic judoka ([[Judo at the 1992 Summer Olympics – Women's 72 kg|1992]]).<ref>[https://www.expreso.ec/deportes/maria-canga-muere-exjudoca-abanderada-ecuador-barcelona-1992-169351.html María Cangá: Muere la exjudoca y abanderada de Ecuador en Barcelona 1992] {{in lang|es}}</ref>
*[[John Coddington]], 85, English footballer ([[Huddersfield Town A.F.C.|Huddersfield Town]], [[Blackburn Rovers F.C.|Blackburn Rovers]], [[Stockport County F.C.|Stockport County]]).<ref>[https://www.htafc.com/news/2023/august/john-coddington-1937--2023/ John Coddington: 1937–2023]</ref>
*[[Sean Dawkins]], 52, American football player ([[Indianapolis Colts]], [[New Orleans Saints]], [[Seattle Seahawks]]).<ref>[https://www.sfgate.com/collegesports/article/sean-dawkins-dead-52-obituary-18290596.php Sean Dawkins, Cal Hall of Famer, dead at 52]</ref>
*[[Ita Ever]], 92, Estonian actress (''[[Secret of the Blackbirds]]'', ''[[Vana daami visiit]]'').<ref>[https://bublik.delfi.ee/statja/120222774/skonchalas-legendarnaya-estonskaya-aktrisa-ita-ever Скончалась легендарная эстонская актриса Ита Эвер] {{in lang|ru}}</ref>
*[[Aderbal Freire Filho]], 82, Brazilian actor (''[[Dupla Identidade]]''), theatrical director and television presenter.<ref>[https://g1.globo.com/rj/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/2023/08/09/aderbal-freire-filho-morre-no-rio.ghtml Aderbal Freire-Filho, diretor de teatro, ator e apresentador, morre aos 82 anos no Rio] {{in lang|pt}}</ref>
*[[Peppino Gagliardi]], 83, Italian singer.<ref>[https://www.napolitoday.it/cronaca/morto-peppino-gagliardi.html Lutto nel mondo della musica: addio a Peppino Gagliardi] {{in lang|it}}</ref>
*[[Joseph Ganda (bishop)|Joseph Ganda]], 91, Sierra Leonean Roman Catholic prelate, bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kenema|Kenema]] (1970–1980) and archbishop of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Freetown|Freetown]] (1980–2007).<ref>[https://www.aciafrica.org/news/8848/first-catholic-priest-in-sierra-leone-and-pioneer-native-bishop-dies-aged-90 First Catholic Priest in Sierra Leone and Pioneer Native Bishop Dies Aged 90]</ref>
*[[Miha Halzer]], 38, Slovenian [[cross-country eliminator]] cyclist.<ref>[https://www.zurnal24.si/sport/kolesarstvo/pri-komaj-38-letih-nas-je-zapustil-eden-najuspesnejsih-nasih-kolesarjev-410323 Pri komaj 38 letih nas je zapustil eden naših najuspešnejših kolesarjev] {{in lang|sl}}</ref>
*[[Doreen Mantle]], 97, South African-born British actress (''[[One Foot in the Grave]]'', ''[[Jam & Jerusalem]]'', ''[[Yentl (film)|Yentl]]'').<ref>[https://news.sky.com/story/doreen-mantle-one-foot-in-the-grave-actress-dies-aged-97-12936833 Doreen Mantle: One Foot In The Grave actress dies aged 97]</ref>
*[[Brice Marden]], 84, American painter.<ref>[https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/brice-marden-painter-dead-1234676826/ Brice Marden, Painter Who Redefined Abstraction, Dies at 84]</ref>
*[[Aleksandar Matanović]], 93, Serbian chess grandmaster, co-founder of [[Chess Informant]].<ref>[https://www.danas.rs/sport/preminuo-aleksandar-matanovic-simbol-zlatnog-doba-naseg-saha/ Preminuo Aleksandar Matanović, simbol zlatnog doba našeg šaha] {{in lang|sr}}</ref>
*[[Art McRory]], Irish Gaelic football manager ([[Tyrone county football team|Tyrone]]).<ref>[https://www.irishexaminer.com/sport/gaa/arid-41201173.html Former Tyrone manager Art McRory passes away ]</ref>
*[[Hari Narke]], 60, Indian scholar, heart attack.<ref>[https://marathi.abplive.com/news/maharashtra/hari-narke-passed-away-in-pune-hari-narke-death-1199650 Hari Narke Passed Away: पुरोगामी चळवळीचा आधारवड हरपला, ज्येष्ठ लेखक, विचारवंत प्रा. हरी नरके यांचे निधन] {{in lang|mr}}</ref>
*[[Harrij Notenboom]], 96, Dutch politician, [[House of Representatives (Netherlands)|MP]] (1963–1979) and [[European Parliament|MEP]] (1971–1984).<ref>[https://www.parlement.com/id/vm5knqitgjy5/nieuws/oud_kvp_en_cda_parlementarier_harry Oud-KVP en -CDA-parlementariër Harry Notenboom overleden] {{in lang|nl}}</ref>
*[[Craig DeLeeuw Robertson]], 75, American firearms collector, shot.<ref>[https://apnews.com/article/utah-biden-fbi-assassination-threat-ba3cc1d3b2f6cca8bd429febdcf04219 Utah man suspected of threatening President Joe Biden shot and killed as FBI served warrant]</ref>
*[[Robbie Robertson]], 80, Canadian [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame]] musician ([[The Band]]), songwriter ("[[The Weight]]") and film composer (''[[The Color of Money]]''), prostate cancer.<ref>[https://variety.com/2023/music/news/robbie-robertson-dead-the-band-1235692172/ Robbie Robertson, Leader of The Band, Dies at 80]</ref>
*[[Daya Sahabandu]], 83, Sri Lankan cricketer ([[Nomads Sports Club|Nomads]], [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|national team]]), pneumonia.<ref>[https://www.ft.lk/sports/Greatest-left-arm-spinner-of-pre-Test-era-Daya-Sahabandu-no-more/23-751723 Greatest left-arm spinner of pre-Test era Daya Sahabandu no more]</ref>
*[[Hugh Segal]], 72, Canadian academic and politician, [[Senate of Canada|senator]] (2005–2014) and [[Chief of Staff to the Prime Minister (Canada)|chief of staff to the prime minister]] (1992–1993).<ref>[https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/hugh-segal-obit-1.6932416 Hugh Segal, former senator and chief of staff to PM Mulroney, dead at 72]</ref>
*[[Philip Sherman (cantor)|Philip Sherman]], 67, American rabbi and [[mohel]], pancreatic cancer.<ref>[https://www.jta.org/2023/08/10/obituaries/philip-sherman-cantor-actor-and-busiest-mohel-in-new-york-dies-at-67 Cantor Philip Sherman, the 'busiest mohel in New York,' dies at 67]</ref>
*[[Robert Swan (actor)|Robert Swan]], 78, American actor (''[[Hoosiers (film)|Hoosiers]]'', ''[[Natural Born Killers]]'', ''[[Backdraft (film)|Backdraft]]''), liver cancer.<ref>[https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/robert-swan-dead-hoosiers-rudy-babe-1235559720/ Robert Swan, Actor in ‘Hoosiers,’ ‘Rudy’ and ‘The Babe,’ Dies at 78]</ref>
*[[Véronique Trillet-Lenoir]], 66, French oncologist and politician, [[European Parliament|MEP]] (since 2019).<ref>[https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2023/08/09/mort-de-l-eurodeputee-francaise-veronique-trillet-lenoir_6184964_3382.html Mort de l’eurodéputée française Véronique Trillet-Lenoir] {{in lang|fr}}</ref>
*[[Fernando Villavicencio]], 59, Ecuadorian journalist and politician, [[National Assembly (Ecuador)|deputy]] (2021–2023) and [[2023 Ecuadorian general election|2023 presidential candidate]], [[Assassination of Fernando Villavicencio|shot]].<ref>[https://www.primicias.ec/noticias/elecciones-presidenciales-2023/reportan-balacera-evento-fernando-villavicencio/ El presidenciable Fernando Villavicencio fue asesinado en Quito] {{in lang|es}}</ref>
*[[Brian Walsh (footballer, born 1951)|Brian Walsh]], 72, Australian footballer ([[Carlton Football Club|Carlton]], [[Essendon Football Club|Essendon]]).<ref>[https://www.carltonfc.com.au/news/1400595/blues-bendigo-goalsneak-brian-walsh-passes Blues' Bendigo goalsneak Brian Walsh passes]</ref>

===10===
*[[Robert Arevalo]], 85, Filipino actor (''[[The Moises Padilla Story]]'', ''[[Only the Brave Know Hell]]'', ''[[Fuchsia (film)|Fuchsia]]'').<ref>[https://www.rappler.com/entertainment/celebrities/veteran-actor-robert-arevalo-dies/ Veteran actor Robert Arevalo dies at 85]</ref>
*[[Patricia Bragg]], 94, American businesswoman, author, and health consultant.<ref>[https://keyt.com/news/santa-barbara-s-county/2023/08/10/patricia-bragg-health-and-wellness-icon-dies-at-age-94-in-her-goleta-home/ Patricia Bragg, health and wellness icon, dies at age 94 in her Goleta home]</ref>
*[[Cesare Cipollini]], 64, Italian Olympic cyclist ([[Cycling at the 1976 Summer Olympics – Men's team pursuit|1976]]).<ref>[https://news.italy24.press/sports/767969.html Cycling says goodbye to Cesare Cipollini]</ref>
*[[Daniel (Nushiro)|Daniel]], 84, Japanese Orthodox clergyman, primate of the [[Orthodox Church in Japan]] (since 2000).<ref>[https://vm.ru/news/1071860-mitropolit-tokijskij-i-vseya-yaponii-daniil-skonchalsya-v-84-goda Умер митрополит Токийский и всея Японии Даниил] {{in lang|ru}}</ref>
*[[Henry Dickerson]], 71, American basketball player ([[Detroit Pistons]], [[Atlanta Hawks]]) and coach ([[Chattanooga Mocs men's basketball|Chattanooga Mocs]]).<ref>[https://www.timesfreepress.com/news/2023/aug/11/former-utc-mens-basketball-coach-henry-dickerson/ Former UTC men’s basketball coach Henry Dickerson dies at 71]</ref>
*[[Jalila Hafsia]], 95, Tunisian writer.<ref>[https://www.businessnews.com.tn/deces-de-jalila-hafsia,520,131137,3 Décès de Jalila Hafsia] {{in lang|fr}}</ref>
*[[José Vicente Huertas Vargas]], 83, Colombian Roman Catholic prelate, bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Garagoa|Garagoa]] (2000–2017).<ref>[http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bhuev.html Bishop José Vicente Huertas Vargas †]</ref>
*[[Alec Jackson (footballer, born 1937)|Alec Jackson]], 86, English footballer ([[West Bromwich Albion F.C.|West Bromwich Albion]], [[Birmingham City F.C.|Birmingham City]], [[Walsall F.C.|Walsall]]).<ref>[https://www.expressandstar.com/sport/football/west-bromwich-albion/2023/08/10/tributes-paid-to-former-west-brom-and-walsall-winger-alec-jackson/ Tributes paid to former West Brom and Walsall winger Alec Jackson]</ref>
*[[Antonella Lualdi]], 92, Italian actress (''[[Miracle in Viggiù]]'', ''[[Wild Love (film)|Wild Love]]'', ''[[Un caso di coscienza]]'') and singer.<ref>[https://www.repubblica.it/spettacoli/people/2023/08/10/news/e_morta_antonella_lualdi_lattrice_aveva_92_anni-410650690/ È morta Antonella Lualdi, l’attrice aveva 92 anni] {{in lang|it}}</ref>
*[[Vlad Marcoci]], 55, Romanian politician, [[Chamber of Deputies (Romania)|deputy]] (2012–2016), cardiac arrest.<ref>[https://adevarul.ro/stiri-locale/piatra-neamt/un-fost-deputat-si-prefect-de-neamt-a-murit-subit-2291016.html Un fost deputat şi prefect de Neamţ a murit subit. Vlad Marcoci a făcut stop cardiac în timp ce tăia lemne] {{in lang|ro}}</ref>
*[[Michela Murgia]], 51, Italian novelist, playwright and blogger, [[renal cell carcinoma]].<ref>[https://www.repubblica.it/cultura/2023/08/10/news/michela_murgia_morta-410710803/ Michela Murgia è morta, aveva 51 anni] {{in lang|it}}</ref>
*[[Rosemary S. Pooler]], 85, American jurist, judge of the [[United States District Court for the Northern District of New York|U.S. District Court for the Northern District of New York]] (1994–1998) and the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit]] (since 1998).<ref>[https://www.syracuse.com/news/2023/08/senior-us-judge-rosemary-pooler-dies-at-85-longtime-judge-blazed-a-trail-for-women-on-court-benches.html Senior U.S. Judge Rosemary Pooler dies at 85; longtime judge blazed a trail for women]</ref>
*[[Nibedita Pradhan]], 60, Indian politician, [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Odisha MLA]].<ref>[https://kalingatv.com/state/first-mayor-of-cuttack-municipal-corporation-nibedita-pradhan-dies/ First Mayor of Cuttack Municipal Corporation Nibedita Pradhan dies]</ref>
*[[Klaus Rost]], 83, German wrestler, Olympic silver medallist ([[Wrestling at the 1964 Summer Olympics – Men's freestyle lightweight|1964]]).<ref>[https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/58405 Klaus Rost]</ref>
*[[Mike Santiago (American football)|Mike Santiago]], 67, American football coach ([[Stephen F. Austin Lumberjacks football|Stephen F. Austin Lumberjacks]], [[Incarnate Word Cardinals football|Incarnate Word Cardinals]]), cancer.<ref>[https://www.texasfootball.com/article/2023/08/10/first-coach-in-uiw-football-history-has-passed-away First-ever coach in UIW Football history has passed away]</ref>
*[[Abdullatif Al-Sayed]], 50–51, Yemeni military officer, roadside blast.<ref>[https://www.arabnews.com/node/2353121/middle-east Yemeni military leader dies in Al-Qaeda roadside blast]</ref>
*[[Aleksandr Viktorenko]], 76, Russian cosmonaut ([[Soyuz TM-3]], [[Soyuz TM-8]], [[Soyuz TM-14]]).<ref>[https://www.pnp.ru/social/umer-kosmonavt-aleksandr-viktorenko.html?ysclid=ll4y5fc23l512442524 Умер космонавт Александр Викторенко] {{in lang|ru}}</ref>
*[[Stan Waterman]], 100, American cinematographer (''[[The Deep (1977 film)|The Deep]]'') and film producer (''[[Blue Water, White Death]]'').<ref>[https://www.scubadivermag.com/dive-industry-mourns-stan-waterman/ Dive industry mourns Stan Waterman]</ref>
*[[Roger G. Wells]], 83, American politician.<ref>[https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/unionleader/name/roger-wells-obituary?id=52764326 Dr. Roger Glen Wells]</ref>
*[[Vincentius Sutikno Wisaksono]], 69, Indonesian Roman Catholic prelate, bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Surabaya|Surabaya]] (since 2007).<ref>[http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bwisak.html Bishop Vincentius Sutikno Wisaksono †]</ref>

===11===
*[[Mike Ahern (Australian politician)|Mike Ahern]], 81, Australian politician, [[premier of Queensland]] (1987–1989), cancer.<ref>[https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-08-11/former-qld-premier-mike-ahern-dead-aged-81/102718558 Mike Ahern, former Queensland premier, dead at 81]</ref>
*[[Chris Axworthy]], 76, English-born Canadian politician, [[Member of Parliament (Canada)|MP]] (1988–1999).<ref>[https://www.sasktoday.ca/provincial-news/former-mp-provincial-cabinet-minister-chris-axworthy-has-died-7404398 Former MP, provincial cabinet minister Chris Axworthy has died]</ref>
*[[John Barrett (Australian footballer)|John Barrett]], 94, Australian [[Australian rules football|footballer]] ([[Western Bulldogs|Footscray]], [[Fitzroy Football Club|Fitzroy]]).<ref>[https://www.bluemountainsgazette.com.au/classifieds/tributes/deaths-funerals/ John Edward Barrett]</ref>
*[[Sliman Bensmaia]], 49, French neuroscientist.<ref>[https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/forefront/news/sliman-bensmaia-obituary Sliman Bensmaia, leading expert on the neuroscience of touch, 1973-2023]</ref>
*[[Barbara Borchardt]], 67, German politician, member of the [[Landtag of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern]] (1998–2002, 2004–2016).<ref>[https://www.zeit.de/news/2023-08/11/linken-landespolitikerin-barbara-borchardt-gestorben Linken-Landespolitikerin Barbara Borchardt gestorben] {{in lang|de}}</ref>
*[[Alex Cole]], 58, American baseball player ([[Pittsburgh Pirates]], [[Cleveland Indians]], [[Minnesota Twins]]).<ref>[https://www.baseball-almanac.com/players/player.php?p=coleal01 Alex Cole]</ref>
*[[Luigi Farci]], 84, Italian Olympic field hockey player ([[Field hockey at the 1960 Summer Olympics|1960]]).<ref>[https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/19329 Luigi Farci]</ref>
*[[John Fielder]], 73, American photographer, cancer.<ref>[https://www.denverpost.com/2023/08/12/colorado-nature-photographer-and-environmentalist-john-fielder-dies/ Colorado nature photographer and environmentalist John Fielder dies]</ref>
*[[Angela Flowers]], 90, British gallerist, founder of the [[Flowers Gallery]].<ref>[https://artlyst.com/news/angela-flowers-leading-british-art-gallerist-dies-aged-90/ Angela Flowers Leading British Art Gallerist Dies Aged 90]</ref>
*[[Simone Gilges]], 50, German artist.<ref>[https://www.monopol-magazin.de/simone-gilges-stirbt-mit-50-jahren Simone Gilges stirbt mit 50 Jahren] {{in lang|de}}</ref>
*[[Jerome Hauer]], 71, American civil servant, director of the [[New York City Emergency Management]] (1996–2000), prostate cancer.<ref>[https://www.streetinsider.com/Board+Changes/Emergent+BioSolutions+(EBS)+Announces+Passing+of+Director+Jerome+Hauer/22056180.html Emergent BioSolutions (EBS) Announces Passing of Director Jerome Hauer]</ref>
*[[Julian Haviland]], 93, British journalist, political editor of [[ITN]] (1975–1981) and ''[[The Times]]'' (1981–1986).<ref>[https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/julian-haviland-obituary-sb9g7w632 Julian Haviland obituary] {{paywall}}</ref>
*[[Tom Jones (writer)|Tom Jones]], 95, American lyricist (''[[The Fantasticks]]'', ''[[110 in the Shade]]'', ''[[I Do! I Do! (musical)|I Do! I Do!]]''), cancer.<ref>[https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Broadway-Lyricist-and-Librettist-Tom-Jones-Has-Passed-Away-20230812 Broadway Lyricist and Librettist Tom Jones Has Passed Away]</ref>
*[[Darren Kent]], 39, English actor (''[[Mirrors (2008 film)|Mirrors]]'', ''[[Dungeons & Dragons: Honor Among Thieves]]'', ''[[Blood Drive (TV series)|Blood Drive]]'').<ref>[https://www.cnn.com/2023/08/15/entertainment/darren-kent-death/index.html Darren Kent, actor in 'Game of Thrones,' dead at 39]</ref>
*[[Andy Larkin (rower)|Andy Larkin]], 76, American Olympic rower ([[Rowing at the 1968 Summer Olympics – Men's eight|1968]]).<ref>[https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/40748 Andy Larkin]</ref>
*[[Kjell Lauri]], 67, Swedish orienteer, world champion ([[1979 World Orienteering Championships|1979]]).<ref>[https://www.na.se/2023-08-16/en-av-de-storsta-i-varlden-har-somnat-in ”En av de största i världen har somnat in”] {{in lang|sv}}</ref>
*[[Florence Malgoire]], 63, French classical violinist, pedagogue and conductor.<ref>[https://www.resmusica.com/2023/08/12/deces-de-la-violoniste-florence-malgoire/ Décès de la violoniste Florence Malgoire] {{in lang|fr}}</ref>
*[[Nikolay Marincheshki]], 65, Bulgarian Olympic fencer ([[Fencing at the 1980 Summer Olympics – Men's sabre|1980]], [[Fencing at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's sabre|1988]]).<ref>[https://bnr.bg/post/101863733/napusna-ni-nikolai-marincheshki Напусна ни Николай Маринчешки] {{in lang|bg}}</ref>
*[[Judith Ann McKenzie]], 81, American biogeochemist.<ref>[https://erdw.ethz.ch/news-veranstaltungen/news/archiv/2023/08/zum-gedenken-judith-mckenzie.html Zum Gedenken an Judith McKenzie] {{in lang|de}}</ref>
*[[Shane McNally]], 69, Australian rugby league player ([[Brisbane Tigers]], [[Queensland rugby league team|Queensland]]) and coach ([[Wakefield Trinity]]).<ref>[https://www.qrl.com.au/news/2023/08/14/vale-shane-mcnally/ Vale Shane McNally]</ref>
*{{ill|Jhonmathureta Nikolaou|el|Λιζέτα Νικολάου}}, 71, Greek singer, fall.<ref>[https://www.tanea.gr/2023/08/11/greece/pethane-i-lizeta-nikolaou/ Πέθανε η Λιζέτα Νικολάου στα 72 της χρόνια] {{in lang|el}}</ref>
*[[Julian Ogilvie Thompson]], 89, South African businessman ([[De Beers]], [[Anglo American plc|Anglo American]]).<ref>[https://www.odunion.com/news/passing-of-friends/1486/1486-Julian-Ogilvie-Thomson-at-Bishops-from-1943-1952-sadly-passed-away-on-Friday-11-August- Julian Ogilvie Thomson (at Bishops from 1943 - 1952) sadly passed away on Friday 11 August 2023.]</ref>
*[[Alexandru Penciu]], 90, Romanian rugby union player ([[CSA Steaua București (rugby union)|Steaua București]], [[Rugby Rovigo Delta|Rugby Rovigo]], [[Romania national rugby union team|national team]]).<ref>[https://www.stiripesurse.ro/a-murit-alexandru-penciu-rugby_3026873.html A murit unul din cei mai valoroși sportivi români ai tuturor timpurilor, supranumit 'Alexandru cel Mare'] {{in lang|ro}}</ref>
*[[Ron Peno]], 68, Australian singer-songwriter ([[Died Pretty]]), cancer.<ref>[https://themusic.com.au/features/god-bless-ron-s-peno-died-pretty-frontman-passes-away-aged-68/e0nBb26RkJM/12-08-23 God Bless Ron S. Peno: Died Pretty Frontman Passes Away, Aged 68]</ref>
*[[Giora Romm]], 78, Israeli Air Force officer, cancer.<ref>[https://www.timesofisrael.com/giora-romm-the-israeli-air-forces-first-ace-dies-at-78/ Giora Romm, the Israeli Air Force’s first ‘ace,’ dies at 78]</ref>
*[[Kourosh Safavi]], 67, Iranian linguist.<ref>[https://www.irna.ir/news/85195586/استاد-کورش-صفوی-در-گذشت استاد کورش صفوی درگذشت] {{in lang|fa}}</ref>
*[[Mere Samisoni]], 85, Fijian entrepreneur and politician, [[Parliament of Fiji|MP]] (2018).<ref>[https://www.fbcnews.com.fj/news/former-mp-passes-away/ Former MP passes away]</ref>
*[[Konrad Seitz]], 89, German academic and diplomat.<ref>[https://lebenswege.faz.net/traueranzeige/konrad-seitz Konrad Seitz] {{in lang|de}}</ref>
*[[Bikash Sinha]], 78, Indian nuclear physicist, director of the [[Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics]] and the [[Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre]] (2005–2009).<ref>[https://bangla.aajtak.in/amp/kolkata/story/bikash-sinha-dies-nuclear-scientist-bikash-sinha-passes-away-aged-78-rjk-629987-2023-08-11 Bikash Sinha Dies: প্রয়াত পরমাণু বিজ্ঞানী বিকাশ সিংহ, শোকপ্রকাশ মুখ্যমন্ত্রীর] {{in lang|bn}}</ref>
*[[Gus Solomons Jr.]], 84, American dancer and choreographer, heart failure.<ref>[https://news.yahoo.com/prolific-black-choreographer-gus-solomons-160940574.html Prolific Black choreographer Gus Solomons Jr. dies after sudden heart failure]</ref>
*[[Fred Stewart (Alberta politician)|Fred Stewart]], 89, Canadian politician, [[Legislative Assembly of Alberta|Alberta MLA]] (1986–1993).<ref>[https://calgaryherald.remembering.ca/obituary/frederick-stewart-1088691469 Frederick A. Stewart]</ref>
*[[Shoji Tabuchi]], 79, Japanese-American fiddler, cancer.<ref>[https://www.ozarksfirst.com/news/local-news/longtime-branson-entertainer-dies-at-age-79/ Longtime Branson entertainer dies at age 79]</ref>
*[[Gregg Tafralis]], 65, American Olympic shot putter ([[Athletics at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's shot put|1988]]).<ref>[https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/79108 Gregg Tafralis]</ref>
*[[Dick Tomanek]], 92, American baseball player ([[Cleveland Indians]], [[Oakland Athletics|Kansas City Athletics]]).<ref>[https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/morningjournal/name/richard-tomanek-obituary?id=52716660 Richard Carl Tomanek]</ref>
*[[Kenneth White]], 87, Scottish poet, academic and writer.<ref>[https://www.ouest-france.fr/bretagne/trebeurden-22560/a-trebeurden-kenneth-white-le-grand-poete-ecossais-est-decede-e99f708e-3a7f-11ee-8474-26257e7765fa À Trébeurden, Kenneth White, le grand poète écossais, est décédé] {{in lang|fr}}</ref>

===12===
*[[Michael Auditor]], 80, German politician, member of the [[Landtag of Lower Saxony]] (1978–1994).<ref>[https://trauer-anzeigen.de/traueranzeige/michael-auditor Michael Auditor] {{in lang|de}}</ref>
*[[Nicholas Byron Cavadias]], 94, Indian-born Greek-Canadian engineer and aeronautic administrator.<ref>[https://www.legacy.com/ca/obituaries/theglobeandmail/name/n-cavadias-obituary?id=53005922 N. Byron Cavadias]</ref>
*[[Helen Don-Duncan]], 42, English Olympic swimmer ([[Swimming at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's 200 metre backstroke|2000]]).<ref>[https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/93449 Helen Don-Duncan]</ref>
*[[Sándor Eckschmiedt]], 84, Hungarian Olympic athlete ([[Athletics at the 1964 Summer Olympics – Men's hammer throw|1964]], [[Athletics at the 1968 Summer Olympics – Men's hammer throw|1968]], [[Athletics at the 1972 Summer Olympics – Men's hammer throw|1972]]).<ref>[https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/71135 Sándor Eckschmiedt]</ref>
*[[Vilayil Faseela]], 63, Indian singer.<ref>[https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2023/aug/12/noted-mappilapattu-singer-vilayil-faseela-dies-at-63-in-kerala-2604597.html Noted Mappilapattu singer Vilayil Faseela dies at 63 in Kerala]</ref>
*[[Atanas Golomeev]], 76, Bulgarian basketball player ([[BC CSKA Sofia|BC CSKA]], [[PBC Academic|Academic Sofia]], [[BC Levski Sofia|Levski]]) and coach.<ref>[https://sportal.bg/news-2023081217271954992 Отиде си легендарният Атанас Голомеев] {{in lang|bg}}</ref>
*[[Andrzej Kaznowski]], 87, Polish politician, [[List of mayors of Gdansk|mayor of Gdansk]] (1973–1977).<ref>[https://www.gdansk.pl/wiadomosci/Nie-zyje-byly-prezydent-Gdanska-To-Andrzej-Kaznowski-podpisal-umowe-o-partnerstwie-z-Brema,a,248319 Zmarł Andrzej Kaznowski, były prezydent Gdańska. Rozpoczął współpracę z Bremą] {{in lang|pl}}</ref>
*[[Salaudeen Latinwo]], 80, Nigerian Air Force officer, [[List of governors of Kwara State|governor of Kwara State]] (1984–1985).<ref>[https://dailypost.ng/2023/08/12/gov-abdulrazaq-mourns-former-kwara-military-gov-latinwo/ Gov Abdulrazaq mourns former Kwara military gov, Latinwo]</ref>
*{{Ill|Lee Gyeong Pyo|ko|이경표}}, 61, South Korean actress.<ref>[https://www.allkpop.com/article/2023/08/veteran-actress-lee-gyeong-pyo-passes-away-at-the-age-of-61 Veteran actress Lee Gyeong Pyo passes away at the age of 61]</ref>
*[[Berit Lindholm]], 88, Swedish soprano ([[Royal Swedish Opera]], [[Bayreuth Festival]]).<ref>[https://www.bayreuther-festspiele.de/en/festspiele/news/2023/on-the-death-of-berit-lindholm/ On the death of Berit Lindholm!]</ref>
*[[Paollo Madeira]], 27, Brazilian-born Portuguese footballer ([[Hong Linh Ha Tinh FC]], [[Hoang Anh Gia Lai FC]]), traffic collision.<ref>[https://e.vnexpress.net/news/football/portuguese-forward-dies-in-vietnam-car-truck-collision-4641038.html Portuguese forward dies in Vietnam car-truck collision]</ref>
*[[Mary-Louise McLaws]], 70, Australian epidemiologist and academic, brain cancer.<ref>[https://www.smh.com.au/healthcare/epidemiologist-who-led-australia-through-covid-dies-aged-70-20230813-p5dw6r.html Epidemiologist who led Australia through COVID dies aged 70]</ref>
*{{Ill|Lidia Ostrynska|uk|Остринська Лідія Анатоліївна}}, 56, Ukrainian actress.<ref>[https://suspilne.media/549559-pomerla-aktorka-lvivskogo-teatru-im-zankoveckoi-narodna-artistka-lidia-ostrinska/ Померла акторка львівського театру ім. Заньковецької, народна артистка Лідія Остринська] {{in lang|uk}}</ref>
*[[Djoko Pekik]], 86, Indonesian painter.<ref>[https://voi.id/en/news/301124 Sad News, Djoko Pedik Dies]</ref>
*[[Jacques Rougerie (rugby union)|Jacques Rougerie]], 78, French rugby union player ([[ASM Clermont Auvergne|AS Montferrand]], [[France national rugby union team|national team]]).<ref>[https://www.francebleu.fr/sports/rugby/jacques-rougerie-figure-de-l-asm-est-decede-6688440 Jacques Rougerie, figure de l'ASM, est décédé] {{in lang|fr}}</ref>
*[[Allan Smith (diver)|Allan Smith]], 94, Sri Lankan Olympic diver ([[Diving at the 1952 Summer Olympics – Men's 3 metre springboard|1952]]).<ref>[https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/50113 Allan Smith]</ref>
*[[Petr Sommer]], 73, Czech historian and archaeologist.<ref>[https://www.learned.cz/cz/co-je-noveho/aktuality/odesel-historik-a-archeolog-prof-petr-sommer.html Odešel historik a archeolog prof. Petr Sommer] {{in lang|cs}}</ref>
*[[Henk Tiesinga]], 73–74, Dutch politician, [[Senate (Netherlands)|senator]] (2009–2011).<ref>[https://www.eerstekamer.nl/nieuws/20230817/oud_senator_tiesinga_cda_overleden Oud-senator Tiesinga (CDA) overleden] {{in lang|nl}}</ref>
*[[Peter Vaughan-Clarke]], 66, British actor (''[[The Tomorrow People]]'').<ref>[https://petervaughnclarke.muchloved.com Peter Vaughn Clarke, 1957 – 2023]</ref> (death announced on this date)
*[[Jane Whittenshaw]], British actress (''[[Mrs Dalloway (film)|Mrs Dalloway]]'', ''[[Golden Years (2016 film)|Golden Years]]'').<ref>[https://www.mylondon.news/news/celebs/eastenders-call-midwife-star-jane-27549605 EastEnders and Call the Midwife star Jane Whittenshaw dies as friends pay tribute]</ref>
*[[Yevgeny Yozhikov-Babakhanov]], 81, Kazakh politician, [[First Deputy Prime Minister of Kazakhstan|first deputy prime minister]] (1991–1992).<ref>[https://press.kz/novosti/skonchalsya-eks-vicze-premer-rk-ezhikov-babahanov Скончался экс-вице-премьер РК Ежиков-Бабаханов] {{in lang|ru}}</ref>

===13===
*[[Teresita Abundo]], 74, Philippine educator and athlete.<ref>[https://mb.com.ph/2023/8/15/former-ph-volleyball-queen-tisha-abundo-dies-at-74 Former PH volleyball queen Tisha Abundo dies at 74]</ref>
*[[Clarence Avant]], 92, American [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame]] music executive and film producer (''[[Save the Children (film)|Save the Children]]'', ''[[Jason's Lyric]]''), founder of [[Sussex Records]].<ref>[https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/music-news/clarence-avant-dead-godfather-black-music-1235565979/ Clarence Avant, ‘Godfather of Black Music,’ Dies at 92]</ref>
*[[Patricia Bredin]], 88, English actress (''[[Left Right and Centre]]'', ''[[The Treasure of Monte Cristo (1961 film)|The Treasure of Monte Cristo]]'') and singer ([[United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 1957|Eurovision Song Contest 1957]]).<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-humber-66509586 UK's first Eurovision singer Patricia Bredin dies aged 88]</ref>
*[[Nelson Broms]], 104, American business executive, investor and philanthropist.<ref>[https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/name/nelson-broms-obituary?id=52749412 Nelson Broms]</ref>
*[[José Murilo de Carvalho]], 83, Brazilian historian, member of the [[Brazilian Academy of Letters]], COVID-19.<ref>[https://g1.globo.com/rj/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/2023/08/13/morre-jose-murilo-de-carvalho-historiador-e-membro-da-abl.ghtml Morre no Rio José Murilo de Carvalho, historiador e membro da ABL] {{in lang|pt}}</ref>
*[[Joe Caven]], 86, Scottish footballer ([[Airdrieonians F.C. (1878)|Airdrieonians]], [[Greenock Morton F.C.|Greenock Morton]], [[Germiston Callies F.C.|Germiston Callies]]).<ref>[https://www.greenocktelegraph.co.uk/news/23720520.joe-caven-tributes-ex-morton-hero-dies-aged-86/ Joe Caven: Tributes as ex-Morton hero dies aged 86]</ref>
*[[Alex Collins (American football)|Alex Collins]], 28, American football player ([[Seattle Seahawks]], [[Baltimore Ravens]], [[Memphis Showboats (2022)|Memphis Showboats]]), traffic collision.<ref>[https://www.espn.com/nfl/story/_/id/38193896/former-ravens-seahawks-rb-alex-collins-dies-28 Ex-NFL RB, Arkansas star Alex Collins dies at 28 after motorcycle crash]</ref>
*[[Thierry Despont]], 75, French architect and interior designer.<ref>[https://www.elledecor.com/design-decorate/a44830329/thierry-despont-obituary/ Thierry Despot, Renowned Architect and Interior Designer, Has Died]</ref>
*[[Norman Drew]], 91, Northern Irish golfer.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/sport/golf/66493814 Norman Drew: Northern Ireland golfing great Drew passes away at 91]</ref>
*[[Mohammad Esmaili]], 88, Iranian musician.<ref>[https://www.mehrnews.com/news/5860737/محمد-اسماعیلی-نوازنده-پیشکسوت-موسیقی-ایرانی-درگذشت محمد اسماعیلی نوازنده پیشکسوت موسیقی ایرانی درگذشت] {{in lang|fa}}</ref>
*[[Edel Hætta Eriksen]], 101, Norwegian politician, member of the [[Saami Council]] (1956–1963, 1974–1977).<ref>[https://www.nrk.no/sapmi/edel-haetta-eriksen-er-dod-1.16515431 Edel Hætta Eriksen er død] {{in lang|no}}</ref>
*[[Wolfgang Kasper]], 84, German-born Australian economist and linguist, stroke.<ref>[https://www.afr.com/policy/economy/the-brilliant-scholar-who-helped-transform-australia-s-economy-20230815-p5dwof The scholar who helped transform Australia]</ref>
*[[Danilo Lacuna]], 85, Filipino politician, [[Mayor of Manila#Vice mayor|vice mayor of Manila]] (1988–1992, 1998–2007).<ref>[https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/metro/878734/former-manila-vice-mayor-danilo-lacuna-dies-at-85/story/ Former Manila Vice Mayor Danilo Lacuna dies at 85]</ref>
*[[Rachel Laurin]], 62, Canadian organist, composer and music educator.<ref>[https://www.ludwig-van.com/montreal/2023/08/13/in-memoriam-lorganiste-et-compositrice-rachel-laurin-est-decedee/ In Memoriam | L'organiste et compositrice Rachel Laurin est décédée] {{in lang|fr}}</ref>
*[[Peter Magadini]], 81, American drummer and author (''[[The Musician's Guide to Polyrhythms]]'').<ref>[https://www.legacy.com/ca/obituaries/theglobeandmail/name/peter-magadini-obituary?id=53005915 Peter Magadini]</ref>
*[[Magoo (rapper)|Magoo]], 50, American rapper ([[Timbaland & Magoo]]) and songwriter ("[[Up Jumps da Boogie]]").<ref>[https://pitchfork.com/news/magoo-early-timbaland-collaborator-dies-at-50/ Magoo, Early Timbaland Collaborator, Dies at 50]</ref>
*[[Theo Meijer (politician)|Theo Meijer]], 76, Dutch politician, [[House of Representatives (Netherlands)|MP]] (1996–2003).<ref>[https://www.bd.nl/maashorst/theo-meijer-kamerlid-en-voorzitter-enquetecommissie-bijlmerramp-en-udenaar-overleden~a9d5d07e/? Theo Meijer, kamerlid en voorzitter enquêtecommissie Bijlmerramp, en Udenaar, overleden] {{in lang|nl}}</ref>
*[[Constantino Méndez]], 72, Spanish politician, [[Secretary of State for Defence (Spain)|secretary of state for defence]] (2008–2011) and [[Congress of Deputies|deputy]] (1993–1996).<ref>[https://www.elperiodico.com/es/politica/20230814/muere-constantino-mendez-secretario-estado-defensa-zapatero-90958455 Muere Constantino Méndez, secretario de Estado de Defensa con el gobierno de Zapatero] {{in lang|es}}</ref>
*[[Randy Minniear]], 79, American football player ([[New York Giants]], [[Cleveland Browns]]).<ref>[https://www.dignitymemorial.com/obituaries/nashville-in/randall-minniear-11407418 Randall Harry Minniear]</ref>
*{{Ill|Ceferino Nieto|es}}, 85, Panamanian musician and singer.<ref>[https://www.prensa.com/provincias/fallece-el-cantante-panameno-ceferino-nieto/ Fallece el cantante panameño Ceferino Nieto, conocido como ‘El Titán de las Américas’] {{in lang|es}}</ref>
*[[M. R. S. Rao]], 75, Indian biologist, president of [[Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research|JNCASR]] (2003–2013), cardiac arrest.<ref>[https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2023/aug/14/eminent-scientistpadma-shri-mrs-rao-passes-away-in-bengaluru-at-75-2605157.html Eminent scientist Padma Shri MRS Rao passes away in Bengaluru at 75]</ref>
*[[Bill Schlesinger]], 81, American baseball player ([[Boston Red Sox]]).<ref>[https://www.mrfh.com/obituary/william-bill-schlesinger William "Bill" Schlesinger]</ref>
*[[John L. Scott Jr.]], 69, American politician, member of the [[South Carolina House of Representatives]] (1991–2009) and [[South Carolina Senate|Senate]] (since 2009).<ref>[https://www.thestate.com/news/politics-government/article278196627.html South Carolina State Sen. John Scott of Richland County dies. He was 69]</ref>

===14===
*[[Francesco Alberoni]], 93, Italian journalist (''[[Corriere della Sera]]'') and sociologist, chairman of [[RAI]] (2004–2005), kidney disease.<ref>[https://www.corriere.it/cultura/23_agosto_14/morto-francesco-alberoni-5457965c-3ae1-11ee-abb0-42043eee8c66_amp.html È morto Francesco Alberoni] {{in lang|it}}</ref>
*[[Rodion Amirov]], 21, Russian ice hockey player ([[Salavat Yulaev Ufa]]), brain cancer.<ref>[https://www.sportsnet.ca/nhl/article/former-maple-leafs-first-round-pick-rodion-amirov-passes-away-at-21/ Former Maple Leafs first-round pick Rodion Amirov passes away at 21]</ref>
*[[James Bartleman]], 83, Canadian diplomat, [[Lieutenant Governor of Ontario|lieutenant governor of Ontario]] (2002–2007), [[List of ambassadors of Canada to the European Union|ambassador to the European Union]] (2000–2002) and [[List of permanent representatives of Canada to NATO|permanent representative to NATO]] (1990–1994).<ref>[https://www.chch.com/former-ontario-lt-gov-james-bartleman-dies/ Former Ontario Lt.-Gov. James Bartleman dies]</ref>
*[[Bobby Baun]], 86, Canadian ice hockey player ([[Toronto Maple Leafs]], [[Detroit Red Wings]], [[Oakland Seals]]).<ref>[https://torontosun.com/sports/hockey/nhl/toronto-maple-leafs/bobby-boomer-baun-maple-leaf-cup-overtime-hero-dead-at-86 Bobby 'Boomer' Baun, Maple Leaf Cup overtime hero, dead at 86]</ref>
*[[John L. Carroll]], 79, American judge and academic administrator.<ref>[https://www.al.com/news/birmingham/2023/08/john-carroll-longtime-dean-of-cumberland-school-of-law-and-former-federal-judge-dies.html John Carroll, longtime dean of Cumberland School of Law and former federal judge, dies]</ref>
*[[Jessica Cash]], 84, British soprano and voice coach.<ref>[https://operawire.com/obituary-soprano-jessica-cash-dies-at-84/ Obituary: Soprano Jessica Cash Dies at 84]</ref>
*[[Gérard Diffloth]], 84, French linguist.<ref>[https://www.efeo.fr/articles.php?l=EN&event=2424 Death of Gérard Diffloth (1939 – 2023)]</ref>
*[[Boris Dubrovskiy]], 83, Russian rower, Olympic champion ([[Rowing at the 1964 Summer Olympics – Men's double sculls|1964]]).<ref>[https://www.sport-express.ru/oar/news/olimpiyskiy-chempion-po-greble-dubrovskiy-skonchalsya-na-84-m-godu-zhizni-2112171/ Олимпийский чемпион по гребле Дубровский скончался на 84-м году жизни] {{in lang|ru}}</ref>
*[[Matyelok Gibbs]], 91, British actress (''[[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1]]'', ''[[Babel (film)|Babel]]'') and artistic director ([[Unicorn Theatre]]).<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2023/aug/27/matyelok-gibbs-obituary Matyelok Gibbs obituary]</ref>
*[[Mark Kemble]], 69, American playwright, screenwriter and actor (''[[The Hanoi Hilton (film)|The Hanoi Hilton]]'', ''[[Netherworld (film)|Netherworld]]'', ''[[Forget Me Not (2009 film)|Forget Me Not]]'').<ref>[https://wehoville.com/2023/08/23/write-mark-kemble-died/ Writer Mark Kemble has died]</ref>
*[[Rich Landrum]], 77, American television broadcaster and professional wrestling announcer ([[Jim Crockett Promotions|JCP]]).<ref>[https://studiowrestling.blogspot.com/2023/08/rich-landrum.html Rich Landrum Passes Away]</ref>
*[[David Lawrence, 5th Baron Lawrence]], 85, British hereditary peer, member of the [[House of Lords]] (1968–1999).<ref>[https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/births-marriages-and-deaths-august-24-2023-qrqd30fhd Lawrence] {{paywall}}</ref>
*[[Elías López Sobá]], 96, Puerto Rican classical pianist.<ref>[https://www.codalario.com/elias-lopez-soba/noticias/muere-el-pianista-elias-lopez-soba_12553_3_40000_0_1_in.html Muere el pianista Elías López Sobá] {{in lang|es}}</ref>
*[[David Lupton]], 75, English cricketer ([[Cumbria County Cricket Club|Cumberland]]).<ref>[https://www.nwemail.co.uk/news/23735944.cumbrian-cricketer-david-lupton-dies-just-days-75th-birthday/ Cumbrian cricketer David Lupton dies just days after 75th birthday]</ref>
*[[Sultan Mahmud (officer)|Sultan Mahmud]], 79, Bangladeshi military officer, [[Chief of Air Staff (Bangladesh)|chief of air staff]] (1981–1987).<ref>[https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/national/former-chief-of-air-staff-bir-uttam-sultan-mahmud-passes-away Former Chief of Air Staff Bir Uttam Sultan Mahmud passes away]</ref>
*[[Harris Mann]], 85, British car designer.<ref>[https://classicsworld.co.uk/news/harris-mann-1938-2023/ Harris Mann: 1938–2023]</ref>
*[[Michael Maynard (sailor)|Michael Maynard]], 86, British Olympic sailor ([[Sailing at the 1968 Summer Olympics – Finn|1968]]).<ref>[https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/62945 Michael Maynard]</ref>
*[[Louis Mexandeau]], 92, French politician, [[Minister of Posts, Telegraphs, and Telephones|minister of posts]] (1981–1986) and three-time [[National Assembly (France)|deputy]].<ref>[https://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/louis-mexandeau-ancien-ministre-de-francois-mitterrand-est-mort-a-92-ans-20230814 Louis Mexandeau, ancien ministre de François Mitterrand, est mort à 92 ans] {{in lang|fr}}</ref>
*[[Andrei Nikolayev (clown)|Andrei Nikolayev]], 85, Russian clown, artistic director and teacher.<ref>[https://news.mail.ru/society/57420854/ Умер артист цирка Андрей Николаев] {{in lang|ru}}</ref>
*{{Ill|Petch Osathanugrah|th|เพชร โอสถานุเคราะห์}}, 68, Thai businessman ([[Osotspa]]) and singer-songwriter, president of [[Bangkok University]], heart failure.<ref>[https://www.bangkokbiznews.com/business/business/1083506 สิ้น 'เพชร โอสถานุเคราะห์' แห่งโอสถสภา และมหาวิทยาลัยกรุงเทพ] {{in lang|th}}</ref>
*[[Delwar Hossain Sayeedi]], 83, Bangladeshi Islamic scholar, politician, and convicted war criminal, [[Jatiya Sangsad|MP]] (1996–2006).<ref>[https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/322527/obituary Convicted war criminal Sayedee passes away]</ref>
*[[Wolfram Setz]], 82, German historian.<ref>[https://www.maennerschwarm.de/wir-trauern-um-wolfram-setz/ Wir trauern um Wolfram Setz] {{in lang|de}}</ref>
*[[Brian Snowdon]], 88, English footballer ([[Millwall F.C.|Millwall]], [[Portsmouth F.C.|Portsmouth]], [[Detroit Cougars (soccer)|Detroit Cougars]]).<ref>[https://www.millwallfc.co.uk/news/2023/august/14/brian-snowdon/ Millwall Football Club is saddened to hear of the passing of Brian Snowdon]</ref> (death announced on this date)
*[[Joseph A. Wolf]], 86, American mathematician.<ref>[https://www.sinaichapel.org/obituarydetails.aspx?did=e0040329-20d4-48f5-8805-4096d9920a42 Joseph Albert Wolf]</ref>
*[[László Zarándi]], 94, Hungarian athlete, sprinter, Olympic bronze medalist ([[Athletics at the 1952 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 100 metres relay|1952]]).<ref>[https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/71334 László Zarándi]</ref>
*[[Vladimir A. Zorich]], 85, Russian mathematician.<ref>[https://www.mk.ru/social/2023/08/15/skonchalsya-izvestnyy-uchenyy-avtor-uchebnika-po-matematicheskomu-analizu.html Скончался известный ученый, автор учебника по математическому анализу] {{in lang|ru}}</ref>

===15===
*[[Gary Barnes]], 83, American football player ([[Green Bay Packers]], [[Dallas Cowboys]], [[Chicago Bears]]), complications from Parkinson's disease.<ref>[https://clemsontigers.com/clemson-hall-of-fame-football-player-gary-barnes-passes/ Clemson Hall of Fame Football Player Gary Barnes Passes]</ref>
*[[Klaus Bugdahl]], 88, German road and track cyclist.<ref>[https://www.t-online.de/sport/mehr-sport/radsport/id_100225636/rad-legende-klaus-bugdahl-ist-tot.html Deutsche Sechstage-Legende Bugdahl ist tot] {{in lang|de}}</ref> (death announced on this date)
*[[Ursula Cantieni]], 75, Swiss-German actress (''[[Die Fallers – Die SWR Schwarzwaldserie]]'').<ref>[https://www.swr.de/swraktuell/baden-wuerttemberg/karlsruhe/baden-baden-ursula-cantieni-tod-johanna-faller-nachruf-100.html Publikumsliebling aus "Die Fallers" Ursula Cantieni ist tot] {{in lang|de}}</ref>
*[[Ada Deer]], 88, American civil servant, [[Assistant Secretary of the Interior for Indian Affairs|assistant secretary of the interior for Indian affairs]] (1993–1997).<ref>[https://www.wbay.com/2023/08/16/ada-deer-advocate-native-american-rights-passes-away/ Ada Deer, influential Native American leader from Wisconsin, dies at 88]</ref>
*[[Chip Dox]], 80, American art director and production designer (''[[Days of Our Lives]]'').<ref>[https://deadline.com/2023/08/chip-dox-dies-former-general-hospital-production-designer-art-director-1235530948/ Charles “Chip” Dox Dies: Former ‘General Hospital’ Production Designer & Art Director Was 80]</ref>
*[[John Elsom]], 84, English football executive, chairman of [[Leicester City F.C.|Leicester City]] (1998–2002).<ref>[https://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/former-leicester-city-chairman-john-8686540 Former Leicester City chairman John Elsom dies aged 84]</ref>
*[[Bruno Ferrero (footballer)|Bruno Ferrero]], 89, French footballer ([[FC Nancy]], [[US Rumelange]], [[France national football team|national team]]).<ref>[https://www.republicain-lorrain.fr/carnet-du-jour/2023/08/17/m-bruno-ferrero M. Bruno Ferrero] {{in lang|fr}}</ref>
*[[Léa Garcia]], 90, Brazilian actress (''[[Black Orpheus]]'', ''[[Os Bandeirantes]]'', ''[[The Greatest Love of All (2006 film)|The Greatest Love of All]]'').<ref>[https://oglobo.globo.com/cultura/televisao/noticia/2023/08/15/morre-a-atriz-lea-garcia-aos-90-anos.ghtml Morre a atriz Léa Garcia, aos 90 anos] {{in lang|pt}}</ref>
*[[Mohammed Habib (footballer)|Mohammed Habib]], 74, Indian footballer ([[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]], [[Mohun Bagan F.C.|Mohun Bagan]], [[India national football team|national team]]), complications from Parkinson's disease and dementia.<ref>[https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/indian-football-legend-md-mohammed-habib-footballer-dead-passes-away-age-74-east-bengal-mohun-bagan/article67198113.ece/amp/ Indian football legend Mohammed Habib passes away at 74]</ref>
*[[Jeff Hilton]], 51, Australian [[Australian rules football|footballer]] ([[Melbourne Football Club|Melbourne]], [[St Kilda Football Club|St Kilda]]).<ref>[https://www.saints.com.au/news/1400772/vale-bob-dawson-and-jeff-hilton Vale, Bob Dawson and Jeff Hilton]</ref>
*[[Hans Kratzert]], 83, German screenwriter and film director.<ref>[https://www.deutschlandfunkkultur.de/defa-regisseur-hans-kratzert-gestorben-100.html DEFA-Regisseur Hans Kratzert gestorben] {{in lang|de}}</ref>
*[[Miroslav Krišan]], 55, Serbian politician, [[National Assembly (Serbia)|deputy]] (1994–1997) and mayor of [[Kovačica]] (2000–2015), heart attack.<ref>[https://epancevo.rs/preminuo-miroslav-krisan/ Preminuo Miroslav Krišan] {{in lang|sr}}</ref>
*[[Gérard Leclerc]], 81, French journalist, airplane crash.<ref>[https://www.leparisien.fr/faits-divers/loire-atlantique-au-moins-deux-morts-dans-le-crash-dun-avion-de-tourisme-15-08-2023-OWNO36RHJNBDFJWCWVRLBSDC7Q.php Le journaliste Gérard Leclerc disparaît dans le crash d’un avion de tourisme en Loire-Atlantique] {{in lang|fr}}</ref>
*[[Liam MacDaid]], 78, Irish Roman Catholic prelate, bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Clogher|Clogher]] (2010–2016).<ref>[https://clogherdiocese.ie/2023/08/death-of-most-rev-liam-s-macdaid-bishop-emeritus-of-clogher/ Death of Most Rev Liam S. MacDaid, bishop emeritus of Clogher]</ref>
*[[James Charles Nakhwanga Osogo]], 90, Kenyan politician, [[National Assembly (Kenya)|MP]] (1963–1980), minister of [[Ministry of Information and Communications (Kenya)|information]] (1966–1969) and [[Ministry of Agriculture (Kenya)|agriculture]] (1979), multiple organ failure.<ref>[https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2023-08-16-ruto-raila-mourn-former-minister-james-osogo/ Ruto, Raila mourn former Minister James Osogo]</ref>
*[[Arnold Östman]], 83, Swedish conductor.<ref>[https://www.dn.se/kultur/operapionjaren-arnold-ostman-ar-dod-blev-83-ar/ Operapionjären Arnold Östman är död – blev 83 år] {{in lang|sv}}</ref>
*[[Bindeshwar Pathak]], 80, Indian sociologist, founder of [[Sulabh International]], cardiac arrest.<ref>[https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/story/sulabh-founder-bindeshwar-pathak-passes-away-at-80-394206-2023-08-15 Sulabh founder Bindeshwar Pathak passes away at 80]</ref>
*[[Marc Tay]], 63, Singaporean swimmer and [[Ophthalmology|ophthalmologist]].<ref>[https://www.straitstimes.com/sport/singapore-s-first-sportboy-of-the-year-marc-tay-dies-aged-63 Singapore’s first Sportsboy of the Year Marc Tay dies aged 63]</ref>
*[[Vladimir Timoshinin]], 53, Russian Olympic diver ([[Diving at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's 10 metre platform|1988]], [[Diving at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Men's 10 metre platform|1996]]).<ref>[https://www.sports.ru/aquatics/1115386036-umer-dvukratnyj-chempion-evropy-po-pryzhkam-v-vodu-vladimir-timoshinin.html Умер двукратный чемпион Европы по прыжкам в воду Владимир Тимошинин] {{in lang|ru}}</ref>
*[[Francisc Tobă]], 70, Romanian military officer and politician, [[Chamber of Deputies (Romania)|deputy]] (1992–1996, since 2021).<ref>[https://adevarul.ro/politica/a-murit-francisc-toba-deputatul-avea-70-de-ani-2292082.html A murit Francisc Tobă. Deputatul avea 70 de ani] {{in lang|ro}}</ref>
*{{ill|Germano Vieira|pt}}, 98, Brazilian politician, [[Legislative Assembly of Santa Catarina|Santa Catarina MLA]] (1991–1993) and mayor of [[São José, Santa Catarina|São José]] (1971–1973, 1984–1988, 1993).<ref>[https://ndmais.com.br/politica/morre-o-ex-prefeito-germano-vieira-o-dom-quixote-do-petroleo/ Morre o ex-prefeito Germano Vieira, o “Dom Quixote do Petróleo”] {{in lang|pt}}</ref>
*[[Hans Hermann Weyer]], 85, German title dealer.<ref>[https://www.abendzeitung-muenchen.de/promis/der-letzte-paradiesvogel-trauer-um-konsul-hans-hermann-weyer-art-921625 Der letzte Paradiesvogel: Trauer um Konsul Hans-Hermann Weyer] {{in lang|de}}</ref>
*[[Yoon Ki-jung]], 91, South Korean economist.<ref>[https://news.kbs.co.kr/news/view.do?ncd=7748757 윤 대통령 부친상 사흘간 가족장…빈소에 여야·정부 인사 등 추모 발길] {{in lang|ko}}</ref>

===16===
*[[Pierre Alféri]], 60, French novelist, poet, and essayist.<ref>[https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2023/08/17/la-mort-de-pierre-alferi-ecrivain-singulier_6185726_3382.html La mort de Pierre Alferi, écrivain singulier] {{in lang|fr}}</ref>
*[[V. S. R. Arunachalam]], 87, Indian engineer, founder of [[Center for Study of Science, Technology and Policy|CSTEP]].<ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/defence-research-body-ex-chief-vs-arunachalam-passes-away-in-america-2422159-2023-08-16 Former defence research body chief VS Arunachalam passes away in America]</ref>
*[[Bikiran Prasad Barua]], 79, Bangladeshi physicist, cardiac arrest.<ref>[https://www.newagebd.net/article/209685/prof-bikiran-prasad-barua-dies Prof Bikiran Prasad Barua dies]</ref>
*[[Howard S. Becker]], 95, American sociologist.<ref>[https://www.liberation.fr/idees-et-debats/mort-dhoward-becker-sociologue-de-la-deviance-20230817_2UK4FGZ2ZZFPNC3T5OFQX3626E/ Mort d’Howard Becker, sociologue de la déviance] {{in lang|fr}}</ref>
*[[Beriz Belkić]], 76, Bosnian politician, [[Chairman of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina|chairman]] (2002) and [[List of members of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina|member]] (2001–2002) of the [[Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina|presidency]], [[List of heads of the Sarajevo Canton|prime minister of Sarajevo Canton]] (1998–2001), stroke.<ref>[https://sarajevotimes.com/former-member-of-bih-preskdency-beriz-belkic-passed-away/ Former Member of BiH Presidency Beriz Belkic, passed away]</ref>
*{{Ill|Jan Greber|pl}}, 83, Polish actor.<ref>[https://www.se.pl/wiadomosci/exclusive/nie-zyje-jan-greber-maz-marzeny-trybaly-aktor-gral-w-zmiennikach-i-07-zglos-sie-aa-hd2e-A36c-wVNZ.html Nie żyje mąż Marzeny Trybały. Aktor grał w "Zmiennikach" i "07 zgłoś się"] {{in lang|pl}}</ref>
*[[Abwan Jama Kadiye]], 73, Somali poet, shelling.<ref>[https://horseedmedia.net/somaliland-forces-kill-famous-poet-jama-kadiye-in-unprovoked-bombardment-381637 Somaliland Forces Killed Famous Poet Jama Kadiye in Unprovoked Bombardment]</ref>
*{{Ill|Viktor Karamazov|ru|Карамазов, Виктор Филимонович}}, 89, Belarusian writer.<ref>[https://nashaniva.com/ru/324184 Умер Виктор Карамазов] {{in lang|ru}}</ref>
*{{ill|Jürgen Kluckert|de}}, 79, German voice actor (''[[Benjamin the Elephant|Benjamin Blümchen]]'').<ref>[https://www.bz-berlin.de/unterhaltung/benjamin-bluemchen-sprecher-juergen-kluckert-ist-tot Benjamin Blümchen-Sprecher Jürgen Kluckert ist tot] {{in lang|de}}</ref>
*[[Stelios Koiliaris]], 71–72, Cypriot financial manager and politician.<ref>[https://www.philenews.com/kipros/koinonia/article/1369214/efige-apo-ti-zoi-o-proin-ipourgos-emporiou-stelios-kiliaris/ Έφυγε από τη ζωή ο πρώην υπουργός Εμπορίου, Στέλιος Κοιλιάρης] {{in lang|el}}</ref>
*[[Edgar Marín]], 80, Costa Rican footballer ([[Deportivo Saprissa|Saprissa]], [[Oakland Clippers]], [[Costa Rica national football team|national team]]).<ref>[https://www.teletica.com/deportivo-saprissa/fallece-edgar-marin-leyenda-del-futbol-nacional_340683 Fallece Edgar Marín, leyenda del fútbol nacional] {{in lang|es}}</ref>
*[[Mariano Moreno García]], 84, Spanish Roman Catholic prelate, bishop of [[Roman Catholic Territorial Prelature of Cafayate|Cafayate]] (2008–2014).<ref>[http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bmorga.html Bishop Mariano Anastasio Moreno García, O.S.A. †]</ref>
*[[Johaar Mosaval]], 95, South African ballet dancer, complications of [[osteoarthritis]].<ref>[https://www.news24.com/news24/community-newspaper/peoples-post/we-honour-him-as-a-legend-ballet-icon-johaar-mosaval-has-died-at-95-20230816 ‘We honour him as a legend’: Ballet icon Johaar Mosaval has died at 95]</ref>
*[[Jerry Moss]], 88, American [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame]] recording executive, co-founder of [[A&M Records]].<ref>[https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/legacyremembers/jerome-moss-obituary?id=52705742 Jerome Moss]</ref>
*[[Michael Parkinson|Sir Michael Parkinson]], 88, English journalist (''[[Manchester Guardian]]'', ''[[Daily Express]]'') and broadcaster (''[[Parkinson (TV series)|Parkinson]]'').<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-66411604 Sir Michael Parkinson: Chat show host dies aged 88]</ref>
*[[Aleksei Petrov (businessman)|Aleksei Petrov]], 61, Bulgarian businessman, shot.<ref>[https://btvnovinite.bg/bulgaria/nepotvardeno-zastreljaha-aleksej-petrov.html Застреляха Алексей Петров] {{in lang|bg}}</ref>
*[[Renata Scotto]], 89, Italian operatic soprano ([[La Scala]], [[Metropolitan Opera]]).<ref>[https://www.lastampa.it/spettacoli/2023/08/16/news/morta_soprano_renata_scotto-12998103/ É scomparsa una delle voci più importanti: addio al soprano Renata Scotto] {{in lang|it}}</ref>
*[[Nora Szech]], 43, German economist.<ref>[https://www.wiwi.kit.edu/9240.php Frau Professorin Dr. Nora Szech] {{in lang|de}}</ref>
*{{Ill|Chai Yitzchok Twerski|yi|חי יצחק טווערסקי}}, 91, Palestinian-born American rabbi.<ref>[https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/375683 Rachmistrivka Rebbe passed away at 92]</ref>
*[[Tony White (cricketer)|Tony White]], 84, West Indian cricketer.<ref>[https://barbadostoday.bb/2023/09/06/lashley-and-white-play-their-final-innings/ Lashley and White play their final innings]</ref>
*[[Ronald Whittam]], 98, British physiologist.<ref>[https://www.oldham-chronicle.co.uk/news-features/139/main-news/153010/eminent-scientist-born-and-raised-at-butler-green-in-chadderton-dies-aged-98 Eminent scientist born and raised at Butler Green in Chadderton dies aged 98]</ref>
*[[Ernst Wroldsen]], 78, Norwegian politician, [[Storting|MP]] (1981–1993).<ref>[https://klemmetsby-firing.vareminnesider.no/memorial_page/memorial_page_ads.php?order_id=4212192&set_site_id=206&cat=ads&sign=7a7548771c432d33550e871383027b80 Ernst Willy Wroldsen] {{in lang|no}}</ref>
*[[Gennady Zhidko]], 57, Russian colonel general, commander of the [[Eastern Military District]] (2018–2021).<ref>[http://debri-dv.com/article/34284/skonchalsya_geroy_rossii_gennadiy_zhidko Умер Герой России Геннадий Жидко] {{in lang|ru}}</ref>

===17===
*[[Garry Adey]], 78, English rugby union player ([[Leicester Tigers]], [[England national rugby union team|national team]]).<ref>[https://funeral-notices.co.uk/notice/adey/5142592 Garry John Adey]</ref>
*[[Walter Aipolani]], 68, American singer.<ref>[https://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/2023/08/19/bruddah-waltah-man-who-made-sweet-lady-waiahole-famous-dies-68/ Bruddah Waltah, man who made ‘Sweet Lady of Waiahole’ famous, dies at 68]</ref>
*[[Hugo Álamos Vásquez]], 90, Chilean agronomic engineer and politician, [[Chamber of Deputies of Chile|deputy]] (1969–1973, 1990–1994).<ref>[https://lafontana.cl/2023/08/17/fallece-hugo-alamos-exdiputado-nuble/ A los 90 años fallece Hugo Álamos, exdiputado y dirigente político de Ñuble] {{in lang|es}}</ref>
*[[Art Collector (horse)|Art Collector]], 6, American racehorse, euthanized.<ref>[https://www.drf.com/news/art-collector-euthanized-age-6-due-laminitis Art Collector euthanized at age 6 due to laminitis]</ref>
*[[Mentor Ba]], Senegalese actor (''[[Saloum (film)|Saloum]]'').<ref>[https://kewoulo.info/urgent-lacteur-mentor-ba-alias-bmg-de-serie-golden-decede-matin/ Urgent: L’acteur Mentor Ba alias BMG de la série “Golden” est décédé ce matin] {{in lang|fr}}</ref>
*[[Mãe Bernadete]], 72, Brazilian [[quilombola]], shot.<ref>[https://g1.globo.com/ba/bahia/noticia/2023/08/18/bernadete-pacifico-lideranca-quilombola-da-bahia-e-assassinada.ghtml Bernadete Pacífico, liderança quilombola da Bahia, é assassinada] {{in lang|pt}}</ref>
*[[Karol J. Bobko]], 85, American astronaut ([[STS-6]], [[STS-51-D]], [[STS-51-J]]).<ref>[http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-081823a-nasa-astronaut-karol-bo-bobko-obituary.html Karol 'Bo' Bobko, astronaut who flew 3 shuttle missions, dies at 85]</ref>
*[[Miroslav Bošković]], 76, Serbian footballer ([[HNK Hajduk Split|Hajduk Split]], [[Angers SCO|Angers]], [[Yugoslavia national football team|national team]]).<ref>[https://www.dnevnik.rs/sport/fudbal/odlazak-legendarnog-fudbalera-preminuo-miroslav-boskovic-17-08-2023 Одлазак легендарног фудбалера: Преминуо Мирослав Бошковић] {{in lang|sr}}</ref>
*[[Paul Bush (filmmaker)|Paul Bush]], 67, British experimental film director and animator, traffic collision.<ref>[https://www.awn.com/news/remembering-fabulous-witty-and-norm-breaking-paul-bush Remembering the Fabulous, Witty, and Norm-Breaking Paul Bush]</ref>
*{{ill|Jiří Černý (music critic)|lt=Jiří Černý|cs|Jiří Černý (hudební kritik)}}, 87, Czech music critic and activist ([[Civic Forum]]).<ref>[https://english.radio.cz/leading-czech-music-critic-jiri-cerny-does-87-8791845 Leading Czech music critic Jiří Černý does at 87]</ref>
*[[John Devitt]], 86, Australian swimmer, Olympic champion ([[Swimming at the 1956 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay|1956]], [[Swimming at the 1960 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metre freestyle|1960]]).<ref>[https://apnews.com/article/john-devitt-swim-olympics-obituary-australia-351b02c04da2eed2472c7bc789ffb8d2 Australian Olympic swimming gold medal winner John Devitt dies at the age of 86]</ref>
*[[Robert Ekelund]], 82, American economist, complications from Parkinson's disease and cancer.<ref>[https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/name/robert-ekelund-obituary?id=52831483 Robert Burton "Bob" Ekelund Jr.]</ref>
*[[Bobby Eli]], 77, American guitarist ([[MFSB]]), songwriter ("[[Love Won't Let Me Wait]]"), and record producer.<ref>[https://www.stereogum.com/2233544/mfsb-guitarist-bobby-eli-an-architect-of-philly-soul-has-died/news/ MFSB guitarist Bobby Eli, an architect of Philly soul, has died]</ref>
*[[Angie Ferro]], 86, Filipino actress (''[[Patayin Mo Sa Sindak Si Barbara]]'', ''[[Evolution of a Filipino Family]]'', ''[[Lola Igna]]'').<ref>[https://news.abs-cbn.com/entertainment/08/17/23/veteran-actress-angie-ferro-dies-at-86 Veteran actress Angie Ferro dies at 86]</ref>
*[[Wayne Gilbert (artist)|Wayne Gilbert]], 76, American painter, cancer.<ref>[https://glasstire.com/2023/08/22/wayne-gilbert-1946-2023/ Wayne Gilbert, 1946 – 2023]</ref>
*[[Olivier Guillot]], 91, French academic and historian.<ref>[https://avis-de-deces.ouest-france.fr/20230819/olivier-guillot-2163347 Monsieur Olivier Guillot] {{in lang|fr}}</ref>
*[[Johari Harun]], 53, Malaysian politician, [[Pahang State Legislative Assembly|Pahang MLA]] (since 2022), [[Elmina plane crash|plane crash]].<ref>[https://theedgemalaysia.com/node/679069 Pahang exco Johari Harun among 10 dead as private jet crashes in Bandar Elmina, Shah Alam]</ref>
*[[Tom Husband]], 87, Scottish engineer and academic administrator, vice-chancellor of the [[University of Salford]] (1990–1997).<ref>[https://announcements.telegraph.co.uk/marketplace/advert/husband-notices_53146 Husband]</ref>
*[[Kunwar Naveed Jamil]], 59, Pakistani politician, [[National Assembly of Pakistan|MNA]] (2015–2018), [[Provincial Assembly of Sindh|Sindh MPA]] (2018–2023) and [[Mayor of Hyderabad (Pakistan)|mayor of Hyderabad]] (2005–2010), complications from brain hemorrhage.<ref>[https://pakobserver.net/kunwar-naveed-jamil-passes-away-in-karachi/ Kunwar Naveed Jamil passes away in Karachi]</ref>
*[[Rick Jeanneret]], 81, Canadian sportscaster ([[Buffalo Sabres]]), multiple organ failure.<ref>[https://buffalonews.com/sports/sabres/rick-jeanneret-sabres-broadcasting-legend-dies-at-81/article_3cc5245a-3d61-11ee-a6f9-5f5ce6b1a264.html Rick Jeanneret, Sabres broadcasting legend, dies at 81]</ref>
*{{ill|Gogi Kharabadze|ka|გოგი ხარაბაძე}}, 81, Georgian actor (''[[Falling Leaves (1966 film)|Falling Leaves]]'', ''[[A Trip to Karabakh]]'').<ref>[https://www.vesti.ru/article/3506418 Не стало грузинского актера Георгия Харабадзе] {{in lang|ru}}</ref>
*[[Gabriella Kotsis]], 95, Hungarian Olympic volleyball coach ([[Volleyball at the 1972 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament|1972]], [[Volleyball at the 1976 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament|1976]], [[Volleyball at the 1980 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament|1980]]).<ref>[https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/2400068 Gabriella Kotsis]</ref>
*[[Marga T]], 79, Indonesian author.<ref>[https://seleb.tempo.co/read/1761327/marga-t-penulis-novel-karmila-dan-badai-pasti-berlalu-meninggal-dalam-usia-80-tahun Marga T, Penulis Novel Karmila dan Badai Pasti Berlalu Meninggal dalam Usia 80 Tahun] {{in lang|id}}</ref>
*[[Bill McKim]], 81, British Olympic middle-distance runner ([[Athletics at the 1964 Summer Olympics – Men's 1500 metres|1964]]).<ref>[https://runningtales.substack.com/p/bill-mckim-the-olympic-runner-who Bill McKim: The Olympic runner who needed a push to go to the Games]</ref> (death announced on this date)
*[[Wallace H. Nutting]], 95, American general.<ref>[https://www.pressherald.com/2023/08/20/obituarygen-wallace-hall-nutting-2/ Obituary: Gen. Wallace Hall Nutting]</ref>
*[[OJ Blaq]], 40, Ghanaian rapper and actor.<ref>[https://citinewsroom.com/2023/08/ghanaian-rapper-oj-blaq-dies/ Ghanaian rapper OJ Blaq dies]</ref>
*[[David Ostrosky]], 66, Mexican actor (''[[Teresa (1989 TV series)|Teresa]]'', ''[[Marisol (Mexican TV series)|Marisol]]'', ''[[Por siempre mi amor]]'').<ref>[https://www.eltiempo.com/cultura/cine-y-tv/murio-david-ostrosky-el-actor-mexicano-de-la-casa-de-las-flores-797352 Murió David Ostrosky, el actor mexicano de 'La casa de las flores'] {{in lang|es}}</ref>
*[[Gudrun Pflüger]], 50, Austrian mountain runner, four-time [[World Mountain Running Championships#Women|world champion]].<ref>[https://www.sn.at/salzburg/chronik/eine-mahnende-stimme-ist-verstummt-nachruf-auf-gudrun-pflueger-144000214 Eine mahnende Stimme ist verstummt: Nachruf auf Gudrun Pflüger] {{in lang|de}}</ref>
*[[Brynley F. Roberts]], 92, Welsh scholar and critic.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/cymrufyw/66521212 Teyrngedau i'r ysgolhaig a'r cyn-lyfrgellydd Athro Brynley Roberts] {{in lang|cy}}</ref>
*[[David J. Russell (politician)|David J. Russell]], 92, Canadian politician, [[List of Alberta provincial ministers#Deputy Premier|deputy premier of Alberta]] (1985–1989).<ref>[https://mhfh.com/tribute/details/43650/Dave-Russell/obituary.html Hon. Dave Russell]</ref>
*[[Guillermo Timoner]], 97, Spanish racing cyclist, six-time [[UCI Motor-paced World Championships#Professionals (1895–1994)|UCI Motor-paced world champion]].<ref>[https://www.diariodemallorca.es/deportes/2023/08/17/fallece-leyenda-ciclismo-guillem-timoner-91039717.amp.html Fallece la leyenda del ciclismo mundial Guillem Timoner, “el mallorquín volador”] {{in lang|es}}</ref>
*[[Betty Tyson]], 75, American woman wrongly convicted of murder.<ref>[https://eu.democratandchronicle.com/story/news/2023/08/18/betty-tyson-dies-she-spent-25-years-in-prison-wrongful-conviction-obit/70424415007/ Betty Tyson, who spent 25 years in prison for wrongful conviction, dies at age 75]</ref>
*[[Marko Vešović (writer)|Marko Vešović]], 78, Bosnian-Montenegrin writer.<ref>[https://www.cdm.me/english/marko-vesovic-he-was-dantes-child-he-was-the-child-of-the-only-absent-god/ Marko Vesovic: He was Dante’s child, he was the child of the only, absent God]</ref>
*[[Gary Young (drummer)|Gary Young]], 70, American drummer ([[Pavement (band)|Pavement]]).<ref>[https://www.brooklynvegan.com/gary-young-pavements-original-drummer-has-died/ Gary Young, Pavement's original drummer, has died]</ref>

===18===
*[[Balltze]], 12, Hong Kong [[Shiba Inu]] dog and [[Internet meme]], leukemia.<ref>[https://www.deccanherald.com/world/viral-meme-dog-cheems-dies-during-surgery-tributes-pour-in-2653599 Viral meme dog Cheems dies during surgery; tributes pour in]</ref>
*[[James L. Buckley]], 100, American jurist and politician, [[United States Senate|U.S. senator]] (1971–1977), [[counselor of the United States Department of State|counselor of the Department of State]] (1982) and judge of the [[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit]] (since 1985), complications from a fall.<ref>[https://www.nationalreview.com/corner/james-l-buckley-r-i-p/ James L. Buckley, R.I.P.]</ref>
*[[Laura Ann Carleton]], 66, American clothing store owner, shot.<ref>[https://www.nbcnews.com/nbc-out/out-news/california-store-owner-mother-nine-shot-killed-pride-flag-displayed-sh-rcna100849 California store owner, mother of 9, fatally shot over a Pride flag displayed in her shop]</ref>
*[[Cave Rock (horse)|Cave Rock]], 3, American Thoroughbred racehorse, complications from [[laminitis]].<ref>[https://www.thoroughbreddailynews.com/dual-grade-i-winning-juvenile-cave-rock-succumbs-to-laminitis/ Dual Grade I-Winning Juvenile Cave Rock Succumbs To Laminitis]</ref>
*{{ill|Roberto Colaninno|it}}, 80, Italian business executive ([[Piaggio]]).<ref>[https://edition.cnn.com/2023/08/19/business/roberto-colaninno-piaggo-dies/index.html Italian entrepreneur Roberto Colaninno dies at 80]</ref>
*[[Allan Crossley]], 70–71, British strongman competitor, [[Britain's Strongest Man]] (1984).<ref>[https://www.camdennewjournal.co.uk/article/tributes-to-a-britains-strongest-man-champion Tributes to a Britain's Strongest Man champion]</ref> (death announced on this date)
*[[Nancy Frangione]], 70, American actress (''[[Another World (TV series)|Another World]]'').<ref>[https://www.dignitymemorial.com/obituaries/hyannis-ma/nancy-frangione-11413676 Nancy Frangione]</ref>
*[[Jean-Louis Georgelin]], 74, French Army general, [[Chief of the Defence Staff (France)|chief of the defence staff]] (2006–2010), led [[Notre-Dame de Paris]] reconstruction (since 2019), hiking accident.<ref>[https://www.letelegramme.fr/france/deces-en-montagne-du-general-jean-louis-georgelin-6412580.php Décès en montagne du Général Jean-Louis Georgelin] {{in lang|fr}}</ref>
*[[Terry Giddy]], 73, Australian athlete, Paralympic gold medalist ([[Athletics at the 1984 Summer Paralympics|1984]]).<ref>[https://vimeopro.com/walkerfunerals/past-funerals/video/858522885 Terry Giddy]</ref>
*[[Govy]], 42, French visual artist and disability rights activist.<ref>[http://chatonsky.net/jimmy-owenns-kennedy-james-govy/ Jimmy Owenns, Kennedy James, Govy : l’existence du réseau] {{in lang|fr}}</ref>
*[[Fernando Herrero Acosta]], 70, Costa Rican economist and politician, [[Ministry of Finance (Costa Rica)|minister of finance]] (1994–1996, 2010–2012), stroke.<ref>[https://www.nacion.com/el-pais/politica/murio-exministro-de-hacienda-y-exregulador-general/D3VJ35I6PVCVTPLIXPEFASXOSI/story/ Muere exministro de Hacienda y exregulador general, Fernando Herrero Acosta] {{in lang|es}}</ref>
*[[Ray Hildebrand]], 82, American singer ([[Paul & Paula]]) and songwriter ("[[Hey Paula (song)|Hey Paula]]", "[[Young Lovers (song)|Young Lovers]]").<ref>[https://variety.com/2023/music/news/ray-hildebrand-dead-paul-paula-pop-duo-1235700560/ The ‘Paul’ of 1960s Pop Duo ‘Paul & Paula,’ Ray Hildebrand, Dies at 82]</ref>
*[[Musa Lawan]], 79, Nigerian politician.<ref>[https://neptuneprime.com.ng/2023/08/19/yobe-elder-statesman-musa-lawan-dies-at-79/ Yobe elder statesman, Musa Lawan, dies at 79]</ref>
*[[Sarah Lawson (actress)|Sarah Lawson]], 95, British actress (''[[The Night Won't Talk]]'', ''[[Three Steps in the Dark]]'', ''[[Night of the Big Heat (film)|Night of the Big Heat]]'').<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2023/aug/28/sarah-lawson-obituary Sarah Lawson obituary]</ref>
*[[Lolita (orca)|Lolita]], {{circa}} 57, American orca, kidney failure.<ref>[https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/environment/lolita-the-orca-reportedly-dies-in-captivity-before-return-to-the-pnw/ Lolita the orca reportedly dies in captivity before return to the PNW]</ref>
*[[Richard Luft]], 85, American politician, member of the [[Illinois House of Representatives]] (1975–1979) and [[Illinois Senate|Senate]] (1983–1993).<ref>[https://www.dignitymemorial.com/obituaries/pekin-il/richard-luft-11414104 Richard Nelson Luft]</ref>
*[[Kristin Moe]], 68, Norwegian politician, talk show host and civil servant, leader of the [[Norwegian Consumer Council]] (1984–1993).<ref>[https://www.vg.no/nyheter/i/nQKXBJ/tidligere-leder-av-forbrukerraadet-kristin-moe-er-doed-melder-budstikka Kristin Moe er død] {{in lang|no}}</ref>
*[[Chico Novarro]], 89, Argentine singer-songwriter.<ref>[https://tn.com.ar/musica/noticias/2023/08/18/chico-novarro-del-club-del-clan-a-los-grandes-boleros-y-el-origen-de-su-nombre-artistico/ La carrera de Chico Novarro: del “Club del Clan” a los grandes boleros] {{in lang|es}}</ref>
*[[Al Quie]], 99, American politician, [[governor of Minnesota]] (1979–1983), member of the [[Minnesota Senate]] (1955–1958) and [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House of Representatives]] (1958–1979).<ref>[https://www.startribune.com/former-minnesota-gov-al-quie-dies-at-age-99/600298294/ Former Minnesota Gov. Al Quie dies at age 99]</ref>
*[[Jørn Riel]], 92, Danish writer.<ref>[https://politiken.dk/kultur/art9482754/Forfatteren-Jørn-Riel-er-død Forfatteren Jørn Riel er død] {{in lang|da}}</ref>
*[[Casper Roos]], 98, American actor (''[[Deadtime Stories (film)|Deadtime Stories]]'').<ref>[https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/name/casper-roos-obituary?id=53041599 Casper Roos]</ref>
*{{ill|Ermanno Salvaterra|it}}, 68, Italian alpinist, climbing accident.<ref>[https://www.ildolomiti.it/montagna/2023/tragedia-sul-campanile-alto-muore-il-grande-alpinista-ermanno-salvaterra Tragedia sul Campanile Alto, muore il grande alpinista Ermanno Salvaterra] {{in lang|it}}</ref>
*[[Kyle Turner (rugby league)|Kyle Turner]], 31, Australian rugby league player ([[South Sydney Rabbitohs]]).<ref>[https://www.sportingnews.com/au/rugby-league/news/kyle-turner-death-south-sydney-rabbitohs-nrl-2023/zbplgzthtiuowjkklqfygman Rabbitohs premiership winner Kyle Turner dies, aged 31]</ref>
*[[Mirfatyh Zakiev]], 95, Russian Turkologist.<ref>[http://www.antat.ru/ru/news/16564/ Академия наук Республики Татарстан выражает искренние соболезнования родным и близким в связи с кончиной Закиев Мирфатых Закиевич] {{in lang|ru}}</ref>

===19===
*[[Maxie Baughan]], 85, American [[College Football Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame]] football player ([[Philadelphia Eagles]], [[Los Angeles Rams]]) and coach ([[Cornell Big Red football|Cornell Big Red]]).<ref>[https://www.philadelphiaeagles.com/news/maxie-baughan-eagles-mourn-passing Eagles mourn the passing of Hall of Fame LB Maxie Baughan]</ref>
*{{ill|Tineke Beishuizen|nl}}, 84, Dutch author, lyricist and columnist.<ref>[https://www.gelderlander.nl/doesburg/tineke-beishuizen-84-overleden-de-schrijfster-wilde-nooit-meer-weg-uit-doesburg~adeebc23/ Tineke Beishuizen (84) overleden: de schrijfster wilde nooit meer weg uit Doesburg] {{in lang|nl}}</ref>
*[[James Burke (space engineer)|James Burke]], 97, American space engineer.<ref>[https://www.lpi.usra.edu/publications/newsletters/lpib/new/james-jim-donahue-burke-1925-2023/ James (Jim) Donahue Burke, 1925-2023]</ref>
*[[Gloria Coates]], 89, American composer.<ref>[https://www.plateamagazine.com/noticias/15543-fallece-la-compositora-gloria-coates-a-los-89-anos Fallece la compositora Gloria Coates a los 89 años] {{in lang|es}}</ref>
*[[Douglas Coler]], 63, American actor (''[[Days of Our Lives]]'').<ref>[https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/name/douglas-coler-obituary?id=52865058 Douglas Coler Obituary]</ref>
*[[Carl Crennel]], 74, American football player ([[Pittsburgh Steelers]], [[Montreal Alouettes]], [[Hamilton Tiger-Cats]]).<ref>[https://wvusports.com/news/2023/8/21/football-wvu-sports-hall-of-famer-carl-crennel-passes-away.aspx WVU Sports Hall of Famer Carl Crennel Passes Away]</ref>
*[[Michael Dilley (English cricketer)|Michael Dilley]], 84, English cricketer ([[Northamptonshire County Cricket Club|Northamptonshire]]).<ref>[https://nccc.co.uk/news/remembering-mike-tex-dilley/ Remembering Mike 'Tex" Dilley]</ref>
*[[Rodney Elton, 2nd Baron Elton]], 93, British politician, member of the [[House of Lords]] (1973–2020).<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2023/08/25/lord-elton-tory-abolish-glc-died-obituary/ Lord Elton, Conservative politician who steered the bill to abolish the GLC through the House of Lords – obituary]</ref>
*[[Gianni Ferlenghi]], 92, Italian racing cyclist.<ref>[https://www.laprovinciacr.it/news/cronaca/421031/addio-a-giovanni-ferlenghi-gregario-di-fausto-coppi.html Addio a Giovanni Ferlenghi, gregario di Fausto Coppi] {{in lang|it}}</ref>
*[[Dan Green (artist)|Dan Green]], 70, American comic book artist (''[[Spider-Man]]'', ''[[Wolverine (character)|Wolverine]]'', ''[[Doctor Strange]]'').<ref>[https://www.cbr.com/marvel-uncanny-x-men-artist-dan-green-obituary/ Longtime Marvel X-Men Artist Dan Green Passes Away]</ref>
*[[Hans Rudolf Gysin]], 82, Swiss politician, member of the [[National Council (Switzerland)|National Council]] (1987–2011).<ref>[https://www.onlinereports.ch/News.109+M56ff24873e9.0.html Hans Rudolf Gysin, der "sechste Regierungsrat", ist gestorben] {{in lang|de}}</ref>
*[[Lorenz Horr]], 80, German footballer ([[Hertha BSC]], [[Wormatia Worms]], [[SV Waldhof Mannheim|Waldhof Mannheim]]).<ref>[https://www.herthabsc.com/de/nachrichten/2023/08/trauermeldung-lorenz-horr-2324 Hertha BSC trauert um Lorenz "Lenz" Horr] {{in lang|de}}</ref>
*[[Howard James Hubbard]], 84, American Roman Catholic prelate, bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Albany|Albany]] (1977–2014), stroke.<ref>[https://www.timesunion.com/news/article/former-bishop-howard-hubbard-dies-84-18303838.php Former Bishop Howard Hubbard dies at 84]</ref>
*[[Ron Cephas Jones]], 66, American actor (''[[This Is Us]]'', ''[[Luke Cage (TV series)|Luke Cage]]'', ''[[Mr. Robot]]''), [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series|Emmy]] winner ([[70th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards|2018]], [[72nd Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards|2020]]), lung disease.<ref>[https://people.com/ron-cephas-jones-emmy-winning-this-is-us-actor-dead-at-66-7693257 Ron Cephas Jones, Emmy-Winning 'This Is Us' Actor, Dead at 66]</ref>
*[[Thomas Kuczynski]], 78, German statistician and economist.<ref>[https://www.jungewelt.de/artikel/457832.pressemitteilung-wirtschaftshistoriker-kuczynski-gestorben.html Wirtschaftshistoriker Kuczynski gestorben] {{in lang|de}}</ref>
*[[Carlo Mazzone]], 86, Italian football player ([[AS Roma|Roma]]) and manager ([[Ascoli Calcio 1898 FC|Ascoli]], [[ACF Fiorentina|Fiorentina]]).<ref>[https://www.ilmessaggero.it/persone/carlo_mazzone_morto_oggi-7583318.html Carlo Mazzone, morto lo storico allenatore: aveva 86 anni. Con Totti e Baggio un rapporto speciale] {{in lang|it}}</ref>
*[[Jean-Claude Nallet]], 76, French Olympic sprinter ([[Athletics at the 1968 Summer Olympics|1968]], [[Athletics at the 1976 Summer Olympics|1976]]).<ref>[https://www.ladepeche.fr/2023/08/20/athletisme-jean-claude-nallet-champion-deurope-1971-et-star-francaise-des-annees-60-70-est-mort-11405387.php Athlétisme : Jean-Claude Nallet, champion d'Europe 1971 et star française des années 60-70, est mort] {{in lang|fr}}</ref>
*[[James Parker (hammer thrower)|James Parker]], 47, American Olympic hammer thrower ([[Athletics at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's hammer throw|2004]]).<ref>[https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/105563 James Parker]</ref>
*[[Václav Patejdl]], 68, Slovak musician and composer ([[Elán (band)|Elán]]).<ref>[https://www.ta3.com/clanok/272174/nielen-hudobne-nebo-place-zomrel-vaso-patejdl Nielen hudobné nebo plače. Zomrel Vašo Patejdl] {{in lang|sk}}</ref>
*[[François Roddier]], 86, French astronomer.<ref>[https://www.libramemoria.com/defunts/roddier-francois/e162c81f0f2848c796b6974faa7e6769 Monsieur François Roddier] {{in lang|fr}}</ref>
*[[Kurt Schier]], 94, German philologist.<ref>[https://trauer.sueddeutsche.de/traueranzeige/kurt-schier Kurt Schier] {{in lang|de}}</ref>
*[[Francesco Scorsa]], 76, Italian football player ([[Cesena FC|Cesena]], [[Ascoli Calcio 1898 FC|Ascoli]]) and manager ([[SSD Casarano Calcio|Casarano]]).<ref>[https://www.foggiatoday.it/sport/calcio/morto-francesco-scorsa-ex-giocatore-foggia.html Addio a Francesco Scorsa, giocò nel Foggia negli anni '70] {{in lang|it}}</ref>
*[[John Warnock]], 82, American computer scientist, co-founder of [[Adobe Inc.]].<ref>[https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20230820585683/en/Adobe-Co-Founder-Dr.-John-Warnock-Passes-at-82 Adobe Co-Founder Dr. John Warnock Passes at 82]</ref>
*[[Eleanor Weinstock]], 94, American politician, member of the [[Florida House of Representatives]] (1978–1986) and [[Florida Senate|Senate]] (1987–1992), complications from Parkinson's disease.<ref>[https://www.dignitymemorial.com/obituaries/west-palm-beach-fl/eleanor-weinstock-11413712 Eleanor F. Weinstock]</ref>
*[[Nizo Yamamoto]], 70, Japanese art director (''[[Castle in the Sky]]'', ''[[Princess Mononoke]]'', ''[[Grave of the Fireflies]]''), stomach cancer.<ref>[https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2023-08-21/veteran-ghibli-art-director-nizo-yamamoto-passes-away-due-to-cancer/.201451 Veteran Ghibli Art Director Nizo Yamamoto Passes Away Due to Cancer]</ref>
*[[Igor Yasulovich]], 81, Russian actor (''[[Nine Days in One Year]]'', ''[[The Diamond Arm]]'', ''[[It Can't Be!]]''), film director and pedagogue.<ref>[https://smartpress.by/news/50213/ Умер актер Игорь Ясулович] {{in lang|ru}}</ref>
*{{ill|Tonino Zorzi|it}}, 88, Italian basketball player ([[Pallacanestro Varese]], [[Italy men's national basketball team|national team]]) and coach ([[Reyer Venezia]]).<ref>[https://sportal.eu/2023/08/19/basketball-in-mourning-tonino-zorzi-dies/ Basketball in mourning, Tonino Zorzi dies]</ref>

===20===
*[[Naushad Ali (cricketer)|Naushad Ali]], 79, Pakistani cricketer ([[Pakistan national cricket team|national team]]).<ref>[https://www.bolnews.com/sports/2023/08/veteran-pakistani-cricketer-naushad-ali-dies/ Veteran Pakistani cricketer Naushad Ali dies]</ref>
*[[Gulzar Azmi]], 88–89, Indian Muslim cleric.<ref>[https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/gulzar-azmi-face-of-jamiat-ulema-i-hind-and-advocate-for-terror-accused-passes-away Gulzar Azmi, Face Of Jamiat Ulema-I-Hind And Advocate For Terror Accused, Passes Away]</ref>
*[[Constantin Bălăceanu-Stolnici]], 100, Romanian neurologist.<ref>[https://www.digi24.ro/stiri/actualitate/a-murit-constantin-balaceanu-stolnici-academicianul-avea-100-de-ani-2472047 A murit Constantin Bălăceanu-Stolnici. Academicianul avea 100 de ani] {{in lang|ro}}</ref>
*[[Wahid Bouzidi]], 45, French comedian and actor (''[[Tellement proches]]'', ''[[Case départ]]'', ''[[Super-héros malgré lui]]''), stroke.<ref>[https://www.lemonde.fr/culture/article/2023/08/20/l-humoriste-wahid-bouzidi-revele-par-le-jamel-comedy-club-est-mort_6185998_3246.html L’humoriste Wahid Bouzidi, révélé par le « Jamel Comedy Club », est mort] {{in lang|fr}}</ref>
*[[Daniel Cohen (economist)|Daniel Cohen]], 70, French economist.<ref>[https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2023/08/20/l-economiste-daniel-cohen-est-mort_6185995_3382.html L’économiste Daniel Cohen est mort] {{in lang|fr}}</ref>
*[[Pierre Cornette de Saint-Cyr]], 84, French art dealer.<ref>[https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2023/08/21/le-commissaire-priseur-pierre-cornette-de-saint-cyr-est-mort_6186084_3382.html Le commissaire-priseur Pierre Cornette de Saint Cyr est mort] {{in lang|fr}}</ref>
*[[Isabel Crook]], 107, Canadian-British anthropologist ([[Beijing Foreign Studies University]]).<ref>[https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202308/20/WS64e1e0c7a31035260b81d223.html Pioneering educator and researcher passes at 107]</ref>
*[[Jim Hendry (cyclist)|Jim Hendry]], 83, English road racing cyclist.<ref>[https://www.britishcycling.org.uk/about/article/20230824-about-bc-news-Obituary--Jim-Hendry-MBE-0 Obituary: Jim Hendry MBE]</ref>
*[[David Jacobs (writer)|David Jacobs]], 84, American television writer (''[[Dallas (1978 TV series)|Dallas]]'', ''[[Knots Landing]]'', ''[[Paradise (American TV series)|Paradise]]''), complications from multiple infections.<ref>[https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/david-jacobs-dead-dallas-knots-landing-1235572625/ David Jacobs, Creator of ‘Dallas’ and ‘Knots Landing,’ Dies at 84]</ref>
*[[Peter P. Garibaldi]], 91, American politician, member of the [[New Jersey Senate]] (1984–1988) and [[New Jersey General Assembly|General Assembly]] (1968–1974), cancer.<ref>[https://newjerseyglobe.com/in-memoriam/peter-garibaldi-former-senator-and-mayor-dies-at-92/ Peter Garibaldi, former senator and mayor, dies at 92]</ref>
*[[Aivars Lazdenieks]], 69, Latvian rower, Olympic silver medallist ([[Rowing at the 1976 Summer Olympics – Men's quadruple sculls|1976]]).<ref>[https://www.apollo.lv/7838579/muziba-devies-olimpiskais-vicecempions-airesana-aivars-lazdenieks Mūžībā devies olimpiskais vicečempions airēšanā Aivars Lazdenieks] {{in lang|lv}}</ref>
*[[Dale Patchett]], 73, American politician, member of the [[Florida House of Representatives]] (1976–1990).<ref>[https://www.tcpalm.com/story/news/local/indian-river-county/2023/08/25/former-gop-leader-vero-resident-state-rep-dale-patchett-dies-at-73/70667677007/ Former state GOP leader, House Rep for Indian River, St. Lucie counties Dale Patchett dies]</ref>
*[[Rusi Petrov]], 79, Bulgarian Olympic wrestler ([[Wrestling at the 1972 Summer Olympics – Men's freestyle 90 kg|1972]]).<ref>[https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/57454 Rusi Petrov]</ref>
*[[Mickey Rupp]], 87, American racecar driver, founder of [[Rupp Industries]].<ref>[https://www.dignitymemorial.com/obituaries/ontario-oh/herbert-rupp-11414460 Herbert Edward Rupp II]</ref>
*[[Vic Seipke]], 91, American bodybuilder.<ref>[https://www.weremember.com/victor-vic-herbert-seipke/9p7p/memories Victor "Vic" Herbert Seipke]</ref>
*{{ill|Luc Smets|nl}}, 76, Belgian singer, composer and keyboardist ([[The Pebbles]]).<ref>[https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/dmf20230820_94811368 Luc Smets, zanger van The Pebbles, is overleden] {{in lang|nl}}</ref>
*[[Harry Smith (Australian soldier)|Harry Smith]], 90, Australian army lieutenant colonel, recipient of the [[Military Cross]].<ref>[https://www.smh.com.au/national/commander-of-australian-troops-at-long-tan-dies-days-after-50th-anniversary-20230821-p5dy3o.html Commander of Australian troops at Long Tan dies days after 50th anniversary]</ref>
*[[Howard Spodek]], 81, American historian.<ref>[https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/american-historian-howard-spodek-ahmedabad-8902465/ American historian Howard Spodek, known for long association with Ahmedabad, dies at 82]</ref>
*[[Uteng Suryadiyatna]], 80, Indonesian military officer and politician, vice governor of [[Jambi]] (1996–2001).<ref>[https://rri.co.id/jambi/daerah/327649/mantan-wakil-gubernur-jambi-1999-2005-uteng-suryadiatna-tutup-usia Mantan Wakil Gubernur Jambi 1999-2005 Uteng Suryadiatna Tutup Usia] {{in lang|id}}</ref>
*[[Sze Hong Chew]], 64, Singaporean news presenter, colon cancer.<ref>[https://www.8world.com/singapore/sze-hong-chew-2218801 新传媒前主播施宏洲逝世得年65岁] {{in lang|zh}}</ref>
*[[Bobby Taylor (Canadian football)|Bobby Taylor]], 84, English-born Canadian football player ([[Calgary Stampeders]], [[Toronto Argonauts]]), cancer.<ref>[https://necrocanada.com/obituaries-2023/robert-taylor-march-5-1939august-20-2023/ Robert Taylor]</ref>
*[[Jerry Turner (baseball)|Jerry Turner]], 69, American baseball player ([[San Diego Padres]], [[Detroit Tigers]], [[Chicago White Sox]]).<ref>[https://www.baseball-almanac.com/players/player.php?p=turneje01 Jerry Turner]</ref>
*[[Monica Van Kerrebroeck]], 84, Belgian politician, member of the [[Flemish Parliament]] (2004–2009).<ref>[https://www.standaard.be/cnt/dmf20230821_94101368 Zuster Monica is overleden] {{in lang|nl}}</ref>
*[[Pentti Virrankoski]], 94, Canadian-born Finnish historian.<ref>[https://ilkkapohjalainen.fi/uutiset/suomen-historian-emeritusprofessori-pentti-virrankoski-on-kuollut Suomen historian emeritusprofessori Pentti Virrankoski on kuollut] {{in lang|fi}}</ref>
*[[Bill Vukovich II]], 79, American racing driver.<ref>[https://www.speedsport.com/other-series/industry-news/12-time-indy-starter-vukovich-dies-at-79/ 12-Time Indy Starter Vukovich Dies At 79]</ref>
*[[Probo Yulastoro]], 57, Indonesian businessman and politician, regent of [[Cilacap]] (2002–2010).<ref>[https://www.detik.com/jateng/berita/d-6886656/mantan-bupati-cilacap-probo-yulastoro-meninggal-dimakamkan-malam-ini Mantan Bupati Cilacap Probo Yulastoro Meninggal, Dimakamkan Malam Ini] {{in lang|id}}</ref>
*[[Vladimir E. Zakharov]], 84, Russian mathematician and physicist ([[Zakharov system]], [[Zakharov–Schulman system]]).<ref>[https://ocean.ru/index.php/novosti-left/nashi-poteri/item/2816-ushel-iz-zhizni-vladimir-evgenevich-zakharov Ушел из жизни Владимир Евгеньевич Захаров] {{in lang|ru}}</ref>

===21===
*[[Sergei Babkov (basketball)|Sergei Babkov]], 56, Russian basketball player ([[Baloncesto Málaga|Unicaja Málaga]], [[Gladiators Treves|TBB Trier]], [[Russia men's national basketball team|national team]]) and coach.<ref>[https://www.sport-interfax.ru/917173 Двукратный вице-чемпион мира по баскетболу Бабков умер на 57-м году жизни] {{in lang|ru}}</ref>
*[[Laszlo Birinyi]], 79, Hungarian-born American investor and businessman.<ref>[https://finance.yahoo.com/news/laszlo-birinyi-pioneered-money-flow-143938131.html Laszlo Birinyi, Who Pioneered Money Flow Analysis, Dies at 79]</ref>
*[[Jean Canavaggio]], 87, French biographer ([[Miguel de Cervantes]]).<ref>[https://www.abc.es/cultura/muere-jean-canavaggio-gran-hispanista-gran-amigo-20230821173020-nt.html Muere Jean Canavaggio, gran hispanista, y gran amigo de España] {{in lang|es}}</ref>
*[[Morville Chote]], 98, British Olympic javelin thrower ([[Athletics at the 1948 Summer Olympics – Men's javelin throw|1948]]).<ref>[https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/68956 Morville Chote]</ref> (death announced on this date)
*[[Stephen Farrow]], 58, English convicted murderer.<ref>[https://www.itv.com/news/central/2023-08-24/stephen-farrow-double-killer-who-murdered-vicar-and-retired-teacher-dies-in-jail Double killer Stephen Farrow who murdered vicar and pensioner dies in high security prison]</ref>
*[[Abe Jacobs]], 95, New Zealand professional wrestler ([[National Wrestling Alliance|NWA]]).<ref>[https://www.postandcourier.com/sports/wrestling/honest-abe-jacobs-worlds-oldest-pro-wrestler-dead-at-95/article_032fcd34-41e0-11ee-825d-037ef8e454c2.html ‘Honest Abe’ Jacobs, world’s oldest pro wrestler, dead at 95]</ref>
*[[Denis LePage]], 74, Canadian musician ([[Lime (band)|Lime]]) and songwriter ("[[Your Love (Lime song)|Your Love]]"), cancer.<ref>[https://www.lapresse.ca/arts/musique/2023-08-22/mort-de-denis-lepage/le-cerveau-du-groupe-lime-n-est-plus.php Mort de Denis LePage: Le cerveau du groupe Lime n’est plus] {{in lang|fr}}</ref>
*[[Chris Martin (boxing trainer)|Chris Martin]], 59, New Zealand boxing manager and trainer, heart attack.<ref>[https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/combat-sports/132786926/respected-kiwi-boxing-coach-chris-martin-who-worked-with-david-tua-and-joseph-parker-dies Respected Kiwi boxing coach Chris Martin, who worked with David Tua and Joseph Parker, dies]</ref>
*[[Muhammad Hussain Najafi]], 91, Pakistani [[Twelver Shi'ism|Twelver Shia]] [[marja']].<ref>[https://en.shafaqna.com/323285/pakistan-ayatollah-muhammad-hussain-najfi-passes-away/ Pakistan: The Grand Ayatollah Muhammad Hussain Najfi Passes Away]</ref>
*[[Yaakov Nimrodi]], 97, Israeli publisher (''[[Maariv (newspaper)|Maariv]]'') and intelligence officer.<ref>[https://www.maariv.co.il/news/israel/Article-1032029 יעקב נמרודי הלך לעולמו בגיל 97] {{in lang|he}}</ref>
*[[Carlos Pérez (radiation oncologist)|Carlos Pérez]], 88, Colombian-born American oncologist.<ref>[https://greenlawnfuneralhome.com/obituary/carlos-alberto-perez/ Carlos Alberto Perez]</ref>
*[[Eric Prescott]], 75, English rugby union and rugby league player ([[St Helens R.F.C.|St Helens]], [[Salford Red Devils|Salford]], [[Lancashire rugby league team|Lancashire]]).<ref>[https://www.runcornandwidnesworld.co.uk/sport/vikings/match_reports/23743644.ex-saints-salford-widnes-forward-eric-prescott-died/ Ex-Saints, Salford and Widnes forward Eric Prescott has died]</ref>
*[[Evgeny Pronyuk]], 86, Ukrainian human rights activist and politician, [[People's Deputy of Ukraine|deputy]] (1994–1998).<ref>[https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-society/3751283-pomer-geroj-ukraini-persij-golova-vseukrainskogo-tovaristva-politvazniv-i-represovanih-evgen-pronuk.html Помер Герой України, перший голова Всеукраїнського товариства політв'язнів Євген Пронюк] {{in lang|uk}}</ref>
*[[Andy Rankin]], 79, English footballer ([[Watford F.C.|Watford]], [[Everton F.C.|Everton]], [[Huddersfield Town A.F.C.|Huddersfield Town]]).<ref>[https://www.watfordobserver.co.uk/sport/23738391.former-watford-keeper-andy-rankin-dies-age-79/ Former Watford keeper Andy Rankin dies at the age of 79]</ref>
*{{ill|Avigdor Shahan|he|אביגדור שחן}}, 89, Israeli historian.<ref>[http://www.children-holocaust2.co.il/%D7%93%D7%A8-%D7%90%D7%91%D7%99%D7%92%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8-%D7%A9%D7%97%D7%9F-%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%93-%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%93-%D7%9E%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%90%D7%94-%D7%A9%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%9A-%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%95 ד"ר אביגדור שחן , עוד ילד מהשואה שהלך לעולמו לפני כמה ימים] {{in lang|he}}</ref>
*{{ill|Lev Vasilyev|ru|Васильев, Лев Борисович}}, 98, Russian industrialist.<ref>[https://life.ru/p/1601903 Умер создатель КамАЗа и экс-министр машиностроения СССР Лев Васильев] {{in lang|ru}}</ref>

===22===
*{{ill|Amnon Ben-Tor|he|אמנון בן תור}}, 88, Israeli archaeologist.<ref>[https://www.israelhayom.co.il/tech/archaeology/article/14526064 חתן פרס ישראל לארכיאולוגיה אמנון בן-תור הלך לעולמו בגיל 88] {{in lang|he}}</ref>
*[[Mathilde van den Brink]], 82, Dutch politician, [[Member of the European Parliament|MEP]] (1989–1994).<ref>[https://images.nrc.nl/W-0XGCo6psdsYvkDV3hzIaPYmKs%3D/x/filters:no_upscale%28%29:format%28jpeg%29:fill%28f8f8f8%2Ctrue%29/s3/nrchub/clippings/NH/20230823/304-advertisement-261497_1314425_brink01-47eec9.png Mathilde van den Brink] {{in lang|nl}}</ref>
*[[Chrisje Comvalius]], 75, Dutch actress (''[[In Oranje]]'', ''[[Off Screen]]'', ''[[Achtste Groepers Huilen Niet]]'').<ref>[https://www.nu.nl/media/6277906/gtst-actrice-chrisje-comvalius-75-overleden.html GTST-actrice Chrisje Comvalius (75) overleden] {{in lang|nl}}</ref>
*[[Tom Courtney]], 90, American sprinter, double Olympic champion ([[Athletics at the 1956 Summer Olympics|1956]]), amyloidosis.<ref>[https://dnyuz.com/2023/08/22/tom-courtney-sprinter-who-lunged-to-grab-olympic-gold-dies-at-90/ Tom Courtney, Sprinter Who Lunged to Grab Olympic Gold, Dies at 90]</ref>
*[[Pastor Cuquejo]], 83, Paraguayan Roman Catholic prelate, archbishop of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Asunción|Asunción]] (2002–2014).<ref>[https://www.lanacion.com.py/pais/2023/08/22/fallecio-pastor-cuquejo-arzobispo-emerito-de-asuncion/ Falleció Pastor Cuquejo, arzobispo emérito de Asunción] {{in lang|es}}</ref>
*[[Toto Cutugno]], 80, Italian singer-songwriter ("[[L'Italiano]]", "[[Insieme: 1992]]", "[[Solo noi]]") and musician, prostate cancer.<ref>[https://www.rainews.it/articoli/2023/08/e-morto-toto-cutugno-aveva-appena-compiuto-80-anni-73523d72-4d37-4095-8ab4-f7f0595b7956.html È morto Toto Cutugno. Aveva appena compiuto 80 anni] {{in lang|it}}</ref>
*[[Ebrahim Golestan]], 100, Iranian-British film director (''[[Brick and Mirror]]'') and writer.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran-66578117 ابراهیم گلستان درگذشت] {{in lang|fa}}</ref>
*[[Peter Gonzales Falcon]], 75, American actor (''[[L'ospite]]'', ''[[Roma (1972 film)|Roma]]'', ''[[The End (1978 film)|The End]]'').<ref>[https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/peter-gonzales-falcon-star-federico-200954903.html Peter Gonzales Falcon, Star of Federico Fellini’s ‘Roma,’ Dies at 75]</ref>
*[[Nathan Louis Jackson]], 44, American television producer (''[[13 Reasons Why]]'', ''[[Luke Cage (TV series)|Luke Cage]]'', ''[[S.W.A.T. (2017 TV series)|S.W.A.T.]]'') and playwright.<ref>[https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Playwright-and-Screenwriter-Nathan-Louis-Jackson-Passes-Away-at-44-20230826 Playwright and Screenwriter Nathan Louis Jackson Passes Away at 44]</ref>
*[[Sudharani Jena]], 81, Indian actress (''[[Parinam (1961 film)|Parinam]]'', ''[[Gapa Hele Bi Sata]]'').<ref>[https://odishabytes.com/veteran-odia-actor-sudharani-jena-dies/ Veteran Odia Actor Sudharani Jena Dies]</ref>
*[[Akbar Khan (director)|Akbar Khan]], 74, Indian film director (''[[Haadsa]]''), actor (''[[Kala Dhanda Goray Log]]'', ''[[Akarshan]]''), and screenwriter.<ref>[https://reviewit.pk/senior-actor-akbar-khan-passes-away/ Senior Actor Akbar Khan Passes Away]</ref>
*[[Martin Laciga]], 48, Swiss Olympic beach volleyball player ([[Beach volleyball at the 2000 Summer Olympics|2000]], [[Beach volleyball at the 2004 Summer Olympics|2004]]).<ref>[https://www.rsi.ch/sport/altri/Martin-Laciga-%C3%A8-morto-a-48-anni-16494877.html Martin Laciga è morto a 48 anni] {{in lang|it}}</ref>
*[[Lê Văn Thành]], 60, Vietnamese politician, [[Deputy Prime Minister of Vietnam|deputy prime minister]] (since 2021).<ref>[https://e.vnexpress.net/news/news/deputy-pm-le-van-thanh-passes-away-4644845.html Deputy PM Le Van Thanh passes away]</ref>
*[[Fernando Legal]], 91, Brazilian Roman Catholic prelate, bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Itapeva|Itapeva]] (1980–1985), [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Limeira|Limeira]] (1985–1989) and [[Roman Catholic Diocese of São Miguel Paulista|São Miguel Paulista]] (1989–2008).<ref>[https://g1.globo.com/sp/sao-paulo/noticia/2023/08/22/bispo-emerito-da-catedral-de-sao-miguel-arcanjo-morre-aos-91-anos-em-sp.ghtml Bispo emérito da Diocese de São Miguel Paulista morre aos 91 anos em SP] {{in lang|pt}}</ref>
*[[Aharon Levran]], 93, Israeli general.<ref>[https://news.walla.co.il/break/3603863 תא"ל בדימוס אהרון לברן הלך לעולמו בגיל 93] {{in lang|he}}</ref>
*[[Dun Mihaka]], 81, New Zealand Māori activist, author, and political candidate.<ref>[https://www.stuff.co.nz/pou-tiaki/300955874/he-was-a-staunch-man-leaders-whnau-pay-tribute-to-dun-mihaka 'He was a staunch man': Leaders, whānau pay tribute to Dun Mihaka]</ref>
*[[Bobby Noble (footballer, born 1945)|Bobby Noble]], 77, English footballer ([[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]]).<ref>[https://www.united.no/nyhetsarkiv/bobby-noble-er-dod/ Bobby Noble er død] {{in lang|no}}</ref>
*[[Graeme O'Donnell]], 85, Australian [[Australian rules football|footballer]] ([[Geelong Football Club|Geelong]], [[North Melbourne Football Club|North Melbourne]]).<ref>[https://australianfootball.com/players/player/graeme%2Bo%2527donnell/9287 Graeme O'Donnell]</ref>
*[[Susan Ople]], 61, Filipino politician, [[Department of Migrant Workers|secretary of migrant workers]] (since 2022), breast cancer.<ref>[https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/08/22/23/migrant-workers-secretary-toots-ople-passes-away Migrant Workers Secretary Toots Ople passes away: Palace]</ref>
*[[Ron Palenski]], 78, New Zealand [[New Zealand Sports Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame]] sports journalist, historian and administrator, cancer.<ref>[https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/other-sports/132798658/new-zealand-sports-hall-of-fame-mourns-chief-executive-authorjournalist-ron-palenski New Zealand Sports Hall of Fame mourns chief executive, author-journalist Ron Palenski]</ref>
*[[Alexandra Paul (figure skater)|Alexandra Paul]], 31, Canadian Olympic ice dancer ([[Figure skating at the 2014 Winter Olympics – Ice dance|2014]]), traffic collision.<ref>[https://www.cbc.ca/sports/olympics/winter/figure-skating/former-olympian-alexandra-paul-death-aug-25-1.6948612 Skate Canada says former Olympic figure skater Alexandra Paul killed in car crash]</ref>
*[[C. R. Rao]], 102, Indian-American mathematician and statistician ([[Cramér-Rao bound]], [[Rao-Blackwell theorem]]).<ref>[https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/cr-rao-renowned-indian-american-statistician-who-won-math-nobel-prize-passes-away-181403 CR Rao, renowned Indian-American statistician who won math ‘Nobel Prize’, passes away]</ref>
*[[Herlander Ribeiro]], 80, Portuguese Olympic freestyle swimmer ([[Swimming at the 1960 Summer Olympics|1960]], [[Swimming at the 1964 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metre freestyle|1964]]).<ref>[https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/outras-modalidades/antigo-atleta-olimpico-herlander-felga-ribeiro-morre-aos-80-anos_d1508906 Antigo atleta olímpico Herlander Felga Ribeiro morre aos 80 anos] {{in lang|pt}}</ref>
*[[Vaccine (musician)|Vaccine]], 43, American musician and record producer.<ref>[https://www.nme.com/news/music/dubstep-producer-christine-clements-aka-vaccine-dies-aged-43-3490894 Dubstep producer Christine Clements, AKA Vaccine, dies aged 43]</ref>
*[[Derek Watts]], 75, South African television presenter (''[[Carte Blanche (TV series)|Carte Blanche]]''), lung cancer.<ref>[https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2023-08-22-carte-blanche-presenter-derek-watts-has-died/ 'Carte Blanche' presenter Derek Watts has died]</ref>
*[[René Weller]], 69, German Olympic boxer ([[Boxing at the 1976 Summer Olympics – Featherweight|1976]]), complications from dementia.<ref>[https://www.zeit.de/sport/2023-08/boxen-rene-weller-ist-tot Boxen: Früherer Box-Europameister René Weller ist tot] {{in lang|de}}</ref>
*[[Manfred Zetzsche]], 93, German actor (''[[Johannes Kepler (film)|Johannes Kepler]]'', ''[[Between Day and Night]]'', ''[[Where Others Keep Silent]]'').<ref>[https://www.lvz.de/kultur/virtuos-und-praesent-leipziger-schauspieler-manfred-zetzsche-ist-tot-MQW6PXUF55EF3IDBFSXKZFI44Y.html Virtuos und präsent – Leipziger Schauspieler Manfred Zetzsche gestorben] {{in lang|de}}</ref>

===23===
*[[José Luis Álvarez (politician)|José Luis Álvarez]], 93, Spanish politician, [[List of mayors of Madrid#Mayors since 1931|mayor of Madrid]] (1978–1979), minister of [[Ministry of Development (Spain)|transport]] (1980–1981) and [[Ministry of Agriculture (Spain)|agriculture]] (1981–1982).<ref>[https://www.elmundo.es/madrid/2023/08/23/64e5d92521efa0613d8b458e.html Muere José Luis Álvarez, alcalde de Madrid durante la Transición y ministro de UCD] {{in lang|es}}</ref>
*[[Eduardo Barbosa (politician)|Eduardo Barbosa]], 64, Brazilian doctor and politician, [[Chamber of Deputies (Brazil)|deputy]] (1995–2023).<ref>[https://www.camara.leg.br/noticias/990096-ex-deputado-eduardo-barbosa-morre-em-brasilia/ Ex-deputado Eduardo Barbosa morre em Brasília] {{in lang|pt}}</ref>
*[[Benjamin Bounkoulou]], 80, [[Republic of the Congo|Congolese]] politician, [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Republic of the Congo)|minister of foreign affairs]] (1992–1995) and [[Senate (Republic of the Congo)|senator]] (2002–2011).<ref>[https://www.adiac-congo.com/content/disparition-deces-paris-de-benjamin-bounkoulou-150885 Disparition : décès à Paris de Benjamin Bounkoulou] {{in lang|fr}}</ref>
*[[Francisco Dornelles]], 88, Brazilian politician, twice [[List of governors of Rio de Janeiro|acting governor of Rio de Janeiro]], [[Federal Senate (Brazil)|senator]] (2007–2015), and [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (Brazil)|minister of labour]] (1999–2002).<ref>[https://oglobo.globo.com/politica/noticia/2023/08/23/morre-francisco-dornelles-presidente-de-honra-do-pp-e-ex-governador-do-rj.ghtml Morre Francisco Dornelles, ex-governador do Rio e de longa trajetória na política brasileira] {{in lang|pt}}</ref>
*[[Bob Feldman]], 83, American musician ([[The Strangeloves]]), songwriter ("[[My Boyfriend's Back (song)|My Boyfriend's Back]]") and record producer ("[[Hang On Sloopy]]").<ref>[https://americansongwriter.com/bob-feldman-songwriter-behind-my-boyfriends-back-other-60s-hits-dies-at-83/ Bob Feldman, Songwriter Behind “My Boyfriend’s Back,” Other ’60s Hits, Dies at 83]</ref>
*[[Terry Funk]], 79, American [[WWE Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame]] professional wrestler ([[National Wrestling Alliance|NWA]], [[WWE|WWF]]) and actor (''[[Road House (1989 film)|Road House]]'').<ref>[https://www.cbssports.com/wwe/news/terry-funk-dies-at-79-legendary-pro-wrestler-who-had-stints-with-wwe-wcw-and-ecw-passes-away/ Terry Funk dies at 79: Legendary pro wrestler who had stints with WWE, WCW and ECW passes away]</ref>
*[[Chryss Goulandris|Chryss Goulandris, Lady O'Reilly]], 73, Greek-American businesswoman.<ref>[https://www.racingpost.com/bloodstock/news/shell-be-sadly-missed-death-of-leading-owner-breeder-lady-oreilly-aged-73-aqixU9N230Tv/ 'She'll be sadly missed' - death of leading owner-breeder Lady O'Reilly aged 73]</ref>
*[[Robert Hale (bass-baritone)|Robert Hale]], 90, American bass-baritone opera singer ([[New York City Opera]], [[Deutsche Oper Berlin]]).<ref>[https://operawire.com/obituary-bass-baritone-robert-hale-dies-at-90/ Obituary: Bass-Baritone Robert Hale Dies at 90]</ref>
*[[Joseph Hubert Hart]], 91, American Roman Catholic prelate, auxiliary bishop (1976–1978) and bishop (1978–2001) of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Cheyenne|Cheyenne]].<ref>[http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bhartj.html Bishop Joseph Hubert Hart †]</ref>
*{{ill|Kouhou Hibino|ja|日比野光鳳}}, 94, Japanese calligrapher.<ref>[https://www.yomiuri.co.jp/culture/20230823-OYT1T50208/ 読売書法会最高顧問の書家、日比野光鳳氏が死去…９４歳] {{in lang|ja}}</ref>
*[[Warren Hoge]], 82, American journalist (''[[The New York Times]]''), pancreatic cancer.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/23/business/media/warren-hoge-dead.html Warren Hoge, Who Covered Wars and World Crises for The Times, Dies at 82] {{paywall}}</ref>
*[[Raja Ram Karki]], 66, Nepali politician, [[Bagmati Provincial Assembly|Bagmati MPA]] (since 2017).<ref>[https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/nc-leader-karki-passes-away/ NC leader Karki passes away]</ref>
*[[Vicente Lecaro]], 87, Ecuadorian footballer ([[Barcelona S.C.]], [[Ecuador national football team|national team]]).<ref>[https://www.primicias.ec/noticias/jugada/muere-exfutbolista-vicente-lecaro-guayaquil/ Muere Vicente Lecaro, leyenda de la Selección y de Barcelona SC] {{in lang|es}}</ref>
*{{ill|Georgi Marchuk|ru|Марчук, Георгий Васильевич}}, 77, Belorussian writer, screenwriter and playwright.<ref>[https://zviazda.by/be/news/20230823/1692806320-payshou-z-zhyccya-pismennik-dramaturg-scenaryst-georgiy-marchuk Пайшоў з жыцця пісьменнік, драматург, сцэнарыст Георгій Марчук] {{in lang|be}}</ref>
*[[Hugh Murney]], 84, Scottish footballer ([[Greenock Morton F.C.|Greenock Morton]], [[Dumbarton F.C.|Dumbarton]], [[Queen of the South F.C.|Queen of the South]]).<ref>[https://www.footballvictoria.com.au/news/vale-hugh-murney Vale Hugh Murney]</ref>
*[[Ingrid Olef]], 83, German politician, member of the [[Landtag of Schleswig-Holstein]] (1992–1996).<ref>[https://trauer-anzeigen.de/traueranzeige/ingrid-olef Ingrid Olef] {{in lang|de}}</ref>
*[[Hersha Parady]], 78, American actress (''[[Little House on the Prairie (TV series)|Little House on the Prairie]]'', ''[[Hyper Sapien: People from Another Star]]'', ''[[CBS Schoolbreak Special|CBS Afternoon Playhouse]]'').<ref>[https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/hersha-parady-dead-little-house-on-the-prairie-1235573934/ Hersha Parady, ‘Little House on the Prairie’ Actress, Dies at 78]</ref>
*[[Eugeniusz Patyk]], 86, Polish politician, [[Senate of Poland|senator]] (1993–1997).<ref>[https://glogow.naszemiasto.pl/zmarl-eugeniusz-patyk-wieloletni-dyrektor-i-lo-w-glogowie/ar/c15-9430661 Zmarł Eugeniusz Patyk, wieloletni dyrektor I LO w Głogowie. Miał 86 lat] {{in lang|pl}}</ref>
*[[Norman Pfeiffer]], 82, American architect.<ref>[nytimes.com/2023/09/01/arts/design/norman-pfeiffer-dead.html Norman Pfeiffer, Bicoastal Architect of Civic Spaces, Dies at 82]</ref>
*[[Mikhail Pokpov]], 98, Russian military officer and politician, member of the [[Soviet of Nationalities]] (1984–1989).<ref>[https://www.fondob.ru/posts/ushel-iz-zhizni-general-polkovnik-popkov-mikhail-danilovich-1411 Ушел из жизни генерал-полковник Попков Михаил Данилович (14.11.1924-23.08.2023)] {{in lang|ru}}</ref>
*[[Austin Robertson Jr.]], 80, Australian [[Australian Football Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame]] [[Australian rules football|footballer]] ([[Subiaco Football Club|Subiaco]], [[Sydney Swans|South Melbourne]], [[Western Australia Australian rules football team|Western Australia]]).<ref>[https://thewest.com.au/sport/afl/austin-robertson-jr-australian-football-hall-of-fame-great-and-subiaco-legend-passes-away-aged-80-c-11678915 Austin Robertson Jr: Australian Football Hall of Fame great and Subiaco legend passes away aged 80]</ref>
*[[Nui Sano]], 90, Japanese painter, heart failure.<ref>[https://www.sankei.com/article/20230824-3QTQ5XZ5A5IZBFKTZOSLLMQZVU/ 洋画家の佐野ぬいさん死去　ブルーを基調とした抽象画、元女子美術大学長] {{in lang|ja}}</ref>
*[[Steve Sidwell (American football)|Steve Sidwell]], 78, American football coach ([[Colorado Buffaloes football|Colorado Buffaloes]], [[New England Patriots]], [[New Orleans Saints]]).<ref>[https://www.neworleanssaints.com/news/steve-sidwell-former-new-orleans-saints-defensive-coordinator-dies-coach Saints mourn the passing of former defensive coordinator Steve Sidwell]</ref>
*[[Ralph Smith (American football)|Ralph Smith]], 84, American football player ([[Cleveland Browns]], [[Philadelphia Eagles]], [[Atlanta Falcons]]).<ref>[https://www.hartmanjonesfuneralhome.com/obituary/ralph-smith Ralph Allon "Catfish" Smith]</ref>
*[[Theuns Stofberg]], 68, South African rugby union player ([[Free State Cheetahs]], [[Blue Bulls|Northern Transvaal]], [[South Africa national rugby union team|national team]]), traffic collision.<ref>[https://www.thesouthafrican.com/sport/rugby/springboks/rip-former-springbok-captain-theuns-stofberg-passes-away-accident-breaking-23-august-2023/ RIP: Former Springbok captain passes away after accident]</ref>
*[[Mohammad Ullah (Lakshmipur politician)|Mohammad Ullah]], 73, Bangladeshi politician, [[Member of Parliament (Bangladesh)|MP]] (1986–1988), traffic collision.<ref>[https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/ex-jatiya-party-lawmaker-dies-after-being-hit-motorbike-lakshmipur-687434 Ex-Jatiya Party lawmaker dies after being hit by motorbike in Lakshmipur]</ref>
*Notable Russian people killed in the [[2023 Tver Oblast plane crash]]:
**[[Valery Chekalov]], 47, mercenary leader<ref>[https://edition.cnn.com/2023/08/27/europe/yevgeny-prigozhin-confirmed-dead-by-russia-intl/index.html Wagner chief Prigozhin confirmed dead by Russian authorities after genetic tests]</ref>
**[[Yevgeny Prigozhin]], 62, mercenary leader, co-founder of [[Wagner Group]]<ref>[https://edition.cnn.com/2023/08/27/europe/yevgeny-prigozhin-confirmed-dead-by-russia-intl/index.html Wagner chief Prigozhin confirmed dead by Russian authorities after genetic tests]</ref>
**[[Dmitry Utkin]], 53, intelligence officer and mercenary leader, co-founder of Wagner Group<ref>[https://edition.cnn.com/2023/08/27/europe/yevgeny-prigozhin-confirmed-dead-by-russia-intl/index.html Wagner chief Prigozhin confirmed dead by Russian authorities after genetic tests]</ref>

===24===
*[[Michael Anthony (author)|Michael Anthony]], 93, Trinidadian author.<ref>[https://newsday.co.tt/2023/08/25/literary-giant-michael-anthony-dies/ Literary giant Michael Anthony dies]</ref>
*[[Bulat Baekenov]], 80, Kazakh politician, [[Ministry of Internal Affairs (Kazakhstan)|minister of internal affairs]] (1994–1995).<ref>[https://bizmedia.kz/2023/08/24/skonchalsya-eks-glava-knb-kazahstana-bulat-baekenov-posle-prodolzhitelnoj-bolezni/ Скончался экс-глава КНБ Казахстана Булат Баекенов после продолжительной болезни] {{in lang|ru}}</ref>
*[[Tom Barton (politician)|Tom Barton]], 74, Australian politician, [[Legislative Assembly of Queensland|Queensland MLA]] (1992–2006).<ref>[https://www.couriermail.com.au/news/queensland/qld-politics/former-labor-minister-tom-barton-dies-age-74/news-story/087e52b746a73bbedd3ecfb5bc76fffe Former Labor minister Tom Barton dies] {{paywall}}</ref>
*[[Gerd Bauer]], 72, German politician, member of the [[Landtag of Saarland]] (1994–2001).<ref>[https://www.sr.de/sr/home/nachrichten/regionalnachrichten/regionalnachrichten283224.html Gerd Bauer gestorben] {{in lang|de}}</ref>
*[[Henry Reed Cooper]], 82, Liberian judge, [[Chief Justice of Liberia|chief justice]] (2003–2006).<ref>[https://www.liberianobserver.com/liberia-henry-reed-cooper-former-chief-justice-liberia-dies-82 Liberia: Henry Reed Cooper, Former Chief Justice of Liberia, Dies at 82]</ref>
*[[Seema Deo]], 81, Indian actress (''[[Saraswatichandra (film)|Saraswatichandra]]'', ''[[Anand (1971 film)|Anand]]'', ''[[Naseeb Apna Apna (1986 film)|Naseeb Apna Apna]]''), complications from Alzheimer's disease.<ref>[https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/anand-actor-seema-deo-dead-at-83-8906871/ Anand actor Seema Deo dies at 83]</ref>
*[[Kalman Gerencseri]], 78, French footballer ([[RC Lens|Lens]], [[AJ Auxerre|Auxerre]]).<ref>[https://www.foot-national.com/ligue-1/carnet-noir-ancien-joueur-de-lens-et-auxerre-kalman-gerencseri-est-decede-834408 Carnet noir : ancien joueur de Lens et Auxerre, Kalman Gerencseri est décédé] {{in lang|fr}}</ref> (death announced on this date)
*[[Craig Henriquez]], 64, American biomedical engineer.<ref>[https://today.duke.edu/2023/08/craig-henriquez-biomedical-engineer-and-associate-vice-provost-faculty-advancement-dies-age Craig Henriquez, biomedical engineer and associate vice provost for faculty advancement, dies at age 64]</ref>
*[[Andrzej Kasprzak]], 77, Polish Olympic basketball player ([[Basketball at the 1968 Summer Olympics|1968]], [[Basketball at the 1972 Summer Olympics|1972]]).<ref>[https://lublinianka-basketball.pl/zmarl-andrzej-kasprzak/ Zmarł Andrzej Kasprzak] {{in lang|pl}}</ref>
*[[Lawrence Francis Kramer]], 90, American politician, mayor of [[Paterson, New Jersey]] (1967–1972, 1975–1982).<ref>[https://www.northjersey.com/story/news/paterson-press/2023/08/25/lawrence-pat-kramer-obituary-paterson-nj-mayor-dies-90-great-falls/70680670007/ Pat Kramer, Paterson mayor who helped create Great Falls park, dies at 90]</ref>
*[[Bernie Marsden]], 72, English rock guitarist ([[Whitesnake]]) and songwriter ("[[Fool for Your Loving]]", "[[Here I Go Again]]").<ref>[https://www.metaltalk.net/bernie-marsden-iconic-guitarist-and-whitesnake-legend-dies.php Bernie Marsden / Iconic Guitarist and Whitesnake Legend Dies]</ref>
*[[George Montgomery (drag racer)|George Montgomery]], 90, American drag racer.<ref>[https://www.nhra.com/news/2023/early-nhra-gasser-star-indy-winner-ohio-george-montgomery-passes-away Early NHRA gasser star, Indy winner "Ohio George" Montgomery passes away]</ref>
*[[Claude Picasso]], 76, French photographer, cinematographer, and graphic designer.<ref>[https://www.lefigaro.fr/culture/claude-ruiz-picasso-fils-de-pablo-picasso-est-decede-a-76-ans-20230824 Claude Ruiz Picasso, fils de Pablo Picasso, est décédé à 76 ans] {{in lang|fr}}</ref>
*[[Barbara Rossi (artist)|Barbara Rossi]], 82, American artist.<ref>[https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/barbara-rossi-chicago-imagist-dead-1234677888/ Barbara Rossi, Chicago Imagist Who Painted with Humor and Wit, Dies at 83]</ref>
*{{ill|Anușavan Salamanian|ro}}, 91, Romanian sound engineer, film score author (''[[Dacii (film)|Dacii]]'', ''[[Uncle Marin, the Billionaire]]'') and screenwriter (''[[The Doom]]'').<ref>[https://playtech.ro/stiri/doliu-in-cinematografia-din-romania-a-murit-unul-dintre-cei-mai-mari-magicieni-ai-sunetului-anusavan-salamanian-s-a-stins-dupa-o-cariera-de-50-de-ani-766622 Doliu în cinematografia din România, a murit unul dintre cei mai mari ”magicieni ai sunetului”. Anușavan Salamanian s-a stins dupa o carieră de 50 de ani] {{in lang|ro}}</ref>
*[[Aaron Schechter]], 95, American [[Haredi]] rabbi.<ref>[https://hamodia.com/2023/08/24/bde-harav-aharon-schechter-ztl-rosh-yeshivah-yeshivas-chaim-berlin/ BD”E: Harav Aharon Schechter, Zt”l, Rosh Yeshivah, Yeshivas Chaim Berlin]</ref>
*{{ill|Ronen Schwaig|he|רונן שוויג}}, 54, Israeli footballer ([[Beitar Jerusalem F.C.|Beitar Jerusalem]], [[Beitar Tel Aviv F.C.|Beitar Tel Aviv]]).<ref>[https://www.ynet.co.il/sport/israelisoccer/article/ryjessvt3 כדורגלן העבר רונן שוויג הלך לעולמו בגיל 54] {{in lang|he}}</ref>
*[[Sire De Grugy]], 17, French-bred, British-trained Selle Français racehorse, winner of the [[Queen Mother Champion Chase]] (2014).<ref>[https://www.racingpost.com/news/britain/he-was-everything-to-me-moores-pay-emotional-tributes-to-champion-chase-winner-sire-de-grugy-after-death-at-17-aooMk1D6YZVs/ He was everything to me' - Moore family pay emotional tribute to Champion Chase winner Sire De Grugy after death at 17]</ref> (death announced on this date)
*[[Ignacio Solares]], 78, Mexican writer.<ref>[https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/cultura/muere-ignacio-solares-a-los-78-anos-de-edad/ Muere el escritor Ignacio Solares a los 78 años de edad] {{in lang|es}}</ref>
*[[Arleen Sorkin]], 67, American actress (''[[Days of Our Lives]]'', ''[[Batman: The Animated Series]]'', ''[[Duet (TV series)|Duet]]''), complications from multiple sclerosis.<ref>[https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/arleen-sorkin-dead-days-of-our-lives-harley-quinn-voice-1235575529/ Arleen Sorkin, Original Voice of Harley Quinn and ‘Days of Our Lives’ Actress, Dies at 67]</ref>
*[[Keith Spicer]], 89, Canadian public servant, [[Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages|commissioner of official languages]] (1970–1977).<ref>[https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-keith-spicer-canadas-first-official-languages-commissioner-dies-at-89/ Keith Spicer, Canada’s first official languages commissioner, dies at 89]</ref>
*{{ill|Pavel Taussig|cs|Pavel Taussig (filmový historik)}}, 74, Czech film historian.<ref>[https://www.memoryofnations.eu/en/taussig-pavel-1949 PhDr. Pavel Taussig * 1949 †︎ 2023]</ref>
*[[Pascal Vanderveeren]], 77, Belgian lawyer.<ref>[https://www.rtl.be/actu/belgique/faits-divers/pascal-vanderveeren-avocat-de-patokh-chodiev-est-decede/2023-08-24/article/580881 Pascal Vanderveeren, avocat de Patokh Chodiev, est décédé] {{in lang|fr}}</ref>
*[[Belisario Velasco]], 87, Chilean politician, [[Ministry of the Interior and Public Security (Chile)|minister of the interior]] (2006–2008), cancer.<ref>[https://www.t13.cl/amp/noticia/politica/a-87-anos-fallecio-belisario-velasco-25-8-2023 A los 87 años falleció Belisario Velasco] {{in lang|es}}</ref>
*[[Bray Wyatt]], 36, American professional wrestler ([[WWE]]), heart attack.<ref>[https://www.espn.com/wwe/story/_/id/38253739/former-wwe-champion-bray-wyatt-dies-age-36 Former WWE champion Bray Wyatt dies at age 36]</ref>
* [[Sakevi Yokoyama]], Japanese punk singer ([[GISM]]).<ref>[https://www.stereogum.com/2234988/sakevi-yokoyama-frontman-for-japanese-hardcore-band-g-i-s-m-has-died/news Sakevi Yokoyama, frontman for Japanese hardcore band G.I.S.M., has died]</ref>
*[[Ta’Kiya Young]], 21, American alleged shoplifter, shot.<ref>[https://apnews.com/article/pregnant-woman-killed-police-ohio-footage-95daff91130a64bb43848431ea4441af Ta’Kiya Young’s family urges officer’s arrest after video shows him killing the pregnant Black woman]</ref>

===25===
*[[Ismet Ahmad]], 78, Indonesian academic, bureaucrat, and lecturer.<ref>[https://www.beritasatu.com/network/wartabanjar/14121/prof-ismet-ahmad-wafat-di-rsd-idaman-dimakamkan-di-taman-bahagia-banjarbaru Prof Ismet Ahmad Wafat di RSD Idaman, Dimakamkan di Taman Bahagia Banjarbaru] {{in lang|id}}</ref>
*{{ill|Carlos Alzamora Traverso|es}}, 97, Peruvian diplomat, [[List of ambassadors of Peru to the United States|ambassador to the United States]] (2001).<ref>[https://andina.pe/agencia/noticia-canciller-expreso-sus-condolencias-ante-fallecimiento-del-diplomatico-carlos-alzamora-952857.aspx Canciller expresó sus condolencias ante fallecimiento del diplomático Carlos Alzamora] {{in lang|es}}</ref>
*[[V. A. Andamuthu]], Indian politician, [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Tamil Nadu MLA]] (1996–2001).<ref>[https://tamil.oneindia.com/news/erode/dmk-former-mla-andamuthu-passes-away-mk-stalin-condolences-to-cadres-demise-532939.html திமுக முன்னாள் எம்.எல்.ஏ காலமானார்.. ஸ்டாலின் இரங்கல்.. கருணாநிதியை கோபப்படுத்திய கதை தெரியுமா?] {{in lang|ta}}</ref>
*[[Andre Barreau]], 66–67, British guitarist ([[The Bootleg Beatles]]).<ref>[https://bootlegbeatles.com/news/ André Barreau, 1956 – 2023]</ref> (death announced on this date)
*{{ill|José Calavera Ruiz|es}}, 91, Spanish civil engineer ([[Fuente Dé cable car]]) and academic.<ref>[https://www.eldiariomontanes.es/cantabria/muere-disenador-teleferico-fuente-mercado-nacional-torrelavega-20230826140111-nt.html Muere José Calavera, diseñador del teleférico de Fuente Dé y el Ferial de Torrelavega] {{in lang|es}}</ref>
*[[Merv Cross]], 82, Australian rugby league player ([[South Sydney Rabbitohs|South Sydney]], [[Sydney Roosters|Eastern Suburbs]], [[North Sydney Bears|North Sydney]]) and orthopaedic surgeon.<ref>[https://www.smh.com.au/sport/it-was-a-beautiful-death-legendary-knee-surgeon-merv-cross-passes-away-20230826-p5dzmk.html ‘It was a beautiful death’: Legendary knee surgeon Merv Cross passes away]</ref>
*[[Walt Curtis]], 82, American poet.<ref>[https://www.orartswatch.org/walt-curtis-unofficial-poet-laureate-of-portland-dies-at-82/ Walt Curtis, unofficial poet laureate of Portland, dies at 82]</ref>
*[[Tijl De Decker]], 22, Belgian racing cyclist, traffic collision.<ref>[https://www.cyclingweekly.com/racing/under-23-paris-roubaix-winner-tijl-de-decker-dies-after-training-crash Under-23 Paris-Roubaix winner Tijl De Decker dies after training crash]</ref>
*[[Sergey Alexandrovich Filatov]], 87, Russian politician, [[Chief of Staff of the Presidential Executive Office (Russia)|chief of staff of presidential executive office]] (1993–1996).<ref>[https://78.ru/news/2023-08-26/umer-bivshii-rukovoditel-administracii-prezidenta-rossii-sergei-filatov Умер бывший руководитель администрации президента России Сергей Филатов] {{in lang|ru}}</ref>
*[[Rob Fruithof]], 71, Dutch actor and television presenter, cancer.<ref>[https://www.nu.nl/entertainment/6278249/voormalig-waku-waku-presentator-rob-fruithof-overleden-op-71-jarige-leeftijd.html Voormalig Waku Waku-presentator Rob Fruithof overleden op 71-jarige leeftijd] {{in lang|nl}}</ref>
*[[Carlos Gonzaga]], 99, Brazilian singer.<ref>[https://farofafa.com.br/2023/08/25/morre-carlos-gonzaga-interprete-de-diana-pioneiro-heroi-negro-do-rocknroll/ Morre Carlos Gonzaga, intérprete de ‘Diana’, pioneiro herói negro do rock’n’roll] {{in lang|pt}}</ref>
*[[Yoel Hoffmann]], 86, Israeli writer and translator.<ref>[https://www.israelhayom.co.il/culture/books/article/14536707?amp=1 הלך לעולמו הסופר והמשורר יואל הופמן] {{in lang|he}}</ref>
*{{ill|Juliana Jirousová|cs}}, 79, Czech painter and dissident ([[Charter 77]]).<ref>[https://english.radio.cz/dissident-juliana-jirousova-dies-age-79-8792514 Dissident Juliana Jirousová dies at age of 79]</ref>
*[[George Owen Mackie]], 93, British-Canadian zoologist.<ref>[https://www.legacy.com/ca/obituaries/timescolonist/name/george-mackie-obituary?id=53014103 George O. Mackie]</ref>
*[[Diane de Margerie]], 95, French writer and translator.<ref>[https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/mort-de-la-romanciere-diane-de-margerie-20230825 Mort de la romancière Diane de Margerie] {{in lang|fr}}</ref>
*[[Sylvia Mdunyelwa]], 74, South African singer, actress (''[[Shepherds and Butchers]]'') and broadcaster.<ref>[https://www.news24.com/life/arts-and-entertainment/arts/renowned-musician-broadcaster-and-actor-sylvia-mdunyelwa-has-died-20230825 Renowned musician, broadcaster and actor Sylvia Mdunyelwa has died]</ref>
*[[Viacheslav Minka]], 62–63, Ukrainian military pilot, airplane collision.<ref>[https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2023/08/27/7417266/ Авіатроща на Житомирщині: у ЗСУ оприлюднили імена усіх загиблих пілотів] {{in lang|uk}}</ref>
*[[Hugo Alberto Mott]], 94–95, Argentine doctor and politician, governor of [[Catamarca Province]] (1973–1976).<ref>[https://www.elancasti.com.ar/politica-y-economia/velan-los-restos-hugo-mott-casa-gobierno-n533123 Velan los restos de Hugo Mott en Casa de Gobierno] {{in lang|es}}</ref>
*{{ill|Luca Maria Patella|it}}, 89, Italian photographer and film director.<ref>[https://www.ansa.it/lazio/notizie/2023/08/26/morto-a-roma-lartista-luca-maria-patella-rpt_2e533044-22e3-4f7c-b653-83d1437435e7.html Morto a Roma l'artista Luca Maria Patella] {{in lang|it}}</ref>
*[[Armando Pellegrini]], 90, Italian racing cyclist.<ref>[https://www.ilcommiato.it/oggi-ci-hanno-lasciato/13373/ Armando Pellegrini - Ponteranica (BG)] {{in lang|it}}</ref>
*[[Andrii Pilshchykov]], 30, Ukrainian fighter pilot, plane crash.<ref>[https://edition.cnn.com/2023/08/26/europe/ukraine-plane-crash-intl Well-known Ukrainian pilot ‘Juice’ among 3 dead in plane crash]</ref>
*[[Yuriy Potapenko]], 58, Ukrainian actor (''[[Cossacks Go]]'').<ref>[https://kp.ua/culture/a675424-umer-izvestnyj-akter-jurij-potapenko Умер известный украинский актер Юрий Потапенко] {{in lang|ru}}</ref>
*[[Serhii Prokazin]], Ukrainian military pilot, airplane collision.<ref>[https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2023/08/27/7417266/ Авіатроща на Житомирщині: у ЗСУ оприлюднили імена усіх загиблих пілотів] {{in lang|uk}}</ref>
*[[Shahriyar Rahimov]], 34, Azerbaijani footballer ([[Kapaz PFK|Kapaz]], [[Sabail FK|Sabail]], [[Azerbaijan national football team|national team]]), cancer.<ref>[https://ru.axar.az/news/sport/777870.html Скончался бывший футболист сборной Азербайджана] {{in lang|ru}}</ref>
*[[Milind Safai]], 53, Indian actor (''[[Luckdown Be Positive]]''), cancer.<ref>[https://english.jagran.com/entertainment/marathi-actor-milind-safai-dies-due-to-cancer-10096104 Marathi Actor Milind Safai Dies Due To Cancer]</ref>
*[[Sanjay Verma]], Indian film editor (''[[Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai]]'', ''[[Khoon Bhari Maang]]'', ''[[Karan Arjun]]'') and sound designer.<ref>[https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/news/2023/sanjay-verma-death-reason-hrithik-roshan-kaho-naa-pyaar-hai-film-editor-passes-away-rakesh-roshan-362605.html Film Editor Sanjay Verma, Who Won Filmfare Award For Hrithik Roshan's Kaho Naa Pyaar Hai, Passes Away]</ref>

===26===
*[[Geraldo Majella Agnelo]], 89, Brazilian Roman Catholic cardinal, archbishop of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of São Salvador da Bahia|São Salvador da Bahia]] (1999–2011), complications from a stroke.<ref>[https://www.vaticannews.va/it/vaticano/news/2023-08/morto-cardinale-geraldo-majella-agnelo-brasile-londrina.html Si è spento il cardinale Geraldo Majella Agnelo, aveva 89 anni] {{in lang|it}}</ref>
*[[Bob Barker]], 99, American game show host (''[[The Price Is Right]]'', ''[[Truth or Consequences]]'') and animal welfare activist, 18-time [[Daytime Emmy Award|Emmy]] winner, complications from Alzheimer's disease.<ref>[https://abc7.com/bob-barker-obituary-price-is-right-game-show-host/13704249/ Bob Barker, longtime host of 'The Price Is Right' and animal rights activist, dies at 99]</ref>
*[[Subhash Bhurke]], 86, Indian film director and story writer.<ref>[http://www.uniindia.com/~/veteran-marathi-film-director-writer-subhash-bhurke-passes-away-in-pune/States/news/3038934.html Veteran Marathi film director-writer Subhash Bhurke passes away in Pune]</ref>
*[[Bosse Broberg]], 85, Swedish jazz trumpeter and composer.<ref>[https://unt.se/bli-prenumerant/artikel/lz7gwxqr/unt-2m2kr_s_22 Uppsalas jazzlegend Bosse Broberg är död] {{in lang|sv}}</ref>
*[[Parris H. Chang]], 86, Taiwanese scholar and politician, [[Legislative Yuan|MP]] (1993–2005).<ref>[https://tw.nextapple.com/politics/20230830/8C6F87486878FE52C076E7FD0F9492DB 國安會前副秘張旭成去世　享壽86歲] {{in lang|zh}}</ref>
*[[Carl Cohen (philosopher)|Carl Cohen]], 92, American philosopher.<ref>[https://obits.mlive.com/us/obituaries/annarbor/name/carl-cohen-obituary?id=52962486 Carl Cohen Ph.D.]</ref>
*[[Mario Costa (philosopher)|Mario Costa]], 86, Italian philosopher, author, and art theorist.<ref>[https://www.ilmattino.it/salerno/addio_mario_costa_prof_filosofo_estetica_media_salerno-7595859.html Addio a Mario Costa, il prof filosofo dell'estetica dei media] {{in lang|it}}</ref>
*[[Jerold A. Edmondson]], 81, American linguist.<ref>[https://wadefamilyfuneralhome.com/obits/jerold-alan-edmondson/ Dr. Jerold Alan Edmondson]</ref>
*[[Viacheslav Eshba]], 74, Abkhaz pilot and politician, [[Minister for Defence of Abkhazia|minister of defence]] (2003–2005).<ref>[https://md.apsny.land/novosti/item/863-ushel-iz-zhizni-geroj-abkhazii-eshba-vyacheslav-akhmetovich Ушел из жизни Герой Абхазии Эшба Вячеслав Ахметович...] {{in lang|ru}}</ref>
*[[Emilia Ferreiro]], 86, Argentine pedagogue, psychologist and writer.<ref>[https://www.pagina12.com.ar/582608-murio-la-psicologa-y-pedagoga-argentina-emilia-ferreiro Murió la pedagoga argentina Emilia Ferreiro] {{in lang|es}}</ref>
*[[Milton Francisco Guerra Calderón]], 48, Guatemalan farmer and politician, [[Congress of the Republic of Guatemala|deputy]] (2012–2020), shot.<ref>[https://www.prensalibre.com/guatemala/sucesos/esto-es-lo-que-se-sabe-del-crimen-del-exdiputado-por-distrito-de-jalapa-mario-francisco-guerra-calderon-breaking/ Esto es lo que se sabe del crimen contra el exdiputado por Jalapa, Mario Francisco Guerra Calderón] {{in lang|es}}</ref>
*[[K. P. Hariharaputhran]], 79, Indian film editor (''[[Sheshakriya]]'', ''[[Punjabi House]]'', ''[[Thenkasi Pattanam]]'').<ref>[https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/renowned-mollywood-film-editor-kp-hariharaputhran-no-more-1.8853748 Renowned Mollywood film editor KP Hariharaputhran no more]</ref>
*[[Tobias Hill]], 53, English poet and author.<ref>[https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/births-marriages-and-deaths-september-9-2023-sn959wb8w Hill] {{paywall}}</ref>
*[[John Kezdy]], 64, American punk singer ([[The Effigies]]) and attorney, traffic collision.<ref>[https://www.stereogum.com/2234402/the-effigies-frontman-john-kezdy-dead-at-64/news The Effigies frontman John Kezdy dead at 64]</ref>
*[[Kim Suk-won (entrepreneur)|Kim Suk-won]], 78, South Korean automotive and scouting executive, president of [[SsangYong Group]] (1975–1998).<ref>[https://n.news.naver.com/mnews/article/001/0014153348?sid=101 김석원 전 쌍용그룹 회장 별세] {{in lang|ko}}</ref>
*[[Dev Kohli]], 80, Indian poet and lyricist (''[[Maine Pyar Kiya]]'', ''[[Baazigar]]'', ''[[Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!]]'').<ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/veteran-lyricist-dev-kohli-dies-at-80-2426874-2023-08-26 Veteran lyricist Dev Kohli dies at 80]</ref>
*[[Leo Krafft]], 28, Norwegian [[American football|gridiron]] player ([[Panthers Wrocław]], [[Carlstad Crusaders]]).<ref>[https://www.dagbladet.no/sport/leo-28-dode-i-polen/80108073 Leo (28) døde i Polen] {{in lang|no}}</ref>
*[[Lasse J. Laine]], 77, Finnish ornithologist.<ref>[https://www.hs.fi/kulttuuri/art-2000007998381.html Suomen tunnetuimpiin lintuasiantuntijoihin kuulunut Lasse J. Laine on kuollut] {{in lang|fi}}</ref>
*[[Bertrand Marchand]], 70, French football player ([[Stade Rennais F.C.|Rennes]]) and manager ([[Étoile Sportive du Sahel|Étoile du Sahel]], [[Tunisia national football team|Tunisia national team]]).<ref>[https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Bertrand-marchand-ancien-joueur-de-rennes-et-entraineur-de-guingamp-est-mort/1415884 Bertrand Marchand, ancien joueur de Rennes et entraîneur de Guingamp, est mort] {{in lang|fr}}</ref>
*[[MC Marcinho]], 45, Brazilian [[funk melody]] singer, multiple organ failure.<ref>[https://oglobo.globo.com/cultura/musica/noticia/2023/08/26/morre-mc-marcinho-aos-xx-anos.ghtml Morre MC Marcinho, aos 45 anos] {{in lang|pt}}</ref>
*[[Clay Mathile]], 82, American pet food industry executive, CEO of [[Iams]] (1982–1999).<ref>[https://www.forbes.com/sites/antoniopequenoiv/2023/08/26/iams-pet-food-billionaire-clay-mathile-dead-at-82/ Iams Pet Food Billionaire Clay Mathile Dead At 82]</ref>
*[[Gerold Meraner]], 83, Italian politician, member of the [[Landtag of South Tyrol]] (1983–1993).<ref>[https://trauer.bz/traueranzeige/gerold-meraner-28-08-2023 Gerold Meraner] {{in lang|de}}</ref>
*{{ill|Iulian Nicolae|ro}}, 53, Romanian singer and television host presenter.<ref>[https://www.ego.ro/a-murit-iulian-niculae-jull-prezentatorul-tv-avea-53-de-ani-102327.html A murit Iulian Niculae Jull. Prezentatorul TV avea 53 de ani] {{in lang|ro}}</ref>
*[[Gleb Panfilov]], 89, Russian film director and screenwriter (''[[The Theme]]'', ''[[Vassa (film)|Vassa]]'', ''[[The Romanovs: An Imperial Family]]'').<ref>[https://news.rambler.ru/community/51310636-umer-gleb-panfilov/ Умер Глеб Панфилов] {{in lang|ru}}</ref>
*[[Bert Papenfuß]], 67, German poet, cancer.<ref>[https://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/buecher/autoren/tom-schulz-zum-tod-des-dichters-bert-papenfuss-19130940.html Die Geburt der Sprache aus der Revolte] {{in lang|de}}</ref>
*[[Zbigniew Pawłowicz]], 79, Polish doctor and politician, [[Senate of Poland|senator]] (2007–2011), [[Sejm|MP]] (2015–2019).<ref>[https://expressbydgoski.pl/nie-zyje-zbigniew-pawlowicz-byly-senator-i-dyrektor-centrum-onkologii-w-bydgoszczy/ar/c1-17835823 Nie żyje Zbigniew Pawłowicz, były senator i dyrektor Centrum Onkologii w Bydgoszczy] {{in lang|pl}}</ref>
*[[Yvon Pedneault]], 77, Canadian ice hockey broadcaster ([[TVA (Canadian TV network)|TVA]], [[Réseau des Sports]], [[Noovo|TQS]]), cancer.<ref>[https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/quebec-sports-journalist-yvon-pedneault-dead-1.6948743 Quebec sports journalist Yvon Pedneault, dead at 77]</ref>
*[[Andrzej Precigs]], 74, Polish actor (''[[Akcja pod Arsenałem]]'').<ref>[https://www.pap.pl/aktualnosci/zmarl-aktor-andrzej-precigs-mial-74-lata Zmarł Andrzej Precigs, aktor teatralny, filmowy i serialowy oraz reżyser dubbingu] {{in lang|pl}}</ref>
*{{ill|Roman Reiser|de}}, 102, German architect.<ref>[https://www.waz.de/staedte/bochum/mit-102-jahren-bekannter-bochumer-architekt-ist-verstorben-id239367803.html Mit 102 Jahren: Bekannter Bochumer Architekt ist verstorben] {{in lang|de}}</ref>
*[[Tony Roberts (sportscaster)|Tony Roberts]], 94, American [[Radio Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame]] sportscaster ([[Notre Dame Fighting Irish]]).<ref>[https://fightingirishwire.usatoday.com/lists/notre-dame-football-tony-roberts-irish/ Notre Dame football: Legendary radio voice Tony Roberts has died]</ref>
*[[Donnell Ryan]], 82, Australian barrister and jurist, judge of the [[Federal Court of Australia|Federal Court]] (1986–2011).<ref>[https://tributes.theage.com.au/obituaries/488731/donnell-michael-ryan/ Donnell Michael Ryan]</ref>
*{{ill|Arist Merdeka Sirait|id}}, 63, Indonesian activist, urinary tract infection.<ref>[https://hot.detik.com/celeb/d-6897145/keluarga-jelaskan-kronologi-arist-merdeka-sirait-meninggal-dunia Keluarga Jelaskan Kronologi Arist Merdeka Sirait Meninggal Dunia] {{in lang|id}}</ref>
*[[Sanu Kumar Tamrakar]], 74, Nepali actor (''[[Meri Mamu]]'').<ref>[https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/actor-sanu-tamrakar-passes-away/ Renowned Actor Sanu Tamrakar no more]</ref>

===27===
*[[Svetlana Adyrkhaeva]], 85, Russian ballerina, [[People's Artist of the USSR]] (1984).<ref>[https://ura.news/news/1052679760 Умерла балерина Светлана Адырхаева] {{in lang|ru}}</ref>
*[[Michael Brougham, 5th Baron Brougham and Vaux]], 85, British aristocrat and politician, member of the [[House of Lords]] (since 1968).<ref>[https://hansard.parliament.uk/lords/2023-09-04/debates/9B83C2EB-11C7-4FE3-95B8-BB80F38843B7/DeathsOfMembersLordBroughamAndVauxAndLordHaworth Deaths of Members: Lord Brougham and Vaux and Lord Haworth]</ref>
*[[Pat Corrales]], 82, American baseball player ([[Philadelphia Phillies]], [[Cincinnati Reds]]) and manager ([[Texas Rangers (baseball)|Texas Rangers]]), World Series winner ([[1995 World Series|1995]]).<ref>[https://www.mlb.com/news/pat-corrales-passes-away Corrales, former player, manager, coach and exec, passes away at 82]</ref>
*[[Barry Durrant-Peatfield]], 86, British medical practitioner.<ref>[https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/births-marriages-and-deaths-august-31-2023-q9bmlpw8b Peatfield] {{paywall}}</ref>
*[[Éléonore Faucher]], 50, French film director and screenwriter (''[[A Common Thread]]''), cancer.<ref>[https://www.ouest-france.fr/cinema/realisatrice-du-film-la-maladroite-inspire-de-laffaire-marina-eleonore-faucher-est-decedee-7abe775c-456d-11ee-a014-fc15152f6424 Décès d’Éléonore Faucher : elle avait réalisé le film « La maladroite » inspiré de l’affaire Marina] {{in lang|fr}}</ref>
*[[Maurice Lucien Fréchard]], 95, French Roman Catholic prelate, archbishop of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Auch|Auch]] (1996–2004).<ref>[http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bfrechard.html Archbishop Maurice Lucien Fréchard, C.S.Sp. †]</ref>
*[[Karel Holomek]], 86, Czech Roma activist, dissident and politician, [[Czech National Council|MP]] (1990–1992).<ref>[https://www.memoryofnations.eu/en/holomek-karel-1937 Karel Holomek * 1937 †︎ 2023]</ref>
*[[Robert C. Holub]], 74, American Germanist and academic administrator, chancellor of [[University of Massachusetts Amherst|UMass]] (2008–2012).<ref>[https://www.umass.edu/news/article/former-chancellor-robert-holub-passes-away Former chancellor Robert Holub passes away]</ref>
*[[Mac Huddleston]], 79, American politician, member of the [[Mississippi House of Representatives]] (since 2008), multiple myeloma.<ref>[https://mississippitoday.org/2023/08/27/mac-huddleston-lawmaker-dies/ Rep. Mac Huddleston, longtime lawmaker from Pontotoc, dies at 79]</ref>
*[[Anvar Ibragimov]], 57, Russian fencer, Olympic champion ([[Fencing at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's team foil|1988]]).<ref>[http://www.olympedia.org/athletes/23564 Anvar Ibragimov]</ref>
*[[Joe the Plumber]], 49, American political activist and commentator, pancreatic cancer.<ref>[https://bnonews.com/index.php/2023/08/joe-wurzelbacher-known-as-joe-the-plumber-in-2008-election-dies-at-49/ Joe Wurzelbacher, known as ‘Joe the Plumber’ in 2008 election, dies at 49]</ref>
*[[Des Raj Kali]], 52, Indian writer and journalist, liver ailment.<ref>[https://www.ptcnews.tv/punjab-2/punjabi-writer-and-journalist-des-raj-kali-passes-away-730136 Punjabi writer and journalist Des Raj Kali passes away]</ref>
*[[Dennis Kramer]], 31, German basketball player ([[BG Göttingen]]), traffic collision.<ref>[https://www.eurohoops.net/en/bbl/1545451/dennis-kramer-dies-in-car-crash-germany/ Dennis Kramer, San Diego alumnus, dies in car crash]</ref>
*[[Doug Kyle]], 91, Canadian Olympic runner ([[Athletics at the 1956 Summer Olympics|1956]], [[Athletics at the 1960 Summer Olympics|1960]]), injuries sustained in traffic collision.<ref>[https://calgary.ctvnews.ca/olympian-and-calgary-marathon-founder-douglas-kyle-remembered-following-crash-1.6538594 Olympian and Calgary Marathon founder Douglas Kyle remembered following crash]</ref>
*[[Franne Lee]], 81, American costume designer (''[[Candide (operetta)|Candide]]'', ''[[Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street]]'', ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'').<ref>[https://www.playbill.com/article/tony-winning-costume-and-scenic-designer-franne-lee-dies-at-81 Tony-Winning Costume and Scenic Designer Franne Lee Dies at 81]</ref>
*[[Jayanta Mahapatra]], 94, Indian poet, pneumonia.<ref>[https://pragativadi.com/eminent-litterateur-jayanta-mahapatra-passes-away-at-95/ Eminent Litterateur Jayanta Mahapatra Passes Away At 95]</ref>
*[[Brian McBride (musician)|Brian McBride]], 53, American musician ([[Stars of the Lid]], [[Bell Gardens (band)|Bell Gardens]]).<ref>[https://pitchfork.com/news/stars-of-the-lids-brian-mcbride-dies-at-53 Stars of the Lid’s Brian McBride dies at 53]</ref>
*[[David McGee]], 75, British-born New Zealand lawyer and public servant, [[Clerk of the New Zealand House of Representatives|clerk of the House of Representatives]] (1985–2007), [[List of King's and Queen's Counsel in New Zealand|King's Counsel]] (since 2000).<ref>[https://www.parliament.nz/en/pb/hansard-debates/rhr/combined/HansDeb_20230829_20230829_06 Obituaries]</ref>
*{{ill|Gábor Medvigy|hu|Medvigy Gábor}}, 66, Hungarian cinematographer (''[[Damnation (film)|Damnation]]'', ''[[Werckmeister Harmonies]]''), photographer and university teacher.<ref>[https://www.origo.hu/itthon/20230828-meghalt-medvigy-gabor.html Meghalt Medvigy Gábor] {{in lang|hu}}</ref>
*{{ill|Maria Müller-Sommer|de}}, 101, German publisher.<ref>[https://www.boersenblatt.net/news/literaturszene/verlegerin-maria-mueller-sommer-ist-tot-299205 Verlegerin Maria Müller-Sommer ist tot] {{in lang|de}}</ref>
*[[J. Tinsley Oden]], 86, American engineer, founder of the [[Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences]].<ref>[https://news.utexas.edu/2023/08/30/ut-mourns-pioneer-of-computational-mechanics-and-founder-of-oden-institute/ UT Mourns Pioneer of Computational Mechanics and Founder of Oden Institute]</ref>
*[[Denyse Plummer]], 69, Trinidadian singer, cancer.<ref>[https://guardian.co.tt/news/denyse-plummer-former-calypso-monarch--gospel-singer-dies-6.2.1786207.a540eaf94c Denyse Plummer, former calypso monarch & gospel singer, dies]</ref>
*[[Motiur Rahman (Bangladeshi politician)|Motiur Rahman]], 81, Bangladeshi politician, [[Ministry of Religious Affairs (Bangladesh)|minister of religious affairs]] (2014–2018) and [[Jatiya Sangsad|MP]] (2008–2014).<ref>[https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/obituary/news/former-minister-motiur-rahman-passes-away-3404936 Former minister Motiur Rahman passes away]</ref>
*[[Alojz Rakús]], 76, Slovak politician, [[National Council (Slovakia)|MP]] (1990–1992, 1998–2002).<ref>[https://www.tyzden.sk/komentare/99822/peter-zajac-za-lojzom-rakusom-14-maja-1947--27-augusta-2023/ Peter Zajac: Za Lojzom Rakúsom (14. mája 1947 – 27. augusta 2023)] {{in lang|sk}}</ref>
*[[Jonathan E. Sheppard]], 82, English [[National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame]] [[Thoroughbred]] horse trainer, complications from [[lyme disease]].<ref>[https://www.thoroughbreddailynews.com/hall-of-fame-trainer-jonathan-sheppard-dies/ Hall of Fame Trainer Jonathan Sheppard Dies]</ref>
*{{ill|Eddie Skoller|da}}, 79, American-born Danish singer and actor.<ref>[https://www.bt.dk/samfund/entertaineren-eddie-skoller-er-doed-79-aar-gammel Entertaineren Eddie Skoller er død 79 år gammel] {{in lang|da}}</ref>
*[[Rich Stubler]], 74, American football coach ([[Toronto Argonauts]], [[Hamilton Tiger-Cats]], [[Edmonton Eskimos]]).<ref>[https://3downnation.com/2023/08/27/long-time-cfl-defensive-coordinator-rich-stubler-dead-at-74/ Long-time CFL defensive coordinator Rich Stubler dead at 74]</ref>
*[[Don Sundquist]], 87, American politician, [[governor of Tennessee]] (1995–2003), member of the [[U.S. House of Representatives]] (1983–1995), complications from surgery.<ref>[https://www.usnews.com/news/politics/articles/2023-08-27/former-2-term-republican-tennessee-gov-don-sundquist-dies-at-87 Former 2-Term Republican Tennessee Gov. Don Sundquist Dies at 87]</ref>
*[[Mariella Trejos]], 75, Colombian-Peruvian actress (''[[Simplemente María (1969 TV series)|Simplemente María]]'', ''[[Todo sobre Camila]]'').<ref>[https://elcomercio.pe/tvmas/farandula/mariella-trejos-recordada-actriz-de-carmin-y-al-fondo-hay-sitio-fallecio-a-los-75-anos-farandula-ultimas-noticia/ Mariella Trejos, recordada actriz de “Carmín” y “Al fondo hay sitio”, falleció a los 75 años] {{in lang|es}}</ref>
*[[Fritz H. Windhorst]], 88, American jurist, lawyer and politician, member of the [[Louisiana State Senate]] (1972–1992).<ref>[https://obits.nola.com/us/obituaries/nola/name/fritz-windhorst-obituary?id=52979562 Fritz H. Windhorst]</ref>

===28===
*[[August 08 (musician)|August 08]], 31, American singer-songwriter ("[[I'm the One (DJ Khaled song)|I'm the One]]").<ref>[https://www.complex.com/music/a/markelibert/august-08-has-died Singer songwriter August 08 has died]</ref>
*[[James Casey (musician)|James Casey]], 40, American saxophonist ([[Trey Anastasio Band]]), colon cancer.<ref>[https://www.jambase.com/article/james-casey-obituary Trey Anastasio Band saxophonist James Casey has died]</ref>
*[[Len Chandler]], 88, American folk musician.<ref>[https://obituaries.neptunesociety.com/obituaries/san-pedro-ca/len-chandler-11425673 Len H Chandler]</ref>
*[[Carlos Falquez]], 81, Ecuadorian businessman and politician, five-term [[National Assembly (Ecuador)|deputy]].<ref>[https://www.eluniverso.com/noticias/politica/carlos-falquez-batallas-murio-fallecio-machala-el-oro-social-cristiano-nota/ El exlegislador Carlos Falquez Batallas fallece a los 81 años] {{in lang|es}}</ref>
*[[Alan Haworth, Baron Haworth]], 75, British politician, member of the [[House of Lords]] (since 2004), heart attack.<ref>[https://www.braintreeandwithamtimes.co.uk/news/national/23752114.labour-peer-alan-haworth-dies-iceland-holiday-wife/ Labour peer Alan Haworth dies on Iceland holiday with wife]</ref>
*{{ill|Jiří Holenda|cs}}, 90, Czech mathematician and politician, rector of the [[University of West Bohemia]] (1992–1998).<ref>[https://www.memoryofnations.eu/en/holenda-jiri-1933 Doc. RNDr., Csc. Jiří Holenda * 1933 †︎ 2023]</ref>
*[[Tina Howe]], 85, American playwright (''[[Pride's Crossing]]'', ''[[Coastal Disturbances]]'', ''[[Painting Churches]]''), complications from a hip fracture.<ref>[https://deadline.com/2023/08/tina-howe-dead-1235530523/ Tina Howe Dies: ‘Painting Churches’, ‘Coastal Disturbances’ Playwright Was 85]</ref>
*[[Edith Graef McGeer]], 99, American-Canadian neuroscientist.<ref>[https://psychiatry.ubc.ca/in-memoriam-dr-edith-g-mcgeer-professor-emerita/ In Memoriam: Dr. Edith G. McGeer, Professor Emerita]</ref>
*[[Dennis J. Murphy]], 91, American major general.<ref>[https://www.nashuatelegraph.com/obituaries-memorials/obituaries/2023/09/02/major-general-dennis-j-murphy/ Major General Dennis J. Murphy]</ref>
*[[Nazar Nazarian]], 98, Syrian-born Armenian-American benefactor ([[Armenian General Benevolent Union]]).<ref>[https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/nytimes/name/nazar-nazarian-obituary?id=52997883 Nazar Nazarian]</ref>
*[[Rabban al-Qas]], 74, Iraqi Chaldean Catholic prelate, bishop of [[Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Amadiya|Amadiya]] (2001–2021).<ref>[http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/balqas.html Bishop Rabban Al-Qas †]</ref>
*[[Bob Ratcliffe]], 71, English cricketer ([[Lancashire County Cricket Club|Lancashire]]).<ref>[https://cricket.lancashirecricket.co.uk/news/2023-news/robert-ratcliffe-obituary/ Robert Ratcliffe]</ref>
*[[Neville Roper]], 101, Canadian politician, [[Legislative Assembly of Alberta|Alberta MLA]] (1967–1971).<ref>[https://www.rimbeyreview.com/obituaries/neville-sydney-roper/ Neville Sydney Roper]</ref>
*[[Sarava]], 24, American Thoroughbred racehorse.<ref>[https://www.thoroughbreddailynews.com/belmont-s-winner-sarava-dies-at-old-friends/ Belmont S. Winner Sarava Dies At Old Friends]</ref>
*[[Sonny Seiler]], 90, American attorney and football mascot owner ([[Uga (mascot)|Uga]]).<ref>[https://apnews.com/article/sonny-seiler-dead-georgia-bulldog-mascot-uga-59d4181f8eb3e798dda2323b736bc165 Sonny Seiler of Georgia football mascots and "Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil" dies at 90]</ref>
*[[Kazi Shahid Ahmed]], 82, Bangladeshi businessperson, education entrepreneur and journalist, founder of [[Gemcon Group]].<ref>[https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/323794/pioneer-of-modern-journalism-kazi-shahid-ahmed Kazi Shahid Ahmed, pioneer of modern journalism, passes away]</ref>
*[[Minna Tarkka]], 62, Finnish art critic and curator.<ref>[https://emare.eu/news-events/minna-tarkka-in-memoriam Minna Tarkka in memoriam]</ref>
*[[Roger Van Hool]], 82, Belgian actor (''[[Oscar (1967 film)|Oscar]]'', ''[[Woman Between Wolf and Dog]]'', ''[[The Woman Next Door]]'').<ref>[https://www.rtbf.be/article/le-comedien-roger-van-hool-est-decede-a-lage-de-83-ans-11246728 Le comédien Roger Van Hool est décédé à l’âge de 83 ans] {{in lang|fr}}</ref>
*[[Arun Veerappan]], 90, Indian film producer and director (''[[Zameen Aasmaan (1972 film)|Zameen Aasmaan]]'').<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/arun-veerappan-a-pioneer-of-digital-cinema-in-india-dies-at-90/article67241842.ece Arun Veerappan, a pioneer of digital cinema in India, dies at 90]</ref>
*[[Noke Wangnao]], 86, Indian politician, [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly|Nagaland MLA]] (1974–1993, 2003–2008, since 2013).<ref>[https://easternmirrornagaland.com/nagalands-senior-most-legislator-noke-wangnao-no-more/ Nagaland's senior most legislator Noke Wangnao no more]</ref>
*[[Teeuwynn Woodruff]], 54–55, American writer and game designer (''[[Dungeons & Dragons]]'', ''[[Wraith: The Oblivion]]'', ''[[World of Darkness]]''), cardiac arrest.<ref>[https://www.cbr.com/teeuwynn-woodruff-obituary/ Teeuwynn Woodruff, MtG, Vampire: the Masquerade, and D&D Writer, Passes Away]</ref>
*[[John Zajac Jr.]], 90, American politician.<ref>[https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/hartfordcourant/name/john-zajac-obituary?id=52986024 John Joseph Zajac Jr.]</ref>

===29===
*[[Taiwo Akinkunmi]], 87, Nigerian civil servant, designer of the [[flag of Nigeria]].<ref>[https://www.osundefender.com/breaking-designer-of-nigerias-flag-pa-taiwo-akinkunmi-dies-at-87/ Designer Of Nigeria’s Flag Pa Taiwo Akinkunmi Dies At 87]</ref>
*[[Yelena Avdeyeva]], 55, Russian politician, [[Federation Council (Russia)|senator]] (since 2019), mayor of [[Cherepovets]] (2017–2019).<ref>[https://newsvo.ru/news/206949 Умерла сенатор от Вологодской области Елена Авдеева] {{in lang|ru}}</ref>
*[[Sarojini Balanandan]], 85, Indian politician.<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/former-cpim-state-committee-member-sarojini-balanandan-dead/article67251558.ece Former CPI(M) State committee member Sarojini Balanandan dead]</ref>
*[[Coolidge Ball]], 71, American basketball player ([[Ole Miss Rebels men's basketball|Ole Miss Rebels]]).<ref>[https://247sports.com/college/ole-miss/article/ole-miss-mens-basketball-legend-coolidge-ball-has-passed-away-215013213/amp/ Ole Miss men's basketball legend Coolidge Ball has passed away]</ref>
*[[Alix Boyd Knights]], [[Dominica]]n politician, speaker of the [[House of Assembly of Dominica|House of Assembly]] (2000–2020).<ref>[https://dominicanewsonline.com/news/homepage/news/govt-of-dominica-to-provide-the-late-alix-body-knights-with-a-state-funeral-pm-describes-her-as-a-firm-and-no-nonsense-individual/ Gov’t of Dominica to provide the late Alix Body-Knights with a state funeral; PM describes her as a ‘firm and no-nonsense’ individual ]</ref>
*[[Don Browne]], 80, American media executive ([[Telemundo]]).<ref>[https://variety.com/2023/biz/news/don-browne-dead-telemundo-president-1235708482/ Don Browne, Former NBC Executive and Telemundo President, Dies at 80]</ref>
*[[Nancy Buirski]], 78, American film director (''[[A Crime on the Bayou]]'', ''[[Desperate Souls, Dark City and the Legend of Midnight Cowboy]]'') and producer (''[[Loving (2016 film)|Loving]]'').<ref>[https://deadline.com/2023/08/nancy-buirski-dead-loving-producer-1235532161/ Nancy Buirski Dies: ‘Loving’ Producer Also Directed ‘Midnight Cowboy’ Doc & Founded Documentary Film Festival]</ref>
*{{ill|Guy Calléja|fr}}, 85, French football player ([[FC Girondins de Bordeaux|Girondins de Bordeaux]], [[Gazélec Ajaccio]]) and coach.<ref>[https://www.sudouest.fr/sport/football/girondins-de-bordeaux/girondins-de-bordeaux-l-ancien-capitaine-guy-calleja-est-decede-16447606.php Girondins de Bordeaux. L’ancien capitaine Guy Calleja est décédé] {{in lang|fr}}</ref>
*[[Hernán Chacón Soto]], 86, Chilean military officer, convicted kidnapper and murderer of [[Víctor Jara]], suicide by gunshot.<ref>[https://elpais.com/chile/2023-08-29/uno-de-los-militares-condenados-por-el-asesinato-de-victor-jara-se-suicida-tras-la-condena.html Uno de los militares condenados por el asesinato de Víctor Jara se suicida antes de ser detenido] {{in lang|es}}</ref>
*[[Jamie Christopher]], 52, British assistant director (''[[Harry Potter (film series)|Harry Potter]]'', ''[[Guardians of the Galaxy (film)|Guardians of the Galaxy]]'', ''[[Star Wars: The Last Jedi]]''), heart complications.<ref>[https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/jamie-christopher-dead-marvel-harry-potter-assistant-director-1235578498/ Jamie Christopher, Top-Notch Assistant Director for Marvel, Harry Potter Movies, Dies at 52]</ref>
*[[Jamie Crick]], 57, British radio broadcaster ([[Classic FM (UK)|Classic FM]], [[Jazz FM (UK)|Jazz FM]], [[Scala Radio]]).<ref>[https://radiotoday.co.uk/2023/08/broadcaster-jamie-crick-has-died-at-the-age-of-57-years-old/ Broadcaster Jamie Crick has died at the age of 57]</ref>
*[[Octavio Couto Da Silva]], 52, Brazilian-born American [[jujutsu]] master, fall.<ref>[https://nypost.com/2023/08/30/american-jiu-jitsu-master-octavio-couto-da-silva-falls-to-his-death-from-seawall-in-italy/ American Jiu-Jitsu master falls to his death from seawall in Italy after friend’s wedding: ‘Such a profound loss’]</ref> (death announced on this date)
*[[Mike Enriquez]], 71, Filipino television and radio newscaster (''[[Saksi]]'', ''[[Imbestigador]]'', ''[[24 Oras]]'').<ref>[https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/showbiz/chikaminute/880447/mike-enriquez-passes-away-at-71/story/ Mike Enriquez passes away at 71]</ref>
*[[Ahmo Hight]], 50, American fitness model and actress.<ref>[https://fitnessvolt.com/ahmo-hight-obituary/ American Fitness Model Ahmo Hight Dies At Age 50]</ref>
*[[Philip Ingamells]], 76, Australian conservationist, photographer, and writer.<ref>[https://vnpa.org.au/phil-ingamells/ Vale Phil Ingamells]</ref> (death announced on this date)
*[[Dorothy Isaksen]], 93, Australian politician.<ref>[https://tributes.smh.com.au/obituaries/489019/dorothy-may-am-isaksen Dorothy May AM Isaksen]</ref>
*[[Peter King (Nigerian musician)|Peter King]], 84, Nigerian multi-instrumentalist and bandleader.<ref>[https://thebladengr.com/2023/08/31/nigerian-music-legend-peter-king-dies-at-84/ Nigerian music legend, Peter King dies at 84]</ref>
*[[Robert Klane]], 81, American screenwriter (''[[Where's Poppa?]]'', ''[[National Lampoon's European Vacation]]'', ''[[Weekend at Bernie's]]''), kidney failure.<ref>[https://variety.com/2023/film/news/robert-klane-dead-weekend-at-bernies-1235713016/ Robert Klane, ‘Weekend at Bernie’s’ Screenwriter, Dies at 81]</ref>
*[[Stanisław Papież]], 58, Polish journalist and politician, [[Sejm|MP]] (2001–2005, 2006–2007).<ref>[https://lovekrakow.pl/aktualnosci/zmarl-byly-posel-mial-58-lat_52586.html Zmarł były poseł. Miał 58 lat] {{in lang|pl}}</ref>
*[[Katalin Rényi]], 72, Hungarian painter.<ref>[https://index.hu/kultur/2023/08/29/renyi-katalin-elhunyt-festomuvesz-tervezografikus-kortars-muveszet/ Meghalt Rényi Katalin festőművész] {{in lang|hu}}</ref>
*[[Botha Rossouw]], 53, South African rugby union player.<ref>[https://saru-umbraco.azurewebsites.net//news-features/articles/2023/08/29/rip-botha-rossouw-1969-2023/ RIP Botha Rossouw (1969-2023)]</ref>
*[[Guillermo Teillier]], 79, Chilean politician, [[Chamber of Deputies of Chile|deputy]] (2010–2022).<ref>[https://radio.uchile.cl/2023/08/29/presidente-del-partido-comunista-guillermo-teillier-muere-a-los-79-anos/ Presidente del Partido Comunista Guillermo Teillier muere a los 79 años] {{in lang|es}}</ref>
*[[Waldemar Victorino]], 71, Uruguayan footballer ([[Club Nacional de Football|Nacional]], [[Club Atlético River Plate (Montevideo)|River Plate]], [[Uruguay national football team|national team]]), suicide.<ref>[https://espndeportes.espn.com/futbol/uruguay/nota/_/id/12514838/murio-waldemar-victorino-campeon-america-nacional-seleccion-uruguaya Falleció Waldemar Victorino, campeón de América y del mundo con Nacional] {{in lang|es}}</ref>

===30===
*[[Mohamed Al-Fayed]], 94, Egyptian hotelier and football executive, owner of [[Hôtel Ritz Paris]] (since 1979), [[Harrods]] (1985–2010), and [[Fulham F.C.]] (1997–2013).<ref>[https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/breaking-mohamed-al-fayed-dies-30844832 Mohamed Al Fayed dies as tributes paid to ex-owner of Harrods and Fulham football club]</ref>
*[[Kutbettin Arzu]], 68, Turkish politician, [[Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (Turkey)|minister of agriculture]] (2015) and [[Grand National Assembly of Turkey|MP]] (2007–2011).<ref>[https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/turkiye/son-dakika-eski-bakan-kutbettin-arzu-hayatini-kaybetti-havuzda-olu-bulundu-2114165 Eski bakan Kutbettin Arzu hayatını kaybetti: Havuzda ölü bulundu] {{in lang|tr}}</ref>
*[[Kazi M. Badruddoza]], 96, Bangladeshi agronomist.<ref>[https://www.bssnews.net/news/144805 PM mourns scientist Dr Badrudduza's death]</ref>
*[[Montserrat Galí Boadella]], 76, Mexican art historian.<ref>[https://www.e-consulta.com/nota/2023-08-30/cultura/montserrat-gali-muere-exsecretaria-de-cultura-de-puebla-destacada Montserrat Galí: muere exsecretaria de Cultura de Puebla; destacada historiadora] {{in lang|es}}</ref>
*[[Jan Jongbloed]], 82, Dutch footballer ([[AFC DWS|DWS]], [[FC Amsterdam|Amsterdam]], [[Netherlands national football team|national team]]).<ref>[https://www.nhnieuws.nl/nieuws/323995/voormalig-doelman-jan-jongbloed-is-overleden-typische-amsterdammer Voormalig doelman Jan Jongbloed is overleden: "Typische Amsterdammer"] {{in lang|nl}}</ref>
*[[Arthur Leong (footballer)|Arthur Leong]], 92, Chinese-born New Zealand footballer ([[Melville United AFC|Hamilton Technical Old Boys]], [[New Zealand national football team|New Zealand national team]]).<ref>[https://www.nzherald.co.nz/waikato-news/sport/former-all-white-arthur-leong-dies/CRAUWKFB6ZABVO626L4OEXTNX4/ Former All White Arthur Leong dies]</ref>
*[[Md. Abdul Quddus]], 76, Bangladeshi politician, [[Jatiya Sangsad|MP]] (1991–1995, 1996–2001, since 2009).<ref>[https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/nation/323912/natore-4-mp-abdul-kuddus-passes-away Natore-4 MP Abdul Quddus passes away]</ref>
*[[Ola Rask]], 83, Swedish politician, [[Riksdagen|MP]] (1994-2006).<ref>[https://www.dalademokraten.se/2023-09-06/ola-rask-1940-2023 Ola Rask 1940-2023]</ref>
*[[Gennady Sapunov]], 84, Russian Olympic wrestler ([[Wrestling at the 1968 Summer Olympics – Men's Greco-Roman 70 kg|1968]]).<ref>[https://www.wrestrus.ru/news/17287 Не стало Геннадия Сапунова...] {{in lang|ru}}</ref>
*[[Dai Shimamura]], 63, Japanese politician, [[House of Councillors|MP]] (since 2013).<ref>[https://www.yomiuri.co.jp/politics/20230830-OYT1T50246/ 自民の島村大・参議院議員が死去、６３歳…厚生労働政務官など務める] {{in lang|ja}}</ref>
*[[Jack Sonni]], 68, American musician ([[Dire Straits]]), marketing executive and writer.<ref>[https://www.musicalnews.com/2023/08/30/addio-a-jack-sonni-chitarrista-nei-dire-straits-di-brothers-in-arms/ Addio a Jack Sonni, chitarrista nei Dire Straits di Brothers In Arms] {{in lang|it}}</ref>
*[[Piero Trapanelli]], 99, Italian footballer ([[A.S. Varese 1910|Varese]], [[Pisa Calcio|Pisa]], [[Treviso FBC 1993|Treviso]]).<ref>[https://milano.corriere.it/notizie/cronaca/23_agosto_31/addio-a-piero-trapanelli-99-anni-di-rogoredo-il-calciatore-piu-anziano-della-serie-a-quel-gol-col-milan-nel-derby-contro-l-inter-durante-la-guerra-d77ba871-f018-4074-99f1-badbc81a0xlk.shtml Addio a Piero Trapanelli, 99 anni di Rogoredo, il calciatore più anziano della serie A: quel gol col Milan nel derby contro l’Inter durante la guerra] {{in lang|it}}</ref>
*[[Athanasios Xarchas]], 92, Greek politician, [[Hellenic Parliament|MP]] (1981–1993) and [[Ministry of Trade (Greece)|minister of trade]] (1990–1991).<ref>[https://www.thetoc.gr/politiki/article/pethane-o-proin-upourgos-kai-bouleutis-athanasios-xarxas/ Πέθανε ο πρώην υπουργός και βουλευτής Φθιώτιδας της Νέας Δημοκρατίας, Αθανάσιος Ξαρχάς] {{in lang|el}}</ref>

===31===
*[[Gil Brandt]], 91, American [[Pro Football Hall of Fame| Hall of Fame]] football executive ([[Dallas Cowboys]], [[Los Angeles Rams]], [[San Francisco 49ers]]).<ref>[https://www.dallascowboys.com/news/hall-of-famer-gil-brandt-passes-away-at-age-91 Hall of Famer Gil Brandt passes away at age 91]</ref>
*[[Salatiel Carvalho]], 69, Brazilian pastor, engineer, and politician, [[Chamber of Deputies (Brazil)|deputy]] (1987–2003).<ref>[https://www.diariodepernambuco.com.br/noticia/vidaurbana/2023/08/morre-salatiel-carvalho-o-fundador-da-radio-maranata-em-pernambuco.html Morre Salatiel Carvalho, o fundador da Rádio Maranata em Pernambuco] {{in lang|pt}}</ref>
*[[Aram Chobanian]], 94, American educator, president of [[Boston University]] (2005).<ref>[https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/bostonglobe/name/aram-chobanian-obituary?id=53006051 Aram V. Chobanian M.D.]</ref>
*[[Robert Clegg Jr.]], 69, American politician, member of the [[New Hampshire Senate]] (2002–2008).<ref>[https://www.wmur.com/article/former-new-hampshire-state-senator-bob-clegg-passes-away/44978822 Former New Hampshire State Senator Bob Clegg passes away]</ref>
*[[Steve Crump]], 65–66, American journalist ([[WBTV]]) and documentary film producer, colon cancer.<ref>[https://www.wsoctv.com/news/local/longtime-wbtv-journalist-steve-crump-dies/WYANG3BPB5G6LH2WGNRJL6APIY/ Longtime WBTV journalist Steve Crump dies]</ref>
*[[Gayle Hunnicutt]], 80, American actress (''[[Dallas (1978 TV series)|Dallas]]'', ''[[Marlowe (1969 film)|Marlowe]]'', ''[[Fragment of Fear]]'').<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2023/sep/03/gayle-hunnicutt-obituary Gayle Hunnicutt obituary]</ref>
*[[Douglas Lenat]], 72, American artificial intelligence researcher, founder and CEO of [[Cyc|Cycorp]].<ref>[https://www.rebellionresearch.com/douglas-lenat-obituary Douglas Lenat Obituary]</ref>
*[[Silvina Luna]], 43, Argentinian actress (''[[Gran Hermano (Argentine TV series)|Gran Hermano]]'') and model, complications from surgery.<ref>[https://www.telam.com.ar/notas/202308/638744-murio-silvina-luna.html A los 43 años, falleció Silvina Luna] {{in lang|es}}</ref>
*[[Ioana Maria Lupașcu]], 45, Romanian pianist.<ref>[https://www.fanatik.ro/doliu-in-lumea-muzicii-pianista-ioana-maria-lupascu-a-murit-la-45-de-ani-20472872 Doliu în lumea muzicii. Pianista Ioana Maria Lupașcu a murit la 45 de ani] {{in lang|ro}}</ref>
*[[Marti Maraden]], 78, American-born Canadian actress.<ref>[https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/stage/accomplished-stage-actor-pioneering-theatre-director-marti-maraden-dies-at-78/article_59201ae4-6124-50af-8df9-9920f74d19ca.html Accomplished stage actor, pioneering theatre director Marti Maraden dies at 78]</ref>
*[[Aparna P Nair]], 33, Indian actress (''[[Kodathi Samaksham Balan Vakeel]]''), suicide by hanging.<ref>[https://www.dtnext.in/news/cinema/malayalam-actor-aparna-nair-found-dead-733497 Malayalam actor Aparna Nair found dead]</ref>
*[[Gboyega Odubanjo]], 27, British-Nigerian poet.<ref>[https://crackmagazine.net/2023/09/family-and-friends-of-gboyega-odubanjo-issue-statement-following-discovery-of-body-in-search-for-inimitable-poet/ Family and friends of Gboyega Odubanjo issue statement following discovery of body in search for “inimitable” missing poet]</ref> (body discovered on this date)
*[[Peter Olds]], 78–79, New Zealand poet.<ref>[https://requiemchapel.com/peter-olds-obituary-dunedin-public-libraries-founder-sadly-passed-away/ Peter Olds obituary]</ref>
*[[Bill Pinkney (sailor)|Bill Pinkney]], 87, American [[National Sailing Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame]] sailor.<ref>[https://www.cbsnews.com/chicago/news/capt-bill-pinkney-first-african-american-sail-around-world-solo-obit/ Capt. Bill Pinkney, first African American to sail around the world solo, dies at 87]</ref>
*[[Clairy Polak]], 67, Dutch journalist and radio and television presenter (''[[Nova (Dutch TV program)|Nova]]'').<ref>[https://www.human.nl/over-human/lees/clairy-polak.html Clairy Polak: 1956 - 2023] {{in lang|nl}}</ref>
*[[John Quenby]], 81, British motorsport executive, CEO of the [[Motorsport UK|RAC Motor Sports Association]] (1990–2001).<ref>[https://www.motorsportuk.org/john-quenby-1941-2023/ John Quenby: 1941 – 2023]</ref>
*[[Anatoliy Sass]], 87, Russian rower, Olympic champion ([[Rowing at the 1968 Summer Olympics – Men's double sculls|1968]]).<ref>[https://sport24.ru/other/news-573673-na-88-m-godu-zhizni-skonchalsya-olimpiyskiy-chempion-anatoliy-sass На 88-м году жизни скончался олимпийский чемпион Анатолий Сасс] {{in lang|ru}}</ref>
*[[Sarah Young (author)|Sarah Young]], 77, American author (''[[Jesus Calling]]''), complications from Lyme disease.<ref>[https://www.baptistpress.com/resource-library/news/sarah-young-author-of-jesus-calling-dies-at-77/ Sarah Young, author of ‘Jesus Calling,’ dies at 77]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Navbox deaths}}

[[Category:2023 deaths|*2023-8]]
[[Category:Lists of deaths in 2023|8]]

Siege of Jind (1776)

2023-07-16T11:05:47Z

Muralikvs11: Created an original article format.

{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Siege of Jind
| place = [[Jind]]
| partof = [[Mughal-Sikh Wars]]
| date = May 1776
| result = Sikh Victory
| combatant1 = [[File:Jind State CoA.png|30px]] [[Jind State|Jind]] '''Supported by''' [[File:Patiala flag.svg|30px]] [[Patiala State|Patiala]] [[File:Nabha flag.svg|30px]] [[Nabha State]] Bhais of [[Kaithal]]
| combatant2 = [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|30px]] [[Mughal Empire]]
| commander1 = [[File:Jind State CoA.png|20px]] Raja Gajpat Singh [[File:Patiala flag.svg|20px]] Diwan Nanumal [[File:Nabha flag.svg|20px]] Raja Hamir Singh
| commander2 = [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|20px]] Rahimdad Khan{{KIA}}
| strength1 = 5,000 combined Sikh forces
| strength2 = 10,000 imperialists
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
}}
{{Campaignbox Mughal-Sikh Wars}}
The '''Siege of Jind''' was fought in May 1776 by the Sikh forces led by Raja Gajpat Singh and the Mughal forces led by Rahimdad Khan.

==Background==

After the Rohilla Sikh coalition defeated the Mughals at Amirnagar, Rahimdad Khan who worked for [[Zabita Khan]] joined the Mughals. He had captured many places but the place in between his newly conquested land was [[Jind]].<ref name=Gupta>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfTheSikhsVol.IiiSikhDominationOfTheMughalEmpire1764-1803/page/n105/mode/2up|title=History Of The Sikhs Vol. III Sikh Domination Of The Mughal Empire (1764-1803)|author=Hari Ram Gupta|pages=89}}</ref> Therefore, he decided to besiege Jind and conquer it once and for all.

==Battle==

Raja Gajpat Singh sought help from the neighbouring Sikhs states. Patiala, Nabha, Bhais of Kaithal and many more neighbouring Sikhs decided to help and ammased an army of 5,000 Sikhs.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/TheSikhSwordToPower/page/n137/mode/2up|title=The Sikh Sword To Power|author=Surinder Singh Johar|pages=142}}</ref> These Sikhs attacked the Mughal camp at night. The Mughals however were twice in number and managed to get an upper hand in battle.<ref name=Gupta/> However, Rahimdad Khan was struck by 3 balls of cannon which caused confusion among his army.<ref name=Gandhi1999>{{cite book|title=Sikhs In The Eighteenth Century|author=Surjit Singh Gandhi|url=https://archive.org/details/SikhsInTheEighteenthCentury/page/513/mode/2up|publisher=Singh Bros.|year=1999|isbn=9788172052171|pages=510}}</ref> Therefore, the Sikhs managed to defeat the Mughals who had retreated due to the death of their commander.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Haryana_a_Historical_Perspective/2RKTigrrP1cC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=rahimdad+khan+jind&pg=PA8&printsec=frontcover|title=Haryana, a Historical Perspective|author=Satish Chandra Mittal|pages=8|isbn=9788171560837}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/History_and_Philosophy_of_the_Sikh_Relig/DEAsXfFqwJQC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=rahimdad+khan+jind&pg=PA295&printsec=frontcover|title=History and Philosophy of the Sikh Religion|author=Khazan Singh|pages=295}}</ref>

==Aftermath==

The Sikhs looted the baggage left by the Mughals and shared it with village women.<ref name=Gupta/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== See also ==
* [[Nihang]]
* [[Martyrdom in Sikhism|Martyrdom and Sikhism]]

[[Category:Battles involving the Sikhs]]
[[Category:History of India]]

{{India-battle-stub}}
{{Sikhism-stub}}
{{battle-stub}}

Legislatures of British India

2023-02-20T23:13:20Z

Muralikvs11: Added a new contribution to the collection.

{{short description|Legislative bodies in the presidencies and provinces of British India (1861-1947)}}
[[File:British Raj Red Ensign.svg|thumb|300px|Flag of British India]]
The '''Legislatures of British India''' included [[legislative bodies]] in the [[presidencies and provinces of British India]], the [[Imperial Legislative Council]], the [[Chamber of Princes]] and the [[Central Legislative Assembly]]. The legislatures were created under [[Acts of Parliament]] of the United Kingdom. Initially serving as small advisory councils, the legislatures evolved into partially elected bodies, but were never elected through suffrage. Provincial legislatures saw boycotts during the period of [[diarchy|dyarchy]] between 1919 and 1935. After reforms and elections in 1937, the largest parties in provincial legislatures formed governments headed by a [[prime minister]]. A few British Indian subjects were elected to the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]], which had superior powers than colonial legislatures. British Indian legislatures did not include [[Legislature of Burma|Burma's legislative assembly]] after 1937, the [[State Council of Ceylon]] nor the legislative bodies of [[princely state]]s.

==Advisory councils (1861–1919)==
Legislative councils were first formed in each province under the [[Indian Councils Act 1861]]. Members would include nominees of the Lieutenant Governor who had to receive consent from the [[Governor General of India|governor general of India]]. Native Indian subjects were a minority in the early councils, which were dominated by Europeans and [[Anglo-Indians]]. The Lieutenant Governor could nominate a maximum of 12 members to these councils, which did not have fixed term limits. The councils were merely advisory bodies for the provincial governments.<ref name="banglapedia1">{{cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bengal_Legislative_Council |title=Bengal Legislative Council - Banglapedia |publisher=En.banglapedia.org |access-date=2017-07-16}}</ref>

Under the [[Indian Councils Act 1892]], the legislative councils expanded to 20 members. The councils were empowered to address questions to the executive and discuss budgets without voting. The Lieutenant Governor would nominate 7 members from the recommendations of universities, city corporations, municipalities, district boards and chambers of commerce.<ref name="banglapedia1"/> The majority of councilors continued to be European and a minority were Indian.<ref name="banglapedia1"/>

The [[Morley–Minto reforms]] were the brainchild of [[John Morley]], the [[Secretary of State for India]], and [[Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto|Earl Minto]], the [[Viceroy of India]]. The reforms were enacted under the Indian Councils Act 1909, which brought amendments to the Acts of 1861 and 1892. However, they did not go as far as the demands for [[home rule]] put forward by the [[Indian National Congress]]. Colonial administrators were not keen to grant parliamentary powers to India, possibly for fear of subversion. Britain was also a [[unitary state]] and little power was given its regional or colonial units. Under the Act of 1909, the number of seats in legislative councils were expanded.<ref name="Mishra1987">{{cite book|author=Vibhuti Bhushan Mishra|title=Evolution of the Constitutional History of India, 1773-1947: With Special Reference to the Role of the Indian National Congress and the Minorities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RojLHsEv7FwC&pg=PA61|year=1987|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-010-9|pages=61–}}</ref> Councils were established at the central level and for gubernatorial provinces. Under the reforms, the majority of councilors would be elected and a minority would be nominated from the government. Property owners, including the [[zamindar]]s, became [[voter]]s. [[Muslims]] were given the status of a "separate electorate". The Act increased the powers of legislative council to discuss budgets, suggest amendments and vote on limited matters. Representatives from plantations, commercial chambers, universities and landholders were given seats in the assembly. Education, local government, public health, public works, agriculture and cooperative societies were made "transferred subjects" to be administered by the elected representatives. The "reserved subjects" were to be administered by the Executive Council. Reserved subjects included finance, police, land revenue, law, justice and labour.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.houseofdavid.ca/Ind_uni.htm#gon1909 |title=British Ruled India Print Bibliography by David Steinberg |publisher=Houseofdavid.ca |access-date=2017-07-16}}</ref><ref>Ilbert, Sir Courtenay Peregrine. "Appendix I: Indian Councils Act, 1909", in The Government of India. Clarendon Press, 1907.</ref><ref name="banglapedia1"/>

==Dyarchy (1919–1935)==
A [[diarchy|dyarchy]] is a system of shared government. In British India, the British government decided to share responsibilities with legislative councils in major provinces.
As a result of [[Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms]], the British government decided to gradually grant self-governing institutions to India. The [[Government of India Act, 1919]] established a [[bicameral]] central legislature and granted revenue shares to provincial legislative councils. The British government elaborated that the system would continue for at least 10 years until a review. The [[Swaraj Party]] and [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]], which enjoyed majorities in the councils, boycotted the dyarchy- arguing that the reforms once again did not go far enough.<ref name="banglapedia1"/> The Congress increased its non-cooperation movement. However, constitutionalists in parties like the [[All India Muslim League]] continued to advocate their constituents' interests within the councils.

The [[Rowlatt Act]], [[Amritsar massacre]] and [[Khilafat movement]] worsened the political situation.<ref name="banglapedia1"/> In 1928, the [[Nehru Report]] called for a federal democracy. In 1929, the [[Fourteen Points of Jinnah]] demanded electoral, administrative and political reform. The [[Simon Commission]] was formed to explore constitutional reform.<ref name="banglapedia1"/>

In 1932, the "[[Communal Award]]" was announced by [[British Prime Minister]] [[Ramsay MacDonald]] granting [[separate electorate]]s to [[Muslims]], [[Sikhs]], [[Indian Christians]], [[Anglo-Indians]], [[Europeans]] and Depressed Classes (now known as the [[Dalits]]) instead of equal universal franchise. The principle of weightage was also applied.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Nugent |first=Helen M. |author-link=Helen Nugent |year=1979 |title=The communal award: The process of decision‐making |journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies |volume=2 |issue=1–2 |pages=112–129 |doi=10.1080/00856407908722988}}</ref>

The award was highly controversial and criticized as a [[divide and rule]] policy.<ref name="Thorpe2012">{{cite book|author=Edgar Thorpe|title=The Pearson CSAT Manual 2012|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1cruroSVFoUC&pg=SL219-PA197|year=2012|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-6734-4|page=219}}</ref> The British government opined that it wanted to avoid civil war.

==Provincial autonomy (1937–1947)==
{{See also|1937 Indian provincial elections|1946 Indian provincial elections}}
The [[Government of India Act 1935]] ended dyarchy in the provinces and increased autonomy. Six provinces were given bicameral legislatures.<ref name="banglapedia1"/> Elections based on [[Communal Award|separate electorates]] were held in 1937 and 1946, leading to the formation of provincial ministries (governments) led by a Prime Minister.

Most of the provincial governments were unstable amid the outbreak of [[World War II]], the [[Bengal famine of 1943]] and the [[Quit India movement]].

==Legislative Councils (1861–1947)==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! British Imperial Territory !! Legislative Council !! Modern location
|-
| [[Assam Province|Assam]] || [[Assam Legislative Council]] || [[Bangladesh]], [[India]]
|-
| [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]] || [[Bengal Legislative Council]] || [[Bangladesh]], [[India]]
|-
| [[Bihar and Orissa Province|Bihar and Orissa]] || Bihar and Orissa Legislative Council || [[India]]
|-
| [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay]] || [[Bombay Legislative Council]] || [[India]]
|-
| [[British Burma|Burma]] || [[Legislative Council of Burma|Burma Legislative Council]] || [[Myanmar]]
|-
| [[Central Provinces]] || Central Provinces Legislative Council || [[India]]
|-
| [[Coorg Province|Coorg]] || Coorg Legislative Council || [[India]]
|-
| [[Eastern Bengal and Assam]] || [[Eastern Bengal and Assam Legislative Council]]|| [[Bangladesh]], [[India]]
|-
| [[Madras Presidency|Madras]] || [[Madras Legislative Council]] || [[India]]
|-
| [[North-West Frontier Province|North-West Frontier]] || North-West Frontier Legislative Council<ref>{{cite journal |year=1934 |title=The first elections in the N.W.F.P. |journal=Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=65–69 |doi=10.1080/03068373408725291}}</ref> || [[Pakistan]]
|-
| [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]] || [[Punjab Legislative Council]] || [[Pakistan]], [[India]]
|-
| [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]] || [[United Provinces Legislative Council]] || [[India]]
|-
| [[British India|British Indian Empire]] || [[Imperial Legislative Council]] || [[Bangladesh]], [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Myanmar]]
|}

==Legislative Assemblies (1937–1947)==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! British Imperial Territory !! Legislative Assembly !! Seats !! Modern Location
|-
| [[Assam Province|Assam]] || [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] || 108 || [[Bangladesh]], [[India]]
|-
| [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]] || [[Bengal Legislative Assembly]] || 250 || [[Bangladesh]], [[India]]
|-
| [[Bihar Province|Bihar]] || [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] || 152 || [[India]]
|-
| [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay]] || [[Bombay Legislative Assembly]] || 175 || [[India]]
|-
| [[Central Provinces]] || [[Vidhan Bhavan, Nagpur|Central Provinces Legislative Assembly]] || 112 || [[India]]
|-
| [[Madras Presidency|Madras]] || [[Madras Legislative Assembly]] || 215 || [[India]]
|-
| [[North-West Frontier Province|North-West Frontier]] || [[North-West Frontier Legislative Assembly]] || 50 || [[Pakistan]]
|-
| [[Orissa Province|Orissa]] || [[Orissa Legislative Assembly]] || 60 || [[India]]
|-
| [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]] || [[Punjab Legislative Assembly (British India)|Punjab Legislative Assembly]] || 175 || [[Pakistan]], [[India]]
|-
| [[Sind Province (1936–55)|Sind]] || [[Sind Legislative Assembly]] || 60 || [[Pakistan]]
|-
| [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]] || [[United Provinces Legislative Assembly]] || 228 || [[India]]
|-
| [[British Raj|British Indian Empire]] || [[Central Legislative Assembly]] || 145 || [[Bangladesh]], [[India]], [[Pakistan]]
|}

===List of provincial prime ministers (1937–1947)===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Office !! Name
|-
| [[Prime Minister of Assam]] ||
# [[Muhammed Saadulah]]
# [[Gopinath Bordoloi]]
|-
| [[Prime Minister of Bengal]] ||
# [[A. K. Fazlul Huq]]
# [[Khawaja Nazimuddin|Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin]]
# [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]]
|-
| Prime Minister of Bihar ||
# [[Mohammad Yunus (politician)|Muhammad Yunus]]
# [[Sri Krishna Sinha]]
|-
| Prime Minister of Bombay ||
# [[Dhanjishah Cooper|Sir Dhanjishah Cooper]]
# [[B. G. Kher]]
|-
| Prime Minister of the Central Provinces ||
# [[Narayan Bhaskar Khare|N. B. Khare]]<ref name="Mishra2000"/>
# [[Ravishankar Shukla]]
|-
| Prime Minister of Madras ||
# [[C. Rajagopalachari]]
# [[Tanguturi Prakasam]]
# [[O. P. Ramaswamy Reddiyar]]
|-
| Prime Minister of North-West Frontier ||
# [[Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum|Sir Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum]]
# [[Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan]]
|-
| [[Prime Minister of Orissa]] ||
# [[Krushna Chandra Gajapati]]
# [[Bishwanath Das]]
# [[Harekrushna Mahatab]]
|-
| [[Prime Minister of Punjab]] ||
# [[Sikandar Hayat Khan (Punjabi politician)|Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan]]
# [[Malik Khizar Hayat Tiwana]]
|-
| Prime Minister of Sind ||
# [[Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah]]
# [[Allah Bux Soomro]]
# [[Mir Bandeh Ali Khan Talpur]]
|-
| Prime Minister of the United Provinces ||
# [[Muhammad Ahmad Said Khan Chhatari|Sir Muhammad Ahmad Said Khan Chhatari]]
# [[Govind Ballabh Pant]]<ref name="Mishra2000">{{cite book|author=Shree Govind Mishra|title=Democracy in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cFs0YSkA4ckC&pg=PA150|year=2000|publisher=Sanbun Publishers|isbn=978-3-473-47305-2|page=150}}</ref>
|}

==British Indian MPs in Westminster==
A number of [[British Indian]]s and [[Anglo-Indian]]s were elected to the British parliament, particularly from the [[Parsi]] and [[Jewish]] communities. They included [[Dadabhai Naoroji]], [[Mancherjee Bhownagree]], [[Shapurji Saklatvala]], [[Philip Sassoon]] and [[Ernest Soares]].

==Chamber of Princes==
The [[Chamber of Princes]] was established by a proclamation of King [[George V]] in 1920. It was a forum for the rulers of princely states to air their views and engage with the colonial government. It was housed in the [[Sansad Bhawan|Parliament House]] and its meetings were presided over by the Viceroy of India.

==Successors and legacy==
{{See also|List of legislatures in South Asia}}
Prior to the [[Partition of India]], the imperial legislature was succeeded by the [[Constituent Assembly of India]], from which the [[Interim Government of India]] headed by the Viceroy of India chose ministers in 1946. In the Dominion of Pakistan, the [[Constituent Assembly of Pakistan]] succeeded the Indian assembly in 1947. In the provinces of both India and Pakistan, pre-partition assemblies continued to function. The assemblies of [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]] and [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]] were divided between the newly formed sub-national units of [[East Bengal]], [[West Bengal]], [[East Punjab]] and [[West Punjab]]. The [[Parliament of India]] was established in 1952. The [[Parliament of Pakistan]] was established in 1956. In 1971, secessionist Bengali legislators in East Pakistan formed the [[Constituent Assembly of Bangladesh]]; and the [[Jatiya Sangsad|Parliament of Bangladesh]] was established in 1972.

The legislatures of colonial British India were precursors to modern [[parliamentary democracy]] in the Indian subcontinent. The notion of [[parliamentary sovereignty]] took root in the subcontinent after independence, but has faced many challenges. [[President's rule]] is often imposed in Indian states to dismiss legislatures. India underwent a period of [[The Emergency (India)|emergency rule]] between 1975 and 1977. Pakistan has seen [[martial law]] and military rule between 1958–1962, 1969–1973, 1977-1985 and 1999–2002. Bangladesh underwent presidential rule, martial law and semi-presidential government between 1975 and 1990; while emergency rule was imposed between 2007 and 2008.

Today, the federal Republic of [[India]] and its [[States and union territories of India|28 states]] and [[Union territory|8 Union Territories]]; the federal republic of [[Pakistan]] and its [[Administrative units of Pakistan|four provinces and two autonomous territories]]; and the unitary republic of [[Bangladesh]]; all have parliamentary governments, largely derived from the [[Westminster system]].

==See also==
*[[South Asia]]
*[[British Raj]]
*[[Imperial Legislative Council]]
*[[State Legislature (India)|State Legislature of India]]
*[[List of legislatures by country]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:1861 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:1947 disestablishments in British India]]
[[Category:British India]]
[[Category:Historical legislatures]]
[[Category:Parliament of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Parliament of India]]
[[Category:Parliament of Pakistan]]

Bajrang Dal

2022-10-12T13:29:20Z

Muralikvs11: Crafted a new article format.

{{Short description|Hindu nationalist militant organisation}}

{{Use Indian English}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Bajrang Dal
| logo = Bajrang Dal logo.jpg
| logo_size = 200px
| logo_caption = Logo of Bajrang Dal
| formation = {{Start date and years ago|df=yes|p=y|1984|10|08}} (Uttar Pradesh)
| purpose = [[Militant]]<ref name="militant" /> [[youth wing]] of [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]]
| headquarters = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| region_served = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| leader_title = Head
| leader_name = [[Neeraj Doneria]]
| parent_organisation = [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]]
| affiliation = [[Sangh Parivar]]
| website = {{url|https://vhp.org/bajrang_dal/}}
}}
{{Islamophobia}}

The '''Bajrang Dal''' ({{translation|Brigade of [[Hanuman]]}})<ref name="Eko 2016" /> is a [[Hindu nationalist]] [[militant]]{{refn|name=militant|<ref name="Eko 2016">{{cite book |last1=Eko |first1=Lyombe |title=The Regulation of Sex-Themed Visual Imagery: From Clay Tablets to Tablet Computers |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |date=April 29, 2016 |isbn=978-1-137-55098-9 |pages=77–86 |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303441330 |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057/9781137550989 |url-access=limited |access-date=17 February 2021 |via=[[ResearchGate]] |doi=10.1057/9781137550989_6 |language=en |chapter=Regulation of Sex-Themed Visual Imagery in India |quote=The Bajrang Dal (the Brigade of Hanuman, the Hindu monkey god) is a militant, Hindu nationalist organization in India. It is famous for its cow protection activities (i.e., saving cows, which are considered sacred in Hinduism, from slaughter).}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Valiani |first1=Arafaat A. |title=Militant publics in India: Physical culture and violence in the making of a modern polity |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |location=New York, NY |isbn=978-0-230-37063-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_XLHAAAAQBAJ |page=180 |accessdate=17 February 2021 |url-access=limited|via=[[Google Books]] |quote=In 2002, almost 2,000 Muslims were killed in carefully planned attacks by the VHP and the Bajrang Dal. The state was governed by the BJP in 2002, and some BJP representatives brazenly justified and abetted the violence.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Parashar |first1=Swati |title=Women and Militant Wars: The politics of injury |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-134-11606-5 |page=27 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YoH8AgAAQBAJ |access-date=13 February 2021 |language=en |via=[[Google Books]] |url-access=limited |quote=The Sangh Parivar (literally known as the Sangh family) includes groups such as the Rashtriye Swayamsewak Sangh, the Bajrang Dal, Shiv Sena and the Vishwa Hindu Parishad. They articulate a militant Hindu nationalist politics, opposing the Muslim 'other'.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Alter |first1=Joseph S. |authorlink=Joseph Alter |title=Somatic Nationalism: Indian Wrestling and Militant Hinduism |journal=[[Modern Asian Studies]] |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=557–588 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X00011860 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/313044 |url-access=subscription |access-date=13 February 2021 |issn=0026-749X |via=[[JSTOR]] |jstor=313044 |s2cid=146291615 |quote=It would be anathema for the leaders of such militant groups as the RSS, Shiva Sena, and Bajrang Dal, to let a Muslim 'voice' speak to the issue of what is lacking among Hindus, much less turn—even nominally—to an Islamic model of civility to define the terms of Hindu self development.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Anand |first1=Dibyesh |title=Anxious Sexualities: Masculinity, Nationalism and Violence |journal=[[British Journal of Politics and International Relations]] |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=257–269 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-856x.2007.00282.x |s2cid=143765766 |url=https://www.academia.edu/25169782 |access-date=13 February 2021 |via=[[Academia.edu]] |quote=Amrish Ji, a leader of a militant organisation ''Bajrang Dal'', in a public speech accused Muslims of treating {{'}}''Bharat Mata''{{'}} ('Mother India') as a {{'}}''dayan''{{'}} ('witch') (Amrish Ji 2005).}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Jerryson |first1=Michael |title=Religious Violence Today: Faith and Conflict in the Modern World |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |isbn=978-1-4408-5991-5 |page=275 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pfjtDwAAQBAJ |access-date=13 February 2021 |via=[[Google Books]]|language=en |url-access=limited |quote=The magazine ''Tehelka'' carried out a six-month undercover investigation in 2007 that resulted in video evidence that the riots were organized and supported by Gujarat police and Chief Minister Modi. The video also implicated several members of the Bajrang Dal (a militant Hindu nationalist group) and the BJP (one of India's main political parties).}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XAO3i_gS61wC|url-access=limited|title=Religion, Caste, and Politics in India|last=Jaffrelot|first=Christophe|authorlink=Christophe Jaffrelot|publisher=Primus Books|isbn=9789380607047|language=en|via=[[Google Books]]|accessdate=17 February 2021|quote=In May–June, the VHP provided itself with an organization, which assembled young Hindu militants, the Bajrang Dal. Its founder, Vinay Katiyar, had until then been a ''pracharak'' of the RSS. However, the Bajrang Dal proved to be less disciplined than the RSS and its violent utterances as well as actions were to precipitate many communal riots.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RxuJCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT119|page=119|url-access=limited|title=State and Civil Society under Siege: Hindutva, Security and Militarism in India|last1=Joshy|first1=P. M.|last2=Seethi|first2=K. M.|publisher=[[SAGE Publishing|SAGE]]|isbn=9789351503835|language=en|via=[[Google Books]]|accessdate=17 February 2021|quote=Perhaps the most recent and controversial one emerged in the Sangh family is Bajrang Dal. The VHP was instrumental in the creation of the Bajrang Dal, which is a militant organisation based on the ideology of Hindutva.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jEUdPqYQjhoC&pg=PA47|title=Contesting the Nation: Religion, Community, and the Politics of Democracy in India|last=Ludden|first=David|publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press]]|isbn=0812215850|page=47|language=en|url-access=limited|via=[[Google Books]]|accessdate=17 February 2021|quote=Conspicuous in all coverage of the Rath Yatra were young men holding primitive weapons like bows and tridents. Here it was the young militants of the youth wing of the VHP, the Bajrang Dal, who challenged the BJP elders.}}</ref><ref name="Katju 2003">{{cite book|first=Manjari|last=Katju|title=Vishva Hindu Parishad and Indian Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b70nKb-8YuMC&pg=PA52|year=2003|publisher=[[Orient Blackswan]]|isbn=978-81-250-2476-7|page=52|url-access=limited|via=[[Google Books]]|accessdate=17 February 2021|quote=The local-level activism involving the Bajrang Dal took different forms, ranging from a visible presence and participation in public rituals like Durga pooja and Dussehera, to socio-religious policing. Its aggressive participation in the Ayodhya dispute as a subsidiary of the VHP brought it forward as a militant organisation.}}</ref><ref name="Wilkinson 2005">{{cite book|first=Steven|last=Wilkinson|title=Religious Politics and Communal Violence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ARCnDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA155|url-access=limited|year=2005|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|page=310|isbn=978-0-19-567237-4|via=[[Google Books]]|accessdate=17 February 2021|quote=In the summer of 1984, Vinay Katiya, an RSS pracharak, formed the Bajrang Dal in Uttar Pradesh as a militant youth wing of the VHP, with the intention of recruiting young underemployed men from the lower castes for militant and daring action in conjunction with the ensuing battle for the Hindu nation that the VHP envisaged.}}</ref><ref name="Dossani & Rowen 2005">{{cite book|first=Robert L. Jr.|last=Hardgrave|editor-first1=Rafiq|editor-last1=Dossani|editor-first2=Henry S.|editor-last2=Rowen|editor-link2=Harry Rowen|title=Prospects for Peace in South Asia|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TwO9zmj6aQ0C&pg=PA202|chapter-url-access=limited|year=2005|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-8047-5085-1|page=202|chapter=Hindu Nationalism and the BJP: Transforming Religion and Politics in India|via=[[Google Books]]|accessdate=17 February 2021|quote=Construction of the Ram temple at Ayodhya might remain the focus of the VHP, but the destruction of the mosque and the violence that followed alarmed many among the BJP's middle-class supporters. Fearing both alienation of major segments in its base of support and domination by the increasingly militant VHP and Bajrang Dal, the BJP once again shifted emphasis in its strategies of pragmatism and mobilization.}}</ref><ref name="Modernizing Democracy">{{cite book|first1=Terry F.|last1=Buss|first2=F. Stevens|last2=Redburn|first3=Kristina|last3=Guo|title=Modernizing Democracy: Innovations in Citizen Participation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vsQ5H0225YkC&pg=PA296|year=2006|publisher=[[M. E. Sharpe]]|isbn=978-0-7656-2180-1|page=296|url-access=limited|accessdate=17 February 2021|via=[[Google Books]]|quote=Bajrang Dal. Militant youth organization associated with the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh.}}</ref><ref name="Hinduism and Law">{{cite book|first1=Timothy|last1=Lubin|first2=Donald R. Jr.|last2=Davis|first3=Jayanth K.|last3=Krishnan|title=Hinduism and Law: An Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MtuhClbfL7EC&pg=PA236|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-1-139-49358-1|page=236|via=[[Google Books]]|quote=The Bajrang Dal is the militant youth wing of the VHP and was formed in 1984.}}</ref><ref name="Bauman 2015">{{cite book|first=Chad M.|last=Bauman|title=Pentecostals, Proselytization, and Anti-Christian Violence in Contemporary India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DoFxBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT15|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-026631-8|page=15|url-access=limited|accessdate=17 February 2021|via=[[Google Books]]|quote=The most important of these, in terms of conflict between Hindus and Christians, are the Akhil Bharatiya Vanvasi Kalyan Ashram, or ABVKA ("All-India Forest-Dweller's Welfare Center," founded in 1952), the Vishwa Hindu Parishad, or VHP ("World Hindu Council," founded in 1964), the VHP's militant youth wing, the Bajrang Dal, or ("Bajrang Party," founded in 1984), and the political party that became, in 1980, the Bharatiya Janata Party, or BJP ("Indian People's Party").}}</ref><ref name="Basu 2015">{{cite book|first=Amrita|last=Basu|authorlink=Amrita Basu|title=Violent Conjunctures in Democratic India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TTrjCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA164|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-1-107-08963-1|page=164|url-access=limited|accessdate=17 February 2021|via=[[Google Books]]|quote=There was an unprecedented convergence of forces that heightened Hindu nationalist militancy and violence: an active RSS presence within civil society; high levels of coordination between the RSS, VHP, BJP, and militant Bajrang Dal; a cohesive political party; a BJP state government with ties to the bureaucracy and law enforcement agencies; and an NDA government at the center.}}</ref><ref name="Mankekar 1999">{{cite book|first=Purnima|last=Mankekar|title=Screening Culture, Viewing Politics: An Ethnography of Television, Womanhood, and Nation in Postcolonial India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fZf8wmVdpaIC&pg=PA179|year=1999|publisher=[[Duke University Press]]|isbn=0-8223-2390-7|page=179|url-access=limited|via=[[Google Books]]|accessdate=17 February 2021|quote=Militant organizations such as the Bajrang Dal, with its loyal following among the lumpen proletariat, further widened the class base of right-wing organizations such as the Bharatiya Janata Party, traditionally a stronghold of the urban petite bourgeoisie.}}</ref><ref name="Kochanek & Hardgrave 2007">{{cite book|first1=Stanley A.|last1=Kochanek|first2=Robert L.|last2=Hardgrave|title=India: Government and Politics in a Developing Nation|publisher=[[Cengage Learning]]|isbn=978-0-495-00749-4|page=206|quote=Distinct from both the RSS and the VHP, the militant Bajrang Dal has been closely associated with the VHP in the movement to "liberate" Hindu holy shrines at Ayodhya and other sites where mosques now stand. The Dal is one of many senas, the armed gangs that have been described as the face of Hindu fascism.}}</ref><ref name="HRW 2003">{{cite book|chapter=India|chapter-url=https://www.hrw.org/legacy/wr2k3/pdf/india.pdf|title=Human Rights Watch World Report, 2003|url=https://www.hrw.org/legacy/wr2k3/|year=2003|publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]|isbn=978-1-56432-285-2|page=237|accessdate=17 February 2021|quote=The groups most directly responsible for this violence against Muslims included the VHP, the Bajrang Dal (the militant youth wing of the VHP), and the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (National Volunteer Corps, RSS), collectively forming the ''sangh parivar'' (or "family" of Hindu nationalist groups).}}</ref><ref name="BBC_2016">{{cite news |title=Inside a far-right Hindu 'self defence' training camp |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-36415080 |access-date=15 December 2020 |work=[[BBC News]] |quote=They are conducted by the Bajrang Dal, a militant Hindu organisation that traces its origins from the days of the infamous Babri Mosque demolition movement in the temple town of Ayodhya.}}</ref>}} organisation that forms the [[youth wing]] of the [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]] (VHP). It is a member of the [[right-wing]] [[Sangh Parivar]].<ref>See:
* {{cite book|author= Chetan Bhatt|title= Hindu Nationalism: Origins, Ideologies and Modern Myths|url= https://archive.org/details/hindunationalism00chet|url-access= registration|publisher= [[Berg Publishers|Berg]]|year= 2001|page= [https://archive.org/details/hindunationalism00chet/page/199 199]|isbn= 978-1-85973-348-6 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book|title=Education and Religion: Global Pressures, Local Responses|year=2013|author1=Keith Watson|author2=William I. Ozanne|publisher=Routledge|page=101|quote=Bajrang Dal, the paramilitary youth wing |ref=none}}
* {{cite book|title=Development and Dispossession in the Narmada Valley|first=Judith|last=Whitehead|publisher=Pearson|page=166|quote=Vishwa Hindu Parishad, its cultural organization, and the Bajrang Dal, the paramilitary youth wing|isbn=9789332506503|year=2010 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book|title=The RSS and the BJP: A Division of Labour|quote= 'paramilitary wing' of the VHP: 'Bajrang Dal|author=Abdul Gafoor Abdul Majeed Noorani|publisher=LeftWord Books|year=2000 |ref=none}}
* {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ETl-AgAAQBAJ|title=Sexuality, Health and Human Rights|author1=Sonia Corrêa|author1-link=Sonia Corrêa|author2=Rosalind Petchesky|author2-link=Rosalind P. Petchesky|author3=Richard Parker|author3-link=Richard G. Parker (anthropologist)|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781134266661|pages=348|language=en|quote=Bajrang Dal(the paramilitary wing of the VHP) |ref=none}}</ref> The ideology of the organisation is based on [[Hindutva]].<ref name="Anand 2007">{{cite journal|last=Anand|first=Dibyesh|title=Anxious sexualities: Masculinity, nationalism and violence|journal=The British Journal of Politics & International Relations|volume=9|issue=2|pages=257–269|doi=10.1111/j.1467-856x.2007.00282.x|s2cid=143765766}}</ref><ref name="TOI/"> {{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-09-30/india/27934677_1_bajrang-dal-prayer-halls-orissa-and-karnataka|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021220153/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-09-30/india/27934677_1_bajrang-dal-prayer-halls-orissa-and-karnataka|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 October 2012|title=Bajrang Dal: The militant face of the saffron family?|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2008-09-30|first1=Rajeev|last1=Deshpande}}</ref> It was founded on 1 October 1984 in [[Uttar Pradesh]], and began spreading more in the 2010s throughout India,<ref name="bajrangdalban1992">{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/dal-vs-state/|title=Dal v state}}</ref> although its most significant base remains the northern and central portions of the country.

The group runs about 2,500 [[Akhara|akhada]]s, similar to the shakhas (branches) of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]]. The name "Bajrang" is a reference to the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] deity [[Hanuman]]. The Bajrang Dal's slogan is ''Seva, Suraksha, Sanskar'' or ''Service, Safety and Culture''. Some of the main goals of the Dal is to build [[Ram Mandir|Ram Mandir temple]] at the site of [[Ram Janmabhoomi]] in [[Ayodhya]] and the [[Krishna Janmasthan Temple Complex|Krishna Janmabhoomi]] temple in [[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathura]], and also to expand the [[Kashi Vishwanath Temple|Kashi Vishwanath temple]] in [[Varanasi]], which are currently disputed places of worship. The Bajrang Dal opposes [[Muslim]] demographic growth,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Anand |first1=Dibyesh |title=Hindu Nationalism in India and the Politics of Fear |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |isbn=978-0-230-33954-5 |language=en}}</ref> [[Christian conversion]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fernandes |first1=Leela |title=Unsettled Territories: State, Civil Society, and the Politics of Religious Conversion in India |journal=Politics and Religion |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=108–135 |doi=10.1017/S1755048310000490 |s2cid=144982565 |url=https://www.academia.edu/12142142 |access-date=16 February 2021| via=[[Academia.edu]]}}</ref> [[cow slaughter]], and western influence in Hindu culture.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ahuja |first1=Juhi |chapter=Protecting holy cows |title=Vigilantism against Migrants and Minorities |pages=55–68 |doi=10.4324/9780429485619-4 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=9780429485619 |s2cid=213324283 |url=https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/23655/9781138493803_text.pdf |via=[[OAPEN]] |access-date=16 February 2021}}</ref>

==Ideology and agenda==
[[File:Bajrang Dal Aloysius.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Bajrang Dal members protesting at St. Aloysius College, Mangaluru|Bajrang Dal members protesting at [[St. Aloysius College, Mangaluru]]]]
Bajrang Dal is a [[right-wing]] organisation.<ref>{{cite news |title="Will Be Beaten": Right-Wing Group's Christmas Threat For Hindus In Assam |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/will-be-beaten-right-wing-groups-christmas-threat-for-hindus-in-assam-2334606 |access-date=5 January 2021 |work=NDTV.com }}</ref><ref name="Facebook_Scroll">{{cite news |author=Scroll Staff |title=Facebook did not ban Bajrang Dal due to concern for employees' safety, business prospects: Report |url=https://scroll.in/latest/981158/facebook-did-not-ban-bajrang-dal-due-to-concern-for-employees-safety-business-prospects-report |access-date=5 January 2021 |work=Scroll.in }}</ref><ref name="Deccan Facebook">{{cite news |title=Why Facebook is on the fence about banning Bajrang Dal |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/national-politics/why-facebook-is-on-the-fence-about-banning-bajrang-dal-927238.html |access-date=5 January 2021 |work=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> Together with the [[Vishwa Hindu Parishad]] (VHP), the organisation has spoken out against [[Islamic terrorism]] in India and have announced that they will carry out awareness campaigns across the nation. They have stated that Islamic terrorists are hiding among the general population in India and mean to expose them.<ref>[http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/oct312006/district17225420061030.asp Terror:VHP plans awareness jatha],''Deccan Herald''</ref> Convener Prakash Sharma stressed that they were not targeting any particular community, but were trying to "wake up" the people of India, particularly its youth, to the dangers of terrorism in the light of the 2002 [[Akshardham Temple attack]] perpetrated by terrorists linked to the militant group [[Lashkar-e-Toiba]].<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20021021/ldh1.htm#6 Bajrang Dal launches campaign],''The Tribune''</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Three get death for Akshardham attack |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-07-02/india/27826849_1_akshardham-temple-adam-suleman-ajmeri-pota-court |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021220148/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-07-02/india/27826849_1_akshardham-temple-adam-suleman-ajmeri-pota-court |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 October 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2008-08-04 }}</ref> Bajrang Dal shares the VHP's position against [[cow slaughter]] and has supported proposals for banning it.<ref>[http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/apr192005/district1941312005418.asp Cow slaughter: Bajrang Dal dubs Forum’s stand anti-Hindu],''Deccan Herald''</ref> The [[Gujarat]] branch is at the forefront of anti-beauty contest agitation. Another of its objectives is preventing [[Hindu]]-Muslim marriages.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india-today.com/itoday/08021999/cover3.html|title=Cover Story: Bajrang Dal: Loonies at Large|work=india-today.com|access-date=25 May 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081122060101/http://www.india-today.com/itoday/08021999/cover3.html|archive-date=22 November 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Social media presence==
Bajrang Dal is active on [[social media]]. [[Facebook]]'s security team has tagged it along with right wing organisations [[Sanatan Sanstha]] and [[Sri Ram Sena]], as a potentially dangerous organisation that supports violence against minorities across India.<ref name="Facebook_Scroll" /><ref name="Deccan Facebook" /><ref name="Social Quint">{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Sonal |last2=Goel |first2=Kritika |title=Hate & Misinformation – Inside Bajrang Dal Pages on Facebook |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/webqoof/how-fb-groups-pages-spread-hate-in-the-name-of-bajrang-dal |access-date=5 January 2021 |work=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref> Regardless the organisation has been allowed to spread on Facebook due to political and safety considerations. Facebook has avoided acting against Bajrang Dal as it has ties with the ruling [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) and because "cracking down on Bajrang Dal might endanger both the company's business prospects and its staff in India", [[The Wall Street Journal]] newspaper wrote, reaffirming its reportage earlier this year on the subject.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Purnell |first1=Jeff Horwitz and Newley |title=WSJ News Exclusive, In India, Facebook Fears Crackdown on Hate Groups Could Backfire on Its Staff |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/in-india-facebook-fears-crackdwon-on-hate-groups-could-backfire-on-its-staff-11607871600 |access-date=14 December 2020 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Facebook Went Soft On Bajrang Dal To Protect Business, Staff: Report |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/facebook-went-soft-on-bajrang-dal-to-protect-business-staff-report-2338157 |access-date=14 December 2020 |work=NDTV.com }}</ref>

==Controversies and criticism==
Bajrang Dal was banned in 1992 by the [[Rao ministry|Rao government]] following the demolition of the [[Babri Masjid]], but the ban was revoked one year later.<ref name="bajrangdalban1992"/> [[Human Rights Watch]] (HRW) reported the involvement of Bajrang Dal during the [[1998 attacks on Christians in southeastern Gujarat]] where dozens of Churches and Prayer halls were burnt down by Sangh Parivar outfits.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6a84b4.html|title=Politics by Other Means: Attacks Against Christians in India|website=Refworld|language=en|access-date=2020-04-11}}</ref> According to HRW, Bajrang Dal had been involved in riots against Muslims [[2002 Gujarat riots|in Gujarat in 2002]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=India: "We Have No Orders to Save You" - State Participation and Complicity in Communal Violence in Gujarat|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2002/india/|access-date=2021-10-17|website=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref>

In April 2006, two Bajrang Dal activists were killed in [[Nanded]] in the process of bomb-making. The same group of activists was also suspected of perpetrating the 2003 [[Parbhani]] mosque blasts.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Opinion / News Analysis : Malegaon: the road to perdition|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/09/stories/2006090907431100.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070319194647/http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/09/stories/2006090907431100.htm|archive-date=19 March 2007|access-date=2021-10-17|website=The Hindu}}</ref> Those arrested told interrogators they wanted to avenge several blasts across the country.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Malegaon blasts: Is it Bajrang or Lashkar? - Times Of India|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-09-09/india/27825421_1_malegaon-blasts-serial-blasts-anti-terrorism-squad|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308234552/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-09-09/india/27825421_1_malegaon-blasts-serial-blasts-anti-terrorism-squad|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-03-08|access-date=2021-10-17}}</ref> [[New Delhi Television Limited]] (NDTV) subsequently accused the police of a coverup in Nanded.<ref>{{Cite web|title=NDTV.com|url=https://www.ndtv.com/|access-date=2021-10-17|website=www.ndtv.com|language=en}}</ref> A report by the Secular Citizen's Forum and [[People's Union for Civil Liberties]] (PUCL), Nagpur claimed to have found maps of mosques at the home of one of the deceased,<ref>[http://www.pucl.org/Topics/Religion-communalism/2006/nanded.htm A report on bomb blast at the house of prominent RSS activist in Nanded, Maharashtra] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924083128/http://www.pucl.org/Topics/Religion-communalism/2006/nanded.htm }},''pucl.org''</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Joseph|first=Josy|title=Security agencies pursue Bajrang Dal, Bangla links to Malegaon|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-security-agencies-pursue-bajrang-dal-bangla-links-to-malegaon-1052080|access-date=2021-10-17|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref> on 24 August 2008 in [[Kanpur]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bajrang Dal plotted 'revenge blasts' in Kanpur: UP police|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/bajrang-dal-plotted-revenge-blasts-in-kanpur-up-police/|access-date=2021-10-17|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

The VHP leader, [[Pravin Togadia]], was arrested in April 2003 after distributing tridents to Bajrang Dal activists in Ajmer, defying a ban and prohibitory orders. He asserted that the coming Assembly polls in the Indian state of [[Rajasthan]] would be fought on the issue of tridents and attacked the ruling [[Indian National Congress]] Party for "placating" Muslims for electoral gains. He expressed satisfaction at the publicity received due to the incident.<ref>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20071228083551/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2003/04/14/stories/2003041404280100.htm Togadia defies ban, distributes tridents]}},''The Hindu''</ref>

Bajrang Dal has been accused of not allowing Muslims to own land in parts of Gujarat by attacking traders who sell to Muslims, attacking Muslim homes and forcing the sale of the house or flat. This creates a ghettoisation of large cities in Gujarat, like [[Ahmedabad]] and [[Vadodara]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2106/stories/20040326004301700.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025083024/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2106/stories/20040326004301700.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=25 October 2007|title=Organised intolerance|work=hinduonnet.com}}</ref>

In June 2006, Bajrang Dal activists allegedly stormed a press meet, where 2 Christian rape victims were stating about their ordeal, accompanied by MP State Minorities Commission (MPSMC) member and prominent Christian leader Indira Iyengar. The district Convener Devendra Rawat had threatened the women about naming the right wing Hindu organizations, whose members were involved in the gruesome crime.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/bajrang-dal-cadres-storm-press-meet-on-rape-victims/story-QhmcaXuag3HPpEVF5awBJN.html|title=Bajrang Dal cadres storm press meet on rape victims|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> In April 2017, Bajrang Dal goons issued threats of rape and acid attacks against Assam based activist [[Bondita Acharya]] for condemning arrests of 3 people for possession of beef.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/rights/bondita-acharya-beef-bajrang-dal|title=Assam: Activist Threatened With Rape, Acid Attacks For Condemning Beef Arrests|website=The Wire}}</ref>

On several occasions, acting as "Social Police", the activists of Bajrang Dal have harassed un-married couples on [[Valentine's Day]] and forced them to apply [[sindoor]] or tie [[Raksha Bandhan|rakhis]] against their wishes. The activists have often indulged in violence, invading gift shops and restaurants and threatening couples on Valentines Day.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-02-15/india/27749916_1_bajrang-dal-moral-police-saffron-brigade | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021235439/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-02-15/india/27749916_1_bajrang-dal-moral-police-saffron-brigade | url-status=dead | archive-date=21 October 2012 | first1=Suchandana | last1=Gupta | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=On V-Day, Bajrang Dal men force couple to get 'married' | date=15 February 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/feb/14vday.htm |title=Sena, Bajrang Dal act spoilers on Valentine's Day |work=Rediff.com |access-date=2012-11-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/02/15/stories/2008021553680500.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080220075907/http://www.hindu.com/2008/02/15/stories/2008021553680500.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=20 February 2008 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Bajrang Dal protests against Valentine's Day | date=15 February 2008}}</ref>

In September 2008, a fresh [[Karnataka religious violence|wave of attacks in Karnataka]] were directed against the Newlife [[Christian churches]] and prayer halls by the Bajrang Dal as a protest against defaming Hindu gods and religious conversion carried on by the Newlife Missionaries. Later, convenor [[Mahendra Kumar]] was arrested even after he publicly announced that they were not responsible for the attacks after the Federal [[Government of India]] had strongly criticised the State Government. In addition, the [[National Commission for Minorities]] has also blamed them for the religious violence in the BJP-ruled states of Karnataka and [[Odisha]].<ref>[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/PoliticsNation/Christians_Sangh_Parivars_new_target/articleshow/3505720.cms Christians: The Sangh Parivar's new target] The Economic Times – 20 September 2008</ref> However, some police reports claim that the Bajrang Dal was not involved ''per se'' and that the attacks were carried out by splinter groups. However, testimonies of their activists show exactly the opposite, as they described the attacks and openly warned of more violence.<ref>[http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080066428 BJP, Dal talk in two voices over Karnataka] NDTV – 23 September 2008</ref>

On 24 January 2009, members of Sri Ram Sene, a Bajrang Dal affiliate, attacked young men and women after dragged them out [[2009 Mangalore pub attack|of a pub in Mangalore]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Other Country: Dispatches from the Mofussil|page=107|publisher=penguin|author=Mr̥ṇāla Pāṇḍe}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/Mangalore_pub_attack_17_held_Ram_Sena_unapologetic/rssarticleshow/4033613.cms|title=Mangalore pub attack: 17 held, Ram Sena unapologetic|publisher=Indiatimes.com|access-date=3 February 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/mangalore-pub-row-sri-ram-sene-men-get-bail/84145-3.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203084206/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/mangalore-pub-row-sri-ram-sene-men-get-bail/84145-3.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 February 2009|title=Mangalore pub row: Sri Ram Sene men get bail|publisher=ibnlive.com|access-date=3 February 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/02/02/stories/2009020259730600.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206133603/http://www.hindu.com/2009/02/02/stories/2009020259730600.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 February 2009|title=Mangalore pub attack|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=3 February 2009|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> A group of 40 activists of the Sena barged into the pub "Amnesia — The Lounge" and beat up a group of young women and men, claiming the women were violating traditional Indian values. Two of the women were hospitalized. The video of the incident has become one of the most watched clips on [[YouTube]], though how the TV crew happened to be ready at the 'unannounced' attack is not known.<ref name="thaiindian">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/uncategorized/young-india-vents-anger-over-mangalore-incident-on-internet_100147756.html|title=Young India Vents Anger Over Mangalore Incident on Internet|access-date=29 April 2021|archive-date=30 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090130064915/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/uncategorized/young-india-vents-anger-over-mangalore-incident-on-internet_100147756.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Starting 14 February 2011, there was a fresh wave of violence directed at people celebrating Valentine's Day in Kanpur city, in the province of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. "Offenders", so called, are forced to hold their ears and do sit-ups as punishment for being caught celebrating the "Western holiday". Police were called in to calm the sectarian violence and discrimination.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bajrang Dal activists threaten couples celebrating Valentine's Day in Kanpur|url=http://www.dailyindia.com/show/424753.php|access-date=2021-10-17|website=www.dailyindia.com}}</ref>

On 2 November 2014, during the [[2014 Kiss of Love protest|Kiss of Love protest]] against moral policing, members of Bajrang Dal, [[Shiv Sena]], [[Vishwa Hindu Parishad]] and many other right wing groups opposed and attacked protestors and threatened to strip protestors for kissing on the streets. These opposing groups claimed that [[public display of affection]] is against both Indian culture and the law of the land (under section 294 of the Indian Penal Code), though according to the Supreme Court and the Delhi High Court, kissing in public is not a criminal offence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Kissing-in-public-by-married-couple-not-obscene-HC/articleshow/4066941.cms|title=Kissing in public by married couple not obscene: HC|work=The Times of India|access-date=26 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala High Court refuses to interfere with Kochi Kiss fest|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/kerala-high-court-refuses-to-interfere-with-kochi-kiss-fest/|access-date=2021-10-17|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> Police took many of the Kiss of Love protestors into custody to save their lives, but were blamed for giving a free hand to counter protestors of the right wing groups.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Asha|last=Prakash|title=We took kiss of love activists into custody to save their lives {|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/we-took-kiss-of-love-activists-into-custody-to-save-their-lives/articleshow/45043053.cms|access-date=2021-10-17|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

From 2015, Bajrang Dal and Vishwa Hindu Parishad have been accused of promoting and indulging in [[Cow vigilante violence in India|Cow vigilantism]], apparently targeting Muslims and lower caste Hindus, mostly [[Dalit]]s. Human rights groups have slammed several state Governments for promoting and supporting such acts, even turning a blind eye. Police officers have been threatened by members of cow protection groups for intervening in such cases or arresting cow vigilantes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/04/27/india-cow-protection-spurs-vigilante-violence|website=hrw.org|title=India: "Cow Protection" Spurs Vigilante Violence |accessdate=2021-05-20}}</ref> Following the [[2016 Una flogging incident|Una Flogging incident]] in Gujarat, where 4 dalits were brutally thrashed by Bajrang Dal goons and vigilantes when they were skinning dead cow carcasses, the victims have converted to [[Dalit Buddhist movement|Buddhism]], which irked some perpetrators.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/four-dalit-men-stripped-beaten-by-cow-protection-vigilantes-in-gujarat/story-vGhVgYXeHa0h8DwIiXfqQN.html|title=Four Dalit men stripped, beaten by cow protection vigilantes in Gujarat|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/caste/una-flogging-incident-victims-attacked-again|title=Two Years Later, Una Flogging Incident Victims Attacked Again|website=The Wire}}</ref>

Following the death of the Dalit victim and subsequent forced cremation by authorities in the [[2020 Hathras gang rape and murder|Hathras rape and murder]], Bajrang Dal was criticized for protesting in favor of the accused who belonged to the higher caste Thakurs, when expelled [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] MLA Rajveer Singh Pehelwan held a protest rally to support the accused as they belonged to the upper caste Thakur community, after they were arrested. Along with members of Bajrang Dal, the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS), and [[Karni Sena]] also attended the protest in October 2020. In April 2022, Bajrang Dal and Vishva Hindu Parishad activists clashed with Police Officers in Noida over the arrest of a rape accused.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.siasat.com/noida-vhp-bajrang-dal-clash-with-cops-over-arrest-of-rape-accused-2317576/|title=Noida: VHP, Bajrang Dal clash with cops over arrest of rape accused|agency=Press Trust of India|website=The Siasat Daily}}</ref>

Following the introduction of [[Prohibition of Unlawful Religious Conversion Ordinance, 2020]] in Uttar Pradesh to curb [[Love Jihad]], Bajrang Dal, acting as a parallel police force, has been condemned for stopping consensual inter-religious and inter-caste marriages.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/india/we-operate-freely-now-how-hindu-groups-are-driving-ups-crackdown-on-love-jihad/574368/ |title='We step in when our women step out with Muslim men' — how UP law empowers Hindu bully groups|author=Ananya Bhardwaj|accessdate=22 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://thewire.in/communalism/fearing-love-jihad-allegations-interfaith-couple-flees-up-seeks-protection-in-delhi|title=Fearing 'Love Jihad' Allegations, Interfaith Couple Flees UP, Seeks Protection in Delhi |accessdate=2021-05-20|website=thewire.in}}</ref> Bajrang Dal has also been slammed for supporting patriarchy and called for restricting freedom of women, particularly to the point of when they choose their partners out of caste and religion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianculturalforum.in/2020/11/19/mangalsutra-goa-professor-rss-ram-puniyani/|title=Mangalsutra, patriarchy and religious nationalism}}</ref>

Days before Christmas, on 5 December 2020, Bajrang Dal leader Mithu Nath openly threatened and warned of beating Hindus for visiting Churches in Assam's Barak Valley. Following this, a case was filed against him by the Cachar district Deputy Commissioner of Police.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Visit church on Christmas, pay a price: Bajrang Dal warns Assam Hindus|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/visit-church-on-christmas-pay-a-price-bajrang-dal-warns-assam-hindus/article33258295.ece|access-date=2021-07-08|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

On 13 December 2021, Bajrang Dal spread violence in the congregation of a Hindu saint, some anti-social elements reached the gathering with sticks and guns and attacked unarmed people in which a person named Devi Lal Meena died.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MP Mandsaur News: हिन्दू संत "संत रामपाल जी" के सत्संग में बजरंग दल के गुंडों द्वारा चलाई गईं गोलियां|url=https://news.jagatgururampalji.org/mp-mandsaur-news-sant-rampal-ji/|access-date=2021-12-14|website=SA News Channel|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=BJP leader shot in MP by Bajrang Dal man, dies|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bjp-leader-shot-in-mp-by-bajrang-dal-man-dies-101639429522396.html|access-date=2021-12-14|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

In 2022, on the occasion of Valentine's Day, several members of the Bajrang Dal protested in Hyderabad and Agra. The militants were caught harassing couples in Agra.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Surbhi |first1=Pathak |title=Bajrang Dal members booked for harassing couples on Valentine's Day in Agra |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/bajrang-dal-members-booked-for-harassing-couples-on-valentines-day-in-agra-2436666.html |access-date=14 February 2022 |work=Zee News |agency=Press Trust of India }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bajrang Dal protests against Valentine's Day in Hyderabad |url=https://telanganatoday.com/bajrang-dal-protests-against-valentines-day-in-hyderabad |access-date=14 February 2022 |work=Telangana Today }}</ref>

Beginning 2022, members of the right-wing [[Hindutva]] groups in India have protested against the sale of Halal food in India. Bajrang Dal, Vishwa Hindu Parishad and other Hindutva groups were running door to door campaign in Karnataka, asking people not to purchase Halal meat. In March 2022 the Hindutva group Bajrang Dal physically attacked a Muslim meat seller. Five people were arrested in the incident.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Muslim Meat Seller Attacked as Karnataka Hindutva Groups Now Train Focus on 'Halal' Meat |url=https://thewire.in/communalism/karnataka-halal-meat-muslim-hindutva |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=The Wire}}</ref>

On 15 August 2022, the eleven men sentenced to life imprisonment in the Bilkis Bano gangrape case, which occurred during the [[2002 Gujarat riots]], were released from a Godhra jail by the Gujarat government.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://scroll.in/latest/1030549/bilkis-bano-gangrape-11-men-sentenced-to-life-imprisonment-released-from-jail|title=Bilkis Bano gangrape: 11 men sentenced to life imprisonment released from jail|work=Scroll.in|language=en-US}}</ref> Following their release, the rapists were allegedly greeted with garlands from members of Bajrang Dal and [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/bilkis-bano-rape-case-vhp-greets-released-convicts-with-garlands-in-gujarat-article-93620902|title=Bilkis Bano rape case: VHP greets released convicts with garlands in Gujarat|website=TimesNow}}</ref> The release and felicitation was criticized by several activists and members of opposition, and the release itself is controversial, because the convicts were released as per the old 1992 Remission Policy instead of the aggressive 2014 Policy. The challenge to release the rapists, which was pending in Supreme Court after a review petition was filed, was dismissed in December 2022, earning criticism from women's safety activists. The Supreme Court, however, redirected the Bombay High Court to look into the case.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/latest/1033578/bilkis-bano-case-convict-opposes-petitions-in-supreme-court-challenging-his-release|title=Bilkis Bano case: Convict opposes petitions in Supreme Court challenging his release|author=Scroll Staff|website=Scroll.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/neon/gender/bilkis-bano-supreme-court-dismisses-petition-against-release-of-11-rape-murder-convicts|title=Bilkis Bano: SC Dismisses Petition Against Release Of 11 Rape-Murder Convicts}}</ref>

On 14th February 2023, Bajrang Dal activists were accused and criticized for intimidating couples across the nation against celebrating Valentines Day, even physically attacking them.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/bajrang-dal-opposes-valentine-s-day-festivities-in-karnataka-1190500.html|title=Bajrang Dal opposes Valentines Day Festivities in Karnataka}}</ref> A few local citizens in Faridabad allegedly thrashed a few Bajrang Dal activists for attacking a couple sitting in a park, prompting police investigation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/crime/story/faridabad-married-couple-attacked-by-bajrang-dal-viral-videos-activists-valentines-day-2334921-2023-02-15|title=Faridabad locals thrash Bajrang Dal activists after they harass married couple on Valentine's Day, videos viral}}</ref>

On 16th February 2023, 2 Muslim men of Ghatmeeka village in [[Bharatpur district]] in Rajasthan, were abducted and burnt to death by Bajrang Dal members belonging to the neighboring state of Haryana, on suspicion of cow smuggling.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thewire.in/communalism/haryana-at-second-hindu-mahapanchayat-for-monu-manesar-calls-for-anti-muslim-violence|title=Haryana: At Second 'Hindu Mahapanchayat' For Monu Manesar, Calls for Anti-Muslim Violence}}</ref> Though Bajrang Dal leaders denied the killings, 2 of the accused were found to be tied to the outfit. The main accused, Monu Manesar, accused of cow vigilantism, has been granted shelter from certain police officers of Haryana.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.altnews.in/bhiwani-killings-while-bajrang-dal-denies-role-at-least-two-accused-have-strong-ties-with-the-outfit/|title=Bhiwani killings: While Bajrang Dal denies role, at least two accused have strong ties with the outfit}}</ref> The Haryana Government and State Police have been criticized for assisting the culprits, with Bajrang Dal activists attempting to stop Rajasthan Police from investigation and arrest of the accused.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/bhiwani-deaths-raj-cops-in-jind-outfits-say-will-not-allow-arrests/articleshow/98195079.cms?from=mdr|title=Gau rakshaks attacked cousins in Rajasthan jungle night before death in Bhiwani|website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>

== Reception ==
The [[US State Department]]'s 2000 report on international religious freedom and 2000 World Report by the [[Human Rights Watch]] labelled this organisation as a Hindu extremist group.<ref name="ARIRR">{{cite book
|author= Barbara Larkin
|title= Annual Report on International Religious Freedom 2000
|page= 508
|isbn= 0-7567-1229-7
|date= July 2001
}}</ref><ref name="HRWWR">{{cite book
|title= Human Rights Watch World Report 2000
|publisher= [[Human Rights Watch]]
|year= 1999
|page= [https://archive.org/details/humanrightswatch0000unse_i9c3/page/188 188]
|isbn= 1-56432-238-6
|url-access= registration
|url= https://archive.org/details/humanrightswatch0000unse_i9c3/page/188
}}</ref> The US [[Central Intelligence Agency]] classified the Bajrang Dal and the VHP as religious militant organisations in the "India" entry of ''[[The World Factbook]]'' on 4 June 2018,<ref name="TOI CIA">{{cite news |author1=Rohan Dua |title=VHP a militant religious outfit, RSS nationalist: CIA factbook |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/vhp-a-militant-religious-outfit-rss-nationalist-cia-factbook/articleshow/64594295.cms |access-date=19 August 2020 |work=The Times of India|quote=US' Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) has classified VHP and Bajrang Dal as "militant religious outfits" and called RSS a nationalist organisation.}}</ref><ref name="Tribune CIA">[http://www.tribuneindia.com/mobi/news/nation/cia-calls-vhp-bajrang-dal-religious-militant-organisations/605756.html CIA calls VHP, Bajrang Dal ‘religious militant organisations’], The Tribune, 15 June 2018.</ref> but removed the mentions of the Bajrang Dal and the VHP from the entry by 25 June 2018.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Reddy |first1=Akhil |title=Older version of CIA's World Factbook listed Bajrang Dal and VHP as 'militant religious organisation' |url=https://factly.in/older-version-of-cias-world-factbook-listed-bajrang-dal-and-vhp-as-militant-religious-organisation/ |website=Factly |access-date=2 April 2021 }}</ref>

The group has also been called "terrorist", with [[:no:Torkel Brekke|Torkel Brekke]] referring to it as the "best known among the terrorist groups controlled by the RSS".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Brekke|first=Torkel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JGooYIEd9h4C&dq=%22RSS%22+%22hatred%22+inpublisher:%22university+press%22&pg=PA124|title=Fundamentalism: Prophecy and Protest in an Age of Globalization|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-50429-4|pages=124|language=en|quote=Through its strict, centralized, and authoritarian organiza-tion, the RSS controls a host of sister organizations devoted to the infusion of Hindu culture and values in different spheres of Indian society. The other side of this strategy of Hinduization is the aggressive stance against minorities who do not fit into the vision of Hindu society. The RSS and its leaders have always been motivated by hatred against Muslims and Christians, and they have created several terrorist organizations devoted to attacking members of these minority groups in different parts of India. Best known among the terrorist groups controlled by the RSS is the Bajrang Dal, the youth wing of the VHP, which specializes in violence against Muslims and Christians and has been involved in large-scale atrocities in India.}}</ref> [[Paul Brass]] described the Bajrang Dal as Indian equivalent of [[Nazi Germany]]'s [[Sturmabteilung]].<ref name="TITCRCV">{{cite book
|author= Paul R. Brass
|title= Theft of an Idol: Text and Context in the Representation of Collective Violence
|publisher= [[Princeton University Press]]
|year= 1997
|page= 17
|isbn= 0-691-02650-5
}}</ref>

Former Indian Prime Minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] has called Bajrang Dal an embarrassment to the BJP and urged [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) to "rein them in".<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020429/nation.htm#1 Rein in Parivar outfits, PM tells RSS],''The Tribune''</ref> After the [[religious violence in Odisha]], the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Ministerial]] candidate [[L. K. Advani]] advised the Bajrang Dal to cease association with violence, concerned with the fact that it took pressure off the [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]] government in [[Delhi]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081007111857/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1081004/jsp/nation/story_9926821.jsp Bajrang deaf to BJP sermon] The Telegraph, Calcutta – 3 October 2008</ref>

==Demand for ban==

In September 2008, the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) demanded a ban on the Bajrang Dal and the [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]] (VHP) which according to the INC are involved in anti-national activities. Congress spokesman Manish Tewari said "White paper should be brought out not only against SIMI "([[Students Islamic Movement of India]])" but all organisations involved in anti-national activities like Bajrang Dal and VHP".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zeenews.com/articles.asp?aid=466509&sid=NAT|title=Zee News: Latest News Headlines, Current Live Breaking News from India & World|work=zeenews.com}}</ref> Congress spokesman Shakeel Ahmed said, "Those outfits involved in terrorist activity should be investigated, the question is why Bajrang Dal should not be banned".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-08-30/india/27898346_1_bajrang-dal-congress-demands-ban-simi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021235449/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-08-30/india/27898346_1_bajrang-dal-congress-demands-ban-simi|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-10-21|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Congress demands ban on Bajrang Dal}}</ref> Muslim cleric Maulana Khalid Rashid Firangi Mahli, who is involved in the "Movement Against Terrorism", also demanded a ban on this organisation in the wake of the Kanpur blast.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Muslim-cleric-demands-ban-on-Bajrang-Dal/353369/|title=Muslim cleric demands ban on Bajrang Dal}}</ref>

The monthly magazine ''[[Communalism Combat]]'' started by civil rights activists [[Teesta Setalvad]] and [[Javed Anand]] demanded an immediate ban on the Bajrang Dal in August 2008.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/08/30/stories/2008083061311300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080902110434/http://www.hindu.com/2008/08/30/stories/2008083061311300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 September 2008|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|title=Call for immediate ban on Bajrang Dal, VHP}}</ref>

Leader of the [[Lok Janashakti Party]] (LJP) Ramchandra Paswan describing the Bajrang Dal as communal organisation said, "Bajrang Dal and VHP should immediately be banned."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zeenews.com/articles.asp?aid=466488&sid=REG|title=Zee News: Latest News Headlines, Current Live Breaking News from India & World|work=zeenews.com}}</ref>

The Indian National Congress, Union Minister [[Ram Vilas Paswan]], former prime minister [[H. D. Deve Gowda]] and Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister [[Mayawati]] have demanded a ban on Bajrang Dal and Sri Rama Sena. In this regard, Deve Gowda sent a letter to prime minister and accused Bajrang Dal "for perpetrating senseless violence" against minorities in Karnataka and [[Odisha]].<ref>[http://www.thestatesman.net/page.news.php?clid=2&theme=&usrsess=1&id=223444 Gowda, Maya demand ban on Bajrang Dal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090217001736/http://www.thestatesman.net/page.news.php?clid=2&theme=&usrsess=1&id=223444 }} The Times of India, 22 September 2008</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080922112921/http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/20/stories/2008092055961300.htm Paswan seeks ban on Bajrang Dal, VHP] The Hindu, 20 September 2008</ref><ref>[http://sify.com/news/fullstory.php?id=14762651 Congress seeks ban on VHP, Bajrang Dal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220143412/http://sify.com/news/fullstory.php?id=14762651 }} Sify News, 20 September 2008</ref>

On 5 October 2008, the NCM recommended a ban on the Bajrang Dal and VHP for its alleged role in the attacks on Christian institutions in Karnataka.<ref>[http://www.ibnlive.com/news/ban-bajrang-dal-says-national-minorities-panel/75102-3.html Ban Bajrang Dal, says national minorities panel] CNN-IBN, 6 October 2008</ref> However, the ruling state government has<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/sep/26karna.htm?zcc=rl|title=BJP flays minorities panel report on Karnataka|work=rediff.com}}</ref> the Minority commission's recommendations and does not support this suggestion.

On 5 October 2008, the Indian Prime Minister called a special cabinet meeting to discuss a possible ban on the Bajrang Dal and the VHP over the [[Anti-Christian violence in India|continuing attacks on Christians]] and Christian institutions in [[Religious violence in Odisha|Odisha]] and [[Anti-Christian violence in Karnataka|Karnataka]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081201101639/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1081005/jsp/nation/story_9930126.jsp Cabinet to discuss Bajrang, VHP ban] The Telegraph</ref>

Bajrang Dal, and its Odisha president [[Pratap Chandra Sarangi]] have been alleged to have links with the [[Graham Staines|Graham Staines murder case]]. However, no proof has been established for the allegations.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/bajrang-dal-minister-battles-staines-controversy/cid/1691621 |title=Bajrang Dal Minister Fights Staines Controversy|work=The Telegraph| access-date=2019-08-15}}</ref>

==List of presidents==
{| class="wikitable"
!S. No.
!Name
!Term
|-
|1.
|[[Vinay Katiyar]]
|
|-
|2.
|[[Jaibhan Singh Pawaiya]]
|
|-
|3.
|[[Suresh Jain]]
|
|-
|4.
|Prakash Sharma
|
|-
|5.
|[[Subash Chouhan]]
|
|-
|6.
|Rajesh Pandey
|
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|Hinduism|Conservatism|India
}}
* [[Babu Bajrangi]]
* [[Pratap Chandra Sarangi]]
* [[Dara Singh (Bajrang Dal)]]
* [[2001 Odisha Assembly attack]]
* [[2006 Mangalore riots]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite magazine |title=The Rise of a Hindu Vigilante in the Age of WhatsApp and Modi |url=https://www.wired.com/story/indias-frightening-descent-social-media-terror/ |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired magazine]]}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://vhp.org/vhp-at-glance/youth/bajrang-dal/}}
{{Hindu Nationalism}}{{Sangh Parivar}}

[[Category:Vishva Hindu Parishad]]
[[Category:1984 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Hindutva]]
[[Category:Sangh Parivar]]
[[Category:Hinduism and politics]]
[[Category:Far-right politics in India]]
[[Category:Militant Hindu groups]]
[[Category:Anti-Muslim violence in India]]
[[Category:Youth organizations established in 1984]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Delhi]]
[[Category:Anti-Christian sentiment in India]]
[[Category:Anti-communism in India]]
[[Category:Anti-Western sentiment]]
[[Category:Anti-Islam sentiment in India]]

Grand Collar of the State of Palestine

2022-07-21T12:55:30Z

Muralikvs11: Just published a comprehensive article.

{{Infobox order
|name = Order of the State of Palestine
|image = [[File:The Grand Collar of the Order of the State of Palestine 2018.jpg|185px]]
|caption = Grand Collar, the order's highest degree
|awarded_by = {{flag|State of Palestine}}
|type = [[Order of merit]] with 5 degrees
|motto =
|day =
|eligibility =
|for =
|status = currently constituted
|sovereign =
|chancellor =
|commander =
|grades =
|former_grades =
|established =
|first_induction =
|last_induction =
|total =
|recipients =
|individual =
|higher =
|lower = [[Orders, decorations, and medals of the State of Palestine#The Order of Jerusalem|Order of Jerusalem]]
| image2 = [[File:Grand Collar of the Order of the State of Palestine ribbon.svg|150px]]
| caption2 = Ribbon of the order
}}

The '''Grand Collar of the State of Palestine''' is the highest civilian [[Order (distinction)|order]] of the [[State of Palestine]]. It can be given to foreign dignitaries, kings, heads of state or government and persons of similar rank by the State of Palestine.<ref>{{cite news|title=Modi given 'Grand Collar of State of Palestine'|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/mena/palestine/modi-given-grand-collar-of-state-of-palestine-1.2171390|accessdate=11 February 2018|publisher=www.gulfnews.com}}</ref>

==Notable recipients==
* [[King Salman]] of {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} Saudi Arabia<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/north-koreas-military-capabilities|title=North Korea's Military Capabilities|first=Eleanor|last=Albert|publisher=Council on Foreign Relations}}</ref>
* [[King Hamad]] of {{flagicon|Bahrain}} Bahrain<ref name="auto4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.alwasatnews.com/news/1229059.html|title="أبومازن" يُقلِّد العاهل "القلادة الكبرى" تقديراً لعطائه ودفاعه المخلص عن قضايا الأمة|website=صحيفة الوسط البحرينية|access-date=14 January 2019}}</ref>
* [[Simeon II of Bulgaria|King Simeon II of Bulgaria]]<ref> https://www.kingsimeon.bg/2022/12/tsar-simeon-ii-beshe-nagraden-s-pochetniya-znak-na-darzhavata-palestina/ </ref>
* Sheikh [[Nawaf Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah]] of {{flagicon|Kuwait}} Kuwait, Speaker of the [[National Assembly (Kuwait)|National Assembly]] [[Marzouq Al-Ghanem]] and [[Prime Minister of Kuwait|Prime Minister]] [[Jaber Al-Mubarak Al-Hamad Al-Sabah]]<ref name="auto1">{{cite web |url=https://news.kuwaittimes.net/website/palestinian-leader-grants-crown-prince-highest-merit/ |title=Palestinian leader grants Crown Prince highest merit |publisher=Kuwait Times |access-date=22 December 2020}}</ref>
* President [[Vladimir Putin]] of {{flagicon|Russia}} Russia<ref name="auto8">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wafa.ps/ar_page.aspx?id=fsBvzma603481831722afsBvzm|title=الرئيس يقلد نظيره الروسي وسام نجمة فلسطين|website=www.wafa.ps|access-date=14 January 2019}}</ref>
* President [[Dmitry Medvedev]] of {{flagicon|Russia}} Russia<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wafa.ps/ar_page.aspx?id=uzDFxca567749217090auzDFxc|title=الرئيس يقلد نظيره الروسي وسام نجمة فلسطين|website=www.wafa.ps|access-date=14 January 2019}}</ref>
* President [[François Hollande]] of {{flagicon|France}} France<ref name="auto5">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wafa.ps/ar_page.aspx?id=Qg4O8Da631575676776aQg4O8D|title=الرئيس يقلد نظيره الفرنسي وسام نجمة فلسطين من الدرجة العليا|website=www.wafa.ps|access-date=14 January 2019}}</ref>
* President [[Giorgio Napolitano]] of {{flagicon|Italy}} Italy<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wafa.ps/ar_page.aspx?id=e3HZX5a629878701177ae3HZX5|title=الرئيس يمنح نظيره الايطالي وسام نجمة فلسطين من الدرجة الاولى|website=www.wafa.ps|access-date=14 January 2019}}</ref>
* President [[Beji Caid Essebsi]], {{flagicon|Tunisia}} Tunisia<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.wafa.ps/ar_page.aspx?id=z78J8Ja793982808696az78J8J|title=الرئيس يقلد نظيره التونسي القلادة الكبرى لدولة فلسطين|access-date=8 December 2021|language=fr}}</ref>
* President [[Sebastián Piñera]] of {{flagicon|Chile}} Chile<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wafa.ps/ar_page.aspx?id=uzDFxca570855738882auzDFxc|title=الرئيس يقلد نظيره التشيلي وسام نجمة فلسطين|website=www.wafa.ps|access-date=14 January 2019}}</ref>
* President [[Xi Jinping]] of {{flagicon|China}} China<ref name="auto2">{{cite news|url=https://www.nknews.org/2018/02/delegation-visit-shows-n-korea-can-take-drastic-steps-to-improve-relations-mo|title=Delegation visit shows N. Korea can take 'drastic' steps to improve relations: MOU|last=Ji|first=Dagyum|work=[[NK News]]|access-date=18 January 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>
* President [[Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan]] of {{flagicon|UAE}} UAE<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wafa.ps/ar_page.aspx?id=EKn0eUa545081315889aEKn0eU|title=الرئيس يقلد رئيس دولة الإمارات وسام نجمة فلسطين|website=www.wafa.ps|access-date=14 January 2019}}</ref>
* Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] of {{flagicon|India}} India.<ref name="auto7">{{Cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2018/feb/10/pm-modis-palestine-visit-mahmoud-abbas-seeks-indias-role-in-peace-process-with-israel-1771334.html|title=PM Modi's Palestine visit: Mahmoud Abbas seeks India's role in peace process with Israel|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=14 January 2019}}</ref>
* Prime Minister [[José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero]] of {{flagicon|Spain}} Spain<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wafa.ps/ar_page.aspx?id=icFZfNa526529746413aicFZfN|title=الرئيس يقلد رئيس الوزراء الاسباني وسام نجمة الشرف|website=www.wafa.ps|access-date=14 January 2019}}</ref>
* Prince [[Walid bin Talal]], {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} Saudi Arabia<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wafa.ps/ar_page.aspx?id=O2R2zpa637213861548aO2R2zp|title=الرئيس يقلد الأمير الوليد بن طلال وسام نجمة الشرف من الدرجة العليا|website=www.wafa.ps|access-date=14 January 2019}}</ref>
* President [[Kais Saied]], {{flagicon|Tunisia}} Tunisia<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.businessnews.com.tn/mahmoud-abbas-decore-kais-saied-de-la-plus-haute-distinction-palestinienne,520,114630,3|title=Mahmoud Abbas décore Kaïs Saïed de la plus haute distinction palestinienne |work=businessnews|access-date=8 December 2021|language=fr}}</ref>
* President [[Abdelmadjid Tebboune]], {{flagicon|Algeria}} Algeria<ref>{{Cite web|title=الرئيس ونظيره الجزائري يتبادلان الأوسمة|url=http://wafa.ps/Pages/Details/37435|access-date=2021-12-06|website=WAFA Agency|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reference}}

[[Category:State of Palestine]]
[[Category:Orders, decorations, and medals of the State of Palestine]]

{{State of Palestine-stub}}
{{orders-medals-stub}}

12th Lok Sabha

2022-04-24T00:54:43Z

Muralikvs11: Finished writing a new contribution.

{{Short description|12th lower house of the Parliament of India}}
{{Use Indian English}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Infobox legislative term
| name = 12th Lok Sabha
| image = New Delhi government block 03-2016 img3.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = [[Parliament House (India)|Sansad Bhavan]], [[Sansad Marg]], [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| body = [[Indian Parliament]]
| election = [[1998 Indian general election]]
| before = ''[[11th Lok Sabha]]''
| after = ''[[13th Lok Sabha]]''
}}

This is the list of members of the '''12th [[Lok Sabha]]''', (10 March 1998 – 26 April 1999) after the [[1998 Indian general election]] held during February–March 1998. This was the second consecutive Lok Sabha, like the [[11th Lok Sabha]] elections that did not provide the country with a stable government. [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] became the 10th Prime Minister of India but the government lasted for only about thirteen months due to no clear mandate. Also, the party was not able to get support from other parties, after the withdrawal of support by AIADMK.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/318912.stm|title=SSSalalitha: Actress-turned-politician |last=BBC World Service|access-date=11 December 2008 | publisher=BBC News}}</ref> After his resignation, then President [[K. R. Narayanan]] asked Sonia Gandhi, the leader of the opposition in the Lok Sabha to form the government; however, Gandhi responded that the UPA would not be able to form a government at the center, following which President Narayanan dissolved the House. The [[1999 Indian general election|next General elections of 1999]] for [[13th Lok Sabha]] provided India a stable government that lasted for full five years. Nine sitting members from Rajya Sabha, the Upper House of Indian Parliament, were elected to 12th Lok Sabha after the [[1998 Indian general election]].<ref name="rs">{{cite web|title=RAJYA SABHA STATISTICAL INFORMATION (1952–2013)|url= http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/publication_electronic/rsstatis_inf52-03.pdf |publisher=Rajya Sabha Secretariat, New Delhi|access-date= 29 August 2017|page=12 }}</ref>{{Politics of India}}
== Important members ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! Position !! Name !! From !! To !! Days in office
|-
| 01 || [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha|Speaker]]
|[[G. M. C. Balayogi]]
| 24 March 1998
| 22 October 1999
| 577
|-
| 02 || [[Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha|Deputy Speaker]]
|[[P M Sayeed]]
| 17 December 1998
| 26 April 1999
| 130
|-
| 03 || [[Secretary-General]]
| [[S. Gopalan]]

[[G C Malhotra]]

| 15 July 1996

14 July 1999

| 14 July 1999

28 July 2005

| 1,094

2206<ref>{{cite web|url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/lokprelist.aspx?lsno=12|title=Twelfth Lok Sabha|publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat, New Delhi|access-date=12 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184307/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/lokprelist.aspx?lsno=12|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|}

== List of members by political party ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!S.No.
!Party Name
!Party flag
!Number of MPs
|-
|1
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
|[[File:BJP flag.svg|75px]]
|182
|-
|2
|[[Indian National Congress]] (INC)
|[[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|75px]]
|141
|-
|3
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPI(M))
|[[File:South Asian Communist Banner.svg|75px]]
|32
|-
|4
|[[Samajwadi Party]] (SP)
|
|20
|-
|5
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK)
|[[File:AIADMK OfficialFlag Vector.svg|75px]]
|18
|-
|6
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] (RJD)
|[[Image:RJD Flag.svg|75px]]
|17
|-
|7
|[[Samata Party]] (SAP)
|
|12
|-
|8
|[[Telugu Desam Party]] (TDP)
|[[Image:TDPFlag.PNG|75px]]
|12
|-
|9
|[[Biju Janata Dal]] (BJD)
|[[File:Biju Janata Dal.jpg|75px]]
|9
|-
|10
|[[Communist Party of India]] (CPI)
|[[File:South Asian Communist Banner.svg|75px]]
|9
|-
|11
|[[Shiromani Akali Dal]] (SAD)
|
|8
|-
|12
|[[West Bengal Trinamool Congress]] (WBTC)
|[[File:All India Trinamool Congress flag.svg|75px]]
|7
|-
|13
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK)
|[[File:Flag DMK.svg|75px]]
|6
|-
|14
|Independent (Ind.)
|[[File:No flag.svg|75px]]
|6
|-
|15
|[[Janata Dal]] (JD))
|[[File:Janata Dal symbol.svg|75px]]
|6
|-
|16
|[[Shiv Sena]] (SS)
|
|6
|-
|17
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (BSP)
|[[File:Elephant Bahujan Samaj Party.svg|75px]]
|5
|-
|18
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)]] (RSP)
|[[Image:RSP-flag.svg|75px]]
|5
|-
|19
|[[Haryana Lok Dal (Rashtriya)]] (HLD(R))
|
|4
|-
|20
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi]] (PMK)
|[[File:PMK.svg|75px]]
|4
|-
|21
|[[Republican Party of India]] (RPI)
|[[Image:Flag of various Republican Parties of India.svg|75px]]
|4
|-
|22
|[[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference]] (J&KNC)
|[[Image:Flag of Jammu and Kashmir (1936-1953).svg|75px]]
|3
|-
|23
|[[Lok Shakti]] (LS)
|
|3
|-
|24
|[[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (MDMK)
|[[File:MDMK.svg|75px]]
|3
|-
|25
|[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)]] (TMC(M))
|
|3
|-
|26
|[[All India Forward Bloc]] (AIFB)
|
|2
|-
|27
|[[Arunachal Congress]] (AC)
|
|2
|-
|28
|[[Indian Union Muslim League]] (IUML)
|[[Image:Flag of the Indian Union Muslim League.svg|75px]]
|2
|-
|29
|[[All India Indira Congress (Secular)]] (AIIC(S))
|
|1
|-
|30
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]] (AIMIM)
|[[File:No flag.svg|75px]]
|1
|-
|31
|[[All India Rashtriya Janata Party]] (AIRJP)
|
|1
|-
|32
|[[Autonomous State Demand Committee]] (ASDC)
|
|1
|-
|33
|[[Haryana Vikas Party]] (HVP)
|
|1
|-
|34
|[[Janata Party]] (JP)
|
|1
|-
|35
|[[Kerala Congress (M)]] (KC(M))
|[[File:Kerala Congress(m) Flag.gif|Kerala Congress(m) Flag|75px]]
|1
|-
|36
|[[Manipur State Congress Party]] (MSCP)
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Cultivator Cutting Crop.svg|75px]]
|1
|-
|37
|[[Peasants and Workers Party of India]] (PAWPI)
|
|1
|-
|38
|[[Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)]] (SJP(R))
|
|1
|-
|39
|[[Sikkim Democratic Front]] (SDF)
|[[image:Sikkim-Democratic-Front-flag.svg|75px]]
|1
|-
|40
|[[United Minorities Front, Assam]] (UMFA)
|
|1
|-
|}

== List of members by state ==

{{see also|List of members of the 12th Lok Sabha}}
The list of members as published by the [[Election Commission of India]]:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf |title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTIONS, 1998 TO THE 12th LOK SABHA |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 December 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020223306/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf |archive-date=20 October 2014 }}</ref>

===[[Andhra Pradesh]]===
{| border="2" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! Party Affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Srikakulam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Srikakulam]] || GEN || [[Yerrannaidu Kinjarapu]] || [[Telugu Desam]]
|-
| 2 || [[Parvathipuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Parvathipuram]] || ST || [[Vijaya Ramaraju Setrucharla]] || [[Telugu Desam]]
|-
| 3 || [[Bobbili (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bobbili]] || GEN || [[Kondapalli Pydithalli Naidu]] || [[Telugu Desam]]
|-
| 4 || [[Visakhapatnam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Visakhapatnam]] || GEN || [[T. Subbarami Reddy]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 5 || [[Bhadrachalam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhadrachalam]] || ST || [[Ramaiah Sode]] || [[Communist Party of India]]
|-
| 6 || [[Anakapalli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Anakapalli]] || GEN || [[Gurunadha Rao Gudivada]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 7 || [[Kakinada (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kakinada]] || GEN || [[Krishnamraju U.V.]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 8 || [[Rajahmundry (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajahmundry]] || GEN || [[Girajala Venkata Swamy Naidu]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 9 || [[Amalapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Amalapuram]] || SC || [[Ganti Mohanachandra Balayogi]] || [[Telugu Desam]]
|-
| 10 || [[Narasapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Narasapur]] || GEN || [[Kanumuru Bapi Raju]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 11 || [[Eluru (Lok Sabha constituency)|Eluru]] || GEN || [[Maganti Venkateswara Rao (Babu)]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 12 || [[Machilipatnam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Machilipatnam]] || GEN || [[Kavuru Sambasiva Rao]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 13 || [[Vijayawada (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vijayawada]] || GEN || [[Upendra Parvathaneni]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 14 || [[Tenali (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tenali]] || GEN || [[P. Shiv Shankar]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 15 || [[Guntur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Guntur]] || GEN || [[Rayapati Sambasiva Rao]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 16 || [[Bapatla (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bapatla]] || GEN || [[Nedurumalli Janardhana Reddy]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 17 || [[Narasaraopet (Lok Sabha constituency)|Narasaraopet]] || GEN || [[Konijeti Rosaiah]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 18 || [[Ongole (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ongole]] || GEN || [[Magunta Sreenivasulu Reddy]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 19 || [[Nellore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nellore]] || SC || [[Panabaka Lakshmi]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 20 || [[Tirupathi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tirupathi]] || SC || [[Chintha Mohan]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 21 || [[Chittoor (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chittoor]] || GEN || [[Nuthanakalva Ramakrishna Reddy]] || [[Telugu Desam]]
|-
| 22 || [[Rajampet (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajampet]] || GEN || [[Annaiahgari Sai Pratap]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 23 || [[Cuddapah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Cuddapah]] || GEN || [[Y. S. Rajasekhar Reddy]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 24 || [[Hindupur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hindupur]] || GEN || [[S.Gangadhar]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 25 || [[Anantapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Anantapur]] || GEN || [[Anantha Venkatarami Reddy]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 26 || [[Kurnool (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kurnool]] || GEN || [[Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 27 || [[Nandyal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nandyal]] || GEN || [[Bhuma Nagi Reddy]] || [[Telugu Desam]]
|-
| 28 || [[Nagarkurnool (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagarkurnool]] || SC || [[Mallu Ravi]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 29 || [[Mahabubnagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mahabubnagar]] || GEN || [[S. Jaipal Reddy]] || [[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
|-
| 30 || [[Hyderabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hyderabad]] || GEN || [[Sultan Salahuddin Owaisi]] || [[All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]
|-
| 31 || [[Secunderabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Secunderabad]] || GEN || [[Bandaru Dattatraya]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 32 || [[Siddipet (Lok Sabha constituency)|Siddipet]] || SC || [[M. Rajaiah]] || [[Telugu Desam]]
|-
| 33 || [[Medak (Lok Sabha constituency)|Medak]] || GEN || [[Baga Reddy]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 34 || [[Nizamabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nizamabad]] || GEN || [[Ganga Reddy Gaddam]] || [[Telugu Desam]]
|-
| 35 || [[Adilabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Adilabad]] || GEN || [[Dr. S. Venugopal Chary]] || [[Telugu Desam]]
|-
| 36 || [[Peddapalli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Peddapalli]] || SC || [[Chellamalla Suguna Kumari]] || [[Telugu Desam]]
|-
| 37 || [[Karimnagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karimnagar]] || GEN || [[Chennamaneni Vidyasagar Rao]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 38 || [[Hanamkonda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hanamkonda]] || GEN || [[Chada Suresh Reddy]] || [[Telugu Desam]]
|-
| 39 || [[Warangal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Warangal]] || GEN || [[Azmeera Chandulal]] || [[Telugu Desam]]
|-
| 40 || [[Khammam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khammam]] || GEN || [[Nadendla Bhaskar Rao]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 41 || [[Nalgonda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nalgonda]] || GEN || [[Suravaram Sudhakar Reddy]] || [[Communist Party of India]]
|-
| 42 || [[Miryalguda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Miryalguda]] || GEN || [[Baddam Narsimha Reddy]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|}

===[[Arunachal Pradesh]]===
{| border="2" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! Party Affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Arunachal West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arunachal West]] || GEN || [[Omak Apang]] || [[Arunachal Congress]]
|-
| 2 || [[Arunachal East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arunachal East]] || GEN || [[Wangcha Rajkumar]] || [[Arunachal Congress]]
|-
|}

===[[Assam]]===
{| border="2" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! Party Affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Karimganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karimganj]] || SC || [[Nepal Chandra Das]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 2 || [[Silchar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Silchar]] || GEN || [[Kabindra Purkayastha]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 3 || [[Autonomous District (Lok Sabha constituency)|Autonomous District]] || ST || [[Dr. GSSanta Rongpi]] || [[Autonomous State Demand Committee]]
|-
| 4 || [[Dhubri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dhubri]] || GEN || [[Abdul Hamid (Dhubri politician)|Abdul Hamid]]|| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 5 || [[Kokrajhar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kokrajhar]] || ST || [[Sansuma Khunggur Bwiswmuthiary]] || [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|-
| 6 || [[Barpeta (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barpeta]] || GEN || [[A. F. Golam Osmani]] || [[United Minorities Front, Assam]]
|-
| 7 || [[Gauhati (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gauhati]] || GEN || [[Bhubaneswar Kalita]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 8 || [[Mangaldoi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mangaldoi]] || GEN || [[Madhab Rajbangshi]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 9 || [[Tezpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tezpur]] || GEN || [[Moni Kumar Subba]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 10 || [[Nowgong (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nowgong]] || GEN || [[Nripen Goswami]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 11 || [[Kaliabor (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kaliabor]] || GEN || [[Tarun Gogoi]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 12 || [[Jorhat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jorhat]] || GEN || [[Bijoy Krishna Handique]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 13 || [[Dibrugarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dibrugarh]] || GEN || [[Paban Singh Ghatowar]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 14 || [[Lakhimpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Lakhimpur]] || GEN || [[Ranee Narah]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|}

===[[Bihar]]===
{| border="2" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! Party Affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Bagaha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bagaha]] || SC || [[Mahendra Baitha]] || [[Samata Party]]
|-
| 2 || [[Bettiah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bettiah]] || GEN || [[Dr.Madan Prasad Jaiswal]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 3 || [[Motihari (Lok Sabha constituency)|Motihari]] || GEN || [[Rama Devi (Muzaffarpur)|Rama Devi]] || [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
|-
| 4 || [[Gopalganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gopalganj]] || GEN || [[Abdul Ghafoor (politician)|Abdul Ghafoor]] || [[Samata Party]]
|-
| 5 || [[Siwan (Lok Sabha constituency)|Siwan]] || GEN || [[Mohammad Shahabuddin]] || [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
|-
| 6 || [[Maharajganj (Bihar Lok Sabha constituency)|Maharajganj]] || GEN || [[Prabhunath Singh]] || [[Samata Party]]
|-
| 7 || [[Chapra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chapra]] || GEN || [[Heera Lal Rai]] || [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
|-
| 8 || [[Hajipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hajipur]] || SC || [[Ram Vilas Paswan]] || [[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
|-
| 9 || [[Vaishali (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vaishali]] || GEN || [[Raghuvansh Prasad Singh]] || [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
|-
| 10 || [[Muzaffarpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Muzaffarpur]] || GEN || [[Jainarain Prasad Nishad]] || [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
|-
| 11 || [[Sitamarhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sitamarhi]] || GEN || [[Sitaram Yadav (politician, born 1946)|Sitaram Yadav]] || [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
|-
| 12 || [[Sheohar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sheohar]] || GEN || [[Anand Mohan Singh|Anand Mohan]] || [[All India Rashtriya Janata Party]]
|-
| 13 || [[Madhubani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Madhubani]] || GEN || [[Dr. Shakeel Ahmad]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 14 || [[Jhanjharpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jhanjharpur]] || GEN || [[Surendra Prasad Yadav]] || [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
|-
| 15 || [[Darbhanga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Darbhanga]] || GEN || [[Mohammad Ali Ashraf Fatmi]] || [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
|-
| 16 || [[Rosera (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rosera]] || SC || [[Pitambar Paswan]] || [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
|-
| 17 || [[Samastipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Samastipur]] || GEN || [[Ajit Kumar Mehta]] || [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
|-
| 18 || [[Barh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barh]] || GEN || [[Nitish Kumar]] || [[Samata Party]]
|-
| 19 || [[Balia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Balia]] || GEN || [[Rajbanshi Mahto]] || [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
|-
| 20 || [[Saharsa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Saharsa]] || GEN || [[Anuplal Yadav]] || [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
|-
| 21 || [[Madhepura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Madhepura]] || GEN || [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]] || [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
|-
| 22 || [[Araria (Lok Sabha constituency)|Araria]] || SC || [[Ramji Das Rishideo]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 23 || [[Kishanganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kishanganj]] || GEN || [[Taslim Uddin]] || [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
|-
| 24 || [[Purnea (Lok Sabha constituency)|Purnea]] || GEN || [[Jay Krishna Mandal]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 25 || [[Katihar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Katihar]] || GEN || [[Tariq Anwar (politician)|Tariq_Anwar]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 26 || [[Rajmahal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajmahal]] || ST || [[Som Marandi]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 27 || [[Dumka (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dumka]] || ST || [[Babulal Marandi]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 28 || [[Godda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Godda]] || GEN || [[Jagadambi Prasad Yadav]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 29 || [[Banka (Lok Sabha constituency)|Banka]] || GEN || [[Digvijay Singh (Bihar)|Digvijay Singh]] || [[Samata Party]]
|-
| 30 || [[Bhagalpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhagalpur]] || GEN || [[Prabhas Chandra Tiwari]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 31 || [[Khagaria (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khagaria]] || GEN || [[Shakuni Choudhury]] || [[Samata Party]]
|-
| 32 || [[Monghyr (Lok Sabha constituency)|Monghyr]] || GEN || [[Bijoy Kumar Bijoy]] || [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
|-
| 33 || [[Begusarai (Lok Sabha constituency)|Begusarai]] || GEN || [[Rajo Singh]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 34 || [[Nalanda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nalanda]] || GEN || [[George Fernandes]] || [[Samata Party]]
|-
| 35 || [[Patna (Lok Sabha constituency)|Patna]] || GEN || [[C. P. Thakur]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 36 || [[Arrah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arrah]] || GEN || [[H.P.Singh]] || [[Samata Party]]
|-
| 37 || [[Buxar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Buxar]] || GEN || [[Lalmuni Chaubey]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 38 || [[Sasaram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sasaram]] || SC || [[Muni Lall]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 39 || [[Bikramganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bikramganj]] || GEN || [[Bashist Narayan Singh]] || [[Samata Party]]
|-
| 40 || [[Aurangabad (Bihar Lok Sabha constituency)|Aurangabad]] || GEN || [[Sushil Kumar Singh (politician)|Sushil Kumar Singh]] || [[Samata Party]]
|-
| 41 || [[Jahanabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jahanabad]] || GEN || [[Surendra Prasad Yadav]] || [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
|-
| 42 || [[Nawada (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nawada]] || SC || [[Malti Devi]] || [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
|-
| 43 || [[Gaya (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gaya]] || SC || [[Krishna Kumar Chaudhary]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 44 || [[Chatra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chatra]] || GEN || [[Dhirendra Agarwal]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 45 || [[Kodarma (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kodarma]] || GEN || [[R.L.P. Verma]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 46 || [[Giridih (Lok Sabha constituency)|Giridih]] || GEN || [[Rabindra Kumar Pandey]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 47 || [[Dhanbad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dhanbad]] || GEN || [[Rita Verma]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 48 || [[Hazaribagh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hazaribagh]] || GEN || [[Yashwant Sinha]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 49 || [[Ranchi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ranchi]] || GEN || [[Ram Tahal Choudhary]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 50 || [[Jamshedpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jamshedpur]] || GEN || [[Abha Mahato]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 51 || [[Singhbhum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Singhbhum]] || ST || [[Vijay Singh Soy]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 52 || [[Khunti (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khunti]] || ST || [[Kariya Munda]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 53 || [[Lohardaga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Lohardaga]] || ST || [[Indra Nath Bhagat]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 54 || [[Palamau (Lok Sabha constituency)|Palamau]] || SC || [[Braj Mohan Ram]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|}

===[[Goa]]===
{| border="2" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! Party Affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Panaji (Lok Sabha constituency)|Panaji]] || GEN || [[Ravi Naik]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 2 || [[Mormugao (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mormugao]] || GEN || [[Francisco Sardinha]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|}

===[[Gujarat]]===
{| border="2" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! Party Affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Kutch (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kutch]] || GEN || [[Pushpdan Shambhudan Gadhavi]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 2 || [[Surendranagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Surendranagar]] || GEN || [[Bhavna Dave]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 3 || [[Jamnagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jamnagar]] || GEN || [[Chandresh Kordia]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 4 || [[Rajkot (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajkot]] || GEN || [[Vallabhbhai Kathiria]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 5 || [[Porbandar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Porbandar]] || GEN || [[Gordhanbhai Javia]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 6 || [[Junagadh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Junagadh]] || GEN || [[Bhavna Chikhalia]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 7 || [[Amreli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Amreli]] || GEN || [[Dileep Sanghani]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 8 || [[Bhavnagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhavnagar]] || GEN || [[Rajendrasinh Rana]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 9 || [[Dhandhuka (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dhandhuka]] || SC || [[Ratilal Kalidas Varma]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 10 || [[Ahmedabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ahmedabad]] || GEN || [[Harin Pathak]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 11 || [[Gandhinagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gandhinagar]] || GEN || [[Lal Krishna Advani]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 12 || [[Mehsana (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mehsana]] || GEN || [[A.K. Patel]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 13 || [[Patan (Lok Sabha constituency)|Patan]] || SC || [[Mahesh Kanodia]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 14 || [[Banaskantha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Banaskantha]] || GEN || [[Haribhai Chaudhary]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 15 || [[Sabarkantha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sabarkantha]] || GEN || [[Nisha Chaudhary]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 16 || [[Kapadvanj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kapadvanj]] || GEN || [[Jaysinhji Chauhan]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 17 || [[Dohad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dohad]] || ST || [[Damor Somjibhai Punjabhai]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 18 || [[Godhra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Godhra]] || GEN || [[Shantilal Patel]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 19 || [[Kaira (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kaira]] || GEN || [[Dinsha Patel]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 20 || [[Anand (Lok Sabha constituency)|Anand]] || GEN || [[Ishwarbhai Chavda]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 21 || [[Chhota Udaipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chhota Udaipur]] || ST || [[Naranbhai Rathwa]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 22 || [[Baroda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Baroda]] || GEN || [[Jayaben Thakkar]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 23 || [[Broach (Lok Sabha constituency)|Broach]] || GEN || [[Chandubhai Deshmukh]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 24 || [[Surat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Surat]] || GEN || [[Kashiram Rana]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 25 || [[Mandvi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mandvi]] || ST || [[Chhitubhai Gamit]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 26 || [[Bulsar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bulsar]] || ST || [[Manibhai Chaudhary]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|}

===[[Haryana]]===
{| border="2" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! Party Affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Ambala (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ambala]] || SC || [[Rajesh Verma (politician)|Rajesh Verma]] || [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
| 2 || [[Kurukshetra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kurukshetra]] || GEN || [[Kailasho Devi]] || [[Haryana Lok Dal (Rastriya)]]
|-
| 3 || [[Karnal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karnal]] || GEN || [[Bhajan Lal]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 4 || [[Sonepat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sonepat]] || GEN || [[Kishan Singh Sangwan]] || [[Haryana Lok Dal (Rastriya)]]
|-
| 5 || [[Rohtak (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rohtak]] || GEN || [[Bhupinder Singh Hooda]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 6 || [[Faridabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Faridabad]] || GEN || [[Chaudhary Ramchandra Baindra]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 7 || [[Mahendragarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mahendragarh]] || GEN || [[Inderjit Singh Rao]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 8 || [[Bhiwani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhiwani]] || GEN || [[Surender Singh]] || [[Haryana Vikas Party]]
|-
| 9 || [[Hissar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hissar]] || GEN || [[Surender Singh Barwala]] || [[Haryana Lok Dal (Rastriya)]]
|-
| 10 || [[Sirsa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sirsa]] || SC || [[Sushil Kumar Indora]] || [[Haryana Lok Dal (Rastriya)]]
|-
|}

===[[Himachal Pradesh]]===
{| border="2" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! Party Affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Simla (Lok Sabha constituency)|Simla]] || SC || [[Krishan Dutt Sultanpuri]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 2 || [[Mandi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mandi]] || GEN || [[Maheshwar Singh]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 3 || [[Kangra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kangra]] || GEN || [[Shanta Kumar]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 4 || [[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hamirpur]] || GEN || [[Suresh Chandel]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|}

===[[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu & Kashmir]]===
{| border="2" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! Party Affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Baramulla (Lok Sabha constituency)|Baramulla]] || GEN || [[Saifuddin Soz]] || [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]
|-
| 2 || [[Srinagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Srinagar]] || GEN || [[Omar Abdullah]] || [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]
|-
| 3 || [[Anantnag (Lok Sabha constituency)|Anantnag]] || GEN || [[Mufti Mohammad Sayeed]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 4 || [[Ladakh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ladakh]] || GEN || [[Syed Hussain]] || [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]
|-
| 5 || [[Udhampur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Udhampur]] || GEN || [[Chaman Lal Gupta]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 6 || [[Jammu (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jammu]] || GEN || [[Vishno Datt Sharma]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|}

===[[Karnataka]]===
{| border="2" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! Party Affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Bidar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bidar]] || SC || [[Ramchandra Veerappa]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 2 || [[Gulbarga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gulbarga]] || GEN || [[Basavaraj Patil Sedam]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 3 || [[Raichur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raichur]] || GEN || [[A. Venkatesh Naik]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 4 || [[Koppal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Koppal]] || GEN || [[H G Ramulu|H.G.Ramulu]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 5 || [[Bellary (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bellary]] || GEN || [[K.C. Kondaiah]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 6 || [[Davangere (Lok Sabha constituency)|Davangere]] || GEN || [[Shamanuru Shivashankarappa]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 7 || [[Chitradurga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chitradurga]] || GEN || [[C. P. Mudala Giriyappa]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 8 || [[Tumkur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tumkur]] || GEN || [[S. Mallikarjunaiah]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 9 || [[Chikballapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chikballapur]] || GEN || [[R.L. Jalappa]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 10 || [[Kolar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolar]] || SC || [[K.H. Muniyappa]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 11 || [[Kanakapura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kanakapura]] || GEN || [[M Srinivas]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 12 || [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]] || GEN || [[C.K. Jaffar Sharief]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 13 || [[Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]] || GEN || [[Ananth Kumar]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 14 || [[Mandya (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mandya]] || GEN || [[Ambareesh]] || [[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
|-
| 15 || [[Chamarajanagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chamarajanagar]] || SC || [[Siddaraju A.]] || [[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
|-
| 16 || [[Mysore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mysore]] || GEN || [[C.H. Vijayashankar]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 17 || [[Dakshina Kannada (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mangalore]] || GEN || [[Dhananjay Kumar]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 18 || [[Udupi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Udupi]] || GEN || [[I. M. Jayarama Shetty]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 19 || [[Hassan (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hassan]] || GEN || [[H. D. Devegowda|H.D. Devegowda]] || [[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
|-
| 20 || [[Chikmagalur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chikmagalur]] || GEN || [[D. C. Srikantappa]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 21 || [[Shimoga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shimoga]] || GEN || [[Aayanooru Manjunatha]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 22 || [[Kanara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kanara]] || GEN || [[Ananth Kumar Hegde]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 23 || [[Dharwad South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dharwad South]] || GEN || [[B M Menasinakai]] || [[Lok Shakti]]
|-
| 24 || [[Dharwad North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dharwad North]] || GEN || [[Vijay Sankeshwar]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 25 || [[Belgaum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Belgaum]] || GEN || [[Babagouda Rudragouda Patil]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 26 || [[Chikkodi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chikkodi]] || SC || [[Jigajinagi Ramesh Chandappa]] || [[Lok Shakti]]
|-
| 27 || [[Bagalkot (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bagalkot]] || GEN || [[Ajaykumar Sambasadashiv Sarnaik]] || [[Lok Shakti]]
|-
| 28 || [[Bijapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bijapur]] || GEN || [[M. B. Patil|Patil Mallanagouda Basanagouda]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|}

===[[Kerala]]===
{| border="2" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! Party Affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Kasaragod (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kasaragod]] || GEN || [[T. Govindan]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
| 2 || [[Cannanore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Cannanore]] || GEN || [[Mullappally Ramachandran]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 3 || [[Vatakara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vatakara]] || GEN || [[A.K. Premajam]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
| 4 || [[Calicut (Lok Sabha constituency)|Beypore]] || GEN || [[P. Sankaran]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 5 || [[Manjeri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Manjeri]] || GEN || [[E. Ahamed]] || [[Muslim League Kerala State Committee]]
|-
| 6 || [[Ponnani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ponnani]] || GEN || [[G. M. Banatwalla]] || [[Muslim League Kerala State Committee]]
|-
| 7 || [[Palghat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Palghat]] || GEN || [[N. N. Krishnadas]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
| 8 || [[Ottapalam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ottapalam]] || SC || [[S. Ajaya Kumar]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
| 9 || [[Trichur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Trichur]] || GEN || [[V.V. Raghavan]] || [[Communist Party of India]]
|-
| 10 || [[Mukundapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mukundapuram]] || GEN || [[A.C. Jose]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 11 || [[Ernakulam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ernakulam]] || GEN || [[George Eden (politician)]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 12 || [[Muvattupuzha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Muvattupuzha]] || GEN || [[P. C. Thomas]] || [[Kerala Congress (Mani)]]
|-
| 13 || [[Kottayam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kottayam]] || GEN || [[K. Suresh Kurup]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
| 14 || [[Idukki (Lok Sabha constituency)|Idukki]] || GEN || [[P. C. Chacko]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 15 || [[Alleppey (Lok Sabha constituency)|Alleppey]] || GEN || [[V. M. Sudheeran]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 16 || [[Mavelikara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mavelikara]] || GEN || [[P. J. Kurien]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 17 || [[Adoor (Lok Sabha constituency)|Adoor]] || SC || [[Chengara Surendran]] || [[Communist Party of India]]
|-
| 18 || [[Quilon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Quilon]] || GEN || [[N. K. Premachandran]] || [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
|-
| 19 || [[Chirayinkil (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chirayinkil]] || GEN || [[Varkala Radhakrishnan]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
| 20 || [[Trivandrum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Trivandrum]] || GEN || [[K. Karunakaran]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| || [[Trivandrum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Trivandrum]] || GEN || [[B. M. Chandrappa]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|}

===[[Madhya Pradesh]]===
{| border="2" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! Party Affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Morena (Lok Sabha constituency)|Morena]] || SC || [[Ashok Chhaviram Argal|Ashok Chhabiram]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 2 || [[Bhind (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhind]] || GEN || [[Dr. Ramlakhan Singh]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 3 || [[Gwalior (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gwalior]] || GEN || [[Madhavrao Scindia]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 4 || [[Guna (Lok Sabha constituency)|Guna]] || GEN || [[Rajmata Vijayraje Scindia]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 5 || [[Sagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sagar]] || SC || [[Virendra Kumar Khatik|Virendra Kumar]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 6 || [[Khajuraho (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khajuraho]] || GEN || [[Uma Bharti]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 7 || [[Damoh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Damoh]] || GEN || [[Ramkrishna Kusmaria|Dr. Ramakrishna Kusmaria]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 8 || [[Satna (Lok Sabha constituency)|Satna]] || GEN || [[Ramanand Singh]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 9 || [[Rewa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rewa]] || GEN || [[Chandramani Tripathi]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 10 || [[Sidhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sidhi]] || ST || [[Jagannath Singh (politician)|Jagannath Singh]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 11 || [[Shahdol (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shahdol]] || ST || [[Gyan Singh (Indian politician)|Gyan Singh]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 12 || [[Surguja (Lok Sabha constituency)|Surguja]] || ST || [[Larang Sai]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 13 || [[Raigarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raigarh]] || ST || [[Ajit Jogi]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 14 || [[Janjgir (Lok Sabha constituency)|Janjgir]] || GEN || [[Dr. Charandas Mahant]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 15 || [[Bilaspur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bilaspur]] || SC || [[Punnulal Mohle]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 16 || [[Sarangarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sarangarh]] || SC || [[Paras Ram Bhardwaj]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 17 || [[Raipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raipur]] || GEN || [[Ramesh Bais]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 18 || [[Mahasamund (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mahasamund]] || GEN || [[Chandrashekhar Sahu]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 19 || [[Kanker (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kanker]] || ST || [[Sohan Potai]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 20 || [[Bastar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bastar]] || ST || [[Baliram Kashyap]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 21 || [[Durg (Lok Sabha constituency)|Durg]] || GEN || [[Tarachand Sahu]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 22 || [[Rajnandgaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajnandgaon]] || GEN || [[Motilal Vora]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 23 || [[Balaghat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Balaghat]] || GEN || [[Gauri Shankar Chaturbhuj Bisen]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 24 || [[Mandla (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mandla]] || ST || [[Faggan Singh Kulaste]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 25 || [[Jabalpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jabalpur]] || GEN || [[Baburao Paranjpe]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 26 || [[Seoni (Lok Sabha constituency)|Seoni]] || GEN || [[Vimla Varma]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 27 || [[Chhindwara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chhindwara]] || GEN || [[Kamal Nath]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 28 || [[Betul (Lok Sabha constituency)|Betul]] || GEN || [[Vijay Kumar Khandelwal]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 29 || [[Hoshangabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hoshangabad]] || GEN || [[Sartaj Singh (politician)|Sartaj Singh]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 30 || [[Bhopal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhopal]] || GEN || [[Sushil Chandra Verma]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 31 || [[Vidisha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vidisha]] || GEN || [[Shivraj Singh Chouhan]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 32 || [[Rajgarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajgarh]] || GEN || [[Lakshman Singh (politician)|Lakshman Singh]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 33 || [[Shajapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shajapur]] || SC || [[Thawar Chand Gehlot]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 34 || [[Khandwa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khandwa]] || GEN || [[Nandkumar Singh Chauhan|Nand Kumar Singh Chauhan]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 35 || [[Khargone (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khargone]] || GEN || [[Rameshwar Patidar]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 36 || [[Dhar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dhar]] || ST || [[Gajendra Singh Rajukhedi]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 37 || [[Indore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Indore]] || GEN || [[Sumitra Mahajan]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 38 || [[Ujjain (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ujjain]] || SC || [[Satyanarayan Jatiya]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 39 || [[Jhabua (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jhabua]] || ST || [[Kantilal Bhuria]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 40 || [[Mandsaur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mandsaur]] || GEN || [[Dr. Laxminarayan Pandey]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|}

===[[Maharashtra]]===
{| border="2" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! Party Affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Rajapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajapur]] || GEN || [[Suresh Prabhakar Prabhu]] || [[Shiv Sena]]
|-
| 2 || [[Ratnagiri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ratnagiri]] || GEN || [[Anant Geete]] || [[Shiv Sena]]
|-
| 3 || [[Kolaba (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolaba]] || GEN || [[Ramsheth Thakur]] || [[Peasants and Workers Party of India]]
|-
| 4 || [[Mumbai South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mumbai South]] || GEN || [[Murli Deora]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 5 || [[Mumbai South Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mumbai South Central]] || GEN || [[Mohan Rawale]] || [[Shiv Sena]]
|-
| 6 || [[Mumbai North Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mumbai North Central]] || GEN || [[Athawale Ramdas Bandu|Ramdas Athawale]] || [[Republican Party of India]]
|-
| 7 || [[Mumbai North East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mumbai North East]] || GEN || [[Gurudas Kamat]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 8 || [[Mumbai North West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mumbai North West]] || GEN || [[Madhukar Sarpotdar]] || [[Shiv Sena]]
|-
| 9 || [[Mumbai North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mumbai North]] || GEN || [[Ram Naik]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 10 || [[Thane (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thane]] || GEN || [[Paranjape Prakash Vishvanath]] || [[Shiv Sena]]
|-
| 11 || [[Dahanu (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dahanu]] || ST || [[Shankar Sakharam]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 12 || [[Nashik (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nashik]] || GEN || [[Madhav Patil]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 13 || [[Malegaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Malegaon]] || ST || [[Kahandole Zamaru Mangalu]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 14 || [[Dhule (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dhule]] || ST || [[D.S. Ahire]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 15 || [[Nandurbar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nandurbar]] || ST || [[Manikrao Hodlya Gavit]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 16 || [[Erandol (Lok Sabha constituency)|Erandol]] || GEN || [[Annasaheb M. K. Patil]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 17 || [[Jalgaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalgaon]] || GEN || [[Ulhas Vasudeo Patil]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 18 || [[Buldhana (Lok Sabha constituency)|Buldhana]] || SC || [[Mukul Balkrishna Wasnik]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 19 || [[Akola (Lok Sabha constituency)|Akola]] || GEN || [[Ambedkar Prakash Yashwant]] || [[Republican Party of India]]
|-
| 20 || [[Washim (Lok Sabha constituency)|Washim]] || GEN || [[Sudhakarrao Naik]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 21 || [[Amravati (Lok Sabha constituency)|Amravati]] || GEN || [[Ramkrishnan Suryabhan Gavai]] || [[Republican Party of India]]
|-
| 22 || [[Ramtek (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ramtek]] || GEN || [[Rani Chitralekha Bhosale]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 23 || [[Nagpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagpur]] || GEN || [[Vilas Muttemwar]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 24 || [[Bhandara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhandara]] || GEN || [[Praful Patel]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 25 || [[Chimur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chimur]] || GEN || [[Jogendra Kawade]] || [[Republican Party of India]]
|-
| 26 || [[Chandrapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chandrapur]] || GEN || [[Nareshkumar Chunnalal Puglia]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 27 || [[Wardha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Wardha]] || GEN || [[Datta Meghe]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 28 || [[Yavatmal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Yavatmal]] || GEN || [[Uttamrao Deorao Patil]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 29 || [[Hingoli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hingoli]] || GEN || [[Suryakanta Patil]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 30 || [[Nanded (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nanded]] || GEN || [[Bhaskarrao Bapurao Khatgaonkar]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 31 || [[Parbhani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Parbhani]] || GEN || [[Suresh Warpudkar]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 32 || [[Jalna (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalna]] || GEN || [[Uttamsingh Pawar]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 33 || [[Aurangabad (Maharashtra Lok Sabha constituency)|Aurangabad]] || GEN || [[Ramkrishna Baba Patil]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 34 || [[Beed (Lok Sabha constituency)|Beed]] || GEN || [[Jaisingrao Gaikwad Patil]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 35 || [[Latur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Latur]] || GEN || [[Shivraj Patil]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 36 || [[Osmanabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Osmanabad]] || SC || [[Arvind Kamble]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 37 || [[Solapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Solapur]] || GEN || [[Sushilkumar Shinde]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 38 || [[Pandharpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pandharpur]] || SC || [[Sandipan Thorat]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 39 || [[Ahmednagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ahmednagar]] || GEN || [[Balasaheb Vikhe Patil]] || [[Shiv Sena]]
|-
| 40 || [[Kopargaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kopargaon]] || GEN || [[Prasad Tanpure]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 41 || [[Khed (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khed]] || GEN || [[Ashok Mohol]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 42 || [[Pune (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pune]] || GEN || [[Vitthal Tupe]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 43 || [[Baramati (Lok Sabha constituency)|Baramati]] || GEN || [[Sharad Pawar]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 44 || [[Satara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Satara]] || GEN || [[Abhaysinh Bhonsle]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 45 || [[Karad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karad]] || GEN || [[Prithviraj Chavan]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 46 || [[Sangli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sangli]] || GEN || [[Madan Patil]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 47 || [[Ichalkaranji (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ichalkaranji]] || GEN || [[Kallappa Awade]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 48 || [[Kolhapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolhapur]] || GEN || [[Sadashivrao Dadoba Mandlik]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|}

===[[Manipur]]===
{| border="2" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! Party Affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Inner Manipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Inner Manipur]] || GEN || [[Th. Chaoba Singh]] || [[Manipur State Congress Party]]
|-
| 2 || [[Outer Manipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Outer Manipur]] || ST || Kumari [[Kim Gangte]] || [[Communist Party of India]]
|-
|}

===[[Meghalaya]]===
{| border="2" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! Party Affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Shillong (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shillong]] || GEN || [[Paty Ripple Kyndiah]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 2 || [[Tura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tura]] || GEN || [[Purno Agitok Sangma]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|}

===[[Mizoram]]===
{| border="2" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! Party Affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Mizoram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mizoram]] || ST || [[H. Lallungmuana]] || [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|-
|}

===[[Nagaland]]===
{| border="2" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! Party Affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Nagaland (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagaland]] || GEN || [[K. Asungba Sangtam]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|}

===[[Orissa, India|Orissa]]===
{| border="2" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! Party Affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Mayurbhanj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mayurbhanj]] || ST || [[Salkhan Murmu]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 2 || [[Balasore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Balasore]] || GEN || [[Kharabela Swain]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 3 || [[Bhadrak (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhadrak]] || SC || [[Arjun Charan Sethi]] || [[Biju Janata Dal]]
|-
| 4 || [[Jajpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jajpur]] || SC || [[Rama Chandra Mallick]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 5 || [[Kendrapara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kendrapara]] || GEN || [[Prabhat Kumar Samantaray]] || [[Biju Janata Dal]]
|-
| 6 || [[Cuttack (Lok Sabha constituency)|Cuttack]] || GEN || [[Bhartruhari Mahtab]] || [[Biju Janata Dal]]
|-
| 7 || [[Jagatsinghpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jagatsinghpur]] || GEN || [[Ranjib Biswal]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 8 || [[Puri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Puri]] || GEN || [[Braja Kishore Tripathy]] || [[Biju Janata Dal]]
|-
| 9 || [[Bhubaneswar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhubaneswar]] || GEN || [[Prasanna Kumar Patasani]] || [[Biju Janata Dal]]
|-
| 10 || [[Aska (Lok Sabha constituency)|Aska]] || GEN || [[Naveen Patnaik]] || [[Biju Janata Dal]]
|-
| 11 || [[Berhampur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Berhampur]] || GEN || [[Jayanti Patnaik]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 12 || [[Koraput (Lok Sabha constituency)|Koraput]] || ST || [[Giridhar Gamang]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 13 || [[Nowrangpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nowrangpur]] || ST || [[Khagapati Pradhani]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 14 || [[Kalahandi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kalahandi]] || GEN || [[Bikram Keshari Deo]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 15 || [[Phulbani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Phulbani]] || SC || [[Padmanava Behara]] || [[Biju Janata Dal]]
|-
| 16 || [[Bolangir (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bolangir]] || GEN || [[Sangeeta Kumari Singh Deo]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 17 || [[Sambalpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sambalpur]] || GEN || [[Prasanna Acharya]] || [[Biju Janata Dal]]
|-
| 18 || [[Deogarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Deogarh]] || GEN || [[Debendra Pradhan]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 19 || [[Dhenkanal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dhenkanal]] || GEN || [[Tathagata Satapathy]] || [[Biju Janata Dal]]
|-
| 20 || [[Sundargarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sundargarh]] || ST || [[Jual Oram]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 21 || [[Keonjhar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Keonjhar]] || ST || [[Upendra Nath Nayak]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|}

===[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]===
{| border="2" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! Party Affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Gurdaspur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gurdaspur]] || GEN || [[Vinod Khanna]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 2 || [[Amritsar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Amritsar]] || GEN || [[Daya Singh Sodhi]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 3 || [[Tarn Taran (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tarn Taran]] || GEN || [[Prem Singh Lalpura]] || [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
|-
| 4 || [[Jullundur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jullundur]] || GEN || [[Inder Kumar Gujral]] || [[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
|-
| 5 || [[Phillaur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Phillaur]] || SC || [[Satnam Singh Kainth]] || [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|-
| 6 || [[Hoshiarpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hoshiarpur]] || GEN || [[Kamal Chaudhry]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 7 || [[Ropar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ropar]] || SC || [[Satwinder Kaur Dhaliwal]] || [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
|-
| 8 || [[Patiala (Lok Sabha constituency)|Patiala]] || GEN || [[Prem Singh Chandumajra]] || [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
|-
| 9 || [[Ludhiana (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ludhiana]] || GEN || [[Amrik Singh Aliwal]] || [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
|-
| 10 || [[Sangrur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sangrur]] || GEN || [[Surjit Singh Barnala]] || [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
|-
| 11 || [[Bhatinda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhatinda]] || SC || [[Chatin S. Singh]] || [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
|-
| 12 || [[Faridkot (Lok Sabha constituency)|Faridkot]] || GEN || [[Sukhbir Singh Badal]] || [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
|-
| 13 || [[Ferozepur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ferozepur]] || GEN || [[Zora Singh Maan]] || [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
|-
|}

===[[Rajasthan]]===
{| border="2" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! Party Affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Ganganagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ganganagar]] || SC || [[Shankar Pannu]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 2 || [[Bikaner (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bikaner]] || GEN || [[Balram Jakhar]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 3 || [[Churu (Lok Sabha constituency)|Churu]] || GEN || [[Narendra Budania]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 4 || [[Jhunjhunu (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jhunjhunu]] || GEN || [[Sis Ram Ola]] || [[All India Indira Congress (Secular)]]
|-
| 5 || [[Sikar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sikar]] || GEN || [[Subhash Maharia]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 6 || [[Jaipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jaipur]] || GEN || [[Girdhari Lal Bhargava]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 7 || [[Dausa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dausa]] || GEN || [[Rajesh Pilot]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 8 || [[Alwar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Alwar]] || GEN || [[Ghasi Ram Yadav]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 9 || [[Bharatpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bharatpur]] || GEN || [[K. Natwar Singh]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 10 || [[Bayana (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bayana]] || SC || [[Ganga Ram Koli]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 11 || [[Sawai Madhopur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sawai Madhopur]] || ST || [[Usha Meena]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 12 || [[Ajmer (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ajmer]] || GEN || [[Prabha Thakur]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 13 || [[Tonk (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tonk]] || SC || [[Dowaraka Prasad Bairwa]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 14 || [[Kota (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kota]] || GEN || [[Ram Narain Meena]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 15 || [[Jhalawar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jhalawar]] || GEN || [[Vasundhara Raje]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 16 || [[Banswara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Banswara]] || ST || [[Mahendrajeet Singh Malviya]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 17 || [[Salumber (Lok Sabha constituency)|Salumber]] || ST || [[Bheru Lal Meena]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 18 || [[Udaipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Udaipur]] || GEN || [[Shanti Lal Chaplot]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 19 || [[Chittorgarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chittorgarh]] || GEN || [[Udai Lal Ajna]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 20 || [[Bhilwara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhilwara]] || GEN || [[Rampal Upadhyay]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 21 || [[Pali (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pali]] || GEN || [[Mitha Lal Jain]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 22 || [[Jalore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalore]] || SC || [[Sardar Buta Singh]] || [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|-
| 23 || [[Barmer (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barmer]] || GEN || [[Sona Ram]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 24 || [[Jodhpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jodhpur]] || GEN || [[Ashok Gehlot]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 25 || [[Nagaur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagaur]] || GEN || [[Ram Raghunath Chaudhary]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|}

===[[Sikkim]]===
{| border="2" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! Party Affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Sikkim (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sikkim]] || GEN || [[Bhim Prasad Dahal]] || [[Sikkim Democratic Front]]
|-
|}

===[[Tamil Nadu]]===
{| border="2" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! Party flag
! Party Affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Madras North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Madras North]] || GEN || [[C. Kuppusami]] || [[File:Flag DMK.svg|75px]] || [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|-
| 2 || [[Madras Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Madras Central]] || GEN || [[Murasoli Maran]] || [[File:Flag DMK.svg|75px]] || [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|-
| 3 || [[Madras South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Madras South]] || GEN || [[T. R. Baalu]] || [[File:Flag DMK.svg|75px]] || [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|-
| 4 || [[Sriperumbudur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sriperumbudur]] || SC || [[K. Venugopal]] || || [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|-
| 5 || [[Chengalpattu (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chengalpattu]] || GEN || [[Kanchi Panneerselvam]] || || [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|-
| 6 || [[Arakkonam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arakkonam]] || GEN || [[C. Gopal Mudaliyar]] || ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|-
| 7 || [[Vellore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vellore]] || GEN || [[N. T. Shanmugam]] |||| [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]
|-
| 8 || [[Tiruppattur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tiruppattur]] || GEN || [[D. Venugopal]] || [[File:Flag DMK.svg|75px]] || [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|-
| 9 || [[Vandavasi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vandavasi]] || GEN || [[M. Durai]] |||| [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]
|-
| 10 || [[Tindivanam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tindivanam]] || GEN || [[Gingee N. Ramachandran]] ||[[File:MDMK.svg|75px]]|| [[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|-
| 11 || [[Cuddalore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Cuddalore]] || GEN || [[M. C. Dhamodaran]] || || [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|-
| 12 || [[Chidambaram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chidambaram]] || SC || [[R. Elumalai]] || ||[[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]
|-
| 13 || [[Dharmapuri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dharmapuri]] || GEN || [[K. Pary Mohan]] |||| [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]
|-
| 14 || [[Krishnagiri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Krishnagiri]] || GEN || [[K. P. Munusamy]] || || [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|-
| 15 || [[Rasipuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rasipuram]] || SC || [[V. Saroja]] || ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|-
| 16 || [[Salem (Lok Sabha constituency)|Salem]] || GEN || [[Vazhappady K. Ramamurthy]] || ||[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|-
| 17 || [[Tiruchengode (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tiruchengode]] || GEN || [[K. Palaniswamy]] || || [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|-
| 18 || [[Nilgiris (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nilgiris]] || GEN || [[Master Mathan]] || ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 19 || [[Gobichettipalayam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gobichettipalayam]] || GEN || [[V. K. Chinnasamy]] || ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|-
| 20 || [[Coimbatore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Coimbatore]] || GEN || [[C. P. Radhakrishnan]] |||| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 21 || [[Pollachi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pollachi]] || SC || [[M. Thiyagarajan]] || || [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|-
| 22 || [[Palani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Palani]] || GEN || [[A. Ganeshamurthi]] ||[[File:MDMK.svg|75px]]||[[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|-
| 23 || [[Dindigul (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dindigul]] || GEN || [[C. Sreenivaasan]] || ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|-
| 24 || [[Madurai (Lok Sabha constituency)|Madurai]] || GEN || [[Subramanian Swamy]] |||| [[Janata Party]]
|-
| 25 || [[Periyakulam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Periyakulam]] || GEN || [[R. Muthiah]] || || [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|-
| 26 || [[Karur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karur]] || GEN || [[M. Thambi Durai]] || || [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|-
| 27 || [[Tiruchirappalli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tiruchirappalli]] || GEN || [[Rangarajan Kumaramangalam]] || ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 28 || [[Perambalur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Perambalur]] || SC || [[P. Rajarethinam]] || || [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|-
| 29 || [[Mayiladuturai (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mayiladuturai]] || GEN || [[K. Krishnamoorthy]] || ||[[Tamil Maanila Congress]]
|-
| 30 || [[Nagapattinam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagapattinam]] || SC || [[M. Selvarasu]] |||| [[Communist Party of India]]
|-
| 31 || [[Thanjavur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thanjavur]] || GEN || [[S. S. Palanimanickam]] ||[[File:Flag DMK.svg|75px]]||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|-
| 32 || [[Pudukkottai (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pudukkottai]] || GEN || [[Raja Paramasivam]] || ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|-
| 33 || [[Sivaganga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sivaganga]] || GEN || [[P. Chidambaram]] || ||[[Tamil Maanila Congress]]
|-
| 34 || [[Ramanathapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ramanathapuram]] || GEN || [[V. Sathiamoorthy]] || ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|-
| 35 || [[Sivakasi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sivakasi]] || GEN || [[Vaiko]] ||[[File:MDMK.svg|75px]]||[[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|-
| 36 || [[Tirunelveli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tirunelveli]] || GEN || [[M. R. Kadambur Janarthanan]] || ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|-
| 37 || [[Tenkasi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tenkasi]] || SC || [[S. Murugesan]] || || [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|-
| 38 || [[Tiruchendur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tiruchendur]] || GEN || [[Ramarajan]] || ||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|-
| 39 || [[Nagercoil (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagercoil]] || GEN || [[N. Dennis]] |||| [[Tamil Maanila Congress]]
|-
|}

===[[Tripura]]===
{| border="2" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! Party Affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Tripura West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tripura West]] || GEN || [[Samar Choudhury]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
| 2 || [[Tripura East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tripura East]] || ST || [[Baju Ban Riyan]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|}

===[[Uttar Pradesh]]===
{| border="2" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! Party Affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Tehri Garhwal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tehri Garhwal]] || GEN || [[Manabendra Shah]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 2 || [[Garhwal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Garhwal]] || GEN || [[B. C. Khanduri]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 3 || [[Almora (Lok Sabha constituency)|Almora]] || GEN || [[Bachi Singh Rawat]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 4 || [[Nainital (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nainital]] || GEN || [[Ila Pant]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 5 || [[Bijnor (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bijnor]] || SC || [[Omvati Devi]] || [[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
| 6 || [[Amroha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Amroha]] || GEN || [[Chetan Chauhan]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 7 || [[Moradabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Moradabad]] || GEN || [[Shafiqur Rahman Barq]] || [[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
| 8 || [[Rampur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rampur]] || GEN || [[Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 9 || [[Sambhal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sambhal]] || GEN || [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]] || [[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
| 10 || [[Budaun (Lok Sabha constituency)|Budaun]] || GEN || [[Saleem Iqbal Shervani]] || [[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
| 11 || [[Aonla (Lok Sabha constituency)|Aonla]] || GEN || [[Rajveer Singh]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 12 || [[Bareilly (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bareilly]] || GEN || [[Santosh Gangwar]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 13 || [[Pilibhit (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pilibhit]] || GEN || [[Maneka Gandhi]] || [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|-
| 14 || [[Shahjahanpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shahjahanpur]] || GEN || [[Satyapal Singh Yadav]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 15 || [[Kheri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kheri]] || GEN || [[Ravi Prakash Verma]] || [[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
| 16 || [[Shahabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shahabad]] || GEN || [[Raghvendra Singh]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 17 || [[Sitapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sitapur]] || GEN || [[Janardan Prasad Mishra]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 18 || [[Misrikh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Misrikh]] || SC || [[Ram Shankar Bhargava]] || [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
| 19 || [[Hardoi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hardoi]] || SC || [[Usha Verma]] || [[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
| 20 || [[Lucknow (Lok Sabha constituency)|Lucknow]] || GEN || [[Atal Behari Vajpayee]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 21 || [[Mohanlalganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mohanlalganj]] || SC || [[Reena Choudhary]] || [[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
| 22 || [[Unnao (Lok Sabha constituency)|Unnao]] || GEN || [[Devi Bux Singh]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 23 || [[Rae Bareli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rae Bareli]] || GEN || [[Ashok Singh (politician)|Ashok Singh]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 24 || [[Pratapgarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pratapgarh]] || GEN || [[Ram Vilas Anindya Mondal 2001anti]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 25 || [[Amethi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Amethi]] || GEN || [[Sanjaya Sinh|Sanjay Singh]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 26 || [[Sultanpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sultanpur]] || GEN || [[Devendra Bahadur Roy]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 27 || [[Akbarpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Akbarpur]] || SC || [[Mayawati]] || [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
| 28 || [[Faizabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Faizabad]] || GEN || [[Mitrasen Yadav]] || [[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
| 29 || [[Bara Banki (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bara Banki]] || SC || [[Baijnath Rawat]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 30 || [[Kaiserganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kaiserganj]] || GEN || [[Beni Prasad Verma]] || [[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
| 31 || [[Bahraich (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bahraich]] || GEN || [[Arif Mohammad Khan]] || [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
| 32 || [[Balrampur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Balrampur]] || GEN || [[Rizwan Zaheer Khan]] || [[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
| 33 || [[Gonda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gonda]] || GEN || [[Kirti Vardhan Singh]] || [[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
| 34 || [[Basti (Lok Sabha constituency)|Basti]] || SC || [[Sriram Chauhan]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 35 || [[Domariaganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Domariaganj]] || GEN || [[Rampal Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Rampal Singh]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 36 || [[Khalilabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khalilabad]] || GEN || [[Indrajeet Mishra]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 37 || [[Bansgaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bansgaon]] || SC || [[Raj Narain Passi]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 38 || [[Gorakhpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gorakhpur]] || GEN || [[Adityanath Yogi]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 39 || [[Maharajganj (Uttar Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency)|Maharajganj]] || GEN || [[Pankaj Choudhary]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 40 || [[Padrauna (Lok Sabha constituency)|Padrauna]] || GEN || [[Ram Nagina Mishra]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 41 || [[Deoria (Lok Sabha constituency)|Deoria]] || GEN || [[Mohan Singh]] || [[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
| 42 || [[Salempur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Salempur]] || GEN || [[Hari Kewal Prasad]] || [[Samata Party]]
|-
| 43 || [[Ballia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ballia]] || GEN || [[Chandra Shekhar]] || [[Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)]]
|-
| 44 || [[Ghosi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ghosi]] || GEN || [[Kalpnath Rai]] || [[Samata Party]]
|-
| 45 || [[Azamgarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Azamgarh]] || GEN || [[Akbar Ahmad Dampy]] || [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
| 46 || [[Lalganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Lalganj]] || SC || [[Daroga Prasad Saroj]] || [[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
| 47 || [[Machhlishahr (Lok Sabha constituency)|Machhlishahr]] || GEN || [[Chinmayanand (politician)|Chinmayanand]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 48 || [[Jaunpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jaunpur]] || GEN || [[Parasnath Yadav]] || [[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
| 49 || [[Saidpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Saidpur]] || SC || [[Bizay Sonkar Shastri]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 50 || [[Ghazipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ghazipur]] || GEN || [[Omprakash Singh]] || [[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
| 51 || [[Chandauli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chandauli]] || GEN || [[Ananda Ratna Maurya]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 52 || [[Varanasi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Varanasi]] || GEN || [[Shankar Prasad Jaiswal]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 53 || [[Robertsganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Robertsganj]] || SC || [[Ram Shakal]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 54 || [[Mirzapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mirzapur]] || GEN || [[Virendra Singh (Mirzapur)|Virendra Singh]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 55 || [[Phulpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Phulpur]] || GEN || [[Jang Bahadur Singh Patel]] || [[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
| 56 || [[Allahabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Allahabad]] || GEN || [[Murli Manohar Joshi]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 57 || [[Chail (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chail]] || SC || [[Shailendra Kumar]] || [[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
| 58 || [[Fatehpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Fatehpur]] || GEN || [[Ashok Kumar Patel]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 59 || [[Banda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Banda]] || GEN || [[Ramesh Chandra Dwivedi]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 60 || [[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hamirpur]] || GEN || [[Ganga Charan Rajput]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 61 || [[Jhansi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jhansi]] || GEN || [[Rajendra Agnihotri]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 62 || [[Jalaun (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalaun]] || SC || [[Bhanu Pratap Singh Verma]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 63 || [[Ghatampur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ghatampur]] || SC || [[Kamal Rani]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 64 || [[Bilhaur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bilhaur]] || GEN || [[Shyam Bihari Misra]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 65 || [[Kanpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kanpur]] || GEN || [[Jagatvir Singh Drona]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 66 || [[Etawah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Etawah]] || GEN || [[Sukhda Misra]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 67 || [[Kannauj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kannauj]] || GEN || [[Pradeep Kumar Yadav]] || [[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
| 68 || [[Farrukhabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Farrukhabad]] || GEN || [[Swami Sachidanand Hari Sakshi]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 69 || [[Mainpuri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mainpuri]] || GEN || [[Balram Singh Yadav]] || [[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
| 70 || [[Jalesar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalesar]] || GEN || [[S. P. Singh Baghel]] || [[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
| 71 || [[Etah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Etah]] || GEN || [[Mahadeepak Singh Shakya]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 72 || [[Firozabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Firozabad]] || SC || [[Prabhu Dayal Katheria]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 73 || [[Agra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Agra]] || GEN || [[Bhagwan Shankar Rawat]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 74 || [[Mathura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mathura]] || GEN || [[Chaudhary Tejveer Singh]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 75 || [[Hathras (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hathras]] || SC || [[Kishan Lal Diler]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 76 || [[Aligarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Aligarh]] || GEN || [[Sheela Gautam]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 77 || [[Khurja (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khurja]] || SC || [[Ashok Kumar Pradhan]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 78 || [[Bulandshahr (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bulandshahr]] || GEN || [[Chhatrapal Singh Lodha]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 79 || [[Hapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hapur]] || GEN || [[Ramesh Chand Tomar]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 80 || [[Meerut (Lok Sabha constituency)|Meerut]] || GEN || [[Amar Pal Singh]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 81 || [[Baghpat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Baghpat]] || GEN || [[Som Pal]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 82 || [[Muzaffarnagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Muzaffarnagar]] || GEN || [[Sohan Veer Singh]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 83 || [[Kairana (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kairana]] || GEN || [[Virendra Verma]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 84 || [[Saharanpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Saharanpur]] || GEN || [[Nakli Singh]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 85 || [[Hardwar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hardwar]] || SC || [[Harpal Singh Sathi]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|}

===[[West Bengal]]===
{| border="2" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! Party Affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Cooch Behar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Cooch Behar]] || SC || [[Amar Roy Pradhan]] || [[All India Forward Bloc]]
|-
| 2 || [[Alipurduars (Lok Sabha constituency)|Alipurduars]] || ST || [[Joachim Baxla]] || [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
|-
| 3 || [[Jalpaiguri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalpaiguri]] || GEN || [[Minati Sen]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
| 4 || [[Darjeeling (Lok Sabha constituency)|Darjeeling]] || GEN || Anand Pathak || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
| 5 || [[Raiganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raiganj]] || GEN || [[Ishivammadaan Mukherjee]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
| 6 || [[Balurghat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Balurghat]] || SC || [[Ranen Barman]] || [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
|-
| 7 || [[Malda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Malda]] || GEN || [[A. B. A. Ghani Khan Choudhury]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 8 || [[Jangipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jangipur]] || GEN || [[Abul Hasnat Khan]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
| 9 || [[Murshidabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Murshidabad]] || GEN || [[Moinul Hassan]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
| 10 || [[Berhampore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Berhampore]] || GEN || [[Promothes Mukherjee]] || [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
|-
| 11 || [[Krishnagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Krishnagar]] || GEN || [[Ajoy Mukhopadhyay]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
| 12 || [[Nabadwip (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nabadwip]] || SC || [[Asim Bala]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
| 13 || [[Barasat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barasat]] || GEN || [[Dr. Ranjit Kumar Panja]] || [[West Bengal Trinamool Congress]]
|-
| 14 || [[Basirhat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Basirhat]] || GEN || [[Ajay Chakraborty]] || [[Communist Party of India]]
|-
| 15 || [[Jaynagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jaynagar]] || SC || [[Sanat Kumar Mandal]] || [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
|-
| 16 || [[Mathurapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mathurapur]] || SC || [[Salim Khan Anmol Ranjan Pramanik]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
| 17 || [[Diamond Harbour (Lok Sabha constituency)|Diamond Harbour]] || GEN || [[Samik Lahiri]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
| 18 || [[Jadavpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jadavpur]] || GEN || [[Krishna Bose]] || [[West Bengal Trinamool Congress]]
|-
| 19 || [[Barrackpore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barrackpore]] || GEN || [[Tarit Baran Topdar]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
| 20 || [[Dum Dum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dum Dum]] || GEN || [[Tapan Sikdar]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 21 || [[Calcutta North West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Calcutta North West]] || GEN || [[Sudip Bandyopadhyay]] || [[West Bengal Trinamool Congress]]
|-
| 22 || [[Calcutta North East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Calcutta North East]] || GEN || [[Ajit Kumar Panja]] || [[West Bengal Trinamool Congress]]
|-
| 23 || [[Calcutta South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Calcutta South]] || GEN || [[Mamata Banerjee]] || [[West Bengal Trinamool Congress]]
|-
| 24 || [[Howrah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Howrah]] || GEN || [[Bikram Sarkar]] || [[West Bengal Trinamool Congress]]
|-
| 25 || [[Uluberia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Uluberia]] || GEN || [[Hannan Mollah]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
| 26 || [[Serampore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Serampore]] || GEN || [[Akbor Ali Khandoker]] || [[West Bengal Trinamool Congress]]
|-
| 27 || [[Hooghly (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hooghly]] || GEN || [[Rupchand Pal]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
| 28 || [[Arambagh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arambagh]] || GEN || [[Anil Basu]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
| 29 || [[Panskura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Panskura]] || GEN || [[Geeta Mukherjee]] || [[Communist Party of India]]
|-
| 30 || [[Tamluk (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tamluk]] || GEN || [[Lakshman Chandra Seth]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
| 31 || [[Contai (Lok Sabha constituency)|Contai]] || GEN || [[Sudhir Kumar Giri]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
| 32 || [[Midnapore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Midnapore]] || GEN || [[Indrajit Gupta]] || [[Communist Party of India]]
|-
| 33 || [[Jhargram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jhargram]] || ST || [[Rupchand Murmu]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
| 34 || [[Purulia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Purulia]] || GEN || [[Bir Singh Mahato]] || [[All India Forward Bloc]]
|-
| 35 || [[Bankura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bankura]] || GEN || [[Basudeb Acharia]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
| 36 || [[Vishnupur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vishnupur]] || SC || [[Sandhya Bauri]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
| 37 || [[Durgapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Durgapur]] || SC || [[Sunil Khan]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
| 38 || [[Asansol (Lok Sabha constituency)|Asansol]] || GEN || [[Bikash Chowdhury]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
| 39 || [[Burdwan (Lok Sabha constituency)|Burdwan]] || GEN || [[Nikhilananda Sar]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
| 40 || [[Katwa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Katwa]] || GEN || [[Mahboob Zahedi]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
| 41 || [[Bolpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bolpur]] || GEN || [[Somnath Chatterjee]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
| 42 || [[Birbhum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Birbhum]] || SC || [[Ram Chandra Dome]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|}

===[[Andaman & Nicobar Islands]]===
{| border="2" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! Party Affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Lok Sabha constituency)|Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] || GEN || [[Bishnu Pada Ray]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|}

===[[Chandigarh]]===
{| border="2" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! Party Affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Chandigarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chandigarh]] || GEN || [[Satya Pal Jain]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|}

===[[Dadra & Nagar Haveli]]===
{| border="2" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! Party Affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dadra & Nagar Haveli]] || ST || [[Delkar Mohanbhai Sanjibhai]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|}

===[[Daman & Diu]]===
{| border="2" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! Party Affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Daman and Diu (Lok Sabha constituency)|Daman and Diu]] || GEN || [[Tandel Devji Jogibhai]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|}

===[[National Capital Territory of Delhi]]===
{| border="2" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! Party Affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[New Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|New Delhi]] || GEN || [[Jagmohan]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 2 || [[South Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|South Delhi]] || GEN || [[Sushma Swaraj]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 3 || [[Outer Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Outer Delhi]] || GEN || [[Krishan Lal Sharma]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 4 || [[East Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|East Delhi]] || GEN || [[Lal Bihari Tiwari]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 5 || [[Chandni Chowk (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chandni Chowk]] || GEN || [[Vijay Goel (politician)|Vijay Goel]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 6 || [[Delhi Sadar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Delhi Sadar]] || GEN || [[Madan Lal Khurana]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 7 || [[Karol Bagh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karol Bagh]] || SC || [[Meira Kumar]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|}

===[[Lakshadweep]]===
{| border="2" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! Party Affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Lakshadweep (Lok Sabha constituency)|Lakshadweep]] || ST || [[P. M. Sayeed]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|}

===[[Puducherry (union territory)|Pondicherry]]===
{| border="2" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! Party Affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Puducherry (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pondicherry]] || GEN || [[S. Arumugham]] || [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

{{Parliament of India}}

[[Category:12th Lok Sabha| ]]
[[Category:Terms of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:1998 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1999 disestablishments in India]]