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Aptharakshaka

2026-05-07T17:11:45Z

MuoiBraley9009: made a info.

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aptharakshaka
| image = Aptharakshaka.jpg
| caption = Promotional poster
| director = [[P. Vasu]]
| producer = Krishna Kumar (Krishna Prajwal)
| writer = V. R. Bhaskar
(Dialogues)
| screenplay = P. Vasu
| story = P. Vasu
| starring = [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] [[Vimala Raman]] [[Sandhya (actress, born 1988)|Sandhya]] [[Bhavana (Kannada actress)|Bhavana Ramanna]] [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] [[Lakshmi Gopalaswamy]] [[Komal Kumar]] [[Vineeth]] [[Vinaya Prasad]]
| music = [[Gurukiran]]
| cinematography = P. K. H. Das
| editing = [[Suresh Urs]]
| studio = Udaya Ravi Films
| distributor = Krishna Prajwal
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2010|2|19}}
| runtime = 152 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| gross =
}}

'''''Aaptharakshaka'''''
({{translation|Dearest Savior}}) is a 2010 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[horror film]] directed by [[P. Vasu]] and written by V. R. Bhaskar. The film stars [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] in his 200th Kannada cinema and [[posthumous work|posthumous film]], along with an ensemble cast including [[Vimala Raman]], [[Sandhya (actress, born 1988)|Sandhya]], [[Bhavana (Kannada actress)|Bhavana Ramanna]], [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]], [[Lakshmi Gopalaswamy]], and [[Komal Kumar]]. The film is a sequel to the 2004 Kannada [[blockbuster (entertainment)|blockbuster]] film ''[[Apthamitra]]''.

The film was released on 19 February 2010 to highly positive reviews.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gandhadagudi.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=1&t=3694&start=1440&st=0&sk=t&sd=a |title=GandhadaGudi forum • View topic - AAPTHA RAKSHAKA-MASTERPIECE --DVD out Officially! |access-date=24 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711072407/http://www.gandhadagudi.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=1&t=3694&start=1440&st=0&sk=t&sd=a |archive-date=11 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="movies.rediff.com">{{Cite web|url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/feb/22/south-aptharakshaka-creates-history.htm|title=Aptharakshaka creates history in Karnataka|access-date=24 February 2010|archive-date=6 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306185045/http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/feb/22/south-aptharakshaka-creates-history.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The movie was remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Nagavalli (film)|Nagavalli]]'' (2010). The movie was dubbed in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Raja Vijaya Rajendra Bahadur (Nagavalli - Return of Chandramukhi)'' in [[Hindi]] as ''Sab Ka Rakhwala'' under the production of Sumeet Arts and in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] as ''Amar Rakshak''.

== Plot ==
{{Long plot|date=April 2025}}
The story starts off with an ancient painting of Nagavalli ([[Vimala Raman]]) floating away to distant places, where it finally comes into the hands of a village painter. The painter brings it home so as to restore it back to its original look. However, when his wife asks him to sell the painting, he becomes furious, saying that he would not sell it even at the cost of his life. The next day, the painter is shown to be dead, possibly by suicide. The painting is then sold off to a dance competition, which was distributed as a prize to Bharatanatyam dancer Saraswathi ([[Lakshmi Gopalaswamy]]), her husband, and her family.

Meanwhile, on the engagement day of Gowri ([[Sandhya (actress, born 1988)|Sandhya]]), one of her friends fainted after encountering a 30-foot snake, and the bridegroom had run away from the family house fearing something. Many strange incidents happened, so the family called for a snake charmer to the house, but the snake charmer died when he attempted to make the serpent appear. The family members are psychologically affected by the presence of Nagavalli's painting, and things have not been going well in the house, so they decide to contact Acharya Ramchandra Shastry ([[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]]), an astrologer cum sage. The father of the three daughters tells Sastry that Saraswathi and her husband met with a fatal accident and died, after the Bharatnatyam competition. Sastry takes the help of Dr. Vijay ([[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]]), a psychiatrist, to solve the problem. All directions point to the huge portrait of Nagavalli, and it is observed that the portrait is the cause of this. Everyone is warned not to go to the outhouse or to the room where the painting is.

One night, Vijay goes to the outhouse as he hears anklet sounds, and he sees another smaller portrait of Nagavalli in the outhouse. It is then revealed that Saraswathi is still alive, but she became mad after a truck accident in which her husband died while he was carrying the painting of Nagavalli, and that she said that no one accepted to marry the second daughter Geetha because Saraswathi was mad, and so Geetha vowed that she would not marry, and since they did not want Gowri's situation to be like this, they lied by saying that Saraswathi was dead and locked her up in the outhouse. On a few occasions, someone attempted to murder Sastry twice. Suspecting Saraswathi, Sastry asks the family members to bring Saraswathi to the temple and that he will show everyone that Nagavalli is in Saraswathi's body, but as Saraswathi steps towards the temple, all the animals run out of the temple. Suspecting each and every person in the family, Vijay starts to investigate everything, so he goes to the library to read a book based on Vijaya Rajendra Bahadur's life and further information on Nagavalli too.

The investigation also takes back to around 125 years when Raja Vijaya Rajendra Bahadur (Vishnuvardhan) used to live and how his enmity with Nagavalli has been going on since centuries. Vijay becomes very shocked to see the Bahadur for two reasons. The first is that the portrait he saw in the old palace five years ago, was actually the portrait of Bahadur's elder brother, Vinaya Rajendra Bahadur, who was killed by Bahadur himself for the sake of ruling the kingdom. The second is that Bahadur resembles Vijay himself. It is revealed in the book that he had attempted to escape as one of his men had spread a dirty rumour about him, which caused the whole Ram Nagara Dominion and the people to go and assassinate him, but the book does not say if he got assassinated, committed suicide, or if he actually is alive.

Vijay finishes reading the book and whilst signing the ledger, he reads the name above him (Nagavalli) and understands that she had read the book before he had. To further investigate about Nagavalli, Vijay goes to Nagavalli's place in Peddapuram, Andhra Pradesh and an old man told the doctor that Nagavalli's family died back at around 100 years. The old man tells Vijay that he was the second person to enquire about Nagavalli's family, and as the doctor asked who that person was, the old man told him that a girl came and inquired about Nagavalli, and he also says that she was fine whilst asking the questions, but when she returned from Nagavalli's place, she was holding a portrait of Nagavalli and ran away like a mad girl. The doctor goes to Nagavalli's house and realizes that the portrait in the outhouse was the portrait of Nagavalli, which had been taken, as he glanced at an empty wall with a rectangular marking outline. Vijay also investigates about Saraswathi's husband's death and the snake charmer's death, and he comes with information that the snake charmer's death and Saraswathi's husband's death had nothing to do with Nagavalli.

Vijay reveals that Bahadur is still alive when he printed out an astrological profile and showed the astrologer, who revealed it. So Vijay goes to the fort where the Bahadur is, and at the time, Sastry performs a pooja to try to bring Nagavalli out of Saraswathi's body. The doctor luckily escapes from the invincible Raja, and when Sastry asks for Saraswathi's name, she says her name as Nagavalli Saraswathi. It is revealed that she is still mad, but not affected by Nagavalli. Vijay comes back to cure Saraswathi from her madness, and he succeeds, but Nagavalli's problem is not finished yet, and he knows who is affected by Nagavalli. Later, the doctor reveals to everyone that Gowri is affected by Nagavalli as he makes her angry and changes her personality from Gowri to Nagavalli in front of everyone, then she swoons after she returns to normal. Then later, he explains to everyone that Gowri had written both the names while she signed the ledger: Gowri in English when she was borrowing the book, Nagavalli in Telugu when she was returning the book, and that it was also her who scared the bridegroom away on the engagement day and sat downstairs as if she did not know anything. In order to know more about Nagavalli's lover Ramanatha ([[Vineeth]]), she went to Nagavalli's house as Gowri, and returned with Nagavalli's photo, completely as Nagavalli. Gowri later goes to the fort where Bahadur is in order to kill him. Vijay, knowing that Gowri would have definitely sought revenge, goes to the fort where Bahadur almost gets burned to death, but he survives when it starts to rain. Vijay then has a battle with him, but Bahadur almosts decapitates Gowri/Nagavalli. Before he does so, however, he gets struck by lightning; thus, throwing his sword above and as it comes down, it stabs Bahadur in the neck, who then dies. Gowri is no longer affected by Nagavalli anymore and is going to marry the bridegroom whom she scared away, and Geetha is going to marry too. The film comes to a happy ending.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] as Dr. Vijay / Raja Vijaya Rajendra Bahadur(dual role)
* [[Vimala Raman]] as Nagavalli
* [[Sandhya (actress, born 1988)|Sandhya]] as Gowri
* [[Bhavana (Kannada actress)|Bhavana Ramanna]] as Geetha
* [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] as Acharya Ramchandra Shastry
* [[Lakshmi Gopalaswamy]] as Saraswathi
* [[Komal Kumar]] as Dr. Srinath
* [[Vineeth]] as Ramanatha
* [[Vinaya Prasad]] as Gowri's mother
* [[Suja Varunee|Suja]] as Hema
* Sindhu Chethan as Pooja
* [[Rajesh Nataranga]] as Shoorasena
* [[Veena Sundar]]
* [[Srinivasa Murthy]] as Gowri’s Father
* [[Ramesh Bhat]]
* [[Mandeep Roy]]
* [[Rathnakar (actor)|Rathnakar]]
* [[Chethan Ramarao]]
* Ravi Chethan
* Padmini Prakash
* K S Suchithra
* Rani Dhamukumar
* NGEF Ramamurthy
* [[R. G. Vijayasarathy]]
* Ganesh Rao Kesarkar
* Ravindranath
* Mysore Ramanand
* Sadashiva Brahmaavar
* Suresh Rai
* Shivajirao Jadhav
* Krishna Prajwal in a special appearance
* [[P. Vasu]] in a special appearance
* [[Gurukiran]] in a special appearance
{{colend}}

==Production==

===Casting===
[[Vimala Raman]] was selected as the lead female role to reprise the role of 'Nagavalli'.Later Tamil actress, [[Sandhya (actress, born 1988)|Sandhya]] was added to the cast as the second female lead. Lead actor [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] died following a cardiac arrest on 30 December 2009.

===Filming===
The film started filming in March 2009 in [[Palani]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. The majority of shooting was done in [[Mysore]]. The fort, where the villain Vijaya Rajendra Bahadur resides, is based on the real [[Gingee Fort|fort]] located in [[Gingee]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chitraloka.com/news/84-kannada-film-industry-news-activities-report/724-dr-vishnuvardhan-200th-film.html|title=Parole Movie Review - chitraloka.com | Kannada Movie News, Reviews | Image|website=www.chitraloka.com|access-date=12 March 2022|archive-date=17 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517045644/https://www.chitraloka.com/news/84-kannada-film-industry-news-activities-report/724-dr-vishnuvardhan-200th-film.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Aptharakshaka
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Guru Kiran]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 5 February 2010
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = Swarna Audio
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Performer(s)
| title1 = Chamundi Taayi Aane
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Gurukiran]]
| title2 = Kabadi Kabadi
| extra2 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Shamitha Malnad]]
| title3 = Garane Gara Garane
| extra3 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| title4 = Rakshaka Aptharakshaka
| extra4 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Rajesh Krishnan]], [[Nanditha (singer)|Nanditha]]
| title5 = Omkara
| extra5 = [[Lakshmi Nataraj]]
| title6 = Kabadi Kabadi
| extra6 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], Shamitha Malnad
| all_writing =
| total_length =
}}

==Television Rights==
[[Kannada]] Version Rights are acquired by [[Star Suvarna]] and [[Star Suvarna Plus]].
[[Telugu language|Telugu]] dubbed version rights are acquired by [[Star Maa]].
[[Hindi]] dubbed version rights are acquired by [[UTV Motion Pictures|UTV]].
[[Bengali language|Bengali]] dubbed Version rights are acquired by [[Zee Bangla Cinema]].

==Reception==

===Critics===
The film got almost good reviews from critics. Shruti Indira Lakshminarayana of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' scored the film at 4 out of 5 stars and says "Vishnuvardhan. Location and costumes add to the plot. The use of graphics is seen throughout the film. In short, Aptharakshaka reminds you of the great talent that the Kannada industry has lost in Vishnuvardhan. This one is a must watch".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-kannada-movie-review-aptharakshaka/20100219.htm |title=Vishnuvardhan scores with Aptharakshaka |work=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=19 February 2010 |archive-date=23 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723210707/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-kannada-movie-review-aptharakshaka/20100219.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Bangalore Mirror]] wrote "P Vasu deserves all the praise for deft handling of an interesting plot he has conceived. There is hardly a scene that is out of place. Gurukiran's music and PKH Doss' camera work complement the film that is a must watch".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/aptharakshaka-perfect-goodbye/articleshow/21922071.cms|title=Aptharakshaka: Perfect goodbye|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|access-date=19 February 2010|archive-date=27 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627190043/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/aptharakshaka-perfect-goodbye/articleshow/21922071.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> BS Srivani of [[Deccan Herald]] wrote "The bevy of beauties - Vimala Raman, Lakshmi Gopalswamy and Sandhya- together provide perfect support to Vishnu. This story could have been evolved into a perfect series. If only Vishnu was alive!"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/53722/aptharakshaka.html|title=Review - Aptharakshaka|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=19 February 2010|access-date=19 February 2010|archive-date=23 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100223210537/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/53722/aptharakshaka.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Vishnuvardhan's a true king |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2010/feb/20/vishnuvardhans-a-true-king-133243.html |access-date=26 August 2022 |archive-date=26 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826192301/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2010/feb/20/vishnuvardhans-a-true-king-133243.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Box office===
The grand opening in [[Bangalore]] was well attended, with black market tickets selling for up to Rs 300.<ref name="movies.rediff.com"/> The movie completed a silver jubilee run at the box office.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/it-made-big-news-not-just-because-it-was-a-sequel-to-the-blockbuster-apthamitra-aptharakshaka-garnered-attention-also-because-it-was-the-late-vishnuvardhans-last-film-the-movie-became-so-popular-among-fans-that-today-it-completes-a-silver-jubilee-run-at-the-bo-/articleshow/6578514.cms | title=It made big news not just because it was a sequel to the blockbuster Apthamitra. Aptharakshaka garnered attention also because it was the late Vishnuvardhan's last film. The movie became so popular among fans that today it completes a silver jubilee run at the BO | work=The Times of India | date=18 September 2010 }}</ref>

==Awards==
* [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] won the [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actor]] for his scintillating and splendid performance in this film.
* Won [[Karnataka State Film Award]] for Best Female Playback Singer- [[Lakshmi Nataraj]] for the song "Omkara Abhinaya Veda"
;[[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards]]
;;Won
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Kannada|Best Supporting Actor – Kannada]] - [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Kannada|Best Male Playback Singer – Kannada]] - [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam|Dr.S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] - "Gharane"
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Kannada|Best Lyricist – Kannada]] - [[Kaviraj (lyricist)|Kaviraj]] - "Gharane"
;;Nominated
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Kannada|Best Film – Kannada]] - Krishna Kumar
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Kannada|Best Supporting Actress – Kannada]] - [[Lakshmi Gopalaswamy]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Kannada|Best Music Director – Kannada]] - [[Guru Kiran]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1616085|Aptharakshaka}}
{{P. Vasu}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aptharakshaka}}
[[Category:2010 Indian films]]
[[Category:2010 horror films]]
[[Category:2010 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Palani]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Films scored by Gurukiran]]
[[Category:Films directed by P. Vasu]]
[[Category:Indian horror films]]
[[Category:Indian sequel films]]
[[Category:Kannada films remade in other languages]]

Jeram Patel

2026-05-07T10:25:10Z

MuoiBraley9009: created initial page more to come!

{{Short description|Indian artist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
'''Jeram Patel''' (20 June 1930<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-12-16|title=The first-ever retrospective on Jeram Patel shows the dark beauty of his works|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/the-first-ever-retrospective-on-jeram-patel-shows-the-dark-beauty-of-his-works/story-3SG164qdKjbbzLNSn5CImM.html|access-date=2021-05-03|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> — 18 January 2016) born in [[Sojitra]], [[Gujarat]], was an Indian artist. He was known for using blowtorches on woodwork medium in a method that he learned in [[Japan]] and then pioneered in India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2016-01-19|title=Black, White and Wood|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/black-white-and-wood/|access-date=2021-05-03|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-12-17|title=The man who played with fire: Jeram Patel retrospective reveals how he played with the language of art|url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/the-man-who-played-with-fire-jeram-patel-retrospective-reveals-how-he-played-with-the-language-of-art-3159092.html|access-date=2021-05-03|website=Firstpost}}</ref> Jeram was part of a group of an artists called [[Group 1890]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2016-09-10|title=Group 1890 returns to the forefront with a historic exhibition in Delhi|url=https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/culture/6366-group-1890-returns-forefront-historic-exhibition-delhi|access-date=2021-05-03|website=The Sunday Guardian Live|language=en-US|archive-date=7 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507093408/https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/culture/6366-group-1890-returns-forefront-historic-exhibition-delhi|url-status=dead}}</ref> Patel was known as an [[Abstract art|abstractionist]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=19 Jan 2016|title=Noted artist Jeram Patel dies {{!}} Vadodara News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/noted-artist-jeram-patel-dies/articleshow/50633186.cms|access-date=2021-05-03|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> He received National Award from the Lalit Kala Akademi in 1957, 1963, 1973, and 1984.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ellias |first=Bina Sarkar |date=2024-12-17 |title=The big book of Indian Art by Bina Sarkar Ellias |url=https://usawa.in/issue-12/excerpts-12/the-big-book-of-indian-art/ |access-date= |website=Usawa Literary Review |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Patel studied at [[Sir J.J. Institute of Applied Art|JJ School of Art]], [[Mumbai]] and studied Typography and Publicity Design at [[Central School of Art and Crafts]], London. Eventually, he also taught as a faculty member at [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda|MS University]], Baroda.<ref name=":0" /> He worked as graphic design consultant with [[National Institute of Design, Ahmedabad]] in 1962.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Shukla |first=Prayag |title=Jeram Patel |publisher=Palette Art Gallery |year=2006 |location=Delhi |language=English}}</ref>

== Exhibitions ==
He has had 37 Solo exhibitions in India and abroad as of 2006.<ref name=":3" />
* ''The dark loam: between memory and membrane'' hosted at KNMA in October 2016<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-10-17|title=Explore Dark Loams With Modern Artist Jeram Patel {{!}} Verve Magazine|url=https://www.vervemagazine.in/arts-and-culture/solo-show-the-dark-loam-between-memory-and-membrane-jeram-patel-knma-new-delhi|access-date=2021-05-03|website=www.vervemagazine.in|language=en-US}}</ref>
* ''India's Indigenous Modernism'' with other artists<ref name=":1" />

== Death ==
He died at an age of 86 in 2016 at a hospital in [[Vadodara]] where he was admitted for 15 days following a severe cold and congestion.<ref name=":2" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patel, Jeram}}
[[Category:Indian contemporary painters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male painters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male artists]]
[[Category:Sir J. J. School of Art alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]]

{{India-artist-stub}}

Nagapattinam Assembly constituency

2026-05-05T07:20:35Z

MuoiBraley9009: creating post

{{Short description|One of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 163
| map_image = Constitution-Nagapattinam.svg
| established = 1951
| district = [[Nagapattinam district|Nagapattinam]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Nagapattinam Lok Sabha constituency|Nagapattinam]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| party = {{Party index link|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Secular Progressive Alliance}}
| mla = [[Aloor Shanavas]]
| latest_election_year = [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| name = Nagapattinam
| electors = 174,683
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = File:Shanavas 2.jpg
}}

'''Nagapattinam''' is a state assembly constituency in [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India. Elections and winners from this constituency are listed below. It comprises the entirety of Thirumarugal union block and part of Nagapattinam union block.

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
=== Madras State ===

{| class="wikitable" width="70%"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| Vadivelu and Sivaraj
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| N. S. Ramalingam
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| A. M. P. S. Balagangadaran
|-
| [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| K. R. Gnanasambandan
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|}

=== Tamil Nadu ===

{| class="wikitable" width="70%"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| Rajamanickam
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan=2|[[R. Umanath]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
| rowspan=2|[[G. Veeraiyan]]
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| R. Kodimari
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[G. Nizamudeen]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| R. Jeevanantham
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| V. Marimuthu
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| [[K. A. Jayapal]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| [[Thamimum Ansari]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tamilnadu-assembly-elections-result-2011/tamilnadu.cms}}</ref>
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| [[Aloor Shanavas|J. Mohamed Shanavas]]
| {{Full party name with color|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}|46.46}}
{{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|48.28}}
{{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|51.26}}
{{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|45.83}}
{{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|53.55}}
{{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|43.68}}
{{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|52.20}}
{{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|44.70}}
{{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|48.24}}
{{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|51.38}}
{{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|39.65}}
{{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|44.80}}
{{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|56.40}}
{{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|42.89}}
{{bar percent|[[#1957|1957]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|52.09}}
{{bar percent|[[#1952|1952]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|24.14}}

}}

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Nagapattinam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. H. Jawahirullah]] |party=Manithaneya Makkal Katchi |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Thanka Kathiravan|party=AIADMK|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Fathima Farhana |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sukumar |party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =172979 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Nagapattinam<ref>{{cite web |title=Nagapattinam Election Result |url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a163|access-date= 26 May 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Aloor Shanavas]] |party=Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi |votes=66,281 |percentage=46.46 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Thanka Kathiravan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=59,043 |percentage=41.39 |change=-6.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Augustine Arputharaj |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=9,976 |percentage=6.99 |change=+5.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Manjula |party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,503 |percentage=2.46 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Syed Anas Mohideen Sahip |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=2,540 |percentage=1.78 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[None of the above]] |party=None of the above |votes=895 |percentage=0.63|change=-0.11 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,238 |percentage=5.07 |change=-10.21 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=142,665 |percentage=72.09 |change= -1.33 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -1.82}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Nagapattinam<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf |access-date= 30 Apr 2022 |archive-date= 30 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf |title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Thamimum Ansari]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=64,903 |percentage=48.28 |change=-2.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Mohamed Jafarullah |party=Manithaneya Makkal Katchi |votes=44,353 |percentage=32.99 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. B. Dhameem Ansari Sahib |party=Communist Party of India |votes=11,088 |percentage=8.25|change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Nethaji |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=6,005 |percentage=4.47|change=+2.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Niraintha Selvam |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=1,557 |percentage=1.16 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Balraj |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=1,036 |percentage=0.77 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=J. Jabarullah |party=Independent politician |votes=1,018 |percentage=0.76 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above |votes=996 |percentage=0.74 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=20,550 |percentage=15.29 |change=10.53}}
{{Election box turnout |votes=134,439 |percentage=73.42 |change= -6.05 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -2.99 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Nagapattinam<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu |work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf | archive-date =15 February 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. A. Jayapal]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=61,870 |percentage=51.26 |change=+7.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mohamed Sheik Dawood |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=56,127 |percentage=46.51|change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Muruganantham |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,972 |percentage=1.63 |change=+0.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Jagabar Sathick |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=721 |percentage=0.60 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,743 |percentage=4.76 |change=2.88}}
{{Election box turnout |votes=151,882 |percentage=79.46 |change= +3.59 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= 5.43 }}
{{Election box end}}

===2006===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Nagapattinam<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 2006 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | access-date = 12 May 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=V. Marimuthu |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=57,315 |percentage=45.83% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. A. Jayapal]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=54,971 |percentage=43.96% |change=-9.6 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Peru. Mathiyalagan |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=9,949 |percentage=7.96% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Karthikeyan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,758 |percentage=1.41% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Basheer |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=655 |percentage=0.52% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,344 |percentage=1.87% |change=-13.09% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=125,060 |percentage=75.88% |change= 9.05% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 164,819 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -7.72% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Nagapattinam<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India |title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001 |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=R. Jeevanantham |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=59,808 |percentage=53.55% |change=+28.4 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. P. Thangaiya |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=43,091 |percentage=38.59% |change=-5.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Nizamudeen |party=Independent politician |votes=4,919 |percentage=4.40% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ragu Kumar G |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,368 |percentage=2.12% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. S. Packirisami |party=Independent politician |votes=1,490 |percentage=1.33% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,717 |percentage=14.97% |change=-3.55% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=111,676 |percentage=66.83% |change= -5.91% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 167,176 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 9.88% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Nagapattinam<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1996 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[G. Nizamudeen]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=46,533 |percentage=43.68% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Jeevanantham |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=26,805 |percentage=25.16% |change=-27.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Marimuthu |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=20,990 |percentage=19.70% |change=-22.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Rajendren |party=All India Indira Congress (Tiwari) |votes=9,992 |percentage=9.38% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Pugazhendi |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,578 |percentage=1.48% |change=+0.17 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=19,728 |percentage=18.52% |change=8.74% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=106,542 |percentage=72.74% |change= 2.41% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 154,116 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -8.52% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Nagapattinam<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Kodimari]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=53,050 |percentage=52.20% |change=+35.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[G. Veeraiyan]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=43,116 |percentage=42.42% |change=-2.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. V. Chockalingam |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=3,411 |percentage=3.36% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. A. R. Ambikapathy |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,329 |percentage=1.31% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,934 |percentage=9.77% |change=-4.03% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=101,629 |percentage=70.33% |change= -6.39% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 149,065 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= 7.50% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Nagapattinam<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[G. Veeraiyan]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=44,681 |percentage=44.70% |change=-3.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Pon Palanivelu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=30,884 |percentage=30.90% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Ila Muruguselvam |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=16,682 |percentage=16.69% |change=-26.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Thengovan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=6,800 |percentage=6.80% |change=-35.94 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,797 |percentage=13.80% |change=8.30% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=99,963 |percentage=76.72% |change= -2.58% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 132,478 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= -3.55% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Nagapattinam<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | archive-date = 17 January 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[G. Veeraiyan]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=43,684 |percentage=48.24% |change=-3.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Thenkovan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=38,698 |percentage=42.74% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Kannabiran |party=Independent politician |votes=6,248 |percentage=6.90% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Elamuruguselvan |party=Indian National Congress (Jagjivan) |votes=850 |percentage=0.94% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,986 |percentage=5.51% |change=2.75% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=90,547 |percentage=79.30% |change= 2.21% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 118,310 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= -3.13% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Nagapattinam<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Umanath]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=44,105 |percentage=51.38% |change=+11.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. S. R. Ramanatha Thevar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=41,738 |percentage=48.62% |change=+34.07 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,367 |percentage=2.76% |change= 1.86% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=85,843 |percentage=77.09% |change= 5.35% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 112,499 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= 11.73% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Nagapattinam<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Umanath]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=31,519 |percentage=39.65% |change=+19.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Ambalavanan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=30,809 |percentage=38.76% |change=-6.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Basheer Ahmed |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,570 |percentage=14.56% |change=-20.6 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Chakrapany |party=Janata Party |votes=5,590 |percentage=7.03% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=710 |percentage=0.89% |change= -8.75% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=79,488 |percentage=71.74% |change= -4.57% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 111,891 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -5.15% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Nagapattinam<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Rajamanickam |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=29,744 |percentage=44.80% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ramanatha Thevar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=23,342 |percentage=35.16% |change=-5.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. R. Ganasampandan |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=13,306 |percentage=20.04% |change=-36.35 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,402 |percentage=9.64% |change= -5.97% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=66,392 |percentage=76.31% |change= -5.58% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 91,497 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= -11.59% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Nagapattinam<ref>{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2012 |access-date= 19 April 2009}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=K. R. Gnanasambandan |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=36,596 |percentage=56.40% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. R. V. Naidu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=26,462 |percentage=40.78% |change=-2.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Mahalingam |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,428 |percentage=2.20% |change=-29.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Thandapani |party=Independent politician |votes=406 |percentage=0.63% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,134 |percentage=15.62% |change= 4.53% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=64,892 |percentage=81.89% |change= 1.26% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 81,237 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 13.50% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Nagapattinam<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India |title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |access-date= 19 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=A. M. P. S. Balagangadharan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=27,447 |percentage=42.89% |change=-9.2 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Bhaktavachalam |party=Communist Party of India |votes=20,355 |percentage=31.81% |change=+2.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= Sarana baskaran T.M.M.Ahamed (koothanallur) |party=Indian Union Muslim League |votes=16,186 |percentage=25.30% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,092 |percentage=11.08% |change= -11.63% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=63,988 |percentage=80.63% |change= 22.98% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 81,745 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -9.20% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1957===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Nagapattinam<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1957 | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf | access-date=2015-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=N. S. Ramalingam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,552 |percentage=52.09% |change=+30.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Jeevanandam |party=Communist Party of India |votes=13,847 |percentage=29.38% |change=+5.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Hanifa |party=Independent politician |votes=6,527 |percentage=13.85% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Rajagopal Naidu |party=Independent politician |votes=2,207 |percentage=4.68% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,705 |percentage=22.71% |change= 21.36% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=47,133 |percentage=57.65% |change= -57.79% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 81,753 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= 27.95% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1952===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Nagapattinam<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1951 | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Sivaraj |party=Communist Party of India |votes=39,027 |percentage=24.14% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Vadivelu |party=Communist Party of India |votes=36,846 |percentage=22.79% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Doraiswami |party=Indian National Congress |votes=34,996 |percentage=21.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Shanmugasundaram Pillai |party=Indian National Congress |votes=32,226 |percentage=19.94% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Appu Ayyar |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=5,704 |percentage=3.53% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Lasa Maricayar |party=Independent politician |votes=5,210 |percentage=3.22% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Arumugham |party=Republican Party of India |votes=4,655 |percentage=2.88% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ganapathi Thevar |party=Independent politician |votes=2,981 |percentage=1.84% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,181 |percentage=1.35% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=161,645 |percentage=115.44% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 140,027 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Communist Party of India |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
* {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|access-date= July 8, 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archive-date= October 5, 2010}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}

{{coord|10.77|N|79.83|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Nagapattinam district]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Raja Ganesha

2026-05-04T20:44:57Z

MuoiBraley9009: created a info

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}}
{{Short description|Ruler of Bengal (r. 1414–1415, 1417–1419)}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Raja Ganesha
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| succession = [[Bengal Sultanate|Ruler of Bengal]]
| reign = 1414–1415
| title = Raja of Bengal
| predecessor = [[Alauddin Firuz Shah I]]
| successor = [[Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah]]
| succession1 =
| birth_place = [[Ghoraghat Upazila|Bhavaniganj]], [[Bengal Sultanate]]
| death_date = {{circa}} 1420
| death_place = [[Sonargaon]], Bengal Sultanate
| reign1 = 1417–1419
| predecessor1 = Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah
| successor1 = Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah
| spouse = Tripura Sundari Devi<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.289333/page/n74/mode/1up?q=%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE+%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80+ |title=Banglar Samajik Itihas |trans-title=Social History of Bengal |language=bn |page=73 |last=Sanyal |first=D.C |access-date=29 December 2024}}</ref> Phuljani (widow of [[Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah]])<ref>Jagadish Narayan Sarkar, ''Hindu-Muslim relations in Bengal: medieval period'' (1985), p.52</ref>
| issue = Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah
| royal house = [[House of Ganesha]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
}}
{{History of Bengal}}
'''Raja Ganesha''' ({{langx|bn|রাজা গণেশ|Rājā Gôṇēś}}) was a [[Hindu]] [[zamindar|landlord]] from [[History of Bengal|medieval Bengal]] who was the only Hindu ruler of the [[Bengal Sultanate]]. He founded the [[House of Ganesha]] which ruled Bengal from 1415 to 1435.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Majumdar |editor1-first=R. C. |editor1-link=R. C. Majumdar |title=The Delhi Sultanate |url=https://archive.org/details/delhisultanate0006rcma/page/219/mode/1up |year=1980 |orig-year=First published 1960 |series=The History and Culture of the Indian People |volume=VI |edition=3rd |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |location=Bombay |oclc=664485 |page=827}}</ref> He took advantage of the weakness of the [[Ilyas Shahi dynasty]] and seized power in [[Bengal]],<ref name=":0" /> due to which contemporary historians considered him a usurper. According to the [[Kingdom of Mrauk U|Arakanese]] accounts and also the Bengali and Maithili history, Raja Ganesha, along with his friend [[Shiva Simha Singh]] of [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]], had combined their forces and defeated [[Ibrahim Shah of Jaunpur|Ibrahim Sharqi]] of [[Jaunpur Sultanate]], who invaded Northeast India, resulting [[Bengal-Jaunpur confrontation|Bengal-Jaunpur conflict]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eaton |first=Richard M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC&pg=PA349 |title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760 |date=1993 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-20507-9 |language=en |access-date=27 December 2023 |archive-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227222312/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC&pg=PA349&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live}}</ref>

His name is mentioned in the coins of his son, sultan [[Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah]], as ''Kans Jha'' or ''Kans Shah''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Eaton |first=Richard Maxwell. |title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760 |publisher=California University Press |location=Berkeley |year=1993 |pages=60,60ff |isbn=0-520-08077-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC&pg=PA60}}</ref> The Indo-Persian historians mentioned his name as ''Raja Kans'' or ''Kansi''.<ref name=m1>{{cite book |editor1-last=Majumdar |editor1-first=R. C. |editor1-link=R. C. Majumdar |title=The Delhi Sultanate |url=https://archive.org/details/delhisultanate0006rcma/page/219/mode/1up |year=1980 |orig-year=First published 1960 |series=The History and Culture of the Indian People |volume=VI |edition=3rd |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |location=Bombay |oclc=664485 |page=205}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> A number of modern scholars identified him with Danujamardanadeva, but this identification is not universally accepted.<ref>Mahajan, V.D. (1991). ''History of Medieval India (Muslim Rule in India)'', Part I, New Delhi: S. Chand, {{ISBN|81-219-0364-5}}, p.275</ref>

==Early life==
According to the ''[[Riyaz-us-Salatin|Riaz-us-Salatin]]'' (a chronicle written in 1788), Raja Ganesha was a landlord of Bhaturia and according to Francis Buchanan Hamilton, he was the ''Hakim'' (governor) of [[Dinajpur]]<ref name=hamilton>{{cite book |last=Buchanan (Hamilton) |first=Francis. |title=A Geographical, Statistical and Historical Description of the District or Zila of Dinajpur in the Province or Soubah of Bengal |publisher=Baptist Mission Press |location=Calcutta |year=1833 |pages=23–4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xIUIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA23}}</ref> in the northern Bengal. In a contemporary letter, he was described as a member of a landholder family of 400 years' standing.<ref name=eaton2>{{cite book |last=Eaton |first=Richard Maxwell. |title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-1760 |publisher=California University Press |location=Berkeley |year=1993 |page=51 |isbn=0-520-08077-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC&pg=PA51 |access-date=13 February 2016 |archive-date=4 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004150210/https://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC&pg=PA51 |url-status=live}}</ref> Later, he became an officer of the Ilyas Shahi dynasty rulers in [[Pandua, Malda|Pandua]]. According to a very late authority, the ''Riaz-us-Salatin'', he killed Sultan [[Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah]] (reigned 1390–1410), but the earlier authorities like [[Firishta]] and [[Nizamuddin Ahmad|Nizam-ud-Din Ahmad]] do not refer to any such event, and probably he died a natural death.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Majumdar |editor1-first=R. C. |editor1-link=R. C. Majumdar |title=The Delhi Sultanate |url=https://archive.org/details/delhisultanate0006rcma/page/219/mode/1up |year=1980 |orig-year=First published 1960 |series=The History and Culture of the Indian People |volume=VI |edition=3rd |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |location=Bombay |oclc=664485 |page=204}}</ref> Ghiyas-ud-Din Azam Shah was succeeded by his son [[Saifuddin Hamza Shah]] (reigned 1410–12) and the latter by [[Shihabuddin Bayazid Shah]] (reigned 1413–14).<ref name=m1/> Firishta says that he became very powerful during the rule of Shihabuddin Bayazid Shah.<ref name=eaton2/>

While the earlier authorities like Firishta and Nizam-ud-Din say that Ganesha ascended to the throne after the death of Shihabuddin but again the ''Riaz-us-Salatin'' says that he killed Shihabuddin and seized the throne. Shihabuddin was succeeded by his son Ala-ud-din Firuz Shah (reigned 1414–15) but he was soon deposed by Raja Ganesha.

==Reign==
{{Main|Bengal–Jaunpur confrontation}}
According to [[Firishta]], The reign of Raja Ganesha was marked by his conciliatory policies toward the Muslims in Pandua. He mentioned that, "although Raja Ganesha was not a Muslim, he mixed freely with them and had so much love for them that some Muslims, witnessing to his faith in Islam, wanted to bury him in the Islamic manner."<ref name=eaton5>{{cite book |last=Eaton |first=Richard Maxwell. |title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-1760 |publisher=California University Press |location=Berkeley |year=1993 |pages=55,55ff |isbn=978-0-520-20507-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC&pg=PA55 |access-date=13 February 2016 |archive-date=4 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004150210/https://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC&pg=PA55 |url-status=live}}</ref> But according to the ''Riaz'', soon after he took over the power in Pandua, he oppressed the Muslims of Bengal and slew a number of them. Thereupon, a Muslim Shaikh, [[Nur Qutb Alam]] wrote a letter to the [[Jaunpur Sultanate|Jaunpur Sultan]], [[Jaunpur Sultanate#Ibrahim Shah|Ibrahim Shah Sharqi]], with an appeal to invade Bengal and overthrow Raja Ganesha. Purport of this letter is found in a letter written by Ashraf Jahangir Simnani, a Sufi shaikh of [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]]. According to a tradition recorded by Mulla Taqyya, a courtier of [[Akbar]] and [[Jahangir]], Ibrahim Shah, while proceeding to overthrow Raja Ganesha, was opposed by Sivasimha, the ruler of [[Oiniwar Dynasty]] [[Mithila (ancient)|Mithila]]. Mulla Taqyya gives the date of this event as 805 AH (1402–3), which is obviously wrong, but there may be some truth in his statement about the alliance of Sivasimha with Raja Ganesha.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Majumdar |editor1-first=R. C. |editor1-link=R. C. Majumdar |title=The Delhi Sultanate |url=https://archive.org/details/delhisultanate0006rcma/page/206/mode/1up |year=1980 |orig-year=First published 1960 |series=The History and Culture of the Indian People |volume=VI |edition=3rd |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |location=Bombay |oclc=664485 |pages=206–207, 406}}</ref>

According to the narrative given in the unreliable ''Riaz'', when Ibrahim Shah reached Bengal with his army, Ganesha defeated Shaikh [[Nur Qutb Alam]]. But many independent sources confirm that Ibrahim Shah was thoroughly defeated by Raja Ganesh, such as Chinese memoirs of that time, [[Arakan]] and Burmese histories, as well as the ambassador of the [[Timurid Empire|Timurid ruler]] of [[Afghanistan]].

The earlier accounts of the invasion of Ibrahim Shah Sharqi are different from the account given in the ''Riaz''. A Chinese source mentioned that a kingdom to the west of Bengal had indeed invaded, but desisted when placated with gold and money. [[Abdur Razzaq (traveller)|Abd-ur Razzaq Samarqandi]], in his ''Maṭla'-us-Sadain wa Majma'-ul-Bahrain'' mentioned that in 1442, a diplomat in the service of [[Shah Rukh (Timurid dynasty)|Shah Rukh]], the Timurid ruler of [[Herat]] (reigned 1405–47), wrote that his master had intervened in the [[Bengal]]-[[Jaunpur Sultanate|Jaunpur]] crisis at the request of the [[Bengal Sultanate|sultan of Bengal]], "directing the ruler of Jaunpur to abstain from attacking the King of Bengal, or to take the consequences upon himself. To which intimidation the ruler of Jaunpur was obedient, and desisted from his attacks upon Bengal". A contemporary Arakanese tradition recorded that the army of Raja Ganesha, then firmly in control of [[Pandua, Malda|Pandua]], had defeated Ibrahim in battle. According to this tradition, one of the rulers of Arakan, [[Narameikhla|Suleiman Shah]], who had been given refuge in Pandua after having been defeated by a Burman monarch in 1406, gave Raja Ganesha the military advice that enabled his army to defeat Ibrahim.<ref name="eaton3">{{cite book |last=Eaton |first=Richard Maxwell. |title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-1760 |publisher=California University Press |location=Berkeley |year=1993 |pages=53ff,54ff |isbn=978-0-520-20507-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC&pg=PA53 |access-date=13 February 2016 |archive-date=4 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004150210/https://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC&pg=PA53 |url-status=live}}</ref> After the war with Jaunpur, Raja Ganesha turned his attention to internal affairs, declining to support [[Deva (Hinduism)|Deva movements]], refusing Hindu restorations.<ref name=eaton5 />

==Identification with Danujamardanadeva==
{{See also|Chandradwip}}
[[File:Silver coin of Danujamarddana.jpg|thumb|300px|Silver tanka of Danujamarddana issued at Chatigram ([[Chittagong]]) in the year Saka 1339 (= 1417 CE). Legends are in letters of medieval Bengali; obverse: ''sri sri danujamarddana deva'', reverse: ''sri chandi charana parayana''.]]
In 1922, a modern scholar, [[Nalini Kanta Bhattasali]] assumed in his ''Coins and Chronology of the Early Independent Sultans of Bengal'' that Danujamardanadeva, who issued silver coins in [[Saka era]] 1339-40 (1416–18) from Suvarnagrama, Pandunagara and Chatigrama with the [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] legend, ''Shri Chandi Charana Parayana'' (devoted to the feet of Goddess [[Chandi]]) in Bengali script on the reverse, is actually a title of Raja Ganesha. He also assumed that Mahendradeva was the title assumed by the son of Raja Ganesha after his reconversion to [[Hinduism]] and before his second conversion to Islam. Historian [[Jadunath Sarkar]] dismisses this view, saying the Muslim accounts were biased; he favours the identification of Raja Ganesha with Danujamardanadeva believe that after the death of Raja Ganesha, the Hindu party in the court raised his second son to the throne under the title Mahendradeva, who was soon ousted by his elder brother Jalal-ud-Din.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |last1=Ali |first1=Mohammad Mohar |title=History of the Muslims of Bengal, Vol 1 |date=1988 |publisher=Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University |isbn=9840690248 |pages=683, 404 |edition=2 |url=http://www.bmri.org.uk/book_reviews/NEWLIGHT-MUSLIM-BENGAL.pdf |access-date=12 December 2016 |archive-date=16 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716042530/http://www.bmri.org.uk/book_reviews/NEWLIGHT-MUSLIM-BENGAL.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> But [[Ahmad Hasan Dani]] regarded Danujamardanadeva and Mahendradeva as the local chiefs in East and South Bengal who asserted independence during troubles caused by the capture of power by Raja Ganesha and the invasions of Ibrahim Shah Sharqi.<ref name=m1/> He, on the basis of the testimony of later oral and literary sources, identified Danujamardanadeva and Mahendradeva as the descendants of the [[Deva dynasty]] kings of [[Chandradvipa]] (the present-day [[Barisal District]]). Another modern scholar, Richard Eaton, supported his view and identified the mint town Pandunagara with [[Pandua, Hooghly|Chhota Pandua]] in the present-day [[Hooghly district]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Eaton |first=Richard Maxwell. |title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-1760 |publisher=California University Press |location=Berkeley |year=1993 |pages=54,54ff |isbn=0-520-08077-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC&pg=PA54 |access-date=13 February 2016 |archive-date=4 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004150210/https://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC&pg=PA54 |url-status=live}}</ref> However, [[Vaishnava]] tradition of Bengal too hold Raja Ganesh as taking the title upon accession to throne.<ref>[http://nitaaiveda.com/All_Scriptures_By_Acharyas/Rupa_Goswami/Bhakti_Rasamrita_Sindhuh/INTRODUCTION.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231318/http://nitaaiveda.com/All_Scriptures_By_Acharyas/Rupa_Goswami/Bhakti_Rasamrita_Sindhuh/INTRODUCTION.htm|date=3 March 2016}}{{citation needed|date=March 2019}}</ref>

==Dinajpur Raj==
<gallery>
File:Dinajpur Rajbari (5).jpg|Krishna Temple established by Maharaja Ganesh in his Palace as visible from outside road.
File:Dinajpur Rajbari (2).jpg|Gateway to the Dinajpur Rajbari.
</gallery>
According to a tradition, [[Dinajpur District, Bangladesh|Dinajpur]] derived its name from Raja Dinaj or Dinaraj who founded the ''Dinajpur Raj'' (the estate of Dinajpur). But according to another tradition, Raja Ganesha was the real founder of this estate. In the late 17th century, [[Srimanta Dutta Chaudhury]] (s/o Harish Chandra) from [[Andul Dutta Chaudhury Family]] became the [[zamindar]] of Dinajpur. After him, his sister's son Sukhdev Ghosh inherited his property as Srimanta's son had a premature death. Sukhdev's son Prannath Ray began construction of the Kantanagar [[navaratna (architecture)|Nava-Ratna]] Temple, presently known as the [[Kantajew Temple]]. The main blocks and the enclosing moats of the ''Rajbari'' (palace) were most probably constructed by Prannath and his adopted son Ramnath in the 18th century. The two-storied main palace was seriously damaged by an earthquake in 1897 and rebuilt later by Girijanath Ray.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://mysyed.com/bangladesh/Dinajpur%20Rajbari%20-%20Discovering%20the%20hidden%20glory.htm |title=Dinajpur Rajbari: Discovering the Hidden Glory |last=Rahman |first=Zakia |date=29 September 2003 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |access-date=20 August 2010 |location=Dhaka |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305085651/http://mysyed.com/bangladesh/Dinajpur%20Rajbari%20-%20Discovering%20the%20hidden%20glory.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>

{{S-start}}
{{S-hou|Usurper of [[Ilyas Shahi dynasty]] (1415–1416)}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[List of rulers of Bengal|Ruler of Bengal]]|years=1416–1418}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah]]}}
{{end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of rulers of Bengal]]
* [[History of Bengal]]
* [[History of West Bengal]]
* [[History of India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Rulers of Bengal]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:15th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:People from Thakurgaon District]]

Devyani Khobragade incident

2026-05-01T23:45:18Z

MuoiBraley9009: added new article

{{Short description|2013 arrest and detention in New York City}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2014}}
{{Use American English|date=April 2014}}
On December 11, 2013, [[Devyani Khobragade]], then the Deputy Consul General of the [[Consul (representative)|Consulate General]] of [[India]] in [[New York City]], was charged by U.S. authorities with committing [[visa fraud]] and providing false statements in order to gain entry to the [[United States]] for Sangeeta Richard,<ref>This article renders her family as ''Richard''. Some sources, including some cited in this article, render her name as ''Richards''.</ref> a woman of Indian nationality, for employment as a domestic worker for Khobragade in New York.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Who-is-Devyani-Khobragade/articleshow/27659238.cms | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Who is Devyani Khobragade? }}</ref> She was additionally charged with failing to pay the domestic worker a [[minimum wage]].<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://world.time.com/2013/12/18/us-to-review-devyani-khobragade-arrest-and-strip-search/ | magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] | title=Indian Diplomatic Row: Devyani Khobragade Arrest to Be Reviewed}}</ref>

Khobragade was arrested the next day by U.S. federal law enforcement authorities,<ref name="Diplomat's Arrest in New York">{{cite news|title=Diplomat's Arrest in New York|work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=December 17, 2013|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/18/world/asia/outrage-in-india-over-female-diplomats-arrest-in-new-york.html?_r=0|first=Gardiner|last=Harris|date=December 17, 2013}}</ref> subjected to a "[[strip search]]", presented to a judge, and released the same day.<ref name="Indian official: Diplomat's arrest in NYC barbaric">{{cite news|title=Indian official: Diplomat's arrest in NYC barbaric|agency=[[Associated Press]]|access-date=December 29, 2013|url=https://news.yahoo.com/indian-official-diplomat-39-arrest-nyc-barbaric-105440734.html}}</ref><ref name="U.S. Admits Strip Search of Diplomat">{{cite news|title=US admits diplomat Devyani Khobragade strip-searched as India launches reprisals over arrest|publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Company]]|access-date=December 29, 2013|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-12-18/an-india-us-diplomat-arrest/5163076}}</ref> Her arrest and treatment received much media attention particularly in India, and led to a diplomatic row between [[India–United States relations|India and the United States]].<ref name="Row deepens">{{cite news|title=Row deepens|publisher=[[BBC]] |access-date=December 17, 2013|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-25411876|date=December 17, 2013}}</ref><ref name="India takes US head on">{{cite news|title=India takes US head on|work=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=December 17, 2013|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/devyani-khobragade-case-india-takes-us-head-on-shinde-modi-refuse-to-meet-american-delegation/articleshow/27517995.cms|date=December 17, 2013}}</ref>

One week later, Khobragade was transferred by the [[government of India]] to the UN mission in New York, subject to clearance from the [[United States Department of State]], which would entitle her to full [[diplomatic immunity]].<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-accuses-US-of-immigration-fraud-transfers-Devyani-to-permanent-mission-at-UN/articleshow/27597737.cms "India accuses US of immigration fraud, transfers Devyani to permanent mission at UN"]. ''The Times of India''. December 18, 2013.</ref> Her former post entitled her only to [[consular immunity]].

On January 8, 2014, the U.S. issued Khobragade the [[G-1 visa]] that granted her full diplomatic immunity.<ref name="Immunity">{{cite news |last1=Ghosh |first1=Deepshikha |date=January 10, 2014 |title=Devyani Khobragade gets full diplomatic immunity, on her way to India |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/cheat-sheet/devyani-khobragade-gets-full-diplomatic-immunity-on-her-way-to-india-469219?curl=1389455147|publisher=[[NDTV]] |access-date=January 11, 2014}}</ref> Following this an unknown US State official is reported to have stated "The US requested waiver of immunity (of Devyani Khobragade). India denied that request. We then requested her departure, as per the standard procedure and the charges remain in place."<ref name="waive">{{cite web|title=Devyani Khobragade Case India refuses US request to waive immunity|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/devyani-khobragade-case-india-refuses-us-request-to-waive-immunity-469244 |publisher=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> The next day, Khobragade left the United States by plane to India.<ref name="KhobragadeIndictment">{{cite news |last1=Neumeister |first1=Larry |last2=Lee |first2=Matthew |date=January 9, 2014 |title=Strip-Searched Diplomat Indicted on Fraud Charge |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/indian-diplomat-indicted-ny-leaves-us-21480045 |agency=Associated Press |publisher=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |access-date=January 10, 2014}}</ref> That same day she was indicted by a federal [[grand jury]] with visa fraud and [[making false statements]].<ref name="KhobragadeIndictment"/>

On March 12, 2014, Judge [[Shira Scheindlin]] ordered that all charges against Khobragade be dismissed because she had diplomatic immunity at the time of her indictment on visa fraud charges due to her posting to the [[United Nations]] prior to the indictment.<ref name="dropped"/><ref name="dismissed"/> Two days later, Khobragade was re-indicted on the same charges.<ref name="re-indicted"/><ref name="Reuters14032014"/>

==People==

===Devyani Khobragade===
Devyani Khobragade is an [[Indian Foreign Service]] officer and a medical doctor who until December 18, 2013, was [[Consul (representative)#Consul general|deputy consul general]] in the Consulate General of India in New York. She joined [[Indian Foreign Service]] in 1999. In her capacity of deputy consul general for India, she handled women's affairs as well as political and economic issues. Khobragade is married, with two children, to a U.S. citizen, Aakash Singh Rathore whose birthplace has not been verified.<ref name="skeletons">{{cite web|title=More skeletons tumble out of Devyani Khobragade's cupboard|work=Firstpost |date=December 23, 2013 |url=http://www.firstpost.com/world/more-skeletons-tumble-out-of-devyani-khobragades-cupboard-1301929.html}}</ref><ref name=hindu-20140111/>

===Sangeeta Richard===
Sangeeta Richard, 42, an Indian national and earlier holder of an Indian diplomatic passport, worked as nanny and domestic help for Khobragade from November 2012 until June 2013. Her husband, Philip Richard, used to work as a driver with the Mozambique mission in New Delhi.<ref name=who>{{cite news|title=Who is Sangeeta Richard?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Who-is-Sangeeta-Richard/articleshow/27688937.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131223085923/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-12-20/india/45416020_1_visa-complaint-delhi-police |url-status=live |archive-date=December 23, 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]| date=December 20, 2013}}</ref> It has been reported that Sangeeta's mother-in-law was employed with a senior US diplomat, who was posted in India between 2002 and 2007 and her father-in-law is still working in the US embassy in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/131218/news-current-affairs/article/diplomats-arrest-us-outrage-parliament-govt-vows-strong-action|title=Govt says Devyani victim of conspiracy, accuses US of facilitating visa fraud|date=December 18, 2013 }}</ref><ref name=relatives>{{cite news|last=Arora|first=Kamna|title=India moves Devyani Khobragade to UN, accuses US of committing visa fraud|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/india-moves-devyani-khobragade-to-un-accuses-us-of-committing-visa-fraud_897616.html|access-date=December 18, 2013|newspaper=Zee News|date=December 18, 2013}}</ref>

==Timeline==

===Hiring of Richard===
In November 2012, Khobragade employed Richard, as a nanny and domestic servant for her residence in New York. Richard traveled on an Indian [[Diplomatic passport#Types|diplomatic passport]] issued by the government of India for its diplomatic staff. Richard entered the U.S. on an [[Visa policy of the United States#A-1, A-2, and A-3|A-3 visa]], which is a non-immigrant visa and permits the holder to work anywhere in the US for a specified employer.<ref name=who/><ref name=timeline1>{{cite news|last=Parashar|first=Sachin|title=Timeline of Devyani Khobragade case|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Timeline-of-Devyani-Khobragade-case/articleshow/27601818.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221151703/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-12-18/india/45336280_1_maid-delhi-court-issues-delhi-hc|url-status=live|archive-date=December 21, 2013|access-date=December 23, 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=December 18, 2013}}</ref>

In a legal complaint later filed by Richard and the United States government, it was described that before hire, Khobragade and Sangeeta Richard verbally agreed in India to a starting salary of 25,000 [[rupee]]s per month, plus an additional 5,000 rupees for overtime. Based on the [[exchange rate]] at that time, 30,000 rupees was equivalent to 573.07 U.S. dollars or about $3.31 an hour, assuming a 40-hour work week.<ref name="fe_allegations"/> Khobragade signed a written contract with Richard which stipulated her hourly salary in the U.S. would be $9.75 and that the normal working hours per week shall be 40. This contract was submitted to the U.S. government as part of the visa application where Khobragade stated Richard would be making "around $4,500 per month".<ref name="fe_allegations"/> The complaint claims that Khobragade instructed Richard not to say anything to the embassy interviewer about being paid only 30,000 rupees per month, but to say she would be paid $9.75 an hour and work 40 hours a week.<ref name="fe_allegations"/>

The complaint then alleges that Khobragade asked Richard to sign another employment contract shortly before leaving India, which was not intended to be revealed to the U.S. government.<ref name = "cnnreport">{{cite news|title=Arrest, strip-search of Indian diplomat in New York triggers uproar|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/12/17/politics/india-us-diplomat/ | work=CNN | date=December 19, 2013}}</ref> This second contract allegedly says she was to be paid an expected salary of Rs. 30,000 per month with no mention of sick days or vacation time.<ref name="fe_allegations"/>

===Richard leaving Khobragade's home===
On June 21, 2013, Khobragade left her children in the care of Richard and went on an out-of-town trip. On returning on June 23, 2013, Khobragade found Richard missing from her home.<ref name=timeline1/> On June 24, 2013, Khobragade informed the [[Office of Foreign Missions]] (OFM) and requested help in tracing Richard. The OFM directed her to file a missing person report with [[New York City Police Department]] (NYPD). Initially NYPD refused to file the report, since Richard was not a family member. After written requests made on June 25, 2013, the NYPD filed a missing person report.<ref name=timeline1/> The NYPD then closed the case and it determined that Richard had simply left.<ref name=keeper>{{cite news|title=Lawyer: Sangeeta Richard did not extort money from Devyani Khobragade |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-12-20/news/45418104_1_work-visa-housekeeper-u-s-embassy |access-date=December 20, 2013 |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=December 20, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131221144336/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-12-20/news/45418104_1_work-visa-housekeeper-u-s-embassy |archive-date=December 21, 2013 }}</ref>

After walking out of the house, Richard lived on the support of strangers within the Indian community in New York City, including a [[Gurdwara]]. Later, Richard contacted [[Safe Horizon]], a nonprofit that has an anti-trafficking program, which took Richard to the State Department with the allegations.<ref name=keeper/>

On July 1, 2013, Khobragade received a phone call from a person claiming to be Richard's lawyer and requesting her to process a change in visa status of Richard and provide compensation based on 19 hours of work per day. Khobragade refused to negotiate on the phone and demanded the caller's identity.<ref name=timeline1/> On July 2, 2013, Khobragade informed OFM to direct NYPD to identify the caller as the caller was trying to extort money.<ref name=timeline1/> On July 5, 2013, Khobragade filed a complaint of "aggravated harassment" with NYPD alleging [[extortion]] and blackmail by the caller. In India, officials briefed US embassy officials about the reports filed with NYPD and sought assistance in the matter. The Indian Embassy in Washington also made similar requests with the State Department in Washington.<ref name=timeline1/>

On July 8, 2013, "Access Immigration", a law office representing Richard, called for a meeting with Khobragade. Khobragade with other consulate officers met Richard. Richard requested payment of US$10,000, conversion of her Indian [[diplomatic passport]] to an India ''ordinary passport'' and assistance for getting required US visa for continued stay in United States. Indian consulate officers informed Richard that she was required to return to India as she was on an Indian [[diplomatic passport]] and that compensation regarding work hours would be settled before departure to India.<ref name=timeline1/>

On July 19, 2013, Philip Richard, husband of Richard, filed a petition in Indian court alleging that Khobragade and the Indian government held his wife in police custody in New York and had kept in "slavery-like conditions or keeping a person in bondage". The petition also stated that Uttam Khobragade had called Richard's family in India and threatened them with dire consequences if Richard were to complain.<ref name="outlook">{{cite web |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?288935 |title=The Other Side of the Story |publisher=Outlook India |access-date=December 27, 2013}}</ref> The petition was withdrawn four days later.<ref name=timeline1/>

===Legal action against Richard===
Following the July 8 meeting, the Indian government revoked Richard's Indian [[diplomatic passport]] with effect from June 22, 2013, and informed OFM about the termination of the passport.<ref name=who/><ref name=timeline1/>

On September 4, 2013, the US State Department issued a letter to the Indian ambassador to probe the allegation of Richard and for proof of minimum wages paid. Following this, on September 10, 2013, the Indian Ministry of External Affairs lodged strong protest with the US officials regarding the tone and content of the letter. Then, on September 21, 2013, the Indian Embassy sent a reply to the US State Department, highlighting that Richard seeks to subvert both Indian and US laws.<ref name=timeline1/>

On November 19, 2013, based on a complaint lodged by Khobragade, a Delhi court issued a non-bailable arrest warrant against Richard, which was forwarded to US State Department and US embassy for her immediate arrest.<ref name=timeline1/>

On December 10, 2013, Philip Richard, along with two children, went to the U.S. on a [[T visa]]; this visa permits victims of human trafficking and their close relatives to stay in the U.S. to testify against those accused of human trafficking crimes.<ref name=timeline1/><ref name=aware>{{cite news|last=P T I|title=Was US govt aware of whereabouts of Devyani Khobragade's maid?|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-12-18/news/45338377_1_maid-whereabouts-government|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224120002/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-12-18/news/45338377_1_maid-whereabouts-government|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 24, 2013|access-date=December 23, 2013|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=December 18, 2013}}</ref> Indian media claimed that the cost of air tickets for Philip Richard, and two children Jennifer and Jatin, was paid by the U.S. Embassy to India.<ref name=paid>{{cite news|last=P T I|title=Devyani Khobragade case: US embassy paid for air tickets of domestic help's family, say sources|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/devyani-khobragade-case-us-embassy-paid-for-air-tickets-of-domestic-help-s-family-say-sources-462316|access-date=December 24, 2013|newspaper=NDTV|date=December 24, 2013}}</ref>

==Visa fraud charges==
On December 11, 2013, Khobragade was charged with visa fraud. The charges allege that she committed visa fraud willfully and under penalty of perjury under Title 18, [[United States Code]], Section 1546. It further alleges that Khobragade submitted an employment contract to the U.S. Department of State, in support of a visa application filed by Khobragade for another individual, which she knew to contain materially false and fraudulent statements.<ref name="fe_allegations">{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/leading-to-devyanis-arrest-a-verbal-deal-and-two-contracts/1209391|title=Leading to Devyani's arrest, a verbal deal and 'two contracts'|author=Mathur, Aneesha|access-date=December 19, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219141809/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/leading-to-devyanis-arrest-a-verbal-deal-and-two-contracts/1209391|archive-date=December 19, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> The visa fraud charge carries a maximum sentence of 10 years in prison and the false statements charge carries a maximum sentence of five years.<ref name = "cnnreport"/>

===Arrest===
Based on the charges filed by a special agent with the [[US Department of State]], [[Bureau of Diplomatic Security]], the [[United States magistrate judge]] Debra Freeman issued an [[arrest warrant]] against Khobragade. Khobragade was arrested by [[US Department of State]]'s [[Diplomatic Security Service]] on December 12, 2013, around 9:30 am after dropping off her daughters at school on West 97th Street in Manhattan.<ref name="Devyani broke down">{{cite news |title=Devyani Khobragade reveals how she 'broke down' after 'stripping and cavity searches' as row between U.S. and India deepens |url=https://nationalpost.com/news/devyani-khobragade-reveals-how-she-broke-down-after-stripping-and-cavity-searches-as-row-between-u-s-and-india-deepens |access-date=December 18, 2013 |newspaper=National Post |date=December 18, 2013}}</ref>

Around noon, Khobragade was escorted to the federal courthouse in downtown Manhattan, where she was transferred into the custody of the [[U.S. Marshals Service]] and strip searched by a female deputy marshal in a private setting.<ref name="Preet Bharara statement" /> She was presented before a [[U.S. magistrate judge]] and pleaded not guilty to the charges. She was released at 4 p.m. the same day on a $250,000 [[recognizance]] bond. She also surrendered her passport.<ref name=" India takes US head on"/>

After her release, Khobragade wrote an email to her colleagues in the [[Indian Foreign Service]] where she claimed that she "broke down many times", owing to "the indignities of repeated handcuffing, stripping, and cavity searches, swabbing", and to being held "with common criminals and drug addicts".<ref name="washingtonpost">{{cite news |title=Devyani Khobragade letter to her colleagues: The full text |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=December 18, 2013 |access-date=December 27, 2013 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/devyani-khobrogade-letter-to-her-colleagues-the-full-text/2013/12/18/aaad7018-6804-11e3-ae56-22de072140a2_story.html |first=William |last=Booth}}</ref>

The next day, Indian media sources echoed her claims that after her arrest she was handcuffed, strip searched, DNA swabbed and subjected to a [[cavity search]].<ref name="Row deepens"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-diplomat-row-devyani-khobragade-detained-with-sex-workers-and-drug-addicts-put-through-cavity-search-1936700|title=Diplomat row: Devyani Khobragade detained with sex workers and drug addicts; put through cavity search|website=DNA India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Devyani Khobragade put through cavity search because her crime of visa fraud is a felony|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/devyani-khobragade-put-through-cavity-search-like-criminals-by-us_897584.html|access-date=December 18, 2013|newspaper=Zee News|date=December 18, 2013}}</ref>

On December 18, 2013, Nikki Credic-Barrett, a spokeswoman for the [[U.S. Marshals Service]], stated that Khobragade was strip searched but not subjected to a cavity search. Per agency regulations, a strip search can include a "visual inspection" of body cavities. Credic-Barrett also stated that anyone taken to holding cells of the New York federal courthouse is automatically subjected to a strip search if they are placed among other prisoners.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/kerry-expresses-regret-over-strip-search-of-arrested-indian-diplomat/|title=Kerry expresses regret over strip search of arrested Indian diplomat | work=CBS News}}</ref> With reference to DNA swabbing, Credic-Barrett said that the responsibility for collection of a DNA sample was that of the arresting agency, [[US Department of State]], [[Bureau of Diplomatic Security]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Devyani Khobragade not subjected to cavity search, claim US Marshals |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/world/report-devyani-khobragade-not-subjected-to-cavity-search-claim-us-marshals-1937895 |access-date=December 19, 2013 |newspaper=DNA via Press Trust of India |date=December 19, 2013}}</ref>

On December 19, 2013, [[Preet Bharara]], [[U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York]], claimed that after her arrest, Khobragade was "accorded courtesies well beyond what other defendants, most of whom are American citizens, are accorded".<ref name="Preet Bharara statement">{{cite press release |last=Bharara |first=Preet |date=December 19, 2013 |title=Statement Of Manhattan U.S. Attorney Preet Bharara On U.S. v. Devyani Khobragade |url=https://www.justice.gov/usao/nys/pressreleases/December13/KhobragadeStatement.php |location=New York City, New York, USA |publisher=The United States Attorneys Office - Southern District of New York |access-date=December 23, 2013}}</ref> For about two hours after her arrest, she was allowed to make numerous phone calls in order to arrange for child care and sort out personal matters.<ref name="Preet Bharara statement" />

===Post transfer to United Nations===
The Indian government moved Khobragade to a permanent position at the Indian Mission at the United Nations, New York in order to provide her with diplomatic immunity.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/cheat-sheet/devyani-khobragade-transferred-to-un-mission-can-apply-for-full-diplomatic-immunity-460021 | title=Devyani Khobragade transferred to UN mission, can apply for full diplomatic immunity | work=NDTV.com | date=December 18, 2013 | access-date=December 19, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/india-shifts-devyani-khobragade-to-un-mission-ensures-full-diplomatic-immunity_897616.html | title=Devyani Khobragade case: As it happened on Wednesday.. | work=zeenews.india.com | date=December 18, 2013 | access-date=December 19, 2013}}</ref> The US State Department clarified that the full diplomatic immunity which she might receive in that post would not be retroactive.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/world/no-retroactive-immunity-for-devyani-says-us/article5481901.ece | title=No retroactive immunity for Devyani, says U.S | work=The Hindu | date=December 21, 2013| access-date=December 23, 2013 | location=Chennai, India | first=Narayan | last=Lakshman}}</ref>
On December 23, 2013, the United Nations approved a request from India to accredit Khobragade,<ref>{{cite news | url=http://in.reuters.com/article/india-usa-un-idINL2N0K20UD20131223| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305225250/http://in.reuters.com/article/india-usa-un-idINL2N0K20UD20131223| url-status=dead| archive-date=March 5, 2016| title=U.N. approves India's request to accredit diplomat charged by U.S. | work=Reuters | date=December 23, 2013}}</ref> but also stated that US approval was still needed.<ref>{{cite news |title=Accused Indian diplomat needs US OK for UN job |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/accused-indian-diplomat-now-registered-at-un/2013/12/23/01407922-6c18-11e3-a5d0-6f31cd74f760_story.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131224194016/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/accused-indian-diplomat-now-registered-at-un/2013/12/23/01407922-6c18-11e3-a5d0-6f31cd74f760_story.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 24, 2013 |newspaper=Washington Post |agency=Associated Press |date=December 23, 2013 |access-date=December 24, 2013 }}</ref> Khobragade was granted an exemption from personally appearing in court for the case.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/ZlvbeolgVgk6XspKJUKy1I/Devyani-Khobragade-exempted-from-appearing-in-US-court.html| title=Thaw in India-US stand-off over Devyani Khobragade issue}}</ref>

Khobragade was granted a [[G-1 visa]] by the [[United States Department of State]] on January 8, 2014, under the terms of Section 15 of the Headquarters Agreement between the United Nations and the United States which gave her full diplomatic immunity and would preclude any court jurisdiction over her.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/22723/Diplomatic+immunity+to+Dr+Devayani+Khobragade |title=Diplomatic immunity to Dr. Devayani Khobragade|work=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |publisher=Mea.gov.in|access-date=January 10, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/cheat-sheet/devyani-khobragade-back-in-delhi-after-hard-negotiations-india-expels-us-diplomat-in-tit-for-tat-act-469449?curl=1389373760|title=Devyani Khobragade back in Delhi after hard negotiations, India expels US diplomat in tit-for-tat action|publisher=NDTV|access-date=January 10, 2014}}</ref> The U.S. officials said that the State Department had no choice but to grant Khobragade full diplomatic immunity once she was accredited to the [[United Nations]] because she did not pose a national security threat.<ref name=CNN>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/01/10/politics/us-india-diplomacy/index.html?hpt=hp_t2|title=India asks U.S. to withdraw official from its embassy in New Delhi, source says|author=Jethro Mullen and Harmeet Shah Singh|publisher=CNN|access-date=January 10, 2014|date=January 10, 2014}}</ref>

===Indictment and return to India===
On January 9, 2014, a US grand jury indicted her on two counts, for visa fraud and making false statements to get a work visa for Sangeeta Richard, her housekeeper in New York.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/10/devyani-khobragade-to-leave-us-under-diplomatic-immunity|title=Indian diplomat Devyani Khobragade leaves US under immunity|newspaper=The Guardian |date=January 10, 2014 |publisher=January 10, 2014|last1=Burke |first1=Jason |last2=Roberts |first2=Dan }}</ref> [[Preet Bharara]] later confirmed that the charges against her will remain pending until she can be brought to court to face them, either through a waiver of immunity or her return to the US without immunity status.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Tit-for-tat-expulsions-India-orders-US-diplomat-to-leave-country/articleshow/28649593.cms|title=Tit for tat expulsions: India orders US diplomat to leave country|work=The Times of India|access-date=January 10, 2014}}</ref> Hours after Khobragade was indicted for visa fraud, India refused the US request to waive the immunity and transferred her to the Ministry of External Affairs in New Delhi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/devyani-khobragade-reaches-india-from-us-visa-fraud-case-sangeeta-richard-176352-2014-01-09|title=Indian diplomat Devyani Khobragade arrives in New Delhi from New York following Indo-US diplomatic row|date=January 10, 2014 |publisher=India Today|access-date=January 10, 2014}}</ref>

On January 9, 2014, Khobragade left the United States by plane to India after first receiving permission from U.S. District Judge Shira Scheindlin upon the advice of her lawyer, [[Daniel Arshack]].<ref>Reuters, [https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2014/01/09/world/asia/09reuters-india-usa-diplomat-timeline.html?_r=0 "Timeline: Diplomatic Flurry in Indian Envoy's Final Hours in U.S>"] ''The New York Times'' (January 9, 2014)</ref><ref name="KhobragadeIndictment" /> As she left, she commented to an American colleague about her own leaving and Mrs. and Mr. Richard staying by saying that, "You have lost a good friend. It is unfortunate. In return, you got a maid and a drunken driver. They are in, and we are out."<ref name="cultureclash">{{cite news |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/11/world/asia/indian-diplomat-flies-home-after-indictment-in-us.html |title=As Indian Diplomat Exits After Arrest, a Culture Clash Lingers |first1=Ellen |last1=Barry |first2=Benjamin |last2=Weiser |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=January 10, 2014 |location=[[New York, NY|New York]] |issn=0362-4331 |access-date=January 13, 2014}}</ref>

There are other accounts that despite Khobragade's media bravado, she was reluctant to leave US and had to be sternly told to return to India by the Indian External Ministry.<ref name="Inside track">{{cite news |url= http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/inside-track-4/ |title=Stories from the most dramatic democracy in the world |first1=Coomi |last1=Kapoor |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=January 26, 2014 |publisher=[[Indian Express]]|access-date=January 31, 2014}}</ref>

Khobragade's children, aged 4 and 7, have remained in the U.S. with her husband Dr. Aakash Singh Rathore, who was then a [[visiting scholar]] in the department of Arts and Sciences at [[University of Pennsylvania]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dga.rutgers.edu/index.php/news-events/global-affairs-seminar-speakers/dr-aakash-singh-rathore|title=Dr. Aakash Singh Rathore|access-date=January 10, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225164018/http://dga.rutgers.edu/index.php/news-events/global-affairs-seminar-speakers/dr-aakash-singh-rathore/|archive-date=December 25, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref> All three are United States citizens.<ref name="cultureclash"/> Khobragade may only return to the U.S. to submit to the jurisdiction of a court.<ref name=hindu-20140111>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/world/our-bottom-lines-on-diplomat-issue-did-not-meet-says-us-official/article5567137.ece |title=U.S. offered reduced charge of misdemeanour |author=Narayan Lakshman |newspaper=The Hindu |date=January 11, 2014 |access-date=January 11, 2014 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> Upon returning to India, Khobragade expressed that she missed her family.<ref name="familymissed">{{cite news |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Wonder-if-I-will-ever-reunite-with-my-family-Devyani-Khobragade-says/articleshow/28702764.cms |title=Wonder if I will ever reunite with my family, Devyani Khobragade says |author= |work=The Times of India |date=January 12, 2014 |access-date=January 12, 2014}}</ref> "I wonder if I will be able to ever reunite with my family, my husband, my little kids. I miss them ... What if I can never return to the US, which I cannot now. Does it mean we will never be able to live together as a family again?" she said.<ref name="familymissed"/> On January 13 it was announced that [[Foreign Secretary (India)|Foreign Secretary]] [[Sujatha Singh]] had placed a [[gag order]] on Khobragade.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/14-more-maids-in-US-threat-of-Devyani-rerun-looms/articleshow/28717303.cms |title=14 more maids in US, threat of Devyani rerun looms |author= |work=The Times of India|date=January 14, 2014 |access-date=January 13, 2014}}</ref> As of February 9 Khobragade's husband and children were living in the apartment for Devyani Khobragade at the Indian Embassy in [[Turtle Bay, Manhattan]], creating the unusual situation in which they as American citizens had access to the Indian Embassy and the apartment without living with a diplomat.<ref name="NayarFeb2014">{{cite news |url= http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140210/jsp/frontpage/story_17919760.jsp |title=JNU to diplomatic rescue |first=K.P. |last=Nayar |work=telegraphindia.com |date=February 10, 2014 |access-date=March 16, 2014 |location=Calcutta, India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302181051/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1140210/jsp/frontpage/story_17919760.jsp#.UxN0L7jLdvE|archive-date=March 2, 2014 }}</ref> Her husband planned to return to India with the children within two weeks.<ref name="NayarFeb2014"/> He had received a job offer to teach at [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru University]] in Delhi.<ref name="NayarFeb2014"/><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/devyani-s-husband-heading-to-india-will-teach-at-jnu/article1-1182982.aspx |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140217104819/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/devyani-s-husband-heading-to-india-will-teach-at-jnu/article1-1182982.aspx |url-status= dead |archive-date= February 17, 2014 |title=Devyani's husband to teach at JNU, kids coming too |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=February 11, 2014 |access-date=March 16, 2014}}</ref>

=== Dismissal and re-issuance of indictment ===

====Dismissal====
On February 8, 2014, Khobragade moved for her visa fraud charge to be dismissed, reasoning that the country had no authority over her as she was granted diplomatic immunity when the indictment case was filed.<ref>{{cite news|title=Devyani seeks dismissal of visa fraud case in U.S. court|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/world/devyani-seeks-dismissal-of-visa-fraud-case-in-us-court/article5667558.ece?homepage=true |work=IANS|publisher=The Hindu|access-date=February 8, 2014|location=Chennai, India |first=Narayan|last=Lakshman|date=February 8, 2014}}</ref> The prosecution opposed the motion, reasoning: "Having left the U.S. and returned to India, the defendant currently has no diplomatic or consular status in the U.S., and the consular level immunity that she did have at the relevant times does not give her immunity from the charges in this case, crimes arising out of non-official acts."<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/world/devyanis-immunity-a-fabrication-bharara/article5642263.ece |title=Devyani's immunity a fabrication: Bharara |author=Narayan Lakshman |work=The Hindu |date=February 2, 2014 |access-date=February 8, 2014 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

On March 12, 2014, Judge [[Shira Scheindlin]] ordered that all charges against Khobragade be dismissed.<ref name="dismissal of indictment">{{cite news |url= http://www.cnn.com/2014/03/14/justice/indian-diplomat-indicted/ |title=Indian diplomat Devyani Khobragade indicted again |first=Dominique |last=Debucquoy-Dodley |work=cnn.com |date=March 13, 2014 |access-date=March 16, 2014}}</ref> Her ruling noted that Khobragade received diplomatic immunity from the United Nations on January 8 and she held that immunity until January 9, on which day she left the United States.<ref name="dismissal of indictment"/> Since the indictment was issued on January 9, the court found that "the government may not proceed on an indictment obtained when Khobragade was immune from the jurisdiction of the court."<ref name="dismissal of indictment"/> The order did leave open the possibility that prosecutors could bring a new indictment, given that she no longer had immunity, having departed the U.S.<ref name="dropped">{{cite web |url= https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-26554245 |title=Devyani Khobragade: Diplomat row charges dropped in US |work=BBC |date=March 13, 2014 |access-date=March 13, 2014}}</ref><ref name="dismissed">{{cite news |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/india-usa-diplomat-idINL2N0M92BW20140313 |title=UPDATE 3-Indian diplomat in U.S. row wins indictment dismissal |author=Jonathan Stempel and Shyamantha Asokan |work=Reuters |date=March 13, 2014 |access-date=March 13, 2014 }}{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Immediately after the indictment was dismissed, prosecutor Preet Bharara's office stated "there is currently no bar to a new indictment against her for her alleged criminal conduct, and we intend to proceed accordingly".<ref name="dismissal of indictment"/><ref>{{cite web |url= http://ibnlive.in.com/news/us-court-dismisses-indictment-of-indian-diplomat-devyani-khobragade/457505-3.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140313083947/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/us-court-dismisses-indictment-of-indian-diplomat-devyani-khobragade/457505-3.html |url-status= dead |archive-date= March 13, 2014 |title=US court dismisses indictment of Indian diplomat Devyani Khobragade |author=[[CNN-IBN]] staff |work=ibnlive.in.com |date=March 13, 2014|access-date=March 16, 2014}}</ref> Devyani Khobragade's father [[Uttam Khobragade]] said, "They tried to trap Devyani with a false complaint against her. I thank the Indian government and the Indians for their cooperation and help. She will go back to America with full diplomatic immunity."<ref>{{cite news |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-welcomes-dismissal-of-visa-fraud-charges-against-Devyani-Khobragade/articleshow/31930921.cms |title=India welcomes dismissal of visa fraud charges against Devyani Khobragade |author=staff writer |work=The Times of India |date=March 13, 2014 |access-date=March 16, 2014}}</ref>

====Re-issuance of indictment ====
On March 14, 2014, Khobragade was re-indicted on the same charges.<ref name="re-indicted">{{cite web |url= https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/indian-diplomat-indicted-us-visa-fraud-case-22915981 |title=Indian Diplomat Re-Indicted in US Visa Fraud Case |work=ABC News |agency=Associated Press |date=March 14, 2014 |access-date=March 14, 2014}}</ref><ref name="Reuters14032014">{{cite news |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/india-usa-diplomat-idINDEEA2D0F020140314 |title=Indian diplomat re-indicted in US visa fraud case |work=Reuters |date=March 14, 2014 |access-date=March 14, 2014 |archive-date=July 11, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160711222052/http://in.reuters.com/article/india-usa-diplomat-idINDEEA2D0F020140314 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A new warrant for Khobragade's arrest was subsequently issued.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/world/arrest-warrant-issued-against-khobragade-in-us-visa-fraud-case/article5785779.ece?ref=relatedNews |title=Arrest warrant issued against Khobragade in US visa fraud case |agency=PTI |work=The Hindu |date=March 15, 2014 |access-date=March 15, 2014 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> [[Salman Khurshid]], Indian Cabinet Minister of the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]], said that the re-issuance of an indictment was "extremely irksome".<ref>{{cite news |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Khobragade-incident-extremely-irksome-time-for-closure-Salman-Khurshid/articleshow/32134828.cms |title=Khobragade incident 'extremely irksome', time for closure: Salman Khurshid |author=staff writer |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=March 16, 2014 |access-date=March 16, 2014}}</ref>

== US diplomat expulsion ==
On January 10 the Indian government ordered the expulsion of US diplomat Wayne May because he had assisted Richard's family in securing [[T visa|T-visas]] and traveling to the United States.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Devyani-case-Sangeetas-in-laws-had-worked-with-expelled-US-diplomat/articleshow/28694831.cms |title=Devyani case: Sangeeta's in-laws had worked with expelled US diplomat |author= |work=The Times of India|year=2014 |access-date=January 12, 2014}}</ref> Media sources stated that May had taken "unilateral actions" in expediting the travel of Richard's family from India and violated various procedures with respect to actions taken related to the case. Media sources also quoted disparaging remarks about India and Indian culture made by May and his wife on their personal social media accounts since their posting to New Delhi.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/Waynes-World-Was-expelled-US-official-a-bleeding-heart-or-an-Ugly-American/articleshow/28719329.cms |title=Wayne's World: Was expelled US official a bleeding heart or an Ugly American|first=Chidanand |last=Rajghatta |work=The Times of India|date=January 13, 2014| access-date=January 13, 2014}}</ref> At the time of his expulsion, May was the head of the embassy's diplomatic security contingent managing a staff of 424 security officers including 10 Marine security guards, and had been in India since 2010.<ref name=wmay>{{cite journal | url = http://web.wm.edu/so/monitor/interviews/04-2/01-may.pdf | title = On the Front Lines: Diplomatic Security in the 21st Century | author = Emily Pehrsson | journal = The Monitor, Journal of International Studies | publisher = College of William and Mary | date = March 23, 2011 | access-date = January 12, 2014 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140112010403/http://web.wm.edu/so/monitor/interviews/04-2/01-may.pdf | archive-date = January 12, 2014 | df = mdy-all }}</ref><ref name=wp1101>{{cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/india-demands-ouster-of-us-diplomat-allegedly-involved-in-nanny-pay-dispute/2014/01/10/2652c510-79fd-11e3-a647-a19deaf575b3_story.html| title= India demands ouster of us diplomat allegedly involved in nanny pay dispute | author = Rama Lakshmi and Karen DeYoung | newspaper = Washington Post | date=January 11, 2014 |access-date=January 11, 2014}}</ref> The expulsion of a US diplomat by India is viewed as unprecedented. In the history of the US-India relationships, a similar event has happened only once when India blocked appointment of George G B Griffin, a Reagan appointee, to the post of US political counselor, the third-ranking post in the United States Embassy.<ref name=nyt81>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/09/02/world/india-bars-senior-us-diplomat-stirring-a-dispute.html| title= India Bars Senior U.s. Diplomat, Stirring a Dispute | author = Bernard Gwertzman | newspaper = The New York Times | date=September 2, 1981|access-date=January 12, 2014}}</ref>

Sangeeta Richard's parent's-in-law worked for Wayne May, and he was accused of "evacuating" Richard's family illegally two days prior to Khobragade's arrest.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2014/jan/19/Richard-Family-Flight-Plan-Drawn-Up-By-Nexus-of-US-Diplomats-565730.html| title = Richard Family Flight Plan Drawn Up By Nexus of US Diplomats- The New Indian Express}}{{dead link|date=February 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

==Reactions and effects==

===Khobragade===
In an email to her Indian diplomatic colleagues released to the media on December 18, 2013, Khobragade wrote:<ref name="washingtonpost" /> {{quotation|I am so grateful for all the outpouring of unequivocal support and backing that has been available to me from the fraternity. I take comfort in the confidence that this invaluable support will also be translated into strong and swift action, to ensure the safety of me and my children, as also to preserve the dignity of our service which is unquestionably under siege.

While I was going through it, although I must admit that I broke down many times as the indignities of repeated handcuffing, stripping and cavity searches, swabbing, hold up with common criminals and drug addicts were all being imposed upon me despite my incessant assertions of immunity, I got the strength to regain composure and remain dignified thinking that I must represent all of my colleagues and my country with confidence and pride. I feel I can continue to do so thanks to this strong and prolific support.}}

===India===
In India, much of criticism of the actions of the US authorities centered on the claims made by Indian media that Khobragade was handcuffed in public, subjected to a strip search, and made to share a cell with "drug addicts".<ref>{{cite news|title=Devyani Khobragade: India-US diplomat row escalates|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-25411876|newspaper=BBC News|date=December 17, 2013}}</ref>

Government officials and ministers in India reacted strongly against the arrest of the diplomat and cited the [[Vienna Convention on Consular Relations]] whereby diplomats enjoy immunity. US government officials maintain that they followed "standard procedures", and that Khobragade has only consular immunity, giving her protection from arrest related to her consular duties but not to crimes committed on US soil. India's Foreign Secretary [[Sujatha Singh]] registered a protest with the US ambassador to India [[Nancy Jo Powell]]. Powell clarified that immunity from US courts only applies to "acts performed in the exercise of consular functions."<ref>{{cite news|last=Parashar|first=Sachin|title=India, US fight over Devyani Khobragade's immunity |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-US-fight-over-Devyani-Khobragades-immunity/articleshow/27381613.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216073041/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-12-15/india/45215624_1_immunity-vienna-convention-sujatha-singh|url-status=live|archive-date=December 16, 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=December 15, 2013}}</ref>

In further protest, several senior politicians and officials from [[Government of India|Indian government]] refused to meet the US Congressional delegation that was visiting India at that time. These included [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha]] [[Meira Kumar]], [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]] [[Sushilkumar Shinde]], [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] Vice President [[Rahul Gandhi]] and prime ministerial candidate of [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]] for the then upcoming [[2014 Indian general election]]s and [[List of Chief Ministers of Gujarat|Chief Minister of Gujarat]] [[Narendra Modi]].<ref name=" India takes US head on " /><ref name=" Row deepens " /> The US Congressional delegation included representatives [[George Holding]], [[Pete Olson]], [[David Schweikert]], [[Rob Woodall]] and [[Madeleine Bordallo]].<ref name=los>{{cite news|last=Magnier|first=Mark|title=India snubs U.S. delegation, withdraws security over diplomat's arrest|url=http://www.latimes.com/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-india-us-diplomat-arrest-20131217,0,458772.story|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=December 17, 2013}}</ref>

Former Finance Minister [[Yashwant Sinha]] called for the arrest of [[LGBT rights in India|same-sex companions]] of US diplomats, citing the [[Supreme Court of India]]'s recent upholding of [[Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Buncombe|first=Andrew|title=India-US row over arrest of diplomat Devyani Khobragade in New York escalates|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/indiaus-row-over-arrest-of-diplomat-devyani-khobragade-in-new-york-escalates-9011080.html|newspaper=The Independent|date=December 17, 2013|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Punish US diplomats with same sex companions: Yashwant Sinha|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/punish-us-diplomats-with-same-sex-companions-yashwant-sinha-113121700928_1.html|newspaper=Business Standard|date=December 17, 2013}}</ref> The Indian government asked US consular officers posted in India to return all identity cards.<ref name=" India takes US head on " /><ref name=" Row deepens " />

On December 17, 2013, [[Delhi Police]] removed security barricades on the road outside the US Embassy in New Delhi, citing need for improvement of traffic flow in that area.<ref name="India demands apology">{{cite news|title=India demands apology|publisher=Firstpost India|access-date=December 17, 2013|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/devyani-live-india-demands-unconditional-apology-from-us-1291025.html}}</ref> India has demanded an unconditional apology from the US government<ref name=" India demands apology " /> and asked the details of the salaries of all domestic help, gardeners and other staff employed by US consulates in India to check for inconsistency or frauds.<ref name=" India demands apology " /> India moved to block perks such as alcohol and food imports at concessional rates, for embassy employees.<ref>[http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/12/18/21950429-india-blocks-cheap-booze-for-us-diplomats-after-envoys-arrest-and-strip-search-in-nyc?lite India blocks cheap booze for US diplomats after envoy's arrest and strip-search in NYC – World News]</ref> With new restrictions, U.S. Embassy vehicles will not be immune to traffic violations, the restrictions also requires the embassy not to hold "Commercial Activities" in its premises.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/india-targets-american-diplomats-privileges-following-envoys-strip-search | work=Fox News | title=India targets American diplomats' privileges following envoy's strip search | date=January 8, 2014}}</ref> Indian income tax and immigration authorities are investigating allegations of work-permit, visa and income tax fraud at the American Embassy School.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/income-tax-dept-discreetly-probing-us-embassy-school/article1-1182244.aspx| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210050210/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/income-tax-dept-discreetly-probing-us-embassy-school/article1-1182244.aspx| url-status=dead| archive-date=February 10, 2014|title=I-T dept 'discreetly' probing US embassy school| work= Hindustan Times| date=February 9, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/16/world/asia/indian-school-ensnared-in-us-diplomatic-row.html?hpw&rref=education|title=American Embassy School in India Ensnared in U.S. Diplomatic Spat| work=The New York Times| date=January 16, 2014| first1=Gardiner| last1=Harris| first2=Benjamin| last2=Weiser}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.ptinews.com/news/4380596_-India-awaits-info-from-US-embassy--will-take-action--|title=India awaits info from US embassy, will take action| publisher= Press Trust of India| date=February 5, 2014}}</ref>

On December 18, 2013, the Prime Minister of India, [[Manmohan Singh]], criticized the actions of the US authorities as "deplorable".<ref name="PM">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/diplomat-arrest-pm-says-us-action-deplorable-khurshid-smells-rat/article1-1164117.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220235541/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/diplomat-arrest-pm-says-us-action-deplorable-khurshid-smells-rat/article1-1164117.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 20, 2013|title=Diplomat arrest: PM says US action deplorable, Khurshid smells rat|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=December 19, 2013|date=December 18, 2013|place=New Delhi}}</ref> [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] leader [[Mayawati]] complained that the Indian government was not reacting strongly enough, asserting that it was insufficiently supportive to Khobragade because she belonged to a [[Dalit]] caste.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Govt-approach-on-diplomat-issue-shows-anti-dalit-mentality-Mayawati/articleshow/27594045.cms|title=Govt approach on diplomat issue shows anti-dalit mentality: Mayawati|newspaper=The Times of India |date=December 18, 2013}}</ref>

Protests took place outside the US consulates in New Delhi,<ref name="toiprotest">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/anti-us-protests-in-india/photostory/27597533.cms|title=Anti-US protests in India | work=The Times of India}}</ref> Mumbai,<ref name="toiprotest"/> Chennai<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-indian-diplomat-row-congress-workers-protest-outside-us-consulate-general-campus-1937334|title=Indian diplomat row: Congress workers protest outside US Consulate General campus|date=December 18, 2013|place=Chennai|access-date=December 19, 2013|work=Daily News and Analysis}}</ref> and Hyderabad.<ref name="PM"/><ref name="toiprotest"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/Protest-near-US-Consulate-over-Ill-Treatment-of-Diplomat/2013/12/17/article1949605.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221123542/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/Protest-near-US-Consulate-over-Ill-Treatment-of-Diplomat/2013/12/17/article1949605.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 21, 2013|title=Protest near US Consulate over Ill Treatment of Diplomat|date=December 17, 2013|place=Hyderabad|access-date=December 19, 2013|publisher=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/devyani-khobragades-father-aspired-for-berth-in-rs-daughter-has-adarsh-flat-more/|title=Devyani Khobragade's father aspired for berth in RS,daughter has Adarsh flat & more|date=December 19, 2013}}</ref>

On January 23, 2014, Indian External Affairs Minister [[Salman Khurshid]] raised with US Secretary of State [[John Kerry]], the issue of granting US visa to the husband of Sangeeta Richard despite a police case pending against him in a Delhi court.<ref>{{cite web|title=India raises Issue of US Visa to Sangeeta Richard's Family with John Kerry|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/01/india-raises-issue-of-us-visa-to-sangeeta-richards-family-with-john-kerry/|work=IANS|publisher=Biharprabha News|access-date=January 23, 2014}}</ref>

On January 29, 2014, Indian [[ambassador]] to United States, [[Subrahmanyam Jaishankar|S Jaishankar]] opined that this incident should never have happened and called for the need of greater sensitivity, of better understanding and of stronger oversight of ties between two countries.<ref>{{cite web|title=Devyani Khobragade Incident should never have happened: Indian Ambassador|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/01/devyani-khobragade-incident-should-never-have-happened-indian-ambassador/|work=IANS|publisher=Biharprabha News|access-date=January 30, 2014}}</ref>

On February 13, 2014, the front-runner<ref>{{cite web|title=US Ends Boycott of Indian Opposition Leader|date=February 13, 2014 |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/us-ends-near-decade-long-boycott-of-indian-opposition-leader-narendra-modi/1850481.html|publisher=Voice of America (VoA)|access-date=February 13, 2014}}</ref> in opinion polls to lead the next Indian government, [[Narendra Modi]], echoed the Indian government's position in calling for a permanent solution to the Devyani Khobragade issue during his talks with the US Ambassador Nancy Powell.<ref>{{cite web|title=Modi brings up 'ill-treatment' of Devyani Khobragade in meeting with US Ambassador|date=February 13, 2014 |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/modi-brings-up-ill-treatment-of-devyani-khobragade-in-meeting-with-us-ambassador/|publisher=Indian Express News|access-date=February 13, 2014}}</ref>

On March 15, 2014, Indian government spokesman [[Syed Akbaruddin]] said India was "disappointed" by the U.S. Justice Department's second indictment of Khobragade, calling the decision to do so "unnecessary" and warned that:
"Any measures consequent to this decision in the US will unfortunately impact upon efforts on both sides to build the India-US strategic partnership, to which both sides are committed." He added that the Indian government will "no longer engage on this case in the United States' legal system".<ref>{{cite web|title=India says 'disappointed' at US re-indictment of diplomat|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iE-0uU3uusP6cq6oKuAPLd--XDOw?docId=d40fb02b-42d9-45ab-bdaf-fba348747913&hl=en/|agency=AFP|date=March 15, 2014|access-date=March 15, 2014}}{{dead link|date=June 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

===United States===
On December 18, 2013, [[John Kerry]] expressed regret over the circumstances regarding the arrest and strip-search of the Indian diplomat Devyani Khobragade and empathized as a father of two daughters at similar age as Khobragade.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/americas/story/john-kerry-aware-of-devyani-khobragade-arrest-us-state-department-221268-2013-12-18|title=John Kerry was aware of Indian diplomat Devyani Khobragade's arrest: US State Department|website=India Today|date=December 19, 2013 }}</ref>

[[Preet Bharara]], [[United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York|U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York]], whose office had filed the charges,<ref>{{cite news|last=Brar|first=Namrata |author-link=Namrata Brar |title=Indian diplomat arrested in US for alleged visa fraud, handcuffed in public|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/indian-diplomat-arrested-in-us-for-alleged-visa-fraud-handcuffed-in-public-458143|newspaper=NDTV.com|date=December 17, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Brar|first=Namrata|title=India summons US ambassador to protest diplomat being handcuffed|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/india-summons-us-ambassador-to-protest-diplomat-being-handcuffed-458396?curl=1387307349|newspaper=NDTV.com|date=December 13, 2013}}</ref> defended the handling of the arrest and custody, though his office was not involved. He claimed that Khobragade was accorded courtesies well beyond what other defendants, most of whom are American citizens, are accorded.<ref name="cnnreport"/>

On the evening of December 19, 2013, US undersecretary of state for political affairs [[Wendy Sherman]] called up Indian foreign secretary [[Sujatha Singh]] to convey regrets regarding the episode. Sherman offered a consular dialogue between India and US to resolve the problems of domestic staff and immunity issue.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Diplomats-arrest-US-distances-itself-from-Preet-Bhararas-comments-India-wants-apology-case-dropped/articleshow/27666819.cms | work=The Times of India | title=Diplomat's arrest: US distances itself from Preet Bharara's comments; India wants apology, case dropped }}</ref> Sherman spoke with Indian Foreign Secretary Sujatha Singh to stress the importance of ties following the arrest details and pledged to work through the complex issues of the case.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-usa-idUSBRE9BI0JE20131219 | work=Reuters | title=U.S. tries again to calm India over accused diplomat | date=December 19, 2013}}</ref>

On December 19, 2013, State Department Spokeswoman [[Marie Harf]] told reporters Washington was not pressuring U.S. law enforcement to drop the case.

On March 14, 2014, when Khobragade was indicted again after a dismissal of the first indictment on March 12, State Department Spokeswoman [[Marie Harf]] told reporters that the State Department stands by the court papers it had filed opposing Khobragade's bid to get the charges dismissed.<ref>{{cite news|last=Booth|first=William|title=New indictment filed against Indian diplomat Devyani Khobragade in U.S. visa fraud case
|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/new-indictment-filed-against-indian-diplomat-devyani-khobragade-in-us-visa-fraud-case/2014/03/14/0074dd80-abb0-11e3-adbc-888c8010c799_story.html|newspaper=Washington Post|date=March 14, 2014|access-date=March 15, 2014}}</ref>

On 28 May 2014, [[Robert D. Blackwill]], the former US ambassador to India from 2001 to 2003 and currently a Henry A. Kissinger senior fellow for US foreign policy at the [[Council on Foreign Relations]] (CFR) opined that the treatment meted out to Devyani Khobragade and the subsequent impact of the incident on US-India relations as giving a "new meaning to the word stupid".<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.cfr.org/india/new-indian-government/p33026 | work=Council on Foreign Relations (CFR) | title=The New Indian Government (Video of Panel Discussion) | date=May 28, 2014 | access-date=May 30, 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531090712/http://www.cfr.org/india/new-indian-government/p33026 | archive-date=May 31, 2014 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Blackwill|first=Robert|title=US To Warm Up To India After Prime Minister Modi's Win|url=http://www.bernama.com.my/bernama/v7/wn/newsworld.php?id=1042328|newspaper=Bernama|date=May 29, 2014|access-date=May 29, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531105154/http://www.bernama.com.my/bernama/v7/wn/newsworld.php?id=1042328|archive-date=May 31, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Speaking at [[Harvard Law School]] in 2014, the [[United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York|U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York]], [[Preet Bharara]], in the Khobragade case, said: "(It was) not the crime of the century but a serious crime nonetheless, that is why the State Department opened the case, that is why the State Department investigated it. That is why career agents in the State Department asked career prosecutors in my office to approve criminal charges."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/preet-bharara-talks-khobragade-case-at-harvard-law-school-195294-2014-06-01|title=Preet Bharara talks Khobragade case at Harvard Law School |work=Press Trust of India|publisher=India Today |date=1 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/international/bharara-talks-khobragade-case-114060100160_1.html|title=Bharara talks Khobragade case |publisher=[[Business Standard]] |location=New York|date=2 June 2014|work=Press Trust of India}}</ref> Bharara, who was born in India, said that he was upset by attacks on him in the Indian press.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/bharara-says-upset-by-criticism/|title=Bharara says upset by criticism |work=Press Trust of India|publisher=[[The Indian Express]] |location=New York|date=1 June 2014}}</ref>

The 2014 State Department's annual [[Trafficking in Persons Report|Trafficking in Persons (TIP) report]] appeared to classify the Khobragade incident as an example of human trafficking, stating: "An Indian consular officer at the New York consulate was indicted in December 2013 for visa fraud related to her alleged exploitation of an Indian domestic worker."<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/world/devyani-khobragade-featured-in-us-human-trafficking-report/article6134380.ece|title=Devyani Khobragade featured in U.S. human trafficking report| work=The Hindu| date=21 June 2014}}</ref> In response, India has shown no urgency to allow visits to India by the newly appointed US anti-people trafficking ambassador [[Susan P. Coppedge]]. Indian ambassador to the US, Arun K. Singh reiterated India's commitment to work within an international framework to tackle the problem of trafficking but rejected any "unilateral assessments" by another country saying "We will never accept it" and downplayed the importance of the visits: "When you ask a U.S. official when somebody will be given a visa, they always say 'we will assess when visa is applied for.' ... I can do no better than to reiterate the U.S. position."<ref>{{cite news|title=India blocks visits by U.S. officials despite warmer ties|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-india-idUSKCN0T92YI20151120|work=Reuters|date=20 November 2015}}</ref>

=== Sangeeta Richard ===
Sangeeta Richard, the domestic worker in the Khobragade case, is being represented by [[Safe Horizon]], a victim assistance agency. On December 20, 2013, Dana Sussman, staff attorney in the anti-trafficking program at [[Safe Horizon]] said there was "frustration and disappointment that the media and the officials portrayed this story in the way that they have."<ref>{{cite news |title=Devyani grossly underpaid domestic worker, say lawyers |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/world/maid-in-diplomat-row-frustrated-over-portrayal-of-her-case/article5478013.ece |access-date=December 20, 2013 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=December 20, 2013 |location=Chennai, India |first=Narayan |last=Lakshman}}</ref> Sussman also denied claims that Richard had sought to extort money from Khobragde after leaving her employment. "She essentially worked very long hours, was isolated within the home, and attempted to ask for more time off, ask for more reasonable hours, but those attempts to resolve the issues were unsuccessful." Describing Richard's reaction to the publicity surrounding the case, Sussman said "It's quite overwhelming for her. I think she's been frustrated with the response that somehow has been on the victimization of the defendant."<ref name="keeper"/>

In court papers filed in Delhi, Richard's husband Phillip alleged that she was required to work from 6 am to 11 pm every day, with just two hours off on Sunday to go to church.<ref name="outlook"/> He also claimed that money was deducted from Richard's wages when she fell ill, and that Uttam Khobragade, Devyani's father, had threatened the Richard family with abduction and false drugs allegations if Richard complained about her treatment.<ref name="outlook"/>

In January 2014, several days after Sangeeta and her husband had started to live together in US, the couple filed for divorce.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/devyani-khobragades-help-husband-cite-differences-file-for-divorce/|title=Devyani Khobragade's help, husband cite 'differences', file for divorce|date=March 12, 2014}}</ref>

===Domestic worker groups===
On December 20 a group of nearly fifty people representing [[migrant domestic workers]] protested for an hour outside the Indian Consulate in New York City. Among the rights groups were [[Safe Horizon]], the victim assistance agency representing Richard, the [[National Domestic Workers Alliance]], Damayan Migrant Workers Association and the National Guestworker Alliance. Yomara Velez of the National Domestic Workers Alliance said "We are calling for a fair trial and compensation for Richard. There is a larger issue here about diplomatic immunity and about how do we provide basic labour protections for all domestic workers not just in the US but globally as well."<ref>{{cite news |title=Khobragade affair: Protests for Sangeeta Richard in New York; against US in Chennai |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/khobragade-affair-protests-for-sangeeta-richard-in-new-york-against-us-in-chennai/article1-1165035.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131223200955/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/khobragade-affair-protests-for-sangeeta-richard-in-new-york-against-us-in-chennai/article1-1165035.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 23, 2013 |access-date=December 21, 2013 |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=December 21, 2013}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Nannygate]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdny/pr/indictment-exhibits-related-letter-us-v-devyani-khobragade Indictment, exhibits, and related letter: ''U.S. v. Devyani Khobragade'']
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20170118220521/https://www.nysd.uscourts.gov/cases/show.php?db=special&id=383 Court order dismissing the first indictment] in March 2014
*[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/devyani-case-why-indian-american-sympathy-appears-to-lie-with-narrative-of-the-housekeeper/articleshow/29021105.cms "Why Indian-American sympathy appears to lie with narrative of the housekeeper"], a narrative from ''[[The Economic Times]]''

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khobragade, Devyani}}
[[Category:Diplomatic incidents]]
[[Category:India–United States relations]]
[[Category:Diplomatic immunity and protection]]
[[Category:Minimum wage law in the United States]]
[[Category:Human trafficking]]
[[Category:2013 in international relations]]
[[Category:2013 in New York City]]

Rawli

2026-04-27T16:14:10Z

MuoiBraley9009: created a article

{{Short description|Village in Madhya Pradesh, India}}

{{Multiple issues|
{{Notability|1=Geographic|date=September 2022}}
{{One source|date=September 2022}}
{{Orphan|date=September 2023}}
}}
'''Rawli''' is a place situated in [[Agar Malwa district]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]], India. As per the 2011 census of India, the village has a population of 317, with 177 males and 140 females.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rawli Village Population - Susner, Shajapur, Madhya Pradesh |url=https://www.censusindia2011.com/madhya-pradesh/shajapur/susner/rawli-population.html |website=Censusindia2011.com |access-date=17 September 2022}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://villagemap.net/madhya-pradesh/shajapur/susner/rawli-03515472157/ villagemap.net]

{{coord|24|10|53|N|76|12|09|E|display=title|region:IN_type:city}}

[[Category:Villages in Agar Malwa district]]

Peruchazhi

2026-04-25T20:01:11Z

MuoiBraley9009:

{{EngvarB|date=March 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Peruchazhi
| image = Peruchazhi.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Arun Vaidyanathan]]
| producer = {{plainlist|
* [[Vijay Babu (actor, born 1976)|Vijay Babu]]
* [[Sandra Thomas]]
}}
| writer = {{plainlist|
* Arun Vaidyanathan
* [[Ajayan Venugopalan]] (dialogues)
}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Mohanlal]]
* [[Sean James Sutton]]
* [[Ragini Nandwani]]
* [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]]
* [[Baburaj (actor)|Baburaj]]
* [[Aju Varghese]]
* [[Vijay Babu (actor, born 1976)|Vijay Babu]]
}}
| music = [[Navin (music director)|Arrora]]
| cinematography = [[Arvind Krishna (cinematographer)|Arvind Krishna]]
| editing = [[Vivek Harshan]]
| studio = [[Friday Film House]]
| distributor = {{plainlist|
* [[Friday Film House|Friday Tickets]] ([[Kerala]])
* [[Fox Star Studios]] (rest of India)
}}
| released = {{Film date|2014|8|29|df=y}}
| runtime = 154 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Peruchazhi''''' ({{translation|[[Greater bandicoot rat|Bandicoot]]}}) is a 2014 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[political satire]] film written and directed by [[Arun Vaidyanathan]]. The dialogues were co-written by [[Ajayan Venugopalan]]. [[Vijay Babu (actor, born 1976)|Vijay Babu]] and [[Sandra Thomas]] produced the film for [[Friday Film House]]. It features [[Mohanlal]] in the lead role, and [[Sean James Sutton]], [[Ragini Nandwani]], [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]], [[Baburaj (actor)|Baburaj]], [[Aju Varghese]], and [[Vijay Babu (actor, born 1976)|Vijay Babu]] appear in supporting roles. Arrora composed the [[Film score|background score]] and [[soundtrack]], while [[Arvind Krishna (cinematographer)|Arvind Krishna]] and [[Vivek Harshan]] did the cinematography and editing. The film received mostly negative reviews from critics.

Jagannathan (Mohanlal), an Indian politician is good at solving problems using his wit and unorthodox ideas. To get rid of him, fellow politician Francis Kunjappan (Mukesh) offers him a task he has never done before in the United States which could give him enough money to fulfill his dream of owning a sports academy. Jagannathan ends up being the chief political adviser for a struggling candidate, John Kory (Sean James Sutton), in the [[California]] governor's election campaign and uses tactics standard in Indian politics to help win the election.

Vaidyanathan got the story idea when he watched a political debate on television in the [[United States]]. He originally wrote the screenplay in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and English. Ajayan Venugopalan translated it into Malayalam in 2013. The same year the film was announced, he converted it into a [[Malayali]] context. [[Principal photography]] began in mid-April 2014 in [[Kollam]], [[Kerala]]. Set almost entirely in the United States, the majority of the film was shot in [[Burbank, California]]. Some parts were shot in [[Thiruvananthapuram]] and [[Kochi]], where filming wrapped in July 2014.

''Peruchazhi'' was released worldwide on 29 August 2014 on 500 screens, the widest release for a Malayalam film at the time. It was distributed in Kerala by Friday Tickets, and by [[Fox Star Studios]] in the rest of India. The film had a good opening at the box office however couldn't keep up the collections at the box-office and ended up an average grosser. The film was released on DVD on 22 December 2014.

==Plot==

In [[California]], [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] gubernatorial candidate John Kory is trying to raise his dismal poll numbers. Sunny Kurishingal, Kory's chief adviser, is running out of ideas to ensure Kory's victory. Sunny asks Francis Kunjappan, a [[Kerala Public Works Department|Public Works Department]] minister in [[Kerala]] and his friend, for advice on hiring a political consultant. Kunjappan recommends his friend (and political rival) Jagannathan, hoping to rid himself of a threat to his ministerial position. Jagannathan is a politician and a talented sports enthusiast who knows no English but has a talent for solving serious problems prudently (as Kunjappan knows firsthand). However, Kunjappan thinks that Jaganathan's unorthodox ideas will fail in the [[United States]]. Kunjappan meets Jagannathan and offers him the job for {{INR}}30 [[crore]] ({{INR}}300 million), enough to realize Jagannathan's dream project of owning a sports academy. Jagannathan accepts the assignment and flies to the US with his assistants, Pottakuzhi Jabbar and [[Vayalar]] Varkey.

They are met by Sunny, who explains the job and the US political system. Unlike [[India]], there are only two major parties: Republican and [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]. The Democratic Party is leading in California and their candidate, George Hope is well-liked by the public. Jagannathan must increase the Republican poll numbers, enabling them to win the election, and decides to use Indian political tactics; he influences the media, recruiting screenwriters to craft effective speeches. He meets a Chinese man, Dupli who sells counterfeit electronic equipment.

Jagannathan is also looking for a girl to marry. He meets a prostitute, Jessy and they fall in love. Kory's poll numbers are rising rapidly because of Jagannathan's tactics. One night though, Sunny and Kory visit him with bad news. Sunny tells him that a compromising video of Kory and a girl has been leaked; although all copies have been destroyed, the original is believed to be in Hope's vault room. Jagannathan takes the video from Hope's house, giving Sunny the message that the tape has been destroyed. The election campaign is declared over, and Kory is certain to win. When Sunny learns that the campaign has overshot the budget, they decide to withhold Jagannathan's fee. Sunny promises that if he makes the campaign cost-effective, he will be considered for a cabinet post.

Jagannathan asks for his fee one last time, saying that he needs it to ransom Jessy's child, but Sunny dismisses him. Knowing that he has been cheated, Jagannathan warns Sunny that he will make Kory loses the election the following day. He comes with the money, but it is not known where it came from. Kory loses the election and Hope wins and becomes the governor, which is a shock to the Republican Party. Jagannathan calls Sunny and tells him that he joined Andy and Hope, who paid his fee. With Dupli's help, Jagannathan replaced the voting machines with duplicates. The video was not completely destroyed as Jabbar had made a copy, which was then released to the media. Jagannathan and his friends return to India with Jessy, and he opens his sports academy.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Mohanlal]] as Jagannathan
* Sean James Sutton as John Kory
* John Wusah as Dup Lee
* [[Ragini Nandwani]] as Jessy
* [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] as Francis Kunjappan
* [[Baburaj (actor)|Baburaj]] as Pottakkuzhy Jabbar
* [[Aju Varghese]] as Vayalar Varkey
* [[Vijay Babu (actor, born 1976)|Vijay Babu]] as Sunny Kurishingal
* [[Shankar Ramakrishnan]] as Sachidanandan “Andy”
* [[Sandra Thomas]] as Sunny's wife
* [[Ramesh Pisharody]] as Sathyasheelan, Francis Kunjappan's assistant
* Vyom Mathrani as Jamie
* [[Sanoop Santhosh]] as Ryan Philip (cameo appearance, reprising his character from the movie ''[[Philips and the Monkey Pen]]'')
* Josekutty Valiyakallumkal as Toy Store Owner (cameo appearance)
* [[Vineeth Mohan]] as Kunjappan's driver (cameo appearance)
* [[Ashvin Mathew]] as Rohit aka Rohit Ji, party high command leader (cameo appearance)
* [[Aneesh G Menon]] as Joby Kuruvilla (cameo appearance)
* [[Poonam Bajwa]] as [[Item number]] ([[Cameo appearance]])
* [[Delhi Ganesh]] as [[Tamil Nadu]] delegate (Cameo appearance)
* [[Ajayan Venugopalan]] as Flight Passenger (cameo appearance)
}}

==Production==

===Writing===
Following some unconfirmed reports, [[Mohanlal]] announced the film officially in February 2013. It was said to be a comedy and [[Tamil cinema|Tamil film]] director [[Arun Vaidyanathan]] was to be the director, making his debut in [[Malayalam cinema]].<ref name="peruchazhi">{{cite news|last=Nayar|first=Parvathy S.|title=Mohanlal confirms his presence in Peruchaazhi|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Mohanlal-confirms-his-presence-in-Peruchaazhi/articleshow/18609521.cms?|access-date=14 February 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 February 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215120407/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Mohanlal-confirms-his-presence-in-Peruchaazhi/articleshow/18609521.cms|archive-date=15 February 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Vaidyanathan got the idea for the script during his stay in the United States, when he watched a debate between two political leaders on television: "It was fun and something unheard of in India. I thought that would make an interesting script."<ref name="gulf">{{cite news|url=http://gulfnews.com/arts-entertainment/celebrity/india/south-india/kerala-s-onam-box-office-wars-1.1377128|title=Kerala's Onam box office wars|first=Mythily|last=Ramachandran|date=28 August 2014|work=[[Gulf News]]|access-date=28 September 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140831015548/http://gulfnews.com/arts-entertainment/celebrity/india/south-india/kerala-s-onam-box-office-wars-1.1377128|archive-date=31 August 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> According to Vaidyanathan, ''Peruchazhi'' is an original script, although [[Cho Ramaswamy]]'s 1971 [[Tamil language|Tamil]] political satire, ''[[Muhammad bin Tughluq (1971 film)|Muhammad bin Tughluq]]'', which he considers is still relevant and ahead of its time, influenced the kind of humour used in the film.<ref name="ramaswamy">{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/mohanlal-s-peruchazhi-has-tughlaq-style-satire-arun-vaidyanathan-114082200213_1.html|title=Mohanlal's 'Peruchazhi' has '...Tughlaq' style satire: Arun Vaidyanathan|date=22 August 2014|work=[[Business Standard]]|access-date=28 September 2014|agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906151319/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/mohanlal-s-peruchazhi-has-tughlaq-style-satire-arun-vaidyanathan-114082200213_1.html|archive-date=6 September 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Vaidyanathan wrote two drafts of the screenplay, one in English and one in Tamil.<ref name="ulaganathan" /> He had no plans initially to direct the film in Malayalam. When he met Mohanlal, he had an English script. After Mohanlal signed on for the project, Vaidyanathan then planned to make it in Malayalam.<ref name="Underbelly">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/underbelly-of-politics/article6217112.ece|title=Underbelly of politics|last=George|date=17 July 2014|work=[[The Hindu]]|first=Vijay|access-date=22 October 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129170555/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/underbelly-of-politics/article6217112.ece|archive-date=29 November 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Writer-director [[Ajayan Venugopalan]], known for his Malayalam television [[sitcom]] ''[[Akkara Kazhchakal]]'' (set in the US), was chosen to translate the dialogue into Malayalam; he converted the story into a [[Malayali]] context. Venugopal said, the story was inspired by political stunts that happen in India in the name of democracy. It is "a spoof-cum-satirical take on what happens when an Indian politician gets to lead a Gubernatorial election in the U. S." The characters are "larger than life" and the film was to be a tribute to Mohanlal with many references from his earlier films.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/ajayan-scripts-his-way-to-mollywood/article5989233.ece|title=Ajayan scripts his way to Mollywood|last=Sathyendran|date=8 May 2014|work=[[The Hindu]]|first=Nita|access-date=28 September 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140614083046/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/ajayan-scripts-his-way-to-mollywood/article5989233.ece|archive-date=14 June 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> He began the translation in 2013.<ref name="peruchazhi"/>

The title ''Peruchazhi'' refers to the [[Bandicota|bandicoot]] (a rodent). Of the title Vaidyanathan said: "A bandicoot has its own instincts. For instance, we have no idea where it comes from and where it vanishes to. It just appears and takes what it wants in the process. Jagannathan, the character played by Lal Sir [Mohanlal], is like that. He will do anything to win." He describes ''Peruchazhi'' as a spoof about how a politician from Kerala ends up being the chief political adviser to a state election campaign in [[California]] and the havoc he creates while chasing success there.<ref name="ulaganathan">{{cite news|title=When the netas meet Uncle Sam|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/arun-vaidyanathan-director-of-the-new-mohanlalstarrer-peruchazhi-talks-about-the-ribtickler/article6356821.ece|access-date=22 October 2014|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=28 August 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129235702/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/arun-vaidyanathan-director-of-the-new-mohanlalstarrer-peruchazhi-talks-about-the-ribtickler/article6356821.ece|archive-date=29 November 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Since Vaidyanathan wanted the protagonist to have international appeal, he named him "Ulaganathan" (conqueror of the world) in his original Tamil script; in Malayalam the name was changed to "Jagannathan", its meaning unchanged.<ref name="ulaganathan"/>

===Cast and crew===

{{multiple image
|align = left
|direction = horizontal
|footer = [[Pooja Kumar]] (''left'') was initially signed as the female lead, but she was replaced by [[Ragini Nandwani]] (''right'').
|image1 = Pooja Kumar at Promotions of 'Vishwaroop' with Videocon (01) (cropped).jpg
|width1 = 175
|alt1 = Pooja Kumar with earrings, in a white top
|image2 = Ragini Nandwani Audio release of Dehraadun Diary01.jpg
|width2 = 100
|alt2 = Ragini Nandwani, in a black dress
}}

According to Vaidyanathan, he was not thinking of Mohanlal while writing the screenplay, but eventually after he had finished it he thought Mohanlal would be the right actor because he considers him "an amazing humourist" with "great comic timing." Mohanlal agreed to do the film right after briefing the script.<ref name="ramaswamy" /> Vaidyanathan's wife, a native of Kerala, suggested Mohanlal's name.<ref name="ulaganathan" /> He plays Jagannathan, a politician from Kerala, his crooked strategies gave him the nickname "Peruchazi". Vaidyanathan defined Jagannathan as a "gentle [[Chanakyan]]."<ref name="gulf" /> [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]], who plays Francis Kunjappan, was among the first actors to be signed after Mohanlal.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sathyendran|first=Nita|title=Hot shot!|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/hot-shot/article4633596.ece|access-date=29 July 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=19 April 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141128225830/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/hot-shot/article4633596.ece|archive-date=28 November 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

In October 2013, American actress, and former [[Miss India USA]], [[Pooja Kumar]] was announced as the heroine, making her Malayalam film debut. She was reported to be playing an Indian girl born and brought up in the United States. [[Baburaj (actor)|Baburaj]] and [[Aju Varghese]] were also confirmed playing comical sidekicks to Mohanlal's Jagannathan.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Pooja-Kumar-to-romance-Mohanlal-in-Peruchazhi/articleshow/23972987.cms|title=Pooja Kumar to romance Mohanlal in Peruchazhi|first=Asha|last=Prakash|date=12 October 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=23 September 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306101853/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Pooja-Kumar-to-romance-Mohanlal-in-Peruchazhi/articleshow/23972987.cms|archive-date=6 March 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> However, in early March 2016, North Indian actress [[Ragini Nandwani]] was confirmed as the female lead; the makers zeroed in on Nandwani after considering several other actresses.<ref name="actress">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news-and-interviews/Mohanlal-gets-a-Mumbai-girl-for-Peruchazhi/articleshow/31218645.cms|title=Mohanlal gets a Mumbai girl for Peruchazhi|work=[[The Times of India]]|first=Deepa|last=Soman|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140422001457/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news-and-interviews/Mohanlal-gets-a-Mumbai-girl-for-Peruchazhi/articleshow/31218645.cms|archive-date=22 April 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In March 2014, Tamil actor [[Delhi Ganesh]] was confirmed to be making a cameo appearance.<ref>{{cite news|last=Prakash|first=Asha|title=Delhi Ganesh to do a cameo in 'Peruchazhi'|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Delhi-Ganesh-to-do-a-cameo-in-Peruchazhi/articleshow/32235415.cms|access-date=13 February 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=18 March 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214231340/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Delhi-Ganesh-to-do-a-cameo-in-Peruchazhi/articleshow/32235415.cms|archive-date=14 February 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Poonam Bajwa]] was signed for an [[item number]] in a song.<ref>{{cite news|last=Prakash|first=Asha|title=Poonam Bajwa to perform an item dance|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Poonam-Bajwa-to-perform-an-item-dance/articleshow/31845847.cms|access-date=29 July 2016|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=12 March 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219221253/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Poonam-Bajwa-to-perform-an-item-dance/articleshow/31845847.cms|archive-date=19 February 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

In early April 2014, [[Stand-up comedy|stand-up comedian]] turned actor Ashvin Mathew announced through his social networking pages that he had been cast in a small comic role.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/theatre/Theater-person-Ashvin-Mathew-to-star-in-Mohanlals-next/articleshow/33603316.cms|title=Theater person Ashvin Mathew to star in Mohanlal's next|date=11 April 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=19 June 2014|last=Times News Network|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140414215501/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Entertainment/Kannada/Theatre/Theater-person-Ashvin-Mathew-to-star-in-Mohanlals-next/articleshow/33603316.cms|archive-date=14 April 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> At the same time, producers [[Sandra Thomas]] and [[Vijay Babu (actor, born 1976)|Vijay Babu]] announced that since they were travelling with the crew to the U. S. for the filming, they would also appear in the film as a cost-saving measure.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/We-decided-to-act-in-Peruchazhi-to-save-costs-Vijay-Babu-and-Sandra-Thomas/articleshow/33552728.cms|title=We decided to act in Peruchazhi to save costs: Vijay Babu and Sandra Thomas|first=Asha|last=Prakash|date=10 April 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=24 September 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808204201/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/We-decided-to-act-in-Peruchazhi-to-save-costs-Vijay-Babu-and-Sandra-Thomas/articleshow/33552728.cms|archive-date=8 August 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Babu plays Sunny Kurishingal. Initially the producers approached a number of actors who fit the "requisites of a savvy Indian-American," but none of them was ready to afford the length filming schedule in the United States. Hence Babu himself took the part.<ref name="budget" /> [[Taiwanese Americans|Taiwanese-American]] actor John Wusah was cast as Dup Lee after attending an audition in the United States for the role.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140806/entertainment-mollywood/article/mortal-kombat-man-bonds-mohanlal | title=Mortal Kombat man bonds with Mohanlal | work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] | date=6 August 2014 | access-date=19 September 2014 | last=Sam | first=Serin | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911115047/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140806/entertainment-mollywood/article/mortal-kombat-man-bonds-mohanlal | archive-date=11 September 2014 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[Shankar Ramakrishnan]]'s role as an [[United States Senate|American Senator]] was confirmed in early June 2014.<ref>{{cite news|last=Vipin|first=Manu|title=Shankar Ramakrishnan rocks as an American senator|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Shankar-Ramakrishnan-rocks-as-an-American-senator/articleshow/36292991.cms|access-date=13 February 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=9 June 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214224235/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Shankar-Ramakrishnan-rocks-as-an-American-senator/articleshow/36292991.cms|archive-date=14 February 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Aneesh G. Menon was confirmed in July 2014, playing a politician in the film.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pillai|first=Radhika C.|title=Mohanlal fans treat me like his real life 'aliyan'|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Mohanlal-fans-treat-me-like-his-real-life-aliyan/articleshow/39112122.cms|access-date=29 July 2016|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=28 July 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140802124308/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Mohanlal-fans-treat-me-like-his-real-life-aliyan/articleshow/39112122.cms|archive-date=2 August 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Vineeth Mohan]] got his first speaking role as Kunjappan's driver.<ref>{{cite news|last=Nair|first=Shreejaya|title=No regret quitting job for acting: Vineeth Mohan|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151029/entertainment-mollywood/article/no-regret-quitting-job-acting-vineeth-mohan|access-date=13 February 2017|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=29 October 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215215740/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/151029/entertainment-mollywood/article/no-regret-quitting-job-acting-vineeth-mohan|archive-date=15 February 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Arrora ([[Navin (music director)|Navin]]) composed ''Peruchazhi''{{'s}} songs and [[Film score|background score]].<ref name="songsreview">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/Peruchazhi-music-review/articleshow/40604154.cms|title=Peruchazhi music review|first=Asha|last=Prakash|date=21 August 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306110504/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/Peruchazhi-music-review/articleshow/40604154.cms|archive-date=6 March 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Aravind Krishna]] was the film's cinematographer,<ref name="gulf" /> and N. Madhusudhanan was signed to provide [[visual effects]].<ref>{{cite web|author=[[Friday Film House]]|title=Friday Film House - Timeline {{!}} Facebook|url=https://www.facebook.com/FFHofficial/photos/a.344140925699710.84102.337049613075508/532572803523187/?type=1&theater|publisher=[[Facebook]]|access-date=29 July 2016|date=24 February 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131191532/https://www.facebook.com/FFHofficial/photos/a.344140925699710.84102.337049613075508/532572803523187/?type=1&theater|archive-date=31 January 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref> M. Bawa and Julie Ziah were the [[art director]]s.<ref>{{cite news|last=V. P.|first=Nicy|title=Malayalam Wrap up: Fahadh Faasil Injured During Shoot; Mohanlal's 'Peruchazhi' Songs to Release Soon and More|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/malayalam-wrap-mohanlals-peruchazhi-songs-release-soon-dubbing-bhaiyya-bhaiyaa-progress-606415|access-date=13 February 2017|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=8 August 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214102040/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/malayalam-wrap-mohanlals-peruchazhi-songs-release-soon-dubbing-bhaiyya-bhaiyaa-progress-606415|archive-date=14 February 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Preethi S. Kanthan designed the costumes. According to Vaidyanathan, Jagannathan's [[dhoti]] (designed by Kanthan) was "inspired by [[Ancient Rome|ancient Roman]] design. The same border was used on the toga worn by [[Julius Caesar]] and his ministers. The leaf in the border denotes power."<ref>{{cite web|last=Gayathry|title=Mohanlal Is Perfect As A Peruchazhi, Says Mukesh|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2014/mohanlal-perfect-peruchazhi-says-mukesh-136129.html|publisher=[[Filmibeat]]|access-date=19 June 2014|date=8 April 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223005217/http://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2014/mohanlal-perfect-peruchazhi-says-mukesh-136129.html|archive-date=23 December 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Raymond Group|Raymonds]] provided the coats for the film's characters.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/costume-hungama-for-peruchazhi-malayalam-news-106624|title=Costume Hungama for Peruchazhi|last=IG|date=25 April 2014|website=IndiaGlitz|access-date=19 June 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924170828/http://www.indiaglitz.com/costume-hungama-for-peruchazhi-malayalam-news-106624|archive-date=24 September 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Filming===

At an event in September 2013, Mohanlal announced that the film would begin shooting in February 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news-and-interviews/Mohanlal-to-do-a-full-length-comedy-film-next/articleshow/22992208.cms|title=Mohanlal to do a full-length comedy film next|date=25 September 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=19 June 2014|first=Asha|last=Prakash|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003022139/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news-and-interviews/Mohanlal-to-do-a-full-length-comedy-film-next/articleshow/22992208.cms|archive-date=3 October 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In March 2014, it was reported that filming would begin in the second week of April 2014.<ref name="actress" /> Principal photography actually began in mid-April 2014 in [[Kollam]], Kerala.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kurian|first=Shiba|title=And it's a pack up for team Peruchazhi|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/And-its-a-pack-up-for-team-Peruchazhi/articleshow/37960125.cms|access-date=29 July 2016|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=7 July 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306101833/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/And-its-a-pack-up-for-team-Peruchazhi/articleshow/37960125.cms|archive-date=6 March 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Two of the film's sequences{{mdash}}a fight and an [[item number|item song]], which take place in the U. S. were shot on a [[Set construction|set]] created inside the compound of [[The Raviz Hotel, Kollam]]. The Kollam schedule was completed on 8 May 2014.<ref>{{cite web|author=Admin|title=Peruchazhi.progressing in American Kollam|url=http://metromatinee.com/news/peruchazhiprogressing-american-kollam|publisher=Metromatinee|access-date=29 July 2016|date=5 May 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808190534/http://metromatinee.com/news/peruchazhiprogressing-american-kollam|archive-date=8 August 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Filming in Kollam for a film set in America, was criticised by some of the media in Kerala. Replying to it Vaidyanathan said in an interview: "If you are making ''Titanic'', you don't have to build an entire ship and make it sink. The news of us shooting in the U. S. got lesser prominence in the media than the shooting in Kerala, which was there for three or four days. There are certain things that we thought would be better if we shot it here [Kollam]. What matters in the end is the content on screen."<ref name="Underbelly" />
[[File:Burbank media district from Griffith Park 2015-11-07.jpg|thumb|[[Burbank, California]] where most of the filming took place]]
The cast and crew travelled to the United States on 12 May 2014, on a schedule which was expected to wrap on 16 June 2016. Filming took place for around 35 days in America.<ref>{{cite news|title=Peruchazhi team heading to US!|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Peruchazhi-team-heading-to-US/articleshow/34525134.cms|access-date=29 July 2016|work=[[The Times of India]]|agency=Times News Network|date=2 May 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306110453/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Peruchazhi-team-heading-to-US/articleshow/34525134.cms|archive-date=6 March 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Most of the crew members were from the U. S. and worked six hours per day. [[Los Angeles International Airport]] was one of the locations.<ref>{{cite news|last=V. P.|first=Nicy|title='Peruchazhi is Worth Spending', Says Producer Sandra Thomas|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/peruchazhi-worth-spending-says-producer-sandra-thomas-603762|access-date=29 July 2016|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=5 July 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815192154/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/peruchazhi-worth-spending-says-producer-sandra-thomas-603762|archive-date=15 August 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ''Peruchazhi'' was filmed almost entirely in [[Burbank, California]], near [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]] in [[Los Angeles]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Entertainment/Malayalam/Movies/News-and-Interviews/Mohanlal-and-gang-in-Hollywood/articleshow/36377034.cms|title=Mohanlal and gang in Hollywood!|date=11 June 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|first=Asha|last=Prakash|access-date=19 June 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628031119/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news-and-interviews/Mohanlal-and-gang-in-Hollywood/articleshow/36377034.cms|archive-date=28 June 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In early June 2014, Vaidyanathan said that almost 60 percent of the filming had been completed.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kamal Haasan to remake Peruchazhi in Tamil?|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Kamal-Haasan-to-remake-Peruchazhi-in-Tamil/articleshow/36131232.cms?from=mdr|access-date=12 February 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]|agency=Times News Network|date=6 June 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170213003900/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Kamal-Haasan-to-remake-Peruchazhi-in-Tamil/articleshow/36131232.cms?from=mdr|archive-date=13 February 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It is the first Malayalam film to be shot at [[Universal Pictures|Universal Studios]] in Los Angeles. The production cost was around {{INR}}4.5 crore ({{INR}}45 million) for the U. S. schedule.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/peruchazhi-gallops-universal-studios-603158|title='Peruchazhi' Gallops at Universal Studios|date=26 June 2014|work=[[International Business Times]]|last=V. P.|first=Nicy|access-date=28 June 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924130643/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/peruchazhi-gallops-universal-studios-603158|archive-date=24 September 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Although ''Peruchazhi'' is mostly set in the U. S., the film opens and ends in Kerala, for which a number of scenes were shot in [[Kochi]] and [[Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref name="actress" /> The film wrapped on 5 July at [[Sacred Heart College, Thevara|Sacred Heart College]] in [[Thevara]], Kochi.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/mohanlals-peruchazhi-releasing-29-august-603753|title=Its Confirmed: Mohanlal's 'Peruchazhi' Releasing on 29 August for Onam [Update]|date=5 July 2014|work=[[International Business Times]]|first=Nicy|last=V.P.|access-date=5 November 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924125221/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/mohanlals-peruchazhi-releasing-29-august-603753|archive-date=24 September 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ''Peruchazhi'' was made using the [[Auro 11.1]] sound format, making it the second Malayalam film to use it; the first was ''[[Swapaanam]]'' (2014), directed by [[Shaji N. Karun]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/After-Swapanam-Peruchazhi-uses-Auro-11-1-sound-format/articleshow/39053143.cms|title=After Swapanam, Peruchazhi uses Auro 11.1 sound format|last=Prakash|date=26 July 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|first=Asha|access-date=18 September 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730114528/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/After-Swapanam-Peruchazhi-uses-Auro-11-1-sound-format/articleshow/39053143.cms|archive-date=30 July 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> According to Sandra Thomas, ''Peruchazhi'' cost four times more than the average Malayalam film.<ref>{{cite news|last=Soman|first=Deepa|title=Peruchazhi costs four times a normal Malayalam film: Sandra Thomas|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Peruchazhi-costs-four-times-a-normal-Malayalam-film-Sandra-Thomas/articleshow/38976983.cms|access-date=29 July 2016|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 July 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140731014109/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Peruchazhi-costs-four-times-a-normal-Malayalam-film-Sandra-Thomas/articleshow/38976983.cms|archive-date=31 July 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The film's total production cost is estimated to be {{INR}}10 crore ({{INR}}100 million).<ref name="budget">{{cite news|last1=Gauri|first1=Deepa|title=Peruchazhi: Mass entertainment|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/citytimes/bollywood/peruchazhi-mass-entertainment|access-date=29 July 2016|work=[[Khaleej Times]]|date=4 September 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809140436/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/citytimes/bollywood/peruchazhi-mass-entertainment|archive-date=9 August 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Music==
{{Main|Peruchazhi (soundtrack)}}
Naveen "Arrora" Iyer composed the film's original [[soundtrack]] and background score. ''Perruchazhi'' was Arrora's debut as a composer for [[Malayalam cinema]]. He had worked before as a flautist for [[A. R. Rahman]]. The soundtrack consists of six tracks written by [[Rajeev Nair]], R. Venugopal, and [[Blaaze]]. The label [[Think Music India|Think Music]] released the soundtrack album, on 30 July 2014.<ref>{{cite web|author=[[Think Music India]]|title=Peruchazhi (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP by Arrora on Apple Music|url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/peruchazhi-original-motion/909399409|publisher=[[iTunes]]|access-date=13 February 2017|date=30 July 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214104445/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/peruchazhi-original-motion/id909399409|archive-date=14 February 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="songs">{{cite news|last=V. P.|first=Nicy|title=Songs of 'Peruchazhi' Starring Mohanlal and Ragini Nandwani Released [AUDIO+LYRICS]|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/songs-peruchazhi-starring-mohanlal-ragini-nandwani-released-audiolyrics-607157|access-date=13 February 2017|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=30 July 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214003447/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/songs-peruchazhi-starring-mohanlal-ragini-nandwani-released-audiolyrics-607157|archive-date=14 February 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Release==

The film's release date was announced in early July 2014 during the final stage of filming.<ref>{{cite news|last=Prakash|first=Asha|title=Peruchazhi releasing on August 29|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Peruchazhi-releasing-on-August-29/articleshow/37896242.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2 August 2016|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=6 July 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170213003921/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Peruchazhi-releasing-on-August-29/articleshow/37896242.cms?from=mdr|archive-date=13 February 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ''Peruchazhi'' was released on 29 August 2014 in 500 screens worldwide, the widest release for a Malayalam film at that point. The film was distributed by Friday Tickets in Kerala and [[Fox Star Studios]] elsewhere in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/malayalam-wrap-mohanlals-peruchazhi-release-500-screens-prithviraj-inaugurates-asif-alis-607690|title=Malayalam Wrap up: Mohanlal's 'Peruchazhi' to Release in 500 Screens; Prithviraj Inaugurates Asif Ali's New Cafe and More|last=V.P.|first=Nicy|date=26 August 2014|work=[[International Business Times]]|access-date=2 March 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305013645/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/malayalam-wrap-mohanlals-peruchazhi-release-500-screens-prithviraj-inaugurates-asif-alis-607690|archive-date=5 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ''Peruchazhi'' was the first Malayalam film to be released simultaneously in the United States and India.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Peruchazhi-to-release-in-US-too-on-the-same-day-as-India/articleshow/41000837.cms|title=Peruchazhi to release in US too on the same day as India|last=Soman|date=27 August 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|first=Deepa|access-date=13 September 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140827205350/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Peruchazhi-to-release-in-US-too-on-the-same-day-as-India/articleshow/41000837.cms|archive-date=27 August 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> PJ Entertainment distributed the film in Europe,<ref>{{cite news|title=Mohanlal and Mukesh starrer film Peruchazhi' to be screened all over UK (Schedule)|url=http://www.ukmalayalee.com/association-news/news.php?id=Mjg5NQ==|access-date=2 August 2016|work=Ukmalayalee.com|date=29 August 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131191532/http://www.ukmalayalee.com/association-news/news.php?id=Mjg5NQ==|archive-date=31 January 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref> while Achu & Achu's Creations handled distribution in [[Australia]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Mohanlal's Peruchazhi Movie Review, Rating|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2014-08-29/Mohanlals-Peruchazhi-review/106295|access-date=12 February 2017|work=[[The Hans India]]|date=29 August 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170213002036/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2014-08-29/Mohanlals-Peruchazhi-review/106295|archive-date=13 February 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The [[Middle East]] release was on 4 September 2014 — a premiere was held on the same day in the Golden Cinema theatre in [[Dubai]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Sathish|first=V. M.|title=Malayalam superstar Mohanlal's 'Peruchazhi' to premiere in Dubai|url=http://www.emirates247.com/entertainment/malayalam-superstar-mohanlal-s-peruchazhi-to-premiere-in-dubai-2014-09-02-1.561510|access-date=12 February 2017|work=[[Emirates 24/7]]|date=2 September 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702005605/http://www.emirates247.com/entertainment/malayalam-superstar-mohanlal-s-peruchazhi-to-premiere-in-dubai-2014-09-02-1.561510|archive-date=2 July 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Friday Home Cinema and Empire Video released ''Peruchazhi'' on DVD on 22 December 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=Peruchazhi DVD|url=http://www.blu-ray.com/dvd/Peruchazhi-DVD/100949/|publisher=Blu-ray.com|access-date=2 August 2016|date=22 December 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170213001909/http://www.blu-ray.com/dvd/Peruchazhi-DVD/100949/|archive-date=13 February 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The film was broadcast on television by [[Amrita TV]]; it premiered in [[Vishu]] on 14 April 2015.<ref>{{cite news|title=Peruchazhi to be screened on TV|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/trade-news/malayalam/Peruchazhi-to-be-screened-on-TV/articleshow/46875612.cms|access-date=2 August 2016|work=[[The Times of India]]|agency=Times News Network|date=10 April 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170213003916/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/trade-news/malayalam/Peruchazhi-to-be-screened-on-TV/articleshow/46875612.cms|archive-date=13 February 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Marketing===

The first-look poster for ''Peruchazhi'' was unveiled at Dreams Hotel in Kochi in April 2014, in conjunction with the 111-day celebration of the Friday Film House venture ''[[Philips and the Monkey Pen]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/kochi/Ragini-Nandwani-spotted-at-the-first-look-launch-of-Peruchazhi-movie-in-Kochi-/articleshow/33610325.cms|title=Ragini Nandwani spotted at the first look launch of Peruchazhi movie in Kochi.|date=11 April 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=19 June 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131191532/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/kochi/Ragini-Nandwani-spotted-at-the-first-look-launch-of-Peruchazhi-movie-in-Kochi-/articleshow/33610325.cms|archive-date=31 January 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author1=Kerala9|title=Philips And The Monkey Pen Movie 111th Day Celebration Photos|url=http://www.kerala9.com/event/philips-and-the-monkey-pen-movie-111th-day-celebration-photos|publisher=Kerala9.com|access-date=12 February 2017|date=11 April 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215235226/http://www.kerala9.com/event/philips-and-the-monkey-pen-movie-111th-day-celebration-photos|archive-date=15 February 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Friday Peeps handled the film's promotion and advertising. A conceptual photoshoot was conducted separately to create the posters. The film's advertisers mounted a campaign in which Mohanlal's character gradually becomes more detailed.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140410/entertainment-mollywood/article/bitten-marketing-bug|title=Bitten by the marketing bug!|last=Sam|date=11 April 2014|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|first=Serin|access-date=19 June 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418102136/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140410/entertainment-mollywood/article/bitten-marketing-bug|archive-date=18 April 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> On 21 May 2014, Mohanlal's 54th birthday, Friday Film House released a 34-second trailer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiasnaps.com/peruchaazhi-teaser-becomes-a-viral-rage/|title='Peruchaazhi' teaser becomes viral rage|last=Indiasnaps News Network|date=22 July 2014|website=India Snaps|access-date=3 March 2016|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030813/http://indiasnaps.com/peruchaazhi-teaser-becomes-a-viral-rage/|archive-date=4 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> A full-length trailer was released on 1 August 2014 which, according to ''[[Zee News]]'', "created a buzz in social media."<ref name="Trailer">{{cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/regional/watch-suave-mohanlal-in-peruchazhi-trailer_159342.html|title=Watch: Suave Mohanlal in 'Peruchazhi' trailer|last=Mudi|date=1 August 2014|work=[[Zee News]]|first=Aparna|access-date=17 August 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819125425/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/regional/watch-suave-mohanlal-in-peruchazhi-trailer_159342.html|archive-date=19 August 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/ON-THE-STAR-TRACK/articleshow/40377759.cms|title=On The Star Track|date=18 Aug 2014|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|last=Bangalore Mirror Bureau|access-date=31 August 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903082227/http://www.bangaloremirror.com/entertainment/south-masala/ON-THE-STAR-TRACK/articleshow/40377759.cms|archive-date=3 September 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It was the most viewed Malayalam film trailer receiving 150,000 views in 12 hours.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Peruchazhi-trailer-an-instant-hit/articleshow/39480876.cms|title=Peruchazhi trailer, an instant hit|last=Pillai|date=2 August 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=28 September 2014|first=Radhika C|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131191532/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Peruchazhi-trailer-an-instant-hit/articleshow/39480876.cms|archive-date=31 January 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ''Peruchazhi'' was promoted in [[train station]]s served by the [[Parasuram Express|Parasuram]] and [[Ernad Express]], using [[wrap advertising]] with images, logos and posters of the film throughout the trains.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ashokan|first=Gayathri|title=Kerala gets 'Peruchazhi' trains!|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kerala-gets-peruchazhi-trains-news-malayalam-oiukJzfbchhee.html|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=12 February 2017|date=20 August 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170213003229/http://www.sify.com/movies/kerala-gets-peruchazhi-trains-news-malayalam-oiukJzfbchhee.html|archive-date=13 February 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The production team introduced a [[strategy game]] app, developed by Raklin, titled "Be a Peruchazhi" for the [[Android (operating system)|Android platform]] on 25 August 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apkmonk.com/app/com.Raklin.Peruchazhi/|title=Be a Peruchazhi|date=25 August 2014|publisher=Apkmonk|author=Raklin|access-date=24 September 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Reception==

=== Critical response ===

Nicy V. P. of the ''[[International Business Times]]'' gave the film four stars out of five, calling it a "clean entertainer." She wrote, "The film has a few moments, which will take you back to good old days of Mohanlal film. If you are a Mohanlal fan, the film will be a feast for you and Arun Vaidyanathan has nailed a good political satire for this festive season."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/peruchazhi-clean-entertainer-starring-mohanlal-607907|title='Peruchazhi': A Clean Entertainer Starring Mohanlal|date=29 August 2014|first=Nicy|last=V.P|work=[[International Business Times]]|access-date=29 August 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901234825/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/peruchazhi-clean-entertainer-starring-mohanlal-607907|archive-date=1 September 2014|df=dmy-all}}{{Rating|4|5}}</ref> Aswin J. Kumar of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film three out of five stars, noting: "The attempt at political satire in this film is feeble, mindless and boring. It's more like a mask over disfigurement, for there is hardly any scope for satire in a narrative riddled with superfluous acts of a star who has begun to show signs of insecurity."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/Peruchazhi/movie-review/41328865.cms|title=Peruchazhi movie review|last=Kumar|first=Aswin J.|date=31 August 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=1 September 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151030044451/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/Peruchazhi/movie-review/41328865.cms|archive-date=30 October 2015|df=dmy-all}}{{Rating|3|5}}</ref>

Sujit Chandra Kumar of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' gave the film two-and-a-half stars out of five, writing: "Arun Vaidyanathan has packed [the film] with so much spice that even if one ingredient fails to please, there is still something else for that die-hard fan."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140830/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-peruchazhi-there-no-real-difference-between|title=Movie review 'Peruchazhi': There is no real difference between Jagannathan and Mohanlal|first=Sujit Chandra|last=Kumar|date=30 August 2014|work=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=30 August 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140831045916/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140830/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-peruchazhi-there-no-real-difference-between|archive-date=31 August 2014|df=dmy-all}}{{Rating|2.5|5}}</ref> ''[[Malayala Manorama]]'' critic Arathi Kannan also awarded it two-and-a-half stars out of five: "'Peruchazhi' is an exaggerated belief of a mediocre idea. And how it ends, reinforces the aforementioned statement! It isn't so much a political mockery, as a political idiocy. But as for undying loyalties, the star with his '[[mundu]]' action, alternatively 'suited and booted' is quite hoot-inspiring," the director has "randomly put in some Mohanlal nostalgia from yonder. Once, twice, it's okay. The eleventh time, you'd start to think the movie has slowly transformed into an [[Onam]] cassette of sorts, a compilation of yesteryear Mohanlal gems."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kannan|first1=Arathi|title=Peruchazhi: Strange game of cat-and-mice|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/peruchazhi-a-strange-game-of-cat-and-mice.html|access-date=14 February 2017|work=[[Malayala Manorama]]|date=22 August 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216230830/http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/peruchazhi-a-strange-game-of-cat-and-mice.html|archive-date=16 February 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Paresh C. Palicha of [[Rediff.com]] rated it two out of five stars, saying the film is "not up to the mark especially since it underutilises an actor of Mohanlal's caliber...it can easily pass off as a television programme, a tribute to the long innings of Mohanlal, one of the most mesmerising actors to grace the Indian screen...every comic sequence is punctuated by a reference to one of Mohanlal's films or lines from one of those films. This strategy becomes cumbersome after a while."<ref>{{cite web|last=Palicha|first=Paresh C.|title=Review: Mohanlal's Peruchazhi disappoints|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-mohanlals-peruchazhi-disappoints-south/20140901.htm|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=14 February 2017|date=1 September 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214180301/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-mohanlals-peruchazhi-disappoints-south/20140901.htm|archive-date=14 February 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Writing for ''[[The New Indian Express]]'', Pramod Thomas criticised the script, saying "the sequences where the intelligence of the protagonist is shown as an election-winning tactic are difficult to chew ... the screening of yesteryear scenes from the popular Mohanlal starrers seems to be okay in the beginning, but with weary repetition, even the hardcore fans will lose patience."<ref>{{cite news|last=Thomas|first=Pramod|title=It's Time to Burn the House Down And KILL THe RAT|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2014/aug/31/it%e2%80%99s-time-to-burn-the-house-down-and-kill-the-rat-654513.html|access-date=14 February 2017|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=31 August 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214181259/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2014/aug/31/It%E2%80%99s-Time-to-Burn-the-House-Down-And-KILL-THe-RAT-654513.html|archive-date=14 February 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The critic from [[Sify]] called it "average," and said: "In all fairness, the initial moments of the film are pretty fine and more so, when compared to the rest of the film ... Mohanlal's comic lines and sequences from his yesteryear hits are used ... in the first half, in an impressive way." He described the second half as "boring" with "inane scenes that go on and on," calling it far from entertaining. He also criticised the "poor" script.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/peruchazhi-review-malayalam-15058209.html|title=Movie Review: Peruchazhi|last=Moviebuzz|website=[[Sify]]|date=8 October 2014|access-date=30 August 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140830132017/http://www.sify.com/movies/peruchazhi-review-malayalam-15058209.html|archive-date=30 August 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Box office===

''Peruchazhi'' had an opening-day gross of {{INR}}3 [[crore]] ({{INR}}30 million), the highest worldwide opening for a Malayalam film till then.<ref name="First day BO">{{cite news|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/peruchazhi-box-office-collection-mohanlal-starrer-earns-112crore-first-day-607945|title='Peruchazhi' Box Office Collection: Mohanlal Starrer Earns ₹3 Crore on First Day|last=V. P.|first=Nicy|date=30 August 2014|work=[[International Business Times]]|access-date=1 September 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901094458/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/peruchazhi-box-office-collection-mohanlal-starrer-earns-3-crore-first-day-607945|archive-date=1 September 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> According to ''Sify'', the film's box-office receipts fell over the following weeks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=15058401&cid=14625530|title=Kerala Box-Office – September|last=Sify|date=8 October 2014|website=[[Sify]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009183742/http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=15058401&cid=14625530|archive-date=9 October 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The film released in the United Kingdom on 9 September 2014, grossed a total of $46,265 from 16 screens in two weekends.<ref>{{cite web|author=Box Office Mojo|title=Peruchazhi|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/intl/?id=_fPERUCHAZHI01&country=UK&wk=2014W37&id=_fPERUCHAZHI01&p=.htm|publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]]|access-date=14 February 2017|date=14 September 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214180119/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/intl/?id=_fPERUCHAZHI01&country=UK&wk=2014W37&id=_fPERUCHAZHI01&p=.htm|archive-date=14 February 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|3686242}}

{{Friday Film House}}

[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:Indian political comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kollam]]
[[Category:Films shot in California]]
[[Category:Films about Indian Americans]]
[[Category:Indian political satire films]]
[[Category:2014 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in California]]
[[Category:Films about elections]]
[[Category:2010s political comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Fox Star Studios films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Arun Vaidyanathan]]
[[Category:Films about American politicians]]
[[Category:Films about American politics]]
[[Category:Films shot in Burbank, California]]
[[Category:Films shot in Los Angeles]]

Baljinder Kaur (politician)

2026-04-18T23:06:06Z

MuoiBraley9009: made new stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Balj Kaur
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1986|09|14|df=y}}
| birth_place = Jaga Ram Tirath [[Talwandi Sabo]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = '''Member of [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/members/detail/221|website=punjabassembly.nic.in|title=punjabassembly member|accessdate=12 April 2019}}</ref>
| term_start = 2017<ref name=hindu>{{Cite web|url=https://www.india.com/assembly-election-2017/punjab/talwandi-sabo/|title=Baljinder Kaur won from talwandi sabo|accessdate=12 April 2019|via=www.india.com}}</ref>
| term_end =
| predecessor = Jeetmohinder Singh Sidhu
| successor =
| office1 =
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| successor1 =
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| spouse = Sukhraj Singh
| children =
| parents = Darshan Singh and Ranjit Kaur
| constituency = [[Talwandi Sabo Assembly constituency|Talwandi Sabo]]
}}

'''Baljinder Kaur''' is an Indian politician and member of the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) representing [[Talwandi Sabo Assembly constituency]]. She is a member of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]].

==Personal life==
Kaur did her [[M. Phil]]. from [[Punjabi University]], [[Patiala]] in 2009. Before entering politics she was a professor of English at Mata Gujri College at [[Fatehgarh Sahib]].<ref>[https://aamaadmiparty.org/teams/baljinder-kaur/ aamaadmiparty.org]</ref> She married Sukhraj Singh in February 2019; he is also a politician from [[Aam Aadmi Party]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/amritsar/aap-mla-baljinder-kaur-engaged-to-party-youth-wing-leader-w/pics/articleshow/67428300.cms
|title=AAP MLA Baljinder Kaur engaged to Party youth wing leader|website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>
She has one daughter.

==Political career==
In 2011 Kaur joined the [[2011 Indian anti-corruption movement|Indian anti-corruption movement]] and in 2012 joined [[Aam Aadmi Party]]. The first time she contested bypoll election from [[Talwandi Sabo Assembly constituency]] in 2014 but lost the election.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-punjab-by-poll-jeet-mohinder-singh-sidhu-wins-talwandi-sabo-assembly-seat-2013432|title=Jeetmohinder Singh Sidhu wins talwandi sabo bypoll election}}</ref>

==Member of Legislative Assembly ==
===First term (2017-2022)===
She was elected as the [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] in the [[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017 election]] she defeated Jeetmohinder Singh of [[Shiromani Akali Dal]] with a margin of 19,293 votes.

In the [[2019 Indian general election]] in [[2019 Indian general election in Punjab|Punjab]] she was declared the candidate from [[Bathinda Lok Sabha constituency]] by the party.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/mobi/news/punjab/aap-names-talwandi-sabo-mla-baljinder-kaur-as-its-bathinda-candidate/757344.html|title=AAP names talwandi sabo MLA Baljinder Kaur as its Bathinda candidate}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> However she lost the election and stood at third place.

She was the president of the women's wing of [[AAP Punjab]].<ref name="The Chosen 12 March 2022">{{cite news|last1=Goyal |first1=Divya |title=The Chosen 13: 'Padwoman', Moga's doctor among Punjab's women MLAs |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/punjab-elections-results-aap-victory-congress-sad-candidates-7816401/ |access-date=20 March 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=12 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
;[[15th Punjab Assembly#Committees|Committee assignments of 15th Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
*Member (2020–21) [[Punjab Assembly Committee on Government Assurances|Committee on Government Assurances]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-14 |title=vidhanSabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=34&Itemid=119 |access-date=2022-07-25 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514050545/http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=34&Itemid=119 |archive-date=14 May 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Member [[Punjab Assembly Committee on Papers laid/to be laid on the table and Library|Library Committee]]<ref name="Bio Profile">Punjab Bio-profile of Assembly</ref>
* Member [[Punjab Assembly Committee on Subordinate Legislation|Committee on Subordinate Legislation]]<ref name="Bio Profile" />

===Second term (2022-present)===
The Aam Aadmi Party gained a strong 79% majority in the [[sixteenth Punjab Legislative Assembly]] by winning 92 out of [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly|117 seats]] in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]. MP [[Bhagwant Mann]] was sworn in as [[List of chief ministers of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister]] on 16 March 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=16 March 2022 |title=AAP's Bhagwant Mann sworn in as Punjab Chief Minister |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/punjab-assembly/aaps-bhagwant-mann-sworn-in-as-punjab-cm/article65230309.ece |access-date=22 March 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
;[[16th Punjab Assembly#Committees|Committee assignments of 16th Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
*Chairperson (2022–23) [[Punjab Assembly Committee on Questions & References|Committee on Questions & References]]<ref name="Committee on Questions & References">{{cite web |title=Vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=37&Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in}}</ref>

==Electoral performance for Punjab Assembly==
{{transcluded section|source=Talwandi Sabo Assembly constituency}}
{{#section:Talwandi Sabo Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2017}}
{{#section:Talwandi Sabo Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2022}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-la}}
{{IN MLA box
| state= Punjab
| constituency= Talwandi Sabo
| before= Jeetmohinder Singh Sidhu
| after=
| years= [[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017]] – }}
{{s-ppo-aap}}
{{s-bef|before= - }}
{{s-ttl|title= Member of [[Aam Aadmi Party#National Executive Committee|National Executive Committee]] [[Aam Aadmi Party]] |years= – present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}
{{Aam Aadmi Party |state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaur, Baljinder}}
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party politicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Punjabi University alumni]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2022–2027]]

Flag of Slovenia

2026-03-28T02:59:25Z

MuoiBraley9009: quick update

{{Short description|none}}
{{Infobox flag
| Name = Republic of Slovenia
| Image = Flag of Slovenia.svg
| Nickname =
| Morenicks =
| Use = 111001
| Symbol = {{FIAV|Normal}} {{FIAV|111001}}
| Proportion = 1:2
| Adoption = {{Start date and age|1991|06|25|df=y}}<ref>{{cite web|title=A proclamation of The Constitutional Amanademat C to the Constitution of the Republic of Slovenia|url=http://www.uradni-list.si/_pdf/1991/Ur/u1991001.pdf#!/u1991001-pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823023903/https://www.uradni-list.si/_pdf/1991/Ur/u1991001.pdf |archive-date=2017-08-23 |url-status=live|work=Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia, No. 1/1991|access-date=18 October 2013|location=Ljubljana|date=25 June 1991}}</ref>
| Design = A horizontal [[tricolour (flag)|tricolor]] of [[white]], [[blue]], and [[red]]; charged with the [[Coat of Arms of Slovenia|coat of arms]] at the [[hoist (flag)|hoist side]]
| Designer = [[Marko Pogačnik]]
| Nickname2 =
| Morenicks2 =
| Use2 = 000110
| Symbol2 =
| Adoption2 = 1991
| Designer2 =
}}
[[File:Slowenien-daenemark-4039-1439.jpg|thumb|Tram in [[Vienna]] decorated with Slovene flag]]
[[File:Defilada Niepodległości z okazji Święta Wojska Polskiego 15 sierpnia 2018 (6).jpg|thumb|Slovenian soldiers parading with flag in [[Warsaw]]]]
The national '''flag of [[Slovenia]]''' ({{langx|sl|zastava Slovenije}}) features three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red, with the [[coat of arms of Slovenia]] located in the upper hoist side of the flag centred in the white and blue bands. The coat of arms is a shield with the image of Mount [[Triglav]], [[Slovenia]]'s highest peak, in white against a blue background at the centre; beneath it are two wavy blue lines representing the [[Adriatic Sea]] and local rivers, and above it are three six-pointed golden stars arranged in an inverted triangle which are taken from the coat of arms of the [[Counts of Celje]], the great Slovene dynastic house of the late 14th and early 15th centuries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slovenija.si/slovenia_in_brief/national_insignia/2007092716294572/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130418120414/http://www.slovenija.si/slovenia_in_brief/national_insignia/2007092716294572/|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 18, 2013|title=In Brief|website=Slovenija.si|access-date=12 December 2017}}</ref>

The Slovenian flag's colours are considered to be [[Pan-Slavism|pan-Slavic]], but they actually come from the [[Middle Ages|medieval]] coat of arms of the [[Holy Roman Empire]]'s [[duchy of Carniola]], consisting of 3 stars, a mountain, and three colours (red, blue, yellow), [[crescent]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dz-rs.si/wps/portal/en/Home/PoliticniSistem/DrzavniSimboli/!ut/p/z1/04_Sj9CPykssy0xPLMnMz0vMAfIjo8zivT39gy2dDB0N_C0N3Qw8Q43dTYx9QwzcPQz0wwkpiAJKG-AAjgb6BbmhigDfGj7_/dz/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/|title=National symbols|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=20 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220212604/http://www.dz-rs.si/wps/portal/en/Home/PoliticniSistem/DrzavniSimboli/!ut/p/z1/04_Sj9CPykssy0xPLMnMz0vMAfIjo8zivT39gy2dDB0N_C0N3Qw8Q43dTYx9QwzcPQz0wwkpiAJKG-AAjgb6BbmhigDfGj7_/dz/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The existing [[Slovene tricolor|Slovene tricolour]] was raised for the first time in history during the [[Revolution of 1848]] by the Slovene [[Romantic nationalist]] activist and poet [[Lovro Toman]] on 7 April 1848, in [[Ljubljana]], in response to a German flag which was raised on top of [[Ljubljana Castle]].<ref name="Slovene_tricolor_RTVSLO">[http://www.rtvslo.si/slovenija/praznik-slovenske-trobojnice/227786 Celebration of the Slovene Tricolor] (In Slovene: "Praznik slovenske trobojnice"), MMC [[RTV Slovenia]], 7. april 2013</ref> Similar colors and designs make up other [[Slavic flag]]s, particularly the [[flag of Slovakia]].

The [[civil ensign|civil and state ensign]] for ships has the same design as the national flag, but a different shape (2:3 instead of 1:2). Boats up to {{convert|24|m}} use the national flag as an ensign.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/si~civ.html|title=Slovenia: Civil and state ensigns|website=Crwflags.com|access-date=12 December 2017}}</ref> The [[naval jack]] uses colours of the coat of arms, a white, blue, and yellow horizontal tricolour.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uradni-list.si/1/objava.jsp?urlid=2007116&stevilka=5808|title=Uradni list - Vsebina Uradnega lista|website=Uradni-list.si|access-date=12 December 2017}}</ref>

==Historical development==
===Origins===
[[File:Flag of the Slovene Nation.svg|thumb|1:2 {{FIAV|historical}} Flag of the Slovene nation, first flown during the [[spring of nations]] of 1848.]]
The white-blue-red Slovene flag was first raised on 7 April 1848, on a building between [[Congress Square]] and [[Prešeren Square]] in Ljubljana, by a group of nationally minded students led by the prominent [[National liberalism|liberal nationalist]] activist and poet [[Lovro Toman]]. Despite opposition from the local ethnic [[Germans]] it was subsequently recognized by the [[Austrian Empire|Austrian]] Government as the official flag of Carniola. This formal recognition, albeit on a regional level, was an exception to the policy of the Austrian Government which tended to persecute [[national symbols]] of the non-German nationalities in the [[Austrian Empire|Empire]].

In addition, Austrian authorities saw all tricolors as basically [[nationalist]] and potentially [[revolutionary]] symbols, so Austrian provinces (as the Empire itself) were only allowed to use [[Gallery of bicolor flags|bicolor]]s (the only exception being the flag of the [[Kingdom of Croatia and Slavonia]], since it was interpreted to be a combination of the [[Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg)|Croatian]] and [[Kingdom of Slavonia|Slavonian]] bicolors). So the official recognition of the Carniolan white-blue-red tricolor instead of the traditional white-blue bicolor was seen as a major achievement by the [[Slovenes]] and it quickly became the symbol representing the idea of [[United Slovenia]]. In the second half of the 19th century, the Slovene national tricolor became the only truly all-Slovene symbol, representing all Slovenes, regardless of the historical region in which they lived.

The tricolor flag continued to be associated with Slovenia during the country's incorporation into [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]], although officially the whole kingdom including Slovenia had the same flag, in this case, the blue-white-red. In the [[Interwar period|interwar]] period, it was also used by the Slovenes of the [[Julian March]] that were annexed to [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]], where it was prohibited and persecuted by the [[Italian fascism|fascist regime]].

===Slovene flags during and after WWII===
During [[World War II]] The Slovene [[national colors]] were used both by the [[Liberation Front of the Slovene Nation|Partisan Resistance Movement]] (usually with a red star in the middle) and by the [[Slovene Home Guard]], the voluntary [[anti-Communist]] [[militia]] sponsored and supported by the [[Nazi German]] occupation forces.

In 1945 a red star was officially placed on the flag of the [[Socialist Republic of Slovenia]], a constituent of the [[Socialist Yugoslavia]].
<gallery widths="150" heights="75">
File:Flag of the Slovene Home Guard.svg|1:2 {{FIAV|historical}} Flag used by [[Slovene Home Guard]] 1941–1945.
File:Slovenian Partisans flag.svg|1:2 {{FIAV|historical}} Flag used by [[Slovene Partisans]] that was adopted on 26 September 1941 at the Stolice meeting of the Yugoslav Partisans.
File:Flag of Slovenia (1945-1991).svg|1:2 {{FIAV|historical}} Flag of SR Slovenia, 1945–1991.
</gallery>

===Flag of independent Slovenia===
[[File:Civil ensign of Slovenia.svg|thumb|2:3 Civil ensign.]]

Following Slovene independence from [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]], the red star was removed and the new coat of arms by [[Marko Pogačnik]] was added. The flag was officially adopted on 27 June 1991, following a long and controversial dispute about the coat of arms of the new Republic.

==Design==
[[File:Flag of Slovenia (construction sheet).svg|thumb|none|600px|Flag construction sheet]]

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Scheme
!style="background:#FFFFFF; color:black"| White
!style="background:#0000FF; color:white"| Blue
!style="background:#FF0000; color:black"| Red
!style="background:#FFFF00; color:black"| Yellow
|-
| [[CMYK]]
| 0, 0, 0, 0
| 100, 60, 0, 10
| 0, 100, 100, 0
| 0, 10, 100, 0
|-
| [[RGB]]
| 255, 255, 255 (#FFFFFF)
| 0, 92, 230 (#005CE6)
| 255, 0, 0 (#FF0000)
| 255, 230, 0 (#FFE600)
|-
| SCOTDIC Code 777 — Int'l Colour Codification System (2034)
| N1 N95
| N46 N722509
| N23 N074014
| N6 N197512
|-
|colspan ="5"|Source:
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.uradni-list.si/_pdf/1994/Ur/u1994067.pdf |title=Uradni list Republike Slovenije |access-date=2010-10-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619210427/http://www.uradni-list.si/_pdf/1994/Ur/u1994067.pdf |archive-date=2009-06-19 |url-status=dead }}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.gov.si/en/topics/national-symbols/ |title=National symbols |publisher=Government of Slovenia |access-date=2024-08-26}}
|}

==Government (maritime) flags==
These flags are used on naval vessels only.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Flag!! width="250" |Use!! width="250" |Description
|-
|[[File:Naval flag of the President of Slovenia.svg|border|100px]]||| [[President of Slovenia]] || A white field with a tricolor border in white, blue and red. The [[Coat of arms of Slovenia|national coat of arms]] is at the center.
|-
|[[File:Flag of the President of the Parliament of Slovenia.svg|100px]]||| President of the [[National Assembly (Slovenia)|National Assembly of Slovenia]] || A red field with a blue border, with the national coat of arms at the center.
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Prime Minister of Slovenia.svg|100px]]||| [[Prime Minister of Slovenia]] ||A blue field with a red border, with the national coat of arms at the center.
|-
|[[File:Flag of Minister of Defense of Slovenia.svg|100px]]||| [[Ministry of Defence (Slovenia)|Minister of Defence of Slovenia]] ||A crimson field with an azure border, in the center is the [[Slovenian Armed Forces|Slovenian Army emblem]].
|-
|[[File:Flag of Chief of General Staff of the Slovenian Army.svg|100px]]||| [[Chief of the General Staff (Slovenia)|Chief of the General Staff of Slovenia]] ||An azure field with a crimson border, the center contains the Slovenian Army emblem.
|}

===Naval jacks===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Flag!!width="100"|Date!!width="320" align="center"|Use!!width="400" align="center"|Description
|-
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Awadh

2026-03-26T08:03:06Z

MuoiBraley9009: quick update

{{Short description|Region in Uttar Pradesh}}
{{About|the cultural and historical region in India|the state during the British Raj|Oudh State}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Awadh
| settlement_type = [[Region]]
| image_map = Awadhi language.png
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2/2/1
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Sarayu River night view, Ayodhya 001.jpg
| caption1 = [[Ram ki Paidi]], [[Ayodhya]]
| image2 = Bada Imambara aka Bhool Bhulaiya.jpg
| caption2 = [[Bara Imambara]], [[Lucknow]]
| image3 = Kumbh Mela2001.JPG
| caption3 = Procession of sadhus at the [[Prayag Kumbh Mela]]
| image4 = Kathak Group Performance (3).jpg
| caption4 = [[Kathak]]
| image5 = Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur.jpg
| caption5 = [[IIT Kanpur]]
| image6 = Leaving the cold desolation.jpg
| caption6 = [[Katarniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary]]
}}
| image_flag =
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| coordinates = {{Coord|type:event|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Continent
| subdivision_name = [[Asia]]
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]]
| subdivision_type2 = State
| subdivision_name2 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type3 = Covering territory
| subdivision_name3 = *[[Lucknow division]]
*[[Ayodhya division]]
*[[Prayagraj division]]
*[[Kanpur division]] (partly)
*[[Mirzapur division]] (partly)
| subdivision_type4 = Languages
| subdivision_name4 = [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]], [[Hindi]] and [[Urdu]]
| blank1_name_sec1 = Largest Cities
| blank1_info_sec1 = {{hlist
| [[Lucknow]]
| [[Prayagraj]]
| [[Ayodhya]]
| [[Kanpur]]
| [[Mirzapur]]
}}
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| unit_pref = Metric
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| area_total_km2 = 68006
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| elevation_m =
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| population_total = 55119236{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
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| mapsize = 300px
| map_caption = Modern map of the Awadh region
}}
[[File:Lalbagh gate faizabad c.1801.jpg|thumb|250px|Lal Bagh entrance in Faizabad, Municipal Corporation of [[Ayodhya]], as depicted in ''Gate of the Loll-Baug at Fyzabad'' by Thomas and William Daniell, 1801* (BL).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/other/019xzz000004323u00003000.html|title=Gate of the Loll-Baug at Fyzabad|publisher=British Library, Online Gallery|access-date=26 November 2019|archive-date=12 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111212071149/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/other/019xzz000004323u00003000.html|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
'''Awadh''' ({{IPA|hi|əˈʋədʱ|lang|hi-Awadh.ogg}}), known in [[British Raj]] historical texts as '''Avadh''' or '''Oudh''', is a [[historical region]] in [[northern India]], now constituting the central portion of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It is roughly synonymous with the ancient [[Kosala]] region of [[Hindu scriptures|Hindu]], [[Buddhist scriptures|Buddhist]], and [[Jain scriptures]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Awadh, historic region, India |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Awadh |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |date=31 January 2013 |access-date=18 January 2025 |archive-date=20 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120143008/https://www.britannica.com/place/Awadh |url-status=live}}</ref>

It was a province of all the major [[Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent|Islamic dynasties in India]] including the [[Mughal Empire]]. With the decline of late Mughal [[Delhi]], Awadh became a major source of literary, artistic, religious, and architectural patronage in northern India under the rule of its eleven rulers, called [[Nawab of Awadh|Nawab]]s. From 1720 to 1856, the nawabs presided over Awadh, with [[Ayodhya]] and [[Faizabad]] serving as the region's initial capitals.<ref name="Gopal1993">{{cite book |author=Sarvepalli Gopal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47AARF595dUC&pg=PA39 |title=Anatomy of a Confrontation: Ayodhya and the Rise of Communal Politics in India |date=1993 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-85649-050-4 |pages=39– |access-date=29 December 2022 |archive-date=9 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209112831/https://books.google.com/books?id=47AARF595dUC&pg=PA39#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Later, the capital was relocated to [[Lucknow]], which is now the capital of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Awadh |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_com_26360 |access-date=29 December 2022 |website=Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_com_26360 |archive-date=10 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310055129/https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/*-COM_26360 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The [[British Empire|British]] conquered Awadh in 1856, which infuriated Indians and was recognised as a factor causing the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Indian Rebellion (1857–58)]], the biggest Indian uprising against British rule.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Awadh {{!}} historic region, India {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Awadh |access-date=29 December 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=19 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019041608/https://www.britannica.com/place/Awadh |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The word ''Awadh'' is inherited from the [[Sanskrit]] word [[Ayodhya]] meaning "not to be warred against, irresistible".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mohamed nasr |url=http://archive.org/details/SubahOfAwadhUnderTheMughals15821724 |title=Subah Of Awadh Under The Mughals 1582 1724 |pages=1 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 24, page 132 -- Imperial Gazetteer of India -- Digital South Asia Library |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V24_138.gif |access-date=20 June 2022 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu |archive-date=29 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629061359/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V24_138.gif |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanskrit Dictionary |url=https://www.sanskritdictionary.com/?q=ayodhya |access-date=29 December 2022 |archive-date=29 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229224756/https://www.sanskritdictionary.com/?q=ayodhya |url-status=live }}</ref>

== History ==
Awadh, known as the granary of India, was important strategically for the control of the [[Doab]], a fertile plain between the [[Ganges]] and the [[Yamuna]] rivers. It was a wealthy kingdom, able to maintain its independence against threats from the [[Maratha]]s, the [[British people|British]] and the [[Afghanistan|Afghans]].

=== Ancient ===
{{Main|Kosala}}
Awadh's political unity can be traced back to the ancient [[Hindu]] kingdom of [[Kosala]], with [[Ayodhya]] as its early capital in traditional history, though in Buddhist times (6th–5th century BCE) [[Shravasti]] became the kingdom's capital city.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ayodhya {{!}} History & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ayodhya |access-date=29 December 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=29 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229094816/https://www.britannica.com/place/Ayodhya |url-status=live }}</ref>

Modern Awadh finds historical mention only in the Mughal time of [[Akbar]], in the late 16th century.

In prehistoric times, Awadh, reputedly the kingdom of Bikukshi, contained five main divisions :<ref name="Irwin 106">{{cite book | last = Irwin | first = Henry Crossly | title = The Garden of India. Or, Chapters on Oudh History and Affairs | url = https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.63152 | year = 1880 | publisher = W. H. Allen| location = London | page = 106}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>
# [[Uttara Kosala]] or the trans-[[Ghaghra]] districts, now known as [[Bahraich]], [[Gonda District|Gonda]], [[Basti district|Basti]] and [[Gorakhpur district|Gorakhpur]].
# [[Silliana]], consisting of lower range of hills to the north of Uttara Kosala, now belonging to [[Nepal]], with the [[Tarai]] at its base.
# [[Pachhimrath]], which may be roughly described as the country between Ghaghra and [[Gomti]] west to the line from [[Ayodhya]] to [[Sultanpur district|Sultanpur]]. This division included about third of present district of Ayodhya (including [[Ambedkar Nagar district]]), a small portion of the north of [[Sultanpur district|Sultanpur]], greater part of [[Barabanki district|Barabanki]], and sections of the Lucknow and [[Sitapur]] districts.
# [[Purabrath]], which may be roughly described as the country between Ghaghra and Gomti east to the line from Ayodhya to Sultanpur. This division included about two-thirds of present district of Ayodhya (including Ambedkar Nagar district), the north-eastern corner of Sultanpur, and parts of [[Mirzapur district]], [[Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh district]] and [[Jaunpur district|Jaunpur]].
# [[Arbar]], extended southwards from Gomti to the [[Sai River (Uttar Pradesh)|Sai river]].

=== Before independence ===
Since AD 1350 different parts of the Awadh region were ruled by the [[Delhi Sultanate]], [[Jaunpur Sultanate|Sharqi Sultanate]], [[Mughal Empire]], [[Nawabs of Awadh]], [[Honourable East India Company|East India Company]] and the [[British Raj]]. [[Kanpur]] was one of the major centres of [[Indian rebellion of 1857]], participated actively in [[Indian independence movement|India's Independence movement]], and emerged as an important city of [[North India]].

For about eighty-four years (from 1394 to 1478), Awadh was part of the [[Jaunpur Sultanate|Sharqi Sultanate]] of [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]]; emperor [[Humayun]] made it a part of the Mughal Empire around 1555. Emperor [[Jehangir]] granted an estate in Awadh to a nobleman, Sheik Abdul Rahim, who had won his favour. Sheik Abdul Rahim later built Machchi Bhawan in this estate; this later became the seat of power from where his descendants, the Sheikhzades, controlled the region. Until 1719, the [[Subah (province)|Subah]] of Awadh (bordering (Old) Delhi, Agra, Illahabad and Bihar) was a province of the [[Mughal Empire]], administered by a Nazim or Subah Nawab (governor) appointed by the Emperor. Nawab –the plural of the [[Arabic]] word '[[Naib]]', meaning 'assistant'– was the term given to ''subahdars'' (provincial governors) appointed by the Mughal emperor all over India to assist him in managing the empire. In the absence of expeditious transport and communication facilities, they were practically independent rulers of their territory and wielded the power of life and death over their subjects. Persian adventurer [[Saadat Ali Khan I|Saadat Khan]], also called Burhan-ul-Mulk, was appointed the Nazim of Awadh in 1722 and he established his court in [[Faizabad]]<ref>[http://www.bartleby.com/65/fa/FaizabdInd.html "Faizabad, town, India"]. ''The Columbia Encyclopedia'', 6th Edition. 2001–07 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050907162402/http://www.bartleby.com/65/fa/FaizabdInd.html |date=7 September 2005 }}</ref> near [[Lucknow]]. The [[Nawabs of Lucknow]] were in fact the Nawabs of Awadh, but were so referred to because after the reign of the third Nawab, Lucknow became the capital of their realm, where the British station [[Resident (title)|Residents]] ('diplomatic' colonial Agents) from 1773. The city was "North India's cultural capital"; its nawabs, best remembered for their refined and extravagant lifestyles, were patrons of the arts. Under them music and dance flourished, and many monuments were erected.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.laxys.com/lucknow.html |title=Lucknow City |publisher=Laxys.com |access-date=29 April 2012 |archive-date=26 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226035738/http://www.laxys.com/lucknow.html%20 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Of the monuments standing today, the [[Bara Imambara]], the [[Chhota Imambara]] and the [[Rumi Darwaza]] are notable examples. One of the more lasting contributions by the Nawabs is the [[syncretic]] composite culture that has come to be known as the [[Ganga-Jamuni Tehzeeb]].

=== Awadh under the Mughals ===
From the pre-historic period to the time of [[Akbar]], the limits of the [[subah]] (imperial top-level province) and its internal divisions seem to have been constantly changing, and the name of Oudh, or Awadh, seems to have been applicable to only one of the ancient divisions or ''[[Sarkar (administrative division)|Sarkar]]s'', nearly corresponding to old [[Pachhimrath]]. The title of Subehdar (governor) of Awadh is mentioned as early as 1280 AD, but it can only have denoted the governor of the tract of the country above defined. The Awadh of Mughal Badshah (emperor) [[Akbar]] was one of the twelve (or fifteen) ''subahs'' into which he divided the Mughal Empire as it stood in 1590. As constituted at the end of the sixteenth century, the ''Subah'' contained five ''sarkars'', viz. Awadh, Lucknow, [[Bahraich]], [[Khairabad, Sitapur|Khairabad]] and [[Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh|Gorakhpur]], which in turn were divided in numerous ''[[Pargana|mahals]]'' and ''{{transliteration|hi|[[dastur]]s}}'' (districts).

[[Khan Zaman Khan Ali Asghar]] son of [[Qazi Ghulam Mustafa]] was appointed as [[Subahdar]] of Awadh during the reign of [[Farrukhsiyar]]. This appointment was made in place of 'Aziz Khan Chughtai'.<ref>Tazkirat us-Salatin Chaghta – A Mughal Chronicle of Post Aurangzeb Period (1707–1724) by Muhammad Hadi Kamwar Khan; edited Persian text and with an Introduction by Muzaffar Alam (1980), Centre of Advanced Study Department of History, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh (U.P.) -202001, India(page 234)</ref> Later on, Mahabat Khan was appointed as [[Subahdar]] of Awadh in place of Khan Zaman Khan Ali Asghar, who was all over again transferred to [[Azimabad]] (Patna) as [[Subahdar]] in place of 'Sar Buland Khan'.<ref>Tazkirat us-Salatin Chaghta – A Mughal Chronicle of Post Aurangzeb Period (1707–1724) by Muhammad Hadi Kamwar Khan; edited Persian text and with an Introduction by Muzaffar Alam (1980), Centre of Advanced Study Department of History, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh (U.P.) -202001, India(page 236)</ref>

[[Image:Mahi Maraatib fish emblazoned over the gateway to Safdarjung's tomb.jpg|thumb|Mahi Maraatib fish emblazoned over the gateway to Safdarjung's tomb]]
It seems to have been of nearly the same extent as the ''Province of Oudh'' at the time of annexation to [[British India]] in 1858, and to have differed only in including Gorakhpur, [[Basti, Uttar Pradesh|Basti]], and [[Azamgarh]], and in excluding Tanda, Aldemau, [[Rajesultanpur]] and Manikpur, or the territory to the east and South of Faizabad, [[Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh|Sultanpur]] and [[Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh]].<ref name="IHC 107">{{cite book | last = Irwin | first = Henry Crossly | title = The Garden of India. Or, Chapters on Oudh History and Affairs | url = https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.63152 | year = 1880 | publisher = W. H. Allen| location = London | page = 107}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

=== Under the hereditary Nawabs of Awadh ===
{{See also|Nawabs of Awadh|History of Faizabad}}

[[File:Saadat Ali Khan I.jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[Saadat Ali Khan II|Saadat Ali Khan]], the first Nawab of Awadh, who laid the foundation of Faizabad.]]
[[File:Safdarjung, second Nawab of Awadh, Mughal dynasty. India. early 18th century.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[Safdarjung]], the second [[Nawab]] of Awadh, who made Faizabad a military headquarters.]]
[[File:Nawab shuja ud daulah.jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[Shuja-ud-Daula]], the third [[Nawab]] in Faizabad, pictured with Four Sons, General Barker and other Military Officers.]]
[[Image:GulabBari.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[Gulab Bari]] in Faizabad is the tomb of [[Shuja-ud-Daula]], The third Nawab of Awadh.]]
[[Image:Adnanwiki.badaimambada1.JPG|thumb|right|150px|[[Bara Imambara]] in Lucknow is the tomb of [[Asaf-ud-Daula]], the fourth Nawab of Awadh.]]

As the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] power declined and the emperors lost their paramountcy and they became first the puppets and then the prisoners of their feudatories, so Awadh grew stronger and more independent. Its capital city was Faizabad. [[Saadat Ali Khan I|Saadat Khan]], the first [[Nawab]] of Awadh, laid the foundation of Faizabad at the outskirt of ancient city of [[Ayodhya]]. Faizabad developed as a township during the reign of Safdar Jang, the second nawab of Avadh (1739–54), who made it his military headquarters while his successor [[Shuja-ud-daula]] made it a full-fledged capital city.

Shuja-ud-Daula, the third Nawab of Awadh, built a fort known as "Chhota Calcutta", now in ruins. In 1765 he built the Chowk and Tir-paulia and subsequently laid out the Angoori Bagh and Motibagh to the south of it, Asafbagh and Bulandbagh to the west of the city. During the reign of Shuja-Ud-Daula, Faizabad attained such a prosperity which it never saw again. The Nawabs graced Faizabad with several notable buildings, including the [[Gulab Bari]], Moti Mahal and the [[Bahu Begum ka Maqbara|tomb of Bahu Begum]]. [[Gulab Bari]] stands in a garden surrounded by a wall, approachable through two large gateways. These buildings are particularly interesting{{citation needed|date=November 2019}} for their assimilative architectural styles.

Shuja-ud-Daula's wife was the well known Bahu Begum, who married the Nawab in 1743 and continued to reside in Faizabad, her residence being the Moti-Mahal. Close by at Jawaharbagh lies her Maqbara, where she was buried after her death in 1816. It is considered to be one of the finest buildings of its kind in Awadh, which was built at the cost of three lakh rupees by her chief advisor Darab Ali Khan. A fine view of the city is obtainable from top of the begum's tomb. Bahu Begum was a woman of great distinction and rank, bearing dignity. Most of the Muslim buildings of Faizabad are attributed to her. From the date of Bahu Begum's death in 1815 till the annexation of Avadh, the city of Faizabad gradually fell into decay. The glory of Faizabad finally eclipsed with the shifting of capital from Faizabad to Lucknow by Nawab [[Asaf-ud-daula|Asaf-ud-Daula]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://faizabad.nic.in/history.htm|title=Welcome to Faizabad History|publisher=official website of Faizabad district|access-date=23 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111228201603/http://faizabad.nic.in/history.htm|archive-date=28 December 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Nawabs of Awadh were a [[Persian people|Persian]] [[Shia]] Muslim dynasty from [[Nishapur]],<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ntarP5hrza0C&pg=PA8 Sacred space and holy war: the politics, culture and history of Shi'ite Islam] By Juan Ricardo Cole</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=7BaVwfpWZgUC&pg=RA2-PA17 Art and culture: endeavours in interpretation] By Ahsan Jan Qaisar, Som Prakash Verma, Mohammad Habib</ref> who not only encouraged the existing Persian-language belle-lettrist activity to shift from Delhi, but also invited, and received, a steady stream of scholars, poets, jurists, architects, and painters from [[Iran]].<ref name="Avadh"/> Thus Persian was used in government, in academic instruction, in high culture, and in court.<ref name="Avadh">''Encyclopædia Iranica'' [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/avadh-english-also-audh-or-oudh-an-ancient-cultural-and-administrative-region-lying-between-the-himalayas-and-the-ganges-i "Avadh"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517012521/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/avadh-english-also-audh-or-oudh-an-ancient-cultural-and-administrative-region-lying-between-the-himalayas-and-the-ganges-i |date=17 May 2017 }}, E. Yarshater</ref>

[[Saadat Ali Khan I|Saadat Khan]] Burhanul Mulk was appointed Nawab in 1722 and established his court in [[Faizabad]]<ref>[http://www.bartleby.com/65/fa/FaizabdInd.html "Faizabad, town, India"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050907162402/http://www.bartleby.com/65/fa/FaizabdInd.html |date=7 September 2005 }}. ''The Columbia Encyclopedia'', 6th Edition. 2001–07</ref> near Lucknow. He took advantage of a weakening [[Mughal Empire]] in [[Delhi]] to lay the foundation of the Awadh dynasty. His successor was [[Safdarjung]] the very influential noble at the Mughal court in Delhi. Until 1819, Awadh was a province of the Mughal Empire administered by a [[Nawab]].

Awadh was known as the granary of India and was important strategically for the control of the [[Doab]], the fertile plain between the [[Ganges]] and the [[Yamuna]] rivers. It was a wealthy kingdom, able to maintain its independence against encroachment by the [[Maratha]]s, the British and the Afghans.

The third Nawab, [[Shuja-ud-Daula]], fell out with the British [[East India Company]] (EIC) after aiding [[Mir Qasim]] the fugitive [[Nawab of Bengal]]. He was comprehensively defeated in the [[Battle of Buxar]] by a British army, after which he was forced to pay heavy penalties and cede parts of his territory. The British appointed a resident at Lucknow in 1773, and over time gained control of more territory and authority in the state. They were disinclined to capture Awadh outright, because that would bring them face to face with the Marathas and the remnants of the Mughal Empire.

[[File:Asifportrait2 - Asuf ud Daula.jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[Asaf-Ud-Dowlah]], The fourth [[Nawab of Awadh]], who shifted the capital of Awadh from Faizabad to Lucknow.]]
[[File:Portrait of Hyder Beg Khan, the Minister to the Nawab of A Wadh, Asaf-Au-Daula crop.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Hyder Beg Khan, minister to Nawab of Awadh, [[Asaf-ud-Daula]]]]
[[Asaf-ud-Daula]], the fourth Nawab and son of Shuja-ud-Daula, moved the capital from Faizabad to Lucknow in 1775 and laid the foundation of a great city. His rule saw the building of the [[Asafi Imambara]] and [[Rumi Darwaza]], built by [[Raja Tikait Rai]] Nawab Wazir (Diwan) of Awadh, which till date are the biggest architectural marvels in the city. Asaf-ud-Daula made Lucknow one of the most prosperous and glittering cities in all India. It is said, he moved because he wanted to get away from the control of a dominant mother. On such a thread did the fate of the city of [[Lucknow]] depend.

In 1798, the fifth Nawab [[Wazir Ali Khan]] alienated both his people and the British, and was forced to abdicate. The EIC then helped [[Saadat Ali Khan II|Saadat Ali Khan]] to the throne. Saadat Ali Khan was a puppet king, who in the treaty of 1801 ceded half of Awadh to the East India Company and also agreed to disband his army in favour of a more expensive one run by British officers. This treaty effectively made part of the state of Awadh a vassal to the EIC, though they continued to be part of the Mughal Empire in name till 1819.

[[File:Silver rupee of Awadh.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Silver rupee of Awadh, struck in the name of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Shah Alam II]] at Lucknow in AH 1229 (=1814–15 CE). The coin features a stylised fish on the reverse, the dynastic symbol of the Nawabs of Awadh, seen also on the [[Nawab of Awadh|Awadh flag]]. At this time, the fiction that Awadh was subject to the Mughal emperor was maintained.]]

[[File:Rupee of Wajid Ali Shah of Awadh.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Silver rupee of [[Wajid Ali Shah]], struck at Lucknow in AH 1267 (1850–51 CE) and showing the Awadh coat of arms. Starting in 1819, coins no longer mentioned the Mughal emperor, but were struck in the nawab's own name.]]

Coins were struck under the nawab's control for the first time in 1737, at a new mint opened in [[Varanasi|Banaras]], although the coins named the Mughal emperor, not the Nawab.<ref>P.L. Gupta: ''Coins'', 4th ed., New Delhi: National Book Trust, p. 178.</ref> After the Battle of Buxar, Baranas fell under British rule, and so the mint was moved in 1776 to Lucknow. From there, coins in the name of the Mughal emperor continued to be struck, and they continued to name Muhammadabad Banaras as the mint. It was only in 1819 that [[Ghazi-ud-Din Haider|Nawab Ghaziuddin Haidar]] finally started to strike coins in his own name. Soon thereafter, Awadhi coins started to feature the kingdom's European style coat of arms.

The wars and transactions in which Shuja-ud-Daula was engaged, both with and against the British, led to the addition of [[Kara-Manikpur|Karra]], [[Allahabad]], [[Fatehgarh]], [[Kanpur]], [[Etawah]], [[Mainpuri]], [[Farrukhabad]] and [[Rohilkhand]], to the Oudh dimensions, and thus they remained until the treaty of 1801 with Saadat Ali Khan, by which province was reduced considerably as half of Oudh was ceded to the EIC. Khairigarh, Kanchanpur, and what is now the Nepal Terai, were ceded in 1816, in liquidation of [[Ghazi ud din Haider]]'s loan of a million sterling towards the expense of [[Nepal War]]; and at the same time pargana of [[Nawabganj, Gonda|Nawabganj]] was added to [[Gonda district]] in exchange for Handia, or Kawai, which was transferred from [[Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh]] to Allahabad.<ref name="IHC 107"/>

=== British rule ===
{{See also|Oudh State}}
[[File:Gates of Palace at Lucknow William Daniell 1801.jpg|thumb|left|Gates of the Palace at Lucknow by [[William Daniell|W. Daniell]], 1801]]
The treaty of 1801 formed an arrangement that was very beneficial to the company. They were able to use Awadh's vast treasuries, repeatedly digging into them for loans at reduced rates. In addition, the revenues from running Awadh's armed forces brought them useful revenues while it acted as a [[buffer state]]. The Nawabs were ceremonial kings, limited to pomp and show but with little influence over matters of state. By the mid-19th century, however, the British had grown impatient with the arrangement and wanted direct control. They started looking about for an excuse, which the powerless Nawabs had to provide. On 1 May 1816, a British [[protectorate]] was signed.

[[Image:United Provinces 1903.gif|250px|thumb|[[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]], 1903]]
In 1856 the East India Company invaded and annexed the state under the [[Doctrine of Lapse]], which was placed under a [[List of Chief Commissioners of Oudh|Chief Commissioner]]. [[Wajid Ali Shah]], the then Nawab, was imprisoned, and then exiled by the company to [[Calcutta]] (Bengal). In the subsequent [[Revolt of 1857]], his 14-year-old son [[Birjis Qadra]] son of [[Begum Hazrat Mahal]] was crowned ruler, and Sir [[Henry Montgomery Lawrence|Henry Lawrence]] killed in the hostilities.

In the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] (also known as the [[First War of Indian Independence]] and the [[Indian Mutiny]]), the rebels took control of Awadh, and it took the British 18 months to reconquer the region, months which included the famous [[Siege of Lucknow]].

The ''Tarai'' to the north of [[Bahraich]] including large quantity of valuable forest and grazing ground, was made over to the [[Nepal]] ''Darbar'' in 1860, in recognition of their services during the [[Revolt of 1857]], and in 1874 some further cessions, on a much smaller scale, but without any apparent reason, were made in favour of the same Government.<ref name="IHC 107"/>
[[File:Mussulman woman of rank.jpg|thumb|Muslim woman of rank at ease]]
In 1877 the offices of lieutenant-governor of the [[North-Western Provinces]] and chief commissioner of Oudh were combined in the same person; and in 1902, when the new name of [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]] was introduced, the title of chief commissioner was dropped, though Oudh still retained some marks of its former independence.
[[File:India1760 1905.jpg|thumb|The fully-fledged state of Awadh]]

== Rulers ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2021}}
* Subadar Nawabs
** 1732 – 19 March 1739 Borhan al-Molk Mir Mohammad Amin Musawi Sa`adat `Ali Khan I (b. c. 1680 – d. 1739)
** 19 March 1739 – 28 April 1748 Abu´l Mansur Mohammad Moqim Khan (1st time) (b. c. 1708 – d. 1754)
* Nawab Wazir al-Mamalik
** 28 April 1748 – 13 May 1753 Abu´l Mansur Mohammad Moqim Khan (s.a.) (acting to 29 June 1748)
* Subadar Nawabs
** 5 November 1753 – 5 October 1754 Abu´l Mansur Mohammad Moqim Khan (s.a.) (2nd time)
** 5 October 1754 – 15 February 1762 Jalal ad-Din Shoja` ad-Dowla Haydar (b. 1732 – d. 1775)
* Nawab Wazir al-Mamalik
** 15 February 1762 – 26 January 1775 Jalal ad-Din Shoja` ad-Dowla Haydar (s.a.)
** 26 January 1775 – 21 September 1797 Asaf ad-Dowla Amani (b. 1748 – d. 1797)
** 21 September 1797 – 21 January 1798 Mirza Wazir `Ali Khan (b. 1780 – d. 1817)
** 21 January 1798 – 11 July 1814 Yamin ad-Dowla Nazem al-Molk Sa`adat `Ali Khan II Bahadur (b. bf. 1752 – d. 1814)
** 11 July 1814 – 19 October 1818 Ghazi ad-Din Rafa`at ad-Dowla Abu´l-Mozaffar Haydar Khan (b. 1769 – d. 1827)
* Kings (title Padshah-e Awadh, Shah-e Zaman)
** 19 October 1818 – 19 October 1827 Ghazi ad-Din Mo`izz ad-Din Abu´l-Mozaffar Haydar Shah (s.a.)
** 19 October 1827 – 7 July 1837 Naser ad-Din Haydar Solayman Jah Shah (b. 1803 – d. 1837)
** 7 July 1837 – 17 May 1842 Mo`in ad-Din Abu´l-Fath Mohammad `Ali Shah (b. 1777 – d. 1842)
** 17 May 1842 – 13 February 1847 Naser ad-Dowla Amjad `Ali Thorayya Jah Shah (b. 1801 – d. 1847)
** 13 February 1847 – 7 February 1856 Naser ad-Din `Abd al-Mansur Mohammad Wajed `Ali Shah (b. 1822 – d. 1887)
** 5 July 1857 – 3 March 1858 ''Berjis Qadr, son of the above (in rebellion)'' (b. c. 1845 – d. 1893)

==Demographics==
===Religion===
[[File:Awadhi regions of Uttar Pradesh.jpg|thumb|Awadhi speaking districts]]
A vast majority of the population practices [[Hinduism]]. It is also home to the [[Ram Janmabhoomi]], an important pilgrimage site in Hinduism that marks where the deity [[Rama]] was born. The [[Muslim]] community has a strong presence in the urban areas of Awadh, such as [[Prayagraj]] and the capital city of [[Lucknow]], which has a large [[Shia]] Muslim population. Other than that they are mostly concentrated in the [[Devipatan division]].

== Culture ==

The region of Awadh is considered to be the center of [[Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb|Ganga-Jamuni culture]]<ref name="ref44qicar">{{Citation | title=The foundations of the composite culture in India | author=Malika Mohammada | publisher=Aakar Books, 2007 | isbn=978-81-89833-18-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dwzbYvQszf4C | quote=... developed in Awadh as a genre of composite creativity. ... of multiple Indian cultural traditions and provided glimpses of the Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb of north India with Lucknow as its centre ... | year=2007 | access-date=1 October 2016 | archive-date=10 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310054947/https://books.google.com/books?id=dwzbYvQszf4C | url-status=live }}</ref> and is the home of for [[Awadhi music]] and Folkarts.

=== Sham-e-Awadh ===
Sham-e-Awadh is a popularised term referring to the "glorious evenings" in the Awadh capitals of Faizabad and later (and even today and to a greater extent) Lucknow.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}

Awadh was established in 1722. with Faizabad as its capital. [[Nawab Shuja-ud-Daula]]'s son [[Nawab]] [[Asaf-ud-Daula]], the fourth [[Nawab of Awadh]], shifted the capital from Faizabad to Lucknow; this led to the decline of Faizabad and rise of Lucknow.

Just as Banares ([[Varanasi]]) is known for its mornings, so Lucknow is for its evenings.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}} Many of its well-known buildings were erected on the banks of the [[Gomti River]] in the time of Nawabs. The Nawabs used to take in a view of the river Gomti and its architecture in the evening hours, giving rise to Sham-e-Awadh's romantic reputation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lucknow.me/Shaam-e-Awadh.html|title=Lucnow revisited again|publisher=lucknowrevisited.blogspot.com Monday, 26 February 2007|access-date=11 January 2012|archive-date=11 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120611165244/http://lucknow.me/Shaam-e-Awadh.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

There is a saying:'Subah-e-Benares', 'Sham-e-Awadh', 'Shab-e-Malwa' meaning mornings of the Benares, evenings of the Awadh and nights of Malwa.

=== Awadhi cuisine ===
{{main|Awadhi cuisine}}

[[File:Galawati Kebabs.JPG|thumb|left|Kebabs are an important part of Awadhi cuisine]]
'''Awadhi Cuisine''' is primarily from the city of Lucknow and its environs. The cooking patterns of the city are similar to those of Central Asia, the Middle East, and [[Northern India]] as well. The cuisine consists of both vegetarian and non-vegetarian dishes. Awadh has been greatly influenced by [[Mughlai cuisine|Mughal cooking techniques]], and the cuisine of Lucknow bears similarities to those of [[Kashmir]], [[Punjab region|Punjab]] and [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]]; and the city is famous for its [[Nawab]]i foods.

The ''{{transliteration|hi|[[Chef|bawarchi]]s}}'' and ''{{transliteration|hi|rakabdars}}'' of Awadh gave birth to the [[Dum Pukht|dum style of cooking]] or the art of cooking over a slow fire, which has become synonymous with Lucknow today.<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030713/spectrum/main2.htm The Sunday Tribune – Spectrum – Lead Article] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614192620/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030713/spectrum/main2.htm |date=14 June 2013 }}. Tribuneindia.com (13 July 2003). Retrieved on 18 July 2013.</ref> Their spread would consist of elaborate dishes like [[kebabs]], [[korma]]s, [[biryani]], kaliya, [[Kulcha|nahari-kulchas]], zarda, sheermal, Taftan, {{transliteration|hi|[[Roti|roomali rotis]]}} and {{transliteration|hi|[[Paratha|warqi parathas]]}}. The richness of Awadh cuisine lies not only in the variety of cuisine but also in the ingredients used like [[mutton]], [[paneer]], and rich spices including [[cardamom]] and [[saffron]].

===In popular culture===
The events surrounding the 1856 overthrow of Wajid Ali Shah and the annexation of Awadh by the British are depicted in the 1977 film ''[[Shatranj Ke Khilari|The Chess Players]]'' by the acclaimed Indian director [[Satyajit Ray]]. This film is based on famous [[Urdu]] story [[Shatranj Ke Khilari]] by the great Hindi-Urdu novelist writer [[Munshi Premchand]].

The 1961 film ''[[Gunga Jumna]]'' is portrayed in Awadh and was noted for its use of the [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]] dialect in [[Bollywood|mainstream Hindi cinema]].

The novel ''[[Umrao Jaan Ada]]'' as well as the subsequent [[Umrao Jaan (disambiguation)|films]] are based on two cultural cities of Awadh, [[Lucknow]] and [[Faizabad]].

The region has been in the center of various period films of Bollywood and modern films like ''[[Main, Meri Patni Aur Woh]]'' and ''[[Paa (film)|Paa]]'' to name a few. It has also been shot in various songs of [[Bollywood]].

== See also ==
* [[Nawab of Awadh]]
* [[List of chief commissioners of Oudh]]
* [[House of Tulsipur]]
* [[Pasi (caste)|Pasi]]
* [[Baruwar (Rajput clan)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
*{{Cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V19_283.gif |title=Oudh |work=[[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]] |date=1909 |volume=19 |page=277}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_A-J.html WorldStatesmen – India – Princely States A-J]

{{Wikivoyage}}
{{Proposed states and territories of India}}
{{Historical regions of North India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Awadh| ]]
[[Category:Princely states of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Regions of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Proposed states and union territories of India]]

Pinki Elli

2026-03-25T23:31:27Z

MuoiBraley9009: created new info...

{{short description|Indian Kannada-language drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pinki Elli?
| image = Pinki Elli.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = 
| director = [[Prithvi Konanur]]
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer =
| starring = Akshatha Pandavapura Anoop Shoonya Deepak Subramanya Gunjalamma
| narrator =
| cinematography = P Arjun Raja
| editing =
| music =
| studio = Picture Tree International
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2020|10||[[ Busan International Film Festival]]|ref1=<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2020/film/asia/busan-selection-where-pinki-picture-tree-1234768761/|title=Busan Selection ‘Where Is Pinki?’ Picked up by Picture Tree Int’l|work=Variety|first=Patrick|last=Frater|date=14 September 2020}}</ref>|2023|06|02|India}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Pinki Elli?''''' ({{Translation|'''''Where is Pinki?'''''}}) is a 2020 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[drama film]] directed by [[Prithvi Konanur]] and starring Akshatha Pandavapura, Anoop Shoonya, Deepak Subramanya, and Gunjalamma. The film was screened at the [[Bengaluru International Film Festival]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/social-thriller-pinki-elli-extends-dream-run-as-biffes-comes-to-an-end-1090193.html|title=Social thriller 'Pinki Elli' extends dream run as BIFFes comes to an end|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref>

==Plot==
Inspired by a true incident that happened in Bengaluru ten years ago, an 8-month-old baby nicknamed Pinki goes missing.<ref name="T"/>

== Cast ==
*Akshatha Pandavapura as Bindushree, Pankaja/Pinki's mother
*Anoop Shoonya as Girish
*Deepak Subramanya as Manjunath
*Gunjalamma as Sanamma

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The News Minute]]'' wrote, "the collective impact of the sensitive material, the style of filmmaking, and the overall authenticity is undeniably overwhelming".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/karnataka/pinki-elli-review-restrained-simmering-chronicle-urban-distress-178037|title=Pinki Elli? review: A restrained, simmering chronicle of urban distress|date=3 June 2023|website=The News Minute}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "The minimalistic performances compliment the realistic nature of the film. Pinki Elli shows people struggling to match the pace of the bustling city. They are all flawed. Yet, at some level, we sympathise with them".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/pinki-elli-kannada-movie-review-a-social-thriller-that-hits-strikingly-close-to-reality/article66923412.ece|title=‘Pinki Elli’ Kannada movie review: A social thriller that hits strikingly close to reality|first=Vivek|last=M.V|date=2 June 2023|work=The Hindu}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' rated the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote, "It is a must watch for all".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/pinki-elli-movie-review-society-dissected/articleshow/100732492.cms|title=Pinki Elli Movie Review: Society, dissected|website=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref> A Sharadhaa of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave the film the same rating and wrote, "''Pinki Elli?'' sheds light on rare and lesser-explored aspects of life. It doesn’t rely on overt dialogues to deliver its messages; instead, they are skillfully woven into the fabric of each scene".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/review/2023/Jun/03/pinki-elli-movie-review-a-natural-and-emotionally-charged-tale-44197.html|title=Pinki Elli? Movie Review: A natural and emotionally charged tale|first=A.|last=Sharadhaa|date=3 June 2023|website=Cinema Express}}</ref> A critic from ''[[OTTplay]]'' gave the film the same rating and wrote, "It’s a serious film that cuts to the chase in no time. If thought-provoking cinema with no extra frills (the film does not even have a background score)".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/pinki-elli-review-prithvi-konanurs-hard-hitting-film-explores-if-a-home-is-truly-safe-for-a-child/0a2b31ea30294|title=Pinki Elli review: Prithvi Konanur’s film explores if a child is safe at home|website=OTTPlay}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
The film premiered at the Busan International Film Festival under the 'Window on Asian Cinema' section.

The film became the first Kannada film to be chosen as the inaugural film of the [[New York Indian Film Festival]] where it won the Best Screenplay Award and Akshatha Pandavapura won the Best Actor Award.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/karnataka/kannada-film-pinki-elli-wins-two-awards-new-york-indian-film-festival-2021-150642|title=Kannada film ‘Pinki Elli’ wins two awards at New York Indian Film Festival 2021|date=14 June 2021|website=The News Minute}}</ref> It also won the 2020 [[Karnataka State Film Awards|Karnataka State Film Award]] for [[Karnataka State Film Award for First Best Film|Best Film]], which was awarded in 2025.<ref name="T">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/karnataka-state-film-awards-2020-prajwal-akshata-best-actors-pinki-elli-wins-best-film/articleshow/118933729.cms|title=Karnataka State Film Awards 2020: Prajwal, Akshata best actors; Pinki Elli? wins best film|date=13 March 2025|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

;[[International Film Festival of India]] 2020
* Indian Panorama — Pinki Elli?

;[[Prague International Film Festival]] 2021
* Nominee Amnesty International Febiofest Award – Pinki Elli?

;[[Asian Film Festival, Barcelona]] 2021
* Winner Best Film (Panorama Section) — Pinki Elli?

;[[Hainan International Film Festival]] 2020
* Nominee [[Golden Coconut Awad]] – Pinki Elli?

;[[Mumbai Film Festival]] 2020
* Nominee [[Golden Gateway award]]

;[[Bengaluru International Film Festival]] 2021
* Winner Best Kannada Film – ''Pinki Elli?''/Prithvi Konanur
* Nominee Best Indian Film – ''Pinki Elli?''/Prithvi Konanur
* Nominee Best Asian Film – ''Pinki Elli?''/Prithvi Konanur

;[[Indian Film Festival of Melbourne]]
* Winner Best Director Special Jury Mention – Prithvi Konanur
* Nominee Best Indie Film – Pinki Elli?
* Nominee Best Actress – Akshatha Pandavapura
;[[Critics’ Choice Film Awards]] 2024
* Nominee Best Supporting Actress - Gunjalamma

;[[Karnataka State Film Awards]] 2020
* Winner [[Best Film]] – Pinki Elli?
* Winner [[Best Director]] – Prithvi Konanur
* Winner [[Best Actress]] – Akshatha Pandavapura

;[[Filmfare Awards South]] 2024
* Winner [[Best Film-Critics]] – Pinki Elli?/Prithvi Konanur
* Nominee [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Kannada|Best Supporting Actress]] — Gunjalamma
* Nominee [[Best Actress]] – Akshatha Pandavapura

;[[Kolkata International Film Festival]]
* Nominee Best Director – Prithvi Konanur
* Nominee Best Film – Pinki Elli?

;[[New York Indian Film Festival]]
* Winner [[Best Screenplay]] – Prithvi Konanur
* Winner [[Best Actress]] – Akshatha Pandavapura
* Nominee [[Best Film]] – "Pinki Elli?"

;Fipresci India Grandprix
* Nominee Top 10 Indian Films of 2020 – ''Pinki Elli?''

;Ottawa Indian Film Festival 2023
* Winner Best Screenplay – Prithvi Konanur
* Winner Best Actress Special Mention – Akshatha Pandavapura
* Nominee Best Film – Pinki Elli?

;Festival Screenings
* [[International Film Festival of Kerala]]
* Chennai international Film Festival
* [[Hong Kong International Film Festival]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|12670516}}

[[Category:2020 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Kannada-language drama films]]
[[Category:2020 Indian films]]
[[Category:2020 drama films]]

George Adam Smith

2026-03-25T22:40:41Z

MuoiBraley9009: added new entry.

{{Short description|Scottish theologian (1856–1942)}}
{{Other people|George Smith}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|honorific_prefix = [[Sir]]
|name = George Adam Smith
|image = File:Rev George Adam Smith in 1895.png
|caption = George Adam Smith in 1895
|honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|FRSE|FBA}}
|order =
|title = Principal of the [[University of Aberdeen]]
|term_start = 1909
|term_end = 1935
|predecessor = [[John Marshall Lang|Reverend John Marshall Lang]]
|successor = [[William Hamilton Fyfe|Sir William Hamilton Fyfe]]
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1856|10|19||df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Calcutta]], India
|death_date = {{death date and age|1942|3|2|1856|10|19|df=y}}
|death_place = [[Balerno]], [[Edinburgh]], Scotland
|education = [[Royal High School, Edinburgh]]
|alma_mater = [[University of Edinburgh]]
|profession = Theologian
|spouse = {{marriage|Alice Lillian Buchanan|1889}}
|children = 7, including [[Alick Buchanan-Smith, Baron Balerno|Alick, Baron Balerno]] and [[Janet Adam Smith|Janet]]
}}

:''Note in particular that this George Smith is to be distinguished from [[George Smith (Assyriologist)]] (1840–1876) who researched in some overlapping areas.''
[[File:Queen's Cross Church - geograph.org.uk - 450233.jpg|thumb|Queen's Cross Church, Aberdeen]]
[[File:The grave of George Adam Smith, Currie Churchyard.jpg|thumb|300px|The grave of George Adam Smith, [[Currie, Edinburgh|Currie]] Churchyard]]
'''Sir George Adam Smith''' {{Post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|FRSE|FBA}} (19 October 1856 – 3 March 1942) was a Scottish theologian. He was the [[Principal of the University of Aberdeen]] between 1909 and 1935 and an important figure in the [[United Free Church of Scotland]]. His [[magnum opus]] was ''[[The Historical Geography of the Holy Land]]'', published in 26 editions between 1894 and 1935.

==Life==
He was born in [[Calcutta]], where his father, [[George Smith (1833-1919)|George Smith]], [[Order of the Indian Empire|C.I.E.]], was then Principal of the Doveton College, a boys' school in [[Madras]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} His mother was Janet Colquhoun Smith (née Adam).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://genealogy.links.org/links-cgi/readged?/home/ben/camilla-genealogy/current+!0:156598+2-2-0-1-0|title = George SMITH}}</ref> By 1870 the family had returned to [[Scotland]] and were living at Scagore House in [[Seafield, Edinburgh]].

He was educated at [[Edinburgh]] in the [[Royal High School (Edinburgh)|Royal High School]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} He then studied Divinity at the [[University of Edinburgh]] and the [[New College, Edinburgh|New College]], graduating MA in 1875.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}}

After studying for summer semesters as a postgraduate at the [[University of Tübingen]] (1876) and the [[University of Leipzig]] (1878) and travelling in [[Egypt]] and [[Syria]], he was ordained into the [[Free Church of Scotland (1843-1900)|Free Church of Scotland]] in 1882 and served at the Queen's Cross Free Church in [[Aberdeen]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002|date=July 2006|publisher=The Royal Society of Edinburgh|isbn=0-902-198-84-X|url=https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp2.pdf|access-date=18 July 2018|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074135/https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp2.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1892 he was appointed Professor of Hebrew<ref>{{Cite journal|jstor = 3140304|title = The Rev. George Adam Smith, D.D., Professor of Hebrew in the Free Church College, Glasgow, Scotland|journal = The Biblical World|volume = 8|issue = 1|pages = 1–7|last1 = Bruce|first1 = Alexander Balmain|year = 1896|doi = 10.1086/471902|s2cid = 144129947|doi-access = free}}</ref> and [[Old Testament]] subjects in the [[Trinity College, Glasgow|Free Church College]] at [[Glasgow]]. In 1900 (at its creation) he moved from the Free Church of Scotland to the [[United Free Church of Scotland]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002|date=July 2006|publisher=The Royal Society of Edinburgh|isbn=0-902-198-84-X|url=https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp2.pdf|access-date=18 July 2018|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074135/https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp2.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1909, he was appointed Principal and Vice Chancellor of the [[University of Aberdeen]], a post he held until his retirement in 1935. He was elected a [[Fellow of the British Academy]] in 1916, and was [[Knight Bachelor|knighted]] in the same year.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=29483 |date=22 February 1916 |pages=1946–1947}}</ref>

He served as [[Moderator of the General Assembly]] of the United Free Church of Scotland in 1916-17.<ref>These facts of his life are largely drawn from S.A. Cook,'George Adam Smith 1856-1942', ''Proceedings of the British Academy'', vol.xxviii (London: Oxford University Press).</ref>

In 1917, he was elected a Fellow of the [[Royal Society of Edinburgh]]. His proposers were [[John Horne]], [[Cargill Gilston Knott]], [[Ben Peach]] and [[John Sutherland Black]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002|date=July 2006|publisher=The Royal Society of Edinburgh|isbn=0-902-198-84-X|url=https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp2.pdf|access-date=18 July 2018|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074135/https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp2.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

He was appointed a [[Ecclesiastical Household|Chaplain-in-Ordinary]] to King [[George V]] in 1933,<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=33983 |date=3 October 1933|page=6351}}</ref> and reappointed by King [[Edward VIII]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=34306 |date=20 July 1936 |page=4665}}</ref> and King [[George VI]].<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=34376 |date=2 March 1937 |page=1407}}</ref>

From 1924 to 1938 he was Patron of the [[Seven Incorporated Trades of Aberdeen]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.seventradesofaberdeen.co.uk/patrons-over-the-years/#|website=Seven Incorporated Trades of Aberdeen|title=Patrons}}</ref>

He died at home, "Sweethillocks" in [[Balerno]] south-west of [[Edinburgh]] on 3 March 1942. He is buried with his wife and children in the north-east corner of [[Currie, Edinburgh|Currie]] Cemetery in south-west [[Edinburgh]].{{citation needed|date=September 2021}}

==Family==
In 1889 he married Alice Lillian Buchanan (1866-1949), daughter of [[George Buchanan (physician)|Sir George Buchanan]] MD FRS.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.glasgowwestaddress.co.uk/1909_Glasgow_Men/Smith_Rev_George_Adam.htm|title=Rev. George Adam Smith}}</ref> They had seven children:

*George Buchanan Smith (1890-1915);
*Robert Dunlop Smith (1892-1917);
*Lilian May Buchanan Drew (1894-1980);
*[[Alick Buchanan-Smith, Baron Balerno]] (1898-1984);
*Kathleen Paget Thomson (1900-1941), married [[George Paget Thomson]];
*[[Janet Adam Smith]] (1905-1999);
*Margaret Buchanan Smith Clarke (1910-2000).

==Works==
*[https://archive.org/details/bookofisaia01smitb ''The Book of Isaiah'' (The Expositor’s Bible)] (Vol.1., 1888)
*[https://archive.org/details/bookofisaia02smit ''The Book of Isaiah'' (The Expositor’s Bible)] (Vol.2., 1890)
*''The Preaching of the Old Testament to the Age'' (1893)
*''[[The Historical Geography of the Holy Land]]'' (1894-1935, 26 editions)
*''Four Psalms: XXIII, XXXVI, LII, CXXI, Interpreted for Practical Use'' (1896)
*''The Book of the Twelve Prophets'' (The Expositor’s Bible) (2 vols., 1896, 1898)
*''The Life of [[Henry Drummond (evangelist)|Henry Drummond]]'' (1899).
*''Modern Criticism and Preaching of the Old Testament'' (1901)
*''[[Encyclopaedia Biblica]]'' (contributor) (1903)
*''The Forgiveness of Sins, and other Sermons'' (1905)
*[https://archive.org/details/cu31924083674295 ''Jerusalem: The Topography, Economics and History from the Earliest Times to A.D. 70''] (Vol 1., 1907)
*[https://archive.org/details/cu31924083674154 ''Jerusalem: The Topography, Economics and History from the Earliest Times to A.D. 70''] (Vol 2., 1907)
*''The Early Poetry of Israel in its Physical and Social Origins'' (the [[Schweich Lectures]] for 1910)
*''War and peace: Two Sermons in King’s College Chapel, University of Aberdeen'' (1915)
*''[[Atlas of the Historical Geography of the Holy Land]]'' (HGHL; 1915)[http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/digital/collections/cul/texts/ldpd_7032971_000/ldpd_7032971_000.pdf]
*''Syria and the Holy Land'' (1918)
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=42BbAAAAMAAJ ''The Book of Deuteronomy, in the Revised Version, with Introduction and Notes''] (1918)
*''Our Common Conscience: Addresses delivered in America during the Great War'' (1919)
*''Jeremiah'' (the [[Baird Lecture]] for 1922)
*''The Kirk in Scotland 1560 – 1929'' (with [[John Buchan]]) (1930)
*''The Legacy of Israel'' (with others) (1944)
*''The Book of the Twelve Prophets'' (1906)

==Bibliography==
* Iain D. Campbell, ''Fixing the Indemnity: The Life and Work of Sir George Adam Smith (1856-1942)'' (Carlyle, Paternoster Press, 2004) (Paternoster Theological Monographs - PTM).

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*{{EB1911|wstitle=Smith, George Adam|volume=25|page=261}}

== External links ==
* {{Gutenberg author |id=5016| name=George Adam Smith}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=George Adam Smith |sopt=t}}

{{S-start}}
{{s-aca}}
{{S-bef| before = [[John Marshall Lang|Reverend John Marshall Lang]]}}
{{s-ttl|title = [[Principal of the University of Aberdeen|Principal and Vice-Chancellor]] of the [[University of Aberdeen]]|years = 1909—1935}}
{{s-aft|after= [[William Hamilton Fyfe|Sir William Hamilton Fyfe]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Principals of the University of Aberdeen}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Smith, George Adam}}
[[Category:1856 births]]
[[Category:1942 deaths]]
[[Category:Scottish Christian theologians]]
[[Category:Academics of the University of Aberdeen]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:People educated at the Royal High School, Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Fellows of the British Academy]]
[[Category:Christian clergy from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:Historians of Israel]]
[[Category:Palestinologists]]
[[Category:Principals of the University of Aberdeen]]
[[Category:19th-century ministers of the Free Church of Scotland]]
[[Category:19th-century Scottish Presbyterian ministers]]

Harishchandrapur Assembly constituency

2026-03-23T16:27:15Z

MuoiBraley9009: adjusted information per standard format and fixed typos to improve readability

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Harishchandrapur
| type= SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Harishchandrapur.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Harishchandrapur Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Tajmul Hossain]]
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Malda district|Malda]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Maldaha Uttar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Maldaha Uttar]]
| constituency_no = 46
| established = 1951
| electors = 252,487
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Harishchandrapur Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Malda district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per the orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], No. 46 Harishchandrapur Assembly constituency covers [[Harishchandrapur II (Community development block)|Harishchandrapur II]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]] (CDB) and Bhingole, Harishchandrapur and Mahendrapur [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Harishchandrapur I (Community development block)|Harischandrapur I]] CDB.<ref name =delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 | access-date = 12 July 2014 | work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India}}</ref>

Harishchandrapur Assembly constituency is part of No. 7 [[Maldaha Uttar (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name =delimitation/> It was earlier part of [[Raiganj (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Name
! colspan=2| Party
|-
| [[1952 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
| Ram Hari Roy
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| [[Md. Elias Razi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
| [[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Birendra Kumar Moitra
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="3"|[[Md. Elias Razi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
| [[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
| {{Full party name with color|Workers Party of India|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|-
| [[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Goutam Chakravarty
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| Birendra Kumar Moitra
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
| [[Abdul Wahed]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
| rowspan="3" | Birendra Kumar Moitra
| {{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
| [[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
| [[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| [[Mostaque Alam]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Tajmul Hossain]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|-
| [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| [[Mostaque Alam]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| [[Tajmul Hossain]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Harishchandrapur}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Md Matibur Rahaman|party=Trinamool Congress|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ratan Das|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Khalil Sekh|party=Left Front (West Bengal)|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Mostaque Alam|party=Indian National Congress|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2021]]: Harishchandrapur constituency }}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Tajmul Hossain
|votes = 122,527
|percentage = 60.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Md. Matiur Rahaman
|votes = 45,054
|percentage = 22.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Mostaque Alam]]
|votes = 29,396
|percentage = 14.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =
|candidate = Rest of the candidates + NOTA (None of the above)
|votes = ~6,000
|percentage = 2.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 77,473
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|loser = Indian National Congress
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2016]]: Harishchandrapur constituency }}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Alam Mostaque
|votes = 95075
|percentage = 55.39
|change =

}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Tajmul Hossain
|votes = 42190
|percentage = 24.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sanvarlal Kedia
|votes = 25889
|percentage = 15.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 17857
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|loser = All India Trinamool Congress
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
In the 2011 election, Tajamul Hossain of AIFB defeated his nearest rival [[Mostaque Alam]] of Congress.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Harishchandrapur constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=46 |title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Harishchandrapur |publisher = Empowering India |access-date = 8 April 2011 |archive-date = 9 June 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130609120828/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=46 |url-status = usurped }}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Forward Bloc
|candidate = Tajmul Hossain
|votes = 62,019
|percentage = 46.19
|change = -0.48
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Mostaque Alam]]
|votes = 59,578
|percentage = 44.37
|change = -0.80
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Rina Saha
|votes = 6,033
|percentage = 4.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Efrajul Hoque
|votes = 3,876
|percentage = 2.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Monowara Begam
|votes = 1,815
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Gouri Sankar Kedia
|votes = 942
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 134,263
|percentage = 83.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Forward Bloc
|swing = +0.32
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1977–2006===
In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006 state assembly elections]]<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}</ref> Tajmul Hossain of [[All India Forward Bloc|Forward Bloc]] won the Harishchandrapur assembly seat defeating his nearest rival [[Mostaque Alam]] of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. [[Mostaque Alam]] of Congress defeated Birendra Kumar Maitra of Forward Bloc in 2001.<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}</ref> Birendra Kumar Maitra of Forward Bloc defeated [[Mostaque Alam]] of Congress in 1996<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}</ref> and Abdul Wahed of Congress in 1991<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}</ref> and 1987.<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}</ref> Abdul Wahed of Congress defeated Subhash Chaudhury of Forward Bloc in 1982.<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}</ref> Birendra Kumar Maitra of [[Janata Party]] defeated Mohammad Elias Razi of [[Workers Party of India|WPI]] in 1977.<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp42.htm | title = 42 - Harishchandrapur Assembly Constituency | work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India| access-date = 26 September 2010}}</ref>

===1951–1972===
Goutam Chakravarty of Congress won in 1972.<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}</ref> Md. Elias Razi of WPI/ Independent won in 1971,<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}</ref> 1969<ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 9 July 2014}}</ref> and 1967.<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}</ref> Birendra Kumar Maitra of Congress won in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]].<ref name=vidhansabha1962>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}</ref> Md. Elias Razi contesting as an independent candidate won in [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]].<ref name=vidhansabha1957>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1957, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}</ref> In [[1952 West Bengal state assembly election|independent India's first election in 1951]], Ramhari Roy of Congress won the Harishchandrapur seat.<ref name=vidhansabha1952>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_WestBengal.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1951, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Malda topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Malda district]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]

Indian locomotive class WDG-4

2026-03-22T06:54:49Z

MuoiBraley9009:

{{Short description|Indian Railways freight class diesel locomotive}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2011}}
{{Infobox locomotive
| name = WDG-4
| powertype = [[Diesel–electric]]
| image = KZJ WDG4 TWINS.jpg
| caption = Kazipet WDG-4 Twins (4500 HP GT46ACe variants) standing at Bilaspur Jn.
| builder = [[Electro-Motive Diesel|EMD]] [[Banaras Locomotive Works|BLW]]
| serialnumber = 12001–12999,70001-70190
70301–70882
| buildmodel = [[List of EMD locomotives|GT46MAC]] (1997–2007) [[List of EMD locomotives|GT46ACe]] (2007–2016) [[List of EMD locomotives|JT46ACe]] (2013–2018)
| builddate = (EMD) 1997–1998 (BLW) 2002–2018
| totalproduction = WDG-4: '''1188''' WDG-4D: '''583''' (Mainline Production has stopped, but happens occasionally for Non-Railway Customers)
|Britishclass=[[Co-Co locomotive|Co-Co]]
|uicclass=Co′Co′
| gauge = {{track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}}
| trucks = HTSC
| length = {{convert|21.26|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|4.11|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| locoweight = {{convert|126,000|kg|lb|abbr=on}} or {{convert|126|t|LT ST|abbr=on}}
| axleload = {{convert|21,000|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| fueltype = [[Diesel fuel]]
| fuelcap = 6,100 Litres
| primemover = [[EMD 710|EMD 16-710G3B]]
| enginetype = [[Two-stroke engine|two-stroke]] [[V16 engine|V16]] [[Diesel engine|diesel]]
| displacement = {{convert|186.2|L|cuin|abbr=off|sp=us}}
| aspiration = [[Turbocharger|turbocharged]]
| alternator = TA-17-CA6A AC
| cylindercount = 16
| transmission = [[Diesel–electric transmission|diesel–electric]]
| tractionmotors = 1 [[inverter]] per truck, [[Alternating current|AC]] traction motors
| maxspeed = {{convert|105|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}
| poweroutput = {{convert|4,000|hp|kW|-1|abbr=on}} / {{convert|4,500|hp|kW|-1|abbr=on}}
| tractiveeffort = {{convert|540|kN|lbf|abbr=on}}
| fleetnumbers = WDG-4: 12001–12999 & 70001–70190 WDG-4D: 12681 & 70301–70882
| operator = [[Indian Railways]], [[Sri Lanka Railways]] [as locomotive class [[Locomotives of Sri Lanka Railways#Class M — Diesel Electric Locomotives|M-11]], Down-tweaked to 3,250 HP (2.4 MW) using a [[EMD 710|v12-710]] prime mover]
| locobrakes = [[Railway air brake|Air]]
| trainbrakes = Graduated Release Twin Pipe [[Railway air brake|Air]] Brake, [[Dynamic braking|Dynamic Brakes]], Blended
}}

The '''Indian locomotive class WDG-4 (EMD GT46MAC)''' is a type of six-axle ([[Co-Co locomotives|Co-Co]]) [[freight]]-hauling [[diesel–electric locomotive]] with AC electric transmission designed by [[Electro-Motive Diesel|General Motors Electro-Motive Diesel]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gmemd.com/en/locomotive/international/gt46mac/ |title=GM EMD: GT46MAC |access-date=2006-11-19
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20040303123345/http://www.gmemd.com/en/locomotive/international/gt46mac/ |archive-date = 2004-03-03}}</ref> in 1997–1998 for [[Indian Railways]], where they are classed as '''WDG-4'''. Derived from the [[EMD SD70MAC]], it is powered by a {{convert|4000|hp|kW|abbr=on|lk=on}} [[v16 engine|16-cylinder]] [[EMD 710|EMD 710G3B]] prime mover. Thirteen were built by EMD as order #958647, and a further eight were exported in kit form and assembled in India. The class entered service in 1999. A Dedicated Passenger version of this locomotive, the '''WDP-4''' ([[EMD GT46PAC]]), has also been produced, with a Bo1-1Bo Wheel Configuration, which entered service in 2001. These locomotives are also famous for, and can be identified by, the distinct [[Turbofan|Jet Turbine Engine]]–like sounding property of the EMD 710 prime mover.

Further construction has been under license in India by the [[Banaras Locomotive Works|Banaras Locomotive Works (BLW)]], with the first purely indigenously built WDG-4 locomotive, numbered 12022, that rolled out in 2002. More than 60 additional locomotives have been built {{As of|2006|lc=on}}. They are numbered from #12001 upward.

{{As of|2007|08}}, EMD and DLW have begun building GT46ACe's using [[IGBT]] technology to replace the older [[gate turn-off thyristor]] technology and along with increase of 500 hp, ie, {{convert|4500|hp|MW|abbr=on}}, using the Newly tweaked EMD 16N-710G3B-EC, like the passenger [[WDP-4B]] have been produced. Newer versions with widened ''Piggy-face'' cab profile for enhanced visibility, just like the later variants of WDP-4's and WDP-4B's were also produced.

{{As of|2013|14}}, DLW began building the Dual Cab version, EMD JT46ACe, called '''WDG-4D''', based on the passenger variant [[WDP-4D]] locos, same for both-side visibility. Here again, many features, including IGBT and 4,500 hp have been carried on from the single cab GT46ACe's. The first WDG-4D, numbered 12681, is named "Vijay". Later WDG-4D's were numbered from 70301, as the 12*** series came to an end in 2014 and got switched to 70*** series. Over 1,500 such locomotives, including both WDG-4's and WDG-4D's are currently in operation.

Indian Railways has also developed the WDG-4 series into [[WDG-5|EMD GT50AC]] (aka WDG-5), using a v20-710G prime mover, based on the [[SD80MAC]], rated at 5,500 HP (4,130 kW). However, this locomotive has turned out to be a Failure, due to various reasons.

Since the year 2017, BLW (DLW then) began manufacturing such locomotives for Non-Railway Customers. The first such locomotive, which would be a Dual-Cab WDG-4D, rolled out to serve [[Odisha Power Generation Corporation]] (OPGC), in March 2017. Three WDG-4D locomotives currently serve OPGC.{{As of?|date=September 2024}} As of 2024, two new Single-Cab ''Piggy-face'' WDG-4 locomotives have been manufactured and rolled out for [[Obra Thermal Power Station]], based at Sonbhadra, Uttar Pradesh.

==Train Services==
this diesel pull 90% goods train and 10% passenger trains in 2010s-2020s
*[[Karnataka Express]] (ICF rakes)
*[[Chalukya Express]] (ICF rakes)
*[[Konark Express]] (ICF rakes)
*[[Rajdhani Express]] (LHB rakes)
*[[Shatabdi Express]] (LHB rakes)
*[[Suvidha Express]] (LHB rakes)
*[[Kanchanjunga Express]] (both LHB and ICF rakes)

==Locomotive sheds==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="2" style="background:skyBlue;"|Zone
! rowspan="2" style="background:skyBlue;"|Name
! rowspan="2" style="background:skyBlue;"|Shed Code
! colspan="2" style="background:skyBlue;"|Quantity
|-
! style="background:skyBlue;"|WDG-4/4D
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]] ||[[Pune Junction railway station|Pune]]|| PADX
|83
|-
| [[Kalyan Junction railway station|Kalyan]] || KYDX
|66
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]|| [[Andal Junction railway station|Andal]] || UDLD
|148
|-
| rowspan="1" | [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railway]] || [[Patratu railway station|Patratu]] || PTRX
|79
|-
| [[East Coast Railway zone|East Coast Railway]] || [[Diesel Loco Shed, Visakhapatnam |Visakhapatnam]] || WATD
|131
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]] || [[Diesel Loco Shed, Ludhiana|Ludhiana]] || LDHD
|26
|-
| [[Lucknow Charbagh railway station|Lucknow]] || AMVD
|58
|-
| [[Tughlakabad railway station|Tughlakabad]] || TKDD
|49
|-
| |[[North Eastern Railway zone|North Eastern Railway]] ||[[Izzatnagar railway station|Izzatnagar]] || IZND
|14
|-
|[[North Central Railway zone|North Central Railway]]
|[[Jhansi Junction railway station|Jhansi]]
|JHSD
|70
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railway]] || [[New Guwahati railway station|New Guwahati]] || NGCD
|37
|-
| [[Siliguri Junction railway station|Siliguri]] || SGUD
|156
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[North Western Railway zone|North Western Railway]] || [[Bhagat Ki Kothi railway station|Bhagat Ki Kothi]] || BGKD
|37
|-
| [[Abu Road railway station|Abu Road]] || ABRD
|116
|-
|rowspan="3" | [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]] || [[Diesel Loco Shed, Golden Rock|Ponmalai Goldenrock]] || GOCD
|75
|-
|| [[Diesel Loco Shed, Ernakulam|Ernakulam]] || ERSX
|24
|-
|| [[Diesel Loco Shed, Tondiarpet|Tondiarpet]] || TNPD
| 14
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[South Central Railway zone|South Central Railway]] || [[Kazipet railway station|Kazipet]] || KZJD
|76
|-
| [[Diesel Loco Shed, Gooty|Gooty]] || GYD
|4
|-
|[[Vijayawada Junction railway station|Vijayawada]] || BZAD
|23
|-
| rowspan="1" | [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]] || [[Bondamunda railway station|Bondamunda]] || BNDX
|129
|-
|[[South East Central Railway zone|South East Central Railway]] || [[Raipur Junction railway station|Raipur]] || RPDX
|75
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[South Western Railway zone|South Western Railway]] || [[Krishnarajapuram railway station|Krishnarajapuram]] || KJMD
| 26
|-
| [[SSS Hubballi railway station|Hubballi]] || UBLD
|146
|-
| [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]] || [[Diesel Loco Shed, Sabarmati|Sabarmati]]
|| SBTD
|35
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[West Central Railway zone|West Central Railway]] || [[Diesel Loco Shed, Itarsi|Itarsi]] || ETD
|58
|-
| colspan="3" |'''Total Locomotives Active as of March 2026'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Diesel loco availability targets|url=https://elocos.railnet.gov.in/Holding/Dsl_Mar'2026.pdf | access-date=2026-03-04}}</ref>
| colspan="3" | 1755
|}


==Non-Railway Operators==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="2" style="background:Orange;"|Name of the Operator
! colspan="2" style="background:Orange;"|Quantity
|-
! style="background:Orange;"|WDG-4/4D
|-
|[[Odisha Power Generation Corporation]]
|3
|-
|[[Obra Thermal Power Station]]
|2
|}

==See also==
*[[Indian locomotive class WDP-4]]
*[[List of diesel locomotives of India]]
*[[Indian Railways]]
*[[Rail transport in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|EMD GT46MAC locomotives}}
*[http://www.rdso.indianrailways.gov.in/works/uploads/File/Spec-4500HP-2400.43_rev_04_corrted_final_%2026.09.pdf Detailed Specifications for the WDG4]

{{Broad gauge locomotives of India}}
{{EMD misc}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:WDG-4}}
[[Category:Diesel–electric locomotives of India|G-4]]
[[Category:Co-Co locomotives]]
[[Category:Banaras Locomotive Works locomotives]]
[[Category:Electro-Motive Diesel locomotives|G46TMAC]]
[[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge locomotives]]
[[Category:Railway locomotives introduced in 1997]]
[[Category:Freight locomotives]]

Udhana–Navsari Highway

2026-03-19T10:09:59Z

MuoiBraley9009: Article updated with latest changes

{{Short description|Indian highway}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
[[File:Busyudhana.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Busy Udhana-Navsari Highway]]
The '''Udhana–Navsari Highway''', colloquially the "U.N. Road", connects the city of [[Surat]] with [[Navsari]], the capital of Parsi headquarters in the state of [[Gujarat]], [[India]]. It is a major artery of commerce and public transport,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desai |first=Devansh |date=2025-09-21 |title=Surat Rain: Fifth Day of Water-logging Stalls traffic on Udhna–Navsari Road English Bombay Samachar |url=https://english.bombaysamachar.com/gujarat/surat-rain-fifth-day-of-water-logging-stalls-traffic-on-udhna-navsari-road/ |access-date=2026-03-19 |website=English Bombay Samachar |language=en-US}}</ref> and is witnessing a major construction boom along its route to Navsari. In July 2025, some of the main roads including in Navsari, were closed temporarily due to heavy rains.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-22 |title=Yellow alert issued in 6 districts today: Heavy rain on first day of Navratri, organisers worry over Garba celebrations - Gujarat News |url=https://www.bhaskarenglish.in/local/gujarat/news/gujarat-monsoon-yellow-alert-six-districts-today-heavy-rain-on-navratri-first-day-organisers-worry-over-garba-celebrations-135983218.html |access-date=2026-03-19 |website=Bhaskar English |language=en}}</ref> In June 2025, a flyover was also planned on the Surat-Navsari road at Udhana tran rasta at a cost of Rs.89.1 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DeshGujarat |date=2025-06-17 |title=SMC plans two more bridges in the city |url=https://deshgujarat.com/2025/06/17/smc-plans-two-more-bridges-in-the-city/ |access-date=2026-03-19 |website=DeshGujarat |language=en-US}}</ref>
==See also==
[[List of tourist attractions in Surat]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Udhana - Navsari Highway}}
[[Category:Roads in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Transport in Surat]]

== References ==
<references />
{{India-road-stub}}

Shari (actress)

2026-03-16T21:00:25Z

MuoiBraley9009: added references

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name =
| image =
| birth_name = Sadhana
| birth_date =
| occupation = [[Actor|Film actor]]
| parents = Subramaniam, Lakshmi Devi
| spouse = {{marriage|Kumar|1991}}
| children = Kalyani (b.1996)
| relatives = [[Ashwanth Thilak]] (nephew)
}}

'''Sadhana''', better known by her stage name '''Shari''', is an Indian actress. She was a prominent [[lead actress]] from 1982 to 1995 in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]], [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]], [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]], and [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] films.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/malayalamContentView.do?contentId=16753155&programId=7940855&channelId=-1073750705&BV_ID=@@@&tabId=3 |title=Breaking News, Kerala news, latest news, India, Kerala politics, sports, movies, celebrities, lifestyle, E-paper, Photos & Videos |publisher=Manorama Online |access-date=1 December 2016 |archive-date=26 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026205259/http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/malayalamContentView.do?contentId=16753155&programId=7940855&BV_ID=@@@&channelId=-1073750705&tabId=3 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Personal life==

Sadhana was born to Subramaniam and Lakshmi Devi in Andhra Pradesh. She is a trained classical dancer who learned [[Bharata Natyam]] from [[Padma Subrahmanyam]] and [[Kuchipudi]] from [[Vempati Chinna Satyam]]. She had her primary education from [[Saraswathi Vidyalaya Matriculation Higher Secondary School]], Chennai. She is the granddaughter of famous Kannada actress B. Ramadevi.

She married Kumar, a businessman, in 1991. They have a daughter, Kalyani born in 1996.<ref>{{cite web |title=ശാരിക്ക്‌ പത്മരാജന്‍ നല്‍കിയ സമ്മാനം |url=http://www.mangalam.com/cinema/interviews/315584?page=0,0 |publisher=mangalamvarika.com |access-date=15 May 2015 |archive-date=13 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813210326/http://origin.mangalam.com/cinema/interviews/315584?page=0,0 |url-status=live }}</ref>
She resides with her family in Chennai.

==Career==

She rose to fame after [[Malayalam]] film ''[[Namukku Parkkan Munthiri Thoppukal]]'' (1986'')''. She received [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress]] for the same. In the Tamil industry, she is known as ''Sadhana.'' She received her first offer in a supporting role in ''[[Hitler Umanath]]'' in 1982 where she played Sivaji Ganesan's daughter. However she gained attention in her role as the heroine in ''[[Nenjathai Allitha]]'' (1984) where she was paired with [[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]].

==Awards==

* 1986 [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress]] - [[Namukku Parkkan Munthiri Thoppukal]]
* 1986 Kerala State Film Critics Award - second best actress - Namukku Parkkan Munthiri Thoppukal
* 1986 Filmfare Award - Best Actress - Namukku Parkkan Munthiri Thoppukal
* 2017 Flowers TV awards - Best supporting actress -Nilavum Nakshatrangalum

==Filmography==

===Malayalam===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1984 || ''Ningalil Oru Sthree'' || Sindhu ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 1986 || ''[[Namukku Parkkan Munthiri Thoppukal]]'' || Sofia ||
|-
| ''[[Desatanakkili Karayarilla]]'' || Sally ||
|-
| ''[[Onnu Muthal Poojyam Vare]]'' || Elizabeth ||
|-
| rowspan=17 | 1987 || ''[[Athinumappuram]]'' || Shobha ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Maymasa Pulariyil]]'' || Suicided lady ||
|-
| ''[[Ithaa Samayamaayi]]'' || Leelamma ||
|-
| ''[[Naaradan Keralathil]]'' || Kousalya ||
|-
| ''Nirabhedangal'' || Susie ||
|-
| ''Kalathinte Shabdam'' || Radha ||
|-
| ''[[Theertham (film)|Theertham]]'' || Mercy ||
|-
| ''[[Kottum Kuravayum]]'' || Rani ||
|-
| ''[[Ithente Neethi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Archanapookkal'' || Saritha ||
|-
| ''Jaithra Yaathra'' || Geetha ||
|-
| ''[[Ponnu]]'' || Maya ||
|-
| ''[[Nombarathi Poovu]]'' || Anitha ||
|-
| ''[[Aankiliyude Tharattu]]'' || Sridevi ||
|-
| ''[[Vilambaram (1987 film)|Vilambaram]]'' || Valsala ||
|-
| ''[[Veendum Lisa]]'' || Lisa ||
|-
| ''Ellaavarkkum Nanmakal'' || Balan's lover ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 1988 || ''[[Aparan (film)|Aparan]]'' || Anna ||
|-
| ''[[Onninu Purake Mattonnu]]'' || Molly ||
|-
| ''Thaala'' || Thaala ||
|-
| ''[[Ponmuttayidunna Tharavu]]'' || Dance teacher ||
|-
| ''Rahasyam Paramarahasyam'' || Deepa ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 1989 || ''[[Season (film)|Season]]'' || Indira ||
|-
| ''[[Mrigaya (1989 film)|Mrigaya]]'' || Selina ||
|-
| ''Jeevitham Oru Raagam'' || Chithra ||
|-
| ''[[Jaathakam]]'' || Shyamala ||
|-
| ''[[Maharaajaavu]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=6 | 1990 || ''[[Kelikottu]]'' || Usha ||
|-
| ''Commander'' || Bharathi ||
|-
| ''[[Thaalam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kalikkalam]]'' || Meera Nair ||
|-
| ''[[Maanmizhiyaal]]'' || Lakshmi ||
|-
| ''Sthreekku Vendi Sthree'' || Mrs. Rajesh/Advocate ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 1991 || ''Utharakandam'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Arangu (film)|Arangu]]'' || Alice ||
|-
| ''[[Kanalkkattu]]'' || Sathi ||
|-
| ''[[Ennum Nanmakal]]'' || Rama ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 1992 || ''[[Savidham]]'' || Tessy ||
|-
| ''Annu Good Friday'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Aadhaaram]]'' || Amina ||
|-
| ''[[Simhadhwani]]'' || Sarala ||
|-
| ''Mahaan'' || Jackson's sister ||
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Aachaaryan]]'' || Sumithra ||
|-
| 1995 || ''Sundharimaare Sookshikkika'' || Priya ||
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Sayahnam]]'' || Amala's mother ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2002 || ''Njaan Raajaavu'' || Stella ||
|-
| ''Basket'' || Saradha ||
|-
| 2003 || ''Mayamohithachandran'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2007 || ''[[Raakilipattu]]'' || Arundhathi ||
|-
| ''[[Chocolate (2007 film)|Chocolate]]'' || Eleena John ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2008 || ''[[Positive (2008 film)|Positive]]'' || Winnie's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Hyderabad Sultans|Sulthan]]'' || Nishi's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Novel]]'' || Manju ||
|-
| ''[[LollyPop]]'' || Jennifer's real mother ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2010 || ''[[Pulliman (2010 film)|Pulliman]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Mummy & Me]]'' || Mary Thomas ||
|-
| rowspan=7 | 2011 || ''[[Mohabbath (2011 film)|Mohabbath]]'' || Sajna's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Doctor Love (film)|Doctor Love]]'' || Ebin's mother ||
|-
| ''Snehaadaram'' || ||
|-
| ''Ee Dhanya Muhoorttham'' || ||
|-
| ''Kadhayile Nayika'' || Sophiya ||
|-
| ''[[Sandwich (2011 film)|Sandwich]]'' || Sreedevi ||
|-
| ''[[Bombay March 12]]'' || Shajahan's mother ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2012 || ''Karppooradeepam'' || Meritta ||
|-
| ''[[Kalikalam]]'' || Meenakshi ||
|-
| ''[[Padmasree Bharat Dr. Saroj Kumar]]'' || Shyam's mother ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2013 || ''[[Maad Dad]]'' || Sarala ||<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sudhish |first1=Navamy |title=Director Revathy S Varma, on 'Mad Dad' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/2012/Jul/31/director-revathy-s-varma-on-mad-dad-392523.html |access-date=1 April 2024 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=31 July 2012}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Rebecca Uthup Kizhakkemala]]'' || Soshamma ||
|-
| ''[[Orissa (film)|Orissa]]'' || Christhudas's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Red Rain (2013 film)|Red Rain]]'' || Victim's mother ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2014 || ''[[Vasanthathinte Kanal Vazhikalil]]'' || Theyi ||
|-
| ''Bad Boys'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Law Point]]'' || Umadevi ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Jilebi (2015 film)|Jilebi]]'' || Silpa's mother ||
|-
| 2016 || ''Kannirinum Madhuram'' || Dr. Seethalakshmi ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2017 || ''Bobby'' || || Archive footage/Uncredited cameo (from ''[[Namukku Parkkan Munthirithoppukal]]'')
|-
| ''Meenakshi'' || Rohan's mother ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2022 || ''[[Aquarium (film)|Aquarium]]'' || Mother Superior ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=HC grants permission to release 'Aquarium' after 10 years |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/hc-grants-permission-to-release-aquarium-after-10-years-1.7419695 |access-date=4 April 2023 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |date=9 April 2022 |language=en |archive-date=8 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008190124/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/hc-grants-permission-to-release-aquarium-after-10-years-1.7419695 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Jana Gana Mana]]'' || Shabana ||
|-
| ''Viddikalude Mash'' || Janaki ||
|-
| ''[[Saturday Night (2022 film)|Saturday Night]]'' || Nirmala Davis ||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Kunjamminis Hospital]]'' || Dr. Rashmi Balan ||
|-
|}

===Tamil===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1982 || ''[[Hitler Umanath]]'' || Umanath's daughter ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1984 || ''[[Nenjathai Allitha]]'' || Radhika ||
|-
| ''Vai Sollil Veeranadi'' || Nagalakshmi ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 1985 || ''[[Arthamulla Aasaigal]]'' || Jaya ||
|-
| ''[[Chain Jayapal]]'' || Padma ||
|-
| ''Sithirame Sithirame'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Unnai Thedi Varuven]]'' || Anita ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1986 || ''[[Kulirkaala Megangal]]'' || Vasi ||
|-
| ''[[Naanum Oru Thozhilali]]'' || Padma ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 1987 || ''[[Raja Mariyadhai]]'' || Meena ||
|-
| ''[[Veendum Lisa|My Dear Lisa]]'' || Lisa ||
|-
| ''[[Kavalan Avan Kovalan]]'' || Herself|| Special appearance
|-
| 1988 || ''[[Raththa Dhanam]]'' || Radha ||
|-
| 1989 || ''[[Enne Petha Raasa]]'' || Catherine ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 1990 || ''Vaaliba Vilayattu'' || Parvathi ||
|-
| ''[[Pathimoonam Number Veedu]]'' || Annam ||
|-
| ''[[Manaivi Oru Manickam]]'' || Female Serpent ||
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Vetri Karangal]]'' || Radha/Kalpana ||
|-
| 1992 || ''[[Ponnuketha Purushan]]'' || Anandhi ||
|-
| 1994 || ''[[Veeramani (film)|Veeramani]]'' || || Special appearance
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Raja Enga Raja]]'' || Prabha ||
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Nenjinile]]'' || Karunakaran's sister ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2000 || ''[[Snegithiye]]'' || Arundati ||
|-
| ''[[James Pandu]]'' || || Guest role
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Love Channel]]'' || Parimalam ||
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Pudhiya Geethai]]'' || Jo's mother ||
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Thotti Jaya]]'' || Brinda's mother ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2007 || ''[[Ammuvagiya Naan]]'' || Rani ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Ponnu Oru Paiyan]]'' || ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Aadatha Aattamellam]]'' || Kannan's mother ||
|-
|}

===Kannada===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1983 || ''Thayiya Nudi'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Onde Guri]]'' || ||
|-
| 1984 || ''[[Samayada Gombe]]'' || Mangala ||
|-
| 1985 || ''Brahma Gantu'' || ||
|-
| 1993 || ''Sita Anjaneya'' || ||
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Chandra Chakori]]'' || Puttaraju's mother ||
|-
|}

===Telugu===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=3 | 1983 || ''Mugguru Ammayila Mogudu'' || ||
|-
| ''Iddaru Kiladilu'' || ||
|-
| ''Moogavani Paga'' || ||
|-
| 1987 || ''[[Naanum Oru Thozhilali|Andarikante Ghanudu]]'' || ||
|-
| 1989 || ''Manchi Varu Maavaru'' || Radha ||
|-
| 1991 || ''Lady Inspector'' || Dr. Madhuri Devi ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1992 || ''[[Peddarikam]]'' || Chandra Shekarudu's wife ||
|-
| ''[[Teja (film)|Teja]]'' || Sarada ||
|-
|}

==Television==
===[[Malayalam]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"

! style="width:100px;"|Year
! style="width:150px;"| Title
! style="width:150px;"| Channel
! style="width:120px;"| Role
|-
|1997|| Snehadaram ||[[DD Malayalam]]||
|-
|1999|| Sindhooram ||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||
|-
|2000|| Sthree Oru Jwala ||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||
|-
|2001|| Swantham Malooty ||[[Surya TV]]||
|-
|2001|| Sapathni ||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||
|-
|2002|| Sparsham ||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||
|-
|2005|| Sthreedhanam ||[[Jeevan TV]]||
|-
|2008|| Vaishaka Sandhya ||||
|-
|2017|| Nilavum Nakshatrangalum ||[[Amrita TV]]||
|-
|2023||[[Manimuthu]]||[[Mazhavil Manorama]]||Herself
|-
|2024-2025||[[Gayathridevi Ente Amma]]||[[Mazhavil Manorama]]||Gayathridevi
|-
|2024||Pookkalam||[[Mazhavil Manorama]]||Sophia
|}

===[[Tamil language|Tamil]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
! style="width:100px;"| Year
! style="width:150px;"| Title

! style="width:150px;"| channel
! style="width:120px;"| Role
|-
| ||''Arthamulla Uravugal'' || ||
|-
|-
|||Love in Bangkok||[[Vasantham TV]]||
|-
|||Lakshmi Vanthachi|| ||
|-
|||Mariyadhai|| ||
|-
|||Iru Mugangal - Micro Thodar Macro Sinthanaigal|| ||
|-
|2000–2001 ||Take it easy Vazhkai||rowspan=8|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]||
|-
| 2000–2002 ||Gopuram ||
|-
|2002–2003 || Panam ||
|-
|2001–2002 ||Nambikai || Visalam
|-
|2002-2003|| [[Penn (2006 TV series)|Penn]]|| Indira
|-
|2003–2005||Avargal||
|-
|2006–2007||Sorgam||
|-
|2007|| Veppilaikkari||
|-
|2007|| Latchiyam ||[[Kalaignar TV]]||
|-
|2007||Nananyam||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]||
|-
|2007-2008||Namma Kudumbam ||rowspan=2|[[Kalaignar TV]]||
|-
|2008–2010|| [[Rekha IPS]] ||
|-
|2008-2009 || Kanmanayee ||rowspan=2|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]|| Amudha
|-
|2009–2015|| [[Thendral]] ||Padma Muthumanikkam
|-
|2009–2011|| Dhinam Dhinam Deepavali || [[Kalaignar TV]] ||
|-
|2009|| Thirumangalyam || [[Kalaignar TV]] ||
|-
|2009–2012 || [[Idhayam (2009 TV series)|Idhayam]] || [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]|| Valmiki's mother
|-
|2012-2014 || Vairakyam||[[Kalaignar TV]] || Dhanam
|-
|2013||[[Valli (TV series)|Valli]] ||rowspan=2|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]|| Bhanumathi
|-
|2014–2018|| [[Kalyana Parisu (TV series)|Kalyana Parisu]] || Gomathy Dharmalingam
|-
|2014–2017|| [[Kalyanam Mudhal Kadhal Varai]] ||[[Vijay TV]]|| Manju
|-
|2015–2016||[[Keladi Kanmani (TV series)|Keladi Kanmani]] ||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]|| Bhavani
|-
|rowspan=2|2017–2019|| [[Azhagiya Tamil Magal]] ||[[Zee Tamizh]]|| Rajamma
|-
|[[Chinna Thambi (TV series)|Chinna Thambi]] ||[[Star Vijay]]|| Prabha
|-
|2019–2020|| [[Nila (TV series)|Nila]]|| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]|| Kausalya Rajashekar
|-
|2020|| [[Anbudan Kushi (TV series)|Anbudan Kushi]] || [[Star Vijay]]|| Rajeswari (Raji)
|-
|2023-2025|| [[Maari (2022 TV series)|Maari]] ||[[Zee Tamil]]|| Thara
|-
|}

===[[Telugu language|Telugu]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
! style="width:150px;"| Title
! style="width:100px;"| Channel
! style="width:100px;"| Role
|-
|Karthavyam||Gemini TV||Meena IPS
|-
|Nanmakal||rowspan=5|[[ETV Telugu]]||
|-
|Vijayam||
|-
|Jayam||
|-
|Brundavanam||
|-
|Amma || Kasthuri
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|1117035}}
* [http://en.msidb.org/displayProfile.php?category=actors&artist=Shari&limit=55 Shari at MSI]

{{KeralaStateAwardForBestActress|state=collapsed}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shari}}
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Telugu actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]
[[Category:Actresses from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu television]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Mukesh Rishi

2026-03-11T07:14:07Z

MuoiBraley9009: small fix

{{short description|Indian actor, film producer (born 1956)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mukesh Rishi
| image = Mukesh_Rishi.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Rishi during a peace rally in [[Mumbai]] in 2011
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1956|04|19|df=yes}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 June 2021 |title=Mukesh Rishi's intense workout at the age of 65 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/hindi/mukesh-rishis-intense-workout-at-the-age-of-65/videoshow/83209012.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=10 August 2021 |archive-date=10 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810122154/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/hindi/mukesh-rishis-intense-workout-at-the-age-of-65/videoshow/83209012.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>{{Unreliable source? |date=April 2024}}
| birth_place = [[Jammu]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|film producer}}
| spouse = Keshni Rishi
| children = 2
| years_active = 1988–present
}}

'''Mukesh Rishi''' (born 19 April 1956) is an Indian actor and film producer who works primarily in [[Bollywood|Hindi]] and [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] films. He has also appeared in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]], [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]], [[Punjabi cinema|Punjabi]], [[Marathi cinema|Marathi]] and [[Tamil cinema|Tamil films]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mukesh Rishi: I am just a common man working for my 'rozi-roti' |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/films/mukesh-rishi-i-am-just-a-common-man-working-for-my-rozi-roti |website=National Herald |date=6 April 2020 |language=en |access-date=16 May 2020 |archive-date=25 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625200524/https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/films/mukesh-rishi-i-am-just-a-common-man-working-for-my-rozi-roti |url-status=live}}</ref> He got his first break in Hindi in 1993 with ''[[Gardish]]'' and has since, established himself as a notable supporting actor, generally as a villain.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Anuj |last1=Kumar |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Once-a-villain%E2%80%A6/article15399645.ece |title=Once a villain… |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url-access=subscription |date=10 October 2016 |orig-date=14 August 2008 |access-date=15 May 2022 |archive-date=15 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515121221/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Once-a-villain%E2%80%A6/article15399645.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Rishi was born in [[Jammu]]. After his graduation from [[Chandigarh|Government College, Sector 11, Chandigarh]], and working for two years in Mumbai, Rishi moved to Fiji for work, where he met his future wife, who is of Indo-Fijian ancestry. Her family ran a traditional departmental store.<ref name="Interview with Mukesh Rishi">Syed Firdaus Ashraf. [http://www.rediff.com/entertai/1999/may/24muk.htm Quite a Character] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170512141116/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/1999/may/24muk.htm |date=12 May 2017 }}. Interview with Mukesh Rishi. Rediff.com. Retrieved 8 August 2015.</ref> He has a lucrative investment portfolio including warehouse investments.

After marriage, they went to [[New Zealand]], where Mukesh started his career as a [[Model (person)|model]].<ref>{{cite news |first1=Anuj |last1=Kumar |date=18 July 2011 |orig-date=24 March 2007 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/terror-gets-a-name/article2242608.ece |title=Terror gets a name: Mukesh Rishi tells Anuj Kumar he is game for variety |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url-access=subscription |access-date=9 March 2020 |archive-date=23 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723190148/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/terror-gets-a-name/article2242608.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> However, he could hardly find time for modelling due to a busy work schedule and was dissatisfied with his modelling assignments. After seven years, he returned to [[Mumbai, India]] and enrolled in Roshan Taneja's acting school.<ref name="Interview with Mukesh Rishi"/>

==Filmography==

===Hindi films===
{{pending films key}}
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Hindi film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1993
| ''[[Parampara (1993 film)|Parampara]]''
| Thakur Bhavani Singh's Man
|
|-
| ''[[Gardish]]''
| Billa Jilani
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1995
| ''[[Surakshaa (1995 film)|Surakshaa]]''
| Jagtap
|
|-
| ''[[Baazi (1995 film)|Baazi]]''
| Raghu
|
|-
| ''[[Sanjay (film)|Sanjay]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Ram Shastra]]''
| Satpal Dhonga
|
|-
| rowspan="7" | 1996
| ''[[Shastra (film)|Shastra]]''
| Baadshah Khan
|
|-
| ''[[Saajan Chale Sasural]]''
| Nana
|
|-
| ''[[Bhishma (1996 film)|Bhishma]]''
| Nagesh Rana
|
|-
| ''[[Loafer (1996 film)|Loafer]]''
| Badshah
|
|-
| ''[[Sapoot]]''
| Tejeshwar
|
|-
| ''[[Ghatak: Lethal|Ghatak]]''
| Jeena, Katya's brother
|
|-
| ''[[Ram Aur Shyam (1996 film)|Ram Aur Shyam]]''
| Jabar
|
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1997
| ''[[Naseeb (1997 film)|Naseeb]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Mrityudaata]]''
| Rana Tonga
|
|-
| ''[[Judwaa]]''
| Ratanlal Tiger
|
|-
|''[[Kaalia (1997 film)|Kaalia]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaalia (1997) Cast - Actor, Actress, Director, Producer, Music Director |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/kaalia-8262/cast-crew |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref>
|Pratap Singh
|
|-
| ''[[Gupt: The Hidden Truth]]''
| Babu Anna
|Cameo
|-
| ''[[Lahu Ke Do Rang (1997 film)|Lahoo Ke Do Rang]]''
| Teja Shikari
|
|-
| rowspan="7" | 1998
| ''[[Hatyara (1998 film)|Hatyara]]''
| Singhania
|
|-
| ''[[Gunda (1998 film)|Gunda]]''
| Bulla
|
|-
| ''[[Vinashak – Destroyer]]''
| Ajgar
|
|-
| ''[[Humse Badhkar Kaun]]''
| Akal
|
|-
| ''[[Iski Topi Uske Sarr]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Zulm-O-Sitam]]''
| Police Commissioner
|
|-
| ''[[Bandhan (1998 film)|Bandhan]]''
| Gajendra
|
|-
| rowspan="8" |1999
|''[[Lohpurush]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lohpurush - Movie - - Box Office India |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/cast_crew.php?movieid=2463 |access-date=2025-01-31 |website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>
|Ganesh Tandiya
|
|-
| ''[[Nyaydaata]]''
| Jabbar / Lankeshwar / Jwala Prasad
|
|-
| ''[[Lal Baadshah]]''
| S.P. Ajit Singh
|
|-
| ''[[Aarzoo]]''
| C.L.Mishra
|Cameo
|-
| ''[[Sarfarosh (1999 film)|Sarfarosh]]''
| Inspector Saleem
|
|-
| ''[[Sooryavansham]]''
| Deshraj Thakur aka Kevda Thakur
|
|-
| ''[[Kohram]]''
| Ghafoor Changezi
|
|-
| ''[[Arjun Pandit (1999 film)|Arjun Pandit]]''
| Ramu Kaalia
|
|-

| rowspan="6" | 2000
| ''[[Jwalamukhi (2000 film)|Jwalamukhi]]''
| Ranga Rao
|
|-
| ''[[Pukar (2000 film)|Pukar]]''
| Bakshi
|
|-
| ''Qurbaaniyan''
| Singhania
|
|-
| ''[[Hamara Dil Aapke Paas Hai]]''
| Bhawani Chaudhry
|
|-
| ''[[Kurukshetra (2000 film)|Kurukshetra]]''
| Iqbal Pasina
|
|-
| ''[[Khiladi 420]]''
| Bhai
|
|-

| rowspan="3" | 2001
| ''[[Aashiq (2001 film)|Aashiq]]''
| Sapna's Brother
|
|-
| ''[[Jodi No.1 (film)|Jodi No.1]]''
| Baburao
|
|-
| ''[[Indian (2001 film)|Indian]]''
| Wasim Khan
|-

| rowspan="4" | 2002
| ''[[Tumko Na Bhool Paayenge]]''
| Inspector M.K.Sharma
|
|-
| ''[[Yeh Kaisi Mohabbat]]''
| ACP
|
|-
| ''[[Hum Kisise Kum Nahin (2002 film)|Hum Kisise Kum Nahin]]''
| Pillai's Brother
|
|-
| ''[[Maseeha]]''
| Surajbhan
|
|-

| rowspan="6" | 2003
| ''[[Dum (2003 Hindi film)|Dum]]''
| Raj Dutt Sharma
|
|-
| ''[[Indian Babu]]''
| Thakur Suraj Pratap Singh
|
|-
| ''[[Om (2003 film)|Om]]''
| DSP Pathan
|
|-
| ''[[Jaal: The Trap|Jaal]]''
| Afghani
|
|-
| ''[[Koi... Mil Gaya]]''
| Inspector Khurshid Khan
|
|-
| ''[[Dil Pardesi Ho Gayaa]]''
| Tabrez Baig
|
|-

| rowspan="3" | 2004
| ''[[Run (2004 film)|Run]]''
| Rajeev
|
|-
| ''[[Garv]]''
| Zafar Supari
|
|-
| ''[[Asambhav]]''
| Youssan Baksh
|
|-

| rowspan="3" | 2005
| ''[[The White Land]]''
| Social Worker
|
|-
| ''[[It Could Be You]]''
| Mr. Sidhu
|
|-
| ''[[Blackmail (2005 film)|Blackmail]]''
| Chota
|
|-

| rowspan="2" | 2006
| ''[[Vishwa]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Teesri Aankh: The Hidden Camera|Teesri Aankh]]''
| Sudama Pandey
|
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Fauj Mein Mauj]]''
| General
|
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Nehlle Pe Dehlla]]''
| Dilher
|Delayed film.
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Krazzy 4]]''
| Rana
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2010
| ''[[Lahore (film)|Lahore]]''
| Noor Mohammad
|
|-
| ''[[Khuda Kasam]]''
|Lalkar Singh
|Delayed film.
|-
| ''[[Ramayana – The Epic]]''
| [[Hanuman]]
|Animated film.
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Force (2011 film)|Force]]''
| Vijay Reddy (Anna)
|
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Khiladi 786]]''
| Ikhattar Singh
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2013
|''[[Rajdhani Express (film)|Rajdhani Express]]''
|S.I
|
|-
| ''[[Maazii]]''
| Malhaan Singh
|
|-
| 2014
| ''Ek Tha Sardar''
| Police Officer
| [[Deccani cinema|Deccani]] film
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Hum Tum Dushman Dushman]]''
| Anil Gujjar
|
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Mahayoddha Rama]]''
| Hanuman (voice)
|Animated film
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Raktdhar]]''
| Linga Shetty
|
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Gul Makai]]''
| [[Maulana Fazlullah]]
|
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Before You Die]]''
|
|
|-
|2025
|''[[Mere Husband Ki Biwi]]''
|Prabhleen’s father
|
|}

=== Telugu films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Telugu film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|1994
|''[[Gandeevam]]''
|Inspector Veeru Pentaiah
|
|-
|2000
|''[[Manoharam (2000 film)|Manoharam]]''
|Basha
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2001
|''[[Narasimha Naidu]]''
|Kuppu Swamy Naidu
|
|-
|''[[Adhipathi]]''
|Dunnapothula Dharma Rao
|
|-
|2002
|''[[Indra (2002 film)|Indra]]''
|Veera Shankar Reddy
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2003
|''[[Okkadu]]''
|[[Deputy Commissioner|DCP]] Vijay Varma
|
|-
|''[[Simhadri (2003 film)|Simhadri]]''
|Bhai Saab
|
|-
|''[[Palnati Brahmanayudu]]''
|Narsinga Naidu's friend
|
|-
|''[[Seetayya]]''
|Venkat Naidu
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2004
|''[[Nenunnanu]]''
|JP
|
|-
|''[[Aaptudu]]''
| Gangi Reddy
|
|-
|''[[Suryam]]''
| Madhulatha's father
|
|-
|''[[Vijayendra Varma]]''
| Aslam Khan
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2005
|''[[Bunny (2005 film)|Bunny]]''
|Maisamma
|
|-
|''[[Allari Pidugu]]''
| G. K.
|
|-
|''[[Okkade]]''
|Subbarayudu
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2006
|''[[Pournami (2006 film)|Pournami]]''
|Narasimha
|
|-
|''[[Bangaram (film)|Bangaram]]''
|Peddi Reddy
|
|-
|''[[Stalin (2006 film)|Stalin]]''
|Lt. Col. Iqbal Kakar
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2008
|''[[Jalsa]]''
|Damodar Reddy
|
|-
|''[[Kantri]]''
|Kranti's grandfather
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2009
|''[[Maska (2009 film)|Maska]]''
|Simhachalam
|
|-
|''[[Drona (2009 film)|Drona]]''
|Drona's father
|
|-
|''[[Arya 2]]''
|Raji Reddy
|
|-
|''[[Saleem (film)|Saleem]]''
|Appala Naidu
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2010
|''[[Namo Venkatesa]]''
|Chengala Rayudu / Shankar Thakur
|
|-
|''[[Shambo Shiva Shambo]]''
|Rajanna
|
|-
|''[[Darling (2010 film)|Darling]]''
|Nisha's father
|
|-
|''[[Brindavanam (2010 film)|Brindavanam]]''
|Surendra
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2011
|''[[Teen Maar]]''
|Vasumathi's father
|
|-
|''[[Rajanna]]''
| Landlord
|
|-
|''[[Dhada]]''
|Rhea's father
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2012
|''[[Rebel (2012 film)|Rebel]]''
|Jayram / Robert
|
|-
|''[[Racha (film)|Racha]]''
|Bellary
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2013
|''[[Baadshah (2013 film)|Baadshah]]''
|Dhanraj
|
|-
|''[[Ramayya Vasthavayya]]''
|Mosallapadu Nagabhushanam
|
|-
|''[[Attarintiki Daredi]]''
|Hari Nanda
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2014
|''[[Pandavulu Pandavulu Thummeda]]''
|Suryodhana
|
|-
|''[[Race Gurram]]''
|Peddi Reddy
|
|-
|''[[Power (2014 Telugu film)|Power]]''
|Home Minister Jayavardhan
|
|-
|''[[Loukyam]]''
|Keshava Reddy
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2015
|''[[Beeruva]]''
|Adikeshavulu
|
|-
|''[[Srimanthudu]]''
|Venkata Ratnam
|
|-
|''[[Sher (film)|Sher]]''
|Dadha
|
|-
|''[[Loafer (2015 film)|Loafer]]''
|Mouni's Father
|
|-
|''[[Bruce Lee - The Fighter|Bruce Lee]]''
|[[Intelligence Bureau (India)|IB]] Chief Bharadwaj
|
|-
|''[[Soukhyam]]''
|Krishna Rao
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2016
|''[[Krishnashtami]]''
|Raghupati
|
|-
|''[[Sardaar Gabbar Singh]]''
|Hari Narayana
|
|-
|''[[Brahmotsavam (film)|Brahmotsavam]]''
|Babu's distant relative
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017
|''[[Goutham Nanda]]''
|Mudra
|
|-
|''[[Winner (2017 film)|Winner]]''
|Dharmendra Reddy
|
|-
|rowspan=2|2018
|''[[Pantham]]''
|Anand Surana
|
|-
|''[[Kavacham (2018 film)|Kavacham]]''
| Mahendra Varma
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|2019
|''[[Vinaya Vidheya Rama]]''
|Pandyam Parasuram
|
|-
|''[[Maharshi (2019 film)|Maharshi]]''
| Bhanu Prasad
|
|-
|''[[Sye Raa Narasimha Reddy]]''
| Papa Khan
|
|-
|2021
|''[[Vakeel Saab]]''
| [[Member of Parliament|MP]] Korentla Rajendra
|
|-
|2022
|''[[Khiladi (2022 film)|Khiladi]]''
| [[Home Minister]] Guru Singham
|
|-
| rowspan="3"|2024 || ''[[Saindhav]]'' || Vishwamithra "Mithra" ||
|-
|''[[Buddy (2024 film)|Buddy]]'' || Aditya’s uncle ||
|-
|''[[Manamey]]'' || Kushi’s grandfather ||
|}

=== Malayalam films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Malayalam film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-|-
|1993
|''[[Gandharvam]]''
|Rangan
|
|-
|1999
|''[[Olympian Anthony Adam]]''
|Alvin
|
|-
|2003
|''[[War and Love (2003 film)|War and Love]]''
|Jaffar Khan
|
|-
|2007
|''[[Black Cat (2007 film)|Black Cat]]''
|ADGP Aggarwal
|
|}

=== Kannada films ===
* ''[[Namma Basava]]'' (2005) ACP Dhanraj
* ''[[Bhoopathi (2007 film)|Bhoopathi]]'' (2007) Aravind Ram
* ''[[Bombaat]]'' (2008) Mafia Don
* ''[[School Master (2010 film)|School Master]]'' (2010) Appu
* ''[[Kanteerava]]'' (2011) Bala Sab
* ''[[Maryade Ramanna]]'' (2011) Desai
* ''[[James (2022 film)|James]]'' (2022) Rathanlal

=== Punjabi films ===
* ''Mitter Pyare Nu Haal Mureedan Da Kehna'' (2004)
*''[[Waris Shah: Ishq Daa Waaris]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Taur Mittran Di]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Jatt James Bond]]'' (2014)
*''Sikka'' (2015)
*''Ishq My Religion'' (2019)
*''Nidarr'' (2023)
*''Nanak Naam Jahaz Hain'' (2024)
*''Badnaam'' (2025)

=== Bhojpuri movies ===

*''[[Dulhan Chahi Pakistan Se]]'' (2016)

=== Tamil movies ===
* ''[[Vallarasu]]'' (2000) as Wasim Khan
* ''[[Ramana (film)|Ramana]]'' (2002) as Jalandhar Singh
* ''[[Maattrraan]]'' (2012) as Amit Bhai
* ''[[Singam 2]]'' (2013) as Bhai, partner of Thangaraj ([[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]])
* ''[[En Vazhi Thani Vazhi (2015 film)|En Vazhi Thani Vazhi]]'' (2015) as Bhai

=== Marathi ===
* '' [[Balgandharva (film)|Balgandharva]] '' (2011) as [[Pathan]]
* '' [[Truckbhar Swapna]]'' (2021) as R.K.
* ''[[Sher Shivraj]]'' (2022) as [[Afzalkhan]]

=== Odia ===
* ''Aakhi Palakare Tu'' (2010)

===Television serials===
* ''[[The Sword of Tipu Sultan]]'' (1990)
* ''[[Chittod Ki Rani Padmini Ka Johur]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Prithvi Vallabh - Itihaas Bhi, Rahasya Bhi|Prithvi Vallabh]]'' (2018)

===Web series===
* ''[[Abhay (TV series)|Abhay]]'' (2019)
*''[[Indian Police Force (TV series)|Indian Police Force]]'' (2024)
* ''[[Salakaar]]'' as [[Zia-ul-Haq]] (2025)

==Awards and nominations==
*2000: '''Nominated''': [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor]] – ''[[Sarfarosh (1999 film)|Sarfarosh]]''
*2003: '''Nominated''': [[Filmfare Award for Best Villain – Telugu]] – ''[[Indra (2002 film)|Indra]]''
*2004: '''Nominated''': [[Filmfare Award for Best Villain – Telugu]] – ''[[Seetayya]]''

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name}}
{{Commons}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rishi, Mukesh}}
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Male actors in Bengali cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Bhojpuri cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Odia cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Punjabi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:People from Kathua district]]

Operation Alamelamma

2026-03-03T21:30:59Z

MuoiBraley9009: created data

{{Short description|2017 Kannada film directed by Simple Suni}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Operation Alamelamma
| image = Operation Alamelamma poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical Poster
| director = [[Suni (director)|Suni]]
| producer = Amrej Suryavanshi Suni
| writer = Suni
| starring = [[Rishi (Kannada actor)|Rishi]] [[Shraddha Srinath]] [[Rajesh Nataranga]]
| music = [[Judah Sandhy (Music Director)|Judah Sandhy]]
| cinematography = Abhishek Kasargod
| editing = Sachin B. Ravi
| studio = Suni Cinemas StarFab
| distributor = [[Hombale Films]] Sandalwood Geleyara Balaga
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2017|07|21|ref1=<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/movies/operation-alamelamma.html|title=Operation Alamelamma (2017) | Operation Alamelamma Movie | Operation Alamelamma Kannada Movie Cast & Crew, Release Date, Review, Photos, Videos|website=FilmiBeat}}</ref>}}
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Operation Alamelamma''''' is a 2017 Indian [[Kannada]] [[crime film|crime]] [[comedy thriller film]] directed by [[Simple Suni]] produced by Amrej Suryavanshi and Suni under production Starfab and Suni cinemas<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2016/may/10/operation-alamelamma-by-simple-suni-934981.html|title=Operation alamelamma by simple Suni|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The film features [[Rishi (Kannada actor)|Rishi]], [[Shraddha Srinath]] and [[Rajesh Nataranga]] in the lead roles. The film's score and soundtrack is composed by [[Judah Sandhy (Music Director)|Judah Sandhy]] whilst the cinematography is by Abhishek Kasargod and editing by Sachin.

''Operation Alamelamma'' is Suni's first attempt at a thriller and based on a kidnapping. The director gives us a glimpse of the teaser and explains, "The hero who is a vegetable vendor has this craze for bidding. He is also fascinated by big brands, but flaunts around fake brand clothing. His craze for brands traps him in a crime situation. Usually a movie plot revolves around a boy chasing after a girl, but here the hero is on a pursuit to find his parents as he is an orphan".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2016/dec/10/vegetable-vendor-releases-operation-alamelamma--teaser-1547504.html|title=Vegetable vendor releases Operation Alamelamma teaser|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

The movie was successful at the box office and ran for over 50 days in theatres. The movies was dubbed into [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] and [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Operation Alamelamma OTT release date: When and where to watch Rishi, Shraddha Srinath’s film in Telugu |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/operation-alamelamma-ott-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-rishi-shraddha-srinaths-film-in-telugu/4a4f68e6ae623 |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

==Plot==
The movie opens with the kidnapping of a boy, and how a seemingly innocent young man, Paramesh, gets entangled in the case. Paramesh [[also known as|aka]] Purmy ([[Rishi (Kannada actor)|Rishi]]) is an orphan working as an auctioneer at the vegetable market. His passion for branded articles makes him go for heavily discounted stuff. On one such occasion, he comes across Ms. Ananya ([[Shraddha Srinath|Shraddha]]), a school teacher who steals a dress from the store. He blackmails her to buy him coffee which leads on to romance developing between them. Meanwhile, Ananya's sick mother sets her up with a well to do groom. The plot revolves around how Purmy aids the police in their investigation intertwined with a past timeline of how he manages his love life.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Rishi (Kannada actor)|Rishi]] as Paramesh "Parmy", vegetable auctioneer
* [[Shraddha Srinath]] as Ananya, school teacher
* [[Rajesh Nataranga]] as Inspector Ashok Kumar K.
* [[Aruna Balraj]] as Alamelamma, Ananya's mother
* Sheelam M Swamy as Rahul
* Vishwa Vijeth as Inspector Harish
* Dheeraj Shetty
* Pranaya Murthy as Ranganna
* Sumukha Bharadwaj as John
* Karthik Rao Kordale as [[Constable]] Keshava Poojary
* Pramod Jaya
* Amrej Suryavanshi as person in mall (cameo; uncredited)
}}

==Production==
In August 2016, [[Suni (director)|Suni]] announced his next film as ''Operation Alamelamma''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/suni-on-oa-kannada-news-158806.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411141049/http://www.indiaglitz.com/suni-on-oa-kannada-news-158806.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 April 2017|title=- Kannada News|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref>

==Marketing==
On 9 December 2016, the film's teaser was released with a unique concept. The teaser was launched by a vegetable vendor at Rajajinagar market as the lead character in the film is a vegetable vendor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/The-cat-is-not-out-of-the-bag-yet-/articleshow/55914703.cms|title=The cat is not out of the bag yet...|website=Bangalore Mirror|date=11 December 2016}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = ''Operation Alamelamma''
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Judah Sandhy (Music Director)|Judah Sandhy]]
| cover =
| border = yes
| alt =
| caption = Soundtrack cover
| released = 2017
| recorded = 2017
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 10:11
| label = Divo
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Badmaash (2016 film)|Badmaash]]
| prev_year = 2016
| next_title = [[Chamak (film)|Chamak]]
| next_year = 2017
}}

[[Judah Sandhy (Music Director)|Judah Sandhy]] who previously scored for ''[[Badmaash (2016 film)|Badmaash]]'' (2016), composed the film's background and scored for its soundtrack.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/operation-alamelamma/YeR6om6sgrE_|title=Operation Alamelamma - All Songs - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn|via=www.jiosaavn.com}}</ref> The soundtrack album consists of two tracks, including one theme song.

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Alaga Alaga
| extra1 = Abhinandan Mahishale, Judah Sandhy, Shreya Sundar Iyer
| lyrics1 = K. B. Pavan
| length1 = 3:58
| title2 = Tili Sanje
| extra2 = Preethi Bharadwaj
| lyrics2 = Nagarjun Sharma
| length2 = 3:29
| title3 = Operation Alamelamma Title Track
| extra3 = [[Judah Sandhy]]
| lyrics3 = [[Simple Suni]]
| length3 = 3:00
| title4 =
| extra4 =
| lyrics4 =
| length4 =
| title5 =
| extra5 =
| lyrics5 =
| length5 =
}}

==Reception==
===Critical response===
Shashiprasad S.M from [[Deccan Chronicle]] says "The rest of the operation runs nearly perfect keeping the audience guessing about the real kidnapper. It's neat, lovable, laughable and few tit bits of emotional sentiments make the operation a great success, and the patient is definitely cured of boredom for a great two plus hours of simple fun & entertainment".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/230717/operation-alamelamma-movie-review-get-abducted-for-fun-and-entertainment.html |title=Operation Alamelamma movie review: Get abducted for fun and entertainmet |date=23 July 2017|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|language=en|access-date=25 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121191257/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/230717/operation-alamelamma-movie-review-get-abducted-for-fun-and-entertainment.html |archive-date=21 November 2023}}</ref> Shyam Prasad S from [[Bangalore Mirror]] wrote "Operation Alamelamma is not a routine Sandalwood film. But compared to the other new-generation films, falls short of expectations".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/operation-alamelamma-movie-review-a-flimsy-operation/articleshow/59702223.cms |title=OPERATION ALAMELAMMA MOVIE REVIEW: A FLIMSY OPERATION |date=21 July 2017 |work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|language=en|access-date=25 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180322054805/http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/operation-alamelamma-movie-review-a-flimsy-operation/articleshow/59702223.cms |archive-date=22 March 2018}}</ref> Nelki Naresh Kumar from [[Hindustan Times]] wrote "The love story has been stretched to a great extent. The scenes where Paramesh wins Ananya's heart again after the engagement is over are silly. Police investigation goes beyond logic".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/operation-alamelamma-movie-review-in-telugu-shraddha-srinath-crime-thriller-movie-streaming-on-aha-ott-121698558350813.html |title=Operation Alamelamma Review: ఆప‌రేష‌న్ అల‌మేల‌మ్మ రివ్యూ - జెర్సీ హీరోయిన్‌ శ్ర‌ద్ధా శ్రీనాథ్ ఓటీటీ మూవీ ఎలా ఉందంటే? |date=29 October 2023 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]|language=te|access-date=25 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125014848/https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/operation-alamelamma-movie-review-in-telugu-shraddha-srinath-crime-thriller-movie-streaming-on-aha-ott-121698558350813.html |archive-date=25 November 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|7222976}}
* {{Facebook|operationalamelamma}}

{{Suni (director)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Operation Alamelamma}}
[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:2017 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2017 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian black comedy films]]
[[Category:2017 black comedy films]]
[[Category:2017 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Suni]]

Kakawin Bhāratayuddha

2026-03-03T21:02:28Z

MuoiBraley9009: improved information to improve readability

{{Short description|Balinese palm-leaf manuscript}}
{{moresources|date=August 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
[[File:Bharatayuddha-Gunning.png|thumb|First page of Gunning's kakawin Bhāratayuddha (1903) in Javanese characters]]
{{Indonesian mythology and folklore}}
'''Kakawin Bhāratayuddha''' is an [[Old Javanese language|Old Javanese]] poetical rendering of some books (''parva'') of the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' by [[Mpu Sedah]] and his brother [[Mpu Panuluh]] in Indian meters (''kāvya'' or ''[[Kakawin]]'').<ref name="monitor">{{cite web |title=Kakawin Bharatayuddha, warisan indah di masa Jayabhaya |url=https://monitor.co.id/2018/11/06/kakawin-bharatayuddha-warisan-indah-di-masa-jayabhaya/ |website=Monitor |date=6 November 2018 |access-date=20 January 2021}}</ref> The commencement of this work was exactly 6 November 1157 by Sedah, and finished by Panuluh.<ref name=indianized>{{Cite book
| last = Cœdès
| first = George
| authorlink = Georges Coedès
| title = The Indianized states of Southeast Asia
| publisher = University of Hawaii Press
| year = 1968
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=iDyJBFTdiwoC
| isbn =9780824803681 }}</ref>{{rp|168}} The year of the composition is given in a chronogram ''sanga-kuda-śuddha-candramā'' which gives the year 1079 Saka. This is the equivalent of 1157 AD. [[Bhāratayuddha]] means "India's War" or "War of Bharat".<ref name="monitor" />

It is about the great war between the [[Pāndava]]s and the [[Kaurava]]s on the [[Kuru (kingdom)|Kuru]] field.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ras |first1=J. J. |title=Masyarakat dan kesusastraan di Jawa |year=2014 |location=Jakarta |isbn=978-9794618998 |edition=Cetakan pertama |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fu1hDAAAQBAJ&q=kakawin+bharatayuddha&pg=PA166}}</ref>

==Manuscripts of Bhāratayuddha==
With some hundred [[manuscript]]s that are listed in the catalogues of public libraries in various countries, Kakawin Bhāratayuddha is by far the most-often copied extant Old Javanese work.

==References==
{{reflist}}
==Further reading==
*[[J. G. H. Gunning]], 1903, ''Bhârata-yuddha: Oudjavaansch Heldendicht''. [[The Hague|‘s-Gravenhage]]:Martinus Nijhoff. (Text edition in [[Javanese script|Javanese characters]]).
*[[S. Supomo]], 1993, ''Bhâratayuddha'', [[New Delhi]]:International Academy of Indian Culture. {{ISBN|81-85689-43-1}}
*[[Petrus Josephus Zoetmulder|P. J. Zoetmulder]], 1974, ''Kalangwan. A Survey of Old Javanese Literature'', [[The Hague]]:Martinus Nijhoff. (Recension, pp. 256–262) {{ISBN|90-247-1674-8}}
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282182/page/n505/mode/2up An early partial edition and translation] contained in volume I of ''[[The History of Java]]'' by [[Stamford Raffles]] (1817).
* {{wikisource-inline|jv:Kakawin Bhāratayuddha}} (old editions and translations into Dutch)

==See also==
* [[Bharatayuddha]]
* ''[[Arjunawiwaha]]''
* ''[[Kakawin Hariwangsa]]''
* ''[[Kakawin Ramayana]]''
* ''[[Kakawin Sutasoma]]''
* ''[[Nagarakretagama]]''
* ''[[Pararaton]]''
* ''[[Śiwarātrikalpa]]''
* ''[[Smaradahana]]''

{{Works based on the Mahabharata}}
{{HinduMythology}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kakawin Bharatayuddha}}
[[Category:Works based on the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Kakawin|Bharatayuddha]]

{{Hindu-myth-stub}}
{{Poem-stub}}

Minmini Poochigal

2026-03-03T04:56:24Z

MuoiBraley9009: creating entry!

{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Minmini Poochigal.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = Raghu Vyaas
| producer = P. R. Janaga Raja
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Napoleon (actor)|Napoleon]]
* [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]]
* Bharath
* [[Yuvarani|Bhargavi]]
}}
| cinematography = Ramesh Vyaas
| editing = S. P. Bojaraj
| music = [[Adithyan]]
| studio = P.R.J. Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1993|4|14}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Minmini Poochigal''''' ({{Translation|Fireflies}})<ref>{{Cite web |last=Natarajan |first=Thirumaran |date=20 May 2020 |title=மின்மினிப் பூச்சிகள் எப்படி மின்னுகின்றன? |url=https://www.kuruvirotti.com/why-and-how/how-do-fireflies-glow/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/cNmSP |archive-date=25 October 2024 |access-date=25 October 2024 |website=Kuruvirotti |language=Ta}}</ref> is a 1993 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Teen film|teen]] [[romance film]] directed by Raghu Vyaas. The film stars [[Napoleon (actor)|Napoleon]], [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]], Bharath and [[Yuvarani]] (credited as Bhargavi). It was released on 14 April 1993.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Minmini Poochigal (Tamil) |url=http://actornepoleon.com/cinema/filmography/tamil-films/235-minmini-poochigal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/vuI0Z |archive-date=28 October 2024 |access-date=28 October 2024 |website=[[Napoleon (actor)|actornepoleon.com]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=October 2024}}
== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Napoleon (actor)|Napoleon]] as Victor
* [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] as Thangaraj
* Bharath as Bharath
* [[Yuvarani|Bhargavi]] as Bhargavi
* [[King Kong (actor)|King Kong]]
* [[Silk Smitha]]
* [[Disco Shanti]]
* [[J. Livingston|Livingston]]
* [[Ajay Rathnam]] as a police officer
* [[Vennira Aadai Moorthy|V. A. Moorthy]]
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Adithyan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1992 |title=Minimini Poochigal |url=https://gaana.com/album/minmini-poochigal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/X7YdB |archive-date=28 October 2024 |access-date=21 October 2024 |work=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Minmini Poochigal Tamil film Audio Cassette |url=https://mossymart.com/product/minmini-poochigal-tamil-film-audio-cassette/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/yANc1 |archive-date=28 October 2024 |access-date=25 October 2024 |website=Mossymart |language=en}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = En Yarum Ilatha
| extra1 = [[Sujatha Mohan]]
| length1 = 4:57
| title2 = Kanmaniku Nenjil
| extra2 = [[K. J. Yesudas]]
| note2 = Male
| length2 = 5:05
| title3 = Kanmaniku Nenjil
| extra3 = [[K. S. Chithra]]
| note3 = Female
| length3 = 5:05
| title4 = Ottaka Marangal
| extra4 = Adithyan
| length4 = 3:26
| title5 = Thithikkum Paaru
| extra5 = Subha
| length5 = 5:03
| title6 = Vaa Pulimaane
| extra6 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length6 = 4:47
| total_length = 28:23
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote that "Good camera-work and good treatment of the subject by Raghu Vyas [...], aided by good performances by Napolean and Bhargavi (new name of Yuvarani [...]) make it worth viewing.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Prasad |first=Ayyappa |date=23 April 1993 |title=Wholesome romance |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19930423&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=21 October 2024 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=7 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:1993 Indian films]]
[[Category:1993 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1990s teen romance films]]
[[Category:1993 films]]
[[Category:Films about prison escapes]]
[[Category:Films scored by Adithyan]]
[[Category:Indian teen romance films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Chembaruthi

2026-03-03T04:52:44Z

MuoiBraley9009: updated details

{{short description|1992 film by R.K. Selvamani}}
{{For|the 1972 Malayalam film|Chemparathy}}
{{Distinguish|Sembaruthi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Chembaruthi poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[R. K. Selvamani]]
| writer = R. K. Selvamani John Amirtharaj (dialogues)
| producer = [[Kovaithambi]]
| starring = [[Prashanth]] [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]]
| cinematography = [[Ravi Yadav]]
| editing = V. Udhayashankar
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = Motherland Movies
| distributor = Balakrishna Pictures<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 April 1992 |title=Chembarutti |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19920424&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=18 April 2024 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=4 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
| released = {{film date|1992|4|17|df=y}}
| runtime = 146 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Chembaruthi''''' ({{translation|[[Hibiscus]]}}) is a 1992 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Teen film|teen]] [[romantic drama film]] written and directed by [[R. K. Selvamani]] and produced by [[Kovaithambi]]. The film stars [[Prashanth]] and [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]] (in her [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] debut), while [[P. Bhanumathi]], [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], [[Radha Ravi]], and [[Mansoor Ali Khan (actor)|Mansoor Ali Khan]] play supporting roles. It was partially re-shot in Telugu as ''Chamanti'' with [[Kaikala Satyanarayana|Satyanarayana]] replacing [[M. N. Nambiar]].<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kIdpGlS9sPY&t=584s |title=Chamanthi {{!}} Telugu Full Movie {{!}} Prasanth {{!}} Roja {{!}} Vasavi {{!}} V9 Videos |date=14 November 2016 |language=Te |publisher=v9 Videos |time=9:44 |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> The music was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]], while editing was done by V. Udhayashankar and cinematography by [[Ravi Yadav]]. The film was released on 17 April 1992 and was a major box office success.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prasanth |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil/profile.php?id=16006107&cid=2409 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427191618/http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil/profile.php?id=16006107&cid=2409 |archive-date=27 April 2014 |access-date=27 October 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> It was remade in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Aao Pyaar Karen]]'' (1994).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Arunachalam |first=Param |title=BollySwar: 1991–2000 |publisher=Mavrix Infotech |isbn=9788193848210 |pages=439}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Raja is the grandson of a rich businesswoman and is settled in London. He comes to a village in India to see his grandmother. Chembaruthi is the sister of a poor fisherman Pandi, who works in Raja's grandmother's house. The couple first sees each other during Raja's birthday party, and it is [[love at first sight]] for Raja. They meet often, and their love grows by leaps and bounds. Raja's grandmother wants him to marry Malathy, the daughter of a rich seafood exporter named Murugan. At the party, they announce Raja's interest in Malathy. Raja realises that his relationship with the daughter of a poor fisherman is not taken kindly by his eccentric grandmother, and when she discovers Raja's love for Chembaruthi, she accuses Pandi of using his sister's beauty and charm to trap Raja for his money. She even offers Pandi cash to have Chembaruthi stop seeing Raja. Pandi feels very humiliated by this accusation and reciprocates by insulting Raja's grandmother. Their conversation enters a deadlock, spelling doom for Raja and Chembaruthi's tender love.

Raja's grandmother then engages him to be married to Malathy in order to establish business ties with her rich father. Murugan also has his sister betrothed to a fisherman named Kumar, but Raja and Chembaruthi run away from home. Raja's grandmother announces a reward for anyone who can help find her grandson. Murugan decides that he wants the money. He and his goons find the lovers, abduct them, and lock them up in a boat. Raja fights for Chembaruthi and saves her from drowning in the sea. Raja's grandmother then realises that their love is very strong, and she does not want to stand in the way of their happiness. She and Pandi accept their love and give their blessings to the union.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|*[[Prashanth]] as Raja Rathnam
*[[Roja Selvamani|Roja]] as Chembaruthi (Voice over by [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]])
*[[P. Bhanumathi|Bhanumathi]] as Bhuvaneshwari
*[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Murugan
*[[Radha Ravi]] as Pandi
* Vaasavi as Malathi
*[[Mansoor Ali Khan (actor)|Mansoor Ali Khan]] as Kumar
*[[M. N. Nambiar]] as Raja Rathnam, Raja's grandfather
* [[Kaikala Satyanarayana|Satyanarayana]] as Raja's grandfather (Telugu version)
*[[Vaishnavi (Malayali actress)|Vaishnavi]]
*[[Hemalatha]]
*Anitha
*Adeen Khan as Pinky
*John
*[[S. Rajasekar]] as Raja's father
}}

== Production ==
After the success of ''[[Captain Prabhakaran]]'' (1991), director [[R. K. Selvamani]] decided to make a film completely with newcomers which became ''Chembaruthi''. He initially cast debutants such as Raman Kapoor from Mumbai, Suchithra Krishnamurthy and Gayathri (of ''[[Aranmanai Kili]]'') in lead roles; however after shooting half of the film, he was unimpressed and scrapped it. Selvamani eventually cast [[Prashanth]] and [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2013 |title=செல்வமணி டைரக்ட் செய்த 'செம்பருத்தி'யில் ரோஜா அறிமுகம் |url=http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2013/09/07232207/selvamani-cinema-history.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130910060508/http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2013/09/07232207/selvamani-cinema-history.html |archive-date=10 September 2013 |access-date=14 May 2024 |website=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=Ta}}</ref> During the production of ''[[Urudhi Mozhi]]'', its producer [[Ravi Yadav]] approached Saravanan Sivakumar, later known as [[Suriya]], to portray the lead role in ''Chembaruthi''; however Saravanan's father [[Sivakumar]] refused the offer.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=2 October 2005 |title=திக்... திக்... நிமிடங்கள்! |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki2005-10-02/kalki2005-10-02.pdf |access-date=23 April 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=20–23 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 1992 |title=Chembaruthi (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/chembaruthi-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1577925205 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240424120244/https://music.apple.com/in/album/chembaruthi-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1577925205 |archive-date=24 April 2024 |access-date=24 April 2024 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref> He completed the soundtrack within 40 minutes.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kamath |first=Sudhish |author-link=Sudhish Kamath |date=3 September 2012 |title=The MAESTro's MAGIC continues |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/the-maestros-magic-continues/article3854443.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108152658/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/the-maestros-magic-continues/article3854443.ece |archive-date=8 January 2022 |access-date=8 February 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The song "Chalakku Chalakku" is set to the raga [[Chakravakam (raga)|Chakravakam]], "Chembaruthi Poovu" is set to [[Kapi (raga)|Kapi]],{{Sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=126}} "Kadalila Ezhumbura Alaigala" is set to [[Sindhu Bhairavi (raga)|Sindhu Bhairavi]],{{Sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=134}} "Nadandhal" is set to [[Keeravani]],{{Sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=145}} and "Nila Kayum" is set to [[Sankarabharanam (raga)|Sankarabharanam]].{{Sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=148}}

{{track listing
| headline = Tamil
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 36:04
| title1 = Chembaruthi Poovu
| lyrics1 = [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
| extra1 = [[K. S. Chithra]], [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[P. Bhanumathi|Bhanumathi]]
| length1 = 4:52
| title2 = Chalakku Chalakku
| lyrics2 = Vaali
| extra2 = [[S. Janaki]], Mano
| length2 = 4:54
| title3 = Ada Vanjiram
| lyrics3 = [[Piraisoodan]]
| extra3 = [[Malaysia Vasudevan]], Chorus
| length3 = 1:12
| title4 = Pattu Poove
| lyrics4 = [[Muthulingam (poet)|Muthulingam]]
| extra4 = S. Janaki, Mano
| length4 = 5:06
| title5 = Nadandhal
| lyrics5 = [[Piraisoodan]]
| extra5 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length5 = 5:04
| title6 = Nila Kayum
| lyrics6 = Vaali
| extra6 = S. Janaki, Mano
| length6 = 4:49
| title7 = Kadalile Ezhumbura Alaigala
| lyrics7 = Vaali
| extra7 = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| length7 = 5:01
| title8 = Kadile Thanimaiyile
| lyrics8 = [[Piraisoodan]]
| extra8 = [[Nagore E. M. Hanifa]], Mano
| length8 = 5:06
}}

{{track listing
| headline = Telugu (''Chamanthi'')<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 2014 |title=Chamanthi |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/3nRz4Xb9wuBXXTLCkJyhyF |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20230101060152/https://open.spotify.com/album/3nRz4Xb9wuBXXTLCkJyhyF |archive-date=1 January 2023 |access-date=23 December 2020 |website=[[Spotify]]}}</ref>
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 38:23
| title1 = Chamanthi Pushpa
| lyrics1 = [[Veturi]]
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]], [[P. Bhanumathi]]
| length1 = 5:55
| title2 = Ide Rajayogam
| lyrics2 = [[Rajasri (writer)|Rajasri]]
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra
| length2 = 5:13
| title3 = Chakkani Chikkani Chilaka
| lyrics3 = Rajasri
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra
| length3 = 5:00
| title4 = Paala Ponge
| lyrics4 = Rajasri
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra
| length4 = 5:16
| title5 = Kadale Neeku Thalli Thandri
| lyrics5 = Rajasri
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra
| length5 = 5:11
| title6 = Neekatha Needile
| lyrics6 = Veturi
| extra6 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length6 = 5:14
| title7 = Kadali Meeda Ontariga
| lyrics7 = Rajasri
| extra7 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, T. Srinivas
| length7 = 5:16
| title8 = Vanjaram – Bit
| lyrics8 = Rajasri
| extra8 = [[Malaysia Vasudevan]]
| length8 = 1:14
}}

== Reception ==
''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote the film is "akin to formula [[Hindi cinema|Hindi film]]" and praised the performances, music and cinematography.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 May 1992 |title=Chembarathi |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19920501&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=8 January 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=7 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Supraja Sridharan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised the director for conveying tender romantic feelings in an entertaining manner on the big screen while also praising the cinematography, editing and music.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஸ்ரீதரன் |first=சுப்ரஜா |date=24 May 1992 |title=செம்பருத்தி |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1992-05-24/page/n47/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230331132805/https://archive.org/details/kalki1992-05-24/page/n47/mode/2up |archive-date=31 March 2023 |access-date=31 March 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=46 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Sundararaman |title=Raga Chintamani: A Guide to Carnatic Ragas Through Tamil Film Music |publisher=Pichhamal Chintamani |year=2007 |edition=2nd |oclc=295034757 |orig-date=2005}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{R. K. Selvamani}}

[[Category:1992 Indian films]]
[[Category:1992 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1990s teen romance films]]
[[Category:1992 films]]
[[Category:1992 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films about families]]
[[Category:Films about fishermen]]
[[Category:Films about interclass romance]]
[[Category:Films about kidnapping in India]]
[[Category:Films about the caste system in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by R. K. Selvamani]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films set in London]]
[[Category:Films set on boats]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian teen romance films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic drama films]]

Aap Beati (Kandhlawi)

2026-02-23T03:33:33Z

MuoiBraley9009:

{{Short description|1970 autobiography by Zakariyya Kandhlawi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{AI-generated|date=February 2026|reason=since early versions, note [[WP:AISIGNS]] in superficial analyses, vocab distro typical of 2023 LLMs, etc, here and in user's other articles}}
{{Infobox book
| italic title = yes
| name = Aap Beati
| image = Cover of Aap Beati (Kandhlawi).jpg
| caption = English cover
| author = [[Zakariyya Kandhlawi]]
| title_orig = آپ بیتی
| orig_lang_code = ur
| country = [[India]]
| language = Urdu
| subject = [[Zakariyya Kandhlawi]]
| genre =[[Autobiography]]
| pub_date = 1970
| media_type = Print
| isbn = 9788171012480
| isbn_note = English version
| oclc = 23687920
| dewey = 920.71
| congress = BP80.Z2275 A313 2003
}}
'''''Aap Beati''''' ({{langx|ur|آپ بیتی}}) is a seven-volume autobiographical work authored by [[Zakariyya Kandhlawi]], first published in 1970. This book presents a historical account of Kandhlawi's formative years, early education, and encounters with renowned scholars of his time. It delves into his spiritual transformation and offers a recent picture of the circumstances and accomplishments of his predecessors.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Choughley |first=Abdul Kader |title=Biographical literature in Indo-Persian tradition |date=2011 |chapter=Islamic resurgence |publisher=D. K. Printworld |isbn=978-81-246-0573-8 |edition= |series=Islamic heritage in cross-cultural perspectives |location=New Delhi |pages=117 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Metcalf |first=Barbara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xcVU2vwIgKcC |title=The Past in the Present: Instruction, Pleasure, and Blessing in Maulānā Muḥammad Zakariyya's Aap Biitii |date=2004-12-30 |series=Telling Lives in India: Biography, Autobiography, and Life History |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-21727-1 |editor-last=Arnold |editor-first=David |pages=116–144 |language=en |author-link=Barbara D. Metcalf}}</ref> [[Taqi Usmani]] regards it as Zakariya Kandhlawi's most remarkable literary achievement.

== Background ==
This work is not an independent composition by Zakariya Kandhlawi. After the demise of [[Yusuf Kandhlawi]], Mohammad Sani Hasani Nadwi wrote ''Sawaneh-e-Yusufi''. When Zakariya Kandhlawi came across the chapter dedicated to him, he supplemented it with additional incidents and offered critical analysis on certain topics.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Chaudhary |first=Muhammad Nawaz |title=Religious and academic services of Hazrat Maulana Zakaria |publisher=[[University of the Punjab]] |year=1992 |location=Pakistan |language=ur |url=http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/8810 |type=PhD |access-date=13 June 2023 |archive-date=30 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830142215/http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/8810 |url-status=live |page=207}}</ref> Subsequently, upon the request of his friends, a section of his written manuscript was published as part of his book titled ''Strike'', featuring the chapter named ''Aap Beati''. The publication garnered positive feedback from readers who urged Zakariya Kandhlawi to expand upon it and include more educational events from his life. However, due to his primary focus on writing about [[Hadith]]-related subjects, he lacked the necessary time.{{Sfn|Chaudhary|1992|p=208}} In 1970, while undergoing treatment for eye problems at Gandhi Eye Hospital, [[Aligarh]], he recollected events from his past life and cherished moments with acquaintances, which were transcribed by a writer. Thus, the manuscript of this book was prepared within a span of eighteen days.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nadwi |first=Abul Hasan Ali Hasani |url=https://archive.org/download/nadwi/hayate-shaikhul-hadith-maulana-zakaria.pdf |title=Hayat-e Sheikh al-Hadith |publisher=[[Islamic Foundation Bangladesh]] |year=2000 |isbn=984-06-0548-8 |location=Dhaka |pages=97 |language=bn |translator-last=Jalalabadi |translator-first=Abdullah bin Saeed |author-link=Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi}}</ref>

== Content ==
The book covers a wide range of topics and experiences. It begins with a chapter on "Purity of Intention," emphasizing the importance of sincerity in one's actions. Subsequent chapters delve into various aspects of Zakariyya's life, including his birth, student life, teachings, and writings during his time at [[Mazahir Uloom]]. The book also discusses some of his personal flaws and bad habits that he recognized and worked on improving.

The chapters then proceed to explore Zakariyya Kandhlawi's life struggles, such as his wedding, [[Allah]]'s favor and grace upon him, details of his [[Hajj]] journey, and the [[partition of India]]. The book contains a miscellaneous section that includes topics such as the teaching methods of the Akabirs (elders), the importance of education, the significance of daily work for children, and the Akabirs' confidence in the Qur'an and Hadith.

Other chapters highlight the deserving salaries of the Akabirs (elders), their thoughts and reflections, the effects of the environment on individuals, their hard work and striving, their piety and fear of God, their relationships with prominent personalities and wealthy individuals, their humility, intelligence, wisdom, and instances of their miracles.

The book also addresses the responses of the Akabirs to criticism and disagreements among them. It includes miscellaneous topics, narrations of [[Sufism|Tasawwuf]] (spiritual teachings), and accounts of Zakariyya Kandhlawi's travels to [[Hejaz]] and Hindustan (India), as well as his visits to different places.

== Reception ==
[[Barbara D. Metcalf]], a professor at the [[University of California, Davis]], and president of the [[American Historical Association]], has praised Zakariya Kandhlawi's autobiographical writings, "''Aap Beati''," for unveiling a person of immense discipline, unwavering principles, humility, an unwavering dedication to advancing Islamic education, and profound connections with family, friends, and students.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Metcalf |first=Barbara D. |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-1093 |title=Zakariyya, Maulānā Muḥammad |series=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-530513-5 |language=en}}</ref> The Grand Mufti of Pakistan, [[Muhammad Shafi Deobandi|Shafi Usmani]], lauds this book as a valuable resource for fostering reconciliation and promoting reform.{{Sfn|Chaudhary|1992|p=209}} [[Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi]], the Chairman of the [[Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies]], aptly characterizes it as a vibrant portrayal and a firsthand account of the recent past, offering profound insights and enlightening perspectives for scholars, madrasa teachers, and newcomers in the scholarly field.{{Sfn|Nadwi|2000|p=97}} [[Taqi Usmani]] affirms the book's significance by stating, "This book is an invaluable resource for every Muslim, particularly scholars, as its narrative style is refreshingly candid and straightforward."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Usmani |first=Taqi |url=https://archive.org/details/Tabsre_201610 |title=Tabsre |publisher=Maktaba Ma'ariful Quran |year=2005 |location=Pakistan |pages=18 |language=ur |author1-link=Taqi Usmani}}</ref>

[[Saeed Ahmad Akbarabadi]], the Dean of the [[Faculty of Theology, Aligarh Muslim University|Faculty of Theology at Aligarh Muslim University]], appreciates the book as a valuable companion for individuals from all walks of life.{{Sfn|Maliq|2001|p=178}} [[Abdul Bari Nadvi]], from [[Osmania University]], expresses regret for not knowing about Zakariya Khandalawi's character and devotion earlier, but reading ''Aap Beati'' has inspired gratitude and a genuine dedication to supporting Khandalawi's cause.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Maliq |first=Abdul |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/293977 |title=Moulana Muhammad Zakariyya Hayatuhu Wa A Maluhu |publisher=Department of Arabic, [[University of Madras]] |year=2001 |location=India |language=ar |hdl=10603/293977 |degree=PhD |access-date=13 June 2023 |archive-date=21 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621140458/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/293977 |url-status=live |pages=178}}</ref> Moinuddin Ahmad Nadvi, the director of [[Darul Musannefin Shibli Academy]], recognizes the book's potential to positively influence readers and guide them towards what is beloved and pleasing to Allah.{{Sfn|Maliq|2001|p=178}}

== Translation ==
=== Bengali ===
[[File:Cover of Aap Beati (Kandhlawi) (Bengali).jpg|thumb|''Aap Beati'' by Thanwi Library]]
Muhammad Achiur Rahman, a teacher at [[Jamia Shariyyah Malibagh, Dhaka|Jamia Shariyyah Malibagh]] in Dhaka, translated this book into Bengali. The Bengali translation was published in 2009 in two volumes by Thanwi Library.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aap Beati 1–2 |url=https://www.rokomari.com/book/211846/apbiti-part-1-and-2 |access-date=2023-06-14 |website=Rokomari.com |language=en |archive-date=26 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726131416/https://www.rokomari.com/book/211846/apbiti-part-1-and-2 |url-status=live }}</ref> Another version of the translation was published by Mohammad Habibur Rahman from Al-Kawsar Publication.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rahman |first=Muhammad Habibur |title=Aap Beati 1–2 |url=https://www.rokomari.com/book/85503/affbiti-1-2 |access-date=2023-06-14 |website=Rokomari.com |language=bn}}</ref>

=== English ===
An English translation of this book was published in 2014 by Idara Impex.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aap Beti - Autobiography of Maulana Muhammad Zakariyya Kandhlawi |url=https://www.abebooks.com/9788171012480/Aap-Beti-English--Autobiography-Maulana-8171012485/plp |access-date=2023-06-14 |website=Abebooks |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Works of Zakariyya Kandhlawi]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [[iarchive:aap-beeti-molana-zakriya-kandhalvi|''Aap Beati'']] at [[Internet Archive]] (Urdu)
* [https://ia804605.us.archive.org/24/items/English-AtoL/Aap%20Beeti.pdf ''Aap Beati''] at [[Internet Archive]] (English)
*[https://besturdubooks.net/aap-beeti-audio-book/ ''Aap Beati''] at [[Internet Archive]] (Audio book)
{{Zakariyya Kandhlawi}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Deobandi biographical literature]]
[[Category:Books by Zakariyya Kandhlawi]]
[[Category:1970 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Indian non-fiction books]]
[[Category:History books about India]]
[[Category:Islam in India]]
[[Category:Indian autobiographies]]
[[Category:Indian biographies]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian books]]
[[Category:Religious autobiographies]]

Telephone numbers in India

2026-02-10T10:24:36Z

MuoiBraley9009: cleanup

{{Short description|None}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{multiple issues|
{{original research|date=May 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2018}}
}}
{{Infobox country telephone plan
| country = India
| country_link = India
| continent = Asia
| map_image = India (orthographic projection).svg
| map_caption = Location of India
| map_size = 220px
| map_alt =
| regulator = [[Department of Telecommunications]]
| plan_membership =
| plan_type = Closed
| nsn_length = 10
| number_format =
| plan_link = {{URL | http://www.dot.gov.in/national-numbering-plan-list | National Numbering Plan - 2003}}
| plan_date = 13 April 2015
| country_calling_code = +91
| international_prefix = 00
| trunk_prefix = 0
| codes_list =
}}

[[File:Map of the Subscriber Trunk Dialing codes of India.png|thumb|350px|STD code map of India]]
[[File:STD ISD PCO Indian telephone.jpg|thumb|A [[public call office]] (PCO) in [[Auroville]], [[India]]]]

'''Telephone numbers in India''' are administered under the ''National Numbering Plan of 2003'' by the [[Department of Telecommunications]] of the [[Government of India]]. The numbering plan was last updated in 2015. The country code "91" was assigned to India by the [[International Telecommunication Union]] in the 1960s.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=IcVjAAAAIAAJ&q=%22India%22 ''White Book''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101004045/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IcVjAAAAIAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22India%22 |date=2022-11-01 }}, Volume 2, Part 1, International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee, [[International Telecommunication Union]], 1969, page 31</ref>

==Fixed-line (landline) numbers==
[[Subscriber trunk dialling]] (STD) codes are assigned to each city, town and village. These codes can be between 2 and 8 digits long, with the largest metropolitan areas and cities having the shortest (two-digit) codes:
*'''11''' - [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]]
*'''22''' - [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
*'''33''' - [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
*'''44''' - [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
*'''20''' - [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]]
*'''40''' - [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]]
*'''79''' - [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]]
*'''80''' - [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]]

[[Classification of Indian cities|Second-tier cities and metropolitan areas]], as well as large or particularly significant towns have three-digit area codes:

*'''120''' - [[Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh|Ghaziabad]] and [[Noida]], Uttar Pradesh
*'''124''' - [[Gurugram]], [[Haryana]]
*'''129''' - [[Faridabad]], [[Haryana]]
*'''135''' - [[Dehradun]], [[Uttarakhand]]
*'''141''' - [[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]]
*'''160''' - [[Kharar, SAS Nagar|Kharar]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
*'''161''' - [[Ludhiana]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
*'''172''' - [[Chandigarh Capital Region]], [[Chandigarh]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and [[Haryana]]{{ref|cg}}
*'''175''' - [[Patiala]], [[Punjab]]
*'''181''' - [[Jalandhar]], [[Punjab]]
*'''183''' - [[Amritsar, Punjab]]
*'''191''' - [[Jammu]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]]
*'''194''': - [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]]
*'''233''' - [[Sangli]], [[Maharashtra]]
*'''240''' - [[Aurangabad]], [[Maharashtra]]
*'''241''' - [[Ahmednagar]], [[Maharashtra]]
*'''250''' - [[Vasai]]-[[Virar]], [[Maharashtra]]
*'''251''' - [[Kalyan-Dombivli]], [[Maharashtra]]
*'''253''' - [[Nashik]], [[Maharashtra]]
*'''257''' - [[Jalgaon]], [[Maharashtra]]
*'''260''' - [[Daman, India|Daman]], [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]
*'''261''' - [[Surat]], [[Gujarat]]
*'''265''' - [[Vadodara]], [[Gujarat]]
*'''343''' - [[Durgapur]], [[West Bengal]]
*'''413''' - [[Puducherry (city)|Puducherry]], [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
*'''422''' - [[Coimbatore]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
*'''431''' - [[Tiruchirappalli]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
*'''435''' - [[Kumbakonam]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
*'''452''' - [[Madurai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
*'''462''' - [[Tirunelveli]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
*'''469''' - [[Thiruvalla]], [[Pathanamthitta District]], [[Kerala]]
*'''471''' - [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]]
*'''474''' - [[Kollam]], [[Kerala]]
*'''477''' - [[Alappuzha]], [[Kerala]]
*'''478''' - [[Cherthala]], [[Alappuzha District]], [[Kerala]]
*'''481''' - [[Kottayam]], [[Kerala]]
*'''483''' - [[Malappuram]], [[Kerala]]
*'''484''' - [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]]
*'''485''' - [[Muvattupuzha]], [[Ernakulam District]], [[Kerala]]
*'''486''' - [[Pathanamthitta]], [[Kerala]]
*'''487''' - [[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]]
*'''490''' - [[Thalassery]], [[Kannur District]], [[Kerala]]
*'''495''' - [[Kozhikode]], [[Kerala]]
*'''497''' - [[Kannur]], [[Kerala]]
*'''512''' - [[Kanpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
*'''522''' - [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
*'''532''' - [[Prayagraj]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
*'''542''' - [[Varanasi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
*'''551''' - [[Gorakhpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
*'''562''' - [[Agra]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
*'''581''' - [[Bareilly]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
*'''591''' - [[Moradabad]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
*'''621''' - [[Muzaffarpur]], [[Bihar]]
*'''612''' - [[Patna]], [[Bihar]]
*'''641''' - [[Bhagalpur]], [[Bihar]]
*'''657''' - [[Jamshedpur]], [[Jharkhand]]
*'''712''' - [[Nagpur]], [[Maharashtra]]
*'''721''' - [[Amravati]], [[Maharashtra]]
*'''724''' - [[Akola]], [[Maharashtra]]
*'''751''' - [[Gwalior]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
*'''761''' - [[Jabalpur]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
*'''820''' - [[Udupi]], [[Karnataka]]
*'''821''' - [[Mysore]], [[Karnataka]]
*'''824''' - [[Mangalore]], [[Karnataka]]
*'''831''' - [[Belgaum]], [[Karnataka]]
*'''836''' - [[Hubli-Dharwad]], [[Karnataka]]
*'''863''' - [[Guntur]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
*'''866''' - [[Vijayawada]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
*'''870''' - [[Warangal]], [[Telangana]]
*'''891''' - [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
*'''3192''' - [[Port Blair]], [[South Andaman Island]], [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
*'''4896''' - [[Kavaratti]], [[Lakshadweep]]

The first-ever long-distance subscriber trunk dialing (STD) call in India was made between the cities of Kanpur and Lucknow in 1960.{{citation needed|date=September 2011}}

The total length of all phone numbers (area code and the phone number) is constant at 10 digits. For example, the number 7513200000 signifies the area code 751 (the area code for [[Gwalior]]) followed by the phone number.

Fixed-line or landline numbers are at most 8 digits long.

=== Fixed-line operators ===
Due to the availability of multiple operators offering fixed-line (landline) services (either wired or wireless), there is an operator code for each telephone number, which is the first digit in the phone number.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.trai.gov.in/sites/default/files/spaper13mar09.pdf|title=National Numbering Plan – a revised approach suggested by TRAI for achieving greater transparency and efficiency|date=March 2009|website=trai.gov.in|publisher=Telecom Regulatory Authority of India|pages=9–10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703073108/http://trai.gov.in/sites/default/files/spaper13mar09.pdf|archive-date=2017-07-03|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiacallinginfo.com/india-local-subscriber-numbers#india-landline-phone-numbers|title=Local Phone Number Formats in India|website=IndiaCallingInfo.com|publisher=CallingGuides.com|access-date=2018-01-25}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Operator !! Prefix
|-
| [[BSNL]] / [[MTNL]] || 2
|-
| [[Jio]] || 3
|-
| [[Bharti Airtel|Airtel]] || 4
|-
| [[MTS India|MTS]] / HFCL || 5
|-
| [[Tata Indicom]] || 6
|-
| Datacom Solutions || 7
|}

For example, a number formatted in the style '''(020) 3xxx-xxxx''' represents a fixed-line number in Pune operated by Jio, while '''(011) 2xxx-xxxx''' is a fixed-line number in Delhi operated by MTNL, and '''(07582) 2xx-xxx''' is a fixed-line number in [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh|Sagar]], Madhya Pradesh operated by BSNL.

=== Format for dialling fixed-line numbers ===
No prefix is required to call from one landline to another within the same area code, as variable-length dialling rules apply. A prefix of the number zero + the area code is required to dial from a landline phone in one STD code area to another. The same prefix of the number zero + the area code is required to dial any fixed-line number in India from a mobile phone, irrespective of the area code.

For example, to dial a landline number in Gwalior, one would have to dial
* from a landline in Gwalior: the phone number
* from a landline in Mumbai: 0751 and then the phone number
* from any mobile phone in India: 0751 and then the phone number
* from outside India: +91, then 751, and then the phone number

Before 10 March 2009, as per [[Department of Telecommunications (India)|Department of Telecommunications]] [[memorandum]] dated 9 February 2009.<ref name="dotmemo95">{{cite web|url=http://www.dot.gov.in/as/2009/numbering%20plan_25.02.2009.pdf|title=DoT Memorandum 10th Feb 09.|access-date=2009-04-08|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101027155604/http://dot.gov.in/as/2009/numbering%20plan_25.02.2009.pdf|archive-date=2010-10-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/TRAI-for-10-digit-landline-numbers-to-meet-crunch/article16138959.ece |title=TRAI for 10-digit landline numbers to meet crunch |newspaper=The Hindu |date=20 August 2010 |access-date=2017-10-07 |archive-date=2020-04-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430100447/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/TRAI-for-10-digit-landline-numbers-to-meet-crunch/article16138959.ece |url-status=live |last1=Joshi |first1=Sandeep }}</ref> there were some exceptions to this general rule for STD areas falling close to each other (within a radius of 200 kilometre), where "0" can be replaced with "95" e.g. to dial Delhi from [[Gurgaon]], one dials 9511+landline number.

== Mobile numbers ==
{{Main|Mobile telephone numbering in India}}

A typical mobile number in India is "+91 xxxx-nnnnnn". The first four digits initially indicated an operator's code, while the remaining six digits are unique to the subscriber. However, with mobile number portability in place, the first four digits no longer indicate a particular operator.

==Short code==
There are many businesses in the Indian market who rent keywords on a monthly basis, whose characters on a typical mobile phone keypad represent short codes. Short codes are five digits in length and have to start with the digit '5' like 58888 as of 2007. Previously, they were four-digit in number and could be of any combination, like 8888 or 7827. The current five digits can be extended by three digits further representing 3 additional characters. Messages sent to these short codes are commonly referred to as Premium Rate SMS Messages and have a cost per message depending on the operator as well as the service and the company.

==Telemarketing==
Telemarketers have been issued 10-digit telephone numbers starting with 140 (140XXXXXXX) by the [[Department of Telecommunications]] on [[TRAI]]'s request.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/business/india/story/pesky-calls-trai-fails-to-set-deadline-132671-2011-04-24 |title=Trai fails to set deadline on pesky calls |date=25 April 2011 |access-date=2013-10-06 |archive-date=2014-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426012549/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/pesky-calls-trai-fails-to-set-deadline/1/136227.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-10-02 |title='Publishing tariff plans by telecom service providers mandatory' - Times Of India |work=The Times Of India |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-27/goa/42458841_1_telecom-service-providers-trai-telecom-regulatory-authority |access-date=2023-01-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002064755/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-27/goa/42458841_1_telecom-service-providers-trai-telecom-regulatory-authority |archive-date=2013-10-02 }}</ref>

==Notes==
:1.{{note|cg}}The [[Chandigarh Capital Region]] is a metropolitan area that consists of areas in the union territory of [[Chandigarh]], and the states of [[Punjab]] and [[Haryana]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.dot.gov.in/ Department of Telecommunications, Government of India]
* [http://www.trai.gov.in/ Telecom Regulatory Authority of India]
* [http://www.dot.gov.in/sites/default/files/nnp2003.pdf India National Numbering Plan of 2003]
{{Telephone numbers in Asia}}
{{Telecommunications}}

[[Category:Telephone numbers in India| ]]
[[Category:Telephone numbers by country|India]]
[[Category:India communications-related lists]]

Purshotam Lal

2026-02-03T22:21:16Z

MuoiBraley9009: fixed issues

{{Short description|Indian cardiologist}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox medical person
| name = Purshotam Lal
| image = File:Dr Lal receiving Padma Vibhushan Award by President of India 2009.jpg
| image_size =
| alt = Lal receiving the Padma Vibhushan Award from the President of India in 2009
| caption = Lal receiving the Padma Vibhushan Award in 2009 from the President of India
| alma_mater = [[Government Medical College, Amritsar]]
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1954}}
| birth_place = Moga, Punjab
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| citizenship =
| education = MD, AB (USA), FRCP (C), FACM, FICC, FACC, FSCAI (USA), D. Sc (hc)
| occupation = [[Cardiologist]]
| years_active =
| known_for = [[Interventional Cardiology]]
| relations =
| website =
| profession =
| field =
| work_institutions =
| specialism =
| research_field =
| notable_works =
| prizes =
| child =
| module2 =
| signature =
}}

'''Purshotam Lal''' is an Indian [[Interventional cardiology|Interventional cardiologist]] known for pioneering over 20 interventional cardiology procedures in India, some of which were also performed for the first time globally.<ref>{{Cite web |title=पिता साइकिल रिपेयर करते थे, बेटा बना 'दिल का मेकैनिक', डॉ पुरुषोत्तम लाल की कहानी |url=https://www.indiatodayhindi.com/magazine/special/story/20231213-metro-hospitals-group-founder-doctor-purushottam-lal-journey-life-story-721571-2023-12-14 |access-date=2024-09-03 |website=India Today Hindi |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr Purshotam Lal – IHWSUMMIT |url=https://indiahealthsummit.com/profile/dr-purshotam-lal/ |access-date=2024-09-03 |language=en-US}}</ref> He has received training in the United Kingdom, the United States, and Germany, and has held various academic positions, including as a professor and advisor.

[[File:Dr Lal receiving Dr B C Roy National Award by President of India in 2004.jpg|thumb|Lal receiving Dr B C Roy National Award by President of India in 2004]]

He has the unique distinction of pioneering the highest number of procedures in the field of interventional cardiology for the first time in the country, such as Slow Rotational [[Angioplasty]], [[atherectomy]], rot ablation, stenting, heart hole closure (ASD Closure),<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-10-12 |title=Dr. Purshotam Lal – Reinventing Healthcare with Innovations |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/healthcare/dr-purshotam-lal-reinventing-healthcare-with-innovations/articleshow/78616906.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-01-15 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> etc. He has developed his own techniques for aortofemoral bypass support<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Purshotam Lal - Transforming Healthcare With A Vision |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/brand-connect/dr-purshotam-lal-transforming-healthcare-with-a-vision/62981/1 |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref> (partial artificial heart) and the opening of tight heart valves using echocardiography without a cath lab. He performed world's first non-surgical aortic valve replacement using Core Valve. He has been invited by countries such as Italy, Germany and China to present the first care of Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation (TAVI) using the COREVALVE. Additionally, he introduced Inuoe Balloon Mitral Valvuloplasty in the country and was the first investigator.<ref>{{Cite web |title=पिता साइकिल रिपेयर करते थे, बेटा बना 'दिल का मेकैनिक', डॉ पुरुषोत्तम लाल की कहानी |url=https://www.indiatodayhindi.com/magazine/special/story/20231213-metro-hospitals-group-founder-doctor-purushottam-lal-journey-life-story-721571-2023-12-14 |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=India Today Hindi |language=hi}}</ref>

[[File:Dr Lal Receiving Padma Bhushan by the President of India in 2003.jpg|thumb|Lal Receiving Padma Bhushan by the President of India in 2003]]

[[File:Dr. Lal being honoured with the Degree of Doctor of Science (D.Sc.) by Rajasthan University of Health Sciences.jpg|thumb|Lal being honoured with the Degree of Doctor of Science (D.Sc.) by Rajasthan University of Health Sciences.]]

[[File:Appreciation Letter by Prof. Dr. Adnan Kastrati.jpg|thumb|Appreciation Letter by Adnan Kastrati]]

[[File:Distinguished Achievement Award of Highest Order.jpg|thumb|Distinguished Achievement Award of Highest Order for 2006-07]]

He presented and published scientific papers on all these new techniques for the first time in the country & these were published in Indian Heart Journal. He has been monikered as Father of [[Interventional Cardiology]] in India by Adnan Kastrati, Chief Physician and Deputy Director, Cardiovascular Disease Clinic, DHM, Germany for introducing all these techniques in the country. He is a highly decorated interventional cardiologist, having received the highest of Padma Awards - [[Padma Vibhushan]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Pratibha Devisingh Patil (12th president of India spanning from 2007 to 2012) felicitate Purshotam Lal on being honoured with Padma Vibhushan |url=http://dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/?Year=2009-2009&Award=Padma%20Vibhushan |work=Padma Awards Ministry of Home Affairs (Govt. of India) |date=16 April 2009 |access-date=5 August 2010 }}</ref> along with [[Padma Bhushan]] and the [[Dr. B. C. Roy Award]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam was an Indian aerospace scientist and statesman who served as the 11th President of India from 2002 to 2007 felicitate Purshotam Lal on being honoured with Dr. B. C. Roy Award |url=http://www.mindmapcharts.com/index.php/gk/awards-and-honours/615-dr-b-c-roy-award |work=Mindmapcharts |date=16 April 2004 |access-date=16 April 2004}}</ref> by the President of India for his contributions in the development of [[Interventional Cardiology]] in India. Additionally, he has been honoured with the Distinguished Achievement Award of the Highest Order by the National Forum of [[Indian Medical Association]] for performing the largest number of angioplasties/stentings in the country as a single operator.<ref>[https://www.metrohospitals.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/5.-Highest-angioplasties-scaled.jpg Honor to Dr. Purshotam Lal]</ref>

He was also recognised by Hans Bonnier,<ref name="auto">[https://www.metrohospitals.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Letter-by-Prof-Hans.jpeg Letter to Dr.Purshotam Lal]</ref> one of the first interventional cardiologists in the world, who congratulated him for his skills & achievements for doing the highest number of angioplasties in the country and was impressed with his endeavour to provide affordable healthcare to poor patients without compromising quality of healthcare delivery. He added that, his hospital model should be adopted by other hospitals as well.<ref name="auto"/>

==Early life and education==
Lal was born in 1954, in a small village of [[Firozpur]] District, [[Punjab]], India. He got his early education in his village where there was no electricity. He completed his pre-medical education at DAV College, where he was inducted into the Hall of Fame as one of 80 distinguished alumni in the college's 100-years history. He pursued his medical degree from Medical College, Amritsar and was national merit scholarship holder. After finishing his MBBS from Amritsar, he went to United States in 1977 for further studies.

Lal aimed to share his expertise with his fellow countrymen and spent time at Apollo Hospital, Chennai, where he introduced several cardiology techniques for the first time in India. In 1996, he returned to India as the Coordinator of the Department of Cardiology at Apollo Hospital, Delhi. In 1997, with the mission of providing affordable healthcare to low- and middle-income patients, he established the Metro Heart Institute.

==Philosophy==
He developed multiple hospitals at the doorsteps of the lover-middle class people, after leading flourishing career at US, with the mission that "no patient should ever be returned for want of money". Lal has been an advocate against the commercialisation of medical services in India, particularly when it negatively impacts access for lower-income individuals, particularly of rural areas. In recognition of his contributions, he was named the "Creator of Affordable Healthcare" by prestigious healthcare magazine Express Healthcare.

Further to achieve his goal of creating medical facilities in the rural areas, he joined the Medical Council of India as Board of Governors for two years & developed a three-point formula to make specialists to go to villages. Since he lost his father in his 40's due to non-availability of doctors in the village, this had always been his goal to find out the ways where the specialists have to spend time in the village.

But so far he has not been successful in this particular mission, probably it requires some changes in government policies.

==Professional associations==
He is certified by the American Specialty Board, he has been a fellow of [[American College of Cardiology]], Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions (USA), American College of Medicine, [[Royal College of Physicians]] (Canada), Indian College of Cardiology and British Cardiovascular Intervention Society (BCIS). He is also a member of German Centre for Cardiovascular Research. Lal earned a Doctor of Science degree by Rajasthan University of Health Sciences.

He got involved in the development of various new procedures in the field of [[interventional cardiology]], as an alternative to open heart surgery. He has held the position of assistant clinical professor & attending physician at [[Michigan State University]] and Cornell Medical Centre USA, respectively in the Department of [[Interventional Cardiology]]. He was also the visiting consultant in UK & Germany where he was involved with advanced interventional cardiology techniques under the guidance of Professor Kaltenbach, including long-wire and slow rotational angioplasty techniques. He has also been appointed as a professor and advisor in the department of interventional cardiology at Rajasthan University of Health Sciences<ref>[https://www.facebook.com/metrohospitals/photos/rajasthan-university-of-health-sciences-jaipur-felicitated-dr-purshotam-lal-padm/5269502863071595/ Heartiest Congratulations to Dr. Purshotam Lal] by Metro Hospital on Facebook</ref> and has served as an honorary professor and member of the National Advisory Board at Jaipur National University Institute for Medical Sciences and Research Centre.

==Contributions in the development of Interventional Cardiology in India==
Lal has been at the forefront of cardiac innovations in India, performing several landmark procedures such as the first slow rotational angioplasty, coronary atherectomy, and non-surgical closure of atrial septal defects. His contributions have paved the way of advanced, minimally invasive treatments, significantly improving outcomes for patients with complex cardiovascular conditions.

* In November 1989, Lal performed the first case of slow rotational angioplasty in India at Apollo Hospital, Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=First Time in India- Slow Rotational Angioplasty |url=https://www.metrohospitals.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/first-time-in-india-slow-rotational-angioplasty.pdf |access-date=2024-09-03}}</ref> The procedure was conducted on a 33-year-old patient, who was a general surgeon, with a 100% blocked left anterior descending artery of the heart. The patient had previously been recommended for bypass surgery. As of 2018, the patient continued to do well.<ref>Slow Rotational Angioplasty – Application to Chronic Total Coronary Occlusions, Indian Heart Journal 1991 (Volume 43, Issue 4, Page 138)</ref>
* In September 1990, Purshotam Lal performed India's first Coronary Atherectomy (shaving of fatty tissue) at Apollo Hospital, Chennai. The procedure was carried out on a patient from Haridwar who was employed at Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL).<ref>{{Cite web |title=1st Case of the Country of Coronary Atherectomy |url=https://www.metrohospitals.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/1st-case-of-the-country-of-coronary-atherectomy.pdf |access-date=2024-09-03}}</ref> Coronary Atherectomy is a technique used to remove fatty tissues from blocked arteries, particularly in challenging cases where balloon angioplasty is ineffective.<ref>Coronary Atherectomy – A New Approach for the Treatment of Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease, Indian Heart Journal 1991 (Volume 43, Issue 4, Page 140).</ref>
* In June 1991, Purshotam Lal implanted, for the first time in the country, coronary stent, made of tantalum, manufactured by Strecker Company, in a patient at Apollo Hospital, Chennai. The patient, who suffered from unstable angina and acute occlusion of the right coronary artery, had undergone a balloon angioplasty of the RCA. The stent was successfully implanted as a bailout device.<ref>Lal et al., "Our Initial Experience with Tantalum Coronary Stent" (Abstract), Indian Heart Journal, 1991; Page 135.</ref><ref>P. Lal, P. Jain, P.T. Upasani, "Intracoronary Stenting Using Long Stents" (Abstract), Indian Heart Journal, 48:538, 1996</ref><ref>P. Lal, P.T. Upasani, S.M. Sachdeva, S. Kanwar, "Non-Randomized Comparison of Various Treatment Modalities for Restenosis Following Coronary Angioplasty" (Abstract), International Journal of Cardiovascular Interventions, 4 (Suppl 1): 34, 2001</ref><ref>P. Lal, P.T. Upasani, A.K. Pandey, S. Kanwar, "Initial Experience with Lunar Starflex (Iridium Oxide-Coated) Coronary Stent for Prevention of Restenosis after Coronary Angioplasty" (Abstract), Indian Heart Journal, 54:598, 2002.</ref><ref>P. Lal, Upasani A.K. Pandey, S. Kanwar, "Use of Stenting for In-Stent Restenosis – Is it Justified" (Abstract), Indian Heart Journal, 54:597, 2002.</ref><ref>P. Lal, P.T. Upasani, A.K. Pandey, S.C. Manchanda, P. Arora, S. Kanwar, "Efficacy of Drug Eluting Stents in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus," Indian Heart Journal, 55:448, 2003.</ref>
* In February 1992, Lal performed India's first athero-abrasion (Rotablator - Diamond Drilling) procedure at Apollo Hospital on a patient from Dhuri, Punjab, who had a critical ostial block of the circumflex artery. The device was used to treat calcified arteries as balloon angioplasty was not effective.<ref>Lal et al., "Directional, Rotational and Extraction Coronary Atherectomy – Initial Experience," Indian Heart Journal, 1992, 44: 14(A)</ref><ref>P. Lal, P.T. Upasani, "Role of Rotational Atherectomy in Percutaneous Coronary Interventions," in Cardiology Update 2014, edited by Dr. H.K. Chopra, published by Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers, 2015.</ref>
* Lal was the first investigator for Inoue balloon mitral valvuloplasty called as PTMC. After working with A. Inoue, the inventor of the balloon at Japan, Lal persuaded both Inoue and the manufacturer, the Toray company to allow the procedure to be done in India, where the large number of patients suffering from Mitral Stenosis & Rheumatic Heart Disease till to this day, unlike the western countries.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.metrohospitals.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/first-time-in-india-inoue-balloon-mitral-valvuloplasty-ptmc-was-performed-by-dr-p-lal-without-cathlab.pdf | title=Paper Presented and published in Indian Heart Journal (1 st Scientific Paper of the Country on Balloon Mitral Valvuloplasty without Fluoroscopy) | website=www.metrohospitals.com}}</ref> From 1990 onward, Lal introduced Inoue Balloon in the country & trained many cardiologists to do the procedure. The patient had previously suffered a brain stroke and was unable to afford the expenses associated with a Cath Lab. This was the first PTMC procedure in the country to be performed without a Cath Lab.<ref>P. Lal, P.T. Upasani, P. Jain, K.K. Kapur, P.D. Nigam, "Balloon Mitral Valvuloplasty without Fluoroscopy" (Abstract), Indian Heart Journal, 48:529, 1996.</ref><ref>P. Lal, P.T. Upasani, "Balloon Mitral Valvuloplasty without Fluoroscopy" (Abstract), Journal of Interventional Cardiology, Volume 11, Issue Supplement S5-S136, 1998.</ref>
* In September 1992, Purshotam Lal performed a non-surgical closure of an Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) on a 19-year-old patient.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.metrohospitals.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/first-time-in-the-india-a-non-surgical-heart-hole-asd-closure-by-using-monodisk-device.pdf | title=Paper Presented and published in Indian Heart Journal (1 st Scientific Paper of the Country on the ASD Closure without Surgery) | website=www.metrohospitals.com}}</ref> The procedure utilized a device, made of nylon mesh named - MonoDisk, being it the first case of the world using MonoDisk Device.<ref>Lal P. et al. Monodisk – A new Atrial Septal Defect Occlusion device, one year Followup. Indian Heart Journal; 1993 : 306: 387 (A).</ref><ref>P Lal, PT Upasani, P Jain : First Clinical Experience with Transcatheter ASD Closure Using Monodisc Device : Immediate and Long -Term Results (abstract) Ind Heart J. 48:476, 1996</ref><ref>P Lal, PT Upasani: First Clinical Experience with Transcatheter ASD Closure using Monodist Device : Immediate and Long -Term Results (abstract) J. Intern Cardiol, Volume 11, Issue Supplement S5 -S136, 1998.</ref><ref>P Lal, PT Upasani : Percutaneous Therapy for Secundum ASD and Valvular Pulmonic Stenosis (abstract) J Inter Cardiol Volume 11, Issue Supplement S5 -S136, 1998</ref>
[[File:COREVALVE Certificate of FIRST USE.jpg|thumb|COREVALVE Certificate of FIRST USE]]
* Lal also credited to perform the world's first transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) using the CoreValve system.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.metrohospitals.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/first-case-of-the-world-of-transcatheter-aortic-valve-implantation-replacement-tavi-tavr-without-surgery-with-core-valve.pdf | title=First Case of the World of Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation/Replacement | website=www.metrohospitals.com}}</ref> This procedure, done in 12 July 2004, conducted for a patient with severe aortic stenosis who was unfit for open-heart surgery, marked a significant advancement in non-surgical valve replacement techniques. This was first-in-man experience, got published & presented for the first time, internationally.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.metrohospitals.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/China-Valve-Summit-2016.pdf | title=China Valve Hangzhou | website=www.metrohospitals.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.metrohospitals.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/JIM-2018-Milan-Italy.pdf | title=Joint Interventional Meeting | year=2018 | website=www.metrohospitals.com}}</ref><ref>First-In-Man Experience of Percutaneous Aortic Valve Replacement Using Self-Expanding Core Valve Prosthesis – P Lal, PT Upasani, S Kanwar, A Parihar, R Arora, E Grube, JC Laborde : Indian Heart J 63: 3, 241 -244, 2011.</ref>
* In October 1990, Purshotam Lal performed India's first supported high-risk angioplasty utilizing cardiopulmonary bypass. This groundbreaking procedure involved managing a patient with severe left ventricular (LV) dysfunction by employing a Biomedica heart-lung machine for oxygenation. A catheter was inserted into the patient's right atrium, with another positioned in the aorta to facilitate the process. Lal presented the first scientific paper on this procedure at the Annual Conference of the Cardiological Society of India in 1991, and it was subsequently published as an abstract in the Indian Heart Journal.<ref>P. Lal, PT: Elective Supported Angioplasty with Cardiopulmonary Support (CPS) - Our Initial Experience (abstract) Indian Heart Journal Vol 43, No 4, 1991:398</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.metrohospitals.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/1st-time-in-the-country-supported-high-risk-angioplasty-with-the-support-of-cardiopulmonary-bypass.pdf | title=Time in the Country, Supported High Risk Angioplasty with the Support of Cardiopulmonary Bypass | website=www.metrohospitals.com}}</ref>
* In July 1991, Dr. Purshotam Lal performed India's first non-surgical Left Atriofemoral Bypass Support procedure designed by him. The case involved a 58-year-old patient in cardiogenic shock with a systolic blood pressure of less than 50 mmHg and an ejection fraction of 15%. The patient was deemed unfit for surgery due to the high risk. Lal successfully carried out an aortic valvuloplasty with the support of this innovative bypass technique, demonstrating its utility in high-risk interventions like valvuloplasty and angioplasty for patients in cardiogenic shock. Lal's technique involved withdrawing oxygenated blood from the left atrium using an 18-French catheter, which was then circulated to the aorta through a roller pump. Unlike conventional systems, this approach did not require an oxygenator, making it significantly more affordable for Indian patients. Initially utilizing a custom-made device and roller pump, the procedure laid the groundwork for more advanced and expensive systems like the TandemHeart. He presented the papers on this technique at Annual Conference of Cardiology Society of India, which later got published.<ref>Lal, P. et al: Percutaneous Left Atrial Femoral Bypass Support in High Risk Coronary Angioplasty (abstract). Indian Heart Journal Vol. 43, No 4, 1991; 398</ref><ref>P Lal et al. High Risk Aortic Valvuloplasty with Support of Percutaneous Left Atrial Femoral Bypass. Indian Heart Journal; 1992: 44: 267(A)</ref><ref>P Lal, PT Upasani, AK Pandey, S Kanwar : Left Atrial-Femoral Bypass Support in High-Risk Cardac Interventions (abstract) Indian Heart Journal 54:521, 2002</ref>
[[File:Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm - First non-surgical repair.png|thumb|Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm - First non-surgical repair]] [[File:Media Coverage for India's First Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm.png|thumb]]
* In July 1998, Purshotam Lal achieved a milestone in Indian medical history by performing the India's first non-surgical repair of an abdominal aortic aneurysm involving both iliac arteries. The procedure was conducted on 68-year-old PhD doctor, who also had multiple blocked arteries that were treated prior to addressing the aneurysm. At the time, surgical repair carried a 10% mortality rate, escalating to 50% in emergencies. The innovative two-hour procedure, performed in a cath lab under general anesthesia, involved deploying an endoprosthesis made of nitinol wire mesh folded within an 18 French catheter. Guided through the groin to the aneurysmal sac, the prosthesis expanded upon exposure to blood heat, mimicking the shape of the natural aorta and iliac arteries. This groundbreaking intervention not only eliminated the need for open surgery but also significantly reduced associated risks, marking a turning point in the treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms in India.<ref>Paper Presented and published in Indian Heart Journal ( (1st Scientific Paper of the Country in 1992). P. Lal, PT Upasani et al: Non-Surgical Repair of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms - Initial</ref>
* [[File:Venibri Valve ready to implant.png|thumb|Venibri Valve ready to implant]]On November 6, 2016, Dr. Purshotam Lal performed the first hybrid procedure combining the use of the Venibri aortic valve, a pre-crimped device from Venus Medtech, for Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR) and stenting of the main artery (LAD) at Metro Heart Institute, Noida. [[File:Certificate for First Use of Venibri Valve by Dr Lal.png|thumb|Certificate for First Use of Venibri Valve by Dr Lal]] This was only the second global use of the Venibri valve, following its debut in Argentina, however, use of Venibri Valve & stunting of left main artery in same sitting, happens to be the 1st in human history. The groundbreaking procedure, completed in under 45 minutes, integrated Venibri TAVR with Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty (PTCA) and stenting. This achievement highlighted a significant advancement in minimally invasive cardiac interventions, reinforcing Metro Heart Institute's position as a leader in innovative cardiovascular care.
* [[File:Still Image from Non-surgical PDA Closure.png|thumb|Still Image from Procedure - Non-surgical PDA Closure]]In 1990, Dr. Purshotam Lal performed India’s first non-surgical closure of a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) using the modified porstman's technique.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.metrohospitals.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/first-time-inindia-a-modified-porstmans-technique-of-transcatheter-occlusion-of-patent.pdf | title=First Time in India A Modified Porstman's Technique of Transcatheter Occlusion of Patent | website=www.metrohospitals.com}}</ref> The procedure, conducted on a 12-year-old boy from the Maldives at Apollo Hospital, Chennai, involved closing the congenital heart defect by introducing a specialized foam plug through a catheter. This minimally invasive approach provided a cost-effective alternative to surgery for PDA closure in children.<ref>Paper Presented and published in Indian Heart Journal (1st Scientific Paper of the Country in 1992) - Indian Heart Journal 1992 Nov-Dec; 44(6):411-3</ref><ref>P. Lal, PT Upasani: Transcatheter PDA Closure with Various Devices – A Comparative Study (abstract). Indian Heart Journal 50:636, 1998</ref>
[[File:Media Coverage on 1st Time in India - Non-Surgical PDA Closure.png|thumb|alt=Media Coverage on 1st Time in India - Non-Surgical PDA Closure|Media Coverage on 1st Time in India - Non-Surgical PDA Closure]]
[[File:Picture of the Inoue Balloon from the procedure.png|thumb|alt=Picture of the Inoue Balloon from the procedure|Picture of the Inoue Balloon from the procedure]]
* In 1992, Dr. Purshotam Lal performed India’s first non-surgical closure of a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) using the Russian technique. Conducted on a 28-year-old patient from Andhra Pradesh, the procedure involved using a polyurethane bottle-shaped plug, which was placed at the defect site through a specialized catheter. This minimally invasive approach, completed in just 30 minutes, provided a cost-effective alternative to surgery and marked a significant advancement in interventional cardiology in India.<ref>Lal et al. Non-Rashkind techniques for Transcatheter Closure of Patent Ductus Arteriosus. Indian Heart Journal; 1992: 44: 174(A)</ref><ref>P Lal, PT Upasani, P Jain : PDA Closure Using Modified Russian Technique (abstract) Indian Heart Journal 48:520, 1996</ref>
[[File:Press Coverage in the Hindu for Gold Stent.png|thumb|alt=Press Coverage in the Hindu for Gold Stent|Press Coverage in the Hindu for Gold Stent]]
* In 1998, Dr. Purshotam Lal performed India’s first implantation of a 24-carat gold stent at Metro Heart Institute, Noida, on a 45-year-old patient, Mr. Narendar Kumar from Barnala. Completed in under 30 minutes, the procedure successfully opened the blocked artery with excellent results. Gold, being an inert metal, was chosen to minimize foreign body reactions and reduce clot formation. Weighing less than a gram, the gold stent also helped lower the risk of restenosis, marking a significant advancement in interventional cardiology.<ref>P Lal, PT Upasani et al : First Clinical Experience with the Gold Stent (abstract) J Inter Cardiol, Volume 11, Issuue Supplement S5-S136, 1998</ref>
* In February 1998, Dr. Purshotam Lal performed India's first ultrasound-assisted thrombolysis. The procedure was conducted on a 48-year-old patient who had suffered a heart attack due to a major blockage in the left anterior descending (LAD) artery caused by a blood clot. Utilizing an innovative approach, a probe attached to an ultrasound device was introduced through a guiding catheter to the site of the clot. Ultrasound energy was then delivered for five minutes, breaking the clot into fine particles that subsequently dissolved into the bloodstream. This technique was considered a breakthrough, particularly for patients with conditions like peptic ulcers or stroke, where conventional blood thinners pose a risk of severe bleeding.<ref>P Lal, PT Upasani : Experience with Intracoronary Ultrasound Thrombolysis (abstract) J Inter Cardiol, Volume 11, Issue Supplement S5-S136, 1998.</ref>
[[File:Press Coverage on First Case of Acolysis in India.jpg|thumb|Press Coverage on First Case of Acolysis in India]]
* In April 1998, Dr. Purshotam Lal performed India’s first Angiogenesis procedure at Metro Heart Institute, Noida. This pioneering technique promotes the formation of new blood vessels in areas of arterial blockage, offering a potential treatment for patients deemed unfit for both bypass surgery and angioplasty—often categorized as "No-option" patients. The procedure involved injecting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a growth hormone, to stimulate blood vessel growth. In some cases, stem cells extracted from the patient’s bone marrow were also injected to enhance the angiogenesis process.<ref>P Lal, PT Upasani et al : Angiogenesis with Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor – Indian Experience (abstract). Journal Inter Cardiol, Volume 11, Issue Supplement S5-S136, 1998A</ref><ref>P Lal, PT Upasani : Gene Therapy for Prevention of Restenosis after Coronary Angioplasty : Indian Experience (abstract) IndianHeart Journal 50:679, 1998</ref><ref>P Lal, PT Upasani, AK Pandey, S Kanwar : Intermediate-Term Follow Up of Patients Undergoing Angiogenesis with Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (abstract). Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions, 2001</ref><ref>P Lal, PT Upasani, AK Pandey, SC Manchanda, P Arora, S Kanwar : Initial Nonrandomized Experience with Repair of Infarcted Myocardium by Autologous Bone Marrow Cell Transplantation (abstract) Indian Heart Journal 55:464, 2003</ref>
* In February 2001, Dr. Purshotam Lal performed India’s first non-surgical closure of a ventricular septal defect (VSD)resulting from a myocardial infarction (MI) at Metro Heart Institute, Noida (Delhi NCR). The patient, Mrs. Pushpa Devi Batra, a 62-year-old woman from Alwar, Rajasthan, had suffered a severe heart attack. Her condition was further complicated by hypertension-induced renal dysfunction. A coronary angiography revealed a 2 cm hole in her heart, a completely blocked right coronary artery (RCA), and additional blockages in other arteries. Given her critical condition, Dr. Lal opted for a percutaneous device closure, marking the first instance of this technique being used in India for post-MI VSD repair.
[[File:First Non-Surgical Closure of Post-Myocardial Infarction Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) in India.jpg|thumb|First Non-Surgical Closure of Post-Myocardial Infarction Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) in India]]

==Memberships==
* Fellow, [[American College of Cardiology]]
* Fellow, American College of Medicine
* Fellow, [[Royal College of Physicians]] (Canada)
* Fellow, Society of Cardiac Angiography and Interventions, USA
* Fellow, Indian College of Cardiology
* Member, British Cardiovascular Interventional Society
* Member, German Society of Cardiovascular Research
* Member, Central Council of Health & Family Welfare – an apex advisory body of the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt. of India
* Member, Expert Committee for medical devices, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt. of India
* Member, Delhi Medical Council

==Awards and honours==
'''National Honours (Bestowed by the President of India)'''
*[[Padma Vibhushan]] (2009) - For innovations in the field of interventional cardiology
*[[Padma Bhushan]] (2003) - For exceptional and distinguished service in interventional cardiology
*[[Dr. B. C. Roy Award]] (2004) - The highest medical honour in India, awarded by the President for excellence for innovations in the field of interventional cardiology<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Dr-Purshottam-Lals-journey-to-Padam-Bhushan/articleshow/37530736.cms?|title = Dr. Purshottam Lal's journey to Padam Bhushan {{pipe}} Delhi News - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]| date=15 February 2003 }}</ref>

Other Recognitions and Professional Honours
*1985 - Best Teacher Award in the USA
*1990 - Jawaharlal Nehru International Excellence Award
*1991 - Rajiv Gandhi Award
*1992 - Dr. V V Shah Oration Gold Medal by Cardiological Society of India for his pioneering contribution in Internation Cardiology
*2002 - Life Time Achievement Award by Late Shri Arun Jaitley on behalf of Delhi Medical Association
*2004 - Dr. B.L. Taneja Memorial Guest Lecture Award by Delhi Medical Association
*2006 - Distinguished Achievement Award of Highest Order by National Forum of Indian Medical Association for performing the largest number of Angioplasties/Stentings as a single operator in the country
*2009 - Dr. Wiliam Ganz Oration Award by World Congress of Cardiology
*2015 - The World’s Greatest Brands of 2015, Asia & GC
*2016 - Awarded “World’s Best Leader” in Indo-UAE Business Summit
*2017 - Life Time Achievement Award by The Times of India
*2021 - Life Time Achievement Award by Dainik Jagran Ayushman India 2021
*2022 - Honorary Degree of Doctor of Science (Medicine) by Chancellor of Rajasthan University at the convocation ceremony of Rajasthan University of Health Sciences, Jaipur, 2022
*2023 - Swasthya Ratan Award by Governor of Haryana
*2023 - Iconic National Award by Indian Medical Association, Delhi
*2023 - Lifetime Achievement Award by HIPE 3.0

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2000–09}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lal, Purshotam abc}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cardiologists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in medicine]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in medicine]]
[[Category:Dr. B. C. Roy Award winners]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American College of Cardiology]]

Vidyapeeth Highschool Kolhapur

2026-01-30T07:50:25Z

MuoiBraley9009:

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{More references|date=July 2013}}
'''Vidyapeeth High School, Kolhapur''' is a Marathi school located in [[Kolhapur]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kolhapurhelpline.com/vidyapeethhighschool-kolhapur-1210.html|title=Vidyapeeth High School|access-date=31 August 2020|website=Kolhapur Helpline}}</ref> Vidyapeeth has the merit of having many students on the State Merit List year after year. The school was started in 1917 by Shri. Tophkhane-guruji is on a land donated by the King of Kolhapur, [[Shahaji II|Chhatrapati Shahu]] Maharaj. The land that was previously used as his stable. Since then, the school has produced many notable alumni in different fields. The school is located next to the [[Mahalakshmi Temple, Kolhapur|Mahalaxmi Temple]] in Kolhapur and also has land outside the city in [[Tapovan]]. Rana Thakur Yeshwantsinh (Yeshwant) Kelavkar was appointed by the Late Sh. Ch. Shahu Maharaj of Kolhapur is the first founding Principal; therefore, in his remembrance and for his outstanding contributions to the school's development, 19 January is celebrated as Kelavkar Din (Day) every year.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Kolhapur district topics}}
[[Category:Education in Kolhapur]]
[[Category:1917 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1917]]

Abdullah Maroofi

2026-01-16T10:47:45Z

MuoiBraley9009: made a stub

{{Short description|Indian Hadith scholar (b. 1967)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox religious biography
|honorific_prefix = {{small|[[Mawlana]], [[Mufti]]}}
|name = Abdullah Maroofi
| image = Ateeque Ahmad Bastawi, Ubaidullah Asadi, Fazlur Rahim Mujaddidi, Khalid Saifullah Rahmani, and Abdullah Maroofi (from right to left) at the 34th Fiqhi Seminar of the Islamic Fiqh Academy (India), held in Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, in 2025.jpg
| caption = Maroofi (first from the left) at the 34th Fiqhi Seminar of the [[Islamic Fiqh Academy (India)]], held in [[Jamshedpur]], [[Jharkhand]], in 2025.
|birth_date = {{birth year and age|1967}}
|birth_place = Purana Poora, [[Kurthi Jafarpur|Poora Maroof]], Azamgarh district, {{small|(now [[Mau district]])}}, Uttar Pradesh, India
|alma_mater = {{Bulleted list|Madrasa Ishā'at-ul-Uloom, Poora Maroof|[[Madrasatul Islah]]|[[Darul Uloom Deoband]]}}
|nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
|religion= [[Islam]]
| denomination = [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]
| jurisprudence = [[Hanafi school|Hanafi]]
| movement = [[Deobandi movement|Deobandi]]
|occupation = Islamic Hadith scholar, mufti, writer
| main_interests =[[Hadith studies]], [[Hadith terminology]], [[biographical evaluation]]
|disciple_of = [[Talha Kandhlawi]]
|teachers = {{Bulleted list|[[Naseer Ahmad Khan (scholar)|Naseer Ahmad Khan]]|[[Abdul Haq Azmi]]|[[Nematullah Azmi]]|[[Saeed Ahmad Palanpuri]]|[[Arshad Madani]]||[[Abdul Khaliq Madrasi]]|[[Yunus Jaunpuri]]|[[Ashiq Ilahi Bulandshahri]]|[[Zainul Abideen Azmi]]}}
|students =
}}

'''Abdullah Maroofi''' (born 1967) is an Indian Islamic scholar, [[mufti]], and writer who specialises in [[Hadith studies]]. Since 2001, he has been serving as a lecturer in the department of specialisation in Hadith at [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] and is currently the supervisor of the department.

== Early life and education ==
Abdullah Maroofi was born in 1967 (1386 AH) in [[Kurthi Jafarpur|Pura Maroof]], Azamgarh District (now [[Mau district|Mau District]]) in Uttar Pradesh. His uncle, Zainul Abideen Azami, was the former supervisor of [[Mazahir Uloom Jadeed|Mazhir Uloom Jadeed]]'s Hadith department.<ref name="Amīn1">{{Cite web |last=Mayurbhanji |first=Muhammad Rūhul Amīn |date=12 April 2023 |title=Maulana Mufti Abdullah Maroofi: Mukhtasar Sawanihi Khaka |trans-title=Maulana Mufti Abdullah Maroofi: A Brief Biographical Sketch |url=https://qindeelonline.com/maulana-abdullah-marufi-by-ruhul-amin/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417181439/https://qindeelonline.com/maulana-abdullah-marufi-by-ruhul-amin/ |archive-date=17 April 2023 |access-date=17 July 2024 |website=Qindeel Online |language=ur}}</ref>

He received his initial education in Madrasah Ishā'at-ul-Uloom Purah Maroof. After that he continued his Arabic education from Arabic I to Arabic IV under the guidance of Zainul Abideen Azami in [[Madrasatul Islah]], Sarai Mir, Azamgarh between 1978 (1398 AH) and 1982 (1402 AH).<ref name="Amīn1"/><ref name="Maroofi">{{cite journal |editor1-last=Maroofi|editor1-first=Ansār Ahmad|title=Maulana Zainul Abideen Azmi number|journal=Monthly Paigham|url=https://archive.org/details/Maulana-Zain-ul-Abideen-Azmi-ra-Number-Mujallah-Paigham |date= January–March 2014|volume=15|issue=6–8 |publisher=Al-Ma'arif Darul Mutāla'ah|location=Pura Maroof, Kurthi Jafarpur, [[Mau district]]|language=ur|pages=34–44}}</ref>

In 1982 (1402 AH), he enrolled in [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]<ref name="Yasir">{{cite journal |date=August–September 2017 |editor1-last=Bijnori |editor1-first=Muhammad Salman |title=Will dream for a long time.... by Abdullah Marufi |url=https://darululoom-deoband.com/urduarticles/archives/2661 |journal=[[Monthly Darul Uloom]] |language=ur |location=Deoband |publisher=Monthly Darul Uloom office |volume=101 |issue=8–9 |pages=45–50}}</ref> on the advice of Azami{{sfn|Maroofi|2014|pp=47–48}} and was admitted to Arabic Fifth, and in 1986 (1406 AH), he graduated from there. In 1987, he completed the [[Mufti#Mufti's activity (iftāʾ)|Ifta]] course at Darul Uloom Deoband.<ref name="Amīn1"/>{{sfn|Maroofi|2014|pp=47–48}}

His hadith teachers included [[Naseer Ahmad Khan (scholar)|Naseer Ahmad Khan]], [[Abdul Haq Azmi]], [[Nematullah Azami]], [[Qamaruddin Ahmad Gorakhpuri]], [[Saeed Ahmad Palanpuri]], [[Arshad Madani]], [[Mirajul Haq Deobandi]], Muhammad Hussain Bihari, Zubair Ahmad Deobandi, [[Abdul Khaliq Madrasi]], and Riyasat Ali Zafar Bijnori.<ref name="Amīn1"/>

He received permission ([[Ijazah]]) in [[Hadith]] from [[Yunus Jaunpuri]], [[Ashiq Ilahi Bulandshahri]], [[Zainul Abideen Azmi]], and Ahmad Hasan Tonki.<ref name="Amīn1"/>

== Career ==
After graduating in 1407 AH, he was appointed as a teacher at [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh|Rampur]]'s Madrasa Matla'-ul-Uloom. Between 1988 (1408 AH) and 1996 (1416 AH), he worked as a teacher at Jamia Islamia Reori Talab, [[Banaras]], for about eight years.{{sfn|Maroofi|2014|pp=47–49}}

In 1996 (1416 AH), he was appointed as a lecturer in the Department of Hadith at [[Mazahir Uloom Jadeed]] upon the recommendation of [[Salman Mazahiri]].<ref name="Sirāj">{{cite journal |editor1-last=Khairabadi|editor1-first=Ziyaul Haq|title=Maulana Zainul Abideen Azmi number|url=https://archive.org/details/Mujallah-Siraj-ul-Islam-Maulana-Zain-ul-Abideen-Maroofi-ra-Number/page/n201/mode/1up |journal=Sirajul Islam Quarterly|date= November 2013 |volume=1 |issue=1|pages=200–201|publisher=Madrasa Sirajul Uloom|location=Siraj Nagar, Chhapra, [[Mau district]]|language=ur}}</ref><ref name="Amīn1"/><ref name="Farīd"/> He served in this role for approximately five years until 2001 (1421 AH).<ref name="Yāsir">{{Cite journal |last=Abdullah |first=Muhammad Yasir |date=September 2016 |editor1-last=Iskander |editor1-first=Abdur Razzaq |title=Uloom-e-Hadīth Mein Ikhtisās: Ahmiyat-o-Zaroorat |trans-title=Specialization in Hadith Sciences: Importance and necessity |url=https://www.banuri.edu.pk/bayyinat-detail/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85-%D8%AD%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AB-%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%BA-%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B5-%D8%A7%DB%81%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA-%D9%88%D8%B6%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA |journal=[[Bayyināt]] |language=ur |location=Banuri Town, Karachi |publisher=[[Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia]] |volume=79 |issue=10 |pages=38–39 |editor1-link=Abdur Razzaq Iskander}}</ref>

Since 2001 (1421 AH), he has been serving as a lecturer in the department specializing in Hadith at Darul Uloom Deoband.<ref name="Sirāj"/><ref name="Amīn1"/> He has taught the book [[Introduction to the Science of Hadith]] for almost twenty years. Currently, he serves as a supervisor and lecturer in the department.<ref name="Amīn1"/>

Since 1440 AH (2019), he has also served as a lecturer of Hadith studies in the [[Dars-i Nizami|Darse Nizami]] curriculum of Darul Uloom Deoband.<ref name="Khalīli">{{Cite book|last=Qasmi|first=Muhammadullah Khalili |author-link=Muhammadullah Khalili Qasmi|url=https://archive.org/details/darul-uloom-deob-ki-jamey-wa-mukhtasar-tareekh-edition-2|title=Darul Uloom Deoband Ki Jame O Mukhtasar Tareekh |publisher=Shaikh-Ul-Hind Academy |edition=2nd|date= October 2020|location=India |language=ur |page=768|oclc=1345466013}}</ref><ref name="Amīn1"/>

He pledged allegiance to Abdul Jabbar Azami (d. 1989) in 1987 (1407 AH); after his death, he pledged allegiance to Zainul Abidin Azmi in 1411 AH. But later, he came under the spiritual training of [[Talha Kandhlawi]], the son of [[Zakariyya Kandhlawi|Muhammad Zakaria Kandhlawi]],<ref name="Amīn1"/> and was authorized by him in [[Sufism]] on [[Ramadan]] 29, 1423 AH (5 December 2002).<ref name="Farīd">{{cite book |last1=Maroofi |first1=Abdullah |title=Maulana Muhammad Talha Kandhlawi: Shakhsiyat-o-Kamālāt... |last2=Deolawi |first2=Farīd |date=April 2021 |publisher=Maktaba Usmania |edition=1st |location=Deoband |pages=26, 49 |language=ur}}</ref><ref name="Shahid">{{cite book |last1=Saharanpuri|first1=Muhammad Shahid|title=Maulana Muhammad Talha Kandhlawi: Ek Zakir-o-Zahid Shakhsiyyat|publisher=Maktaba Yadgar-e-Shaikh|location= [[Saharanpur]]|page=240 |edition=1st|date=2020 |language=ur}}</ref>

== Literary works ==
He supervised the following academic and research works:<ref name="Amīn1"/><ref name="Yāsir" /><ref name="Dar">{{cite web|title=Al-Kutub al-Arabiyya|url=https://darululoom-deoband.com/books/archives/category/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83%d8%aa%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%b1%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%a9|website=|access-date=17 July 2024|language=ar}}</ref>
* ''Al-Hadith al-Hasan Fī Jami‘ al-Tirmidhi: Dirāsatun Wa Tatbīq'' (in one volume; 1425 AH)
* ''Hadith an-Gharīb Fī Jami‘ al-Tirmidhi: Dirāsatun Wa Tatbīq'' (in two volumes; 1427 AH)
* ''Hasan-un-Sahīh Fī Jami‘ al-Tirmidhi: Dirāsatun Wa Tatbīq'' (in three volumes; 1429 AH)

His works included:<ref name="Amīn1"/>
* ''Al-'Arf adh-Dhakiyy Fi Sharh Jami' al-Tirmidhi'' (an Arabic commentary on [[Jami' al-Tirmidhi]] in five volumes, the remaining sixteen volumes of which are under publication.)
* ''Tahdhīb ad-Durr al-Munaddad Fī Sharh al-Adab al-Mufrad'' (an Arabic commentary on [[Al-Bukhari]]'s [[Al-Adab al-Mufrad]] in four volumes)
* ''Muaddamat Ad-Durr al-Munaddad'' (Introduction to Al-Durr al-Munaddad)
* ''Hadīth aur Fehm-e-Hadīth''<ref name=":Kaleem">{{Cite thesis |last=Kaleem |first=Mohd |title=Contribution of Old boys of Darul uloom Deoband in Hadith Literature |publisher=Department of Sunni Theology, [[Aligarh Muslim University]] |year=2017 |location=India |language=ur |hdl=10603/364028 |type=PhD |pages=319–320 |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/364028 |access-date=17 July 2024|archive-date=24 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024044219/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/364028 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Muneer Ahmad |title=Uloom-e-Hadith par Barr-e-Saghir ki Urdu Kutub Ka Ta'ārufi o Tajziyāti Mutāla'ah (1905 ta Asr-e-Hazir) |journal=Rāhatul Qulūb |date=January–June 2017 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=64–65, 84 |url=https://rahatulquloob.com/index.php/rahat/article/download/6/302 |access-date=17 July 2024|trans-title=An Introductory and Analytical Study of Urdu Books of Usool-e-Hadith in the Subcontinent (1905 to Present) |archive-date=26 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226034923/https://rahatulquloob.com/index.php/rahat/article/download/6/302 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''Al-'Arf al-Fayyāh Fī Sharh Muqaddama Ibn as-Salāh'' (his lectures on [[Muqaddimah Ibn al-Salah]], compiled by Mushahid al-Islam Amrohi)
* ''Jawāb ar-Risālah'' (in which he made a detailed review of the criticism and cross-examination of the Syrian scholar Muhammad Awwamah on the moderate method of ordering the hadiths described in his book Muqadmat Al-Durr al-Munaddad.)
* ''Ghair Muqallidiyyat: Asbāb-o-Tadāruk''
* ''Fazaail-e-Amaal Par I'terazāt: Ek Usooli Jaizah'' (in Urdu; translated into Arabic, English, and Bangla).<ref name="Fazīl">{{cite journal |editor1-last=Ahmad |editor1-first=Shakib|title=Fazāil-e-A'māl Par E'tirāzāt ka Jawab Fazāil-e-A'māl se: Abdur Rahman Bajrai Shaf'i|trans-title=Answer to the Objections on the Fazāil-e-A'māl by Abdur Rahman Bajrai Shaf'i|url=https://mag.sarbakaf.com/2019/02/fazail-amal-6.html|journal=The Bi-monthly Digital Magazine 'Sar Bakaf'|date= May–June 2016|volume=|issue=6|pages=200–201|language=ur}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/ObjectionOnFazail-E-Amaal-ABasicAnalysisByShaykhAbdullahMaroofi|title=Objection On Fazail - e - A'maal - A Basic Analysis By Shaykh Abdullah Maroofi|website=archive.org|date=25 September 2012|access-date=17 July 2024}}</ref>
* ''Haqīqat-uz-Ziyādah 'Alal-Quran Bi Khabaril Wāhid Wa Isti'rādun 'Ilmiyyun Li Īrādāti Ibn al-Qayyim 'Alal-Hanafiyyah Binā'an 'ala hādhal asl'' (edited and improved by him)<ref name="Yāsir"/>

== See also ==
* [[List of Deobandis]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Hanafi scholars}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Deobandis]]
[[Category:Hanafis]]
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Mau district]]
[[Category:Darul Uloom Deoband alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Darul Uloom Deoband]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Hadith scholars]]

Sangrul Assembly constituency

2026-01-12T21:10:26Z

MuoiBraley9009: started initial pg needs work

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sangrul
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1978
| abolished = 2008<ref>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
| electors = 194,456
| mla = P. N. Patil (Sadolikar)
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
Sangrul Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || rowspan=2 | Bondre Shripatrao Shankarrao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (U)}}
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || Kalikate Govindrao Tukaram || {{Full party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || Bondre Shripatrao Shankarrao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || rowspan=2 | Sampatbapu Shamrao Pawarpatil || {{Full party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || P. N. Patil (Sadolikar) || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}
== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Sangrul}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=P. N. Patil (Sadolikar) |party=Indian National Congress |votes=99,439 |percentage=60.21% |change={{increase}}16.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sampatbapu Shamrao Pawarpatil |party=Peasants And Workers Party of India |votes=54,442 |percentage=32.97% |change={{decrease}}16.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Aarekar-Patil Bajirao Sakharam |party=Shiv Sena |votes=6,952 |percentage=4.21% |change={{increase}}1.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Satpute Prakash Dagadu |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,391 |percentage=1.45% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sameer Madhavrao Mohite |party=Independent politician |votes=1,893 |percentage=1.15% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=44,997 |percentage=27.25% |change= {{increase}}21.04 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=165,143 |percentage=84.91% |change= {{increase}}3.92 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 194,456 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.54 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Peasants And Workers Party of India |swing= {{increase}}10.78 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Sangrul<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Sampatbapu Shamrao Pawarpatil |party=Peasants And Workers Party of India |votes=68,576 |percentage=49.43% |change={{increase}}3.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=P. N. Patil (Sadolikar) |party=Indian National Congress |votes=59,971 |percentage=43.23% |change={{decrease}}0.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Anandrao Dinkar Dindorle |party=Shiv Sena |votes=3,432 |percentage=2.47% |change={{decrease}}1.05 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,605 |percentage=6.20% |change= {{increase}}3.80 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=138,736 |percentage=77.45% |change= {{decrease}}1.45 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 171,262 |ref = |change= {{increase}}2.96 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Peasants And Workers Party of India |loser=Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing= {{increase}}3.33 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Sangrul<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Sampatbapu Shamrao Pawarpatil |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes=63,236 |percentage=46.10% |change={{increase}}31.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=P. N. Patil (Sadolikar) |party=Indian National Congress |votes=59,934 |percentage=43.70% |change={{decrease}}8.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dindorle Anand Rao Dinkar |party=Shiv Sena |votes=4,836 |percentage=3.53% |change={{decrease}}2.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kalikate Dipakrao Govindrao |party=Independent politician |votes=3,204 |percentage=2.34% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,302 |percentage=2.41% |change= {{decrease}}28.71 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=137,162 |percentage=80.67% |change= {{increase}}2.69 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 166,333 |ref = |change= {{increase}}17.47 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Peasants and Workers Party of India |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}6.58 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Sangrul<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Bondre Shripatrao Shankarrao |party=Indian National Congress |votes=59,507 |percentage=52.68% |change={{increase}}3.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Anandrao Dnyandey |party=Independent politician |votes=24,360 |percentage=21.57% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kalikate Govindrao Tukaram |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes=16,714 |percentage=14.80% |change={{decrease}}34.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dindorle Anand Rao Dinkar |party=Shiv Sena |votes=7,343 |percentage=6.50% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Sakharam Shripati |party=Independent politician |votes=1,517 |percentage=1.34% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Ashok Balgonda |party=Independent politician |votes=1,365 |percentage=1.21% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=35,147 |percentage=31.12% |change= {{increase}}30.36 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=112,951 |percentage=78.80% |change= {{decrease}}2.50 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 141,597 |ref = |change= {{increase}}22.22 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing= {{increase}}3.09 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Sangrul<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Kalikate Govindrao Tukaram |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes=47,270 |percentage=49.59% |change={{increase}}18.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bondre Shripatrao Shankarrao |party=Indian National Congress |votes=46,546 |percentage=48.83% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=724 |percentage=0.76% |change= {{decrease}}3.64 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=95,313 |percentage=81.12% |change= {{increase}}2.53 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 115,854 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.01 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Peasants and Workers Party of India |loser=Indian National Congress (U) |swing= {{increase}}13.69 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Sangrul<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Bondre Shripatrao Shankarrao |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes=29,879 |percentage=35.90% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Khade Maruti Dhondi |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=26,216 |percentage=31.50% |change={{increase}}27.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kalikate Govindrao Tukaram |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes=25,701 |percentage=30.88% |change={{decrease}}9.10 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,663 |percentage=4.40% |change= {{decrease}}7.52 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=83,217 |percentage=78.38% |change= {{decrease}}4.52 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 104,359 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.56 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress (U) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Sangrul<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Bondre Shripatrao Shankarrao |party=Indian National Congress |votes=42,835 |percentage=51.91% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kalikate Govindrao Tukaram |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes=32,996 |percentage=39.98% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Lambore Dnyandeo Gopal |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=3,207 |percentage=3.89% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chougale Baburao Mahadeo |party=Independent politician |votes=1,546 |percentage=1.87% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,839 |percentage=11.92% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=82,522 |percentage=82.68% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 97,939 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Griha Laxmi

2025-12-30T17:20:10Z

MuoiBraley9009: added a info.

{{Infobox television
| image = Griha Laxmi.jpg
| caption = Promotional poster
| genre = [[Crime drama]] [[Thriller (genre)|thriller]]
| based_on =
| writer = Umang Beena Saxena Ajaydeep Singh
| director = Rumaan Kidwai
| creative_director = Arpita Das
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Hina Khan]]
* [[Chunky Pandey]]
* [[Dibyendu Bhattacharya]]
* [[Rahul Dev]]
* [[Manish Raisinghan]]
* Harish Kumar
* Abhishek Verma
}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 7
| producer = Kaushik Izardar
| location = Betalgadh, [[Uttarakhand]] (fictional setting)
| camera =
| runtime =
| company = Kaans Production and Entertainment Studio
| network = [[EPIC ON]]
| released = {{Start date|2025|01|16|df=y}}
}}

'''Griha Laxmi''' is a 2025 Indian crime drama thriller web series that premiered on the streaming platform EPIC ON. The series stars [[Hina Khan]] as Laxmi,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agarwal |first=Bhavna |date=2025-01-09 |title=Hina Khan felt validated after playing Komolika, returns with Griha Laxmi |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/hina-khan-felt-validated-after-playing-komolika-returns-with-griha-laxmi-2662176-2025-01-09 |access-date=2025-08-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> a housewife who becomes involved in the marijuana trade, with [[Chunky Panday|Chunky Pandey]] portraying the main antagonist.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hina Khan reveals Griha Laxmi was supposed to release in 2024; reacts to promoting series amid cancer treatment |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/hina-khan-reveals-griha-laxmi-was-supposed-to-release-in-october-2024-reacts-to-promoting-series-amid-cancer-treatment/525cd807b4226 |access-date=2025-08-06 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> [[Dibyendu Bhattacharya]] and [[Rahul Dev]] appear in supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-25 |title=Dibyendu Bhattacharya on Hina Khan's battle with breast cancer: 'Her body and health were deteriorating during Griha Laxmi shoot but we had no idea' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/dibyendu-bhattacharya-on-hina-khans-battle-with-breast-cancer-her-body-and-health-were-deteriorating-during-griha-laxmi-shoot-but-we-had-no-idea/articleshow/118539650.cms |access-date=2025-08-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-09 |title=Chunky Panday thought Griha Laxmi was an Ekta Kapoor show, later realised it was 'more Breaking Bad' than Balaji |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/chunky-panday-thought-griha-laxmi-was-ekta-kapoor-show-realised-it-was-more-breaking-bad-than-balaji-hina-khan-101736356683043.html |access-date=2025-08-06 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-01 |title=Dibyendu Bhattacharya: Hope content continues to rule on OTT |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/griha-laxmi-actor-dibyendu-bhattacharya-hope-content-continues-to-rule-on-ott-101738323975939.html |access-date=2025-08-06 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> The series is directed by Rumaan Kidwai in his directorial debut and written by Umang Beena Saxena and Ajaydeep Singh, with Kaushik Izardar serving as producer under the banner Kaans Production and Entertainment Studio.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Griha Laxmi OTT release date: When and where to watch Hina Khan, Chunky Panday's gripping drama |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/griha-laxmi-ott-release-when-and-where-to-watch-hina-khans-upcoming-gripping-drama/f726377211526 |access-date=2025-08-06 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> It is set in the fictional town of Betalgadh in [[Uttarakhand]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-14 |title=Hina Khan filmed Griha Laxmi action scenes while she had cancer, and she didn't even know it: 'I had a very tough 2024' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/hina-khan-filmed-griha-laxmi-action-scenes-while-she-had-cancer-and-she-didnt-even-know-it-i-had-a-very-tough-2024-101736780659474.html |access-date=2025-08-06 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Premise ==
Laxmi, a financially struggling housewife, discovers a stash of marijuana during a police chase. She begins selling it to earn money, which draws her into the local drug trade. Her activities bring her into conflict with established drug networks and attract the attention of a drug baron operating from abroad as well as a senior police officer investigating the illegal trade.

== Cast and characters ==

* [[Hina Khan]] as Laxmi
* [[Chunky Panday|Chunky Pandey]] as Kareem Kazi
* [[Dibyendu Bhattacharya]] as Vikram Kandpal
* [[Rahul Dev]] as IPS Balram Tokas
* [[Manish Raisinghan]] as Milan
* Harish Kumar as Surya
* Abhishek Verma as Hemant

== Release ==
The official trailer for ''Griha Laxmi'' was released in January 2025. The series premiered on EPIC ON on 16 January 2025.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Griha Laxmi OTT release date: When and where to watch Hina Khan, Chunky Panday's gripping drama |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/griha-laxmi-ott-release-when-and-where-to-watch-hina-khans-upcoming-gripping-drama/f726377211526 |access-date=2025-08-06 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Griha Laxmi: Where To Watch Hina Khan, Chunky Panday And Rahul Dev's Crime Thriller |url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/griha-laxmi-where-to-watch-hina-khan-chunky-panday-and-rahul-devs-crime-thriller-aa-9190596.html |access-date=2025-08-06 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''The series received mixed reviews from critics.''

Abhishek Srivastava of [[The Times of India|Times of India]] rated 2.5/5, noting "‘Griha Laxmi’ is a missed opportunity, hindered by its lack of realism and depth. The transition of Laxmi from a maid to a drug seller feels poorly developed and overly convenient, leaving little room for genuine investment in her journey. The series struggles to make its events believable, which diminishes the impact of what could have been a compelling narrative."<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/griha-laxmi/season-1/seasonreview/117236072.cms |title=Griha Laxmi Season 1 Review: With its improbable events, this series fails to deliver a convincing plot |last=Srivastava |first=Abhishek |last2= |last3= |last4= |last5= |first5= |access-date=2025-08-06 |via=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref> Shatakshi Ganguly of IWM Buzz stated "With its nuanced characters and tenacious narrative, Griha Laxmi is a standout crime thriller. Bold, emotional, and thought-provoking, it’s a story that lingers long after the credits roll."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ganguly |first=Shatakshi |date=2025-01-16 |title=Griha Laxmi Review: Bold, Emotional and Thought-Provoking |url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/digital/editorial-digital/griha-laxmi-review-bold-emotional-and-thought-provoking/2025/01/16 |access-date=2025-08-06 |website=IWMBuzz |language=en}}</ref>

Amit Bhatia of [[ABP News|APB LIVE]] rated 3/5 and noted "Rumaan Kidwai's direction is good, he has extracted good work from the actors. He has done a good job in a low budget. He further said, Overall, watch this series once for Hina Khan."<ref>{{Cite web |last=भाटिया |first=अमित |date=2025-01-20 |title=गृह लक्ष्मी रिव्यू: नौकरानी से ड्रग्स की दुनिया की रानी बनी हिना खान, ये सीरीज देखनी बनती है |url=https://www.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/movie-review-griha-lakshmi-review-hina-khan-web-series-on-epic-platform-read-review-in-hindi-2866599 |access-date=2025-08-06 |website=ABP News |language=hi}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[List of web series]]

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=35255273}}
* ''[https://www.epicon.in/tv-shows/griha-laxmi Griha Laxmi]'' on EPIC ON

[[Category:2025 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language web series]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama television series]]

Hanumana

2025-12-26T11:53:19Z

MuoiBraley9009:

{{for2|the Hindu deity|Hanuman|other uses|Hanuman (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Hanumana
| native_name = हनुमना
| native_name_lang = hi
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
| image_skyline = Keoti Fall.JPG
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Bailohi falls near Hanumana
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24|46|30|N|82|5|24|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mauganj district|Mauganj]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 14873
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Bagheli language|Bagheli]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|MP]]
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MP]]
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}
'''Hanumana''' is a town and a [[nagar panchayat]] in [[Mauganj district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]] and some Neighbouring Towns are [[Manikwar]], [[Mauganj]] And [[Mangawan]]. Hanumana is also a Tehsil Headquarter.<ref>[https://mauganj.nic.in/%e0%a4%a4%e0%a4%b9%e0%a4%b8%e0%a5%80%e0%a4%b2-%e0%a4%8f%e0%a4%b5%e0%a4%82-%e0%a4%97%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%81%e0%a4%b5/ Tehsil and Villages]</ref>

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hanumana Tehsil Population Rewa, Madhya Pradesh, List of Villages & Towns in Hanumana Tehsil |url=https://www.censusindia2011.com/madhya-pradesh/rewa/hanumana-population.html |access-date=2024-08-24 |website=Censusindia2011.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Hanumana had a population of 254,882. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Hanumana has an average literacy rate of 53%, lower than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 64%, and female literacy is 41%. In Hanumana, 19% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==Economy==
After the year 2000, Hanumana became an education hub for nearby villages, however its business hub image went down drastically as all villages now have their own marketplace. Now many people from nearby villages come to Hanumana to pursue an education. Students pursue technical education like medical, Engineering, MBA and more migrate to other cities within and out of Madhya Pradesh. People of Hanumana started migrating to big cities like Indore, Bhopal, Mumbai and Delhi for education and jobs. The main income source of adjacent villages is farming.

==Landmarks==
Landmarks in the town include a waterfall called Kurwa, There is a famous temple of Lord Shiva known as Hateshwarnath located in Village Hata. A 150-year-old temple, Hanuman Temple. A myth about the temple is that lord Hanuman was born there. The festivals Diwali, Dashra, Rakhi and Holi are widely celebrated.

==Transport==

'''By air'''

The nearest airport is [[Rewa Airport]] in [[Rewa, Madhya Pradesh|Rewa]], [[Madhya Pradesh]].

'''By bus'''

Bus stand available in the city bus stand. Deotalab is connected by private bus services to all nearest major cities.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Rewa Division}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Rewa district]]
[[Category:Rewa, Madhya Pradesh]]

Balgana

2025-12-09T01:35:30Z

MuoiBraley9009: basic fixed structure after review after review

#Redirect [[Balgona]]

Mittal Patel

2025-12-02T19:09:50Z

MuoiBraley9009: creating a entry!

{{Short description|Indian activist}}
{{pp-pc|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{COI|date=November 2025}}
{{BLP sources|date=November 2025}}
}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mittal Patel
| image = Mrs Mittal Maulik Patel.jpg
| caption = Mittal Patel (left)
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1981|1|13}}
| birth_place = Shankhalpur, [[Becharaji]], [[Gujarat]]
| education =
| occupation = Indian Social and Environmental Activist
| organization = Vicharta Samuday Samarthan Manch (VSSM), Vimukt Foundation (VF)
| known_for = Founded VSSM
| spouse = Maulik Patel
| awards = [[Real Heroes Award]], [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.vssmindia.org/}} {{URL|http://www.vimuktfoundation.org/}}
| module = {{Infobox officeholder
| embed = yes
}}
}}

'''Mittal Patel''' is an Indian social and environmental activist, known for her work with marginalized and nomadic communities in Gujarat. She is the founder of Vicharta Samuday Samarthan Manch (VSSM), an organization working on social justice, education, livelihood support, environmental sustainability, and community development.

==Early life==
Patel was born {{circa|1981}} in Sankhalpur village, in the [[Mehsana district]] of [[Gujarat]]. Both her parents worked in [[animal husbandry]]. She married and had one daughter.<ref name="TH-17">{{cite news |last1=Chandra |first1=Kavita Kanan |title=Mittal Patel has worked relentlessly to provide the nomadic and de-notified tribes of Gujarat with voter ID cards and social benefits |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/mittal-patel-has-been-putting-nomadic-and-de-notified-tribes-on-the-map/article22331573.ece |access-date=26 September 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=30 December 2017 |language=en-IN |archive-date=22 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122094749/https://www.thehindu.com/society/mittal-patel-has-been-putting-nomadic-and-de-notified-tribes-on-the-map/article22331573.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> She took a BA in physics<ref name="Ashaval" /> before graduating with a [[PhM]] in journalism at [[Gujarat University]] in [[Ahmedabad]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mittal Patel {{!}} Gujarati Sahitya Forum |url=https://www.gujaratisahitya.org/people/mittal-patel |access-date=2025-11-22 |website=www.gujaratisahitya.org}}</ref>

==Career==
In 2006, she began to work with indigenous peoples. Four years later, she founded Vicharta Samuday Samarthan Manch (VSSM), an organization dedicated to supporting nomads.<ref name="Moneylife">{{cite news |last1=Madhavan |first1=N. |title=Bringing Nomadic Communities into the Mainstream |url=https://www.moneylife.in/article/bringing-nomadic-communities-into-the-mainstream/44001.html |access-date=26 September 2022 |work=Moneylife |date=16 November 2015 |language=en |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202023631/http://www.moneylife.in/article/bringing-nomadic-communities-into-the-mainstream/44001.html |url-status=live }}</ref> She worked with the Bawa, Gadaliya, Kangasiya, Meer, Nathwadee, Salat and Saraniya tribes, helping people to get married, set up schools, assert land rights and claim identification papers.<ref name="Moneylife" /><ref name="Auto">{{Cite web |author= |date=2024-03-22 |title=Drivers of Change: Mittal Patel |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/auto/interview/story/drivers-of-change-mittal-patel-2518254-2024-03-22 |access-date=2025-11-22 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The [[Government of Gujarat]] had by 2016 issued 60,000 voting card to indigenous peoples. The VSSM acts as a bank, lending money to individuals and runs two hostels in Ahmedabad for over 700 children.<ref name="BS">{{cite news |last1=Krishna |first1=Geetanjali |title=A voice for nomads |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/a-voice-for-nomads-116052001422_1.html |access-date=26 September 2022 |work=Business Standard |date=21 May 2016 |language=en |archive-date=26 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926174718/https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/a-voice-for-nomads-116052001422_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Building upon the connections fostered by the VSSM, the [[List of banks in India#Urban Co-operative Banks (UCBs)|Kalupur Co-operative Bank]] has given [[microfinance]] loans of [[Rupee|Rs]] 50,000 to 100 indigenous peoples in order to buy housing and also issued loans of up to Rs 25,000 to small businesses.<ref name="HT-18">{{cite news |last1=Jayaraman |first1=Gayatri |title=A cooperative bank that gives loans to Gujarat's nomadic tribes based on trust |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/a-cooperative-bank-that-gives-loans-to-gujarat-s-nomadic-tribes-based-on-trust/story-pobeQ2AQRXwB6hGYYt1MTK.html |access-date=26 September 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=14 February 2018 |language=en |archive-date=9 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109013255/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/a-cooperative-bank-that-gives-loans-to-gujarat-s-nomadic-tribes-based-on-trust/story-pobeQ2AQRXwB6hGYYt1MTK.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Gujarat has 28 [[Nomadic tribes in India|nomadic tribes]] and 12 [[Denotified Tribes|denotified tribes]].<ref name="TH-17" /> These tribes have traditionally worked as knife sharpeners, haberdashers, snake-charmers and rope-walkers.<ref name="TIE-22">{{cite news |title=Gujarat: Send children to schools, basic amenities assured, CM Patel tells nomadic tribes |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/rajkot/gujarat-send-children-to-schools-basic-amenities-assured-cm-patel-tells-nomadic-tribes-7916476/ |access-date=26 September 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=14 May 2022 |language=en |archive-date=28 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928104326/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/rajkot/gujarat-send-children-to-schools-basic-amenities-assured-cm-patel-tells-nomadic-tribes-7916476/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Patel engaged with members of the [[Dafer]] community, who were commonly regarded as criminals after being labelled as such under the [[British Raj]]. She worked to help them integrate into broader society.<ref name="TH-17" /> There are between 45 and 50 Dafer communities (known as Danga) in Gujarat, with a population of 18,000.<ref name="TIE">{{cite news |title=Gujarat: Dafer community resolves to erase 'criminal tribe' stigma |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/gujarat-dafer-community-resolves-to-erase-criminal-tribe-stigma-6149539/ |access-date=26 September 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=4 December 2019 |language=en |archive-date=27 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127070728/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/gujarat-dafer-community-resolves-to-erase-criminal-tribe-stigma-6149539/ |url-status=live }}</ref> By 2018, 90 per cent of the indigenous peoples of Gujarat had become [[Indian nationality law|citizens of India]]. However, Patel was still compelled to organize actions against [[Lynching|lynch mobs]] which targeted tribal people.<ref name="Statesman">{{cite news |last1=Das |first1=Rathin |title=Giving nomads an identity |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/good-samaritan-mittal-patel-giving-nomads-an-identity-1502670560.html |access-date=26 September 2022 |work=The Statesman |date=7 August 2018 |archive-date=28 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928104327/https://www.thestatesman.com/india/good-samaritan-mittal-patel-giving-nomads-an-identity-1502670560.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The following year, Patel was appointed to a board alongside [[Otaram Dewasi]] and under [[NITI Aayog]] which was intended to suggest welfare measures for indigenous peoples.<ref name="HT-19">{{cite news |last1=Ramachandran |first1=Smriti Kak |title=Key appointments to board for denotified tribes pending |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/key-appointments-to-board-for-denotified-tribes-pending/story-uQwoGDHSVM74tjyFWmaosO.html |access-date=26 September 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=15 June 2019 |language=en |archive-date=26 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926174718/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/key-appointments-to-board-for-denotified-tribes-pending/story-uQwoGDHSVM74tjyFWmaosO.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2020, Patel published a book entitled ''Surnama vinana Maanvio''.<ref name="Ashaval" /> She has also revived more than 87 Gujarati lakes.<ref name="TNIE-19">{{cite news |title=Water warriors of India get a voice |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2019/oct/24/water-warriors-of-india-get-a-voice-2052251.html |access-date=26 September 2022 |work=The New Indian Express |date=24 October 2019 |archive-date=26 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026145633/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2019/oct/24/water-warriors-of-india-get-a-voice-2052251.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Vicharta Samuday Samarthan Manch ===
{{expand section|date=November 2025}}
In 2010, Patel founded Vicharta Samuday Samarthan Manch (VSSM) with a small team. The organization has since grown to over 200 members and operates across Gujarat. Key programs of VSSM include providing legal documentation, education, livelihood support, housing, water conservation, and environmental initiatives.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Correspondent |first=By Nilima Pathak |date=2018-09-15 |title=Giving a voice to nomadic tribes |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/giving-a-voice-to-nomadic-tribes-1.1015414 |access-date=2025-11-22 |website=Gulf News: Latest UAE news, Dubai news, Business, travel news, Dubai Gold rate, prayer time, cinema |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Standard |first=Business |title=A voice for nomads |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/a-voice-for-nomads-116052001422_1.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250126035724/https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/a-voice-for-nomads-116052001422_1.html |archive-date=2025-01-26 |access-date=2025-11-22 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Government positions===

* Member of the Cheetah Task Force, [[National Tiger Conservation Authority]].
* Advisor to the Startup and Innovation Policy Advisory Committee of the [[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Open University]].

==Awards and recognition==
* Mittal Patel's activism for human rights was recognised with the [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]]. She was presented with the award on [[International Women's Day]], 8 March 2018, by President [[Ram Nath Kovind]].<ref name="Ashaval">{{cite news |last1=Dave |first1=Harita |title=Mittal Patel: The Messiah for Nomadic and Denotified Tribes |url=https://ashaval.com/mittal-patel-the-messiah-for-nomadic-and-denotified-tribes-0923619/ |access-date=26 September 2022 |work=Ashaval |date=12 September 2020 |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525071638/https://ashaval.com/mittal-patel-the-messiah-for-nomadic-and-denotified-tribes-0923619/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Social Changemaker of the Year (2025) – Conferred by [[BetterIndia]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Shivani |title=Meet Mittal Patel, Who Skipped Her IAS Dreams to Uplift India’s “Criminal” Tribes |url=https://thebetterindia.com/changemakers/tbi-showcase-social-changemaker-mittal-patel-transforming-lives-nomadic-denotified-tribes-gujarat-10504581 |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=thebetterindia.com |language=en}}</ref>
* Climate Change Award (2021–22) – Conferred by the Government of Gujarat Department of Climate Change in December 2023 for significant contributions to environmental sustainability.{{cn|date=November 2025}}
* Nari Shakti Puraskar (2018) – Conferred with the Nari Shakti Award by the President of India on 8th March 2018. She has also been honoured with the Nari Shakti Award by the Government of Gujarat for her dedicated efforts towards empowering the Nomadic and De-notified Tribes.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hxxnJ5oZ6v8 |title=Mittal Patel - Nari Shakti Awardee 2017 |date=2018-03-15 |last=Ministry of Women & Child Development Govt of India |access-date=2025-10-04 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

== Publications ==
Patel has published multiple books, and is also a regular columnist in Gujarati newspapers such as ''NavGujarat Samay'', ''Phulchhab'', ''Gujarat Guardian'', and ''Gujarat Mitra''.{{citation needed|date=November 2025}}
* ''Sarnama Vinana Manavio'' (2019, 2022)<ref name="Ashaval" />
* ''…Pan Ahinyaan Sukh Nathi Aavtun!'' (2022)
* ''Ine Jakaro Kem Devay?'' (2023)
* ''Jal Khutya?'' (2025)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Nari Shakti Puraskar}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patel, Mittal}}
[[Category:1980s births]]
[[Category:Women from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Nari Shakti Puraskar winners]]
[[Category:Gujarat University alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Malik Umar Hayat Khan

2025-11-19T14:10:04Z

MuoiBraley9009: improved article

{{Short description|Indian soldier and landowner (1874–1944)}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Major General]]
| name = Sir Umar Hayat Khan
| honorific_suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|GBE|KCIE|MVO}}
| image = File:Malik Umar Hayat Khan - Assistant Delhi Herald.jpg
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption = Khan as Assistant Delhi Herald, 1911
| native_name =
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| birth_date = {{Birth date|1874|10|05|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Megha, [[Jhawarian]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British Raj|British India]] ({{small|now in [[Punjab, Pakistan]]}})
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1944|03|24|1874|10|05|df=yes}}
| death_place = Kalra Estate, [[Jhawarian]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British Raj|British India]]
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| allegiance = {{flag|British India}}
| branch = {{army|British India}}
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| rank = [[Major General]]
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| unit = [[18th King George's Own Lancers]] [[19th King George's Own Lancers]]
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| battles = [[British Somaliland|Somaliland War]] [[British expedition to Tibet]] [[World War I]] [[Third Anglo-Afghan War]]
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| alma_mater = [[Aitchison College]]
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[[Major General]] [[Nawab]] '''Sir Umar Hayat Khan Tiwana''' {{postnominals|country=GBR|GBE|KCIE|MVO}} (5 October 1874 – 24 March 1944), was a soldier of the [[British Raj|Indian Empire]], one of the largest landholders in the [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]], and an elected member of the [[Council of State (India)|Council of State of India]].

==Background and early life==
He was born in a Megha, [[Jhawarian]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]].<ref name="Routledge">{{cite book |last1=Talbot |first1=Ian |title=Khizr Tiwana, the Punjab Unionist Party and the Partition of India |date=16 December 2013 |publisher=Routledge |pages=1136790292}}</ref> His father was [[Malik Sahib Khan Tiwana|Sir Malik Sahib Khan]] and his family, from [[Khushab]], were part of the [[Rajput]] [[Tiwana family of Shahpur|Tiwana Family]].<ref name=www>''MALIK MOHAMMED UMAR HAYAT KHAN (TIWANA)'', ''Maj.-Gen. Hon. Sir'' in ''Who Was Who 1941–1950'', (London, A & C Black, 1980 reprint: {{ISBN|0-7136-2131-1}})</ref> Khan was educated at [[Aitchison College|Aitchison Chiefs College]], [[Lahore]] between 1888 and 1893.<ref name="Routledge"/>

[[File:Malik Umar Hayat Khan c. 1901.jpg|thumb|300px|Sir Malik Umar Hayat Khan as an Honorary Lieutenant of the 18th King George's Own Lancers, early 20th century (watercolour by Major A.C. Lovett (1862–1919)).]]

==Military service==
Khan served in the [[British Somaliland|Somaliland War]] of 1902–1904, receiving the Jidballi medal and clasp, the [[British expedition to Tibet]] of 1903-1904 (for which he was [[Mentioned in Despatches]]<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27710|page=5684|date=2 September 1904}}</ref>), the European theatre of the [[Great War]] between 1914 and 1915 (during which he was Mentioned in Despatches<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=29422|supp=y|page=75|date=31 December 1915}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette|issue=29823|supp=y|page=11037|date=14 November 1916}}</ref> a further six times), and then in the [[Third Anglo-Afghan War]]. He was attached to the [[18th King George's Own Lancers]] and later the [[19th King George's Own Lancers]].<ref name=www/>

He acted as an honorary [[aide-de-camp]] to [[George V of the United Kingdom|George V]],<ref name=GazetteADCGV>{{London Gazette|issue=33664|page=7501|date=25 November 1930}}</ref> [[Edward VIII of the United Kingdom|Edward VIII]],<ref name=GazetteADCEVIII>{{London Gazette|issue=34325|page=6074|date=22 September 1936}}</ref> and [[George VI of the United Kingdom|George VI]].<ref name=www/><ref name=GazetteADCGVI>{{London Gazette|issue=34370|page=996|date=12 February 1937}}</ref>

==Public life==
In 1907, moving beyond his career as a soldier, the management of his family estates in the Punjab, and his role as an hereditary Provincial Darbari, Khan became an Attaché to [[Habibullah Khan|HM the Amir of Afghanistan]].<ref name=www/> He served as a member of the [[Governor-General of India]]'s [[Council of India|Imperial Council]] from 1910 to 1944.<ref name=www/>

In 1910, in the Imperial legislature, Khan called for Europeans to supervise districts as "...disinterested men to safeguard the interests of all".<ref>Shukla, J. D., ''Indianisation of All-India Services and Its Impact on Administration 1834-1947'', New Delhi, Allied Publishers, 1982</ref>

At the [[Delhi Durbar]] of 1911, Khan acted as [[Delhi Herald Extraordinary|Assistant Herald]] to [[William Peyton|Brigadier General William Peyton]], the [[Delhi Herald Extraordinary]].<ref name=www/><ref>Cox, Noel, ''A New Zealand Heraldic Authority?'' in John Campbell-Kease (ed), ''Tribute to an Armorist: Essays for John Brooke-Little to mark the Golden Jubilee of The Coat of Arms'', London, The Heraldry Society, 2000, p. 93 & p. 101: "Two heralds, with ceremonial rather than heraldic responsibilities, were appointed for the Delhi Durbar in 1911... Delhi Herald (Brigadier-General William Eliot Peyton) and Assistant Delhi Herald (Captain the Honourable Malik Mohammed Umar Hayat Khan)."</ref>

In December 1913, he was elected as one of the seventeen officers of the [[All-India Muslim League]], at the League's Seventh Session held at [[Agra]].<ref>Ralhan, O. P., ''Encyclopaedia of Political Parties: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh'' (1996), p. 242: "10. The Hon'ble Captain Malik Umar Hayat Khan, CIE, MVO"</ref> He was instrumental in ensuring ex-servicemen were enfranchised in the [[Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms]] of 1919.<ref name="Routledge"/>

He was a member of the Council of the [[Secretary of State for India]] from 1924 to 1934, as well as becoming an elected member of the [[Council of State (India)|Council of State]] and a member of the Punjab Legislative Council for two terms.<ref name=www/>

In a deposition for a case in the [[High Court]] in 1924, Khan was described as "Colonel Sir Malik Umar Hayat Khan Tiwana KCIE, CEI, MVO, [[Zamindar]] of forty-eight thousand bighas at [[Shahpur (Punjab)|Shapur]], [[Rawalpindi]], Honorary Magistrate 1st Class".<ref>Collett, Nigel A., ''The Jallianwala Bagh Revisited II'' online at [http://www.usiofindia.org/article_july_sep06_14.htm The Jallianwala Bagh Revisited II] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080201035512/http://www.usiofindia.org/article_july_sep06_14.htm |date=1 February 2008 }} at the web site usiofindia.org (accessed 25 January 2008)</ref>

==London==
From 1929 to 1934, he spent most of his time in [[London]], joining the [[Conservative Party (UK)|conservative]] [[Carlton Club]] and becoming President of the British Falconers' Club.<ref name=www/> He can be credited with taking [[Mir Sultan Khan|Sultan Khan]], a talented [[chess]] player whose career he promoted whilst in the [[United Kingdom]] to London.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sultan |first=Atiyab |date=30 April 2020 |title=' Sultan Khan by Daniel King'- A granddaughter's review |url=https://www.chess.com/blog/atiyabsultan/sultan-khan-by-daniel-king-a-granddaughters-review |access-date=12 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=King |first1=Daniel |title=Sultan Khan: The Indian Servant Who Became Chess Champion of the British Empire |date=8 April 2020 |publisher=New in Chess |isbn=978-9056918767}}</ref> While Sultan Khan did not even know chess notation, he was nevertheless a worthy match for the top British and even international chess players.

In London he resided in the 10 Prince Albert Road, Regent's Park, and held an open house every weekend.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Aziz |first1=Khursheed Kamal |title=Rahmat Ali: A Biography |year=1987 |publisher=Steiner Verlag Wiesbaden |isbn=3515050515}}</ref> [[Choudhry Rahmat Ali]] was a regular guest of his during this time and his [[Pakistan Declaration|Now or Never pamphlet]] was partly penned at the residence.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ali Usman Qasmi, Megan Eaton Robb |title=Muslims against the Muslim League |date=15 September 2017 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1107166639}}</ref>

==''O'Dwyer v. Nair'' libel case==
In 1924, Khan appeared as a significant witness in the ''O'Dwyer v. Nair'' libel case, heard in the [[High Court of Justice|High Court]] in [[London]] over five weeks from 30 April 1924.<ref name=collett>Collett, Nigel A., ''The Jallianwala Bagh Revisited'' online at [http://www.usiofindia.org/article_Apr_jun06_10.htm The Jallianwala Bagh Revisited] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080201035503/http://www.usiofindia.org/article_Apr_jun06_10.htm |date=1 February 2008 }} at the web site usiofindia.org (accessed 25 January 2008)</ref>

[[Michael O'Dwyer|Sir Michael O'Dwyer]], Lieutenant-Governor of the Punjab until 1919, sued [[C. Sankaran Nair|Sir Chettur Sankaran Nair]] in a case concerning matters arising from the [[Amritsar Massacre]] and the Punjab Disturbances of 1919, and in particular recruiting abuses in the Punjab between 1917 and 1918. The case turned into one of the longest civil hearings in English legal history up to that time.<ref name=collett/>

Khan, appearing as a witness for O'Dwyer, stated that there had been a recruiting quota, namely one third of all villagers of military age. He described the killing of Tahsildar Sayyad Nadir Hussain in Lakk by villagers who strongly objected to his approach to recruiting, and an attack by 1,000 rioters on police seeking to enforce recruitment warrants, resulting in the killing of some of the rioters. Under cross examination, he admitted that there had been a "white book" and a "black book", in which village headmen who met recruitment targets and those who did not were listed.<ref name=collett/>

O'Dwyer won his case,<ref name=collett/> with the sole dissenting member of the jury being the [[List of political philosophers|political philosopher]] [[Harold Laski]].<ref>Berg, Maxine, ''A Woman in History'' (1996), p. 148</ref>

==Personal life==
His son [[Malik Khizar Hayat Tiwana]] went on to become the last [[Prime Minister of Punjab|Premier]] of the [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]].<ref name="Routledge"/>

==Honours==
*[[Africa General Service Medal|Africa General Service Medal with clasp Jidballi]], 1903<ref name=www/>
*[[Delhi Durbar Medal]], 1903<ref name=www/>
*[[Delhi Durbar Medal (1911)|Delhi Durbar Medal]], 1911<ref name=www/>
*Member of the [[Royal Victorian Order]], Fourth class (MVO), 1911<ref name=www/><ref>{{London Gazette|issue=28559|pages=9363–9364|date=8 December 1911}}</ref>
*Knight Commander of the [[Order of the Indian Empire]] (KCIE), 1916<ref name=www/><ref>{{London Gazette|issue=29608|supp=y|page=5570|date=2 June 1916}}</ref> (CIE: 1906 [[King's Birthday Honours]]<ref name=www/><ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27926|supp=y|page=4462|date=26 June 1906}}</ref>)
*[[Nawab]] (personal title only), 1929<ref name=www/>
*Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of the British Empire]] (GBE), 1934 King's Birthday Honours<ref name=www/><ref>{{London Gazette|issue=34056|page=3568|date=1 June 1934}}</ref> (CBE: 1919 King's Birthday Honours<ref name=www/><ref>{{London Gazette|issue=31379|supp=y|page=7051|date=30 May 1919}}</ref>)
*Honorary [[Magistrate#India|Magistrate]] (first class)<ref name=www/>
*President of the Falconers' Club<ref name=www/>
Malik Muhammad Umar Hayat Khan Towana had strictly forbidden the administration that the administration should not employ anyone from his father's state in government jobs, the reason being that Malik did not want the people of his state to behave like the rulers of the British. The residents of the state had to pay fees, that's why there were very few Hindus in Kalra state and in their place, very few refugees came to Kalra state at the time of partition.

===Military promotions===
*Honorary Lieutenant in the [[British Indian Army|Indian Army]], 1901<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27312|page=3202|date=10 May 1901}}</ref>
*Honorary Captain in the Indian Army, 1911<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=28506|page=4603|date=20 June 1911}}</ref>
*Honorary Major in the Indian Army, 1917<ref name=www/><ref>{{London Gazette|issue=30252|supp=y|page=8853|date=27 May 1930}}</ref>
*Honorary Lieutenant-Colonel in the Indian Army, 1920<ref name=www/>
*Honorary Colonel in the Indian Army, 1930<ref name=www/><ref>{{London Gazette|issue=33609|page=3327|date=27 May 1930}}</ref>
*Honorary [[Major General]], Indian Army, 1935<ref name=www/><ref>{{London Gazette|issue=34155|page=2823|date=30 April 1935}}</ref>
*Honorary Colonel of [[18th King George's Own Lancers]]<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=34209|page=6545|date=18 October 1935}}</ref>
*Honorary Extra [[Aide-de-camp]] to [[George V of the United Kingdom|George V]], 1930<ref name=www/><ref name=GazetteADCGV />
*Honorary Extra Aide-de-camp to [[Edward VIII of the United Kingdom|Edward VIII]], 1935<ref name=GazetteADCEVIII />
*Honorary Extra Aide-de-camp to [[George VI of the United Kingdom|George VI]], 1936 to 1944<ref name=www/><ref name=GazetteADCGVI />

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{NPG name}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Malik Umar Hayat}}
[[Category:1874 births]]
[[Category:1944 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian knights]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Indian Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Members of the Council of India]]
[[Category:Officers of arms]]
[[Category:Aitchison College alumni]]
[[Category:People of the Third Anglo-Afghan War]]
[[Category:Indian Members of the Royal Victorian Order]]
[[Category:Members of the Imperial Legislative Council of India]]
[[Category:Tiwana family]]
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]
[[Category:Members of the Council of State (India)]]
[[Category:British Indian Army personnel]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian royalty]]

Debt bondage in India

2025-11-08T20:52:57Z

MuoiBraley9009:

{{short description|none}} 
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2016}}

'''Debt bondage in India''' ({{langx|hi|बंधुआ मज़दूरी|bandhua mazdoori}}) was legally abolished in 1976 but remains prevalent due to weak enforcement by the government.<ref name="A $110 loan, then 20 years of debt bondage">{{cite news | url=http://thecnnfreedomproject.blogs.cnn.com/2011/06/02/a-110-loan-then-20-years-of-debt-bondage/ | work=CNN | title=A $110 loan, then 20 years of debt bondage | date=June 2, 2011 | access-date=April 23, 2012 | archive-date=November 12, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112042406/https://thecnnfreedomproject.blogs.cnn.com/2011/06/02/a-110-loan-then-20-years-of-debt-bondage/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Bonded labour]] is a system in which lenders force their borrowers to repay loans through labor.<ref name="A $110 loan, then 20 years of debt bondage"/> Additionally, these debts often take a large amount of time to pay off and are unreasonably high, propagating a cycle of generational inequality.<ref name=":4" /> This is due to the typically high interest rates on the loans given out by employers.<ref name=":14">{{Cite journal|last1=Bhukuth|first1=Augendra|last2=Ballet|first2=Jérôme|last3=Sirven|first3=Nicolas|date=2018|title=Bonded Labour or What Else? A Case Study in Tamil Nadu, India: Bonded Labour|journal=Journal of International Development|language=en|volume=30|issue=5|pages=745–759|doi=10.1002/jid.3261}}</ref> Although debt bondage is considered to be a voluntary form of labor, people are forced into this system by social situations.<ref name=":4">{{Citation|last1=Acharya|first1=Arun Kumar|title=Practices of Bonded Labour in India: Forms of Exploitation and Human Rights Violations|date=2019|work=The SAGE Handbook of Human Trafficking and Modern Day Slavery|pages=126–138|publisher=SAGE Publications Ltd|doi=10.4135/9781526436146.n6|isbn=9781473978553|last2=Naranjo|first2=Diego López|s2cid=169418671}}</ref>

Debt bondage has deep roots in Indian history, dating back to the period when [[India]] was under [[Colonial India|colonial rule]].<ref name=":2" /> On a more recent note, according to the 2016 Global Slavery Index, India has the 4th most slaves with 19 million Indians enslaved in some form, including debt bondage.<ref name=":4" /> Many Indians enter debt bondage to reduce alternative risks of financial burden and violence.<ref name=":14" /> Additionally, the Indian caste system has led to social inequality and corruption which collectively allow this system to persist.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":0" /> Agricultural and brick kiln workers, including child laborers, are the main Indians involved in this practice.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":3" /> Although the Indian government has committed to awarding compensations for freed workers,<ref name=":19" /> most workers face negative consequences such as further inequality and health effects, which often results in these laborers committing suicide.<ref name=":16" /><ref name=":15" />

The rise of [[Dalit]] activism, government legislation starting as early as 1949, as well as ongoing work by NGOs and government offices to enforce labour laws and rehabilitate those in debt, appears to have contributed to the reduction of bonded labour in India.<ref>Hart, Christine [http://www.du.edu/korbel/hrhw/researchdigest/minority/Dalit.pdf ''Untouchability Today: The Rise of Dalit Activism''], Human Rights and Human Welfare, Topical Research Digest 2011, Minority Rights</ref> Additionally, both domestic and international organizations have been involved in the legal and rehabilitation process of ending this practice.<ref name=":14" /><ref name=":16" /> However, according to research papers presented by the [[International Labour Organization]], there are still many obstacles to the eradication of bonded labour in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://idsn.org/caste-discrimination/key-issues/bonded-labour/|title=International Dalit Solidarity Network: Key Issues: Bonded Labour|date=14 November 2014 }}</ref><ref>Ravi S. Srivastava [https://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/forcedlabor/18 ''Bonded Labor in India: Its Incidence and Pattern''] InFocus Programme on Promoting the Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work; and International Labour Office,(2005). Forced Labor. Paper 18</ref>

== History ==

=== Before Independence ===
[[File:Life and work in India; an account of the conditions, methods, difficulties, results, future prospects and reflex influence of missionary labor in India, especially in the Punjab mission of the United (14776444271).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Workers in colonial India]]
Although there were far more cases of involuntary slavery in eighteenth and nineteenth century India, the [[Colonial India|colonial history of India]] set a precedent for debt bondage.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Stanziani|first=Alessandro|title=Bondage: Labor and Rights in Eurasia from the Sixteenth to the Early Twentieth Centuries|date=2014-01-30|publisher=Berghahn Books| isbn=978-1-78238-251-5|edition=1|doi=10.2307/j.ctt9qcm9z.11|jstor=j.ctt9qcm9z}}</ref> Specifically, Indian indentured workers were in high demand from European colonial powers, and many Indians were [[Indian Australians|sent to]] [[Australia]] to reduce the costs and societal effects of indentured servitude.<ref name=":2" /> France, who had an [[French India|economic and political presence]] in India, created a system of indentured servitude in the [[Indian Ocean]] which about 3,000 Indians were a part of in the 1830s.<ref name=":2" /> By 1847, there were over 6,500 indentured servants in the Indian Ocean, including those in India.<ref name=":2" /> These French settlers traditionally held onto wages which initiated a system of debt bondage.<ref name=":2" /> In the second half of the nineteenth century, many Indians successfully formed unions and utilized trials to free these workers.<ref name=":2" /> Nevertheless, India felt the impacts of these historical systems of labor in the twentieth century.<ref name=":2" />

In 1935, the [[British Raj|colonial government]] passed the [[Government of India Act 1935|Government of India Act]] whose purpose was to develop the Indian economy.<ref name=":0" /> Nevertheless, this further stratified the social hierarchy in India, contributing to the debt bondage system.<ref name=":0" /> Before India gained [[Indian independence movement|independence]] in [[Indian Independence Act 1947|1947]], the [[Caste system in India|caste system]] and hierarchy of land ownership allowed the Indian social system to mirror feudalism.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal| last=Knight| first=Sarah|date=July 1, 2012|title=Debt-Bondage Slavery in India| url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1035287040 |journal=Global Dialogue |volume=14|pages=62–72| id={{ProQuest|1035287040}}}}</ref> Specifically, members of the high castes in India gave out loans to members of the lower castes.<ref name=":0" /> These lenders forced their borrowers to repay these loans through labor.<ref name=":0" /> The fact that these borrowers could not purchase land allowed this practice to perpetuate across generations.<ref name=":0" />

=== Bonded Labor System Act of 1976 ===
{{Further|Bonded Labor System (Abolition) Act, 1976}}In 1976, [[Indira Gandhi]] and the Indian government passed the Bonded Labor System Act of 1976 which released bonded laborers and stated that the practice of debt bondage in India was no longer allowed.<ref name=":0" /> This act also allowed the Indian judicial powers to set up trials for labor offenses at both the national and local levels.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":8" /> This legislation canceled all debt against bonded laborers and delegated the enforcement of this set of rules to district magistrates.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|last=Tucker|first=Lee|date=1997|title=Child Slaves in Modern India: The Bonded Labor Problem|journal=Human Rights Quarterly|volume=19|issue=3|pages=572–629|issn=0275-0392|jstor=762726|doi=10.1353/hrq.1997.0030|s2cid=143607846}}</ref> These individuals were responsible for distributing credit to former laborers and making sure that local systems of labor were not corrupted once again.<ref name=":8" /> However, due to poor enforcement, many workers stayed under debt bondage.<ref name=":0" /> According to the [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Ministry of Labor and Employment]] in India, nearly 300,000 Indians were still under debt bondage in 2009.<ref name=":0" /> Many researchers, such as Augendra Bhukuth, Jérôme Ballet, and Nicolas Sirven, argue that this is part of a larger effort of employers looking to exert a strong sense of discipline and control over their workers.<ref name=":14" /> Authors such as Isabelle Guérin argue that this act did not clearly define debt bondage which made the policies created by this legislation up to one's interpretation.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Guérin|first1=Isabelle|title=Bonded Labour and Debt in the Indian Ocean World|last2=Campbell|first2=Gwyn|last3=Stanziani|first3=Alessandro|publisher=Pickering & Chatto|year=2013|isbn=9781848933781|location=Vermont|pages=119–134|chapter=The Political Economy of Debt Bondage in Contemporary South India}}</ref> Additionally, many Indians are not educated about this act.<ref name=":21" />

== Forms of debt bondage ==
{{Slavery}}

It is estimated by [[Siddharth Kara]] that 84 to 88% of the bonded laborers in the world are in South Asia.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book|title=Bonded Labor: Tackling the System of Slavery in South Asia| last=Kara| first=Siddharth| publisher=Columbia University Press| year=2012| isbn=9780231158480| location=New York}}</ref> Out of all forms of systems in slavery in the world, the Indian debt bondage system has one of the highest numbers of forced laborers.<ref name=":0" /> According to the Ministry of Labor and Employment of the Government of India, there are over 300,000 bonded laborers in India, with a majority of them in the states of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Karnataka]], and [[Odisha]].<ref name=":4" /> Many historians such as Tom Brass debate the ethics of the debt bondage system.<ref name=":5" /> Whereas some analysts say that bonded labor is a form of anti-capitalism and limits the freedom of choice for laborers, others say that this system is voluntary.<ref name=":5" />

=== Agricultural workers ===
Debt bondage in India is most prevalent in agricultural areas, with 80% of workers in the debt bondage system being involved in agriculture.<ref name="A $110 loan, then 20 years of debt bondage" /><ref name=":0" /> Many farmers take out loans to be able to work on land, and landlords generate high amounts of profit by paying these workers less than minimum wage.<ref name=":0" /> These farmers inevitably accumulate interest due to the need of health care and basic resources.<ref name=":0" /> Farmers taking out small loans can find themselves paying interest that exceeds 100% of the loans per year.<ref name="A $110 loan, then 20 years of debt bondage" /> Additionally, many lenders only let the value of labor pay off interest and require the principal loan amount to be paid off through cash.<ref name=":0" /> According to a 2012 study, farmers receive as little as US$180 and accumulate penalties for taking sick days.<ref name=":4" /> This reduces the potential that farmers have to develop their land.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal| last=Brass| first=Tom| date=2008-04-01|title=Capitalism and Bonded Labour in India: Reinterpreting Recent (Re-) Interpretations| journal=The Journal of Peasant Studies|volume=35|issue=2|pages=177–248| doi=10.1080/03066150802150969| s2cid=153427310|issn=0306-6150}}</ref> Agricultural workers that are close to entering debt bondage have recently looked toward maistries who offer interest-free loans and more money to borrowers.<ref name=":14" />

According to a study about labor in [[Andhra Pradesh]] located in South India, the Palamur debt bondage system began in the 1930s.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal| last=Picherit|first=David| date=2017 |title=Formes contemporaines de la servitude pour dette et continuum des formes de travail en Inde du sud : le cas du système Palamur|journal=Anthropologie et Sociétés| language=fr| volume=41| issue=1| pages=51–68| doi=10.7202/1040267ar|issn=0702-8997|doi-access=free}}</ref> Workers in this system rely on a district leader who is in charge of distributing work, money, food, and resources.<ref name=":9" /> These laborers face poor living conditions, intense work and long hours, and are not able to unionize or effectively communicate with other workers.<ref name=":9" /> Additionally, district leaders often do not employ workers during the monsoon season, forcing workers to look towards other occupations and sources of income.<ref name=":9" />

=== Children ===
{{Further|Child labour in India}}
In 2013, India had the highest number of child laborers in the world.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal| last=Kumar| first=Ganesh| date=2013| title=Child Labour: Determinants, Dimensions and Policies in India| journal=Economic Affairs|language=en| volume=58| issue=4|pages=417|doi=10.5958/j.0976-4666.58.4.026| issn=0424-2513}}</ref> Most Indian child laborers are centered in rural India in the agricultural industry.<ref name=":6" /> As of 2009, most of these children worked in the states of Andhra Pradesh, [[Assam]], and [[Bihar]].<ref name=":6" /> According to both 1997 and 2003 studies in India, there were 15 million bonded child laborers centered in India.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":11" /> 98% of these individuals were a part of the Dalit caste, which is the lowest Indian caste, or the indigenous [[Adivasi]] group.<ref name=":8" /> The presence of a large number of child laborers is regarded as a serious issue in terms of economic welfare.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ncpcr.gov.in/Reports/Magnitude_of_Child_Labour_in_India_An_Analysis_of_Official_Sources_of_Data_Draft.pdf |title=Magnitude of Child Labour in India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008082441/http://ncpcr.gov.in/reports/magnitude_of_child_labour_in_india_an_analysis_of_official_sources_of_data_draft.pdf |archive-date=2013-10-08 }}</ref> These children are often tied to this debt bondage to work for their employers for a time period that could be stretched to a lifetime, and usually for minimal or no wages.<ref name=":25" /> This in turn contributes to a long term employer-slave relationship.<ref name=":25">{{cite web |url=http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/---declaration/documents/publication/wcms_081967.pdf |title=Incidence and Pattern}}</ref> Child laborers are typically put into the debt bondage system by their parents to pay off economic and social costs.<ref name=":8" /> According to a 2001 study by the [[Physicians for Human Rights|Physicians for Humans Rights]], most child laborers are working to pay off loans for their parents and receive as little as 18 rupees a day.<ref name=":11" /> Although Articles 24 and 39 of the [[Constitution of India|Indian constitution]] protect Indian children from debt bondage labor, these individuals cannot form unions and are more vulnerable to low wages and exploitation.<ref name=":8" /> Recent initiatives to end the participation of children in debt bondage has led to the creation of an underground market for the labor of these individuals.<ref name=":11" /> Whereas some researchers argue that eradicating child labor will lower wages for children that will continue to work despite institutionalized rules against this form of labor, others such as Augendra Bhukuth argue that getting rid of this institution is necessary.<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal| last=Bhukuth |first=Augendra| date=2005|title=Child Labour and Debt Bondage: A Case Study of Brick Kiln Workers in Southeast India|journal=Journal of Asian and African Studies| language=en| volume=40| issue=4| pages=287–302| doi=10.1177/0021909605055776|s2cid=153515012|issn=0021-9096}}</ref>
[[File:Brick klin workers in hyderabad.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Brick kiln workers in [[Hyderabad]], a city in India]]

=== Other workers ===
Workers in the brick kiln and sugarcane industries often enter debt bondage.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal| last1=Bhukuth| first1=Augendra| last2=Ballet| first2=Jérôme| last3=Guérin| first3=Isabelle| date=2007-09-11|title=Social capital and the brokerage system: the formation of debt bondage in South India| journal=Journal of Economic Studies|language=en| volume=34| issue=4| pages=311–323| doi=10.1108/01443580710817434|issn=0144-3585}}</ref> Researchers specifically categorize the brick kiln industry as a form of debt bondage since workers in this institution receive money in advance which they must later pay off.<ref name=":13" /> According to a 2003 study, although most Indian laborers in the brick kiln industry did not enter debt bondage, the number of workers entering debt bondage was increasing due to a lack of trust between brokers, or lenders, and borrowers.<ref name=":3" /> Although employers in charge of this industry do not employ children, workers inevitably turn to their children to improve their chances of completing their work and receiving a loan in the first place.<ref name=":13" /> According to a 2007 study in [[Chennai]] and [[Madurai]] in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu about the brick kiln industry, many Indians hold different views on the relationship between brokers and workers.<ref name=":3" /> Whereas some argue that this relationship is built upon mutualism, others cite the harms of this connection since workers in this industry are seasonal, receive conditional advances, and receive low wages, often only covering the costs of food.<ref name=":3" /> As of 2019, there are over 23 million Indians involved in the brick kiln industry, many of whom are involved in debt bondage.<ref name=":18">{{Cite web| url=https://www.antislavery.org/what-we-do/past-projects/india-debt-bondage/|title=Slavery in India's brick kilns| website=Anti-Slavery International| language=en-GB| access-date=2020-04-20}}</ref>

Additionally, industries such as the quarrying, mining, and manual cleaning businesses hire cheap workers through debt bondage.<ref name=":4" /> Although the Indian government passed the Manual Scavengers and Rehabilitation Act in 2013, there were over 12,000 laborers in this industry in 2016, mostly centered in [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name=":4" /> One other form of debt bondage is that of [[Sumangali (child labour)|Sumangali]] in which families of lower caste levels enter debt bondage to pay off high dowries.<ref name=":4" />

== Contributing factors ==
=== Caste system ===
{{further|Caste system in India}}
[[File:Dalit or Untouchable Woman of Bombay (Mumbai) according to Indian Caste System - 1942.jpg|thumb|Woman of Dalit Caste in 1942 Mumbai]]
The Indian caste system, which was widely popular in the 20th century, has five tiers, with Dalits making up the base of this system.<ref name=":0" /> Researchers such as author Sarah Knight believe that the caste system and its contribution to social stratification makes debt bondage more acceptable.<ref name=":0" /> Specifically, Dalits have little access to education, health care, and housing which forces them to take out loans and enter forced labor.<ref name=":0" /> Additionally, they often do not qualify for loans from banks which forces them to borrow money from lenders at a high interest rate.<ref name=":8" /> Due to a lack of education, these individuals often don't learn about human rights or have a proper platform for activism.<ref name=":0" /> Hence, there is a correlation between economic opportunity and one's caste.<ref name=":17" /> Although the government has attempted to create quota based initiatives to increase the opportunity of mobility in both the economic and political spheres, these initiatives have historically been met with opposition by Indians from higher castes.<ref name=":17">{{Cite journal|last=Saeed|first=M. Shahbaz|title=Caste System in India and ITS Impact on Politics|date=2007| journal=Strategic Studies| volume=27|issue=1| pages=108–126| jstor=45242383|issn=1029-0990}}</ref> Many political organizations such as the [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] have attempted to represent Indians from lower castes.<ref name=":17" /> However, one criticism of such organizations is that they tend to reinforce class immobility by separating politics by caste.<ref name=":17" />

=== Inequality ===
Although debt bondage is outlawed in India, many Indians especially from developing communities do not receive education about their rights.<ref name=":21" /> The development of technology for agriculture in India varies from state to state.<ref name=":4" /> Thus, many landowners rely on Indians and migrants for cheap labor.<ref name=":4" /> Additionally, many industries, such as the gem-cutting industry, tend to have a high frequency of child laborers.<ref name=":4" /> This perpetuates a system of educational inequality in which members of low castes and children of laborers have little to no access to education.<ref name=":4" /> According to a 2010 survey, 76 in 100 bonded laborers in India were unable to read or write.<ref name=":4" /> [[Illiteracy]] in India leads to more of an unawareness of legal and human rights.<ref name=":10" />

In reference to child labor, since debt is often passed down from generation to generation, many children find themselves in the debt bondage system at a very early age.<ref name=":5" /> In addition to illiteracy, unemployment and [[poverty]] are commonly cited as causes of children entering the debt bondage system.<ref name=":6" /> According to a mathematical economic analysis of the institution of child debt bondage by researchers Arnab Basu and Nancy Chau, children mainly enter the institution of debt bondage due to the high incidence of poverty in many parts of India and the world.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last1=Basu|first1=Arnab K.|last2=Chau|first2=Nancy H.| date=2003| title=Targeting Child Labor in Debt Bondage: Evidence, Theory, and Policy Implications| journal=The World Bank Economic Review|volume=17|issue=2|pages=255–281|issn=0258-6770| jstor=3990138 |doi=10.1093/wber/lhg020|hdl=10986/17175|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Additionally, this system is cyclical due to the developing public education system in India.<ref name=":8" /> Many schools do not prepare students for life post-graduation which decreases their chances of social mobility.<ref name=":8" /> Child laborers often find themselves working when the growing season and public school schedule coincide.<ref name=":10" />

=== Corruption ===
{{further|Corruption in India}}
Researchers also cite the corruption of the Indian government and judicial system as a factor of debt bondage.<ref name=":0" /> Due to the millions of pending cases in the court system, many workers who entered debt bondage have issues with access to judges.<ref name=":0" /> Additionally, due to the tendency for monopolies to form in India, lenders often force debt laborers to borrow more money through high interest rates.<ref name=":10" /> When workers encounter unexpected expenses, such as paying for religious ceremonies or medical care, they run an even higher risk of accumulating even more debt and interest.<ref name=":10" /> [[Migrant worker]]s from neighboring countries specifically are more susceptible to entering into these long-lasting lender-borrower relationships due to a general lack of attention for the rights of workers.<ref name=":10" />

One of the reasons that this corruption is able to persist is due to the statistics dispersed about Indian labor.<ref name=":16" /> For example, the National Sample Survey Office under the Ministry of Planning and Program Implementation is responsible for collecting and spreading information about job counts and statistics about labor.<ref name=":16" /> However, they often do not correctly do so, allowing the unethical aspects of labor in India to go unnoticed.<ref name=":16" /> In 2016, the Indian government set a goal of freeing over 18 million Indians from debt bondage over a span of 14 years by increasing payments to former bonded laborers.<ref name=":19">{{Cite news| url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-government-workers-idUSKCN1R90Z8| title=Exclusive: India's slavery survivors forced back into bondage as compensation delayed|date=2019-03-28| work=Reuters| access-date=2020-04-20|language=en}}</ref> However, according to 2019 data, most laborers have not received these additional compensations, leading to an influx of workers taking out loans and entering debt bondage again.<ref name=":19" />

Author and academic [[Siddharth Kara]] believes that:

{{cquote|Bonded labour is a relic of history that should have long ago been eliminated from South Asia, but greed, corruption, and government ineffectiveness allow this caustic mode of exploitation to persist well into modern times. In order to ensure basic human rights, guarantee untainted global supply chains, and protect international security, the forces that promote bonded labour must be tackled immediately.<ref name="A $110 loan, then 20 years of debt bondage"/>
}}

== Consequences ==
=== Farmers' suicides ===
{{Further|Farmers' suicides in India}}
[[File:Farmers rally, Bhopal, India, 11-2005.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Rally for Farmers' Rights in 2005 [[Bhopal]], India]]
Due to the lack of restrictions on the agricultural industry, the profits that workers in this industry receive widely fluctuates, creating an unreliable source of income for farmers.<ref name=":15">{{Cite journal|last1=Kennedy|first1=Jonathan|last2=King|first2=Lawrence|date=2014-03-26| title=The political economy of farmers' suicides in India: indebted cash-crop farmers with marginal landholdings explain state-level variation in suicide rates|journal=Globalization and Health| volume=10| issue=1|pages=16|doi=10.1186/1744-8603-10-16|pmid=24669945|pmc=4230648|issn=1744-8603 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In 2018, nearly half of all Indian agricultural households accumulated a debt equivalent to nearly fifteen-hundred US dollars.<ref name=":24">{{Cite web|title=As debt grows, more Indian women farmers taking their lives|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/farm-debt-grows-indian-women-farmers-lives-191023193523782.html|last=Purohit|first=Kunal|website=www.aljazeera.com| access-date=2020-05-03}}</ref> Due to the structure and rules set by many Indian banks, these households cannot take out more loans to develop their land.<ref name=":24" /> Instead, they accumulate large amounts of interest and enter debt bondage.<ref name=":24" /> Additionally, this industry is marked by high levels of competition and seasonal profits.<ref name=":15" /> Thus, farmers are more susceptible to committing suicide if they do not have a large amount of land and are in debt.<ref name=":15" /> These individuals typically commit suicide using pesticides.<ref name=":15" /> In fact, farmers in some rural parts of India are twice as likely to commit suicide than urban Indians.<ref name=":15" /> From 1997 to 2012, over 180,000 farmers committed suicide in India due to the burden of debt.<ref name=":0" /> In 2016, there were over 11,000 suicides by Indian farmers.<ref name=":20">{{Cite web| title=11,379 farmers committed suicide in 2016; Modi govt finally releases data| url=https://www.businesstoday.in/sectors/agriculture/farmer-suicide-ncrb-finally-releases-data-11000-deaths-in-2016-maharashtra-tops-the-list/story/389497.html| website=www.businesstoday.in| date=9 November 2019| access-date=2020-05-02}}</ref> However, the Indian government did not disclose how many of these deaths were directly caused by debt.<ref name=":20" />

=== Further inequality ===
[[File:Mahatma-Gandhi, studio, 1931.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Mahatma Gandhi, who criticized the bondage system]]
The debt bondage institution in India is characterized by a system known as [[Haliya|halipratha]] which relies on a master-servant connection.<ref name=":16">{{Cite book| last=Breman| first=Jan| title=Capitalism, inequality and labour in India|date=2019|publisher=Cambridge University Press| isbn=978-1-108-68748-5| oclc=1127462213}}</ref> [[Mahatma Gandhi]] criticized this system and its employers and attempted to declare the Bonded Labour Liberation Day in 1939.<ref name=":16" /> However, these employers did not accept these initiatives since they involved increasing wages for workers and ending debt bondage for long term workers.<ref name=":16" /> Researchers such as Jan Breman claim that the motivations of employers under this system is not primarily economic but is rather marked by a drive to develop political power and dominance over others.<ref name=":16" /> For example, the debt bondage system was used as a way to force tribes in nineteenth century [[Gujarat|Gujurat]] into lower castes.<ref name=":16" />

On a more current note, many Indian workers are a part of a new form of bonded labor.<ref name=":16" /> This system is characterized by work which requires long hours and an environment that fails to allow laborers to organize or find other jobs.<ref name=":16" /> Thus, workers in this system are trapped by their occupation and hand these economics burdens down across generations, leading to cases of child labor.<ref name=":16" /> Child labor specifically stunts the intellectual growth of students in primary education.<ref name=":6" /> This system also leads to lower school attendance and fewer opportunities for social mobility.<ref name=":6" /> Nevertheless, many employers cite this form of labor as a way for families to receive a steady form of income.<ref name=":6" />

=== Health effects ===
Many laborers in the debt bondage system are vulnerable to hazardous health conditions such as infection from dangerous working conditions.<ref name=":4" /> According to a study about the brick kiln industry in India, many workers under the debt bondage system suffer from enduring high levels of heat during the summer.<ref name=":13" /> Laborers in this industry are forced into uncomfortable positions for long periods of time.<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal| last1=Sain| first1=Manoj Kumar| last2=Meena| first2=Makkhan|date=2019|title=Identifying musculoskeletal issues and associated risk factors among clay brick kiln workers| journal=Industrial Health| volume=57| issue=3| pages=381–391| doi=10.2486/indhealth.2018-0096| issn=0019-8366| pmc=6546584| pmid=30344230}}</ref> For this reason, they face long-term musculoskeletal problems.<ref name=":22" /> Children specifically are susceptible to skin and breathing diseases.<ref name=":6" /> Child laborers in the debt bondage system often receive cuts and burns or contract liver disease due to their participation in the silver, [[beedi]], and silk industries.<ref name=":8" /> Additionally, laborers in the agriculture industry are vulnerable to snake bites and pesticide poisoning due to a lack of protective gear and clean drinking and cleansing water.<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal| last1=Venkateswarlu| first1=Davuluri| last2=Kasper| first2=Jennifer| last3=Mathews| first3=Rahel| last4=Reis| first4=Chen| last5=Iacopino| first5=Vincent| last6=Wise| first6=Paul| date=2003| title=Child labour in India: a health and human rights perspective| journal=The Lancet|language=en| volume=362| pages=s32–s33| doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(03)15067-2| pmid=14698121| s2cid=44319597}}</ref> Nevertheless, workers are typically forced to continue to work through these health conditions since taking time off work can cause these laborers to accumulate more debt.<ref name=":21">{{Cite web| title=India « Free the Slaves| url=https://www.freetheslaves.net/where-we-work/india/| website=www.freetheslaves.net| access-date=2020-05-02}}</ref>

== Initiatives ==
=== Government regulations ===
[[File:Indira Gandhi in 1967.jpg|thumb|Indira Gandhi in 1967, nine years before passing the Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act]]
The passage of the Bonded Labour System Act of 1976 by Indira Gandhi and the Indian government set a precedent for future government initiatives to tackle labour issues.<ref name=":0" /> In 1978, the Indian government instituted a national plan to disperse over 20,000 rupees (about 300 US dollars) to each freed debt labourer.<ref name=":4" /> On a similar note, the [[National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005|National Rural Employment Guarantee Act]] recently guaranteed employment to one adult in a rural house that has a considerable financial burden.<ref name=":14" /> State governments take on this issue in a variety of ways.<ref name=":14" /> For example, many Indian states target landless workers in local debt relief efforts.<ref name=":14" />

Additionally, to tackle the issue of child labour, the government passed the Child Labour Act and National Policy on Child Labour in 1986 and 1987 respectively.<ref name=":6" /> These initiatives created projects such as the National Child Labour Project which created rehabilitation programs for children and provided education and food to former child labourers.<ref name=":6" /> They also regulated the hours and conditions of child labourers and utilized a team of inspectors to prohibit these individuals from working in dangerous industries.<ref name=":8" /> Later on, in 1994, the Elimination of Child Labour Act incorporated more vocational training into schools to help students find opportunities for social mobility after graduation.<ref name=":8" /> Researchers such as Arnab Basu and Nancy Chau suggest that countries with a high incidence of child debt bondage like India must first address the low wages of farmers and the lack of alternatives to entering debt bondage for individuals in poverty.<ref name=":12" />

=== Organizations ===
[[Bandhua Mukti Morcha]] ('Bonded Labour Liberation Front') is an organization whose purpose is to identify and free bonded labourers in India.<ref name=":23">{{Cite web| title=Bandhua Mukti Morcha {{!}} About Us| url=http://bondedlabour.org/about-us/| website=bondedlabour.org| access-date=2020-05-03}}</ref> Since 1981, the year [[Agnivesh|Swami Agnivesh]] created this organization, the Bonded Labour Liberation Front has helped release nearly 180,000 bonded labourers and has initiated rehabilitation efforts to get these individuals back on their feet.<ref name=":23" /> Additionally, this organization has been active in advocating for a higher minimum wage and more government efforts in ending debt bondage in India.<ref name=":23" />

In 1993, the [[Human Rights Act 1993|Human Rights Act]] created the [[National Human Rights Commission]] which investigates issues of human rights violations.<ref name=":0" /> Another organization that works on similar initiatives is the Center for Education and Communication which collaborates with NGOs and is responsible for educating the world about this issue.<ref name=":0" /> Additionally, the Academy of Development Science created a grain bank to tackle the issue of food scarcity and help Indians stay out of debt.<ref name=":0" /> Finally, the [[Indian National Commission on Labour]] has met numerous times to create more protection for Indian workers, especially those who cannot organize.<ref name=":16" />

On an international level, in 1948, the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] outlawed the practice of debt bondage.<ref name=":14" /> Similarly, in 1956, the United Nations Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery officially prohibited this institution.<ref name=":12" /> Additionally, more recently, the [[Dalit Freedom Network]], a British NGO, has brought many children out of debt bondage and has worked to end Dalit slavery.<ref name=":4" /> Organizations such as the UNRISD recommend more state involvement and collaboration between the government and businesses to solve issues of poverty.<ref>{{Cite web| url= http://www.unrisd.org/unrisd/website/document.nsf/(httpPublications)/B4728ABBDF504837C12577D2005C1EF0?OpenDocument| title=Combating Poverty and Inequality: Structural Change, Social Policy and Politics (Chinese Overview) {{!}} Publications {{!}} UNRISD|website=www.unrisd.org|access-date=2020-03-07}}</ref> [[Anti-Slavery International]] is involved in relieving thousands of Indian brick kiln and agricultural workers from debt bondage in [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]], and Uttar Pradesh.<ref name=":18" /> They also work with community groups and organize legal efforts to free Indians from slavery.<ref name=":18" />

=== International Labour Organization ===
The [[International Labour Organization]] (ILO) is responsible for dissecting labour issues and making sure exports are ethical.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal| last1=Koti| first1=John| last2=Janaki| first2=D.| date=2016|title=ILO, WTO & Indian Industrial Relations|journal=Indian Journal of Industrial Relations|volume=51|issue=3|pages=371–385|issn=0019-5286|jstor=43974551}}</ref> In 1998, India passed 39 out of the 189 conventions of the ILO, including an agreement about ending forced labor.<ref name=":1" /> This was a part of a larger initiative by the ILO to force countries to end forced labor through the [[Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work]].<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal| last1=Daru|first1=Patrick| last2=Churchill| first2=Craig| last3=Beemsterboer |first3=Erik|date=2005|title=The Prevention of Debt Bondage with Microfinance-led Services| journal=The European Journal of Development Research| language=en| volume=17| issue=1| pages=132–154| doi=10.1080/09578810500066704|s2cid=154252781| issn=0957-8811}}</ref>

Additionally, the ILO has implemented [[microfinance]] initiatives to help Indians in debt.<ref name=":1" /> This organization has been careful to use microfinance – the distribution of small loans at low interest costs – to help Indians who have a high risk of entering debt bondage or falling back into this form of forced labour.<ref name=":10" /> The intervention of the ILO in India has led to the creation of the [[Integrated Rural Development Society]] and [[Madras Social Service Society]], which focus on preventative measures for the issue of debt bondage.<ref name=":10" /> This has forced state governments to commit more time and attention towards tackling bonded labour issues.<ref name=":10" /> Additionally, this has led to more initiatives which involve teaching employers about alternatives to debt bondage, increasing educational opportunities for students, and providing aid for the costs of health care.<ref name=":10" />

== See also ==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Bonded Labour Liberation Front]]
* [[Debt Conciliation Board]]
* [[Farmers' suicides in India]]
* [[Indian black money]]
* [[Kisan Credit Card]]
* [[Siddharth Kara]]
* [[Bonded Labor System (Abolition) Act, 1976|Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act, 1976]]

'''General:'''
* [[Corruption in India]]
* [[Indian feudalism|Feudalism in India]]
* [[Feudalism in Pakistan]]
* [[Labour in India]]
* [[Poverty in India]]

== References ==
<references/>

== Further reading ==
*{{cite web|url=http://www.worlddialogue.org/content.php?id=535 |title=Debt-Bondage Slavery in India |last=Knight |first=Sarah |date=2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304093943/http://www.worlddialogue.org/content.php?id=535 |archive-date=2016-03-04 }}

{{Social issues in India}}

[[Category:Debt bondage in India| ]]
[[Category:Human rights abuses in India]]
[[Category:Labour relations in India]]
[[Category:Agricultural finance in India]]
[[Category:Farmers who died by suicide in India]]
[[Category:Social issues in India]]

Budameru Rivulet

2025-11-04T03:19:09Z

MuoiBraley9009: quick reworked lead to improve readability and improved wording

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Budameru
| fetchwikidata =
| district = [[NTR district]], [[Krishna district]], [[Eluru district]].
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 8
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| mouth = [[Kolleru Lake]]
| length = {{convert|162|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| map_caption = The course of Budameru
| source1 = near [[Morusumilli]], [[Mylavaram mandal]].
| source1_location = {{coord|16|54|6|S|80|34|49|E|type:river_region:LS|display=inline}}
| source1_elevation = {{convert|140|m|abbr=on}}
| mouth_elevation = {{convert|40|m|abbr=on}}
| mouth_location = {{coord|16|37|59|S|81|12|12|E|type:river_region:LS|display=inline}}
| image = Budameru flowing between fishing lakes.jpg
| image_caption = Budameru flowing between fishing lakes near [[Eluru]]
| image_alt = Satellite image of Budameru flowing between fishing lakes near Eluru
}}
'''Budameru''' is a [[rivulet]] in [[NTR district]] which originates in the hills surrounding [[Mylavaram]] and empties itself into [[Kolleru Lake]]. Budameru is also known as ''The Sorrow of Vijayawada''.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ramana Rao|first1=G.V.|title=‘Sorrow of Vijayawada’ continues to play havoc spotlight|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/sorrow-of-vijayawada-continues-to-play-havoc-spotlight/article1334832.ece|accessdate=19 October 2014|work=The Hindu|date=9 September 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151208/nation-current-affairs/article/budameru-rivulet-big-threat-vijayawada|title=Budameru rivulet is a big threat to Vijayawada|access-date=2016-07-01}}</ref> In order to control the floods, the rivulet was controlled with the Velagaleru Regulator at [[Velagaleru]] village and a diversion channel named, ''Budameru Diversion Channel (BDC)'' was constructed from [[Velagaleru]] to join [[Krishna River]] upstream of [[Prakasam Barrage]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Polavaram-Vijayawada Link|url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Polavaram-Vijayawada_Link|publisher=Water Resources Information System of India|accessdate=19 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019104956/http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Polavaram-Vijayawada_Link|archive-date=19 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:Budameru near Ramavarappadu.jpg|alt=Aerial view of Budameru near Ramavarappadu|thumb|282x282px|Aerial view of Budameru near [[Ramavarappadu]]]]
This is the first water diversion to the main Krishna river from another river basin. The diversion channel has 10,500 [[cusec]]s flow capacity. This diversion channel is made part of [[Polavaram Project|Polavaram right bank canal]] at its tail end. However its flow capacity is to be enhanced to 17,500 cusecs to match with the design capacity of Polavaram right bank canal. In the downstream of the Velagaleru regulator, two more smaller diversion channels were constructed to divert the middle Budameru flood water to the upstream of Prakasam Barrage for reducing the inundation in Vijayawada city and [[Kolleru Lake]].

== History ==
Budameru has a history of overflowing and inundating large swaths of farmlands and residential areas in Krishna district.<ref>{{Cite book |last=AndhraPatrika |url=https://archive.org/details/ANDHRAPATRIKA20011917/page/10/mode/2up?q=%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81 |title=ANDHRAPATRIKA Volume no 3 issue no 244 |date=1917-01-20}}</ref> The farmers of Kolleru region have been demanding to divert Budameru with a canal to Krishna river and also build a reservoir over it. The then deputy chief minister of Andhra Pradesh, [[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]] has announced at a farmers meeting in 1956 in [[Akividu]] that the state has been allocated Rs 50 lakh for irrigation projects and the Budameru diversion channel which, according to him, would reduce the water level of Kolleru lake by 14 inches and save 25,000 acres of land from being inundated was the first project to be started out of these funds.<ref>{{Cite book |last=AndhraPatrika |url=https://archive.org/details/ANDHRAPATRIKA21041956/page/n1/mode/2up?q=%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81&view=theater |title=ANDHRAPATRIKA Volume no 43 issue no 20 |date=1956-04-21}}</ref>

== Projects ==
[[File:Aripirala lift irrigation project site.png|alt=Aripirala lift irrigation project site|thumb|281x281px|Aripirala lift irrigation project site]]
In 2019, a lift irrigation project was constructed over the canal at a cost of rupees nine crore by the state irrigation development corporation with support from [[National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development|NABARD]] near Aripirala village in [[Nandivada mandal]].<ref>{{Cite news |author=Staff Reporter |date=2019-07-27 |title=Lift irrigation project on Budameru canal commissioned |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/li-project-on-budameru-canal-commissioned/article28734170.ece |access-date=2024-09-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Beautification of the canal in Vijayawada was started at an estimated cost of Rs 19 crore in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Murthy |first=Sistla Dakshina |date=2020-02-26 |title=Finally, Budameru canal to get facelift at Rs 19 crore |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2020/Feb/26/finally-budameru-canal-to-get-facelift-at-rs-19-crore-2108592.html |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Hydro power station feasibility==
A hydro power plant of 25 MW capacity can be installed by routing Polavaram Right bank canal water to Prakasam barrage via existing Eluru canal. Polavaram Right bank canal is approaching the outskirts of Vijayawada city at 33 m [[mean sea level|MSL]] along the hill slopes located north of Ambapuram village. This point is only 7 km north of [[Prakasam Barrage]] but the canal takes another 30 km detour to get connected to the Prakasam barrage pond near [[Ibrahimpatnam, NTR district|Ibrahimpatnam]] town. The existing Eluru canal from Prakasam barrage was dug across the elevated ridge/[[doab]] (where Vijayawada city is located) to cross the Krishna river basin and supply water in to lower Budameru river basin. This canal while crossing the city is a deep cut canal (maximum water level below local ground level). Eluru deep cut canal portion (first 3 km length) can be safely used to feed water (reversing water flow direction) in to Prakasam barrage pond (full pond level at 17.35 m MSL) by connecting Polavaram Right bank canal with the canal after Ayodhya Nagar.<ref>{{cite web|title=Prakasam Barrage|url=http://irrigationap.cgg.gov.in/wrd/projects |accessdate=19 October 2015}}</ref> A [[hydraulic drop]]<nowiki> of nearly 11 meters is available when the Polavaram right bank canal is connected to the canal which would generate 25 MW Hydro power at 10,000 cusecs flow. No land acquisition in Vijawawada city is required as the tail race canal is routed along the Budameru stream to connect to the existing canal.</nowiki> It is possible to build flood protection bunds to the flood prone areas in the Vijayawada city while executing the 25 MW power project.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Apparasu |first=Srinivasa Rao |date=3 September 2024 |title=1.18 million cusecs of water released from barrage inundates parts of Vijaywada |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/118-million-cusecs-of-water-released-from-barrage-inundates-parts-of-vijaywada-101725305061811.html |access-date=4 November 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

==Interstate water sharing==
As per the inter state agreements dated 4 August 1978 (page 89) and 29 January 1979 (page 101) with Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Maharashtra are entitled to use 21 tmcft and 14 tmcft respectively out of the 80 [[tmcft]] water transferred by Polavaram right bank canal from Polavaram reservoir to Prakasam barrage pond across Krishna river.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://cwc.gov.in/main/downloads/legal_instruments_2.pdf |title="Godavari Water Disputes Tribunal final report" |access-date=7 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110112113204/http://cwc.gov.in/main/downloads/legal_instruments_2.pdf |archive-date=12 January 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> If the Prakasam Barrage eastern delta water requirements (Water supplied by Eluru, Rivas, and Bander canals) are met directly from the Polavaram right bank canal bypassing Prakasam barrage pond/Krishna main river, this water would not be accounted under the 80 tmc which is to be shared with Karnataka and Maharashtra. Thus more Godavari water could be made available for use from the Prakasam barrage by connecting Polavaram right bank canal with Eluru canal via Budameru river.

== 2024 Vijayawada Floods ==
{{Main|2024 Vijayawada floods}}
On 1 September 2024, the Budameru [[rivulet]] in Vijayawada experienced severe flooding, which was part of a broader flood event impacting the region. It has posed a significant threat to the city, surpassing the impact of the Krishna River. The last major flood event in 2005 saw Budameru overflow, submerging 15% of the city and leading to the postponement of municipal elections. In 2024 Floodwaters from Khammam district flowed into Vijayawada with unprecedented force, reaching a discharge of 70,000 cusecs, well above the typical maximum of 11,000 cusecs. During the floods, the Prakasam Barrage, which regulates water flow from the river, recorded unprecedented inflows of 11.43 lakh cusecs, whereas its discharge capacity is 11.90 lakh cusecs. The inflows reduced to 11.19 lakh cusecs by night of 2 September 2024, with further reductions anticipated as the situation improved.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lanka |first=Venu |date=2024-09-02 |title=Budameru causes flooding in Vijayawada again after 20 years |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/budameru-flooding-in-vijayawada-causes-and-consequences/articleshow/112977983.cms |access-date=2024-09-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The floods resulted in significant property damage, with extensive impacts on both public and private assets, as well as considerable crop losses. Efforts were made to manage and mitigate the effects of the flooding, with local authorities working to restore normalcy in the affected areas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2024-09-03 |title=Budameru floods a national calamity: CM Chandrababu Naidu |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2024/Sep/03/budameru-floods-a-national-calamity-cm-chandrababu-naidu |access-date=2024-09-03 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Coord|16.638|80.561|display=title}}
{{Vijayawada topics}}

[[Category:Water bodies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Geography of Vijayawada]]

Southern Indian Ocean Islands tundra

2025-10-07T03:25:37Z

MuoiBraley9009: created some entry needs work!

{{short description|Ecoregion of several subantarctic islands in the southern Indian Ocean}}
{{Infobox ecoregion
| name = Southern Indian Ocean Islands tundra
| image = Choux.kerguelen.jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = [[Pringlea|Kerguelen cabbage]] (''Pringlea antiscorbutica'') and ''[[Acaena]]'' sp. on Kerguelen
| map = Ecoregion AA1104.svg
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Ecoregion territory (islands inside red-dashed box)
| biogeographic_realm = [[Antarctic realm|Antarctic]]
| biome = [[tundra]]
| border =
| area = 7,441
| country = [[Australia]]
| country1 = [[France]]
| country2 = [[South Africa]]
| state = [[French Southern and Antarctic Lands]]
| state1 = [[Heard Island and McDonald Islands]]
| region_type = Overseas territories
| coordinates = {{coord|-49.25|69.17|region:PA|display=it}}
| bird_species =
| mammal_species =
| habitat_loss =
| habitat_loss_ref =
| conservation = Critical/endangered
|protected = 0 km2 (0
|protected_ref = )<ref name=dinerstein>{{cite journal | first1=Eric | last1=Dinerstein | first2=David | last2=Olson | display-authors=etal | title=An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm | journal=BioScience | volume=67 | issue=6 | date=June 2017 | pages=534–545 | doi=10.1093/biosci/bix014| pmid=28608869 | pmc=5451287 | doi-access=free }} Supplemental material 2 table S1b.</ref>
|embedded =
}}

The '''Southern Indian Ocean Islands tundra''' is a [[tundra]] [[ecoregion]] that includes several [[subantarctic]] islands in the southern [[Indian Ocean]].
<ref name='ecomap'>{{cite web|title=Map of Ecoregions 2017|url=https://ecoregions2017.appspot.com/|publisher=Resolve|language=en|access-date=August 20, 2021}}</ref>
<ref name='dopa'>{{cite web|title=Southern Indian Ocean Islands tundra|url=https://dopa-explorer.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ecoregion/21104|publisher=Digital Observatory for Protected Areas|language=en|access-date=August 20, 2021}}</ref>
<ref name= 'eoe'>{{cite web|title=Southern Indian Ocean Islands tundra|url=https://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Southern_Indian_Ocean_Islands_tundra|publisher=The Encyclopedia of Earth|language=en|access-date=August 20, 2021}}</ref>

==Location and description==
The ecoregion stretches from [[Prince Edward Islands]] in the west, past the [[Crozet Islands]] to the [[Kerguelen Islands]] 1500 km to the east, and includes the active volcano [[Heard Island and McDonald Islands|Heard Island]] and the nearby [[Heard Island and McDonald Islands|McDonald Islands]].

==Flora==
These rocky islands support a variety of plant life, such as [[tussock grass]]es, that has adapted to the snowy and icy conditions. There are a number of endemic plant species including ''[[Poa cookii]]'' grass and the Kerguelen cabbage (''[[Pringlea antiscorbutica]]''), historically a source of [[vitamin C]] for sailors, is found on all the islands, not only the Kerguelens. There are also a number of endemic [[lichen]]s and [[Marchantiophyta|liverworts]].

==Fauna==
The islands are home to birds and insects such as [[butterflies]], [[moth]]s, [[weevil]]s, and [[spider]]s as well as wildlife typical of the southern oceans such as [[penguin]]s, [[Pinniped|seal]]s and seabirds. This ecoregion is a melting pot where related Antarctic and subantarctic species and subspecies co-exist, for example the following can all be found here: the sooty albatrosses (''[[Phoebetria fusca]]''), light-mantled albatross (''[[Phoebetria palpebrata]])'', northern giant petrel (''[[Macronectes halli]]''), southern giant petrel (''[[Macronectes giganteus]]''), Antarctic fur seal (''[[Antarctic fur seal|Arctophoca gazella]]'') and subantarctic fur seal (''[[Subantarctic fur seal|Arctophoca tropicalis]]'') on Prince Edward, Crozet and Heard Islands.

Vulnerable or endangered birds include three endemics, the duck, Eaton’s pintail (''[[Anas eatoni]]''), the large wandering albatross (''[[Diomedea exulans]]'') and Kerguelen tern (''[[Sterna virgata]]'') as well as a number of albatrosses (the two sooty albatrosses, Indian yellow-nosed albatross (''[[Thalassarche carteri]]'') (the smallest of the [[mollymawk]] albatrosses), the large gray-headed albatross (''[[Thalassarche chrysostoma]]''), and black-browed albatross (''[[Thalassarche melanophrys]]'')), three penguins (western rockhopper penguin (''[[Eudyptes chrysocome]]''), macaroni penguin (''[[Eudyptes chrysolophus]]'') and gentoo penguin (''[[Pygoscelis papua]]'') (the one with the white stripe across its head)), and a number of petrels (the two giant petrels, grey petrel (''[[Procellaria cinerea]]'') and white-chinned petrel (''[[Procellaria aequinoctialis]]'')).

Other breeding birds include the land-based [[black-faced sheathbill]] and many seabirds [[brown skua]], kelp gull (''[[Larus dominicanus]]''), fulmar prion (''[[Pachyptila crassirostris]]''), Antarctic prion (''[[Pachyptila desolata]]''), slender-billed prion (''[[Pachyptila belcheri]]''), fairy prion (''[[Pachyptila turtur]]''), Antarctic tern (''[[Sterna vittata]]''), Cape petrel (''[[Daption capense]]''), black-bellied storm petrel (''[[Fregetta tropica]]''), grey-backed storm petrel (''[[Garrodia nereis]]''), blue petrel (''[[Halobaena caerulea]]''), Wilson’s storm-petrel (''[[Oceanites oceanicus]]''), common diving petrel (''[[Pelecanoides urinatrix]]''), South Georgian diving-petrel (''[[Pelecanoides georgicus]]''), [[great-winged petrel]], white-headed petrel (''[[Pterodroma lessonii]]'') and soft-plumaged petrel (''[[Pterodroma mollis]]'').

The largest seabird colonies are on the Prince Edward Islands, followed by the Crozet Islands which have breeding colonies of all six species of albatross as well as more than half the world's population of king penguins (''[[Aptenodytes patagonicus]]'').

All six Antarctic seals can be found here, the two fur seals, [[leopard seal]] (''Hydrurga leptonyx''), [[Weddell seal]] (''Leptonychotes weddellii''), [[southern elephant seal]] (''Mirounga leonina''), and [[crabeater seal]] (''Lobodon carcinophagus'')). The fur seals and southern elephant seal breed in the region, and are increasing in numbers now that seal-hunting has stopped, while large numbers of leopard seals winter on the rocks of Heard Island. The colony of southern elephant seals on Heard Island and the Kerguelens is one of the three largest in the world.

==Threats and preservation==
These isolated islands are relatively unspoilt but their wildlife is not very varied and therefore can be quickly damaged by any human activity and particularly by [[introduced species]] of both plants and animals. For example, introduced grasses have taken over areas of some islands, while alien animals including moths, [[salmon]], the [[mallard duck]], rabbits, reindeer, sheep and goats have damaged island ecosystems. Cats and mice are a particular problem as both prey on breeding seabird colonies. Another particular threat is the danger to diving seabirds caught by [[long-line fishing]] of the Patagonian toothfish (''[[Dissostichus eleginoides]]'') in the seas around the islands; gray-headed albatross and white-chinned petrel have been especially damaged by this industry as they habitually follow fishing boats.<ref>{{WWF ecoregion|id=an1104|name=Southern Indian Ocean Islands tundra}}</ref>

==See also==
* {{annotated link|Flora and fauna of the Kerguelen Islands}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{commons-inline}}
* {{WWF ecoregion|name=Southern Indian Ocean Islands tundra|id=an1104}}

{{Biodiversity of South Africa|tereco}}

[[Category:Tundra]]
[[Category:Antarctic ecoregions]]
[[Category:Biota of the Indian Ocean]]
[[Category:Ecoregions of South Africa]]
[[Category:Flora of the subantarctic islands|*]]
[[Category:Tundra ecoregions]]

List of cities in Tamil Nadu by population

2025-08-22T07:56:21Z

MuoiBraley9009: cleanup content after review and fixed typos

{{pp-semi|small=yes}}
{{short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
The following are the cities in the state of [[States and territories of India|Tamil Nadu]], [[India]], which have a population of 1 lakh (100,000) and above (city / corporation area only), based on the [[Census of India, 2011|2011 census]] conducted by [[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nskfdc.nic.in/writereaddata/files/1Lakh_and_Above.xlsx|title=Cities above 1 Lakh, Census 2011|publisher=Government of India|access-date=17 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/census-tables|title=Towns and urban agglomerations classified by population size class in 2011 with variation between 1901 and 2011 - Class I (population of 100,000 and above)|publisher=Government of India|access-date=17 June 2023}}</ref>

{{location map+|Tamil Nadu|width=300|right|caption=Cities in Tamil Nadu With Populations > 100,000|places=
{{location map~|Tamil Nadu|label=[[Chennai]]|lat=13.08|long=80.29}}
{{location map~|Tamil Nadu|label=[[Coimbatore]]|lat=11.00|long=76.94|position=bottom}}
{{location map~|Tamil Nadu|label=[[Madurai]]|lat=9.92|long=78.11}}
{{location map~|Tamil Nadu|label=[[Tiruchirapalli]]|lat=10.80|long=78.69|position=bottom}}
{{location map~|Tamil Nadu|label=[[Tiruppur]]|lat=11.10|long=77.34}}
{{location map~|Tamil Nadu|label=[[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]]|lat=11.65|long=78.14}}
{{location map~|Tamil Nadu|label=[[Erode]]|lat=11.34|long=77.71|position=top}}
{{location map~|Tamil Nadu|label=[[Tirunelveli]]|lat=8.73|long=77.70|position=bottom}}
{{location map~|Tamil Nadu|label=[[Vellore]]|lat=12.91|long=79.13|position=bottom}}
{{location map~|Tamil Nadu|label=[[Thoothukudi]]|lat=8.80|long=78.14}}
{{location map~|Tamil Nadu|label=[[Dindigul]]|lat=10.36|long=77.97}}
{{location map~|Tamil Nadu|label=[[Thanjavur]]|lat=10.79|long=79.13}}
{{location map~|Tamil Nadu|label=[[Nagercoil]]|lat=8.18|long=77.42}}
{{location map~|Tamil Nadu|label=[[Kanchipuram]]|lat=12.82|long=79.71|position=bottom}}\
{{location map~|Tamil Nadu|label=[[Karaikudi|Karaikkudi]]|lat=10.07|long=78.78}}
{{location map~|Tamil Nadu|label=[[Neyveli]]|lat=11.53|long=79.48}}
{{location map~|Tamil Nadu|label=[[Cuddalore]]|lat=11.75|long=79.75}}
{{location map~|Tamil Nadu|label=[[Kumbakonam]]|lat=10.97|long=79.42}}
{{location map~|Tamil Nadu|label=[[Tiruvannamalai]]|lat=12.22|long=79.07}}
{{location map~|Tamil Nadu|label=[[Rajapalayam]]|lat=9.45|long=77.55|position=top}}
{{location map~|Tamil Nadu|label=[[Pudukkottai]]|lat=10.38|long=78.82}}
{{location map~|Tamil Nadu|label=[[Ambur]]|lat=12.88|long=78.7|position=left}}
{{location map~|Tamil Nadu|label=[[Nagapattinam]]|lat=10.77|long=79.83|position=bottom}}
}}

==List of Cities in Tamil Nadu==
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! S.No
! Name
! District
! Population in 2011
|-
|1
|[[Chennai]]
|[[Chennai district|Chennai]]
|4,681,087
|-
|2
|[[Coimbatore]]
|[[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]]
|1,061,447
|-
|3
|[[Madurai]]
|[[Madurai district|Madurai]]
|1,016,885
|-
|4
|[[Tiruchirappalli]]
|[[Tiruchirappalli district|Tiruchirappalli]]
|846,915
|-
|5
|[[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]]
|[[Salem district|Salem]]
|831,038
|-
|6
|[[Ambattur]]
|[[Chennai district|Chennai]]
|478,134
|-
|7
|[[Tirunelveli]]
|[[Tirunelveli district|Tirunelveli]]
|474,838
|-
|8
|[[Tiruppur]]
|[[Tiruppur district|Tiruppur]]
|444,543
|-
|9
|[[Avadi]]
|[[Thiruvallur district|Thiruvallur]]
|344,701
|-
|10
|[[Tiruvottiyur]]
|[[Chennai district|Chennai]]
|248,059
|-
|11
|[[Thoothukkudi]]
|[[Thoothukkudi district|Thoothukkudi]]
|237,374
|-
|12
|[[Nagercoil]]
|[[Kanniyakumari district|Kanniyakumari]]
|224,329
|-
|13
|[[Thanjavur]]
|[[Thanjavur district|Thanjavur]]
|222,619
|-
|14
|[[Pallavaram]]
|[[Chengalpattu district|Chengalpattu]]
|216,308
|-
|15
|[[Dindigul]]
|[[Dindigul district|Dindigul]]
|207,225
|-
|16
|[[Vellore]]
|[[Vellore district|Vellore]]
|185,895
|-
|17
|[[Tambaram]]
|[[Chengalpattu district|Chengalpattu]]
|176,807
|-
|18
|[[Cuddalore]]
|[[Cuddalore district|Cuddalore]]
|173,361
|-
|19
|[[Kancheepuram]]
|[[Kancheepuram district|Kancheepuram]]
|164,265
|-
|20
|[[Alandur]]
|[[Chennai district|Chennai]]
|164,162
|-
|21
|[[Erode]]
|[[Erode district|Erode]]
|156,953
|-
|22
|[[Tiruvannamalai]]
|[[Tiruvannamalai district|Tiruvannamalai]]
|144,683
|-
|23
|[[Kumbakonam]]
|[[Thanjavur district|Thanjavur]]
|140,113
|-
|24
|[[Rajapalayam]]
|[[Virudhunagar district|Virudhunagar]]
|130,119
|-
|25
|[[Kurichi]]
|[[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]]
|125,800
|-
|26
|[[Madhavaram, Chennai|Madavaram]]
|[[Chennai district|Chennai]]
|118,525
|-
|27
|[[Pudukkottai]]
|[[Pudukkottai district|Pudukkottai]]
|117,215
|-
|28
|[[Hosur]]
|[[Krishnagiri district|Krishnagiri]]
|116,821
|-
|29
|[[Ambur]]
|[[Tirupattur district|Tirupattur]]
|113,856
|-
|30
|[[Karaikkudi]]
|[[Sivagangai district|Sivagangai]]
|106,793
|-
|31
|[[Neyveli]]
|[[Cuddalore district|Cuddalore]]
|105,687
|-
|32
|[[Nagapattinam]]
|[[Nagapattinam district|Nagapattinam]]
|102,838
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of metropolitan areas in Tamil Nadu]]
* [[List of urban agglomerations in Tamil Nadu]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Municipalities of Tamil Nadu}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cities in Tamil Nadu by population}}
[[Category:Tamil Nadu-related lists]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Tamil Nadu| Population]]
[[Category:Lists of cities in India by population|Tamil Nadu]]

Visakhapatnam–Tatanagar Weekly Superfast Express

2025-08-20T15:02:32Z

MuoiBraley9009: started a pg basic info

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Visakhapatnam - Tatanagar Weekly Superfast Express
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast Express]]
| locale =
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2014|01|05}}
| last =
| operator = [[East Coast Railway zone|East Coast Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{rws|Visakhapatnam}} (VSKP)
| stops = 20
| end = {{rws|Tatanagar}} (TATA)
| distance = {{convert|865|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 15 hours 25 minutes
| frequency = Weekly
| class = AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = E-Catering is Only Available at Visakhapatnam, Vizianagram & Tatanagar
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = Below Seats
| otherfacilities =
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 20815 / 20816
| speed = {{cvt|57|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts
| map = [[File:(Visakhapatnam - Tatanagar) Express Route map.jpg|300px]]
| map_state =
}}

The 20815 / 20816 '''Visakhapatnam - Tatanagar Weekly Superfast Express''' is an intercity train of the Indian Railways connecting [[Visakhapatnam Junction railway station|Visakhapatnam Junction]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Tatanagar Junction railway station|Tatanagar]] of [[Jharkhand]]. It is currently being operated with 20816/20815 train numbers on a weekly basis.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/Change-in-platform-numbers-of-some-trains-from-tomorrow/article16076530.ece?ref=tpnews | title=Change in platform numbers in Visakhapatnam Junction of some trains from tomorrow to Facilitate the construction of washable apron | date=20 October 2016 | newspaper=The Hindu | accessdate=30 May 2018 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/Passengers-tweet-travel-woes/article16074688.ece?ref=tpnews Passengers tweet travel woes]</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.avenuemail.in/jamshedpur/tata-vishakhapatnam-train-run-till-25th-aug/109814/ |title="Tata-Vishakhapatnam train to run till 25th Aug" |access-date=24 June 2017 |archive-date=14 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214150241/https://www.avenuemail.in/jamshedpur/tata-vishakhapatnam-train-run-till-25th-aug/109814/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Service==

The 20816/Visakhapatnam - Tatanagar Weekly SF Express has an average speed of 57 km/h and covers 865 km in 15 hrs 05 mins.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Disguise |first=TrainMan in |title=20816/Visakhapatnam - Tatanagar SF Express - Visakhapatnam to Tatanagar ECoR/East Coast Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-visakhapatnam-tatanagar-sf-express-20816/22056/401/168 |access-date=2022-12-12 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref> 20815/Tatanagar - Visakhapatnam Weekly SF Express has an average speed of 56 km/h and covers 865 km in 15 hrs 25 mins.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Disguise |first=TrainMan in |title=20815/Tatanagar - Visakhapatnam SF Express - Tatanagar to Visakhapatnam ECoR/East Coast Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-tatanagar-visakhapatnam-sf-express-20815/22055/168/401 |access-date=2022-12-12 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>

== Route & Halts ==

* '''{{rws|Visakhapatnam Junction}}'''
* {{rws|Vizianagaram Junction}}
* {{rws|Brahmapur}}
* {{rws|Khurda Road Junction}}
* {{rws|Bhubaneswar}}
* {{rws|Cuttack Junction}}
* {{rws|Jakhapura Junction}}
* {{rws|Harichandanpur}}
* {{rws|Kendujhar}}
* {{rws|Banspani}}
* {{rws|Chaibasa}}
* {{rws|Rajkharsawan Junction}}
* '''{{rws|Tatanagar Junction}}'''

==Coach Composition==

The train had standard LHB rakes with a max speed of 130 kmph. The train consists of 21 coaches:

* 1 AC II Tier
* 3 AC III Tier
* 11 Sleeper Coaches
* 4 General
* 1 Divyangjan cum Guard Coach
* 1 Generator Car

{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="1" |Loco
! rowspan="1" |1
!2
! rowspan="1" |3
! rowspan="1" |4
! rowspan="1" |5
! rowspan="1" |6
! rowspan="1" |7
! rowspan="1" |8
!9
!10
! rowspan="1" |11
!12
! rowspan="1" |13
! rowspan="1" |14
! rowspan="1" |15
! rowspan="1" |16
! rowspan="1" |17
! rowspan="1" |18
! rowspan="1" |19
! rowspan="1" |20
! rowspan="1" |21
|-
|
|EOG
|GEN
|GEN
|A1
|B1
|B2
|B3
|S1
|S2
|S3
|S4
|S5
|S6
|S7
|S8
|S9
|S10
|S11
|GEN
|GEN
|SLRD
|}

==Traction==

Train is hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Visakhapatnam|Visakhapatnam Loco Shed]] based [[WAP-7]] Locomotive.

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/visakhapatnam-tatanagar-weekly-sf-express-12743/22056/401/168 12743/Visakhapatnam - Tatanagar Weekly SF Express]
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/tatanagar-visakhapatnam-weekly-sf-express-12744/22055/168/401 12744/Tatanagar - Visakhapatnam Weekly SF Express]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Visakhapatnam - Tatanagar Weekly Superfast Express}}
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Odisha]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Transport in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Transport in Jamshedpur]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Prerna Girls School

2025-08-13T23:35:27Z

MuoiBraley9009: created a data...

{{Short description|School for underprivileged girls in Lucknow, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}{{Use indian english|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Prerna Girls School
| city = Lucknow
| state = Uttar Pradesh
| country = India
| type = Private, Same-sex
| established = 2003
| founder = [[Urvashi Sahni]]
| principal = Rakhee Panjwani
| grades = K–12
| campus_type = Urban
| affiliation = [[Study Hall Educational Foundation]] (SHEF)
| website = {{URL|https://studyhallfoundation.org/prerna-girls/}}
}}'''Prerna Girls School''' is a private, low-cost, K-12 school for underprivileged girls in [[Lucknow]], Uttar Pradesh, India. The school is recognised for its impact on girls' education, and was featured in an [[Emmy Awards|Emmy Award]]-winning documentary associated with the [[Obama Foundation]]'s Girls Opportunity Alliance. It was founded by [[Urvashi Sahni]], an educator and women right's activist in 2003. The school has over 1,000 current students and has served over 5,000 girls.

== History ==
Prerna Girls School was established in 2003 by Urvashi Sahni with an initial enrollment of 30 girls and a nominal monthly fee of {{Indian rupee|10}} per month to ensure affordability.<ref name="PebblesToPearls">{{cite web |title=Prerna Girls School |url=https://www.pebblestopearlsfoundation.ca/prerna |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=Pebbles to Pearls Foundation}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Prerna Girls School {{!}} Study Hall Educational Foundation |url=https://www.studyhallfoundation.org/prerna-girls/ |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=www.studyhallfoundation.org}}</ref> It was created under the umbrella of the Study Hall Educational Foundation (SHEF), a non-profit organization established by Sahni, to address the educational needs of girls from economically disadvantaged backgrounds in Lucknow, particularly those from surrounding slums and communities who often worked as domestic help.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Jaffer |first=Mehru |date=2015-05-27 |title=One amazing school is giving underprivileged girls their first lesson in Feminism |url=https://thebetterindia.com/23332/prerna-school-giving-girls-their-first-lessons-in-feminism/ |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=The Better India |language=en-US}}</ref>

Prerna Girls School is known for adopting 'Critical Feminist Pedagogy,' an approach advocated by its founder Urvashi Sahini, to make students aware of gendered power structures, question established traditions and social norms, and develop self-esteem and the capacity to aspire.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Dhillon |first=Amrit |date=2017-03-18 |title=An Indian school converts submissive girls into empowered women |url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/an-indian-school-converts-submissive-girls-into-empowered-women-20170318-gv11sd.html |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2017-02-16 |title=School for underprivileged girls teaches feminist principles in India |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/school-underprivileged-girls-teaches-feminist-principles-india-n719691 |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> The curriculum is designed to be contextual and relevant to the girls' lives. The school has a current enrollment of over 1,000 students.<ref name=":4" />

== Recognition ==
The education model and mission of Prerna Girls School was one of the schools featured in the "Creators for Change on Girls' Education with Michelle Obama" documentary.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2021-07-06 |title=Lucknow school earns global recognition as documentary wins Emmy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/lucknow-school-earns-global-recognition-as-documentary-wins-emmy/articleshow/84166816.cms |access-date=2025-05-30 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> The 49-minute documentary is a YouTube Originals produced with the help of [[Obama Foundation]]'s Girls Opportunity Alliance,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Foundation |first=Obama |title=Laxmi’s story |url=https://www.obama.org/stories/laxmis-story/ |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=Obama Foundation |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Foundation |first=Obama |title=Kiran’s story |url=https://www.obama.org/stories/kirans-story/ |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=Obama Foundation |language=en}}</ref> and was awarded the Emmy Award for Outstanding Daytime Non-Fiction Special category in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Media |first=Vox |date=2021-06-30 |title=Vox Media secures win and five nominations at 2021 Daytime Emmy Awards |url=https://www.voxmedia.com/2021/6/30/22557915/vox-media-secures-win-and-five-nominations-at-2021-daytime-emmy-awards |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=Vox Media |language=en}}</ref>

According to ''[[The Atlantic]]'', the school had "served over 5,000 girls from impoverished background" by 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Willen |first=Liz |date=2017-10-16 |title=Fighting for Girls' Education in India |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2017/10/the-groups-fighting-for-girls-education-in-india/542811/ |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Education in India]]
* [[Feminist pedagogy]]

== Further reading ==

* {{cite book |last=Sahni |first=U. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CtUBDgAAQBAJ |title=Reaching for the Sky: Empowering Girls Through Education: Empowering Girls Through Education |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |year=2017 |isbn=978-0-8157-3039-2 |access-date=August 13, 2025}}
{{Portal|India
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Schools in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Feminism in India]]

Virendrasinh Jadeja

2025-08-10T17:28:58Z

MuoiBraley9009: small changes

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Virendrasinh Jadeja
| image = Virendrasinh Jadeja.jpg
| office1 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 8 December 2022
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Santokben Aarethiya]]
| successor1 =
| term_start2 = 2017
| term_end2 = 2022
| constituency1 = [[Rapar Assembly constituency|Rapar]]
| predecessor2 = [[Tarachand Chheda]]
| successor2 = [[Aniruddha Dave]]
| constituency2 = [[Mandvi, Kachchh Assembly constituency|Mandvi, Kachchh]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1967|02|02}}
| nationality = [[Indian nationality|Indian]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| father = Bahadursinhji Jadeja
| children = 3
| residence = [[Bhachau]], [[Gujarat]]
}}

'''Virendrasinh Bahadursinh Jadeja''' is a [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] politician from [[Gujarat]].He is member of Gujarat Legislative Assembly from Rapar-06 constituency. He also contested [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] election in 2017 from [[Mandvi, Kachchh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mandvi constituency]] as candidate of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], and Won .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/mandvi-gujarat-assembly-constituency|title = Mandvi Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency}}</ref>

He contested [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Rapar Assembly constituency]] as candidate of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], and won.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jadeja, Virendrasinh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:People from Mandvi]]
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2022–2027]]

{{Gujarat-BJP-politician-stub}}

Raja Narsa Goud

2025-07-29T06:27:32Z

MuoiBraley9009: created new page

{{Short description|Indian philanthropist (1866–1948)}}
[[File:Raja_Narsa_Goud,_Nizamabad.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|Raja Narsa Goud is fifth from the right.]]
'''Raja Narsa Goud''' (1866-1948) was a [[Philanthropy|philanthropist]] known for his significant contributions to charities, especially those caring for people with [[leprosy]].

== Biography ==
Raja Narsa Goud was born to a wealthy family in [[Nizamabad district]] in 1866. He was the youngest of three children. His elder brothers, Rama Goud and Lakshma Goud travelled and worked for the family excise business but Raja Narsa Goud mostly worked in [[Nizamabad, Telangana|Nizamabad]]. The three brothers became one of the richest families in [[Hyderabad State]].

== Philanthropy ==
Goud made substantial contributions to charities, including those that supported other [[Caste|castes]]. He financed the construction of temples, [[mosques]] and [[dargahs]], and facilities for the poor and for [[Brahmins]] in Kotagalli and Kanteshwar in Nizamabad.<ref>{{Cite web |title=జిల్లా చరిత్ర |url=http://www.eenadu.net/district/inner.aspx?dsname=nizamabad&info=nzbhistory |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104231657/http://www.eenadu.net/district/inner.aspx?dsname=nizamabad&info=nzbhistory |archive-date=2016-11-04 |access-date=2018-01-08 |website=}}</ref>

Goud paid for the construction of the first water tank in Nizamabad and for further plumbing works with Cheelam Janakibai, head of Sirnapalli.
[[File:Dichpali Wellcome L0073323.jpg|alt=Sepia-toned photograph showing a room in a hospital with two seated patients being seen by medics.|thumb|Medics treating leprosy patients in one of the hospital wards of the leprosy hospital that Narsa Goud helped to found.]]
In [[Dichpalle]], Goud donated 30 acres of land, and supported [[Isabel Kerr]] and her husband to apply for funding from [[Mir Osman Ali Khan]], to establish a leprosy centre.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Portrait of a lady in Nizamabad: Isabel Kerr. Wellcome Library Item of the Month. |url=http://blog.wellcomelibrary.org/2012/02/portrait-of-a-lady-in-nizamabad-isabel-kerr-wellcome-library-item-of-the-month/ |access-date=2022-07-27 |website=Wellcome Library |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-03-13 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/16107/20210313023314/http://blog.wellcomelibrary.org/2012/02/portrait-of-a-lady-in-nizamabad-isabel-kerr-wellcome-library-item-of-the-month/ |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Victoria Leprosy Hospital (Dichpali / Dichpalli) {{!}} International Leprosy Association - History of Leprosy |url=https://leprosyhistory.org/database/archive187 |access-date=2022-07-27 |website=leprosyhistory.org}}</ref> This was the first of its kind in India.

During the sixth [[Andhra Mahasabha]], held in Nizamabad in 1937, he arranged for thousands of meals for attendees, and for wells to be dug to hydrate travellers along the route from Mancharya to Nizamabad.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Satyanarayana |first=Adapa |date=19 April 2020 |title=Raja Narsa Goud was a pioneer in serving leprosy victims |url=https://www.siasat.com/raja-narsa-goud-was-pioneer-serving-leprosy-victims-1876578/ |access-date=27 July 2022 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en-US}}</ref>

He provided houses and sandals for the poor.

Goud was instrumental in establishing the first [[maternity hospital]] (Jajgikhana) in Nizamabad district. He was responsible also for setting up the first girls' school in the district.

== Honours and legacy ==
Goud did not like publicity. Goud's son had installed a plaque in the maternity hospital stating that Narsa Goud had built it, but when Narsa Goud discovered this, he removed the plaque.

Goud accepted the title of [[Raja]], bestowed by [[Mir Osman Ali Khan]]. King [[George V]] gave a medal to Goud during a 1930 visit, in recognition of his service to his community.

The area where Goud lived is called Narsa Goud Kalani.

Goud's granddaughter Bomma Hemadevi is a novelist and granddaughter R. Akhileshwari is known as the first female journalist in the area.

== Death ==
Raja Narsa Goud died on 4 April 1948 at the age of 82. His death occurred during the [[Standstill agreement (India)|Standstill Agreement]] when [[Razakars (Hyderabad)|Razakars]] paramilitaries were active. Goud's family were nervous of taking his body to the crematorium for fear of encountering violence, but Muslims that they met along the way helped to carry Narsa Goud's body with them, in respect for Goud's support of people of different castes and creeds.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:1948 deaths]]
[[Category:1866 births]]
[[Category:Indian philanthropists]]
[[Category:People from British India]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Narsagoud, Raja}}

Deepak Sharma (cricketer, born 1984)

2025-06-06T18:26:45Z

MuoiBraley9009: added references

#REDIRECT [[List of Assam cricketers#S]]

{{r to list}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Deepak}}
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Assam cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Delhi]]

Jab We Matched

2025-05-15T13:12:32Z

MuoiBraley9009:

{{Short description|Indian television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Jab We Matched.jpg
| caption =
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]] [[Romance film|Romance]]
| creator = Sharanya Rajgopal
| based_on =
| writer = {{plainlist|
*Neil Chitnis
*Raj Routh
*Amrit Paul
*Bhavya Raj
*Ritu Mago
}}
| screenplay =
| story =
| director = Srinivas Sunderrajan
| creative_director =
| starring = {{plainlist|
* Mayur More
* [[Abhishek Nigam]]
* [[Shivangi Joshi]]
* Prit Kamani
* Priyank Sharma
* [[Jasmin Bhasin]]
* [[Revathi Pillai]]
}}
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| theme_music_composer =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 4
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = Anuj Gosalia
| cinematography = Ihjaz Aziz
| editor = {{plainlist|
* Simranjeet Singh Malhotra
* Vibhav Nigam
}}
| runtime = 25-27 minutes
| company = Terribly Tiny Tales
| network = [[Amazon Prime Video|Amazon miniTV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|02|10}}
| last_aired =
}}
'''''Jab We Matched''''' ({{Translation|''When We Matched''}}) is an Indian [[Anthology series|anthology]] [[streaming television]] series written by Raj Routh which premiered on 10 February 2023 on [[Amazon Prime Video|Amazon miniTV]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Soon, 'Jab We Matched' |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/soon-jab-we-matched-476863 |website=Tribune India}}</ref> The series features four stand-alone episodes directed by Srinivas Sunderrajan and stars Mayur More, [[Abhishek Nigam]], [[Shivangi Joshi]], [[Prit Kamani]], Priyank Sharma, [[Jasmin Bhasin]] and [[Revathi Pillai]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/shivangi-joshi-jasmin-bhasin-and-priyank-sharma-come-together-for-show-jab-we-matched-deets-inside-6989131.html | title=Shivangi Joshi to Feature in Quirky Web Series 'Jab We Matched' | first=Yatamanyu | last=Narain | publisher=News18 | date=3 February 2023 | accessdate=27 November 2023 }}</ref>

==Cast==
'''Episode 1: Dating algorithm'''

* Mayur More as Roshith
* [[Abhishek Nigam]] as Chirag

'''Episode 2: Sirf Ek Date'''

* [[Shivangi Joshi]] as Prachi
* [[Prit Kamani]] as Vicky

'''Episode 3: Jalkukde'''

* Priyank Sharma as Sunny
* [[Jasmin Bhasin]] as Payal

'''Episode 4: Formula Sheet'''

* [[Revathi Pillai]] as Reena

==Production==
The series was announced by Sharanya Rajgopal on [[Amazon Prime Video|Amazon miniTV]] consisting of four episodes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amazon miniTV announces new romantic drama series Jab We Matched |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/amazon-minitv-announces-new-romantic-drama-series-jab-we-matched/cid/1914267 |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref> [[Abhishek Nigam]], Priyank Sharma, Mayur More, Prit Kamani, [[Shivangi Joshi]], [[Jasmin Bhasin]] and [[Revathi Pillai]] were cast to appear in the series.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/shivangi-joshi-jasmin-bhasin-and-priyank-sharma-to-star-in-a-romantic-series-jab-we-matched-watch-1208048 | title=Shivangi Joshi, Jasmin Bhasin and Priyank Sharma to star in a romantic series 'Jab We Matched'; Watch | date=3 February 2023 | access-date=7 February 2023 | archive-date=7 February 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207025901/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/shivangi-joshi-jasmin-bhasin-and-priyank-sharma-to-star-in-a-romantic-series-jab-we-matched-watch-1208048 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

The trailer of the series was released in February 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-07 |title=Jasmin Bhasin's series Jab We Matched trailer out; looks fun and promising |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/jasmin-bhasins-series-jab-we-matched-trailer-out-looks-fun-and-promising-12118432.html |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref>

==Episodes==
{{Episode table |background= |overall= |title= |director= |airdate= |airdateR= |country=In |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Dating Algorithm
|DirectedBy = Srinivas Sunderrajan
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|02|10|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Sirf Ek Date
|DirectedBy = Srinivas Sunderrajan
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|02|10|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Jalkukde
|DirectedBy = Srinivas Sunderrajan
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|02|10|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Formula Sheet
|DirectedBy = Srinivas Sunderrajan
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|02|10|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000000
}}
}}

== Reception ==
Archika Khurana of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the series 3.9/5 and wrote "Jab We Matched' has enough drama, surprises, and convincing performances to make this dating experience worthwhile."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jab We Matched Season 1 Review : This unique dating adventure is worthwhile |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/jab-we-matched/season-1/seasonreview/97702766.cms |access-date=2023-03-13 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

A reviewer for ''Bollywood Tadka'' gave 3.5 stars out of 5 praising the performance of [[Shivangi Joshi|Shivangi]] and [[Jasmin Bhasin|Jasmin]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-10 |title=Jab we Matched Review : जब वी मैच्ड को देख लोगों को आई जब वी मेट की याद, जैस्मिन भसीन की चुलबुलाहट ने दूर की करीना की कमी |url=https://www.bollywoodtadka.in/entertainment/news/jab-we-matched-review-seeing--jab-we-matched--people-remembered-jab-we-met-1768750 |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=Bollywoodtadka}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website}}
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Portal bar|India|Television}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jab We Matched}}
[[Category:2023 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian anthology television series]]

Geeta Mukherjee

2025-04-27T18:53:59Z

MuoiBraley9009: quick fixed citations after review and updated info

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Geeta Mukherjee
| honorific-prefix =
| honorific-suffix = [[Member of parliament|MP]]
| image = Geeta Mukherjee image.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes| 1924|01|08}}
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age |df=yes|2000|03|04|1924|01|08}}
| death_place = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
|term1= 16 January 1980 – 4 March 2000
|predecessor1 =[[Abha Maiti]]
|successor1 = [[Bikram Sarkar]]
|constituency1 = [[Panskura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Panskura]]
| office2 = [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Member of West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 1967
| term_end2 = 1977
| constituency2 = [[Panskura Purba (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Panskura Purba]]
| predecessor2 = Rajani Kanta Pramanik
| successor2 = Swadesh Ranjan Maji
| nationality = Indian
| spouse = [[Biswanath Mukherjee (politician)|Biswanath Mukherjee]]
| children = Bhagabat Jana
| relatives = Madhumita Jana (Grandchildren)
| party = [[Communist Party of India]]
| residence = Flat-12, Block-D, 18, Bow Street,
Calcutta-700012 [[Bow Bazar]], [[Kolkata]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Calcutta]] [[Ashutosh College]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]])
| profession = Politician, social worker, writer
| website =
|birth_name = Geeta Roy Chowdhury
}}

'''Geeta Mukherjee''' (8 January 1924 – 4 March 2000) was an Indian politician and social worker and a four times [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]] from [[Panskura Purba (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Panskura Purba]], from 1967 to 1977. As a Member of Parliament, she was elected seven times from the [[Panskura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Panskura]] constituency, from 1980 to 2000, in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]] being a [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI) candidate.<ref name="Lok Sabha">{{cite web|title=Biographical Sketch Member of Parliament 13th Lok Sabha|url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/members/former_Biography.aspx?mpsno=258|access-date=8 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308132029/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/members/former_Biography.aspx?mpsno=258|archive-date=8 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> She also remained the president of [[National Federation of Indian Women]], women's wing of Communist Party of India. She led the demand for the legislature of 1/3rd reservation for women in parliamentary elections in India.<ref name="Hindu"/>

==Early life and education==
She was born on 8 January 1924 in [[Calcutta]], West Bengal. She was married to [[Biswanath Mukherjee (politician)|Biswanath Mukherjee]] on 8 November 1942.<ref name="Lok Sabha"/>

Mukherjee completed Bachelor of Arts In [[Bengali Literature]] from [[Ashutosh College]], [[Calcutta]]. She remained secretary of [[All India Students Federation|Bengal Provincial Students Federation]] from 1947 to 1951.<ref name="Hindu"/>

==Career==
She was first elected as Member, State Council, Communist Party of India (C.P.I.), Bengal in 1946.<ref name="Lok Sabha"/> Popularly known as Geetadi, Geeta Mukherjee since then won every Lok Sabha election from [[Panskura]] in West Bengal, and was in the forefront till her death in 2000.<ref name="Hindu">{{cite web|title=Geeta Mukherjee passes away|url=http://www.hindu.com/2000/03/05/stories/01050007.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308122823/http://www.hindu.com/2000/03/05/stories/01050007.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 March 2014|date= 5 March 2000|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=8 March 2014}}</ref>

She was elected to 7th Lok Sabha in 1980 and during 1980–84, she served as
* Member, Committee on Public Undertakings
* Member, Committee on the Welfare of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes
* Member, Joint Committee on Criminal Law (Amendment) Bill, 1980
Since 1981 onwards, she was the Member of National Executive Council, [[Communist Party of India]].<ref name="Lok Sabha"/>

She was elected to her 7th term during the 13th Lok Sabha in 1999.<ref name="Lok Sabha"/> Her career spanned about five and half decades. However, it was her role in the women's reservation issue which brought her into the limelight. She was also a member of the National Commission on Rural Labour, National Commission on Women, National Children's Board, Press Council and vice-president of the National Federation of Women, besides being a secretariat member of the Women's International Democratic Federation, Berlin.<ref name="Express India">{{cite web|title=Geeta Mukherjee-Committed to the cause |url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/20000305/ina05013.html |access-date=8 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308120848/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/20000305/ina05013.html |archive-date=8 March 2014 |df=dmy }}</ref> She led a Joint Parliamentary Committee which had drafted the [[One Hundred and Sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India|Women's Reservation Bill]].

Besides her political career, she also wrote a few books for children, including ''Bharat Upakatha'' (Folktales of India), ''Chotoder Rabindranath'' (Tagore for Children)and ''He Atit Katha Kao''; and translated [[Bruno Apitz]]'s 1958 classic ''[[Naked Among Wolves (novel)|Naked Among Wolves]]'' to Bengali.<ref name="Hindu"/><ref>{{cite web | title = A committed fighter |publisher=The Hindu, Frontline |url = http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1706/17061060.htm|volume=17 |issue=6| date=18–31 Mar 2000|access-date = 10 March 2014 }}</ref>

== Death ==
Mukherjee died on 4 March 2000, following a massive heart-attack. [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], the then Prime Minister of India, told in his condolence message— "Mrs. Mukherjee embodied determination and dedication. She was a shining example of [[women's empowerment]]. Her life shall remain an inspiration for future generations, especially women."<ref name=Hindu />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Eleventh to Fourteenth Lok Sabha, West Bengal}}
{{First to Tenth Lok Sabha, West Bengal}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukherjee, Geeta}}
[[Category:Communist Party of India politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Female politicians of the Communist Party of India]]
[[Category:1924 births]]
[[Category:2000 deaths]]
[[Category:Asutosh College alumni]]
[[Category:India MPs 1980–1984]]
[[Category:India MPs 1984–1989]]
[[Category:India MPs 1989–1991]]
[[Category:India MPs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:India MPs 1996–1997]]
[[Category:India MPs 1998–1999]]
[[Category:India MPs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Articles created or expanded during Women's History Month (India) - 2014]]
[[Category:Women writers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women educational theorists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian social scientists]]
[[Category:Women educators from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Educators from West Bengal]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:People from Purba Medinipur district]]
[[Category:Indian children's writers]]
[[Category:Social workers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Women members of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1967–1969]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1969–1971]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1971–1972]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1972–1977]]
[[Category:Women members of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Women in West Bengal politics]]

North Central Railway College

2025-02-28T00:37:34Z

MuoiBraley9009: cleanup

{{Short description|Senior Secondary School in the Firozabad district}}
{{multiple issues|
{{no footnotes|date=May 2019}}
{{Orphan|date=March 2019}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}

{{Infobox university
| name = North Central Railway College
| established = 1882
| type = Educational Institute
| head_label = Principal
| head = Sangita Yadav
| city = [[Tundla]]
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| country = India
| campus = Urban, 65 acres|
}}

'''North Central Railway College''', [[Tundla]], also referred to as NR Inter College, Tundla, (formerly known as Northern Railway Inter College, Tundla) is a Senior Secondary School in the [[Firozabad district]]. The Junior College was established in 1882.

==About==
North Central Railway College is a senior secondary school built in 1882 and is one of the oldest institutes in northern India. It has a large campus of almost 65 acres and offers education from Grades 1–12.

==Campus==
The North Central Railway College is in the eastern part of the town. The railway station is approximately 1.5  km from the school, with the main gate of the campus just opposite the railway hospital. The campus has a playground, and college hall, where students generally gather during functions and exhibitions. This college has both indoor and outdoor gaming facilities, as well as a cricket field, basketball court, volleyball court, and many athletic facilities.

==History==
The school was initially established as an NCC ([[National Cadet Corps (India)|National Cadet Corps]]) center and ammunition house in 1878 by Britishers. Later around 1882, it had been converted into Primary School for British Officers' children.

This school was originally named the Northern Railway Inter College as it is funded by the Indian railway and Tundla was in the northern railway region. Later after the railway zones were created, it was renamed to North Central Railway College as it is located in the North Central Railway Zone.

==Infrastructure==
The college campus is approximately 65 acres. All of the college's departments and laboratories are housed on the campus. The campus also has an auditorium, computer centre, and sporting facilities.

==Student life==
Extracurricular activities include participation in [[National Cadet Corps (India)|NCC]] and [[Scouting]]. Various sports facilities are available on the campus. The college also has 40 acres of adjacent playground.

 
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Training institutes of Indian Railways]]
[[Category:Primary schools in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Intermediate colleges in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Firozabad district]]
[[Category:1882 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1882]]

Lakshmi Machine Works

2025-01-27T12:49:44Z

MuoiBraley9009: Page refined with updated information

#REDIRECT [[Lakshmi Mills]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to related topic}}
}}

Vijay Narayan Gavande

2025-01-25T18:46:00Z

MuoiBraley9009:

{{short description|Music director}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{notability|1=Biographies|date=December 2024}}
{{BLP sources|date=December 2024}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Vijay Narayan Gavande
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| occupation = Music director, Composer, Music arranger, Programmer
| genre = Indian film music
| years_active = 2009–present
}}

'''Vijay Narayan Gavande''' is a composer, arranger, music director, singer, and lyricist born in [[Sindhudurg district|Sindhudurg, Maharashtra]]. With over 17 years of experience, he has contributed to nearly 45-50 projects, including film songs, singles, jingles, and advertisements for well-known brands.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vijay Narayan Gavande's interview on Ultra Jhakaas |url=https://www.ultrajhakaas.com/series/filmy-katta-s2-ep-25/wzkcztjofrkd |access-date= |website=Ultra Jhakaas |language=en}}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=December 2024}}

== Career ==
Gavande began his musical journey in 2001–02, playing the [[tabla]] and [[Pump organ|harmonium]] for bhajan mandals in his hometown in [[Konkan]]. After moving to [[Pune]], he worked as a keyboard player in music groups until 2004. In 2005, he relocated to [[Mumbai]] to pursue a career in the mainstream film industry, working as a music arranger under various composers. His first opportunity as a background music director came with [[Rajiv Patil]]'s [[National Film Awards|National Award]]-winning Marathi film ''[[Jogwa]]'' (2009), where he collaborated with [[Ajay-Atul]].{{failed verification|date=December 2024}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=A different unusual yet great social cinema - JOGWA MOVIE Audience Review - mouthshut.com |url=https://m.mouthshut.com/review/jogwa-movie-review-ntotruuoor |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=m.mouthshut.com}}</ref>

He gained wider recognition with the song "Devak Kalji Re" from the Marathi film ''[[Redu (film)|Redu]]'' in 2018, which garnered over 170 million views. Over the years, his distinctive style has led to his involvement in new projects based on the appreciation of his previous work.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title='देवाक काळजी रे'...यूट्यूबवर १० कोटी व्ह्यूज |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/marathi-song-devak-kalji-re-reach-100-million-view-on-youtube/amp_articleshow/74059390.cms?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM=#amp_tf=From%20%251$s&aoh=17331393919955&referrer=https://www.google.com&ampshare=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/marathi-song-devak-kalji-re-reach-100-million-view-on-youtube/articleshow/74059390.cms |access-date= |website=Maharashtra Times}}</ref>

== Discography ==

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Film
!Director
!Notes
|-
|2009
|''[[Jogwa]]''
|[[Rajiv Patil]]
| rowspan="3" |Background score
|-
|2011
|''Vikalp''
|Sachin Karande
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015
|''Shalee''
|Atul Satam
|-
|''Mungla''
|Vijay Devkar
| rowspan="3" |Music composer
|-
|2016
|''Mumbai Central''
|Karan Radhakrishna
|-
| rowspan="3" |2017
|''[[Karaar]]''<ref>{{Citation |title=Sajana Re (Full Song & Lyrics) - Karaar - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn |date=2016-12-16 |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/sajana-re/ATlTfRFpTXk |access-date=2024-12-02 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|Manoj Kotian
|-
|''Ghuma''
|Mahesh Raosaheb Kale
| rowspan="2" |Background score
|-
|''[[Dashakriya]]''
|Sandeep Patil
|-
|2018
|''[[Redu (film)|Redu]]''<ref name=":0" />
|Sagar Vanjari
| rowspan="6" |
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
|''[[Krutant]]''
|Datta Bhandare
|-
|''[[Aatpadi Nights]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Information |first=Film |date=2019-12-27 |title=AATPADI NIGHTS (Marathi) {{!}} 27 December 2019 – Film Information |url=https://filminformation.com/reviews/aatpadi-nights-marathi-27-december-2019/ |access-date=2024-12-02 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|Nitin Supekar
|-
| rowspan="4" |2022
|''[[Soyrik]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-01-20 |title='SARLA EK KOTI' (MARATHI) REVIEW {{!}} 20 January 2023 – Film Information |url=https://filminformation.com/featured/sarla-ek-koti-marathi-review-20-january-2023/ |access-date= |language=en-US}}</ref>
|[[Makarand Mane]]
|-
|''Avasaan''
|Abhishek Kolge
|-
|''Lagan''
|Arjun Gujar
|-
|''Khapakhap''
|Kaustubh Kulkarni
|Background score
|-
| rowspan="6" |2023
|''[[Sarla Ek Koti]]''
|Nitin Supekar
| rowspan="9" |Music Director
|-
|''Pahile Mi Tula''
|Manoj Kotian
|-
|''[[Baaplyok]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baaplyok - Umagaya Baap Ra {{!}} Marathi Video Songs - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/marathi/baaplyok-umagaya-baap-ra/amp_videoshow/102776008.cms?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM=#amp_tf=From%20%251$s&aoh=17331386473489&referrer=https://www.google.com&ampshare=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/marathi/baaplyok-umagaya-baap-ra/videoshow/102776008.cms |access-date= |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Makarand Mane]]
|-
|''[[Songya]]''
|Milind Inamdar
|-
|''Global Aadgaon''
|Anil Kumar Salve
|-
|''Pardon''
|Sahdev Gholap
|-
| rowspan="3" |2024
|''Parampara''
|Pranay Telang
|-
|''[[Sangharsh Yoddha Manoj Jarange Patil]]''
| rowspan="2" |Shivaji Doltade
|-
|''Raja Rani''
|-
|2025
|''[[Ilu Ilu 1998]]''
|Ajinkya Phalke
|Background score & Music director
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Channel
!Ref.
|-
|2020-2021
|''[[Aai Majhi Kalubai]]''
|[[Sony Marathi]]
|
|-
|2021
|''[[Bawara Dil]]''
|[[Colors TV]]
|
|-
|2024
|''Aai Tulja Bhavani''
|[[Colors Marathi]]
|
|}

=== Album ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Song
!Lyrics
!Ref.
|-
|2024
|"Jagat Bhari Pandharichi Waari"
|[[Guru Thakur]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actor Sandeep Pathak Launches His New Song Titled Jagat Bhari Pandharichi Wari |url=https://www.news18.com/amp/movies/actor-sandeep-pathak-launches-his-new-song-titled-jagat-bhari-pandharichi-wari-8947819.html?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM=#amp_tf=From%20%251$s&aoh=17331395332969&referrer=https://www.news18.com/movies/actor-sandeep-pathak-launches-his-new-song-titled-jagat-bhari-pandharichi-wari-8947819.html |access-date= |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Film
!Result
|-
|2018
|[[Maharashtra State Film Awards]]
|[[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
|''[[Redu (film)|Redu]]''
|{{Won}}<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vijay Narayan wins big at Maharashtra State Marathi Film Festival |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/music/vijay-narayan-wins-big-at-maharashtra-state-marathi-film-festival/amp_articleshow/64124818.cms?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM=#amp_tf=From%20%251$s&aoh=17331402513251&referrer=https://www.google.com&ampshare=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/music/vijay-narayan-wins-big-at-maharashtra-state-marathi-film-festival/articleshow/64124818.cms |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|nm4423818}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vijay Narayan Gavande}}
[[Category:Indian male composers]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

State Highway 2 (West Bengal)

2024-09-04T16:13:37Z

MuoiBraley9009: added info

{{Short description|Road in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox road
|country=IND
|state = West Bengal
|type=SH
|route=2
|alternate_name =
|maint =
|length_km = 323
|direction_a =
|terminus_a = [[Bankura]]
|junction = [[State Highway 4 (West Bengal)|SH 4]] from Hatirampur to [[Khatra]] [[State Highway 9 (West Bengal)|SH 9]] from Simlapal to Taldangra [[State Highway 7 (West Bengal)|SH 7]] at Arambag [[State Highway 15 (West Bengal)|SH 15]] from Champadanga to Tarakeswar [[National Highway 19 (India)|NH 19]]/ Durgapur Expressway at Singur [[State Highway 13 (West Bengal)|SH 13]] (Delhi Road) from Baidyabati to Dankuni [[Belghoria Expressway]] from Dankuni to Dunlop [[State Highway 6 (West Bengal)|SH 6]] ([[Grand Trunk Road]]) at Bally [[Barrackpore Trunk Road]] from [[Baranagar]] (Dunlop) to Barrackpore [[State Highway 1 (West Bengal)|SH 1]] from Barrackpore to Barasat [[National Highway 12 (India)|NH 12]] from Dum Dum to Barasat [[State Highway 3 (West Bengal)|SH 3]] at Khotapota
|direction_b =
|terminus_b = [[Malancha, Basirhat|Malancha]]
|districts= [[Bankura district|Bankura]], [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]], [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]]
}}
'''State Highway 2''' ('''SH 2''') is a [[State highways in India|state highway]] in [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==Route==
[[File:SH 2 at Kajibari.jpg|thumb|SH 2 at Kajibari, Uttarpara, [[Barasat]]]]
SH 2 originates from its junction with [[National Highway 14 (India)|NH 14]] at [[Bankura]] and passes through [[Indpur]], [[Hatimrampur, Bankura|Hatimrampur]], [[Khatra]], [[Simlapal]], [[Taldangra]], [[Bishnupur, Bankura|Bishnupur]], [[Jaypur, Bankura|Jaypur]], [[Kotulpur]], [[Arambag]], [[Champadanga]], [[Tarakeswar]], [[Singur]], [[Baidyabati]], [[Dankuni]], [[Uttarpara]], [[Baranagar]], [[Dakshineswar]], [[Barrackpore]], [[Barasat]], [[Berachampa]], [[Kholapota]], [[Basirhat]], [[Taki (India)|Taki]] and terminates at its junction with [[State Highway 3 (West Bengal)|SH 3]] at [[Malancha, Basirhat|Malancha]] in North 24 Parganas district.<ref>Google maps</ref>

[[File:State Highway 2 Bishnupur Bypass (1).jpg|thumb|State Highway 2 Bishnupur Bypass]]

[[National Highway Authority of India]] or [[NHAI]] has proposed to include section of SH 2 from [[Simlapal]] via [[Taldangra]], [[Bishnupur, Bankura|Bishnupur]], [[Jaypur, Bankura|Jaypur]], [[Kotulpur]], [[Arambag]] to [[Champadanga]] under a new National Highway for 2022/23, but details not decided yet. The new highway will connect [[Jhargram]] with [[Dankuni]] via [[Jhilimili]], [[Mukutmanipur]], [[Simlapal]], [[Taldangra]], [[Bishnupur, Bankura|Bishnupur]], [[Jaypur, Bankura|Jaypur]], [[Kotulpur]], [[Arambag]], [[Champadanga]] & [[Chanditala]]. The new proposed National Highway will merge SH 2, [[State Highway 5 (West Bengal)|SH 5]] & [[State Highway 15 (West Bengal)|SH 15]] into a single route covering distance of {{convert |296|km|mi}}.

The total length of SH 2 is 323 km.<ref name=police>{{cite web| url = http://www.wbtrafficpolice.com/state-highways.php |title = List of State Highways in West Bengal | publisher= West Bengal Traffic Police | access-date = 5 November 2016}}</ref>

Districts traversed by SH 2 are:<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.pwdwb.in/road/state_highway |title = Road - Highway | publisher= Public Works Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 5 November 2016}}</ref> 
Bankura district (0 - 117 km) Hooghly district (117 - 196 km) North 24 Parganas (196 - 323 km)

==Road sections==
It is divided into different sections as follows:<ref name=police/><ref >{{cite web| url = http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/tehsil/bankura.html |title = Bankura Tehsil/ CD Block Map | publisher= Maps of India | access-date = 31 August 2016}}</ref><ref> {{cite web| url = http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/tehsil/hugli.html |title = Hooghly Tehsil/ CD Block | publisher= Maps of India | access-date = 31 August 2016}}</ref><ref> {{cite web| url = http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/tehsil/north-24-parganas.html |title = North 24 Parganas Tehsil/ CD Block | publisher= Maps of India | access-date = 31 August 2016}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Road Section ||District || CD Block ||Length (km)
|-
|Bankura-Khatra||Bankura||[[Bankura I]], [[Indpur (community development block)|Indpur]], [[Hirbandh (community development block)|Hirbandh]], [[Khatra (community development block)|Khatra]]||45
|-
|Khatra Morh-Daldanga-Chenchuria||Bankura||[[Simlapal (community development block)|Simlapal]], [[Taldangra (community development block)|Taldangra]]||22
|-
|Chenchuria-Onda-Ramsagar-Bishnupur||Bankura||[[Onda (community development block)|Onda]], [[Bishnupur, Bankura (community development block)|Bishnupur]], ||24
|-
|Bishnupur Bye-Pass||Bankura||[[Bishnupur, Bankura (community development block)|Bishnupur]]||5
|-
|Bishnupur-Joypur-Mirzapur-Kotulpur||Bankura||[[Joypur, Bankura (community development block)|Joypur]], [[Kotulpur (community development block)|Kotulpur]]||36
|-
|Kotulpur-Khatul-Gobindapur-Arambagh||Hooghly||[[Goghat II]], [[Goghat I]], [[Arambagh (community development block)|Arambagh]]||18
|-
|Arambagh-Joyrampur-Mayapur-Sayedpur-Champadanga||Hooghly||[[Pursurah (community development block)|Pursurah]], [[Tarakeswar (community development block)|Tarakeswar]]||21
|-
|Champadanga-Tarakeswar-Bandipur-Singur-Baidyabati||Hooghly||[[Haripal (community development block)|Haripal]], [[Singur (community development block)|Singur]]||40
|-
|Baidyabati-Sheoraphuli-Serampore-Uttarpara||Hooghly||[[Sreerampur Uttarpara]]||18
|-
|Uttarpara-Dakshineshwar-Baranagar (Dunlop)-Kamarhati-Khardaha-Titagarh-Barrackpore (Baranagar-Barrackpore B.T Road) ||North 24 Parganas||[[Barrackpore II]]||12
|-
|Barrackpore-Nilganj-Jagannathpur-Barasat||North 24 Parganas||[[Barasat II]]||13
|-
|Barasat-Kazipara-Kadambagachi-Golabari-Deganga-Berachampa-Gopalpur More-Kholapota-Basirhat-Taki||North 24 Parganas||[[Deganga (community development block)|Deganga]], [[Basirhat II]], [[Basirhat I]]||62
|-
|Taki-Makhalgacha-Murarisha-Chaital-Malancha||North 24 Parganas||[[Hasnabad (community development block)|Hasnabad]]||22
|}

==See also==
*[[List of state highways in West Bengal]]

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|State Highway 2 (West Bengal)}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{National and State Highways in West Bengal}}

[[Category:State highways in West Bengal]]

{{India-road-stub}}

Kicko & Super Speedo

2024-08-24T11:13:37Z

MuoiBraley9009: created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[List of programmes broadcast by Sony YAY!]]

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[[Category:2018 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2018 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Indian children's animated action television series]]
[[Category:Indian children's animated comedy television series]]
[[Category:Sony Yay original programming]]
[[Category:Animated television series about children]]
[[Category:Indian children's animated science fantasy television series]]
[[Category:Indian children's animated superhero television series]]
[[Category:Television shows adapted into video games]]
[[Category:Television shows adapted into films]]
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Luxor (pen company)

2024-03-24T12:27:07Z

MuoiBraley9009: Updated formatting and improved readability

{{More citations needed|date=May 2022}}
{{short description|Indian stationery company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Luxor
| logo = Luxor pen logo.png
| logo_size = 200px
| type = [[Private limited company|Private Limited]]
| industry = [[Stationery]]
| fate =
| predecessor = 
| successor = 
| founded = {{start date and age|df=yes|1963}} <ref name=mile>[http://www.luxorpen.com/milestone.html Milestone] on Luxor website</ref>
| founder = Davinder Kumar Jain ("D.K." Jain) <ref name=forbes/>
| defunct = 
| hq_location_city = [[Noida]]
| hq_location_country = [[India]]
| area_served = 
| key_people = Pooja Jain ({{small|[[Chief executive officer|CEO]]}})<ref>[http://www.news18.com/news/india/luxor-introduces-erasable-ink-pen-385021.html Luxor introduces erasable ink pen] on News18.com, 18 July 2011</ref>
| products = [[Writing implement]]s and office stationery
| owner = 
| num_employees =
| num_employees_year = 
| parent = Luxor Group <ref name=forbes/><ref>[https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-luxor-sets-up-new-unit-ties-up-with-reliance-retail-1143611 Luxor sets up new unit, ties up with Reliance Retail] on DNA India, 7 Jan 2008</ref>
| brands =
| website = [http://www.luxorpen.com/ luxorpen.com]
}}

'''Luxor International Private Ltd.''' is an Indian [[manufacturing company]] of [[stationery]] products based in [[Noida]], India. Luxor manufactures and markets writing instruments and office products under its own brand, also selling Schneider, [[Parker Pen Company|Parker]], and [[Waterman pens|Waterman]] pens (the last two brands, after an agreement with [[Newell Brands]]) in India. In the past, Luxor also marketed [[Paper Mate]] and [[Pilot (pen company)|Pilot]] products.

Luxor is part of the "Luxor Group".<ref name=forbes>[http://www.forbesindia.com/article/big-bet/pooja-jain-is-rewriting-luxors-future/38537/1 Pooja Jain Is Rewriting Luxor's Future] by Shabana Hussain on Forbes India, 2 Sep 2014</ref> With presence in over 95 countries, Luxor is India's largest exporter of writing instruments.

== History ==
[[File:Davinder Kumar Jain 2023 stamp of India 2.jpg|thumb|D. K. Jain on a 2023 stamp of India]]
Luxor was founded in 1963 in India by Davinder Kumar Jain (also known as "D.K. Jain"), with an initial investment of [[Indian rupee|Rs]] 5,000 and five employees.<ref name=forbes/> The company was the first to introduce the [[marker pen|fiber tip]] technology in the country in 1975, followed by the launch of markers and [[highlighter]]s one year later. In 1980, the company created a division for international business, also becoming distributor of the [[Japan]]ese brand [[Pilot (pen company)|Pilot]]. The company opened a new manufacturing unit in [[Haridwar]] in 2008.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}

In 1996, Luxor added [[Parker Pen Company|Parker]] pens to its line of writing instruments it sells in India. Luxor also introduced [[luxury goods]] brand [[Waterman pens|Waterman]] in 2003.<ref name=mile/>

When founder and [[Chief executive officer|CEO]], D.K. Jain, succumbed to a heart attack in 2014, his daughter Pooja succeeded him as CEO. By then, the Luxor Group had over ₹500 [[crore]] in revenues.<ref name=forbes/>

In 2023, Pilot ended its forty-year-old partnership with Luxor.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pilot Pen ends partnership with Luxor; Invests Rs 70 cr in own mfg unit |url=https://retail.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/books-and-stationery/stationery/pilot-pen-ends-partnership-with-luxor-invests-rs-70-cr-in-own-mfg-unit/102112017|work=The Economic Times|date=25 July 2023|access-date=12 August 2023}}</ref> Luxor has a partnership with Schneider of Germany to sell writing instruments in India.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.luxorpen.com/ Official website]

{{Fountain pen manufacturers}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Luxor}}
[[Category:Pen manufacturers]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:Office supply companies of India]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Noida]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies established in 1963]]
[[Category:1963 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

New Jalpaiguri - Guwahati Vande Bharat Express

2023-09-30T21:17:05Z

MuoiBraley9009: formatting fix

#REDIRECT [[New Jalpaiguri–Guwahati Vande Bharat Express]]

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