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Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies, Basara

2026-05-08T16:39:50Z

Mrrajrumel:

{{Short description|University in Telangana, India}}
{{For|the university in Andhra Pradesh|Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies, Nuzvid}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies, Basara
| caption = Catering to the Educational Needs of Gifted Rural Youth of Telangana
| other_name =
| established = {{start date and age|2008}}
| students = 7500+
| city = [[Basar, Telangana|Basara]], [[Nirmal district]]
| state = [[Telangana]]
| postalcode = 504107
| country = India
| campus = [[Rural area|Rural]]
| campus_size = {{convert|272|acre}}
| website = {{URL|www.rgukt.ac.in}}
| image = [[File:Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies.png|150px]]
| type = [[State university (India)|State university]]
| chancellor = [[Governor of Telangana]]
| vice_chancellor = Maddali Lakshmi Narayana Rao
| faculty =
| coordinates = {{coord|18.8819968|77.9208459|type:edu_region:IN-DL|display=inline,title}}
| colors = {{Color box|#B40404}}
}}
[[File:RGUKT, Basar1.jpg|thumb|Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies]]
'''Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies, Basara''' ('''RGUKT, Basara''') sometimes referred as '''IIIT Basara''' is a [[state university (India)|state university]] in [[Basar, Telangana|Basara]], [[Nirmal district]], [[Telangana]], India. The university offers [[Undergraduate]] and [[Post Graduate]] degrees in various technology programmes.<ref>{{cite news|title=Knowledge Cluster|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/ETNEW/ArtWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=ETNEW&BaseHref=ETM%2F2010%2F11%2F01&ViewMode=HTML&PageLabel=46&EntityId=Ar04501&AppName=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715033832/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/ETNEW/ArtWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=ETNEW&BaseHref=ETM%2F2010%2F11%2F01&ViewMode=HTML&PageLabel=46&EntityId=Ar04501&AppName=1|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 July 2014|access-date=14 July 2014|agency=Times of India|date=1 Jun 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies Basar |url=https://www.rgukt.ac.in/ |access-date=2025-03-10 |website=www.rgukt.ac.in}}</ref>

==Campus==
The institute is located in [[Basara, Telangana|Basara]] village in [[Nirmal district]], [[Telangana]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/education/iiit-basara-students-continue-their-strike/article65545583.ece|title=IIIT-Basara students call off strike}}</ref> It was set up under RGUKT (Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies) Act of 2008 to encourage meritorious students from rural areas to take up courses in technology.

==Academics==
The institute offers six-year [[Bachelor of Technology]] after 10th class examinations which includes two years pre-university course equivalent to intermediate degree followed by four year degree course in engineering course.<ref name=pg>{{cite web |title=Academic Programmes |url=http://www.rgukt.in/aca-academicprograms.html |website=Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies |access-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> It also offers [[postgraduate]] [[Master of Technology]] courses.<ref name="pg" />

==Affiliation==
The institute comes under autonomous Institutions specialized in teaching and research sector in [[Information Technology]] and engineering. The institution follows the norms of its own and does not follow regulations of [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]].<ref>{{cite web |title=University |url=http://www.ugc.ac.in/stateuniversitylist.aspx?id=1&Unitype=2 |website=University Grants Commission |access-date=14 July 2014}}</ref>

==Culture and activities==
With education the institute also emphasizes on [[Extra Academic Activity]] (EAA) as mandatory part of education. It conducts various extra academic activities such as arts, vocal music, [[Kuchipudi|Kuchipudi dance]], and Yoga.<ref>{{cite news |last=Reddy |first=J Deepthi Nandan |date=14 July 2014 |title=RGUKT Nuzvid Students Take to Performing Arts to Beat Stress |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/RGUKT-Nuzvid-Students-Take-to-Performing-Arts-to-Beat-Stress/2014/07/14/article2329923.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715152057/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/RGUKT-Nuzvid-Students-Take-to-Performing-Arts-to-Beat-Stress/2014/07/14/article2329923.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 July 2014 |newspaper=The New Indian Express |access-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> The initiative to include [[classical art]] forms of India in the curriculum was conceptualised.
AntahPragnya, a national level techno-cultural fest was being conducted every year.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}

== Departments==
* [[Chemical Engineering]]
* [[Civil Engineering]]
* [[Computer Science and Engineering]]
* [[Electrical Engineering]]
* [[Electronics and Communication Engineering]]
* [[Mechanical Engineering]]
* [[Metallurgical and Materials Engineering]]
* [[Information Technology]]
* [[Business Management]]
* [[Mathematics]]
* [[Physics]]
* [[Chemistry]]

==See also==
* [[Indian Institutes of Information Technology]]
* [[International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Universities in Telangana}}
{{Universities and colleges in Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2008 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2008]]
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Telangana]]
[[Category:State universities in Telangana]]

Renee Borges

2026-05-07T06:20:47Z

Mrrajrumel: put up basic data from scratch - done

{{Short description|Indian ecologist and evolutionary biologist}}
{{BLP primary sources|date=April 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}

{{Infobox scientist
| name = Renee M Borges
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 25 February 1959
| birth_place =
| father = [[Ernest Borges]]
| relatives = [[Anita Borges]] (sister)
| spouse =
| children =
| field =
| work_institution = [[Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore]]
| alma_mater = [[St. Xavier's College]], Mumbai, [[University of Bombay]]
| doctoral_advisor = [[Ted Fleming]]
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Chemical ecology, Plant-animal interactions, Behavioural ecology, and Evolutionary biology
| prizes =
| religion =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Renee Maria Borges''' (born 25 February 1959) is an [[Indian people|Indian]] evolutionary biologist and professor at the Centre for Ecological Sciences, [[Indian Institute of Science]].<ref name = "IISc">{{cite web|title=IISc - Profile at Centre for Ecological Sciences|url=http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/new/?q=user/30|access-date=16 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ias.ac.in/womeninscience/LD_essays/59-62.pdf |title=59-62.pdf |access-date=8 April 2014}}</ref> Her work as a scientist has been profiled on ''[[India Today]]''.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20080519-chalk-it-up-736234-2008-05-07 | title=Chalk it up | newspaper=India Today | date=7 May 2008 | first=Chitra | last=Subramanyam | access-date=2 May 2018 }}</ref> Her research areas are behavioural and sensory ecology with special reference to plant and animal interactions such as figs and fig-wasps. Other areas of research interest include conservation biology and the history and philosophy of science.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Curriculum Vitae: Renee Borges |website=Indian Institute of Science |url=http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/renee/Complete%20publications%20updated%20on%2028-04-2017.pdf}}</ref>

==Personal life==
She is the daughter of noted Indian oncologist, [[Ernest Borges]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-16 |title=Tapping into the many tales of Dr Ernest Borges Road |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/discovering-dr-ernest-borges-a-look-at-the-life-of-a-legendary-cancer-surgeon-and-mentor-drernestborges-cancersurgeon-mentor-indianinstituteofscience-behavioralecologist-inernestquest-tatamemorialhospital-legacy-kalanagar-memorialhome-101681587763954.html |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> and is the sister of oncopathologist [[Anita Borges]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-02-07 |title=A quest to find the legend of Dr Ernest Borges |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/cafe/a-quest-to-find-the-legend-of-dr-ernest-borges/200641 |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=Herald Goa |language=en}}</ref>

==Education==
Borges studied science at [[St. Xavier's College]], Mumbai, where she obtained her bachelor's degree with distinction in Zoology and Microbiology in 1979. She obtained her master's degree in animal physiology from the Institute of Science, [[University of Bombay]] in 1982. She received a [[Doctor of Science|Ph.D]] from the [[University of Miami]], in [[Coral Gables, Florida]], where her thesis was "Resource heterogeneity and the foraging ecology of the [[malabar giant squirrel|Malabar Giant Squirrel]], ''[[Ratufa indica]]''".<ref>{{cite web|last1=Borges|first1=Renee|title=Resource heterogeneity and the foraging ecology of the Malabar giant squirrel, Ratufa indica|url=http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/dissertations/2750/|website=University of Miami|access-date=11 October 2014}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
Borges has contributed a chapter to the book ''Battles Over Nature: Science and the Politics of Conservation''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Saberwal |first1=Vasant |last2=Rangarajan |first2=Mahesh |title=Battles Over Nature: Science and the Politics of Conservation |chapter=The Anatomy of Ignorance |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kPDkfki-6cEC&q=Renee+M.+Borges&pg=PA56 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |year=2005 |isbn=9788178241418 |access-date=2017-03-19 }}</ref>

==Recognition==
Borges' appointments include:
* Fellow, [[Indian Academy of Sciences]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Borges,_Prof._Renee_M|title=Indian Academy of Sciences-Fellows}}</ref>
*J. C Bose National Fellowship (2016)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.serb.gov.in/pdfs/Results/Results_JCB-APRIL%2016-Website%20-Upload(1).pdf|title=J C Bose fellowship awardees 2016}}</ref>
*Fellow, [[Indian National Science Academy]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.insaindia.res.in/detail/P16-1709|title=Indian National Science Academy- Fellow}}</ref>
*Chairperson of the DST-Program Advisory Committee on Animal Sciences (2016–19)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://serb.gov.in/pdfs/pac_yss/PAC_Animal%20Sciences.pdf|title=DST-PAC Animal Sciences}}</ref>
* Member, Western Ghat Ecology Expert Panel (WGEEP), Government of India, 2010–2011<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.moef.nic.in/downloads/public-information/wg-23052012.pdf|title=Western Ghats Ecology Expert Panel}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Borges, Renee M}}
[[Category:Articles created or expanded during Women's History Month (India) - 2014]]
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:St. Xavier's College, Mumbai, alumni]]
[[Category:Indian women biologists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Indian Institute of Science]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Science alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian zoologists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian zoologists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:Women scientists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:University of Miami alumni]]

List of distance education universities in India

2026-05-04T00:24:34Z

Mrrajrumel: creating some data from scratch!

{{Short description|none}}
{{See also|Distance Education Council}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=June 2019}}
{{lead too short|date=April 2019}}
}}

This is a list of notable universities in India offering [[distance education]].

== Andhra Pradesh==


*[[Acharya Nagarjuna University]], Guntur
*[[Andhra University]], Visakhapatnam
*[[Dravidian University]], Kuppam
*[[GITAM University Hyderabad Campus|Gitam University]], Visakhapatnam
*[[National Sanskrit University]] Tirupati
*[[Sri Krishnadevaraya University]], Anantapur
*[[Sri Padmavati Mahila Visvavidyalayam]], Tirupati
*[[Sri Venkateswara University]], Tirupati

== Arunachal Pradesh ==


*[[Rajiv Gandhi University]], Itanagar
*[[Venkateshwara Open University]], Itanagar

== Assam ==


*[[Assam Down Town University]], Guwahati
*[[Assam University|Assam University, Silchar]]
*[[Dibrugarh University]], Dibrugarh
*[[Gauhati University|Guwahati University]], Guwahati
*[[Krishna Kanta Handiqui State Open University|Krishna Kanta Handique State Open University]], Guwahati
*[[Tezpur University]], Tezpur

== Bihar ==


*[[Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bihar University|Babasaheb Bhim Rao Ambedkar Bihar University]], Muzaffarpur
*[[Lalit Narayan Mithila University]], Darbhanga
*[[Magadh University]], Bodh Gaya
*[[Nalanda Open University]], Patna
*[[Patna University]], Patna

== Chhattisgarh ==


*[[Dr. C. V. Raman University|Dr. CV Raman University]], Bilaspur
*[[MATS University]], Raipur
*[[Pandit Sundarlal Sharma (Open) University]], Bilaspur
*[[Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University|Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University]], Raipur

== Delhi ==


*[[University of Delhi|Delhi University]], Delhi
*[[Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University]], Delhi
*[[Indira Gandhi National Open University]], Delhi<ref>{{Cite web |title=IGNOU Distance Education {{!}} Degree Courses {{!}} Online Admissions |url=https://ignou.distanceeducationschool.com/ |access-date=2024-08-17 |website=IGNOU |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Institute of Management and Development, New Delhi]]
*[[Jamia Hamdard]], New Delhi
*[[Jamia Millia Islamia|Jamia Milia Islamia]], New Delhi

== Gujarat ==


*[[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Open University]], Ahmedabad’
*[[Gujarat Vidyapith]], Ahmedabad
*[[Saurashtra University]] Rajkot
*[[Sabarmati University]] Ahmedabad

== Haryana ==


*[[Chaudhary Devi Lal University|Chaudhary Devilal University]], Sirsa
*[[Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology|Guru Jambheshwar University]], Hisar
*[[Kurukshetra University]], Kurukshetra
*[[Maharshi Dayanand University|Maharishi Dayanand University]], Rohtak
*[[Manav Rachna International University]], Faridabad

== Himachal Pradesh ==


*[[Himachal Pradesh University]], Shimla

==Jharkand==


*[[Jharkhand State Open University]], Ranchi

== Karnataka ==


*[[Bangalore University]], Bangalore
*[[Gulbarga University]], Gulbarga
*[[Kannada University]], Hampi
*[[Karnataka State Women's University]], Bijapur
*[[Karnatak University|Karnataka University]], Dharwad
*[[Kuvempu University]], Shimoga
*[[Mangalore University]], Mangalore
*[[National Law School of India University]], Bangalore
*[[Tumkur University]], Tumkur
*[[Visvesvaraya Technological University]], Belgaum

== Kerala ==


* [[Kannur University]], Kannur
* [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala|Mahatma Gandhi University]], Kottayam
* [[Sree Narayanaguru Open University]], [[Kollam]]
* [[University of Calicut]], Kozhikode
* [[University of Kerala]], Thiruvananthapuram

== Madhya Pradesh ==


*[[Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya]], Indore
*[[Dr. Hari Singh Gour University|Dr Harisingh Gour V V]], Sagar
*[[Jiwaji University]], Gwalior
*[[Madhya Pradesh Bhoj Open University]], Bhopal
*[[Maharishi Mahesh Yogi Vedic University|Maharishi Mahesh Yogi Vedic Vishwavidyalaya]], Katni
*[[Rani Durgavati University|Rani Durgawati University]], Jabalpur

== Maharashtra ==


*[[Bharati Vidyapeeth University Medical College, Pune|Bharati Vidyapeeth University]], Pune
*[[International Institute for Population Sciences]], Mumbai
*[[Mahatma Gandhi Antarrashtriya Hindi Vishwavidyalaya]], Wardha
*[[Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies]], Mumbai<ref>{{Cite web |title=NMIMS Online- UGC entitled MBA, MBA(WX), BBA, B.Com. Degree Programs|url=https://online.nmims.edu/ |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=NMIMS Online |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University]], Amravati
*[[Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University]], Nanded
*[[Tata Institute of Social Sciences]], Mumbai
*[[University of Mumbai]], Mumbai
*[[Yashwantrao Chavan Maharashtra Open University]], Nashik

== Meghalaya ==


*[[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala|Mahatma Gandhi University]], Khana Para
*[[North Eastern Hill University|NEHU]], Shillong

== Mizoram ==


*[[Institute of Chartered Financial Analysts of India|ICFAI]], Aizawl

== Odisha ==


*[[Asian School of Business Management]], Bhubaneshwar
*[[Berhampur University]], Berhampur
*[[Fakir Mohan University]], Balasore
*[[North Orissa University]], Mayurbhanj
*[[Odisha State Open University]], Sambalpur
*[[Sambalpur University]], Sambalpur
*[[Utkal University]], Bhubaneswar

== Puducherry ==


*[[Pondicherry University]], Pondicherry

== Punjab ==


*[[Chandigarh University]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=UGC-Entitled Online Degree Courses and Programs in India - Chandigarh University |url=https://www.onlinecu.in/index.php |access-date=2024-08-17 |website=www.onlinecu.in |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Desh Bhagat University]], Fatehgarh Sahib
*[[Guru Nanak Dev University]], Amritsar
*[[Lovely Professional University]], Phagwara<ref>{{Cite web |last=LPU |title=Affordable Quality Distance Education by India's Largest University LPU |url=https://www.lpude.in/ |access-date=2024-08-17 |website=LPU Distance Education |language=}}</ref>
*[[Panjab University]], Chandigarh
*[[I. K. Gujral Punjab Technical University|Punjab Technical University]], Jalandhar
*[[Punjabi University]], Patiala
*[[Thapar University]]

== Rajasthan ==


*[[Bhagwant University]], Ajmer
*[[Birla Institute of Technology and Science]]s, Pilani
*[[Institute of Advanced Studies in Education|Institute of Advance Studies in Education]], Sardarshar
*[[Jain Vishva Bharati University|Jain Vishva Bharati Institute]], Ladnun
*[[Jaipur National University]], Jaipur
*[[Jayoti Vidyapeeth Women's University]], Jaipur
*[[NIMS University]], Jaipur
*[[Vardhaman Mahaveer Open University|Vardhman Mahaveer Open University]], Kota
*[[Suresh Gyan Vihar University]], Jaipur

== Sikkim ==


*[[Institute of Chartered Financial Analysts of India|ICFAI University]], Gangtok
*[[Sikkim Manipal University]], Gangtok

== Tamil Nadu ==


*[[Annamalai University]], Chidambaram
*[[Bharath University|Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research]], Chennai
*[[Bharathiar University]], Coimbatore
*[[Bharathidasan University]], Tiruchirapalli
*[[Gandhigram Rural Institute]], Gandhigram
*[[Karpagam Academy of Higher Education|Karpagam University]], Coimbatore
*[[Madurai Kamaraj University]], Madurai
*[[Manonmaniam Sundaranar University]], Tirunelveli
*[[Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research]]
*[[Mother Teresa Women's University]], Kodaikanal
*[[Periyar Maniammai University]], Thanjavur
*[[Periyar University]], Salem
*[[Shanmugha Arts, Science, Technology & Research Academy|Shanmugha Arts Science, Technology & Research Academy]], Thanjavur
*[[Sri Chandrasekharendra Saraswathi Viswa Mahavidyalaya|Sri Chandrasekharendra Saraswathi Viswamahavidyalaya]], Kanchipuram
*[[Saint Peter's University|St. Peter's University]], Chennai
*[[Tamil Nadu Agricultural University]], Coimbatore
*[[Tamil Nadu Dr. Ambedkar Law University]], Chennai
*[[Tamil Nadu Open University]], Chennai
*[[Tamil University]], Thanjavur
*[[University of Madras]], Chennai
*[[Vinayaka Missions University]], Salem

== Telangana ==


*[[Andhra Pradesh Open University|Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Open University]], Hyderabad
*[[Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad]]
*[[Kakatiya University]], Warangal
*[[Maulana Azad National Urdu University]], Hyderabad
*[[Nalsar University of Law|NALSAR University of Law]], Hyderabad
*[[National Institute of Rural Development]], Hyderabad
*[[Osmania University]], Hyderabad<ref>{{Cite web |title=Osmania University |url=https://www.osmania.ac.in/oldsite/academics-distanceedu.php |access-date=2024-08-17 |website=www.osmania.ac.in}}</ref>
*[[Potti Sreeramulu Telugu University]], Hyderabad

== Tripura ==


*[[Institute of Chartered Financial Analysts of India|ICFAI University]], Agartala
*[[Tripura University]], Agartala

== Uttar Pradesh ==


*[[Aligarh Muslim University]], Aligarh
*[[Amity University, Noida]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amity - Leading best top ranked institutes, colleges and schools in India |url=https://amity.edu/m/Distance-Learning.asp |access-date=2024-08-17 |website=amity.edu}}</ref>
*[[iict bhadohi|Indian Institute of Carpet Technology, Bhadohi, UP]]
*[[Integral University (Lucknow)|Integral University]], Lucknow
*[[Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Handicapped University|Jagadguru Rambhadrachary Handicapped University]], Chitrakoot
*[[Swami Vivekanand Subharti University|Swami Vivekananda Subharti University]], Meerut
*[[Teerthanker Mahaveer University|Teerthankar Mahaveer University]], Moradabad
*[[University of Allahabad]], Allahabad

== Uttarakhand ==


*[[Dev Sanskriti Vishwavidyalaya]], Haridwar
*[[Gurukul Kangri Vishwavidyalaya]], Haridwar
*[[Himgiri Zee University]], Dehradun
*[[Institute of Chartered Financial Analysts of India|ICFAI University]], Dehradun
*[[Kumaun University]], Nainital
*[[Uttarakhand Open University]], Haldwani

== West Bengal ==


*[[Jadavpur University]], Kolkata
*[[Netaji Subhas Open University]], Kolkata
*[[Rabindra Bharati University]], Kolkata
*[[University of Burdwan]], Burdwan
*[[University of Kalyani]], Kalyani
*[[University of North Bengal]], Darjeeling
*[[Vidyasagar University]], Midnapore

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Distance education institutions based in India| ]]
[[Category:India education-related lists|Distance education universities]]

Tirupati–Karimnagar Superfast Express

2026-05-03T15:25:49Z

Mrrajrumel: started initial data basic info

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Tirupati–Karimnagar Superfast Express
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast Express]]
| locale =
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2013|05|29}}
| last =
| operator = [[South Central Railways]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Tirupati}} (TPTY)
| stops = 10
| end = {{stnlnk|Karimnagar}} (KRMR)
| distance = {{convert|713|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 12h 15m
| frequency = Bi-Weekly {{efn|Runs two days in a week for every direction.}}
| class = AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper class, General Unreserved
| seating = No
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering, E-catering
| observation = Rake sharing with 12769/12770 [[Seven Hills Express]]
| entertainment =
| baggage =
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 12761 / 12762
| speed = {{convert|58|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts
| map = [[File:(Karimnagar - Tirupati) Express Route map.jpg|300px|(Karimnagar–Tirupati) Express route map]]
| map_state =
}}

The 12761 / 12762 '''Tirupati–Karimnagar Superfast Express''' is a [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast Express]] train belonging to [[South Central Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Tirupati}} and {{stnlnk|Karimnagar}} in India. It is currently being operated with 12761/12762 train numbers on bi-weekly basis.<ref>[http://www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,5,268&dcd=6830&did=145027341436679822A43B3ACD88189CC0DEF19BCD331.web91 Eight Express Trains Permanently Augmented with one Additional AC II Tier Class Coach]</ref><ref>[http://m.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/train-cancellations-continue/article7891330.ece Gudur-Chennai rail link restored, cancellation of some trains continue ]</ref><ref>[http://www.railnews.co.in/trains-to-north-via-bhopal-division-cancelled-due-to-heavy-rains-in-tn-ap/ Trains to North via.Bhopal Division cancelled due to heavy rains in TN & AP]</ref>

== Service==

The 12761/Tirupati–Karimnagar Superfast Express has an average speed of 58 km/h and covers 713 km in 12h 15m. The 12762/Karimnagar–Tirupati Superfast Express has an average speed of 55 km/h and covers 713 km in 12h 55m.

== Route & Halts ==

The important halts of the train are:

* '''{{stnlnk|Tirupati}}'''
* {{stnlnk|Renigunta Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Sri Kalahasti}}
* {{stnlnk|Gudur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Vijayawada Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Madhira}}
* {{stnlnk|Khammam}}
* {{stnlnk|Mahbubabad}}
* {{stnlnk|Warangal}}
* {{stnlnk|Jammikunta}}
* {{stnlnk|Peddapalli Junction}}
* '''{{stnlnk|Karimnagar}}'''

==Coach composition==

The train has LHB rakes with a maximum speed of 130 km/h. The train consists of 19 coaches since 26/7/2025:

* 2 AC II Tier
* 7 AC III Tier
* 7 Sleeper coaches
* 4 General Unreserved
* 1 SLR & 1 EOG

== Traction==

Both trains are hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Lallaguda|Lallaguda Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-7]] or electric locomotive from Tirupati to Karimnagar and vice versa.

==Rake sharing==

The train shares its rake with 17007/17008 [[Secunderabad–Darbhanga Express]] and 12769/12770 [[Seven Hills Express]].

==Direction reversal==

The train reverses its direction 1 times:

* {{stnlnk|Peddapalli Junction}}

== See also ==

* [[Tirupati railway station]]
* [[Karimnagar railway station]]
* [[Yesvantpur–Puducherry Weekly Express]]
* [[Secunderabad–Darbhanga Express]]
* [[Seven Hills Express]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/21225 12761/Tirupati–Karimnagar Superfast Express] India Rail Info
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/21226 12762/Karimnagar–Tirupati Superfast Express] India Rail Info

{{Railways in Southern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tirupati-Karimnagar Superfast Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Tirupati]]
[[Category:Superfast Express trains]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Telangana]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2013]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Ghari (story)

2026-04-28T21:00:09Z

Mrrajrumel: New Basic Details and Citations

{{Short description|1948 GhanaDa story by Premendra Mitra}}
{{About|the story by Premendra Mitra|other references|Ghori (disambiguation){{!}}Ghori}}
{{EngvarB|date=November 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox book|
| name = Ghari (The Clock)
| title_orig = ঘড়ি
| translator =
| image = Ghori GhanaDa Title Cover Shaila Chakraborty 1948.jpg
| caption = Illustration by Shaila Chakraborty in 1948
| author = [[Premendra Mitra]]
| illustrator = Shaila Chakraborty
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| series = GhanaDa
| genre = [[Science fiction]]
| publisher = Sarat Sahitya Bhaban
| release_date = 1948
| media_type = Puja annual
| preceded_by = [[Nuri (story)|নুড়ি (The Pebble)]]
| followed_by = [[Poka (story)|পোকা (The Insect)]]
}}

'''''Ghari ''''' ({{langx|bn|ঘড়ি}}) ({{translation|''' The Clock'''}}) is a work of [[science fiction]] written in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] by the novelist [[Premendra Mitra]]. This story was first published in Chhayapoth ({{langx|bn|ছায়াপথ}}), the Puja annual of ''Sarat Sahityo Bhaban'', [[Kolkata]], West Bengal, India, in 1948. It was the third story in [[Ghanada|GhanaDa]] series portraying Ghanashyam Das alias GhanaDa, the fictional [[Character (arts)|character]] created by [[Premendra Mitra]], and the [[protagonist]] of the ''GhanaDa'' series of science-fiction novels.<ref name = tfo>{{cite journal | url = https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17449855.2017.1332676 | title= The Insectesimal tall tale: Historical catachresis and ethics in the science fiction of Premendra Mitra|journal= Journal of Postcolonial Writing | first1= Atanu | last1 = Bhattacharya| first2= Preet |last2 = Hiradhar |access-date = 14 November 2020 | date=13 February 2012| volume= 54| issue= 2| pages= 174–186| doi= 10.1080/17449855.2017.1332676| s2cid= 164349172| url-access= subscription}}</ref>

==Characterization==
The character of Ghanashyam Das alias [[Ghanada]] was outlined as a bachelor, dark complexioned male with tall, boney and skeletal structure, and having age “anywhere between thirty five to fifty five”. It was described by the author in ''Mosha'', the first story of the Ghanada series. He stayed in the third floor attic of a shared apartment (মেস বাড়ি) at no. 72, Banamali Naskar Lane, Calcutta along with other boarders, who fondly called him Ghana-da. The term “da” is a suffix added to the name of an elder male in Bengal to convey reverence and affection.

Ghanada was rarely found to be engaging in any activity or work other than telling fantastic tales to the boarders of the apartment. His stories were relevant to most of the major events that happened in the world for the last two hundred years (18th and 19th century) and there was no place on earth which he did not visit. This is the reason why Ghanada pretended to not know of his age as it can expose him.<ref name=abp1>{{cite book|editor-first=Surajit|editor-last=Dasgupta|chapter= ঘড়ি |title=ঘনাদা সমগ্র - পর্ব ১|publisher=Ananda Publishers|year=2000|isbn=81-7215-395-3}}</ref> {{blockquote|গত দুশো বছর ধরে পৃথিবীর হেন জায়গা নেই যেখানে তিনি যাননি, হেন ঘটনা ঘটেনি যার সঙ্গে তাঁর কোনও যোগ নেই<ref name=abp1/>}}

[[Premendra Mitra]], the creator, described Ghana~da in an interview by A K Ganguly published in SPAN in 1974, as under:<ref name=span >{{cite book|first=A K|last=Ganguly|title= Premendra Mitra's science fiction|publisher=SPAN|year=1974}}</ref> {{blockquote|Ghana~da is a teller of tall tales, but the tales always have a scientific basis. I try to keep them as factually correct and as authentic as possible.<ref name = span /> }}

==Plot==
{{Infobox islands
| name = Samoan Islands
| image_name = Olosega Aerial AKK.jpg
| image_caption = Above: [[Ofu-Olosega|Olosega]] island in the [[Manu'a]] group, eastern Samoa Islands. Below: map of the Samoan Islands
| image_size =
| map_image = Samoa islands 2002.gif
| native_name = Motu o Sāmoa
| native_name_link =
| nickname =
| location = [[Polynesia]]
| coordinates =
| archipelago =
| total_islands =
| major_islands =
| area_km2 = 3030
| highest_mount = [[Mauga Silisili]]
| elevation_m = 1858
| country = {{flag|Samoa}}
| country_largest_city = [[Apia]]
| country_largest_city_population = 38,800
| country1 = {{flag|American Samoa}}
| country1_largest_city = [[Tafuna, American Samoa|Tafuna]]
| country1_largest_city_population = 9,756
| population = 249,839
| population_as_of = 2012
| density_km2 =
| ethnic_groups =
| additional_info =
}}
It was a day of [[Kolkata Derby|Derby]], ie, there was a scheduled football (soccer) match between two big clubs of West Bengal, [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]] and [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohan Bagan]]. The four close friends, Shibu, Gaur, Shishir and Sudhir with the author, who were boarders of the shared apartment at no. 72 Banamali Naskar Lane, were getting prepared to leave for the football stadium while keeping a keen watch on the time. Sudhir gave his clock to Gaur and said, “Keep it with yourself. You won't need asking the time repeatedly then.” Here entered GhanaDa, with a warning that clocks should not be accepted without a proper check. It could be disastrous.

Getting inquisitive Shibu mentioned that GhanaDa was never seen having a clock. GhanaDa replied, “No, I do not have a clock, but once I received some.” “Received? How many, GhanaDa?” “As far as I remember”, GhanaDa replied indifferently, “Two lakh fifty three thousand three hundred and one only.” {{blockquote|শিবু তা সত্বেও জিজ্ঞাসা করেছে, "সে-সব ঘড়ি গেল কোথায় ঘনাদা? কোথায় রেখেছেন মনে নেই বুঝি?" "না, মনে থাকবে না কেন, খুব মনে আছে I সেগুলো রেখেছিলাম ১২৫ ডিগ্রী দ্রাঘিমা যেখানে ৩৫ ডিগ্রী অক্ষ্যাংশকে কেটে বেরিয়ে গেছে ঠিক সেইখানেই, তবে সেগুলো এখন অচল" <ref name=abp1/>}}

GhanaDa reminded of a massive Tsunami and cyclone occurred in the South Pacific Ocean on 17 September 1937. His story preceded the event by two months. At that time he was visiting an area covering from [[Hawaii]] to [[Fiji]] through [[Samoa]], carrying out an import-export business which was a cover hiding his actual identity. All of a sudden he received two telegrams from Neville and Frank on the same day, requesting him to undertake a secret service mission and to meet the sender at the earliest. They were understood to be [[Neville Chamberlain]], Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, and [[Franklin Roosevelt]], President of the United States. “Were they your friends, GhanaDa?”, asked Shibu. {{blockquote|যেন অত্যন্ত সামান্য ব্যাপার, এইভাবে কথাটা হাত নেড়ে উড়িয়ে দিয়ে ঘনাদা বলেছেন, "যাক সে সব কথা" <ref name=abp1/>}}

The author, [[Premendra Mitra]], addressed the issue of international terrorism in this story. Some agencies in Asia distributed cheap clock attached with explosives and timer, that were distributed throughout Europe and the United States. Most of these clocks were programmed to explode at a particular time and date to destroy major infrastructure of these countries. With timely intervention of GhanaDa, a major impending world disaster was averted. However, the crucial Eastbengal club versus Mohanbagan club football match was eventually missed by all.<ref name=abp1/>

==Characters==
*[[Ghanada|Ghanashyam Das alias Ghanada]]
*Gouranga alias Gour
*Shibu
*Shishir
*Author (anonymous in this story. However, now we know it is Sudhir)
*Mr. Okamoto, representative of the Clock manufacturing Company
*Mr. Leyman, Police Chief of Samoa Island

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

* [https://ghanada.com/club/ Ghanada Club]
* [https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-62933-4_3 Critical Analysis of Ghanada]

{{Premendra Mitra}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghori (novel)}}
[[Category:1948 short stories]]
[[Category:Indian short stories]]
[[Category:Science fiction short stories]]
[[Category:Short stories set in India]]
[[Category:Ghanada short stories]]

Gurdwara Baba Bakala Sahib

2026-04-26T05:43:00Z

Mrrajrumel: New The Info W/ Infobox

{{Short description|Gurdwara in Punjab, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox religious building
| building_name = Gurdwara Baba Bakala Sahib ਗੁਰਦੁਆਰਾ ਬਾਬਾ ਬਕਾਲ਼ਾ ਸਾਹਿਬ
| infobox_width =
| image = Gurdwara Baba Bakala Sahib.jpg
| image_size = 325px
| alt =
| caption = Gurdwara Baba Bakala Sahib
| location = [[Baba Bakala]], [[Amritsar district]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]]
| map_type = India Punjab#India
| map_size = 200px
| coordinates = {{coord|31|33|18|N|75|15|56|E|region:IN_type:landmark}}
| religious_affiliation = [[Sikhism]]
| rite =
| district = [[Amritsar district|Amritsar]]
| state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| country = {{flagicon|IND}} [[India]]
| consecration_year =
| administration = [[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee|SGPC]]
| website =
| architecture = yes
| architect =
| architecture_type = [[Gurdwara]]
| architecture_style = [[Sikh architecture]]
| groundbreaking =
| year_completed =
| construction_cost =
| specifications =
| capacity =
| length =
| width =
| materials =
| nrhp =
| added =
| refnum =
| designated =
| District =
}}
'''Gurdwara Baba Bakala Sahib''' ({{langx|pa|ਗੁਰਦੁਆਰਾ ਬਾਬਾ ਬਕਾਲ਼ਾ ਸਾਹਿਬ}}) is a prominent [[Sikh]] [[Gurdwara]] in [[Baba Bakala]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India which is about 42 km from [[Amritsar]]. It is known for its association with the 9th Sikh Guru, [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]], Mata Ganga and [[Baba Makhan Shah Labana|Baba Makhan Shah Lubana]].

The main complex contains 4 Gurdwaras. The Gurdwara's [[Temple tank|Sarovar]] is located on the left hand-side of the bazaar leading up to the main Gurdwara complex. Opposite that there are also lodging facilities available for pilgrims.

==Location==

Baba Bakala Sahib is located in the town of [[Baba Bakala]] which is in the [[Amritsar district]] of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]]. The Gurdwara is on Gurdaspur Road and is 42km away from [[Amritsar]], 46km from [[Jalandhar]] and 193km from the state's capital of [[Chandigarh]]. It is instantly recognisable by the tall 9-storey Bhora Sahib beside the main Darbar Sahib.

==History==
[[File:Baba Bakala Darbar Sahib.jpg|thumb|The inside of the Darbar Sahib at Gurdwara Baba Bakala Sahib]]
[[File:Baba Bakala Lodging.jpg |thumb|The lodging facilities available for pilgrims at Baba Bakala]]
The town of Baba Bakala was originally known as Bakkan-Wala (meaning 'Town of the Deer' in Persian) however over time this was shortened to Bakala. The town was originally a mound, where deer were found grazing.

In 1664, before dying in Delhi, the Guru at the time, Guru Har Krishan uttered "Baba Bakale" which the Sikhs at the time interpreted as meaning that the Guru's successor was to be found at the town of Bakala, close to Amritsar. The Sikhs now had to find the true Guru in Bakala.

The Guru was then found by a trader from [[Jhelum]] named [[Makhan Shah Labana|Makhan Shah Lubana]]. As a trader, he was on a ship carrying his goods while it became caught up in a furious storm. As he was in danger, he began to pray to God and [[Guru Nanak Dev Ji]] for safety. He then vowed that he would donate 500 dinars to the Guru. Unaware of the news that [[Guru Har Krishan Ji ]] had died, Lubana reached Bakala to fulfill his vow.

Eager to carry out his promise as soon as possible, Makhan Shah then reached Bakala but was shocked to see many people pretending to be the true Guru. He then came up with a plan to donate 2 dinars to each of the self-proclaimed Gurus, as he knew that the true Guru would demand the full amount that he had promised. None of the imposters demanded the full amount and so Makhan Shah was unable to find the Guru. He then asked around and he heard of a solitarian in the area, who was called [[Guru Tegh Bahadur|Tegh Bahadur Ji]], and was the son of [[Guru Hargobind|Guru Hargobind Sahib Ji]].

Upon placing 2 dinars before this man, the man replied "God bless you, my man, however why only two Dinars after pledging five hundred? The Guru is never in need of any thing but a Sikh is expected to keep his pledge to the Guru". Lubana thus discovered the true Guru and told him that he would reveal his identity to the World, however the [[Guru Tegh Bahadur|Guru]] discouraged Lubana to do so as he was hoping to meditate in solitude for longer. Makhan Shah took this as a challenge and climbed the rooftop and shouted that he had found the true Guru. Up until they were found, [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]] meditated in solitude for 26 years, 9 months and 13 days, however they were not a recluse and they still attended to family affairs and he also visited the [[Guru Har Krishan|8th Guru]] in [[Delhi]] whilst he was there.

== Artwork ==
{{Further information|Sikh art}}
[[File:Repoussé plaque depicting Guru Tegh Bahadur bearing Gurmukhi inscriptions from the Bhora Sahib (Meditation Cell), Bakala.jpg|thumb|Repoussé plaque depicting Guru Tegh Bahadur bearing Gurmukhi inscriptions from the Bhora Sahib ("Meditation Cell"), Gurdwara Baba Bakala, Bakala, Punjab. Photographed by Trilochan Singh]]
The Sikh shrines of the Baba Bakala complex contain many frescoes.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Dogra |first=Chander Suta |date=3 May 2016 |title=Have You the Eyes for It? |work=SikhNet (republished, originally published by Outlook Magazine) |url=https://www.sikhnet.com/news/have-you-eyes-it |access-date=21 September 2023 |quote=The peeling, faded frescoes at Baba Atal Gurudwara in Amritsar and at Baba Bakala in Gurdaspur were removed and replaced by common ceramic tiles, much to the anguish of educated Sikhs.}}</ref> Many of these frescoes are in a dilapidated condition and require conservation efforts.<ref name=":0" /> A portion of the frescoes have been destroyed or hidden by being replaced or covered with ceramic tiles under the guise of ''[[Sevā|Kar Seva]]'' renovations, much to the dismay of a section of the Sikh public who are heritage-conscious.<ref name=":0" />

==Buildings==
[[File:GTB Bhora Sahib.jpg|thumb|220px|The cellar (Bhora) in which Guru Tegh Bahadur meditated in solitude]]
===Gurdwara Manji Sahib===
After finding [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]], the Sikh congregation set up the Deewan here. While preaching on the Deewan, the Shia Masand fired at the Guru and the bullet scraped along the Guru's [[dastaar]] without causing any harm.

===Gurdwara Bhora Sahib===
This is the 9-storey building built above the cellar where [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]] meditated in solitude for 26 years, 9 months and 13 days and also where [[Baba Makhan Shah Labana|Baba Makhan Shah Lubaba]] stood and announced that he had found the true Guru.

===Gurdwara Darbar Sahib===
This is the place where in August 1664 the Sikh Sangat arrived in Bakala and anointed Tegh Bahadur as the ninth guru of Sikhs. The Sangat was led by Diwan Durga Mal, and a "Tilak ceremony" was performed by [[Baba Gurditta]] on [[Guru Tegh Bahadur|Tegh Bahadur]], formally conferring Guruship onto him.

===Gurdwara Seesh Mahal===
Here Mata Ganga, consort of [[Guru Arjan|Guru Arjan Dev]], mother of [[Guru Hargobind]] and grandmother of [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]] died.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sikhism}}

[[Category:Gurdwaras in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Sikh architecture]]
[[Category:Sikh places]]
[[Category:Architecture in India]]
[[Category:Religious tourism in India]]

Pardeep Singh

2026-04-24T12:15:04Z

Mrrajrumel: put up initial bio w/ infobox - done

{{short description|Indian weightlifter}}
{{for|the rugby player|Pardeep Singh (rugby union)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| headercolor =
| name = Pardeep Singh
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| fullname =
| nickname =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| nationality =
| alma mater =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1995|1|4|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Jalandhar]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| height =
| weight =
| website =
| country = {{IND}}
| sport = [[Olympic weightlifting|Weightlifting]]
| event = 105 kg
| collegeteam =
| universityteam =
| club =
| team =
| turnedpro =
| partner =
| former_partner =
| coach =
| retired =
| coaching =
| worlds =
| regionals =
| nationals =
| olympics =
| paralympics =
| highestranking =
| pb =
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport| Men's [[Olympic weightlifting|weightlifting]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalComp|[[Commonwealth Games]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[Weightlifting at the 2018 Commonwealth Games|2018 Gold Coast]]|[[Weightlifting at the 2018 Commonwealth Games – Men's 105 kg|105 kg]]}}
{{MedalComp|[[Commonwealth Weightlifting Championships|Commonwealth Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2017 Commonwealth Weightlifting Championships|2017 Gold Coast]]|105 kg}}
{{MedalGold|[[2019 Commonwealth Weightlifting Championships|2019 Apia]]|102 kg}}
| show-medals = y
| updated =
}}
'''Pardeep Singh''' is an Indian [[Olympic weightlifting|weightlifter]] from Jalandhar, Punjab who won silver medal in the men's 105 kg weight class at the [[2018 Commonwealth Games]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.espn.in/commonwealth-games/story/_/id/23083330/india-pardeep-singh-wins-weightlifting-silver | title=CWG: Pardeep Singh wins weightlifting silver | date=9 April 2018 | publisher=ESPN | accessdate=9 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/commonwealth-games/silver-for-weightlifter-pardeep-singh-in-mens-105kg/articleshow/63675147.cms | title=Silver for weightlifter Pardeep Singh in men's 105kg | newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | date=9 April 2018 | accessdate=10 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/weightlifter-pardeep-singh-claims-silver-at-cwg/articleshow/63675157.cms | title=Weightlifter Pardeep Singh claims silver at CWG | newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] | date=9 April 2018 | accessdate=10 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://results.gc2018.com/en/weightlifting/athlete-profile-n6005271-pardeep-singh.htm | title=Pardeep Singh | publisher=Gold coats 2018 | accessdate=10 April 2018 | archive-date=10 April 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180410201648/https://results.gc2018.com/en/weightlifting/athlete-profile-n6005271-pardeep-singh.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{sports links}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Pardeep}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Indian male weightlifters]]
[[Category:Weightlifters from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Jalandhar]]
[[Category:Weightlifters at the 2018 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games silver medallists for India]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 2018 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games silver medallists in weightlifting]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games weightlifters for India]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

Kishor Phadke

2026-04-23T07:28:46Z

Mrrajrumel: Adding post...

{{Short description|Indian psychologist (1936–2022)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
|name = Kishor Phadke
|image = Kishore (2008).jpg
|caption =
|birth_date = {{birth date|1936|2|20|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Mumbai, Maharashtra]], [[British Raj]]
|death_date = {{death date and age|2022|1|31|1936|2|20|df=y}}
|death_place = Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
|field = [[Psychology]], [[philosophy]], [[psychotherapy]]
|work_institution =
|alma_mater = [[Pune University]]
|doctoral_advisor =
|doctoral_students =
|known_for = Fundamental Contributions to the Development of [[Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy]], Pioneer of [[Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy]] in India...<ref>{{cite book | first=Debbie | last=Joffe Ellis | year=2010 | url=https://www.prometheusbooks.com/index.php?main_page=product_info&products_id=1992&zenid=8vft423qcqlpi9jogk7v5jqid6 | title=All Out | edition=First | publisher=Prometheus Books | pages=479, 485–486}}</ref>
|prizes = [[Fellow]] & [[Supervisor]], Albert Ellis Institute, [[New York City]]
|footnotes =
}}

'''Kishor Moreshwar Phadke''' (20 February 1936 – 31 January 2022), also known as '''K. M. Phadke''', was an Indian psychologist, and practitioner and trainer in [[Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy]] (REBT). He held [[Master of Arts|M.A.]] degree in [[psychology]] from [[Savitribai Phule Pune University|Pune University]]. He is first Indian psychologist who enjoys the unique distinction of being a [[fellow]] and [[supervisor]] of the Albert Ellis Institute in [[New York City]]. He is best known as a pioneer of REBT in India. Due to his distinguished contributions to REBT, Indian psychologists consigned a unique title to his therapy – [[Albert Ellis|Ellis]]-Phadke therapy.<ref>Joshi, A. (19 February 2011) Viveknishtha Maharshee, [http://www.loksatta.com/ Loksatta], Pg 8.</ref><ref>Yeolekar, C.T. (2009) (Eds) Vrudhhatvachi Shan, Padmakar Nagpurkar, [http://granthali.com/product/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8-vruddhatvachi-shan/ Granthali Prakashan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604075604/http://granthali.com/product/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8-vruddhatvachi-shan/ |date=4 June 2016 }}, 2nd edition</ref> He has authored nine Marathi books, several popular articles and papers and co-authored five English books.

== Background and education ==
Kishor was born during the late [[British Raj]] on 20 February 1936 in a [[Maharashtra|Maharashtrian]] family. The origin of his family can be traced to Haripant Phadke, who was a lieutenant general in the [[Peshwa|Darbar of Peshwas]]. His father was a general practitioner (MBBS) in [[Pune]] whereas his mother was a housewife. The couple had four children, two of whom have died. His uncle also served as communist leader during the freedom movement.
Kishor has completed honours Degree course in [[philosophy]] and Masters course in [[psychology]] from [[Pune University]] in 1959.

== Early career ==
In 1959, Kishor began his career in [[Ruparel College]], [[Mumbai]]. He first worked as a demonstrator, then lecturer and finally officiating professor and head of the department. After serving for 5 years in Ruparel College, he joined [[Ahmedabad Textile Industry's Research Association|ATIRA]] as a junior scientific officer in Human Relations division. Gradually, he got promoted as a senior scientific officer which gave him an opportunity to conduct various industry research projects.<ref>Joshi, A. (19 February 2011) Viveknishtha Maharshee, [http://www.loksatta.com/ Loksatta], Pg 8.</ref>

== Correspondence with Albert Ellis ==
Source:<ref>[http://findingaids.cul.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_8683406/dsc/1 Albert Ellis Papers, Series I: Correspondence, 1947-2006, Correspondence of K.M. Phadke & Dr. Albert Ellis, Columbia University Libraries Archival Collection]</ref>

Phadke wrote his first letter to Ellis on 29 April 1968 and the correspondence lasted for 36 years. Phadke's correspondence with Ellis is considered to be one of the finest sources for REBT learners. It is of 1351 pages (bounded in four volumes). It consists of Phadke's queries/enquiries about REBT and responses given by Ellis. Phadke had been questioning, challenging and attacking almost every aspect of theory and practice of REBT. Dr. Eliis, perhaps the world's best authority on the subject, also kept sending him various books as well as articles.
In 1987, Windy Dryden, a professor of Psychotherapeutic Studies at [[Goldsmiths, University of London]] expressed his wish to see this correspondence. He was very much impressed after reading these volumes and also wrote to Phadke saying that he (Phadke) really had an insatiable desire for knowledge and his attention to detail was worthy of an academic.<ref>Ellis, A. (1994). [https://books.google.com/books?id=qHJHAAAAMAAJ Reason and Emotion in Psychotherapy]: Revised and Updated. Carol Publishing, pg 461.</ref> After Ellis' death, these volumes are preserved and cited in Archives of [[Columbia University]].<ref>[http://findingaids.cul.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_8683406/dsc/1 Albert Ellis Papers, Series I: Correspondence, 1947-2006, Correspondence of K.M. Phadke & Dr. Albert Ellis, Columbia University Libraries Archival Collection]</ref>

== REBT: The life goal ==
Phadke had left ATIRA in 1969 and joined [[Mumbai University]] as a demonstrator in the Department of Psychology. He left the university in 4 years and joined as faculty at Sir Sorabji Pochkanawala Bankers Training College, Mumbai in 1973.
He was aiming to spread REBT throughout India. With this vision, he resigned his teaching post at Banking college in 1981 and established his own training centre. It was named 'Phadke Centre' with the objective of imparting education for life through REBT.

== Phadke Centre ==
Phadke Centre,<ref>[http://findingaids.cul.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_8683406/dsc/1 Albert Ellis Papers, Series I: Correspondence, 1947-2006, Correspondence of K.M. Phadke & Dr. Albert Ellis, Columbia University Libraries Archival Collection]</ref> the first learning center of REBT in India, offered a variety of individual and group programmes founded on the principles and techniques of REBT.
He created his own training modules of primary and advanced workshops for professionals as well as two day workshops for non-professionals. Thousands of trainees, more than 200 organizations organized his training programmes for their employees, about 10000 executives from all levels of management.
In the contemporary [[transactional analysis]]' era, training in REBT was just inconceivable to industry. Being a pioneer, Phadke encountered considerable opposition from the start but using REBT's philosophy, he could develop an elegant model of training programmes for industries. He has delivered professional talks in various business, industrial, educational, research and training organizations.

== Challenges and struggles ==
After getting first introduction to REBT at [[Gujarat University]], Phadke started reading books on wide range of subjects such as [[psychology]], [[philosophy]], [[literature]], [[language]], [[political science]], [[economics]], [[sociology]]. These books assisted him to study, investigate and deeply engage with issues and concerns related to human behaviour. During this time, he started correspondence with Dr. Ellis regarding his questions and queries.
Ellis also started to send him his books and articles along with the answers. Phadke faced many problems in receiving the posts. Despite that, today he has a collection of Ellis' 76 books and more than 600 articles and research papers. Needless to mention, he has deeply studied and analysed this material.
His source of learning REBT was from Ellis' books, some of which contained verbatim records of Ellis' cases. He studied numerous cases of Ellis, drew his own conclusions and compared them to those of Ellis.

== Fellow and supervisor ==
In 1977, [[Institute for Advanced Study]] in Rational Psychotherapy, (currently known as Albert Ellis Institute [http://albertellis.org/], New York) honored him the status of 'Fellow' and later, in 1989, he was awarded the honour of 'Supervisor'.<ref>
Ellis, A. (2007). [https://books.google.com/books?id=NJY6Vq5xQw0C&dq=Overcoming%20resistance%3A%20A%20rational%20emotive%20behavior%20therapy%20integrated%20approach&pg=PP1 Overcoming resistance: A rational emotive behavior therapy integrated approach] Springer Publishing Company
</ref> According to the regulations of the institute of that time, the status of fellow was given to only those aspirants who had a post-doctorate in psychology and had completed two years intensive training programme of the institute.<ref>Short Term Therapy, Long Term Results, Catalog 2007-08, [http://albertellis.org/ Albert Ellis Institute], pg 6.</ref> Although Phadke had neither a doctorate nor had he visited the institute, the concerned committee got convinced with significance of his work in India and made Phadke an exception to the criteria. The status of supervisor enabled him to conduct training programmes for professionals.

== Contributions to REBT ==
Absence of efficient communication system between Phadke and his mentor, Dr. Ellis, forced him to rely on his own resources and made him to innovate his own techniques of practicing REBT. This elegant method of learning resulted in new research findings in the theory and practice of REBT. Ellis praised his dedication and mastery over this subject with saying 'I still feel you are the only person in Asia that I consider to be extremely well qualified to practice and preach REBT.<ref>[http://findingaids.cul.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_8683406/dsc/1 Albert Ellis Papers, Series I: Correspondence, 1947-2006, Correspondence of K.M. Phadke & Dr. Albert Ellis, Columbia University Libraries Archival Collection]</ref>
He has made original contributions to the theory and practice of REBT, which were greatly acknowledged by Ellis. Some of the contributions to the theory of REBT are as follows:

=== Denotation of 'D' letter ===
In the classical form, the letter 'D' in the A-B-C-D-E theory stands for the therapeutic technique of Disputing the client's irrational beliefs. Phadke expanded the letter 'D' and created modified three-fold denotation- a) Detection b) Disputation c) Discrimination. Ellis has incorporated this denotation in ABC structure of REBT.<ref>Ellis, A. (1977). [http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/2492167 ''Anger: How to Live With and Without It'']. Reader's Digest Press, pg 56.</ref>

=== Enlargement of 'B' letter ===
Phadke demonstrated to Ellis that it is incorrect to classify desires, preferences, demands and commands as Beliefs- rational or irrational. In order to incorporate the human motives in the A-B-C theory, he coined the more comprehensive term for B- Bedrock of Biosocial Forces. In the later years, he reinterpreted letter 'B' more accurately as bipartite belief system. It includes the detection of binary message which the client signals to himself as well as the bipartite belief system, implied in that message.<ref>Digiuseppe, Raymond(2007). [https://books.google.com/books?id=NJY6Vq5xQw0C&dq=Overcoming%20resistance%3A%20A%20rational%20emotive%20behavior%20therapy%20integrated%20approach&pg=PP1 Overcoming resistance: A rational emotive behavior therapy integrated approach]. Springer Publishing Company.</ref>

=== Redefinition of 'C' ===
Phadke gave a special thought to 'C' which was earlier described merely as Consequences. He precisely named it as 'Choice-blocking consequences'.<ref>Arthur Freeman, 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=GbLSCgAAQBAJ Cognition and Psychotherapy: second edition], Springer Publishing Company</ref> In later years, he further elaborated it by making a distinction between choice freeing consequences leading to healthy emotions and choice blocking consequences leading to unhealthy emotions.

=== Extension of 'E' ===
One of the REBT proponent, Garcia<ref>Garcia, E.J. (1977). Working on the E in RET. in J.L. Wolfe and E. Brand (Eds). [http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/11447508?selectedversion=NBD1039512 Twenty Years of Rational Therapy], New York: Institute for Rational Living.</ref> suggested the letter 'E' could stand for a) Empathy b) Emotion and c) Experience. Phadke added yet another meaning to the letter E, namely Enthusiasm.<ref>Ellis Albert,1996, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ceJ_LPhgVHYC Better, Deeper And More Enduring Brief Therapy: The Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy Approach], Routledge</ref>

=== Modification of the Approval Principles ===
After closely observing the behavior of hundreds of people, Phadke arrived at the conclusion that the principle of Approval in REBT has to be supplemented by the Principle of Disapproval which he stated as follows: 'No one should dislike or disapprove of me for whatever I do.' Ellis graciously accepted his suggestion and it was incorporated in his subsequent presentation of masturbatory ideologies.<ref>Ellis, A. (1979). [https://books.google.com/books?id=e9l6AAAACAAJ The intelligent woman's guide to dating and mating]. Secaucus, N.J: Lyle Stuart. pg 200.</ref> Phadke went further and suggested a two-fold classification of masturbatory ideologies instead of three. 1. What I should get, feel and do. 2. What I should not have to get, feel and do. This classification made the work of detecting the irrational beliefs easy<ref>Ellis Albert,1996, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ceJ_LPhgVHYC Better, Deeper And More Enduring Brief Therapy: The Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy Approach], Routledge</ref>

=== Review of Rationality ===
Phadke pointed out that five criteria of rational behavior proposed in REBT were not sufficiently comprehensive. They seemed to omit a vital aspect of man's behavior towards others. In order to cover that aspect, he suggested an additional criterion- Rational behavior does no needless, definite and deliberate harm to others<ref>
Ellis, A. (1977). [http://www.abebooks.com/Live-Anger-Ellis-Albert-Readers-Digest/16736537225/bd ''How to Live With and Without Anger'']. Reader's Digest Press, pg 56
</ref>

=== Emotive-Rational Therapy ===
Phadke proposed that the distinction between Rational Emotive Therapy (RET) and Emotive Rational Therapy (ERT) can generate at least verifiable hypotheses. He further elaborated that the clients' irrational beliefs about himself may be disputed by using ERT whereas the clients' irrational beliefs about others and the world may be disputed effectively by using RET. RET is more effective in disputing the client's inferences whereas ERT is more effective in disputing the client's evaluations<ref>Ellis Albert,1996, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ceJ_LPhgVHYC Better, Deeper And More Enduring Brief Therapy: The Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy Approach], Routledge</ref>

=== New format of teaching REBT ===
Phadke devised 8A format<ref>
Digiuseppe, Raymond (2007). [https://books.google.com/books?id=NJY6Vq5xQw0C&dq=Overcoming%20resistance%3A%20A%20rational%20emotive%20behavior%20therapy%20integrated%20approach&pg=PP1 Overcoming resistance: A rational emotive behavior therapy integrated approach] Springer Publishing Company
</ref> of presenting the basic principles of REBT. A1 to A4 are used for detection of psychopathology and A5 to A8 are used for the treatment. Brief outline of this format is as follows:
A1- Assumption
A2-Appraisal
A3-Agony
A4-Astray
A5-Articulate
A6-Attack
A7-Attune
A8-Adjust

=== Theory of surplus values ===
This term was devised by Phadke to his intervention strategies to suit the client's background. Usage of this term makes easy for the practitioner to make the clients understand the [[surplus value]] they are attaching to some events in their life<ref>Harper R. (1997). [http://www.mpowers.com/books/guidetorationalliving.html A guide to Rational Living]. Melvin Powers Wilshire Book Company, pg 270</ref>

=== Others ===
Phadke invented many innovative practices of REBT which are as follows:

# Effective way of teaching the meaning of awful, horrible or terrible
# The Devil's Advocate- An exercise in Rational Thinking
# The involvement Debate
# Refinement of Rational-Emotive-Imagery
# Empathic Role Play
# Role Reversal
# A Second-Order Cognitive Therapeutic Technique
# Emotive technique of controlling one's emotions and behaviour

Some of these techniques<ref>Dryden, W. (1997). [http://www.springerpub.com/the-practice-of-rational-emotive-behavior-therapy.html The Practice of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy]. Springer Publishing Company, Second edition, pg 260</ref> were used effectively for the advancement of the practice of REBT. This was clearly displayed when psychologists from California<ref>Gordon, R; & Gordon, M. (2006). [http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/510078.The_Turned_Off_Child The Turned- off- Child]. Millennial Mind Publishing, First edition, pgs 123.</ref> acknowledged that the technique of role reversal devised by Phadke was an effective assessment technique to increase awareness of faulty perceptions of reality.

== Later life and death ==
At the age of 71, Phadke decided to retire from all of his professional activities, including the closing of Phadke Centre. Dr. Ellis, in his autobiography – All Out!, has written about the unusual influence of Phadke on him. Ellis says: 'One of the most unusual influences on me and my work has been that of the psychologist Kishor M. Phadke, of Mumbai, India. I would never have figured out some of the finer points of REBT without his detailed questioning, and I want to thank him for that....He has certainly been one of my finest friends and supporters since 1968.'<ref>Debbie Joffe Ellis (2010 ) [https://www.prometheusbooks.com/index.php?main_page=product_info&products_id=1992&zenid=8vft423qcqlpi9jogk7v5jqid6 All Out]. First Edition, Prometheus Books, pg479, 485-486.</ref>

In 2015, Phadke relocated to Shivaji Park, Mahim, upon his retirement. For a few years, he had been suffering from [[Parkinson's disease]]. He died on 31 January 2022, at the age of 85.<ref>{{cite web |title=Eminent psychologist Dr. Kishore Phadke passed away. |url=https://www.facebook.com/mindaidcounsellingcenter/photos/a.134442371777640/399791521909389/?type=3#_=_ |website=Mind Aid on Facebook |access-date=4 February 2024 |date=4 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Dr. Kishor Phadke, pioneer of REBT in India and Creator of Ellis-Phadke Therapy. |url=https://twitter.com/arvindotta/status/1489239651068317704 |website=Arvind Otta on X |access-date=4 February 2024 |date=3 February 2022}}</ref>

==Published works==
===Books authored===
* Joshi, A., & Phadke, K.M. (2018). ''Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy Integrated''. (1st ed.) New Delhi, India: Sage Publications.
* Phadke, K.M. & Joshi, A. (2018). ''Albert Ellis Vichardarshan'' (1st ed.). Mumbai, India: Shabd Publications.
* Phadke, K.M. (2014). ''Udyojakanche Antarang'' (3rd reprint). Pune, India: Majestic Prakashan.
* Phadke, K.M. (2009). ''Alasavar Mat'' (2nd ed.). Mumbai, India: Tridal Prakashan.
* Phadke, K.M. (2005). ''Karmacharyansathi Samupadeshan'' (1st ed.). Mumbai, India: Majestic Prakashan.
* Khear, R., & Phadke, K.M. (2001). The ''Inner World of Entrepreneurs.'' Mumbai, India: Pauline Publications.
* Phadke, K.M. (2000). ''Mnachkshunche Samarthya.'' (2nd reprint). Mumbai, India: Tridal Prakashan.
* Phadke, K.M. (1999). ''Adhunik Sanjivani''. (2nd ed.). Mumbai, India: Tridal Prakashan.
* Phadke, K.M. & Chulani, V. (1999).''The Power of Your Mind's Eye.'' Mumbai, India: Pauline Publications.
* Phadke, K.M. & Chulani, V. (1999). ''Conquering Laziness.''New Delhi, India: Excel Books.
* Phadke, K.M. & Chulani, V. (1998). ''Liberation form Addiction.'' Mumbai, India: Himalaya Publishing House.
* Phadke, K.M. & Khear, R. (1998). ''Counselling in Industry: A Rational Approach''. Mumbai, India: Himalaya Publishing House.
* Phadke, K.M. (1997). Vikretyanche Antarang (1st ed.). Mumbai, India: Tridal Prakashan.
* Phadke, K.M. (1995). ''Kathin Samaya'' ''Yeta.'' (1st ed.). Mumbai, India: Tridal Prakashan.
* Phadke, K.M. (1995). ''Vyasanmukti''. (1st ed.). Mumbai, India : Tridal Prakashan.
* Phadke, K.M. (1996). ''Chakram Manashanshi Kase Vagave?'' (2nd Reprint). Mumbai, India: Tridal Prakashan.

===Articles authored===

* Phadke, K.M. (2008). ''Kame ka'' ''Rengaltat? Part III.'' Vyapari Mitra, (May Issue), pp. 583–585.
* Phadke, K.M. (2008). ''Kame ka Rengaltat? Part II.'' Vyapari Mitra, (March Issue), pp. 357–359.
* Phadke, K.M. (2008). ''Kame ka Rengaltat?.'' ''Part I.'' Vyapari Mitra, (Jan Issue), pp. 103–104.
* Phadke, K.M. (2007). ''Sukhacha Mulmatra.'' Weekly Sadhana, (Oct Issue), pp. 18–21.
* Phadke, K.M. (2003). ''Asahishuteche Durlakshit Parinam.'' Ajcha Sudharak, (May Issue), pp. 64–69.
* Phadke, K.M. (2003). ''Vaicharik Nirbharata ani Manasik Arogya.'' Palakniti, (April Issue), pp. 5–9.
* Phadke, K.M. (2003). ''Shala: Ek Abhinav Prayog,'' ''Part II.'' Ajcha Sudharak, (March Issue), pp. 463–469.
* Phadke, K.M. (2003). ''Shala: Ek Abhinav Prayog. Part I'' Ajcha Sudharak, (February Issue), pp. 430–436.
* Phadke, K.M. (1982). ''Some Innovations in RET Theory and Practice.'' Rational Living. 17(2), pp. 25–29.
* Phadke, K.M. (1976). ''Entrepreneurship Development: A Rational Approach. Handbook of Entrepreneurship.'' Maharashtra Small Scale Industry's Development Corporation,.
* Phadke, K.M. (1972). ''Mardhekaranchya Saundaryamimansechi Manasshastriya Bhumika.'' Satyakatha, (Oct Issue), 18–26.
* Phadke, K.M. (1970). ''Rational Behaviour Training for the New Banker.'' Indian Institute of Bankers Journal.,
* Phadke, K.M. (1968). ''An Exploratory Study of the Personality Profile of Some Indian Scientific Researchers.'' Indian Academy of Applied Psychology. 5(2), pp. 65–72.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [http://albertellis.org/ Albert Ellis Institute]
* [https://www.prometheusbooks.com/index.php?main_page=product_info&products_id=1992&zenid=8vft423qcqlpi9jogk7v5jqid6 All Out! An Autobiography]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Phadke, K. M.}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian psychologists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Mumbai]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian social scientists]]
[[Category:Savitribai Phule Pune University alumni]]

H. D. Rajah

2026-04-23T07:13:21Z

Mrrajrumel: Adding article...

{{Short description|Indian freedom fighter, businessman, and politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start = {{date|3 April 1952|DMY}}
| term_end = {{date|2 April 1958|DMY}}
| term_end1 = {{date|30 November 1959|DMY}}
| term_start1 = {{date|3 April 1958|DMY}}
| birth_date = {{birth date text|June 1904}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1959|11|30|1904|6|df=yes}}
| name = H. D. Rajah
}}
'''H. D. Rajah''' (1904–1959) was an Indian freedom fighter, businessman, and politician, known for his contributions to the Indian independence movement.

== Early life ==
Rajah was born in June 1904 in Kayamkulam, [[Tirunelveli district|Tirunelveli]], to Harihara Iyer and Lakshmi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=A Person Turned Personality - The Verandah Club |url=https://theverandahclub.com/article/a-person-turned-personality-219 |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=theverandahclub.com |language=en}}</ref> He was one of five children, and the family moved to [[Thiruvananthapuram]] to ensure their education.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Patel |first=Tanvi |date=2020-06-12 |title=The Firebrand Freedom Fighter Who The British Raj Framed For Murder |url=https://thebetterindia.com/229823/india-forgotten-freedom-fighter-hd-rajah-mumbai-gandhi-irwin-pact-history-tan42/ |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=The Better India |language=en-US}}</ref> Rajah demonstrated academic excellence, receiving the [[King George V Coronation Medal]] during his school years, and matriculated in 1923.<ref name=":0" /> Inspired by freedom fighter Ramakrishna Pillai, he was drawn to the independence movement.<ref name=":0" />

After relocating to [[Bombay]] in 1925, following his elder brother Ramayya, Rajah became actively involved in political activism.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> He also engaged in promoting Hindi but opposed imposing the language on others.<ref name=":0" />

== Role in the Freedom Movement ==

* Youth Movement of Bombay (1924): Rajah joined this movement<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2013-07-22 |title=A study in versatility |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/a-study-in-versatility/article4942156.ece |access-date=2024-12-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and founded the magazine The Youth Liberator, which gained popularity and was praised by [[Jawaharlal Nehru]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rajimwale |first=Anil |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WdCcAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Student Movement in India: Origins and Development (1920-1947) |date=2001 |publisher=Manak Publications |isbn=978-81-7827-001-2 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Simon Commission]] Protests (1927): He led demonstrations against the commission’s lack of Indian representation.<ref name=":2" />
* [[Salt Satyagraha]] (1930): Rajah participated in the campaign and created the People’s Battalion of Bombay,<ref name=":1" /> aiming to non-violently take over British government institutions.<ref name=":2" /> He was tried for sedition and sentenced to imprisonment<ref>{{Cite web |title=SENTENCE OF IMPRISONMENT (MR. H. D. RAJAH). (Hansard, 22 June 1931) |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1931/jun/22/sentence-of-imprisonment-mr-h-d-rajah |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=api.parliament.uk}}</ref> at Yerawada Jail, where he interacted with Mahatma Gandhi, who helped secure his release in 1932.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Our Founder |url=https://www.hdredutrust.org/founder.html |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=www.hdredutrust.org}}</ref> Exiled to Madras, he continued his activism.
* Madras Conspiracy Case (1932): Rajah was arrested for distributing seditious pamphlets and for alleged involvement in a plot against the governor of Bengal. He served another year in prison.<ref name=":2" />
* [[Quit India Movement]] (1942): Rajah was again imprisoned for his participation in the nationwide call for independence.<ref name=":2" />

== Post-Independence Contributions ==
Believing the [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]] had served its purpose after achieving independence, Rajah established the Republican Party in 1950.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sadasivan |first=S. N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lJ2KAAAAMAAJ |title=Party and Democracy in India |date=1977 |publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill |isbn=978-0-07-096591-1 |language=en}}</ref> He held the first convention at [[Gokhale Hall]] in [[Madras]]. Constitutional opposition was his theme, and he was the president of the party.<ref name=":0" />

Rajah became a member of the [[Rajya Sabha]] in 1952 and was re-elected in 1958. Known as a bold and articulate speaker, he addressed issues like excise on sugar,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-08 |title=Rajya Sabha Official Debates: THE SUGAR (TEMPORARY ADDITIONAL EXCISE DUTY )BILL,1952 |url=https://rsdebate.nic.in/handle/123456789/590089?viewItem=browse |access-date=2024-12-28 |archive-date=2023-02-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208093124/https://rsdebate.nic.in/handle/123456789/590089?viewItem=browse |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> food industry anomalies, budget policies, and India's five-year plans.<ref>https://www.rsdebate.nic.in/handle/123456789/590030?viewItem=browse</ref> His speeches often reflected his deep understanding of economic factors, supported by statistical analysis.

He was a strong critic of India's classification as an "underdeveloped" country, arguing it was more accurately "overexploited," with the common man burdened by high prices. Rajah also dismissed the concept of the "[[Commonwealth of Nations]]," highlighting its lack of shared wealth or significance for India. He encouraged Indian entrepreneurs to strive for self-reliance in both finance and administration.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1951-02-04 |title=INDIA MUST LEAVE C'WEALTH |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19510204-1.2.58 |work=The Straits Times |pages=5}}</ref>

== Business Ventures ==
Rajah transitioned to business in 1934, becoming involved in various ventures:

* [[Rane (Madras)|Rane Madras Limited]] (1936): He served as its company secretary.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />
* Vanguard Insurance Company (1937):<ref>{{Cite web |title=NIA.100- LEGACY OF A LEADER |url=https://www.newindia.co.in/portal/NIA100/neworderEmerges.html |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=www.newindia.co.in}}</ref> Founded on January 14, 1937 by Rajah, it became a prominent enterprise, later expanding to the Vanguard Fire and General Insurance Company in 1941.<ref name=":2" />
* Nalin Publicity Bureau (1942): Rajah ventured into advertising, establishing one of the region's early advertising firms.<ref name=":2" />

== Educational Initiatives ==
In 1957, Rajah founded the H.D. Rajah Educational Trust, which established the Lakshmi Harihara High School in Elathur, Tirunelveli.<ref name=":2" />

== Legacy ==
Rajah died on November 30, 1959.<ref name=":2" />

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:1904 births]]
[[Category:1959 deaths]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Tamil Nadu]]

Gour (caste)

2026-04-21T19:50:29Z

Mrrajrumel: New A Entry Initial Version

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Short description|Social group of Jharkhand, India}}
{{confused|Gopal (caste)}}

'''Gour''' or '''Goud''' is a caste of [[Jharkhand]] similar to [[Gopal (caste)]] of Odisha. Locally they are also known as Ahir, Gour Gowala. Most of them speak the local form of [[Odia language|Odia]] language which they label as [[Singhbhumi Odia]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=K. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jw9uAAAAMAAJ |title=India's Communities |last2=India |first2=Anthropological Survey of |date=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-563354-2 |pages=1092 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chanda |first=Sudhendu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_k65AAAAIAAJ |title=The Border Society: A Study of Network and Linkage |date=2003 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India, Ministry of Tourism and Culture, Department of Culture |isbn=978-81-85579-58-0 |pages=7 |language=en}}</ref>

==Subdivisions==
The Gour is divided into four [[Endogamy|endogamous]] subdivisions that are Krishna Goud, Nanda Goud, Jharia Goud, and Magadha Goud. They are found in the river basin of [[Subarnarekha River|Subarnarekha]]. Their society divided into both [[Totem|totemic]] and non totemic based [[Lineage (anthropology)|lineage]] that are Nag (Serpent), Kachim (Tortoise), Sal (a fish), Jam Jhodia, Chara (a bird), Bar Behera, Bhaisa, Hathi, Hanumat, Kutar, Kudranosa, Palai and Rout. They use Gop, Gope, Gour, Dandapat, Pradhan, Majhi, Barik, Bera, Giri, Saw, Patra and Behera as surnames.

== History ==
The Gour are one of the earliest settlers of [[Singhbhum district]] Jharkhand. Traditionally they worked with [[livestock]] in a [[Semi nomadic|semi-nomadic]] way of life. As well as they were good warriors. In the matter of fact , the Gour fought with the Kurmi with the help of [[Kol people|Kol]] ([[Ho people|Ho]]) and [[Munda people|Munda]] during their settlement in the river basin of [[Sankh River|Sankhya]], [[South Koel River|Koel]] and [[South Karo River|Karo]]. After winning the war they placed a landmark stone pillar at Hatnabeda village, adjoining to Kotgarh, near the [[Saranda forest]].

The staple food of Gours is ''Marh Bhat'' (rice with boiled water) and ''[[Pakhala|Pakhal Bhat]]'' (rice with cold water) and sessional vegetable. They are non vegetarian thus consume egg, fish, meat ( goat, deer, sheep, borha and others except beef). They also consume [[Handia (drink)|''Hanria'']] (rice beer), ''Mod'' ( wine from Mahua flower).

The Gours of [[Kolhan division|Kolhan]] region are in the social cluster of Ho tribe. And they are classified as Backward Classes in 1980 after representation submitted by Singhbhum Gour Kalyan Samiti to the erstwhile Government of Bihar.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=K. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=diL4PB1jyQ4C |title=People of India: Bihar (2 pts.) |date=2008 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |isbn=978-81-85579-09-2 |pages=367 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Castes]]
[[Category:Social groups of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Social groups of Odisha]]
[[Category:Social groups of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Other Backward Classes]]

Mawthadraishan Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:31:08Z

Mrrajrumel: creating some data v1!

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Meghalaya State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mawthadraishan
| type= SLA
| map_image = Mawthadraishan Assembly constituency map.svg
| state = [[Meghalaya]]
| constituency_no = 31
| district = [[Eastern West Khasi Hills district|Eastern West Khasi Hills]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Shillong Lok Sabha constituency|Shillong]]
| reservation = ST
| established = 2008
| mla = [[Shakliar Warjri]]
| party = {{Party index link|Hill State People's Democratic Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| electors = {{formatnum:43766}}<ref name=election2023/>{{update after|2028|05}}
}}
'''Mawthadraishan''' is one of the 60 [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Meghalaya]] state in [[India]].<ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceomeghalaya.nic.in/gis-map/00-pc-map-meghalaya.pdf |title=Map of Meghalaya Parliamentary Constituencies |website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |accessdate= 30 January 2021}}</ref> The constituency was created after the passing of the ''Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies, 2008''.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |title=Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2010 |access-date=13 October 2021 }}</ref> It had its first election in 2013. It is part of [[Eastern West Khasi Hills district|Eastern West Khasi Hills]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]]. As of 2023, it is represented by [[Shakliar Warjri]] of the [[Hill State People's Democratic Party]].{{update after|2028|05}}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3690-meghalaya-2013/ |title=Meghalaya General Legislative Election 2013 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in|access-date= 30 January 2021}}</ref>
|rowspan=2| Brolding Nongsiej
|{{Full party name with color|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name=results2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3694-meghalaya-general-legislative-election-2018/ |title=Meghalaya General Legislative Election 2018 - Meghalaya - Election Commission of India |website=|accessdate= 30 January 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|[[Shakliar Warjri]]<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14873-meghalayaexcluding-ac-23/ |title=Meghalaya General Legislative Election 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in|access-date=11 April 2023}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Hill State People's Democratic Party}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2023===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Mawthadraishan<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]] |title=General Election to Vidhna Sabha Trends & Result MArch - 2023 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS157.htm?ac=7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302144159/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS157.htm?ac=7 |archive-date=2 March 2023 |access-date=4 January 2025 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Shakliar Warjri]] |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=17,366 |percentage=42.96% |change={{increase}}7.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Brolding Nongsiej |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=15,013 |percentage=37.14% |change={{decrease}}4.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Biolinda L Nonglait |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=7,658 |percentage=18.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Fourteenson Lyngkhoi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=260 |percentage=0.64% |change={{decrease}}10.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=316 |percentage=0.78% |change={{increase}}0.29 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,353 |percentage=5.82% |change= {{increase}}0.25 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=40,420 |percentage=92.35% |change= {{increase}}0.27 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 43,766 |ref = |change= {{increase}}22.76 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Hill State People's Democratic Party |loser=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |swing= {{increase}}1.78 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2018===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Mawthadraishan<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]] |title=Form 20 - Polling Station Wise Result Sheet of General Election 2018 to the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2018/form20.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208162439/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2018/form20.html |archive-date=8 February 2024 |access-date=4 January 2025 |website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Brolding Nongsiej |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=13,520 |percentage=41.18% |change={{increase}}11.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Biolinda L Nonglait |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=11,691 |percentage=35.61% |change={{increase}}7.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pios Kurbah |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,573 |percentage=10.88% |change={{decrease}}9.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Blandingstar Warjri |party=People's Democratic Front (Meghalaya) |votes=3,486 |percentage=10.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=160 |percentage=0.49% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,829 |percentage=5.57% |change= {{increase}}3.94 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=32,832 |percentage=92.09% |change= {{increase}}1.84 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 35,653 |ref = |change= {{increase}}23.99 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |loser=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |swing= {{increase}}11.18 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2013===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Mawthadraishan<ref>{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=Election Commission of India- State Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2013/10-Reports/10-detailed-results.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104021738/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2013/10-Reports/10-detailed-results.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Brolding Nongsiej |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=7,786 |percentage=30.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Fenella Lyngdoh Nonglait |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=7,362 |percentage=28.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Irin Lyngdoh |party=Independent politician |votes=5,408 |percentage=20.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Boldness L.Nongum |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,395 |percentage=20.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=424 |percentage=1.63% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=25,951 |percentage=90.25% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 28,755 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Meghalaya}}

{{coord|25.56|91.41|display=title}}

[[Category:Eastern West Khasi Hills district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Politics of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Rina Mitra

2026-04-19T16:23:11Z

Mrrajrumel: put up new article from scratch

{{Orphan|date=January 2023}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rina Mitra
| native_name =
| birth_name =
| image = File:The Special Secretary, MHA & DG, Narcotics Control Bureau, Dr. Rina Mitra, IPS (cropped).jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1959|09|01|df=y}}<ref name=":2" />
| alma_mater = [[Lady Brabourne College]] [[Calcutta University]] [[National Defence College (India)|National Defence College]], [[Madras University]]
| occupation = [[Indian Police Service|IPS officer]]
| awards = [[File:IND President's Police Medal for Distinguished Service.svg|30px]] [[President's Police Medal]] for Distinguished Service [[File:IND Police Medal for Meritorious Service.png|30px]] Police Medal for Meritorious Service [[File:IND 50th Anniversary Independence medal.svg|30px]] 50th Anniversary Independence Medal
| module=
{{Infobox police officer
|child=yes
|service_years=1983-2019
|rank=Special Secretary to Government of India
|department=[[Madhya Pradesh Police]], [[Central Bureau of Investigation]], [[Border Security Force]], [[Railway Board]]
}}
}}

'''Rina Mitra''' ([[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: ''Rīnā Mitra'') (born 1 September 1959) is a retired 1983 [[Indian Police Service|IPS officer]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]] cadre. She served as Chief Commissioner of the West Bengal Right to Public Service Commission.<ref name="web.archive.org">{{cite web | url=http://witnessinthecorridors.com/BureaDetails.aspx?id=28098 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104161028/http://witnessinthecorridors.com/BureaDetails.aspx?id=28098 | archive-date=2022-11-04 | title=Witness in the Corridors }}</ref> She served as the Special Secretary (Internal Security) in the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]]. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://newsd.in/who-is-raina-mitra-know-all-about-lady-ips-likely-to-become-first-woman-cbi-chief/|title=Who is Rina Mitra? Know all about lady IPS likely to become first woman CBI Chief|work=Newsd www.newsd.in|access-date=2019-01-24|language=en}}</ref>

== Education ==
Mitra has a [[Undergraduate education|graduate]] degree in [[literature]] from [[Lady Brabourne College]], [[Kolkata]],<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/ProfileSmtRinaMitra_.PDF|title=Brief Profile on Smt. Rina Mitra|website=Ministry of Home Affairs, [[Government of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606144109/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/ProfileSmtRinaMitra_.PDF|archive-date=2017-06-06|url-status=dead|access-date=January 17, 2018}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.home.mp.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/IPS-GRADATION-LIST-as-on-01.07.2016.pdf|title=LIST OF MEMBERS OF POLICE SERVICE BORNE ON THE MADHYA PRADESH CADRE|date=July 1, 2016|website=Department of Home, [[Government of Madhya Pradesh]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222141345/http://www.home.mp.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/IPS-GRADATION-LIST-as-on-01.07.2016.pdf|archive-date=2016-12-22|url-status=dead|access-date=January 17, 2018}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://mha1.nic.in/ipr/ips_ersheet_new/ERSheet1.aspx|title=Rina Mitra - Executive Record Sheet|last=|first=|date=|website=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]], [[Government of India]]|access-date=January 17, 2018|archive-date=April 24, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424100743/http://mha1.nic.in/ipr/ips_ersheet_new/ERSheet1.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> and a [[Postgraduate education|postgraduate]] degree in [[literature]] from [[University of Calcutta|Calcutta University]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> She also has an [[Master of Philosophy|MPhil]] degree from the [[National Defence College (India)|National Defence College]], affiliated to [[University of Madras|Madras University]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Mitra has served in various key positions for both the [[Government of India|Union Government]] and the [[Government of Madhya Pradesh]] ([[Madhya Pradesh Police|Police]]), like as [[Director general of police|Special Director General]] (SDG) (Police Headquarters), [[Director general of police|Special Director General]] (Training), [[Inspector-general of police|Inspector General]] (IG) (Personnel and Legal), [[Inspector-general of police|Inspector General]] (CID) and as the [[Commandant]] of 31st and 23rd [[Battalion]]s of the [[State Armed Police Forces|Madhya Pradesh State Armed Police]] in the [[Government of Madhya Pradesh|Madhya Pradesh Government]] ([[Madhya Pradesh Police|Police]]),<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> and as Special Secretary (Internal Security) in the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]], Special Director General in [[Border Security Force]] (BSF), Director of [[National Institute of Criminology & Forensic Science|National Institute of Criminology and Forensic Sciences]] (NICFS), Director of [[Bureau of Police Research and Development]] (BPRD), Director (Vigilance) in the [[Railway Board]], and as a [[Superintendent of police (India)|Superintendent of Police]] (SP) in the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI) in the Union Government.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

She also served as the District [[Superintendent of police (India)|Superintendent of Police]] (SP) of [[Datia]], [[Balaghat]] and [[Chhindwara]] districts.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

=== Special Secretary (Internal Security) ===
Mitra was appointed as the Special Secretary (Internal Security) in the Ministry of Home Affairs by the Appointments Committee of the Cabinet (ACC),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=157638|title=ACC Appointments|date=January 24, 2017|website=[[Press Information Bureau of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170127193617/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=157638|archive-date=2017-01-27|url-status=dead|access-date=January 17, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://document.ccis.nic.in/writereaddata/CircularPortal/D2/D02eod/rinamitra.pdf|title=Appointment of Smt. Rina Mitra, IPS (MP:83) as Special Secretary (Internal Security) in the Ministry of Home Affairs|date=January 23, 2017|website=[[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]], [[Government of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118010344/http://document.ccis.nic.in/writereaddata/CircularPortal/D2/D02eod/rinamitra.pdf|archive-date=2018-01-18|url-status=dead|access-date=January 17, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/rina-mitra-appointed-secretary-internal-security-117012301191_1.html|title=Rina Mitra appointed secretary, internal security|last=|first=|date=January 23, 2017|website=[[Business Standard]]|publication-place=[[New Delhi]]|access-date=January 17, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tkbsen.in/2017/01/rina-mitra-appointed-secretary-internal-security/|title=Rina Mitra Appointed Secretary, Internal Security|last=Choudhary|first=Ila|date=January 23, 2017|website=The Sen Times|publication-place=[[New Delhi]]|access-date=January 17, 2018|archive-date=January 17, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117133240/http://www.tkbsen.in/2017/01/rina-mitra-appointed-secretary-internal-security/|url-status=dead}}</ref> she assumed office on 1 March 2017 and served there till January 2019.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

==Chief Commissioner of West Bengal Right to Public Services Commission==
Mitra has been appointed the Chief Commissioner of West Bengal Right to Public Services Commission in May 2022 and served there till 31 August 2024.<ref name="web.archive.org"/>

== Decorations ==
<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" />
* [[File:IND Police Medal for Meritorious Service.png|30x30px]] [[Police Medal (India)|Police Medal for meritorious service]] - Received in 1999
* [[File:IND President's Police Medal for Distinguished Service.svg|30x30px]] [[President's Police Medal|President's Police Medal for distinguished service]] - Received in 2008
* [[File:IND 50th Anniversary Independence medal.svg|30x30px]] 50th Independence Anniversary Medal - Received on 15 August 1997

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* [http://mha1.nic.in/ipr/ips_ersheet_new/ERSheet1.aspx Executive Record Sheet as maintained by Ministry of Home Affairs of Government of India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424100743/http://mha1.nic.in/ipr/ips_ersheet_new/ERSheet1.aspx |date=2016-04-24 }}
* [http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/ProfileSmtRinaMitra_.PDF Profile at Ministry of Home Affairs' website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mitra, Rina}}
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:Indian Police Service officers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women civil servants]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women civil servants]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian civil servants]]

Virendra Kumar (Uttarakhand politician)

2026-04-13T22:43:35Z

Mrrajrumel: started initial bio first draft!

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Virendra Kumar (Jaati)
| image =
| office = [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|Member of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Jhabrera (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Jhabrera]]
| term_start = 10 March 2022
| term_end =
| successor =
| predecessor = [[Deshraj Karnwal]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| education =
| alma_mater =
| father =
| profession = [[Politician]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Virendra Kumar (Jaati)'''<ref name="abplive">{{cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/jhabrera-election-2022-results-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-winner-loser-tally-who-will-winuttarakhand-assembly-election-2022-news-1518642|website=news.abplive.com|title=Jhabrera Uttarakhand Election 2022 Final Results Live: Inc Candidate Virendra Kumar wins from Jhabrera |access-date=2022-03-14}}</ref> is an Indian politician and the MLA from [[Jhabrera (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Jhabrera Assembly constituency]].<ref name="news18">{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/jhabrera-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-4854017.html|website=news18.com|title=Jhabrera Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Virendra Kumar From INC Wins|access-date=2022-03-14}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].

Virendra Kumar Jaati defeated Rajpal Singh of [[Bhartiya Janata Party]] in [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/ConstituencywiseS2829.htm?ac=29 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Virendra}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Haridwar district]]
[[Category:Uttarakhand MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Uttarakhand-INC-politician-stub}}

Antharathma

2026-04-07T09:38:29Z

Mrrajrumel: starting a data!

{{Infobox film
| name = Antharathma
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = 
| director = B Shankar
| writer = B Shankar
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = B Shankar
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Mithun Tejaswi]]
*[[Vishakha Singh]]
*Rohan Gowda
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Sundarnath Suvarna
| editing = Sri
| music = Giridhar Diwan
| studio = Friends Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2010|4|23|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Antharathma''''' is a 2010 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[horror thriller film]] written, produced, and directed by B Shankar in his directorial debut and starring [[Mithun Tejaswi]], [[Vishakha Singh]] and Rohan Gowda. The film is inspired by ''[[Ghost (1990 film)|Ghost]]'' (1990).

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Mithun Tejaswi]] as Shyam
*[[Vishakha Singh]] as Mahi
*Rohan Gowda as Rohan
*[[Umashree]] as Chowdamma
*[[Rangayana Raghu]] as a ghost
*[[Harish Raj]]
*[[Suman Ranganathan]] in an item song
*[[Diganth]] (guest appearance)
*[[Sadashiva Brahmavar|Brahmavar]]
*[[Vaijanath Biradar]]
*Hanumanthe Gowda
}}

== Production ==
Two songs were shot in Dubai. The makers of the film partnered with Pratham Motors, Sangeetha Mobiles, Konark Car Accessories and Cable Operators, who gifted their customers with audio CDs of ''Antharathma''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2009/Nov/24/do-a-little-soul-searching-106809.html|title=Do a little soul-searching|first=|last=|date=24 November 2009|website=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=5 April 2026}}</ref>

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote, "Shankar has deviated from regular Sandalwood themes and takes on recreating a version of Hollywood's ''Ghost''".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/antharathma/movie-review/5863919.cms|title=Antharathma Movie Review {3/5}: Critic Review of Antharathma by Times of India|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=23 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718222545/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/antharathma/movie-review/5863919.cms|archive-date=18 July 2023|access-date=5 April 2026}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' wrote, "This ghost, er, Antharathma is unlike any other ''atma'' (spirit) Kannada audience have seen before. For this and the fact that Shankar manages never to falter in the narrative makes this a very enjoyable watch".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/antharathma-ghosts-of-hollywood/articleshow/21884625.cms|title=Antharathma: Ghosts of Hollywood|website=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|access-date=5 April 2026|date=23 April 2010}}</ref> V. S. Rajapur of ''[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]'' rated the film two-and-half out of five stars and wrote, "''Antharathma'' may not be as good as 'Ghost', but it still entertains with its spooky elements".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/spooky-elements-in-antharathma-entertain-kannada-movie-review_17989|title=Spooky elements in 'Antharathma' entertain (Kannada Movie Review)|via=India Forums|date=25 April 2010|work=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]|access-date=5 April 2026}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|13729750}}

[[Category:2010 horror films]]
[[Category:2010 Indian films]]
[[Category:2010 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2010 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Dubai]]
[[Category:Indian horror thriller films]]

G. Chinna Reddy

2026-04-04T22:36:13Z

Mrrajrumel: New The Entry Basic Info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = G. Chinna Reddy
| image = Jillela Chinnareddy.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1956|7|7|df=y}}
| birth_place = Jayanna Tirumalapur, Gopalpet mandal, Wanaparthy district
| alma_mater =
| office = Vice Chairman Telangana State Planning Board
| term_start = 2024 February 24 - Incumbent
| predecessor = [[B. Vinod Kumar]]
| successor =
| constituency1 = [[Wanaparthy Assembly constituency|Wanaparthy]]
| office1 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 2014
| term_end1 = 2018
| predecessor1 = [[Ravula Chandra Sekar Reddy]]
| successor1 = [[Singireddy Niranjan Reddy]]
| office2 = [[First Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy ministry| Minister for Rural Development]] [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start2 = 20 April 2007
| term_end2 = 25 May 2009
| governor2 = [[N. D. Tiwari]]
| 1blankname2 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata2 = [[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy]]
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| office3 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start3 = 1999
| term_end3 = 2009
| predecessor3 = [[Ravula Chandra Sekar Reddy]]
| successor3 = [[Ravula Chandra Sekar Reddy]]
| constituency3 = [[Wanaparthy Assembly constituency|Wanaparthy]]
| term_start4 = 1989
| term_end4 = 1994
| predecessor4 = Dr. A. Balakrishnaiah
| successor4 = [[Ravula Chandra Sekar Reddy]]
| constituency4 = [[Wanaparthy Assembly constituency|Wanaparthy]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| other party =
| spouse = Rama
| children = Aditya Reddy, anurag reddy
| parents =
| relatives =
}}

'''Gillella Chinna Reddy''' (born 7 July 1956) is an Indian politician from Telangana state. He is a senior member of Indian National Congress and won [[Wanaparthy Assembly constituency]] seat for four times and served as minister for Rural Development in undivided [[Andhra Pradesh]].

==Early life and education==
G. Chinna Reddy was born on 7 July 1956 in Jayanna Tirmalapur Village, Gopalpet Mandal, Mahabubnagar, Telangana. He completed his doctoral degree ([[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]]) from the University of Pertanion Malaysia In 1986 and completed his Bachelor of Laws ([[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]]) from Osmania University in 2000.{{fact|date=July 2024}}

==Political career==
G. Chinna Reddy served as President of the Students Union at Zilla Parishad High School, [[Wanaparthy]] in 1966-67 and later joined in [[Indian National Congress|Congress party]] and held the position of General Secretary of AP Youth Congress from September 1980 to February 1983. He unsuccessfully contested as an MLA in 1985 from [[Wanaparthy Assembly constituency|Wanaparthy]] and In 1989 he contested as MLA from [[Wanaparthy Assembly constituency|Wanaparthy Constituency]] and won for the first time.

Chinna Reddy represented as Mla from 1989 to 1994, 1999–2004, 2004–2009, and 2014-2018 and he has held the position of minister for Rural Development in undivided [[Andhra Pradesh]] from 26 April 2007 to 20 May 2009 in [[First Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy ministry|Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy ministry]]. In 2021 he unsuccessfully contested as Congress candidate for the [[Hyderabad district, India|Hyderabad]]-[[Ranga Reddy district|Ranga Reddy]]-[[Mahabubnagar district|Mahbubnagar]] graduate MLC constituency.<ref name="I will fight for employees, lawyers, jobless youth: Chinna Reddy">{{cite news |last1=Deccan Chronicle |first1= |title=I will fight for employees, lawyers, jobless youth: Chinna Reddy |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/230221/i-will-fight-for-employees-lawyers-jobless-youth-chinna-reddy.html |access-date=24 February 2024 |work= |date=23 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224150349/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/230221/i-will-fight-for-employees-lawyers-jobless-youth-chinna-reddy.html |archive-date=24 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

Chinna Reddy's name was announced In [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]s as MLA candidate for [[Wanaparthy Assembly constituency|Wanaparthy]] initially but later withdrawn by Congress<ref name="After decades of public life these seniors won't be seen in the next Telangana Assembly">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |title=After decades of public life these seniors won't be seen in the next Telangana Assembly |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/telangana-assembly/after-decades-of-public-life-these-seniors-wont-be-seen-in-the-next-telangana-assembly/article67531520.ece |access-date=24 February 2024 |date=14 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224145146/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/telangana-assembly/after-decades-of-public-life-these-seniors-wont-be-seen-in-the-next-telangana-assembly/article67531520.ece |archive-date=24 February 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref> and later on 24 February 2024 he was appointed as Vice Chairman for Telangana State Planning Board (TSPB).<ref name="Chinna Reddy Appointed as TS Planning Board Vice Chairman">{{cite news |last1=Deccan Chronicle |first1=D. C. |title=Chinna Reddy Appointed as TS Planning Board Vice Chairman |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/chinna-reddy-appointed-as-ts-planning-board-vice-chairman-883257 |access-date=25 February 2024 |work= |date=25 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225044931/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/chinna-reddy-appointed-as-ts-planning-board-vice-chairman-883257 |archive-date=25 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Former minister G Chinna Reddy appointed Vice Chairman of Telangana State Planning Board">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |date=24 February 2024 |title=Former minister G Chinna Reddy appointed Vice Chairman of Telangana State Planning Board |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/former-minister-g-chinna-reddy-appointed-vice-chairman-of-telangana-state-planning-board/article67882046.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224135902/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/former-minister-g-chinna-reddy-appointed-vice-chairman-of-telangana-state-planning-board/article67882046.ece |archive-date=24 February 2024 |access-date=24 February 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Party positions held==

* Telangana PCC Disciplinary Committee Chairman<ref name="Revanth-Jagga fight tests Chinna Reddy's skills">{{cite news |last1=The New Indian Express |first1= |title=Revanth-Jagga fight tests Chinna Reddy's skills |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2022/Jan/01/revanth-jagga-fight-tests-chinna-skills-2401827.html |access-date=24 February 2024 |date=1 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224150049/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2022/Jan/01/revanth-jagga-fight-tests-chinna-skills-2401827.html |archive-date=24 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
* Telangana PCC Telangana Formation Day celebrations committee<ref name="BRS has no right to celebrate farmer's day', says Congress">{{cite news |last1=Deccan Chronicle |first1= |title=BRS has no right to celebrate farmer's day', says Congress |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/040623/brs-has-no-right-to-celebrate-farmers-day-says-congress.html |access-date=24 February 2024 |work= |date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224150746/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/040623/brs-has-no-right-to-celebrate-farmers-day-says-congress.html |archive-date=24 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

==Elections contested==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Election
!Constituency
!Party
!Opponent
!Majority
!Result
|-
|1985
|[[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]
|[[Wanaparthy Assembly constituency|Wanaparthy]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|A.Balakrishnaiah - [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|11,458
|{{lost}}
|-
|1989
|[[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]
|[[Wanaparthy Assembly constituency|Wanaparthy]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|A.Balakrishnaiah - [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|27,875
|{{won}}
|-
|1994
|[[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]
|[[Wanaparthy Assembly constituency|Wanaparthy]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[Ravula Chandra Sekar Reddy|Chandra Shekar]] - [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|21,982
|{{lost}}
|-
|1999
|[[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]
|[[Wanaparthy Assembly constituency|Wanaparthy]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[Ravula Chandra Sekar Reddy|Chandra Shekar]] - [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|3,353
|{{won}}
|-
|2004
|[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]
|[[Wanaparthy Assembly constituency|Wanaparthy]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Kandoor Lavanya - [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|3,975
|{{won}}
|-
|2009
|[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]
|[[Wanaparthy Assembly constituency|Wanaparthy]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[Ravula Chandra Sekar Reddy|Chandra Shekar]] - [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|10,568
|{{lost}}
|-
|2014
|[[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]
|[[Wanaparthy Assembly constituency|Wanaparthy]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[Singireddy Niranjan Reddy]] - [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|4,291
|{{won}}
|-
|2018
|[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]
|[[Wanaparthy Assembly constituency|Wanaparthy]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[Singireddy Niranjan Reddy]] - [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|51,685
|{{lost}}
|-
|2021
|[[Telangana Legislative Council]]
|Hyderabad-Ranga Reddy-Mahbubnagar Graduate
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[Surabhi Vani Devi]] - [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|
|{{lost}}
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reddy, G. Chinna}}
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1989–1994]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2014–2018]]
[[Category:Osmania University alumni]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Telangana]]
[[Category:Living people]]

1 naya paisa

2026-04-01T20:52:17Z

Mrrajrumel: starting new info!

{{distinguish|1 paisa (Indian coin)}}
{{Infobox coin
| Denomination = One Naya Paisa एक नया पैसा
| Country = {{flag|India}}
| Value = {{frac|1|100}} [[Indian rupee]]
| Unit =
| Mass_g = 1.5
| Mass_troy_oz = 0.048
| Mass_grain =
| Mass_ounce =
| Mass_special = 
| Gold_troy_oz =
| Silver_troy_oz =
| Diameter_mm = 16
| Diameter_inch = 0.063
| Diameter_special = 
| Thickness_mm = 1.0
| Thickness_inch = 0.04
| Thickness_special = 
| Edge = Smooth
| Composition = [[Bronze]] (1957–1962) [[Nickel silver|Nickel-brass]] (1962–1963)
| Years of Minting = {{Start date|1957}}–{{End date|1963}}
| Mintage = 2,947,906,000
| Mint marks = [[India Government Mint, Mumbai|Mumbai]] = ⧫ Mumbai Proof issues = B [[India Government Mint, Hyderabad|Hyderabad]] = * [[India Government Mint, Noida|Noida]] = ° [[India Government Mint, Kolkata|Kolkata]] = No mint-mark
| Circulation = [[Legal tender#Demonetization|Demonetized]]
| Catalog Number = KM#8 & KM#8a
| Obverse =
| Obverse Design =
| Obverse Designer =
| Obverse Design Date =
| Obverse Discontinued =
| Obverse2 =
| Obverse2 Design =
| Obverse2 Designer =
| Obverse2 Design Date =
| Obverse2 Discontinued =
| Obverse3 =
| Obverse3 Design =
| Obverse3 Designer =
| Obverse3 Design Date =
| Obverse3 Discontinued =
| Obverse4 =
| Obverse4 Design =
| Obverse4 Designer =
| Obverse4 Design Date =
| Obverse4 Discontinued =
| Reverse =
| Reverse Design =
| Reverse Designer =
| Reverse Design Date =
| Reverse Discontinued =
| Reverse2 =
| Reverse2 Design =
| Reverse2 Designer =
| Reverse2 Design Date =
| Reverse2 Discontinued =
| Reverse3 =
| Reverse3 Design =
| Reverse3 Designer =
| Reverse3 Design Date =
| Reverse3 Discontinued =
| Reverse4 =
| Reverse4 Design =
| Reverse4 Designer =
| Reverse4 Design Date =
| Reverse4 Discontinued =
}}
The Indian '''One Naya paisa''' ({{langx|hi|एक नया पैसा}}) was a unit of [[currency]] equaling {{frac|1|100}} (one-hundredth) of the [[Indian rupee]]. The symbol for paisa is '''p'''. In 1955, India adopted metric system for coinage and amended the "Indian Coinage Act". Subsequently, one paisa coins were introduced on 1 April 1957. From 1957 to 1964, one paisa coin was called "Naya Paisa" ({{langx|hi|नया पैसा}}) (English: ''New Paisa'') and on 1 June 1964, the term "Naya" was dropped and the denomination was simply called "One paisa". Naya paisa coin has been [[Legal tender#Demonetization|demonetized]] and is no longer a [[Legal tender]].

==History==
Prior to 1957, the [[Indian rupee]] was not [[Decimalisation|decimalised]] and the rupee from 1835 to 1957 [[Anno Domini|AD]] was further divided into 16 [[Anna (monetary subunit)|annas]]. Each anna was further divided into four [[Indian paisa]]s and each paisa into two [[Pie (monetary subunit)|pies]] till 1947 when the pie was demonetized. In 1955, India amended the "Indian Coinage Act" to adopt the metric system for coinage. Paisa coins were introduced in 1957, but from 1957 to 1964 the coin was called "Naya Paisa" (English: ''New Paisa''). On 1 June 1964, the term "Naya" was dropped and the denomination was simply called "One paisa". Naya paisa coins were issued as a part of "The Decimal Series".<ref name="Republic India Coinage">{{cite news|title=Republic India Coinage|publisher=[[Reserve Bank of India]]|accessdate=30 November 2016|url=https://rbi.org.in/SCRIPTs/mc_republic.aspx}}</ref><ref name="1 paisa coin">{{cite news|title=1 paisa coin|publisher=India Numismatics|accessdate=30 November 2016|url=https://indianumismatics.wordpress.com/category/history-of-indian-coins/}}</ref> Naya paisa coin was withdrawn from circulation and demonetized on 30 June 2011.<ref name="Currency Matters">{{cite news|title=Currency Matters|publisher=[[Reserve Bank of India]]|accessdate=30 November 2016|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/BS_CurrencyFAQView.aspx?Id=39}}</ref>

==Variants==
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
! colspan="13"|Variants (1957-1963).
|-
! colspan="2"| Image !! rowspan="2"| Value !! colspan="4"| Technical parameters !! colspan="3"| Description !! colspan="2"| Year of minting !! rowspan="2"| Monetary status
|-
! Obverse !! Reverse !! Weight !! Diameter !! Thickness !! Metal !! Edge !! Obverse !! Reverse !! First !! Last
|-
| [[File:1 naya paisa (obverse).jpg|90px]] || [[File:1 naya paisa (reverse).jpg|90px]] || rowspan="2"| 1 Naya Paisa || 1.5 g || 16 mm || 1.0 mm || [[Bronze]] || Plain || rowspan="2"| [[State Emblem of India]] & country name in Hindi and English. || rowspan="2"| Face-value and year. || 1957 || 1962 || [[Legal tender#Demonetization|Demonetized]].<ref name="1961 Naya paisa">{{cite news|title=1961 Naya paisa| publisher=Numista |accessdate=30 November 2016|url=http://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces5494.html}}</ref>
|-
| || || 1.51 g || 16 mm || 1.1 mm || [[Nickel silver|Nickel-brass]] || Smooth || 1962 || 1963 || [[Legal tender#Demonetization|Demonetized]].<ref name="Nickel-brass Naya paisa">{{cite news|title=Nickel-brass Naya paisa| publisher=Numista |accessdate=30 November 2016|url=http://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces7802.html}}</ref>
|-
|}

{{Portal bar|India|Money|Numismatics}}

==See also==
* [[Indian paisa]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Indian currency}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Coins of India]]
[[Category:Historical currencies of India]]
[[Category:One-cent coins]]

Thirumohoor Kalamegaperumal temple

2026-03-28T04:20:50Z

Mrrajrumel: started a place basic info

{{Short description|Vishnu temple in Madurai}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Tirumogoor Kalamegaperumal Temple
| image = Tirumohur(21).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Kalamegaperumal
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{coord|9|57|3.69|N|78|12|25.56|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| native_name = Thirumohoor Chakaratalvar Temple
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Madurai district|Madurai]]
| location = [[Madurai]]
| elevation_m =
| primary_deity_Godess =
| utsava_deity_God =
| utsava_deity_Godess=
| Direction_posture =
| Vimanam =
| Prathyaksham =
| deity = {{Plainlist|
* Kalamegaperumal ([[Vishnu]])
* Mohanavalli Thayar ([[Lakshmi]])
}}
| festivals = {{Plainlist|
* Brahmotsavam
* [[Vaikunta Ekadasi]]
* [[Gajendra Moksha|Gajendra Moksham]]
* Thirukalyanam
* [[Krishna Jayanthi]]
}}
| tower = Kethaki Vimanam
|temple_tank = Kshirabtha Pushkarini
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website ={{url|http://kalamegaperumaltemple.tnhrce.in/}}
}}

The '''Thirumohoor Kalamegaperumal Temple''' (also known as '''Thirumohoor''' or '''Tirumogoor''' temple) is a [[Hindu temple]] near [[Melur]], [[Madurai district]] in the South Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]], is dedicated to the Hindu god [[Vishnu]]. Constructed in the [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian style of architecture]], the temple is glorified in the ''[[Divya Prabandha|Nalayira Divya Prabandham]]'', the early medieval [[Tamil literature|Tamil]] canon of the [[Alvars|Alvar]] saints from the 6th–9th centuries CE.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rajarajan|first=R.K.K.|date=2019|title=Linking the ancient with the modern: Rāma-Lakṣmaṇa and the Marutu Brothers analogy|url=https://www.academia.edu/40072636|journal=The Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society|publisher=The Mythic Society, Bengaluru|volume=110|issue=2|pages=41–49}}</ref> It is one of the 108 ''[[Divyadesam|Divya Desams]]'' dedicated to Vishnu, who is worshipped as Kalamega Perumal and his consort [[Lakshmi]] as Mohanavalli Thayar. As per Hindu legend, the presiding deity is believed to have appeared as the divine enchantress [[Mohini]] to allure the [[asura]]s to support the [[Deva (Hinduism)|deva]]s, the celestial deities. The temple is also known as ''Mohanapuram'' and ''Mohanakshetram''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rajarajan|first=R. K. K.|title=Enchanting Mōkūr the Āḻvārs vivigraphy|url=https://www.academia.edu/43711229/Enchanting_M%C5%8Dk%C5%ABr_the_%C4%80%E1%B8%BBv%C4%81rs_vivigraphy|journal=Studies in Indian Place Names|language=en}}</ref>

A granite wall surrounds the temple, enclosing all its shrines and three of its four bodies of water. The temple has a five-tiered ''[[gopuram|rajagopuram]]'', the temple's gateway tower and a huge temple tank in front of it. The temple is believed to have been built by the [[Pandyas]], with later additions from the [[Madurai Nayaks]].

Six daily rituals and three yearly festivals are held at the temple, of which the Brahmotsavam, celebrated during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil]] month of ''Vaikasi'' (April–May), being the most prominent. The temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].

==Legend==
[[File:Tirumohur (1).jpg|250px|thumb|left|Temple tank]]
As per Hindu legend, once, an [[asura]] by the name of [[Bhasmasura]] did penance. [[Shiva]] granted him a boon that when he touched anyone's head, that person would turn to ashes. Bhasmasura wanted to test the boon and wanted to touch the head of Shiva. A bewildered Shiva ran to seek the favour of [[Vishnu]], who took the form of the damsel [[Mohini]]. She lured Bhasmasura with her dance and made Bhasmasura touch his head with his hand. The asura Bhasmasura was thus defeated. The place where Mohini lured (meaning ''Moham'') came to be known as Thirumohur.

According to another legend, there was a war between the [[Deva (Hinduism)|deva]]s (gods) and [[asura]]s (demons) before the churning of the [[Kshira Sagara|Ocean of Milk]] for [[amrita]] (elixir of eternal life). The asuras were able to overpower the devas, and thus the devas sought Vishnu's help. During the [[Samudra Manthana|Samudra Manthanam]], Vishnu appeared as Mohini to lure the asuras and denied them the elixir, allowing the devas to gain the upper hand. It is believed that [[Thirumohur]] is the place of the event.<ref name=M>{{cite book|title=15 Vaishnava Temples of Tamil Nadu|last=M.|first=Rajagopalan|pages=57–65|publisher=Govindaswamy Printers|location=Chennai, India|year=1993}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Tirumohur (13).jpg|250px|thumb|[[Andal|Sri Andal]] shrine]]
[[Sangam literature]] details about this place being prosperous during the time. The documentation from [[Ptolemy]] (c. CE 100 – c. 170) also makes reference to this place. Inscription from the temple - South Outer wall's inside - Archaeological report on Epigraphy - 330 of 1918 - and Tamil Nadu State Archaeology's Madurai District Inscriptions - Vol. I - page no. 229 - Sl. no. 141 of 2003 - identifies the builder of the temple as sri Kaala Maegam alias Kaangaeyan during the reign of Sadaiya Varman Sundhara Pandiyan (Later Pandiya king) in his regnal year 7 + 1 (i.e. after the 7th year was over and the eighth year was in progress) which is identified as CE 1259. This inscription besides identifying the above speaks of an endowment of ponds and adjoining areas duly specifying the boundaries of the land. The current structure is believed to have been built by the [[Madurai Nayaks]]. During the later part, there were additions made by the [[Marudu brothers]], whose images are also housed in the temple. Thirumohur was an impregnable fort during the period of British. During the [[Carnatic Wars]], there was an attempt made by a Muslim general, but it was repulsed by the local devotees. The inscriptions from the period of Nayaks have been recorded by the Archaeological survey.<ref name=M/><ref>{{cite book|title=An introduction to religion and Philosophy - Tévarám and Tivviyappirapantam|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.jZY9lup2kZl6TuXGlZQdjZY2lZpy.TVA_BOK_0006115|last=R.|first=Dr. Vijayalakshmy|publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies| location=Chennai|year=2001|edition=1st}}</ref>

During [[Carnatic Wars]] in 1755, British general colonel heron looted the idols and treasures from this temple. When he was moving away with all treasures with camels, british force was attacked by [[Kallar (caste)|Kallar]]s, who took back the idols and temple treasures.

In memory of this event, even today god in this temple used to come like a Kallar man. Also the rights for pulling temple car given to Kallars of Tirumokur, Poolampatti, Kodikkulam, Chittampatti, Vovaal Thottam and Aalinangarai.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Great Kings Maruthu Pandiyarsl|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UxHmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT46&dq=thirumohoor+kalamegaperumal+temple+kallar|year=2020|isbn = 9781648506338|last1 = Manaiselvi Rajaraman|first1 = M.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Yusuf Kahan, the rebel commandant|url=https://archive.org/details/yusufkahanrebelc00hill/page/40/mode/1up?q=|year=1914|pages=[https://archive.org/details/yusufkahanrebelc00hill/page/40/mode/1up?q= 40]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=South Indian Rebellion|url=https://archive.org/details/southindianrebellion_201910/page/n43/mode/1up?q=|year=1971|pages=[https://archive.org/details/southindianrebellion_201910/page/n43/mode/1up?q= 36]}}</ref>

==Architecture==
[[File:Tirumohur (16).jpg|250px|thumb|left|Shrines]]
The temple is located in Tirumohur, a village located {{convert|20|km|mi|abbr=on}} away from [[Madurai]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Top Ten Temple Towns of India|publisher=Mark Age Publication|first=S.C.|last=Karkar|location=Kolkota|isbn=978-81-87952-12-1|year=2009|page=21}}</ref> The temple is situated on a {{convert|2.5|acre|m2|adj=on}} land area, and has a 5 tier [[gopuram|rajagopuram]]. The temple is more than 2000 years old and has been referred to in [[akanaṉūṟu]], Padhitrupathu, maduraikanchi and also in one of the [[The Five Great Epics of Tamil Literature|five great epics of Tamil literature]], [[silappatikaram]]. There are four ''[[prakarams]]'' (closed precincts of a temple) inside the temple. The main deity ([[Moolavar|mulavar]]) is Kalamegaperumal in panchayudha kolam and in a standing posture, Thayar - Mogavalli, [[Utsavar]] - Thirumogur Aabthan, [[Theertham]] - Kshirabtha [[Pushkarini]], Thala Viruksham - Vilvam and [[Vimanam (tower)|Vimanam]] - Kethaki Vimanam. The Prathanasayana appearance of the main deity is not found anywhere in 108 Divya Desam temples. The temple has a five-tiered ''raja[[gopuram]]'' (gateway tower). There are columned pillars in the hall leading to the Garuda hall, which also has a small gopuram. The sanctum houses the shrine of Kalamegha and also has the images of [[Bhūmi|Bhudevi]] and Sridevi. The major feature is that the unlike other temples, the goddesses do not touch the feet of the presiding deity. A separate shrine accommodates the image of Anantasayi Vishnu. The consort of the presiding deity, Tirumohurvalli (also called Mohanavalli) is housed in a separate shrine.<ref name=M/>

To the front of the image of the [[Sudarshana Chakra]] stands the deity Chakratalvar, and present on the back is [[Narasimha|Narasingha Perumal]], situated amidst 48 [[Apsara|apsaras]]. Inside the six circles that are present, there are 16 weapons with 154 letters present. The letters are believed to be text from the ''Bhijakshara Mantra''.<ref name=Meena>{{cite book|title=Temples in South India|last=V.|first=Meena|publisher=Harikumar Arts|location=Kanniyakumari|page=17}}</ref> Perumal is depicted with 16 hands and three eyes glowing like fire.<ref name=Madhavan>{{cite book|title=Vishnu Temples of South India Volume 1 (Tamil Nadu)|first=Chithra|publisher=Chithra Madhavan|last=Madhavan|isbn=978-81-908445-0-5|year=2007|pages=87–88}}</ref>

==Festivals and religious practices==
[[File:Tirumohur (17).jpg|250px|thumb|[[Marudu brothers]]]]
The temple priests perform the ''[[puja (Hinduism)|puja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis based on Pancharatra Agama. As at other Vishnu temples of Tamil Nadu, the priests belong to the [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] community, from the Brahmin class. The temple rituals are performed six times a day: ''Ushathkalam'' at 7 a.m., ''Kalasanthi'' at 8:00 a.m., ''Uchikalam'' at 12:00 p.m., ''Sayarakshai'' at 6:00 p.m., ''Irandamkalam'' at 7:00 p.m. and ''Ardha Jamam'' at 10:00 p.m. Each ritual has three steps: ''alangaram'' (decoration), ''neivethanam'' (food offering) and ''deepa aradanai'' (waving of lamps) for both Kalamega Perumal and Mohanavalli. During the last step of worship, ''[[nagaswaram|nadasvaram]]'' (pipe instrument) and ''[[tavil]]'' (percussion instrument) are played, religious instructions in the ''[[Vedas]]'' (sacred text) are recited by priests, and worshippers prostrate themselves in front of the [[Iconography of Shiva temples in Tamil Nadu#Dvajasthamba and Pali Peedam|temple mast]]. There are weekly, monthly and fortnightly rituals performed in the temple. The major festival is the ten-day Vaikasi Brammotsavam celebrated during May–June. The other festivals are [[Vaikunta Ekadasi|Vaikunta Ekadashi]] (December–January), Gajendra Moksham during the Masi Poornima day in February – March, two day Panguni Thirukalyanam (March–April) and Krishna Jayanthi.<ref name="dinamalar">{{cite web|title=Sri Kalamegaperumal temple|url=http://temple.dinamalar.com/en/New_en.php?id=86|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140215024131/http://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=86|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 February 2014|publisher=Dinamalar|access-date=20 October 2015}}</ref>

==Literary mention==
The temple is glorified in the verses of ''[[Nalayira Divya Prabandham]]'' by [[Tirumangai Azhwar|Tirumangai Alvar]] and [[Nammazhwar|Nammalvar]]. The temple is classified as a ''[[Divyadesam|Divya Desam]]'', one of the 108 Vishnu temples that are mentioned in the book. [[Manavala Mamunigal]], Kalamegha Pulavar, Tiruninravur Tirumalai and Pillai Perumal Iyengar have composed verses on the deity. Out of the eighteen Puranas, ''[[Brahmanda Purana]]'' and ''[[Matsya Purana]]'' make specific mention about Thirumohur.<ref name=M/><ref>{{cite book|title=108 Vaishnavite Divya Desam Volume 1|publisher=Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams |location=Tirupati|year=1993|last=M.S.|first=Ramesh|ref=MS}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|20em}}

==External links==
{{Famous Vishnu temples}}
{{commons|Category:Kalamegaperumal Temple}}
[[Category:Divya Desams| ]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Madurai district]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Madurai]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Madurai]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures in Madurai]]

Apa Pant

2026-03-28T03:39:29Z

Mrrajrumel: added section also and added references after review

{{Short description|Indian diplomat, Prince of Aundh, Gandhian, writer and freedom fighter}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[His Excellency]]
| honorific_suffix = [[Padma Shri|PS]]
| name = Apasaheb Balasaheb Pant
| image = Jomo Kenyatta Apa Pant and Acheing Oneko.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = [[Jomo Kenyatta]], Apa Pant and [[Achieng Oneko]]
| office = [[List of High Commissioners of India to the United Kingdom|High Commissioner
of India to the United Kingdom]]
| term_start = 15 September 1969
| term_end = October 1972
| predecessor = S. S. Dhawan
| successor = [[Braj Kumar Nehru]]
| birth_date = 11 September 1912
| birth_place = [[Aundh State]], [[British India]] (present-day [[Maharashtra]], India)
| death_date = {{death date and age|1992|10|05|1912|09|11|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| resting_place_coordinates =
| occupation = Diplomat, freedom fighter
| yearsactive =
| known for =
| alma_mater = [[University of Bombay]] [[University of Oxford]]
| father = [[Bhawanrao Shriniwasrao Pant Pratinidhi]]
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (1954)
}}

'''Appasaheb Pant''' (1912–1992), also known as '''Apa Pant''',<ref>see for instance declassified file no. 7(4)-P, 1955 at the National Archives of India, available on line via https://www.abhilekh-patal.in/</ref> '''Appa Pant''', '''Appa Sahib Pant''', '''Appsaheb Balasaheb Pant''', '''Parashuram-rao Pant''' (Parashuram being his first name), was an Indian diplomat, Prince of [[Aundh State|Aundh]], [[Gandhian]], writer and [[Indian freedom movement|freedom fighter]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Guyot-Réchard |first=Bérénice |date=2022 |title=Stirring Africa towards India: Apa Pant and the Making of Post-Colonial Diplomacy, 1948–54 |url=https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/ws/files/177598996/Stirring_Africa_towards_India_GUYOT_RECHARD_Publishedonline15July2022_GOLD_VoR_CC_BY_NC_ND.pdf |journal=The International History Review |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=892–913 |doi=10.1080/07075332.2022.2093941 |s2cid=250598023 |issn=0707-5332}}</ref><ref name="Benegal">{{cite web | url=https://benegal.com/pant/apa.htm | title=Benegal | publisher=Benegal |year=2015 | accessdate=30 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="Awaaz Magazine">{{cite web|url=http://www.awaazmagazine.com/index.php/component/k2/item/170-apa-pant-in-east-africa |work=Awaaz Magazine |date=1 November 2011 |accessdate=30 March 2015|title=Apa Pant in East Africa|url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402125304/http://www.awaazmagazine.com/index.php/component/k2/item/170-apa-pant-in-east-africa |archivedate=2 April 2015 }}</ref> A philosopher by nature and a mystic at heart, who served for over forty years as a career diplomat for the [[Government of India|Indian Government]]. He served as the Indian Commissioner at various African countries such as Kenya, Uganda, [[Tanganyika (territory)|Tanganyika]], [[Zanzibar]], [[Northern Rhodesia]], [[Southern Rhodesia]], [[Nyasaland]] and the Belgian colony of the Congo and, later, as the Indian ambassador to countries like Indonesia, Norway, Egypt, United Kingdom and Italy. He also served as the Political Officer for India in the Kingdom of Sikkim.<ref name="Benegal" /> The [[Government of India]] honoured him in 1954, with the award of [[Padma Shri]], the fourth highest Indian civilian award for his contributions to the society,<ref name="Padma Shri">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Shri |publisher=Padma Shri |year=2015 |accessdate=11 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archivedate=15 October 2015 }}</ref> placing him among the first recipients of the award.

==Biography==
Appa Sahib Bala Saheb Pant was born on 11 September 1912<ref name="WMF Labs">{{cite web | url=http://tools.wmflabs.org/persondata/p/Apasaheb_Balasaheb_Pant | title=WMF Labs | publisher=WMF Labs |year=2015 | accessdate=30 March 2015}}{{user-generated source|date=November 2021}}</ref> in the [[Aundh, Satara]] capital city of [[Aundh State|princely state of Aundh]] in the [[British India]], presently near [[Satara district|Satara]] in the Indian state of Maharashtra, as the second son of [[Bhawanrao Shriniwasrao Pant Pratinidhi]],<ref name="Free Library">{{cite web | url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Shivaji+designs+for+stained-glass+windows%3A+the+art+of+Ervin+Bossanyi.-a0253862098 | title=Free Library | publisher=Free Library |year=2015 | accessdate=30 March 2015}}</ref> the ruler of the state.<ref name="Benegal" /> After schooling at local institutions, he graduated (BA) from the [[University of Mumbai]] and studied [[philosophy, politics and economics]] at [[Brasenose College, Oxford]].<ref name="Awaaz Magazine" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bowers|first=John|author-link=John Bowers (lawyer)|date=2021-02-16|title=Principal's Blog: 16th February 2021|url=https://www.bnc.ox.ac.uk/about-brasenose/princblog/2361-principal-s-blog-16th-february-2021|access-date=2022-02-02|publisher=[[Brasenose College, Oxford]]}}</ref> He continued his studies in London and passed Barrister at Law from [[Lincoln's Inn]] and returned to India in 1937 when the [[Indian freedom movement]] was gathering pace.<ref name="Benegal" />

Pant married Nalini Devi,<ref>Gaurav Desai, [https://books.google.com/books?id=K9WrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA75 Commerce with the Universe: Africa, India, and the Afrasian Imagination], p. 75</ref> a medical doctor and a [[Fellowship of the Royal College of Surgeons|fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons]] in 1942 and the couple had three children, [[Aditi Pant|Aditi]], Aniket and Avalokita.<ref name="Awaaz Magazine" /> He died, aged 80, on 5 October 1992,<ref name="WMF Labs" /> succumbing to old age illnesses.<ref name="Benegal" />

==Political and diplomatic career==

Pant started his political and diplomatic career as the Minister of Education of the [[Aundh State]] in 1944 when his father was the ruler of the state.<ref name="Awaaz Magazine" /> His tenure lasted one year and during this period and thereafter, he was involved in the discussions related to the integration of the state into Indian Union.<ref name="Benegal" /> After India's independence, he entered [[Indian Foreign Service]], got deputed to Africa and worked in Kenya, Uganda, [[Tanganyika (territory)|Tanganyika]], [[Zanzibar]], [[Northern Rhodesia]], [[Southern Rhodesia]], [[Nyasaland]] and the Belgian colony of the Congo.<ref name="Awaaz Magazine" /> In 1954, he was appointed as the Officer on Special duty with the [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Minister of External Affairs]] when India's relationship with China was strained.<ref name="Awaaz Magazine" /> He represented India at [[Bandung Conference]] in 1956 for the formation of [[Non-Aligned Movement]]. He also worked as the Officer in Charge of the missions of [[Tibet]] and [[Bhutan]] and [[Sikkim]],<ref name="TH Library">{{cite web | url=http://www.thlib.org/static/reprints/bot/bot_1987_03_04.pdf | title=TH Library | publisher=TH Library |year=2015 | accessdate=30 March 2015}}</ref> and as Ambassador to Indonesia (1961–64), Norway (1964–66), Egypt (1966–69),<ref name="Middle East Institute">{{cite web | url=https://www.mei.edu/content/interview-indian-ambassador-ret-ranjit-gupta-cairo-egypt-%E2%80%94-first-posting-1965-1968 | title=Middle East Institute | publisher=Middle East Institute |year=2015 | accessdate=30 March 2015}}</ref> United Kingdom (1969–72) and Italy (1972–75).<ref name="Benegal" /><ref name="WMF Labs" />

==Literary career==
Apasaheb Pant was a former judge for the [[Templeton Prize]],<ref name="Judge Templeton">{{cite web | url=https://www.templetonprize.org/judges.html | title=The Templeton Prize – Judges. Previous Judges | publisher=[[Templeton Foundation]] |year=2015 | accessdate=30 March 2015}}</ref> an international recognition honouring the ''entrepreneurship of spirit'',<ref name="Templeton About">{{cite web | url=https://www.templetonprize.org/abouttheprize.html | title=Templeton About | publisher=Templeton Foundation |year=2015 | accessdate=30 March 2015}}</ref> He published<ref name="Awaaz Magazine" /> eight books towards the latter part of his life.<ref name="Benegal" />
{{Div col|colwidth=35em}}
* ''[[Surya Namaskar]], an Ancient Indian Exercise'' (1970)<ref name="Surya Namaskar, an Ancient Indian Exercise">{{cite book | url=http://www.abebooks.de/servlet/BookDetailsPL?bi=12680507655&searchurl=afn_sr%3DZANOXDE%26ph%3D2%26an%3DPant+Apa | title=Surya Namaskar, an Ancient Indian Exercise | publisher=Sangam Books | author=Apa Pant | year=1970 | isbn=9788125013877}}</ref>
* ''Towards Socialist Transformation of Indian Economy'' (1973)<ref name="Towards Socialist Transformation of Indian Economy">{{cite book | url=http://www.abebooks.de/servlet/BookDetailsPL?bi=1351284551&searchurl=afn_sr%3DZANOXDE%26ph%3D2%26an%3DPant+Apa | title=Towards Socialist Transformation of Indian Economy | publisher=Humanities Press |author1=Bhuleshkar, Ashok V. |author2=Pant, Apa B. | year=1973}}</ref>
* ''A Moment in Time'' (1974)<ref name="A Moment in Time">{{cite book | url=http://www.abebooks.de/servlet/BookDetailsPL?bi=15385243793&searchurl=afn_sr%3DZANOXDE%26ph%3D2%26an%3DPant+Apa | title=A Moment in Time | publisher=Hodder & Stoughton Ltd | author=Pant, Apa B. | year=1974 | location=United Kingdom | isbn=9780340147900}}</ref>
* ''Mandala: An Awakening'' (1976)<ref name="Mandala: An Awakening">{{cite book | title=Mandala: An Awakening | publisher=Sangam Books | author=Apa B. Pant | year=1976 | pages=218 | isbn=978-0861310630}}</ref>
* ''Survival of the Individual'' (1983)<ref name="Survival of the Individual">{{cite book | title=Survival of the Individual | publisher=Sangam Books | author=Apa Pant | year=1983 | isbn=9780861314003| oclc=13215863 }}</ref>
* ''Undiplomatic Incidents'' (1987)<ref name="Undiplomatic Incidents">{{cite book | url=http://www.abebooks.de/servlet/BookDetailsPL?bi=14345842069&searchurl=afn_sr%3DZANOXDE%26ph%3D2%26an%3DPant+Apa | title=Undiplomatic Incidents | publisher=Majestic Books | author=Pant Apa B. | year=1987 | isbn=9780861316908}}</ref>
* ''An Unusual Raja – Mahatma Gandhi and the [[Aundh Experiment]]'' (1989)<ref name="An Unusual Raja Mahatma Gandhi and the Aundh Experiment">{{cite book | url=http://www.abebooks.de/servlet/BookDetailsPL?bi=911371786&searchurl=afn_sr%3DZANOXDE%26ph%3D2%26an%3DPant+Apa | title=An Unusual Raja Mahatma Gandhi and the Aundh Experiment | publisher=Oscar Publications | author=Apa Pant | year=1989 | isbn=9780861317523}}</ref>
* ''An Extended Family of Fellow Pilgrims'' (1990)<ref name="An Extended Family or Fellow Pilgrims">{{cite book | url=http://www.abebooks.de/servlet/BookDetailsPL?bi=98674992&searchurl=afn_sr%3DZANOXDE%26ph%3D2%26an%3DPant+Apa | title=An Extended Family or Fellow Pilgrims | publisher=Oscar Publications | author=Apa Pant | year=1990 | isbn=9780863111099}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

==Awards==
In 1954, he was awarded with [[Padma Shri]], the fourth highest [[Indian honours system|Indian civilian award]] for his contributions to the society, placing him among the first recipients of the award.

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Pant Pratinidhi family]]
* [[Bhawanrao Shriniwasrao Pant Pratinidhi]]
{{div col end}}
{{Portal|India|Politics}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book | url=http://www.abebooks.de/servlet/BookDetailsPL?bi=12680507655&searchurl=afn_sr%3DZANOXDE%26ph%3D2%26an%3DPant+Apa | title=Surya Namaskar, an Ancient Indian Exercise | publisher=Sangam Books | author=Apa Pant | year=1970 | isbn=9788125013877}}
* {{cite book | url=http://www.abebooks.de/servlet/BookDetailsPL?bi=1351284551&searchurl=afn_sr%3DZANOXDE%26ph%3D2%26an%3DPant+Apa | title=Towards Socialist Transformation of Indian Economy | publisher=Humanitites Press |author1=Bhuleshkar, Ashok V. |author2=Pant, Apa B. | year=1973}}
* {{cite book | url=http://www.abebooks.de/servlet/BookDetailsPL?bi=15385243793&searchurl=afn_sr%3DZANOXDE%26ph%3D2%26an%3DPant+Apa | title=A Moment in Time | publisher=Hodder & Stoughton Ltd | author=Pant, Apa B. | year=1974 | location=United Kingdom | isbn=9780340147900}}
* {{cite book | title=Mandala: An Awakening | publisher=Sangam Books | author=Apa B. Pant | year=1976 | pages=218 | isbn=978-0861310630}}
* {{cite book | title=Survival of the Individual | publisher=Sangam Books | author=Apa Pant | year=1983 | isbn=9780861314003| oclc=13215863 }}
* {{cite book | url=http://www.abebooks.de/servlet/BookDetailsPL?bi=14345842069&searchurl=afn_sr%3DZANOXDE%26ph%3D2%26an%3DPant+Apa | title=Undiplomatic Incidents | publisher=Majestic Books | author=Pant Apa B. | year=1987 | isbn=9780861316908}}
* {{cite book | url=http://www.abebooks.de/servlet/BookDetailsPL?bi=911371786&searchurl=afn_sr%3DZANOXDE%26ph%3D2%26an%3DPant+Apa | title=An Unusual Raja Mahatma Gandhi and the Aundh Experiment | publisher=Oscar Publications | author=Apa Pant | year=1989 | isbn=9780861317523}}
* {{cite book | url=http://www.abebooks.de/servlet/BookDetailsPL?bi=98674992&searchurl=afn_sr%3DZANOXDE%26ph%3D2%26an%3DPant+Apa | title=An Extended Family or Fellow Pilgrims | publisher=Oscar Publications | author=Apa Pant | year=1990 | isbn=9780863111099}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Civil Service}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pant, Apa Saheb Bala Saheb}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in civil service]]
[[Category:Members of Lincoln's Inn]]
[[Category:1912 births]]
[[Category:1992 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Oxford]]
[[Category:Indian political writers]]
[[Category:Indian government officials]]
[[Category:High commissioners of India to Kenya]]
[[Category:High commissioners of India to the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Bhutan]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Egypt]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Indonesia]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Italy]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Norway]]
[[Category:Politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:People from Pune district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biographers]]

Odia people

2026-03-27T12:00:36Z

Mrrajrumel: brief cleaned up section per sources per standard format

{{Short description|Indo-Aryan ethnolinguistic group}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Redirect|Odias||Odia (disambiguation){{!}}Odia}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Odias
| native_name = ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଲୋକ Odiā Lōka
| native_name_lang = od
| flag =
| image = Odissi in a Group.jpg
| image_caption = Dancers performing [[odissi]]
| population = 40 million
| region1 = {{IND}}
| pop1 = 38,033,000 (2011)
| langs = [[Odia language|Odia]]
| religions = '''Predominantly''': [[File:Om.svg|15px]] [[Hinduism]] '''Minorities''': {{hlist|[[File:Christian cross.svg|12px]] [[Christianity]]|[[File:Allah-green.svg|15px]] [[Islam]]
|[[File:Jain Prateek Chihna.svg|12px]] [[Jainism]]|[[File:Dharma Wheel.svg|18px]] [[Buddhism]] and others}}
| related_groups = [[Indo-Aryan people]], [[Bengalis]]
}}
{{Infobox ethnonym|root=ଓଡ଼ିଆ Odiā|person=Odiā|people=Odiā Lōka|language=[[Odia language|Odiā]]|country=[[Odisha]] [[Kalinga (region)|Kalinga]] (hist.)}}
The '''Odia''' ({{lang|or|ଓଡ଼ିଆ}}), formerly spelled '''Oriya''', are an [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] [[ethno-linguistic group]] native to the Indian state of [[Odisha]] who speak the [[Odia language]]. They constitute a majority in the eastern coastal state, with significant minority populations existing in the neighboring states of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Jharkhand]] and [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=abNDLZQ6quYC&pg=PA233|title=Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia|isbn=9781598846591|last1=Minahan|first1=James|year=2012|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic }}</ref> Odia is the 9th most spoken language in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-13 |title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-17.html |access-date=2025-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113211224/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-17.html |archive-date=13 November 2019 }}</ref> Modern-day Odisha was made from the [[Odia language|Odia-speaking]] part of then–[[Bihar and Orissa Province]], Odia-speaking areas of [[Madras Presidency]], Odia-speaking areas of [[Central Provinces and Berar]] and Odia-speaking Gadajats (Odia Princely states).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Provinces of British India |url=https://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_BrProvinces.htm |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=www.worldstatesmen.org}}</ref> The first linguistic movement started in 1886 and with the successful efforts of Madhusudan Das, the Father of Odia nationalism, Odisha became the first state to be created on a linguistic basis.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-11-12 |title=The Telegraph - Calcutta (Kolkata) {{!}} Orissa {{!}} Born of linguistic pride |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110401/jsp/orissa/story_13795031.jsp |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=archive.ph |archive-date=12 November 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131112115802/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110401/jsp/orissa/story_13795031.jsp |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|History of Odisha}}

'''<big>Ancient period</big>'''
[[File:Udaygiri and Khandagiri Cave - 1.jpg|thumb|'''Udaygiri and Khandagiri Cave - 1''']]
According to political scientist Sudama Misra, the Kalinga [[janapada]] originally comprised the area covered by the [[Puri district|Puri]] and [[Ganjam district|Ganjam]] districts.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Miśra |first=Sudāmā |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dua1AAAAIAAJ |title=Janapada State in Ancient India |date=1973 |publisher=Bhāratīya Vidyā Prakāśana |language=en}}</ref>

According to some scriptures ([[Mahabharata]] and some [[Puranas]]), a king Bali, the [[Vairocana]] and the son of Sutapa, had no sons. So, he requested the sage, Dirghatamas, to bless him with sons. The sage is said to have begotten five sons through his wife, the queen Sudesna.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Patil |first=Rajaram D. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jmnm-smZm6oC&dq=bali+sudesna&pg=PA46 |title=Cultural History From The Vayu Purana |date=1973 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers |isbn=978-81-208-2085-2 |language=en}}</ref> The princes were named [[Anga#Origin of name|Anga]], [[Vanga kingdom#References in the Mahabharata|Vanga]], [[Kalinga (Mahabharata)|Kalinga]], [[Suhma kingdom#References in Mahabharata|Sumha]] and [[Pundra kingdom#References in Mahabharata|Pundra]].<ref>{{Citation |title=History of Odisha |date=2024-12-03 |work=Bharatpedia |url=https://en.Bharatpedia.org/wiki/History_of_Odisha#cite_note-7500BC-3 |access-date=2024-12-09 |language=en}}</ref> The princes later founded kingdoms named after themselves. The prince Vanga founded [[Vanga kingdom]], in the current day region of [[Bangladesh]] and part of [[West Bengal]]. The prince Kalinga founded the kingdom of [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalinga]], in the current day region of coastal Odisha, including the North Sircars.<ref>{{Citation |title=History of Odisha |date=2024-12-03 |work=Bharatpedia |url=https://en.Bharatpedia.org/wiki/History_of_Odisha#cite_note-enHindu-5 |access-date=2024-12-09 |language=en}}</ref>

The Mahabharata also mentions Kalinga several more times. Srutayudha, the king of Kalinga, son of [[Varuna]] and river Parnasa, had joined the [[Kaurava]] camp in the [[Kurukshetra War]]. He had been given a divine [[Gada (mace)|mace]] by his father on request of his mother, which protected him as long as he wielded it. But, Varuna had warned his son, that using it on a non-combatant will cause the death of the wielder himself. In the frenzy of battle, harried by [[Arjuna]]'s arrows, he made the mistake of launching it at Krishna, Arjuna's charioteer, who was unarmed. The mace bounced off Krishna and killed Srutayudha. The archer who killed [[Krishna]], Jara Savara, and [[Ekalavya]] are said to have belonged to the [[Sabar people]] of Odisha.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pati |first=Rabindra Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_5seKkk3GkIC&pg=PA97 |title=Family Planning |date=2008 |publisher=APH Publishing |isbn=978-81-313-0352-8 |language=en}}</ref>

In the Buddhist text, Mahagovinda Suttanta, Kalinga and its ruler, Sattabhu, have been mentioned.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Raychaudhuri |first=Hemchandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h1KObc_qaXYC&dq=Mahagovinda+Suttanta+kalinga&pg=PA75 |title=Political History of Ancient India: From the Accession of Parikshit to the Extinction of the Gupta Dynasty |date=2006 |publisher=Cosmo Publications |isbn=978-81-307-0291-9 |language=en}}</ref>

In the 6th century ''sutrakara'' (chronicler), Baudhayana, mentions Kalinga as not yet being influenced by Vedic traditions. He also warns his people from visiting Kalinga (among other kingdoms), saying one who visits it must perform penance.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Suhas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KItocaxbibUC&pg=PA68 |title=Indian Civilization and Culture |date=1998 |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=978-81-7533-083-2 |language=en}}</ref>[[File:Lingaraj Temple, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 2.jpg|thumb|Lingaraj Temple, Bhubaneswar.]]

===Medieval period===
The [[Shailodbhava dynasty]] ruled the region from the sixth to the eighth century. They built the [[Parashurameshvara Temple]] in the 7th century, which is the oldest known temple in Bhubaneswar. They ruled Odisha from the 8th to the 10th century. They built several Buddhist monasteries and temples, including [[Lalitgiri]], [[Udayagiri, Odisha|Udayagiri]] and [[Baitala Deula]]. The [[Keshari dynasty]] ruled from the 9th to the 12th century. The [[Lingaraj Temple]], [[Mukteshvara Temple, Bhubaneswar|Mukteshvara Temple]] and [[Rajarani Temple]] in Bhubaneswar were constructed during the [[Bhauma-Kara dynasty]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Walter |last=Smith |title=The Mukteśvara Temple in Bhubaneswar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y0MQmNx8g2gC |year=1994 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0793-8 |page=27}}</ref> They were introduced as a new style of architecture in Odisha, and the dynasty's rule shifted from [[Buddhism]] to [[Brahmanism]].{{sfn|Smith|1994|p=26}}
[[File:19s Bengal province map.jpg|thumb|Undivided Odisha and Bihar states.]]

===Modern period ===
Odisha remained an independent regional power until the early 16th century. It was conquered by the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] under [[Akbar]] in 1568 and was thereafter subject to a succession of Mughal and [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] rule before coming under [[Company rule in India|British control]] in 1803.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/book-by-british-ics-officer-covers----orissa--as-a-whole.html|title=Book by British ICS officer covers 'Orissa' as a whole|website=dailypioneer|author=GYANENENDRA NATH MITRA|date=25 December 2019|access-date=25 December 2019}}</ref>

In 1817, a combination of high taxes, administrative malpractice by the ''[[zamindar]]s'' and dissatisfaction with the new land laws led to a [[Paik Rebellion|revolt against Company rule]] breaking out, which many Odias participated in. The rebels were led by General [[Bakshi Jagabandhu|Jagabandhu Bidyadhara Mohapatra Bhramarbara Raya]].<ref name="Mahmud1994">{{cite book|author=Sayed Jafar Mahmud|title=Pillars of Modern India 1757-1947|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w8XPyBqxwX8C&pg=PA10|access-date=10 February 2013|year=1994|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-7024-586-5|page=10}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url = https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/paika-bidroha-to-be-named-as-1st-war-of-independence/article19909264.ece| title = 'Paika Bidroha' to be named as 1st War of Independence - NATIONAL - The Hindu| website = [[The Hindu]]| date = 23 October 2017}}</ref>

Under Maratha control, major Odia regions were transferred to the rulers of Bengal that resulted in successive decline of the language over the course of time in vast regions that stretched until today's [[Midnapore district|Midnapore]] district of West Bengal.<ref>{{cite book | last=Sengupta | first=N. | title=Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TI8GQioaoL4C | publisher=Penguin Books Limited | year=2011 | isbn=978-81-8475-530-5 }}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=January 2023}}

Odisha became a separate province and the first officially recognized language-based state of India in 1936, after the amalgamation of the Odia regions from [[Bihar and Orissa Province]], [[Madras Presidency]] and [[Chhattisgarh Division]] was successfully executed. 26 Odia [[princely state]]s, including [[Seraikela Kharsawan district|Sadheikala-Kharasuan]] in today's [[Jharkhand]], also signed a merger with the newly formed state, while many major Odia-speaking areas were left out due to political incompetence.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DsXLDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA86|title=Language Policy and Education in India: Documents, contexts and debates|isbn=9781134878246|access-date=25 December 2019|last1=Sridhar|first1=M.|last2=Mishra|first2=Sunita|date=5 August 2016|publisher=Routledge }}</ref>

==Communities==
The Odia people are subdivided into several communities such as the [[Utkala Brahmin]], [[Karan (caste)|Karan]], [[Khandayat (caste)|Khandayat]], [[Kayastha|Kayasth]], [[Gopal (caste)|Gopal]], [[Komati (caste)|Kumuti]], [[Chasa caste|Chasa]], [[Dumal]], [[Bania (caste)|Bania]], [[Bhulia]], [[Kansabanik|Kansari]], [[Kuilta]], [[Gudia (caste)|Gudia]], [[Patra (caste)|Patara]], [[Tanti]], [[Teli]], [[Viswakarma (caste)|Badhei]], [[Kamar (caste)|Kamara]], [[Barika (caste)|Barika]], [[Mali (caste)|Mali]], [[Kumhar|Kumbhar]], [[Sundhi]], [[Jalia Kaibarta|Keuta]], [[Dhobi|Dhoba]], [[Bhoi|Bauri]], [[Kandara]], [[Domba]], [[Pano (caste)|Pano]], Hadi.<ref name="BehuraMohanty2005">{{cite book|author1=Nab Kishore Behura|author2=Ramesh P. Mohanty|title=Family Welfare in India: A Cross-cultural Study|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o6Gz0ZDw7PQC&pg=PA49|year=2005|publisher=Discovery Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7141-920-3|pages=49–}}</ref> etc.

== Culture ==
{{Main|Culture of Odisha}}

'''<big>Religion</big>'''
[[File:Gita Govinda (Song of the Cowherd) Manuscript LACMA M.71.1.33.jpg|thumb|gita govinda manuscript]]
In its long history, Odisha has had a continuous tradition of [[dharmic religions]] especially [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]] and [[Jainism]]. [[Ashoka]]'s conquest of [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalinga (India)]] made Buddhism a principal religion in the state which led to the establishment of numerous [[Stupas]] and non religion learning centres. During [[Kharavela]]'s reign [[Jainism]] found prominence. However, by the middle of the 9th century CE there was a revival of [[Hinduism]] as attested by numerous temples such as Mukteshwara, Lingaraja, Jagannath and Konark, which were erected starting from the late 7th century CE. Part of the revival in Hinduism was due to [[Adi Shankaracharya]] who proclaimed [[Puri]] to be one of the four holiest places or ''[[Char Dham]]'' for Hinduism. Odisha has, therefore, a syncretic mixture of the three dharmic religions as attested by the fact that the [[Jagannath Temple]] in Puri is considered to be holy by [[Hindus]], Buddhists and [[Hindus|Jains]].

Presently, the majority of people in the state of Odisha are [[Hindus]]. As per the census of 2001, Odisha is the third largest Hindu-populated state (as a percentage of population) in India. However, while Odisha is predominantly Hindu it is not monolithic. There is a rich cultural heritage in the state owing to the Hindu faith. For example, Odisha is home to several Hindu saints. [[Bhima Bhoi|Sant Bhima Bhoi]] was a leader of the [[Mahima Religion|Mahima sect movement]], [[Sarala Dasa]], was the translator of the epic [[Mahabharata]] in Odia, Chaitanya Dasa was a [[Vaishnavism|Buddhistic-Vaishnava]] and writer of the ''Nirguna Mahatmya'', [[Jayadeva]] was the author of the ''[[Gita Govinda]]'' and is recognized by the Sikhs as one of their most important bhagats. Swami Laxmananda Saraswati is a modern-day Hindu saint of [[Adivasi]] heritage.

There is also a small but significant community of Odia Muslims, who are mostly descendants of indigenous converts and migrants from northern and eastern India. With a population of roughly 1 million, Muslims in Odisha live significantly in Jajapur and Bhadrak districts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Orissa Hindu Muslim Population |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/religion/state/21-orissa.html |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref> Majority of Muslims are Sunnis, followed by Shias which also include Khoja and Dawoodi Bohras.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Weekes |first=Richard V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dQ3FEAAAQBAJ |title=Muslim Peoples [2 Volumes]: A World Ethnographic Survey |date=1984-12-21 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-0-313-23392-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Influence of Sufism and Shia Traditions in Odisha |url=https://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2014/July/engpdf/42-46.pdf |accessdate=2025-04-06 |publisher=Orissa Review}}</ref> Historically, Sufi mysticism and traditions have significantly influenced Odisha's cultural and spiritual heritage.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Influence of Sufism and Shia Traditions in Odisha |url=https://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2014/July/engpdf/42-46.pdf |accessdate=2025-04-06 |publisher=Orissa Review}}</ref>

=== Architecture ===
{{Main|kalinga architecture}}

[[File:700 CE Mukhalingeswara Temples Group, Kalinga architecture, Mukhalingam, Andhra Pradesh - 111.jpg|thumb|700 CE Mukhalingeswara Temples Group, Kalinga architecture, Mukhalingam, Andhra Pradesh - 111]]
[[File:Mukteswar Temple Detail.jpg|thumb|Mukteswar Temple (Kalinga Architecture)]]
[[File:Udayagiri Caves - Hathi Gumpha.jpg|thumb|Udayagiri Caves - Hathi Gumpha]]
[[File:Stone wheel engraved in the 13th century built Konark Sun Temple in Orissa, India.jpg|thumb|Stone wheel engraved in the 13th century built Konark Sun Temple in Orissa, India]]
The '''Kaḷinga architectural style''' is a style of [[Hindu architecture]] which flourished in the ancient [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalinga]] previously known as [[Utkal]] and in present eastern Indian state of [[Odisha]]. The style consists of three distinct types of temples: Rekha Deula, Pidha Deula and Khakhara Deula. The former two are associated with [[Vishnu]], [[Surya]] and [[Shiva]] temples while the third is mainly with [[Chamunda]] and [[Durga]] temples. The Rekha Deula and Khakhara Deula houses are the [[sanctum sanctorum]] while the Pidha Deula constitutes outer dancing and offering halls.

=== Cuisine ===
{{Main|Cuisine of Odisha}}

[[File:Chena poda.jpg|thumb|Chena poda a sweet delicacy from Odisha.]]
Seafood and sweets dominate Odia cuisine. Rice is the staple cereal and is eaten throughout the day. Popular Odia dishes are [[rasagolla]], [[rasabali]], [[chhena poda]], [[chhena kheeri]], [[chhena jalebi]], chenna jhilli, [[chhenagaja]], [[khira sagara]], [[Dalma (dish)|dalma]], tanka torani and [[pakhala]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://odishanewsinsight.com/features/cuisine-of-odisha/|title=Cuisine Of Odisha|website=odishanewsinsight|date=16 November 2019|access-date=18 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/lifestyle/food/odia-delicacies-in-bengalurus-first-ama-odia-bhoji-to-tickle-taste-buds20200112200631/|title=Odia delicacies in Bengaluru's first 'Ama Odia Bhoji' to tickle taste buds|website=aninews|date=12 January 2020|access-date=18 January 2020}}</ref>

=== Festivals ===
{{Main|Festivals of Odisha}}
'''<big>Ratha yatra</big>'''
[[File:Rath Yatra Puri 07-11027.jpg|thumb|Rath Yatra festival in Puri, Odisha.]]
A stunning example of Kalinga architecture is the Jagannath Temple, which was constructed in the twelfth century by King Anantavarman Chodaganga Deva. The goddesses Subhadra, Balabhadra, and Lord Jagannath reside in this hallowed shrine. The festival of Ratha Yatra, which draws pilgrims and visitors from all over the world, is closely linked to the history of the Jagannath Temple.
[[File:Puri Rath Yatra by Fergusson.jpg|thumb|Ratha yatra festival in Puri by Fegursson.]]
A wide variety of festivals are celebrated throughout the year; There is a saying in Odia, ‘Baarah maase, terah parba’, that there are 13 festivals in a year. Well known festivals that are popular among the Odia people include the [[Ratha Yatra]], [[Durga Puja]], [[Raja (festival)|Raja]], [[Maha Shivratri]], [[Kartika Purnima]], [[Dola Purnima]], [[Ganesh Puja]], [[Chandan Yatra]], [[Snana Yatra]], [[Makar Mela]], [[Chhau Festival]], and [[Nuakhai]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 December 2018 |title=The tenacious people of Odisha |url=https://telanganatoday.com/tenacious-people-odisha |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405221401/https://telanganatoday.com/tenacious-people-odisha |archive-date=5 April 2019 |access-date=18 January 2020 |website=telanganatoday}}</ref>

=== Religion ===
[[File:Ratha Yatra Praha 2019.jpg|thumb|Lord Jagannath with his siblings.]]
Odisha is one of the most religiously and ethnically homogeneous states in India. More than 94% of the people are followers of Hinduism.<ref name="census2011">{{cite web|title=Population by religion community – 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=Census of India, 2011|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|archivedate=25 August 2015}}</ref> Hinduism in Odisha is more significant due to the specific Jagannath culture followed by Odia Hindus due to independent rule of Odia [[Hindu king]]s. Hinduism flourished in the eastern coastal region under patronage of the Hindu kings: arts, literature, maritime trade, vedic rituals were given importance. The practices of the [[Jagannath]] sect is popular in the state and the annual Ratha Yatra in Puri draws pilgrims from across India.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thenewleam.com/2018/07/lord-jagannaths-rathyatra-as-a-marker-of-odia-identity/|title=Lord Jagannath's Rathyatra as a Marker of Odia Identity|website=thenewleam|date=23 July 2018|access-date=18 January 2020}}</ref>

== Notable people ==
{{See also|List of people from Odisha}}
{{div col|colwidth=35em}}


* {{annotated link |Achyutananda Dasa}}
* {{annotated link |Binayak Acharya}}
* {{annotated link |Afzal-ul Amin}}
* {{annotated link |Subroto Bagchi}}
* [[Sadhabas]] - Traders and Merchants from Odisha( Kalinga)
* [[Kaundinya I]] - Kalingan Merchant & second monarch of [[Funan]]
* [[Madhusudan Das]] - Founder of Orissa Art Wares in 1898 and Utkal Tannery in 1905
* [[Biju Patnaik]] - Founder of Kalinga tubes, Kalinga Airlines, Kalinga Iron work, Kalinga Refractories and the Kalinga, a daily Odia newspaper
* {{annotated link |Bhikari Bal}}
* {{annotated link |Hemananda Biswal}}
* {{annotated link |Bhagabat Behera}}
* {{annotated link |Chakradhar Behera}}
* {{annotated link |Chandi Prasad Mohanty}}
* {{annotated link |Sanatan Mahakud}}
* {{annotated link |Krishna Beura}}
* {{annotated link |Kadambini Mohakud}}
* [[Achyuta Samanta]] - Founder, KIIT Group
* [[Soumya Ranjan Patnaik]] - Founder, Sambad Group
* Dr [[ Swarup Ranjan Mishra]] - Founder, Mediheal Group of Hospitals, [[Kenya]] & 1st Odia MP of Kenya, from [[Kesses Constituency]]
* Dr [[Ramakanta Panda]] - Founder, Asian Heart Institute & Asian Hospitals
* {{annotated link |Dutee Chand}}
* {{annotated link |Nabakrushna Choudhuri}}
* {{annotated link |Ashok Das}}
* {{annotated link |Bibhusita Das}}
* {{annotated link |Bidhu Bhusan Das}}
* {{annotated link |Bishwanath Das}}
* {{annotated link |Gopabandhu Das}}
* {{annotated link |Madhusudan Das}}
* {{annotated link |Manoj Das}}
* {{annotated link |Nandita Das}}
* {{annotated link |Prabhat Nalini Das}}
* {{annotated link |Shaktikanta Das}}
* {{annotated link |Anil Dash}}
* {{annotated link |Rajendra Narayan Singh Deo}}
* {{annotated link |Giridhar Gamang}}
* {{annotated link |Hussain Rabi Gandhi}}
* {{annotated link |Biswabhusan Harichandan}}
* {{annotated link |Mehmood Hussain}}
* {{annotated link |Binod Kanungo}}
* {{annotated link |Madhu Sudan Kanungo}}
* {{annotated link |Indrajit Mahanty}}
* {{annotated link |Jayanta Mahapatra}}
* {{annotated link |Harekrushna Mahatab}}
* {{annotated link |Lalit Mansingh}}
* {{annotated link |Chaturbhuj Meher}}
* {{annotated link |Gangadhar Meher}}
* {{annotated link |Kailash Chandra Meher}}
* {{annotated link |Kunja Bihari Meher}}
* {{annotated link |Sadhu Meher}}
* {{annotated link |Atharuddin Mohammed}}
* {{annotated link |Pramod Kumar Mishra}}
* {{annotated link |Sabyasachi Mishra}}
* {{annotated link |Baidyanath Misra}}
* {{annotated link |B. K. Misra}}
* {{annotated link |Dipak Misra}}
* {{annotated link |Ranganath Misra}}
* {{annotated link |Tapan Misra}}
* {{annotated link |Biren Mitra}}
* {{annotated link |Sayeed Mohammed}}
* {{annotated link |Anubhav Mohanty}}
* {{annotated link |Baisali Mohanty}}
* {{annotated link |Debashish Mohanty}}
* {{annotated link |Surendra Mohanty}}
* {{annotated link |Uttam Mohanty}}
* {{annotated link |Bibhu Mohapatra}}
* {{annotated link |Kelucharan Mohapatra}}
* {{annotated link |Sona Mohapatra}}
* {{annotated link |Arabinda Muduli}}
* {{annotated link |Droupadi Murmu}}
* {{annotated link |Srabani Nanda}}
* {{annotated link |Bibhuti Bhushan Nayak}}
* {{annotated link |Pragyan Ojha}}
* {{annotated link |Nila Madhab Panda}}
* {{annotated link |Arun K. Pati}}
* {{annotated link |Biju Patnaik}}
* {{annotated link |Janaki Ballabh Patnaik}}
* {{annotated link |Jayanti Patnaik}}
* {{annotated link |Naveen Patnaik}}
* {{annotated link |Sudarshan Patnaik}}
* {{annotated link |Sambit Patra}}
* {{annotated link |Devdutt Pattanaik}}
* {{annotated link |Dharmendra Pradhan}}
* {{annotated link |Manasi Pradhan}}
* {{annotated link |S.N. Pradhan}}
* {{annotated link |Tapan Kumar Pradhan}}
* {{annotated link |Ramakanta Rath}}
* {{annotated link |Nilamani Routray}}
* {{annotated link |Sarojini Sahoo}}
* {{annotated link |Archita Sahu}}
* {{annotated link |Jairam Samal}}
* {{annotated link |Debasish Samantray}}
* {{annotated link |Biplab Samantray}}
* {{annotated link |Pratap Chandra Sarangi}}
* {{annotated link |Nandini Satpathy}}
* {{annotated link |Fakir Mohan Senapati}}
* {{annotated link |Sadashiva Tripathy}}
* {{annotated link |Bijaya Kumar Sahoo}}


{{div col end}}

==See also==
*[[Odia diaspora]]
*[[Folk dance forms of Odisha]]
*[[Odia language]]
*[[Arts of Odisha]]
*[[Kalinga architecture]]
*[[Cinema of Odisha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Odia people}}
* [http://www.odisha.gov.in/ Odisha.gov.in]

{{Odisha}}

[[Category:People from Odisha| ]]
[[Category:Indo-Aryan peoples]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]

Janaki Sthan

2026-03-13T23:02:43Z

Mrrajrumel: Adding a info...

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Sitamarhi, India}}{{refimprove|date=May 2024}}{{Infobox religious building
| name = Janaki Sthan
| building_name = Janaki Sthan Mandir
| native_name = जानकी स्थान
| religious_affiliation = [[Hinduism]]
| image = Janakisthan, Sitamarhi, Bihar.jpg
| caption = Janaki Sthan Mandir, Sitamarhi
| location = [[Sitamarhi]]
| deity = [[Sita]]
| tradition = Sanatana
| sect = Ramanuj Sampradaya
| festivals = [[Janaki Navami]]
| district = [[Sitamarhi district]]
| region = [[Mithila region]]
| country = [[India]]
| established = 1599
}}
'''Janaki Sthan''' ( [[Sanskrit]]: जानकी स्थान ) is a historical place related to the temple of [[Sita|Goddess Sita]] in the city of Sitamarhi. According to some scholars and saints, Janaki Sthan is claimed to be the place where Goddess Sita manifested in ''[[Ramayana]]''. This temple is called Janaki Sthan Mandir. This temple is about 2 kilometers away from [[Sitamarhi Junction railway station|Sitamarhi Railway Station]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Maharaj |first=Paramhans Pujya Sandipendra ji |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=78O7EAAAQBAJ&q=%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%2C+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80 |title=Shribhagwati Seeta Mahashakti-Sadhna: Bestseller Book by Paramhans Pujya Sandipendra ji Maharaj: Shribhagwati Seeta Mahashakti-Sadhna |date=2023-04-27 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-93-90372-49-2 |language=hi}}</ref> It comes under [[Ramanuja]] tradition in [[Hinduism]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=कहां है माता जानकी की जन्मस्थली? जानकी स्थान व पुनौरा धाम को ले विद्वानों के अपने तर्क - |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/sitamarhi-where-is-the-birthplace-of-the-mother-janaki-scholers-differ-13965610.html |access-date=2024-05-07 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

== Description ==
Janaki Sthan Mandir is much older than the [[Janaki Mandir|Janaki Temple]] in [[Janakpur]]. According to a court document, in 1599, the land under Janaki Sthan was donated to the Janaki temple in Sitamarhi city by King Narpati Singh<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ram Mandir: जनकपुरधाम से प्राचीन है मिथिला का श्रीराम मंदिर, 1806 में हुई थी स्थापना; ये है खास बात - Shri Ram temple of Mithila is older than Janakpurdham here is detail |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/darbhanga-shri-ram-temple-of-mithila-is-older-than-janakpurdham-here-is-detail-23624038.html |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> of [[Raj Darbhanga]]. Its founder is believed to be Hiraram Das of Revasa Math of [[Rajasthan]]. According to a case filed in [[Patna High Court]] in 1923 regarding this Math, the name of its first Mahant was Hiram and he was said to be a resident of Misraula village of Shahabad.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=सीता जन्मस्थली : सरहदों में बंटी, मठों में उलझी क्या है जानकी की पूरी कहानी? |url=https://www.indiatodayhindi.com/magazine/state/story/20240124-sitas-birthplace-ram-mandir-ayodhya-what-is-the-story-of-janaki-777622-2024-01-21 |access-date=2024-05-07 |website=India Today Hindi |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sinha |first=Lallan Prasad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qj97DwAAQBAJ&q=%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%2C+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80 |title=Sitamarhi Charit: Sitamarhi Charit: The Saga of Sitamarhi by Shri Lallan Prasad Sinha |date=2019-01-01 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7721-387-4 |language=hi}}</ref>

== Disputes between Janaki Sthan and Punauradham ==
The manifestation ( birth ) place of Goddess Sita has been a long-standing controversy. Some scholars say that her birthplace is Janaki Sthan located while others locate it at [[Punaura Dham|Punauradham]]. Both places offer Janaki temples as well as Kunds. The Kund at [[Punaura Dham|Punauradham]] is called [[Sita Kund]] or ''Janaki Kund'' while the Kund at Janaki Sthan is called [[Urvija Kund]]. Mahant Vinod Das points to Janaki Sthan. A tradition of Guru-Shishya persists there. After the death of Guru, Shishya was assigned as ''Mahant''. After the death of a certain ''Mahant''{{Which one|date=September 2024}} during [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]], two of his disciples both claimed to be the ''Mahant''. The [[Privy Council (United Kingdom)|Privy Council of London]] gave verdict in the favor of ''Janaki Sthan''. The second disciple went to [[Pundrik Ashram|Pundarik Ashram]] at [[Punaura Dham|Punauradham]] and built a temple there. That temple later became Ram Janaki Mandir. Sage ''Pundarik'' may have had an ashram in Punaura where he used to meditate. In the 19th century, [[Birla family|Birla]] Group wanted to renovate the Janaki Sthan Mandir, but the then ''Mahant'' did not allow this fearing that the temple would be named Birla Mandir. Then Birla's team switched to Punauradham and renovated the Ram Janaki Mandir there.<ref name=":0" />

According to ''Dr Balwant Shastri'', a member of ''Hindi Rajbhasha Samiti'', the birthplace of Goddess Sita is Janaki Sthan. According to him, the [[Punaura Dham|Punauradham]] was the ashram of sage [[Pundrik Ashram|Pundrika]] and not the birthplace of Goddess Sita. He cited the text Ramayana for his claim.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-19 |title=जानकी स्थान मां सीता की जन्मस्थली नहीं-बलवंत शास्त्री: कहा- उनकी जन्मभूमि सीतामढ़ी में है न कि पुनौरा में, रामभद्राचार्य पर भी बोला हमला - Sitamarhi News |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/sitamarhi/news/balwant-shastri-says-janaki-sthan-is-not-the-birthplace-of-mother-sita-133044438.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525174125/https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/sitamarhi/news/balwant-shastri-says-janaki-sthan-is-not-the-birthplace-of-mother-sita-133044438.html |archive-date=2024-05-25 |access-date=2025-02-28 |work=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Celebrations and festivals ==
Every year the religious trust of the temple organises a spiritual journey known as [[Sitamarhi Dham Parikrama]] on the occasion of [[Sita Navami|Janaki Navami]] which covers the major Hindu religious centres in region of the Sitamarhi district of the Mithila region in Bihar.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Ramayana]]
[[Category:Sita temples]]
[[Category:Sitamarhi district]]
[[Category:Mithila (region)]]

Gavi Dam

2026-03-10T14:04:41Z

Mrrajrumel: New First Post Initial Version

{{Short description|Dam in Kerala}}

{{Infobox dam
| location_map = India Kerala#India
| name = Gavi Dam
| coordinates = {{Coord|9.4412|77.1600|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| location = [[Gavi, Kerala|Gavi]]
| purpose = P
| status = O
| opening = {{Start date|1990}}
| owner = [[Kerala State Electricity Board]]
| dam_type = G
| dam_crosses = Gaviar
| dam_height_foundation = {{Cvt|17.00|m|ft}}
| dam_length = {{Cvt|110|m|ft}}
| website = [https://www.kseb.in]
}}

'''Gavi Dam''' or '''Gaviar Dam''' (Malayalam: ഗവിയാർ അണക്കെട്ട്) is a small, [[gravity dam]] constructed as a part of Sabarigiri hydro electric project on Gaviyar, which is a tributary of [[Pamba River|Pamba]] river at [[Seethathodu|Seethathode]] village in [[Pathanamthitta district]] of [[Kerala]], India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala State Electricity Board Limited - Kerala State Electricity Board Limited|url=https://www.kseb.in/index.php?option=com_jdownloads&view=download&id=18151:y-r2-y-eap-28-04-2021&lang=en|access-date=2021-07-28|website=www.kseb.in}}</ref> Taluks through which release flow are [[Ranni, Kerala|Ranni]], [[Konni, Kerala|Konni]], [[Kozhencherry]], [[Thiruvalla]], [[Chengannur]], [[Kuttanad]]u, [[Mavelikara (State Assembly constituency)|Mavelikara]] and [[Karthikappally]].

[[File:Gavi_dam.jpg|thumb|left|160px|Gavi Dam and reservoir]]

[[Sabarigiri Hydro Electric Project]] (340 MW) is the second largest hydro electric project of Kerala and is located in Pathanamthitta District. This dam was constructed as a part of Sabarigiri Augmentation scheme. The reservoir is common to Gavi & [[Kullar Dam|Kullar dams]]. Water from this reservoir is diverted to [[Meenar-1_Dam|Meenar–I reservoir]] through a tunnel.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Diversion Structures in Pathanamthitta district – KSEB Limited Dam Safety Organisation|url=https://dams.kseb.in/?p=190|access-date=2021-07-28|language=en-US}}{{CC-notice|cc=bysa2.5}}</ref>
This masonry - gravity dam has a height of 17.07 meters and is 113 meters long, and is classified under Medium height type dams. The dam construction was completed in 1990. The dams of [[Moozhiyar Dam|Moozhiyar]], [[Kakki dam|Kakki]], [[Anathode Dam|Anathode]], Gavi and [[Kochu Pamba Weir|Kochu Pamba]] are part of the Sabarigiri hydro-electric project.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gavi trip through forest: All you need to know|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/kerala/2019/09/13/gavi-trip-through-forest-what-to-keep-in-mind.html|access-date=2021-07-28|website=OnManorama}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Emergency Action Plan (Tier- I) Gavi|url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3e2ef524fbf3d9fe611d5a8e90fefdc9c/uploads/2021/06/2021061479.pdf}}</ref>
{{clear|left}}

==Specifications==
*Latitude: 9° 24' 30" N
*Longitude: 77° 08' 00" E
*Panchayath: Seethathodu
*Village: Seethathodu
*District: Pathanamthitta
*River Basin: Pamba
*River: Gaviar
*Release from Dam to river: Pamba
*Year of completion: 1990
*Name of Project: Sabarigiri HEP
*Purpose of Project: Hydro Power
*Type of Dam: Masonry – Gravity
*Classification: MH (Medium Height)
*Maximum Water Level (MWL): EL 1139.2 m
*Full Reservoir Level (FRL): EL 1136.9 m
*Storage at FRL: 2.78 Mm3
*Height from deepest foundation: 17.07 m
*Length: 113.00 m
*Spillway: No spillway
*Crest Level: NA
*River Outlet: Not provided

==Tourism around the Reservoir==
Gavi Eco-Tourism, a project of the Kerala Forest Development Corporation is attracting lots of tourist. The project offers eco tourism activities like jeep safari, boat ride and Sabarimala view from its view point.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pamba Reservoir at Gavi {{!}} Gavi Eco tourism {{!}} Eco tourism programmes in Kerala {{!}} Trekking packages Kerala|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/ecotourism/gallery/eco-tourism-gavi/1957|access-date=2021-07-28|website=www.keralatourism.org}}</ref>

==References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commonscat}}
*[https://dams.kseb.in/?p=190 Diversion Structures in Pathanamthitta district] - KSEB

{{Dams in Kerala}}

[[Category:Dams in Pathanamthitta district]]
[[Category:Dams completed in 1990]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

Bhagwanji

2026-03-04T13:08:02Z

Mrrajrumel: adjust section per standard format also and updated info

{{Short description|Ascetic frequently claimed to be Subhas Chandra Bose}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Cleanup rewrite|it is extremely unencyclopedic and does not confirm to [[WP:MOS]]|date=January 2024}}
{{citation style|date=November 2020}}
{{cleanup AfD|date=November 2020}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
'''Bhagwanji''', also known as '''Gumnami Baba''' ({{lit|[[Baba (honorific)|Baba]] with no name}}), was an ascetic who lived approximately the last thirty years of his life in various parts of [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]. He is best known for being the object of rumors that asserted his real identity as being [[Subhas Chandra Bose]]. These claims have repeatedly been found to be unsubstantiated by numerous investigations.<ref>{{cite book | last=Фурсов | first=К. | title=Нетаджи: Жизнь и исчезновение Субхаса Чандры Боса | publisher=ЛитРес | year=2022 | isbn=978-5-04-447439-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7t10EAAAQBAJ | language=ru | page=449 | access-date=2 February 2023 | archive-date=2 February 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202183704/https://books.google.com/books?id=7t10EAAAQBAJ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Raghuvanshi"/> Bose presumed to have [[Death of Subhas Chandra Bose|died in a plane crash]] on 18 August 1945, but legends and rumors of his purported survival have circulated ever since.

Bhagwanji died on 16 September 1985, in [[Ayodhya]].

== Items recovered from Bhagwanji's belongings ==
Several items were recovered from Bhagwanji's belongings which were sent to district treasury in 26 wooden boxes. Details of those items were reported in many newspapers. Items contained huge collection of books in English, Hindi and Bengali, numerous Indian and foreign magazines and newspapers, many foreign made items, letters from some very important political and national leaders, maps, photographs of Bose's family members and some [[Indian National Army]] memorabilia.

*Many letters were found, written to Bhagwanji from former [[Indian National Army]] officers and mainly Pabitra Mohan Roy. Some letters were written by Bose family members. A letter from [[M. S. Golwalkar]], director of [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|RSS]] was found where he had addressed Bhagwanji as ''Pujyapad Shrimaan Swami Vijayanandji Maharaj''. The letter read – "''I received your letter written from August 25 to September 2 on September 6, 1972. If you point out one particular location out of the three places mentioned in the letter, then my job will certainly become easier.''"<ref>{{Cite news|last=RSS Chief|first=Gumnami Baba|date=13 March 2016|title=Gumnami Baba had letters from former RSS Chief|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Gumnami-Baba-had-a-letter-from-former-RSS-chief/articleshow/51376927.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313044423/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Gumnami-Baba-had-a-letter-from-former-RSS-chief/articleshow/51376927.cms |archive-date=13 March 2016 |access-date=|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> Another letter was from famous revolutionist [[Trailokyanath Chakravarty]] who in a letter written in 1963 to Bhagwanji, reminisced many accounts of spending time with Netaji in [[Mandalay]] jail and concluded that he along with thousands of ill-treated and oppressed people of [[East Pakistan]], are still waiting for him to return.<ref name=":10">{{Cite book|last=Coverup|first=India|title=India's biggest cover up|publisher=Anuj Dhar|year=2011|isbn=|location=New Delhi|pages=}}</ref>
* A large collection of books in Bengali, English, Hindi and Sanskrit, were recovered. Complete work of [[Rabindranath Tagore]], [[Saratchandra Chatterjee]], [[William Shakespeare]], Atharv Ved Samhita in Bengali by ''Durgadas Lahiri'', Vivekananda Bani (Bengali) by ''Kumar Krishna Nandi'', [[Ramprasad Sen|']] Sadhak Ramprasad' by ''[[Swami Vivekananda]]'', Bulletin of Netaji Research Bureau of January 1966, Freedom and after by ''Rabindranath Khan'', Hindi copy of 30 years in Jail by TrailokyaNath Chakrovarty, selected work of [[P G Wodehouse]], [[Charles Dickens]], [[Lewis Carroll]], [[Victor Hugo]], [[Henry Miller]], [[Swami Abhedananda]], [[Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam]] were few to mention. Many books pertaining to modern history and politics viz. [[The Last Days of the British Raj]] by [[Leonard Mosley]], [[History of the Freedom Movement in India]] 3 volumes by [[RC Majumdar]], [[The Lessons of History]] by [[Will Durant]] and [[Ariel Durant]], [[India Wins Freedom]] by [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad]], [[Netaji Through German Lens]] by [[Nanda Mookerjee]], [[Himalayan Blunder]] by Brigadier [[John Dalvi]], [[India's China war]] by [[Neville Maxwell]], ''Moscow's Shadow over West Bengal'' by Rajni Mukherjee, [[The Gulag Archipelago]] by [[Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn]], copy of [[International Military Tribunal for the Far East]], few books of journalist [[Kuldip Nayar]], a copy of [[Hanuman Chalisa]] and [[Bhagwad Gita]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bose|first=Subhas Chandra|date=|title=Subhas Chandra Bose: The Afterlife of India's Fascist Leader|url=https://www.historytoday.com/archive/subhas-chandra-bose-afterlife-india%E2%80%99s-fascist-leader|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305230915/http://www.historytoday.com/archive/subhas-chandra-bose-afterlife-india%E2%80%99s-fascist-leader|archive-date=5 March 2019|access-date=|website=historytoday.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Baba|first=Gumnami|date=10 March 2016|title=mages-of-gumnami-baba-s-belongings-deepens-mystery-over-his-identity-and-netaji-mystery|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/images-of-gumnami-baba-s-belongings-deepens-mystery-over-his-identity-and-netaji-mystery-251791.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311110547/http://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/images-of-gumnami-baba-s-belongings-deepens-mystery-over-his-identity-and-netaji-mystery-251791.html |archive-date=11 March 2016 |access-date=|website=indiatimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Baba|first=Gumnami|date=|title=Pioneer was his favourite|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2016/page1/the-pioneer-was-gumnami-babas-favourite-daily.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102071751/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2016/page1/the-pioneer-was-gumnami-babas-favourite-daily.html |archive-date=2 November 2020 |access-date=|website=dailypioneer}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=belongings|first=Gumnami Baba|date=6 March 2016|title=Belongings of Gumnami Baba|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/the-babas-belongingsgumnani-baba-subhas-chandra-bose/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306105418/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/the-babas-belongingsgumnani-baba-subhas-chandra-bose/ |archive-date=6 March 2016 |access-date=|website=indianexpress}}</ref>
* Among artefacts found, there were framed photographs of parents of Netaji, his school teacher Benimadhab Das, elder brother Suresh Chandra Bose (draped in a typical Bengali silk), group photo of Netaji's family, single photo of Netaji's parents, Netaji's photo in INA uniform, photographs of several INA colleagues, INA uniform, medals and insignia, an English made typewriter, German made binocular, needles, European crockery set, a [[Rolex]] golden watch and 2 golden round [[Omega SA|Omega]] watches (similar to what Netaji's father had gifted him), smoking pipes and 3 US made [[Sheaffer]] pens.<ref name=":15">{{Cite web|last=Family Photo|first=Netaji|date=16 March 2016|title=netaji-family-photos-deepen-mystery-about-gumnami-baba|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/netaji-family-photos-deepen-mystery-about-gumnami-baba/story-etXcXVJxhuzVsrDKtoAooN.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317213125/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/netaji-family-photos-deepen-mystery-about-gumnami-baba/story-etXcXVJxhuzVsrDKtoAooN.html |archive-date=17 March 2016 |access-date=|website=hindustantimes.com}}</ref><ref name=":5" />
* Several maps along with two hand-drawn maps of [[Bangladesh]] and of a route originating in Eastern Russia, moving through Mongolia, China, Tibet and Nepal were also found along with several newspapers and magazines of which some were internationally published.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Baba|first=Gumnami|date=12 March 2016|title=8 items found from Gumnami Baba|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/stamps-letters-found-from-gumnami-baba-link-him-to-netaji-subhash-chandra-bose-251889.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313112401/http://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/stamps-letters-found-from-gumnami-baba-link-him-to-netaji-subhash-chandra-bose-251889.html |archive-date=13 March 2016 |access-date=|website=Indiatimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Suspicious|first=Items|date=6 February 2019|title=Suspicious items that relate Gumnami Baba to Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose|url=https://metrosaga.com/gumnami-baba/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105144547/https://metrosaga.com/gumnami-baba/ |archive-date=5 November 2020 |access-date=|website=metrosaga}}</ref>

== Correspondence and meeting with famous people ==
Among people who had met Bhagwanji were some of the notable names of politics in independent India.
* [[Atul Sen]], a professor and an ex-MLA from [[Dacca]] (now Dhaka), Bangladesh. He knew Netaji beforehand as it was on Netaji's insistence he ran for office and won the election in the 1930s. He had a chance meeting with Bhagwanji sometime in the early 1960s at Neemsar.<ref name=":13" /> Upon being convinced he wrote a letter to prime minister Nehru, stating "''I take the liberty of addressing these few lines to you in the matter of the widely prevalent belief that [[Subhas Chandra Bose|Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose]] is not dead. Mine is not mere belief but actual knowledge that Netaji is alive and is engaged in spiritual practice somewhere in India. Not the sadhu of Shoulmari, Cooch Behar, in West Bengal about whom some Calcutta politicians are making a fuss. I deliberately make the location a little vague because from the talks I had with him for months together not very long ago, I could understand that he is yet regarded as Enemy No. 1 of the Allied Powers, and that there is a secret protocol that binds the government of India to deliver him to Allied 'justice' if found alive.''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mysteries|first=Unveiled|date=|title=5 Top mysteries|url=https://defencenewsclub.1site.co.in/2016/01/24/these-are-the-5-top-mysteries-that-the-recently-unveiled/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029234921/https://defencenewsclub.1site.co.in/2016/01/24/these-are-the-5-top-mysteries-that-the-recently-unveiled/ |archive-date=October 29, 2020 |access-date=|website=Defencenewsclub}}</ref> ". To that Nehru replied stating the India is not bound to any such clause in any agreement. Because of Sen's overzealousness, Bhagwanji asked him not to meet him again. Sen however informed Pabitra Mohan Roy in Kolkata about Bhagwanji.
* [[Pabitra Mohan Roy]], a physician by profession who was also an intelligence officer in [[Indian National Army]], carried this information to Leela Roy. Mr Roy met Bhagwanji in March 1962 at Neemsar and maintained contact with him till Sept, 1985. Numerous letters written by Mr. Roy were recovered from Bhagwanji's belongings and likewise many letters from Bhagwanji were recovered at Roy's place at [[Dum Dum]], Kolkata.<ref name=":13" /> On his subsequent visits to Bhagwanji during the aforementioned period, he started taking written notes, delivered by Bhagwanji himself, and transcribed it in form of secret diaries, that were unpublished till 2019, which was later on published as a book named "Mahakal Kathan".
* [[Leela Roy]], someone who knew Netaji for almost two decades, was the most renowned of all who had met Bhagwanji. She along with Mr. Roy met Bhagwanji in 1963. Leela Roy met Bhagwanji, accompanied by ''Kaviraj Kamalakanta Ghosh, Shaila Sen(called by Bhagwanji as Shailukumari), Prof [[Samar Guha]], & Anil Das (Renu)'' of INA Secret Service. Leela Roy with her team stayed there for 10/12 days. Bhagwanji presented a Tea cup with plate wrapped in saffron cloth, later he presented his self used [[Scheaffer]] Pen to Lee as a token of remembrance. It is said that Bhagwanji addressed Leela Roy as 'Lee', as Netaji used to do in the days of their working together.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Roy|first=Leela|date=|title=Deshnetri Leela Roy|url=http://jayasreepatrika.org/articles/revolutionary-deshnetri-leela-roy/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025014603/http://jayasreepatrika.org/articles/revolutionary-deshnetri-leela-roy/|archive-date=25 October 2019|access-date=|website=Jayasree Patrika}}</ref>
** Leela Roy in a letter to [[Dilipkumar Roy]], a close friend of Netaji, mentioned that your friend is still alive and is living as a mystic in India and she isn't entitled to say anything more of it.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Commission|first=Mukherjee|date=|title=Who was Gumnami|url=https://www.dailyo.in/politics/netaji-justice-mukherjee-commission-netaji-files-gumnami-baba-narendra-modi-declassification-of-bose-files-faizabad-rajiv-shukla/story/1/6897.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151024011152/http://www.dailyo.in/politics/netaji-justice-mukherjee-commission-netaji-files-gumnami-baba-narendra-modi-declassification-of-bose-files-faizabad-rajiv-shukla/story/1/6897.html|archive-date=24 October 2015|access-date=|website=DailyO}}</ref>
** She started providing for Bhagwanji and used to send items as requested by Bhagwanji till her death in 1970.
* [[Samar Guha]], an ardent Netaji follower, revolutionist, elected three consecutive times as a Member of Parliament, professor at [[Jadavpur University]] and writer of famous books on chemistry, visited Bhagwanji along with Leela Roy. Several of his letters were found at Bhagwanji's place. He kept in touch with Bhagwanji till 1985 and visited almost every year.
* ''Sunil Krishna Gupta'', brother of famous revolutionist [[Dinesh Chandra Gupta]], first visited Bhagwanji in 1963, after requested by Suresh Chandra Bose, Netaji's elder brother. Later his nephews ''Surajit Dasgupta and Jagatjit Dasgupta'' also used to accompany him, along with ''Tarun Kumar Mukhopadhyay.'' They deposed in front of Mukherjee commission and testified that Bhagwanji was Netaji only.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Netaji|first=Disappearance|date=|title=Netaji seen after his disappearance|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/netaji-seen-after-his-disappearance/articleshow/41600486.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421202458/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/netaji-seen-after-his-disappearance/articleshow/41600486.cms|archive-date=21 April 2023|access-date=|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref>
* Apart from these, ''Sunil Das, Santosh Bhattacharya, Dulal Nandy and Bijoy Nag'' used to visit Bhagwanji, who were associated with Jayashree publications, started by Leela Roy. Bijoy Nag later testified in front of Mukherjee Commission, that Bhagwanji was Netaji.
* Unconfirmed reports of visits from famous people viz. Dr. [[Sampurnanand]], [[Anandamayi Ma]], [[Pranab Mukherjee]] and [[Charan Singh]] also exist. Letters from Dr Sampurnanand and [[Ghani Khan Chowdhury|Ghani Khan Choudhury]] has been recovered from Bhagwanji's belongings.<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":1" />

== Search for his true identity ==
The life story of Bhagwanji was first published by a group of journalists; ''[[Ashok Tandon]], Ram Tirth Vikal and Chandresh Kumar Srivastav'', in a daily called Naye Log in Faizabad few weeks after Bhagwanji's death. Mr. Tandon went on to write a book called Gumnami Subhash in 1986. At the same time another magazine "Northern India Patrika" started publishing a series on Bhagwanji or Gumnami baba relating him with Netaji.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":3" />

As there were no claimants on Gumnami baba's belongings, district administration decided to auction the items. The attempt was stopped by local people and to quote Ashok Tandon -

"''After the reports emerged that the state administration is likely to auction the belongings of Gumnami Baba, Kauser Hussain of Northern India Patrika along with [[Vishwa Bandhav Tiwari]] and [[Mohd Haleem]] approached the court to stop the auctioning. The court ordered the administration to make the inventory of all the things that were found at Baba's place and submit it to the treasury. One of the letters found at Gumnami Baba's place was written by Basanti Devi, wife of [[Deshbandhu Chittaranjan Das]], who considered Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose as her own son''."<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|last=Baba|first=Gumnami|date=24 January 2020|title=Netaji Mystery|url=https://english.newsnationtv.com/india/news/netaji-subhas-chandra-bose-death-mystery-gumnami-baba-251745.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116222642/https://english.newsnationtv.com/india/news/netaji-subhas-chandra-bose-death-mystery-gumnami-baba-251745.html |archive-date=16 January 2021 |access-date=24 October 2020|website=news nation Tv}}</ref>

In early 1986, ''[[Lalita Bose]]'' a niece of Subhash Chandra Bose, arrived at Faizabad and upon going through the items, came to the conclusion that those belonged to her great-uncle only. She identified her mother's handwriting on a copy of the dissentient report submitted by Suresh Chandra as part of [[Shah Nawaz Committee]], where she had addressed her brother in law as "''Param kalyaneeya devar chiranjiveshu – Pranadhik sneh ashirvad''".<ref name=":4" />

She filed a writ petition (no. 929(M/B)) in [[Allahabad]] High Court, along with M Haleem and V Tiwari, demanding an immediate stop to auctioning the items, preparing an inventory of items and after due enquiry if it's ascertained that Gumnami baba was Netaji, hand over the items to her as she has right to inherit.<ref name=":3" />

As per interim order passed by the court, an inventory was prepared of all the items recovered from Ram Bhawan. 25 wooden trunks full of clothes, literature, letters and other artefacts were recovered. The state government had filed a counter affidavit to the petition, where they did mention that all the items recovered surprisingly relate to Netaji. They also observed that on every 23 January, the birthday of Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose, a closed door ceremony used to take place in Bhagwanji's room where people from [[Calcutta]] used to be present.<ref name=":3" />

=== Hanoi note ===
In a note found among the articles, written in Bengali by Bhagwanji, it said

2.9.45—Japs surrendered/Annamite Govt. became 'Govt. of Vietnam' under [[Ho Chi Minh]]/[[Hanoi]]/Liu Po Cheng

''Oct 1945: South China, General's Guest/Contact with Annamite Govt./One American Intelligence agent—Alfred Wagg—found out, told his Govt.''<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|last=Baba|first=Gumnami|date=2019|title=Gumnami Baba a case history|url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/leisure/2018/02/17/gumnami-baba-a-case-history-subhas-chandra-bose.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221085337/http://www.theweek.in/theweek/leisure/2018/02/17/gumnami-baba-a-case-history-subhas-chandra-bose.html |archive-date=21 February 2018 |access-date=|website=The Week}}</ref>"

[[Liu Bocheng]]/[[Liu Po Cheng]] was a famous Chinese military general fighting for People's republic. A writer named ''Shiv Prasad Nag'' wrote a book in 1950s called Liu Po Cheng or Netaji? A copy of the book was found among Bhagwanji's belongings along with a letter from Nag. A letter from Bhagwanji to Nag was also found where he wrote few lines in Bengali;

''যাকে তুমি বহুদিন আগে জেনেছিলে তাকে ভুলে যাও, সে মরে ভূত হয়ে গেছে। তাই সেই লোকটার মাপকাঠিতে এই শরীরকে বোঝার চেষ্টা করলে ভুল করবে। সেই আগের তিনি আর নেই, বাইরের থেকে এবং ভেতরে সে এক মৃত ভূত, ভাবলেশহীন, স্থবির এবং সবার ধরা ছোয়ার বাইরে''. (Do forget the one, you once knew, for he has turned into a ghost. Comparing this physical being with that person will only be misleading. That man is long gone. Physically and emotionally he has turned into a dead ghost, void of emotions, unwavering in conduct and beyond everyone's reach.)'<ref name=":11" />

As to [[Alfred Wagg]], he was a wartime correspondent for [[Chicago Tribune]], who on 29 August 1945, openly challenged [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] during a press conference, regarding why Netaji shouldn't be treated as a war criminal and also claimed that Netaji is alive and was seen four days back in [[Saigon]].<ref name=":11" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Baba|first=Gumnami|title=Gumnami Baba a case history|publisher=Eastern Book Company|year=2018|isbn=978-9351454779|location=|pages=}}</ref>

=== DNA Analysis of teeth ===

[[Anuj Dhar]] an investigative journalist, found a match box containing 9 teeth among Bhagwanji's belongings. Assuming those belonged to Bhagwanji, he requested Justice [[Manoj Kumar Mukherjee]] for a DNA analysis to be conducted on the teeth.

In 2004, two separate samples were sent to [[Central Forensic Science Laboratory, Hyderabad]] and [[Central Forensic Science Laboratory]], [[Kolkata]] along with blood samples from Netaji's relatives from paternal and maternal side.<ref name=":2" />

The report from Hyderabad was inconclusive and the reason mentioned, the teeth "did not yield DNA suitable for complete analysis".<ref name=":16">{{Cite web|last=DNA|first=Test|date=|title=DNA Test of Gumnami Baba|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/gumnami-baba-was-not-netaji-dna-test-report/230380|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318091811/http://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/gumnami-baba-was-not-netaji-dna-test-report/230380 |archive-date=18 March 2016 |access-date=|website=Outlookindia.com}}</ref>

The report from CFSL Kolkata was conclusive and reported that the DNA samples of the teeth didn't match with the DNA from Netaji's family members.<ref name=":16" />

Noted DNA expert Professor Gyaneshwar Chobey of [[Banaras Hindu University]], who has studied CFSL's report, said he was disappointed to see the analysis. He said, "There are many problems with the analysis as the software used to analyse samples (bioedit) is not meant for electropherogram analysis. Only four of 20 markers could not be used to infer anything about parental lineage." He further observed, "Height cannot be measured by dental morphology. Moreover 40-100 mg of pulp from a tooth is practically impossible."<ref name=":0" />"

While replying to an RTI filed by Sayak Sen, the CFSL director said on 4 February 2020, that [[Electropherogram]] report, related to the test is not available with CFSL, Kolkata.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

After few days, they did a volte face and replied on 24 February 2020,{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

"In continuation of your online RTI application vide Registration No DIRFS/R/E/20/00002 dated May 1, 2020 and our earlier reply letter number CFSL(K)/19-20/20/II/RTI-55/SS/475 dated February 4, 2020, the required information is furnished below: 1. Some additional records related to the RTI application have been found which contain the Electropherogram as sought in this RTI query. This information pertains to the third party, hence it cannot be provided".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Baba|first=Gumnami|date=2020|title=CFSL FlipFlop|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/cfsl-s-flip-flop-raises-more-questions-about-gumnami-baba/story-wTr6n3NdwtyJBoJq2HEIsM.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200305015650/https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/cfsl-s-flip-flop-raises-more-questions-about-gumnami-baba/story-wTr6n3NdwtyJBoJq2HEIsM.html |archive-date=5 March 2020 |access-date=|website=HindustanTimes}}</ref>"

On 22 October 2022, it was reported that the CFSL has again refused to share the Electropherogram report as requested by Sayak Sen through his RTI filed in September the same year. The CFSL cited sections 8(1)(A), (E) and 11(1) of the Right to Information Act, 2005, in its defence to not disclose the report. The fact that Section 8(1) of RTI act states that disclosure of an artefact would prejudicially affect the sovereignty and integrity of India, the security, strategic and economic interests of the State, raised more suspicion in the minds of the Netaji followers.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/netaji-subhash-chandra-bose-death-mystery-electropherogram-report-of-gumnami-babas-dna-sample-2288433-2022-10-22 |title=Netaji death mystery: Govt refuses to share DNA report of 'Gumnami Baba' - India Today |date=22 October 2022 |access-date=3 December 2022 |archive-date=3 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203190630/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/netaji-subhash-chandra-bose-death-mystery-electropherogram-report-of-gumnami-babas-dna-sample-2288433-2022-10-22 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Handwriting Analysis of Bhagwanji ===

Anuj Dhar approached ''B Lal Kapoor'' a retired Chief Examiner of Questioned Documents, top most position held by any Indian Govt official with respect to handwriting verification, with a set of handwriting of Bhagwanji and Netaji. Once B Lal gave a positive report about matches found, he was asked to join Mukherjee Commission to do the same job. This time he went through numerous writings from Bhagwanji and Netaji both in English and Bengali and came to the conclusion that both handwritings belong to the same person.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|last=Conpiracy|first=Netaji|date=21 September 2015|title=The disappearance of Netaji|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/the-disappearance-of-netaji-conspiracy-theories-over-the-last-70-years-1098032.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422152656/http://www.news18.com/news/india/the-disappearance-of-netaji-conspiracy-theories-over-the-last-70-years-1098032.html |archive-date=22 April 2016 |access-date=|website=News18}}</ref>

Justice Mukherjee was obliged to seek examination from Government experts in this regard who provided negative report. Compared to B Lal's report the official report was short and not extensive. The report from Government experts mentioned finding similarities in English handwriting but not in Bengali handwriting.<ref name=":16" /><ref name=":2" />

The handwritings were later verified by ''Curt Baggett'' a famous expert from USA, and concluded ''"Based upon thorough analysis of these items and application of accepted forensic examination tools, principles and techniques, it is my professional expert opinion that the same person authored both the writing on the known (proved as letters written by Bose) and on the questioned documents (accessed from Roy and other revolutionaries by the authors)."''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Baba|first=Gumnami|date=24 April 2019|title=Letters prove Netaji lived as Gumnami Baba|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/letters-prove-netaji-was-gumnami-baba-book/articleshow/69032271.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526204831/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/letters-prove-netaji-was-gumnami-baba-book/articleshow/69032271.cms |archive-date=26 May 2019 |access-date=|website=TimesofIndia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Curt|first=Baggett|date=|title=he-right-stand-india-deliberately-kept-in-the-dark-on-bose|url=https://www.news18.com/videos/india/the-right-stand-india-deliberately-kept-in-the-dark-on-bose-2186931.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915170426/https://www.news18.com/videos/india/the-right-stand-india-deliberately-kept-in-the-dark-on-bose-2186931.html |archive-date=15 September 2019 |access-date=|website=news18.com}}</ref>

In a recent webcast veteran handwriting expert ''Ashok Kashyap'' also confirmed that volumes of handwriting cannot be forged so perfectly.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Baba|first=Gumnami|date=19 August 2019|title=Gumnami Baba Letters forged?|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yecKx_G3zQQ|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101085344/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yecKx_G3zQQ&gl=US&hl=en |archive-date=1 November 2020 |access-date=|website=YouTube}}</ref>

== Counter claims and refutations ==
Netaji's family has long been distancing itself from Gumnami Baba or Bhagwanji and has abhorred the possibility of Netaji being Bhagwanji almost in all possible occasions. [[Sugata Bose]], grand nephew of Netaji called it a "travesty of history",<ref>{{Cite web|last=Subhash Chandra|first=Grand Nephew|date=23 August 2019|title=Subhas Chandra Bose's grandnephew blasts Srijit Mukherji for Gumnaami: Downright fabrication|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/subhas-chandra-bose-s-grand-nephew-blasts-srijit-mukherji-for-gumnaami-downright-fabrication-1590878-2019-08-23|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112203606/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/subhas-chandra-bose-s-grand-nephew-blasts-srijit-mukherji-for-gumnaami-downright-fabrication-1590878-2019-08-23|archive-date=12 November 2020|access-date=|website=indiatoday.com}}</ref> while another grand nephew [[Chandra kumar bose|Chandra kumar Bose]] observed, "it is a 'criminal offence' to term 'Gumnami Baba' as Netaji in disguise without any documentary or photographic evidence to support it"<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gumnami Baba|first=Bose Family|date=22 February 2019|title=It's sinister to call Netaji 'Gumnami Baba': Family|url=https://www.asianage.com/metros/kolkata/220219/its-sinister-to-call-netaji-gumnami-baba-family.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116185743/https://www.asianage.com/metros/kolkata/220219/its-sinister-to-call-netaji-gumnami-baba-family.html |archive-date=16 November 2020 |access-date=|website=asianage.com}}</ref>

Eminent researcher, author Dr [[Purabi Roy]], a proponent of the theory that Netaji's final days were in fact in Russia and not [[Taihoku Prefecture|Taihoku]], noted that calling Gumnami Baba as Netaji in disguise is mere [[sensationalism]]. She mentioned about Vishwambhar Nath Arora, a former principal of a college in Faizabad, visiting Gumnami baba's residence post his death and discovering cartons of cigarette and bottles of Scotch Whisky. Netaji was never known to be an alcoholic in his life.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Roy|first=Purabi|date=|title=Quest for Netaji plagued by sensationalism|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column-quest-for-netaji-plagued-by-sensationalism-2139179|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151030021135/http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column-quest-for-netaji-plagued-by-sensationalism-2139179|archive-date=30 October 2015|access-date=|website=dnaindia.com}}</ref>

V N Arora's testimony in front of Justice Sahai commission never mentions any thing about whiskey bottles though.<ref name=":4" />

== Justice Mukherjee commission ==
Justice [[Manoj Kumar Mukherjee]] commission was set up in 1999, to investigate whether Netaji perished in a plane crash in 1945 or not. He came across the story of Bhagwanji when journalist [[Ashok Tandon]] and Shakti Singh, the landlord of Ram Bhawan, approached him with details about Bhagwanji. They also mentioned about the petition filed by Lalita bose claiming Bhagwanji to be Netaji.<ref name=":2" />

The commission visited the Faizabad treasury and out of 2600 items found from Bhagwanji's place, 700 were sent to Kolkata for research. The commission took the testimony of 31 witnesses in this regard.

Most important were of those who had seen Bhagwanji face to face and had also seen Netaji. [[Durga Prasad Pandey]], [[Srikant Sharma]] and [[Apurba Chandra Ghosh]] testified that Bhagwanji was Netaji and they have met both Netaji in the past and later Bhagwanji multiple times to clear any possible doubt. Mr Ghosh also added that once Bhagwanji enquired about one ''Bahadur'' who used to be a guard at Netaji's Elgin Road house and also asked if there is still a calendar with Maa Kali's photo in Netaji's room. Justice Mukherjee found their witnesses considerable.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Commission|first=Mukherjee|date=|title=JMCI report|url=https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/jmci-I-eng.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920161303/https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/jmci-I-eng.pdf |archive-date=20 September 2020 |access-date=|website=mha.gov.in}}</ref>

Another set of witnesses deposed in front the commission who had seen Bhagwanji face to face. [[Dr Priyabrat Banerjee]] a doctor from Faizabad, his wife [[Rita Banerjee]] and her mother [[Bithi Chatterjee]] recounted their experiences of meeting Bhagwanji. Father of Dr. P Banerjee, Dr. T C Banerjee once treated Bhagwanji and was convinced that he is none but Netaji as he had seen Netaji before. According to Banerjee couple, they used to visit Bhagwanji very often and converse with him face to face. They used to ask questions in Bengali and Bhagwanji used to respond in Hindi, with a thick Bengali accent though. Rita Banerjee narrated an incident when upon asking Bhagwanji whether he felt offended due to their frequent probing, he responded in a poignant tone -

"''রাগ? যার নিজের মা বাবা থাকতে মা বাবা নেই, নিজের ভাই বোন থাকতে ভাই বোন নেই, নিজের দেশকে নিজের বলার অধিকার নেই, সে কি রাগ করতে পারে? অভিমান করতে পারে''" (A man who is deprived of his own parents and siblings, who can't call his country his own, can only feel hurt. He has no right to get angry)

Justice Mukherjee had to set aside their testimony as they had never seen Netaji in person and their testimony can be termed hearsay at best.

Upon receiving the official DNA analysis report and handwriting report which concluded as Bhagwanji not being Netaji, justice Mukherjee had no choice but to declare that Bhagwanji was not Netaji.<ref name=":2" />

Interview exposure: In a casual discussion with film maker [[Amlan Kusum Ghosh]], justice Mukherjee mentioned off-the-record that he was 100% sure that Bhagwanji was Netaji, as that was the most sensible view. Unbeknownst to him, the discussion got captured in camera and was telecast in different channels causing much controversy and uproar.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shoot for a film|first=Netaji|date=|title=Shoot for a film on Netaji|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/shoot-for-film-based-on-netaji-begins-in-bengal/1543318|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031152830/https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/shoot-for-film-based-on-netaji-begins-in-bengal/1543318 |archive-date=31 October 2020 |access-date=|website=Outlookindia}}</ref>

== Allahabad High Court verdict==
In 2010, another writ petition, no. 10877(M/B), was filed by Shakti Singh, the current owner of Ram Bhawan, to return all the items collected by Justice Mukherjee commission to Faizabad treasury.

The [[Allahabad High Court|Allahabad high court]] while passing the judgement in 2013, made several important observations on how prior commissions have worked and what compelled Justice Mukherjee to accept official DNA result as a proof to dismiss Bhagwanji being Netaji. The high court raised concern about accepting DNA test as full and final and commented as follows,

"''Even little doubt with regard to the veracity of teeth will compel a man of common prudence not to ignore the oral and other documentary evidence, that too when there was difference of opinion with regard to handwriting of Netaji compared by the experts.''<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=State of UP and others vs. Miss Lalita Bose and others|date=31 January 2013|publisher=Allahabad High Court |url=https://www.casemine.com/judgement/in/56b492ec607dba348f0031e9|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102225049/https://www.casemine.com/judgement/in/56b492ec607dba348f0031e9 |archive-date=2 November 2020 |access-date=|website=Casemine}}</ref>"

The below statement made by Allahabad high court indicated that they have strong reservation about accepting the conclusion drawn by earlier investigating committees and would not rule out the possibility of Gumnami Baba being Netaji.

"''79. Since still there is no conclusive finding through scientific measures with regard to Gumnami Baba, coupled with alleged accidental death of Netaji, the records and materials must be preserved and protected by all means for research scholars and future generation. Needless to say that we are trusties (Government) of the national assets. All the alleged materials and belongings of Gumnami Baba are national assets and must be protected for future generations so that at appropriate time by appropriate scientific methodological research truth may be unearthed or explored and addition may be made to Indian History with regard to life of Netaji or the person (Gumnami Baba) who has been treated as Netaji by the substantial section of public.''<ref name=":3" />"

The court criticized [[Government of India]] for being lackadaisical in handling the matter of Netaji's disappearance and made following observations.

"''84. So far as mystery with regard to the death of Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose in plane crash is concerned, it is for the Government of India to take a decision, more so when without assigning any reason, the report of Mukherjee Commission has been rejected.''<ref name=":3" />"

Apart from ordering the state government of UP to establish a museum and preserve Gumnami Baba's belongings scientifically and also directing justice Mukherjee commission to return the items taken during investigation, it ordered setting up another committee to find out the identity of Gumnami Baba.

"''C) The Government of U.P is further directed to consider for appointment of a committee consisting of a team of experts and higher officers, headed by a Retired Judge of High Court, to hold an enquiry with regard to the identity of late Gumnami Baba alias Bhagwan Ji who resided in Ram Bhawan, Faizabad and cremated on 18.9.1985 (supra). Let a decision be taken expeditiously, say within a period of three months.''<ref name=":3" />"

== Justice Sahai commission ==
In 2016, Vishnu Sahai Commission was formed following the order of Allahabad High Court.

After 3 years of inquiry and deposition of 45 witnesses, justice Vishnu Sahai came to the following conclusions.

# ''"He was a Bengali;''
# ''He was well-versed in Bengali, English and Hindi languages;''
# ''He was an extraordinarily well-read person because a very large number of books in Bengali, English and Hindi, on a large number of subjects, were found in that portion of Ram Bhawan, Faizabad in which he lived;''
# ''He was very well-informed about war, politics and current affairs;''
# ''There was an air of authority in his voice/tone, similar to that in the voice/tone of Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose;''
# ''He had tremendous will-power and self-control which enabled him to live the last 10 years of his life in Ayodhya and Faizabad behind a curtain;''
# ''People with whom he used to talk from behind a curtain were mesmerized after listening to him;''
# ''He spent a considerable time in pooja and meditation;''
# ''He was fond of good things of life like music, cigar and food;''
# ''He was an admirer of [[Subhash Chandra Bose]] but whenever rumour started spreading that he was Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose, he immediately changed his house; and''
# ''He was disillusioned with the State of Governance in India"''<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=Baba report|first=Gumnami|date=|title=Vishnu Sahai commission report|url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Report_of_Justice_Vishnu_Sahai_Inquiry_Commission_on_Gumnami_Baba.pdf|access-date=|website=uphome.gov.in}}</ref>''.''

* 29 of the witnesses claimed that Bhagwanji was Netaji
* 8 of the witnesses dismissed the claim that Bhagwanji was Netaji. All but one of them were family members of Netaji.
* One Shitala Singh testified that Bhagwanji was K D Upadhyay a murderer at large. His claim was outrightly rejected due to lack of evidence.
* Dr R P Mishra, a retired surgeon and very close follower of Bhagwanji described Bhagwanji like his own grandfather. Justice Sahai noted that it's a pity that Dr Mishra being most knowledgeable in this regard is not willing to disclose much about Bhagwanji.
* The rest of the witnesses claimed that Swami Sharadanandaji of Shoulmari was in fact Netaji and not Bhagwanji. Their claim was outrightly rejected for the want of evidence.

''Jayanti Rakshit'' grand daughter of [[Sarat Chandra Bose]], elder brother of Netaji, and her husband ''Amiya Nath Rakshit'' had visited Faizabad later in mid 2000. After speaking to local people and meeting investigating journalists, they were convinced that Gumnami Baba was their granduncle Netaji. They were the first witnesses to be examined by Justice Sahai, who rejected their claim as mere hearsay.<ref name=":4" />

There was only one witness [[Ayodhya Prasad Gupta]], who had seen both Netaji and Bhagwanji and testified that both were in fact same person. Justice Sahai dismissed his claim citing the clauses mentioned above and also owing to the fact the Mr Gupta falsely claimed of testifying in front of Mukherjee commission.<ref name=":4" />

3 investigating journalist [[Anuj Dhar]], [[Chandrachur Ghose]] and [[Ashok Tandon]] were also questioned. They produced their respective extensive research as exhibits and also testified that Bhagwanji was Netaji. Some important revelations were highlighted by Mr Tandon.<ref name=":4" /> -

* ''"A list was sent to Leela Roy and in one of the lists, it was mentioned 'photo of mother and father' ( it was not mentioned whose mother and father) Leela Roy sent to him photos of Janaki Nath Bose and Smt.Prabhawati Devi, father and mother respectively of Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose."''
* ''"Vishwanath Roy wrote a letter to Gumnami Baba mentioning the day he came in 1923 along with Deshbandhu and Gumnami Baba gave a speech in connection with Vidhan Sabha elections he decided that he was his Guru''<ref name=":4" />''"''
* ''"A small slip was found wherein in Bangla it was mentioned -''

''"<big>হরিপুরার থেকে ওয়েলিংটন পর্যন্ত যা ঘটেছিল তা যদি না ঘটত, তাহলে জীবণটা হয়ত অন্যদিকে মোড় নিত</big>" ( In English it means that if what happened between Haripura and Wellington had not happened then life could have gone in a different direction). At Haripura Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose was elected as Congress President and in Wellington he resigned from the said post.''<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":4" />''"''

Justice Sahai was moved by the set of evidences and commented -

"''I have bestowed my anxious consideration to the claim of Chandrachur Ghose that there was a very strong possibility that Gumnami Baba alias Bhagwanji and Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose were one and the same person. It should be borne in mind that Judicial Commissions of Enquiry (like the present) do not reach conclusions on a very strong possibility; they only reach one when there is a very high degree of probability of the likelihood of something being true''<ref name=":4" />''.''"

But he finally rejected their claims citing the DNA result and the fact none of them have seen Bhagwanji and all their work is based on hearsay.

[[Rita Banerjee]] who testified in Mukherjee commission, deposed again. Out of all the witnesses she was the one who had seen Bhagwanji face to face for the longest duration. Her testimony was rejected citing 2 reasons mentioned above and also for the fact that she wrongly mentioned of not appearing before any other commission whereas she did appear in front of Mukherjee commission. This was made as a ground to reject her testimony.<ref name=":4" />

3 witnesses ''Amita Singh, Nand Kumar Misra and Shiv Prasad Yadav'' had seen Bhagwanji face to face few times in their lives. Their testimonies were also rejected citing the first two clauses.<ref name=":4" />

7 witnesses were Bose family members who outrightly rejected the idea that Netaji could possibly be spending the rest of his life as a renunciate. ''Dwarkanath Bose, Chitra Ghose, Nita Ghose, Krishna Ghose and Ardhendu Bose'' made the following statements in order to dismiss the claim.

''"On account of serious afflictions and illness from which Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose suffered and his frequent confinement in Jails it is scarcely conceivable that he could have survived as a mortal human being until his late eighties, as would have been the case had he been Gumnami Baba. (Subhash Chandra Bose was born in 1897 and Gumnami Baba died on September 16, 1985)"''<ref name=":4" />

''"Since neither the parents nor siblings of Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose lived till late eighties, considering the perilous life which Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose had lived, it is most unlikely that he would have lived till the age of 88 years"''<ref name=":4" />

''"Briefly, it is unthinkable that the person who was Netaji would disappear into seclusion from 1945, until his death 40 years later at the age of 88 years – decades in which his beloved India lurched from crisis to crisis, beginning with the monstrous tragedy of partition on religious lines. Would Subhash Chandra Bose have idly stood by while the agonies of communalism, massive poverty and bad Government assailed the people of India? I will be quite unequivocal in saying that this is impossible."''<ref name=":4" />

They also added that mere discovery of certain artefacts related to Bose family in the custody of certain Bhagwanji is no way proof enough to establish him as Netaji. It is also to be noted that those items were procured by one Bijoy Nag at Bhagwanji's behest.

Ardhendu Bose, son of Sailesh Chandra Bose, younger brother of Netaji, added that although his father was the real brother of Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose and had died in March,1984 and he (his father) had heard about Gumnami Baba and very frequently at his father's residence in Bombay a lot of discussion pertaining to the identity of Gumnami Baba used to take place, had his father felt that Gumnami Baba was Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose, he would have certainly gone to visit/see him because that would have helped him to determine whether he was Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose or not.<ref name=":4" />

Justice Sahai deemed that these statements hold merit and drew a conclusion accordingly

Bulbul controversy: Justice Sahai based his judgement on a letter sent by a teenage girl named ''Bulbul'', asking Gumnami Baba to be present at a function to be held at her house on 23 January 1980, celebrating Netaji's birthday. Justice Sahai deduced that Gumnami baba couldn't be separately invited to celebrate his own birthday, had he been Netaji himself.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Baba|first=Gumnami|date=27 December 2019|title=Saga of Gumnami Baba|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/the-saga-of-gumnami-baba-lives-on/story-GMCGKoWJqGTbZ4xsUhUEKK.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227144814/https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/the-saga-of-gumnami-baba-lives-on/story-GMCGKoWJqGTbZ4xsUhUEKK.html |archive-date=27 December 2019 |access-date=|website=Hindustantimes}}</ref> Bulbul alias Suhita Bhattacharya was never asked to appear as witness, however, she later confirmed in an interview in a webcast that she always knew that Gumnami Baba was Netaji as told by her father Santosh Bhattacharya a frequent visitor to Gumnami Baba.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Report|first=Sahai commission|date=|title=Bulbul interview|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E2ltEk3fnDk|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101085344/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E2ltEk3fnDk&gl=US&hl=en |archive-date=1 November 2020 |access-date=|website=YouTube.com}}</ref>

In December 2019, the commission concluded that Bhagwanji was not Subhas Chandra Bose. In its report, the commission further concluded that Bhagwanji was a follower of Bose.<ref name="Raghuvanshi">{{cite web | last=Raghuvanshi | first=Umesh | title=Gumnami Baba was not Netaji, but his follower, says Justice Sahai Commission | website=Hindustan Times | date=2019-12-19 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/gumnami-baba-was-not-netaji-but-his-follower-says-justice-sahai-commission/story-5lOzLE18KAHctky6HW9kbI.html | access-date=9 May 2023 | archive-date=9 May 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509034118/https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/gumnami-baba-was-not-netaji-but-his-follower-says-justice-sahai-commission/story-5lOzLE18KAHctky6HW9kbI.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Legacy==

For many of his followers and admirers believe that he was none other than [[Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose]] himself, spending the rest of his life as a renunciate in the state of Uttar Pradesh, after his mysterious disappearance in 1945.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Baba|first=Gumnami|date=|title=Will Akhilesh stoop to a cong alliance for the sake of Gumnami Baba|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/adheer-som/will-akhilesh-stoop-to-a-cong-alliance-for-the-sake-of-gumnami_a_21646251/|access-date=|website=huffingtonpost.in}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite news|last=Baba|first=Gumnami|date=7 September 2015|title=Gumnami baba was Netaji himself|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Was-Gumnami-Baba-actually-Netaji-himself/articleshow/48850772.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908111203/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Was-Gumnami-Baba-actually-Netaji-himself/articleshow/48850772.cms|archive-date=8 September 2015|access-date=|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> Nonetheless, two investigating commissions have refused to accept him as Netaji.

Bhagwanji's lectures used to be published in a Bengali monthly named "Jayashree", of which Roy was the editor. Roy's nephew Bijoy Nag later published a book named "''Oi Mahamanab Asey'' (Here comes the great man)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Charanik|first=Bijoy Nag|title=Oi Mahamanab Asey|publisher=Jayasree Publication|year=1973|location=|pages=}}</ref>" which is a collection of lectures published in the Jayashree monthly. Jayasree is still actively publishing the works of Bhagwanji through various books. In the year 2020, Indrasish Bhattacharya has been appointed as the Constituent Attorney of Bijoy Kumar Nag (Jayasree Patrika Trust) to continue the works and represent the trust.<ref>{{Cite web |title=নেতাজি জয়ন্তীতে কেমন আছে জয়শ্রী প্রকাশনী? {{!}} Netaji Jayanti {{!}} Jaysree Prakashan {{!}} Kolkata History {{!}} সালটা ১৯৪০। পথ চলা শুরু জয়শ্রী প্রকাশনীর। সংস্থার নামকরণ হয় কবিগুরুর হাত ধরে। আসলে এই প্রকাশনী ছিল নেতাজি যাপনের আঙ্গিক। নেতাজির ১২৫তম জন্মজয়ন্তীতে কেমন... {{!}} By TV9 Bangla {{!}} Facebook |url=https://www.facebook.com/TV9BanglaLive/videos/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80-netaji-jayanti-jaysree-prakashan-kolkat/470268301379746/ |access-date=2023-04-23 |website=facebook.com |language=en |archive-date=23 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423191022/https://www.facebook.com/TV9BanglaLive/videos/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80-netaji-jayanti-jaysree-prakashan-kolkat/470268301379746/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He is a close associate of Sunil Krishna Gupta and Surajit Dasgupta, both deponent at the JMCI.

Bhagwanji's lectures often included matters on contemporary politics, theology, music and even metaphysics.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Baba|first=Gumnami|date=7 September 2015|title=Was Gumnami Baba actually Netaji himself?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Was-Gumnami-Baba-actually-Netaji-himself/articleshow/48850772.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908111203/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Was-Gumnami-Baba-actually-Netaji-himself/articleshow/48850772.cms|archive-date=8 September 2015|access-date=|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref>

In April 2017, the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] decided to digitize all the books recovered from Gumnami Baba's belongings.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Baba|first=Gumnami|date=9 April 2017|title=gumnami-babas-books-collection-to-be-digitised|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/gumnami-babas-books-collection-to-be-digitised/articleshow/58087959.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612071044/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/gumnami-babas-books-collection-to-be-digitised/articleshow/58087959.cms|archive-date=12 June 2022|access-date=|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref>

As per order passed by Allahabad High Court, Government of Uttar Pradesh under chief minister Akhilesh Yadav, allocated funds to set up a museum for public display of items used by Bhagwanji. A gallery has been dedicated to him in the ''"Ram Katha Sangrahalay"'' museum located in [[Ayodhya]]. The gallery is yet to be inaugurated.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sangrahalay|first=Ram Katha|date=17 October 2017|title=ram-katha-sangrahalaya-in-ayodhya-gallery-displaying-gumnami-baba-s-belonging-soon-to-open-for-public|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/ram-katha-sangrahalaya-in-ayodhya-gallery-displaying-gumnami-baba-s-belonging-soon-to-open-for-public/story-6FNYK2lsbe6v0HHXsglBYP.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017091847/http://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/ram-katha-sangrahalaya-in-ayodhya-gallery-displaying-gumnami-baba-s-belonging-soon-to-open-for-public/story-6FNYK2lsbe6v0HHXsglBYP.html |archive-date=17 October 2017 |access-date=|website=hindustantimes.com}}</ref>

In 2019, a film named [[Gumnaami]], based on [[Anuj Dhar]]'s book ''Conundrum'' was created which depicted Bhagwanji.<ref>{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p6aJxgEACAAJ| title=Conundrum Subhas Bose's Life After Death| work=By Chandrachur Ghose, Anuj Dhar| date=29 April 2019| isbn=9789386473578| accessdate=6 May 2022| last1=Ghose| first1=Chandrachur| last2=Dhar| first2=Anuj| publisher=Vitasta| archive-date=12 May 2023| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512003709/https://books.google.com/books?id=p6aJxgEACAAJ| url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/netaji-subhash-chandra-bose-125th-birth-anniversary-remembering-him-through-bollywood-films-2022-01-23-755798 | title=Remembering Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose through these films on his 125th birth anniversary | date=23 January 2022 | access-date=11 June 2022 | archive-date=17 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517090401/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/netaji-subhash-chandra-bose-125th-birth-anniversary-remembering-him-through-bollywood-films-2022-01-23-755798 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/faced-death-threats-for-gumnaami-so-this-national-award-is-doubly-sweet-says-srijit-mukherji-1782638-2021-03-23 | title=Faced death threats for Gumnaami, so this National Award is doubly sweet, says Srijit Mukherji | date=23 March 2021 | access-date=11 June 2022 | archive-date=11 June 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611194300/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/faced-death-threats-for-gumnaami-so-this-national-award-is-doubly-sweet-says-srijit-mukherji-1782638-2021-03-23 | url-status=live }}</ref>

In November 2022 a film named [[Sannyasi Deshonayak]] directed by Amlan Kusum Ghosh, starring [[Victor Bannerjee]], [[Saswata Chatterjee]] and [[Locket Chatterjee]] in lead roles got released. The film explores the life of Bhagwanji during his stay in different places of Uttar Pradesh and searches his possible identity.<ref>https://www.imdb.com/title/tt11318262/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203191454/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt11318262/ |date=3 December 2022 }} {{unreliable source?|date=December 2022}}</ref>

==References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhagwanji}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:1985 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindu ascetics]]
[[Category:Allahabad High Court]]
[[Category:Faizabad]]
[[Category:Indian monks]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu monks]]
[[Category:Indian religious leaders]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian monks]]
[[Category:Conspiracy theories in India]]

Shri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu (film)

2026-03-04T04:09:57Z

Mrrajrumel: started the post v1

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Shri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu
| image = Sri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu film.jpeg

| caption =
| director = [[Vijay Bhatt]]
| producer = Vijay Bhatt
| writer = Pandit Girish
| screenplay = [[Dhruva Chatterjee]]
| story = Pandit Girish
| narrator =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Bharat Bhushan]]|[[Durga Khote]]|[[Ameeta]]|[[Madan Puri]]}}
| music = [[Raichand Boral|R. C. Boral]]
| cinematography = [[V. N. Reddy]]
| editing = Pratap Dave
| distributor = Prakash Pictures
| studio = Prakash Pictures
| released = {{Film date|1953|12|11|df=y}}<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=The Times of India |date=11 December 1953 |title=Only One New Release In Bombay Today: Vijay Bhatt's Mythological to Open at Super |location=Mumbai |id={{ProQuest|517909892}}}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |newspaper=The Times of India |date=18 December 1953 |title=Crowds Flock to "Chaitanya Mahaprabhu" at Super |location=Mumbai |id={{ProQuest|739284088}}}}</ref>
| runtime = 155 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Shri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu''''' is a [[List of Bollywood films of 1953|1953]] [[Hindi]] devotional biopic film produced and directed by [[Vijay Bhatt]].<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014">{{cite book|author1=Ashish Rajadhyaksha|author2=Paul Willemen|author3=Professor of Critical Studies Paul Willemen|title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&pg=PT306|accessdate=10 January 2015|date=10 July 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-94318-9|pages=306–}}</ref><ref name=Bhatt>{{cite web|last1=Pathak|first1=Pauravi|title=Vijay Bhatt-Spotlight|url=http://www.vijaybhatt.net/spotlight.html|website=www.vijaybhatt.ne|publisher=Pauravi Pathak|accessdate=10 January 2015}}</ref> The film's music was composed by [[R. C. Boral]], with lyrics by [[Bharat Vyas]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lyricsbogie.com/category/movies/shri-chaitanya-mahaprabhu-1954 |title=Shri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu|publisher=Lyricsbogie.com|accessdate=10 January 2015}}</ref> The director of photography was [[V. N. Reddy]]. Bharat Bhushan won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor]] for his portrayal of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]].<ref name="GulazāraNihalani2003">{{cite book|author1=Gulazāra|author2=Govind Nihalani|author3=Saibal Chatterjee|title=Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC&pg=PT557|accessdate=10 January 2015|year=2003|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7991-066-5|pages=557–}}</ref> Asha Parekh, having started her career as a child artist in 1952, and who went on to become a famous actress, was cast in a small role in this film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mediabang.org/name-35103-asha-parekh|title=Asha Parekh|publisher=Mediabang.org|accessdate=10 January 2015|archive-date=28 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028144632/http://www.mediabang.org/name-35103-asha-parekh|url-status=dead}}</ref> The starcast included [[Bharat Bhushan]], [[Durga Khote]], [[Ameeta]], [[Asha Parekh]], Ram Mohan, [[Madan Puri]], [[Kanhaiyalal (actor)|Kanhaiyalal]] and B.M. Vyas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citwf.com/film318782.htm|title=Shri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu|publisher=Alan Goble|accessdate=10 January 2015}}</ref>

The film was about the 15th century "medieval [[Vaishnav]] poet saint" and social reformer of [[Bengal]], Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, whom many considered an [[Avatar]] of [[Krishna]].<ref name="Raj2009">{{cite book|author=Ashok Raj|title=Hero Vol.1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tgo9BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT223|accessdate=10 January 2015|date=1 November 2009|publisher=Hay House, Inc|isbn=978-93-81398-02-9|pages=223–}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vijaybhatt.net/spotlight_phase3.html|title=Vijay Bhatt|publisher=Pauravi Pathak|accessdate=10 January 2015}}</ref> He was himself a Krishna devotee who is revered and worshipped even today.

==Plot==
Born under a [[Neem]] tree and hence also called [[Nimai]], Vishvambar ([[Bharat Bhushan]]) is the second son of Jagannath Mishra and his wife Sachi Devi. Due to his fair colour, he is often referred to as Gaurang (Fair-coloured). The social milieu in the 15th century setting of the story is shown as being dismal, with hypocritical priests and oppressive rulers. He loses his father at an early age and the family faces hardships financially. Nimai completes his education and is an expert at debating with the local priests. He starts a school and marries Vishnupriya, daughter of Sanatan Misra who is the court priest. On his father's death anniversary he goes to [[Gaya, India|Gaya]] to perform prayers for his father. There, he meets a saint called [[Ishvara Puri]]. He soon develops complete devotion to Krishna and starts chanting and singing his praises. His [[Radha]] and Krishna [[Bhakti]] (devotion) songs attract people from all walks of life. He takes renunciation and shaves his head. He settles in [[Puri]], concentrating on his Bhakti and disappears while singing a bhajan. Dhananjay Bhattacharya sang in a wonderful and rich voice "Hari Hari Bol, Mukund Madhav Govind Bol".

==Cast==
* [[Durga Khote]]
* [[Bharat Bhushan]] as [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu|Vishvambhar Mishra / Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]]
* [[Ameeta]]
* [[Kanhaiyalal (actor)|Kanhaiyalal]]
* [[Madan Puri]]
* [[B. M. Vyas]]
* Krishna Kumari
* Sulochana Chatterji
* Umakant

==Awards==
[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor]] - [[Bharat Bhushan]]<ref name="GulazāraNihalani2003"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/awards/filmfare-awards/filmfare-special/memorable-moments-of-filmfare-awards-a-flashback/articleshow/29208618.cms|title=1954 Filmfare Awards|publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd|accessdate=10 January 2015}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The music was directed by [[R. C. Boral]] and lyrics by [[Bharat Vyas]]. The playback singers of the 16 (one repeat) songs were [[Mohammed Rafi]], [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Asha Bhosle]], [[Talat Mehmood]], Binota Chakraborty, [[Dhananjay Bhattacharya]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://muvyz.com/moviepage/fc926257/songs/#tabs|title=Song-Shri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu|publisher=Muvyz, Inc|accessdate=10 January 2015}}</ref>

===Songlist===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer
|-
| 1
| "Preetmaye Sansar Pyare"
| [[Talat Mehmood]]
|-
| 2
| "Sar Pe Gagariya Tirchi Najariya"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]] and chorus
|-
| 3
| "Woh Gokul Ka Gwala Tha"
| [[Dhananjay Bhattacharya]], Lata Mangeshkar
|-
| 4
| "Teri Preet Samajh Na Aaye"
| Lata Mangeshkar
|-
| 5
| "Kya Ho Gaya Kya Mujhe Ho Gaya"
| Talat Mehmood and chorus
|-
| 6
| "Band Huye Sawan Dwar Sabhi"
| Dhananjay Bhattacharya
|-
| 7
| "Deen Bandhu Bhaav Sindhu Taarak"
| [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
| 8
| "Gokul Ke Is Raas Ko Karne Chaknachur"
| [[Asha Bhosle]], Mohammed Rafi
|-
| 9
| "Kajrare Naina Chhup Chhup Ghaat Kare"
| Lata Mangeshkar
|-
| 10
| "Baaje Muraliyaa Baaje, Sapane Hue Saanche"
| Lata Mangeshkar
|-
| 11
| "Gokul Gaon Kadamb Ki Chhaon"
| Mohammed Rafi
|-
| 12
| "Nimaayi Chand Gore Chand"
| Binota Chakraborty
|-
| 13
| "Hari Hari Bol Mukund Madhav"
| Dhananjay Bhattacharya
|-
| 14
| "Kanha Kanha Poonam Ki Raat Hai"
| [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| 15
| "Yada Yada Hi Dharmasya Kahan Gaya Woh Vachan"
|
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id =0157037|title =Shri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu (1954) }}

{{Vijay Bhatt}}

[[Category:1953 films]]
[[Category:1953 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Vijay Bhatt]]
[[Category:Hindu devotional films]]
[[Category:Indian biographical films]]
[[Category:1950s biographical films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]]

Chandrakant Topiwala

2026-02-23T15:03:14Z

Mrrajrumel: improve article to improve readability also and updated info

{{Short description|Indian Gujarati-language poet and critic (born 1936)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox writer
| name=Chandrakant Topiwala
| image= Writer Chandrakant Topiwala.jpg
| caption = at [[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]], Ahmedabad, October 2017
| birth_date={{birth date and age|1936|8|7|df=y}}
| birth_place=[[Vadodara]], Gujarat, India
| death_date=
| death_place=
| occupation= poet, critic
| period=
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| nationality=
| module={{Infobox academic
| child = yes
| doctoral_advisor = Self
| thesis_title=Linguistic operations in modern Gujarati poetry criticism
| thesis_url= http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/49649
| doctoral_students = {{plainlist|* [[Rajesh Vyas]]
* [[Mohan Parmar]]}} }}
| signature=Chandrakant Topiwala signature.svg
| awards= {{plainlist |
* [[Ranjitram Suvarna Chandrak]] (2002)
* [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (2012)
* [[Indian Languages Festival|Samanvay Bhasha Samman]] award (2013)
}}
}}

'''Chandrakant Amritlal Topiwala''' (born 7 August 1936) is a [[Gujarati language]] poet and critic from [[Gujarat]], India.

==Early life==
Topiwala was born on 7 August 1936 at [[Vadodara]], to Amritlal and Lilavati.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Joshi |first=Yogesh |author-link=Yogesh Joshi (poet)|title= Sahitya Akademi, Delhi Dvara Award (in 'Aa Kshane') |magazine=Parab |date=February 2013 |location=Ahmedabad |publisher=[[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]] |pages=11}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.museindia.com/authprofile.asp?id=374|journal=Muse India|issue=56|date=July–August 2014|issn=0975-1815|accessdate=16 July 2014|title=Chandrakant Topiwala|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729030811/http://www.museindia.com/authprofile.asp?id=374|archive-date=29 July 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> He completed his Bachelor of Arts in Gujarati from the [[University of Bombay]]-affiliated Saint Xavier's College in 1958, and received his Masters in 1960. He completed his PhD in 1982 from [[Gujarat University]].<ref name=enc>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KnPoYxrRfc0C&pg=PA4365|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot|volume=5|first=Mohan|last=Lal |publisher=Sahitya Akademi|year=1992 |isbn= 9788126012213|page=4365}}</ref><ref name=gsp>{{cite web|url=http://www.gujaratisahityaparishad.com/prakashan/sarjako/savishesh/Savishesh-Chandrakant-Topiwala.html|title=Chandrakant Topiwala|publisher=[[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]]|language =Gujarati|accessdate=17 July 2014}}</ref><ref name=AGSI>{{cite book|title=અર્વાચીન ગુજરાતી સાહિત્યનો ઈતિહાસ - આધુનિક અને અનુઆધુનિક યુગ (History of Modern Gujarati Literature – Modern and Postmodern Era)|first=Prasad|last=Brahmabhatt |publisher=Parshwa Publication|location=Ahmedabad|year=2010|pages=317–319|language=gu|isbn=978-93-5108-247-7}}</ref>

==Career==
Topiwala taught Gujarati language at K H Madhvani College, [[Porbandar]] from 1961 to 1965. In 1965, he joined Navjivan Commerce and Arts College, [[Dahod]] as head of Department of Gujarati, and served as principal of the college from 1971 to 1984. Later he became the director of [[Kasturbhai Lalbhai]] Swadhyay Mandir, run by [[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]], [[Ahmedabad]].<ref name=enc/><ref name=gsp/> He was the president of Parishad during 2016 to 2018.<ref name=AGSI/>

==Works==

===Poetry===
''Maheraman'', his first poetry collection, was published in 1962, followed by ''Kant Tari Rani'' in 1971, which gained him critical acclaim. ''Pakshitirth'' (1988) is further experimental poetry. ''Black Forest'' (1989) was written during his visit to Europe and was influenced by European culture. ''Avagaman'' (1999) and ''Apani Kavyasamriddhi'' (2004) are his other works of poetry.<ref name=enc/><ref name=gsp/><ref name=AGSI/>

===Criticism===
Topiwala is considered a modernist critic. His first book, ''Aparichit A Aparichit B'', was published in 1975 which has four sections. His collection ''Had Parna Hans Ane Albatross'' (1975) is a translation and criticism of [[Symbolism (movement)|French symbolist]] poetry. ''Madhyamala'' (1983) is a collection of articles on medieval [[Gujarati literature]]. Other publications include ''Pratibhasha nu Kavach'' (1984), ''San-sarjanatamak Kavya-vigyan'' (1985), ''Vivechanno Vibhajit Pat'' (1990), ''Granth Ghatna'' (1994) and ''Gujarati Sakshibhasya''.<ref name=enc/><ref name=gsp/><ref name=AGSI/>

===Translations===
He has translated works of the [[Bohemia]]n-Austrian poet [[Rainer Maria Rilke]] into Gujarati: ''[[Duino Elegies]]'' as ''Duino Karunikao'' (1976) and ''[[Sonnets to Orpheus]]'' as ''Orpheus Prati Sonneto'' (1977).<ref name=enc/> He translated [[Samuel Beckett]]'s short prose as ''Kalpo ke Kalpana Mari Parvari Chhe''. He translated and published ''Contemporary Gujarati Poetry'' (1972) and ''Maithili Sahitya no Itihas'' (History of Maithili Literature, 1987) and ''Ishwarni Yatna'' (2004).<ref name=enc/><ref name=gsp/><ref name=AGSI/>

===Other===
Topiwala co-edited ''Adhunik Sahitya Sangnya-Kosh'' (1986), a Gujarati dictionary of literary terms. He also edited ''Vishishta Sahitya Sangnya-Kosh'' (1988), ''Gujarati Tunki Varta Kosh'' (1990), ''Anuadhunikatavad'' (1993), ''Pavan Pagathiya'' (2004). He also edited ''[[Jayant Khatri]]ni Shreshth Vartao'' (1994).<ref name=enc/><ref name=gsp/><ref name=AGSI/>

==Awards==
He received a [[Ranjitram Suvarna Chandrak]] in 2002, [[Premanand Suvarna Chandrak]] in 2005, Anantrai Raval Criticism Award and a [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for his critical study ''Gujarati Sakshibhasya'' in 2012.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://m.thehindu.com/books/jeet-thayil-among-24-selected-for-sahitya-akademi-awards/article4222947.ece/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140726175006/http://m.thehindu.com/books/jeet-thayil-among-24-selected-for-sahitya-akademi-awards/article4222947.ece/|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 July 2014|title=Jeet Thayil among 24 selected for Sahitya Akademi Awards|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=21 December 2012|place=New Delhi|accessdate=17 July 2014}}</ref> He was conferred a [[Indian Languages Festival|Samanvay Bhasha Samman]] award in 2013 for his contributions to literature.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://wap.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/gujarati-poet-conferred-award-113102401237_1.html|title=Gujarati poet conferred award|work =Business Standard |date= 24 October 2013|place = New Delhi|accessdate =15 July 2014}}</ref><ref name=AGSI/>

==See also==
* [[List of Gujarati-language writers]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commonscat}}

{{Sahitya Akademi Award for Gujarati}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Topiwala, Chandrakant}}
[[Category:Modernist writers]]
[[Category:Indian literary critics]]
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:People from Vadodara district]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Gujarati]]
[[Category:Poets from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ranjitram Suvarna Chandrak]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]]
[[Category:Translators of Rainer Maria Rilke]]
[[Category:Translators of Edgar Allan Poe]]

Muskaan Nancy James

2026-02-19T23:11:28Z

Mrrajrumel:

{{short description|Indian television actress}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Muskaan Nancy James
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Muskaan Arora
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2006–2015
| height =
| spouse = {{marriage|Prashant Motwani|2021|2022|end=divorce}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/nancy-muskaan-gets-hitched-lavish-ceremony-hansika-motwanis-brother-prashant-check-out | title=Nancy Muskaan gets hitched in a lavish ceremony with Hansika Motwani's brother Prashant; Check out pictures | work=Tellychakkar | date=23 March 2021 | accessdate=17 September 2021 | author=Harmisha Chauhan}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/telly-talk/article/maata-ki-chowki-actress-muskaan-nancy-gets-married-to-hansika-motwanis-brother-prashant/735644 | title=Muskaan Nancy gets married to Hansika Motwani's brother Prashant | work=Zoomtventertainment| date=22 March 2021 | accessdate=17 September 2021 | author=Kirtika Katira}}</ref>
| other_names = Nancy James
| relatives =
}}
'''Muskaan Nancy James''' (also called '''Nancy James''') is an Indian television actress.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/lifestyle/fashion/sugandha-mishra-to-muskaan-nancy-james-tv-stars-who-got-married-during-pandemic/articleshow/82340312.cms | title=muskaan nancy james tv stars who got married during pandemic| work=Indiatimes.com | date=18 March 2021 | accessdate=17 September 2021 | author=Ayesha}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://news.abplive.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/television-hansika-motwani-brother-prashant-muskaan-nancy-haldi-ceremony-pics-couple-takes-a-dip-during-pool-party-1451425 | title=PICS: When Newly Married TV Actress Muskaan Nancy Took A Dip In Pool With Husband During Haldi Ceremony | work=[[ABP News]] | date=3 April 2021| accessdate=16 September 2021}}</ref>

==Television==

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Serial
! Role
! Channel
! Notes
! Reference
|-
| 2006–2007
| ''[[Thodi Khushi Thode Gham]]''
| Sapna Shah
| [[Sony Entertainment Television]]
| Supporting Role
|
|-
| 2008–2009
| rowspan = "2" | ''[[Mata Ki Chowki]]''
| Vaishnavi Vansh Kumar
| rowspan = "3" | [[Sahara One]]
| rowspan = "2" | Lead Role
| rowspan = "2" | <ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Mehul-back-in-Mata-Ki-Chowki/articleshow/4661077.cms | title=Mehul back in 'Mata Ki Chowki' | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=16 June 2009 | accessdate=19 November 2015 | author=Shah, Sonali}}</ref>
|-
| 2009–2011
| Sakshi Kumar / Sakshi Rudra Narayan
|-
| 2009
| ''Ganesh Leela''
| Vaishnavi Vansh Kumar (Episode 1)
| rowspan = "5" | Episodic Role
|
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 2012
| ''[[Adaalat (TV series)|Adaalat]]'' – Qatal Ka Aakhri Adhyay: Part 1 & Part 2
| Tilottama Nikhil Mishra (Episode 128 & Episode 129)
| [[Sony Entertainment Television]]
|
|-
| ''[[Fear Files: Darr Ki Sacchi Tasvirein]]''
| Episode 7
| [[Zee TV]]
|
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 2013
| ''[[Crime Patrol (TV series)|Crime Patrol]]''
|
| [[Sony Entertainment Television]]
|
|-
| ''[[SuperCops Vs SuperVillains]]'' – Shapath
| Episode 38
| [[Life OK]]
|
|-
| 2013–2014
| ''[[Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap]]''
| [[Meera]]
| rowspan = "2" | [[Sony Entertainment Television]]
| Supporting Role
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:James, Muskaan Nancy}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]

Suja Varunee

2026-02-12T02:58:29Z

Mrrajrumel: started the data from scratch

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Suja Varunee
| image = Suja_Varunee.jpg
| caption = Suja in 2014
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| other_names = Sujatha Shivakumar Ganesan
| occupation = Actress
| spouse(s) = {{marriage|[[Shivaji Dev]]|2018}}
| yearsactive = 2002–2022
| children = 1
| relatives = [[Ramkumar Ganesan]] (father-in-law) [[Sivaji Ganesan]] (grandfather-in-law)
}}

'''Suja Varunee''' is an Indian former actress who has appeared in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Kannada]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], and [[Malayalam]] language films.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://crunchwood.com/suja-varunee/ |title=Suja Varunee Biography |website=CrunchWood.com |access-date=20 November 2018 |archive-date=20 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120055231/https://crunchwood.com/suja-varunee/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> She is the winner of ''BB Jodigal (season 2)''.

==Career==
Aged fourteen, Suja was selected to portray the leading role in the coming-of-age, romantic drama ''Plus Two'' (2002) after being recommended to the film's director Ramana by her neighbour Rajarajan, who was a cinematographer. Her parents were initially reluctant to allow Suja to act in films at such a young age, but later agreed.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130619124619/http://www.sify.com/movies/kannada/interview.php?id=13700176&cid=2404 "Its not easy to do sexy numbers": Suja]. Sify.com. Retrieved 22 September 2017.</ref> The film took a low-profile opening at the box office and did not perform well, prompting Suja to take a break from the film industry. In 2004, Suja was offered a chance to perform in a dance number in the [[Srikanth (actor, born 1979)|Srikanth]]–starrer ''[[Varnajalam]]'' (2004), which she accepted, prompting several other film makers to approach her for similar roles. Throughout the mid-2000s, Suja became popular for such glamorous, single song appearances and worked on projects including ''[[Maayavi]]'' (2005), ''[[Pallikoodam (film)|Pallikoodam]]'' (2007), ''[[Kuselan]]'' (2008) and ''[[Jayamkondaan]]'' (2008). Amidst several appearances in single songs, Suja had the opportunity to portray minor supporting roles in films including [[A. K. Lohithadas]]'s ''[[Kasthuri Maan]]'' (2005) and ''Masala'' (2005). Suja has since reflected on that period in her career and stated she "used to get song offers almost every other day" but "did not know then that the industry would brand [her] as an item girl" and that she "did not have the proper guidance".<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/my-first-break-suja/article3022047.ece My First Break – SUJA]. ''The Hindu'' (16 October 2009)</ref><ref>[http://viggy.com/english/current_item_dance.asp Viggy.com (13 March 2011). Retrieved on 2017-09-22.]</ref>

Following her appearance in the [[Rajinikanth]]-starrer ''[[Kuselan]]'' (2008), Suja actively supports Patali Makkal Katchi and sought to shed her image of being a glamorous dancer and move towards portraying supporting roles. The director of ''Kuselan'', [[P. Vasu]], supported her move and cast her in two of his subsequent films – the Kannada horror-comedy ''[[Aptharakshaka]]'' (2010) and its Telugu remake, ''[[Nagavalli (film)|Nagavalli]]'' (2010).{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}} The roles meant that she received further opportunities in the Telugu language with roles in films including ''[[Gundello Godari]]'' (2013) and ''[[Doosukeltha]]'' (2013), as well as the lead role in the low-budget comedy film ''Alibaba Okkade Donga'' (2014) opposite [[Ali (actor)|Ali]]. Simultaneously, she began to work in key roles in Tamil films, winning acclaim for her role as a traditional village girl in ''[[Milaga]]'' (2010), while also playing key roles in black comedy ''[[Settai (2013 film)|Settai]]'' (2013) and science-fiction film, ''[[Appuchi Gramam]]'' (2014).<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Suja-praised-for-Milaga/articleshow/6138865.cms Suja praised for Milaga!]. ''The Times of India''. Retrieved 22 September 2017.</ref> Suja won acclaim for her portrayal of a fiery, rustic woman in the village drama, ''[[Kidaari]]'' (2016), where she starred alongside [[M. Sasikumar|Sasikumar]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

In 2017, she expressed her disappointment of her scenes in films being cut through a Twitter post. The move followed reports that her scenes were edited out in the film, ''[[Kuttram 23]]'' (2017).{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}} She has finished her commitments for films including the [[Arulnithi]]-starrer ''[[Iravukku Aayiram Kangal]]'', Thamira's ''[[Aan Devathai]]'', Arun Vijay's ''Vaa Deal'' and ''Sathru'' among other projects.<ref>[https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/220417/suja-varunee-is-a-gangster-now.html Exclusive: Suja Varunee is a gangster now!]. ''Deccan Chronicle''. Retrieved 22 September 2017.</ref> In 2017, Suja took part in the reality television show ''[[Bigg Boss Tamil 1|Bigg Boss]]'' hosted by [[Kamal Haasan]], where she entered on day 52.

== Personal life ==
Suja is wife of the actor [[Shivaji Dev]]. In August 2019 she gave birth to their first child a baby boy Adhvaaith
<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/shivaji-dev-confirms-relationship-with-suja-varunee/articleshow/64269105.cms |title=Shivaji Dev confirms relationship with Suja Varunee}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
| 2002 || ''Plus 2'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| 2003 || ''Ilasu Pudhusu Ravusu'' || Suja || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2004 || ''[[Varnajalam]]'' || || Tamil || Special appearance in song "Vadha Vadhane"
|-
| ''[[Udees]]'' || || Kannada || Special appearance
|-
| rowspan="11" | 2005 || ''[[Kasthuri Maan]]'' || Sunitha || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Ulla Kadathal]]'' || Samyuktha || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Masala (2005 film)|Masala]]'' || Preethi || Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Maayavi]]'' || || Tamil || Special appearance
|-
| ''[[Kadhal Seiya Virumbu]]'' || || Tamil || Special appearance
|-
| ''[[Yashwanth]]'' || || Kannada || Special appearance
|-
| ''[[Jyeshta (film)|Jyestha]]'' || || Kannada || Special appearance
|-
| ''[[Gunna (film)|Gunna]]'' || || Kannada || Special appearance
|-
| ''[[Ben Johnson (film)|Ben Johnson]]'' || || Malayalam || Special appearance
|-
| ''[[Ponmudipuzhayorathu]]'' || || Malayalam || Special appearance
|-
| ''[[Sakha Sakhi]]'' || || Kannada || Special appearance in "Bandalapo Bandalo" song
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2006 || ''[[Naalai]]'' || Sudha || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Vathiyar]]'' || || Tamil || Special appearance in "Yennadi Muniyamma" song
|-
| ''[[Chacko Randaaman]]'' || || Malayalam || Special appearance
|-
| ''[[Suntaragaali]]'' || || Kannada || Special appearance
|-
| rowspan="10" | 2007 || '' [[Mudhal Kanave]] '' || || Tamil || Special appearance
|-
| ''[[Thirutham]]''|| Priya || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Adavadi]]''|| || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Achacho]]''|| || Tamil || Special appearance
|-
| ''[[Lee (2007 film)|Lee]]''|| || Tamil || Special appearance
|-
| ''[[Madurai Veeran (2007 film)|Madurai Veeran]]''|| || Tamil || Special appearance
|-
| ''[[Pallikoodam (film)|Pallikoodam]]''|| || Tamil || Special appearance in song "Roseberry"
|-
| ''[[Rasigar Mandram]]''|| || Tamil || Special appearance
|-
| ''[[Black Cat (2007 film)|Black Cat]]''|| || Malayalam || Special appearance
|-
| ''[[Ammuvagiya Naan]]''|| || Tamil || Special appearance
|-
| rowspan="16" | 2008 || ''[[Pazhani (2008 film)|Pazhani]]''|| || Tamil || Special appearance in song "Lo Lo Local"
|-
| ''[[Mulla (film)|Mulla]]''|| || Malayalam || Special appearance
|-
| ''[[Indiralohathil Na Azhagappan]]''|| Urvashi || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Vaitheeswaran]]''|| Sharmila || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Unnai Naan]]''|| || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Uliyin Osai]]''|| || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Thangam]]''|| || Tamil || Special appearance
|-
| ''[[Valluvan Vasuki]]''|| || Tamil || Special appearance
|-
| ''[[Vasool]]''|| || Tamil || Special appearance
|-
| ''[[Sandai]]''|| || Tamil || Special appearance
|-
| ''[[Thozha (2008 film)|Thozha]]''|| || Tamil || Special appearance
|-
| ''[[Muniyandi Vilangial Moonramandu]]''|| || Tamil || Special appearance
|-
| ''[[Kuselan]]''|| || Tamil || Special appearance in "Perinba Pechchukaran" song
|-
| ''[[Jayamkondaan]]''|| || Tamil || Special appearance in "Orey Or Naal" song
|-
| ''[[Thenavattu]]''|| || Tamil || Special appearance
|-
| ''[[Thiruvannamalai (film)|Thiruvannamalai]]''|| || Tamil || Special appearance in "Amma Maare" song
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2009 || ''[[Ainthaam Padai]]''|| || Tamil ||Special appearance in "Orampo" song
|-
| ''[[Black Dalia]]''|| Jessica || Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Engal Aasan]]''|| Usha || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Solla Solla Inikkum]]''|| Megha || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2010 || ''[[Aptharakshaka]]''|| Hema || Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Milaga]]''|| Sowmya || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Moscowin Kavery]]''|| || Tamil || Special appearance in "Gramam Thedi Vaada" song
|-
| ''[[Nagavalli (film)|Nagavalli]]''|| Hema || Telugu ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Aayiram Vilakku]]'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2013 || ''[[Gundello Godari]]'' || Bangari || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Settai (2013 film)|Settai]]'' || Actress in caravan || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Doosukeltha]]'' || Kedareswari || Telugu||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2014 || ''Ali Baba Okkade Donga'' || Chetana || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Appuchi Gramam]]'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Killadi]]'' || || Tamil || Special appearance
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2016 || ''[[Pencil (film)|Pencil]]'' || Nandini || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Kidaari]]'' || Loganayaki || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Sadhuram 2]]'' || Divya || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2017 || ''[[Kuttram 23]]'' || John Matthew's wife || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Vaigai Express (film)|Vaigai Express]]'' || Madhavi || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Achayans]]'' || Panchami || Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Munnodi]]'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2018 || ''[[Iravukku Aayiram Kangal]]'' || Maya || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Aan Devathai]]'' || Belita || Tamil ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Sathru (2019 film)|Sathru]]'' || Kasthuri || Tamil ||
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Drushyam 2]]'' || Saritha|| Telugu ||
|-
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Channel !! Notes
|-
|2017||''[[Bigg Boss Tamil 1|Bigg Boss]]''||rowspan=2|Contestant||[[Star Vijay]]|| Evicted Day 91
|-
|rowspan=2|2018||''[[Genes (season 3)|Genes]]''||[[Zee Tamil]]||
|-
|''[[Bigg Boss Tamil 2]]''||Herself||[[Star Vijay]]||Guest from day 85 to 91
|-
|2020||''Start Music Season 2'' ||Participant||[[Star Vijay]]||
|-
|rowspan=3|2021||''[[Chithi 2]]''||Herself||rowspan=3|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]||Serial, Guest Appearance in Mahasangamam episode
|-
|''Rowdy Baby''||Contestant||Participated along with [[Shivaji Dev]]
|-
|''[[Anbe Vaa (2020 TV series)|Anbe Vaa]]''||Herself||Serial, Guest Appearance in Super Dance Competition
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|''[[Bigg Boss Ultimate (Season 1)]]''
|Contestant
|[[Disney+ Hotstar]]
|Evicted Day 14
|-
|''[[BB Jodigal]]''
|Contestant
|[[Star Vijay]]
|Winner
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=3847450}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Varunee, Suja}}
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Chennai]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]

Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Memorial

2026-02-09T11:21:49Z

Mrrajrumel: New New Data More To Come

{{short description|Memorial dedicated to A. P. J. Abdul Kalam in Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox Monument
|monument_name = Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Memorial
|image = Front view of APJ Abdul Kalam Memorial .jpg
|caption = Kalam's [[Mausoleum]]
|location = [[Rameswaram]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
|designer = [[Central Public Works Department]] [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Construction of Memorial To President Kalam Begins|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/construction-of-memorial-to-president-kalam-begins-1260634|date=30 December 2015|work=NDTV|last=K|first=Smitha. T|access-date=7 April 2022}}</ref>
|type = [[Mughal architecture]] [[Ancient Indian architecture]]
|material = Cement, Iron, marble, and granite
|height =
|open = 22 July 2017
|dedicated_to = [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]
| website = {{url|https://rameswaramtourism.com/rameswaram-places/dr-apj-abdul-kalam-memorial-pei-karumbu-rameshwaram|Full details at Kalam Memorial. Rameswaram Tourism, website}}
}}
'''Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Memorial''' is a [[Mausoleum|memorial]] dedicated to the former [[president of the Republic of India]] [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] located in Peikarumbu, [[Rameswaram]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. The memorial was designed and constructed by the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO) as a tribute to Kalam and to display the [[Culture of India|cultural heritage]] and [[Unity in diversity|ethnic diversity]] of India. It was officially inaugurated by the [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister of the Republic of India]] [[Narendra Modi]] on 22 July 2017. A symbol of national integration, the memorial is an amalgamation of [[Mughal architecture|Mughal]] and [[Indian architecture]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Official Name as given by Press Information Bureau, Government of India|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=147841|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023001125/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=147841|archive-date=23 October 2016}}</ref>

==Background==
{{seealso|Death and state funeral of A. P. J. Abdul Kalam}}
Dr. Kalam died on 27 July 2015, Dr. Kalam travelled to [[Shillong]] to deliver a lecture on "Creating a Livable Planet Earth" at the [[Indian Institute of Management Shillong]]. The lecture was supposed to be 4000 words, but only after speaking the initial two sentences, Dr. Kalam collapsed and he was confirmed dead of a sudden cardiac arrest later at a hospital.<ref name="TFPJ">{{cite news|title=Remembering Dr APJ Abdul Kalam's last lecture on his 5th death anniversary|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/remembering-dr-apj-abdul-kalams-last-lecture-on-his-5th-death-anniversary|newspaper=[[The Free Press Journal]]|date=27 July 2020|access-date=6 September 2022}}</ref> Dr. Kalam's body was airlifted in an [[Indian Air Force]] helicopter from Shillong to [[Guwahati]], from where it was flown to [[New Delhi]] on the morning of 28 July.<ref>{{cite news|title=Farewell Kalam! Pranab, Modi lead nation in paying homage|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/farewell-kalam-pranab-modi-lead-nation-in-paying-homage/story-Ks7xrCes5lOJAMsNYQc0RO.html|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=28 July 2015|access-date=6 September 2022}}</ref>

Following Dr. Kalam's death, the [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Indian Minister of Home Affairs]] called an emergency meeting of the [[Union Council of Ministers]], attended by [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Narendra Modi]]. In the meeting, a proposal to build the "Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam National Memorial" was finalised. The [[Indian Government]] proposed to perform Dr. Kalam's funeral service at Raj Ghat-(Ekta Sthal) in [[New Delhi]], and build a memorial there. Dr. Kalam's family objected, since Dr. Kalam had wanted to be buried in his hometown, [[Rameswaram]], and the Indian government agreed to go along with the family's wishes,<ref name="ET">{{cite news|title=APJ Abdul Kalam's funeral & memorial to be in his hometown Rameshwaram|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/apj-abdul-kalams-funeral-memorial-to-be-in-his-hometown-rameshwaram/articleshow/48259816.cms|last=Tripathi|first=Rahul|work=[[The Economic Times]]|date=29 July 2015|access-date=29 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam's Memorial|url=https://ramanathapuram.nic.in/tourist-place/dr-apj-abdul-kalams-memorial/|work=Ramanathapuram District|date=20 July 2022|access-date=1 August 2022}}</ref> and in the same year on Dr. Kalam's birth date which is on 15 October, the commencement of construction on a memorial at Rameswaram was publicized by Prime Minister Narendra Modi.<ref name="DDN">{{cite news|title=PM inaugurates memorial of former President Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam|url=https://www.ddnews.gov.in/national/pm-inaugurates-memorial-former-president-dr-apj-abdul-kalam|newspaper=[[DD News]]|date=27 July 2017|access-date=6 September 2022}}</ref> On 27 July 2017, on the occasion of Dr. Kalam's second death anniversary, the memorial was inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi.<ref name="IE">{{cite news|title=What is the Abdul Kalam memorial row? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/what-is/what-is-the-abdul-kalam-memorial-row-4774992/ |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=31 July 2017 |access-date=7 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808124802/https://indianexpress.com/article/what-is/what-is-the-abdul-kalam-memorial-row-4774992/ |archive-date=8 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Kaur">{{cite book|title=The address Great Scientists of the World : APJ Abdul Kalam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zp9xEAAAQBAJ&q=memorial|pages=1–96|last=Kaur|first=Savneet|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books Pvt Ltd|year=2022|isbn=9789355994127|access-date=1 August 2022}}</ref>

==Structure, architecture, and landscape==

The [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO) initiate to design and building of the memorial,<ref name="TH01">{{cite news|title=Finishing touches being given to Kalam memorial|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/kalam-memorial-getting-ready/article19264811.ece|last=Scott|first=D.J. Walter|newspaper=The Hindu|date=12 July 2017|access-date=1 August 2022}}</ref> and in December 2015 the construction was started. In July 2016 [[Minister of Defence (India)|Defence Minister]] [[Manohar Parrikar]] officially laid the foundation stone on the occasion of the first anniversary of Kalam's death. The construction was completed within one year,<ref name="IE"/><ref name="Kaur"/> with the engagement of 500 workers,<ref name="matrubhumi">{{cite news|title=All spruced up for Kalam Memorial inauguration|url=https://englisharchives.mathrubhumi.com/features/specials/all-spruced-up-for-kalam-memorial-inauguration-1.2117565|last=M|first=Anantha Krishnan |newspaper=[[Mathrubhumi News]]|date=26 July 2017|access-date=6 September 2022}}</ref> and sometimes the work was carried out around the clock. The work was supervised by DRDO's chief construction engineers; [[Colonel]] B. Choubey and Colonel B. K Singh.<ref name="TH01"/>

The memorial covers 2.11 acres of land, the built-up area is 1,425 square meters,<ref name="IE"/><ref name="Kaur"/> and the construction cost up to 1.2 {{INR}} billion.<ref name="FT">{{cite news|title=APJ Abdul Kalam Memorial inaugurated by PM Narendra Modi, here are top 10 things to know|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/apj-abdul-kalam-memorial-inaugurated-by-pm-narendra-modi-here-are-top-10-things-to-know/782312/|newspaper=Financial Express|date=27 July 2017|access-date=1 August 2022}}</ref> The mausoleum is built of [[granite]], [[marble]] and [[reinforced concrete]].<ref name="TH01"/><ref name="TH02">{{cite news|title=Kalam memorial emerges as major tourist attraction|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/kalam-memorial/article22271153.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=24 December 2017|access-date=1 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=APJ Abdul Kalam memorial in Rameswaram: All you need to know|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/apj-abdul-kalam-memorial-inauguration-rameswaram-missile-man-1026561-2017-07-27|last=Nath|first=Akshaya|date=27 July 2017|access-date=1 August 2022}}</ref><ref name="matrubhumi"/> The construction material was sourced from different parts of India and transported to the construction site; the [[column|stone columns]] are sourced from [[Bangalore]], the [[stone cladding]] was designed in [[Jaisalmer]] and [[Agra]], wher as the main entrance wooden doors are crafted in [[Thanjavur]] and the marble was brought from [[Karnataka]].<ref name="matrubhumi"/><ref name="PIB">{{cite web|title=PM to inaugurate Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam Memorial tomorrow|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1497581|work=[[Press Information Bureau]]|date=27 July 2017|access-date=6 September 2022}}</ref>

With an amalgamation of [[Mughal architecture|Mughal]] and [[Indian architecture]], the memorial is designed in a way to display the [[Culture of India|cultural heritage]] and [[Unity in diversity|ethnic diversity]] of India, making it a symbol of national integration.<ref>{{cite web|title=APJ Abdul Kalam Memorial – Rameswaram|url=https://www.tamilnadutourisminfo.com/apj-abdul-kalam-memorial-rameswaram/|work=Tamil Nadu Tourism|year=2019|access-date=1 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Prime Minister Narendra Modi Inaugurates APJ Abdul Kalam Memorial In His Hometown Rameswaram|url=https://architexturez.net/pst/az-cf-184314-1501211692|work=architexturez.net|date=27 July 2017|access-date=1 August 2022}}</ref><ref name="FT"/> There are three entrances to the structure,<ref name="matrubhumi"/> of which the main entrance doorway resembles the [[India Gate]] of [[Delhi]], while its [[hallway]] resembles the [[Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur|Brihadisvara Temple, of Thanjavur]], and the wooden doors are designed in [[Chettinad architecture|Chettinad style]]. At the northern end of the memorial lies a circular sepulchre that houses Kalam's grave. The main dome resembles one of [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]]'s central domes and houses a bronze statue of Kalam playing the Veena.<ref name="TNM">{{cite news |title=In pictures: Finally, a memorial worthy of Abdul Kalam, a President who inspired millions|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pictures-finally-memorial-worthy-abdul-kalam-president-who-inspired-millions-65827+&cd=2&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=ae|access-date=7 April 2022|newspaper=The News Minute |date=27 July 2017}}</ref><ref name="Datta">{{cite news|title=Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Memorial — a fitting hometown homage to the 'people's president'|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/a-visit-to-the-memorial-of-apj-abdul-kalam-in-rameswaram-tamil-nadu/cid/1876805|work=Telegraph India|last=Datta|first=Rangan|date=27 July 2022|access-date=1 August 2022}}</ref> The central dome is connected to four display halls of about 2500 square feet—(each hall depicts Kalm's life in phases, and they are designed as children's square, scientist square, motivation square, and lecture square),<ref name="matrubhumi"/> that house replicas of rockets and missiles, 900 [[Cultural artifact|paintings]]; that include,<ref name="TNM"/><ref name="TIE">{{cite news|title=What is the Abdul Kalam memorial row?|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/what-is/what-is-the-abdul-kalam-memorial-row-4774992/|work=The Indian Express|date=31 July 2017|access-date=29 July 2022}}</ref><ref name="DDN"/> [[mural]]s (sourced from [[Hyderabad]], [[Shanti Niketan]], [[Kolkata]] and [[Chennai]]),<ref name="matrubhumi"/> [[Shekhawati painting]]s, a collection of 200 photographs that highlight his long association with the DRDO, the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO), and his involvement with India's civilian space program and [[Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme|military missile development efforts]]. There are paintings and [[statue|life-sized sculptures]] that illustrate Kalam at different ages. A 45-foot tall replica of the [[Agni (missile)|Agni missile]] with a theme of "unity in diversity" is displayed at the forefront of the structure. The memorial features quotes from Kalam as a scientist and the president of India.<ref name="TNM"/><ref name="TIE"/>

The outer precinct around the memorial consists of [[landscaping]], with the [[plantation|plantings]] sourced from neighboring states of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Karnataka]], and [[Telangana]]. The landscape is designed in the [[Mughal garden]] style, with [[pergola]] pathways lined with models of missiles designed by Kalam.<ref name="TH01"/><ref name="FT"/><ref name="TH02"/><ref name="Datta"/>

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed" caption="Pictures of Kalams memorial">
File:Kalam Memorial 5.jpg| Tomb of Kalam.
File:Kalam Memorial 4.jpg| Exterior of Mausoleum.
File:Kalam Memorial 6.jpg| Four display halls connecting to the Central Tomb.
File:Kalam Memorial 7.jpg| Grave of Kalam.
File:Kalam Memorial 1.jpg| Distant view of Mausoleum.
</gallery>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://thiruvarur.in/apj-abdul-kalam-memorial-day-abdul-kalam-books-quotes-peotry-early-life-presidency-memorial-death-anniversay/ APJ Abdul Kalam Memorial Day: Abdul Kalam Books, Quotes, {{sic|Peot|ry|nolink=y}}, Early Life, Presidency, Memorial & Death {{sic|Anniv|ersay|nolink=y}}]
*[https://rameswaramtourism.com/rameswaram-places/dr-apj-abdul-kalam-memorial-pei-karumbu-rameshwaram Dr.APJ Abdul Kalam Memorial In Pei Karumbu Rameshwaram]

{{commons category|Memorial of A. P. J. Abdul Kalam}}

[[Category:Memorials to A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]

[[ta:அப்துல் கலாம் தேசிய நினைவகம்]]

Boby John

2026-02-06T06:08:43Z

Mrrajrumel: New Some Bio Added Tags

{{Short description|Indian film sound designer and mixing engineer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Boby John
| image = File:Boby John.jpg
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1970|08|31}}
| birth_place = [[Vazhakulam]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]<ref name="express">{{Cite web |last=Suresh |first=Meera |date=2016-11-14 |title=Sounding Perfect |url=http://cms.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2016/nov/14/meet-the-trio-who-handles-the-sync-sound-department-in-dr-bijus-movies-1538185.html |access-date=2020-09-13 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122093558/http://cms.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2016/nov/14/meet-the-trio-who-handles-the-sync-sound-department-in-dr-bijus-movies-1538185.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| alma_mater = [[Nirmala College, Muvattupuzha|Nirmala College]] [[Film and Television Institute of India|FTII]]
| other_names =
| occupation = [[Audio engineer]]
| years_active = 1995-present
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| spouse = Shailaja George
| children = 2
| parents = {{unbulleted list| John Mathai | Annakutty }}
}}

'''Boby John''' (born 31 August 1970) is an [[Cinema of India|Indian film]] [[sound design]]er and [[mixing engineer]]. He has worked in various [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]], [[Marathi cinema|Marathi]], [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] and [[Assamese cinema|Assamese]] feature films, [[documentary film]]s, [[short film]]s and [[television advertisement]]s. He is one of India's best [[sync sound]] editors.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://iffk.in/aesthetics-of-sound-in-cinema/ | title=Hollywood is not the end of the story says Rasool Pookutty | date=2019-12-08 | publisher=iffk.in | access-date=9 December 2019 | archive-date=9 December 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209053035/http://iffk.in/aesthetics-of-sound-in-cinema/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.moviebuff.com/boby-john | title=Boby John | publisher=moviebuff.com | accessdate=22 November 2015 | archive-date=23 November 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123004740/http://www.moviebuff.com/boby-john | url-status=live }}</ref> He owns a [[Audio mixing#Film and television|mixing]] studio, ''Prathibha Studio'', at [[Mumbai]].<ref name="express" /><ref>{{cite web | last=Rao | first=Tanmaya | url=https://www.behance.net/gallery/91600761/Sound-Studio-Design-of-a-Sound-Studio | title=Design of a Sound Studio | date=2020-02-02 | accessdate=2020-09-13 | website=[[Behance]] | archive-date=22 January 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122093619/https://www.behance.net/gallery/91600761/Sound-Studio-Design-of-a-Sound-Studio | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="kuwait" />

==Early life==
Boby John was born on 31 August 1970 in [[Vazhakulam]], a small town near [[Muvattupuzha]] in [[Ernakulam district]] of [[Kerala]] state. He completed his schooling from Thekkummala St. Rita's LP School and Vazhakulam Infant Jesus High School. He then joined at [[Nirmala College, Muvattupuzha]] for his [[Pre-university course|pre-degree]] course and later completed [[Bachelor of Science|B.Sc]] in Physics in 1991. In 1992, he joined at the [[Film and Television Institute of India]], [[Pune]], for the three year [[postgraduate diploma]] course in [[Sound recording and reproduction|sound recording]] and [[sound design]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Padaarpan : Momentous Milestones |url=https://www.ftii.ac.in/uploads/userfiles/files/Annual%20Report%20(colour).pdf |website=[[Film and Television Institute of India]] |pages=12 |date=2019-10-30 |accessdate=2020-09-13}}</ref><ref name="kuwait">{{cite web | url=http://news.kuwaittimes.net/pdf/2014/jan/10/p08.pdf | title=Being bossed while being boss | newspaper=[[Kuwait Times]] | first=Sunil | last=Cherian | date=10 January 2014 | accessdate=2020-09-13 | archive-date=11 February 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140211065149/http://news.kuwaittimes.net/pdf/2014/jan/10/p08.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Selected filmography==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Credit !! Director(s) !! Language
|-

| 2005 || [[Black (2005 film)|Black]] || [[Dialogue editor]] || [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]] || [[Hindi]]

|-

| 2005 || [[Mangal Pandey: The Rising]] || Dialogue editor || [[Ketan Mehta]] || Hindi

|-

| 2007 || [[Dhamaal]] || Dialogue editor || [[Indra Kumar]] || Hindi

|-
| 2008 || All the World's a Stage ([[Documentary film|documentary]]) || [[Re-recording mixer]] [[Sound design]]er || Nirmal Chander || [[Gujarati language|Gujrati]], Hindi [[English language|English]]

|-

| 2008 || [[Sarkar Raj]] || Dialogue editor || [[Ram Gopal Varma]] || Hindi

|-

| 2008 || [[Firaaq]] || [[Sound editor (filmmaking)|Sound editor]] || [[Nandita Das]] || Hindi

|-

| 2008 || [[Welcome to Sajjanpur]] || Sound editor || [[Shyam Benegal]] || Hindi

|-

| 2009 || [[Loudspeaker (2009 film)|Loudspeaker]] || Sound editor || [[Jayaraj]] || [[Malayalam]]

|-

| 2010 || [[Tere Bin Laden]] || Sound editor || [[Abhishek Sharma (director)|Abhishek Sharma]] || Hindi

|-

| 2010 || [[Peepli Live]] || Sound editor || [[Anusha Rizvi]] || Hindi

|-

| 2010 || [[Veettilekkulla Vazhi]] || Sound editor || [[Dr. Biju]] || Malayalam

|-
| 2011 || [[Tanu Weds Manu]] || Dialogue editor || [[Aanand L. Rai]] || Hindi

|-

| 2011 || [[The Dirty Picture]] || Sound editor || [[Milan Luthria]] || Hindi

|-

| 2012 || [[Shanghai (2012 film)|Shanghai]] || Dialogue editor || [[Dibakar Banerjee]] || Hindi

|-

| 2012 || [[Akasathinte Niram]] || Sound editor || Dr. Biju || Malayalam

|-

| 2012 || [[Celluloid Man]] (documentary) || Dialogue editor || [[Shivendra Singh Dungarpur]] || English, Hindi [[Kannada]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]]

|-
| 2013 || [[Special 26]] || Sound editor || [[Neeraj Pandey]] || Hindi

|-

| 2013 || [[Zinda Bhaag]] || Re-recording mixer || [[Meenu Gaur]], [[Farjad Nabi]] || [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]

|-

| 2013 || [[Liar's Dice (film)|Liar's Dice]] || Sound editor || [[Geetu Mohandas]] || Hindi

|-

| 2014 || [[Killa (film)|Killa]] || Sound editor || [[Avinash Arun]] || [[Marathi language|Marathi]]

|-
| 2014 || [[Perariyathavar]] || Sound editor || Dr. Biju || Malayalam
|-
| 2014 || [[Daughters of Mother India]] (documentary) || Re-recording mixer Sound designer || [[Vibha Bakshi]] || Hindi, English
|-
| 2015 || [[Dhanak]] || Sound designer || [[Nagesh Kukunoor]] || Hindi
|-
| 2015 || Bokul || Re-recording mixer Sound designer || Reema Borah || [[Assamese language|Assamese]]

|-
| 2015 || [[The Immortals (2015 film)|The Immortals]] (documentary) || Re-recording mixer || Shivendra Singh Dungarpur || Hindi, [[Tamil language|Tamil]] Bengali, English

|-

| 2016 || [[Krantidhara]] || Re-recording mixer || Himanshu Khatua || [[Odia language|Odia]]

|-
| 2016 || [[Ki & Ka]] || Sound editor || [[R. Balki]] || Hindi
|-
| 2016 || [[Laal Rang]] || Re-recording mixer || Syed Ahmad Afzal || Hindi
|-
| 2016 || [[Kaadu Pookkunna Neram]] || Sound editor || Dr. Biju || Malayalam
|-
| 2016 || [[Force 2]] || Sound designer || [[Abhinay Deo]] || Hindi
|-
| 2016 || [[Gurgaon (film)|Gurgaon]] || Sound editor || Shanker Raman || Hindi, [[Haryanvi language|Haryanvi]]
|-
| 2016 ||Zikr Us Parivash Ka (documentary)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Partha |date=8 December 2017 |title=Remembering Begum Akhtar |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/cinema/remembering-begum-akhtar/article9968150.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712222100/https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/cinema/remembering-begum-akhtar/article9968150.ece |archive-date=12 July 2020 |access-date=25 January 2021 |website=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] - [[The Hindu]]}}</ref> || Re-recording mixer Sound designer || Nirmal Chander || Hindi, [[Urdu]], Bengali, English
|-
| 2017 || [[Raees (2017 film)|Raees]] || Effects editor (action scenes) || [[Rahul Dholakia]] || Hindi
|-
| 2017 || [[Phillauri (film)|Phillauri]] || Sound editor || [[Anshai Lal]] || Hindi
|-

| 2017 || [[Thondimuthalum Driksakshiyum]] || Dialogue editor || [[Dileesh Pothan]] || Malayalam

|-

| 2017 || [[Secret Superstar]] || Dialogue editor || [[Advait Chandan]] || Hindi

|-
| 2017 || [[Mayanadi|Mayaanadhi]] || Dialogue editor || [[Aashiq Abu]] || Malayalam

|-

| 2018 || [[Carbon (2018 film)|Carbon]] || Dialogue editor || [[Venu (cinematographer)|Venu]] || Malayalam

|-

| 2018 || [[Hey Jude (film)|Hey Jude]] || Sound editor || [[Shyamaprasad]] || Malayalam

|-

| 2018 || [[Raid (2018 film)|Raid]] || Sound editor || [[Raj Kumar Gupta]] || Hindi

|-

| 2018 || [[Raazi]] || Dialogue editor || Meghna Gulzar || Hindi

|-

| 2018 || [[CzechMate: In Search of Jiří Menzel]] (documentary) || Re-recording mixer || Shivendra Singh Dungarpur || [[Czech language|Czech]], English [[Slovak language|Slovak]], [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] [[Polish language|Polish]], [[French language|French]]
|-
| 2018 || [[Njan Prakashan]] || Dialogue editor || [[Sathyan Anthikkad]] || Malayalam
|-
| 2019 || [[Kumbalangi Nights]] || Dialogue editor || Madhu C. Narayanan || Malayalam
|-
| 2019 || [[Son Rise]] (documentary) || Re-recording mixer Sound designer || Vibha Bakshi || Hindi, English
|-
| 2019 || [[Virus (2019 film)|Virus]] || Dialogue editor || Aashiq Abu || Malayalam
|-
| 2019 || [[Section 375]] || Dialogue editor || Ajay Bahl || Hindi
|-
| 2019 || [[Bard of Blood]] ([[web television]]) || Re-recording mixer || [[Ribhu Dasgupta]] || Hindi
|-
| 2019 || [[Ganagandharvan]] || Dialogue editor || [[Ramesh Pisharody]] || Malayalam
|-
| 2019 || [[Android Kunjappan Version 5.25]] || Dialogue editor || Ratheesh Balakrishnan Poduval || Malayalam
|-
| 2020 || [[Sab Kushal Mangal]] || Dialogue editor || Karan Vishwanath Kashyap || Hindi
|-
| 2020 || [[Jamtara – Sabka Number Ayega]] (web television) || Re-recording mixer || Soumendra Padhi || Hindi
|-
| 2020 || [[Dil Bechara]] || Sound editor || [[Mukesh Chhabra]]|| Hindi
|-
| 2020 || [[Khuda Haafiz]] || Dialogue editor || [[Faruk Kabir]] || Hindi
|-
| 2021 || [[Tribhanga (film)|Tribhanga]] || Re-recording mixer || [[Renuka Shahane]] || Hindi
|-
| 2021 || [[The Girl on the Train (2020 film)|The Girl on the Train]] || Re-recording mixer || Ribhu Dasgupta || Hindi
|-
| 2021 || [[Nayattu (2021 film)|Nayattu]] || Dialogue editor || [[Martin Prakkat]] || Malayalam
|-
| 2022 || [[Guilty Minds]] (web television) || Re-recording mixer || Shefali Bhusan || Hindi
|-
| 2022 || [[Modern Love Hyderabad]] (web television) || Re-recording mixer || [[Nagesh Kukunoor]] [[Venkatesh Maha]] || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| 2023 || [[Thuramukham (2023 film)|Thuramukham]] || Dialogue editor || [[Rajeev Ravi]] || Malayalam
|-
| 2023 || [[Bholaa]] || Dialogue editor || [[Ajay Devgan]] || Hindi
|-
| 2023 || [[School of Lies]] (web television) || Re-recording mixer || [[Avinash Arun]] || Hindi
|-
| 2023 || [[The Jengaburu Curse]] (web television) || Re-recording mixer Sound designer || [[Nila Madhab Panda]] || Hindi
|}

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable" width="auto" style="text-align: center"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category

! Film/Documentary
! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2008
| Indian Documentary Producers' Association ([http://idpaindia.org/ IDPA]) Awards
| Best Sound Design ([[Nonfiction|Non-fictional]])
| ''All the World's a Stage''
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Screenings and Awards of PSBT Films - 2008 |url=https://psbt.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Awards-and-Festivals-Proofs-2001-2010.pdf |access-date=2020-10-17 |publisher=[[Public Service Broadcasting Trust]] |page=362 |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122093558/https://psbt.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Awards-and-Festivals-Proofs-2001-2010.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2020
| Indian Recording Arts Academy ([http://iraa.in/ IRAA]) Awards
| Best [[Dialogue editor]]/[[Dubbing (filmmaking)#ADR/post-sync|ADR engineer]] (Film - Regional)
| ''[[Kumbalangi Nights]]''
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=IRAA Awards 2020 Winners |url=http://iraa.in/Winner.aspx |access-date=2020-10-16 |website=IRAA |archive-date=25 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025000757/http://iraa.in/Winner.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|1259647|Boby John}}
* {{LinkedIn page|in/boby-john-30036a1b|Boby John}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:John, Boby}}
[[Category:Indian sound designers]]
[[Category:Indian sound editors]]
[[Category:Film and Television Institute of India alumni]]
[[Category:Film musicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:People from Muvattupuzha]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Film people from Kerala]]
[[Category:Re-recording mixers]]

Forum Courtyard

2026-01-25T17:34:05Z

Mrrajrumel: New A Data Initial Version

{{Short description|Shopping mall in South Kolkata, India}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{About|a shopping mall in Kolkata|The Forum mall in Kochi|Forum Mall Kochi}}

'''Forum Courtyard''', also known as Forum Mall Kolkata, is a shopping mall located in [[Bhowanipore]], [[Kolkata|South Kolkata]], India. It was initially conceived as an office tower. 80% of the foundation was complete before it was converted into a mall. <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050416/asp/calcutta/story_4617062.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050418002627/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050416/asp/calcutta/story_4617062.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 April 2005|title=Bigger, better mall sequel - Grand designs for Bypass shopper stop|publisher=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]|date=16 April 2005|access-date=11 July 2007}}</ref> Currently it has a built-up area of 200,000 square feet, of which 125,000 square feet is the gross leasable (retail) area.<ref name="agent">{{cite journal|url=http://www.imagesfashion.com/back/feature/july_03_1_features_how_kolkata_shop.html |title=how kolkotans shop|date=July 2003|volume=IV|issue=6|access-date=11 July 2007|journal=IMAGES|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070415190425/http://www.imagesfashion.com/back/feature/july_03_1_features_how_kolkata_shop.html|archive-date=15 April 2007|url-status=dead|df=dmy}}</ref> It was opened to the public with the sole intention of launching [[Shoppers' Stop]] in Kolkata for the first time, in 2003.<ref>{{cite web|title=Forum Mall Kolkata|url=https://www.shopkhoj.com/kolkata-mall/forum-mall/}}</ref> Its opening was credited with turning its neighbourhood from a quiet residential area into an upmarket shopping destination.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hooghly Highs|date=5 February 2006|access-date=12 July 2007|last=Niyogi|first=Subhro|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-toi/special-report/Hooghly-Highs/articleshow/1401149.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017080652/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-02-05/special-report/27812868_1_kolkata-kona-expressway-bengal-chapter|url-status=live|work=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=17 October 2012}}</ref> It has been noted for its excellent layout and signage.<ref name="Rediff">{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/money/2006/sep/05mall.htm|publisher=Rediff News|date=5 September 2006|title=The best malls in India|last=Mitra|first=Moinak|access-date=12 July 2007}}</ref> The mall is constructed and owned by Rahul Saraf, Chairman of SAPL. The Mall also has branches in [[Bhubaneswar]](named [[Forum Mart]]) and in [[Belur, West Bengal|Belur]] area of [[Howrah]](named as Forum Rangoli Mall).

The tenants are diverse, ranging from [[retail outlets]] to an [[PVR INOX|INOX]] [[Multiplex (movie theater)|multiplex]] to [[dining]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Forum Courtyard |url=https://forumcourtyard.com/ |access-date=2025-03-26 |language=en-US}}</ref> As of July 2003, the mall had parking space for 175 cars and planned to increase it to 700 cars in 18 months.<ref name="agent"/>

==Amenities==
It has six floors, four of which are dedicated to shopping, with many brands having outlets here, some of which are: [[Shoppers Stop]], [[The Label Life]], [[Adidas]], [[Hush Puppies]], [[Crocs]], [[Metro Shoes| Metro]], [[Reebok]], [[Crocs]], [[Speedo]], [[The Body Shop]], [[Colour Bar]], [[Forest Essentials]], [[MAC Cosmetics|MAC]], [[Vero Moda]], Global Desi, Kazo.
The 5th floor is a dedicated Food Court, offering fine dining outlets to traditional Bengali cuisines like [[Speciality Restaurants Limited|Oh! Calcutta, Cafe Mezzuna]], Spaghetti Kitchen and TGIF.<ref name=":0" />
The sixth floor is a 4-hall movie complex operated by [[INOX Leisure Limited|INOX]]. It has a small outlet of [[Wow! Momo]].

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Forum Mall.JPG|Forum Mall
File:Forum & Forum Courtyard Mall.jpg|Forum & Forum Courtyard Mall
File:Forum & Forum Courtyard (2).jpg|Forum & Forum Courtyard night view
File:Forum Mall inside view (1).JPG|Forum Mall inside view
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Coord|22|32|18.78|N|88|21|5.14|E|display=title}}

{{Shopping malls in India}}
[[Category: Shopping malls in Kolkata]]
[[Category: Shopping malls established in 2003]]
[[Category:2003 establishments in West Bengal]]

{{India-struct-stub}}

Mohanlal (Dewan)

2025-12-29T14:29:45Z

Mrrajrumel: creating new pg initial version

{{Short description|Diwan of Nawab Siraj Ud Daulah}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2017}}
[[File:In_Mohanlal's_Memory.jpg|thumb|Memorial of Diwan Mohanlal, in [[Guptipara]], Hooghly.]]

'''Dewan Mohanlal of Purnia''' ({{langx|bn|{{font|মোহনলাল|font=kalpurush}}}}) was a [[Hindu]] ''[[dewan]]'' serving under [[Siraj ud-Daulah]], the [[Nawab of Bengal]], at [[Murshidabad]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Roy|first=Upendra Nath|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iy4AsrVW8aoC&q=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80|title=Golavalakara aura Hindū rāshṭṛavāda|date=1967|publisher=Hindī Sāhitya Bhavana|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chaudhury |first=Sushil |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G2EPDQAAQBAJ |title=Trade, Politics and Society: The Indian Milieu in the Early Modern Era |date=2016-09-13 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-99727-0 |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
It is claimed by few historian that he was born in Purnea. His appointment was controversial due to his religion; The Nawab's decision of elevating Mohanlal to the prominent position of his supreme Diwan{{ref|mohanlal}} caused the [[Muslim]] nobility, and in particular [[Mir Jafar]], to take great offense. Mir Jafar was then the head of the armed forces, second only to the Nawab, and the elevation of a Hindu to a post above him was taken almost as a personal insult. He became one of the powerful vassal king of Purnea, when Ali Vardi Khan took the chair of Deputy Governor of Bihar in 1733. He was the close friend of Jainuddin Ahmed son-in-law of [[Alivardi Khan|Ali Vardi Khan]]. On the other hand, some historians also claimed that Mohanlal was born at [[Guptipara]] in [[Hooghly district]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Citation|last=Pinakpani|title=English: Mohonlal's memory, Hoogly.|date=2017-05-07|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mohonlal%27s_memory_stone.jpg&oldid=559565013|access-date=2021-08-17}}</ref>

In 1752 Ali Vardi Khan appointed him as one of the general and allotted a house at Kalandarbag, Murshidabad. Siraj took the chair of Nawab on 15 April 1756 and Mohan Lal was appointed Peskar.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ghosh |first=Swapankumar |year=2015 |title=The Yadavs of India: A Precise and Concise History of Yadavs |location=Kolkata |publisher=Pandulipi |pages=211, 213 |isbn=978-93-83895-39-7}}</ref> On 23 June 1757 in the [[Battle of Plassey]], Siraj ud-Daulah faced off against the British, apparently with overwhelming force, but at the critical time Mir Jafar's men stood watching passively while the soldiers of Siraj ud-Daulah were decimated by the smaller, but much better armed British forces. In the said battle Mohan Lal and his fellow leader [[Mir Madan]] fought on the side of the Nawab's Army.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Rupmanjari (Bengali)|last=Part I|first=Narayan Sanyal|publisher=Dey's Publishing|year=1990|location=Kolkata|pages=485, 489}}</ref> After the death of Mir Madan, he wanted to attack the British army rapidly and advised Siraj ud-Daulah that the decision of retreat may be fatal for the Nawab. But the Nawab was already misguided by Mir Jafar did not consider Mohanlal's opinion.

==Family==
Narottam Halder mentioned according to some scholars Mohanlal belonged to a Hindu [[Mahishya]] Family.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Haldar |first=Narotam |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.265493 |title=Gangaridi - Alochana O Parjalochana |date=1988}}</ref> Thakur Sree Sree [[Anukulchandra Chakravarty|Anukulchandra]] also mentioned that Mohanlal belonged to a Hindu [[Mahishya]] family. Raja Mohanlal married Nawab Siraj ud-Daulah's younger sister Shahzadi Afseen Begum; they had two sons and a daughter: Raja Sreemant Lal, Hukka Lal and Galibunnessa. Mohanlal's son-in-law Bahadur Ali Khan was killed on 23 June, 1757 in the [[Battle of Plassey]]. His elder son Raja Srimanta Lal of Purnea was killed by order of Miran, son of [[Mir Jafar|Nawab Mir Jafar]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Banerjee|first1=Supurna|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h6xvDwAAQBAJ|title=Caste and Gender in Contemporary India: Power, Privilege and Politics|last2=Ghosh|first2=Nandini|date=2018-09-17|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-429-78395-1|language=en}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
Mohanlal has been portrayed as a great patriot and the most trusted lieutenant of the nawab in the famous Bangladeshi movie ''Sirajud Daulah'' as well as in Indian movie [[Ami Sirajer Begam]]. Bengali poet [[Nabinchandra Sen]] also symbolized his heroic resistance in his poem ''Palashir Juddho'' and in the drama of Sachindranath Sengupta ''Sirajudullah''.

== Myth ==
It was stated that after the defeat of the battle of Plassey he fled to [[Mymensingh]] to save Siraj's child from the henchmen of [[Mir Miran]]. Later he took shelter in different places of Bengal such as [[Juranpur Satipith]] at [[Juranpur, Nadia|Juranpur]] village, a [[Shakta pithas|Shakta pitha]] of [[Nadia district]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Real 'Heroes' of the Battle of Plassey|url=https://www.livehistoryindia.com/story/snapshort-histories/the-real-heroes-of-the-battle-of-plassey/|access-date=2021-04-28|website=Live History India|language=en-US}}</ref> and Brindabanchandra Mandir at [[Guptipara]], Hooghly.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Sirajer putro o bangsadharder Sandhane (Bengali)|last=Amalendu Dey|publisher=Parul Prakashani Pvt. Ltd.|year=2012|isbn=9789382300472|location=Kolkata|pages=42, 49}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ei Samay Gold: Best Bengali Radio {{!}} Play Bengali Radio News Online {{!}} বাঙ্গালী রেডিও|url=https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/eisamaygold/culture/first-barowari-durga-puja-in-guptipara-of-hooghly/story/78767378.cms|access-date=2021-08-17|website=eisamay.indiatimes.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Books==
*[https://persian.packhum.org/pf?file=07601010&ct=46 "Riyazu-s-salatin", A History of Bengal], Ghulam Husain Salim (translated from the Persian): viewable online at the Packard Humanities Institute
*[http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Mir_Jafar_Ali_Khan Mir Jafar] in the Banglapedia

==Notes==
#{{note|mohanlal}}"Riyazu-s-salatin", Ghulam Husain Salim - a reference to the appointment of Mohanlal can be found [https://persian.packhum.org/pf?file=07601010&ct=46 here]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohanlal}}
[[Category:Indian dewans]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:17th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:18th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:People from Hooghly district]]
[[Category:Bengali zamindars]]
[[Category:Missing person cases in India]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:Indian royal advisors]]

Conflictorium

2025-12-29T05:38:26Z

Mrrajrumel: New Initial Entry and Citations

{{Short description|Indian museum}}

{{more footnotes needed|date=March 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
[[File:The_Conflictorium_Museum.jpg|thumb|The Conflictorium Museum]]
The '''Conflictorium''' is a museum in Mirzapur, [[Ahmedabad]], in the Indian state of [[Gujarat]]. It was opened on 14 April 2013, and it was designed by Avni Sethi as a part of her final project. The building was originally known as The Gool Lodge, which was owned by Bachuben Nagarwala, a Parsi lady and the first trained beautician and hairstylist of Ahmedabad.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |agency=TNN|date=15 Apr 2013 |title=First-of-its-kind 'conflictorium' in Ahmedabad opens at Mirzapur {{!}} Ahmedabad News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/first-of-its-kind-conflictorium-in-ahmedabad-opens-at-mirzapur/articleshow/19551582.cms |access-date=2022-12-05 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Decker |first=Juilee |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d5ksDQAAQBAJ&dq=conflictorium&pg=PA347 |title=Collections Vol 12 N. 3 |date=2016-10-07 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-7722-9 |language=de}}</ref> This two-storey building has now been divided into several galleries, each presenting a different form expression of people's voices and thoughts.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Ambani |first=Jui Jatin |title=Tailoring 606: IAMDAVAD |language=English}}</ref>

== History ==
The city of Ahmedabad is divided into two parts by the [[Sabarmati River]] - The Progressive West or the new city and The Historical East or the old city.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Reserve: Archive of Top-Reviewed Essays {{!}} Berkeley Prize Essay Competition |url=https://berkeleyprize.org/endowment/the-reserve?id=3795 |access-date=2022-12-21 |website=berkeleyprize.org}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Peace |first=History for |date=2019-11-10 |title=Collecting History beyond Artefacts: Reflections on the Conflictorium - Avni Sethi |url=https://www.historyforpeace.pw/post/collecting-history-beyond-artefacts-reflections-on-the-conflictorium |access-date=2022-12-21 |website=History for Peace |language=en}}</ref> The old city is also associated as a trigger for most conflicts that occur in Ahmedabad city.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Project |first=The People Place |date=2017-05-05 |title=A Unique Museum in Ahmedabad Is Helping Conflict Victims by Highlighting Their Stories |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/98930/conflictorium-ahmedabad-unique-museum/ |access-date=2022-12-21 |website=The Better India |language=en-US}}</ref> According to the designer of the Conflictorium Avni Sethi, who also had a first hand experience of such conflicts, the building was situated in a location which not only put it at the heart of such conflicts but also acted as bridge between the two contrasting sides of the city.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2020-03-11 |title=Conflictorium: India's Museum of conflict |url=https://www.mykalimag.com/en/2020/03/11/conflictorium-indias-museum-of-conflict/ |access-date=2022-12-21 |website=My Kali |language=en-US}}</ref> The Conflictorium was thus formed by Avni Sethi in collaboration with Janvikas, Centre for Social Justice and Navsarjan.

== Purpose ==
The Conflictorium acts as a space that enables different section of the society to engage in various topics of conflict through artistic and creative ways.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=At The Museum |url=https://www.conflictorium.org/at-the-museum/ |access-date=2022-12-21 |website=Conflictorium |language=en-US}}</ref> The Conflictorium was founded with the intention of educating the community about conflict through alternative forms of art and culture. The goal was to look at conflict from a different angle than it typically was, to look past its tragic past.<ref name=":4" /> Through this the museum aims to show that conflicts are necessary in a society as it helps it grow into an ideal society. Visitors are encouraged to experience the exhibits through their five senses.<ref name=":1" />

== Location ==
Within the 500m radius of the museum lies the Chalte Peer Ki Dargah, the Sai Baba Temple and the CNI Church. The District Court is present down the road and the first Technical College opposite The Conflictorium. The [[Bhadra Fort]] and [[Ahmad Shah's Tomb]] are also in the vicinity.

The [[Ahmedabad Airport|Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport]] is 6 km from the museum. The Ahmedabad Junction is 2.1 km from the Conflictorium, if visitors wish to transit via train. Other local transport such as autos and taxis also available.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Conflictorium Ahmedabad (Entry Fee, Timings, History, Images, Location & Entry ticket cost price) - Ahmedabad Tourism 2022 |url=https://ahmedabadtourism.in/conflictorium-ahmedabad |access-date=2022-12-22 |website=ahmedabadtourism.in}}</ref>

The Conflictorium is open daily except on Mondays, and entry is free of charge.<ref name=":6" />

== Design ==

=== Conflict timeline ===
It is the first part of the museum which chronicles the violent and oppressive past of the state of Gujarat since its inception in 1960.<ref name=":5" />

=== Gallery of Disputes ===
This section was designed by Mansi Thakkar. The main aim of this section is to highlight different types of disputes and their root causes within the framework of our social structure. The animal world has been personified here and the gallery follows the story of a Donkey. It draws inspiration from the animal fables of '[[Panchatantra]]' by [[Vishnu Sharma]] and fictional stories like '[[Animal Farm]]' by [[George Orwell]] As the visitor walks through the gallery, the story unfolds through the use of various sensory mediums like sounds, props, animations, light and shadows.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":3" />

=== Empathy Alley ===
This is a room right after the Gallery of Disputes which deals with a similar theme as the previous section. Here the section attempts to look at the nation and the though-leaders involved in the process of nation-building. Silhouettes of political figures like [[Mahatma Gandhi]], [[B. R. Ambedkar]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah|Mohammed Ali Jinnah]], [[Vallabhbhai Patel|Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel]] and [[Indulal Yagnik]].<ref name=":5" /> Every figure is accompanied with a speech in their original voice and it expresses their ideological views in a post-independent India.

=== Moral Compass ===
This is the next room in the museum where a copy of the [[Indian Constitution]] is present. It is a pre 1977 version and visitors are freely allowed to engage with the book. It attempts to make the constitution accessible to the general public as the knowledge of the constitution rights is essential for every citizen.<ref name=":5" />

=== Memory Lab ===
The section of "Memory Lab" is an art installation in collaboration with the visitor community. Simple pickle jars are placed on shelves with little tags. Here visitors can pen down stories or thoughts on some personal conflicts they have faced and preserve the memory in an interpersonal setting.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" />

=== In this House and That World ===
Located under the stairwell, it is a sound installation that talks about the original owner of the building, Bachuben Nagarwala. It takes an intimate look into her life and presents the layered history of the building itself.

=== Sorry Tree ===
This section marks the end of the museum ground floor. The peepal tree outside the Conflictorium has been turned into the 'Sorry Tree'. Here Visitors can hand a 'I am Sorry' card and write a letter for certain events for which they feel apologetic towards.

=== Additional features ===
The museum consists of two floors. The gallery spaces on the ground floor are fixed, meaning the display will not change. The first floor hosts an exhibition space, leased for about a month-and-half, where workshops, exhibitions, talks and shows are held.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> The first floor also has a 4-seater auditorium. The back and front yard are utilised for exhibits and performances. Paid residencies are also given out for two residents at once. These residents can then interact with the exhibits, the audience and the museum very closely.<ref name=":2" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Gujarat}}

[[Category:Tourist attractions in Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Museums in Ahmedabad]]

S. Abdul Hamid (athlete)

2025-12-29T01:44:44Z

Mrrajrumel: put up first info w/ sources - done

{{short description|British Indian sprinter}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = S. Abdul Hamid
| image =
| caption =
| full_name = S. Abdul Hamid
| nationality = {{flagicon|Britain}} [[British Indian]] (1907-1947) {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Pakistani]] (1947-1985)
| sport = [[Track and field]]
| event = 110H, 400H
| club =
| collegeteam = [[Government College University, Lahore|Government College, Lahore]]
| birth_date = 1907
| birth_place =
| residence =
| death_date = 22 October 1985
| death_place = [[Lahore]]
| height =
| weight =
}}
'''S. Abdul Hamid''' (1907–22 October 1985), also known as '''Major S. A. Hamid''', was a [[British Indian]] track and field athlete. Hamid ran in the 110 metres hurdles and the 400 metres hurdles at the [[1928 Summer Olympics]] at [[Amsterdam]] but did not progress from his heat in either race. He was also scheduled to run in the 400 metres and the 4 × 400 metres relay but did not start in either event.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/71386|title=Olympedia – S. Abdul Hamid|website=www.olympedia.org}}</ref>

==Education==
He attended [[Zamindara Islamia High School]], [[Dasuha, Faisalabad|Dasuha]], [[Faisalabad]]. Later, he studied at [[Government College University, Lahore|Government College, Lahore]].

==All India Athletic Championships==
Hamid, representing [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], won 120 yards hurdles during the Second All India Athletic Championships, held at [[Calcutta]] in 1927. The same year, he was selected to the all-India team to take part in the Far Eastern Games in [[Shanghai]], but the three-member team could not go as by that time civil war had broken out in [[China]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite book |last=Kapur |first=M. L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xlZXAAAAMAAJ&q=abdul+hamid+m+l+kapur |title=Punjab Sports and Who's who: Official Book of Punjab Olympic Association |date=1968 |publisher=Punjab Olympic Association |pages=88 |language=en}}</ref>

==Indian Olympic Games==
Hamid, representing Punjab, remained first in 220 yards, 440 yards, 120 yards hurdles, 220 yards hurdles, and third in 100 yards, during the Indian Olympic Games at [[Lahore]] in 1928. Owing to this performance, he was selected to British Indian athletic team for the [[1928 Summer Olympics]].<ref name="auto"/>
In the 1930 Indian Olympic Games at [[Allahabad]], Punjab's team retained the top position with 89 points. Hamid remained first in hop, step and jump. Hamid was among three Punjab athletes selected as member of British Indian team for the [[Far Eastern Championship Games|Far Eastern Games]] in [[Tokyo]]. Only Hamid could accompany the team, the two others dropping out for personal reasons.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kapur |first=M. L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xlZXAAAAMAAJ&q=abdul+hamid+m+l+kapur |title=Punjab Sports and Who's who: Official Book of Punjab Olympic Association |date=1968 |publisher=Punjab Olympic Association |pages=89 |language=en}}</ref>

He is in a photograph with other members of India's Olympic team that they signed.<ref>{{cite web | title=The Official Report of the IXth Olympiad, 1928 | date=1928 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nTM_eDNYzI0C&dq=d.b.+chavan+1928&pg=PA26-IA4 }}</ref>

==Personal bests==
110H – 15.8 (1927); 400H – 58.5y (1932).<ref name="auto1"/>

==As sports organizer and trainer==

Hamid remained honorary secretary (tournaments) of the Punjab Olympic Association between 1939 and 1944 before the call of the armed forces.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kapur |first=M. L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xlZXAAAAMAAJ&q=the+call+of+the+armed+forces+took+mr.+hamid+away |title=Punjab Sports and Who's who: Official Book of Punjab Olympic Association |date=1968 |publisher=Punjab Olympic Association |pages=3–4 |language=en}}</ref>

After the partition of [[British India]] in 1947, Hamid who was serving in army, opted for Pakistan. He was instrumental in setting up the [[Pakistan Olympic Association]] (POA) in 1948. Hamid, who at that time was serving as Captain in [[Pakistan Army]], was performing the duties of ADC to the Governor of [[Sindh]], [[Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah]], gathered some known sport minded people and arranged a formal meeting in [[Karachi]]. Resultantly the POA was formed on 25 February 1948 and Quaid-e-Azam [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], the first governor-general of the country was nominated as the patron-in-chief of the POA, whereas [[Ahmed Ebrahim Haroon Jaffer]] became its first president and Capt. S. A. Hamid its first secretary general.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nocpakistan.org/newaboutus_static.php?pid=1|title=Pakistan Olympic Association|website=nocpakistan.org}}</ref>

He served Pakistan in the following capacities as sports organizer and trainer:
* Pakistan's chief de mission at the [[1948 Summer Olympics]] at [[London]].
* One of Pakistan's officials at the [[1952 Summer Olympics]] at [[Helsinki]].
* Pakistan's manager and coach at the [[Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth and British Games]], [[Vancouver]]; July 1954.
* Pakistan's coach at the [[World Military Track and Field Championships|International Military Track and Field Championships]], [[Berlin]]; August 1956.
* Pakistan's associate manager at the [[1958 Asian Games]] at [[Tokyo]].
* Pakistan's coach at the [[1962 Asian Games]] at [[Jakarta]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhatti |first=Mukhtar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yExXAAAAMAAJ |title=Twenty Years of Sports in Pakistan |date=1969 |publisher=Bhatti Publications |pages=10, 12, 15, 17, 25 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hamid, S. Abdul}}
[[Category:1907 births]]
[[Category:1985 deaths]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1928 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Indian men sprinters]]
[[Category:Olympic athletes for India]]
[[Category:Athletes from Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Pakistani sports executives and administrators]]

Baba Biram Das

2025-12-09T18:54:19Z

Mrrajrumel: starting info

{{Short description|Udasi saint}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=June 2023}}
{{Primary sources|date=June 2023}}
}}

{{Infobox religious biography
| native_name = ਬਾਬਾ ਬੀਰਮ ਦਾਸ
| guru = [[Gokal Das]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sihodewale.com/baba-beeram-dass-ji.html|title=Sant Baba Beeram Dass Ji|website=Sant Baba Balwant Singh Ji, Sihode Wale}}</ref>
| religion = [[Sikhism]]
| birth_name = Ratan Das
| birth_place = Lakhnaur Sahib<ref name="Lakhnaur Sahib District Ambala">{{Cite web |title=Lakhnaur Sahib {{!}} District Ambala, Government of Haryana {{!}} India |url=https://ambala.gov.in/tourist-place/lakhnaur-sahib/ |access-date=2023-06-13 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
| death_date = [[Vaisakhi]], 1938 (321 years old)
| sect = [[Udasi]]
| partner = [[Mata Jeoni]]
| spouse = No Information Available
| image = BabaBiramDas.png
| caption = Painting of Baba Biram Das
| name = Biram Das
| honorific prefix = Baba
}}
{{Udasi}}
[[File:Baba biram das and mata jeoni.jpg|thumb|alt=Baba Biram Das and Mata Jeoni|Baba Biram Das and Mata Jeoni]]

'''Baba Biram Das''' was born at [[Lakhnaur Sahib]]<ref name="Lakhnaur Sahib District Ambala" /> and is considered to be one of the greatest [[Udasi]] [[Sant (religion)|sants]]. His birth date is mentioned as 1636. However, the exact date of birth is not confirmed. His actual name was Ratan Das. He was son of [[Mata Gujri]]'s paternal uncle {{lang|pa|(ਚਾਚਾ ਜੀ)}} Baba Biram Das had a very strong bond with [[Mata Gujri]] since they had spent their childhood together with each other. He was also the maternal uncle {{lang|pa|(ਮਾਮਾ ਜੀ)}} of [[Guru Gobind Singh]]. From childhood, Baba Biram Das was immensely engrossed in his devotion towards God.

== Meeting Guru Ji at Anandpur Sahib ==
Baba Biram Das went to [[Anandpur Sahib]] to meet [[Mata Gujri]] and [[Guru Gobind Singh]]. Baba Biram Das only used to wear a '[[Kaupinam|Langot]]' and he came to meet Guru Gobind Singh in the Langot. (He used to wear only Langot but later, Baba Ji would stay with nothing on them and engrossed themselves completely in the devotion of God.) When they reached [[Guru Gobind Singh]], Guru Ji looked and carefully towards Baba Ji and asked ''ਤੁਸੀਂ ਕੋਣ ਹੋ ਤੇ ਕਿਥੋਂ ਆਏ ਹੋ?'' (Who are you and from where have you came?), Guru Ji asked very humbly. Then Baba Ji said {{lang|pa|" ਦਸ਼ਮੇਸ਼ ਜੀ ਅਸੀਂ ਤੁਹਾਡੇ ਮਾਮਾ ਜੀ ਹਾਂ ਤੇ ਲਖਨੌਰ ਸਾਹਿਬ ਤੋਂ ਆਏ ਹਾਂ"}} (I am your maternal uncle and I have came from Lakhnaur Sahib). Upon hearing this, Guru Ji bowed (Matha Tekna) to Baba Biram Das and then Guru Ji took them inside their palace and Baba Ji stayed with [[Guru Gobind Singh]] and [[Mata Gujri]] for a few days and then Baba Ji went back to Lakhnaur Sahib. When Baba Biram Das left Anandpur Sahib, Mata Gujri asked Guru Gobind Singh "ਲਾਲ ਜੀ ਤੁਹਾਡੇ ਮਾਮਾ ਜੀ ਦੀ ਹੁਣ ਦੀ ਤੇ ਪਿਛਲੇ ਜਨਮਾਂ ਦੀ ਕਮਾਈ ( ਭਜਨ ਬੰਦਗੀ) ਬਹੁਤ ਹੈ, ਤੇ ਓਹ ਇਸ ਆਸ ਤੇ ਆਏ ਸੀ ਕਿ ਤੁਸੀਂ ਓਹਨਾਂ ਤੇ ਕਿਰਪਾ ਕਰੋਂਗੇ, ਤੁਸੀਂ ਓਹਨਾਂ ਦੇ ਚਰਨਾਂ ਚ ਸੀਸ ਰੱਖ ਕੇ ਮੱਥਾ ਵੀ ਟੇਕ ਦਿੱਤਾ ਪਰ ਕਿਰਪਾ ਦ੍ਰਿਸ਼ਟੀ ਫੇਰ ਵੀ ਨਹੀ ਕੀਤੀ, ਇਹ ਕਿਉਂ (Your maternal uncle has done lot of [[bhakti]] both in his current birth and even previous births and he came here with the hope that you would shower your grace on him, you even bowed your head in front of him but didn't shower your grace on him, why so?) Guru Ji replied {{lang|pa|" ਮਾਤਾ ਜੀ ਮੱਥਾ ਅਸੀਂ ਆਪਣੇ ਮਾਮਾ ਜੀ ਨੂੰ ਟੇਕਿਆ ਸੀ ਤੇ ਭਾਵੇਂ ਓਹਨਾਂ ਦੀ ਭਜਨ ਬੰਦਗੀ ਬਹੁਤ ਹੈ ਪਰ ਕਿਰਪਾ ਲੈਣ ਵਾਸਤੇ ਮਾਮਾ ਬਣ ਕੇ ਨਹੀ, ਦਾਸ ਬਣ ਕੇ ਆਉਂਦੇ ਹੁੰਦੇ ਹੈ "}}(I bowed my head to my maternal uncle and even though he has lot of devotion for God but if one wants to seek blessings, he has to come as a servant not as maternal uncle).

==Samadhi==
When Baba Biram Das came to know about why he was not given blessings (ਕਿਰਪਾ ਦ੍ਰਿਸ਼ਟੀ) by [[Guru Gobind Singh|Guru Ji]], He did intense [[Tapas (Indian religions)|Tapa]] and entered into [[Samadhi]]. Ratan Das got engrossed so much into Samadhi that snakes made their 'Beermi' (House) around Ratan Das Ji. Baba Ji got famous in the region and started to be known as 'Beermi Wale Sadhu' and from that day onwards, he started to be known as Baba Biram Das.

[[File:Baba biram das ji in samadhi.png|thumb|alt=Baba Biram Das Ji in Samadhi|Baba Biram Das Ji in Samadhi]]

==Becoming Brahmgyani==
A lot of time passed and Baba Biram Das was still in [[Samadhi]]. One day, [[Guru Gobind Singh]] called Baba Biram Das to [[Hazur Sahib]], [[Nanded]] by his spiritual powers. Baba Ji then went to Guru Gobind Singh. There, Guru Ji showered grace on Baba Biram Das on the bank of the river [[Godavari River|Godavari]] and Baba Ji became [[Brahmgiani|Brahmgyani]] and Guru Ji told Baba Ji to go back to [[Punjab]] and guide people towards God. Baba Biram Das' age at the time Guru Ji showered grace on him was 89. The last time [[Guru Gobind Singh|Guru Gobind Singh Ji]]
and Baba Biram Das met physically was 1706. Baba Biram Das received this [[Brahmgyan]] at [[Gurdwara|Gurudwara]] Ratangarh Sahib.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.historicalgurudwaras.com/GurudwaraDetail.aspx?gid=2703|title=HistoricalGurudwaras.com, a Journey to Historical Gurudwara Sahibs|website=www.historicalgurudwaras.com}}</ref>
[[File:Biram Das Ji and Guru Gobind Singh Ji.png|thumb|alt=Guru Gobind Singh Ji giving blessings to Baba Biram Das Circa 1706|Guru Gobind Singh Ji giving blessings to Baba Biram Das in 1706]]

[[File:StatueBiramDas.jpg|thumb|alt=Statue Of Baba Biram Das Ji |Statue Of Baba Biram Das Ji]]

==Death==
It is said that Baba Biram Das left his mortal body on the day of [[Vaisakhi]] about near 4:00 in the morning. This is the most popular and widely accepted view among local people and devotees and his age is said to be 321 years. Some scholars don't agree with this as even [[Sri Chand|Baba Sri Chand]] did not have such a long legendary lifespan. Baba Biram Das was a celibate and didn't father any children throughout his life.<ref>Rattan Singh Jaggi, "Baba Biram Das", Encyclopaedia of Sikhism, Vol. 1, Punjabi University, Patiala, 1995, pp. 253-254</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://punjabijanta.com/religion-faith-spirituality/baba-biram-das-ji-maharaj/|title=baba biram das ji maharaj|website=punjabijanta.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dailypost.in/news/sikh-world/guru-jis-response/|title=ਦਸਮੇਸ਼ ਪਿਤਾ ਕੋਲੋਂ ਬਾਬਾ ਬੀਰਮ ਦਾਸ ਦਾ ਕ੍ਰਿਪਾ ਦ੍ਰਿਸ਼ਟੀ ਲੈਣ ਲਈ ਆਉਣਾ ਤੇ ਇਸ 'ਤੇ ਗੁਰੂ ਜੀ ਦਾ ਜਵਾਬ|first=Mini|last=Chotani|date=June 2, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Jasawanta Siṅgha Wiradī |title=Mālawe dā anamola hīrā jīwanī Santa Bābā Īshara Siṅgha Jī Rāṛā Sāhiba |year=1992 |publisher=Guramati Wicāra Kendara |pages=38 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b1zjAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE+%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE+%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8 |language=Punjabi}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Jagajīta Siṅgha (Santa.) |title=Mahāṃpurakhāṃ de wacittara jīwana te paraupakāra Bābā Karama Siṅgha Jī Hotī Maradāna wāle, Bābā Āiā Siṅgha Jī, srī māna Santa Jawālā Siṅgha Jī |year=1999 |publisher=Bhā. Catara Siṅgha Jīwana Siṅgha |isbn=9788176012874 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f7bXAAAAMAAJ |language=Punjabi}}</ref>

[[File:Derabbjbbj.png|thumb|alt=Dera of Baba Biram Das Ji at Badoshi Kalan|Dera of Baba Biram Das Ji at Badoshi Kalan]]

==See also==
* [[Sri Chand]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{Sikhism}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baba Biram Das}}
[[Category:Indian Sikh religious leaders]]
[[Category:1938 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]

Masud Shah

2025-11-22T17:11:47Z

Mrrajrumel:

{{Short description|Sultan of Delhi from 1242 to 1246}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Masud Shah
| image = File:Photograph of an Indian miniature painting depicting Masud Shah of the Mamluk Sultanate, published in 'Tawarikh-i-Ghuri' by Munshi Bulaqi Das Sahib (1881).jpg
| caption = Indian miniature painting depicting Masud Shah of the Mamluk Sultanate, published in ''Tawarikh-i-Ghuri'' by Munshi Bulaqi Das Sahib (1881)
| reign = 15 May 1242 – 10 June 1246
| coronation =
| full name = Alauddin Masood Shah bin Rukhuddin Firuz Shah bin Shamsuddin Iltumish
| predecessor = [[Muiz ud din Bahram]]
| successor = [[Nasiruddin Mahmud (grandson of Iltutmish)|Nasiruddin Mahmud]]
| spouse = Unknown
| issue = Unknown
| royal house = Slave dynasty
| dynasty = Mamluk
| father = [[Ruknuddin Firuz|Rukn ud-Din Firuz]]
| mother =
| birth_date = 1227 or 1232
| birth_place = Delhi
| death_date = 10 June 1246 (aged 14 or 19)
| death_place = Delhi
| date of burial =
| place of burial =
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
| succession = 7th [[Delhi Sultanate|Sultan of Delhi]]
| title = Sultan
}}

'''Alauddin Masood Shah bin Rukhuddin Firuz Shah bin Shamsuddin Iltumish''' ({{langx|fa|{{nq|علاءالدین مسعود شاه بن روخ الدین فیروز شاه بن شمس الدین ایلتومیش}}}}; died 10 June 1246), was the seventh sultan of the [[Delhi Sultanate]].

== Life ==

[[File:Coin of Ala ud din Masud.jpg|thumb|Copper [[Jital coin]] of Ala ud din Masud]]
Ala-ud-Din Masud-Shah ruled from 1242 to 1246. He was the grandson of Iltutmish and the son of Rukn-ud-Din Firuz Shah. In practice, the Turkish nobles known as the Forty held all real power, leaving Masud-Shah only the Sultan's title. A new Naib-i-Mamlikat post was revived and given to Malik Qutb-ud-din Hasan, while other top offices also went to members of the Forty. The Wazir, Muhazab-ud-Din, lost his position after clashing with these nobles, and Balban rose to become Amir-Hajib, eventually gathering most authority. Meanwhile, Tughra Khan, the Governor of [[Bengal]], broke away, added Bihar to his domain, and even threatened Avadh. [[Multan]] and Uch also became independent. In 1245, Saif-ud-Din Hasan Qarlagh invaded Multan, but the Mongols arrived soon after, drove him out, and besieged Uch. When Sultan Mahmud advanced to the [[Beas River]], the [[Mongols]] ended the siege and left. Ultimately, [[Balban]], [[Mahmud I of Delhi|Nasir-ud-din Mahmud]], and Nasir-ud-din's mother conspired to overthrow Masud-Shah. By June 1246, Masud-Shah was deposed, and Nasir-ud-din Mahmud took the throne.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mahajan|first=V. D.|title=History of Medieval India|year=2007|publisher=S. Chand|isbn=9788121903646|pages=103–104|language=English}}</ref>

=={{anchor|Coinage}}Coins==
Gold, Silver and Billon coins are known for Ala ud-Din Masud Shah. Gold and silver coins were issued from Lakhnau and Delhi. Billon coins were struck from [[Budaun]] and Delhi.
<gallery style="text-align:center">
Silver Tanka of Alaudin Masud of Dehli Sultanat.jpg|Silver Tanka of Ala al-Din Masud Shah, Delhi Mint with the obverse legend "fi Ahd Al Imam Mustasim Amir-ul-Mominin" and Reverse legend "Al Sultan Al Azam 'Ala-al-dunya wa Al-din Abu'l Muzaffar Masud Shah bin Al-Sultan"
Billon Jital of Alaudin Masud of Dehli Sultanat Bull & Horseman Type.jpg|Billon [[Jital coin|Jital]] of Ala al-din Masud
Billon Jital of Alaudin Masud of Dehli Sultanat.jpg|Billon [[Jital coin|Jital]] of Ala al-din Masud
Billon Jital Ala ud din masud Budayun.jpg|Billon [[Jital coin|Jital]] Ala al-din Masud, [[Budaun]] Mint
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Mamluk dynasty of Delhi]]
*[[History of India]]
*[[Islamic history]]
*[[List of Indian monarchs]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060313103053/http://library.thinkquest.org/04oct/01368/web/html_slave_pg-2.html India Through the Ages] (archived)
*[http://www.zeno.ru/showgallery.php?cat=6705&page=2 Delhi Sultanat Coin Gallery]

{{s-start}}
{{succession box|
before=[[Muiz ud din Bahram]]|
title=[[Mamluk dynasty of Delhi|Mamluk Dynasty]]|
years=1206–1290|
after=[[Nasiruddin Mahmud (grandson of Iltutmish)|Nasiruddin Mahmud]]
}}
{{succession box|
before=[[Muiz ud din Bahram]]|
title=[[Delhi Sultanate|Sultan of Delhi]]|
years=1242–1246|
after=[[Nasiruddin Mahmud (grandson of Iltutmish)|Nasiruddin Mahmud]]
}}
{{s-end}}

[[Category:Sultans of the Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:13th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:13th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:13th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:1246 deaths]]

{{India-royal-stub}}

Azharul Haque

2025-11-02T04:16:33Z

Mrrajrumel: adjusted lead to improve readability and improved wording for clarity

{{Short description|Bangladeshi physician}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Azharul Haque
| image = Azharul Haque-1.JPG
| caption = Azharful Haque, 2 March 1965 when he was a medical student
| native_name = আজহারুল হক
| pronunciation = Ājahārula haka
| birth_date = 2 March 1940
| birth_place = [[Dacca]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1971|11|15|1940|3|2|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Motijheel]], [[Dhaka Division|Dhaka]], Bangladesh
| resting_place = [[Azimpur, Dhaka|Azimpur]], [[Dhaka Division|Dhaka]], Bangladesh
| monuments = Shahid Minar in [[Notre Dame College, Dhaka|Notre Dame College]]
| known_for = [[1971 killing of Bengali intellectuals|Martyred Intellectual]]
}}

'''Azharul Haque''' (2 March 1940 – 15 November 1971) was a Bangladeshi physician-surgeon, who was killed in the [[Bangladesh War of Independence]] and is considered to be a martyr intellectual in [[Bangladesh]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/secret-operation-young-surgeon-1329364|title=Secret operation of a young surgeon|date=13 December 2016|work=The Daily Star|access-date=25 March 2017|language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==
Haque was born on 2 March 1940 in [[Dacca]], [[British Raj|British India]] (now in [[Dhaka Division]], Bangladesh). His father Md. Zahurul Haque, was from West Bengal and was the jailer of [[Old Dhaka Central Jail|Dhaka Central Jail]]. After his father died, he lived under the care of his older brother, Anwarul Haque, who was also a jail official. He moved around in East Bengal following the different places his brother was posted. He completed his [[Licentiate in Medicine and Surgery]] degree from [[Sylhet Medical College]] in 1963 and then completed his MBBS from [[Sir Salimullah Medical College]] in 1968.<ref name=":0">{{Cite Banglapedia|article=Haque, Azharul}}</ref>

==Career==
In 1969, he joined [[Dhaka Medical College and Hospital|Dhaka Medical College]] as an assistant surgeon. After the outbreak of independence war, he provided treatment to members of the [[Mukti Bahini]] in his private chambers in [[Hatirpool]], Dhaka. He was warned by the East Pakistani paramilitary [[Al-Badr (East Pakistan)|Al-Badr]] force over his activities in a letter addressed to his practice. In July 1971, he was summoned to the police headquarters and warned. He started treating members of Mukti Bahini in slums near his practice.<ref name=":0" />
[[File:Amma-Abba-2.jpg|thumb|Azharul Haque and his wife Syeda Salma Haque, 15 February 1971]]

==Death and legacy==
On 15 November 1971, a curfew was imposed on Dhaka. The area around his practice was surrounded by members of Al-Badr. He and another doctor, A. B. M. Humayan Kabir were waiting for an ambulance when they were spotted by the Al-Badr members, who interrogated them. The Al-Badr were looking for Azharul Haque and arrested the two doctors. On 16 November 1971, the bodies of Azharul Haque and A B M Hamayun Kabir were found in a culvert near [[Notre Dame College, Dhaka|Notre Dame College]] in [[Motijheel Thana|Motijheel]], Dhaka with their hands tied and blindfolded. He was buried in Azimpur graveyard. On 14 December 1995, Bangladesh Post Office released commemorative stamps in his name.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/operated-like-gestapo-48000|title=Operated like Gestapo|date=30 October 2014|work=The Daily Star|access-date=25 March 2017|language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Stone-5.jpg|thumb|The Monument was founded in front of the culvert near Notre Dame College where Dr. Azhaul Haque and Humayun Kabir were found dead on 16 November 1971]]

== Personal life ==
Haque was married to Syeda Salma Haque.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Salma Haque and her never-ending war |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/317189/salma-haque-and-her-never-ending-war |access-date=2025-08-16 |website=Dhaka Tribune |language=en}}</ref> His granddaughter studied at the University of Toronto in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Haque |first=Shashoti |date=2020-12-14 |title=The Brave Doctor |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/in-focus/news/the-brave-doctor-shaheed-dr-azharul-haque-2010921 |access-date=2025-08-16 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Haque, Azharul}}
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:1971 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Dhaka]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi surgeons]]
[[Category:Mukti Bahini personnel]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Dhaka Medical College and Hospital]]
[[Category:20th-century surgeons]]
[[Category:Sylhet MAG Osmani Medical College alumni]]
[[Category:Health professionals killed in the Bangladesh Liberation War]]
[[Category:Sir Salimullah Medical College alumni]]

Sarayan Caravanserai

2025-10-31T07:34:06Z

Mrrajrumel:

{{Short description|UNESCO World Heritage Site in Iran}}
{{Sources exist|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox building
| image = کاروانسرای سرایان و رد ستارگان.jpg
| location = [[Sarayan]]
| embedded = {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
|child = yes
|Part_of = [[The Persian Caravanserai]]
|ID = 1668
|Year = 2023
|Criteria = (ii)(iii)
}}
| building_type = [[caravanserai]]
}}

'''Sarayan Caravanserai''' ({{langx|fa|کاروانسرای سرایان}}) is a caravanserai located in the city of [[Sarayan]], [[South Khorasan province]], [[Iran]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021-09-21 |title=Sarayan caravanserai restored to former glory |url=https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/465319/Sarayan-caravanserai-restored-to-former-glory |access-date=2023-09-22 |website=Tehran Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-10-15 |title=Sarayan caravanserai eyes UNESCO status |url=https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/477620/Sarayan-caravanserai-eyes-UNESCO-status |access-date=2023-09-22 |website=Tehran Times |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
The caravanserai was built during the [[Safavid Iran|Safavid era]].<ref name=":0" />

== Description ==
A public bathhouse, a mudbrick cistern, and a ''[[bazaar]]'' are situated adjacent to the caravanserai.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|33.85526|58.51799|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IR|display=title}}

[[Category:Caravanserais in Iran]]

Charaka shapath

2025-10-28T07:12:21Z

Mrrajrumel: New First Details Needs Work

{{Short description|Passage of text in the Charaka Samhita}}
'''Charaka shapath''' (or, '''Charaka oath''') is a certain passage of text in [[Charaka Samhita]], a [[Sanskrit]] text on [[Ayurveda]] (Indian traditional medicine) believed to have been composed between 100 BCE and 200 CE. The passage referred to as Charaka Shapath is written in the form a set of instructions by a teacher to prospective students of the science of medicine. According to Charaka Samhita, the unconditional agreement to abide by these instructions is a necessary precondition to be eligible to be taught in the science of medicine. The passage gives explicit instructions on the necessity of practicing asceticism during student life, student-teacher relationship, the importance of committing oneself fully and completely for the well-being of the patient, whom to treat, how to behave with women, and several other related issues. The passage appears as paragraphs 13–14 in Chapter 8 of the Vimanasthana (the third Sthana) in Charaka Samhita.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=A. V. R. Murthy, Dhanya C. P. |title=The Medical Oath of Cosecration of Ancient India |journal=Journal of Vishwa Ayurved Parishad |date=November 2018 |pages=9–16 |url=https://www.vishwaayurveda.org/images/journal/02--the-medical-oath-of-consecration-of-ancient-india-1849299046.pdf |access-date=14 February 2022 |archive-date=14 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220214033028/https://www.vishwaayurveda.org/images/journal/02--the-medical-oath-of-consecration-of-ancient-india-1849299046.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Charaka Shapath: Text in Devanagari with English translation==

The original text of Charaka Shapath in the Sanskrit language in the Devanagari script along with an English translation of the same is reproduced below. The text and translation are taken mostly from ''Charaka Samhita'', Shree Galabkuverba Ayurveic Society, Jamnagar India, 1947, Volume II, pp. 865–871.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Caraka Samhita |date=1949 |publisher=Shree Gulabkunverba Ayurvedic Society |location=Jamnagar, India |pages=865–871 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.325781/page/n897/mode/2up?view=theater |access-date=14 February 2022}} (Note: The ''Caraka Samhita'' expounded by the worshipful Atreya Punravasu, compiled by the great sage Agnivesa and redacted by Caraka and Dridhabala. Edited and published in six volumes with translations in Hindi, Gujarati and English.)</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=I A Menon and H F Haberman |title=The medical students' oath of ancient India |journal=Med. Hist. |date=July 1070 |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=295–299 |doi=10.1017/s0025727300015593 |pmid=4921981 |pmc=1034061 }}</ref> The original Sanskrit version is also available as an [[ebook]] in the portal of the National Institute of Indian Medical Heritage, Hyderabad.<ref>{{cite web |title=चरकसंहिता |url=https://niimh.nic.in/ebooks/ecaraka/?mod=adhi |website=e-Samhita |publisher=Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha (CCRAS), New Delhi |access-date=14 February 2022}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Charaka Shapath: Text in Devanagari with English translation
|-
! scope=col style="width: 20%;" | Original text in Devanagari
! scope=col style="width: 40%;" | English translation
|-
| अथैनमग्निसकाशे ब्राह्मणसकाशे भिषक्सकाशे चानुशिष्यात् -
|| The teacher then should instruct the disciple in the presence of the sacred fire, brahmanas and physicians -
|-
| ब्रह्मचारिणा श्मश्रुधारिण सत्यवादिनाऽमांसादेन मेध्यसेविना निर्मत्सरेणाशस्त्रधारिणा च भवितव्यं, न च ते मद्वचनात् किञ्चिदकार्यं स्यादन्यत्र राजद्विष्टात् प्राणहराद्विपुलादधर्म्यादनर्थसम्प्रयुक्ताद्वाऽप्यर्थात्;
|| (saying) "Thou shalt lead the life of a bachelor (Brahmachari), grow thy hair and beard, speak only the truth, eat no meat, eat only pure articles of food, be free from envy and carry no arms. There shall be nothing that thou oughtest not do at my behest except hating the king or causing another's death or committing an act of great unrighteousness or acts leading to calamity.
|-
| मदर्पणेन मत्प्रधानेन मदधीनेन मत्प्रियहितानुवर्तिना च शश्वद्भवितव्यं, पुत्रवद्दासवदर्थिवच्चोपचरताऽनुवस्तव्योऽहम्,अनुत्सेकेनावहितेनानन्यमनसा विनीतेनावेक्ष्यावेक्ष्यकारिणाऽनसूयकेन चाभ्यनुज्ञातेन प्रविचरितव्यम्, अनुज्ञातेन (चाननुज्ञातेन च) प्रविचरता पूर्वं गुर्वर्थोपाहरणे यथाशक्ति प्रयतितव्यं;
|| Thou shall dedicate thyself to me and regard me as thy chief. Thou shalt be subject to me and conduct thyself for ever for my welfare and pleasure. Thou shalt serve and dwell with me like a son or a slave or a supplicant. Thou shalt behave and act without arrogance and with care and attention, and with undistracted mind, humility, constant reflection, and with ungrudging obedience. Acting either at my behest or otherwise, thou shalt conduct thyself for the achievement of thy teacher's purpose alone to the best of thy abilities.
|-
| कर्मसिद्धिमर्थसिद्धं यशोलाभं प्रेत्य च स्वर्गमिच्छता भिषजा त्वया गोब्राह्मणमादौ कृत्वा सर्वप्राणभृतां शर्माशासितव्यमहरहरुत्तिष्ठता चोपविशता च,
|| If thou desirest success, wealth and fame as a physician and heaven after death, thou shalt pray for the welfare of all creatures beginning with the cows and brahmanas.
|-
| सर्वात्मना चातुराणामारोग्याय प्रयतितव्यं, जीवितहेतोरपि चातुरेभ्यो नाभिद्रोग्धव्यं, मनसाऽपि च परस्त्रियो नाभिगमनीयास्तथा सर्वमेव परस्वं, निभृतवेशपरिच्छदेन भवितव्यम्, अशौण्डेनापापेनापापसहायेन च, श्लक्ष्णशुक्लधर्म्यशर्म्यधन्यसत्यहितमितवचसा देशकालविचारिणा स्मृतिमता ज्ञानोत्थानोपकरणसम्पत्सु नित्यं यत्नवता च;
|| Day and night, however thou mayest be engaged, thou shalt endeavour for the relief of patients with all thy heart and soul. Thou shalt not desert or injure thy patient even for the sake of thy life or thy living. Thou shalt not commit adultery even in thought. Even so, thou shalt not covet other's possessions. Thou shalt be modest in thy attire and appearance. Thou shouldst not be a drunkard or a sinful man nor shouldst thou associate with the abettors of crimes. Thou shouldst speak words that are gentle, pure and righteous, pleasing, worthy, true, wholesome and moderate. Thy behaviour must be in consideration of time and place and heedful of past experience. Thou shalt act always with a view to the acquisition of knowledge and the fullness of equipment.
|-
| न च कदाचिद्राजद्विष्टानां राजद्वेषिणां वा महाजनद्विष्टानां महाजनद्वेषिणां वाऽप्यौषधमनुविधातव्यं, तथा सर्वेषामत्यर्थविकृतदुष्टदुःखशीलाचारोपचाराणामनपवादप्रतिकारणां [२] मुमूर्षूणां च, तथैवासन्निहितेश्वराणां स्त्रीणामनध्यक्षाणां वा;
|| No persons, who are hated of the king, or who are haters of the king or who are hated of the public, shall receive treatment. Similarly, those that are very unnatural, wicked and miserable character and conduct, those who have not vindicated their honour and those that are on the point of death and similarly women who are unattended by their husbands or guardians shall not receive treatment.
|-
| न च कदाचित् स्त्रीदत्तमामिषमादातव्यमननुज्ञातं भर्त्राऽथवाऽध्यक्षेण, आतुरकुलं चानुप्रविशता विदितेनानुमतप्रवेशिना सार्धं पुरुषेण सुसंवीतेनावाक्शिरसा स्मृतिमता स्तिमितेनावेक्ष्यावेक्ष्य मनसा सर्वमाचरता सम्यगनुप्रवेष्टव्यम्, अनुप्रविश्य च वाङ्मनोबुद्धीन्द्रियाणि न क्वचित् प्रणिधातव्यान्यन्यत्रातुरादातुरोपकारार्थादातुरगतेष्वन्येषु वा भावेषु, न चातुरकुलप्रवृत्तयो बहिर्निश्चारयितव्याः, ह्रसितं चायुषः प्रमाणमातुरस्य जानताऽपि त्वया न वर्णयितव्यं तत्र यत्रोच्यमानमातुरस्यान्यस्य वाऽप्युपघाताय सम्पद्यते;
|| No offering of meat by a woman without the behest of her husband or guardian shall be accepted by thee. While entering the patient's house, thou shalt be accompanied by a man who is known to the patient and who has his permission to enter and thou shalt be well-clad and bent of head, self-possessed, and conduct thyself after repeated consideration. Thou shalt thus properly make thy entry. Having entered, thy speech, mind, intellect and senses shall be entirely devoted to no other thought than that of being helpful to the patient and things concerning him only. The peculiar customs of the patient's household shall not be made public. Even knowing that the patient's span of life has come to a close, it shall not be mentioned by thee there where if so done it would cause shock to the patient or to others,
|-
| ज्ञानवताऽपि च नात्यर्थमात्मनो ज्ञाने विकत्थितव्यम्, आप्तादपि हि विकत्थमानादत्यर्थमुद्विजन्त्यनेके.
|| Though of knowledge one should not boast very much of one's knowledge. Most people are offended by boastfulness of even those who are otherwise good and authoritative.
|-
| न चैव ह्यस्ति सुतरमायुर्वेदस्य पारं, तस्मादप्रमत्तः शश्वदभियोगमस्मिन् गच्छेत्, एतच्च [३] कार्यम्, एवम्भूयश्च वृत्तसौष्ठवमनसूयता परेभ्योऽप्यागमयितव्यं, कृत्स्नो हि लोको बुद्धिमतामाचार्यः शत्रुश्चाबुद्धिमताम्, अतश्चाभिसमीक्ष्य बुद्धिमताऽमित्रस्यापि धन्यं यशस्यमायुष्यं पौष्टिकं लौक्यमभ्युपदिशतो [४] वचः श्रोतव्यमनुविधातव्यं चेति.
|| There is no limit at all to the "Science of Life". So, thou shouldst apply thyself to it with diligence. This is how thou shouldst act. Again thou shouldst learn the skill of practice from another without carping. The entire world is a teacher to the intelligent and the foe to the unintelligent. Hence, knowing this well, thou shouldst listen and act according to the words of instruction of even an unfriendly person, when they are worthy and such as bring fame to you and long life, and are capable of giving you strength and prosperity."
|-
| अतः परमिदं ब्रूयात्- देवताग्निद्विजगुरुवृद्धसिद्धाचार्येषु ते नित्यं सम्यग्वर्तितव्यं, तेषु ते सम्यग्वर्तमानस्यायमग्निः सर्वगन्धरसरत्नबीजानि यथेरिताश्च देवताः शिवाय स्युः, अतोऽन्यथा वर्तमानस्याशिवायेति.
|| Thereafter the teacher should say this - "Thou shouldst conduct properly with gods, the sacred fire, the twice-born, the guru, the aged, the adepts and the preceptors. If thou hast conducted thyself well with them, the fire, the fragrances, the tastes, the precious stones, the grains and the gods become well disposed towards thee. If thou shouldst conduct thyself otherwise, they become unfavourable to thee."
|-
| एवं ब्रुवति चाचार्ये शिष्यः ‘तथा’ इति ब्रूयात्. यथोपदेशं च कुर्वन्नध्याप्यः, अतोऽन्यथा त्वनध्याप्यः. अध्याप्यमध्यापयन् ह्याचार्यो यथोक्तैश्चाध्यापनफलैर्योगमाप्नोत्यन्यैश्चानुक्तैः श्रेयस्करैर्गुणैः शिष्यमात्मानं च युनक्ति. इत्यध्यापनविधिरुक्तः.
|| To the teacher that has thus spoken, the disciple should say "Even so". If he behaves as instructed, he deserves to be taught, else, he does not deserve to be taught. The teacher who teaches the worthy disciples will obtain all the auspicious fruits of teaching, those described and even others not described here and obtains all auspicious qualities for himself as well as for his disciples. Thus has been described the method of instruction.
|}

==Charaka oath to replace Hippocratic oath in Medical Colleges in India==

In a discussion meeting with the authorities of all medical colleges in India, the [[National Medical Commission]] of India presented a proposal to replace the [[Hippocratic Oath]] with the "Maharshi Charaka Shapath" while conducting the [[white coat ceremony]] with parents in medical colleges.<ref>{{cite web |last1=The Wire staff |title=Medical Commission Board Proposes To Replace Hippocratic Oath With 'Charak Shapath' |url=https://science.thewire.in/health/national-medical-commission-replace-hippocratic-oath-charak-shapath/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220314/https://science.thewire.in/health/national-medical-commission-replace-hippocratic-oath-charak-shapath/ |archive-date=2022-03-14 |url-status=live|website=Science : The Wire |publisher=The Wire |access-date=14 February 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=FP Staff |title=Explained: What the Hippocratic Oath is and proposal of replacing it with Charak Shapath |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/explained-what-the-hippocratic-oath-is-and-proposal-of-replacing-it-with-charak-shapath-10366711.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220314/https://www.firstpost.com/india/explained-what-the-hippocratic-oath-is-and-proposal-of-replacing-it-with-charak-shapath-10366711.html |archive-date=2022-03-14 |url-status=live|website=Firstpost |publisher=Firstpost |access-date=14 February 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref> However, several medical practitioners individually and collectively have protested against the proposal.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bobins Abraham |title=Doctors Angry Over Alleged Proposal To Replace Hippocratic Oath With 'Charak Shapath' |journal=India Times |date=11 February 2022 |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/doctors-hippocratic-oath-with-charak-shapath-561828.html |access-date=14 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Staff Reporter |title=Kerala IMA opposes 'Maharshi Charak Shapath' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-ima-opposes-maharshi-charak-shapath/article65046049.ece |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220314/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-ima-opposes-maharshi-charak-shapath/article65046049.ece |archive-date=2022-03-14 |url-status=live|access-date=14 February 2022 |agency=The Hindu |date=13 February 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

==Additional reading==
*{{cite journal |last1=Meharban Singh |title=Oaths, codes, ethics and the essence of medicine: A time for resurrection |journal=The National Medical Journal of India |date=1997 |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=190–193 |pmid=9325646 |url=http://archive.nmji.in/approval/archive/Volume-10/issue-4/medical-ethics.pdf |access-date=14 February 2022}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Shaan Bhandarkar |title=The Hypocrisy of Hippocrates: Ethics from Medical Oaths |journal=The Yale Global Health Review |date=21 November 2020 |volume=8 |issue=1 |url=https://yaleglobalhealthreview.com/2020/11/21/the-hypocrisy-of-hippocrates-ethics-from-medical-oaths/ |access-date=14 February 2022}}
*{{cite web |title=Oath of Initiation (Caraka Samhita) |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/oath-initiation-caraka-samhita |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220314/https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/oath-initiation-caraka-samhita |archive-date=2022-03-14 |url-status=live|website=Encyclopedia.com |publisher=Encyclopedia of Bioethics. |access-date=14 February 2022}}{{cbignore}}
*{{cite web |title=Rogabhishagjitiya Vimana: Vimana Sthana Chapter 8. Methods of conquering debate and disease |url=https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Rogabhishagjitiya_Vimana#Code_of_conduct_for_medical_student_and_professional |website=Charak Samhita New Live Edition |publisher=Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre |access-date=15 February 2022}}
*For another English translation of the Charak shapath see: {{cite book |last1=Kaviraj Avinash Chandra Kaviratna |title=Charaka-Samhita – translated in to English |date=1890 |publisher=Pareshnath Sarma, son of Kaviraj Avinash Chandra Kaviratna |location=Calcutta |pages=552–557 |url=https://archive.org/details/BIUSante_47357/page/552/mode/2up?view=theater |access-date=15 February 2022}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Oaths of medicine]]

Bargi, Madhya Pradesh

2025-10-27T16:49:45Z

Mrrajrumel: starting a post

{{Short description|Town in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bargi
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = city
| image_skyline = Life giving Narmada.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Sunset at Bargi Resort, Bargi
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.99|N|79.87|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jabalpur district|Jabalpur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 6,916
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|MP 20]]
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MP]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Bargi''' is a [[census town]] in the district of [[Jabalpur]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India. The pin code for Bargi is 482051, and it is located 25 km from [[Jabalpur]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=MPSTDC {{!}}{{!}} Welcome To MP |url=https://mpstdc.com/destinations/Bargi |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=mpstdc.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Bargi Pin Code {{!}} Postal Code (Zip Code) of Bargi, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/pincode/madhya-pradesh/jabalpur/bargi |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=www.indiatvnews.com}}</ref>

==Geography==
Bargi is located at the coordinates 22.9901586, 79.8758780, near the [[Narmada River]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Bargi, India |url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/35/Bargi.html |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=www.fallingrain.com}}</ref>

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 Census of India]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population, population in the age group 0-6 and literates by sex - Cities/Towns (in alphabetic order): 2001 |url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999 |archive-date=2004-06-16 |access-date= |website=www.censusindia.net}}</ref> Bargi town has a population of 6,916, with 3,621 males and 3,295 females.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bargi Census Town City Population Census 2011-2024 {{!}} Madhya Pradesh |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/490024-bargi-madhya-pradesh.html |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

==Government==
[[Bargi Assembly constituency]] is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies in the state of [[Madhya Pradesh]], central [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Madhya Pradesh 2013|url=http://www.myneta.info/mp2013/index.php?action=show_candidates&constituency_id=175|website=myneta.info|publisher=National Election Watch|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref>

==Transportation==
Bargi town is well-connected by road and rail.

Bargi Railway Station is situated on the [[Jabalpur]] - [[Gondia]] line and serves as a stop for several passenger and express trains, enhancing connectivity to the region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=8 Departures from Bargi SECR/South East Central Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/bargi-buq/3731 |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>

Bargi is well-connected by road, with [[National Highway 34 (India)|National Highway 34]] passing through the town. This highway connects [[Jabalpur]] to [[Seoni]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Jabalpur Division}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Jabalpur district]]
[[Category:Cities in Madhya Pradesh]]

Tinpahar Junction railway station

2025-10-21T19:00:55Z

Mrrajrumel:

{{Short description|Railway station in Jharkhand}}
{{onesource|date=March 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Tinpahar Junction
| style = Indian Railways
| type = [[Passenger train]] station
| image =
| caption =
| address = [[Tin Pahar]], [[Sahebganj district]], [[Jharkhand]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|24.996926|N|87.743807|E|format=dms}}
| elevation = {{cvt|38|m}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone]]
| line = [[Sahibganj loop|Rampurhat-Sahibganj Section]]
| platform = 4
| tracks = 2
| other =
| accessible =
| parking =
| structure = Standard (on ground station)
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = TPH
| zone = [[Eastern Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Malda}}
}}
| status = Active
| closed =
| former = [[East Indian Railway Company]]
| opened =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| passengers =
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
}}

'''Tinpahar Junction railway station''' is a railway station on the [[Sahibganj loop|Rampurhat-Sahibganj section]] under the [[Malda railway division]] of [[Eastern Railway zone]]. It is situated at [[Tin Pahar]] in [[Sahebganj district]] in the Indian state of [[Jharkhand]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tinpahar Railway Station Map/Atlas ER/Eastern Zone - Railway Enquiry|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/tinpahar-junction-tph/1786|access-date=2021-06-04|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tinpahar Jn Railway Station (TPH) : Station Code, Time Table, Map, Enquiry |url=https://www.ndtv.com/indian-railway/tinpahar-jn-tph-station |access-date=2024-04-12 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Adjacent stations|noclear=y
|system=Indian Railways
|line=Eastern Railway zone|left=Dhamdhamia|right=Kalian Chak|type=[[Sahibganj loop]]
|line2=Eastern Railway zone|left2=|right2=Murli Halt|type2=Rajmahal branch line}}
[[Category:Railway stations in Sahibganj district]]
[[Category:Malda railway division]]
[[Category:Railway junction stations in Jharkhand]]

Central Institute of Petrochemicals Engineering and Technology, Jaipur

2025-10-19T22:13:25Z

Mrrajrumel: New A Info W/ Infobox

{{Short description|Indian research and Technology institute}}
{{Orphan|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Central Institute of Petrochemical Engineering and Technology, Jaipur
| native_name = Cipet Jaipur
| established = 2006
| affiliations = [[Rajasthan Technical University]]
| vice_chancellor =
| director = Dr. Syed Amanulla, Mr Sanjay Choudhary
| city = [[Jaipur]]
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| country = [[India]]
| campus = 17.24 acre
| logo =
| website = {{URL|cipet.gov.in}}
}}

'''Central Institute of Petrochemical Engineering and Technology, Jaipur''' ('''CIPET''')<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2021-09-30|title=PM Modi unveils CIPET, lays foundation stone for 4 medical colleges in Rajasthan|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/news/pm-modi-unveils-cipet-lays-foundation-stone-for-4-medical-colleges-in-rajasthan-101632984021813.html|access-date=2022-01-16|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=PTI|title=पीएम मोदी ने राजस्थान को CIPET और चार मेडिकल कॉलेज की सौगात दी, वोडियो कॉन्फ्रेंसिंग से रखी आधारशिला|url=https://www.india.com/hindi-news/india-hindi/pm-narendra-modi-inaugurates-cipet-jaipur-via-video-conferencing-4996164/|access-date=2022-01-16|website=www.india.com|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=PM Modi Lays Foundation Stones For 4 Medical Colleges In Rajasthan, Inaugurates CIPET Jaipur|work=[[NDTV]]|url=https://www.ndtv.com/education/pm-modi-lays-foundation-stones-for-4-medical-colleges-in-rajasthan-inaugurates-cipet-jaipur}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|title=PM to inaugurate Central Institute of Petrochemicals Engineering and Technology|work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/pm-to-inaugurate-central-institute-of-petrochemicals-engineering-and-technology-11632905979851.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=PM Modi to inaugurate CIPET and lay the foundation stone of 4 medical colleges in Jaipur|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/education/article/pm-modi-to-inaugurate-cipet-and-lay-the-foundation-stone-of-4-medical-colleges-in-jaipur/818132|access-date=2022-01-16|website=www.timesnownews.com|date=29 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref> is an autonomous higher education<ref>{{Cite web|last=|title=PM Modi inaugurates CIPET, lays foundation stones of 4 new medical colleges in Rajasthan|url=https://news.careers360.com/pm-narendra-modi-inaugurates-cipet-jaipur-lays-foundation-stones-of-four-new-medical-colleges-rajasthan-dharmendra-pradhan|access-date=2022-01-16|website=news.careers360.com|date=30 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=PM inaugurates CIPET: Institute of Petrochemicals Technology, Jaipur|url=https://www.psuconnect.in/news/PM-inaugurates-CIPET-Institute-of-Petrochemicals-Technology-Jaipur/29562|access-date=2022-01-16|website=www.psuconnect.in|date=October 2021 |language=en}}</ref> and research institute located in [[Jaipur]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=PM to virtually inaugurate CIPET Jaipur|work=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/pm-to-virtually-inaugurate-cipet-jaipur-lay-foundation-stones-for-4-medical-colleges-in-rajasthan/articleshow/86614031.cms}}</ref> It was established in 2006 under the aegis of the [[Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers|Ministry of Chemical and Fertilizers]], [[Government of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=About CIPET : CSTS - Jaipur {{!}} CIPET : CSTS - Jaipur {{!}} CIPET : Centre for Skilling and Technical Support (CSTS) - Jaipur {{!}} Centres {{!}} CIPET {{!}} Central Institute of Petrochemicals Engineering & Technology|url=https://www.cipet.gov.in/centres/cipet-jaipur/introduction.php|access-date=2022-01-10|website=www.cipet.gov.in}}</ref><ref name=":1"/>

== Location ==
CIPET Jaipur<ref name=":0" /> is located on a 17.29-acre campus at SP - 1298, Sitapura Industrial Area, Near Mahatma Gandhi Hospital, Jaipur.

== Courses ==
•[[B.Tech]] in [[Mechanical engineering|Mechanical Engineering]]

•[[B.Tech]] in [[Plastics engineering|Plastic Technology]]

•[[Bachelor of Technology|B.Tech]] in [[Petrochemical|Petrochemical Engineering]]

•Diploma in Plastic Technology

== References ==

<references />

== External links ==
• [https://www.cipet.gov.in/ Official website of cipet]

• [https://www.google.com/search?kgmid=/g/1tf194n4&hl=en-IN&q=Central+Institute+Of+Petrochemicals+Engineering+%26+Technology.&kgs=4f56f3e7dd04a8af&shndl=17&source=sh/x/kp/osrp/2&entrypoint=sh/x/kp/osrp CIPET Jaipur in Google Map]

[[Category:2006 establishments in Rajasthan]]

{{India-edu-stub}}

Tomb of Salim Chishti

2025-10-19T20:03:32Z

Mrrajrumel: cleaned up layout based on references and added references as per guidelines

{{Short description|Mausoleum with tomb of Salim Chishti in Fatehpur Sikri in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
[[File:Fatehpur Sikri near Agra 2016-03 img02.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.3|The tomb of Shaikh Salim Chisti is considered to be one of the finest examples of Mughal architecture in India.]]
The '''Tomb of Salim Chishti''' is a mausoleum locating within the [[quadrangle (architecture)|quadrangle]] of the [[Jama Mosque, Fatehpur Sikri|Jama Masjid]] in [[Fatehpur Sikri]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name=ft>{{cite book|title=[[Imperial Gazetteer of India]] (v. 12)|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V12_091.gif|publisher=Oxford|pages=84–85|chapter=Fatehpur Sikri}}</ref> It enshrines the burial place of the [[Sufi]] saint [[Salim Chisti]] (1478 – 1572), a descendant of [[Baba Farid]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schimmel |first=Annemarie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wfVgEAAAQBAJ&dq=salim+chishti+ganj+shakar&pg=PA80 |title=Islam in the Indian Subcontinent |date=2022-02-22 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-49299-8 |language=en}}</ref> and who lived in a cavern on the ridge at Sikri.<ref name="ar">{{cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_fatehpursikri.asp|title=World Heritage Sites - Fatehpur Sikri (1986), Uttar Pradesh|publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI) website}}</ref> Considered one of the finest examples of [[Mughal architecture]] in India, the mausoleum was built during the years 1580 and 1581 by [[Akbar]], along with the imperial complex at [[Fatehpur Sikri]] near Zenana Rauza.<ref name=ft/> It was constructed as a mark of his respect for Salim Chisti, who foretold the birth of Akbar's son (named [[Prince Salim]] after Salim Chisti), who succeeded Akbar to the throne of the [[Mughal Empire]].<ref name=ft/> Along with the Jama Masjid and the old city of Fatehpur Sikri, the tomb was inscribed on the [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage List]] in 1986.<ref name = unesco>{{cite web |title=Fatehpur Sikri |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/255/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher = United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization |access-date=25 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

==Architecture==
[[File:Salim Chishti Tomb-2.jpg|thumb|left|Intricate ''[[jali]]'', stone latticework window, looking into the [[Quadrangle (architecture)|quadrangle]] of the [[Jama Masjid, Fatehpur Sikri|Jama Masjid]]]]
[[File:Salim Chishti Tomb-1.jpg|thumb|Wooden canopy over the inner tomb, with an inlaid mosaic of [[mother-of-pearl]]]]
The tomb was constructed on a platform that is about 1 metre high with a flight of five steps leading to the entrance [[portico]]. The main tomb building is enclosed by delicate marble screens on all sides, and the tomb is located in the centre of the main hall, which has a single semi-circular dome. The marble building is beautifully carved and has an ivory-like appearance. The [[plinth]] is ornamented with mosaics of black and yellow marble arranged in geometric patterns. An ebony "chhaparkhat" enclosure surrounds the marble [[cenotaph]], which is usually covered by a green cloth. A wooden [[canopy (building)|canopy]] encrusted with [[mother-of-pearl]] [[inlay]] [[mosaic]] stretches over it.<ref>{{cite book|title=[[Imperial Gazetteer of India]] ( V. 2)|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V02_161.gif|publisher=Oxford|page=126|chapter=Indian Empire}}</ref>

The door to the main chamber is intricately carved with [[Arabesque (Islamic art)|arabesque]] patterns and bears inscriptions from the [[Quran]]. Brown marble borders the interior bays while the relief panels - with the Quran verses - have a blue background. The carved and painted tomb chamber has a white marble floor, which is inlaid with multicolored stones. The multicoloured stones which are also a piece of diamond ruby or emerald.

==Gallery==
[[File:Jali (Stone latticework) around Salim Chishti Tomb.jpg|thumb|1000px|left|A compilation of all the jalis around the tomb of Salim Chishti]]
<gallery widths=200px height=150px perrow="3" align="center">
Tomb of Salim Chisti1.JPG|Tomb of Salim Chisti
Ulama Salim Chisti.JPG|An ulama in front of the tomb
SC Sufis.JPG|Sufi singers in front of the building
DargahofSC.JPG|A closer view of the building
Fatehpur Sikri near Agra 2016-03 img03.jpg|Side view
Inside work in Salim Chisti's tomb.jpg|Inside work
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Tomb of Salim Chishti}}
*[https://archive.today/20081204124950/http://www.world-heritage-tour.org/asia/south-asia/india/agra/fatehpur-sikri/salim-chishti-s-tomb-outside/sphere-quicktime.html Salim Chishti's tomb (Outside), 360 degree view]
*[http://tourism.webindia123.com/tourism/pilgrimcenters/mosques/sheikhsalimchishti_tomb/index.htm?sub_cat=Mosques Tomb of Sheikh Salim Chishti]

{{coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Mughal Empire}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Salim Chishti}}
[[Category:Dargahs in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Fatehpur Sikri]]
[[Category:Mausoleums in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Agra]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Agra district]]
[[Category:Chishti Order buildings and structures]]
[[Category:Mughal tombs]]
[[Category:Tombs in Uttar Pradesh]]

Silk industry in Varanasi

2025-10-10T05:52:55Z

Mrrajrumel: started some pg from scratch

{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Short description|Overview of manufacturing of silk saris in Varanasi}}
[[File:Saree on display at Dilli Haat.JPG|thumb|250px| traditional [[Banarasi sari]] with gold [[brocade]].]]
'''[[Silk]] weaving''' is a manufacturing industry in [[Varanasi]]. Varanasi is known throughout India for its production of very fine silk and [[Banarasi sari]]s.

==Overview==
Weaving is typically done within the household, and most weavers in Varanasi are [[Momin Ansari]] [[Islam|Muslims]].<ref name="google">{{cite book|title=Re-framing Democracy and Agency in India: Interrogating Political Society|author=Gudavarthy, Ajay|date=2012|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=9780857283504|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Fq4eUi_3oMC|page=113|access-date=2 January 2015}}</ref>
Many of Varanasi's Muslims belong to a [[Weaver (occupation)|weaver]] community that is known by the name of [[Ansari (nisbat)|Ansari]], which means "helper" in [[Arabic language|Arabic]]. For generations they have passed on their craft from father to son, hand-weaving silk on room-sized foot-powered looms. They are fashioned into [[Sari|Sarees]] worn only for special occasions; many Indian girls dream of wearing [[Banarasi sari|Varanasi silk Saree]] for their wedding day.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Raman |first1=Vasanthi |title=The Warp and the Weft: Community and Gender Identity Among the Weavers of Banaras |date=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781136518003 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BIFpa2Oea3sC&pg=PT147 |language=en}}</ref>{{page needed|date=October 2019}}

Varanasi saris are adorned with intricate designs and zari embellishments making it popular during traditional functions and weddings. Earlier, the embroidery on sarees were often done with threads of pure gold. In 2009, weaver associations and cooperatives together secured [[Geographical indication|Geographical Indication]] (GI) rights for ‘Banaras Brocades and Sarees’.<ref name=toi>{{cite news|author=Singh, Binay|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Banarasi-silk-sarees-get-copyright-cover/articleshow/5024807.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829155022/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-09-18/india/28088590_1_gi-status-gi-registration-banaras-bunkar-samiti|url-status=live|archive-date=29 August 2012|title= Banarasi silk sarees get copyright cover|work=[[The Times of India]]|date= 18 September 2009|access-date=30 October 2012}}</ref> This silk is used in large part for the production of [[Banarasi sari]]s, which are a regional type of [[sari]] made from silk.

{{As of|2015|post=,}} there are roughly 40,000 weavers in Varanasi, down from 300,000.<ref name="Das2015">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Make-in-India-Reviving-textile-traditions-of-Varanasi/articleshow/48636657.cms|title=Make in India: Reviving textile traditions of Varanasi|first=Mohua|last=Das|date=22 August 2015|work=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=20 August 2019}}</ref> Some attribute the decline to lower demand of Saris or higher number of imported Saris.<ref>{{cite news |work=[[The Economist]]|date=10 January 2009|edition=U.S. print|page=40|title=India's traditional crafts: Looming extinction|url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2009/01/08/looming-extinction|accessdate=15 October 2019|url-access=registration}}</ref> Others suggest that power looms played a role.<ref name="Das2015"/>

Varanasi has a high rate of [[Child labour in India|Child labour]] given the unorganised nature of small scale industries.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Narayan |first1=Ashok |editor1-last=Bekele |editor1-first=Assefa |editor2-last=Boyden |editor2-first=Jo |title=Combating Child Labour |date=1988 |publisher=International Labour Organization |location=Geneva |isbn=9789221063896 |page=153 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S2_84EPEzJ0C&pg=PA153 |language=en |chapter=Child labour policies and programmes: The Indian experience}}</ref> According to [[Human Rights Watch]], it is common for children as young as 5 or 6 to begin working in industry because it is believed to be more efficient to teach them from a very young age rather than teaching an older child of 12 the trade.<ref>{{cite book |author=Human Rights Watch Children's Rights Project |title=The Small Hands of Slavery: Bonded Child Labor in India |date=1996 |publisher=Human Rights Watch |isbn=9781564321725 |page=23 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NfX3sRoJ3rYC&pg=PA23 |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Silk in the Indian subcontinent]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Silk production]]
[[Category:Economy of Varanasi]]
[[Category:Indian weavers]]
[[Category:Textile arts of India]]
[[Category:Textile industry in India]]
[[Category:Silk in India]]

1206 in India

2025-09-23T10:04:27Z

Mrrajrumel: general refine references to improve readability and fixed typos as per guidelines

{{short description|none}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}

==Events==
12 June — [[Qutb al-Din Aibak]] ascended to the throne of Delhi.<ref>Nizami, Khaliq Ahmad (1992). "The Early Turkish Sultans of Delhi". In Mohammad Habib; Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (eds.). A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206–1526). Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House.</ref> He was first Muslim king of Delhi and was founder of [[Mamluk Dynasty (Delhi)]].

==Deaths==
15 March — [[Muhammad of Ghor]], Sultan of [[Ghurid Empire]] from 1173 to 1206 AD.

==See also==
*[[List of years in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1206 in Asia]]
[[Category:13th century in India]]

{{India-year-stub}}

Sattaiyampudur

2025-09-19T21:19:32Z

Mrrajrumel: started the stub w/ refs!

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2025}}{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sattaiyampudur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Pudur
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|11|22|49.8|N|77|53|42.45|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Namakkal district|Namakkal]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 230
| population_total = 2,500{{cn|date=January 2023}}
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 637211
| area_code = 91-(0)4288
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = TN34
| website =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
}}

'''Sattaiyampudur''' (also called Pudur) is a town, on the periphery of [[Tiruchengode]], Namakkal District.<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Primary Census Abstract Data Tables – India: Final Population Totals |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=11 July 2022 |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}</ref>

== Economy ==
The major occupation of the people is textile weaving. Gada, dhotis, towels, bedsheets are some of the town's textile products. Major part of the community belong to the [[Sengunthar|kaikolar]] community, renowned for weaving.
Sengunthar Tirumana Mahal Sattaiyampudur - The notable and biggest Tirumana Mandabam in Tiruchengode.

== Festivals==
*Arulmigu Muthu Kumaraswamy Temple and Arulmigu Muthu Mariamman Temple festival Celebrated during the Tamil month of Maasi.
*Arulmigu Muthu Muniyappan Temple festival Celebrated during the Tamil month of Aadi.

=== Mariamman Festival ===
* Arulmigu Muthu Kumaraswamy Temple and Arulmigu Muthu Mariamman Temple festival was celebrated after 8 years, in 2017. Later celebrated every 2 years.
*Manjalneerattam is a major part of the festival where youth and men splash water with dissolved [[turmeric]], over each other celebrating a good year of weaving. Earlier, folks of the village celebrate the festival dancing around the streets to the drums, which makes it a spectacular event.[[File:Pudurfestivalone.jpg|left|thumb|Manjalneerattam]]
[[File:Sattaiyampudur Boys.jpg|thumb]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Cities and towns in Namakkal district]]

Kot Sukhia

2025-08-25T13:22:16Z

Mrrajrumel: Adding post...

{{short description|Village in Punjab, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kot Sukhia
| native_name = ਕੋਟ ਸੁਖੀਆ
| native_name_lang = pa
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|30.681482|N|74.876044|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|States]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Faridkot district|Faridkot]]
| established_title = 
| parts_type = Block
| government_type = Gram Panchayat
| governing_body = Sarpanch
| unit_pref = Metric
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 151207
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Faridkot, India|Faridkot]]
| demographics1_info1 = [[Gurmukhi|Punjabi (Gurmukhi)]]|
}}
'''Kot Sukhia''' is a village located in [[Faridkot district|Faridkot]] district of [[Punjab, India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kot Sukhia · Punjab 151207, India |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Kot+Sukhia,+Punjab+151207/@30.6821332,74.8619855,13.67z/data=!4m6!3m5!1s0x391754294ce0e7b3:0xbb69d34765e5ed57!8m2!3d30.6824579!4d74.8814136!16s/g/1wzt0ryt?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI1MDQxNi4xIKXMDSoASAFQAw== |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=Kot Sukhia · Punjab 151207, India |language=en}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
As per the population census of 2011, the village has population of 4856 of which 2590 are males while 2266 were females.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kot Sukhia Village Population - Faridkot - Faridkot, Punjab |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/35572-kot-sukhia-punjab.html |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref> The geographical area of village is about 1468 Hectares.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kot Sukhia (120) village in Faridkot taluka, Faridkot, Punjab, India |url=https://vill.co.in/punjab/faridkot/faridkot-045002420/kot-sukhia-120-002420355720/ |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=vill.co.in |language=en}}</ref> The Postal code of village is 151207.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pin Code: KOT SUKHIA, FARIDKOT, PUNJAB, India, Pincode.net.in |url=https://pincode.net.in/PUNJAB/FARIDKOT/K/KOT_SUKHIA |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=pincode.net.in}}</ref> The nearest railway station is Giani Zail Singh Sandhwan which is about 10 kilometers away.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kot Sukhia {{!}} Village {{!}} GeoIQ |url=https://geoiq.io/places/Kot-Sukhia/xyHaxAu5ZX |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=geoiq.io}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />
{{PunjabIN-geo-stub}}

[[Category:Villages in Faridkot district]]

Satish Nambisan

2025-08-19T01:38:47Z

Mrrajrumel: started basic pg added tags

{{multiple issues|
{{COI|date=February 2014}}
{{BLP primary sources|date=February 2014}}
{{notability|Bio|date=September 2020}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Satish Nambisan
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_place = [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1965}}
| death_date =
| death_place =
| alma_mater = [[XLRI – Xavier School of Management]] [[Syracuse University]]
| occupation = [[Public speaker]], [[Consultant]], [[Management]]
| website = [https://satishnambisan.org/ Official Website]
}}

'''Satish Nambisan''' is the Nancy and Joseph Keithley Professor of Technology Management at the [[Weatherhead School of Management]], [[Case Western Reserve University]].

==Personal life and education==
Nambisan was born in Kerala, India. He holds a PhD in business administration from the [[Martin J. Whitman School of Management]] of [[Syracuse University]]; an MBA from [[XLRI – Xavier School of Management]], [[Jamshedpur]].

==Career==
Nambisan conducts research in the areas of innovation management, technological entrepreneurship, technology strategy, and social innovation. His articles have appeared in several management journals including [[Harvard Business Review]], [[MIT Sloan Management Review]], [[Stanford Social Innovation Review]], [[Management Science]], [[Organization Science (journal)|Organization Science]], and [[Academy of Management Review]].

Nambisan is the author of "The Global Brain: Your Roadmap for Innovating Faster and Smarter in a Networked World",<ref>{{cite book | last1=Nambisan | first1=S. | first2=M. | last2=Sawhney | url=https://www.amazon.com/Global-Brain-Roadmap-Innovating-Networked-ebook/dp/B004XIH378/ref=sr_1_3?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1398823938&sr=1-3&keywords=the+global+brain# | title=The Global Brain: Your Roadmap for Innovating Faster and Smarter in a Networked World | date=October 2007 | publisher=Wharton School Publishing | location=PA | via=Amazon}}</ref> which applies the concept of [[Global brain]] to management and focuses on global innovation networks. An article based on this book appeared in Harvard Business Review.<ref>{{cite web | last1=Nambisan | first1=S. | first2=M. | last2=Sawhney | url=http://hbr.org/2007/06/a-buyers-guide-to-the-innovation-bazaar/ar/1 | title=A buyer’s guide to the innovation bazaar | work=Harvard Business Review | date=June 2007 | pages=109-118}}</ref>

Nambisan (along with [[Mohanbir Sawhney]] of Northwestern University) coined the term ''Innovation capitalist'' to describe a new type of innovation intermediary.<ref>{{cite web | last1=Nambisan | first1=S. | first2=M. | last2=Sawhney | url=http://hbr.org/2007/03/meet-the-innovation-capitalist/ar/1 | title=Meet the innovation capitalist | work=Harvard Business Review | date=March 2007}}</ref>

He is also credited with introducing the concept of [[Virtual customer environment]] that describes Web-based forums for customer co-innovation and value co-creation. His publications on this topic has appeared in several academic journals such as Academy of Management Review,<ref>Nambisan, S. "[http://amr.aom.org/content/27/3/392.full.pdf Designing virtual customer environments for new product development: Toward a theory]," Academy of Management Review, 2002, 27(3), 392-413</ref> MIT Sloan Management Review,<ref>{{cite web | last1=Nambisan | first1=S. | first2=P. | last2=Nambisan | url=http://sloanreview.mit.edu/article/how-to-profit-from-a-better-virtual-customer-environment/ | title=How to profit from a better virtual customer environment | work=MIT Sloan Management Review | date=Spring 2008 | pages=53-61}}</ref> and Organization Science <ref>{{cite journal | last1=Nambisan | first1=S. | first2=R. | last2=Baron | url=http://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/abs/10.1287/orsc.1090.0460 | title=Different roles, different strokes: Organizing virtual customer environments to promote two types of customer contributions | journal=Organization Science | volume=21 | issue=2 | date=2010 | pages=554-572}}</ref>

Prior to joining CWRU, he was Professor of Entrepreneurship and Technology Management at the Lubar School of Management, [[University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee]] and Professor of Technology Management & Strategy at the [[Lally School of Management]], [[Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute]].{{fact|date=August 2025}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official|https://satishnambisan.org/}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nambisan, Satish}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee faculty]]
[[Category:American management consultants]]
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Martin J. Whitman School of Management alumni]]
[[Category:XLRI – Xavier School of Management alumni]]

Thirunallar

2025-05-10T21:05:09Z

Mrrajrumel:

{{Short description|Town in Karaikal, India}}
{{See also|Tirunallar Dharbaranyeswarar Temple}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Thirunallar
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Panchayat Town
| image_skyline = Tirunallar.JPG
| image_alt =
| image_caption = The ''Sannathi'' or ''Sannadi'' (temple enclosure street) of the Dharbaranyesvarar temple, with its gopuram in perspective.
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|10.9264|N|79.7920|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|Union Territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Karaikal district|Karaikal]]
| subdivision_type3 = Region
| subdivision_name3 = [[Chola Nadu]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Town Panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| demographics1_title2 = Additional
| demographics1_info2 = [[English language|English]], [[French language|French]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Thirunallar''' is a small town in southeastern India in the [[Karaikal|Karaikal District]] of the [[Union Territory]] of Puducherry, near the town of [[Karaikal]]. The village is home to the [[Dharbaranyeswarar Temple|Dharbaranyesvarar temple]], dedicated to [[Shiva]], which contains within it a shrine of [[Shani]] (Saturn).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fernando |first=Antony |date=2023-12-21 |title=Sani Peyarchi after 3 years, 60k throng Thirunallar for prayers |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2023/Dec/21/sani-peyarchi-after-3-years-60k-throng-thirunallar-for-prayers-2643545.html |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==External links==
* https://thirunallarutemple.org
* http://karaikal.gov.in/SDS/shistory.htm (Information about Thirunallar at the Website of the Collectorate of Karaikal)

==References==
{{Commons category}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Karaikal district]]

Suntikoppa

2025-04-22T19:23:30Z

Mrrajrumel: Updated formatting and sections

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Suntikoppa
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|12|27|10|N|75|49|52|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kodagu]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of taluks of Karnataka|Taluk]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Kushalnagar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat|Ulugulli Grama Panchayath]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 14.25
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 995
| population_total = 7829 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2922_PART_B_DCHB_KODAGU.pdf|access-date= 31 July 2023|title=Census Data Handbook 2011}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 571237
| registration_plate = KA-12
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}

{{sources|date=October 2010}}

'''Suntikoppa''' is a village panchayath in [[Kushalanagar]], a [[taluk]] of Kodagu district in Karnataka state, India.

[[File:Suntikoppa. Ayyappa Swamy temple.jpg|thumb|Ayyappa Swamy Temple on Mysore Road]]

==Location==
Suntikoppa is a town between [[Madikeri]] and [[Kushalnagar]] on the [[Mangalore]]–[[Mysore]]–[[Bangalore]] [[National Highway 275 (India)]].

==References==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Kodagu district]]

{{Kodagu-geo-stub}}

1965 Asian Badminton Championships

2025-03-28T03:01:20Z

Mrrajrumel: starting a info!

{{short description|Badminton championships}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox badminton event
|name = 1965 Asian Badminton Championships
|image =
|caption =
|dates = 30 October – 14 November
|number_edition = 2
|level =
|prize_money =
|other =
|venue =
|location = [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
|previous = [[1962 Asian Badminton Championships|1962 Kuala Lumpur]]
|next = [[1969 Asian Badminton Championships|1969 Manila]]
}}
The '''1965 Asia Badminton Championships''' was the 2nd tournament of the [[Badminton Asia Championships]].<ref>{{cite news |title= Yee Khan bows to Sangob -in 3 sets |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19651114-1.2.42.10 |newspaper= The Straits Times |page=19|date= 14 November 1965|access-date=30 April 2022|via=NewspaperSG}}</ref> It was held in [[Lucknow]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite news |title= Thai junior gives Yee Khan excellent support|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19651115-1.2.134.1 |newspaper= The Straits Times |page=23|date= 15 November 1965|access-date=30 April 2022 |via=NewspaperSG}}</ref>

== Medalists ==
{| {{MedalistTable|type=Discipline}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | Men's singles
| rowspan="2" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Dinesh Khanna]]
| rowspan="2" | {{flagicon|THA}} [[Sangob Rattanusorn]]
| {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Tan Yee Khan]]
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Suresh Goel]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | Women's singles<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/beritaharian19651112-1.2.90|title=Pemain2 Jepun dan India Kalah|newspaper=Berita Harian|language=ms|page=7|date=12 November 1965|access-date=28 December 2022|via=NewspaperSG}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" | {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Angela Bairstow]]
| rowspan="2" | {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Ursula Smith]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Meena Shah]]
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sarojini Apte]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | Men's doubles
| rowspan="2" | {{flagicon|THA}} [[Narong Bhornchima]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Chavalert Chumkum]]
| rowspan="2" | {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Tan Yee Khan]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Temshakdi Mahakonok]]
| {{flagicon|HKG|1959}} [[Wong Fai Hung]] {{flagicon|HKG|1959}} [[Koo Man For]]
|-
|{{flagicon|THA}} [[Sangob Rattanusorn]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Tuly Ulao]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | Women's doubles
| rowspan="2" | {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Angela Bairstow]] {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Ursula Smith]]
| rowspan="2" | {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Rosalind Singha Ang]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Teoh Siew Yong]]
| {{flagicon|LKA|1951}} [[Lucky Dharmasena]] {{flagicon|LKA|1951}} [[Neelanthi Kannangara]]
|-
| {{flagicon|THA}} [[Sumol Chanklum]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Boopha Kaenthong]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | Mixed doubles
| rowspan="2" | {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Tan Yee Khan]] {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Angela Bairstow]]
| rowspan="2" | {{flagicon|THA}} [[Chavalert Chumkum]] {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Ursula Smith]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[A. I. Sheikh]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Achala Karnik]]
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Owen Roncon]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sarojini Apte]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | Men's team {{DetailsLink|1965 Asian Badminton Championships – Men's team}}
| rowspan="2" | {{MAS}} [[Tan Yee Khan]] [[Teh Kew San]] [[Yew Cheng Hoe]]
| rowspan="2" | {{THA}} [[Sangob Rattanusorn]] [[Narong Bhornchima]] [[Somsook Boonyasukhanonda]] [[Raphi Kanchanaraphi]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19651103-1.2.118|title=Japanese pose a threat to Thai|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=15|date=3 November 1965|access-date=28 December 2022|via=NewspaperSG}}</ref>
| {{IND}} [[Dipu Ghosh]] [[Suresh Goel]] [[Nandu Natekar]] [[Dinesh Khanna]] [[Raman Ghosh]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/beritaharian19651104-1.2.75|title=B'ton: Malaysia masok final|newspaper=Berita Harian|language=ms|page=8|date=4 November 1965|access-date=28 December 2022|via=NewspaperSG}}</ref>
|-
|{{JPN}} [[Takeshi Anzawa]] [[Koichi Ohtake]] [[Yoshinori Itagaki]]
|}

== Medal table ==
{{Medals table
| caption =
| host = IND
| flag_template = bd
| event = 23px
| team =
| gold_MAS = 1.5 | silver_MAS = 1.5 | bronze_MAS = 1
| gold_IND = 1 | silver_IND = 0 | bronze_IND = 6 | host_IND=yes
| gold_THA = 1 | silver_THA = 3 | bronze_THA = 2
| gold_ENG = 2.5 | silver_ENG = 1.5 | bronze_ENG = 0
| gold_HKG = 0 | silver_HKG = 0 | bronze_HKG = 1 | name_HKG = {{bd|HKG|1959}}
| gold_SRI = 0 | silver_SRI = 0 | bronze_SRI = 1
| gold_JPN = 0 | silver_JPN = 0 | bronze_JPN = 1 | name_JPN = {{bd|JPN|1870}}
}}

== Semi-finals ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Discipline
! Winner
! Loser
! Score
|-
| rowspan=2 | Men's singles
| {{flagicon|THA}} [[Sangob Rattanusorn]]
| {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Tan Yee Khan]]
| 12–15, 15–13, 15–1
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Dinesh Khanna]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Suresh Goel]]
| 15–9, 15–8
|-
| rowspan=2 | Women's singles
| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Angela Bairstow]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sarojini Apte]]
| –, –
|-
| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Ursula Smith]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Meena Shah]]
| 11–4, 11–6
|-
| rowspan=2 | Men's doubles
| {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Tan Yee Khan]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Temshakdi Mahakonok]]
| {{flagicon|THA}} [[Sangob Rattanusorn]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Tuly Ulao]]
| 15–12, 15–18, 15–8
|-
| {{flagicon|THA}} [[Narong Bhornchima]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Chavalert Chumkum]]
| {{flagicon|HKG|1959}} [[Wong Fai Hung]] {{flagicon|HKG|1959}} [[Koo Man For]]
| 15–13, 17–16
|-
| rowspan=2 | Women's doubles
| {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Rosalind Singha Ang]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Teoh Siew Yong]]
| {{flagicon|SRI}} [[Lucky Dharmasena]] {{flagicon|SRI}} [[Neelanthi Kannangara]]
| 15–2, 15–1
|-
| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Angela Bairstow]] {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Ursula Smith]]
| {{flagicon|THA}} [[Sumol Chanklum]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Boopha Kaenthong]]
| –, –
|-
| rowspan=2 | Mixed doubles
| {{flagicon|THA}} [[Chavalert Chumkum]] {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Ursula Smith]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Owen Roncon]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sarojini Apte]]
| 15–2, 15–9
|-
| {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Tan Yee Khan]] {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Angela Bairstow]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[A. I. Sheikh]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Achala Karnik]]
| –, –
|}

== Final results ==
{| class=wikitable
! Discipline
! Winner
! Finalist
! Score
|-
| Men's singles
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Dinesh Khanna]]
| {{flagicon|THA}} [[Sangob Rattanusorn]]
| 15–3, 15–11
|-
| Women's singles
| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Angela Bairstow]]
| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Ursula Smith]]
| 11–6, 11–4
|-
| Men's doubles
| {{flagicon|THA}} [[Narong Bhornchima]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Chavalert Chumkum]]
| {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Tan Yee Khan]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Temshakdi Mahakonok]]
| 15–8, 15–10
|-
| Women's doubles<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Page/beritaharian19651116-1.1.8|title=Pemain India menggondol kejuaraan single lelaki|newspaper=Berita Harian|language=ms|page=8|date=16 November 1965|access-date=28 December 2022|via=NewspaperSG}}</ref>
| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Angela Bairstow]] {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Ursula Smith]]
| {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Rosalind Singha Ang]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Teoh Siew Yong]]
| 18–13, 15–11
|-
| Mixed doubles
| {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Tan Yee Khan]] {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Angela Bairstow]]
| {{flagicon|THA}} [[Chavalert Chumkum]] {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Ursula Smith]]
| 6–15, 15–3, 15–2
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Asian badminton champs}}

[[Category:Badminton Asia Championships]]
[[Category:1965 in badminton]]
[[Category:International sports competitions hosted by India]]
[[Category:Badminton tournaments in India|Asia Championships]]

Rob Chandra

2025-02-07T01:23:29Z

Mrrajrumel:

{{Short description|American venture capitalist (c. 1965 – 2019)}}

'''Rob Chandra''' (1965 or 1966 – October 19 or 20, 2019) was an [[Indian-American]] venture capitalist.<ref name="Cal obit">{{Cite news|last=Young|first=Maria|date=2019-10-28|title='A strong leader': UC Berkeley professor Rob Chandra dies at 53|url=https://www.dailycal.org/2019/10/28/a-strong-leader-uc-berkeley-professor-rob-chandra-dies-at-53/|access-date=2021-01-23|work=[[The Daily Californian]]|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
After graduating in 1988 from [[UC Berkeley]] with a [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] in economics and receiving his [[MBA]] from [[Harvard School of Business]],<ref name="IndiaWest obit">{{Cite news|author=|date=2019-11-04|title=Top Venture Capitalist and UC Berkeley Professor Rob Chandra Dies Unexpectedly at Age 53|url=https://www.indiawest.com/news/global_indian/top-venture-capitalist-and-uc-berkeley-professor-rob-chandra-dies-unexpectedly-at-age-53/article_4861f2f6-fe0a-11e9-9d30-0b7440d5a352.html|access-date=2021-01-23|website=India West|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Haas obit">{{Cite web|title=Rob Chandra, BA 88 (Economics)|url=https://newsroom.haas.berkeley.edu/magazine/winter2019-20/rob-chandra-ba-88-economics/|access-date=2021-01-26|website=Haas News {{!}} Berkeley Haas|language=en-US}}</ref> he oversaw Bessemer Venture Partners's investments in India.<ref name="Reuters 2012">{{Cite news|author=|date=2012-07-31|title=Bessemer Venture's Rob Chandra leaves to start hedge fund|language=en|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/bessemer-chandra-idUSL2E8IV0AR20120731|access-date=2021-01-23}}</ref> He then left that position and in 2012, started Avid Park, a [[hedge fund]] focused on the technology sector.<ref name="Reuters 2012" /> His accomplishments as a [[venture capitalist]] landed him on the ''Forbes'' [[Midas List]].<ref name="Cal obit" /> Chandra eventually returned to his alma mater to teach entrepreneurship at its [[Haas School of Business]].<ref name="Cal obit" /> The school awarded him the Earl F. Cheit Outstanding Teaching Award twice and named him a Distinguished Teaching Fellow.<ref name="Fiat Lux">{{Cite web|title=In Memoriam: Rob Chandra|url=https://fiatlux.org/news/2019/11/26/in-memoriam-rob-chandra|access-date=2021-01-26|website=Fiat Lux Foundation|date=26 November 2019 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Death ==
Chandra died over the weekend of October 19, 2019.<ref name="IndiaWest obit" /> The [[Haas School of Business]] established the Rob Chandra Memorial Fund for Teaching Excellence in his memory.<ref name="Haas obit" />

== References ==
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Chandra, Rob}}
[[Category:Indian business executives]]
[[Category:American people of Punjabi descent]]
[[Category:American people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:UC Berkeley College of Letters and Science alumni]]
[[Category:1960s births]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:Harvard Business School alumni]]