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Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay Government Medical College and Hospital

2026-05-08T11:35:15Z

Mrav: made new stub...

{{Short description|Medical college in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay Government Medical College and Hospital
| other_name = Uluberia Medical College and Hospital
| image = Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay Government Medical College and Hospital Logo.png
| motto =
| image_size = 200px
| type = [[Public]] [[Medical]] [[College]] & [[Hospital]]
| established = {{start date and age|2022}}
| principal = Dr. Sanat Kumar Ghosh
| city = [[Uluberia]], [[Howrah]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| country = [[India]]
| postcode =
| coordinates =
| campus_type = Urban
| colors =
| top_free_label = Recognition
| top_free = {{hlist| [[National Medical Commission|NMC]] | [[Indian Nursing Council|INC]]}}
| academic_affiliation = {{hlist|[[West Bengal University of Health Sciences]]}}
| website = {{URL|https://sccgmch.ac.in/}}
|}}
'''Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay Medical College and Hospital''' ('''SCCGMCH'''), established in 2022, is a full-fledged tertiary referral Government medical college and hospital.<ref name=t/><ref>{{cite web |title=No. HF/O/IVIERT/705/HFW-240 13 (15) 13 12021 |url=https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/uploaded_files/go/7055.pdf |website=www.wbhealth.gov.in |access-date=5 January 2022 |archive-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817020800/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/uploaded_files/go/7055.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bengal government plans six new medical colleges |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/bengal-government-plans-six-new-medical-colleges-1502976546.html |access-date=5 January 2022 |agency=The Statesman |publisher=www.thestatesman.com |date=26 June 2021}}</ref> This college is located at the [[Uluberia|Uluberia city]] in [[Howrah district|Howrah]] district, [[West Bengal]]. This college imparts the degree Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery (MBBS) and associated degrees.<ref>{{cite news |title=ছয় জেলায় হচ্ছে নতুন ছয় হাসপাতাল, স্বাস্থ্য পরিকাঠামোর আরও উন্নতিতে তৎপর নবান্ন |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/for-now-the-state-government-has-started-preparations-to-build-six-medical-colleges-and-hospitals-in-six-districts/cid/1289150 |access-date=5 January 2022 |agency=Anandabazar |publisher=www.anandabazar.com |date=26 June 2021 |language=bn}}</ref> This college also offers the Nursing and para-medical courses. The hospital associated with the college is one of the largest hospitals in the Howrah district.

==Courses==
Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay Medical College and Hospital undertakes education and training of 100 students in MBBS courses.<ref>{{cite news |title=West Bengal proposes 6 new medical colleges with 100 MBBS seats each |url=https://medicaldialogues.in/state-news/west-bengal/west-bengal-proposes-6-new-medical-colleges-with-100-mbbs-seats-each-79157 |access-date=5 January 2022 |publisher=medicaldialogues.in |date=28 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/education/article/6-new-medical-colleges-announced-in-west-bengal-in-coordination-with-central-govt/792207 | title=6 new Medical colleges announced in West Bengal in coordination with Central Govt | Education News }}</ref>

==Affiliated==
The college is affiliated to the [[West Bengal University of Health Sciences]] and is recognised by the [[National Medical Commission]].<ref name=t>{{cite news |last1=Konar |first1=Debashis |title=National body nod to 5 new medical colleges in West Bengal, admission likely to start this year |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/national-body-nod-to-5-new-medical-colleges-in-west-bengal-admission-likely-to-start-this-year/articleshow/93358333.cms |access-date=8 August 2022 |agency=Times of India |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=5 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=List of Colleges, National Medical Commission|url=https://www.nmc.org.in/information-desk/for-students-to-study-in-india/list-of-college-teaching-mbbs/}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Colleges affiliated to West Bengal University of Health Sciences}}

{{coord missing|West Bengal}}

[[Category:Medical colleges in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Affiliates of West Bengal University of Health Sciences]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Howrah district]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2022]]
[[Category:2022 establishments in India]]

Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)

2026-05-07T13:09:09Z

Mrav: made a details...

{{Short description|Indian political party}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian political party
| party_name = Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)
| colorcode = {{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| logo =
| abbreviation = TMC(M)
| president = [[G. K. Vasan]]
| treasurer = Dr. [[E. S. S. Raman]] Ex MLA (Pallipattu)
| general_secretary = Vidiyal Sekar
| ppchairman = [[G. K. Vasan]]
| loksabha_leader =
| rajyasabha_leader = [[G. K. Vasan]]
|
| founder = [[G. K. Moopanar]]
| foundation = {{start date and age|df=y|1996|03|29}}
| split = [[Tamil Nadu Congress Committee]]
| headquarters = No. 4, Ashoka Road, [[Alwarpet]], [[Chennai]] – 600018, [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].
| students = TMC(M) Student Wing
| youth = TMC(M) Youth Wing
| women = TMC(M) Women's Wing
| labour = TMC(M) Labour Wing
| ideology = [[Green politics]] [[Green conservatism]]
| position = [[Right-wing politics|Right-wing]]
| colours = {{colour box|{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}}} [[Orange (colour)|Orange]]
| eci = Registered Unrecognised State Party<ref>{{cite web|title=TMC(M) State Registered Political Party|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Reports/Gazzate.pdf|access-date=6 June 2017|archive-date=14 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714152714/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Reports/Gazzate.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| alliance =
* '''Regional Alliances''' [[AIADMK-led Alliance|AIADMK+]] (2001-2002; 2019–2024; 2025–present) ([[Tamil Nadu]])
* '''National Alliance''' [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] (2019–present)
{{hidden|Former Alliances|
* [[DMK-led Alliance]] (1996–1999) (Tamil Nadu)
* [[Tamil Maanila Congress|TMC-led Alliance]] (1999–2001) (Tamil Nadu)
* [[People's Welfare Front]] (2016) (Tamil Nadu)}}
|loksabha_seats = {{Composition bar|0|543|hex={{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}}}
| rajyasabha_seats = {{Composition bar|0|245|hex={{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}}}
| state_seats_name = [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| state_seats = {{Composition bar|0|234|hex={{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}}}
| symbol = [[File:Indian Election Symbol Cycle.png|150px]]
| flag = Tamil_Maanila_Congress_(M)_Flag.jpg
| website = {{URL|https://tamilmaanilacongress.com/}}
}}

The '''Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)''' ({{translation|[[Tamils|Tamil]] [[Federated state|State]] [[Congress]] ([[G. K. Moopanar|Moopanar]])}}; {{small|abbr.}} '''TMC(M)''') is an Indian [[Regionalism (politics)|regional]] [[political party]] in the [[Federated state|state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It was founded by the former [[Member of Parliament (India)|member of parliament of the Republic of India]] [[G. K. Moopanar]] on 29 March 1996 as a breakaway faction from the [[Tamil Nadu Congress Committee]].<ref name="Crusading Congressman">{{Cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/magazine/issue/vol18-19/|title=Latest Volume18-Issue19 News, Photos, Latest News Headlines about Volume18-Issue19|website=Frontline}}</ref>

After the death of G. K. Moopanar, the party's officials chose [[G. K. Vasan]], the son of the founder, to lead the party in 2002. The TMC(M) was merged with [[Indian National Congress]] from 2002 to 2014. The party was again formed after a split from INC in November 2014.

It is formally in an alliance with the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] and nationally has been part of the [[National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA) since 2019.

==Party position==
===Mission===
"To bring back the ‘Golden Rule’ of [[K. Kamaraj]]ar in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]]."<ref name="Vision">{{Cite web|url=http://tamilmaanilacongress.org/vision/|title=Vision|website=Tamil Maanila Congress|access-date=6 June 2017|archive-date=8 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190908133742/http://tamilmaanilacongress.org/vision/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-07-28|title=தமாகா|url=http://tmcyouthwing.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=211&Itemid=1055&lang=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728223228/http://tmcyouthwing.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=211&Itemid=1055&lang=en|url-status=dead|archive-date=2017-07-28|access-date=2020-07-16}}</ref>

The party's mission is to provide:
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*corruption-free public administration;
*sublime law and order without favouritism or discrimination;
*liquor-free Tamil Nadu; free, quality education for all;
*free medical facilities for all;
*conflict-free religious harmony;
*caste-free Tamil society;
*distribution of power to minority, Dalits and tribes;
*protection of women's rights
*ensured labour rights;
*social Justice with opportunity to all;
*economic development inclusive to all;
*uninterrupted power supply;
*regulated water management;
*profitable agriculture;
*abundant food supply;
*pollution-free environment;
*un-plunder natural resources;
*industrial development combined with increased job opportunities;
*decentralization of power to [[Panchayat Raj]].
{{div col end}}

==Ideologies==

=== Anti-divisive politics ===
The party strongly believes the need to realm India's pluralist traditions. G. K Moopanar always maintained to preserve the political decency and avoided a culture of [[violence]] and divisive politics. He strongly believed in [[grassroots democracy]] with people as the stakeholders in all the developmental projects.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

=== Secularism ===
Tamil Maanila Congress (M) is existing in a political era of aggressive and conflict oriented politics. The party and the founder were crowned for taking a principled position in 1999 to reserve its political support to then ruling [[Government of India|Union Government]] by not supporting the BJP.

==Symbols==
===Flag===
The flag is similar to that of the [[Indian National Congress]] party and the [[Indian National Flag]]. The colour [[Saffron (color)|Orange]] represents sacrifice, white represents peace and green represents prosperity.<ref name="Significance of Flag Colors">{{Cite news|title=Vasan unveils party flag sporting images of Kamaraj, Moopanar | India News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Vasan-unveils-party-flag-sporting-images-of-Kamaraj-Moopanar/articleshow/45282623.cms|website=The Times of India|date=26 November 2014|archive-date=8 November 2020|access-date=22 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108013515/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Vasan-unveils-party-flag-sporting-images-of-Kamaraj-Moopanar/articleshow/45282623.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The embossed leaders on the party flag are Indian freedom fighter [[Kamarajar]] and founding father G K Moopanar.<ref name="Leaders Images on the Flag">{{Cite web|title=GK Vasan unveils flag of his new party in Chennai|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/fst1GrjxvSqq1tgKMkNHxK/GK-Vasan-unveils-flag-of-his-new-party-in-Chennai.html|date=26 November 2014|website=Livemint|access-date=22 May 2020|archive-date=14 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414093756/https://www.livemint.com/Politics/fst1GrjxvSqq1tgKMkNHxK/GK-Vasan-unveils-flag-of-his-new-party-in-Chennai.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== History ==

=== G. K. Moopanar era (29 March 1996 – 30 August 2001) ===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| caption_align = center
| direction = vertical
| width = 220
| image1 = GK_Moopanar_2010_stamp_of_India.jpg
| caption1 = '''Thiru. G.K. Moopanar''' Founder of the party
}}
Following the high command's decision to restore relations with the AIADMK, Moopanar's followers in Congress(I) formed a new party at [[Thiruparankundram]] on March 29, 1996.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Staff Reporter|date=2014-11-03|title=Moopanar supporters float new party|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/moopanar-supporters-float-new-party/article6561359.ece|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=30 September 2020|access-date=17 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930175813/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/moopanar-supporters-float-new-party/article6561359.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Later, a new regional political party has been formed by Congressmen in the name of Tamil Nadu Makkal Congress, owing to loyalty to G. K. Moopanar on 1 April 1996.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2014-11-03|title=New party formed|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/new-party-formed/article6561356.ece|access-date=2020-07-17|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=17 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717181413/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/new-party-formed/article6561356.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

G. K Moopanar was an affable [[Political strategist|Political Strategist]] and a [[Troubleshooting|Trouble Shooter]] who never stooped to power rather led a pure and simple life of an ordinary citizen.<ref name="The gentleman `kingmaker'">{{Cite web|title=The gentleman 'kingmaker'|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-others/article29034534.ece|website=@businessline|date=4 September 2001 }}</ref> But there have been an instances, where G. K Moopanar to be crowned for top leadership yet he preferred to identify the leaders for top job and chose to work in strengthening the party.<ref name="He was tipped for top position on two occasions">{{Cite news|title=G.K. Moopanar passes away|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/gk-moopanar-passes-away/article27974477.ece|last=Bureau|first=Our Tamil Nadu|newspaper=The Hindu|date=31 August 2001|via=www.thehindu.com|archive-date=25 September 2020|access-date=22 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925005033/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/gk-moopanar-passes-away/article27974477.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The party born out of historical need to defend the principal system of transparent, clean and civilized politics. Moopanar in the year 1996 sensed the need to formulate a [[political party]], which satisfies the regional aspiration and ethos and formed the Tamil Maanila Congress.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2014-11-03|title=EC recognises Moopanar party|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/ec-recognises-moopanar-party/article6561355.ece|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=13 June 2020|access-date=13 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613103858/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/ec-recognises-moopanar-party/article6561355.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

G.K Moopanar was a follower of [[K. Kamaraj]]a<nowiki/>r. K. Kamarajar had identified G. K Moopanar as his political heir.<ref name="Political Party Chase K. Kamarajar Legacy">{{Cite web|title=Parties chase Kamaraj legacy|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150713/nation-politics/article/parties-chase-kamaraj-legacy|last=karthikeyan|first=k|date=13 July 2015|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref><ref name="Moopanar became second only to Kamaraj himself">{{Cite web|title=Rediff On The NeT: Shobha Warrier profiles G K Moopanar, who lost out to I K Gujral in the race for the prime ministership|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/apr/21shob.htm|website=www.rediff.com|access-date=20 July 2017|archive-date=7 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107204516/http://www.rediff.com/news/apr/21shob.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the early 1970s Indira Gandhi wished to integrate both [[Indian National Congress (O)]] and [[Indian National Congress (R)]] and merged both the parties. Moopanar who was faithful to the parent body was made the president of the Congress party in Tamil Nadu. The dramatic rise and spread of the Dravidian movement in the state shrunk the Congress, once the largest political party in the state.<ref name="Moopanar became second only to Kamaraj himself" /><ref name="How Rajiv Gandhi became Prime Minister">{{Cite web|title=Pranab Mukherjee recalls how Rajiv Gandhi became PM after Indira's death|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/pranab-mukherjee-recalls-how-rajiv-gandhi-became-pm-denies-he-tried-to-clinch-post/story-nLtDpvKNPXir0OUNBCFliN.html|date=28 January 2016|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=22 May 2020|archive-date=1 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901014751/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/pranab-mukherjee-recalls-how-rajiv-gandhi-became-pm-denies-he-tried-to-clinch-post/story-nLtDpvKNPXir0OUNBCFliN.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Kamarajar identified [[Indira Gandhi]] for the leadership and G. K Moopanar along with other important national leaders identified the then [[Rajiv Gandhi]] for the top job.<ref name="Kamarajar chose Prime Minister Indira Gandhi">{{cite news|title=Kamarajar chose Prime Minister Inidra Gandhi|url=http://www.iasfunda.com/2017/03/14/indira-gandhi-first-woman-prime-minister-1966-1971/}}</ref>

Moopanar was committed to [[secularism]] and [[cultural pluralism]], who completely devoted himself for the service to humanity.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Annamalai|first=S.|date=2014-11-03|title=TMC determined to carry on Moopanar legacy|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tmc-determined-to-carry-on-moopanar-legacy/article6561339.ece|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=7 April 2023|access-date=14 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407125501/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tmc-determined-to-carry-on-moopanar-legacy/article6561339.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> In recognizing his contribution to the nation, [[India Post|Indian postal department]] commemorated him by releasing a [[Postage stamps and postal history of India|stamp]] in 2010.<ref name="Stamp release on Ayya G K Moopanar">{{Cite web|title=Postage Stamps:: Postage Stamps, Stamp issue calendar 2014, Paper postage, Commemorative and definitive stamps, Service Postage Stamps, Philately Offices, Philatelic Bureaux and counters, Mint stamps (unused stamps)|url=http://postagestamps.gov.in/Stamps2010.aspx|website=postagestamps.gov.in|access-date=19 June 2017|archive-date=8 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170608233453/http://postagestamps.gov.in/Stamps2010.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1998, G K Moopanar's efforts ensured to declared a classical status to Tamil language by then [[Government of India|Union Government]] in the year 2004.<ref name="TMC for Classical Status">{{Cite book|title=Electoral Politics and General Elections in India, 1952-1998|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CFCjniBF9s8C&q=achievements+of+tamil+maanila+congress&pg=PA247|last=Ahuja|first=M. L.|date=22 May 1998|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn = 9788170997115|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref name="Classical Language">{{Cite web|title=Tamil Declared as "Classical Language" in India|url=https://listserv.linguistlist.org/pipermail/lgpolicy-list/2004-September/001205.html|last=Schiffman|first=Harold F.|date=20 September 2004|access-date=12 February 2024|archive-date=9 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409074613/https://listserv.linguistlist.org/pipermail/lgpolicy-list/2004-September/001205.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1999, Moopanar refused to support the BJP-led government's vote of trust in Lok Sabha, which finally caused the collapse of the [[Vajpayee Government|Vajpayee government]] due to the lack of just one vote. Moopanar argued that he had committed himself to secular values and would never endorse then BJP, even under pressure from his then major ally, late DMK leader [[M Karunanidhi]]. This was especially considering the fact that Moopanar only founded the party to support the DMK in the general elections of 1996.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Is Tamil Maanila Congress deviating from core values of Moopanar?|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2019/mar/11/is-tamil-maanila-congress-deviating-from-core-values-of-moopanar-1949472.html|access-date=2020-07-16|website=The New Indian Express|date=11 March 2019 }}</ref>

=== G.K Vaasan's era (2001- present) ===

==== Merge with Congress ====
After the death of his father G K Moopanar in 2001, G. K Vasan was elected without opposition as the President of the TMC by the MLA's, MP's and senior officials of the party.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Vydhianathan|first=S.|date=2014-11-03|title=G.K. Vasan unanimously elected|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/gk-vasan-unanimously-elected/article6561340.ece|access-date=2020-05-26|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> After the death of his father Vaasan merged the TMC with the congress on 14 August 2002.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vasan Floats New Party, Mounts Scathing Attack on Congress|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/vasan-floats-new-party-mounts-scathing-attack-on-congress/870020|access-date=2020-06-12|website=www.outlookindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Annamalai|first=S.|date=2014-11-03|title=TMC determined to carry on Moopanar legacy|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tmc-determined-to-carry-on-moopanar-legacy/article6561339.ece|access-date=2020-07-16|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=7 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407125501/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tmc-determined-to-carry-on-moopanar-legacy/article6561339.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] and Congress together secured 163 of the 234 seats in the 2006 Assembly elections.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Radhakrishnan|first=R. K.|title=Tamil Nadu's Experiments with Electoral Alliances|url=https://www.thehinducentre.com/verdict/article8489082.ece|access-date=2020-06-12|website=The Hindu Center|date=18 April 2016 |language=en}}</ref>
{{Further|Tamil Maanila Kamraj Congress}}

==== Split from Congress ====
On 3 November 2014, Vaasan split the party from Congress to start the Tamil Manila Congress again.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Safe travels and holidaying in a post-Covid world - [Partnered]|url=https://scroll.in/bulletins/273/safe-travels-and-holidaying-in-a-post-covid-world|access-date=2020-06-12|website=scroll.in|date=10 June 2020|language=en-US|archive-date=12 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612105636/https://scroll.in/bulletins/273/safe-travels-and-holidaying-in-a-post-covid-world|url-status=live}}</ref> In the [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] he faced a defeat when he contested as part of the [[People's Welfare Front|People's welfare front.]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Vasudevan|first=Lokpria|title=20-20 deal for AIADMK & allies, TMC allotted one seat in Tamil Nadu|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-2019/story/20-20-deal-for-aiadmk-allies-tmc-allotted-one-seat-in-tamil-nadu-1477403-2019-03-13|access-date=2020-07-16|website=India Today|date=13 March 2019|language=en|archive-date=23 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923191919/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-2019/story/20-20-deal-for-aiadmk-allies-tmc-allotted-one-seat-in-tamil-nadu-1477403-2019-03-13|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== 2019 Indian general elections - National Democratic alliance ====
In March 2019, TMC made alliance with the AIADMK in for the [[2019 Indian general election]]s and was allotted one seat in the [[Thanjavur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thanjavur parliamentary constituency]], contesting on the AIADMK symbol.<ref>{{Cite web|title=TMC's stance is as per Tamil people: GK Vasan justifies alliance with AIADMK-BJP|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tmc-s-stance-tamil-people-gk-vasan-justifies-alliance-aiadmk-bjp-98336|website=www.thenewsminute.com|date=14 March 2019}}</ref> The alliance was also part of the broader alliance with the [[National Democratic Alliance]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-05-21|title=Alliance partners from T.N. to attend NDA meet|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/alliance-partners-from-tn-to-attend-nda-meet/article27190368.ece|access-date=2020-07-16|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=16 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716231833/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/alliance-partners-from-tn-to-attend-nda-meet/article27190368.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> A TMC leader said "We are not talking to the BJP; we will be part of the AIADMK alliance,"<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-02-16|title=AIADMK and BJP to stitch up pre-poll alliance to take on DMK in TN|url=https://thefederal.com/elections-2019/aiadmk-bjp-to-stitch-up-pre-poll-alliance-to-take-on-dmk/|access-date=2020-07-16|website=The Federal|language=en-US|archive-date=16 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716152355/https://thefederal.com/elections-2019/aiadmk-bjp-to-stitch-up-pre-poll-alliance-to-take-on-dmk/|url-status=live}}</ref> Vasans move raised concerns when many secularist parties flocked to Congress to overthrow BJP.<ref name=":0" />

==Administration and governance==
[[File:GKVasan.jpg|thumb|[[G. K. Vasan]], President of the party]]Under the leadership of G. K Vasan, the party is more concerned about the governance becoming mystified and administrations getting complicated. The party believes [[democracy]] is a culture and not the [[Elections in India|elections]].

===Lokayukta legislation===
The party shall propose the passage of [[Lokayukta]] legislation in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]], an establishment of anti-corruption institution to combat corruption in the government administrations.<ref name="TMC passed the Resolution demanding establishment of Lokayukta">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/g-k-vasan-elected-chief-of-tamil-maanila-congress/articleshow/47039445.cms|title=G K Vasan elected chief of Tamil Maanila Congress|date=24 April 2015|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref>

===Live Telecast of Assembly Proceedings===
The party shall take up strong efforts to ‘Live Telecast the Assembly Proceedings’ and practice fair and free conduct of democracy in the floor of assembly house. "[[Right to know|Right to Know]]" is the basic privilege of citizens in this great nation. Therefore, the live telecast is the primary right and it will pave way for educating the citizens to know the process of government, discover the truth and strengthen individual capacity in decision-making process.<ref name="Vision"/>

==Policies==
===Agriculture revival===
G. K. Vasan, during his role as member of Consultative Committee for the [[Ministry of Agriculture (India)|Ministry of Agriculture]] between 2002 and 2004, dynamically backed the measures for National Food Security and building a Vibrant Rural Economy.<ref name="Member of Consultative Committee">{{cite news|title=Member of Consultative Committee|url=http://www.archive.india.gov.in/govt/rajyasabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=1866|archive-date=31 July 2017|access-date=16 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731190636/http://www.archive.india.gov.in/govt/rajyasabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=1866|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the recent protest by Tamil Nadu farmers in [[Jantar Mantar, New Delhi|Jantar Mantar]], [[New Delhi]] (between April–May 2017), which lasted for 41 days. G. K Vasan, himself a [[farmer]] took a leadership initiative to facilitate a meeting between agitating farmers and [[President of India]], Shri [[Pranab Mukherjee]].<ref name="Farmers Protest in Delhi">{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/tamil-nadu-farmer-protest-drought-relief-pm-modi-delhi-antics-973447-2017-04-25|title=Tamil Nadu farmer protest: 9 antics used to grab attention of PM Narendra Modi and the media|date=April 25, 2017|magazine=India Today|access-date=22 May 2020|archive-date=12 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612091648/https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/tamil-nadu-farmer-protest-drought-relief-pm-modi-delhi-antics-973447-2017-04-25|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="G K Vasan Meets President along with Farmers">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/vasan-meets-president-over-farmers-stir/article17716846.ece|title=Vasan meets President over farmers' stir|newspaper=The Hindu|date=29 March 2017|via=www.thehindu.com|archive-date=19 September 2020|access-date=22 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919092516/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/vasan-meets-president-over-farmers-stir/article17716846.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Women's empowerment===
The party strongly advocates the Women Reservation Bill. Vasan constantly bid for true [[gender equality]]. He believes a true change in women political representation is not by a woman from the traditional political base, rather from a village who is honest, sincere, committed and a woman rising from the grassroots to the democratic house, is the candid success.

The party's women's wing is striving to realize the goals; it has put forth.
* Goal 1. Respectable representation of women in social, economic and political systems.
* Goal 2. [[Equal pay for equal work]] on par with men.
* Goal 3. An end to [[Contemporary slavery|Modern slavery]] – all kinds of violence against women and children.

===Prohibition of alcohol===
The party asserts prohibition of alcohol is the need of the hour and concerned over the present level of alcohol consumption among all sections of people including women and students. The president of the party Vasan strongly believes that state sponsored alcohol is not a revenue generator, but rather a social disaster.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-08-18|title=Vasan advocates curbs on sale of liquor in State|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/vasan-advocates-curbs-on-sale-of-liquor-in-state/article7551999.ece|access-date=2020-05-26|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=25 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925135502/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/vasan-advocates-curbs-on-sale-of-liquor-in-state/article7551999.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> In action, the party has effectively demonstrated various campaigns, agitations and personal suit to put an end to alcoholism in the state.<ref name="Reintroduce Prohibition of Alcohol">{{Cite web|url=http://www.uniindia.com/news/other/now-tmc-m-leader-vasan-bats-for-prohibition-in-tn/287240.html|title=Now TMC(M) leader Vasan bats for prohibition in TN}}</ref> In one such effort, the party launched a statewide signature campaign in 2015 to create an awareness among the citizens and exert pressure on ruling government to abolish Alcoholism.<ref name="Launch of Signature Campaign">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/bjp-sets-up-hotline-to-mobilise-public-opinion-for-prohibition/article7528092.ece|title=TMC undertakes signature campaign for prohibition|newspaper=The Hindu|date=12 August 2015|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> The party submitted the public receipts with a memorandum to then Hon. [[Konijeti Rosaiah|Governor Rosaiah]], urging a statewide prohibition of Alcohol.<ref name="Signature Campaign">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tmc-launches-signature-campaign-for-prohibition/article7609772.ece|title=TMC launches signature campaign for prohibition|newspaper=The Hindu|date=3 September 2015|via=www.thehindu.com|archive-date=26 September 2020|access-date=22 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926031257/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tmc-launches-signature-campaign-for-prohibition/article7609772.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

The party also opined to administrators to set up a rehabilitation centers for the citizens' welfare and facilitate alternative employment for the existing [[Tamil Nadu State Marketing Corporation|TASMAC]] employees without derailing their livelihood.The party has considered prohibition of alcohol as its one of its mission statements.

===Welfare of fishermen===
The party president, Vasan, Within 72 hours of party revival in 2014, visited [[Rameswaram]] to interact with the fishermen community and extend his support to them.<ref name="G. K Vasan Condemns the assault on fishermen">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/gk-vasan-faces-fishermens-ire/article6578342.ece|title=BJP failed to protect fishermen: Vasan|newspaper=The Hindu|date=8 November 2014|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref name="G.K.Vasan urges to release Tamil Nadu fishermen">{{Cite web|url=http://athavaneng.com/?p=227642|title=G.K.Vasan urges to release Tamil Nadu fishermen}}</ref><ref name="Tamilnadu anger over fishermen killing by Sri Lankan Army">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/tamil-nadu-news/anger-over-fishermans-killing-allegedly-by-sri-lankan-navy-family-refuses-to-take-body-1666905|title=Tamil Nadu Fisherman's Killing: Sri Lankan Navy Has Promised Probe|website=NDTV.com|access-date=22 May 2020|archive-date=28 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928190843/https://www.ndtv.com/tamil-nadu-news/anger-over-fishermans-killing-allegedly-by-sri-lankan-navy-family-refuses-to-take-body-1666905|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="G. K Vasan urges PM to give fishermen row top priority">{{Cite news|title=Give fishermen row top priority|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/give-fishermen-row-top-priority/article6973045.ece|author=Staff Reporter|newspaper=The Hindu|date=9 March 2015|via=www.thehindu.com|archive-date=23 September 2020|access-date=22 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923005950/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/give-fishermen-row-top-priority/article6973045.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The party feels the amicable solution to prevailing watershed can be a ‘bottoms-up approach’ in a way based on cultural, economic habits and needs of participating people from either nation. There is a historical connectivity among both citizens and one cannot lightly impose a nautical barrier and exert navy force. The party strongly believes an independent [[Ministry of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries|Union Ministry of Fisheries]] is required to address the present day challenges in a diplomatic, economic and technological framework.

===Intraparty democracy===
The Tamil Maanila Congress (M) is a grassroots pluralistic party which maintains intraparty democracy, a consensual approach to decision making; self-respect and gender equality. The party strongly believes in accommodating all sections of people in mainstream politics and confer not only reservation but due recognition, a respectable relationship across all human spectrum.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}}

=== Support for Sri Lankan Tamils ===
G. K Vasan had also raised his objections and extended kindness for the welfare of [[Sri Lankan Tamils|Tamils]] in Sri Lanka and living elsewhere.<ref name="Vasan Appreciates U.K Prime Minister Cameron">{{Cite web|title=Vasan Appreciates Cameron's Efforts on Ethnic Tamils|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/vasan-appreciates-camerons-efforts-on-ethnic-tamils/817665|website=outlookindia.com}}</ref> In spite of His association with then ruling party, the [[Indian National Congress]] ([[United Progressive Alliance|in UPA regime]]) and holding a ministerial rank in the [[Government of India|Union Government]]; He opposed the moves, the Government of India had extended to [[Sri Lanka]]<nowiki/>n government that deemed to be against the interests of island's Tamil citizens.<ref name="Vasan Against Selling Warship to Sri Lanka">{{Cite web|title=Vasan Against Selling Warship to Sri Lanka|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/vasan-against-selling-warship-to-sri-lanka/809797|website=outlookindia.com}}</ref><ref name="Vasan presses for boycott of CHOGM Summit; Meets PM">{{Cite web|title=Vasan Meets PM, Presses for Boycott of CHOGM Summit|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/vasan-meets-pm-presses-for-boycott-of-chogm-summit/815647|website=outlookindia.com}}</ref><ref name="First Congress Minister to Speak against the Military Training to Sri Lanka">{{Cite news|last=Kolappan|first=B.|date=1 September 2012|title=Vasan voices objection to training of Sri Lankan officers|newspaper=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/vasan-voices-objection-to-training-of-sri-lankan-officers/article3848191.ece|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

==Outreaches==
The party has launched the 'e-kamarajar app' for the benefit of primary school children to bridge the gap in education affordability, provide free accessibility to latest educational contents, learning methods and improve the primary school completion ratio. The application is designed to provide fundamentals in Mathematics, English, Tamil and Brain Gym activities.<ref name="E-Kamarajar App">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/ekamarajar-app-for-primary-schoolchildren/article8019974.ece|title=e-Kamarajar App for primary schoolchildren|newspaper=The Hindu|date=23 December 2015|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

Vasan as Union Minister of Shipping in 2014 commemorated the freedom fighters, [[K. Kamaraj]] and [[V. O. Chidambaram Pillai]] by renaming the ''Ennore Port'' as ''[[Kamarajar Port Limited]]'' in [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]<ref name="Renaming Ennore port after Kamarajar">{{Cite news|date=2 March 2014|title="Renaming port after Kamarajar a fitting tribute to former CM"|newspaper=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/renaming-port-after-kamarajar-a-fitting-tribute-to-former-cm/article5743035.ece|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> and ''Tuticorin Port Trust'' as ''[[V.O. Chidambaranar Port Trust]]'' in [[Thoothukkudi]], [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="Renaming Tuticorin port after V.O Chidambaranar">{{cite news|title=Renaming Tuticorin port after V.O Chidambaranar|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=69897|archive-date=28 July 2017|access-date=19 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728201328/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=69897|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Election performance==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year || Election || No. of Votes Secured || No. of Constituency Contested || No. of Constituency Won
|-
| 1996 || [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|11th Tamil Nadu Assembly]] || 2,526,474 || 40 || 39
|-
| 2001 || [[Twelfth Assembly of Tamil Nadu|12th Tamil Nadu Assembly]] || 1,885,726 || 32 || 23
|-
|2016 || [[Fifteenth Assembly of Tamil Nadu|15th Tamil Nadu Assembly]]||230,711 || 26 || 0
|-
||2021
|[[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]||295,016 (Under [[AIADMK|AIADMK symbol]])||6
||0
|-
|2026
|[[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]
| TBD (Under [[BJP|BJP Symbol]])
|5
|
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year || Election || No. of Votes Secured || No. of Constituency Contested || No. of Constituency Won
|-
| 1996 || [[11th Lok Sabha]] || 7,339,982 || 20 || 20
|-
| 1998 || [[12th Lok Sabha]] || 5,169,183 || 20 || 3
|-
| 1999 || [[13th Lok Sabha]] || 1,946,899 || 39 || 0
|-
|2019
|[[17th Lok Sabha]]
|220,849
|1
|0
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|2024]]
|[[18th Lok Sabha]]
|410,401
|3
|0
|}
The party, Tamil Maanila Congress (M) in its debut election in 1996 to 11th Tamil Nadu State Legislative Assembly, contested in 41 constituencies along with its ally political partners. The grand ally recorded a splendid victory by securing 231 of total 234 assembly constituencies and formed the 11th Tamil Nadu State Legislative Government.<ref name="Debut Election 1996">{{cite news|title=Debut Election 1996|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/dravidian-chronicles-1996-new-party-born-and-superstar-intervenes-42946|archive-date=23 August 2017|access-date=6 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823115949/http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/dravidian-chronicles-1996-new-party-born-and-superstar-intervenes-42946|url-status=live}}</ref> The party, Tamil Maanila Congress also secured an impressive election performance and emerged as the principal opposition party in the assembly house. The party secured 39 legislative assembly constituencies out of 40 constituencies it contested and secured 2,526,474 votes.<ref name="1996 Election Result">{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19960531-elections-1996-aiadmk-citadel-crumbles-as-dmk-tmc-alliance-sweeps-to-power-in-tamil-nadu-832999-1996-05-31|title=Elections 1996: AIADMK citadel crumbles as DMK-TMC alliance sweeps to power in Tamil Nadu|author=NIRUPAMA SUBRAMANIAN G. C. SHEKHAR |date=May 31, 1996 |magazine=India Today}}</ref> The party chose the bicycle as its election symbol.

The 11th Tamil Nadu state legislative assembly elections were held simultaneously with the Indian Parliamentary Election to 11th Lok Sabha. Tamil Maanila Congress along with its ally political partners, again performed a landslide victory by winning the complete 39 parliamentary seats available in the state, Tamil Nadu. The party led in front by winning 20 out of 20 contested parliamentary seats by securing 7,339,982 (25.6%) votes.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

Further, the party did not participate in the election to 13th and 14th Tamil Nadu state legislative assembly and in 14th and 16th Lok Sabha General Elections.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

In the latest election to 15th Tamil Nadu State Assembly, the party participated together in an alliance PWF(People Welfare Front) and contested the election. The party was allotted 'Coconut Farm'{{Citation needed|date=August 2020}} as its election symbol and fielded 26 candidates, none of whom were elected.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Tamil-Nadu-election-Tamil-Maanila-Congress-releases-candidates-list/articleshow/51893056.cms|title=Tamil Nadu election: Tamil Maanila Congress releases candidates list|work=The Times of India|date=19 April 2016|access-date=2016-04-29|archive-date=30 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630045218/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Tamil-Nadu-election-Tamil-Maanila-Congress-releases-candidates-list/articleshow/51893056.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="People Welfare Front">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/tamil-nadu-news/youth-are-behind-peoples-welfare-front-in-tamil-nadu-says-gk-vasan-1401804|title=Youth Are Behind People's Welfare Front In Tamil Nadu, Says GK Vasan|website=NDTV.com|access-date=22 May 2020|archive-date=28 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928185321/https://www.ndtv.com/tamil-nadu-news/youth-are-behind-peoples-welfare-front-in-tamil-nadu-says-gk-vasan-1401804|url-status=live}}</ref>

==List of party leaders==
===Presidents===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FF7000;color:black"|No.
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FF7000;color:black"|Portrait
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FF7000;color:black"|Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
!colspan=3 style="background-color:#FF7000;color:black"|Term in office
|-
!style="background-color:#FF7000;color:black"|Assumed office
!style="background-color:#FF7000;color:black"|Left office
!style="background-color:#FF7000;color:black"|Time in office
|-
!1
|[[File:GK Moopanar 2010 stamp of India.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[G. K. Moopanar]]''' (1931–2001)
|29 March 1996
|30 August 2001
|5 years, 154 days
|-
!rowspan=2|2
|rowspan=2|[[File:GKVasan.jpg|100px]]
|rowspan=2|'''[[G. K. Vasan]]''' (1964–)
|1 September 2001
|15 August 2002
| {{age in years and days|2001|9|1|2002|8|15}}
|-
| 24 April 2015
| ''Incumbent''
| {{age in years and days|2015|4|24}}
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of political parties in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian political parties}}

[[Category:Tamil Maanila Congress| ]]
[[Category:Political parties in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Registered unrecognised political parties in India]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress breakaway groups]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1996]]
[[Category:1996 establishments in Tamil Nadu]][[Category:Member parties of the National Democratic Alliance]]

Aadi Thallupadi

2026-05-04T03:57:09Z

Mrav:

{{Short description|Annual retail sale in Tamil Nadu, India}}
'''Aadi Thallupadi''' ({{Translation|[[Aadi (month)|Aadi]] discount}})<ref>{{cite news |title=Tradition gives way to tech with online sales, celebrations this Aadi |url=https://www.dtnext.in/city/2020/07/30/tradition-gives-way-to-tech-with-online-sales-celebrations-this-aadi |access-date=7 August 2024 |work=dtnext.in |date=30 July 2020 |language=en |archive-date=7 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807072905/https://www.dtnext.in/city/2020/07/30/tradition-gives-way-to-tech-with-online-sales-celebrations-this-aadi |url-status=live }}</ref> is a sale in Tamil Nadu that happens from mid-July to mid-August.<ref name="H">{{cite news |title=Aadi shopping surge begins in Chennai |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/the-aadi-shopping-surge-begins/article7439389.ece |work=The Hindu |date=19 July 2015 |language=en |access-date=7 August 2024 |archive-date=7 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807072928/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/the-aadi-shopping-surge-begins/article7439389.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Live Chennai: Kalyan Jewellers announces Aadi Sale with exciting offers,Kalyan Jewellers announces Aadi Sale with exciting offers |url=https://www.livechennai.com/detailnews.asp?catid=43&newsid=56158&nav=p |access-date=7 August 2024 |work=livechennai.com |archive-date=7 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807072908/https://www.livechennai.com/detailnews.asp?catid=43&newsid=56158&nav=p |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=We wait for the Aadi sale to buy appliances: Nakshathra |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/we-wait-for-the-aadi-sale-to-buy-appliances-nakshathra/articleshow/111950703.cms |access-date=7 August 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=23 July 2024 |archive-date=24 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240724014429/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/we-wait-for-the-aadi-sale-to-buy-appliances-nakshathra/articleshow/111950703.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="H2">{{cite news |title='Video shopping', a new experience awaits shoppers this Aadi |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/variety/video-shopping-a-new-experience-awaits-shoppers-this-aadi/article32088634.ece |work=Business Line |date=16 July 2020 |language=en |access-date=7 August 2024 |archive-date=30 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730232047/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/variety/video-shopping-a-new-experience-awaits-shoppers-this-aadi/article32088634.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=ஆடி தள்ளுபடி விற்பனை பொருட்கள் வாங்க குவிந்த பொதுமக்கள் |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/News/State/people-gathered-to-buy-discounted-audi-products-1009718 |access-date=7 August 2024 |work=dailythanthi.com |date=17 July 2023 |language=ta |archive-date=20 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720032410/https://www.dailythanthi.com/News/State/people-gathered-to-buy-discounted-audi-products-1009718 |url-status=live }}</ref> The sale causes high amount of crowds especially in clothing stores.<ref>{{cite news |first1= |date=16 July 2012 |title=ஆடித் தள்ளுபடி கண்கட்டி வித்தையா? - நேரடி ரிப்போர்ட் |url=https://www.vikatan.com/government-and-politics/9306- |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807072917/https://www.vikatan.com/government-and-politics/9306- |archive-date=7 August 2024 |access-date=7 August 2024 |work=Ananda Vikatan |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=60% தள்ளுபடி விலையில் விற்கப்பட்ட பட்டுப் புடவைகள்... |url=https://tamil.news18.com/sivagangai/aadi-sale-kicks-in-karaikudi-excites-women-silk-saree-1066167.html |access-date=7 August 2024 |work=News18 தமிழ் |date=17 July 2023 |language=ta |archive-date=20 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720041205/https://tamil.news18.com/sivagangai/aadi-sale-kicks-in-karaikudi-excites-women-silk-saree-1066167.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=மலர் |first1=மாலை |title=ஆடி தள்ளுபடியில் அசத்தும் தரமான ஆடைகளின் அணிவகுப்பு |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/health/naturalbeauty/2016/07/27085208/1028539/quality-clothes-aadi-discount-dress.vpf |access-date=7 August 2024 |work=maalaimalar.com |date=27 July 2016 |language=ta |archive-date=16 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161016231553/http://www.maalaimalar.com/Health/Naturalbeauty/2016/07/27085208/1028539/quality-clothes-aadi-discount-dress.vpf |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Background==
To sale was introduced to attract customers during the Tamil month of Aadi, which is known to be an inauspicious time.<ref>{{cite news |title=Aadi Thallupadi ; Why Retailers Are Giving Massive Offers During This Period? |url=https://astroulagam.com.my/lifestyle/aadi-thallupadi-why-retailers-are-giving-massive-offers-during-period-270214 |access-date=7 August 2024 |work=astroulagam.com.my |archive-date=2 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202155942/https://astroulagam.com.my/lifestyle/aadi-thallupadi-why-retailers-are-giving-massive-offers-during-period-270214 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=சுபா |first1=சேலம் |date=25 July 2024 |title=ஆடி தள்ளுபடி வந்த வரலாறு தெரியுமா? |url=https://kalkionline.com/lifestyle/art/aadi-thallupadi-vantha-varalaru-theriyumaa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240914055514/https://kalkionline.com/lifestyle/art/aadi-thallupadi-vantha-varalaru-theriyumaa |archive-date=14 September 2024 |access-date=7 August 2024 |work=Kalki Online |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Aadi Offer: ஆடித்தள்ளுபடி என்னும் கான்செப்ட் ஏன் வந்தது தெரியுமா? இதுதான் காரணம்..! |url=https://tamil.abplive.com/spiritual/aadi-month-2023-aadi-offer-what-was-behind-the-reason-know-full-details-129077 |access-date=7 August 2024 |work=tamil.abplive.com |date=15 July 2023 |language=ta |archive-date=15 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715162934/https://tamil.abplive.com/spiritual/aadi-month-2023-aadi-offer-what-was-behind-the-reason-know-full-details-129077 |url-status=live }}</ref> The sale was inspired by the [[Ashadha]] sale that the store KalaNiketan introduced in Mumbai in 1965.<ref name="H"/> Aadi Thallupadi brings significant crowd to [[T. Nagar]] in Chennai, which is a hub for many stores.<ref name="H"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Seshadri |first1=V. |title=Consumerism: With Reference To Selected Home Appliances |date=1 January 2006 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-8324-147-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ivNEft_Lo3UC&dq=Aadi+Thallupadi&pg=PA26 |language=en |access-date=7 August 2024 |archive-date=7 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807072912/https://books.google.com/books?id=ivNEft_Lo3UC&pg=PA26&lpg=PA26&dq=Aadi+Thallupadi&source=bl&ots=4A81-sfoZb&sig=ACfU3U3M1PhP4iQwxy_5NXhOHcQ24TEEaA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwikqcPIzOGHAxU7GtAFHUfiBMc4ChDoAXoECCsQAw#v=onepage&q=Aadi%20Thallupadi&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> The sale happens in several places in Tamil Nadu including Madurai,<ref>{{cite news |title=ஆடி தள்ளுபடி விற்பனையால் காற்றில் பறக்கும் கொரோனா விதிமுறைகள் |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tamil/aadi-fest-sale-ignites-fear-of-covid-spread/articleshow/84522559.cms |access-date=7 August 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=18 July 2021 |archive-date=7 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807072917/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tamil/aadi-fest-sale-ignites-fear-of-covid-spread/articleshow/84522559.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Trichy, Coimbatore, etc.<ref name="H"/><ref>{{cite news |title=பிரபல கடையில் துவங்கியது ஆடித்தள்ளுபடி விற்பனை; அலைமோதும் பெண்கள் கூட்டம்! |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/latest-news/sivagangai/the-famous-rmr-textiles-in-karaikudi-has-started-aadi-discount-sale-today/articleshow/92935521.cms |access-date=7 August 2024 |work=Samayam Tamil |language=ta |archive-date=7 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807073400/https://tamil.samayam.com/latest-news/sivagangai/the-famous-rmr-textiles-in-karaikudi-has-started-aadi-discount-sale-today/articleshow/92935521.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Arun |date=18 July 2024 |title=ராஜபாளையம் டைகர் பர்னிச்சரில் ஆடி தள்ளுபடி விற்பனை துவக்கம் |url=https://www.dinakaran.com/%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807073400/https://www.dinakaran.com/%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D/ |archive-date=7 August 2024 |access-date=7 August 2024 |work=Dinakaran |language=Ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=கிளாசிக் போலோவில் ஆடி தள்ளுபடி |url=https://www.dinamalar.com/news/tamil-nadu-district-news-dindigul/-audi-discount-on-classic-polo--/3680668 |access-date=7 August 2024 |work=dinamalar.com |language=ta |archive-date=7 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807073825/https://www.dinamalar.com/news/tamil-nadu-district-news-dindigul/-audi-discount-on-classic-polo--/3680668 |url-status=live }}</ref> The ads about the sales happen prior to the month of Aadi.<ref>{{cite news |title=ஆடித் தள்ளுபடியில்... தேடிக் கண்டுபிடிக்க சில அட்வைஸ் |url=https://www.dinamani.com/weekly-supplements/magalirmani/2010/Jul/20/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2-%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D-214048.html |access-date=7 August 2024 |work=Dinamani |date=20 July 2010 |language=ta |archive-date=7 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807073857/https://www.dinamani.com/weekly-supplements/magalirmani/2010/Jul/20/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2-%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D-214048.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The sale and its heavy marketing campaign have been the subject of memes.<ref>{{cite news |title=வாட்ஸ் அப் கலக்கல்: ஆடி தள்ளுபடி |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/ilamai-puthumai/137204-.html |access-date=7 August 2024 |work=Hindu Tamil Thisai |date=27 July 2018 |language=ta |archive-date=7 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807073844/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/ilamai-puthumai/137204-.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

During the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] in 2020, video shopping was used to allow consumers to buy from their homes.<ref name="H2"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Economy of Tamil Nadu]]

India Research Watch

2026-04-28T04:53:44Z

Mrav: Adding a article!

{{Short description|Indian academic organisation}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = IRW
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| founder = Achal Agrawal
| founding_location = India
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| purpose = Promote research integrity and combat scientific misconduct in Indian academia
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| leader_name2 = [[Subhash Chandra Lakhotia]]
| leader_title = Advisor
| leader_name = [[Sunil Mukhi]]
| leader_title3 = Advisor
| leader_name3 = Ganesh Natarajan
| leader_title4 = Advisor
| leader_name4 = Shashi Kant Shankar
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'''India Research Watch''' ('''IRW''')<ref>{{Cite web |title=Concerns Arise As IIT Faculty Retract 58 Research Papers Over 17 Years |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/education/concerns-arise-as-iit-faculty-retract-58-research-papers-over-17-years |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref> is a volunteer-run [[Nonprofit organization|non-profit organization]] established in 2022 to combat [[scientific misconduct]] and research fraud in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-13 |title=Scientific Misconduct Rising, Warns India Research Watchdog |url=https://iaspoint.com/scientific-misconduct-rising-warns-india-research-watchdog/ |access-date=2025-07-06 |website=IASPOINT |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pillai |first=Soumya |date=2025-06-27 |title=Indians are gaming US immigration to get Einstein visas meant for top scientists |url=https://theprint.in/ground-reports/indians-are-gaming-us-immigration-to-get-einstein-visas-meant-for-top-scientists/2672046/ |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> The group monitors cases of suspected research fraud, [[plagiarism]], [[duplicate publication]], [[data fabrication]], and related malpractice reported anonymously.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-15 |title=Penalise ‘retraction hotspot’ universities, says integrity expert |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/penalise-retraction-hotspot-universities-says-integrity-tsar |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=Times Higher Education (THE) |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Agrawal |first=Achal |date=2023-11-16 |title=Alarming rise of scientific misconduct recorded in India {{!}} Data |url=https://www.thehindu.com/data/alarming-rise-of-scientific-misconduct-recorded-in-india-data/article67531607.ece |access-date=2025-07-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== History ==
IRW was founded in 2022 by Achal Agrawal,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reactions: Retractions of Ethiopian-affiliated papers |url=https://cen.acs.org/research-integrity/Reactions-Retractions-Ethiopian-affiliated-papers/103/i5 |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=Chemical & Engineering News |date=21 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref> an engineer and research scientist who earned a PhD at the [[Paris-Saclay University]]. Agrawal, a former professor of [[computer science]], became concerned after he realised that a first-year student had published a research paper by simply paraphrasing another work.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Basu |first=Mohana |date=2024-01-22 |title=This Indian watchdog is cleaning up 'mess' in academia—falsification, fabrication & fraud |url=https://theprint.in/ground-reports/this-indian-watchdog-is-cleaning-up-mess-in-academia-falsification-fabrication-fraud/1933904/ |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> In its early work, IRW analysed public databases and launched anonymous tip lines to gather information on suspected misconduct.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The scientific world does not need more bad quality papers |url=https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=20250122141243375 |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=University World News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Global |first=IndraStra |title=Growing Cases of Scientific Misconduct in India Spark Worry Within the Academic Community |url=https://www.indrastra.com/2023/11/growing-cases-of-scientific-misconduct.html |access-date=2025-07-06 |website=IndraStra Global |language=en}}</ref>

As of July 2025, IRW members, comprising scientists, students, and data analysts from various institutions, investigate tips about suspect papers and flag issues publicly (e.g., on [[PubPeer]] or social media) to pressure journals and universities to take disciplinary action.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pillai |first=Soumya |date=2024-09-11 |title=India's research crime is getting worse. Scientists are gaming peer review system |url=https://theprint.in/ground-reports/indias-research-crime-is-getting-worse-scientists-are-gaming-peer-review-system/2261884/ |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-04 |title=Indian Research watchdog is cleaning up 'mess' in academia—falsification, fabrication & fraud – Biotech Express |url=https://biotechexpressmag.com/indian-research-watchdog-is-cleaning-up-mess-in-academia-falsification-fabrication-fraud/ |access-date=2025-07-05 |language=en-US}}</ref> IRW and its founder, Achal Agrawal, were recognised by Nature's 10 in 2025. <ref>{{cite web |last=Naddaf |first=Miryam |date=8 December 2025 |title=This science sleuth revealed a retraction crisis at Indian universities |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-025-03839-2 |website=Nature |access-date=9 December 2025 |doi=10.1038/d41586-025-03839-2}}</ref>

== Activities ==
IRW published an article in [[The Hindu|''The Hindu'']], on 17 November 2023, presenting data on a rising trend of scientific misconduct by showing evidence from Retraction Data.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Agrawal |first=Achal |date=2023-11-16 |title=Alarming rise of scientific misconduct recorded in India {{!}} Data |url=https://www.thehindu.com/data/alarming-rise-of-scientific-misconduct-recorded-in-india-data/article67531607.ece |access-date=2026-04-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> This article was among the earliest in Indian media to discuss the country’s retraction rates in academic publishing.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Agrawal |first=Achal |title=Alarming rise of scientific misconduct recorded in India |url=https://epaper.thehindu.com/ccidist-ws/th/th_delhi/issues/58941/OPS/GF4C09HNK.1.png?cropFromPage=true |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

For example, in 2023 IRW compiled data showing that 58 papers by [[Indian Institutes of Technology]] faculty<ref>{{Cite web |title=Concerns Arise As IIT Faculty Retract 58 Research Papers Over 17 Years |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/education/concerns-arise-as-iit-faculty-retract-58-research-papers-over-17-years |access-date=2025-07-06 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref> had been retracted (for plagiarism or duplication) between 2006 and 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-07 |title=Retraction of papers soar, but no clarity on action on IIT faculty |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/retraction-of-papers-soar-but-no-clarity-on-action-on-iit-faculty/articleshow/105025488.cms |access-date=2025-07-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> IRW’s analyses have examined possible links between institutional ranking systems and instances of research fraud. In recognition of its retraction‑data analyses, IRW received a Digital Science Catalyst Grant to develop PostPub, a platform intended to enhance research accountability. IRW has published reports scrutinising practices such as manipulation of NIRF rankings and irregularities in NAAC accreditation.

In 2024, Agrawal highlighted flaws in India’s NIRF ranking methodology and its susceptibility to manipulation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pandey |first=Mohit |date=2024-07-01 |title=NIRF Rankings are Totally Flawed {{!}} AIM |url=https://analyticsindiamag.com/it-services/nirf-rankings-are-totally-flawed/ |access-date=2025-07-06 |website=Analytics India Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=OSF |url=https://osf.io/preprints/osf/f8apm_v1 |access-date=2025-07-06 |website=osf.io}}</ref> Citing alleged irregularities in NAAC assessments, Agrawal has proposed discontinuing the current NAAC rating system.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Solanki |first=Saumya |date=2025-02-26 |title=NAAC under fire: Can India's university ranking system be trusted? |url=https://www.edexlive.com/news/2025/Feb/26/naac-under-fire-can-indias-university-ranking-system-be-trusted |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=EdexLive |language=en}}</ref> A 2025  ''Nature'' article described IRW’s work using the [[Retraction Watch|Retraction Watch Database]] to visualise and analyse retraction trends at Indian institutions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Van Noorden |first=Richard |date=2025-02-19 |title=Exclusive: These universities have the most retracted scientific articles |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-025-00455-y |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=638 |issue=8051 |pages=596–599 |doi=10.1038/d41586-025-00455-y |pmid=39972233 |bibcode=2025Natur.638..596V |issn=1476-4687|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

At present, IRW is actively engaged in identifying AI-generated falsified results and detecting image manipulation in published research by Indian academics, while also conducting training programmes on ethical research practices<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gandhi |first=Divya |date=2025-12-12 |title=‘Publication retractions from India have skyrocketed since 2022’ |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/research-papers-retractions-india-skyrocketed-achal-agrawal-interview/article70388758.ece |access-date=2026-04-25 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Organizations established in 2022]]
[[Category:Non-profit organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Research in India]]
[[Category:Research ethics]]
[[Category:Scientific misconduct]]
[[Category:Watchdog journalism]]

Machilipatnam Municipal Corporation

2026-04-25T11:52:19Z

Mrav: added references

{{Short description|Local civic body in Machilipatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Machilipatnam Municipal Corporation<hr />{{small|Macilīpaṭnaṁ nagara pālaka Sanstha మచిలీపట్నం నగర పాలక సంస్థ}}
| coa_pic = File:Robertson Square.jpg
| coa_res = 250px
| coa_alt = Machilipatnam Municipal Corporation
| house_type = Municipal corporation
| body = Machilipatnam
| foundation = 2015
| houses =
| leader1_type = [[Mayor]]
| leader1 = ''Vacant'' (since 18 March 2026)
| leader2_type = [[Deputy Mayor]]
| leader2 = ''Vacant'' (since 18 March 2026)
| party2 =
| election2 =
| members =
| house1 =
| house2 =
| structure2 =
| structure2_res =
| political_groups2 =
| committees1 =
| committees2 =
| voting_system1 =
| voting_system2 =
| last_election1 = 10 March 2021
| next_election1 = ''TBH''

| session_room =
| session_res =
| meeting_place =
| website = {{URL|https://machilipatnam.cdma.ap.gov.in/|Machilipatnam Municipal Corporation}}
| footnotes =
|leader3=Ch.V.V.S.Bapi Raju|leader3_type=Municipal Commissioner}}

'''Machilipatnam Municipal Corporation''' is the civic body that governs the city of [[Machilipatnam]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name="mmc">{{cite web|title=Machilipatnam Municipality|url=http://mmc.ind.in/|website=Official website of Machilipatnam Municipality|accessdate=30 January 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109213331/http://mmc.ind.in/|archivedate=9 January 2016}}</ref> [[Machilipatnam]] was upgraded to corporation, but it continues to be a municipality till the expiry of its present elected council.<ref>{{cite news|title=Masula to remain a municipality|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/masula-to-remain-a-municipality/article8260475.ece|accessdate=20 February 2016|date=30 March 2016|location=Hyderabad}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Vizianagaram, Masula to continue as municipalities|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/vizianagaram-masula-to-continue-as-municipalities/article8411098.ece|accessdate=1 April 2016|date=30 March 2016|location=Hyderabad}}</ref> Municipal Corporation mechanism in India was introduced during British Rule with formation of municipal corporation in Madras ([[Chennai]]) in 1688, later followed by municipal corporations in Bombay ([[Mumbai]]) and Calcutta ([[Kolkata]]) by 1762.<ref name="May ref5">{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Anupam |title=City Mayors: Indian Mayors |url=http://www.citymayors.com/mayors/indian-mayors.html |access-date=29 October 2021 |publisher=citymayors.com}}</ref> Machilipatnam Municipal Corporation is headed by [[Mayor]] of city and governed by [[Municipal commissioner (India)|Commissioner]].

== Jurisdiction ==

The corporation is spread over an area of {{Convert|26.67|km2|abbr=on}}. It was constituted as a municipality in the year 1866 and was upgraded to corporation from special grade municipality on 9 December 2015.<ref>{{cite news|title=Masula, Srikakulam, Vizianagaram upgraded into corporations|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/masula-srikakulam-vizianagaram-upgraded-into-corporations/article7967915.ece|accessdate=10 December 2015|work=The Hindu|date=10 December 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409032222/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/vijayawada/masula-srikakulam-vizianagaram-upgraded-into-corporations/article7967915.ece|archivedate=9 April 2016|location=Vijayawada}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Population Glitch for Masula to Turn into Corporation|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/Population-Glitch-for-Masula-to-Turn-into-Corporation/2015/02/20/article2677908.ece|accessdate=10 December 2015|date=20 February 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125224735/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/Population-Glitch-for-Masula-to-Turn-into-Corporation/2015/02/20/article2677908.ece|archivedate=25 November 2015|location=Machilipatnam}}</ref>

=== 2021 elections ===

== List of Mayors ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
! colspan="8" |Machilipatnam Municipal Corporation (MMC)
|-
!Sno.
!Mayor
!DY Mayor
!Term start
!Term end
!colspan=2 |Party
!Notes
|-
|1.
|M.Venkateswaramma
|T.Kavitha L.Suribabu
|2021
|2023
|rowspan="1" |[[YSR Congress Party]]
|rowspan="1" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|YSR Congress Party}}"|
|First Mayor of MMC
|-
|2.
|C.Venkateswaramma
|T.Kavitha L.Suribabu
|2023
|2026
|rowspan="1" |[[YSR Congress Party]]
|rowspan="1" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|YSR Congress Party}}"|
|
|}

{|CLASS="sortable wikitable"
|-
!colspan=2|Party name
!Symbol
!Won
!Change
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|YSR Congress Party}}"|
|[[YSR Congress Party]]
|[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Ceiling Fan.svg|105px]]
|44
|{{no change}}
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}"|
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Cycle.png|55px]]
|5
|{{no change}}
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Jana Sena Party}}"|
|[[Jana Sena Party]]
|[[File:Indian_election_symbol_glass_tumbler.svg|45px]]
|1
|{{no change}}
|}

== Administration ==

The corporation is administered by an elected body, headed by the Mayor. The corporation population as per the [[2011 Census of India]] was 169,892. The present commissioner of the corporation is Chandraiah<ref>{{Cite news |last=Boda |first=Tharun |date=5 June 2022 |title='Green pledge' marks World Environment Day |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/green-pledge-marks-world-environment-day/article65497433.ece |access-date=7 June 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and the municipal chair person is Moka venkateswaramma.<ref name="mmc" />

== Functions ==
Machilipatnam Municipal Corporation is created for the following functions:<ref name="Ma9">{{cite news |title=Municipal Corporation - Functions, Roles, Members Qualification and Term |url=https://www.elections.in/government/municipal-corporation-in-india.html |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.elections.in}}</ref><ref name="Ma10">{{cite news |title=Good municipal governance key to improve quality of life {{!}} Pune News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/good-municipal-governance-key-to-improve-quality-of-life/articleshow/57320746.cms |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=The Times of India |date=24 February 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

* Planning for the town including its surroundings which are covered under its Department's Urban Planning Authority .
* Approving construction of new buildings and authorising use of land for various purposes.
* Improvement of the town's economic and Social status.
* Arrangements of water supply towards commercial, residential and industrial purposes.
* Planning for fire contingencies through Fire Service Departments.
* Creation of solid waste management, public health system and sanitary services.
* Working for the development of ecological aspect like development of Urban Forestry and making guidelines for environmental protection.
* Working for the development of weaker sections of the society like mentally and physically handicapped, old age and gender biased people.
* Making efforts for improvement of slums and poverty removal in the town.

== Revenue sources ==

The following are the Income sources for the corporation from the Central and State Government.<ref name="Ma11">{{cite news |last1=Jadhav |first1=Radheshyam |title=Why civic bodies in India need municipal bonds |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/why-civic-bodies-in-india-need-municipal-bonds/article33237962.ece |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.thehindubusinessline.com |date=3 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Ma12">{{cite news |title=Municipal corporations under severe strain as revenues sink: RBI Report |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/municipal-corporations-under-severe-strain-as-revenues-sink-rbi-report-314215-2021-12-02 |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Business Today |date=2 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Ma13">{{cite news |title=If cities are to deliver better quality life, need to have business models which are sustainable |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/if-cities-are-to-deliver-better-quality-life-need-to-have-business-models-which-are-sustainable/642276/ |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Financialexpress |date=17 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Revenue from taxes ===
Following is the Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Property tax.
* Profession tax.
* Entertainment tax.
* Grants from Central and State Government like Goods and Services Tax.
* Advertisement tax.

=== Revenue from non-tax sources ===

Following is the Non Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Water usage charges.
* Fees from Documentation services.
* Rent received from municipal property.
* Funds from municipal bonds.

=== Revenue from taxes ===
Following is the Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Property tax.
* Profession tax.
* Entertainment tax.
* Grants from Central and State Government like Goods and Services Tax.
* Advertisement tax.

=== Revenue from non-tax sources ===

Following is the Non Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Water usage charges.
* Fees from Documentation services.
* Rent received from municipal property.
* Funds from municipal bonds.

==Awards and achievements==
In 2015, as per the ''[[Swachh Bharat Abhiyan]]'' of the [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs|Ministry of Urban Development]], Machilipatnam Municipal Corporation was ranked 301st in the country.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sandeep Kumar|first1=S|title=Small towns fare better in Swachh Bharat rankings|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/small-towns-fare-better-in-swachh-bharat-rankings/article7520320.ece|accessdate=30 March 2016|work=The Hindu|date=10 August 2015|location=Vijayawada}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Municipalities of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Municipal corporations in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Year of establishment missing]]
[[Category:Machilipatnam]]

Dhanoa

2026-04-24T13:57:00Z

Mrav: added new page w/ refs - done

{{Short description|Disambiguation page for an Indian surname}}

'''Dhanoa''' is a [[Punjab]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]] originated [[India|Indian]] surname found among Jats and Sikhs that translates to ''those who are blessed'' (''dhan'' meaning 'blessed' and ''oa'' meaning 'those').<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hanks |first=Patrick |title=Dictionary of American Family Names |edition=2nd |last2=Lenarčič |first2=Simon |last3=McClure |first3=Peter |publisher=[[Oxford University press]] |year=2022 |isbn=978-0190245115 |editor-last=Hanks |editor-first=Patrick |volume=1 |page=890 |language=English |doi=10.1093/acref/9780190245115.001.0001 |lccn=2021034444 |oclc=1263273760 |ol=OL28608821M }}</ref>

Notable people with the surname include:

* [[Birender Singh Dhanoa]], Indian Air Force officer
* [[Dan Dhanoa]] (born 1959), Indian actor, model and sailor
* [[Guddu Dhanoa]], Indian writer, producer and director
* [[Sohan Singh Dhanoa]] (born 1930), Indian Olympic middle-distance runner

== References ==
{{reflist}}{{Surname|Dhanoa}}

Miriyala Sirisha Devi

2026-04-24T13:38:16Z

Mrav: made a bio

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Miriyala Sirisha Devi
| office = Member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2024
| predecessor = [[Nagulapalli Dhanalakshmi]]
| constituency = [[Rampachodavaram Assembly constituency|Rampachodavaram]]
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| birth_date = 1994
}}
'''Miriyala Sirisha Devi''' (born 1994) is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. She is a first-time MLA from [[Rampachodavaram Assembly constituency|Rampachodavaram Assembly Constituency]] which is reserved for ST community in [[Alluri Sitharama Raju district|Alluri Sitharama Raju District]]. She represents [[Telugu Desam Party]]. She won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Rampachodavaram Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/rampachodavaram-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916506.html |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Sirisha is a tribal from [[Rampachodavaram]]. She is a former Anganwadi worker.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Miriyala Sirisha Devi(TDP):Constituency- RAMPACHODAVARAM (ST)(EAST GODAVARI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/AndhraPradesh2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=276 |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> Her husband Matham Vijaya Bhaskar is a farmer and was a former MPTC member of Rajavommangi mandal.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sailendra |first=K. V. |date=2024-03-27 |title=AP LS polls: Keen fight likely in Rampachodavaram Assembly constituency |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2024/Mar/27/ap-ls-polls-keen-fight-likely-in-rampachodavaram-assembly-constituency |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Sirisha won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Rampachodavaram Assembly constituency|Rampachodavaram Assembly Constituency]] representing [[Telugu Desam Party]]. She defeated [[Nagulapalli Dhanalakshmi]] of [[YSR Congress Party]] by a margin of 9,139 votes.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Rampachodavaram, Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: TDP's Miriyala Sirisha Devi wins Rampachodavaram with 90087 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/rampachodavaram-andhra-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-2548243-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sirisha Devi, Miriyala}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1994 births]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Indian women in politics]]
[[Category:Women members of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

India-Russia RELOS Agreement

2026-04-23T08:34:23Z

Mrav:

{{short description|2025 defence logistics agreement between India and Russia}}

The '''India–Russia RELOS Agreement (Reciprocal Exchange of Logistics Agreement)''' is a bilateral defence logistics pact between India and Russia that enables mutual access to military facilities, including airbases, for logistical support and cooperation.<ref name=NDTV>{{cite news |title="We Value Our Ties": Russia Okays Key Defence Pact With India Ahead Of Putin's Visit |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/russia-okays-key-defence-pact-with-india-ahead-of-vladimir-putin-visit-9740532 |access-date=3 December 2025 |agency=[[NDTV]]}}</ref><ref name=AGN>{{cite news |title=RELOS: India agrees to open its airbases to Russia in new military aviation pact |url=https://aerospaceglobalnews.com/news/india-russia-military-aviation-pact/ |access-date=16 December 2025 |agency=Aerospace Global News}}</ref> The agreement was signed in Moscow on February 18, 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=The State Duma ratified the Agreement on Procedure for Dispatching Military Troops, Ships, and Aircraft of Russia and India to Each Other's Territories |url=http://duma.gov.ru/en/news/62560/ |publisher=State Duma of the Russian Federation |date=2 December 2025 |access-date=23 April 2026}}</ref> Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] signed it into federal law on December 15, 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=Federal Law On Ratification of the Russia-India Agreement |url=http://www.en.special.kremlin.ru/acts/news/78748 |publisher=President of Russia |date=15 December 2025 |access-date=23 April 2026}}</ref>

==Background==

[[India]] and [[Russia]] have maintained longstanding defence relations, with cooperation spanning arms procurement, joint exercises, and strategic coordination.<ref name=NDTV/> The RELOS agreement emerged as part of ongoing efforts to expand bilateral military interoperability and logistical coordination.<ref name=ORF>{{cite web|title=India-Russia RELOS agreement: A Strategic Pact or a Technical Formality? |url=https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/india-russia-relos-agreement-a-strategic-pact-or-a-technical-formality |website=www.orfonline.org |publisher=[[Observer Research Foundation]] |access-date=11 February 2026}}</ref>

According to analysts, such agreements are typically designed to facilitate refuelling, maintenance, and support for military assets operating in each other's territories, thereby improving operational reach and efficiency.<ref name=ORF/>

==Agreement==

Under the '''RELOS agreement''', India and Russia can use each other's military bases and other infrastructure for logistical purposes, such as airbases.<ref name=AGN/><ref name=NDTV/> According to reports, the pact also permits the temporary presence of military personnel from both countries, with a limit of up to 3,000 troops on each side under agreed conditions.<ref name=TSM>{{cite news |title=Russia, India formalise defence pact to station up to 3,000 troops in each other’s territory |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/russia-india-formalise-defence-pact-to-station-up-to-3000-troops-in-each-others-territory-1503583239.html |access-date=18 April 2026 |agency=[[The Statesman (India)]]}}</ref> Russian political scientist and First Deputy Chairman of the International Affairs Committee, [[Vyacheslav Nikonov]], has further specified that the agreement is valid for an initial period of five years and can be extended for another five years by mutual consent.<ref>{{cite news |title=India, Russia ink pact to station 3,000 troops, warships and aircraft in each other's territory |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-russia-ink-pact-to-station-3000-troops-warships-and-aircraft-in-each-others-territory/articleshow/130370061.cms |work=The Economic Times |date=19 April 2026 |access-date=22 April 2026}}</ref>

The agreement was finalised ahead of a planned visit by Russian President Vladimir Putin, indicating continued high-level defence engagement between the two countries.<ref name=NDTV/>

==Strategic significance==

Analysts have offered differing views on the significance of the agreement. Some analysts view the agreement as strengthening defence cooperation between the two countries, while others see it mainly as formalising arrangements that were already in place.<ref name=ORF/>

It is expected to make it easier for both sides to support joint exercises and related military activities, and is seen as part of their continuing defence relationship.<ref name=ORF/><ref name=AGN/>

==See also==

{{Portal|India|Russia}}

* [[India–Russia relations]]
* [[India–Soviet Union relations]]

==References==

<references/>
[[Category:India–Russia relations]]
[[Category:Treaties of India]]
[[Category:Treaties of Russia]]
[[Category:2025 in international relations]]
[[Category:2025 in India]]
[[Category:2025 in Russia]]
[[Category:Military treaties]]

Dilip Varma

2026-04-23T07:29:06Z

Mrav: added the page first draft

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dilip Varma
| office = Member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Sikta (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sikta]]
| term_start = 1991
| term_end = Feb 2005
| prior_term =
| term_start1 = 2010
| term_end1 = 2015
| constituency1 = [[Sikta (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sikta]]
| other_party = * [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
* [[Indian National Congress]]
* [[Samajwadi Party]]
* Champaran Vikas Party
| birth_name = Dilip Kumar Varma
| alma_mater = [[Mumbai University]]
| education = Degree from [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai|St. Xavier's College]], Mumbai University (graduated 1974)<ref name="affid 2020"/>
| parents = Amresh Prasad Varma (father)
}}
'''Dilip Varma''' is an Indian politician from [[Bihar]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dilip Varma - Bihar Vidhan Sabha|url=https://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/Assets_2012/Dilip_varma.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230161015/https://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/Assets_2012/Dilip_varma.pdf |archive-date=2021-12-30 }}</ref> He represented [[Sikta (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sikta]] in [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] for 5 terms as an Independent,<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 September 2010|first=Pranava Kumar|last=Chaudhary|title=The former MLA BJP leader Dilip Verma is likely to contest as an independent from Sikta assembly consttuency.|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/the-former-mla-bjp-leader-dilip-verma-is-likelyn-to-constest-as-an-independent-from-sikta-assembly-consttuency-khurshid-alam-alias-firoz-likely-to-contest-on-jd-u-from-sikta-in-west-champaran-district-jd-u-sntaches-sikta-seat-from-bj-according-to-party-sources-/articleshow/6632650.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-30|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230161455/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/the-former-mla-bjp-leader-dilip-verma-is-likelyn-to-constest-as-an-independent-from-sikta-assembly-consttuency-khurshid-alam-alias-firoz-likely-to-contest-on-jd-u-from-sikta-in-west-champaran-district-jd-u-sntaches-sikta-seat-from-bj-according-to-party-sources-/articleshow/6632650.cms |archive-date=2021-12-30 }}</ref><ref name="affid 2020">{{Cite web|title=Dilip Varma (Independent (IND)): Constituency - Sikta (Paschim Champaran) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://myneta.info/Bihar2020/candidate.php?candidate_id=12692|access-date=2021-12-30|website=myneta.info}}</ref> [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) candidate,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dilip Varma (Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)):Constituency- Sikta (West Champaran) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://myneta.info/bihar2015/candidate.php?candidate_id=2630|access-date=2021-12-30|website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title= Dilip Kr Varma, Sikta Assembly Elections 2000: Bharatiya Janata Party|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/2000/sikta/dilip-kr-varma/|access-date=2021-12-30|website=LatestLY|language=en}}</ref> [[Samajwadi Party]] candidate,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dilip Verma (Samajwadi Party (SP)):Constituency- Sikta (West Champaran) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://myneta.info/bih2005/candidate.php?candidate_id=478|access-date=2021-12-30|website=myneta.info}}</ref> [[bharatiya janta party|Congress]] candidate and Camparan Vikas Party<ref>{{Cite web|title= Deelip Varma winner in Sikta, Bihar Assembly Elections 1995: Champaran Vikas Party|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/1995/sikta/|access-date=2021-12-30|website=LatestLY|language=en}}</ref> candidate.

== Political career ==
Varma fought in 1991 by-polls of [[Sikta (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sikta]], Bihar as an Independent candidate and won. He won again in [[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]], and the [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]] and [[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|February 2005]] elections, being elected continuously in successive elections. His [[Political party|party]] allegiance varied over his time as a member of the [[Vidhan Sabha]], and Varma won reelection standing as a candidate for different parties. He lost the [[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|October 2005]] election and won [[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] as an independent candidate.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Varma, Dilip}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{Bihar-politician-stub}}

Dhandhuka Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:33:12Z

Mrav: added some article with sources - done

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Dhandhuka
| mla = [[Kalubhai Rupabhai Dabhi]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Ahmedabad district|Ahmedabad]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Surendranagar Lok Sabha constituency|Surendranagar]]
| established = 1972
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:274194}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|2}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 59
}}
'''Dhandhuka''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Ahmedabad district|Ahmedabad]] district.

==List of segments==
This assembly seat represents the following segments,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent|date=12 December 2006|website=Election Commission of India|publisher=Delimitation Commission of India|pages=2–31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=dead|access-date=12 February 2017}}</ref>

# Dhandhuka Taluka
# Ranpur Taluka
# Barwala Taluka
# Dholera taluka

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class ="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Winner Candidate
! Votes
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| 1980
| Natvarlal Shah
| 15095
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| 1985
| Natvarlal Shah
| 15053
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 1990
| [[Dilip Parikh]]
| 5486
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=6}}
|-
| 1995
| [[Dilip Parikh]]
| 8043
|-
| 1998
| [[Bharat Pandya]]
| 15307
|-
| 2002
| [[Bharat Pandya]]
| 3,882
|-
| 2007
| Ranchhodbhai Mer
| 6,717
|-
| 2012
| Laljibhai Kolipatel
| 28,277
|-
| 2017
| Rajesh Gohil<ref name=election2017/>
| 5,920
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| Kalubhai Rupabhai Dabhi
| 91,528
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2022 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly election, 2022]]:Dhandhuka Assembly constituency<ref name="Gujarat Elections ECI">{{cite web |title=Gujarat Legislative Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 January 2023 |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=Election Commission of India}}</ref> }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Kalubhai Rupabhai Dabhi|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=91,528|percentage=55.1|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Harpalsinh Chudasama|party=Indian National Congress|votes=57,202|percentage=34.44|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Chandubhai Mansangbhai Bamroliya|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=9,866|percentage=5.94|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Jiniya Parvinbhai Mohanbhai|votes=993|percentage=0.6|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Tribal Party|candidate=Gohel Hareshkumar Arvindbhai|votes=648|percentage=0.39|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Jana Sewa Driver Party|candidate=Ashokbhai V. Patel|votes=634|percentage=0.38|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Gorawaha Roshaniben Prithviraj|votes=489|percentage=0.29|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Vyavastha Parivartan Party|candidate=Ravjibhai Vallabhbhai Kaliya|votes=382|percentage=0.23|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Tulashibhai Puranbhai Solanki|party=Right to Recall Party|votes=370|percentage=0.22|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above|votes=2,893|percentage=1.74|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=34,326|percentage=20.66|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}-->
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:269869}}
|ref=
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

===2017===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2017]]: Dhandhuka<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Rajesh Gohil
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 67,477
|percentage = 47.85
|change = +12.23
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Kalubhai Dabhi
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 61,557
|percentage = 43.65
|change = -12.42
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Vinodbhai Gorahva
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = 1,953
|percentage = 1.48
|change = ''New''
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 5,920
|percentage = 4.2
|change = -9.41
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,41,019
|percentage = 57.45
|change = -7.16
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2012]]}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2012 to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat |access-date=9 June 2014 |archive-date=26 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126215052/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Laljibhai Chaturbhai Kolipatel
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 77,573
|percentage = 56.07
|change = +14.55
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = M M Shah
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 49,296
|percentage = 35.63
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 28,277
|percentage = 20.44
|change = +13.51
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,38,362
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2007===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2007]]}}
{{Election box candidate |
|candidate = Ranchhodbhai Mer
|party = Independent
|votes = 46,954
|percentage = 48.45
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Bharat Pandya]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 40,237
|percentage = 41.52
|change = -6.6
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Babbhai Khachar
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 3,541
|percentage = 3.65
|change = ''New''
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 6,717
|percentage = 6.93
|change = +2.69
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 96,908
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Independent (politician)
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2002===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2002 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2002]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Bharat Pandya]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 44,070
|percentage = 48.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Dilip Parikh]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 40,188
|percentage = 43.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|candidate = Bhavubhai Rathod
|party = Independent
|votes = 4,079
|percentage = 4.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3,882
|percentage = 4.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,01,733
|percentage = 62.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Ahmedabad district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat}}
{{Gujarat elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|22.38|71.98|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Ahmedabad district]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Gujarat]]

Manvi Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:29:20Z

Mrav: made new stub

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Manvi
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 55
| map_image = 55-Manvi constituency.svg
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Raichur district|Raichur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Raichur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raichur]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[G. Hampayya Nayak]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = Raja Venkatappa Nayak
| electors = {{formatnum:233867}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
}}

'''Manvi Assembly constituency''' is one of the 224 [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Karnataka]] in [[India]].<ref name=electors2019>{{cite web |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PCELE2019/GE2019_VOTERS_COUNT.pdf |title=Karnataka Loksabha Elections - 2019 - Voters Count |website=ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in |accessdate= 10 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Raichur district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#BB8ED0" | [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Pampana Gowda || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || rowspan="2" | Baswarajeshwari || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || B. Sharanabasawaraj
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Bhimanna Narsappa
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || R. Ambanna Naik Dorai Hanamappa Naik || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || Raja Amarappa Naik Raja Jadi Somalinga Naik || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || Thimmangouda Anwari || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || Basangouda Amaregouda || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || Gangadhar Nayak || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || rowspan="2" | [[N. S. Boseraju]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || [[G. Hampayya Nayak]]
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || G. Hampayya Sahukar Ballatagi
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || Raja Venkatappa Nayak || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[G. Hampayya Nayak]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Manvi <ref name=election2023/><ref name="Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Manvi">{{cite news |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Manvi |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS1055.htm?ac=55 |access-date=21 April 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250421094116/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS1055.htm?ac=55 |archive-date=21 April 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[G. Hampayya Nayak]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 66,922 |percentage = 42.43% |change = {{increase}}24.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. Bhagavantaray |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 59,203 |percentage = 37.53% |change = {{increase}}17.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Raja Venkatappa Nayak |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 25,990 |percentage = 16.48% |change = {{decrease}}18.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Raja Shamsunder Nayak |party = Aam Aadmi Party |votes = 2,932 |percentage = 1.86% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,255 |percentage = 0.80% |change = {{decrease}}0.41 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,719 |percentage = 4.89% |change = {{decrease}}5.38 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 157,824 |percentage = 67.48% |change = {{increase}}4.47 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 157,730}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 233,867 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}4.42 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{increase}}7.67 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Manvi <ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6933-karnataka-2018/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |accessdate= 4 February 2021}}</ref><ref name="Manvi Constituency Election Results 2018">{{cite news |title=Manvi Constituency Election Results 2018 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/karnataka/constituency/manvi-assembly-constituency/articleshow/99739077.cms |access-date=21 April 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250421093958/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/karnataka/constituency/manvi-assembly-constituency/articleshow/99739077.cms |archive-date=21 April 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Raja Venkatappa Nayak |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 53,548 |percentage = 34.76% |change = {{increase}}0.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Tanusree @ Preeti |party = Independent politician |votes = 37,733 |percentage = 24.49% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sharanappa K. Gudadinni |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 30,250 |percentage = 19.64% |change = {{increase}}17.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[G. Hampayya Nayak]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 28,177 |percentage = 18.29% |change = {{decrease}}21.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,870 |percentage = 1.21% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Krishna Nayak |party = All India Mahila Empowerment Party |votes = 1,240 |percentage = 0.80% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. Mudukappa Nayak |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,235 |percentage = 0.80% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,815 |percentage = 10.27% |change = {{increase}}4.79 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 154,168 |percentage = 63.01% |change = {{increase}}1.88 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 154,053}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 244,675 |ref = |change = {{increase}}22.59 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}4.97 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Manvi <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = G. Hampayya Sahukar Ballatagi |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 50,619 |percentage = 39.73% |change = {{increase}}3.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Raja Venkatappa Nayak |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 43,632 |percentage = 34.24% |change = {{increase}}10.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gangadhar Nayak |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 14,465 |percentage = 11.35% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Basanagouda Daddal |party = Badavara Shramikara Raitara Congress |votes = 4,363 |percentage = 3.42% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ayyamma Nayak |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 2,935 |percentage = 2.30% |change = {{decrease}}31.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Marinagappa Haravi |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,940 |percentage = 1.52% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Com. V. Mudukappa Nayak Nirmanvi |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Red Star |votes = 1,294 |percentage = 1.02% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mallappa Bangari |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 991 |percentage = 0.78% |change = {{decrease}}0.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Susheelamma R. Mudukappa Nayak |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 958 |percentage = 0.75% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,987 |percentage = 5.48% |change = {{increase}}3.12 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 122,011 |percentage = 61.13% |change = {{increase}}6.45 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 127,422}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 199,588 |ref = |change = {{increase}}2.21 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}3.87 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Manvi <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[G. Hampayya Nayak]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 38,290 |percentage = 35.86% |change = {{decrease}}2.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gangadhar Nayak |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 35,771 |percentage = 33.50% |change = {{increase}}25.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Raja Venkatappa Nayak |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 25,468 |percentage = 23.85% |change = {{increase}}3.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = V. Mudukappa Nayak Neermanvi |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,587 |percentage = 2.42% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Adeppa Diwan |party = Samajwadi Party |votes = 1,659 |percentage = 1.55% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Earamma Alias Sunitha |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,563 |percentage = 1.46% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bangari Mallappa Nayak |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,433 |percentage = 1.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,519 |percentage = 2.36% |change = {{decrease}}7.78 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 106,772 |percentage = 54.68% |change = {{decrease}}7.49 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 106,771}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 195,274 |ref = |change = {{increase}}21.74 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}2.89 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Manvi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[N. S. Boseraju]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 38,620 |percentage = 38.75% |change = {{decrease}}12.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Basanagouda Byagawat |party = Independent politician |votes = 28,513 |percentage = 28.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gangadhar Nayak |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 20,623 |percentage = 20.69% |change = {{increase}}8.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sharanappa Gouda. S |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 8,420 |percentage = 8.45% |change = {{decrease}}20.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. Mudukappa Nayak |party = Janata Party |votes = 3,486 |percentage = 3.50% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,107 |percentage = 10.14% |change = {{decrease}}11.68 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 99,730 |percentage = 62.17% |change = {{decrease}}1.97 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 99,662}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 160,405 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.39 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}12.41 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Manvi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[N. S. Boseraju]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 43,400 |percentage = 51.16% |change = {{increase}}23.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Basanagouda Byagawat |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 24,890 |percentage = 29.34% |change = {{increase}}26.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gangadhar Nayak |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 10,266 |percentage = 12.10% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. D. Nanjundaswamy |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,930 |percentage = 3.45% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. Jagadeesh Prasad |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,580 |percentage = 1.86% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kanakappa Tondeppa Toranadinni |party = Independent politician |votes = 750 |percentage = 0.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Doddanagoud |party = Independent politician |votes = 653 |percentage = 0.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,510 |percentage = 21.82% |change = {{increase}}19.46 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 89,945 |percentage = 64.14% |change = {{increase}}3.63 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 84,839}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 5,095 |percentage = 5.66% |change = {{increase}}1.65 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 140,222 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.31 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal |swing = {{increase}}20.64 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Manvi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Gangadhar Nayak |party = Janata Dal |votes = 22,130 |percentage = 30.52% |change = {{increase}}21.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Basavana Gouda. A. Patil Byagwat |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,420 |percentage = 28.16% |change = {{decrease}}2.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Basavaraj Ballatgi |party = Karnataka Rajya Raitha Sangha |votes = 16,349 |percentage = 22.55% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prabhakar |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 9,014 |percentage = 12.43% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mallikarjun Nadagouda |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,791 |percentage = 2.47% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ashok Byagwat |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,245 |percentage = 1.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. H. Naik |party = Independent politician |votes = 438 |percentage = 0.60% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,710 |percentage = 2.36% |change = {{decrease}}7.12 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 75,545 |percentage = 60.51% |change = {{increase}}4.06 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 72,504}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 3,032 |percentage = 4.01% |change = {{decrease}}6.84 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 124,851 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.26 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}9.97 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Manvi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Basangouda Amaregouda |party = Independent politician |votes = 23,500 |percentage = 40.49% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. B. Amarkhed |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 17,998 |percentage = 31.01% |change = {{decrease}}11.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Basavaraj Ballatgi |party = Kranti Sabha |votes = 6,917 |percentage = 11.92% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Raja Sanjeeva Nayak |party = Janata Dal |votes = 4,952 |percentage = 8.53% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kirlingappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,568 |percentage = 4.42% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. Obanna |party = Janata Party |votes = 1,631 |percentage = 2.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Syed Noorul Hassan |party = Independent politician |votes = 468 |percentage = 0.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,502 |percentage = 9.48% |change = {{decrease}}3.85 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 65,096 |percentage = 56.45% |change = {{decrease}}12.31 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 58,034}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 7,062 |percentage = 10.85% |change = {{increase}}7.71 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 115,325 |ref = |change = {{increase}}33.92 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}15.18 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Manvi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Thimmangouda Anwari |party = Janata Party |votes = 31,929 |percentage = 55.67% |change = {{increase}}23.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[N. S. Boseraju]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 24,283 |percentage = 42.34% |change = {{decrease}}10.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. Murthy |party = Independent politician |votes = 448 |percentage = 0.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Syed Noorul Hassan |party = Independent politician |votes = 408 |percentage = 0.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,646 |percentage = 13.33% |change = {{decrease}}6.98 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 59,211 |percentage = 68.76% |change = {{increase}}10.38 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 57,352}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,859 |percentage = 3.14% |change = {{decrease}}1.52 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 86,117 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.20 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}3.16 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Manvi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Raja Amarappa Naik Raja Jadi Somalinga Naik |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 22,235 |percentage = 52.51% |change = {{increase}}31.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shiva Shankar Gouda Amarappa Gouda |party = Janata Party |votes = 13,635 |percentage = 32.20% |change = {{decrease}}3.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. Ambanna Nayak Dorai Hanumappa Nayak |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,133 |percentage = 12.12% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Eshwarappa Bassanna |party = Independent politician |votes = 865 |percentage = 2.04% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Amareshappa Nagappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 474 |percentage = 1.12% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,600 |percentage = 20.31% |change = {{increase}}16.89 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 44,410 |percentage = 58.38% |change = {{decrease}}6.22 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 42,342}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,068 |percentage = 4.66% |change = {{increase}}0.03 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 76,076 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.21 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{increase}}13.25 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Manvi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = R. Ambanna Naik Dorai Hanamappa Naik |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 17,325 |percentage = 39.26% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Rajasekharappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 15,817 |percentage = 35.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Virupaksh Rao Pampapathi Rao Nadagouda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 9,454 |percentage = 21.42% |change = {{decrease}}40.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Parikshit Raj Guru Rao |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,533 |percentage = 3.47% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,508 |percentage = 3.42% |change = {{decrease}}22.07 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 46,273 |percentage = 64.60% |change = {{increase}}11.05 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 44,129}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,144 |percentage = 4.63% |change = {{increase}}4.63 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 71,629 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}0.98 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}22.27 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Manvi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Bhimanna Narsappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 22,434 |percentage = 61.53% |change = {{increase}}0.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. B. Patel |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 13,142 |percentage = 36.05% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vinayak Ramchandra |party = Swatantra Party |votes = 883 |percentage = 2.42% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,292 |percentage = 25.49% |change = {{increase}}4.23 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 38,738 |percentage = 53.55% |change = {{increase}}8.06 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 36,459}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 72,339 |ref = |change = {{increase}}20.34 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}0.90 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Manvi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. Sharanabasawaraj |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 15,032 |percentage = 60.63% |change = {{decrease}}8.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. B. Bettadur |party = Independent politician |votes = 9,760 |percentage = 39.37% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,272 |percentage = 21.26% |change = {{decrease}}30.23 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 27,347 |percentage = 45.49% |change = {{increase}}2.83 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 24,792}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 60,111 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.96 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}8.46 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Manvi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Baswarajeshwari |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 15,139 |percentage = 69.09% |change = {{increase}}22.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramachandrarao Vinayak Rao |party = Swatantra Party |votes = 3,856 |percentage = 17.60% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Somangouda Veerangouda Patil |party = Lok Sewak Sangh |votes = 2,918 |percentage = 13.32% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,283 |percentage = 51.49% |change = {{increase}}30.32 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 24,199 |percentage = 42.66% |change = {{increase}}7.38 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 21,913}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 56,729 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.40 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}22.02 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Manvi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Baswarajeshwari |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 9,023 |percentage = 47.07% |change = {{increase}}21.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Abdul Basit |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,964 |percentage = 25.90% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Narayan Nair |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,839 |percentage = 14.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hanumappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,343 |percentage = 12.22% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,059 |percentage = 21.17% |change = {{decrease}}28.66 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 19,169 |percentage = 35.28% |change = {{decrease}}9.61 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 19,169}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 54,337 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}0.32 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}27.84 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election]] : Manvi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Hyderabad |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606161433/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2016|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Pampana Gowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 18,333 |percentage = 74.91% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Rama Krishna |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 6,139 |percentage = 25.09% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,194 |percentage = 49.83% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 24,472 |percentage = 44.89% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 24,472}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 54,514 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Independent politician |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Raichur district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Karnataka}}

[[Category:Raichur district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Mysore State]]
{{coord|16|77.05|display=title}}

Kaikalur Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:25:25Z

Mrav: Adding a stub!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kaikalur
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (73-Kaikalur highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Kaikalur Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| mla = [[Kamineni Srinivas]]
| party = {{party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| preceded_by = Dulam Nageswara Rao
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Eluru district|Eluru]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Eluru Lok Sabha constituency|Eluru]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 204,628
| established = 1951
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 73
}}

'''Kaikalur Assembly constituency''' is a constituency in [[Eluru district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Eluru Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="constituencies">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|date=17 December 2018|website=The Election Commission of India|pages=21, 30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>

[[Kamineni Srinivas]] is the current [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm|title=Assembly Election 2019|website=Election Commission of India|access-date=24 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524074223/http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm|archive-date=24 May 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> As of 2019, there are a total of 204,628 electors in the constituency.<ref name="electors">{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>{{update after|2024|7}} The constituency was established in 1951, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1951)''.

== Mandals ==
The four mandals that form the assembly constituency are:<ref name="constituencies" />
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| [[Mandavalli mandal|Mandavalli]]
|-
| [[Kaikalur mandal|Kaikalur]]
|-
| [[Kalidindi mandal|Kalidindi]]
|-
| [[Mudinepalli mandal|Mudinepalli]]
|}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| Adusumilli Venkata Subramanyam
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1955 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1955]]
| rowspan=2 |Kammili Appa Rao
|-
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| Chennamsetti Panduranga Rao
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Kammili Mangatayaramma
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=6}}
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| rowspan=4 |[[Kanumuri Bapi Raju]]
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
| Namburu Venkata Rama Raju
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| rowspan=2 |Yerneni Raja Ramachandar
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| Jayamangala Venkata Ramana
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| [[Kamineni Srinivas]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<ref name="eci_2014">{{cite web |title=The Andhra Pradesh Gazette, Part-V Extraordinary |url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/GE_2014/(GE,%202014)%20-%20DUE%20Constitution%20(APLA_ELECTED%20List).pdf |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh |access-date=13 June 2019 |location=Hyderabad |page=13 |date=20 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[Dulam Nageswara Rao]]
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| Kamineni Srinivas
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
===1952===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Kaikalur<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Adusumilli Venkatasubramanyam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,952 |percentage=37.23 |change=37.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Atluri Purnachalapathi Rao |party=Communist Party of India |votes=17,836 |percentage=36.99 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Parvathaneni Basavasankara Rao |party=Independent politician |votes=9,408 |percentage=19.51 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Garikimukka Asirvadam |party=Independent politician |votes=1,151 |percentage=2.39 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Motepalli Venkata Rangayya |party=Independent politician |votes=590 |percentage=1.22 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gudipati Seetharamayya |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=518 |percentage=1.07 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kammili Appa Rao |party=Independent politician |votes=391 |percentage=0.81 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tentu Satyanarayana |party=Independent politician |votes=370 |percentage=0.77 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=116 |percentage=0.24 |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=48,216 |percentage=78.90 |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 61,110 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2004 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kaikalur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Yerneni Raja Ramachandar
|votes = 54,140
|percentage = 48.98
|change = +19.30
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = Kammili Vital Rao
|votes = 52,084
|percentage = 47.12
|change = +13.53
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,056
|percentage = 1.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 110,528
|percentage = 76.87
|change = +3.70
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Independent (politician)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kaikalur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = Jayamangala Venkata Ramana
|votes = 50,346
|percentage = 40.00
|change = -15.11
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Praja Rajyam Party
|candidate = [[Kamineni Srinivas]]
|votes = 49,372
|percentage = 31.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Yerneni Raja Ramachandar
|votes = 44,846
|percentage = 28.51
|change = -20.47
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 974
|percentage = 0.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 157,295
|percentage = 91.00
|change = +9.07
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kaikalur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party=Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate=[[Kamineni Srinivas]]
|votes=88,092
|percentage=53.80
|change=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=Ram Prasad Uppala|votes=66,521|percentage=40.63|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 790
|percentage = 0.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority||votes=21,571|percentage=13.17|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=163,739|percentage=86.50|change=+0.56}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kaikalur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Dulam Nageswara Rao]]
|votes = 82,128
|percentage = 47.81
|change = +7.18
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = Jayamangala Venkata Ramana
|votes = 72,771
|percentage = 42.36
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janasena Party
|candidate = B. V. Rao
|votes = 10,738
|percentage = 6.25
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bhartiya Janata Party
|candidate = Keerthi Venkata Ramaprasad
|votes = 1,701
|percentage = 0.99
|change = -52.81
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 1,529
|percentage = 0.89
|change = +0.41
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 9,357
|percentage = 5.43
|change = +7.74
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,72,366
|percentage = 88.04
|change = +1.54
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Bhartiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kaikalur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bhartiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Kamineni Srinivas]]
|votes = 1,09,280
|percentage = 60.38
|change = +59.39
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Dulam Nageswara Rao]]
|votes = 64,007
|percentage = 35.36
|change = -12.45
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 1,598
|percentage = 0.88
|change = -0.01
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 45,273
|percentage = 25.01
|change = 24.58
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,80,991
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Coord|16.55|81.21|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Eluru district]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Etah Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-09T21:27:48Z

Mrav: added some details more to come

{{short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Etah {{Small|UP-22}}
|established = 1952
|electors = 17,00,406<ref>https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526095942/https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf |date=26 May 2024 }} {{Bare URL PDF|date=August 2024}}</ref>
|reservation =None
|party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
|mp =[[Devesh Shakya]]
|map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Uttar Pradesh/Etah.map}}
|map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Etah Lok Sabha constituency
|latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]
|state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|assembly_cons =[[Kasganj Assembly constituency|Kasganj]] [[Amanpur Assembly constituency|Amanpur]] [[Patiyali Assembly constituency|Patiyali]] [[Etah Assembly constituency|Etah]] [[Marhara Assembly constituency|Marhara]]
}}
'''Etah''' ({{IPA|hi|eːʈaː}}) is one of the 80 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]].

This parliamentary constituency has been in existence since the first Lok Sabha elections held in the country in 1952. After 2008, the nature of this parliamentary seat changed. '''Now 5 assembly constituencies come under this Lok Sabha seat. They are [[Kasganj]], Amanpur, Patiali, [[Etah]] and [[Marhara Assembly constituency|Marhara]].'''

==Assembly segments==
Presently, Etah Lok Sabha constituency comprises five [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments. These are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/022_PC_Statistics_English.aspx|title=Information and Statistics-Parliamentary Constituencies-22-Etah|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh website|access-date=2 March 2021}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!No
!Name
!District
!Member
!colspan="2"| Party
!colspan="2"| 2024 Lead
|-
|-
|100
|[[Kasganj Assembly constituency|Kasganj]]
|rowspan="3"| [[Kasganj district|Kasganj]]
|Devendra Singh
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|101
|[[Amanpur Assembly constituency|Amanpur]]
|Hariom Verma
|-
|102
|[[Patiyali Assembly constituency|Patiyali]]
|[[Nadira Sultan]]
|{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|104
|[[Etah Assembly constituency|Etah]]
|rowspan="2"| [[Etah district|Etah]]
|Vipin Verma David
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|105
|[[Marhara Assembly constituency|Marhara]]
|Virendra Lodhi
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1951–52 Indian general election|1952]]
|[[Rohanlal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Bishanchander Seth]]
| {{Full party name with color|Hindu Mahasabha|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1967|1967]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Rohanlal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1971|1971]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1977|1977]]
|[[Mahadeepak Shakya|Mahadeepak Shakya]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1980|1980]]
|[[Mushir Ahmad Khan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1984|1984]]
|Mohammad Mahfooz Ali
|{{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1989|1989]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Mahadeepak Shakya|Mahadeepak Shakya]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1991|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1998|1998]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1999|1999]]
| rowspan="2" |[[ Devendra Singh Yadav]]
| {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2004|2004]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2009|2009]]
|[[Kalyan Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent politician }}" |
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2014|2014]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Rajveer Singh]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janta Party]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2019|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Devesh Shakya]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|}

==Election results==

=== General election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Etah]]<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Etah">{{cite news |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Etah |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2422.htm |accessdate=5 March 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=4 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250305134337/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2422.htm |archivedate=5 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Etah Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 2024">{{cite news |title=Etah Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/uttar-pradesh/etah |accessdate=5 March 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=4 November 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250305134508/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/uttar-pradesh/etah |archivedate=5 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate=[[Devesh Shakya]]
|party=Samajwadi Party
|votes=4,75,808
|percentage=47.09
|change={{up}}4.84
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate=[[Rajveer Singh]]
|party=Bharatiya Janta Party
|votes=4,47,756
|percentage=44.32
|change={{down}}10.20
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate=Mohammad Irfan
|party=Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes=71,585
|percentage=7.08
|change={{up}}7.08
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=None of the above
|candidate=[[NOTA|None of the Above]]
|votes=5,156
|percentage=0.51
|change={{down}}0.12
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes=28,052
|percentage=2.77
|change={{down}}9.51
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes= 10,10,381
|percentage=59.42
|change={{down}}2.28
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser = BJP
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Etah]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Rajveer Singh]]|votes=5,45,348|percentage=54.52|change=+3.24}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Samajwadi Party|candidate=[[Devendra Singh Yadav]]|votes=4,22,678|percentage=42.25|change=+12.67}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Hari Om|votes=6,339|percentage=0.64|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=6,277|percentage=0.63|change=-0.04}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 1,22,670
|percentage = 12.28
|change = -8.82
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=10,00,352|percentage=61.70|change=+2.98}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Etah]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Rajveer Singh]]
|votes = 4,74,978
|percentage = 51.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Devendra Singh Yadav]]
|votes = 2,73,977
|percentage = 29.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Noor Mohammad Khan
|votes = 1,37,127
|percentage = 14.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Mahan Dal|MD]]
|candidate = Th. Jogindra Singh Bhadoriya
|votes = 12,445
|percentage = 1.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Rakesh Gandhi
|votes = 7,123
|percentage = 0.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[None of the above|NOTA]]
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 6,201
|percentage = 0.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 2,01,001
|percentage = 21.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 9,26,283
|percentage = 58.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Independent
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Etah district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Aligarh division topics}}

{{Coord|27.56|78.66|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Etah district]]

Deogad Assembly constituency

2026-04-09T17:54:28Z

Mrav: added basic entry w/ infobox - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Deogad
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1962
| abolished = 2008<ref>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
| electors = 119,838
| mla = Ajit Pandurang Gogate
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Deogad Assembly constituency '''was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Rane Waman Nagoji || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Tawade Jagannath Ramkrishna || {{Full party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Wamanrao Nagoji Rane || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || R. B. Munj || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Mirashi Rajabhau Govind || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Vasant Sadashiv Satam || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || Amrit Gangaram Rane || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || rowspan="2" | Appa Gogate || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || Janardan Moreshwar Gogate
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || Appa Gogate
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || Ajit Pandurang Gogate
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Deogad }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Ajit Pandurang Gogate |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 42,384 |percentage = 48.28% |change = {{increase}}8.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kuldeep Pednekar |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 41,312 |percentage = 47.06% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Saravankar Sunil |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,824 |percentage = 2.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prin. Mahendra Natekar |party = Independent politician |votes = 977 |percentage = 1.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sudhakar Shantaram Mangaonkar |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 633 |percentage = 0.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,072 |percentage = 1.22% |change = {{decrease}}15.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 87,789 |percentage = 73.26% |change = {{increase}}15.43 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 87,789}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 119,838 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.38 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}8.33 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Deogad <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Appa Gogate |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 23,268 |percentage = 39.95% |change = {{decrease}}16.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Narayan Kashinath Uparkar |party = Independent politician |votes = 13,669 |percentage = 23.47% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Balu Kubal |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 10,601 |percentage = 18.20% |change = {{decrease}}16.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prabhakar Laxman Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 7,604 |percentage = 13.06% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vinayak Dhaku Mithbavkar |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,570 |percentage = 4.41% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ganpat Narayan Patade |party = Independent politician |votes = 524 |percentage = 0.90% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,599 |percentage = 16.48% |change = {{decrease}}4.49 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 64,534 |percentage = 57.83% |change = {{decrease}}23.82 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 58,236}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 111,600 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}2.57 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}16.12 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Deogad <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Janardan Moreshwar Gogate |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 51,352 |percentage = 56.07% |change = {{increase}}2.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nandkumar Laxman Ghate |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 32,147 |percentage = 35.10% |change = {{increase}}1.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kishor Rameshar Powar |party = Janata Dal |votes = 5,281 |percentage = 5.77% |change = {{decrease}}4.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Parab Vasant Sadashiv |party = Doordarshi Party |votes = 1,139 |percentage = 1.24% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sonu Govind Kokare |party = Independent politician |votes = 555 |percentage = 0.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 19,205 |percentage = 20.97% |change = {{increase}}1.53 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 93,526 |percentage = 81.65% |change = {{increase}}11.99 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 91,580}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 114,549 |ref = |change = {{increase}}1.88 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}2.58 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Deogad <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Appa Gogate |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 41,126 |percentage = 53.49% |change = {{increase}}14.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. G. Alias Dada Rane |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 26,176 |percentage = 34.04% |change = {{increase}}8.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kamaltai Balkrishna Parulekar |party = Janata Dal |votes = 7,868 |percentage = 10.23% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prakash Kashiram Rane |party = Independent politician |votes = 998 |percentage = 1.30% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,950 |percentage = 19.44% |change = {{increase}}6.28 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 78,318 |percentage = 69.66% |change = {{increase}}7.40 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 76,890}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 112,431 |ref = |change = {{increase}}23.56 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}14.94 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Deogad <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Appa Gogate |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 21,386 |percentage = 38.55% |change = {{increase}}7.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. R. Loke |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 14,085 |percentage = 25.39% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mirashi Rajabhau Govind |party = Independent politician |votes = 9,317 |percentage = 16.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dada Alias Bhaskar Shankar Talekar |party = Independent politician |votes = 7,278 |percentage = 13.12% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shankar Yashwant Ghadigaonkar |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,648 |percentage = 4.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vinayak Dhaku Mithbavkar |party = Independent politician |votes = 762 |percentage = 1.37% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,301 |percentage = 13.16% |change = {{increase}}8.22 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 56,649 |percentage = 62.26% |change = {{increase}}6.76 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 55,476}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 90,991 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.16 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{increase}}2.61 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Deogad <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Amrit Gangaram Rane |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 16,423 |percentage = 35.94% |change = {{increase}}33.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Appa Gogate |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 14,165 |percentage = 31.00% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mirashi Rajabhau Govind |party = Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 12,014 |percentage = 26.29% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kamatekar Sadashiv Krishnaji |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,096 |percentage = 6.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,258 |percentage = 4.94% |change = {{decrease}}39.17 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 46,692 |percentage = 55.50% |change = {{decrease}}13.34 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 45,698}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 84,130 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}0.20 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}34.52 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Deogad <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Vasant Sadashiv Satam |party = Janata Party |votes = 39,499 |percentage = 70.46% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rajabhau Mirashi |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 14,774 |percentage = 26.36% |change = {{decrease}}42.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Girkar Prabhakar Ramchandra |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 1,199 |percentage = 2.14% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vinayak Dhaku Mithbavkar |party = Independent politician |votes = 583 |percentage = 1.04% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 24,725 |percentage = 44.11% |change = {{decrease}}8.49 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 58,030 |percentage = 68.84% |change = {{increase}}5.37 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 56,055}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 84,301 |ref = |change = {{increase}}31.57 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}1.85 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Deogad <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Mirashi Rajabhau Govind |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 26,918 |percentage = 68.61% |change = {{increase}}41.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vasant Sadashiv Satam |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 6,279 |percentage = 16.00% |change = {{decrease}}7.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramchandra Balkrishna Munja |party = Samyukta Socialist Party |votes = 5,412 |percentage = 13.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Tawade J. Ramkrishna |party = Independent politician |votes = 626 |percentage = 1.60% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 20,639 |percentage = 52.60% |change = {{increase}}37.79 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 40,668 |percentage = 63.47% |change = {{increase}}1.67 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 39,235}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 64,072 |ref = |change = {{increase}}2.84 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Praja Socialist Party |swing = {{increase}}26.83 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Deogad <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = R. B. Munj |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 14,561 |percentage = 41.78% |change = {{increase}}10.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. G. Mirashi |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 9,398 |percentage = 26.96% |change = {{decrease}}6.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = V. S. Satam |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 8,339 |percentage = 23.92% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. S. Tambe |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 1,978 |percentage = 5.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = V. K. Dadam |party = Independent politician |votes = 579 |percentage = 1.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,163 |percentage = 14.81% |change = {{increase}}13.04 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 38,500 |percentage = 61.80% |change = {{increase}}15.96 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 34,855}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 62,301 |ref = |change = {{increase}}0.06 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Praja Socialist Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}8.24 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Deogad <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Wamanrao Nagoji Rane |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 8,616 |percentage = 33.54% |change = {{increase}}7.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramchandra Balkrishna Munja |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 8,161 |percentage = 31.76% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vasant Sadashiv Satam |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 4,626 |percentage = 18.01% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Akaram Govind Kadam |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 2,975 |percentage = 11.58% |change = {{decrease}}62.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sonu Punaji Jadhav |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,314 |percentage = 5.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 455 |percentage = 1.77% |change = {{decrease}}46.70 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 28,543 |percentage = 45.84% |change = {{decrease}}2.11 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 25,692}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 62,265 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.84 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing = {{decrease}}40.69 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Deogad <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Tawade Jagannath Ramkrishna |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 20,742 |percentage = 74.23% |change = {{increase}}52.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gawade Ankush Shankar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 7,199 |percentage = 25.77% |change = {{decrease}}14.84 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,543 |percentage = 48.47% |change = {{increase}}45.97 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 27,941 |percentage = 47.95% |change = {{increase}}11.98 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 27,941}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 58,277 |ref = |change = {{increase}}18.33 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}33.62 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Deogad <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Rane Waman Nagoji |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 7,193 |percentage = 40.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kode Dattatray Balkrishna |party = Independent politician |votes = 6,751 |percentage = 38.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jogal Dhakoji Mukund |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 3,769 |percentage = 21.28% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 442 |percentage = 2.50% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 17,713 |percentage = 35.97% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 17,713}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 49,250 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Pavithran (Tamil film director)

2026-03-31T22:27:03Z

Mrav:

[[File:Pavithran during the filming of Surieyan 1992.png|thumb]]
{{Short description|Indian film director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pavithran
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = A. N. Pavithran
| birth_date =
| birth_place = India
| occupation = Director
| yearsactive = 1981–present
| spouse = Deeja Pavithran
| children =
| other names =
|
}}

'''Pavithran''' is an Indian film director, who has made many hit Tamil films. He was active primarily in the 1990s collaborating in ventures which often included [[Sarathkumar]] in pivotal roles. He was awarded the Tamil Nadu state Kalaimamani award for his works in the film industry. He is known to have made his assistants huge stars in the film Industry. His assistant film directors include [[S. Shankar]], [[A. Venkatesh (director)|A. Venkatesh]], [[Balaji Sakthivel]], [[Vincent Selva]], [[Saravana Subbiah]] and many more. He has also introduced stars like [[Prabhu Deva]], [[Devayani]]. During the 1990s his movies with newcomers like Sarathkumar, [[Ajith Kumar]], and [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], who later became established actors in the industry.

==Career==
Pavithran a student of Pachaiyappa's college began his career with [[K. T. Kunjumon]]'s production venture ''[[Vasanthakala Paravai]]'' (1991), before going on to make a successful action film with Sarathkumar titled ''[[Surieyan]]'' (1992) which went on to become the biggest hit of the year, cementing his position in Tamil cinema and then re-collaborated with the actor the following year with ''[[I Love India]]'' (1993). Sarathkumar also featured in his next, the romantic musical ''[[Indhu]]'' (1994), which marked the debut of [[Prabhu Deva]] as a lead actor. In 1995, he made another action film with [[Vijayakanth]] titled ''[[Thirumoorthy]]''.

He then made the college love story ''[[Kalloori Vaasal]]'' (1996) featuring [[Ajith Kumar]], [[Prashanth]] and [[Pooja Bhatt]], though the film opened to a negative response from critics and at the box office. During the making of the film, the director clashed with actor Prashanth and his father, with the pair claiming that Pavithran had changed the characterisation of Prashanth's role in the film since the first narration.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/soc.culture.tamil/ibv76-CAjoA |title=Google Groups |date= |accessdate=2015-06-26}}</ref> In 1996, he also produced the [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]-starrer ''[[Selva (film)|Selva]]'' directed by [[A. Venkatesh (director)|A. Venkatesh]], but the film's failure cost Pavithran 1.5 crore rupees. This also affected the making of his next venture titled ''Mookkuththi Kaasi'', which started with [[Sarathkumar]], but was later filmed with Bhaskar Raj in the lead instead. The film subsequently failed to develop and did not release.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Specials/97/Oct/a-z/atoz-4.htm|title=A-Z (IV) |work=Indolink Tamil |accessdate=2 March 2014 |url-status=usurped |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927193804/http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Specials/97/Oct/a-z/atoz-4.htm |archivedate=27 September 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/interviews/pavithran.asp |title=An interview with Director Pavithran |website=Chennai Online |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031021114354/http://www.chennaionline.com/interviews/pavithran.asp |archive-date=21 October 2003 |url-status=dead}}</ref> His final Tamil film before an extended sabbatical was the [[Vignesh (actor)|Vignesh]]-starrer ''Kadhal Palli''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Specials/97/Oct/a-z/atoz-3.htm |title=A-Z (III) |work=Indolink Tamil |accessdate=2 March 2014 |url-status=usurped |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927193802/http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Specials/97/Oct/a-z/atoz-3.htm |archivedate=27 September 2013 }}</ref> He made his debut in Telugu with ''[[Hello...Yama!]]'' (1999), which was a remake of the Kannada film [[Hello Yama|of the same name]].<ref>{{cite web|website=Express India|access-date=28 August 2025|title=Pavitran directs a comedy|url=http://www.expressindia.com/screen/dec11/south.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010609200225/http://www.expressindia.com/screen/dec11/south.htm|archive-date=9 June 2001|date=11 December 1998|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2000, he announced a project titled ''Pugazh'' again with Sarathkumar, Poonam Singar and [[Sanghavi]], but the project failed to proceed after initial schedules.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/interviews/pavithran.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020502024617/http://www.chennaionline.com/interviews/pavithran.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 May 2002 |title=An interview with Director Pavithran |accessdate=2015-06-26 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cinematoday2.itgo.com/Pukazh.htm|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20020222224707/http://cinematoday2.itgo.com/Pukazh.htm|archive-date = 22 February 2002|title = Pukazh}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.indiainfo.com/tamil/onthesets/more.html |title=Indiainfo: Tamil: On the Sets |website=movies.indiainfo.com |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010627083449/http://movies.indiainfo.com/tamil/onthesets/more.html |archive-date=27 June 2001 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The firm had been partially shot in [[Fiji]] with the story inspired by the [[2000 Fijian coup d'état]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.go4i.com/cinema/southsizzlers/southsizzlersstory20000712.shtml |title=South Sizzlers Features |website=www.go4i.com |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020107101033/http://www.go4i.com/cinema/southsizzlers/southsizzlersstory20000712.shtml |archive-date=7 January 2002 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.minnamutam.com/cinema/previews/pugal.asp |title=Minnamutam.com-->>Movie Previews |website=www.minnamutam.com |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010417061327/http://www.minnamutam.com/cinema/previews/pugal.asp |archive-date=17 April 2001 |url-status=dead}}</ref> He re-began work on the film in March 2004 with actor Jai and [[Sherin]] also brought in alongside Sarathkumar, but the film still failed to be completed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/reeltalk/03reeltalk29th.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040405051218/http://www.chennaionline.com/reeltalk/03reeltalk29th.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 April 2004 |title=Reel Talk - Cheran makes right moves |accessdate=2015-06-26 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

Pavithran began work on a low budget film titled ''[[Mattuthavani (film)|Mattuthavani]]'' in 2007, though delays meant that the film only had a low key release in 2012. In 2018, he released another small-budget film titled ''Dharavi'', shot in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/pavithran-back-with-mattuthavani-tamil-news-31386 |title=Pavithran back with Mattuthavani - Tamil Movie News |website=IndiaGlitz.com |date=2007-05-28 |accessdate=2015-06-26}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width:35px;"| Year
! rowspan="2" style="width:150px;"| Film
! scope="col" colspan="2"| Credited as
! rowspan="2" style="width:100px;"| Language
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; width:250px;" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
! Director
! Producer
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Vasanthakala Paravai]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || rowspan="8"|Tamil ||
|-
| 1992 || ''[[Suriyan]]''
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| 1993 || ''[[I Love India]]''
| {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| 1994 || ''[[Indhu]]''
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Thirumoorthy]]''
| {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|1996 || ''[[Kalloori Vaasal]]''
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
|''[[Selva (film)|Selva]]'' || {{No}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Kadhal Palli]]''
| {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Hello...Yama!]]''
| {{Yes}} || {{No}} || Telugu ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Mattuthavani (film)|Mattuthavani]]''
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || rowspan="2"|Tamil ||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Dharavi (2018 film)|Dharavi]]''
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Karki (film)|Karki Nanu BA, LLB]]''
| {{Yes}} || {{No}} || Kannada ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Pavithran}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pavithran}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Tamil screenwriters]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Vulture Peak

2026-03-30T20:50:19Z

Mrav: made a entry...

{{short description|Mountain top in India}}
{{Distinguish|Vulture Peak (Montana)}}
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Gijjhakūṭa
| other_name = Vulture Peak or Eagle Peak
| photo = Vulturepeak1.jpg
| photo_size =
| photo_alt =
| photo_caption = Vulture Peak from above
| elevation_m =
| elevation_ref =
| range = [[Rajgir Hills]]
| map = India
| map_size = 325
| label_position = bottom
| coordinates = {{coord|25|00|06|N|85|26|47|E|type:mountain|display=inline,title}}
}}
{{Infobox Buddhist term
| title = Vulture Peak
| sa = गृध्रकूट
| sa-Latn = Gṛdhrakūṭa
| pi = गिज्झकूट
| pi-Latn = Gijjhakūṭa
| bn = গৃধ্রশৃঙ্গ
| bn-Latn =
| my = ဂိဇ္ဈကုဋ်တောင်
| my-Latn =
| zh = 靈鷲山/灵鹫山
| zh-Latn = Língjiùshān
| ja = 霊鷲山
| ja-Latn = Ryōjyusen
| jv =
| jv-Latn =
| kaw =
| kaw-Latn =
| km =
| km-Latn =
| ko = 영취산(靈鷲山)
| ko-Latn = Yeongchwisan
| lo =
| lo-Latn =
| mnw =
| mnw-Latn =
| shn =
| shn-Latn =
| si = ගිජ්ඣකූටය
| si-Latn =
| ta = கழுகு சிகரம்
| ta-Latn =
| th = เขาคิชฌกูฏ
| th-Latn =
| bo =
| bo-Latn =
| vi =
| id = Puncak Burung Nasar
| kannada =
| en = Holy Eagle Peak
}}

The '''Vulture Peak''' ([[Pali]]: {{Transliteration|pi|Gijjhakūṭa}} गिज्झकूट, [[Sanskrit]]: {{Transliteration|sa|Gṛdhrakūṭa}} गृध्रकूट), also known as the '''Holy Eagle Peak''' or '''Gridhrakūta''' (or '''Gādhrakūta'''), was, according to [[Buddhist mythology|Buddhist tradition]], [[the Buddha]]'s favorite retreat in [[Rajagaha]] – now Rajgir, located in [[Bihar]], India. It is so named because it resembles a sitting vulture with its wings folded, and was the scene for many of his discourses.

== In Buddhist literature ==
Vulture Peak Mountain is, by tradition, one of several sites frequented by [[the Buddha]] and his community of disciples for both training and retreat. Its location is frequently mentioned in [[Buddhist texts]] in the [[Pāli Canon]] of [[Theravada Buddhism]]<ref>{{cite web |title=The Sona Sutta: About Sona |url=http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an06/an06.055.than.html |access-date=2012-02-12 |archive-date=2020-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331022609/https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an06/an06.055.than.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Daruka-Khanda Sutta: The Woodpile |url=http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an06/an06.041.than.html |access-date=2012-02-12 |archive-date=2011-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111228082421/http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an06/an06.041.than.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and in the [[Mahayana sutras]] as the place where the Buddha gave certain sermons. Among the sermons are the ''[[Heart Sutra]]'', the ''[[Lotus Sutra]]'' and the ''[[Śūraṅgama Samādhi Sūtra]]'' as well as many [[prajnaparamita]] sutras. It is explicitly mentioned in the ''Lotus Sutra'', chapter 16, as the Buddha's [[pure land]]:

{{poemquote|And when the living have become faithful,
Honest and upright and gentle,
And wholeheartedly want to see the Buddha,
Even at the cost of their own lives,

Then, together with the assembly of monks
I appear on Holy Eagle Peak.
...

Such are my divine powers.
Throughout countless eons,
I have always lived on Holy Eagle Peak
And in various other places.

When the living witness the end of an eon,
When everything is consumed in a great fire,
This land of mine remains safe and tranquil,
Always filled with human and heavenly beings.{{sfn|Reeves|2008|pp=296–297}}}}

== Gallery ==
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:Monk in the hills around Vulture Peak Rajgir, Bihar, India.jpg|Monk in the hills around Vulture Peak
File:Meditation area, Griddhakuta Hill, Rajgir.jpg|Meditation area
File:Rajgir - 035 Gijjhakuta from Above (9242176293).jpg|View from above
File:Mulagandhakuti in Vulture Peak.jpg|Vulture Peak
File:Rajgir - 037 Chanting (9242149699).jpg|Buddhist assembly
</gallery>

== References ==
=== Notes ===
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
* {{cite book |last=Reeves |first=Gene |year=2008 |title=The Lotus Sutra: A Contemporary Translation of a Buddhist Classic |publisher=Wisdom Publications |isbn=978-0-86171-571-8 |pages=296–297}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Gijjhakuta,_Vulture_Peak|Vulture Peak}}
* [http://dhammawiki.com/index.php?title=Vulture_Peak ''Vulture Peak''] on Dhamma Wiki
* [https://buddhadhyana.org/dammatext/3%20Rajgruha%20etc..pdf ''elevation''] on buddhadhyana

{{Indian Buddhist Caves}}

[[Category:Pāli Canon|*]]
[[Category:Mountains of Bihar]]
[[Category:Nalanda district]]
[[Category:Buddhist holy sites in Bihar]]

List of highest-grossing re-released Indian films

2026-03-27T13:02:43Z

Mrav:

{{Short description|none}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
This ranking lists the highest-grossing re-released Indian films produced by Indian film industries, based on conservative global [[box office]] estimates as reported by organizations classified as green by Wikipedia. The figures are not adjusted for inflation. However, there is no official tracking of figures, and sources publishing data are frequently pressured to increase their estimates.

== Key ==
:{{legend|#b6fcb6|size=50%|''Background shading indicates that a film, or at least one from a series, is currently showing in theatres worldwide.''}}

== Highest-grossing films ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Rank
!Film
!Language
!Worldwide gross{{Efn|Re-run}}
!Footfalls
!{{Reference column heading|multi=yes}}
|-
|1
|''[[Baahubali: The Epic]]''
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|₹51.70 crore
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baahubali The Epic OTT release : சைலண்டாக ஓடிடியில் ரிலீஸ் ஆன பாகுபலி தி எபிக் திரைப்படம்... எந்த ஓடிடியில் ஸ்ட்ரீம் ஆகிறது தெரியுமா? |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/cinema/baahubali-the-epic-saga-now-streaming-on-ott-bt5lgqm |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=tamil.asianetnews.com |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-25 |title=Baahubali: The Epic on OTT: Where to watch SS Rajamouli's remastered epic |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/ott/news/2025/Dec/25/baahubali-the-epic-on-ott-where-to-watch-ss-rajamoulis-remastered-epic |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-25 |title='Baahubali: The Epic' Set for Dual OTT Release |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/baahubali-the-epic-set-for-dual-ott-release-1919401 |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ఓటీటీలో 'బాహుబలి: ది ఎపిక్‌'.. క్రిస్మస్‌ కానుకగా స్ట్రీమింగ్‌ {{!}} SS Rajamouli Baahubali The Epic Movie OTT Release Date Locked, Check Out Streaming Platform |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/baahubali-epic-movie-ott-streaming-details-locked-2659833 |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=[[Sakshi (media group)|Sakshi]] |language=te}}</ref>
|-
|2
|[[Sanam Teri Kasam (2016 film)|''Sanam Teri Kasam'']]
|[[Hindi]]
|₹41 crore
|
|<ref name=":IT">{{Cite web |date=2025-10-31 |title=Baahubali The Epic mints Rs 10 crore, records biggest opening for re-release |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/baahubali-the-epic-sets-new-record-highest-opening-day-pre-sales-indian-re-release-2811138-2025-10-31 |access-date=2025-11-02 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|3
|''[[Tumbbad]]''
|Hindi
|₹39–40.6 crore
| 10.25 lakh<ref name="NK">{{Cite web |title=Not Kal Ho Naa Ho, Rockstar, or K3G, this ₹5 crore film is 2024's highest-grossing re-release; sold a million tickets |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/not-kal-ho-naa-ho-rockstar-kabhi-khushi-kabhie-gham-this-5-crore-film-is-2024s-highest-grossing-re-release-tumbbad-101732365108144.html |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=Hindustan Times |date=23 November 2024 }}</ref>
|{{Efn|Tumbbad's reported worldwide grosses vary between ₹39 crore (''[[Asianet News|Asianet News Malyalam]]''<ref name="Asianet News Malayalam">{{Cite web |last=Nithya |title=ആര് വാണു, ആര് വീണു; രണ്ടാം വരവിലെ ജനപ്രിയർ ആരൊക്കെ ? |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/top-box-office-grossing-movies-in-re-release-year-end-2024-sp6vb9 |access-date=2025-01-12 |website=Asianet News Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref>) – ₹40 crore (''[[The Financial Express (India)]]''<ref name="Financial Express">{{Cite web |date=2024-10-21 |title=Devara dominates, Bollywood stumbles, and Tumbbad rises again at the September Box Office, Ormax Media reveals |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/brandwagon-devara-dominates-bollywood-stumbles-and-tumbbad-rises-again-at-the-september-box-office-ormax-media-reveals-3645653/ |access-date=2025-01-12 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>) – ₹40.6 crore (''[[The Times of India]]''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-30 |title=Tumbbad re-release box office collection: The Sohum Shah starrer mints Rs 2.6 crore in its third weekend |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/tumbbad-re-release-box-office-collection-the-sohum-shah-starrer-mints-rs-2-6-crore-in-its-third-weekend/articleshow/113810075.cms |access-date=2025-01-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>)}}
|-
|4
|''[[Ghilli]]''
|Tamil
|₹24-28crore
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=From Ghilli to Leo: A look back at Thalapathy Vijay’s biggest blockbuster movies |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/entertainment-from-ghilli-to-leo-a-look-back-at-thalapathy-vijays-biggest-blockbuster-movies-4102993/|access-date=2025-12-27 |website=Financial Express|language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghilli collects 30 crores worldwide |url=https://boxoffice.sacnilk.com/news/Thalapathy_Vijays_Ghilli_ReRelease_Tops_30_Crore_Worldwide_Gross |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=sacnilk |language=en}}
{{Cite web |title=Sachein Re-Release Box Office Collection Day 7: Unreal Domination By Thalapathy Vijay, It’s 2nd Highest-Grosser Among South Re-Releases After Ghilli!|url=https://www.koimoi.com/box-office/sachein-re-release-box-office-collection-day-7-unreal-domination-by-thalapathy-vijay-its-2nd-highest-grosser-among-south-re-releases-after-ghilli/|access-date=2026-02-06 |website=koimoi |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|5
|''[[Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani]]''
|Hindi
|₹27.25 crore
|
|{{Efn|2024 – ₹1.25 crore<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Nisha |date=2025-01-16 |title= Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani Re Release Day 14 Box Office: thalapathy vijay-trisha action comedy nets Rs 50 lakh: Heads for Rs 20 crore plus net finish |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/yeh-jawaani-hai-deewani-re-release-day-14-box-office-ranbir-kapoor-deepika-padukones-rom-com-drama-nets-rs-50-lakh-heads-for-rs-20-crore-plus-net-finish-1367837?amp |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=Pinkvilla |language=en}}</ref> 2025 – ₹25.50–26 crore<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dixit |first=Mohit |date=2025-01-20 |title=Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani Re-Release Final Box Office: Ranbir Kapoor, Deepika Padukone movie set to wrap theatrical run at Rs 25.50 crore globally |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/yeh-jawaani-hai-deewani-re-release-final-box-office-ranbir-kapoor-deepika-padukone-movie-set-to-wrap-theatrical-run-at-rs-25-50-crore-globally-1368475 |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=Pinkvilla |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ranbir Kapoor And Deepika Padukone's Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani Is Now The Third Highest-Grossing Re-Release In India |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ranbir-kapoor-and-deepika-padukones-yeh-jawaani-hai-deewani-is-now-the-third-highest-grossing-re-release-in-india-7568633 |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref>}}
|-

|6
|''[[Padayappa|Padayappa]]''
|Tamil
|₹18.60 crore
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ajith Kumar's Mankatha re-release hits Rs 13 crore, trails Ghilli, Padayappa|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/mankatha-tamil-film-re-release-grosses-13-crore-third-highest-tamil-cinema-padayappa-ghilli-2858352-2026-01-27 |website=India Today|language=en}}
{{Cite web |title=Padayappa Re-Release Box Office: Crosses 18 Crores In Two Weeks, Becomes Kollywood’s 2nd Highest-Grossing Re-Release!|url=https://www.koimoi.com/box-office/padayappa-re-release-box-office-crosses-18-crores-in-two-weeks-becomes-kollywoods-2nd-highest-grossing-re-release/#google_vignette|website=Koimoi|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|7
|''[[Mankatha|Mankatha]]''
|Tamil
|₹15-16 crore
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mankatha Re-Release Box Office Day 6: Heads For Kollywood’s 3rd Biggest Opening Week, Below Padayappa|url=https://www.koimoi.com/box-office/mankatha-re-release-box-office-day-6-heads-for-kollywoods-3rd-biggest-opening-week-below-padayappa/|access-date=2026-02-06|website=Koimoi|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ajith Kumar's Mankatha re-release hits Rs 13 crore, trails Ghilli, Padayappa|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/mankatha-tamil-film-re-release-grosses-13-crore-third-highest-tamil-cinema-padayappa-ghilli-2858352-2026-01-27 |website=India Today|language=en}}
{{Cite web|title=Mankatha_2026|url=https://www.sacnilk.com/movie/Mankatha_2026|website=Sacnilk|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|8
|''[[Sachein]]''
|Tamil
|₹13.60 crore
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sachein Re-Release Box Office Collection Day 7: Unreal Domination By Thalapathy Vijay, It’s 2nd Highest-Grosser Among South Re-Releases After Ghilli!|url=https://www.koimoi.com/box-office/sachein-re-release-box-office-collection-day-7-unreal-domination-by-thalapathy-vijay-its-2nd-highest-grosser-among-south-re-releases-after-ghilli/ |access-date=2026-02-06 |website=koimoi |language=en}}
|
{{Cite web |title=Thalapathy Vijay's 'Sachien' Re-Release 10 Days Collection
|url=https://www.sacnilk.com/news/Thalapathy_Vijays_Sachien_ReRelease_10_Days_Collection |access-date=2026-02-06 |website=Sacnilk |language=en}}</ref>
|-

|-
|9
|''[[Sholay]]''
|Hindi
|₹13 crore
|
|<ref name="TB">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-25 |title=Tumbbad becomes the highest-grossing re-release in India in 14 years |url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-tumbbad-becomes-the-highest-grossing-re-release-in-india-in-14-years-761680 |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=Wion |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|10
|''[[Khaleja]] ''
|Telugu
|₹12 crore
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=రీ రిలీజ్‌లో ‘ఖలేజా’ దూకుడు.. మూడు రోజుల్లో కలెక్షన్ ఎంతంటే.. |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/maheshs-khaleja-roars-at-re-release-with-rs11-83-cr-in-3-days/articleshow/121571200.cms |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=Samayam Telugu |language=te}}</ref>
|-
|11
|''[[Rockstar (2011 film)|Rockstar]]''
|Hindi
|₹10 crore
|3 lakh<ref name="NK" />
|{{Efn|Rockstar's reported worldwide grosses vary between ₹10 crore (''[[India Today]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-12 |title='Laila Majnu' re-release box office: Shining 1st weekend for Triptii-Avinash's film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/laila-majnu-re-release-box-office-collection-detailed-report-shining-1st-weekend-for-triptii-avinash-film-2580894-2024-08-12 |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>) – ₹10.50 crore (''[[Hindustan Times]]''<ref name="NK" />) – ₹11.5 crore (''[[WION]]''<ref name="TB" />) – ₹12 crore (''[[CNBC TV18]]''<ref name="RT">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-19 |title=Rockstar to Laila Majnu: PVR INOX bets on re-releases to bring people back to theatres - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/entertainment/rockstar-to-laila-majnu-pvr-inox-bets-on-re-releases-amid-lack-of-new-content-19478906.htm |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=CNBC TV18 |language=en}}</ref>)}}
|-
|12
|[[Laila Majnu (2018 film)|''Laila Majnu'']]
|Hindi
|₹9–12 crore
|
|{{Efn|Laila Majnu's reported worldwide grosses vary between ₹9 crore (''[[CNBC TV18]]''<ref name="RT" />) – ₹10.75 crore (''[[Daily News and Analysis]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mathur |first=Abhimanyu |title=Tumbbad, Laila Majnu's phoenix acts at box office upon re-release shows how audiences have evolved; Bollywood take note! |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-tumbbad-laila-majnu-re-release-box-office-shows-audiences-have-evolved-sohum-shah-avinash-tiwary-triptii-dimri-3108396 |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=Daily News and Analysis |language=en}}</ref>) – ₹11.5 (''[[WION]]''<ref name="TB" />) – ₹11.50 crore (''[[News18]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tumbbad Breaks Record as Highest-Grossing Re-Released Film, Earns Rs 24.45 Crores in Under Two Weeks |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/tumbbad-breaks-record-as-highest-grossing-re-released-film-earns-rs-24-45-crores-in-under-two-weeks-9062151.html |access-date=2025-01-11 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>) – ₹12 crore (''[[Pune Mirror]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Debarati Palit |date=2024-11-15 |title=Re-releases of Iconic Bollywood Films: A Nostalgic Trend Reviving Box Office Success |url=https://punemirror.com/entertainment/bollywood/re-releases-of-iconic-bollywood-films-a-nostalgic-trend-reviving-box-office-success/cid1731672950.htm |access-date=2025-01-11 |website=Pune Mirror |language=en}}</ref>)}}
|-
|13
| ''[[Jalsa]]''
|Telugu
|₹8.52–8.90 crore
|2.58 lakh<ref name="NK" />
|{{Efn|jalsa's reported worldwide grosses vary between ₹8.52 crore (''[[Zee News|Zee News Telugu]]''<ref name="Zee news Telugu">{{Cite web |title=Re Release Highest Collections Movies: 'మురారి' సహా రీ రిలీజ్ లో అత్యధిక కలెక్షన్స్ సాధించిన తెలుగు చిత్రాలు ఇవే.. |url=https://zeenews.india.com/telugu/photo-gallery/murari-to-kushi-simhadri-these-are-the-movies-got-highest-collections-in-re-releases-ta-156265 |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=Zee News Telugu |language=te}}</ref>) – ₹8.85 crore (''[[News18]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahesh Babu's Murari 4K Version Mints Rs 8.8 Crore Worldwide |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/mahesh-babus-murari-4k-version-mints-rs-8-8-crore-worldwide-9022748.html |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>) – ₹8.90 crore (''[[India Today]]''<ref name="India Today">{{Cite web |date=2024-10-18 |title=Prabhas's fans celebrate as over 6 films gear up for re-release on his birthday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/prabhas-fans-celebrate-re-release-on-his-birthday-salaar-mr-perfect-and-chatrapathi-2618580-2024-10-18 |access-date=2025-01-11 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>)}}
|-
|14
|''[[Arya 2]]''
|Telugu
|₹8.07 crore
|1.79 lakh<ref name=":Telugutopre-releases" />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=nirmal@asianetnews.in |title=റീ റിലീസിലും ജനപ്രിയനായി അല്ലു; 'ആര്യ 2' ഇതുവരെ നേടിയ കളക്ഷന്‍ |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment/box-office/arya-2-re-release-3-days-box-office-collection-allu-arjun-sukumar-sug4ht |access-date=2025-05-12 |website=Asianet News Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
|15
|''[[Murari (2001 film)|Murari]]''
|Telugu
|₹7.4 crore
|1.79 lakh
|
|-
|16
|''[[Kushi (2001 film)|Kushi]]''
|Telugu
|₹7.46 crore
|
|<ref name="The Hans India" /><ref name="Zee news Telugu" />
|-
|17
|''[[Salaar: Part 1 – Ceasefire]]''
|Telugu
|₹6.09 crore
|19 lakh+<ref name=":Telugutopre-releases">{{Cite web |date=2025-05-09 |title=Box Office: Top 5 highest selling Telugu re-releases on BookMyShow; Murari tops, where can Jagadeka Veerudu Athiloka Sundari land? |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/box-office-top-5-highest-selling-telugu-re-releases-on-bookmyshow-murari-tops-where-can-jagadeka-veerudu-athiloka-sundari-land-1386865 |access-date=2025-05-12 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref>
|<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Dixit |first=Mohit |date=2025-03-25 |title=Salaar Re-Release Worldwide Box Office: Prabhas' gritty actioner performs reasonably well in re-run |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/salaar-re-release-worldwide-box-office-prabhas-gritty-actioner-performs-reasonably-well-in-re-run-1379155 |access-date=2025-03-28 |website=Pinkvilla |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|18
|[[Businessman (film)|''Businessman'']]
|Telugu
|₹5.85 crore
|1.90 lakh<ref name=":Telugutopre-releases" />
|<ref name="The Hans India">{{Cite web |last=Sekhar |first=Vineela |date=2024-08-12 |title=Mahesh Babu's 'Murari' Re-Release Creates History with Record Collections |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/mahesh-babus-murari-re-release-creates-history-with-record-collections-898818 |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=The Hans India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|19
|''[[Kal Ho Naa Ho]]''
|Hindi
|₹5.80 crore
|1 lakh+<ref name="NK" />
|<ref name="Bollywood Hungama">{{Cite web |last=Seta |first=Fenil |date=2025-01-02 |title=#2024Recap: Re-releases in 2024 collect Rs. 65 crores; Tumbbad's share is nearly 50%; Laila Majnu, Rockstar, Kal Ho Naa Ho come next |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/2024recap-re-releases-2024-collect-rs-65-crores-tumbbads-share-nearly-50-laila-majnu-rockstar-kal-ho-naa-ho-come-next/ |access-date=2025-01-12 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|20
|''[[Devadoothan]]''
|Malayalam
|₹5.4 crore
|
|<ref name="rtv">{{Cite web |date=October 25, 2025 |title=നാഗവല്ലിയെ തളച്ച് മംഗലശ്ശേരി കാർത്തികേയൻ, റീറിലീസിൽ മുന്നില് രണ്ട് ചിത്രങ്ങള് മാത്രം |url=https://www.reporterlive.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/10/25/ravanaprabhu-breaks-manichitrathazhus-collection-record |trans-title=Ravanaprabhu breaks Manichitrathazhu's collection record |access-date=2025-10-26 |website=[[Reporter TV]] |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-26 |title=#BIGStory: Resurrection of old classics, and booming box office with re-releases in Mollywood |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/bigstory-resurrection-of-old-classics-and-booming-box-office-with-re-releases-in-mollywood/articleshow/114599149.cms |access-date=2025-01-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mohanlals-devadoothan-re-release-creates-history-collects-rs-5-2-crores-in-17-days/articleshow/112480909.cms|title=Mohanlal's 'Devadoothan' re-release creates history: Collects Rs 5.2 crores in 17 days|work=The Times Of India|date=13 August 2024 |access-date=13 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
|21
|''[[Veer-Zaara]]''
|Hindi
|₹5 crore
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Jatinder |date=2024-11-11 |title=Shah Rukh Khan's Veer Zaara 20th Anniversary Re-Release Box Office: Tops 5 crore worldwide |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/veer-zaara-20th-anniversary-re-release-box-office-shah-rukh-khan-starrer-tops-5-crore-worldwide-1357697 |access-date=2025-01-11 |website=Pinkvilla |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|22
|''[[Spadikam]]''
|Malayalam
|₹4.95 crore
|
|<ref name="rtv" />
|-
|23
|''[[Manichitrathazhu]]''
|Malayalam
|₹4.71 crore
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=മണിച്ചിത്രത്താഴ് റീ-റിലീസിൽ കൊയ്തത് കോടികൾ |url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/manichitrathazhu-re-release-box-office-collection-7095825 |access-date=2025-01-12 |website=[[The Indian Express|Indian Express Malayalam]] |language=ml}}</ref><ref name="dool">{{Cite web |date=October 21, 2025 |title=വഴി മാറെടാ മുണ്ടയ്ക്കല്‍ ശേഖര; തലയെ വെട്ടി മംഗലശ്ശേരി നീലകണ്ഠന്റെ ആറാട്ട് |url=https://www.doolnews.com/ravana-prabhu-breaks-chotta-mumbai-s-re-release-record-collections-64-156.html |access-date=2025-10-26 |website=Dool News}}</ref>
|-
|24
|''[[Ravanaprabhu]]''
|Malayalam
|₹4.70 crore
|
|<ref name="rtv" />
|-
|25
|''[[Simhadri (2003 film)|Simhadri]]''
|Telugu
|₹4.60 crore
|
|<ref name="TE">{{Cite web |title=Re Release Movies Top Total Collections: రీ రిలీజ్‌లో టాప్ కలెక్షన్స్ సాధించిన చిత్రాలు.. బిజినెస్ మేన్ ప్లేస్ ఎక్కడంటే.. |url=https://telugu.news18.com/photogallery/movies/re-release-tollywood-movies-top-total-collections-kushi-business-man-simhadri-orange-here-are-the-top-re-release-collections-ta-2050870.html#goog_rewarded |access-date=2025-01-11 |website=telugu.news18.com |date=17 August 2023 |language=te}}</ref>
|-
|26
|''[[Chotta Mumbai]]''
|Malayalam
|₹4.37 crore
|
|<ref name="dool" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 June 2025|title=റീ റിലീസിംഗിൽ റെക്കോർഡ് കളക്ഷനുമായി 'ഛോട്ടാ മുംബൈ' |url=https://www.madhyamam.com/entertainment/movie-news/chhota-mumbai-records-record-collections-in-re-release-1419695|access-date=2025-10-12 |website=Madhyamam |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
|27
|''[[Rehnaa Hai Terre Dil Mein]]''
|Hindi
|₹4 crore
|
|<ref name="Bollywood Hungama" />
|-
|28
|''[[Ee Nagaraniki Emaindhi]]''
|Telugu
|₹3.52 crore
|
|<ref name="TE" />
|-
|29
|''[[S/O Satyamurthy]]''
|Telugu
|₹3.40 crore
|
|<ref name="TE" />
|-
|30
|''[[Orange (2010 film)|Orange]]''
|Telugu
|₹3.36 crore
|
|<ref name="TE" />
|-
|31
|''[[Jalsa]]''
|Telugu
|₹3.20 crore
|
|<ref name="TE" />
|-
|32
|''[[Vaaranam Aayiram|Surya S/o Krishnan]]''{{Efn|It is a dubbed version of 2008 Tamil film ''[[Vaaranam Aayiram]]''}}
|Telugu
|₹3.5 crore
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pecheti |first=Prakash |date=2023-08-08 |title=After 'Surya S/o Krishnan', rerelease of 'Businessman' sends fans into a tizzy |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/re-release-of-surya-s-o-krishnan-and-businessman-send-fans-into-a-tizzy/ |access-date=2025-01-12 |website=The South First |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|33
|''[[Okkadu]]''
|Telugu
|₹2.54 crore
|
|<ref name="TE" />
|-
| rowspan="2" |34
|''[[Thalapathi]]''
|Tamil
|₹2 crore
|
|<ref name="Asianet News Malayalam" />
|-
|''[[Appu (2002 film)|Appu]]''
|Kannada
|₹2 crore
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-19 |title=Appu: 5 ದಿನದಲ್ಲಿ ಅಪ್ಪು ಮೂವಿ ಗಳಿಸಿದ್ದೆಷ್ಟು? ರಿ-ರಿಲೀಸ್ ನಲ್ಲಿ ಕಲೆಕ್ಷನ್ ಹೇಗಿದೆ? |url=https://kannada.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/puneeth-rajkumar-movie-appu-re-release-box-office-collection-update-dvp-ws-d-2027672.html |access-date=2025-09-20 |website=kannada.news18.com |language=kn}}</ref>
|-
|35
|''[[Pokiri]]''
|Telugu
|₹1.73 crore
|
|<ref name="TE" />
|-
|36
|''[[Desamuduru]]''
|Telugu
|₹1.65 crore
|
|<ref name="TE" />
|-
|37
|''[[Karan Arjun]]''
|Hindi
|₹1.60 crore
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-25 |title=Box Office: शाहरुख-सलमान की 'करण अर्जुन' ने मारी बाजी, अल्लू अर्जुन की 'पुष्पा' को चटाई धूल |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/entertainment/bollywood/karan-arjun-and-pushpa-the-rise-re-release-box-office-collection-first-weekend-201732504126917.html |access-date=2025-01-11 |website=[[Hindustan (newspaper)|Hindustan]] |language=hi}}</ref>
|-
|38
|''[[Oru Vadakkan Veeragatha]]''
|Malayalam
|₹1.53 crore
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Oru Vadakkan Veeragatha 4K Re-Release Final Worldwide Box Office: Mammootty's award-winning movie wraps re-run at Rs 1.50 crore |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/oru-vadakkan-veeragatha-4k-re-release-final-worldwide-box-office-mammoottys-award-winning-movie-wraps-re-run-at-rs-1-50-crore-1374496#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17405385331840&csi=0&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pinkvilla.com%2Fentertainment%2Fbox-office%2Foru-vadakkan-veeragatha-4k-re-release-final-worldwide-box-office-mammoottys-award-winning-movie-wraps-re-run-at-rs-1-50-crore-1374496 |access-date=26 February 2025 |work=Pinkvilla}}</ref>
|-
|39
|''[[Jab We Met]]''
|Hindi
|₹1.50 crore
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-01 |title='Jab We Met' Jackpot: Shahid Kapoor-Kareena Kapoor's classic has sold out shows after Valentine's Day re-release - Exclusive |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/jab-we-met-jackpot-shahid-kapoor-kareena-kapoors-classic-has-sold-out-shows-after-valentines-day-re-release-exclusive/articleshow/98341425.cms |access-date=2025-01-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|40
|''[[3 (2012 Indian film)|3]]''
|Tamil
|₹1.50 crore
|
|<ref name="Koimoi">{{Cite web |last=More |first=Shalmesh |date=2024-09-15 |title=3 Re-Release Box Office Day 1: Marks A Fantastic Start, Just 20% Lower Than The Telugu Opening Of Dhanush's Raayan! |url=https://www.koimoi.com/box-office/3-re-release-box-office-day-1-marks-a-fantastic-start-just-20-lower-than-the-telugu-opening-of-dhanushs-raayan/ |access-date=2025-01-12 |website=Koimoi |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|41
|''[[Billa (2007 film)|Billa]]''
|Tamil
|₹1.25 crore
|
|<ref name="TE" />
|}

== Highest-grossing films by opening day ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Rank
!Film
!Language
!Worldwide gross
!{{Reference column heading|multi=yes}}
|-
|1
|''[[Baahubali: The Epic]]''
|Telugu
|₹19.50-20 crore
|{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}
|-
|2
|''[[Gabbar Singh (film)|Gabbar Singh]]''
|Telugu
|₹7.50 crore
|<ref name="WG">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-04 |title=Woah! Gabbar Singh Re-Release Collections: Pawan Kalyan's Film Sets A New Record In India |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/woah-gabbar-singh-re-release-collections-pawan-kalyans-film-sets-a-new-record-in-india-article-113068036 |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|3
|''[[Khaleja]]''
|Telugu
|₹7–9.12 crore
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2025-06-01 |title=‘Khaleja’ re-release creates history, sets box office on fire |url=https://telanganatoday.com/khaleja-re-release-creates-history-sets-box-office-on-fire |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-04 |title=Khaleja Re Release Collections: ఫ్లాప్ మూవీతో చరిత్ర సృష్టించిన మహేష్ బాబు.. రీ రిలీజ్ లో ‘ఖలేజా’ సంచలన రికార్డు.. |url=https://zeenews.india.com/telugu/entertainment/mahesh-babu-khaleja-set-new-bench-mark-and-re-release-total-collections-ta-225610 |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=Zee News Telugu |language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahesh Babu’s Khaleja bombed in 2010, now its re-release is set to outgross its original box office |url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/mahesh-babu-s-khaleja-bombed-in-2010-now-its-re-release-is-set-to-outgross-its-original-box-office-1748673057540 |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=Wion |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|4
|''[[Murari (2001 film)|Murari]]''
|Telugu
|₹5.45 crore
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-11 |title=Murari 4k re-release: Mahesh Babu's 2001 film SMASHES box office records |url=https://www.news9live.com/entertainment/telugu/murari-re-release-collection-mahesh-babu-movie-breaks-box-office-records-2652097 |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=News9live |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|5
|''[[Simhadri (2003 film)|Simhadri]]''
|Telugu
|₹4.60–5.14 crore
|{{Efn|Simhadri's reported opening day worldwide grosses vary between ₹4.60 crore (''[[News18]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jr NTR's Simhadri 4K Re-release Collects Rs 4.60 Crore Worldwide |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/jr-ntrs-simhadri-4k-re-release-collects-rs-4-60-crore-worldwide-7990135.html |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>) – ₹5.14 crore (''[[Telangana Today]]''<ref name="Telangana Today">{{Cite web |date=2023-05-21 |title=Simhadri creates box office records with the re-release |url=https://telanganatoday.com/simhadri-creates-box-office-records-with-the-re-release |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref>)}}
|-
|6
|''[[Kushi (2001 film)|Kushi]]''
|Telugu
|₹4.10–4.15 crore
|{{Efn|Kushi's reported opening day worldwide grosses vary between ₹4.10 crore (''[[OTTPlay]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kodur |first=Swaroop |title=Kushi re-release box office collection Day 2: Pawan Kalyan's cult classic rewrites history! |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/kushi-re-release-box-office-collection-day-2-pawan-kalyans-cult-classic-rewrites-history/42d4cc289f925 |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>) – ₹4.15 crore (''[[Telangana Today]]''<ref name="Telangana Today" />)}}
|-
|7
|''[[Arya 2]]''
|Telugu
|₹4.02 crore
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prakash |first=Chatakonda Krishna |title=Arya 2 Re-release Collections: రీ-రిలీజ్‍లో దుమ్మురేపిన ఆర్య 2 సినిమా.. ఫస్ట్ డే ఎంత కలెక్షన్లు వచ్చాయంటే.. |url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/allu-arjun-arya-2-re-release-box-office-collections-allu-arjun-sukumar-film-shines-again-121743941698702.html |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=Hindustantimes Telugu |language=te}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
|-
|8
|''[[Sanam Teri Kasam (2016 film)|Sanam Teri Kasam]]''
|Hindi
|₹4–5.14 crore
|{{Efn|Sanam Teri Kasam's reported opening day worldwide grosses vary between ₹4 crore (''[[Pinkvilla]]''<ref name="Sanam Teri Kasam">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Nisha |date=2025-02-08 |title=Sanam Teri Kasam Re-Release Box Office Day 2: Harshvardhan-Mawra's movie registers MINDBLOWING sales; Tops charts for 2nd consecutive day |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/sanam-teri-kasam-re-release-box-office-day-2-harshvardhan-mawras-movie-registers-mindblowing-sales-tops-charts-for-2nd-consecutive-day-1371527 |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=Pinkvilla |language=en}}</ref>) – ₹4.25 crore (''[[India Today]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-13 |title=Sanam Teri Kasam box office Day 6: Harshvardhan's film creates history in week 1 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/sanam-teri-kasam-box-office-collection-day-6-detailed-report-harshvardhan-rane-film-creates-history-in-week-1-2679253-2025-02-13 |access-date=2025-02-13 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>) – ₹5.14 crore (''[[NDTV]]''<ref name="NDTV">{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Hardika |title=How Sanam Teri Kasam, A Flop In 2016, Is Rewriting Box-Office History 9 Years Later |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/how-sanam-teri-kasam-a-flop-in-2016-is-rewriting-box-office-history-9-years-later-7709083 |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref>)}}
|-
|9
|''[[Jalsa]]''
|Telugu
|₹3.20 crore
|<ref name="RR">{{Cite web |date=2023-05-22 |title=Re-release Movies: తెలుగులో అత్యధిక వసూళ్లు రాబట్టిన టాప్ 9 సినిమాలివే! |url=https://zeenews.india.com/telugu/entertainment/top-9-re-release-telugu-movies-with-day-1-collections-deatiled-report-103829 |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=Zee News Telugu |language=te}}</ref>
|-
|10
|[[Indra (2002 film)|''Indra'']]
|Telugu
|₹3.05 crore
|<ref name="RR" />
|-
|11
|''[[Salaar: Part 1 – Ceasefire]]''
|Telugu
|₹2.75 crore
|{{Efn|Salaar: Part 1 – Ceasefire's reported opening day worldwide grosses vary between ₹2.75 crore (''[[Pinkvilla]]''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Syed |first=Shanaz |date=2025-03-24 |title=Salaar Box Office: Prabhas' biggest re-release clocks Rs 5 crore weekend collection; All eyes on First Week numbers now |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/salaar-box-office-prabhas-biggest-re-release-clocks-rs-5-crore-weekend-collection-all-eyes-on-first-week-numbers-now-1378907? |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=Pinkvilla |language=en}}</ref>) – ₹3.24 crore (''[[Asianet News]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Salaars re release collection: അന്ന് ഓപ്പണിംഗില്‍ 90 കോടി, സംവിധാനം ചെയ്‍ത ചിത്രമെത്തുംമുന്നേ പൃഥ്വിരാജിന് രണ്ടാം വരവില്‍ ലോട്ടറി! |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment/box-office/salaar-re-release-opening-collection-reports-stiyf9 |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=Asianet News}}</ref> and ''[[Hindustan Times|Hindustan Times Telugu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prakash |first=Chatakonda Krishna |title=Salaar Re-release Collections: రీ-రిలీజ్‍లోనూ సలార్ కలెక్షన్ల ర్యాంపేజ్.. ఫస్ట్ డే ఎంత వచ్చిందంటే.. |url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/salaar-re-release-box-office-collections-day-1-prabhas-action-movie-gets-good-numbers-121742622565854.html |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=Hindustantimes Telugu |language=te}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>)}}
|-
|12
|''[[Okkadu]]''
|Telugu
|₹2.10 crore
|{{Efn|Okkadu's reported opening day worldwide grosses vary between ₹2.05 crore (''[[Times Now]]''<ref name="WG" />) – ₹2.10 crore (''[[Zee News|Zee News Telugu]]''<ref name="RR" />)}}
|-
|13
|''[[Sachein]]''
|Tamil
|₹2 crore
|<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Dixit |first=Mohit |date=2025-04-20 |title=Sachein Re-Release Opening Weekend Tamil Nadu Gross Box Office: Thalapathy Vijay's rom-com continues STRONG run; collects Rs 5 crore in re-run |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/sachein-re-release-opening-weekend-tamil-nadu-gross-box-office-thalapathy-vijays-rom-com-continues-strong-run-collects-rs-5-crore-in-re-run-1383484 |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=Pinkvilla |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|14
|''[[Ee Nagaraniki Emaindhi]]''
|Telugu
|₹1.78 crore
|<ref name="WG" />
|-
|15
|''[[Pokiri]]''
|Telugu
|₹1.73 crore
|<ref name="WG" />
|-
|16
|''[[Tumbbad]]''
|Hindi
|₹1.65 crore
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tuteja |first=Joginder |date=2024-09-19 |title=Tumbbad Box Office: Sohum Shah starrer continues to stay good |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/tumbbad-box-office-sohum-shah-starrer-continues-stay-good/ |access-date=2025-01-12 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|17
|''[[Orange (2010 film)|Orange]]''
|Telugu
|₹1.60 crore
|<ref name="RR" />
|-
|18
|''[[Sholay]]''
|Hindi
|₹1.50 crore
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-01-08 |title=Sholay 3D box office collections at Rs 7.30 crore in first 4 days |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/sholay-3d-box-office-collections-at-rs-730-crore-in-first-4-days/1216851/ |access-date=2025-01-12 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|19
|''[[Desamuduru]]''
|Telugu
|₹1.50 crore
|<ref name="RR" />
|-
|20
|''[[3 (2012 Indian film)|3]]''
|Tamil
|₹1.50 crore
|<ref name="Koimoi" />
|-
|21
|''[[Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani]]''
|Hindi
|₹1.15–1.90 crore
|{{Efn|Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani's reported opening day worldwide grosses vary between ₹1.15 crore (''[[Bollywood Hungama]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tuteja |first=Joginder |date=2025-01-06 |title=Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani Box Office: Ranbir Kapoor, Deepika Padukone starrer is a HIT….. again! |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/yeh-jawaani-hai-deewani-box-office-ranbir-kapoor-deepika-padukone-starrer-hit/ |access-date=2025-01-12 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref>) – ₹1.20 crore (''[[TV9 Bharatvarsh]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-04 |title=YJHD Re Release Collection: 11 साल बाद फिर चला रणबीर-दीपिका का जादू, 'ये जवानी है दीवानी' ने पहले दिन जड़ा छक्का |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/yeh-jawaani-hai-deewani-re-release-collection-day-1-ranbir-kapoor-deepika-padukone-3039489.html |access-date=2025-01-12 |website=TV9 Bharatvarsh |language=hi}}</ref>) – ₹1.90 crore (''[[NDTV]]''<ref name="NDTV" />)}}
|-
|22
|''[[Chennakesava Reddy]]''
|Telugu
|₹1.10 crore
|<ref name="RR" />
|-
|23
|''[[Billa (2009 film)|Billa]]''
|Telugu
|₹1.5 crore
|<ref name="RR" />
|-
| rowspan="2" |24
|''[[Indian (1996 film)|Indian]]''
|Tamil
|₹1 crore
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kamal Haasan's Indian, Re-released After 28 Years, Packs A Punch At Box Office |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/kamal-haasans-indian-re-released-after-28-years-packs-a-punch-at-box-office-8928027.html |access-date=2025-01-12 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Jackie (2010 film)|Jackie]]''
|Kannada
|₹1 crore
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jackie re-release: Puneeth Rajkumar-led film gets Rs 1 crore opening |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/jackie-re-release-puneeth-rajkumar-led-film-gets-rs-1-crore-opening/ee5042fe70498 |access-date=2025-01-12 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Highest-grossing milestone films ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Language
!Milestone
!{{Reference column heading|multi=yes}}
|-
|2014
|''[[Sholay]]''
|Hindi
|₹10 crore
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=This Was The 1st Indian Film To Gross Over Rs 10 Crore After Re-release |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/this-was-the-1st-indian-film-to-gross-over-rs-10-crore-after-re-release-8954386.html |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-

|2024
|''[[Tumbbad]] ''
|Hindi
|₹30 crore
|<ref name="TB" />
|-

|rowspan="2"|2025
|''[[Sanam Teri Kasam (2016 film)|Sanam Teri Kasam]]''
|Hindi
|₹40 crore
|<ref name=":IT" />
|-
|''[[Baahubali: The Epic]]''
|Telugu
|₹50 crore
|<ref name=":0" />
|}

== See also ==
*[[List of highest-grossing Indian films]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Lists of Indian films]]

2006 elections in India

2026-03-25T20:29:44Z

Mrav: updated details

{{short description|none}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = Elections in India
| country = India
| previous_election = 2005 elections in India
| previous_year = 2005
| election_date = 2006
| next_election = 2007 elections in India
| next_year = 2007
}}
{{Politics of India}}

==Results==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! Date(s)
!State
! colspan="2" |Government before election
!Chief Minister before election
! colspan="2" |Government after election
!Chief Minister after election
!Maps
|-
| rowspan="2" | 4 and 11 April 2006
| rowspan="2" |[[2006 Assam Legislative Assembly election|Assam]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Tarun Gogoi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Tarun Gogoi]]
| rowspan="2" |[[File:IN-AS.svg|50px]]
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
|-
|22 April, 29 April, and 3 May 2006
|[[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|Kerala]]
| {{Full party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|[[Oommen Chandy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|[[V. S. Achuthanandan]]
|[[File:IN-KL.svg|50px]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|8 May 2006
|rowspan="2"|[[2006 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|Pondicherry]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|rowspan="2"|[[N. Rangaswamy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|rowspan="2"|[[N. Rangaswamy]]
|rowspan="2"|[[File:IN-PY.svg|50px]]
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 8 May 2006
| rowspan="2" |[[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|Tamil Nadu]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
| rowspan="2" |[[J. Jayalalithaa]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| rowspan="2" |[[M. Karunanidhi]]
| rowspan="2" |[[File:IN-TN.svg|50px]]
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|17 April - 8 May 2006
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
| [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharya]]
| {{Full party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|[[Buddhadeb Bhattacharya]]
| [[File:IN-WB.svg|50px]]
|}

==Legislative Assembly elections==
[[Image:India-state elections 2006.svg|left|150px|thumb|Indian states of Assam, West Bengal, Kerala and Tamil Nadu]]
The '''State Assembly elections in India of 2006''' took place between April 3, 2006, and May 8, 2006. The [[India]]n states that went into poll are [[Assam]], [[Kerala]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[West Bengal]] and [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]].

Counting of votes for all the states was completed on May 11, 2006, and results were declared on May 20, 2006.

===Assam===
[[Image:India-ASSAM.svg|right|100px|thumb|Assam, India]]
{{main|2006 Assam Legislative Assembly election}}
Elections in [[Assam]] for 65 [[assembly constituency|AC]]s occurred on April 3, 2006, and another 61 [[assembly constituency|AC]]s on April 10, 2006.

===Jammu and Kashmir===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Winner, runner-up, voter turnout, and victory margin in every constituency<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/ByeAprMay2006/index.htm |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date = 1 January 2025 |title=Election Statistics - Bye Elections - April-May 2006 |publisher=Election Commission Of India |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Assembly Constituency
!Turnout
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner Up
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type=number |Margin
|-
! #k
! Names
!%
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
!%
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
!%
|-
|1||[[Sangrama Assembly constituency|Sangrama]]||63.31%||Shuib Nabi||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||18,526||.88%||Javid Hassan Beigh||{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}}||12,208||6.61%||style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}"|'''6,318'''
|-
|2||[[Pattan Assembly constituency|Pattan]]||68.97%||[[Sheikh Mustafa Kamal]]||{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}||26,736||1.89%||[[Iftikhar Hussain Ansari]]||{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}}||23,969||45.51%||style="background:{{party color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}"|'''2,767'''
|-
|3||[[Rafiabad Assembly constituency|Rafiabad]]||75.52%||[[Mohammad Dilawar Mir]]||{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}}||28,138||2.46%||Mohammed Maqbool Mir||{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}||19,479||55.59%||style="background:{{party color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}}"|'''8,659'''
|-
|4||[[Bhaderwah Assembly constituency|Bhaderwah]]||72.54%||[[Ghulam Nabi Azad]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||62,072||6.13%||Dhantar Singh||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||4,057||93.87%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''58,015'''
|-
|}

===Kerala===

[[Image:India-KERALA.svg|right|100px|thumb|Kerala, India]]
{{main|2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election}}

{| class="toccolours" align="top-left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="margin-right: .5em; margin-top: .4em;font-size: 90%;"
|-
|- bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top"
!Political Alliance
!No. of Seats
!Popular Vote %
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="FF6666"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
| align="center" |98
| align="center" |48.63%
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="90EE90"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
| align="center" |42
| align="center" |42.98%
|-
| style="font-size: 80%" colspan=3 bgcolor="#cceeff" align="center"| Source: Indian Elections / Election Commission of India.<ref name=EC>{{Cite web|title=Parties Statistics |publisher=Election Commission of India |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218010942/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archivedate=2008-12-18 }}</ref>
|-
|}
Elections in [[Kerala]] for 65 ACs occurred on April 22, 2006, 61 ACs on April 29, 2006, and 15 ACs on May 3, 2006. The [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPI(M))-led [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|Left Democratic Front]] beat the incumbent [[Indian National Congress]]-led [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|United Democratic Front]] by a margin of 56 seats (out of a total of 140 seats). [[V.S. Achuthanandan]], of CPI (M) was sworn in as the [[Chief Minister of Kerala|20th Chief Minister of Kerala]], on May 18, 2006.
{{clear}}

===Tamil Nadu===
[[Image:India-TAMILNADU.svg|right|100px|thumb|Tamil Nadu, India]]

{{main|2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election}}

{| class="toccolours" align="top-left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="margin-right: .5em; margin-top: .4em;font-size: 90%;"
|-
|- bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top"
!Political Alliance
!No. of Seats
!Assembly Seat %
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="FF6666"|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK+]]
| align="center" |'''163'''
| align="center" |'''69.6%'''
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="90EE90"|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK+]]
| align="center" |69
| align="center" |29.4%
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="ffff99"|Independent/Other
| align="center" |2
| align="center" |0.8%
|-
| style="font-size: 80%" colspan=3 bgcolor="#cceeff" align="center"| Source: Indian Elections / Election Commission of India.<ref name="EC"/>
|-
|}

Elections in [[Tamil Nadu]] for 234 ACs occurred in a single phase on May 8, 2006. The [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK)-led front won the elections, beating the incumbent [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK)-led government. The DMK leader, [[M Karunanidhi]] was sworn in as chief minister.

{{clear}}

===West Bengal===

[[Image:India-WESTBENGAL.svg|right|100px|thumb|West Bengal, India]]

{{main|2006 West Bengal state assembly election}}

Elections in [[West Bengal]] for 45 ACs occurred on April 17, 2006, 66 ACs on April 22, 2006, 77 ACs on April 27, 2006, 57 ACs on May 3, 2006, 49 ACs on May 8, 2006.
{{clear}}

===Puducherry===

Elections in [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] for 3 ACs occurred on May 3, 2006, and 27 ACs on May 8, 2006.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
*[http://eci.nic.in Election Commission of India]

{{Indian elections}}
{{Legislatures of India}}

[[Category:2006 elections in India]]
[[Category:2006 elections in Asia|India]]
[[Category:2006 in Indian politics]]
[[Category:Elections in India by year]]

M. J. Thirumalachar

2026-03-25T11:08:55Z

Mrav: rework formatting also and improved wording

{{Short description|Indian botanist (1914–1999)}}
{{good article}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox scientist
|name = M. J. Thirumalachar
|image =
|caption =
|alt =
|birth_name = Mandayam Jeersannidhi Thirumalachar
|birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1914|9|22}}
|birth_place = [[Mysore State]], [[British India]]
|death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1999|4|21|1914|9|14}}
|death_place = [[Walnut Creek, California]], US
|fields = {{ublist|[[Mycology]]|[[Antibiotics]]}}
|workplaces = {{ublist|[[Banaras Hindu University]]|[[Central College of Bangalore]]|Central Potato Research Institute|[[Hindustan Antibiotics Limited]]|[[University of Minnesota Medical School]] }}
|alma_mater = {{ublist|[[Central College of Bangalore]]|[[University of Mysore]]|[[University of Wisconsin–Madison]]|Danish Institute of Seed Pathology|Jeersannidhi Anderson Institute}}
|doctoral_advisor = {{ublist|[[James G. Dickson]]}}
|known_for = Discovery of fungi and development of antibiotics
|awards = {{ublist|1967 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]]|1967 [[Indian National Science Academy|INSA]] Sunder Lal Hora Medal|[[Polish Academy of Sciences]] Medal}}
}}

'''Mandayam Jeersannidhi Thirumalachar''' (22 September 1914 – 21 April 1999) was an Indian mycologist, microbiologist, plant pathologist and the co-founder of Jeersannidhi-Anderson Institute, California. He was the head of [[R&D]] at [[Hindustan Antibiotics Limited]] and a professor at [[Banaras Hindu University]] as well as the [[Central College of Bangalore]]. He was known for the development of [[antifungal]] [[antibiotics]] such as [[Hamycin]], [[Dermostatin]], [[Aureofungin]], [[MYc-4]] and [[Tetraenenin]] and was an elected fellow of the [[Indian National Science Academy]].<ref name="Deceased fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail/N56-0836 |title=Deceased fellow |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204222931/http://insaindia.res.in/detail/N56-0836 |archive-date=4 December 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards for his contributions to Medical Sciences in 1967.

== Biography ==
[[File:Crawford Hall, University of Mysore.jpg|thumb|left|University of Mysore]]
M. J. Thirumalachar was born in the erstwhile [[Mysore State]] of [[British India]] on 22 September 1914 to Vengadammal - [[M. J. Narasimhan]] couple as their second child.<ref name="Biographical Memoirs">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/BM/BM31_0705.pdf |title=Biographical Memoirs |date=2007 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419104426/http://insaindia.res.in/BM/BM31_0705.pdf |archive-date=19 April 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> His father was a plant pathologist and mycologist after whom two genera of fungi (''[[Narasimhella]]'' and ''[[Narasimhania]]'') have been named.<ref name="Mandayam Jeersannidhi Narasimhan">{{Cite web |url=http://www.neglectedscience.com/alphabetical-list/n/mandayam-jeersannidhi-narasimhan |title=Mandayam Jeersannidhi Narasimhan |date=2017 |publisher=Neglected Science |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217142724/http://www.neglectedscience.com/alphabetical-list/n/mandayam-jeersannidhi-narasimhan |archive-date=17 February 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zobodat.at/pdf/Sydowia_24_0017-0020.pdf |title=Prof. M. J. Narasimhan |author=Thirumalachar, M. J. |year=1970 |access-date=26 February 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217063807/http://www.zobodat.at/pdf/Sydowia_24_0017-0020.pdf |archive-date=17 February 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The young boy was named after his great-grandfather, Jeersannidhi Thirumalachar Swamy, erstwhile head of Sri Yadugiri Yathiraja Mutt, a [[vaishnavite]] religious center situated in [[Melukote]]. After early schooling in [[Malleswaram]], a neighborhood of [[Bengaluru]], he graduated from [[Central College, Bangalore]] before earning a Doctor of Science from the [[University of Mysore]] in 1944 and moved to the [[University of Wisconsin–Madison|University of Wisconsin]] from where he secured a PhD in 1948 working under the supervision of [[James G. Dickson]].<ref name="Deceased fellow" />{{Refn|group=note|His thesis, ''Studies on some stripe smuts of grasses in Wisconsin'', was later published as a book.<ref name="Studies on some stripe smuts of grasses in Wisconsin">{{Cite book |title=Studies on some stripe smuts of grasses in Wisconsin |publisher=University of Wisconsin—Madison |year=1948 |page=98 |oclc=51679618 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>}} On his return to India, he served at [[Banaras Hindu University]] as the head of the department of Mycology and Plant Pathology and at the [[Central College of Bangalore]]. Subsequently, he joined [[:fr:Central Potato Research Institute|Central Potato Research Institute]], Patna as the Chief Plant Pathologist but moved to [[Hindustan Antibiotics Limited]] (HAL) where he headed the [[R and D]] division. He served out his regular career at HAL, [[Pension|superannuating]] as the superintendent of research in 1975. Later, he returned to the US and served as a professor at the Department of Pediatrics of [[University of Minnesota Medical School]]<ref name="Deceased fellow" /> where he worked on the incorporation of [[human insulin]] gene in yeast cells<ref name="Biography of IPS Presidents">{{Cite web |url=https://issuu.com/rajipsdelhi/docs/presidents_biodata_-_ips |title=Biography of IPS Presidents |date=2017 |publisher=ISSUU |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217062353/https://issuu.com/rajipsdelhi/docs/presidents_biodata_-_ips |archive-date=17 February 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and also had a short stint as a visiting scientist at the Danish Institute of Seed Pathology, Copenhagen. In 1979, he founded Jeersannidhi Anderson Institute, along with his son, M. J. Narasimhan Jr., for advanced research in mycology and plant pathology<ref name="Are the days of incurable diseases really over?">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/are-the-days-of-incurable-diseases-really-over/article2729751.ece |title=Are the days of incurable diseases really over? |date=20 December 2011 |newspaper=The Hindu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204114821/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/are-the-days-of-incurable-diseases-really-over/article2729751.ece |archive-date=4 December 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="Jeersannidhi Anderson Institute">{{Cite web |url=http://www.californiacorporates.com/corp/1874795.html |title=Jeersannidhi Anderson Institute |date=2017 |publisher=California Corporates |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303193527/http://www.californiacorporates.com/corp/1874795.html |archive-date=3 March 2018 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and was the director of the institute till the end of his life.<ref name="Biographical Memoirs" />

Thirumalachar's family produced four notable mycologists; M. J. Narasimhan (father), M. J. Narasimhan jr. (son) and M. C. Srinivasan (nephew), besides himself.<ref name="KieslichBeek1997">{{cite book|author1=K. Kieslich|author2=C.P. van der Beek|author3=J.A.M. de Bont, W.J.J. van den Tweel|title=New Frontiers in Screening for Microbial Biocatalysts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wuHTwPa_g88C&pg=PA223|date=9 December 1997|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-08-053752-8|pages=223–|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217211315/https://books.google.com/books?id=wuHTwPa_g88C&pg=PA223|archive-date=17 February 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Prof. M. J. Narasimhan">{{Cite web |url=http://www.zobodat.at/pdf/Sydowia_24_0017-0020.pdf |title=Prof. M. J. Narasimhan |date=2017 |publisher=Zobodat |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217063807/http://www.zobodat.at/pdf/Sydowia_24_0017-0020.pdf |archive-date=17 February 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> He spent the last two decades of his life in [[Walnut Creek, California]] and it was here he died on 21 April 1999, at the age of 84.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}}

== Legacy ==
[[File:Entomophthora muscae on Scathophaga stercoraria (lateral view).jpg|thumb|''[[Entomophthora muscae]]'' fungus on the yellow dung fly, ''[[Scathophaga stercoraria]]''. Thirumalachar identified a methodology for characterizing the fungus.]]
Thirumalachar's researches spanned across various disciplines of science such as botany, [[mycology]], [[microbiology]], antibiotics and [[chemotherapy]] and his studies on fungi covered all major groups in mycology.<ref name="Obituary on IISc">{{Cite web |url=http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/aug25/articles39.htm |title=Obituary on IISc |date=2017 |publisher=Indian Institute of Science |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050213055845/http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/aug25/articles39.htm |archive-date=13 February 2005 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The first of his several discoveries was in 1943 when he identified ''[[Masseeella breyniae]]'', a species of [[Rust (fungus)|rust]],<ref name="Revision of Masseeella narasimhanii Thirum. (Uredinales)">{{Cite journal |last=A. V. Sathe |title=Revision of Masseeella narasimhanii Thirum. (Uredinales) |url=http://www.zobodat.at/pdf/Sydowia_19_0187-0189.pdf |journal=Zobodat |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217063721/http://www.zobodat.at/pdf/Sydowia_19_0187-0189.pdf |archive-date=17 February 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> revealed through an article published in [[New Phytologist|New Phytologist journal]].<ref name="Masseeella breyniae">{{Cite journal |last=Thirumalachar, M.J. |title=Masseeella breyniae |url=http://www.mycobank.org/BioloMICS.aspx?TableKey=14682616000000061&Rec=54045&Fields=All |journal=New Phytologist |date=1943 |volume=42 |pages=45–48 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-8137.1943.tb04984.x |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217063941/http://www.mycobank.org/BioloMICS.aspx?TableKey=14682616000000061&Rec=54045&Fields=All |archive-date=17 February 2017 |df=dmy-all |doi-access=free }}</ref> He was the first scientist, along with M. J. Narasimhan and {{ill|Charles Gardner Shaw|es}},<ref name="Mandayam Jeersannidhi Narasimhan" /> to describe the genus ''[[Sclerophthora]]'', which he published in an article, "The sporangial phase of the downy mildew ''Elensine coracana'' with a discussion of the identity of ''Sclerospora macrospora'' Sacc." in 1953.<ref name="The sporangial phase of the downy mildew ''Elensine coracana'' with a discussion of the identity of ''Sclerospora macrospora'' Sacc.">{{Cite journal |author=Thirumalachar, M.J. |author2=Shaw, C.G. |author3=Narasimhan, M.T. |title=The sporangial phase of the downy mildew ''Elensine coracana'' with a discussion of the identity of ''Sclerospora macrospora'' Sacc. |url=http://www.mycobank.org/BioloMICS.aspx?TableKey=14682616000000061&Rec=41081&Fields=All |journal=Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club |date=1953 |volume=80 |issue=4 |pages=299–307 |doi=10.2307/2481765 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217063042/http://www.mycobank.org/BioloMICS.aspx?TableKey=14682616000000061&Rec=41081&Fields=All |archive-date=17 February 2017 |df=dmy-all |jstor=2481765 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Ten years later, he described another genus, ''[[Georgefischeria]]'', a genus of fungi named after renowned mycologist, G. W. Fischer, in 1953. He proposed a [[morphology (biology)|morphological]] methodology for characterizing ''[[Entomophthora]]'' from ''[[Conidiobolus]]'', two genera of fungi and discovered two other genera, viz. ''[[Narasimhania]]'' and ''[[Narasimhella]]'', both named after his father, M. J. Narasimhan.<ref name="Narasimhania">{{Cite web |url=http://www.mycobank.org/Biolomics.aspx?Table=Mycobank&MycoBankNr_=301707 |title=Narasimhania |last=Pavgi & Thirumalachar |date=2017 |publisher=Myco Bank |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217063829/http://www.mycobank.org/Biolomics.aspx?Table=Mycobank&MycoBankNr_=301707 |archive-date=17 February 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="Narasimhella">{{Cite web |url=http://www.mycobank.org/Biolomics.aspx?Table=Mycobank&MycoBankNr_=3425 |title=Narasimhella |author=Thirumalachar, M.J. |author2=P.N. Mathur |date=2017 |publisher=Myco Bank |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217062949/http://www.mycobank.org/Biolomics.aspx?Table=Mycobank&MycoBankNr_=3425 |archive-date=17 February 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Two of his other discoveries were ''[[Mehtamyces]]'', a genus of fungi,<ref name="Mehtamyces">{{Cite web |url=http://www.mycobank.org/BioloMICS.aspx?TableKey=14682616000000067&Rec=96290&Fields=All |title=Mehtamyces |date=2017 |publisher=Myco Bank |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217063854/http://www.mycobank.org/BioloMICS.aspx?TableKey=14682616000000067&Rec=96290&Fields=All |archive-date=17 February 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="Critical Notes on some Plant Rusts from India">{{Cite web |url=http://www.zobodat.at/pdf/Sydowia_31_0081-0086.pdf |title=Critical Notes on some Plant Rusts from India |last=M. B. KALODE and B. V. PATIL |date=1978 |publisher=Zobodat |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217064029/http://www.zobodat.at/pdf/Sydowia_31_0081-0086.pdf |archive-date=17 February 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and ''[[Flueggea virosa]]'', a species of [[bushweed]].<ref name="Flueggea virosa">{{Cite journal |url=http://paperity.org/p/36251995/first-report-of-masseeella-capparis-in-australia |title=''Flueggea virosa'' |journal=Australasian Plant Disease Notes |date=2017 |volume=9 |issue=1 |publisher=Paperity |doi=10.1007/s13314-013-0121-y |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217142626/http://paperity.org/p/36251995/first-report-of-masseeella-capparis-in-australia |archive-date=17 February 2017 |df=dmy-all |last1=Liberato |first1=J. R. |last2=McTaggart |first2=A. R. |last3=Shivas |first3=R. G. |s2cid=11706530 |doi-access=free }}</ref> He furthered the studies of the British mycologist, Arthur Barclay, on ''[[Aecidium esculentum]]'', and identified ''[[Ravenelia esculenta]]'' as the causal factor for malformations in ''[[Acacia eburnea]]''.<ref name="M. J. Thirumalachar (1914–1999) – An obituary">{{Cite journal |last=M. C. Srinivasan |title=M. J. Thirumalachar (1914–1999) – An obituary |url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_077_04_0603_0604_0.pdf |journal=Current Science |date=August 1999 |volume=77 |issue=4}}</ref> Overall, he established the presence of 30 new genera and 300 new species of fungi<ref name="Deceased fellow" /> which included ''[[Mundukurella]]'' (named after his collaborator, [[B.B. Mundkur|B. B. Mundkur]]), ''[[:ceb:Franzpetrakia|Franzpetrakia]]'' and ''[[Chainia]]''.<ref name="Advances in applied mycology and fungal biotechnology">{{Cite journal |last=C. Manoharachary, I. K. Kunwar and A.B. Rajithasri |title=Advances in applied mycology and fungal biotechnology |url=http://fungiindia.co.in/images/kavaka/43/15.pdf |journal=Kavaka |date=2014 |volume=43 |pages=79–92 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303193528/http://www.fungiindia.co.in/images/kavaka/43/15.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2018 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="Chainia kunmingensis, a New Actinomycete Species Found in Soil">{{Cite journal |author=Ji-Sheng Ruan |author2=Mary P. Lechevalier |author3=Cheng-Lin Jiang S |author4=Huberta A. Lechavlier |title=''Chainia kunmingensis'', a New Actinomycete Species Found in Soil |journal=International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology |date=1985 |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=164–168 |doi=10.1099/00207713-35-2-164|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Chainia, a New Genus of the Actinomycetales">{{Cite journal |last=M. J. Thirumalachar |title=''Chainia'', a New Genus of the Actinomycetales |journal=Nature |date=1955 |volume=176 |issue=4489 |pages=934–935 |doi=10.1038/176934b0 |pmid=13272724 |bibcode=1955Natur.176..934T |s2cid=1200699 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> as well as three species of ''Masseeëlla'' fungi,<ref name="Masseeëlla">{{Cite web |url=http://www.mycobank.org/BioloMICS.aspx?Link=T&TableKey=14682616000000067&Rec=96262&Fields=All |title=Masseeëlla |date=2017-12-04 |website=Mycobank |access-date=2017-12-04 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204171222/http://www.mycobank.org/BioloMICS.aspx?Link=T&TableKey=14682616000000067&Rec=96262&Fields=All |archive-date=4 December 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> named ''[[Masseeëlla breyniae]]'',<ref name="Masseeëlla breyniae">{{Cite web |url=http://www.mycobank.org/BioloMICS.aspx?TableKey=14682616000000067&Rec=263194&Fields=All |title=Masseeëlla breyniae |date=2017-12-04 |website=Mycobank |access-date=2017-12-04 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204171234/http://www.mycobank.org/BioloMICS.aspx?TableKey=14682616000000067&Rec=263194&Fields=All |archive-date=4 December 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="Masseeella Breynia">{{Cite journal |title=Masseeella Breynia |date=2017 |publisher=Wiley |doi=10.1111/j.1469-8137.1943.tb04984.x |volume=42 |journal=New Phytologist |pages=45–48 |df=dmy-all |last1 = Thirumalachar|first1 = M. J.|doi-access=free }}</ref> ''[[Masseeëlla flueggeae]]'',<ref name="Masseeëlla flueggeae">{{Cite web |url=http://www.mycobank.org/BioloMICS.aspx?TableKey=14682616000000067&Rec=169869&Fields=All |title=Masseeëlla flueggeae |date=2017-12-04 |website=Mycobank |access-date=2017-12-04 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204171227/http://www.mycobank.org/BioloMICS.aspx?TableKey=14682616000000067&Rec=169869&Fields=All |archive-date=4 December 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and ''[[Masseeëlla narasimhanii]]''.<ref name="Masseeëlla narasimhanii">{{Cite web |url=http://www.mycobank.org/BioloMICS.aspx?TableKey=14682616000000067&Rec=263195&Fields=All |title=Masseeëlla narasimhanii |date=2017-12-04 |website=Mycobank |access-date=2017-12-04 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204171229/http://www.mycobank.org/BioloMICS.aspx?TableKey=14682616000000067&Rec=263195&Fields=All |archive-date=4 December 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

During his days at [[Hindustan Antibiotics Limited]], Thirumalachar focused on medical mycology and plant disease control.<ref name="MEHROTRA2005">{{cite book|author=MEHROTRA|title=PLANT PATHOLOGY|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=abu-ac7MGvIC&pg=PA35|year=2005|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education|isbn=978-1-259-08226-9|pages=35–|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217211344/https://books.google.com/books?id=abu-ac7MGvIC&pg=PA35|archive-date=17 February 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners">{{cite web | url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | date=1999 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043957/http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | archive-date=4 March 2016 | df=dmy-all | access-date=16 February 2017 }}</ref> As the head of the research and development division, he led a team of scientists who developed a number of antibiotic preparations, including [[Antiamoebin]] of ''[[Emericellopsis|Emericellopsis sp]]'', an [[antimicrobial]] [[polypeptide]] that has reported use as a carrier, as a pore-forming [[peptaibol]],<ref name="Antiamoebin can function as a carrier or as a pore-forming peptaibol">{{Cite journal |title=Antiamoebin can function as a carrier or as a pore-forming peptaibol |date=2017 |doi=10.1016/S0005-2736(98)00184-9 |pmid=9858744 |volume=1415 |issue=1 |journal=Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes |pages=255–260|last1=Duclohier |first1=H. |last2=Snook |first2=C.F. |last3=Wallace |first3=B.A. |doi-access= }}</ref> as a de-worming agent, and as a yield-enhancing supplement in dairy and poultry industries. Antifungal antibiotics, such as [[Hamycin]],<ref name="Hindustan Antibiotics may not find buyers">{{Cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/hindustan-antibiotics-may-not-find-buyers-116122901171_1.html |title=Hindustan Antibiotics may not find buyers |newspaper=Business Standard India |date=30 December 2016 |publisher=Business Standard |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217062755/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/hindustan-antibiotics-may-not-find-buyers-116122901171_1.html |archive-date=17 February 2017 |df=dmy-all |last1=Phadnis |first1=Aneesh }}</ref> [[Dermostatin]],<ref name="Total synthesis of the polyene macrolide dermostatin A">{{Cite journal |title=Total synthesis of the polyene macrolide dermostatin A |date=2017 |doi=10.1016/S0040-4020(02)00666-X |volume=58 |issue=32 |journal=Tetrahedron |pages=6561–6576|last1=Sinz |first1=Christopher J. |last2=Rychnovsky |first2=Scott D. }}</ref> [[Aureofungin]],<ref name="Woodbine2016">{{cite book|author=Malcolm Woodbine|title=Antimicrobials and Agriculture: The Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Antibiotics in Agriculture: Benefits and Malefits|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jhzLBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA147|date=22 January 2016|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-1-4831-9245-1|pages=147–|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217205458/https://books.google.com/books?id=jhzLBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA147|archive-date=17 February 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[MYc-4]] and [[Tetraenenin]] are some of the other products developed by his team at Hindustan Antibiotics.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}} At University of Minnesota, he developed a set of chemicals, ''New chemotherapeutic agents for the control of plant and animal diseases'',<ref name="Patent No. US4673687">{{Cite web |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US4673687 |title=Patent No. US4673687 |date=2017 |publisher=Google Patents |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217064602/https://www.google.com/patents/US4673687 |archive-date=17 February 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> that has since been put to use as a product, ''Phyton-27'', by Phyton Corporation.<ref name="Patent No. US20060178431">{{Cite web |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US20060178431 |title=Patent No. US20060178431 |date=2017 |publisher=Google Patents |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217070808/https://www.google.com/patents/US20060178431 |archive-date=17 February 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> He documented his research by way of several [[monograph]]s<ref name="inauthor:M. J. Thirumalachar">{{Cite web |url=https://www.google.ae/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22M.+J.+Thirumalachar%22 |title=inauthor:M. J. Thirumalachar |date=2017 }}</ref> and articles published in peer-reviewed journals.<ref name="Thirumalachar MJ[Author]">{{Cite journal |title=Thirumalachar MJ[Author] |journal = Biochemical Pharmacology|volume = 24|issue = 20|pages = 1903–4|date=2017 |df=dmy-all |pmid = 20|last1 = Barthel|first1 = W.|last2 = Markwardt|first2 = F.|doi = 10.1016/0006-2952(75)90415-3}}</ref><ref name="Person: M.J. Thirumalachar">{{Cite web |url=http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/Person.aspx?id=1825 |title=Person: M.J. Thirumalachar |date=2017 |publisher=Taxonomicon |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217064406/http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/Person.aspx?id=1825 |archive-date=17 February 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected bibliography'' section}} He also held a number of US patents; several of them for processes he developed jointly with his father and son.<ref name="ininventor:Mandayam J. Thirumalachar">{{Cite web |url=https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=ininventor:%22Mandayam+J.+Thirumalachar%22 |title=ininventor:Mandayam J. Thirumalachar |date=2017 |publisher=Google Patents}}</ref> Many of the chemotherapeutants developed by him are in commercial use under various names such as Jai-Pro, MJN-1891 and Gopi-80.<ref name="Deceased fellow" /><ref name="Control of Citrus Greening Disease in India">{{Cite journal |author=Y. S. Ahlawat |author2=M. M. Payak |author3=M. J. Thirumalachar |title=Control of Citrus Greening Disease in India |url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_058_16_0921_0922_0.pdf |journal=Current Science |date=1989 |volume=58 |issue=16}}</ref> He also mentored many students and [[B. G. L. Swamy]] was one among them.<ref name="Biographical Memoirs" />

Thirumalachar was one of the founders of [[Mycological Society of India]], served as its first vice president<ref name="Office bearers of the Society for 1973">{{Cite web |url=http://www.fungiindia.co.in/index.php/office-bearers/year-1973-founders |title=Office bearers of the Society for 1973 |date=2017 |publisher=Mycological Society of India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107225733/http://www.fungiindia.co.in/index.php/office-bearers/year-1973-founders |archive-date=7 January 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and was a lifetime member of the society.<ref name="Honorary Members">{{Cite web |url=http://www.fungiindia.co.in/index.php/membership/honourary-members |title=Honorary Members |date=2017 |publisher=Mycological Society of India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107225658/http://www.fungiindia.co.in/index.php/membership/honourary-members |archive-date=7 January 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> He founded ''Hindustan Antibiotics Bulletin'', the official journal of Hindustan Antibiotics Limited<ref name="Dr. M.J. Thirumalachar Merit Awards for Young Scientists">{{Cite web |url=http://www.fungiindia.co.in/index.php/membership/honours/dr-m-j-thirumalachar-merit-awards-for-young-scientists |title=Dr. M.J. Thirumalachar Merit Awards for Young Scientists |date=2017 |publisher=Mycological Society of India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107225708/http://www.fungiindia.co.in/index.php/membership/honours/dr-m-j-thirumalachar-merit-awards-for-young-scientists |archive-date=7 January 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and was its first editor and publisher.<ref name="Hindustan Antibiotics Bulletin">{{Cite web |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/journals/hindustan-antibiot-bull/ |title=Hindustan Antibiotics Bulletin |date=2017 |publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219055547/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/journals/hindustan-antibiot-bull/ |archive-date=19 February 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> He was the president of the Indian Phytopathological Society in 1956<ref name="Presidents - IPS">{{Cite web |url=http://ipsdis.org/presidents.php |title=Presidents – IPS |date=2017 |publisher=Indian Phytopathological Society |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220055555/http://ipsdis.org/presidents.php |archive-date=20 February 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and was the chief editor of ''Indian Phytopathology and Applied Microbiology'', the official journal of the Society, in 1957.<ref name="Chief Editors - IPS">{{Cite web |url=http://ipsdis.org/chief-editors.php |title=Chief Editors – IPS |date=2017 |publisher=Indian Phytopathological Society |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212100647/http://ipsdis.org/chief-editors.php |archive-date=12 February 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> He was also involved with the ''International Journal of Antibiotics'' as a member of its editorial board and served on the council of the [[Indian National Science Academy]] during 1969–71.<ref name="Deceased fellow" /> He was a member of the [[Mycological Society of America]] as well as Indian Microbiological Society<ref name="Deceased fellow" /> and chaired the Agricultural section of the 37th [[Indian Science Congress]] held in [[Pune]] in 1950.<ref name="Proceedings of the Thirty-Seventh Indian Science Congress, Poona,">{{Cite web |url=https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/19501101120 |title=Proceedings of the Thirty-Seventh Indian Science Congress, Poona |date=2017 |publisher=Cab Direct}}</ref>

== Awards and honors ==
The [[Indian National Science Academy]] elected Thirumalachar as their fellow in 1956;<ref name="INSA Year Book 2016">{{Cite web |url=http://www.insaindia.res.in/pdf/YearBook_2016.pdf |title=INSA Year Book 2016 |date=2017 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104001952/http://www.insaindia.res.in/pdf/YearBook_2016.pdf |archive-date=4 November 2016 |df=dmy-all |access-date=16 February 2017 }}</ref> INSA honored him again in 1967 with Sunder Lal Hora Medal.<ref name="Sunder Lal Hora Medal">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/recipients.php#56 |title=Sunder Lal Hora Medal |date=2017 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916233840/http://insaindia.res.in/recipients.php#56 |archive-date=16 September 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] awarded him [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards the same year.<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/Detail.aspx?AID=276 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |date=2017 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218065335/http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/Detail.aspx?AID=276 |archive-date=18 February 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> He was also an elected fellow of Indian Phytopathological Society, [[New York Academy of Sciences]] and [[Mycological Society of India]]<ref name="Professor. MJ. Thirumalachar on BIS India">{{Cite web |url=http://bispindia.com/content/mj-thirumala-char-iyengar |title=Professor. MJ. Thirumalachar on BIS India |date=2017 |publisher=BIS India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217063150/http://bispindia.com/content/mj-thirumala-char-iyengar |archive-date=17 February 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and a recipient of the [[Polish Academy of Sciences]] Medal.<ref name="Deceased fellow" /> A number of scientists have acknowledged his contributions to science.<ref name="Advances in applied mycology and fungal biotechnology" /> The [[Indian Institute of Science]] organizes an annual lecture, ''M J Thirumalachar & M J Narasimhan Endowment Lecture'' in his honor<ref name="M J Thirumalachar & M J Narasimhan Endowment Lectures">{{Cite web |url=http://www.iisc.ac.in/institute-lectures/m-j-thirumalachar-m-j-narasimhan-endowment-lectures/ |title=M J Thirumalachar & M J Narasimhan Endowment Lectures |date=2017 |publisher=Indian Institute of Science |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217065611/http://www.iisc.ac.in/institute-lectures/m-j-thirumalachar-m-j-narasimhan-endowment-lectures/ |archive-date=17 February 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and the [[Mycological Society of India]] has instituted an award, ''Dr. M.J. Thirumalachar Merit Awards for Young Scientists,'' for promoting research excellence in mycology.<ref name="Dr. M.J. Thirumalachar Merit Awards for Young Scientists" />

== Selected bibliography ==
=== Books and monographs ===
* {{cite book|author=Thirumalachar, M.J. |title=Tuberculina on Uromyces Hobsoni Vize|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ed1GwAACAAJ|year=1941}}
* {{cite book|author=Thirumalachar, M.J.|title=Puccinia Droogensis Butler on Berberis Aristata|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EEhQHAAACAAJ|year=1942}}
* {{cite book |author=Mundkur, Balachandra Bhavanishankar |author2=Thirumalachar, M.J.|title=Revisions of and Additions to Indian Fungi. By Mundkur, B.B. and Thirumalachar, M.J.. (no. 2, Etc. By Mundkur, B.B. and Ahmad, Sultan.).|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C4scMwEACAAJ|year=1946|publisher=Kew}}
* {{cite book|author1=Bhalchandra Bhavanishankar Mundkur|author2=Sultan Ahmad|title=Revisions of and Additions to Indian Fungi: II|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N_9uOwAACAAJ|year=1946|publisher=Imperial Mycological Institute}}
* {{Cite book |title=Studies on some stripe smuts of grasses in Wisconsin |publisher=University of Wisconsin—Madison |year=1948 |page=98 |oclc=51679618}}
* {{cite book|author1=Thirumalachar, M.J.|author2=Mundkur, Bhalchandra Bhavanishankar|title=Revisions of and Additions to Indian Fungi: III|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MN90twAACAAJ|year=1951|publisher=Imperial Mycological Institute}}
* {{cite book|author1=Mundkur, Bhalchendra Bhavanishanker|author2=Thirumalachar, Mandayam Jeersannidhi|title=Ustilaginales of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Uk_AAAAYAAJ|year=1952|publisher=Commonwealth Mycological Institute}}
* {{Cite book |title=Check list of Cercospora species in India |author=Govindu, H.C. |author2=Thirumalachar, M.J. |publisher=Government of India |year=1963 |page=47 |oclc=6558224}}
* {{cite book|author1=Raychaudhuri, Satya Prasad|author2=Prasada, R.|author3=Thirumalachar, M.J.|title=Plant disease problems: proceedings of the First International Symposium on Plant Pathology, December 26, 1966 – January 1, 1967|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R8snAQAAMAAJ|year=1970|publisher=Indian Phytopathological Society, Indian Agricultural Research Institute}}

=== Articles ===
* {{Cite journal |author=Narasimhan, M.J. |author2=Thirumalachar, M.J. |title=Preliminary notes on the perfect stage of Ephelis oryzae Syd. Balansia oryzae comb. nov. |journal=Current Science |url=http://www.mycobank.org/BioloMICS.aspx?TableKey=14682616000000061&Rec=31088&Fields=All |date=1943 |volume=12 |page=276}}
* {{Cite journal |author=Thirumalachar, M.J. |author2=Shaw, C.G. |author3=Narasimhan, M.T. |title=The sporangial phase of the downy mildew Elensine coracana with a discussion of the identity of Sclerospora macrospora Sacc. |url=http://www.mycobank.org/BioloMICS.aspx?TableKey=14682616000000061&Rec=41081&Fields=All |journal=Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club |date=1953 |volume=80 |issue=4 |pages=299–307 |doi=10.2307/2481765|jstor=2481765 |url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Thirumalachar, M.J. |title=Chainia, a New Genus of the Actinomycetales |journal=Nature |date=1955 |volume=176 |issue=4489 |pages=934–935 |doi=10.1038/176934b0|pmid=13272724 |bibcode=1955Natur.176..934T |s2cid=1200699 }}
* {{Cite journal |author=Thirumalachar, M.J. |author2=Narasimhan, M.J. |title=Notes on myriangiaceous fungi. I |journal=Mycologia |url=http://www.mycobank.org/BioloMICS.aspx?TableKey=14682616000000061&Rec=41644&Fields=All |date=1955 |volume=47 |issue=5 |pages=758–762 |doi=10.2307/3755584|jstor=3755584 |url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite journal |url=http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=EY7524088 |title=Aureofungin, a systemic antifungal antibiotic for plant disease control |last=Thirumalachar, M.J. |journal=Annali di Microbiologia ed Enzimologia |year=1956 |issn=0003-4649 |access-date=16 February 2017 |archive-date=13 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513174723/https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=EY7524088 |url-status=dead }}
* {{Cite journal |author=Thirumalachar, M.J. |author2=Sukapure, Rahalkar P.W. |author3=Gopalkrishnan, K.S. |title=Studies on species of the genus Chainia from India. II. |journal=Hindustan Antibiot Bull. |date=1966 |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=10–15 |pmid=5974779}}
* {{Cite journal |author=Rahalkar, P.W. |author2=Thirumalachar, M.J. |title=Effect of some pentaenes against some seed-borne diseases |journal=Hindustan Antibiot Bull. |date=1970 |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=66–67 |pmid=5428378}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.zobodat.at/pdf/Sydowia_24_0017-0020.pdf |title=Prof. M. J. Narasimhan |last=M. J. Thirumalachar |year=1970 |publisher=Sydowia}}
* {{Cite journal |author=Ahlawat, Y.S. |author2=Payak, M. M. |author3=Thirumalachar, M.J. |title=Control of Citrus Greening Disease in India |url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_058_16_0921_0922_0.pdf |journal=Current Science |date=1989 |volume=58 |issue=16}}
* {{Cite journal |author=Thirumalachar, M. J. |title=Masseeella Breynia – A New Species of Dust |journal=New Phytologist |date=2006 |volume=42 |issue=1 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-8137.1943.tb04984.x |pages=45–48|doi-access=free }}

=== Patents ===
* {{Cite web |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US4673687 |title=New chemotherapeutic agents for the control of plant and animal diseases |date=16 June 1987 |publisher=Google Patents |work=US Patent No. US4673687}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://patents.justia.com/inventor/mandayam-jeersannidhi-narasimhan-jr |title=Synthesis of pharmaceutical compositions with lactams and .beta.-lactams/oxo thia azabicyclo compounds |author=Thirumalachar, Mandayam Jeersannidhi |author2=Narasimhan, Mandayam Jeersannidhi Jr. |date=2000 |publisher=Justia Patents |work=US Patent No. 6015808}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US4415661?oq=ininventor%3A%22Mandayam+J.+Thirumalachar%22 |title=Microbial degradation of petroleum materials |author=Thirumalachar, Mandayam J. |author2=Narasimhan, Mandayam J. Jr. |date=15 November 1983 |publisher=Google Patents |page=US Patent No. US 4415661 A}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/WO1985002196A1/en?oq=ininventor%3A%22Mandayam+J.+Thirumalachar%22 |title=Method, compound and composition for effecting degradation of crude petroleum and petroleum products in an environment |author=Thirumalachar, Mandayam J |author2=Narasimhan, Mandayam J. Jr. |date=23 May 1985 |publisher=Google Patents |page=US Patent No. WO1985002196 A1}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US4082613?oq=ininventor%3A%22Mandayam+J.+Thirumalachar%22 |title=Process for the production of insulin by genetically transformed fungal cells |author=Thirumalachar, Mandayam J. |author2=J. Narasimhan, Mandayam |author3=Anderson, John A. |date=4 April 1978 |publisher=Google Patents |page=US Patent No. US 4082613 A}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US3261751 |title=Process of producing hamycin antibiotic and product produced |last=Thirumalachar, Mandayam J. |date=19 July 1966 |publisher=Google Patents |page=US Patent No. US3261751 A}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US4218445?oq=ininventor%3A%22Mandayam+J.+Thirumalachar%22 |title=N,N'Dibenzylethylenediamine-diacetylsalicylate, a novel chemotherapeutic agent for pain relief by external application |author=Thirumalachar, Mandayam J. |author2=Narasimhan, Mandayam J. Jr. |author3=Thirumalachar, Mandayam J. Kasthuri |date=19 August 1980 |publisher=Google Patents |page=US Patent No. US 4218445 A}}

===Authority name===
{{Botanist|Thirum.}}

== See also ==
{{portal|India|Medicine}}
{{Div col}}
* [[List of mycologists]]
{{div col end}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |url=http://oar.icrisat.org/639/1/RA_00014.pdf |title=An Annotated Bibliography of Pigeonpea (1900–1977) |last=Dahiya, B. S. |date=2017 |publisher=International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics |page=137}}
* {{cite book|author=Mehrotra|title=Plant Pathology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=abu-ac7MGvIC&pg=PA286|year=2005|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education|isbn=978-1-259-08226-9|page=286}}
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Medical_SCIENCES.htm |title=SS Bhatnagar Awardees - Medical Sciences |date=2017 |publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224074105/http://www.csir.res.in/External/Heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Medical_SCIENCES.htm |archive-date=24 February 2013 }}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite journal |author=Nanda, R.K. |author2=Jadhav, A.R. |title=Dr. M.J. Thirumalachar, (1914–1999)- an obituary and bibliography |journal=Hindustan Antibiot. Bull. |date=2000 |volume=42–43 |pages=1–17 |pmid=15058293}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Medical Science}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thirumalachar, M. J.}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Medical Science]]
[[Category:1914 births]]
[[Category:1999 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian medical academics]]
[[Category:Indian medical writers]]
[[Category:Indian microbiologists]]
[[Category:Indian biotechnologists]]
[[Category:Indian mycologists]]
[[Category:Indian phytopathologists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Mysore]]
[[Category:University of Mysore alumni]]
[[Category:University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Banaras Hindu University]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Mysore]]
[[Category:University of Minnesota faculty]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian inventors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biologists]]
[[Category:Indian taxonomists]]
[[Category:20th-century agronomists]]

Kashi Vishwanath Express

2026-03-22T19:55:27Z

Mrav: quick update

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Kashi Vishwanath Express
| image = AC Express Santragachi to Chennai.jpg
| caption = Kashi Vishwanath Express At Raebareli
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale = [[Delhi]] & [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|1975|03|30}}
| last =
| operator = [[North Eastern Railway zone|North Eastern Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|New Delhi}} (NDLS)
| stops = 33
| end = {{stnlnk|Banaras}} (BSBS)
| distance = {{convert|794|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 17 hours 05 minutes
| frequency = Daily
| class = AC First, AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering, E-catering
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 15127 / 15128
| speed = {{convert|46|km/h|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map = [[File:Kashi Viswanath Express (New Delhi - Varanasi) route map.png|250px|Kashi Viswanath Express (New Delhi–Varanasi) route map]]
| map_state =
}}

The 15127 / 15128 '''Kashi Vishwanath Express''' is an Indian express train that runs between {{stnlnk|Banaras}} in [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[New Delhi railway station]].

The train is named after the [[Kashi Vishwanath Temple]] in [[Varanasi]]. Main Citys along the way are [[Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh]], [[Amethi]], [[Raebareli]], [[Lucknow]], [[Hardoi]], [[Shahjahanpur]], [[Tilhar]], [[Bareilly]], [[Moradabad]], [[Amroha]] and [[Ghaziabad]]. It operates daily and covers a distance of {{convert|794|km|mi}}. Kashi Vishwanath Express offers first A/C, second A/C, third A/C and sleeper-class coaches and pantry-car services. The Kashi Vishwanath Express is usually hauled by a [[WAP-7]] locomotive. Its average running speed is very good.

==Time table==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Station !! Sch. Arrival !! Sch. Departure
|-
| New Delhi (NDLS) || Source || 11:35
|-
| Ghaziabad (GZB) || 12:15 || 12:17
|-
| Pilkhua (PKW) || 12:44 || 12:46
|-
| Hapur (HPU) || 13:02 || 13:04
|-
| Garhmuktesar (GMS) || 13:30 || 13:32
|-
| Gajraula Jn (GJL) || 13:58 || 14:00
|-
| Amroha (AMRO) || 14:28 || 14:30
|-
| Moradabad (MB) || 15:07 || 15:15
|-
| Rampur (RMU) || 15:43 || 15:45
|-
| Bareilly (BE) || 16:44 || 16:46
|-
| Tilhar (TLH) || 17:41 || 17:43
|-
| Shahjehanpur (SPN) || 18:08 || 18:10
|-
| Anjhi Shahabad (AJI)|| 18:37 || 18:39
|-
| Hardoi (HRI) || 19:04 || 19:06
|-
| Balamu Jn (BLM) || 19:33 || 19:35
|-
| Sandila (SAN) || 19:56 || 19:58
|-
| Lucknow NR (LKO) || 21:05 || 21:20
|-
| Bachhrawan (BCN) || 22:13 || 22:15
|-
| Rae Bareli Jn (RBL)|| 22:50 || 22:55
|-
| Jais (JAIS) || 23:21 || 23:23
|-
| Gauriganj (GNG) || 23:39 || 23:41
|-
| Amethi (AME) || 23:55 || 23:57
|-
| Antu (ANTU) || 00:12 || 00:13
|-
| Partapgarh Jn (PBH)|| 00:55 || 01:00
|-
| Maa Barahi Devi Dham (MBDD) || 01:24 || 01:25
|-
| Badshahpur (BSE) || 01:50 || 01:52
|-
| Janghai Jn (JNH) || 02:09 || 02:11
|-
| Suriawan (SAW) || 02:28 || 02:30
|-
| Bhadohi (BOY) || 02:46 || 02:48
|-
| Parsipur (PRF) || 02:59 || 03:00
|-
| Sewapuri (SWPR) || 03:36 || 03:38
|-
| Chaukhandi (CHH) || 03:57 || 03:58
|-
| Banaras (BSBS) || 04:50 || Destination <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-kashi-vishwanath-express-15128/931/337/1450|title=15128/Kashi Vishwanath Express (PT) - Bareilly to Manduadih NER/North Eastern Zone - Railway Enquiry }}</ref>
|}

==Stops==

*[[New Delhi]]
*[[Ghaziabad]]
*[[Pilkhuwa]]
*[[Hapur]]
*{{stnlnk|Gajraula Junction}}
*[[Amroha]]
*[[Moradabad]]
*[[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh|Rampur]]
*[[Bareilly]]
*{{stnlnk|Pitambarpur}}
*[[Tilhar]]
*[[Shahjahanpur]]
*[[Anjhi Shahabad]]
*[[Hardoi]]
*{{stnlnk|Balamau}}
*[[Sandila]]
*{{stnlnk|Lucknow Junction}}
*[[Bachhrawan]]
*{{stnlnk|Rae Bareli Junction}}
*{{stnlnk|Gauriganj}}
*[[Amethi]]
*[[Antu, India|Antu]]
*{{stnlnk|Pratapgarh Junction}}
*[[Dandupur]]
*[[Badshahpur]]
*{{stnlnk|Janghai Junction}}
*[[Suriawan]]
*[[Bhadohi]]
*[[Parasipur]]
*[[Sewapuri]]
*[[Chaukhandi]]
*{{stnlnk|Banaras}}

'''Get Your Current [http://www.onlinepnrstatus.co.in pnr status]'''
<references/>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:First class AC coach of 15128 Kashi Vishwanath Express.jpg|LHB coaches of 15128 Kashi Vishwanath Express
File:First class AC coach of Kashi Vishwanath Express.jpg|First class AC coach of Kashi Vishwanath Express
File:AC two tier coach of Kashi Vishwanath Express.jpg|AC two tier coach of Kashi Vishwanath Express
File:WDP4 TKD NDLS.jpg|Earlier, Kashi Vishwanath Express used ICF coaches.
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Banaras railway station]]

{{Railways in Northern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kashi Vishwanath Express}}
[[Category:Passenger trains originating from Varanasi]]
[[Category:Transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]

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Suleiman Mirza (Timurid)

2026-03-20T21:22:49Z

Mrav: made a stub

{{Short description|Cousin of the Mughal Empire's founder Babur}}
[[File:Mirza Sulayman, besieging Kabul in 1556-1557.jpg|thumb|Mirza Sulayman, besieging Kabul in 1556-1557]]
[[File:Timurids. Sulayman Mirza. AH 936-992 , 1529-1584 CE. AV Quarter Ashrafi. Unnamed (Badakhshan) mint.jpg|thumb|Coinage of Sulayman Mirza. Quarter [[Ashrafi]]. Unnamed (Badakhshan) mint]]
'''Mīrzā Sulaimān''' (1514–1589) was a member of the late [[Timurid dynasty]], and ruler of [[Badakhshan]] from 1529 to 1584. He was a son of [[Sultan Uways Khan Mirza]], ruler of [[Badakhshan]], and a descendant of [[Abu Sa'id Mirza]]'s second son [[Sultan Mahmud Mirza]], and therefore a cousin of [[Babur|Bābur]] and a seventh-generation descendant of [[Timur|Tīmūr]]. Khān Mīrzā ("Sulṭān Uways Mīrzā") was son of [[Sultan Mahmud Mirza]] and [[Sultan Nigar Khanum]] (daughter of [[Yunus Khan]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nourmamadchoev |first1=Nourmamadcho |title=The Ismāʿīlīs of Badakhshan: History, Politics and Religion from 1500 to 1750 |date=1 January 2015 |page=14 |doi=10.25501/SOAS.00036614 |url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/36614/1/Nourmamadchoev_3990.pdf |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mirza Sulayman |url=https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O9672/mirza-sulayman-painting-bhagwan/ |website=Victoria and Albert Museum |date=2025}}</ref>

After the death of his father [[Sultan Uways Khan Mirza|Sultan Uways Khan Mirza]] in 1520, [[Babur|Bābur]] took direct control of his dominion of [[Badakhshan]], later entrusting it to his son [[Humayun]]. However, when Humayun left his post without permission in June 1529, Bābur placed in his position the young Mīrzā Sulaimān, who was now fifteen years old.<ref name="HB"/>

Throughout his life, Mīrzā Sulaimān then fought repeatedly to liberate himself from the control of Humāyūn, and later his son [[Akbar]]. In particular, he tried to obtain the control of [[Kabul]]. In 1546, the Mughal armies of Humayun fought victoriously against Mīrzā Sulaimān.<ref name="HB">{{cite book |last1=Blochmann |first1=H. |title=The A-in-i Akbari Vol. 1 |date=1927 |page=324 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.189286/page/n425/mode/2up?view=theater}}</ref> He is again recorded besieging Kabul in 1556–1557, and in 1564–1565, when he expelled the Mughal half-brother of Akbar, [[Mirza Muhammad Hakim]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Latif |first1=Muhammad |title=History of the Panjáb |date=1891 |page=139 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/History_of_the_Panj%C3%A1b/fUImSceknqQC?hl=en&pg=PA139&printsec=frontcover |language=en}}</ref>

In 1584, Suleiman Mirza was expelled by the Uzbek troops of [[Abdullah Khan II]], and had to flee to Kabul under the protection of [[Mirza Muhammad Hakim]].<ref name="JM">{{cite book |last1=Mehta |first1=Jl |title=Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |isbn=978-81-207-1015-3 |pages=260-261 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Advanced_Study_in_the_History_of_Medieva/-TsMl0vSc0gC?hl=en&pg=PA260&printsec=frontcover |language=en}}</ref> He attempted to recover his lost dominions, in vain.<ref name="JM"/> Mirza Muhammad Hakim then died, and some Kabul nobles, led by Faridun Khan, conspired to invite the army of Abdullah Khan to Kabul and offer allegiance. This motivated Akbar to preemptively take control of Kabul and its region.<ref name="JM"/>

Mīrzā Sulaimān appears extensively in the ''[[Akbarnama]]''. He is recorded as traveling from Kabul in 1586, to visit the Mughal emperor [[Akbar]] in [[Lahore]].<ref name="Latif140">{{cite book |last1=Latif |first1=Muhammad |title=History of the Panjáb |date=1891 |page=140 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/History_of_the_Panj%C3%A1b/fUImSceknqQC?hl=en&pg=PA139&printsec=frontcover |language=en}}</ref> He was the grandfather of [[:File:Mirza Shah Rukh (d. 1607-8) ruler of Badakhshan. Emperor Akbar's distantly related Timurid cousin, married Akbar's daughter, Shakr al-Nisa Begum. Was forced to flee to the Mughal Empire, and was made governor of Malwa.jpg|Shah Rukh Mirza]].<ref name="Latif140"/>

<gallery widths="130px" heights="200px" perrow="4">
File:Defeat and escape of Mirza Sulayman in 1546.png|Defeat and escape of Mirza Sulayman in 1546
File:Mirza Sulayman besieges Kabul in 1556-1557, right half.jpg|Mirza Sulayman besieges Kabul in 1556–1557
File:Mirza Sulayman beendet die Belagerung von Kabul.jpg|Mirza Sulayman, ending the siege of Kabul in 1564–1565, and fleeing to Badakhshan
File:Sulayman Mirza. AH 936-992 AD 1529-1584. AR Shahruki – Tanka (27mm, 4.64 g, 6h). Kabul mint. Dated AH 983 (AD 1575-6).jpg|Coinage of Sulayman Mirza. Kabul mint. Dated AH 983 (1575-6)
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Timurid princes]]
[[Category:1514 births]]
[[Category:1589 deaths]]

Iran

2026-03-18T02:24:38Z

Mrav: updated

{{Short description|Country in West Asia}}
{{about|the country}}
{{redirect|Persia}}{{pp-dispute|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use American English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Islamic Republic of Iran
| common_name = Iran
| native_name = <templatestyles src="Nobold/styles.css"/>{{native name|fa|جمهوری اسلامی ایران|italics=off}} {{transliteration|fa|Jomhuri-ye Eslâmi-ye Irân}}
| image_flag = Flag of Iran (official).svg
| image_coat = Emblem of Iran.svg{{!}}class=skin-invert
| symbol_type = Emblem
| national_motto = {{ubl
| {{lang|ar|اَللَّٰهُ أَكْبَرُ}}
| {{transliteration|ar|Allāhu ʾAkbar}} (''[[Takbir]]'')
| "[[God in Islam|God]] is the Greatest"
| (''[[de jure]]'')
| {{lang|fa|استقلال، آزادی، جمهوری اسلامی}}
| {{transliteration|fa|Esteqlâl, Âzâdi, Jomhuri-ye Eslâmi}}
| "Independence, freedom, the Islamic Republic"
| (''[[de facto]]''){{sfn|Temperman|2010|p=87}}
}}
| national_anthem = {{lang|fa|مهر خاوران}} ''[[Mehr-e Khavaran|Mehr-e Khâvarân]]'' "Eastern Sun"{{parabr}}{{center|[[File:Sorud-e Mellí-e Yomhurí-e Eslamí-e Irán (instrumental).oga]]}}
| image_map = {{switcher|[[File:Iran (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:Iran - Location Map (2013) - IRN - UNOCHA.svg|frameless]]|Show map of Iran}}
| map_width = 250px
| capital = [[Tehran]]
| coordinates = {{#invoke:Coordinates|coord|35|41|N|51|25|E|type:city}}
| largest_city = [[Tehran]]
| official_languages = [[Persian language|Persian]]
| languages2_type = Special status
| demonym = [[Demographics of Iran|Iranian]]
| government_type = Unitary [[presidential system|presidential]]{{efn|Ultimate authority is vested in the [[Supreme Leader of Iran|Supreme Leader]], a position above the President.}} theocratic [[Islamic republic]] under an [[authoritarianism|authoritarian]] dictatorship
| leader_title1 = [[Supreme Leader of Iran|Supreme Leader]]
| leader_name1 = [[Mojtaba Khamenei]]
| leader_title2 = [[President of Iran|President]]
| leader_name2 = [[Masoud Pezeshkian]]
| leader_title3 = [[Vice President of Iran|Vice President]]
| leader_name3 = [[Mohammad Reza Aref]]
| leader_title4 = [[List of speakers of the Parliament of Iran|Speaker of the Assembly]]
| leader_name4 = [[Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf]]
| leader_title5 = [[Chief Justice of Iran|Chief Justice]]
| leader_name5 = [[Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i]]
| legislature = [[Islamic Consultative Assembly]]
| sovereignty_type = [[History of Iran|Formation]]
| established_event1 = [[Median kingdom]]
| established_date1 = {{circa|678 BC}}
| established_event2 = [[Achaemenid Empire]]
| established_date2 = 550 BC
| established_event3 = [[Parthian Empire]]
| established_date3 = 247 BC
| established_event4 = [[Sasanian Empire]]
| established_date4 = 224 AD
| established_event5 = [[Iranian Intermezzo]]
| established_date5 = 821
| established_event6 = [[Safavid Iran]]
| established_date6 = 22 December 1501
| established_event7 = [[Afsharid Iran]]
| established_date7 = 22 January 1736
| established_event8 = [[Zand Iran]]
| established_date8 = 1751
| established_event9 = [[Qajar Iran]]
| established_date9 = 20 March 1794
| established_event10 = [[Persian Constitutional Revolution|Constitutional Revolution]]
| established_date10 = 12 December 1905
| established_event11 = [[Pahlavi Iran]]
| established_date11 = 15 December 1925
| established_event12 = [[Iranian Revolution]]
| established_date12 = 11 February 1979
| established_event13 = [[1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum|Islamic Republic established]]
| established_date13 = 1 April 1979
| established_event14 = [[Constitution of Iran|Current constitution]]
| established_date14 = 3 December 1979
| established_event15 = [[1989 Iranian constitutional referendum|Constitutional amendment]]
| established_date15 = 28 July 1989
| area_km2 = 1,648,195
| area_rank = 17th
| area_sq_mi = 636,372
| percent_water = 1.63 (as of 2015)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Surface water and surface water change |url=https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SURFACE_WATER |access-date=11 October 2020 |publisher=[[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD) |archive-date=24 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324133453/https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SURFACE_WATER |url-status=live}}</ref>
| population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 92,417,681<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/iran-population/ |title=Iran Population (2025) |website=Worldometer}}</ref>
| population_estimate_year = 2025
| population_estimate_rank = 17th
| population_density_km2 = {{#expr: 85961000/1648195 round 0}}
| population_density_sq_mi = {{#expr: 85961000/636372 round 0}}
| population_density_rank = 163rd
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $1.879 trillion<ref name="IMFWEO.IR">{{cite web |url=https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0)|title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025 Edition. (Iran) |website= |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |date=14 October 2025 |access-date=13 November 2025}}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_rank = 22nd
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $21,473<ref name="IMFWEO.IR" />
| GDP_PPP_year = 2025
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 88th
| GDP_nominal = {{decrease}} $356.513 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.IR" />
| GDP_nominal_rank = 42nd
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{decrease}} $4,074<ref name="IMFWEO.IR" />
| GDP_nominal_year = 2025
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 132nd
| Gini = 35.9
| Gini_year = 2023
| Gini_change = increase 
| Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/ |title=Gini Index coefficient |work=[[The World Factbook]] |access-date=24 September 2024 |archive-date=17 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717071854/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| Gini_rank =
| HDI = 0.799
| HDI_year = 2023
| HDI_change = increase
| HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]}}</ref>
| HDI_rank = 75th
| currency = [[Iranian rial]] ({{nq|{{wikt-lang|fa|ریال}}}})
| currency_code = IRR
| time_zone = [[Iran Standard Time|IRST]]
| utc_offset = +3:30
| calling_code = [[+98]]
| cctld = {{unbulleted list |[[.ir]] |[[.ir|ایران.]]}}
| drives_on = right
}}
{{Contains special characters|Perso-Arabic|compact=yes|width=290px}}
'''Iran''',{{efn|English: {{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Iran.ogg|ɪ|.|ˈ|r|ɑː|n}} {{respell|ih|RAHN}} {{langx|fa|ایران|Irân}}, {{IPA|fa|ʔiːˈɾɒːn|pron|Iran-Pronunciation.ogg}}}} officially the '''Islamic Republic of Iran''',{{efn|{{langx|fa|جمهوری اسلامی ایران|Jomhuri-ye Eslâmi-ye Irân}}, {{IPA|fa|dʒomhuːˈɾiːje eslɒːˈmiːje ʔiːˈɾɒːn|pron|audio=Fa-ir-JEI (1).ogg}}.}} and also known as '''Persia''',{{efn|English: {{IPAc-en|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-Persia.wav|ˈ|p|ɜːr|ʒ|ə}} {{respell|PUR|zhə}}.;<ref name="MW">{{Cite web |title=Definition of IRAN |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Iran |access-date=24 September 2022 |website=[[Merriam Webster]] |language=en |archive-date=24 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924135158/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Iran |url-status=live}}</ref> {{langx|fa|پارس|Pârs}}, {{IPA|fa|pʰɒːɹs|pron}}}} is a country in [[West Asia]]. It borders [[Iraq]] to the west, [[Turkey]], [[Azerbaijan]], and [[Armenia]] to the northwest, the [[Caspian Sea]] to the north, [[Turkmenistan]] to the northeast, [[Afghanistan]] to the east, [[Pakistan]] to the southeast, and the [[Gulf of Oman]] and the [[Persian Gulf]] to the south. With a population of over 92 million, Iran ranks 17th globally in both [[List of countries and dependencies by area|geographic size]] and [[List of countries and dependencies by population|population]] and is the [[List of Asian countries by area|sixth-largest country]] in Asia. It is divided into [[Regions of Iran|five regions]] with [[Provinces of Iran|31 provinces]]. [[Tehran]] is the nation's capital, [[List of cities in Iran by province|largest city]], and [[Financial centre|financial center]].

Home to one of the world's oldest continuous major civilizations, Iran was first united as a [[Median kingdom|nation]] by the [[Medes]] under [[Cyaxares]] in the 7th century BC<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |date=February 26, 2024 |title=Cyaxares |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Cyaxares |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260130070623/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Cyaxares |archive-date=January 30, 2026 |access-date=March 14, 2026 |encyclopedia=Britannica}}</ref> and reached its territorial height in the 6th century BC, when [[Cyrus the Great]] founded the [[Achaemenid Empire]]. [[Alexander the Great]] conquered the empire in the 4th century BC.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bivar |first=Adrian David Hugh |last2=Young |first2=T. Cuyler |last3=Dresden |first3=Mark J. |last4=Ghirshman |first4=Roman |date=November 8, 2024 |title=Ancient Iran |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/ancient-Iran |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260311163904/https://www.britannica.com/place/ancient-Iran |archive-date=March 11, 2026 |access-date=March 14, 2026 |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica}}</ref> An Iranian rebellion in the 3rd century BC established the [[Parthian Empire]], which later liberated the country. In the 3rd century AD, the Parthians were succeeded by the [[Sasanian Empire]], which oversaw a golden age in the [[History of Iran|history of Iranian civilization]]. During this period, ancient Iran saw some of the earliest developments of writing, agriculture, urbanization, religion, and administration. Once a center for [[Zoroastrianism]], Iran underwent [[Islamization of Iran|Islamization]] following the [[Muslim conquest of Persia|7th century Muslim conquest]]. Innovations in [[Persian literature|literature]], [[Iranian philosophy|philosophy]], mathematics, [[Ancient Iranian medicine|medicine]], astronomy and [[Persian art|art]] were renewed during the [[Islamic Golden Age]] and [[Iranian Intermezzo]], a period during which [[List of monarchs of Iran#Iranian Intermezzo (821–1090)|Iranian Muslim dynasties]] ended Arab rule and revived the [[Persian language]]. This era was followed by [[Seljuk Empire|Seljuk]] and [[Khwarazmian Empire|Khwarazmian]] rule, [[Mongol conquest of Persia and Mesopotamia|Mongol conquests]] and the [[Timurid Renaissance]] from the 11th to 14th centuries.

In the 16th century, the native [[Safavid Iran|Safavid dynasty]] re-established a unified Iranian state with [[Twelver Shi'ism|Twelver Shia Islam]] as the [[State religion|official religion]], laying the framework for the modern state of Iran. During the [[Afsharid Iran|Afsharid Empire]] in the 18th century, Iran was a leading world power, but it lost this status after the [[Qajar Iran|Qajars]] took power in the 1790s. The early 20th century saw the [[Persian Constitutional Revolution]] and the establishment of the [[Pahlavi dynasty]] by [[Reza Shah]], who ousted the last Qajar Shah in 1925. Following the [[Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran|Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran in 1941]], his son [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]] rose to power. Attempts by [[Mohammad Mosaddegh]] to [[Nationalization of the Iranian oil industry|nationalize the oil industry]] led to the [[1953 Iranian coup d'état|Anglo-American coup in 1953]]. The [[Iranian Revolution]] in 1979 overthrew the monarchy, and the Islamic Republic of Iran was established by [[Ruhollah Khomeini]], the country's first [[Supreme Leader of Iran|supreme leader]]. In 1980, [[Iraqi invasion of Iran|Iraq invaded Iran]], sparking the eight-year-long [[Iran–Iraq War]], which ended in a stalemate. Iran has since been involved in [[proxy war]]s with [[Iran–Israel proxy conflict|Israel]] and [[Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy war|Saudi Arabia]]; in June 2025, Israeli strikes on Iran escalated tensions into the [[Twelve-Day War]]. Following the war and amid a [[Iranian economic crisis|growing economic crisis]], the [[2025–2026 Iranian protests|largest protests since 1979]] erupted in late December 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=As protests surge, the Iranian regime's options are narrowing |url=https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2026/01/09/as-protests-surge-the-iranian-regimes-options-are-narrowing |url-access=limited |access-date=9 January 2026 |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=9 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Doucet |first1=Lyse |title=Iran's rulers face biggest challenge since 1979 revolution |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c3ve572edzqo |website=BBC |access-date=12 January 2026 |quote=Iran's rulers are confronting their most serious challenge since their own 1979 revolution.}}</ref> The [[United States]] and [[Israel]] launched a [[2026 Iran war|major attack on Iran]] in late February 2026.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sanger|first=David E.|author-link=David E. Sanger|date=February 28, 2026|title=For Trump, the Iran Attack Is the Ultimate War of Choice|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/02/28/us/politics/trump-iran-attack.html|url-access=subscription|access-date=March 1, 2026}}</ref> [[Mojtaba Khamenei]] became the country's new supreme leader in March 2026 following [[Assassination of Ali Khamenei|the assassination]] of his father, [[Ali Khamenei]], in those strikes.<ref name="EasternHerald2026">{{#invoke:Cite|web |date=9 March 2026 |title=Iranian Council of Experts Elects Mojtaba Khamenei as New Supreme Leader|url=https://easternherald.com/2026/03/09/mojtaba-khamenei-elected-iran-supreme-leader/|access-date=9 March 2026 |website=The Eastern Herald}}</ref><ref name="Guardian2026">{{Cite news |last=Tondo |first=Lorenzo |date=8 March 2026 |title=Ali Khamenei's son Mojtaba chosen as Iran's new supreme leader |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/mar/08/ali-khameneis-son-mojtaba-chosen-as-irans-new-supreme-leader |access-date=8 March 2026 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref name="AlJazeera2026">{{Cite web |date=8 March 2026 |title=Who is Mojtaba Khamenei, Iran's new supreme leader amid war? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2026/3/8/who-is-mojtaba-khamenei-a-contender-for-irans-leadership-amid-war |access-date=8 March 2026 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>

Iran's government is a [[Theocracy#Islamic theocracies|theocratic]] [[Islamic republic]] governed by elected and unelected institutions, with ultimate authority vested in the supreme leader. While [[Elections in Iran|it holds elections]], key offices, including the head of state and military, are not subject to public vote. The Iranian government is an [[authoritarianism|authoritarian regime]] which has been widely criticized internationally due to [[Human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran|its poor human rights record]], including restrictions on [[freedom of assembly]], [[Freedom of expression in Iran|expression]], and the [[Media of Iran|press]], as well as its [[Women's rights in Iran|treatment of women]], [[Ethnic minorities in Iran|ethnic minorities]], and [[Political prisoners in Iran|political dissidents]]. International observers have raised concerns over the fairness of its electoral processes, especially the vetting of candidates by unelected bodies such as the [[Guardian Council]]. Iran maintains a [[Central planning|centrally planned economy]] with significant [[State-owned enterprises|state ownership]] in key sectors, though [[Private sector|private enterprise]] exists alongside this. It is a [[middle power]], due to its large reserves of [[fossil fuel]]s (including the world's second largest [[Natural gas in Iran|natural gas supply]] and [[List of countries by proven oil reserves|third largest proven oil reserves]]), its geopolitically significant location, and its role as the world's focal point of [[Shia Islam]]. Iran is a [[Nuclear latency|threshold state]] with [[Nuclear program of Iran|one of the most scrutinized nuclear program]]s, which it claims is solely for civilian purposes; however, the [[IAEA]], a [[United Nations]] (UN) agency tasked with monitoring the production of [[nuclear weapons]], has on two occasions found Iran to be non-compliant with its safeguards obligations.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kerr |first1=Paul |title=Iran's Nuclear Program: Tehran's Compliance with International Obligations |url=https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R40094 |publisher=Library of Congress|access-date=12 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Mills |first1=Claire |last2=Curtis |first2=John |title=Israel-Iran 2025: Developments in Iran's nuclear programme and military action |url=https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-10284/ |website=House of Commons Library |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=12 January 2026 |quote =In June 2025, the IAEA Board of Governors adopted a resolution which, for the first time since 2005, formally found Iran to be non-compliant with its nuclear safeguards obligations }}</ref> It is a founding member of the UN and [[Foreign relations of Iran|a member state of numerous international organisations]]. Iran has 29 [[List of World Heritage Sites in Iran|UNESCO World Heritage Sites]] (the [[World Heritage Sites by country|10th-highest in the world]]) and ranks 4th in [[intangible cultural heritage]] or human treasures.

== Name ==
{{Excerpt|Name of Iran}}

== History ==
{{Main|History of Iran}}

{{For timeline|Timeline of Iranian history}}

=== Prehistory ===
{{Main|Prehistory of Iran}}

The earliest known presence of hominins in Iran dates to around 800,000 years ago, in the [[Middle Paleolithic]].<ref name="bishi">Biglari, F. and Shidrang, S., (2006) The Lower Paleolithic Occupation of Iran, Near Eastern Archeology 69 (3–4): 160-168</ref> Many [[Middle Paleolithic]] sites have been discovered, mainly in the [[Zagros Mountains]] in western Iran and some sites associated with [[Neanderthal]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Biglari |first1=Fereidoun |last2=Shidrang |first2=Sonia |year=2019 |title=Rescuing the Paleolithic Heritage of Hawraman, Kurdistan, Iranian Zagros |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/706536 |journal=Near Eastern Archaeology |volume=82 |issue=4 |pages=226–235 |doi=10.1086/706536 |s2cid=212851965 |issn=1094-2076 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>J.D. Vigne, J. Peters and D. Helmer, ''First Steps of Animal Domestication'', Proceedings of the 9th Conference of the International Council of Archaeozoology, Durham, August 2002, {{ISBN|1-84217-121-6}}</ref> The [[Zarzian culture]] is documented in Iran during the [[Epipaleolithic]] (25,000–11,500 years ago).<ref>Deborah I. Olszewski: "The Zarzian in the Context of the Epipaleolithic Middle East", in: ''Humanities'' 19 (2012) 1-20, page 2.</ref> Agriculture first appeared in Iran some 12,000 years ago alongside better-documented settlements in the [[Fertile Crescent]]. The [[Chogha Golan]] site featured early domestication of [[emmer]] wheat.<ref>{{cite news |title=Early humans in Iran were growing wheat 12,000 years ago |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/science/science-news/early-humans-iran-were-growing-wheat-12-000-years-ago-f6C10536898 |publisher=NBC News |date=4 July 2013 |language=en}}</ref> The contemporary site of [[Ganj Dareh]] also features the earliest known domestication of [[goat]]s around 10,000 years ago.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=The Initial Domestication of Goats (''Capra hircus'') in the Zagros Mountains 10,000 Years Ago |journal=Science |bibcode=2000Sci...287.2254Z |last1=Zeder |first1=Melinda A. |last2=Hesse |first2=Brian |year=2000 |volume=287 |issue=5461 |pages=2254–2257 |doi=10.1126/science.287.5461.2254 |pmid=10731145}}</ref>

The ancient city of [[Susa]], which would become the capital of [[Elam]] and later a capital city of the [[Achaemenid empire]], was first settled in 4400–4200 BC, adjacent to the modern site of [[Shush, Iran]].<ref name="Elam">{{cite book |title=The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State |first=D. T. |last=Potts |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1999 |isbn=0-521-56358-5}}</ref>{{rp|46–47}}<ref>{{cite web |title=SUSA |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/susa-parent/?highlight=Susa |website=Encyclopaedia Iranica}}</ref> The [[Kura–Araxes culture]] ({{circa|3400|2000 BC}}) existed in northwestern Iran and the [[Caucasus]].<ref name="books.google.nl2">{{cite book |last=Kushnareva |first=K. Kh. |title=The Southern Caucasus in Prehistory: Stages of Cultural and Socioeconomic Development from the Eighth to the Second Millennium B.C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e1PNO7urjHQC&pg=PA44 |year=1997 |publisher=UPenn Museum of Archaeology |isbn=978-0-924171-50-5 |access-date=8 May 2016 |archive-date=13 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913110041/https://books.google.com/books?id=e1PNO7urjHQC&pg=PA44 |url-status=live}}, page 44</ref>

=== Antiquity ===
{{Further|Medes|Indo-Iranians}}

[[File:Choqa Zanbil Darafsh 1 (36).JPG|thumb|[[Chogha Zanbil]] is one of the few extant [[ziggurat]]s outside of [[Mesopotamia]] and considered the best-preserved example in the world.]]
Iran is home to one of the world's oldest continuous major civilizations, with historical and urban settlements dating back to 4000 BC, including the [[Jiroft culture]] in southeastern Iran.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://en.people.cn/90001/90782/90874/6236885.html |title= New evidence: modern civilization began in Iran |author=  |date= August 10, 2007|publisher= People's Daily Online |access-date=February 14, 2026 |url-status=dead
|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210224223600/http://en.people.cn/90001/90782/90874/6236885.html |archive-date= February 24, 2021 }}</ref> Inscriptions in the [[Proto-Elamite script]], which predates [[cuneiform]], have been found from the early third millennium BC.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chnpress.com/news/?section=2&id=6864 |title=5000-Y-Old Inscribed Tablets Discovered in Jiroft |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511111851/http://www.chnpress.com/news/?section=2&id=6864 |archive-date=11 May 2011}}</ref><ref>Yeganeh, Sepideh Jamshidi, et al., "Complexity of proto-elamite administration system: Insights from compositional data from sealings and tablets", Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 61 : 104973, 2025</ref> The western part of the Iranian plateau participated in the traditional [[ancient Near East]] with [[Elam]] (3200–539 BC), and later with other peoples such as the [[Kassites]], [[Mannaea]]ns, and [[Gutians]]. The earliest Iranian peoples began to arrive from Central Asia in the 2nd millennium BC.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 2025 |title=Iran - Ethnic Groups, Languages, Religions {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Iran/People |access-date=17 July 2025 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Median dynasty#Genealogy|Median dynasty]] ruled the earliest Iranian state.{{Sfn|Dandamayev|2021|p=1630}}{{Sfn|Katouzian|2013|p=xii}}{{Sfn|Gaube|2008|p=161}} In 612 BC, [[Cyaxares]] and the [[Babylonia|Babylon]]ian king [[Nabopolassar]] invaded [[Assyria]] and destroyed [[Nineveh]], the Assyrian capital, which led to the fall of the [[Neo-Assyrian Empire]].{{sfn|Sicker|2000|p=68–69}} The Medes later conquered and dissolved [[Urartu]] as well.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.starspring.com/ascender/urartu/urartu.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702205257/http://www.starspring.com/ascender/urartu/urartu.html |title=Urartu – Lost Kingdom of Van |archive-date=2 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.allaboutturkey.com/urartu.htm |title=Urartu Civilization – All About Turkey |access-date=18 June 2015 |archive-date=1 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701005402/http://www.allaboutturkey.com/urartu.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>{{Sfn|Shenkar|2014|p=5}}

==== Achaemenid Empire ====
{{Main|Achaemenid Empire}}

[[File:Achaemenid Empire at its greatest extent according to Oxford Atlas of World History 2002.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|The [[Achaemenid Empire]], or the First Persian Empire, at its greatest extent]]

The [[Achaemenid dynasty|Achaemenids]] united all [[Persians|Persian]] tribes under [[Cambyses I]]. Under his son, [[Cyrus the Great]], the Achaemenids defeated the Medes and established the [[Achaemenid Empire]],{{Sfn|Middleton|2015|p=148}} the largest-ever Iranian state.{{Sfn|Shenkar|2014|p=5}} Cyrus conquered the [[Lydia]]n and [[Neo-Babylonian Empire|Neo-Babylonian]] empires, creating an empire far larger than Assyria. His son, [[Cambyses II]] ({{Reign}}530–522 BC), conquered the last major power of the region, [[ancient Egypt]], causing the collapse of its [[Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt|twenty-sixth dynasty]].

After the death of Cambyses II, [[Darius the Great]] ({{Reign}}522–486 BC) ascended the throne by overthrowing the Achaemenid monarch [[Bardiya]]. Darius' first capital was at Susa, and he started the building program at [[Persepolis]]. He improved the extensive road system, and during his reign the first recorded mentions are made of the [[Royal Road]], a highway from Susa to [[Sardis]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk/forgottenempire/persia/darius.html |title=Forgotten Empire— the world of Ancient Persia |publisher=The British Museum |year=2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070423012310/http://www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk/forgottenempire/persia/darius.html |archive-date=23 April 2007 |access-date=16 March 2023}}</ref>

In 499 BC, [[Classical Athens|Athens]] supported a revolt in [[Miletus]], resulting in the sacking of Sardis. This led to the [[Greco-Persian Wars]], which lasted the first half of the 5th century BC. In the [[First Persian invasion of Greece]], Persian general [[Mardonius (general)|Mardonius]] re-subjugated Thrace and made Macedon a full part of Persia.{{sfn|Roisman|Worthington|2011|p=345}} Darius' successor [[Xerxes I]] ({{Reign}}486–465) launched the [[Second Persian invasion of Greece]]. At a crucial moment in the war, about half of mainland Greece was overrun by the Persians, including territories to the north of the Isthmus of [[Corinth]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Carey |first1=Brian Todd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3OSfBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT32 |title=Warfare in the Ancient World |last2=Allfree |first2=Joshua B. |last3=Cairns |first3=John |date=19 January 2006 |publisher=Pen and Sword |isbn=978-1-84884-630-2 |language=en}}</ref>{{Sfn|Aeschylus|2009|p=18}} This was reversed by a Greek victory following the battles of [[Battle of Plataea|Plataea]] and [[Battle of Salamis|Salamis]], during which Persia lost its footholds in Europe, and withdrew from it.{{sfn|Roisman|Worthington|2011|pp=135–138, 342–345}}

The empire entered a period of decline. From 334 BC to 331 BC, [[Alexander the Great]] defeated [[Darius III]] ({{Reign}}336–330 BC) in the battles of [[Battle of the Granicus|Granicus]], [[Battle of Issus|Issus]] and [[Battle of Gaugamela|Gaugamela]], swiftly conquering the Achaemanid Empire by 331 BC. Alexander's empire collapsed after his death; his general, [[Seleucus I Nicator]], tried to take control of Iran, [[Mesopotamia]], [[Syria]], and [[Anatolia]]. His empire was the [[Seleucid Empire]].

==== Parthian and Sasanian empires ====
{{Main|Parthian Empire|Sasanian Empire}}

The Arsacids of [[Parthia]],{{Sfn|Venning|2023|p=118}} initially Seleucid vassals,{{Sfn|Strootman|2020|p=151}} originated as leaders of the Iranian{{efn|The Parni was an eastern Iranian tribe established on the Amu Darya in the confederation of [[Dahae]].{{sfn|Lecoq|2011}} To Yarshater, they were a [[Sakas|Saka]] tribe, who penetrated Parthia, adopted its language, and eventually challenged the Seleucids' power in Parthia.{{sfn|Yarshater|2004}}}} [[Parni]] tribe in the northeastern [[steppe]]s.{{Sfn|Venning|2023|p=162}} The Parthians gradually [[Seleucid–Parthian Wars|challenged Seleucid rule]] over Iran, eventually securing control through the 142 BC conquest of [[Babylonia]].{{Sfn|Venning|2023|p=118}}{{Sfn|Strootman|2020|p=150}} Although fighting continued, the death of [[Antiochus VII Sidetes]] in 129 BC marked the collapse of the Seleucid Empire,{{Sfn|Strootman|2020|p=150}} which then lingered on as a [[rump state]] in Syria until conquered by the [[Roman Empire]] in the 60s BC.{{Sfn|Venning|2023|p=118}}

[[File:The Sasanian Empire at its apex under Khosrow II.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|The [[Sasanian Empire]] at its greatest extent {{Circa|620}}, under the reign of [[Khosrow II]]]]

The [[Parthian Empire]] endured for five centuries, but civil wars destabilized it. Parthian power evaporated when [[Ardashir I]] revolted against the Arsacids and killed their last ruler, [[Artabanus IV of Parthia|Artabanus IV]], in 224 AD. Ardashir established the [[Sasanian Empire]], which ruled Iran and much of [[Near East]].{{Sfn|Shahbazi|2005}} At their zenith, the Sasanians controlled all of modern-day Iran and Iraq and parts of the [[Pre-Islamic Arabia|Arabian Peninsula]], as well as the [[Caucasus]], the [[Levant]], and parts of [[Central Asia|Central]] and [[South Asia]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Khosrow II (590–628 CE) |url=https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/23003#:~:text=It%20was%20under%20Khosrow%20II,the%20early%20seventh%20century%20CE. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619204859/https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/23003#:~:text=It%20was%20under%20Khosrow%20II,the%20early%20seventh%20century%20CE. |archive-date=19 June 2024 |access-date=27 February 2025 |language=en |url-status=live}}</ref>

The strong economic conditions left by Parthians allowed the Sasanians to build a powerful and distinctive economic state whose reputation spread well beyond its political frontiers and time.{{Sfn|Gyselen|1997}} The Sasanian Empire was characterized by a complex and centralized government bureaucracy and the revitalization of [[Zoroastrianism]] as a legitimizing and unifying ideal.{{Sfn|Eiland|2004|p=81}}

=== Medieval period ===
After the fall of the Sasanian Empire in 651 during the [[Early Muslim conquests]], the [[Arabs]] of the [[Umayyad Caliphate]] adopted many Persian customs, especially the administrative and the court mannerisms. Arab provincial governors were either Persianized [[Arameans]] or ethnic Persians; Persian remained the official language of the caliphate until the adoption of Arabic toward the end of the 7th century.{{Sfn|Hawting|1986|p=63–64}} However, Iran was still not entirely under Arab control; the [[Daylam]] region was under the control of the [[Daylamites]], [[Tabaristan]] was under [[Dabuyid dynasty|Dabuyid]] and [[Paduspanids|Paduspanid]] control, and [[Mount Damavand]] under [[Masmughans of Damavand|Masmughan]] control. Arabs had invaded these regions several times but the regions' inaccessible terrain prevented a decisive result. The most prominent ruler of the Dabuyids, [[Farrukhan the Great]] ({{Reign}}712–728), managed to hold his domains during his long struggle against the Arab general [[Yazid ibn al-Muhallab]], who was defeated by a combined Daylamite–Dabuyid army and forced to retreat from Tabaristan.{{sfn|Pourshariati|2008|pp=312–313}}

==== Iranian Intermezzo ====
{{Main|Iranian Intermezzo}}

[[File:Saffarids 900ad.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|The [[Saffarid dynasty]] in 900 AD]]

Anti-Umayyad insurrections were supported by non-Arab Islamic converts, who were resentful over being relegated to lower social standing. In 747–750, one of these insurrections grew into the [[Abbasid revolution]], in which descendants of Muhammad's uncle, [[Abbas ibn Ali|Abbas]], overthrew the Umayyads.{{Sfn|Osman|2014|pp=62–63}} The political authority of the [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid caliphs]] diminished over the course of the 9th and 10th centuries.{{Sfn|Lorentz|2007|p=xxviii}} This led to the establishment of several independent Iranian dynasties,{{Sfn|Lorentz|2007|p=xxviii}} the ousting of Arab rulers from their scattered bastions across the country, and an Iranian cultural renaissance.{{Sfn|Mahendrarajah|2019}} The period between the collapse of Abbasid authority and the conquest of Iran by the [[Seljuk Empire|Seljuk Turks]] in the 11th century is referred to as the "[[Iranian Intermezzo]]".{{Sfn|Mahendrarajah|2019}}

The Iranian Intermezzo saw the rise and fall of several major and minor dynasties.{{Sfn|Mahendrarajah|2019}} Among the most important of these overlapping dynasties were the [[Tahirid dynasty|Tahirids]] in [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]] (821–873); the [[Saffarid dynasty|Saffarids]] in [[Sistan]] (861–1003); and the [[Samanid Empire|Samanids]] (819–1005), originally at [[Bukhara]]. The Samanids eventually ruled an area from central Iran to Pakistan. By the early 10th century, the Abbasids almost lost control to the growing Iranian faction known as the [[Buyid dynasty]] (934–1062).{{Sfn|Blair|1992|p=6}}

Since much of the Abbasid administration had been Persian, the Buyids were quietly able to assume real power in Baghdad. The Buyids were defeated in the mid-11th century by the [[Seljuk Empire|Seljuq Turks]], who continued to exert influence over the Abbasids. From the empire's inception, the Seljuk rulers minted coins with the title ''šāhānšāh'' ({{Literal translation|King of Kings}}) in its Persian form,{{sfn|Barthold|1962|p=108}} perhaps adopting it from the Buyids.{{Sfn|Blair|1992|p=6}} The Seljuk Empire fractured after the death of [[Ahmad Sanjar]] in 1157.

The [[Islamization of Iran]] was a long process. As Persian Muslims consolidated their rule, the Muslim population rose from approximately 40% in the mid-9th century to close to 90% by the end of the 11th century. Historian [[Seyyed Hossein Nasr]] suggests that the rapid increase in conversion was aided by the Persian nationality of the rulers.<ref>Nasr, Hoseyn; Islam and the pliqht of modern man</ref> Although Persians adopted the religion of their conquerors, over the centuries they worked to protect and revive their distinctive language and culture, a process known as [[Persianization]]. Arabs and Turks participated in this process.<ref name="britannica2">''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'', "Seljuq", Online Edition, ([https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9066688 Link] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219231803/https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9066688 |date=19 December 2007 }})</ref><ref>Richard Frye, The Heritage of Persia, p. 243.</ref><ref>Rayhanat al- adab, (3rd ed.), vol. 1, p. 181.</ref>

==== Mongol invasions ====
{{See also|Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire|Mongol conquest of Persia and Mesopotamia}}

[[File:Map of the Khwarazmian Empire.png|thumb|upright=1.3|Territory of the [[Khwarazmian Empire]] on the eve of the [[Mongol campaigns in Central Asia|Mongol conquests]], {{circa}} 1215]]
In the early 13th century, the Mongols reached Iran.{{sfn|Ward|2009|p=39}} [[Siege of Bukhara|Bukhara was conquered]] in 1220{{Sfn|Aigle|2024|p=26}} and the [[Khwarazmian Empire]] was destroyed.{{Sfn|Bosworth|2009}} During 1220–21 Bukhara, [[Siege of Samarkand (1220)|Samarkand]], [[Herat]], [[Tus, Iran|Tus]] and [[Nishapur]] were razed, and the whole populations were slaughtered. Over the following decades, further conquests followed, culminating in the [[Siege of Baghdad|fall of Baghdad]] and end of the [[Abbasid Caliphate]]'s rule in 1258.{{Sfn|Lane|2012|p=250}}

After the death of [[Möngke Khan]], the [[Mongol Empire]] was fractured by civil war, both over the succession of the next Great Khan and between nomadic traditionalists and the new settled princes of China and the Middle East. [[Kublai Khan]] was eventually universally recognized, but the empire was irreversibly fragmented.{{Sfn|Lane|2012|p=250}} In much of the southwest of the empire, including Iran, power fell to [[Hulegu Khan]],{{Sfn|Rossabi|2002|p=32}} who had been made a deputy there under Möngke Khan.{{Sfn|Lane|2012|p=250}} Hulegu was accepted as a legitimate ruler in Iran and was legitimized through a ''[[fatwa]]'' issued by the Shia scholar [[Ali ibn Tawus al-Hilli]].{{Sfn|Lane|2012|pp=253–254, 256}} Iran experienced a cultural renaissance under [[Ilkhanate|Ilkhanid]] rule.{{Sfn|Lane|2012|pp=253–254, 256}} [[Ghazan Khan]] converted to Islam in the late 13th century, turning the state further away from the other Mongol realms.{{Sfn|Rossabi|2002|p=32}}

After Ghazan's nephew [[Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan|Abu Said]] died in 1335, the Ilkhanate lapsed into civil war and was divided between several petty dynasties – most prominently the [[Jalayirids]], [[Muzaffarids (Iran)|Muzaffarids]], [[Sarbadars]] and [[Kartids]]. The mid-14th-century [[Black Death]] killed about 30% of the country's population.<ref>[http://www.nationalreview.com/interrogatory/kelly200509140843.asp Q&A with John Kelly on The Great Mortality on National Review Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109165503/http://www.nationalreview.com/interrogatory/kelly200509140843.asp |date=9 January 2009 }}.</ref>

==== Timur and the rise of new powers ====
{{See also|Timurid conquests and invasions}}

[[File:Empire of Timur and his Campaigns.png|thumb|[[Timur]]'s empire and his military campaigns]]
Iran remained divided until the establishment of the Persianate [[Timurid dynasty]] in 1370. Its founder, Timur (r. 1370–1405), hailed from a [[Turkification|Turkified]] tribe of Mongols.<ref>{{harvnb|Golden|2011|p=94}}: "He was born some 100 km (62 miles) south of Samarkand into a clan of the Barlas, a Turkicized tribe of Mongol descent."</ref> After establishing a power base in [[Transoxiana]], Timur invaded Iran in 1381 and eventually conquered most of it. Timur's campaigns were known for their brutality; many people were slaughtered and several cities were destroyed.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov">This section incorporates text from the public domain [[Library of Congress Country Studies]]. {{Citation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917085548/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ir0018) |title=Iran: a country study |chapter=Invasions of the Mongols and Tamerlane |series=Library of Congress Country Studies |archive-date=17 September 2008 |year=1989 |first=Helen |last=Chapin Metz |url=https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/master/frd/frdcstdy/ir/irancountrystudy00curt_0/irancountrystudy00curt_0_djvu.txt |url-status=unfit}}</ref>

In 1387, Timur ordered the complete [[Siege of Isfahan (1387)|massacre of Isfahan]], killing 70,000 people.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/people-places/Irans-Hidden-Jewel.html?c=y&page=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100717113459/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/people-places/Irans-Hidden-Jewel.html?c=y&page=2 |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 July 2010 |title=Isfahan: Iran's Hidden Jewel |publisher=Smithsonianmag.com |access-date=21 June 2013}}</ref> The Timurids maintained control of most of Iran until 1452, when they lost the bulk of it to the [[Qara Qoyunlu]], who were conquered by the [[Aq Qoyunlu]] in 1468. [[Uzun Hasan]] and his successors were the masters of Iran until the rise of the Safavids.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov" />

=== Early modern period ===
{{Main|Safavid Iran|Afsharid Iran|Zand dynasty|Qajar Iran|Portuguese–Safavid wars|Ottoman–Persian Wars}}

[[File:Safavid Empire 1501 1722 AD.png|thumb|[[Safavid Iran]] (1501–1722) at its greatest extent]]

The [[Safavid Iran|Safavid Empire]], founded by [[Ismail I]] (r. 1505–1524), is often considered the beginning of modern Iranian history.{{Sfn|Matthee|2008}} While Safavid Iran predated the concept of the nation-state as such, it established the basis for the modern state of Iran.{{Sfn|Matthee|2008}}{{Sfn|Brown|2011|p=432}} The [[Safavid dynasty|Safavid]] dynastic period was one of the most important Iranian history, as it reunified Iran as a cohesive entity under native rule and established Shia Islam as the [[State religion|official religion]].{{Sfn|Savory|Karamustafa|1998|p=}} The Safavids ruled from 1501 to 1722, and experienced a brief restoration from 1729 to 1736.

The Safavid state had a complex bureaucratic system of checks and balances, which ensured transparency and prevented fraud. This system was not intended to equalize power between branches of government, but to ensure total power of the shah. Legitimized by his bloodline as a [[sayyid]], or descendant of Muhammad, the shah monitored the actions of government officials through reports provided by the superintendent of each department. [[Jean Chardin]], French merchant and eventual ambassador to Iran, wrote that the Safavid shahs ruled their land with an iron fist and often in a [[Despotism|despotic]] manner.<ref>Ferrier, R. W.; A Journey to Persia: Jean Chardin's Portrait of a Seventeenth-century Empire; pp. 71–71.</ref>

Complex rivalries in the region of [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]] led to the Afghan [[Hotak dynasty]] invading Iran. In 1722, this conflict led to the collapse of the Safavid Empire after the [[siege of Isfahan]].{{Sfn|Matthee|2008}}{{Sfn|Aghaie|2012|p=306}} The brief interlude between 1722 and the rise of the [[Qajar dynasty]] in 1789–1796 was marked by widespread political turmoil in Iran and several rival attempts to establish power over the country. The Safavids failed to regain power and the Hotaks failed to establish control. The rival [[Afsharid Iran|Afsharid]] and [[Zand dynasty|Zand]] dynasties were established by [[Nader Shah]] ({{Reign}}1736–1747) and [[Karim Khan Zand|Karim Khan]] ({{Reign}}1751–1779), respectively.{{Sfn|Aghaie|2012|p=306}}

==== Nader Shah and the shifting balance of power ====
{{See also|Campaigns of Nader Shah}}
[[File:Revised Map of the Afsharid Empire.png|thumb|A map of the [[Afsharid Empire]] at its greatest extent, in 1741–1745]]
Nader Shah has been described as "the last great Asiatic military conqueror", and compared by some historians to Napoleon and Alexander the Great.<ref>''Cambridge History of Iran'' Vol. 7, p. 59.</ref>{{sfn|Axworthy|2008|p=xvii}} His numerous campaigns created a great empire that, at its maximum extent, briefly encompassed all or part of modern-day Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Georgia, India, Iran, Iraq, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Oman, Pakistan, Uzbekistan, the [[North Caucasus]], and the [[Persian Gulf]]. However, his military spending had a ruinous effect on the Iranian economy.{{sfn|Tucker|2006a}}

Nader Shah's death was followed by a [[Division of the Afsharid Empire|period of anarchy]] in Iran as rival army commanders fought for power. Nader's own family, the [[Afsharid dynasty|Afsharids]], lost all but a small domain in Khorasan. The Zand family seized control of much of Iran in the 1750s.{{Sfn|Baker|2005|p=13}} The Zand rulers never proclaimed themselves to be ''shah''s, but as [[regent]]s of Iran.{{Sfn|Baker|2005|p=13}}''{{Sfn|Perry|2000}}'' They first staked their claim to power on behalf of the Safavid puppet [[Ismail III]] ({{Reign}}1750–1773) and then on behalf of the Iranian people.{{Sfn|Baker|2005|p=13}}''{{Sfn|Perry|2000}}''

==== Rise of the Qajar dynasty and foreign interference ====
[[File:Map Iran 1900-en.png|thumb|Iran under the [[Qajar dynasty]] in the 19th century.]]
The Qajar dynasty gradually increased in power as they clashed with the Afsharids and the Zands for control of the land, culminating in [[Agha Mohammad Shah]] proclaiming himself ruler in 1789.{{sfn|Perry|1984}} Agha Mohammad defeated the Zand dynasty in 1794 and was officially crowned in 1796.{{Sfn|Baker|2005|p=13}}{{sfn|Perry|1984}} Shortly thereafter, he captured and deposed the Afsharid Shahrokh Shah, reunifying Iran under a single ruler.{{sfn|Perry|1984}}

In the 19th century, Iran lost significant territories in the [[Caucasus]] to the [[Russian Empire]] following the [[Russo-Persian Wars]].{{Sfn|Dowling|2014|p=728–729}} Meanwhile, [[United Kingdom|Britain]] became involved in [[southern Iran]] to counter Russia's presence in the north, which posed a threat to [[British India]].{{sfn|Amanat|2002}} Amid this struggle for power, drought, shifting agricultural priorities, and poor governance culminated in the [[Persian famine of 1870–1872|Great Persian Famine of 1870–1871]]. While the death toll is unknown, the famine killed a significant portion of Iran's population; between several hundred thousand and four million Iranians are believed to have died as a result.<ref>{{cite journal |jstor=617680 |title=The Great Persian Famine of 1870–71 |first=Shoko |last=Okazaki |date=1 January 1986 |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=183–192 |doi=10.1017/s0041977x00042609 |s2cid=155516933}}</ref>

=== 20th century up to the Iranian Revolution ===
{{Main|Pahlavi Iran}}

==== Constitutional Revolution and the rise of the Pahlavi dynasty ====
[[File:RezaShahBozorgTakhteJamshid32.jpg|thumb|[[Reza Shah Pahlavi]] with [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]] at [[Persepolis]]]]
The [[Persian Constitutional Revolution]] between 1905 and 1911 led to the establishment of an Iranian parliament.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CONSTITUTIONAL REVOLUTION |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/constitutional-revolution-index/ |access-date=7 May 2025 |website=[[Encyclopaedia Iranica]] |language=en-US |archive-date=15 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250415161440/https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/constitutional-revolution-index/ |url-status=live}}</ref> After the [[1921 Persian coup d'état|1921 coup d'état]], the Qajar dynasty was replaced with the [[Pahlavi dynasty]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pahlavi Dynasty |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/pahlavi-dynasty |access-date=7 May 2025 |website=}}</ref> The dynasty was founded by [[Reza Shah]], who established an [[authoritarianism|authoritarian government]] that valued [[Iranian nationalism|nationalism]], [[militarism]], [[secularism in Iran|secularism]] and [[anti-communism]] combined with strict [[censorship]] and [[state propaganda]].<ref>Michael P. Zirinsky; "Imperial Power and Dictatorship: Britain and the Rise of Reza Shah, 1921–1926", International Journal of Middle East Studies 24 (1992), 639–663, Cambridge University Press</ref> Reza Shah introduced many socio-economic reforms, reorganizing the army, government administration, and finances.<ref name="Columbia_Encyclopedia">{{cite encyclopedia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201151652/http://www.bartleby.com/65/re/RezaShah.html |url=http://www.bartleby.com/65/re/RezaShah.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=1 February 2009 |encyclopedia=The Columbia Encyclopedia |edition=Sixth |orig-date=2001 |year=2007 |title=Reza Shah Pahlevi}}</ref> Reza Shah ruled for almost 16 years until 1941, when he was forced to [[Abdication|abdicate]] by the [[Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran]].

To his supporters, his reign brought "[[Law and order (politics)|law and order]], discipline, central authority, and modern amenities – schools, trains, buses, radios, cinemas, and telephones."<ref name="Ervand, 2008 p.91">Ervand, ''History of Modern Iran'', (2008), p.91</ref> However, his reign has been characterized as a corrupt [[police state]] which provided only surface level modernization.<ref name="Ervand, 2008 p.91" /><ref>Richard W. Cottam, Nationalism in Iran, University of Pittsburgh Press, ISBN o-8229-3396-7</ref><ref>The Origins of the Iranian Revolution by Roger Homan. International Affairs, Vol. 56, No. 4 (Autumn, 1980), pp. 673–677.{{JSTOR|2618173}}</ref>

==== World War II and post-occupation instability ====
Due in part to Nazi Germany's [[Operation Barbarossa|invasion]] of the [[Soviet Union]], the Iranian government expected Germany to win the war and establish a powerful force on the Russian-Iranian border. Iran rejected British and Soviet demands to expel German residents from its borders. In response, the two [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] invaded in August 1941 and easily overwhelmed the weak Iranian army in [[Operation Countenance]]. Iran became the major conduit of Allied [[Lend-Lease]] aid to the Soviet Union. The purpose was to secure Iranian oil fields and ensure Allied supply lines through the [[Persian Corridor]]. Iran remained officially neutral. Reza Shah was deposed during the subsequent occupation and replaced with his young son [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]].<ref>Richard Stewart, ''Sunrise at Abadan: the British and Soviet invasion of Iran, 1941'' (1988).</ref> At the 1943 [[Tehran Conference]], the Allied "Big Three"—[[Joseph Stalin]], [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], and [[Winston Churchill]]—issued the Tehran Declaration to guarantee the post-war independence and boundaries of Iran.<ref>Louise Fawcett, "Revisiting the Iranian Crisis of 1946: How Much More Do We Know?." ''Iranian Studies'' 47#3 (2014): 379–399.</ref>

==== Mosaddegh and the Shah's rule ====
{{See also|1953 Iranian coup d'état}}

[[File:Jimmy Carter with King Hussein of Jordan the Shah of Iran and Shahbanou of Iran - NARA - 177332 04.jpg|thumb|[[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|Shah]] and [[Farah Pahlavi|Shahbanou]] of [[Pahlavi Iran|Iran]] with US President [[Jimmy Carter]] and [[King Hussein]] of Jordan in 1977]]
In 1951, under Prime Minister [[Mohammad Mosaddegh]], the Iranian parliament voted to nationalize the British-owned oil industry, leading to the [[Abadan Crisis]]. Despite British pressure, including an economic blockade, nationalization continued. Mosaddegh was removed from power in 1952 but was quickly re-appointed by the Shah, due to a popular uprising in support of the premier. He forced the Shah into a brief exile in August 1953 after a failed military coup by [[Imperial Guard (Iran)|Imperial Guard]] Colonel [[Nematollah Nassiri]].

On 19 August, a successful [[1953 Iranian coup d'état|coup]] was headed by retired army general [[Fazlollah Zahedi]], aided by the US ([[CIA]])<ref name=BBC>{{cite news |title=CIA documents acknowledge its role in Iran's 1953 coup |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-23762970 |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=20 August 2013 |archive-date=9 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309131918/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-23762970 |url-status=live}}</ref> and the British ([[MI6]]), known as Operation Ajax and Operation Boot to the respective agencies.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kinzer |first=Stephen |title=The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War |publisher=Times Books |location=New York |year=2013}}</ref> The coup—with a [[black propaganda]] campaign against Mosaddegh<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gölz |first=Olmo |date=1 January 2019 |title=Gölz "The Dangerous Classes and the 1953 Coup in Iran: On the Decline of 'lutigari' Masculinities." In Crime, Poverty and Survival in the Middle East and North Africa: The 'Dangerous Classes' since 1800. Edited by Stephanie Cronin, 177–90. London: I.B. Tauris, 2019. |url=https://www.academia.edu/40997855 |journal=Crime, Poverty and Survival in the Middle East and North Africa}}</ref>—forced Mosaddegh from office. Mosaddegh was arrested and tried for treason. Found guilty, Mosaddegh had his sentence reduced to house arrest on his family estate while his foreign minister, [[Hossein Fatemi]], was executed. [[Fazlollah Zahedi|Zahedi]] succeeded him as prime minister and suppressed opposition to the Shah, specifically from the [[National Front (Iran)|National Front]] and the communist [[Tudeh Party]].

From that time until the revolution, Iran was ruled as an autocracy under the Shah, with strong American support. Iran initiated economic, social, agrarian, and administrative reforms to modernize the country, which became known as the [[White Revolution]]. Many Islamic leaders criticized these initiatives, and the land reform had mixed results.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/White-Revolution |title=White Revolution (Iran) | History, Significance, & Effects | Britannica |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=3 December 2022}}</ref> By 1978, the Shah had become wildly unpopular among the Iranian people. Daily demonstrations destabilized the region, and the Shah established [[martial law]] to curb opposition. When hundreds of thousands of protestors persisted, security forces opened fire on the crowds in an incident that became known as [[Black Friday (1978)|Black Friday]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Hostage Crisis, 30 Years On |url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/tehranbureau/2009/11/30-years-after-the-hostage-crisis.html |access-date=4 July 2025 |website=FRONTLINE - Tehran Bureau |language=en}}</ref>

=== Islamic Revolution ===
{{Main|Iranian Revolution}}

[[File:Imam Khomeini in Mehrabad.jpg|thumb|upright=.7|Ayatollah [[Khomeini]] returns to Iran after 14 years exile in France on 1 February 1979.]]
The protests against the Shah grew to include more than 10% of the country; it is rare for revolutions to involve even 1% of a country's population.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kurzman |first=Charles |year=2003 |title=The Qum Protests and the Coming of the Iranian Revolution, 1975 and 1978 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0145553200012554/type/journal_article |journal=Social Science History |language=en |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=287–325 |doi=10.1017/S0145553200012554 |issn=0145-5532}}</ref> Frustration with the Shah was so great that even secular and leftist groups supported [[Ruhollah Khomeini|Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini]], the leader of the [[Iranian Revolution|revolution]], despite sharing none of his political positions.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Milani |first=Abbas |title=The Shah |date=2024 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=978-0-230-34038-1 |edition=1st |location=New York}}</ref> Under increasing pressure, the Shah eventually fled Iran, charging the interim [[Regency Council (Iran)|Regency Council]] with his duties until a new government was formed.<ref name = "Chamber">{{Cite web |title=History of Iran: Islamic Revolution of 1979 |url=https://www.iranchamber.com/history/islamic_revolution/islamic_revolution.php |access-date=16 March 2023 |website=Iran Chamber |archive-date=21 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181021153717/http://www.iranchamber.com/history/islamic_revolution/islamic_revolution.php |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |year=2018 |orig-date=1998 |title=The Iranian Revolution |url=http://www.fsmitha.com/h2/ch29ir.html |access-date=16 March 2023 |last=Smitha |first=Frank E. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010233759/http://www.fsmitha.com/h2/ch29ir.html |archive-date=10 October 2016}}</ref> [[Shapour Bakhtiar]], the head of the Council, invited Khomeini to return from exile. However, upon return, Khomeini pledged to defeat the interim government led by Bakhtiar and claimed to support free democratic elections. Violence broke out between the two factions, ultimately leading Bakhtiar to flee Iran in disguise.

On 31 March 1979, a [[1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum|referendum]] was held on whether to transition from a government of monarchy to an [[Islamic republic]]. The referendum was approved by a massive margin of 99.31%. It mandated the creation of an [[Assembly for the Final Review of the Constitution|assembly]] to draft the new [[theocratic]] constitution, whereby Khomeini became [[Supreme Leader of Iran|Supreme Leader]] in December 1979. Iran's modernizing, capitalist economy was replaced by populist Islamic economic and cultural policies. Industries were nationalized, laws and schools [[Islamization of knowledge|Islamized]], and [[Western world|Western influence]] restricted.<ref name="Britannica Khomeini">{{Cite encyclopaedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ruhollah-Khomeini |title=Ruhollah Khomeini |encyclopedia=[[Britannica]] |last=Afari |first=Janet |date=19 May 2023 |access-date=21 May 2025 |archive-date=22 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250422012154/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ruhollah-Khomeini |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Khomeini, Iran–Iraq War, and leadership transition ====
{{See also|Aftermath of the Iranian Revolution|Iran–Iraq War}}

[[File:Chemical weapon1.jpg|thumb|An Iranian soldier with gas mask during the [[Iran–Iraq War]]]]
The shah, now out of power, went to the US to seek cancer treatment after other countries denied him entry. Supporters of the revolution feared that this was a step toward a coup to reinstate the Shah's reign. On 4 November 1979, Iranian students [[Iran hostage crisis|seized US embassy personnel]], labeling the embassy a "den of spies".<ref name="carterpbs">[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/carter/sfeature/sf_hostage.html PBS, American Experience, Jimmy Carter, "444 Days: America Reacts"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110119224031/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/carter/sfeature/sf_hostage.html |date=19 January 2011}}. Retrieved 1 October 2007</ref> 52 hostages were held for 444 days until January 1981.<ref>''Guests of the Ayatollah: The Iran Hostage Crisis: The First Battle in America's War with Militant Islam'', Mark Bowden, p. 127, 200</ref> During the [[Cultural Revolution in Iran]] from 1980 to 1983 opposition to Islamic values was purged<ref name="z079">{{cite journal | last=Razavi | first=Reza | title=The Cultural Revolution in Iran, with Close Regard to the Universities, and its Impact on the Student Movement | journal=Middle Eastern Studies | volume=45 | issue=1 | date=2009 | issn=0026-3206 | doi=10.1080/00263200802547586 | pages=1–17 | url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00263200802547586 | access-date=2026-02-27}}</ref> including through the [[1981–1982 Iran massacres]].<ref name="b372">{{cite journal | last=Nasiri | first=Shahin | title=Clerical Sovereignty and its Absolute Others: Religious Genocide in Iran | journal=Journal of Genocide Research | date=2025 | issn=1462-3528 | doi=10.1080/14623528.2025.2566533 | pages=1–25 | url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14623528.2025.2566533 | access-date=2026-02-27}}</ref>

Iraqi leader [[Saddam Hussein]] attempted to take advantage of the disorder of the revolution, the weakness of the Iranian military and the revolution's antagonism against Western governments. On 22 September 1980, the Iraqi army [[Iraqi invasion of Iran|invaded Iran]] at [[Khuzestan province|Khuzestan]], precipitating the [[Iran–Iraq War]]. The attack took revolutionary Iran by surprise. Although Hussein's forces made early advances, Iranian forces pushed the Iraqi army back into Iraq by 1982. Khomeini sought to [[Exporting the revolution|export the revolution]] westward into Iraq, especially to the country's Shi'a Arab majority. The war continued until 1988, when Khomeini "drank the cup of poison" and accepted a truce mediated by the UN.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Blair |first=David |date=18 June 2025 |title=Deep in a bunker, Iran's supreme leader faces a dilemma: Must he drink his cup of poison? |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2025/06/18/will-iran-supreme-leader-drink-his-cup-of-poison/ |access-date=4 July 2025 |work=The Telegraph |language=en-GB |issn=0307-1235}}</ref> The war, which ended in a stalemate in 1988, killed approximately 500,000 people.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Iran–Iraq War |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Iran-Iraq-War |access-date=2 September 2021 |archive-date=30 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830211148/https://www.britannica.com/event/Iran-Iraq-War |url-status=live}}</ref> During the war, Saddam extensively used [[Iraqi chemical weapons program|chemical weapons]] against Iranians.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Harris |first1=Shane |last2=Aid |first2=Matthew M. |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2013/08/26/exclusive-cia-files-prove-america-helped-saddam-as-he-gassed-iran/ |title=Exclusive: CIA Files Prove America Helped Saddam as He Gassed Iran |work=[[Foreign Policy]] |date=26 August 2013 |access-date=7 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915042349/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/08/25/secret_cia_files_prove_america_helped_saddam_as_he_gassed_iran?page=0%2C2 |archive-date=15 September 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Khamenei era ====
{{further|2009 Iranian presidential election protests|Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action|Assassination of Qasem Soleimani|Mahsa Amini protests|2024 Iran–Israel conflict|Iran–Israel war|2025–2026 Iranian protests}}

On his deathbed in 1989, Khomeini appointed a 25-man Constitutional Reform Council which named [[Ali Khamenei]] as the next Supreme Leader, and made changes to Iran's constitution.<ref>Abrahamian, ''History of Modern Iran'', (2008), p.182</ref> While Khamenei lacked Khomeini's "charisma and clerical standing", he developed a network of supporters within the armed forces and its economically powerful [[Bonyad|religious foundations]].<ref>"Who's in Charge?" by Ervand Abrahamian ''London Review of Books'', 6 November 2008</ref>
[[File:Ayatollah Ali Khamenei at the Great Conference of Basij members at Azadi stadium October 2018 033.jpg|thumb|Ali Khamenei at the Great Conference of [[Basij]] members at [[Azadi Stadium]], October 2018]]
President [[Akbar Rafsanjani]] concentrated on a pro-business policy of rebuilding the economy, without breaking with the ideology of the revolution. He supported a free market, favoring privatization of state industries and a moderate position internationally. In 1997, Rafsanjani was succeeded by moderate [[Iranian reform movement|reformist]] [[Mohammad Khatami]], whose government advocated freedom of expression, constructive diplomatic relations with Asia and the EU, and policy that supported a free market and foreign investment.

The [[2005 Iranian presidential election|2005 presidential election]] brought conservative populist and nationalist candidate [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] to power. He was known for his hardline views, nuclearization, and [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Israel|hostility towards Israel]], [[Saudi Arabia]], the UK, US and other states. He was the first president to be summoned by the [[Islamic Consultative Assembly|parliament]] to answer questions regarding his presidency.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 June 2012 |title=Ahmadinejad critic Larijani re-elected Iran speaker |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-18328882 |access-date=10 May 2024 |work=[[BBC News]] |language=en-GB |archive-date=10 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510171821/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-18328882 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2013, centrist and reformist [[Hassan Rouhani]] was elected president. He encouraged personal freedom, access to information, and improved women's rights. He improved diplomatic relations through exchanging conciliatory letters.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Borger |first1=Julian |last2=Dehghan |first2=Saeed Kamali |date=19 September 2013 |title=Hassan Rouhani sets out his vision for a new and free Iran |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/19/hassan-rouhani-vision-iran-free |access-date=10 May 2024 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=12 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112101132/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/19/hassan-rouhani-vision-iran-free |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action]] was reached in [[Vienna]] in 2015, between Iran, the [[P5+1]] ([[permanent members of the United Nations Security Council|UN Security Council]] + Germany) and the EU. The negotiations centered around ending the [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1929|economic sanctions]] in exchange for Iran's restriction in producing [[enriched uranium]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Kutsch, Tom |date=14 July 2015 |title=Iran, world powers strike historic nuclear deal |url=http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/7/14/iran-world-powers-strike-historic-nuclear-deal.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715175516/http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/7/14/iran-world-powers-strike-historic-nuclear-deal.html |archive-date=15 July 2015 |access-date=15 July 2015 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]]}}</ref> In 2018, the US under President [[First presidency of Donald Trump|Donald Trump]] withdrew from the deal and new sanctions were imposed. This nulled the economic provisions and brought Iran to [[nuclear latency|nuclear threshold status]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Brewer |first=Eric |date=25 June 2024 |title=Iran's New Nuclear Threat |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/iran/irans-new-nuclear-threat |access-date=2 July 2024 |work=Foreign Affairs |language=en-US |issn=0015-7120}}</ref> In 2020, [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps|IRGC]] general [[Qasem Soleimani]], the 2nd-most powerful person in Iran,<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 January 2020 |title=U.S. killing of Iran's second most powerful man risks regional conflagration |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iraq-security-blast-soleimani-analysi/u-s-killing-of-irans-second-most-powerful-man-risks-regional-conflagration-idUSKBN1Z21TJ/ |website=[[Reuters]] |access-date=7 May 2024 |archive-date=18 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418120615/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iraq-security-blast-soleimani-analysi/u-s-killing-of-irans-second-most-powerful-man-risks-regional-conflagration-idUSKBN1Z21TJ/ |url-status=live}}</ref> was [[Assassination of Qasem Soleimani|assassinated by the US]], heightening [[Iran–United States relations|tensions between them]].<ref name="Roelants">Carolien Roelants, Iran expert of ''[[NRC Handelsblad]]'', in a debate on ''[[Buitenhof (TV series)|Buitenhof]]'' on Dutch television, 5 January 2020.</ref> [[Operation Martyr Soleimani|Iran retaliated against US airbases in Iraq]], the largest ballistic missile attack ever on Americans;<ref>{{Citation |title=Never-before-seen video of the attack on Al Asad Airbase |date=28 February 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lGP7hZQuTL0 |access-date=8 January 2024 |language=en |archive-date=23 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223104408/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lGP7hZQuTL0 |url-status=live}}</ref> 110 sustained [[Traumatic brain injury|brain injuries]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=109 US troops diagnosed with brain injuries from Iran attack |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/2/10/109-us-troops-diagnosed-with-brain-injuries-from-iran-attack |access-date=7 April 2024 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |language=en |archive-date=7 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407113740/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/2/10/109-us-troops-diagnosed-with-brain-injuries-from-iran-attack |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pentagon admits 109 brain injuries in Iran attack |url=https://www.dw.com/en/109-us-service-members-were-injured-in-the-iran-missile-attack/a-52331039 |access-date=7 April 2024 |publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]] |language=en |archive-date=7 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407113741/https://www.dw.com/en/109-us-service-members-were-injured-in-the-iran-missile-attack/a-52331039 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Starr |first=Barbara |date=10 February 2020 |title=Over 100 US troops have been diagnosed with traumatic brain injuries following Iran strike |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/02/10/politics/traumatic-brain-injuries-iran-strike/index.html |access-date=7 April 2024 |publisher=[[CNN]] |language=en |archive-date=7 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407113740/https://www.cnn.com/2020/02/10/politics/traumatic-brain-injuries-iran-strike/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref> On 8 January, Iran's [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]] shot down [[Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752]], killing 176 civilians and leading to [[Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 protests|nation-wide protests]]. An international investigation led to the government admitting to the shootdown by a surface-to-air missile.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-crash/ukrainian-airplane-with-180-aboard-crashes-in-iran-fars-idUSKBN1Z70EL |title=Ukrainian airplane with 180 aboard crashes in Iran: Fars |date=8 January 2020 |work=Reuters |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108035747/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-crash/ukrainian-airplane-with-180-aboard-crashes-in-iran-fars-idUSKBN1Z70EL |archive-date=8 January 2020 |access-date=8 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-51077788 |work=BBC |title=Demands for justice after Iran's plane admission |date=11 January 2020 |access-date=11 January 2020}}</ref>

Hardliner [[Ebrahim Raisi]] lost a presidential bid in 2017, but ran again [[2021 Iranian presidential election|in 2021]], succeeding Rouhani.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Motamedi |first1=Maziar |title=Hardliner Raisi elected Iran's new president |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/6/19/raisi-wins-irans-presidential-election-amid-low-turnout |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |language=en |archive-date=1 September 2021 |access-date=2 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901094359/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/6/19/raisi-wins-irans-presidential-election-amid-low-turnout |url-status=live}}</ref> During Raisi's term, Iran [[Nuclear program of Iran|intensified uranium enrichment]], hindered international inspections, joined SCO and BRICS, [[Iran and the Russian invasion of Ukraine|supported the]] [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]] and restored relations with Saudi Arabia. In April 2024, the [[Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus]] killed an IRGC commander.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Several killed in Israeli strike on Iranian consulate in Damascus |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/4/1/several-killed-in-israeli-strike-on-iranian-consulate-in-damascus-reports |access-date=1 May 2024 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |language=en |archive-date=30 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240430180537/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/4/1/several-killed-in-israeli-strike-on-iranian-consulate-in-damascus-reports |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2024 |title=Israeli strike on Iran's consulate in Syria killed 2 generals and 5 other officers, Iran says |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-syria-airstrike-iranian-embassy-edca34c52d38c8bc57281e4ebf33b240 |access-date=1 May 2024 |website=[[AP News]] |language=en |archive-date=19 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240419075609/https://apnews.com/article/israel-syria-airstrike-iranian-embassy-edca34c52d38c8bc57281e4ebf33b240 |url-status=live}}</ref> Iran [[April 2024 Iranian strikes on Israel|retaliated]] with [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|UAVs]], [[Cruise missile|cruise]] and [[ballistic missile]]s; 9 hit Israel.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Jack Dutton |date=15 April 2024 |title=How Iran's attack on Israel is disrupting air traffic |url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2024/04/how-irans-attack-israel-disrupting-air-traffic |access-date=1 May 2024 |language=en |archive-date=1 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501174027/https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2024/04/how-irans-attack-israel-disrupting-air-traffic |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Toossi |first=Sina |date=2 May 2024 |title=Iran Has Defined Its Red Line With Israel |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/04/18/iran-has-defined-its-red-line-with-israel/ |access-date=1 May 2024 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US |archive-date=1 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501174027/https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/04/18/iran-has-defined-its-red-line-with-israel/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=14 April 2024 |title=What was in wave of Iranian attacks and how were they thwarted? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68811273 |access-date=1 May 2024 |language=en-GB |archive-date=14 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240414091527/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68811273 |url-status=live}}</ref> It was the largest drone strike in history,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The largest drone attack in history |url=http://iranpress.com/aliaspage/277652 |access-date=1 May 2024 |website= |language=en}}</ref> biggest missile attack in Iranian history,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Motamedi |first=Maziar |title='True Promise': Why and how did Iran launch a historic attack on Israel? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/4/14/true-promise-why-and-how-did-iran-launch-a-historic-attack-on-israel |access-date=1 May 2024 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |language=en |archive-date=14 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240414145020/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/4/14/true-promise-why-and-how-did-iran-launch-a-historic-attack-on-israel |url-status=live}}</ref> its first ever direct attack on Israel<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 April 2024 |title=Iran launches first-ever direct attack on Israel |url=https://abc7ny.com/israel-gaza-live-updates-iran-launches-dozens-of-drones-in-retaliatory-strike/14656640/ |access-date=1 May 2024 |website=ABC7 New York |language=en |archive-date=1 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501174027/https://abc7ny.com/israel-gaza-live-updates-iran-launches-dozens-of-drones-in-retaliatory-strike/14656640/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 April 2024 |title=How Israel could respond to Iran's drone and missile assault |url=https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20240418-how-israel-could-respond-to-iran-s-drone-and-missile-assault |access-date=1 May 2024 |publisher=[[France 24]] |language=en |archive-date=1 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501174029/https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20240418-how-israel-could-respond-to-iran-s-drone-and-missile-assault |url-status=live}}</ref> and the first time [[1991 Iraqi missile attacks against Israel|since 1991]] that Israel was directly attacked by a state.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Johny |first=Stanly |date=14 April 2024 |title=By attacking Israel, Iran turns shadow war into direct conflict |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/analysis-three-takeaways-from-irans-attack-on-israel/article68064678.ece |access-date=1 May 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=14 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240414203401/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/analysis-three-takeaways-from-irans-attack-on-israel/article68064678.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2024, Raisi was killed in a [[2024 Varzaqan helicopter crash|helicopter crash]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Who died alongside Iran's President Raisi in the helicopter crash? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/5/20/who-died-alongside-irans-president-raisi-in-the-helicopter-crash |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |language=en |archive-date=19 May 2024 |access-date=2 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519213002/https://apnews.com/article/helicopter-iran-raisi-crash-azerbaijan-3ef9fe5772fb06f6d9dcc371b115923f |url-status=live}}</ref> and Iran held a [[2024 Iranian presidential election|presidential election]], when reformist and former [[Ministry of Health and Medical Education|Minister of Health]], [[Masoud Pezeshkian]], was elected.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 July 2024 |title=Masoud Pezeshkian, a heart surgeon who rose to power in parliament, now Iran's president-elect |url=https://apnews.com/article/iran-presidential-runoff-election-masoud-pezeshkian-profile-a07e9921fa8c25b1a05333e128c03916 |access-date=6 July 2024 |website=[[AP News]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Fassihi |first1=Farnaz |last2=Vinograd |first2=Cassandra |date=6 July 2024 |title=Reformist Candidate Wins Iran's Presidential Election |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/05/world/middleeast/iran-election-reformist-wins.html |access-date=6 July 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]] |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=6 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706034614/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/05/world/middleeast/iran-election-reformist-wins.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In October, Iran [[October 2024 Iranian strikes on Israel|launched]] 180 ballistic missiles at Israel in retaliation for assassinations [[Assassination of Ismail Haniyeh|of Ismail Haniyeh]], [[2024 Hezbollah headquarters strike|Hassan Nasrallah]] and [[Abbas Nilforoushan]]. Israel [[October 2024 Israeli strikes on Iran|struck]] Iranian military sites.<ref>{{cite news |title=What we know about Israel's attack on Iran |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cgr0yvrx4qpo |work=[[BBC News]] |archive-date=27 October 2024 |access-date=31 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241027231243/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cgr0yvrx4qpo |url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2025, Iran's government ordered [[2025 Afghan deportation from Iran|mass deportation]] of an estimated four million [[Afghan diaspora|Afghan migrants]] and refugees living in Iran.<ref>{{cite news |title=Iran tells millions of Afghans to leave or face arrest on day of deadline |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/7/6/iran-tells-millions-of-afghans-to-leave-or-face-arrest-on-day-of-deadline |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=6 July 2025}}</ref>
[[File:تقدیم پیام پادشاه عربستان به رهبر انقلاب 07.jpg|thumb|Ayatollah [[Ali Khamenei]] with [[Saudi Arabia]]'s Defense Minister [[Khalid bin Salman Al Saud|Khalid bin Salman]] and Major General [[Mohammad Bagheri (general)|Mohammad Bagheri]] on 17 April 2025]]
The weakening of Iran's [[Axis of Resistance|key allies and proxies]] since 2023 left Iran's government weakened and isolated.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Iran's leader hopes America can save his faltering regime |url=https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2025/05/01/irans-leader-hopes-america-can-save-his-faltering-regime |access-date=25 May 2025 |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |issn=0013-0613}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 December 2024 |title=Iran in a 'position of unprecedented weakness' after the fall of Assad in Syria |url=https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20241209-iran-position-unprecedented-weakness-after-fall-of-assad-syria-proxies-hezbollah-middle-east |access-date=25 May 2025 |publisher=[[France 24]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 March 2025 |title=The fall of Assad has exposed the extent of the damage to Iran's axis of resistance |url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/2024/12/fall-assad-has-exposed-extent-damage-irans-axis-resistance |access-date=25 May 2025 |website=Chatham House |language=en}}</ref> In early 2025, Iran was rapidly advancing its nuclear program.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Barnes |first=Joe |date=31 January 2025 |title=Iran 'secretly building nuclear missiles that can hit Europe' |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2025/01/31/iran-nuclear-warhead-europe-revolutionary-guard-north-korea/ |access-date=28 April 2025 |work=The Telegraph |language=en-GB |issn=0307-1235}}</ref> Analysts warned such activity exceeded any plausible civilian justification.<ref name="Economist20250128">{{Cite news |title=Iran's alarming nuclear dash will soon test Donald Trump |url=https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2025/01/28/irans-alarming-nuclear-dash-will-soon-test-donald-trump |access-date=23 February 2025 |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |issn=0013-0613}}</ref> Iran and the United States [[2025–2026 Iran–United States negotiations|entered negotiations]] for a new nuclear agreement, but progress stalled. In June, [[International Atomic Energy Agency|IAEA]] found Iran non-compliant with its nuclear obligations;<ref name="Euronews20250612">{{Cite web |title=UN nuclear watchdog finds Iran in non-compliance with its obligations |url=https://www.euronews.com/2025/06/12/un-nuclear-watchdog-finds-iran-in-non-compliance-with-nuclear-obligations |access-date=12 June 2025 |website=Euro News |date=12 June 2025}}</ref> in response, Iran announced activation of a new enrichment facility.<ref name="CNN20250612">{{Cite web |last1=Salem |first1=Mostafa |last2=Pleitgen |first2=Frederik |date=12 June 2025 |title=Iran threatens nuclear escalation after UN watchdog board finds it in breach of obligations |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/06/12/middleeast/iran-threatens-nuclear-escalation-iaea-intl |access-date=12 June 2025 |publisher=[[CNN]] |language=en}}</ref> On 13 June 2025, Israel launched strikes across Iran, targeting nuclear facilities and killing top members of Iran's military leadership.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Shotter |first1=James |last2=Sevastopulo |first2=Demetri |last3=England |first3=Andrew |last4=Bozorgmehr |first4=Najmeh |date=13 June 2025 |title=Israel launches air strikes against Iran commanders and nuclear sites |url=https://www.ft.com/content/46b1a363-c805-4800-abbf-6b47b9602ef2 |access-date=13 June 2025 |work=Financial Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Fassihi |first1=Farnaz |last2=Nauman |first2=Qasim |last3=Boxerman |first3=Aaron |last4=Kingsley |first4=Patrick |last5=Bergman |first5=Ronen |date=13 June 2025 |title=Israel Strikes Iran's Nuclear Program, Killing Top Military Officials: Live Updates |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2025/06/12/world/israel-iran-us-nuclear |access-date=13 June 2025 |work=[[The New York Times]] |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Iran retaliated with missile strikes, and hostilities resulted in [[Twelve-Day War|direct conflict]] between them. On 22 June, the [[United States strikes on Iranian nuclear sites|US struck the Iranian nuclear facilities]];<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 June 2025 |title=Trump says US has attacked three nuclear sites in Iran |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/jun/21/trump-us-nuclear-strikes-iran |access-date=22 June 2025 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Iran [[Iranian strikes on Al Udeid Air Base|attacked US bases in Qatar]] as a result. On 24 June, Israel and Iran agreed to a ceasefire after insistence from the US.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 June 2025 |title=Trump says Iran and Israel agree to a ceasefire |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/trump-says-iran-israel-agree-ceasefire-2025-06-23/ |access-date=23 June 2025 |work=[[Reuters]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://apnews.com/article/trump-iran-israel-ceasefire-agreement-terms-b5fc5cc8a8c32b4899646130b496798a |title=A whirlwind 48 hours: How Trump's Israel-Iran ceasefire agreement came together |date=24 June 2025 |website=AP News}}</ref>

Since December 2025, Iran has experienced [[2025–2026 Iranian protests|mass demonstrations]] across cities calling for the overthrow of the Islamic Republic, sparked by frustration over the [[Iranian economic crisis|economic crisis]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Parent |first1=Deepa |last2=Christou |first2=William |date=31 December 2025 |title='We want the mullahs gone': economic crisis sparks biggest protests in Iran since 2022 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/dec/31/we-want-the-mullahs-gone-economic-crisis-sparks-biggest-protests-in-iran-since-2022 |access-date=1 January 2026 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> {{As of|2026|01|13}}, ''[[Iran International]]'' estimated that at least 12,000 protesters had been killed amidst the [[2026 Internet blackout in Iran|internet blackout]], as government security forces escalated their use of lethal force against demonstrators.<ref name="2000killed">{{cite news |date=10 January 2026 |title=Mass killings reported as security forces use live fire on Iran protesters |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202601103903 |access-date=10 January 2026 |publisher=Iran International}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Sparks |first=John |date=9 January 2026 |title=Iran's leaders facing most serious threat since 1979 revolution |url=https://news.sky.com/story/irans-leaders-facing-most-serious-threat-since-1979-revolution-13492604 |access-date=9 January 2026 |website=Sky News |language=en}}</ref><ref>https://www.iranintl.com/en/202601130145</ref> {{As of|2026|01|17}}, estimates suggested that at least 16,500 people had been killed and approximately 330,000 injured in the [[2026 Iran massacres]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lamb |first=Christina |date=17 January 2026 |title=Iran report says 16,500 dead in 'genocide under digital darkness' |url=https://www.thetimes.com/world/middle-east/article/iran-young-protesters-news-nsdztp5t2 |access-date=18 January 2026 |website=The Sunday Times |language=en}}</ref>

On 28 February 2026, the [[United States]] and [[Israel]] conducted [[2026 Israeli–United States strikes on Iran|coordinated military strikes]] against multiple targets in the Islamic Republic of Iran, marking a significant escalation in long-standing tensions between [[Tehran]] and the [[Israel–United States relations|U.S.–Israel alliance.]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Liptak |first=Kevin |last2=Ebrahim |first2=Nadeen |last3=Liebermann |first3=Oren |date=2026-02-28 |title=US carrying out strikes against Iran, three US officials say |url=https://edition.cnn.com/world/live-news/israel-iran-attack-02-28-26-hnk-intl |access-date=2026-02-28 |work=[[CNN]]}}</ref> That same day, Ali Khamenei was [[Assassination of Ali Khamenei|assassinated]] as part of a series of Israeli airstrikes [[List of Iranian officials killed during the 2026 Iran war|aimed at high-ranking Iranian officials]]. Khamenei's death was confirmed by the Iranian government on 1 March.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-01 |title=Ayatollah Khamenei Death: A Seismic Shift in Middle Eastern Geopolitics |url=https://islamicinfocenter.com/ayatollah-khamenei-death/ |access-date=2026-03-01 |website=Islamic Info Center |archive-date=2 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260302155943/https://islamicinfocenter.com/ayatollah-khamenei-death/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On 8 March, the 88-person Assembly of Experts announced that [[Mojtaba Khamenei]], son of Ali Khamenei, was elected Supreme Leader in a "unanimous vote".<ref name="EasternHerald2026" /><ref name="Guardian2026" /><ref name="AlJazeera2026" />

== Geography ==
{{Main|Geography of Iran}}

{{See also|Borders of Iran|Agriculture in Iran|List of mountains in Iran|List of islands of Iran}}
[[File:Iran-geographic map.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|The [[Geography of Iran#Topography|Topography of Iran]]]]

Iran has an area of {{convert|1648195|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}. It is the [[List of Asian countries by area|sixth-largest country entirely in Asia]] and the second-largest in West Asia.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Iran's Strategy in the Strait of Hormuz |url=https://thediplomat.com/2012/07/irans-strategy-in-the-strait-of-hormuz/ |magazine=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208071232/https://thediplomat.com/2012/07/irans-strategy-in-the-strait-of-hormuz/ |archive-date=8 December 2015 |access-date=29 November 2015}}</ref> It lies between latitudes 24° and 40° N and longitudes 44° and 64° E. It is bordered to the northwest by [[Armenia]], the Azeri exclave of [[Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic|Nakhchivan]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/azerbaijan/ |title=CIA – The World Factbook |access-date=7 April 2012 |archive-date=27 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127171042/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/azerbaijan/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> and the [[Azerbaijan|Republic of Azerbaijan]]; to the north by the [[Caspian Sea]]; to the northeast by [[Turkmenistan]]; to the east by [[Afghanistan]] and Pakistan; to the south by the [[Persian Gulf]] and the [[Gulf of Oman]]; and to the west by [[Iraq]] and Turkey.

Iran is in a seismically active area.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/which-country-has-most-earthquakes |title=Which country has the most earthquakes? |date=2 May 2010 |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] |access-date=22 May 2021 |archive-date=22 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522195818/https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/which-country-has-most-earthquakes |url-status=live}}</ref> On average, an earthquake of [[moment magnitude scale|magnitude]] 7.0 or higher occurs once every ten years.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ilna.news/fa/tiny/news-11875 |script-title=fa:هر ده سال، یک زلزله ۷ ریشتری در کشور رخ می‌دهد | خبرگزاری ایلنا |date=13 October 2012 |access-date=5 August 2022 |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328151114/https://www.ilna.ir/بخش-اخبار-47/11875-هر-ده-سال-یک |url-status=live |language=fa}}</ref> Most earthquakes are shallow-focus and can be very devastating, such as the [[2003 Bam earthquake]]. Iran consists mostly of the [[Iranian Plateau]], with its southwestern region on the [[Arabian plate]].

Iran is one of the world's most mountainous countries; its landscape is dominated by rugged mountain ranges that separate [[drainage basin|basins]] or [[plateau]]s. The populous western Iran is the most mountainous, with ranges such as the [[Caucasus Mountains|Caucasus]], [[Zagros Mountains|Zagros]], and [[Alborz]]. [[Mount Damavand]] is the highest point, at {{convert|5610|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, which is the highest volcano in Asia. Iran's mountains have impacted its politics and economics for centuries.

Northern Iran is covered by the lush lowland [[Hyrcanian forests|Caspian Hyrcanian forests]], near the southern shores of the Caspian Sea. The east consists mostly of [[desert]] basins, such as the [[Dasht-e Kavir|Kavir Desert]], which is the country's largest desert, and the [[Dasht-e Loot|Lut Desert]], as well as salt lakes. The Lut Desert is the hottest recorded spot on the Earth's surface, with 70.7 °C recorded in 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 November 2009 |title=The 5 Hottest Deserts in the World |url=https://www.mapquest.com/travel/survival/wilderness/5-hottest-deserts-on-earth.htm |access-date=31 December 2023 |website=MapQuest Travel |language=en-us |archive-date=31 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231121804/https://www.mapquest.com/travel/survival/wilderness/5-hottest-deserts-on-earth.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 April 2012 |title=Where Is the Hottest Place on Earth? |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/HottestSpot |access-date=31 December 2023 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov |language=en |archive-date=3 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103173321/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/HottestSpot |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2017 |title=The hottest place on earth – Secret Compass |url=https://secretcompass.com/ten-things-you-didnt-know-about-iran-lut-desert-gallery-video/ |access-date=31 December 2023 |language=en-GB |archive-date=31 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231121805/https://secretcompass.com/ten-things-you-didnt-know-about-iran-lut-desert-gallery-video/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sand-boarding.com |date=10 August 2023 |title=The Hottest Deserts on Earth Are Too Hot to Handle |url=https://sand-boarding.com/hottest-deserts-in-the-world/ |access-date=31 December 2023 |website=Surf the Sand |language=en-US |archive-date=31 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231121804/https://sand-boarding.com/hottest-deserts-in-the-world/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Large plains are found along the coast of the Caspian and at the north end of the Persian Gulf, where Iran borders the mouth of the [[Shatt al-Arab|Arvand river]]. Smaller, discontinuous plains are found along the remaining coast of the Persian Gulf, the [[Strait of Hormuz]], and Gulf of Oman.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Iranian Student Organization (IrSO) |url=https://www.unl.edu/irso/geography |access-date=28 January 2024 |website= |archive-date=28 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128122610/https://www.unl.edu/irso/geography |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IRAN TODAY – Geography... |url=https://www.allventure.com/en/impressions/iran-today/geography.html |access-date=28 January 2024 |website= |language=en-gb |archive-date=28 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128122610/https://www.allventure.com/en/impressions/iran-today/geography.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Iran ecotourism {{!}} Iran Ecotour guide training course |url=https://arasbaran.org/en/news.cfm?id=680 |access-date=28 January 2024 |website= |archive-date=28 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128122612/https://arasbaran.org/en/news.cfm?id=680 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Climate ===
{{main|Climate of Iran}}

[[File:Koppen-Geiger Map IRN present.svg|thumb|A [[Köppen climate classification]] map of Iran]]
Iran's climate is diverse, ranging from [[Desert climate|arid]] and [[semi-arid climate|semi-arid]], to [[subtropics|subtropical]] along the Caspian coast and northern forests.<ref name="HaftlangLang2003">{{cite book |author1=Kiyanoosh Kiyani Haftlang |author2=Kiyānūsh Kiyānī Haft Lang |title=The Book of Iran: A Survey of the Geography of Iran |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gecy7sqblqoC&pg=PA17 |year=2003 |publisher=Alhoda UK |isbn=978-964-94491-3-5 |page=17}}</ref> On the north edge of Iran, temperatures rarely fall below freezing and the area remains humid. Summer temperatures rarely exceed {{convert|29|°C|°F|1}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://weather-and-climate.com/average-monthly-Rainfall-Temperature-Sunshine-in-Iran |title=Weather and Climate: Iran, average monthly Rainfall, Sunshine, Temperature, Humidity, Wind Speed |newspaper=World Weather and Climate Information |access-date=29 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150922105410/https://weather-and-climate.com/average-monthly-Rainfall-Temperature-Sunshine-in-Iran |archive-date=22 September 2015}}</ref> Annual precipitation is {{convert|680|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} in the eastern plains and more than {{convert|1700|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} in the west. The UN Resident Coordinator for Iran has said that "[[Water scarcity]] poses the most severe human security challenge in Iran today".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.yahoo.com/farming-reforms-offer-hope-irans-water-crisis-131227395.html |title=Farming reforms offer hope for Iran's water crisis |last1=Moghtader |first1=Michelle |date=3 August 2014 |agency=[[Reuters]] |access-date=4 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140807031853/http://news.yahoo.com/farming-reforms-offer-hope-irans-water-crisis-131227395.html |archive-date=7 August 2014}}</ref>

To the west, settlements in the Zagros basin have lower temperatures and severe winters, with freezing average daily temperatures and heavy snowfall. The east and central basins are arid, with less than {{convert|200|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} of rain and have occasional deserts.<ref name="Nicholson2011">{{cite book |author=Sharon E. Nicholson |title=Dryland Climatology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fqussIGJ0NcC&pg=PA367 |year=2011 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-139-50024-1 |page=367}}</ref> Average summer temperatures may reach {{convert|38|°C|1}}. The southern coastal plains of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman have mild winters, and very humid and hot summers. The annual precipitation ranges from {{convert|135|to|355|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Nagarajan2010">{{cite book |author=R. Nagarajan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x1505bxl0EkC&pg=PA383 |title=Drought Assessment |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |year=2010 |isbn=978-90-481-2500-5 |page=383}}</ref>

=== Biodiversity ===
{{See also|Wildlife of Iran|List of national parks and protected areas of Iran|Forests of Iran}}

[[File:Persian Leopard sitting.jpg|thumb|A [[Persian leopard]], native to the [[Iranian Plateau]]]]
Nearly 60% of Iran is mountainous, and less than 10% is forested.<ref>Rouchiche, Salah and M.A. Haji Mirsadeghi. "Role of Planted Forests and Trees Outside Forests in Sustainable Forest Management: Islamic Republic of Iran Country Study Report", August 2002.</ref> About 120 million hectares of forests and fields are government-owned for national exploitation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kernan |first=Henry S. |year=1957 |title=Forest Management in Iran |journal=Middle East Journal |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=198–202 |jstor=4322899}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sotoudeh Foumani |first1=B. |last2=Rostami Shahraji |first2=T. |last3=Mohammadi Limaei |first3=S. |date=1 June 2017 |title=Role of political power in forest administration policy of Iran |url=https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_2374.html |journal=Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences |language=en |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=181–199 |doi=10.22124/cjes.2017.2374 |issn=1735-3033 |access-date=8 May 2024 |archive-date=8 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240508112630/https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_2374.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Iran's forests can be divided into five vegetation regions: the Hyrcanian region which forms the green belt of the north side of Iran; the [[Turan]] region, which are mainly scattered in the center of Iran; the [[Zagros Mountains|Zagros region]], which mainly contains oak forests in the west; the Persian Gulf region, which is scattered in the southern coastal belt; the [[Arasbaran|Arasbarani region]], which contains rare and unique species. More than 8,200 [[plant]] species are grown. The land covered by natural flora is four times that of Europe's.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iran Wildlife and Nature – including flora and fauna and their natural habitats. |url=http://www.aitotours.com/aboutiran/20/wildlife---nature/default.aspx |access-date=5 May 2024 |website= |archive-date=5 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505152636/http://www.aitotours.com/aboutiran/20/wildlife---nature/default.aspx |url-status=live}}</ref> There are over 200 protected areas to preserve biodiversity and wildlife, with over 30 being the [[national park]]s.

Iran's living fauna includes 34 bat species, [[Indian grey mongoose]], [[small Indian mongoose]], [[golden jackal]], [[Indian wolf]], [[fox]]es, [[striped hyena]], [[leopard]], [[Eurasian lynx]], [[brown bear]] and [[Asian black bear]]. [[Ungulate]] species include [[wild boar]], [[urial]], [[Armenian mouflon]], [[red deer]], and [[goitered gazelle]].<ref name="Fast2005">{{cite book |author=April Fast |title=Iran: The Land |url=https://archive.org/details/iranland0000fast |url-access=registration |year=2005 |publisher=Crabtree Publishing Company |isbn=978-0-7787-9315-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/iranland0000fast/page/31 31]}}</ref><ref name="Firouz2005">{{cite book |author=Eskandar Firouz |title=The Complete Fauna of Iran |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t2EZCScFXloC&pg=PP1 |year=2005 |publisher=I.B. Tauris |isbn=978-1-85043-946-2}}</ref> The critically endangered [[Asiatic cheetah]] survives only in Iran. Iran lost all its [[Asiatic lion]]s and the extinct [[Caspian tiger]]s by the early 20th century.<ref>{{cite book |author=Guggisberg, C.A.W. |year=1961 |title=Simba: The Life of the Lion |publisher=Howard Timmins, Cape Town}}</ref> Domestic ungulates are represented by [[sheep]], [[goat]], [[cattle]], [[horse]], [[water buffalo]], [[donkey]] and [[camel]]. Iran is home to more than 570 bird species like [[pheasant]], [[partridge]], [[stork]], [[eagle]]s and [[falcon]]s.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Firouz |first=Eskander |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t2EZCScFXloC&pg=PP1 |title=The Complete Fauna of Iran |date=14 October 2005 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-1-85043-946-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Humphreys |first1=Patrick |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=esV0hccod0kC&pg=PP1 |title=The Lion and the Gazelle: The Mammals and Birds of Iran |last2=Kahrom |first2=Esmail |date=31 December 1997 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-1-86064-229-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bird Checklists of the World: Iran |url=https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/checklist.jsp?region=IR |website=Avibase |access-date=17 April 2025 |archive-date=27 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250427150401/https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/checklist.jsp?region=IR |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Government and politics ==
{{Main|Government of Iran|Politics of Iran}}

{{See also|Elections in Iran}}

=== Supreme Leader ===
{{Main|Supreme Leader of Iran}}

{{Multiple image
| direction = horizontal
| align = right
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| image1 = Ayatollah Mojtaba Khamenei, March 8, 2026 (cropped).jpg
| image2 = Masoud Pezeshkian 2025 (cropped).jpg
| image3 = Mohammad Reza Aref, July 2025 (cropped).jpg
| caption1 = [[Mojtaba Khamenei]] [[Supreme Leader of Iran|Supreme Leader]] 
| caption2 = [[Masoud Pezeshkian]] [[President of Iran|President]] 
| caption3 = [[Mohammad Reza Aref]] [[Vice President of Iran|Vice President]] 
| alt1 =
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}}

[[File:Ayatollah Ali Khamenei met with Pakistani Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif 1404-3-10.jpg|thumb|Former Supreme Leader Ayatollah [[Ali Khamenei]] with Pakistan's Prime Minister [[Shehbaz Sharif]] on 26 May 2025]]
The Supreme Leader,{{efn|{{langx|fa|رهبر معظم|Rahbar-e Moazam}}}} the ''Rahbar'', the Leader of the Revolution or Supreme Leadership Authority, is the [[head of state]] and is responsible for supervision of policy. The president has limited power compared to the ''Rahbar''. Key ministers are selected with the ''Rahbar''{{'}}s agreement, who has the ultimate say on foreign policy.<ref name="reuters.com">{{cite news |date=8 January 2018 |title=In jab at rivals, Rouhani says Iran protests about more than economy |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-rallies-rouhani/in-jab-at-hardliners-rouhani-says-iran-protests-were-not-only-economic-idUSKBN1EX0S9 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113092651/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-rallies-rouhani/in-jab-at-hardliners-rouhani-says-iran-protests-were-not-only-economic-idUSKBN1EX0S9 |archive-date=13 January 2018 |access-date=1 February 2018 |newspaper=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> The ''Rahbar'' is directly involved in ministerial appointments for defense, intelligence and foreign affairs, and other top ministries after submission of candidates from the president.

The ''Rahbar'' directly controls regional policy, with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs tasks limited to protocol and ceremonial occasions. Ambassadors to Arab countries, for example, are chosen by the [[Quds Force]], which reports to the Rahbar.<ref name="english.aawsat.com">{{cite web |last=Al-awsat |first=Asharq |date=25 September 2017 |title=Khamenei Orders New Supervisory Body to Curtail Government – ASHARQ AL-AWSAT English Archive |url=https://english.aawsat.com/amir-taheri/features/khamenei-orders-new-supervisory-body-curtail-government |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010083335/https://english.aawsat.com/amir-taheri/features/khamenei-orders-new-supervisory-body-curtail-government |archive-date=10 October 2017 |access-date=23 October 2017}}</ref> The ''Rahbar'' can order laws to be amended.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2018/12/iran-retirement-law-reemployment-retirees-khamenei-order.html |title=Khamenei orders controversial retirement law amended |work=Al-Monitor |date=5 December 2018 |access-date=12 December 2018 |archive-date=7 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207154816/https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2018/12/iran-retirement-law-reemployment-retirees-khamenei-order.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Execution of Imam Khomeini's Order|Setad]], a [[state-owned enterprise]] under the ''Rahbar'', was valued at $95bn in 2013, accounts of which are secret even to the [[Iranian parliament|parliament]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/investigates/iran/ |title=Reuters Investigates – Assets of the Ayatollah |website=[[Reuters]] |date=11 November 2013 |access-date=8 January 2018 |archive-date=12 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112231535/http://www.reuters.com/investigates/iran/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="SetadWins">{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-setad-sanctions-exclusive/exclusive-khameneis-business-empire-gains-from-iran-sanctions-relief-idUSBREA0L1CO20140122 |title=Exclusive: Khamenei's business empire gains from Iran sanctions relief |work=Reuters |author=Steve Stecklow, Babak Dehghanpisheh |date=22 January 2014 |access-date=14 January 2018 |archive-date=15 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115124809/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-setad-sanctions-exclusive/exclusive-khameneis-business-empire-gains-from-iran-sanctions-relief-idUSBREA0L1CO20140122 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The ''Rahbar'' is the [[commander-in-chief]] of the [[Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran|Armed Forces]],{{efn|"Appointing and dismissing the chief of the general staff, the commander-in-chief of the Islamic Revolution Guards Corps, and the commanders of the armed forces."<ref name="article 107" >{{cite web |url=https://www.iranchamber.com/government/constitutions/constitution_ch08.php |title=The Constitution of Islamic Republic of Iran |website=Iran Chamber |date=13 June 2025 |access-date=13 June 2025}}</ref>}} controls military intelligence and security operations,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iranchamber.com/government/articles/structure_of_power.php |title=The Structure of Power in Iran |website=Iran Chamber |date=13 June 2025 |access-date=13 June 2025}}</ref> and has the sole power to declare war or peace.{{efn|"Declaring war and peace, and the mobilization of the armed forces."<ref name="article 107" />}} The ''Rahbar'' also appoints the heads of the judiciary, state radio and television networks, commanders of the police and military, and members of the [[Guardian Council]].

The [[Assembly of Experts]] is responsible for electing the ''Rahbar'' and has the power to dismiss him on the basis of qualifications and popular esteem.<ref name="loc">{{cite web |url=http://countrystudies.us/iran/81.htm |title=Iran – The Constitution |first=Library of Congress |last=Federal Research Division |access-date=14 April 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060923063550/http://countrystudies.us/iran/81.htm |archive-date=23 September 2006}}</ref> To date, the Assembly of Experts has not challenged any of the ''Rahbar''{{'}}s decisions nor attempted to dismiss him. The previous head of the judicial system, [[Sadiq Larijani]], appointed by the ''Rahbar'', said that it is illegal for the Assembly of Experts to supervise the ''Rahbar''.<ref name="Al-awsat">{{cite news |url=http://english.aawsat.com/2015/12/article55345842/55345842 |title=Controversy in Iran Surrounding the Supervision of the Supreme Leader's Performance |newspaper=Asharq Al-Awsat |author=Adil Alsalmi |date=15 December 2015 |access-date=1 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625141325/http://english.aawsat.com/2015/12/article55345842/55345842 |archive-date=25 June 2016}}</ref> Many believe the Assembly of Experts has become a ceremonial body without any real power.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2016/02/iran-parliamentary-elections-assembly-of-experts/470580/ |title=Myths and Realities of Iran's Parliamentary Elections |magazine=The Atlantic |date=23 February 2016 |access-date=26 February 2017 |archive-date=16 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216170320/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2016/02/iran-parliamentary-elections-assembly-of-experts/470580/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/anomalies-and-results-from-irans-assembly-of-experts-election |title=Anomalies in Iran's Assembly of Experts Election – The Washington Institute for Near East Policy |website= |date=22 March 2016 |access-date=26 February 2017 |archive-date=17 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817025352/http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/anomalies-and-results-from-irans-assembly-of-experts-election |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Majid Rafizadeh |title=Why Khamenei wants the next Supreme Leader to be 'revolutionary' |website=AlArabiya News |date=24 June 2016 |url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/views/news/middle-east/2016/06/24/Why-Khamenei-wants-the-next-Supreme-Leader-to-be-revolutionary-.html |access-date=4 October 2022 |archive-date=4 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204170310/http://english.alarabiya.net/en/views/news/middle-east/2016/06/24/Why-Khamenei-wants-the-next-Supreme-Leader-to-be-revolutionary-.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In February 2025, ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported that according to [[Karim Sadjadpour]], an expert on Iran at the [[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]], there exist in the Islamic Republic of Iran two parallel systems.<ref name="Sanger-2025">{{Cite news |last1=Sanger |first1=David E. |last2=Barnes |first2=Julian E. |date=3 February 2025 |title=Iran Is Developing Plans for Faster, Cruder Weapon, U.S. Concludes |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/02/03/us/politics/iran-nuclear-weapon.html |access-date=5 February 2025 |work=[[The New York Times]] |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> One system is ruled by the military and intelligence forces, who report to the ''Rahbar'', and "who oversee the nuclear programme and regional proxies and are tasked with [[Political repression in the Islamic Republic of Iran|repression]], hostage taking and assassinations".<ref name="Sanger-2025" /> The other system is ruled by diplomats and politicians, "who are authorized to speak to Western media and officials" and have minimal knowledge of Iran's nuclear programme.<ref name="Sanger-2025" />

The political system is based on the [[Constitution of Iran|country's constitution]].<ref name="servcons">{{cite web |url=http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ir00000_.html |title=Constitution of Iran |publisher=[[University of Berne|University of Bern]] |location=Switzerland |access-date=2 April 2016 |archive-date=21 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821093931/http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ir00000_.html |url-status=live}}</ref> According to [[International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance|International IDEA]]'s Global State of Democracy (GSoD) Indices and Democracy Tracker, Iran performs in the low range on overall democratic measures, with particular weaknesses in gender equality, freedom of association and assembly, and freedom of expression.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iran {{!}} The Global State of Democracy |url=https://www.idea.int/democracytracker/country/iran |access-date=29 September 2025 |website=www.idea.int |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Global State of Democracy Indices {{!}} The Global State of Democracy |url=https://www.idea.int/democracytracker/gsod-indices |access-date=29 September 2025 |website=www.idea.int}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Home {{!}} The Global State of Democracy |url=https://www.idea.int/democracytracker/ |access-date=29 September 2025 |website=www.idea.int}}</ref> Furthermore, Iran was ranked 158th in [[Representative democracy|electoral democracy]] for year 2024 according to [[V-Dem Democracy Indices]] and was an [[electoral autocracy]] in the [[V-Dem Democracy Indices#Regimes of the World|Regimes of the World]] classification.<ref name="j496">{{cite web |title=Democracy Report 2025, 25 Years of Autocratization – Democracy Trumped? |url=https://v-dem.net/documents/54/v-dem_dr_2025_lowres_v1.pdf |access-date=14 March 2025}}</ref><ref name="d672">{{cite journal |last1=Lührmann |first1=Anna |last2=Tannenberg |first2=Marcus |last3=Lindberg |first3=Staffan I. |title=Regimes of the World (RoW): Opening New Avenues for the Comparative Study of Political Regimes |journal=Politics and Governance |publisher=Cogitatio |volume=6 |issue=1 |date=19 March 2018 |issn=2183-2463 |doi=10.17645/pag.v6i1.1214 |doi-access=free |pages=60–77}}</ref> [[Juan José Linz]] wrote in 2000 that "the Iranian regime combines the ideological bent of [[totalitarianism]] with the limited pluralism of [[authoritarianism]]".<ref>Juan José Linz, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=8cYk_ABfMJIC&pg=PA36 Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726124833/https://books.google.com/books?id=8cYk_ABfMJIC&pg=PA36|date=26 July 2020}}'' (Lynne Rienner, 2000), p. 36.</ref>

=== President ===
{{Main|President of Iran}}

[[File:Presidential Administration of Iran building.jpg|thumb|The entrance to [[Presidential Administration of Iran|Presidential Administration]] palace ([[Pasteur Street|Pasteur]]), the cabinet's meeting place, and [[President of Iran|President]]'s office]]
The president is [[head of government]] and the second-highest-ranking authority after the Supreme Leader. The president is elected by [[universal suffrage]] for 4 years. Before [[Elections in Iran|elections]], nominees to become a presidential candidate must be approved by the [[Guardian Council]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 June 2024 |title=Council of Guardians {{!}} Definition, Role, Selection, & History |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Council-of-Guardians |access-date=6 July 2024 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |language=en |archive-date=26 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226143015/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Council-of-Guardians |url-status=live}}</ref> The council's members are chosen by the Leader, with the Leader having the power to dismiss the president.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gladstone |first1=Rick |title=Is Iran's Supreme Leader Truly Supreme? Yes, but President Is No Mere Figurehead |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/05/world/middleeast/iran-president-ebrahim-raisi.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/05/world/middleeast/iran-president-ebrahim-raisi.html |archive-date=28 December 2021 |url-access=limited |access-date=27 September 2021 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=5 August 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The president can only be re-elected for one term.<ref name="photius">{{cite web |title=Iran The Presidency |url=http://www.photius.com/countries/iran/government/iran_government_the_presidency.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080622094238/http://www.photius.com/countries/iran/government/iran_government_the_presidency.html |archive-date=22 June 2008 |access-date=18 June 2011}}</ref> The president is the chairman of the [[Supreme National Security Council]], and has the power to declare a [[state of emergency]] after passage by the parliament.

The president is responsible for the implementation of the constitution and for the exercise of executive powers in implementing the decrees and general policies as outlined by the ''Rahbar'', except for matters directly related to the ''Rahbar'', who has the final say.<ref name="leader">{{cite web |title=Leadership in the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran |url=http://www.leader.ir/langs/en/index.php?p=leader_law |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612094341/http://www.leader.ir/langs/en/index.php?p=leader_law |archive-date=12 June 2013 |access-date=21 June 2013}}</ref> The president functions as the executive of affairs such as signing treaties and other international agreements, and administering national planning, budget, and state employment affairs, all as approved by the ''Rahbar''.<ref name="Middle East Eye">{{cite web |title=Iran's Khamenei hits out at Rafsanjani in rare public rebuke |url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/khamenei-lashes-out-rafsanjani-and-rouhani-rare-iran-public-spat-1261460510 |work=[[Middle East Eye]] |access-date=3 June 2017 |archive-date=4 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404031405/http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/khamenei-lashes-out-rafsanjani-and-rouhani-rare-iran-public-spat-1261460510 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="en.iranwire.com">{{cite web |title=Asking for a Miracle: Khamenei's Economic Plan |url=https://iranwire.com/en/features/273 |website=Iran Wire |access-date=22 October 2019 |archive-date=22 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022043451/https://iranwire.com/en/features/273 |url-status=live}}</ref>
The president appoints ministers, subject to the approval of the Parliament and the ''Rahbar'', who can dismiss or reinstate any minister.<ref name="stalbertgazette.com">{{Cite news |url=http://www.stalbertgazette.com/article/GB/20110420/CP01/304209937/-1/sag0806/iranian-lawmakers-warn-ahmadinejad-to-back-intelligence-chief-as |title=Iranian lawmakers warn Ahmadinejad to accept intelligence chief as political feud deepens |work=CP |access-date=21 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808034040/http://www.stalbertgazette.com/article/GB/20110420/CP01/304209937/-1/sag0806/iranian-lawmakers-warn-ahmadinejad-to-back-intelligence-chief-as |archive-date=8 August 2017}}</ref><ref name="news.bbc.co.uk">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8168202.stm |title=BBC NEWS – Middle East – Iranian vice-president 'sacked' |date=25 July 2009 |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=26 July 2016 |archive-date=3 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003041952/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8168202.stm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Amir Saeed Vakil, Pouryya Askary |title=constitution in now law like order |date=2004 |page=362}}</ref> The president supervises the [[Council of Ministers of Iran|Council of Ministers]], coordinates government decisions, and selects government policies to be placed before the legislature.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://countrystudies.us/iran/84.htm |title=Iran – The Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers |publisher=Country Studies |access-date=18 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520124905/http://countrystudies.us/iran/84.htm |archive-date=20 May 2011}}</ref> Eight vice presidents serve under the president, as well as a cabinet of 22 ministers, all appointed by the president.<ref name="Judiciary">{{cite web |url=http://www.iranchamber.com/government/articles/structure_of_power.php |title=The Structure of Power in Iran |publisher=Iran Chamber |date=24 June 2005 |access-date=18 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605074610/http://www.iranchamber.com/government/articles/structure_of_power.php |archive-date=5 June 2011}}</ref>

=== Guardian Council ===
{{Main|Guardian Council}}

Presidential and parliamentary candidates must be approved by the 12-member Guardian Council (all members of which are appointed by the Leader) or the Leader before running to ensure their allegiance.<ref>{{cite book |author=Chibli Mallat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5oB4_tohQegC |title=The Renewal of Islamic Law: Muhammad Baqer As-Sadr, Najaf and the Shi'i International |date=2004 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-53122-1 |access-date=21 June 2013}}</ref> The Leader rarely does the vetting, but has the power to do so, in which case additional approval of the Guardian Council is not needed. The Leader can revert the decisions of the Guardian Council.<ref>{{cite web |author= and agencies |date=24 May 2005 |title=Iran reverses ban on reformist candidates |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/may/24/iran |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221144045/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/may/24/iran |archive-date=21 December 2016 |access-date=10 August 2017 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>

The constitution gives the council three mandates: veto power over legislation passed by the [[Majlis of Iran|parliament]],<ref>Article 98 of the constitution</ref><ref>Articles 96 and 94 of the constitution.</ref> supervision of elections<ref name="IDP">{{cite web |title=THE GUARDIAN COUNCIL |url=https://irandataportal.syr.edu/the-guardian-council |access-date=7 September 2022 |website=Iran Data Portal |archive-date=19 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519124159/https://irandataportal.syr.edu/the-guardian-council |url-status=live}}</ref> and approving or disqualifying candidates seeking to run in local, parliamentary, presidential, or Assembly of Experts elections.<ref name="Article 99 of the constitution">Article 99 of the constitution</ref> The council can nullify a law based on two accounts: being against [[sharia]] (Islamic law), or being against the constitution.<ref name="Article 4 Archived 9 December 2006 at the Wayback Machine">[http://mellat.majlis.ir/archive/constitution/english.htm Article 4] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061209085520/http://mellat.majlis.ir/archive/constitution/english.htm|date=9 December 2006}}</ref>

=== Supreme National Security Council ===
{{Main|Supreme National Security Council}}

The Supreme National Security Council (SNSC) is at the top of the foreign policy decisions process.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iran's Multifaceted Foreign Policy |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/irans-multifaceted-foreign-policy |access-date=8 May 2024 |website=Council on Foreign Relations |language=en |archive-date=8 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240508112631/https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/irans-multifaceted-foreign-policy |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2019 |title=Supreme National Security Council of Iran |url=https://iranprimer.usip.org/blog/2019/apr/01/supreme-national-security-council-iran |access-date=8 May 2024 |website=[[United States Institute of Peace]] |language=en |archive-date=8 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240508112628/https://iranprimer.usip.org/blog/2019/apr/01/supreme-national-security-council-iran}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Inside Iran – The Structure Of Power In Iran |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/tehran/inside/govt.html |access-date=8 May 2024 |publisher=[[PBS]] |archive-date=7 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507165336/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/tehran/inside/govt.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The council was formed during the [[1989 Iranian constitutional referendum]] for the protection and support of national interests, the revolution, territorial integrity and national sovereignty.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Thaler |first1=David E. |last2=Nader |first2=Alireza |last3=Chubin |first3=Shahram |last4=Green |first4=Jerrold D. |last5=Lynch |first5=Charlotte |last6=Wehrey |first6=Frederic |title=Mullahs, Guards, and Bonyads |date=2010 |publisher=[[RAND Corporation]] |isbn=978-0-8330-4773-1 |pages=21–36 |jstor=10.7249/mg878osd.10 |jstor-access=free |chapter=Formal Structures of the Islamic Republic |url=https://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/MG878.html}}</ref> It is mandated by Article 176 of the [[Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran|Constitution]] to be presided over by the president.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 May 2023 |title=Iran's president appoints new official in powerful security post, replacing longtime incumbent |url=https://apnews.com/article/iran-supreme-national-security-council-shamkhani-892b335e8492782b19b28a92e066db7f |access-date=8 May 2024 |website=[[AP News]] |language=en |archive-date=8 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240508112628/https://apnews.com/article/iran-supreme-national-security-council-shamkhani-892b335e8492782b19b28a92e066db7f |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Deep Dive: Reshuffle at Iran's Supreme National Security Council |url=https://amwaj.media/article/deep-dive-reshuffle-at-iran-s-supreme-national-security-council |access-date=8 May 2024 |website= |language=en |archive-date=8 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240508112631/https://amwaj.media/article/deep-dive-reshuffle-at-iran-s-supreme-national-security-council |url-status=live}}</ref>

The leader selects the secretary of the Supreme Council, and the council's decisions are effective after the leader confirms them. The SNSC formulates nuclear policy and would become effective if the Leader confirms them.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iran's switch of top security official hints at end of nuclear talks |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Iran-s-switch-of-top-security-official-hints-at-end-of-nuclear-talks |access-date=8 May 2024 |website=Nikkei Asia |language=en-GB |archive-date=8 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240508112628/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Iran-s-switch-of-top-security-official-hints-at-end-of-nuclear-talks |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Iranian Supreme National Security Council: Latest News, Photos, Videos on Iranian Supreme National Security Council |url=https://www.ndtv.com/topic/iranian-supreme-national-security-council |access-date=8 May 2024 |website=[[NDTV.com]] |archive-date=8 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240508112628/https://www.ndtv.com/topic/iranian-supreme-national-security-council |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Legislature ===
{{Main|Legislature of Iran}}

{{See also|Specialized Commissions of the Parliament of Iran|Supreme Audit Court of Iran|Majlis Research Centre}}
[[File:Iranian Parliament 2.jpg|thumb| The building of Iranian Parliament ([[Islamic Consultative Assembly]]—ICA)]]

The legislature, known as the [[Islamic Consultative Assembly]], Iranian Parliament or "Majles", is a [[unicameralism|unicameral]] body comprising 290 members elected for four years.<ref name="Majlis">{{cite web |url=http://www.electionguide.org/country.php?ID=103 |title=IFES Election Guide |access-date=18 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616042705/http://www.electionguide.org/country.php?ID=103 |archive-date=16 June 2011}}</ref> It drafts legislation, ratifies international treaties, and approves the national budget. All parliamentary candidates and legislation from the assembly must be approved by the Guardian Council.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://countrystudies.us/iran/86.htm |title=Iran – The Council of Guardians |access-date=18 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520124440/http://countrystudies.us/iran/86.htm |archive-date=20 May 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2006/10/031006.asp IRANIAN LEGISLATURE APPROVES FUNDS FOR GASOLINE IMPORTS] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061101092818/http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2006/10/031006.asp|date=1 November 2006}} provides an example the need for approval of the Guardian Council.</ref> The Guardian Council can dismiss elected members of the parliament.<ref>{{cite web |last=Dehghan |first=Saeed Kamali |date=15 April 2016 |title=Iran bars female MP for 'shaking hands with unrelated man' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/apr/15/iran-bars-female-mp-for-shaking-hands-with-unrelated-man |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811010404/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/apr/15/iran-bars-female-mp-for-shaking-hands-with-unrelated-man |archive-date=11 August 2017 |access-date=10 August 2017 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=15 May 2016 |title=Minoo Khaleghi summoned to court |url=http://www.tehrantimes.com/news/402544/Minoo-Khaleghi-summoned-to-court |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811010436/http://www.tehrantimes.com/news/402544/Minoo-Khaleghi-summoned-to-court |archive-date=11 August 2017 |access-date=10 August 2017}}</ref> The parliament has no legal status without the Guardian Council, and the Council holds absolute veto power over legislation.<ref name="Archived copy">{{cite web |title=خانه ملت |url=http://mellat.majlis.ir/constitution/english.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090705083907/http://mellat.majlis.ir/constitution/english.htm |archive-date=5 July 2009 |access-date=11 January 2022 |website=}}</ref>

The [[Expediency Discernment Council]] has the authority to mediate disputes between Parliament and the Guardian Council. It serves as an advisory body to the Supreme Leader, making it one of Iran's most powerful governing bodies.<ref>{{cite news |title=Expediency council |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/middle_east/03/iran_power/html/expediency_council.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080305232619/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/middle_east/03/iran_power/html/expediency_council.stm |archive-date=5 March 2008 |access-date=3 February 2008 |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref name="Article 4 Archived 9 December 2006 at the Wayback Machine" /> The Parliament has 207 constituencies, including the 5 [[reserved seats]] for religious minorities. The remaining 202 are territorial, covering one or more of Iran's counties.

=== Law ===
{{Main|Judicial system of the Islamic Republic of Iran}}

Iran uses the sharia law (based on [[Ja'fari school]]) as its legal system, with elements of [[civil law (legal system)|civil law]]. The Supreme Leader appoints the head of the Supreme Court and chief public prosecutor. There are several types of courts, including public courts that deal with civil and criminal cases, and [[Islamic Revolutionary Court|revolutionary courts]], which deal with certain offenses, such as crimes against [[national security]]. The decisions of the revolutionary courts are final and cannot be appealed.

The Chief Justice heads the judicial system and is responsible for its administration and supervision. He is the highest judge of the [[Supreme Court of Iran]]. The Chief Justice nominates candidates to serve as minister of justice, and the president selects one. The Chief Justice can serve for two five-year terms.<ref>{{cite web |author=Axel Tschentscher, LL.M. |url=https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ir00000_.html |title=ICL > Iran > Constitution |access-date=10 January 2022 |archive-date=14 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014010533/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ir00000_.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Special Clerical Court]] handles crimes allegedly committed by [[cleric]]s, although it has taken on cases involving [[laity|laypeople]]. The Special Clerical Court functions independently of the regular judicial framework and is accountable only to the Rahbar. The Court's rulings are final and cannot be appealed.<ref name="Judiciary"/> The Assembly of Experts, which meets for one week annually, comprises 86 "virtuous and learned" clerics elected by adult suffrage for 8-year terms.

=== Administrative divisions ===
{{Main|Administrative divisions of Iran|Regions of Iran|Provinces of Iran|Counties of Iran|List of cities in Iran by province}}

Iran operates as a [[unitary state]]<ref name="Unitary 1">{{cite web |title=Comparison of Unitary Vs. Federal Political Systems (with an Emphasis on the Appropriateness of Federal Political System and Its Potential Advantages for Afghanistan)
|url=https://cognizancejournal.com/vol4issue9/V4I918.pdf |date=September 2024 |format=PDF |author=Mohammad Yaseen Jaras |publisher=Cognizance Journal
|quote=Political centrality and having a centralistic system is one of the inherent characteristics of all unitary governments, and this structure was created to carry out the country's administrative affairs as coherently as possible. therefore, most countries have a unitary system, such as France, Iran, Afghanistan, and other countries. }}</ref><ref name="Unitary 2">{{cite web |title=Islamic Republic of Iran: Report on the Observance of Standards and Codes{{em-dash}}Fiscal Transparency Module |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2002/cr02267.pdf |date=2002-12-02 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |quote=Type of government: An Islamic Republic with a unitary government. |format=PDF }}</ref> and is subdivided into thirty-one [[province]]s ({{langx|fa|استان}}, ''ostân''), each governed from a local centre, usually the largest local city, which is called the capital (Persian: {{lang|fa|مرکز}}, ''[[Markaz (country subdivision)|markaz]]'') of that province. The provincial authority is headed by a [[governor-general]] ({{lang|fa|استاندار}}, ''ostândâr''), who is appointed by the [[Ministry of Interior (Iran)|Minister of the Interior]] subject to the approval of [[Cabinet of Iran|the cabinet]].<ref name="govgen">{{cite web |last=IRNA |first=Online Edition |title=Paris for further cultural cooperation with Iran |url=http://www2.irna.com/en/news/view/line-203/0710215516003338.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023184320/http://www2.irna.com/en/news/view/line-203/0710215516003338.htm |archive-date=23 October 2007 |access-date=21 October 2007}}</ref>

{{center|{{Provinces of Iran Labelled Map}}}}
{{center|A map of Iran's provinces}}

=== Foreign relations ===
{{Main|Foreign relations of Iran}}

[[File:Diplomatic relations of Iran.svg|thumb|Nations with which Iran has diplomatic relations]]
Iran maintains diplomatic relations with 165 countries, but not the United States and Israel—a state which Iran derecognised in 1979.<ref name="MousavianShahidsaless2014">{{cite book |author1=Seyed Hossein Mousavian |author2=Shahir Shahidsaless |title=Iran and the United States: An Insider's View on the Failed Past and the Road to Peace |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ppe9AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA33 |year=2014 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-62892-870-9 |page=33}}</ref> Iran has an [[Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict|adversarial relationship with Saudi Arabia]] due to different political ideologies. [[Iran–Turkey relations|Iran and Turkey]] have been involved in modern proxy conflicts such as in [[Syria]], [[Libya]], and the [[South Caucasus]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Qaed |first=Anas Al |date=25 September 2023 |title=Unseen Tensions: The Undercurrents of Iran-Turkey Relations in the South Caucasus |url=https://gulfif.org/unseen-tensions-the-undercurrents-of-iran-turkey-relations-in-the-south-caucasus/ |access-date=1 May 2024 |website=Gulf International Forum |language=en |archive-date=1 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501174027/https://gulfif.org/unseen-tensions-the-undercurrents-of-iran-turkey-relations-in-the-south-caucasus/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Cold War Between Turkey and Iran – Foreign Policy Research Institute |work=Foreign Policy Research Institute |url=https://www.fpri.org/article/2012/06/the-cold-war-between-turkey-and-iran/ |access-date=1 May 2024 |language=en-US |archive-date=1 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501174028/https://www.fpri.org/article/2012/06/the-cold-war-between-turkey-and-iran/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title=Turkish and Iranian Involvement in Iraq and Syria |url=https://www.swp-berlin.org/publikation/turkish-and-iranian-involvement-in-iraq-and-syria |access-date=1 May 2024 |journal=SWP Comment |year=2022 |language=de |doi=10.18449/2022c58 |last1=Azizi |first1=Hamidreza |last2=اevik |first2=Salim |archive-date=1 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501174028/https://www.swp-berlin.org/publikation/turkish-and-iranian-involvement-in-iraq-and-syria |url-status=live}}</ref> However, they have shared common interests, such as the issue of [[Kurdish nationalism|Kurdish separatism]] and the [[Qatar diplomatic crisis]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 August 2017 |title=Iran and Turkey Agree on Opposing Kurdish Independence, but Not Much More |url=https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2017/08/25/iran-and-turkey-agree-on-opposing-kurdish-independence-but-not-much-more/ |access-date=1 May 2024 |website=FDD |language=en |archive-date=1 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501174028/https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2017/08/25/iran-and-turkey-agree-on-opposing-kurdish-independence-but-not-much-more/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Five things to know about the blockade against Qatar |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/6/5/qatar-blockade-five-things-to-know-about-the-gulf-crisis |access-date=1 May 2024 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |language=en |archive-date=30 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240430114242/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/6/5/qatar-blockade-five-things-to-know-about-the-gulf-crisis |url-status=live}}</ref> Iran has a close and strong relationship with [[Tajikistan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=A New Phase in Cooperation between Tajikistan and Iran |url=https://www.eurasian-research.org/publication/a-new-phase-in-cooperation-between-tajikistan-and-iran/ |access-date=8 May 2024 |language=en-US |archive-date=28 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328203848/https://www.eurasian-research.org/publication/a-new-phase-in-cooperation-between-tajikistan-and-iran/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lal |first1=Rollie |title=Central Asia and Its Asian Neighbors |date=2006 |publisher=[[RAND Corporation]] |isbn=978-0-8330-3878-4 |pages=11–18 |jstor=10.7249/mg440af.10 |jstor-access=free |chapter=Iran |url=https://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/MG440.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=uz |first=Daryo |date=11 June 2023 |title=Iranian President to visit to Tajikistan to bolster bilateral relations |url=https://daryo.uz/en/2023/11/06/iranian-president-to-visit-to-tajikistan-to-bolster-bilateral-relations |access-date=8 May 2024 |website= |language=en |archive-date=8 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240508112629/https://daryo.uz/en/2023/11/06/iranian-president-to-visit-to-tajikistan-to-bolster-bilateral-relations |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 November 2011 |title=Iran Extends Influence in Central Asia's Tajikistan |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/article--iran-extends-influence-in-central-asias-tajikistan-133111348/168606.html |access-date=8 May 2024 |publisher=[[Voice of America]] |language=en |archive-date=21 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521202950/https://www.voanews.com/a/article--iran-extends-influence-in-central-asias-tajikistan-133111348/168606.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Iran also has a strong relationship with [[Iran–Pakistan relations|Pakistan]] sharing common interests, such as the issue of [[Baloch separatism]].<ref>Multiple Sources:
* {{cite news |last1=Siddique |first1=Abubakar |date=9 February 2022 |title=Escalating Violence In A Restive Pakistani Province Resurrects A Forgotten Conflict |url=https://gandhara.rferl.org/a/pakistan-balochistan-violence-conflict-military-separatists/31695168.html |newspaper=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |quote=Since the beginning of this year, violent attacks by secular ethnic Baluch separatists in Pakistan's restive southwestern province of Balochistan have dramatically risen.}}
* {{cite web |date=8 February 2022 |title=Baloch insurgency and continued tale of apathy and violence |url=https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2022/02/08/baloch-insurgency-and-continued-tale-of-apathy-and-violence/ |quote=The province of Balochistan is once again in the vortex of turmoil and violence.}}
* {{cite web |title="insurgency" (noun) |url=http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com/unabridged/insurgency |access-date=27 November 2019 |publisher=Merriam-Webster Unabridged |quote=The quality or state of being insurgent; specifically: a condition of revolt against a recognized government that does not reach the proportions of an organized revolutionary government and is not recognized as belligerency (subscription required)}}
* {{cite web |title=insurgency, n |url=https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/97279?redirectedFrom=insurgency#eid |access-date=27 November 2019 |publisher=Oxford English Dictionary |quote=The quality or state of being insurgent; the tendency to rise in revolt; insurgence n. The action of rising against authority; a rising, revolt." (subscription required)}}
* {{cite web |title=Insurgency |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/insurgency |access-date=27 November 2019 |publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica |quote=Insurgency, term historically restricted to rebellious acts that did not reach the proportions of an organized revolution. It has subsequently been applied to any such armed uprising, typically guerrilla in character, against the recognized government of a state or country. (subscription required)}}</ref>

Iran formed the [[Axis of Resistance]], a coalition of actors committed to countering the influence of the United States and Israel in the region.<ref name="Hubbard-2024">{{Cite news |last1=Hubbard |first1=Ben |last2=Rubin |first2=Alissa J. |date=30 September 2024 |title=Facing a Big Test, Iran's 'Axis of Resistance' Flails |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/30/world/middleeast/iran-axis-of-resistance.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |archive-date=9 October 2024 |access-date=9 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009133520/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/30/world/middleeast/iran-axis-of-resistance.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="AlKassab-2023">{{Cite news |last=Al-Kassab |first=Fatima |date=26 October 2023 |title=What is the 'axis of resistance' of Iran-backed groups in the Middle East? |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/10/26/1208456496/iran-hamas-axis-of-resistance-hezbollah-israel |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029183838/https://www.npr.org/2023/10/26/1208456496/iran-hamas-axis-of-resistance-hezbollah-israel |archive-date=29 October 2023 |access-date=30 October 2023 |publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref> It most notably includes the [[Hezbollah]] in Lebanon, [[Islamic Resistance in Iraq|Islamic Resistance]] and [[Popular Mobilization Forces]] in Iraq, and the [[Houthis|Houthi movement]] in Yemen.{{efn|Officially the Ansar Allah, ''de facto'' government in Northwestern Yemen since 28 July 2016 under the [[Supreme Political Council]].}} It sometimes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Flexible Resistance: How Hezbollah and Hamas Are Mending Ties |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2018/07/flexible-resistance-how-hezbollah-and-hamas-are-mending-ties?lang=en&center=middle-east |access-date=28 September 2024 |website=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]] |language=en |archive-date=4 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250504032206/https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2018/07/flexible-resistance-how-hezbollah-and-hamas-are-mending-ties?center=middle-east&lang=en |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=What links Hamas to the 'Axis of Resistance' and Iran as its patron? |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/world/middle-east/2023/10/10/what-links-hamas-to-the-axis-of-resistance-and-iran-as-its-patron/ |access-date=28 September 2024 |newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] |language=en |archive-date=26 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226173727/https://www.irishtimes.com/world/middle-east/2023/10/10/what-links-hamas-to-the-axis-of-resistance-and-iran-as-its-patron/ |url-status=live}}</ref> includes [[Hamas]]{{efn|Officially the Islamic Resistance Movement, ''de facto'' government of the [[Gaza Strip]] since [[Battle of Gaza (2007)|15 June 2007]].}} and a variety of [[Palestinian political violence|other Palestinian militant groups]].<ref>{{cite news |date=7 August 2012 |title=Iran backs Assad as Syrian forces choke off Aleppo |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/syria-crisis-idINL6E8J6E9Q20120807/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127053526/http://in.reuters.com/article/syria-crisis-idINL6E8J6E9Q20120807/ |archive-date=27 January 2023 |access-date=7 August 2012 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=7 August 2012 |title=Iran: Syria part of 'axis of resistance' |url=http://www.cnn.com/2012/08/07/world/meast/syria-unrest/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921050037/https://www.cnn.com/2012/08/07/world/meast/syria-unrest/ |archive-date=21 September 2020 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=[[CNN]]}}</ref> Iran has deep economic relations and alliance with Iraq, Lebanon, and did with Syria, which was described as Iran's "closest ally".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bakri |first=Nada |date=27 August 2011 |title=Iran Calls on Syria to Recognize Citizens' Demands |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/28/world/middleeast/28syria.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302112046/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/28/world/middleeast/28syria.html |archive-date=2 March 2016 |access-date=1 May 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]] |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Syria and Iran: What's Behind the Enduring Alliance? |url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/syria-and-iran-whats-behind-the-enduring-alliance/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240508112628/https://www.brookings.edu/articles/syria-and-iran-whats-behind-the-enduring-alliance/ |archive-date=8 May 2024 |access-date=8 May 2024 |website=Brookings |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Yan |first=Holly |date=29 August 2013 |title=Syria allies: Why Russia, Iran and China are standing by the regime |url=https://www.cnn.com/2013/08/29/world/meast/syria-iran-china-russia-supporters/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240508112628/https://www.cnn.com/2013/08/29/world/meast/syria-iran-china-russia-supporters/index.html |archive-date=8 May 2024 |access-date=8 May 2024 |publisher=[[CNN]] |language=en}}</ref> In December 2024, the [[fall of the Assad regime]] in Syria, a close ally of Iran, was a severe setback for the political influence of Iran in the region.<ref>{{cite news |date=9 December 2024 |title=Assad regime's collapse is a devastating defeat for Iran |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/assad-regimes-collapse-devastating-defeat-iran-rcna183369 |publisher=[[NBC News]] |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Iranian Foreign Affaire Ministry.jpg|thumb|The building of [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Iran)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]], which extensively uses [[Achaemenid architecture]] in its facade, [[National Garden, Tehran|National Garden]]]]

Russia is a key trading partner, especially in regard to its excess oil reserves.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Iran and Russia can dodge Western sanctions |url=https://www.dw.com/en/why-iran-and-russia-can-dodge-western-sanctions/a-68928255 |access-date=1 May 2024 |publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]] |language=en |archive-date=30 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240430234742/https://www.dw.com/en/why-iran-and-russia-can-dodge-western-sanctions/a-68928255 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 March 2024 |title=Iran, Russia discuss developing oil, gas fields |url=https://en.mehrnews.com/news/212563/Iran-Russia-discuss-developing-oil-gas-fields |access-date=1 May 2024 |agency=[[Mehr News Agency]] |language=en |archive-date=1 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501174028/https://en.mehrnews.com/news/212563/Iran-Russia-discuss-developing-oil-gas-fields |url-status=live}}</ref> Both share a close economic and military alliance and are subject to heavy sanctions by Western nations.<ref>{{Cite news |title=US asks Iran to stop selling drones to Russia |url=https://www.ft.com/content/c237c531-a51e-4205-a934-0a13e0a50482 |access-date=1 May 2024 |newspaper=Financial Times |date=16 August 2023 |archive-date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517223516/https://www.ft.com/content/c237c531-a51e-4205-a934-0a13e0a50482 |url-status=live |last1=England |first1=Andrew |last2=Schwartz |first2=Felicia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bertrand |first=Natasha |date=25 July 2023 |title=Iran helping Russia build drone stockpile that is expected to be 'orders of magnitude larger' than previous arsenal, US says |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/25/politics/us-russia-iran-drones/index.html |access-date=1 May 2024 |publisher=[[CNN]] |language=en |archive-date=30 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240430192702/https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/25/politics/us-russia-iran-drones/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2023 |title=Timeline: Iran-Russia Collaboration on Drones |url=https://iranprimer.usip.org/blog/2023/mar/01/timeline-iran-russia-collaboration-drones |access-date=1 May 2024 |website=[[United States Institute of Peace]] |language=en |archive-date=1 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501095358/https://iranprimer.usip.org/blog/2023/mar/01/timeline-iran-russia-collaboration-drones}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Iddon |first=Paul |title=Iran Might Receive Its First Su-35 Flanker Fighters From Russia Next Week |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/pauliddon/2024/04/20/iran-might-receive-its-first-su-35-flanker-fighters-from-russia-next-week/ |access-date=1 May 2024 |website=[[Forbes]] |language=en |archive-date=1 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501174027/https://www.forbes.com/sites/pauliddon/2024/04/20/iran-might-receive-its-first-su-35-flanker-fighters-from-russia-next-week/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Iran is the only country in Western Asia that has been invited to join the [[Collective Security Treaty Organization|CSTO]], the Russia-based international treaty organization that parallels [[NATO]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Valvo |first=Giovanni |date=14 December 2012 |title=Syria, Iran And The Future Of The CSTO – Analysis |url=https://www.eurasiareview.com/14122012-syria-iran-and-the-future-of-the-csto-analysis/ |access-date=1 May 2024 |website=Eurasia Review |language=en-US |archive-date=9 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509095412/https://www.eurasiareview.com/14122012-syria-iran-and-the-future-of-the-csto-analysis/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Relations between Iran and China are strong economically; they have developed a friendly, economic and strategic relationship. In 2021, Iran and China signed a [[Iran–China 25-year Cooperation Program|25-year cooperation agreement]] that will strengthen the relations between the two countries and would include "political, strategic and economic" components.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 March 2021 |title=Iran-China to sign 25-year cooperation pact: Tehran |url=https://arab.news/9v6ju |access-date=1 May 2024 |website=[[Arab News]] |language=en}}</ref> [[China–Iran relations|Iran-China relations]] dates back to at least 200 BC and possibly earlier.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Garver |first=John W. |date=11 December 2006 |title=Twenty Centuries of Friendly Cooperation: The Sino-Iranian Relationship |url=https://www.theglobalist.com/twenty-centuries-of-friendly-cooperation-the-sino-iranian-relationship/ |access-date=1 May 2024 |website=The Globalist |language=en-US |archive-date=29 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529201451/http://www.theglobalist.com/twenty-centuries-of-friendly-cooperation-the-sino-iranian-relationship/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Fishberg |first=Maurice |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pfIQnqoQz0oC&pg=PA233 |title=Materials for the Physical Anthropology of the Eastern European Jews |date=1907 |publisher=New Era Print. Company |language=en}}</ref> Iran is one of the few countries in the world that has a good relationship with both [[North Korea|North]] and [[South Korea]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Azad |first=Shirzad |year=2012 |title=Iran and the Two Koreas: A Peculiar Pattern of Foreign Policy |journal=The Journal of East Asian Affairs |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=163–192 |jstor=23595522}}</ref> Iran is a member of dozens of international organizations, including the [[Group of 15|G-15]], [[Group of 24|G-24]], [[Group of 77|G-77]], [[International Atomic Energy Agency|IAEA]], [[International Bank for Reconstruction and Development|IBRD]], [[International Development Association|IDA]], [[Non-Aligned Movement|NAM]], [[Islamic Development Bank|IDB]], [[International Finance Corporation|IFC]], [[International Labour Organization|ILO]], [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]], [[International Maritime Organization|IMO]], [[Interpol]], [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation|OIC]], [[OPEC]], [[World Health Organization|WHO]], and the [[United Nations|UN]], and currently has observer status at the [[World Trade Organization|WTO]].

=== Military ===
{{Main|Military history of Iran}}

[[File:Sejjil missile launch - November 2008 (21).jpg|thumb|upright=.7|[[Medium-range ballistic missile|MRBM]] [[Sejjil]]. Iran is the world's 6th [[Ballistic missile|missile power]], and the 5th country in the world with [[Hypersonic missile|hypersonic missile technology]]]]

The military is organised under a unified structure, the [[Islamic Republic of Iran Armed Forces]], comprising the [[Islamic Republic of Iran Army]], which includes the [[Islamic Republic of Iran Army Ground Forces|Ground Forces]], [[Islamic Republic of Iran Air Defense Force|Air Defence Force]], [[Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force|Air Force]], and [[Islamic Republic of Iran Navy|Navy]]; the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]], which consists of the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Ground Forces|Ground Forces]], [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Aerospace Force|Aerospace Force]], [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Navy|Navy]], [[Quds Force]], and [[Basij]]; and the [[Police Command of the Islamic Republic of Iran|Police Command]] (Faraja), which serves an analogous function to a [[Gendarmerie|gendarme]]. While the IRIAF protects the country's sovereignty in a traditional capacity, the IRGC is mandated to ensure the integrity of the Republic against foreign interference, coups, and internal riots.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7064353.stm "Profile: Iran's Revolutionary Guards"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081227172931/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7064353.stm|date=27 December 2008}}. [[BBC News]]. 18 October 2009.</ref> In 2019, the United States under [[Donald Trump|President Donald Trump]] officially labeled the Revolutionary Guard as a foreign terrorist organization. It is the first time that an element of a foreign state was designated as a terrorist organization.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-to-designate-iranian-guard-corps-a-foreign-terrorist-organization-11554499401|title=U.S. to Designate Iranian Guard Corps a Foreign Terror Group|last1=Gordon|first1=Michael R.|date=5 April 2019|work=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=7 April 2019|last2=Strobel|first2=Warren P.|language=en-US|issn=0099-9660|last3=Youssef|first3=Nancy A.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/04/label-iran-revolutionary-guard-corps-terrorist-group-190406061535338.html|title=US 'to label Iran's Revolutionary Guard Corps a terrorist group'|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=7 April 2019}}</ref> [[Conscription in Iran|Since 1925]], all male citizens aged 18 must serve around 14 months in the IRIAF or IRGC.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 March 2024 |script-title=fa:اخبار سیاسی ۲۶ اسفند؛ کمک رهبرانقلاب به زندانیان نیازمند/تایید کاهش مدت سربازی |url=https://www.isna.ir/news/1402122618464/اخبار-سیاسی-۲۶-اسفند-کمک-رهبرانقلاب-به-زندانیان-نیازمند-تایید |access-date=16 March 2024 |website= |language=fa |archive-date=16 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316122351/https://www.isna.ir/news/1402122618464/اخبار-سیاسی-۲۶-اسفند-کمک-رهبرانقلاب-به-زندانیان-نیازمند-تایید |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 March 2024 |script-title=fa:تایید مصوبه کاهش مدت سربازی در شورای نگهبان |url=https://www.ekhtebar.ir/تایید-مصوبه-کاهش-مدت-سربازی-در-شورای-نگ/ |access-date=16 March 2024 |website= |language=fa-IR |archive-date=16 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316171553/https://www.ekhtebar.ir/تایید-مصوبه-کاهش-مدت-سربازی-در-شورای-نگ/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Iran has over 610,000 active troops and around 350,000 reservists, which is at least over one million military personnel, one of the world's highest [[List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel|percentage of citizens with military training]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hussain |first=Murtaza |title=Why war with Iran would spell disaster |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2012/9/12/why-war-with-iran-would-spell-disaster |access-date=15 March 2024 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |language=en |archive-date=29 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229012940/https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2012/9/12/why-war-with-iran-would-spell-disaster |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Seth G. |chapter=Regular Military Power |pages=19–27 |jstor=resrep29480.7 |jstor-access=free |title=Containing Tehran: Understanding Iran's Power and Exploiting Its Vulnerabilities |date=2020 |publisher=Center for Strategic and International Studies |isbn=978-1-4422-8149-3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 February 2024 |title=The Largest Armies in the World |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/society/the-largest-armies-in-the-world.html |access-date=18 March 2024 |website=WorldAtlas |language=en-US |archive-date=18 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240318122543/https://www.worldatlas.com/society/the-largest-armies-in-the-world.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaskanis |first=Angelos |date=2 December 2023 |title=Iran's Military Capabilities: Exploring the Power of the |url=https://brusselsmorning.com/irans-military-capabilities/36049/ |access-date=18 March 2024 |language=en-GB |archive-date=18 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240318122543/https://brusselsmorning.com/irans-military-capabilities/36049/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The Basij, a [[paramilitary]] volunteer militia within the IRGC, has over 20 million members, 600,000 available for immediate call-up, 300,000 reservists, and one million that could be mobilised when necessary.<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=fa:ارتش بیست میلیونی |url=http://www.imam-khomeini.ir/fa/n151194/ارتش_بیست_میلیونی |access-date=15 March 2024 |website= |archive-date=15 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315102527/http://www.imam-khomeini.ir/fa/n151194/ارتش_بیست_میلیونی |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2024 |title=Iran's Revolutionary Guards: Powerful group with wide regional reach |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/world/irans-revolutionary-guards-powerful-group-with-wide-regional-reach-2878423 |website=[[Deccan Herald]] |access-date=15 March 2024 |archive-date=15 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315102530/https://www.deccanherald.com/world/irans-revolutionary-guards-powerful-group-with-wide-regional-reach-2878423 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2008 |title=Iran's Basij Force – The Mainstay Of Domestic Security |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/Irans_Basij_Force_Mainstay_Of_Domestic_Security/1357081.html |publisher=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |access-date=15 March 2024 |archive-date=23 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923021108/http://www.rferl.org/content/Irans_Basij_Force_Mainstay_Of_Domestic_Security/1357081.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Faraja, the Iranian uniformed [[police force]], has over 260,000 active personnel. Most statistical organizations do not include the Basij and Faraja in their rating reports.

Iran ranks 7th in the number of active military personnel<ref>{{Cite web |author=Sinéad Baker |author2=Thibault Spirlet |title=The world's most powerful militaries in 2023, ranked |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/ranked-world-most-powerful-militaries-2023-firepower-us-china-russia-2023-5 |access-date=28 December 2023 |website=[[Business Insider]] |language=en-US |archive-date=24 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224124226/https://www.businessinsider.com/ranked-world-most-powerful-militaries-2023-firepower-us-china-russia-2023-5 |url-status=live}}</ref> and 9th in size of both its ground force and armoured force. Iran's armed forces are the largest in West Asia and comprise the greatest [[Army Aviation]] fleet in the Middle East.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Ghorbani: Iran helicopter fleet, strongest in Middle East |url=http://iranpress.com/aliaspage/7560 |access-date=24 December 2023 |website=Iran Press |language=en |archive-date=24 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224125731/https://iranpress.com/aliaspage/7560 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 August 2021 |script-title=fa:سازمان صنایع دریایی – پایگاه اطلاعات دریایی ایران |url=http://www.imarine.ir/marine-industries-organization/ |access-date=24 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813214257/http://www.imarine.ir/marine-industries-organization/ |archive-date=13 August 2021 |language=fa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Iran – Army Navy Air Force {{!}} budget, equipment, personnel |url=https://armedforces.eu/Iran |access-date=24 December 2023 |website=ArmedForces |language=en |archive-date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203224400/https://armedforces.eu/Iran |url-status=live}}</ref> Iran is among the top 15 countries in terms of military budget.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2022 |title=Iran Boosts Military Budget To Stand Among Top 15 |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202204261827 |access-date=10 December 2023 |website=Iran International |archive-date=10 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210121648/https://www.iranintl.com/en/202204261827 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2021, its military spending increased for the first time in four years, to $24.6 billion, 2.3% of the national GDP.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2023 |title=Iran Military Spending=Defense Budget 1960–2023 |url=https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/IRN/iran/military-spending-defense-budget |access-date=10 December 2023 |website=Macrotrends |archive-date=10 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210121648/https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/IRN/iran/military-spending-defense-budget |url-status=live}}</ref> Funding for the IRGC accounted for 34% of Iran's total military spending in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 April 2022 |title=World military expenditure passes $2 trillion for first time |url=https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2022/world-military-expenditure-passes-2-trillion-first-time |access-date=10 December 2023 |website=Sipri |archive-date=9 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209052355/https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2022/world-military-expenditure-passes-2-trillion-first-time |url-status=live}}</ref>

Since the Islamic revolution, to overcome foreign embargoes, Iran has developed a domestic military industry capable of producing indigenous [[tank]]s, [[armoured personnel carrier]]s, [[missile]]s, [[submarine]]s, [[Iranian frigate Jamaran|missile destroyer]], [[radar]] systems, [[helicopter]]s, [[Navy|naval vessels]], and [[fighter aircraft|fighter planes]].<ref name="AskariMohseni2010">{{cite book |author1=Hossein Askari |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GxdtLyJZxDUC&pg=PA93 |title=The Militarization of the Persian Gulf: An Economic Analysis |author2=Amin Mohseni |author3=Shahrzad Daneshvar |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-84980-186-7 |page=93}}</ref> Official announcements have highlighted the development of advanced weaponry, particularly in rocketry.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Iran tests new long-range missile |work=[[BBC News]] |date=12 November 2008 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7725951.stm |access-date=12 November 2008 |archive-date=14 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614195959/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7725951.stm |url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|Examples include the [[Hoot (torpedo)|Hoot]], [[Kowsar]], [[Zelzal]], [[Fateh-110]], [[Shahab-3]], [[Sejjil]], [[Fattah-1 (missile)|Fattah]], [[Khorramshahr (missile)|Khorramahahr]], [[Kheibar Shekan]], [[Emad (missile)|Emad]], [[Ghadr-110]], [[Hormuz-1 (missile)|Hormuz-1]], [[Dezful (missile)|Dezful]], [[Qiam 1]], [[Ashoura (missile)|Ashoura]], [[Fajr-3 (missile)|Fajr-3]], [[Haj Qasem (missile)|Haj Qasem]], [[Persian Gulf (missile)|Persian Gulf]], [[Raad-500 (missile)|Raad-500]], [[Zolfaghar (missile)|Zolfaghar]], [[Hoveyzeh (cruise missile)|Hoveyzeh]], [[Soumar (missile)|Soumar]], [[Fakour-90]], [[Paveh cruise missile|Paveh]], [[Rezvan missile|Rezvan]], [[Samen (missile)|Samen]], [[Tondar-69]].{{citation needed|date=March 2024}}}} Consequently, Iran has the largest and most diverse [[ballistic missile]] arsenal in the Middle East and is only the 5th country in the world with [[Hypersonic missile|hypersonic missile technology]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Motamedi |first=Maziar |date=6 June 2023 |title=Fattah: Iran unveils its first hypersonic missile |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/6/fattah-iran-unveils-its-first-hypersonic-missile |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |access-date=6 December 2023 |archive-date=6 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606223808/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/6/fattah-iran-unveils-its-first-hypersonic-missile |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-31984423 "Are the Iran nuclear talks heading for a deal?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617121201/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-31984423 |date=17 June 2018 }}. [[BBC News Online]]. Retrieved 4 August 2016.</ref> Iran designs and produces a variety of [[unmanned aerial vehicle]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2023 |title=Iran becoming global drone producer on back of Ukraine war, says US |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/feb/14/us-says-iran-becoming-a-drone-leader-as-russia-uses-its-craft-in-ukraine |access-date=8 December 2023 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 March 2024 |title=Iran is becoming a drone superpower |url=https://thehill.com/opinion/international/453437-iran-is-becoming-a-drone-superpower/ |website=The Hill |access-date=17 March 2024 |archive-date=23 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123134835/https://thehill.com/opinion/international/453437-iran-is-becoming-a-drone-superpower/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=8 April 2024 |title=Iran's Better, Stealthier Drones Are Remaking Global Warfare |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2024-04-08/iran-s-drone-tech-innovations-are-redefining-global-warfare |access-date=5 May 2024 |publisher=Bloomberg L.P. |language=en |archive-date=10 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410042411/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2024-04-08/iran-s-drone-tech-innovations-are-redefining-global-warfare |url-status=live}}</ref> It is one of the world's five countries with [[cyberwarfare]] capabilities and is identified as "one of the most active players in the international cyber arena".<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 December 2023 |script-title=fa:رادیو زمانه هک شد |url=https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran/2010/01/100130_u02-radiozamaneh-hackers |publisher=[[BBC]] |access-date=20 December 2023 |archive-date=20 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220235325/https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran/2010/01/100130_u02-radiozamaneh-hackers |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 December 2023 |title=How Iran's political battle is fought in cyberspace |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8505645.stm |publisher=[[BBC]] |access-date=20 December 2023 |archive-date=14 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100214115913/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8505645.stm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 December 2023 |title=What rules apply in cyber-wars |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/8114444.stm |publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref>

Following Russia's purchase of Iranian drones during the [[Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present)|Russo-Ukrainian war]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 August 2023 |title=Inside the Russian effort to build 6,000 attack drones with Iran's help |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/2023/08/17/russia-iran-drone-shahed-alabuga/ |access-date=11 January 2024 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |language=en |archive-date=3 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403184443/https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/2023/08/17/russia-iran-drone-shahed-alabuga/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Nissenbaum |first1=Dion |last2=Strobel |first2=Warren P. |date=5 February 2023 |title=WSJ News Exclusive {{!}} Moscow, Tehran Advance Plans for Iranian-Designed Drone Facility in Russia |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/moscow-tehran-advance-plans-for-iranian-designed-drone-facility-in-russia-11675609087 |access-date=11 January 2024 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |language=en-US |issn=0099-9660 |archive-date=29 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529170949/https://www.wsj.com/articles/moscow-tehran-advance-plans-for-iranian-designed-drone-facility-in-russia-11675609087 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 May 2023 |title=Russia aims to obtain more attack drones from Iran after depleting stockpile, White House says |url=https://apnews.com/article/russia-iran-military-cooperation-d982dd3faf78fbb17dfc8b9c1cb9dae7 |access-date=11 January 2024 |website=[[AP News]] |language=en |archive-date=17 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217074921/https://apnews.com/article/russia-iran-military-cooperation-d982dd3faf78fbb17dfc8b9c1cb9dae7 |url-status=live}}</ref> in November 2023, the IRIAF finalized arrangements to acquire Russian [[Sukhoi Su-35]] fighter jets, [[Mil Mi-28]] attack helicopters, air defense and missile systems.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2024 |title=Iran finalises deal buy russian fighter jets |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/iran-finalises-deal-buy-russian-fighter-jets-tasnim-2023-11-28/ |website=[[Reuters]] |access-date=11 January 2024 |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212140807/https://www.reuters.com/world/iran-finalises-deal-buy-russian-fighter-jets-tasnim-2023-11-28/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 November 2023 |title=Iran Finalizes Deal to Buy Russian Fighter Jets – Tasnim |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/iran-finalizes-deal-to-buy-russian-fighter-jets---tasnim-/7373046.html |access-date=11 January 2024 |publisher=[[Voice of America]] |language=en |archive-date=11 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111105438/https://www.voanews.com/a/iran-finalizes-deal-to-buy-russian-fighter-jets---tasnim-/7373046.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The Iranian Navy has had joint exercises with Russia and China.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2023 |title=China, Russia, Iran hold joint naval drills in Gulf of Oman |url=https://apnews.com/article/china-russia-iran-naval-drills-oman-gulf-9f515b3246e4cbe0d98a35e8399dc177 |access-date=14 January 2024 |website=[[AP News]] |language=en |archive-date=2 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102234018/https://apnews.com/article/china-russia-iran-naval-drills-oman-gulf-9f515b3246e4cbe0d98a35e8399dc177 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Nuclear program ===
{{Main|Nuclear program of Iran}}

Iran's nuclear program dates back to the 1950s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 2007 |title=An atomic threat made in America |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/nation-world/chi-061209atoms-day1-story-htmlstory.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405050620/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-061209atoms-day1-story,0,2034260.htmlstory |archive-date=5 April 2014 |access-date=28 December 2023 |website=[[Chicago Tribune]]}}</ref> Iran revived it after the Islamic revolution, and its extensive nuclear fuel cycle, including enrichment capabilities, became the [[Views on the nuclear program of Iran|subject of intense international negotiations]] and sanctions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 February 2012 |title=Iran's Nuclear Program – Council on Foreign Relations |work=Council on Foreign Relations |url=http://www.cfr.org/iran/irans-nuclear-program/p16811 |access-date=1 May 2024 |archive-date=20 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220182315/http://www.cfr.org/iran/irans-nuclear-program/p16811}}</ref> Many countries have expressed concern Iran could divert civilian nuclear technology into a [[Iran and weapons of mass destruction|weapons program]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 March 2023 |title=Iran Could Make Fuel for Nuclear Bomb in Less Than 2 Weeks, Milley Says |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/iran-could-make-fuel-for-nuclear-bomb-in-less-than-2-weeks-milley-says-/7019023.html |access-date=1 May 2024 |publisher=[[Voice of America]] |language=en |archive-date=1 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501174027/https://www.voanews.com/a/iran-could-make-fuel-for-nuclear-bomb-in-less-than-2-weeks-milley-says-/7019023.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2015, Iran and the [[P5+1]] agreed to the [[Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action|Joint Comprehensive Plan on Action]], aiming to end [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1929|economic sanctions]] in exchange for restriction in producing [[enriched uranium]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iran Deal |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/node/328996 |access-date=1 May 2024 |website=The White House |language=en |archive-date=27 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427112948/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/node/328996 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2018, however, the [[United States withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action|US withdrew]] from the deal under the [[First presidency of Donald Trump|Trump administration]] and reimposed sanctions. This was met with resistance by Iran and other members of the P5+1.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fox |first=Kara |date=8 May 2018 |title=European leaders 'disappointed' in Trump's withdrawal from Iran deal |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/05/08/europe/iran-deal-world-leaders-react/index.html |access-date=1 May 2024 |publisher=[[CNN]] |language=en |archive-date=1 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501174028/https://www.cnn.com/2018/05/08/europe/iran-deal-world-leaders-react/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sparks |first=Grace |date=8 May 2018 |title=Majority say US should not withdraw from Iran nuclear agreement |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/05/08/politics/poll-iran-agreement/index.html |access-date=1 May 2024 |publisher=[[CNN]] |language=en |archive-date=8 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180508185901/https://www.cnn.com/2018/05/08/politics/poll-iran-agreement/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Schumann |first=Anna |date=11 May 2020 |title=A worthless withdrawal: Two years since President Trump abandoned the JCPOA |url=https://armscontrolcenter.org/a-worthless-withdrawal-two-years-since-president-trump-abandoned-the-jcpoa/ |access-date=8 May 2024 |website=Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation |language=en-US |archive-date=8 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240508113155/https://armscontrolcenter.org/a-worthless-withdrawal-two-years-since-president-trump-abandoned-the-jcpoa/ |url-status=live}}</ref> A year later, Iran began decreasing its compliance.<ref name=jcpoafp/> By 2020, Iran announced it would no longer observe any limit set by the agreement.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2020 |title=Iran abandons enrichment limits in further step back from nuclear deal |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20200105-iran-abandons-enrichment-limits-in-further-step-back-from-nuclear-deal |access-date=1 May 2024 |publisher=[[France 24]] |language=en |archive-date=1 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501174027/https://www.france24.com/en/20200105-iran-abandons-enrichment-limits-in-further-step-back-from-nuclear-deal |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=7 July 2019 |title=Iran nuclear deal: Government announces enrichment breach |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-48899243 |access-date=1 May 2024 |language=en-GB |archive-date=29 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429162539/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-48899243 |url-status=live}}</ref> Progress since then has brought Iran to the [[Nuclear latency|nuclear threshold status]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iran approaches the nuclear threshold |url=https://www.iiss.org/online-analysis/online-analysis/2022/11/iran-approaches-the-nuclear-threshold/ |access-date=1 May 2024 |website=IISS |language=en |archive-date=1 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501174028/https://www.iiss.org/online-analysis/online-analysis/2022/11/iran-approaches-the-nuclear-threshold/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Motamedi |first=Maziar |title=Five years after Trump's exit, no return to the Iran nuclear deal |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/5/8/five-years-after-trumps-exit-no-return-to-the-iran-nuclear-deal |access-date=8 May 2024 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |language=en |archive-date=7 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507150814/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/5/8/five-years-after-trumps-exit-no-return-to-the-iran-nuclear-deal |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=jcpoafp>{{Cite web |last=Lynch |first=Colum |date=16 May 2024 |title=Despite U.S. Sanctions, Iran Expands Its Nuclear Stockpile |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/05/08/iran-advances-nuclear-program-withdrawal-jcpoa/ |access-date=8 May 2024 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US |archive-date=10 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510220143/https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/05/08/iran-advances-nuclear-program-withdrawal-jcpoa/ |url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|November 2023}}, Iran had uranium enriched to up to 60% fissile content, close to weapon grade.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Murphy |first=Francois |date=15 November 2023 |title=Iran's nuclear enrichment advances as it stonewalls UN, IAEA reports show. |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/irans-nuclear-enrichment-advances-it-stonewalls-un-iaea-reports-show-2023-11-15/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206001632/http://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/irans-nuclear-enrichment-advances-it-stonewalls-un-iaea-reports-show-2023-11-15/ |archive-date=6 December 2023 |access-date=20 December 2023 |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 November 2023 |title=Iran advances nuclear enrichment while still barring inspectors; IAEA |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/15/iran-advances-nuclear-enrichment-while-still-barring-inspectors-iaea |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220233722/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/15/iran-advances-nuclear-enrichment-while-still-barring-inspectors-iaea |archive-date=20 December 2023 |access-date=20 December 2023 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 December 2023 |title=Iran Resumes Pace of 60% Uranium Enrichment, IAEA Says |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/iran-resumes-pace-of-60-uranium-enrichment-iaea-says-/7413491.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111105437/https://www.voanews.com/a/iran-resumes-pace-of-60-uranium-enrichment-iaea-says-/7413491.html |archive-date=11 January 2024 |access-date=11 January 2024 |publisher=[[Voice of America]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2024 |title=Watchdog Report: Iran Has Further Increased Its Total Stockpile of Uranium |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/iaea-iran-uranium-stock-enriched-to-60-shrinks/7503307.html |access-date=8 May 2024 |publisher=[[Voice of America]] |language=en |archive-date=8 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240508113154/https://www.voanews.com/a/iaea-iran-uranium-stock-enriched-to-60-shrinks/7503307.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Some analysts already regard Iran as a ''[[de facto]]'' nuclear power.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 April 2024 |title=Does Iran already have nuclear weapons? |url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2024/feb/19/does-iran-already-have-nuclear-weapons/ |website=[[The Washington Times]] |access-date=15 March 2024 |archive-date=15 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315102525/https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2024/feb/19/does-iran-already-have-nuclear-weapons/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pletka |first=Danielle |date=18 April 2024 |title=Whatever Happened to Biden's Iran Policy? |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/03/26/bidens-iran-policy-nuclear-deal-jcpoa/ |access-date=28 March 2024 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US |archive-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327184237/https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/03/26/bidens-iran-policy-nuclear-deal-jcpoa/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Cohen |first=Avner |date=21 March 2024 |title=Has Iran become a de facto nuclear state? |url=https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/2024-03-21/ty-article-opinion/.premium/has-iran-become-a-de-facto-nuclear-state/0000018e-61d8-d507-a1cf-63de494b0000 |access-date=1 May 2024 |work=Haaretz |language=en |archive-date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604190301/https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/2024-03-21/ty-article-opinion/.premium/has-iran-become-a-de-facto-nuclear-state/0000018e-61d8-d507-a1cf-63de494b0000 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Regional influence ===
{{Main|Iranian influence in Lebanon|Iranian intervention in the Syrian civil war|Iranian intervention in Iraq (2014–present)}}

[[File:Iranian Influence (2).png|thumb|Iran and its [[sphere of influence]]]]
Iran's significant influence and foothold was sometimes characterized as the "Dawn of A New Persian Empire".<ref>{{Cite news |author=Fereydoun Khavand |date=14 September 2017 |title=Are We Witnessing The Dawn Of A New Persian Empire? |work=Radio Farda |url=https://en.radiofarda.com/a/iran-influence-in-middle-east-new-empire/28735042.html |access-date=31 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Masood Al-Zahid |date=28 May 2015 |title=Far-fetched Goal: Can Iran turn itself into a "neo-Persian Empire"? |url=https://futureuae.com/en-US/Mainpage/Item/1997/far-fetched-goal-can-iran-turn-itself-into-a-neo-persian-empire |access-date=31 January 2024 |website=Future Center |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Handberg |first=Hjalte |date=1 January 2019 |title=Understanding Iranian Proxy Warfare: A Historical Analysis of the Relational Development of the Islamic Republic of Iran and Iraqi Insurgencies |url=https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1482158/FULLTEXT01.pdf |website=Diva Portal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=14 April 2024 |title=China, Russia and Iran Are Reviving the Age of Empires |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/features/2024-04-14/china-russia-and-iran-are-rebuilding-empires-to-defeat-us-europe |access-date=1 May 2024 |publisher=Bloomberg L.P. |language=en |archive-date=16 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416070253/https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/features/2024-04-14/china-russia-and-iran-are-rebuilding-empires-to-defeat-us-europe |url-status=live}}</ref> Some analysts associated the Iranian influence to the nation's proud [[Iranian nationalism|national legacy]], [[Achaemenid Empire|empire]] and [[History of Iran|history]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aaberg |first=John |date=15 September 2019 |title=Understanding Iranian Proxy Warfare: A Historical Analysis of the Relational Development of the Islamic Republic of Iran and Iraqi Insurgencies |url=http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1482158/FULLTEXT01.pdf |access-date=3 April 2024 |website=Diva Portal |archive-date=30 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330154657/https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1482158/FULLTEXT01.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Rise of the Iranian Empire |url=http://www.thetower.org/article/the-rise-of-the-iranian-empire/ |access-date=31 January 2024 |website=The Tower |language=en-US |archive-date=31 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131115021/http://www.thetower.org/article/the-rise-of-the-iranian-empire/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dagres |first=Holly |date=28 January 2019 |title=Persia is back, but in a different form |url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/iransource/persia-is-back-but-in-a-different-form/ |access-date=31 January 2024 |website=Atlantic Council |language=en-US}}</ref>

After the revolution, Iran grew its influence across and beyond the region.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2015 |title=The Challenge of Iran |url=https://iranprimer.usip.org/resource/challenge-iran |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=[[United States Institute of Peace]] |language=en |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174231/https://iranprimer.usip.org/resource/challenge-iran}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Iran, a Geopolitical Player in the Middle East |url=https://www.iemed.org/publication/iran-a-geopolitical-player-in-the-middle-east/ |access-date=30 January 2024 |website= |language=en-US |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174232/https://www.iemed.org/publication/iran-a-geopolitical-player-in-the-middle-east/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=G. P. F. |date=16 February 2018 |title=Iranian Expansion Spreads Beyond the Middle East |url=https://geopoliticalfutures.com/iranian-expansion-spreads-beyond-middle-east/ |access-date=31 January 2024 |website=Geopolitical Futures |language=en-US |archive-date=31 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131115020/https://geopoliticalfutures.com/iranian-expansion-spreads-beyond-middle-east/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=New report reveals extent of Iran's growing Middle East influence |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/11/7/new-report-reveals-extent-of-irans-growing-middle-east-influence |access-date=31 January 2024 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |language=en |archive-date=31 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131115020/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/11/7/new-report-reveals-extent-of-irans-growing-middle-east-influence |url-status=live}}</ref> It built military forces with a wide network of state and none-state actors, starting with Hezbollah in Lebanon in 1982.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kane |first=J. Robert |year=2018 |title=A Life Cycle Analysis of Hezbollah: Where the Group Came from and Where It Is Going |journal=American Intelligence Journal |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=67–73 |jstor=26566567}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hezbollah's Record on War & Politics |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/hezbollahs-record-war-politics |access-date=30 January 2024 |website= |date=25 October 2023 |language=en |archive-date=31 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131093311/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/hezbollahs-record-war-politics |url-status=live}}</ref> The IRGC was key to Iranian influence, through its Quds Force.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 April 2019 |title=Profile: Iran's Revolutionary Guards |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-47852262 |access-date=30 January 2024 |language=en-GB |archive-date=16 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316054026/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-47852262 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hezbollah's Regional Activities in Support of Iran's Proxy Networks |url=https://www.mei.edu/publications/hezbollahs-regional-activities-support-irans-proxy-networks |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=[[Middle East Institute]] |language=en |archive-date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513224544/https://www.mei.edu/publications/hezbollahs-regional-activities-support-irans-proxy-networks |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=DeVore |first=Marc R. |year=2012 |title=Exploring the Iran-Hezbollah Relationship: A Case Study of how State Sponsorship affects Terrorist Group Decision-Making |journal=Perspectives on Terrorism |volume=6 |issue=4/5 |pages=85–107 |jstor=26296878}}</ref> The instability in Lebanon (from the 1980s),<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kliot |first=N. |year=1987 |title=The Collapse of the Lebanese State |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=54–74 |doi=10.1080/00263208708700688 |jstor=4283154}}</ref> Iraq (from 2003)<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 March 2023 |title=War, insurgency, IS and instability: Iraq since the 2003 US invasion |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/mar/19/war-insurgency-is-and-instability-iraq-since-the-2003-us-invasion |access-date=30 January 2024 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> and Yemen (from 2014)<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2023 |title=The Saudi-led War in Yemen: Frequently Asked Questions {{!}} Friends Committee On National Legislation |url=https://www.fcnl.org/issues/middle-east-iran/saudi-led-war-yemen-frequently-asked-questions |access-date=30 January 2024 |website= |language=en |archive-date=28 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128135958/https://www.fcnl.org/issues/middle-east-iran/saudi-led-war-yemen-frequently-asked-questions |url-status=live}}</ref> allowed Iran to build strong alliances and footholds beyond its borders. Iran had a prominent influence in the social services, education, economy and politics of Lebanon,<ref>{{Cite journal |jstor=resrep20960.6 |title=Hezbollah's Intervention in the Syrian Conflict |last1=Ali |first1=Mohanad Hage |journal=Power Points Defining the Syria-Hezbollah Relationship |date=30 January 2024 |pages=8–13 |publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Akbar |first=Ali |date=8 August 2023 |title=Iran's soft power in the Middle East via the promotion of the Persian language |journal=Contemporary Politics |language=en |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=424–445 |doi=10.1080/13569775.2023.2169305 |issn=1356-9775 |doi-access=free}}</ref> and Lebanon provides Iran access to the [[Mediterranean Sea]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tehran's Corridor to the Mediterranean Sea – EUROPolitika |url=https://www.europolitika.com/tehrans-corridor-to-the-mediterranean-sea/ |access-date=30 January 2024 |language=tr |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174232/https://www.europolitika.com/tehrans-corridor-to-the-mediterranean-sea/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 December 2023 |title=Iran Threatens Mediterranean Closure Over Gaza Without Saying How |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/iran-threatens-mediterranean-closure-over-gaza-without-saying-how/7409793.html |access-date=30 January 2024 |publisher=Voice of America |language=en |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174231/https://www.voanews.com/a/iran-threatens-mediterranean-closure-over-gaza-without-saying-how/7409793.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Hezbollah's strategic successes against Israel, such as its symbolic victory during the [[2006 Lebanon War|2006 Israel–Hezbollah War]], elevated Iran's influence in the [[Levant]] and strengthened its appeal across the [[Muslim world]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iran Thrives In The Levant On Weakened States Threatened By Sunni Radicalism |url=https://www.hoover.org/research/iranian-corridor-middle-east-geopolitics-sectarianism-and-economic-integration |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=Hoover Institution |language=en |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174230/https://www.hoover.org/research/iranian-corridor-middle-east-geopolitics-sectarianism-and-economic-integration |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite report |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA560123 |title=How to Contain Iranian Influence in the Levant |language=en |access-date=30 January 2024 |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174232/https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA560123 |url-status=live}}</ref>

After the [[2003 invasion of Iraq|US invasion of Iraq in 2003]] and the arrival of [[Islamic State|ISIS]] in the mid-2010s, Iran financed and trained militia groups in Iraq.<ref name="Institute for the Study of War">{{Cite web |title=Institute for the Study of War |url=http://dev-isw.bivings.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325065358/https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-march-24 |archive-date=25 March 2022 |access-date=23 March 2024 |website=Institute for the Study of War |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Luca Nevola |author2=Miran Feyli |date=23 May 2023 |title=The Muqawama and Its Enemies: Shifting Patterns in Iran-Backed Shiite Militia Activity in Iraq |url=https://acleddata.com/2023/05/23/the-muqawama-and-its-enemies-shifting-patterns-in-iran-backed-shiite-militia-activity-in-iraq/ |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=ACLED |language=en-US |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174231/https://acleddata.com/2023/05/23/the-muqawama-and-its-enemies-shifting-patterns-in-iran-backed-shiite-militia-activity-in-iraq/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Crispin Smith |author2=Michael Knights |date=20 March 2023 |title=Remaking Iraq: How Iranian-Backed Militias Captured the Country |url=https://www.justsecurity.org/85566/remaking-iraq-how-iranian-backed-militias-captured-the-country/ |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=Just Security |language=en-US |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174230/https://www.justsecurity.org/85566/remaking-iraq-how-iranian-backed-militias-captured-the-country/ |url-status=live}}</ref> After the Iran-Iraq war and the fall of [[Saddam Hussein]], Iran shaped Iraq's politics.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How Much Influence Does Iran Have in Iraq? |url=https://www.cfr.org/in-brief/how-much-influence-does-iran-have-iraq |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=Council on Foreign Relations |language=en |archive-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330011242/https://www.cfr.org/in-brief/how-much-influence-does-iran-have-iraq |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Iran is still the main foreign power in Iraq |url=https://www.ispionline.it/en/publication/iran-is-still-the-main-foreign-power-in-iraq-121476 |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=ISPI |language=en-US |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130175734/https://www.ispionline.it/en/publication/iran-is-still-the-main-foreign-power-in-iraq-121476 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Motamedi |first=Maziar |title=Where does Iran stand on neighbouring Iraq's political turmoil? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/8/31/where-does-iran-stand-on-neighbouring-iraqs-political-turmoil |access-date=30 January 2024 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |language=en |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174230/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/8/31/where-does-iran-stand-on-neighbouring-iraqs-political-turmoil |url-status=live}}</ref> Following Iraq's struggle against ISIS in 2014, companies linked to the IRGC such as [[Khatam-al Anbiya Construction Headquarters|Khatam al-Anbiya]], started to build roads, power plants, hotels and businesses in Iraq, creating an economic corridor worth around $9 billion before [[COVID-19]].<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=fa:افزایش صادرات ایران به عراق تا 9 میلیارد دلار/ در تجارت با منطقه جایگاه مناسبی نداریم |url=https://khabarfarsi.com/u/111389054 |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=KhabarFarsi.com |language=fa |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174231/https://khabarfarsi.com/u/111389054 |url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Achaemenid Empire 500 BCE.jpg|thumb|Achaemenid Empire in 500 BC]]
During [[Yemeni civil war (2014–present)|Yemen's civil war]] Iran provided military support to the Houthis,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Houthis, Iran, and tensions in the Red Sea |url=https://www.mei.edu/publications/houthis-iran-and-tensions-red-sea |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=Middle East Institute |language=en |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174230/https://www.mei.edu/publications/houthis-iran-and-tensions-red-sea |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 August 2021 |title=How Iran Helped Houthis Expand Their Reach |url=https://warontherocks.com/2021/08/how-iran-helped-houthis-expand-their-reach/ |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=War on the Rocks |language=en-US |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174230/https://warontherocks.com/2021/08/how-iran-helped-houthis-expand-their-reach/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lester |first=Stephanie |date=19 December 2019 |title=Media Guide: Iran and the Yemeni Civil War |url=http://www.us-iran.org/resources/2019/12/19/media-guide-iran-and-the-yemeni-civil-war |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=American Iranian Council |language=en-US |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174230/http://www.us-iran.org/resources/2019/12/19/media-guide-iran-and-the-yemeni-civil-war |url-status=live}}</ref> a [[Zaydism|Zaydi]] Shia movement fighting Yemen's [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] government since 2004,<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 December 2023 |title=5 Things to Know About the Houthis, Their Attacks on Israel and the U.S., and Their Treatment of Yemen's Jews {{!}} AJC |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/5-things-to-know-about-the-houthis-their-attacks-on-israel-and-the-us-and-their-treatment-of |access-date=30 January 2024 |website= |language=en |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174230/https://www.ajc.org/news/5-things-to-know-about-the-houthis-their-attacks-on-israel-and-the-us-and-their-treatment-of |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ignatius |first=David |date=16 January 2024 |title=Opinion {{!}} The Houthis sink an arrow into the West's Achilles' heel |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2024/01/16/red-sea-houthis-supply-chain-disruption/ |access-date=30 January 2024 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286 |archive-date=17 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117171545/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2024/01/16/red-sea-houthis-supply-chain-disruption/ |url-status=live}}</ref> which gained [[Red Sea crisis|significant power]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yemen's Houthi rebels seize cargo ship in Red Sea |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/19/yemens-houthi-rebels-seize-cargo-ship-in-red-sea-israel-blames-iran |access-date=23 March 2024 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |language=en |archive-date=24 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324024030/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/19/yemens-houthi-rebels-seize-cargo-ship-in-red-sea-israel-blames-iran |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 March 2024 |title=A ship earlier hit by Yemen's Houthi rebels sinks in the Red Sea, the first vessel lost in conflict |url=https://apnews.com/article/yemen-houthi-rebels-rubymar-sinks-red-sea-fb64a490ce935756337ee3606e15d093 |access-date=23 March 2024 |website=[[AP News]] |language=en |archive-date=23 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323071241/https://apnews.com/article/yemen-houthi-rebels-rubymar-sinks-red-sea-fb64a490ce935756337ee3606e15d093 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Clinch |first=Matt |date=25 March 2022 |title=Yemen's Houthis claim attack on Aramco facility after reports of a huge fire in Saudi city of Jeddah |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/03/25/reports-of-huge-fire-at-aramco-oil-facility-in-saudi-arabia.html |access-date=23 March 2024 |publisher=[[CNBC]] |language=en |archive-date=26 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326083516/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/03/25/reports-of-huge-fire-at-aramco-oil-facility-in-saudi-arabia.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Iran has considerable influence in Afghanistan through militant groups such as [[Liwa Fatemiyoun|Fatemiyoun Division]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 February 2018 |title=Mission Accomplished? What's Next for Iran's Afghan Fighters in Syria |url=https://warontherocks.com/2018/02/mission-accomplished-whats-next-irans-afghan-fighters-syria/ |access-date=25 March 2024 |website=War on the Rocks |language=en-US |archive-date=14 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514235532/https://warontherocks.com/2018/02/mission-accomplished-whats-next-irans-afghan-fighters-syria/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2021 |title=Iran's Tricky Balancing Act in Afghanistan |url=https://warontherocks.com/2021/07/irans-tricky-balancing-act-in-afghanistan/ |access-date=25 March 2024 |website=War on the Rocks |language=en-US |archive-date=22 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322050754/https://warontherocks.com/2021/07/irans-tricky-balancing-act-in-afghanistan/ |url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Hezbollah Afghanistan]]<ref>{{cite web |author1=Ari Heistein |author2=James West |date=20 November 2015 |title=Syria's Other Foreign Fighters: Iran's Afghan and Pakistani Mercenaries |url=https://nationalinterest.org/feature/syrias-other-foreign-fighters-irans-afghan-pakistani-14400 |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=National Interest}}</ref><ref name="aijac">{{cite web |author=Oved Lobel |date=16 November 2018 |title=Afghanistan: The Forgotten Front Against Iran |url=https://aijac.org.au/fresh-air/afghanistan-the-forgotten-front-against-iran/ |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=aijac.org}}</ref> and also in Pakistan through militant groups such as [[Liwa Zainabiyoun|Zainabiyoun Brigade]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2016 |title=Meet the Zainebiyoun Brigade: An Iranian Backed Pakistani Shia Militia Fighting in Syria – The OSINT Blog |work=The OSINT Blog |url=https://theosintblog.com/2016/04/28/meet-the-zainebiyoun-brigade-an-iranian-backed-pakistani-shia-militia-fighting-in-syria/ |access-date=25 March 2024 |archive-date=2 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502213753/https://theosintblog.com/2016/04/28/meet-the-zainebiyoun-brigade-an-iranian-backed-pakistani-shia-militia-fighting-in-syria/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[Sipah-e-Muhammad Pakistan]].<ref name="pakistantoday.com.pk">{{Cite web |title='200 Iranian-trained Sipah-e-Muhammad activists hunting down ASWJ workers' |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/05/26/%E2%80%98200-iranian-trained-sipah-e-muhammad-activists-hunting-down-aswj-workers%E2%80%99/ |access-date=2018-07-26 |website=www.pakistantoday.com.pk |language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726135021/https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/05/26/%E2%80%98200-iranian-trained-sipah-e-muhammad-activists-hunting-down-aswj-workers%E2%80%99/|archive-date=2018-07-26}}</ref>

In Syria, Iran supported President [[Bashar al-Assad]];<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Terrill |first=W. Andrew |year=2015 |title=Iran's Strategy for Saving Asad |journal=Middle East Journal |volume=69 |issue=2 |pages=222–236 |doi=10.3751/69.2.1 |jstor=43698235}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 July 2012 |title=Iran's Evolving Policy on Syria |url=https://iranprimer.usip.org/blog/2012/jul/30/iran%E2%80%99s-evolving-policy-syria |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=[[United States Institute of Peace]] |language=en |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174231/https://iranprimer.usip.org/blog/2012/jul/30/iran%E2%80%99s-evolving-policy-syria}}</ref> the two countries were long-standing allies.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Samii |first=Abbas William |year=2008 |title=A Stable Structure on Shifting Sands: Assessing the Hizbullah-Iran-Syria Relationship |journal=Middle East Journal |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=32–53 |doi=10.3751/62.1.12 |jstor=25482471}}</ref><ref name="Institute for the Study of War"/> Iran provided significant military and economic support to Assad's government,<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 December 2023 |title=Why is Iran Involved in Syria: A Look at Multifaceted Reasons |work=Best Diplomats | New York |url=https://bestdiplomats.org/why-is-iran-involved-in-syria/ |access-date=30 January 2024 |language=en-US |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174231/https://bestdiplomats.org/why-is-iran-involved-in-syria/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Iran Update, September 20, 2023 |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/analysis/iran-update-september-20-2023 |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=Critical Threats |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174232/https://www.criticalthreats.org/analysis/iran-update-september-20-2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> so had a considerable foothold in Syria.<ref>{{Cite web |title=After 7 years of war, Assad has won in Syria. What's next for Washington? |url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/after-7-years-of-war-assad-has-won-in-syria-whats-next-for-washington/ |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=Brookings |language=en-US |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174231/https://www.brookings.edu/articles/after-7-years-of-war-assad-has-won-in-syria-whats-next-for-washington/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Syria's Stalemate Has Only Benefitted Assad and His Backers |url=https://www.usip.org/publications/2023/03/syrias-stalemate-has-only-benefitted-assad-and-his-backers |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=United States Institute of Peace |language=en |archive-date=18 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318081024/https://www.usip.org/publications/2023/03/syrias-stalemate-has-only-benefitted-assad-and-his-backers}}</ref> Iran has long supported organizations in [[North Africa]] in countries like [[Algeria]] and [[Tunisia]]. Iran embraced [[Hamas]] in part to help undermine the popularity of the [[Palestine Liberation Organization|Palestinian Liberation Organization]] (PLO).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iran and Hamas beyond the borders of the Middle East |url=https://www.mei.edu/publications/iran-and-hamas-beyond-borders-middle-east |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=[[Middle East Institute]] |language=en |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174231/https://www.mei.edu/publications/iran-and-hamas-beyond-borders-middle-east |url-status=live}}</ref> Iran's support of Hamas emerged more clearly in later years.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Skare |first=Erik |date=18 December 2023 |title=Iran, Hamas, and Islamic Jihad: A marriage of convenience |url=https://ecfr.eu/article/iran-hamas-and-islamic-jihad-a-marriage-of-convenience/ |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=ECFR |language=en-GB |archive-date=16 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116122514/https://ecfr.eu/article/iran-hamas-and-islamic-jihad-a-marriage-of-convenience/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Hamas-Iran Relationship {{!}} The Washington Institute |url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/hamas-iran-relationship |access-date=30 January 2024 |website= |language=en |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174230/https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/hamas-iran-relationship |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hamas And Israel: Iran's Role |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/hamas-and-israel-irans-role |access-date=30 January 2024 |website= |date=10 October 2023 |language=en |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174231/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/hamas-and-israel-irans-role |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=Jake Tapper |author2=Katie Bo Lillis |date=14 November 2023 |title=Found document suggests Iran sought to help Hamas make its own weapons ahead of attack, sources say |publisher=CNN |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/11/14/politics/document-iran-hamas-weapons/index.html |access-date=30 January 2024 |language=en |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174230/https://www.cnn.com/2023/11/14/politics/document-iran-hamas-weapons/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref> According to US intelligence, Iran does not have full control over these state and non-state groups.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 January 2024 |title=US intelligence officials estimate Tehran does not have full control of its proxy groups |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2024/02/01/iran-proxies-intel-houthis-00139099 |website=Politico |access-date=15 March 2024 |archive-date=29 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329202849/https://www.politico.com/news/2024/02/01/iran-proxies-intel-houthis-00139099 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Human rights and censorship ===
{{Main|Human rights in Iran|Censorship in Iran}}

{{See also|Capital punishment in Iran|Political repression in the Islamic Republic of Iran}}
[[File:EvinHouseofDetention.jpg|thumb|The entrance to [[Evin Prison]], established in 1972. [[Vice Media|VICE]] describes the prison as the "legendary terrifying place that nobody wants to end up."<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=voA0cS1JiGQ |title=VICE Guide to Iran with Suroosh Alvi |date=15 April 2020 |last=VICE |access-date=17 May 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref>|225x225px]]
The Iranian government has been denounced by various international organizations and governments for violating human rights.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 January 2019 |title=Iran |url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2019/iran |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430053909/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2019/iran |archive-date=30 April 2019 |access-date=30 April 2019 |website=}}</ref> The government has frequently persecuted and arrested critics of the government. Iranian law does not recognise [[LGBT rights in Iran|sexual orientations]]. [[LGBT rights in Iran|Sexual activity between members of the same sex]] is illegal and is [[Death penalty for homosexuality|punishable by death]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Daniel |last=Avery |title=71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal |url=https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974 |work=Newsweek |date=4 April 2019 |access-date=17 August 2019 |archive-date=11 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211204842/https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Iran defends execution of gay people |url=https://www.dw.com/en/iran-defends-execution-of-gay-people/a-49144899 |publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]] |date=12 June 2019 |access-date=17 August 2019 |archive-date=9 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109074057/https://www.dw.com/en/iran-defends-execution-of-gay-people/a-49144899 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Capital punishment]] is a legal punishment, and Iran is reported to have the highest execution rate per capita in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lynch |first=Colum |date=2015-10-27 |title=Iran Wins World Record for Most Executions Per Capita |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/10/27/rouhani-zarif-state-department-human-rightsiran-wins-world-record-for-most-executions-per-capita/ |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=[[Foreign Policy]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=David Gritten |date=2025-12-23 |title=UN experts urge Iran to stop execution of woman activist |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cwyxz5jken3o |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=[[BBC]] |language=en-GB |quote="Iran is today the world's number one executioner of women per capita. Zahra's case lays bare this terror: in Iran, daring to hold a sign declaring women's resistance to oppression is now punishable by death," it said.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Iran halts execution of three protesters after online campaign |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-53463685 |publisher=[[BBC]] |access-date=17 May 2024 |archive-date=7 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907110937/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-53463685 |url-status=live}}</ref> UN Special Rapporteur [[Javaid Rehman]] has reported discrimination against several ethnic minorities in Iran.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 October 2019 |title=Iran: UN expert says ethnic, religious minorities face discrimination |work=[[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] |location=New York |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2019/10/iran-un-expert-says-ethnic-religious-minorities-face-discrimination |access-date=12 December 2023 |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212074243/https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2019/10/iran-un-expert-says-ethnic-religious-minorities-face-discrimination |url-status=live}}</ref> A group of UN experts in 2022 urged Iran to stop "systematic persecution" of religious minorities, adding that members of the [[Baháʼí Faith]] were arrested, barred from universities, or had their homes demolished.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 2022 |title=Rights experts urge Iran to end 'systematic persecution' of religious minorities |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/08/1125162 |access-date=12 December 2023 |website=[[UN News]] |language=en |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212074243/https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/08/1125162 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=UN Rights Experts Call On Iran To Stop Persecution Of Baha'is, Other Religious Minorities |language=en |work=[[RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty]] |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/iran-bahai-faith-persecution-un-rights-religious-minorities/31999696.html |access-date=12 December 2023 |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212074243/https://www.rferl.org/a/iran-bahai-faith-persecution-un-rights-religious-minorities/31999696.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2024, a UN Special Rapporteur investigation concluded that Iran committed [[genocide]] against its political and religious minorities during [[1981–1982 Iran Massacres|1981–1982 massacres]] and [[1988 executions of Iranian political prisoners|1988 mass executions]].<ref name="ShahinClerical">{{cite journal |last1=Nasiri |first1=Shahin |title=Clerical Sovereignty and its Absolute Others: Religious Genocide in Iran |journal=[[Journal of Genocide Research]] |date=25 September 2025 |volume=28 |pages=1–25 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14623528.2025.2566533#abstract |access-date=24 October 2025 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |issn=1462-3528}}</ref>

Censorship is ranked among the most extreme worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iran |url=https://rsf.org/en/iran |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119053026/https://rsf.org/en/iran |archive-date=19 January 2018 |access-date=9 September 2017 |website=Reporters Without Borders}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 April 2016 |title=The World Press Freedom Index |url=https://rsf.org/en/world-press-freedom-index |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419141729/https://rsf.org/en/world-press-freedom-index |archive-date=19 April 2019 |access-date=17 May 2019 |website=[[Reporters Without Borders]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 2019 |title=Freedom in the World 2019, Iran |url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2019/iran |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430053909/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2019/iran |archive-date=30 April 2019 |access-date=17 May 2019 |website=Freedom House}}</ref> Iran has strict [[Internet censorship in Iran|internet censorship]], with the government persistently blocking social media and other sites.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Taylor |first=Chloe |date=21 November 2019 |title=Iran's internet blackout enters fifth day as government claims victory over protesters |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/11/21/irans-internet-blackout-enters-fifth-day-amid-fuel-price-protests.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191122155819/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/11/21/irans-internet-blackout-enters-fifth-day-amid-fuel-price-protests.html |archive-date=22 November 2019 |access-date=24 November 2019 |publisher=[[CNBC]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mihalcik |first=Carrie |title=Iran's internet has been shut down for days amid protests |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/irans-internet-has-been-shut-down-for-days-amid-protests/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191126051521/https://www.cnet.com/news/irans-internet-has-been-shut-down-for-days-amid-protests/ |archive-date=26 November 2019 |access-date=24 November 2019 |publisher=[[CNET]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="TechCrunch">{{Cite web |date=17 November 2019 |title=Iran shuts down country's internet in the wake of fuel protests |url=https://techcrunch.com/2019/11/17/iran-shuts-down-countrys-internet-in-the-wake-of-fuel-protests/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125171635/https://techcrunch.com/2019/11/17/iran-shuts-down-countrys-internet-in-the-wake-of-fuel-protests/ |archive-date=25 November 2020 |access-date=24 November 2019 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref> Since January 2021, authorities have blocked several social media platforms.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=MacLellan |first1=Stephanie |date=9 January 2018 |title=What You Need to Know about Internet Censorship in Iran |url=https://www.cigionline.org/articles/what-you-need-know-about-internet-censorship-iran |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124164741/https://www.cigionline.org/articles/what-you-need-know-about-internet-censorship-iran |archive-date=24 November 2020 |access-date=11 November 2020 |website=Centre for International Governance Innovation |language=en}}</ref>

The 2006 election results were widely disputed, resulting in [[2009 Iranian presidential election protests|protests]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Landry |first=Carole |date=25 June 2009 |title=G8 calls on Iran to halt election violence |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jSWPwBGmOByDmvG6OPfqesxJ2O7Q |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110312135716/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jSWPwBGmOByDmvG6OPfqesxJ2O7Q |archive-date=12 March 2011 |access-date=18 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Tait |first1=Robert |last2=Black |first2=Ian |last3=Tran |first3=Mark |date=17 June 2009 |title=Iran protests: Fifth day of unrest as regime cracks down on critics |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jun/17/iran-protests-day-five |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221142529/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jun/17/iran-protests-day-five |archive-date=21 December 2016 |access-date=14 December 2016 |work=[[The Guardian]] |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=5 July 2009 |title=Iran clerics defy election ruling |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8134904.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010065919/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8134904.stm |archive-date=10 October 2017 |access-date=18 June 2011 |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=7 September 2009 |title=Is this government legitimate? |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/iran/2009/07/090704_op_brief_majma_qom.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409060631/http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/iran/2009/07/090704_op_brief_majma_qom.shtml |archive-date=9 April 2015 |access-date=18 June 2011 |publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> The [[2017–18 Iranian protests]] swept across the country in response to the economic and political situation.<ref>{{cite news |last=Erdbrink |first=Thomas |date=4 August 2018 |title=Protests Pop Up Across Iran, Fueled by Daily Dissatisfaction |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/04/world/middleeast/iran-protests.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023212544/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/04/world/middleeast/iran-protests.html |archive-date=23 October 2023 |access-date=5 August 2022 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> It was formally confirmed that thousands of protesters were arrested.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 January 2019 |title=Iran arrested 7,000 in crackdown on dissent during 2018 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-46984649 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528144810/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-46984649 |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=5 August 2022 |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> The [[2019–20 Iranian protests]] started on 15 November in [[Ahvaz]], and spread across the country after the government announced increases in fuel prices of up to 300%.<ref>{{cite news |date=17 November 2019 |title=In Pictures: Iranians protest against the increase in fuel prices |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/inpictures/pictures-iranians-protest-increase-fuel-prices-191117091345643.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191119060103/https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/inpictures/pictures-iranians-protest-increase-fuel-prices-191117091345643.html |archive-date=19 November 2019 |access-date=19 November 2019 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]]}}</ref> A [[2019 Internet blackout in Iran|week-long total Internet shutdown]] marked one of the most severe Internet blackouts in any country, and the bloodiest governmental crackdown of the protestors.<ref>{{cite web |last=Shutdown |first=Iran Internet |title=A web of impunity: The killings Iran's internet shutdown hid |url=https://iran-shutdown.amnesty.org/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110235750/https://iran-shutdown.amnesty.org/ |archive-date=10 January 2021 |access-date=15 January 2021}}</ref> Tens of thousands were arrested and hundreds were killed within a few days according to multiple international observers, including [[Amnesty International]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Special Report: Iran's leader ordered crackdown on unrest – 'Do whatever it takes to end it' |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-protests-specialreport/special-report-irans-leader-ordered-crackdown-on-unrest-do-whatever-it-takes-to-end-it-idUSKBN1YR0QR |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223095916/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-protests-specialreport/special-report-irans-leader-ordered-crackdown-on-unrest-do-whatever-it-takes-to-end-it-idUSKBN1YR0QR |archive-date=23 December 2019 |access-date=23 December 2019 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref>

[[Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752]] was a scheduled international civilian passenger flight from Tehran to [[Kyiv]], operated by [[Ukraine International Airlines]]. On 8 January 2020, the Boeing 737–800 flying the route was shot down by the IRGC shortly after takeoff, killing all 176 occupants on board and leading to [[Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 protests|protests]]. An international investigation led to the government admitting to the shootdown, calling it a "human error".<ref>{{cite news |date=8 January 2020 |title=Ukrainian airplane with 180 aboard crashes in Iran: Fars |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-crash/ukrainian-airplane-with-180-aboard-crashes-in-iran-fars-idUSKBN1Z70EL |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108035747/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-crash/ukrainian-airplane-with-180-aboard-crashes-in-iran-fars-idUSKBN1Z70EL |archive-date=8 January 2020 |access-date=8 January 2020 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=11 January 2020 |title=Demands for justice after Iran's plane admission |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-51077788 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112185600/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-51077788 |archive-date=12 January 2020 |access-date=11 January 2020 |publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> Further [[Mahsa Amini protests|protests against the government]] began on 16 September 2022 after a woman named [[Death of Mahsa Amini|Mahsa Amini died in police custody]] following her arrest by the [[Guidance Patrol]], known commonly as the "morality police".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who are Iran's 'morality police'? – DW – 12/04/2022 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/who-are-irans-morality-police/a-63200711 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023065624/https://www.dw.com/en/who-are-irans-morality-police/a-63200711 |archive-date=23 October 2023 |access-date=23 October 2023 |publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=20 September 2022 |title=Protests flare across Iran in violent unrest over woman's death |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/tehran-governor-accuses-protesters-attacks-least-22-arrested-2022-09-20/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927195508/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/tehran-governor-accuses-protesters-attacks-least-22-arrested-2022-09-20/ |archive-date=27 September 2022 |access-date=23 September 2022 |work=[[Reuters]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Leonhardt |first1=David |date=26 September 2022 |title=Iran's Ferocious Dissent |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/26/briefing/iran-protests-mahsa-amini.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927061245/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/26/briefing/iran-protests-mahsa-amini.html |archive-date=27 September 2022 |access-date=27 September 2022 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=16 September 2022 |title=Iranian woman dies 'after being beaten by morality police' over hijab law |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2022/sep/16/iranian-woman-dies-after-being-beaten-by-morality-police-over-hijab-law |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920020636/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2022/sep/16/iranian-woman-dies-after-being-beaten-by-morality-police-over-hijab-law |archive-date=20 September 2022 |access-date=22 September 2022 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}</ref> Government crackdown on the protests have been described by the UN to be [[crimes against humanity]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 March 2024 |title=Iran committed crimes against humanity during protest crackdown, UN says |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/3/8/iran-committed-crimes-against-humanity-during-protest-crackdown-un-says |access-date=6 September 2025 |publisher=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>

== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Iran}}

{{See also|Subsidies in Iran|Banking and insurance in Iran}}
{{As of|2024}}, Iran has the world's [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|19th largest economy by PPP-adjusted GDP]]. It is a [[Mixed economy|mixture]] of [[Planned economy|central planning]], [[state ownership]] of oil and other large enterprises, village agriculture, and small-scale private trading and service ventures.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.traveldocs.com/ir/economy.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608192955/http://www.traveldocs.com/ir/economy.htm |archive-date=8 June 2011 |title=Iran economy |access-date=18 June 2011}}</ref> Services contribute the largest percentage of GDP, followed by industry ([[Mining in Iran|mining]] and manufacturing) and [[Agriculture in Iran|agriculture]].<ref>[http://www.turquoisepartners.com/iraninvestment/IIM-AprMay12.pdf ''Iran Investment Monthly''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031023806/http://www.turquoisepartners.com/iraninvestment/IIM-AprMay12.pdf |date=31 October 2013 }}. Turquoise Partners (April 2012). Retrieved 24 July 2012.</ref> The economy is characterised by its hydrocarbon sector, manufacturing and financial services.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overview |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/iran/overview |access-date=24 December 2023 |publisher=World Bank |language=en |archive-date=4 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704155746/https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/iran/overview |url-status=live}}</ref> With 10% of the world's [[Iran's oil reserves|oil reserves]] and 15% of [[Iran's Natural Gas Reserves|gas reserves]], Iran is an [[energy superpower]]. Over [[Industry of Iran|40 industries]] are directly involved in the [[Tehran Stock Exchange]].

[[File:Tehran Stock Exchange 3513534.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|[[Tehran Stock Exchange]]]]
Tehran is the economic powerhouse of Iran.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Tehran (Iran): People – Britannica Online Encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/585619/Tehran/276311/Economy |access-date=21 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121123001337/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/585619/Tehran/276311/Economy |archive-date=23 November 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> About 30% of Iran's public-sector workforce and 45% of its large industrial firms are located there, and half those firms' employees work for government.<ref>{{cite web |author=Cordesman, Anthony H. |date=23 September 2008 |title=The US, Israel, the Arab States and a Nuclear Iran. Part One: Iranian Nuclear Programs |url=http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/081006_iran_nuclear.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100806042511/http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/081006_iran_nuclear.pdf |archive-date=6 August 2010 |access-date=25 September 2010 |work=Center for Strategic and International Studies}}</ref> The [[Central Bank of Iran]] is responsible for developing and maintaining the currency: the [[Iranian rial]]. The government does not recognise [[List of trade unions in Iran|trade unions]] other than the [[Iranian labor law|Islamic labour councils]], which are subject to the approval of employers and the security services.<ref name="ayatoil">{{cite news |title=Iran's banned trade unions: Aya-toiling |url=https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21576408-though-watched-and-muzzled-independent-labour-unions-are-stirring-aya-toiling |access-date=23 June 2013 |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=20 April 2013 |archive-date=23 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623080810/http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21576408-though-watched-and-muzzled-independent-labour-unions-are-stirring-aya-toiling |url-status=live}}</ref> Iran was the first country to introduce a [[Universal basic income|national basic income]] in Autumn 2010.<ref>{{cite news |date=23 June 2011 |title=Iran's bold economic reform: Economic jihad |url=https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2011/06/23/economic-jihad |newspaper=The Economist}}</ref> Unemployment was 9% in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/iran/unemployment-rate |title=Iran Unemployment Rate |access-date=7 June 2024 |archive-date=8 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108141105/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/iran/unemployment-rate |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Politics of Iran#Budget|Budget deficits]] have been a chronic problem, mostly due to [[Subsidies in Iran|large state subsidies]], that include foodstuffs and especially petrol, totaling $100 billion in 2022 for energy alone.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202205093109 |title=Senior Official Says Iran Paying $100 Billion In Energy Subsidies |website=Iran International |date=9 May 2022 |access-date=7 June 2024 |archive-date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604142038/https://www.iranintl.com/en/202205093109 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.payvand.com/news/07/jan/1295.html |title=Ahmadinejad's Achilles Heel: The Iranian Economy |website= |access-date=18 June 2011 |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010061417/http://www.payvand.com/news/07/jan/1295.html}}</ref> In 2010, the economic reform plan was to cut subsidies gradually and replace them with targeted social assistance. The objective is to move towards free market prices and increase productivity and social justice.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://go.worldbank.org/KQD2RP3RX0 |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20110210062245/http://go.worldbank.org/KQD2RP3RX0 |archive-date=10 February 2011 |title=Iran – Country Brief |access-date=30 January 2010}}</ref> The administration continues reform, and indicates it will diversify the oil-reliant economy. Iran has developed a [[Biotechnology in Iran|biotechnology]], [[Chemistry in Iran|nanotechnology]], and [[Pharmaceuticals in Iran|pharmaceutical]] industry.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nanovip.com/nanotechnology-companies/iran |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061114070827/http://www.nanovip.com/nanotechnology-companies/iran |archive-date=14 November 2006 |title=List of Iranian Nanotechnology companies |access-date=21 June 2013}}</ref> The government is [[Privatization in Iran|privatising industries]].

Iran has leading manufacturing industries in automobile manufacture, transportation, construction materials, home appliances, food and agricultural goods, armaments, pharmaceuticals, information technology, and petrochemicals in the Middle East.<ref name="Economy">{{cite web |url=https://www.uktradeinvest.gov.uk/ukti/appmanager/ukti/countries?_nfls=false&_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=CountryType1&navigationPageId=/iran |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060213220829/https://www.uktradeinvest.gov.uk/ukti/appmanager/ukti/countries?_nfls=false&_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=CountryType1&navigationPageId=%2Firan |archive-date=13 February 2006 |title=UK Trade & Investment |date=13 February 2006 |access-date=21 June 2013}}</ref> It is among the world's top five producers of [[apricot]]s, [[cherry|cherries]], [[cucumber]]s and [[gherkin]]s, [[Date palm#Description|dates]], [[common fig|figs]], [[pistachio]]s, [[quince]]s, [[walnut]]s, [[Kiwifruit]] and [[watermelon]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL |title=FAOSTAT |website=FAO |access-date=7 June 2024 |archive-date=12 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112130804/https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL |url-status=live}}</ref> [[International sanctions against Iran]] have damaged the economy.<ref name="everend">{{cite news |title=Iran and sanctions: When will it ever end? |url=https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2012/08/18/when-will-it-ever-end |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |access-date=23 June 2013 |date=18 August 2012 |archive-date=30 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530021803/http://www.economist.com/node/21560596 |url-status=live}}</ref> Iran is one of three countries that has not ratified the [[Paris Agreement]] to limit [[Climate change in the Middle East and North Africa|climate change]], although academics say it would be good for the country.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Larch |first1=Mario |last2=Wanner |first2=Joschka |title=The consequences of non-participation in the Paris Agreement |journal=European Economic Review |date=April 2024 |volume=163 |article-number=104699 |doi=10.1016/j.euroecorev.2024.104699 |hdl=10419/302105 |hdl-access=free}}</ref>

Iran suffers from high inflation<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Bank Open Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.DEFL.KD.ZG?locations=IR |access-date=10 March 2025 |website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Iran Datasets |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/IRN |access-date=10 March 2025 |website=IMF}}</ref> and especially [[Food inflation in Iran|surging food prices]]. A major contributing factor is the involvement of the IRGC in the economy,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wehrey |first1=Frederic |chapter=Economic Expansion: The IRGCʹs Business Conglomerate and Public Works |date=2009 |title=The Rise of the Pasdaran |pages=55–76 |series=Assessing the Domestic Roles of IranA's Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps |publisher=RAND Corporation |isbn=978-0-8330-4620-8 |last2=Green |first2=Jerrold D. |last3=Nichiporuk |first3=Brian |last4=Nader |first4=Alireza |last5=Hansell |first5=Lydia |last6=Nafisi |first6=Rasool |last7=Bohandy |first7=S. R. |jstor=10.7249/mg821osd.12}}</ref> particularly in the agriculture and food sectors but also due to significant spending on the Axis of Resistance which increase the public deficit.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Amiri |first=Hoshang |date=27 May 2025 |title=Iran's Government Budget Deficit Worsened During Ebrahim Raisi's Presidency |url=https://iranfocus.com/economy/51255-irans-government-budget-deficit-worsened-during-ebrahim-raisis-presidency/ |access-date=10 March 2025 |website=Iran Focus |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Tourism ===
{{Main|Tourism in Iran}}

[[File:Kish Island, Persian Gulf, Iran.jpg|thumb|Around 12 million tourists visit [[Kish Island]] annually.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kish Island, Hormozgan province – ITTO |url=https://itto.org/iran/city/Kish-Island/ |access-date=9 January 2024 |website=itto.org}}</ref>]]
Tourism had been rapidly growing before the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], reaching nearly nine million foreign visitors in 2019, the world's third fastest-growing tourism destination.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 August 2019 |title=Iran's tourist arrivals grow to over 8 Million: Minister |url=https://en.irna.ir/news/83911482/Iran-s-tourist-arrivals-grow-to-over-8-million-Minister |access-date=7 December 2023 |website=Irna |archive-date=7 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207181819/https://en.irna.ir/news/83911482/Iran-s-tourist-arrivals-grow-to-over-8-million-Minister |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2023 |title=Iran Third Fastest Growing Tourism Destination In 2019: UNWTO |url=https://www.mcth.ir/english/news/ID/50639 |access-date=7 December 2023 |website=MCTH |archive-date=7 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207180653/https://www.mcth.ir/english/news/ID/50639}}</ref> In 2022 it expanded its share to 5% of the economy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2024 |title=Iran's tourism industry up by 21% in 2023 |url=https://en.mehrnews.com/news/214503/Iran-s-tourism-industry-up-by-21-in-2023 |access-date=1 May 2024 |agency=[[Mehr News Agency]] |language=en |archive-date=29 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429085210/https://en.mehrnews.com/news/214503/Iran-s-tourism-industry-up-by-21-in-2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Iran's tourism experienced a growth of 43% in 2023, attracting six million foreign tourists.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 May 2024 |script-title=fa:بازدید ۶ میلیون گردشگر خارجی از ایران در یک سال/ صعود ۶ پله‌ای ایران در رده‌بندی گردشگری |url=https://www.irna.ir/news/85492058/بازدید-۶میلیون-گردشگر-خارجی-از-ایران-در-یک-سال-صعود-۶-پله-ای |agency=[[Islamic Republic News Agency]] |access-date=28 May 2024 |archive-date=28 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528112554/https://www.irna.ir/news/85492058/بازدید-۶میلیون-گردشگر-خارجی-از-ایران-در-یک-سال-صعود-۶-پله-ای |url-status=live}}</ref> The government ended visa requirements for 60 countries in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kryeziu |first=Alza |date=17 April 2024 |title=Half of the World Now Granted Visa-Free Access to Iran |url=https://visaguide.world/news/half-of-the-world-now-granted-visa-free-access-to-iran/ |access-date=15 May 2024 |website= |language=en-US |archive-date=18 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418095000/https://visaguide.world/news/half-of-the-world-now-granted-visa-free-access-to-iran/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

98% of visits are for leisure, while 2% are for business, indicating the country's appeal as a tourist destination.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2024 |title=Revival rhythm: Iran's tourism blooms by 21% |url=https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/497821/Revival-rhythm-Iran-s-tourism-blooms-by-21 |access-date=1 May 2024 |website=[[Tehran Times]] |language=en |archive-date=6 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240506165621/https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/497821/Revival-rhythm-Iran-s-tourism-blooms-by-21 |url-status=live}}</ref> Alongside the capital, the most popular tourist destinations are [[Isfahan]], [[Shiraz]] and [[Mashhad]].<ref>[http://www.tehrantimes.com/PDF/10978/10978-7.pdf Sightseeing and excursions in Iran] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418212600/http://www.tehrantimes.com/PDF/10978/10978-7.pdf |date=18 April 2015 }}. ''[[Tehran Times]]'', 28 September 2010. Retrieved 22 March 2011.</ref> Travellers from other West Asian countries grew 31% in the first seven months of 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 December 2023 |title=Foreign arrivals in Iran reach 4.4 million in 8 months, up by 48.5% y/y |url=https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/492481/Foreign-arrivals-in-Iran-reach-4-4-million-in-8-months-up-by |access-date=18 January 2024 |website=[[Tehran Times]] |language=en |archive-date=16 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216120727/https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/492481/Foreign-arrivals-in-Iran-reach-4-4-million-in-8-months-up-by |url-status=live}}</ref> Domestic tourism is one of the world's largest; Iranian tourists spent $33bn in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 December 2023 |title=Iran's tourism among the top 20 countries |url=https://newspaper.irandaily.ir/7386/5/4874 |website=Iran Daily |access-date=15 December 2023 |archive-date=15 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215175941/https://newspaper.irandaily.ir/7386/5/4874 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BYI">{{Cite book |last1=Ayse |first1=Valentine |url=http://www.investiniran.ir/en/filepool/26?redirectpage=%2fen%2febook |last2=Nash |first2=Jason John |last3=Leland |first3=Rice |date=2013 |title=The Business Year 2013: Iran |place=London |publisher=The Business Year |page=166 |isbn=978-1-908180-11-7 |access-date=23 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227193349/http://www.investiniran.ir/en/filepool/26?redirectpage=%2Fen%2Febook |archive-date=27 December 2016}}</ref><ref name="MACooper2012">{{cite book |author1=Brian Boniface, MA |author2=Chris Cooper |author3=Robyn Cooper |title=Worldwide Destinations: The geography of travel and tourism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U9CzLp7n6mgC&pg=PA362 |year=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-00113-0 |page=362}}</ref> Iran projects investment of $32 billion in the tourism sector by 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 January 2023 |title=Iran sets up funds for tourism development |url=https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/480690/Iran-sets-up-fund-for-tourism-development |website=[[Tehran Times]] |access-date=15 December 2023 |archive-date=15 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215180959/https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/480690/Iran-sets-up-fund-for-tourism-development |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Agriculture and fishery ===
{{Main|Agriculture in Iran}}

[[File:Ali Azad.jpg|thumb|A [[paddy field]] in [[Bandpey]], northern Iran]]
Roughly one-third of Iran's surface area is suitable for farmland. Only 12% of the total land area is under cultivation, and less than one-third of the cultivated area is irrigated. The rest is devoted to [[dryland farming]]. Some 92% of agricultural products depend on water.<ref>{{cite web |title=Agriculture in Iran |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/agriculture-in-iran |access-date=19 February 2016 |archive-date=4 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804020304/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/agriculture-in-iran |url-status=live}}</ref> The western and northwestern portions of the country have the most fertile soils. Iran's [[food security]] index stands at around 96 percent.<ref>{{cite web |date=7 August 2014 |title=Iran Food security |url=http://www.futuredirections.org.au/publication/iran-s-food-security/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507130724/http://www.futuredirections.org.au/publication/iran-s-food-security/ |archive-date=7 May 2016 |access-date=19 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Seyf |first=Ahmad |year=1984 |title=Technical Changes in Iranian Agriculture, 1800–1906 |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=142–154 |doi=10.1080/00263208408700603 |jstor=4283034}}</ref>

3% of Iran's land area is used for grazing and fodder production. Most of the grazing is done on mostly semi-dry rangeland in mountain areas and on areas surrounding the large deserts of central Iran. Progressive government efforts and incentives during the 1990s improved agricultural productivity, helping Iran toward its goal of reestablishing national self-sufficiency in food production.

Access to the Caspian Sea, the Persian Gulf, the Gulf of Oman, and many river basins provides the potential to develop excellent fisheries. The government assumed control of commercial fishing in 1952. Expansion of the fishery infrastructure enabled Iran to harvest an estimated 700,000 tons of fish annually from the southern waters. Since the revolution, increased attention has been focused on producing fish from inland waters. Between 1976 and 2004, the combined take from inland waters by the state and private sectors increased from 1,100 tons to 110,175 tons.<ref name="loc3">{{Cite web |title=About this Collection | Country Studies | Digital Collections | Library of Congress |url=https://www.loc.gov/collections/country-studies/about-this-collection/ |website=[[Library of Congress]] |access-date=7 June 2024 |archive-date=25 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150625213643/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/cltoc.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Iran is the world's largest producer and exporter of [[caviar]], exporting more than 300 tonnes annually.<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk2">{{cite news |date=19 June 2001 |title=Crunch time for Caspian caviar |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/1394717.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327033334/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/1394717.stm |archive-date=27 March 2010 |access-date=23 April 2010 |work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Iransaga – Iran The Country, The Land |url=http://www.art-arena.com/land.htm |access-date=21 January 2012 |archive-date=26 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101026160712/http://art-arena.com/land.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Industry and services ===
{{Main|Industry of Iran}}

[[File:IKCO Reera 01 2023-09-01.jpg|thumb|Iran is the world's 16th largest car manufacturer, with [[Iran Khodro|IKCO]] being the largest in the [[Middle East]], [[Central Asia]] and [[North Africa]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 May 2011 |title=Iran Khodro Rail Industries Factory Inaugurated |url=http://en.iccim.ir/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=275&Itemid=53 |access-date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513171714/http://en.iccim.ir/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=275&Itemid=53 |archive-date=13 May 2011}}</ref>]]

In 2024, Iran was ranked 16th in global car manufacturing, ahead of the [[United Kingdom|UK]], [[Italy]], and Russia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2024 |title=Iran takes world's 16th place in car manufacturing: OICA |url=https://en.mehrnews.com/news/213366/Iran-takes-world-s-16th-place-in-car-manufacturing-OICA |access-date=31 March 2024 |agency=[[Mehr News Agency]] |language=en |archive-date=31 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331012940/https://en.mehrnews.com/news/213366/Iran-takes-world-s-16th-place-in-car-manufacturing-OICA |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Iran takes world's 16th place in car manufacturing: OICA |url=https://nournews.ir/en/news/168914/news/168914/Iran-takes-world%27s-16th-place-in-car-manufacturing-OICA |access-date=31 March 2024 |website= |language=en}}{{Dead link|date=October 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> It built 1.188 million cars in 2023, a 12% growth compared to the previous years. Iran exports cars to countries such as Venezuela, Russia and Belarus. From 2008 to 2009, Iran leaped to 28th place from 69th in annual industrial production growth rate.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 February 2010 |title=Iran advances 41 places in industrial production |url=https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/215089/Iran-advances-41-places-in-industrial-production |access-date=10 January 2024 |website=[[Tehran Times]] |language=en |archive-date=10 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110114053/https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/215089/Iran-advances-41-places-in-industrial-production |url-status=live}}</ref> Iranian [[General contractor|contractors]] have been awarded several foreign tender contracts in different fields of construction of [[List of reservoirs and dams in Iran|dams]], [[Transport in Iran|bridges, roads]], [[Construction in Iran|buildings]], [[Islamic Republic of Iran Railways|railroads]], [[List of power stations in Iran|power generation]], and [[National Iranian Oil Company|gas, oil]] and [[National Iranian Petrochemical Company|petrochemical]] industries. In 2011, some 66 Iranian industrial companies were carrying out projects in 27 countries.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2011 |title=Iran doing industrial projects in 27 countries |url=https://en.mehrnews.com/news/45255/Iran-doing-industrial-projects-in-27-countries |access-date=10 January 2024 |agency=[[Mehr News Agency]] |language=en}}</ref> Iran exported over $20 billion worth of technical and engineering services over 2001–2011. The availability of local raw materials, [[Mining in Iran|rich mineral reserves]], experienced manpower have all played crucial role in winning the bids.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 2011 |script-title=fa:سازمان توسعه تجارت ایران |url=http://en.tpo.ir/documents/document/11970/12498/Technical-Engineering-Services.aspx |access-date=10 January 2024 |archive-date=28 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110128131844/http://en.tpo.ir/documents/document/11970/12498/Technical-Engineering-Services.aspx}}</ref>

45% of large industrial firms are located in Tehran, and almost half of their workers work for government.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/081006_iran_nuclear.pdf |title=The US, Israel, the Arab States and a Nuclear Iran |access-date=10 January 2024 |archive-date=6 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100806042511/http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/081006_iran_nuclear.pdf}}</ref> The Iranian retail industry is largely in the hands of cooperatives, many of them government-sponsored, and of independent retailers in the [[bazaar]]s. The bulk of food sales occur at street markets, where the Chief Statistics Bureau sets the prices.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2012 |title=SCT – Shopping Centers Today Online |url=http://www.icsc.org/srch/sct/sct0907/feature_iran.php |access-date=10 January 2024 |archive-date=3 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403073459/http://www.icsc.org/srch/sct/sct0907/feature_iran.php}}</ref>
[[File:Sam Cafe, Tehran (39662980492).jpg|thumb|Modern [[Coffeehouse|café]] in Tehran]]
Iran's automotive industry is the second most active industry of Iran, after its oil and gas industry. [[Iran Tractor Manufacturing Company|ITMCO]] is the biggest tractor manufacturer in the Middle East. Iran is the [[List of countries by motor vehicle production|12th largest automaker in the world]]. Construction is one of the most important sectors in Iran. The annual [[Revenue|turnover]] in the construction industry amounts to US$38.4 billion.<ref name="austrade.gov.au">{{Cite web |url=http://www.austrade.gov.au/Construction-to-Iran/default.aspx |title=Construction to Iran – for Australian exporters – Austrade |access-date=9 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070306065159/http://www.austrade.gov.au/Construction-to-Iran/default.aspx |archive-date=6 March 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Central Bank of Iran]] indicates that 70 percent of the Iranians own homes, with huge amounts of idle money entering the housing market.<ref name="iran-daily1">[http://iran-daily.com/1385/2740/html/economy.htm Iran Daily – Domestic Economy – 12/23/06] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070907012151/http://iran-daily.com/1385/2740/html/economy.htm |date=7 September 2007 }}</ref><ref name="iran-daily2">[http://iran-daily.com/1386/2812/html/economy.htm Iran Daily – Domestic Economy – 04/09/07] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070906160656/http://iran-daily.com/1386/2812/html/economy.htm |date=6 September 2007 }}</ref>

Iran is ranked among 15 major mineral-rich countries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MINING.COM |url=https://www.mining.com/ |access-date=10 January 2024 |website= |language=en-US |archive-date=10 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110104248/https://www.mining.com/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2011 |title=Atieh Bahar – Resources – Iran's Automotive Industry Overview |url=http://www.atiehbahar.com/Resource.aspx?n=1000042 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707182609/http://www.atiehbahar.com/Resource.aspx?n=1000042 |archive-date=7 July 2011 |access-date=10 January 2024}}</ref> Iran has become self-sufficient in designing, building and operating dams and power plants. Iran is one of the six countries in the world that manufacture gas- and steam-powered turbines.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 October 2012 |title=Official: Iran now among world's 6 turbine manufacturers – Tehran Times |url=http://www.tehrantimes.com/economy-and-business/99706-official-iran-now-among-worlds-6-turbine-manufacturers |access-date=10 January 2024 |archive-date=12 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012033817/http://www.tehrantimes.com/economy-and-business/99706-official-iran-now-among-worlds-6-turbine-manufacturers}}</ref>

=== Energy ===
{{main|Energy in Iran}}

{{see also|Petroleum industry in Iran}}
[[File:South Pars Onshore Facilities (8).jpg|thumb|[[South Pars/North Dome Gas-Condensate field|South Pars Gas-Condensate field]], the world's largest [[gas field]], holds 8% of Earth's gas reserves.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 May 2023 |title=Gas compression at South Pars |url=https://en.shana.ir/news/472739/Gas-compression-at-South-Pars |access-date=17 March 2024 |website=Shana |language=en}}</ref>]]
Iran is an [[energy superpower]], and petroleum plays a key part.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Coşkun |first=Bezen Balamir |year=2009 |title=Global Energy Geopolitics and Iran |url=http://www.uidergisi.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Global-Energy-Geopolitics-and-Iran.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401102351/http://www.uidergisi.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Global-Energy-Geopolitics-and-Iran.pdf |archive-date=1 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 March 2016 |title=The Rising might of the Middle East super power – Council on Foreign Relations |url=http://www.cfr.org/iran/rising-might-middle-east-super-power/p11412 |access-date=15 May 2024 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175813/http://www.cfr.org/iran/rising-might-middle-east-super-power/p11412}}</ref> {{As of|2023}}, Iran produced 4% of the world's [[crude oil]] ({{convert|3.6|Moilbbl|m3}} per day),<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.eia.gov/international/data/world/petroleum-and-other-liquids/annual-petroleum-and-other-liquids-production?pd=5&p=0000000000000000000000000000000000vg&u=0&f=A&v=mapbubble&a=-&i=none&vo=value&t=C&g=00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001&l=249-ruvvvvvfvtvnvv1vrvvvvfvvvvvvfvvvou20evvvvvvvvvvnvvvs0008&s=94694400000&e=1672531200000& |title=International - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) |website= |access-date=7 June 2024 |archive-date=10 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510202759/https://www.eia.gov/international/data/world/petroleum-and-other-liquids/annual-petroleum-and-other-liquids-production?pd=5&p=0000000000000000000000000000000000vg&u=0&f=A&v=mapbubble&a=-&i=none&vo=value&&t=C&g=00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001&l=249-ruvvvvvfvtvnvv1vrvvvvfvvvvvvfvvvou20evvvvvvvvvvnvvvs0008&s=94694400000&e=1672531200000 |url-status=live}}</ref> which generates US$36bn<ref name="u048">{{cite web |date=2 April 2024 |title=Iran's oil exports reached $35 billion in last 12 months -ILNA |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/irans-oil-exports-reached-35-billion-last-12-months-ilna-2024-04-02/ |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> of export revenue and is the main source of [[Foreign reserves|foreign currency]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iran's Foreign Trade Regime Report |url=http://www.irantradelaw.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/Irans-Foreign-Trade-Regime-Report.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310232210/http://www.irantradelaw.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/Irans-Foreign-Trade-Regime-Report.pdf |archive-date=10 March 2013 |access-date=11 August 2010}}</ref> Oil and gas reserves are estimated at 1.2 trn barrels;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iran's oil and gas reserves estimated at 1.2 trillion barrels: NIOC chief {{!}} Hellenic Shipping News Worldwide |url=https://www.hellenicshippingnews.com/irans-oil-and-gas-reserves-estimated-at-1-2-trillion-barrels-nioc-chief/ |access-date=2 May 2024 |website= |archive-date=2 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502152327/https://www.hellenicshippingnews.com/irans-oil-and-gas-reserves-estimated-at-1-2-trillion-barrels-nioc-chief/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Iran holds 10% of world oil reserves and 15% for gas. Iran ranks 3rd in [[List of countries by proven oil reserves|oil reserves]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 June 2024 |title=Iran ranks 2nd, 3rd in gas, oil reserves in world |url=https://en.irna.ir/news/85008991/Iran-ranks-2nd-3rd-in-gas-oil-reserves-in-world |website=IRNA |access-date=2 May 2024 |archive-date=2 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502152328/https://en.irna.ir/news/85008991/Iran-ranks-2nd-3rd-in-gas-oil-reserves-in-world |url-status=live}}</ref> and is [[OPEC]]'s 2nd largest exporter. Iran has the 2nd largest [[Natural gas in Iran|gas reserves]],<ref name="The Wall Street Journalgas">{{cite news |title=BP Cuts Russia, Turkmenistan Natural Gas Reserves Estimates |url=http://www.rigzone.com/news/oil_gas/a/127044/BP_Cuts_Russia_Turkmenistan_Natural_Gas_Reserves_Estimates |access-date=24 June 2013 |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=12 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619152119/http://www.rigzone.com/news/oil_gas/a/127044/BP_Cuts_Russia_Turkmenistan_Natural_Gas_Reserves_Estimates |archive-date=19 June 2013}}</ref> and [[List of countries by natural gas production|3rd largest natural gas production]]. In 2019, Iran discovered a southern oil field of 50 bn barrels.<ref>{{Cite web |first1=Nada |last1=Altaher |first2=Matthew |last2=Robinson |date=10 November 2019 |title=Iran has discovered an oil field with an estimated 53 billion barrels of crude, Rouhani says |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/11/10/business/iran-new-oil-field-intl/index.html |access-date=2 May 2024 |publisher=[[CNN]] |language=en |archive-date=2 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502152327/https://www.cnn.com/2019/11/10/business/iran-new-oil-field-intl/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2019 |title=Iran discovers new oil field with over 50 billion barrels |url=https://apnews.com/general-news-a6adb7b30adb444998541b1b5aca4332 |access-date=2 May 2024 |website=[[AP News]] |language=en |archive-date=2 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502153829/https://apnews.com/general-news-a6adb7b30adb444998541b1b5aca4332 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Iran says new oilfield found with 53 billion barrels |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2019/11/10/rouhani-iran-finds-new-oilfield-with-53-billion-barrels |access-date=2 May 2024 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |language=en |archive-date=2 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502152327/https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2019/11/10/rouhani-iran-finds-new-oilfield-with-53-billion-barrels |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=10 November 2019 |title=Iran oil: New field with 53bn barrels found — Rouhani |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-50365235 |access-date=2 May 2024 |language=en-GB |archive-date=2 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502152327/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-50365235 |url-status=live}}</ref> In April 2024, the [[National Iranian Oil Company|NIOC]] discovered 10 giant shale oil deposits, totaling 2.6 bn barrels.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 April 2024 |title=Iran discovers giant shale oil reserves in several regions |url=https://en.mehrnews.com/news/213440/Iran-discovers-giant-shale-oil-reserves-in-several-regions |access-date=2 May 2024 |agency=[[Mehr News Agency]] |language=en |archive-date=10 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410200633/https://en.mehrnews.com/news/213440/Iran-discovers-giant-shale-oil-reserves-in-several-regions |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dooley |first=Kenny |date=2 April 2024 |title=Iran discovers giant shale oil reserves in several regions |url=https://www.ogv.energy/news-item/iran-discovers-giant-shale-oil-reserves-in-several-regions |access-date=2 May 2024 |website= |language=en |archive-date=2 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502152332/https://www.ogv.energy/news-item/iran-discovers-giant-shale-oil-reserves-in-several-regions |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ugal |first=Nishant |date=9 October 2023 |title=Four new oil and gas discoveries unveiled by Iran with potential 2.6 billion barrels of reserves |url=https://www.upstreamonline.com/exploration/four-new-oil-and-gas-discoveries-unveiled-by-iran-with-potential-2-6-billion-barrels-of-reserves/2-1-1531271 |access-date=2 May 2024 |website= |language=en |archive-date=2 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502152328/https://www.upstreamonline.com/exploration/four-new-oil-and-gas-discoveries-unveiled-by-iran-with-potential-2-6-billion-barrels-of-reserves/2-1-1531271 |url-status=live}}</ref> Iran plans to invest $500 billion in oil by 2025.<ref name="nitc.co.ir">[http://www.nitc.co.ir/iran-daily/1387/3109/html/economy.htm Iran Daily – Domestic Economy – 04/24/08]{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Iran manufactures 60–70% of its industrial equipment domestically, including turbines, pumps, catalysts, [[Oil refinery|refineries]], [[oil tanker]]s, [[drilling rig]]s, [[Oil platform|offshore platforms]], towers, pipes, and exploration instruments.<ref>[http://www.shana.ir/155561-en.html SHANA: Share of domestically made equipments on the rise] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309074817/http://www.shana.ir/155561-en.html|date=9 March 2012}}. Retrieved 26 July 2010.</ref> The addition of new [[hydroelectricity|hydroelectric]] stations and streamlining of conventional coal and oil-fired stations increased installed capacity to 33 GW; about 75% was based on natural gas, 18% on oil, and 7% on hydroelectric power. In 2004, Iran opened its first wind-powered and geothermal plants, and the first [[Solar power|solar]] thermal plant began in 2009. Iran is the world's third country to develop [[Gas to liquids|GTL]] technology.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://oilprice.com/Energy/Energy-General/Iran-Besieged-by-Gasoline-Sanctions-Develops-GTL-to-Extract-Gasoline-from-Natural-Gas.html |title=Iran, Besieged by Gasoline Sanctions, Develops GTL to Extract Gasoline from Natural Gas |publisher=Oilprice.com |access-date=7 February 2012 |archive-date=7 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207171626/http://oilprice.com/Energy/Energy-General/Iran-Besieged-by-Gasoline-Sanctions-Develops-GTL-to-Extract-Gasoline-from-Natural-Gas.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Demographics of Iran|Demographic]] trends and intensified industrialization have caused electric power demand to grow by 8% per year. The government's goal of 53 GW of installed capacity by 2010 is to be reached by bringing on line [[List of power stations in Iran|new gas-fired plants]], and adding hydropower and nuclear generation capacity. [[Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant|Iran's first nuclear power plant]] went online in 2011.<ref name="nuclear">{{cite web |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Iran.pdf |title=Iran |access-date=18 June 2011 |archive-date=30 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130153236/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Iran.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="MüllerMüller2015">{{cite book |author1=Daniel Müller |author2=Professor Harald Müller |title=WMD Arms Control in the Middle East: Prospects, Obstacles and Options |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PoFTBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA140 |date=2015 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. |isbn=978-1-4724-3593-4 |page=140}}</ref> Despite being an energy superpower as of 2024–2025 [[Iranian energy crisis|Iran suffers from an energy crisis]], manifested by many power outages.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 December 2024 |script-title=fa:بازگشت دوباره خاموشی‌ها به خاطر مشکل سوخت در ایران |url=https://www.radiofarda.com/a/iran-blackouts-returns/33237782.html |access-date=10 March 2025 |work=Radio Farda |language=fa |last1=فردا |first1=رادیو}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 2025 |title=Energy shortages force Iran to cut workweek to two, three days |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202502248976 |access-date=10 March 2025 |website= |language=en}}</ref>

=== Science and technology ===
{{Main|Science and technology in Iran}}

[[File:Incoming Students Celebration 98 Faculty of Marine Engineering AmirKabir University of Technology.jpg|thumb|Students of [[Amirkabir University of Technology]] in Tehran]]
Iran has made considerable advances in science and technology, despite international sanctions. In the biomedical sciences, the [[Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics]] has a [[UNESCO]] chair in biology.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibb.ut.ac.ir/ |title=Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics |date=2 February 2011 |access-date=18 June 2011 |archive-date=22 October 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061022062049/http://www.ibb.ut.ac.ir/}}</ref> In 2006, [[List of contemporary Iranian scientists, scholars, and engineers|Iranian scientists]] successfully [[Cloning|cloned]] a sheep at the Royan Research Centre in Tehran.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=17674 |title=The first successfully cloned animal in Iran |date=30 September 2006 |access-date=21 June 2013 |archive-date=28 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028014352/http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=17674}}</ref> [[Stem cell]] research is among the top 10 in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://isg-mit.org/projects-storage/StemCell/stem_cell_iran.pdf |title=Iranian Studies Group at MIT |access-date=25 August 2010 |archive-date=2 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081002222401/http://isg-mit.org/projects-storage/StemCell/stem_cell_iran.pdf}}</ref> Iran ranks 15th in the world in [[nanotechnology|nanotechnologies]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nano.ir/?lang=2index.php/news/show/1477 |title=INIC – News – 73% of Tehran's Students Acquainted with Nanotechnology |date=18 January 2010 |access-date=1 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015234940/http://nano.ir/?lang=2index.php%2Fnews%2Fshow%2F1477 |archive-date=15 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bernama.com/bernama/v5/bm/newsworld.php?id=453647 |title=Iran Ranks 15th in Nanotech Articles |agency=Bernama |date=9 November 2009 |access-date=1 August 2010 |archive-date=10 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111210064005/http://www.bernama.com/bernama/v5/bm/newsworld.php?id=453647 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iran-daily.com/1388/3372/html/science.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090415053429/http://www.iran-daily.com/1388/3372/html/science.htm |archive-date=15 April 2009 |title=Iran daily: Iranian Technology From Foreign Perspective |access-date=21 June 2013}}</ref> Iranian scientists outside Iran have made major scientific contributions. In 1960, [[Ali Javan]] co-invented the first [[gas laser]], and [[fuzzy set]] theory was introduced by [[Lotfi A. Zadeh]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www-bisc.cs.berkeley.edu/Zadeh-1965.pdf |title=Project Retired – EECS at UC Berkeley |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127005930/http://www-bisc.cs.berkeley.edu/Zadeh-1965.pdf |archive-date=27 November 2007}}</ref>

Cardiologist [[Tofy Mussivand]] invented and developed the first artificial cardiac pump, the precursor of the [[artificial heart]]. Furthering research in diabetes, the [[Glycated hemoglobin|HbA1c]] was discovered by [[Samuel Rahbar]]. Many papers in [[string theory]] are published in Iran.<ref name="Nasr2007">{{cite book |author=Vali Nasr |title=The Shia Revival: How Conflicts within Islam Will Shape the Future |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a-QH_CxIFTEC&pg=PA213 |year=2007 |publisher=W.W. Norton |isbn=978-0-393-06640-1 |page=213}}</ref> In 2014, Iranian mathematician [[Maryam Mirzakhani]] became the first woman, and Iranian, to receive the [[Fields Medal]], the highest prize in mathematics.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Ben Mathis-Lilley |title=A Woman Has Won the Fields Medal, Math's Highest Prize, for the First Time |url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_slatest/2014/08/12/first_female_fields_medal_winner_maryam_mirzakhani_of_stanford.html |website=Slate |publisher=Graham Holdings Company |access-date=14 August 2014 |date=12 August 2014 |archive-date=14 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814032405/http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_slatest/2014/08/12/first_female_fields_medal_winner_maryam_mirzakhani_of_stanford.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

Iran increased its publication output nearly tenfold from 1996 through 2004, and ranked first in output growth rate, followed by China.<ref>{{cite web |author=Expert:VSR.Subramaniam |url=http://experts.about.com/q/Economics-2301/economic.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426170542/http://en.allexperts.com/q/Economics-2301/economic.htm |archive-date=26 April 2012 |title=Economics: economic, medical uses of alcohol, uses of alcohol |date=18 October 2006 |access-date=18 June 2011}}</ref> According to a study by [[SCImago Journal Rank|SCImago]] in 2012, Iran would rank fourth in research output by 2018, if the trend persisted.<ref name="SCImago_December_2012c">{{cite web |url=http://www.scimagolab.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/forecasting-excercise.pdf |title=Forecasting Exercise |newspaper=SCImago |year=2012 |access-date=30 June 2017 |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010055804/http://www.scimagolab.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/forecasting-excercise.pdf}}</ref> The Iranian humanoid robot [[Surena (robot)|Sorena 2]], which was designed by engineers at the [[University of Tehran]], was unveiled in 2010. The [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] (IEEE) has placed the name of Surena among the five most prominent robots, after analysing its performance.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iran-daily.com/1389/8/18/MainPaper/3817/Page/1/Index.htm |title=No. 3817 | Front page | Page 1 |work=Iran Daily |access-date=21 October 2011 |archive-date=12 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101112185315/http://www.iran-daily.com/1389/8/18/MainPaper/3817/Page/1/Index.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>

According to a 2019 study by Isabel Campos-Varela et al., Iran recorded the highest proportion of retracted publications globally, with 15.52 retractions per 10,000 publications. Media reports from 2023 indicate that Iran continues to rank among the countries with the highest retraction rates. Common types of misconduct include fraudulent peer review processes, plagiarism, and data fabrication. Data from the Retraction Watch Leaderboard further highlights that two of the 32 individuals with the highest number of retracted articles worldwide are based in Iran.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Academic misconduct: Are we progressing or going backwards? |url=https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=20250305070534841 |access-date=10 March 2025 |website=[[University World News]] |language=en}}</ref> Iran was ranked 70th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/iran |access-date=16 October 2025 |website=WIPO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dutta |first1=Soumitra |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html |title=Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads |last2=Lanvin |first2=Bruno |publisher=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |year=2025 |isbn=978-92-805-3797-0 |page=19 |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.58864 |access-date=17 October 2025}}</ref>

==== Iranian Space Agency ====
{{Main|Iranian Space Agency}}

[[File:Safir navid 1.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|Historic launch of [[Safir (rocket)|Safir]]]]
The [[Iranian Space Agency]] was established in 2004. Iran became an orbital-launch-capable nation in 2009<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Fathi |first1=Nazila |last2=Broad |first2=William J. |date=3 February 2009 |title=Iran Launches Satellite in a Challenge for Obama |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/04/world/middleeast/04iran.html |access-date=4 January 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]] |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=25 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125005806/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/04/world/middleeast/04iran.html |url-status=live}}</ref> and is a founding member of the [[United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space]]. Iran placed its domestically built satellite [[Omid]] into orbit on the 30th anniversary of the revolution, in 2009,<ref name="HarveySmid2011">{{cite book |author1=Brian Harvey |author2=Henk H. F. Smid |author3=Theo Pirard |title=Emerging Space Powers: The New Space Programs of Asia, the Middle East and South-America |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XD1ZaYbiWwMC&pg=PA293 |year=2011 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-1-4419-0874-2 |page=293}}</ref> through its first expendable launch vehicle [[Safir (rocket)|Safir]]. It became the [[Timeline of first orbital launches by country|9th country]] capable of both producing a satellite and sending it into space from a domestically made launcher.<ref name="Hvac-conference.ir_November_29_2015c">{{cite web |url=http://www.hvac-conference.ir/files/content/ICHVAC5_Brochure.pdf |title=The 6th International Conference on Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning |website= |year=2015 |access-date=29 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208142627/http://www.hvac-conference.ir/files/content/ICHVAC5_Brochure.pdf |archive-date=8 December 2015}}</ref> [[Simorgh (rocket)|Simorgh]]'s launch in 2016, is the successor of Safir.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Stephen Clark |date=2 February 2009 |title=Iran Launches Omid Satellite Into Orbit |url=https://www.space.com/5432-iran-launches-omid-satellite-orbit.html |access-date=27 January 2024 |website=[[Space.com]] |language=en |archive-date=29 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229050901/https://www.space.com/5432-iran-launches-omid-satellite-orbit.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

In January 2024, Iran launched the [[Soraya (satellite)|Soraya satellite]] into its highest orbit yet (750 km),<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 January 2024 |title=Iran Launches Soraya Satellite Into Orbit 750 Km Above Earth – Iran Front Page |url=https://ifpnews.com/iran-soraya-satellite-orbit-750-km-earth/ |access-date=21 January 2024 |website= |language=en-US |archive-date=21 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121013649/https://ifpnews.com/iran-soraya-satellite-orbit-750-km-earth/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Iran says it launched a satellite despite Western concerns |url=https://www.dw.com/en/iran-says-it-launched-a-satellite-despite-western-concerns/a-68041834 |access-date=21 January 2024 |publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]] |language=en |archive-date=21 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121015553/https://www.dw.com/en/iran-says-it-launched-a-satellite-despite-western-concerns/a-68041834 |url-status=live}}</ref> a space launch milestone for the country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iran says launches satellite in new aerospace milestone |url=https://phys.org/news/2024-01-iran-satellite-aerospace-milestone.html |access-date=21 January 2024 |website= |language=en |archive-date=21 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121092740/https://phys.org/news/2024-01-iran-satellite-aerospace-milestone.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Presse |first=AFP-Agence France |title=Iran Says Launches Satellite In New Aerospace Milestone |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/iran-says-launches-satellite-in-new-aerospace-milestone-5935a502 |access-date=21 January 2024 |website=Barrons |language=en-US |archive-date=21 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121081523/https://www.barrons.com/news/iran-says-launches-satellite-in-new-aerospace-milestone-5935a502 |url-status=live}}</ref> It was launched by [[Qaem 100|Qaem 100 rocket]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 January 2024 |title=Iran's Soraya satellite signals received on earth |url=https://en.mehrnews.com/news/211087/Iran-s-Soraya-satellite-signals-received-on-earth |access-date=21 January 2024 |agency=[[Mehr News Agency]] |language=en |archive-date=22 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240122011923/https://en.mehrnews.com/news/211087/Iran-s-Soraya-satellite-signals-received-on-earth |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Iran successfully launches Soraya satellite using Qa'im 100 carrier |url=http://iranpress.com/aliaspage/271060 |access-date=21 January 2024 |website=Iran Press |language=en}}</ref> Iran also successfully launched 3 indigenous satellites, The Mahda, Kayan and Hatef,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iran says it launches 3 satellites into space-Xinhua |url=https://english.news.cn/20240128/f0acca839b4b434f979ad239c00f79e5/c.html |access-date=28 January 2024 |website= |archive-date=28 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128110500/http://english.news.cn/20240128/f0acca839b4b434f979ad239c00f79e5/c.html |url-status=live}}</ref> into orbit using the Simorgh carrier rocket.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iran launches three satellites simultaneously for first time – DW – 01/28/2024 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/iran-launches-three-satellites-simultaneously-for-first-time/a-68105298 |access-date=28 January 2024 |publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]] |language=en |archive-date=28 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128100907/https://www.dw.com/en/iran-launches-three-satellites-simultaneously-for-first-time/a-68105298 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 2024 |title=Iran launches 3 satellites into space that are part of a Western-criticized program as tensions rise |url=https://apnews.com/article/iran-satellite-launch-us-ballistic-missiles-israel-hamas-74bcd3eb7e48a31be4f52b8d86d24721 |access-date=28 January 2024 |website=[[AP News]] |language=en |archive-date=28 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128070143/https://apnews.com/article/iran-satellite-launch-us-ballistic-missiles-israel-hamas-74bcd3eb7e48a31be4f52b8d86d24721 |url-status=live}}</ref> It was the first time in the country's history that it simultaneously sent three satellites into space.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 January 2024 |title=Iran simultaneously launches three satellites – state media |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/iran-simultaneously-launches-three-satellites-state-media/articleshow/107200287.cms?from=mdr |access-date=28 January 2024 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=28 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128215058/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/iran-simultaneously-launches-three-satellites-state-media/articleshow/107200287.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 2024 |title=Iran Conducts Second Controversial Satellite Launch In One Week |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202401288496 |access-date=28 January 2024 |website=Iran International |language=en |archive-date=28 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128080807/https://www.iranintl.com/en/202401288496 |url-status=live}}</ref> The three satellites are designed for testing advanced satellite subsystems, space-based positioning technology, and narrowband communication.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iran launches three satellites amid rising tensions with Western powers |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/28/iran-launches-three-satellites-amid-rising-tensions-with-western-powers |access-date=28 January 2024 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |language=en |archive-date=28 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128105249/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/28/iran-launches-three-satellites-amid-rising-tensions-with-western-powers |url-status=live}}</ref>

In February 2024, Iran launched its domestically developed imaging satellite, Pars 1, from Russia into orbit.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iran launches 'domestically developed' imaging satellite from Russia |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/2/29/iran-launches-domestically-developed-imaging-satellite-from-russia |access-date=15 March 2024 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |language=en |archive-date=14 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314180754/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/2/29/iran-launches-domestically-developed-imaging-satellite-from-russia |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Online {{!}} |first=E. T. |date=29 February 2024 |title=Iran launches Pars 1 satellite from Russia amidst Western concern over Moscow-Tehrain ties |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/iran-launches-pars-1-satellite-from-russia-amidst-western-concern-over-moscow-tehrain-ties/videoshow/108112811.cms |access-date=15 March 2024 |website=[[The Economic Times]] |language=en |archive-date=15 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315142858/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/iran-launches-pars-1-satellite-from-russia-amidst-western-concern-over-moscow-tehrain-ties/videoshow/108112811.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> This was the second time since August 2022, when Russia launched another Iranian remote-sensing, [[Khayyam satellite]], into orbit from [[Kazakhstan]], reflecting deep scientific cooperation between the countries.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Motamedi |first=Maziar |title=Russia launches Iranian satellite into space from Kazakhstan base |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/8/9/russia-launches-iranian-satellite-into-space-from-kazakhstan-base |access-date=15 March 2024 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |language=en |archive-date=13 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013155720/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/8/9/russia-launches-iranian-satellite-into-space-from-kazakhstan-base |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Russia launches Soyuz rocket into space carrying Iranian satellite Pars-I |url=https://www.wionews.com/world/russia-launches-soyuz-rocket-into-space-carrying-iranian-satellite-695097 |access-date=15 March 2024 |publisher=[[WION]] |date=29 February 2024 |language=en-us |archive-date=15 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315141352/https://www.wionews.com/world/russia-launches-soyuz-rocket-into-space-carrying-iranian-satellite-695097 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Telecommunication ===
{{Main|Communications in Iran}}

{{See also|Telecommunication Company of Iran|Iran Electronics Industries}}
The telecommunications industry is almost entirely state-owned, dominated by the [[Telecommunication Company of Iran]]. As of 2020, 70 million Iranians use high-speed mobile internet. Iran is among the first five countries which have had a growth rate of over 20 percent and the highest level of development in telecommunication.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 July 2007 |title=National Security and the Internet in the Persian Gulf: Iran |url=http://www.georgetown.edu/research/arabtech/pgi98-4.html |access-date=1 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703041209/http://www.georgetown.edu/research/arabtech/pgi98-4.html |archive-date=3 July 2007}}</ref> Iran has been awarded the UNESCO special certificate for providing telecommunication services to rural areas.

Globally, Iran ranks 75th in mobile [[internet]] speed and 153rd in fixed internet speed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Internet Speed in Iran is at Regional Bottom |url=https://iranopendata.org/en/pages/internet-speed-in-iran-is-at-regional-bottom |access-date=5 July 2024 |website=Iran Open Data |date=8 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{Main|Demographics of Iran}}

{{#invoke:multiple image|
| perrow = 1
| total_width = 200
| image1 = Provinces of Iran by population.svg
| image2 = Iran Counties by Population (2021).svg
| footer = Population of Iranian provinces and counties in 2021
}}

Iran's population grew rapidly from about 19 million in 1956 to about 85 million by February 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=fa:درگاه ملی آمار |url=https://amar.org.ir/statistical-information |access-date=14 February 2023 |website=درگاه ملی آمار ایران |archive-date=25 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325224203/https://amar.org.ir/statistical-information |url-status=live}}</ref> Iran's [[Total fertility rate|fertility rate]] has dropped dramatically, from 6.5 children born per woman to about 1.7 two decades later,<ref>Latest Statistical Center of Iran fertility rate statistics (published February 2023). [https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/PropertyAgent/461/Files/26322/Mizan_Barvari_Kol_1400.xlsx xlsx] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522140324/https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/PropertyAgent/461/Files/26322/Mizan_Barvari_Kol_1400.xlsx |date=22 May 2023 }} at [https://www.amar.org.ir/پایگاه-ها-و-سامانه-ها/سریهای-زمانی/agentType/ViewType/PropertyTypeID/1936 page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326043023/https://www.amar.org.ir/پایگاه-ها-و-سامانه-ها/سریهای-زمانی/agentType/ViewType/PropertyTypeID/1936 |date=26 March 2023 }}.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Roser |first=Max |date=19 February 2014 |title=Fertility Rate |url=https://ourworldindata.org/fertility-rate |journal=Our World in Data |access-date=11 July 2020 |archive-date=21 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121073056/https://ourworldindata.org/fertility-rate |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Children per woman |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/children-per-woman-UN |access-date=11 July 2020 |website=Our World in Data |archive-date=3 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703175339/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/children-per-woman-un |url-status=live}}</ref> leading to a population growth rate of about 1.39% in 2018.<ref>{{cite web |title=Population growth (annual %) – Iran, Islamic Rep. {{!}} Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.GROW?locations=IR&view=chart |access-date=11 July 2020 |website= |archive-date=11 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711223056/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.GROW?locations=IR&view=chart |url-status=live}}</ref> Due to its young population, studies project that the growth will continue to slow until it stabilises at around 105 million by 2050.<ref name="bureau">U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2005. Unpublished work tables for estimating Iran's mortality. Washington, D.C.:
Population Division, International Programs Center</ref><ref name="payvand">{{cite web |url=http://www.payvand.com/news/04/aug/1017.html |title=Iran's population growth rate falls to 1.5 percent: UNFP |access-date=18 October 2006 |archive-date=27 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227193340/http://www.payvand.com/news/04/aug/1017.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DataQuery/ |title=World Population Prospects – Population Division – United Nations |website= |access-date=25 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919061238/https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DataQuery/ |archive-date=19 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Asian Countries by Population (2025) |url=https://www.worldometers.info/population/countries-in-asia-by-population/ |access-date=19 August 2025 |website=Worldometer |language=en}}</ref>

Iran hosts one of the largest refugee populations, with almost one million,<ref>{{cite web |title=Refugee population by country or territory of asylum – Iran, Islamic Rep. |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SM.POP.REFG?end=2019&locations=IR&start=1990&view=chart |access-date=11 July 2020 |publisher=[[World Bank]] |archive-date=11 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711231102/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SM.POP.REFG?end=2019&locations=IR&start=1990&view=chart |url-status=live}}</ref> mostly from Afghanistan and Iraq.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=77107 |title=Afghanistan-Iran: Iran says it will deport over one million Afghans |date=4 March 2008 |access-date=21 June 2013 |archive-date=2 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902170454/http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=77107 |url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2025, Iran was home to an estimated four million [[Afghans in Iran|Afghan migrants]] and refugees.<ref>{{cite news |title='They threw us out like garbage': Iran rushes deportation of four million Afghans before deadline |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2025/jul/07/iran-rushes-deportation-4-million-afghans-deadline-women-repression |work=The Guardian |date=7 July 2025}}</ref> According to the Iranian Constitution, the government is required to provide every citizen with access to social security, covering retirement, unemployment, old age, disability, accidents, calamities, health and medical treatment and care services.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/77421/june2003/ppt/w1/iran.pdf |title=Iran Social Security System |publisher=[[World Bank]] |year=2003 |access-date=30 November 2015 |archive-date=8 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208125524/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/77421/june2003/ppt/w1/iran.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> This is covered by [[Taxation in Iran|tax revenues]] and income derived from public contributions.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mejía |first1=Aurelio |url=http://aprendeenlinea.udea.edu.co/revistas/index.php/lecturasdeeconomia/article/view/15770/17868 |title=Is tax funding of health care more likely to be regressive than systems based on social insurance in low and middle-income countries? |newspaper=Universidad de Antioquia |year=2013 |issue=78 |pages=229–239 |access-date=30 November 2015 |archive-date=16 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151216074956/http://aprendeenlinea.udea.edu.co/revistas/index.php/lecturasdeeconomia/article/view/15770/17868}}</ref>

Iran has one of the highest urban growth rates in the world. From 1950 to 2002, the urban proportion of the population increased from 27% to 60%.<ref name="payvand2">{{cite web |url=http://www.payvand.com/news/03/nov/1135.html |title=Iran: Focus on reverse migration |work=Payvand |access-date=17 April 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060326185508/http://www.payvand.com/news/03/nov/1135.html |archive-date=26 March 2006}}</ref> Iran's population is concentrated in its western half, especially in the north, north-west and west.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population distribution – The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/archives/2021/field/population-distribution/ |access-date=6 October 2022 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |archive-date=6 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006203129/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/archives/2021/field/population-distribution/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> Tehran, with a population of around 9.4 million, is Iran's capital and largest city. Iran's second most populous city, [[Mashhad]], has a population of around 3.4 million, and is capital of the province of [[Razavi Khorasan province|Razavi Khorasan]]. Isfahan has a population of around 2.2 million and is Iran's third most populous city. It is the capital of [[Isfahan province]] and was the third capital of the Safavid Empire.

{{Largest cities of Iran|class=info}}

=== Ethnic groups ===
{{Main|Ethnicities in Iran}}

[[File:Iran ethnoreligious distribution 2004.jpg|thumb|Colour-coded map of Iran's ethnic groups]]
Ethnic group composition remains a point of debate, mainly regarding the largest and second largest ethnic groups, the Persians and Azerbaijanis, due to the lack of Iranian state censuses based on ethnicity.

According to a 2003 estimate, [[Persians]] make up 51% of the population, while [[Iranian Azerbaijanis|Azerbaijanis]] make up 24%, [[Gilaks]] and [[Mazanderani people|Mazanderanis]] 8%, [[Kurds in Iran|Kurds]] 7%, [[Iranian Arabs|Arabs]] 3%, [[Lurs]] 2%, [[Baloch people|Balochis]] 2%, [[Iranian Turkmens|Turkmens]] 2%, and other groups (including [[Iranian Armenians|Armenians]], [[Iranian Jews|Jews]], [[Assyrians in Iran|Assyrians]], [[Qashqai people|Qashqai]], [[Shahsevan]]) make up the remaining 1%.{{Sfn|Tohidi|2009|p=300}} [[The World Factbook]] at 2011 gives the same figures.{{Sfn|United States|2011|p=316}} The [[Library of Congress]] in 2008 issued slightly different estimates: 65% Persians (also including Gilaks and Mazenderanis{{Efn|"The ''Factbook'' puts 'Persian and Persian dialects' at 58 percent, but 51 percent of the population as ethnic Persians, while the Library of Congress states that Persian 'is spoken as a mother tongue by at least 65 percent of the population and as a second language by a large proportion of the remaining 35 percent. The 'Persian' mentioned in the latter report must thus also include Gilaki and Mazi. However, Gilaki and Mazi are actually from a different branch of the Iranian language subfamily than Persian, and could be as such be seen not as dialects, but as distinct languages. Suffice it here to say that while some scholars see categories such as Gilakis and Mazandaranis as referring to separate ethnic groups due to their linguistic traits, others count them as 'Persians' on exactly the same basis."{{sfn|Elling|2013|p=19}}}}), 16% Azerbaijanis, 7% Kurds, 6% Lurs, 2% Arabs, 2% Balochis, 1% Turkic tribal groups (such as Qashqai), and non-Persian, non-Turkic groups (including Armenians, Assyrians, and [[Iranian Georgians|Georgians]]) less than 1%.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Curtis |first1=Glenn E. |last2=Hooglund |first2=Eric |date=May 2008 |title=Country Profile: Iran |url=http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/cs/profiles/Iran.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927105102/http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/cs/profiles/Iran.pdf |archive-date=27 September 2015 |website= |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] |page=5 |via=[[Federal Research Division]]}}</ref>

Minorities in Iran have been disproportionately affected by the ongoing [[Political repression in the Islamic Republic of Iran|crackdown aimed at repressing]] the "Woman, Life, Freedom" movement, according to the UN Fact-Finding Mission.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Minorities in Iran have been disproportionally impacted in ongoing crackdown to repress the "Woman, Life, Freedom" movement, UN Fact-Finding Mission says |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/08/minorities-iran-have-been-disproportionally-impacted-ongoing-crackdown |access-date=10 March 2025 |website=OHCHR |language=en}}</ref>

=== Languages ===
{{Main|Languages of Iran}}

[[File:I am Cyrus, Achaemenid King - Pasargady01.jpg|thumb|"I am [[Cyrus the Great|Cyrus]] the king, an [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenid]]", in [[Old Persian cuneiform|Old Persian]], [[Elamite language|Elamite]] and [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] languages; [[Pasargadae]], [[World Heritage Site]]]]
Most of the population speaks [[Persian language|Persian]], Iran's [[official language|official]] and [[national language]].<ref name="AO">{{Cite web |title=Constitution of Islamic Republic of Iran, Chapter II: The Official Language, Script, Calendar, and Flag of the Country, Article 15 |url=https://www.iranchamber.com/government/laws/constitution_ch02.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730024031/https://www.iranchamber.com/government/laws/constitution_ch02.php |archive-date=30 July 2022 |access-date=9 June 2023 |website=Iran Chamber Society}}</ref> Others include speakers of other [[Iranian languages]], within the greater [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] family, and languages belonging to other ethnicities. The [[Gilaki language|Gilaki]] and [[Mazanderani language|Mazenderani]] languages are widely spoken in [[Gilan Province|Gilan]] and [[Mazandaran Province|Mazenderan]], northern Iran. The [[Talysh language]] is spoken in parts of Gilan. Varieties of [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]] are concentrated in the province of [[Kurdistan Province|Kurdistan]] and nearby areas. In [[Khuzestan Province|Khuzestan]], [[Persian dialects in Khuzestan|several dialects of Persian]] are spoken. South Iran also houses the [[Luri language|Luri]] and [[Achomi language|Lari]] languages.

[[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]], the most-spoken minority language in Iran,<ref>Annika Rabo, Bo Utas. [https://books.google.com/books?id=rWEbrv5oD8AC ''The Role of the State in West Asia''] Swedish Research Institute in Istanbul, 2005 {{ISBN|91-86884-13-1}}</ref> and other [[Turkic languages]] and dialects are found in various regions, especially [[Azerbaijan (Iran)|Azerbaijan]]. Notable minority languages include [[Armenian language|Armenian]], [[Georgian language|Georgian]], [[Neo-Aramaic languages|Neo-Aramaic]], and [[Arabic]]. [[Khuzestani Arabic|Khuzi Arabic]] is spoken by the [[Ahwazi Arabs|Arabs in Khuzestan]], and the wider group of [[Iranian Arabs]]. [[Circassian languages|Circassian]] was once widely spoken by the large Circassian minority, but, due to assimilation, no sizable number of Circassians speak the language anymore.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&pg=PA141 ''Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402135910/https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&pg=PA141#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=2 April 2024 }} Facts On File, Incorporated {{ISBN|1-4381-2676-X}} p. 141</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/georgia-iv--2 |title=Georgia viii: Georgian communities in Persia |last1=Oberling |first1=Pierre |date=7 February 2012 |website=[[Encyclopaedia Iranica]] |access-date=9 June 2014 |archive-date=17 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517031826/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/georgia-iv--2 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://mcha.kbsu.ru/english/m_hist_01E.htm.html |title=Circassian |publisher=Official Circassian Association |access-date=9 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035542/http://mcha.kbsu.ru/english/m_hist_01E.htm.html |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://iranian.com/Travelers/June97/Chardin/index.shtml |title=Persians: Kind, hospitable, tolerant flattering cheats? |first1=Sir John |last1=Chardin |author-link=Jean Chardin |date=June 1997 |journal=[[Iranian.com|The Iranian]] |access-date=9 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970620173929/http://www.iranian.com/Travelers/June97/Chardin/index.shtml |archive-date=20 June 1997 |url-status=live}} Excerpted from:
* {{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5jPL0A31H5MC&pg=PA183 |chapter=Book 2, Chapter XI: Of the Temper, Manners, and Customs of the Persians: A XVII th. Century Viewpoint |first1=Sir John |last1=Chardin |author-link=Jean Chardin |title=Travels in Persia, 1673–1677 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5jPL0A31H5MC |location=New York |publisher=Dover Publications |year=1988 |pages=183–197 |isbn=978-0-486-25636-8 |oclc=798310290 |access-date=9 June 2014 |archive-date=11 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211033457/https://books.google.com/books?id=5jPL0A31H5MC |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Religion ===
{{Main|Religion in Iran}}

{{Pie chart
| caption = Religion in Iran (2016 census)<ref name="religion2016">{{Cite web |title=Religious composition of Iran 2016 |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/iran-religion2016reg.htm |access-date=17 June 2025 |website=pop-stat.mashke.org}}</ref>
| label1 = [[Islam in Iran|Islam]]
| value1 = 99.59
| color1 = Green
| label2 = [[Christianity in Iran|Christianity]]
| value2 = 0.16
| color2 = DarkOrchid
| label3 = [[Zoroastrianism in Iran|Zoroastrianism]]
| value3 = 0.03
| color3 = Goldenrod
| label4 = [[Judaism in Iran|Judaism]]
| value4 = 0.01
| color4 = Blue
| label5 = Other religions
| value5 = 0.05
| color5 = LightGray
| label6 = Unknown
| value6 = 0.16
| color6 = Grey
}}
[[File:RezaShrine.jpg|thumb|''[[Imam Reza]]'' shrine.]]

[[Twelver Shi'ism|Twelver Shi'a]] [[Islam]] is the [[state religion]], which 90–95% of Iranians adhere to according to both official and unofficial sources, such as the CIA.<ref>{{Citation |title=Iran |date=25 June 2025 |work=The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iran/#people-and-society/#Religions |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250626192242/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iran/#people-and-society/#Religions |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 June 2025 |access-date=29 June 2025 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Walter Martin |title=Kingdom of the Cults, The |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yra4KhlMBYQC&pg=PA421 |access-date=24 June 2013 |quote=Ninety-five percent of Iran's Muslims are Shi'ites. |year=2003 |publisher=Baker Books |isbn=978-0-7642-2821-6 |page=421 |archive-date=11 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211033458/https://books.google.com/books?id=Yra4KhlMBYQC&pg=PA421 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Bhabani Sen Gupta |title=The Persian Gulf and South Asia: prospects and problems of inter-regional cooperation |quote=Shias constitute seventy-five percent of the population of the Gulf. Of this, ninety-five percent of Iranians and sixty of Iraqis are Shias. |year=1987 |publisher=South Asian Publishers |isbn=978-81-7003-077-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/persiangulfsouth0000unse/page/158 158] |url=https://archive.org/details/persiangulfsouth0000unse/page/158}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/iran/ |title=2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Iran |access-date=8 March 2024 |archive-date=25 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225100641/https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/iran/ |url-status=live|website=US Department of State}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Smyth |first=Gareth |date=29 September 2016 |title=Removal of the heart: how Islam became a matter of state in Iran |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/sep/29/iran-shia-islam-matter-of-state |access-date=23 May 2024 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=13 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713043734/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/sep/29/iran-shia-islam-matter-of-state |url-status=live}}</ref> About 5–10% of the population follow the [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] branch of Islam, mainly the [[Hanafi school]].<ref>{{cite news |title=2022 Report on International Religious Freedom: Iran |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/iran/ |work=[[United States Department of State]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gorder |first=Christian van |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8GyTAgAAQBAJ&dq=central+asia+hanafi&pg=PA74 |title=Muslim-Christian Relations in Central Asia |date=5 June 2008 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-97168-7 |language=en}}</ref>

The Sunni branch of Islam, [[Christianity]], [[Judaism]], and [[Zoroastrianism]] are officially recognised by the government and have reserved seats in the Parliament.<ref name="Colin Brock p 99">Colin Brock, Lila Zia Levers. [https://books.google.com/books?id=rOJsCQAAQBAJ ''Aspects of Education in the Middle East and Africa''] Symposium Books Ltd., 7 mei 2007 {{ISBN|1-873927-21-5}} p. 99</ref> There is a large population of adherents to [[Yarsanism]], a [[Kurds in Iran|Kurdish]] indigenous religion, estimated to comprise 500,000 to 1,000,000 followers.<ref>''Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa'' (Detroit: Thomson Gale, 2004) p. 82</ref>{{sfnp|Hamzeh'ee|1990|p=39}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 November 2019 |title=In pictures: Inside Iran's secretive Yarsan faith |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-50378946 |access-date=24 March 2024 |language=en-GB |archive-date=26 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526153448/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-50378946 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Monazzami |first=Ardeshir |date=20 February 2022 |title=Rereading the Religiosity of Yarsan |url=https://adyan.urd.ac.ir/article_136086_en.html |journal=Religious Research |language=en |volume=9 |issue=18 |pages=143–167 |doi=10.22034/jrr.2021.261350.1805 |issn=2345-3230 |access-date=24 March 2024 |archive-date=24 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324104814/https://adyan.urd.ac.ir/article_136086_en.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Men and women have equal rights in the Yarsan community' |url=https://test.jinhaagency.com/en/community-life/men-and-women-have-equal-rights-in-the-yarsan-community-33444 |access-date=24 March 2024 |website=JINHAGENCY News |language=en |archive-date=24 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324104813/https://test.jinhaagency.com/en/community-life/men-and-women-have-equal-rights-in-the-yarsan-community-33444 |url-status=live|date=21 June 2023}}</ref> The [[Baháʼí Faith]] is not officially recognised and has been subject to official persecution; the [[persecution of Baháʼís]] has increased since the revolution.<ref name="fdih2">{{cite web |author=International Federation for Human Rights |date=1 August 2003 |title=Discrimination against religious minorities in Iran |url=http://www.fidh.org/IMG/pdf/ir0108a.pdf |access-date=3 September 2020 |page=6 |archive-date=31 October 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061031221624/http://www.fidh.org/IMG/pdf/ir0108a.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ihrdc">{{cite web |author=Iran Human Rights Documentation Center |year=2007 |title=A Faith Denied: The Persecution of the Bahل'يs of Iran |url=http://www.iranhrdc.org/english/pdfs/Reports/bahai_report.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070611140854/http://www.iranhrdc.org/english/pdfs/Reports/bahai_report.pdf |archive-date=11 June 2007 |access-date=19 March 2007 |publisher=Iran Human Rights Documentation Center}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Kamali |first=Saeed |date=27 February 2013 |title=Bahai student expelled from Iranian university 'on grounds of religion' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/feb/27/bahai-student-expelled-iranian-university |access-date=21 June 2013 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |archive-date=7 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507194258/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/feb/27/bahai-student-expelled-iranian-university |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Irreligion]] is not recognised by the government. Iran is home to the largest Jewish community in the Muslim World and the Middle East, outside of Israel.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vital Statistics: Jewish Population of the World (1882 - Present) |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jewish-population-of-the-world |access-date=22 October 2019 |website=[[Jewish Virtual Library]] |archive-date=13 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013082335/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jewish-population-of-the-world |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=In Iran, Mideast's largest Jewish population outside Israel finds new acceptance by officials |url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/in-iran-mideasts-largest-jewish-population-outside-israel-finds-new-acceptance-by-officials/ |access-date=1 September 2015 |publisher=[[Fox News]] |date=24 March 2015 |archive-date=14 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151014124935/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2014/11/26/in-iran-mideast-largest-jewish-population-outside-israel-finds-new-acceptance/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Around 250,000 to 370,000 [[Christianity in Iran|Christians reside in Iran]], and it is the largest recognised minority religion. Most are of Armenian background, as well as a sizable minority of Assyrians.<ref name="IRFR2009-Iran">{{cite web |author=U.S. State Department |date=26 October 2009 |title=Iran – International Religious Freedom Report 2009 |url=https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2009/127347.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091029231558/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2009/127347.htm |archive-date=29 October 2009 |publisher=The Office of Electronic Information, Bureau of Public Affair}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=2011 General Census Selected Results |page=26 |year=2012 |url=http://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/Files/abstract/1390/n_sarshomari90_2.pdf |publisher=Statistical Center of Iran |isbn=978-964-365-827-4 |access-date=27 January 2017 |archive-date=24 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190624231316/https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/Files/abstract/1390/n_sarshomari90_2.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Country Information and Guidance "Christians and Christian converts, Iran" December 2014. p.9</ref> The Iranian government has supported the rebuilding and renovation of Armenian churches and has supported the [[Armenian Monastic Ensembles of Iran]]. In 2019, the government registered the [[Vank Cathedral]], in [[Isfahan]], as a [[World Heritage Site]]. Three Armenian churches in Iran are included in the [[World Heritage Site|World Heritage List]].<ref>[https://ancawr.org/iran-to-register-armenian-cathedral-in-isfahan-as-unesco-world-heritage-site/ "Iran to Register Armenian Cathedral in Isfahan as UNESCO World Heritage Site"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425221459/https://ancawr.org/iran-to-register-armenian-cathedral-in-isfahan-as-unesco-world-heritage-site/ |date=25 April 2021 }}. ''Armenian National Committee of America''. Retrieved 25 April 2021.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1262/ |title=Armenian Monastic Ensembles of Iran |access-date=25 April 2021 |archive-date=17 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117154240/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1262/ |url-status=live|website=[[UNESCO]] World Heritage Convention}}</ref>

=== Education ===
{{Main|Education in Iran}}

[[File:TehranUniversityEntrancePanorama.jpg|thumb|[[University of Tehran]]''',''' the oldest Iranian university (1851), and among the [[College and university rankings|World's Top Universities]]]]
Education is highly centralised. [[K–12]] is supervised by the [[Ministry of Education (Iran)|Ministry of Education]]. Higher education is supervised by the [[Ministry of Science, Research and Technology (Iran)|Ministry of Science and Technology]]. Literacy among people aged 15 and older was 86% {{as of|2016|lc=yes}}, with men (90%) significantly more literate than women (81%). Government expenditure on education is around 4% of GDP.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 November 2016 |title=Iran (Islamic Republic of) |url=http://uis.unesco.org/en/country/ir |access-date=29 July 2020 |website= |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130131646/https://uis.unesco.org/en/country/ir |url-status=live}}</ref>

The requirement to enter into higher education is to have a [[high school diploma]] and pass the [[Iranian University Entrance Exam]]. Many students do a one–two-year course of [[University-preparatory school|pre-university]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.arabiancampus.com/studyiniran/edusys.htm |title=Study in Iran :: Iran Educational System |author=Peter Krol |work=Arabian Campus |access-date=26 October 2015 |archive-date=12 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112205139/http://www.arabiancampus.com/studyiniran/edusys.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> Iran's higher education has different levels of diplomas, including an associate degree in two years, a bachelor's degree in four years, and a master's degree in two years, after which another exam allows the candidate to pursue a doctoral programme.<ref name="wes.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.wes.org/ca/wedb/iran/firedov.htm |title=WEP-Iran |access-date=7 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224011506/http://www.wes.org/ca/wedb/iran/firedov.htm |archive-date=24 February 2012}}</ref>

=== Health ===
{{Main|Health in Iran}}

{{See also|Healthcare in Iran}}
[[File:Razavihospital faz2.jpg|thumb|[[Razavi Hospital]], accredited by ACI<ref>https://accreditation.ca/</ref> for its quality health services<ref>{{Cite web |last=سایت |first=مدیر |date=28 December 2023 |script-title=fa:گفتگو با استادی که مبتکروآغاز کننده روش های جدید جراحی مغز در دانشگاه علوم پزشکی مشهد است |url=https://razavihospital.ir//گفتگو-با-استادی-که-مبتکروآغاز-کننده-رو/ |access-date=27 January 2024 |website= |language=fa-IR}}</ref>]]
Healthcare is provided by the public-governmental system, the private sector, and [[Non-governmental organization|NGOs]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2016 |title=Filepool – Detail {{!}} Organization for Investment Economic and Technical Assistance of Iran |url=http://www.investiniran.ir/en/filepool/26?redirectpage=%2fen%2febook |access-date=1 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010112638/http://www.investiniran.ir/en/filepool/26?redirectpage=%2fen%2febook |archive-date=10 October 2016}}</ref> Iran is the only country in the world with a [[Organ trade#Iran|legal organ trade]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Movassagh |first=Hooman |date=24 April 2016 |title=Human Organ Donations under the "Iranian Model": A Rewarding Scheme for U.S. Regulatory Reform? |url=https://journals.iupui.edu/index.php/ihlr/article/view/21140 |journal=Indiana Health Law Review |language=en |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=82–118 |doi=10.18060/3911.0013 |issn=2374-2593 |access-date=1 January 2024 |archive-date=1 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101151727/https://journals.iupui.edu/index.php/ihlr/article/view/21140 |url-status=live}}</ref> Iran has been able to extend public health [[Preventive medicine|preventive services]] through the establishment of an extensive [[Primary Health Centre|Primary Health Care Network]]. As a result, child and maternal mortality rates have fallen significantly, and life expectancy at birth has risen. Iran's medical knowledge rank is 17th globally and 1st in the Middle East and North Africa. In terms of medical science production index, Iran ranks 16th in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |last=kental_tour |date=24 January 2023 |title=Iran health care ranking |url=https://kentaltravel.com/blog/iran-health-care-ranking/ |access-date=1 January 2024 |website=Kental Travel |language=en-US |archive-date=1 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101151727/https://kentaltravel.com/blog/iran-health-care-ranking/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Iran is fast emerging as a preferred destination for [[medical tourism]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 December 2023 |title=Medical Tourism in Iran |url=https://www.medicaltourism.com/destinations/iran#:~:text=Iran%2C%20a%20country%20of%20rich,and%20treatments%20at%20competitive%20prices |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215172208/https://www.medicaltourism.com/destinations/iran#:~:text=Iran%2C%20a%20country%20of%20rich,and%20treatments%20at%20competitive%20prices |archive-date=15 December 2023 |access-date=15 December 2023 |website=Medical Tourism}}</ref>

Iran faces the common problem of other young demographic nations in the region, which is keeping pace with growth of an already huge demand for public services. An anticipated increase in the population growth rate will increase the need for public health infrastructures and services.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 2024 |title=Payvand |url=http://www.payvand.com/news/09/apr/1027.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111129222751/http://www.payvand.com/news/09/apr/1027.html |archive-date=29 November 2011 |access-date=1 January 2024 |website=Payvand}}</ref> In 2016, about 90% of Iranians had health insurance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 August 2016 |title=Iran Health Insurance in Brief |url=http://www.arkanteb.com/site/en/tips/69-iran-health-insurance-in-brief.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817173914/http://www.arkanteb.com/site/en/tips/69-iran-health-insurance-in-brief.html |archive-date=17 August 2016 |access-date=1 January 2024}}</ref>

== Culture ==
{{Main|Culture of Iran}}

=== Art ===
{{Main|Persian art{{!}}Iranian art|Arts of Iran|Iranian modern and contemporary art}}

[[File:Mirror Hall by Kamal-ol-molk.JPG|thumb|[[Kamal-ol-molk]]'s ''[[Mirror Hall]] of [[Golestan Palace]],'' often considered a starting point in [[Iranian modern and contemporary art|Iranian modern art]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopوdia Iranica |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kamal-al-molk-mohammad-gaffari |title=Kamāl-al-Molk, Moḥammad Ḡaffāri |volume=XV |pages=417–433 |access-date=13 July 2017}}</ref>]]
Iran has one of the richest art heritages in history and been strong in many media including [[architecture]], [[painting]], [[literature]], [[music]], [[metalworking]], [[stonemasonry]], [[weaving]], [[calligraphy]] and [[sculpture]]. At different times, influences from neighboring civilizations have been important, and latterly Persian art gave and received major influences as part of the wider styles of [[Islamic art]].

From the Achaemenid Empire (550–330 BC), the courts of successive dynasties led the style of Persian art, and court-sponsored art left many of the most impressive pieces that remain. The Islamic style of dense decoration, geometrically laid out, developed in Iran into an elegant and harmonious style, combining motifs derived from plants with Chinese motifs such as the cloud-band, and often animals represented at a smaller scale. During the Safavid Empire in the 16th century, this style was used across a variety of media, and diffused from the court artists of the king, most being painters.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Suzan Yalman |author2=Linda Komaroff |title=The Art of the Safavids before 1600 |website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/safa/hd_safa.htm |access-date=6 July 2024 |date=October 2002 |language=en}}</ref>

By the time of the Sasanians, Iranian art had a renaissance.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sasanian-dynasty |title=Sāsānian dynasty |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]] |date=18 July 2017 |quote=Under the Sāsānians Iranian art experienced a general renaissance. |access-date=20 July 2017 |archive-date=21 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121184437/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sasanian-dynasty |url-status=live}}</ref> During the Middle Ages, Sasanian art played a prominent role in the formation of European and Asian mediaeval art.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parstimes.com/history/title.html |title=Iran – A country study |access-date=18 June 2011 |archive-date=28 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728142527/http://www.parstimes.com/history/title.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.levity.com/alchemy/islam16.html |title=History of Islamic Science 5 |access-date=18 June 2011 |archive-date=5 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605031853/http://www.levity.com/alchemy/islam16.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Iran in Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Afary |first=Janet |title=Iran |year=2006 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]] |access-date=29 October 2007 |url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9106324/Iran |archive-date=2 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102225221/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9106324/Iran |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia Iranica]] |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/art-in-iran-xii-iranian-pre-islamic-elements-in-islamic-art |title=Art in Iran |trans-title=xii. Iranian Pre-Islamic Elements in Islamic Art |volume=II |pages=549–646 |access-date=15 July 2017 |archive-date=23 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170723171932/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/art-in-iran-xii-iranian-pre-islamic-elements-in-islamic-art |url-status=live}}</ref> The Safavid era is known as the Golden Age of Iranian art.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q6i8NQAACAAJ |author=Canby, Sheila R. |publisher=British Museum Press |year=2002 |title=The Golden Age of Persian Art: 1501–1722 |isbn=978-0-7141-2404-9}}</ref> [[Safavid art]] exerted noticeable influences upon the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]], the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]], and the [[Deccan sultanates|Deccans]], and was influential through its fashion and garden architecture on 11th–17th-century Europe.

Iran's [[Iranian modern and contemporary art|contemporary art]] traces its origins to [[Kamal-ol-molk]], a prominent [[realism (arts)|realist]] painter at the [[Qajar dynasty|Qajar]] court who affected the norms of painting and adopted a naturalistic style that would compete with photographic works. A new Iranian school of fine art was established by him in 1928, and was followed by the so-called "coffeehouse" style of painting. Iran's [[avant-garde]] modernists emerged by the arrival of new western influences during World War II. The contemporary art scene originates in the late 1940s, and Tehran's first modern art gallery, Apadana, was opened in 1949 by Mahmud Javadipur, Hosein Kazemi, and Hushang Ajudani.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cSKMk4dmPVwC |title=Picturing Iran |trans-title=Art, Society and Revolution |first1=Lynn |last1=Gumpert |first2=Shiva |last2=Balaghi |page=48 |year=2002 |publisher=I.B. Tauris |isbn=978-1-86064-883-0}}</ref> The new movements received official encouragement by the 1950s,<ref name="IrMo">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Art in Iran |encyclopedia=Encyclopوdia Iranica |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/art-in-iran-xi-post-qajar- |access-date=15 July 2017 |volume=II |pages=640–646 |trans-title=xi. Post-Qajar (Painting) |archive-date=28 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728133830/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/art-in-iran-xi-post-qajar- |url-status=live}}</ref> which led to the emergence of artists such as [[Marcos Grigorian]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Art in America: Modernity and revolution: a recent show of Iranian art focused on the turbulent time from 1960 to 1980, juxtaposing formally inventive works of art with politically charged photographs and posters – Art & Politics – Between Word and Image: Modern Iranian Visual Culture |date=25 November 2004 |website=looksmart |url=http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1248/is_2_91/ai_97551434 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041125121857/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1248/is_2_91/ai_97551434 |archive-date=25 November 2004}}</ref>

=== Architecture ===
{{Main|Iranian architecture|Persian gardens}}

[[File:Chehel Sotoon.jpg|thumb|[[Chehel Sotoun|Chehel Sotoun Palace]] in [[Isfahan]], built during the [[Safavid Iran|Safavid Empire]] with example of a [[talar]]'','' [[World Heritage Site]]|222x222px]]
The history of architecture in Iran dates back to at least 5,000 BC, with characteristic examples distributed over an area from what is now Turkey and Iraq to Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, and from the Caucasus to Zanzibar. The Iranians made early use of mathematics, geometry and astronomy in their architecture, yielding a tradition with structural and aesthetic variety.<ref>{{cite book |author=Pope, Arthur Upham |title=Persian Architecture |url=https://archive.org/details/persianarchitect0000unse |url-access=registration |publisher=[[George Braziller]] |location=New York |date=1965 |page=[https://archive.org/details/persianarchitect0000unse/page/266 266] |author-link=Arthur Upham Pope}}</ref> The guiding [[motif (visual arts)|motif]] is its cosmic symbolism.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Ardalan, Nader |author2=[[Laleh Bakhtiar|Bakhtiar, Laleh]]. |title=The Sense of Unity: The Sufi Tradition in Persian Architecture |date=2000 |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |isbn=978-1-871031-78-2}}</ref>

In addition to historic gates, palaces, and mosques, the rapid growth of cities such as Tehran has brought a wave of construction. Iran ranks 7th among UNESCO's list of countries with the most archaeological ruins and attractions from antiquity.<ref>{{cite web |title=Virtual Conference |url=http://www1.american.edu/ted/iran-tour.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124090123/http://www1.american.edu/ted/iran-tour.htm |archive-date=24 November 2010 |access-date=18 June 2011}}</ref>

=== World Heritage Sites ===
{{Main|List of World Heritage Sites in Iran|Iran National Heritage List|}}

Iran's rich culture and history is reflected by its 29 [[World Heritage Site]]s, ranking 1st in the Middle East, and 10th in the world. These include [[Persepolis]], [[Naqsh-e Jahan Square|Naghsh-e Jahan Square]], [[Chogha Zanbil]], [[Pasargadae]], [[Golestan Palace]], [[Arg-e Bam]], [[Behistun Inscription]], [[Shahr-e Sukhteh]], [[Susa]], [[Takht-e Soleymān|Takht-e Soleyman]], [[Hyrcanian forests]], the city of [[Yazd]] and more. Iran has 26 [[Intangible cultural heritage]], or Human treasures, which ranks 4th worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2023 |title=Iran secures 5th place worldwide for UNESCO-listed intangible treasures |url=https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/492297/Iran-secures-5th-place-worldwide-for-UNESCO-listed-intangible |access-date=12 January 2024 |website=[[Tehran Times]] |language=en |archive-date=14 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231214020926/https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/492297/Iran-secures-5th-place-worldwide-for-UNESCO-listed-intangible |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=asadian |date=6 December 2023 |title=Iran Reached 5th in UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage list |url=https://en.shafaqna.com/340309/iran-reached-5th-rank-in-unesco-intangible-cultural-heritage-list/ |access-date=12 January 2024 |publisher=International Shia News Agency |language=en-US |archive-date=12 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112082739/https://en.shafaqna.com/340309/iran-reached-5th-rank-in-unesco-intangible-cultural-heritage-list/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Weaving ===
{{Main|Persian carpet|Tabriz rug|Ardabil Carpet}}

[[File:Pazyryk carpet.jpg|thumb|The Pazyryk Carpet, 400 BC]]
Iran's carpet-weaving has its origins in the [[Bronze Age]] and is one of the most distinguished manifestations of Iranian art. Carpet weaving is an essential part of [[Persian culture]] and [[Iranian art]]. Persian rugs and carpets were woven in parallel by nomadic tribes in village and town workshops, and by royal court manufactories. As such, they represent simultaneous lines of tradition, and reflect the history of Iran, Persian culture, and its various peoples. Although the term "Persian carpet" most often refers to pile-woven textiles, flat-woven carpets and rugs like [[Kilim]], [[Soumak rug|Soumak]], and embroidered tissues like [[Suzani (textile)|Suzani]] are part of the manifold tradition of Persian carpet weaving.

Iran produces three-quarters of the world's handmade carpets, and has 30% of export markets.<ref name="Goswami2009">{{cite book |author=K K Goswami |title=Advances in Carpet Manufacture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-cekAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA148 |year=2009 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-1-84569-585-9 |page=148}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Khalaj |first=Mehrnosh |url=https://www.ft.com/content/5a5c0444-1669-11df-bf44-00144feab49a |title=Iran's oldest craft left behind |work=Financial Times |date=10 February 2010 |access-date=4 October 2013 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=26 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226073509/https://www.ft.com/content/5a5c0444-1669-11df-bf44-00144feab49a?ftcamp=rss%20 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2010, the "traditional skills of carpet weaving" in [[Fars province]] and [[Kashan]] were inscribed to the [[UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists|UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage]] List.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNESCO – Traditional skills of carpet weaving in Fars |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/traditional-skills-of-carpet-weaving-in-fars-00382 |access-date=1 January 2024 |website= |language=en |archive-date=8 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208020730/https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/traditional-skills-of-carpet-weaving-in-fars-00382 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=UNESCO – Traditional skills of carpet weaving in Kashan |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/traditional-skills-of-carpet-weaving-in-kashan-00383 |access-date=1 January 2024 |website= |language=en |archive-date=8 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208020852/https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/traditional-skills-of-carpet-weaving-in-kashan-00383 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2012 |title=Iran's carpet washing ritual registered on UNESCO representative list |url=https://en.mehrnews.com/news/53059/Iran-s-carpet-washing-ritual-registered-on-UNESCO-representative |access-date=1 January 2024 |agency=[[Mehr News Agency]] |language=en |archive-date=1 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101111553/https://en.mehrnews.com/news/53059/Iran-s-carpet-washing-ritual-registered-on-UNESCO-representative |url-status=live}}</ref> Within the [[Oriental rug]]s produced by the countries of the "rug belt", the Persian carpet stands out by the variety and elaborateness of its manifold designs.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=SURFIRAN Editorial |date=6 February 2016 |title=Persian Carpets Return to the US Market |url=https://surfiran.com/mag/iranian-carpet/ |access-date=6 July 2024 |website=SURFIRAN Mag |language=en-US}}</ref>

Carpets woven in towns and regional centres like [[Tabriz rug|Tabriz]], [[Kerman carpet|Kerman]], [[Ravar]], [[Neyshabour]], [[Mashhad]], [[Kashan]], [[Isfahan rug|Isfahan]], [[Nain rug|Nain]] and [[Qom rug|Qom]] are characterized by their specific weaving techniques and use of high-quality materials, colours and patterns. Hand-woven Persian rugs and carpets have been regarded as objects of high artistic value and prestige, since they were mentioned by [[ancient Greek]] writers.

=== Literature ===
{{Main|Literature in Iran}}

{{See also|Iranian literature}}
[[File:Hafez 880714 095.jpg|thumb|Tombs of [[Hafez]]]]

Iran's oldest literary tradition is that of [[Avestan]], the [[Iranian languages#Old Iranian|Old Iranian]] [[sacred language]] of the [[Avesta]], which consists of the legendary and religious texts of Zoroastrianism and the [[ancient Iranian religion]].<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Indo-Iranian Journal |title=A Glossary of Terms for Weapons and Armor in Old Iranian |first=W.W. |last=Malandra |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=264–289 |year=1973 |location=Philadelphia |publisher=Brill |jstor=24651454 |doi=10.1163/000000073790079071 |s2cid=162194727}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=David Levinson |author2=Karen Christensen |title=Encyclopedia of Modern Asia: Iaido to Malay |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediamode02levi_463 |url-access=limited |year=2002 |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |isbn=978-0-684-80617-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediamode02levi_463/page/n97 48]}}</ref> The Persian language was used and developed through [[Persianate society|Persianate societies]] in Asia Minor, Central Asia, and South Asia, leaving extensive influences on [[Ottoman poetry|Ottoman]] and [[Persian language in the Indian subcontinent|Mughal literatures]], among others. Iran has several famous medieval poets, notably [[Rumi]], [[Ferdowsi]], [[Hafez]], [[Saadi Shirazi]], [[Omar Khayyam]], and [[Nizami Ganjavi]].<ref>{{cite book |author=François de Blois |title=Persian Literature: A Bio-bibliographical Survey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F-lH8aQ9-HsC&pg=363 |access-date=21 June 2013 |volume=5 |date=April 2004 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |quote=Nizami Ganja'i, whose personal name was Ilyas, is the most celebrated native poet of the Persians after Firdausi. |isbn=978-0-947593-47-6 |page=363}}</ref>

Described as one of the great literatures of humanity,<ref>Arthur John Arberry, ''The Legacy of Persia'', Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1953, {{ISBN|0-19-821905-9}}, p. 200.</ref> including [[Goethe]]'s assessment of it as one of the four main bodies of world literature,<ref>Von David Levinson; Karen Christensen, ''Encyclopedia of Modern Asia'', Charles Scribner's Sons. 2002, vol. 4, p. 480</ref> Persian literature has its roots in surviving works of [[Middle Persian]] and [[Old Persian]], the latter of which dates back as far as 522 BC, the date of the earliest surviving Achaemenid inscription, the [[Behistun Inscription]]. The bulk of surviving Persian literature, however, comes from the times following the Muslim conquest in {{Circa}} 650 AD. After the Abbasids came to power (750 AD), the Iranians became the scribes and bureaucrats of the Islamic Caliphate and, increasingly, also its writers and poets. The New Persian language literature arose and flourished in Khorasan and Transoxiana because of political reasons, early Iranian dynasties of post-Islamic Iran, such as the Tahirids and Samanids, being based in Khorasan.<ref>Frye, R.N., "Darī", ''The Encyclopaedia of Islam'', Brill Publications, CD version.</ref>

=== Museums ===
{{Main|List of museums in Iran}}

[[File:Národní muzeum Íránu.jpg|thumb|The [[National Museum of Iran]] in Tehran]]

The [[National Museum of Iran]] in Tehran is the country's most important cultural institution. As the first and biggest museum in Iran, the institution includes the [[Museum of Ancient Iran]] and the [[Museum of the Islamic Era]]. The National Museum is the world's most important museum in terms of preservation, display and research of archaeological collections of Iran,<ref name="National Museum of Iran">{{Cite web |title=National Museum of Iran – Official Site For National Museum Of Iran |url=https://irannationalmuseum.ir/en/ |access-date=6 January 2024 |language=fa-IR |archive-date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202002842/https://irannationalmuseum.ir/en/ |url-status=live}}</ref> and ranks as one of the few most prestigious museums globally in terms of volume, diversity and quality of its monuments.<ref name="National Museum of Iran" />

There are many other popular museums across the country such as the [[Golestan Palace]] ([[World Heritage Site]]), [[Treasury of National Jewels|The Treasury of National Jewels]], [[Reza Abbasi Museum]], [[Tehran Museum of Contemporary Art]], [[Sa'dabad Complex]], [[Carpet Museum of Iran|The Carpet Museum]], [[Abgineh Museum of Tehran|Abgineh Museum]], [[Pars Museum]], [[Azerbaijan Museum]], Hegmataneh Museum, Susa Museum and more. Around 25 million people visited the museums in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 January 2024 |title=25 million people visited museums last year |url=https://en.irna.ir/news/83321603/25-million-people-visit-museums-last-year |website=IRNA |access-date=6 January 2024 |archive-date=6 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106225535/https://en.irna.ir/news/83321603/25-million-people-visit-museums-last-year |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 May 2019 |title=25 million visited Iran's heritage museums in calendar year |url=https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/436197/25-million-visited-Iran-s-heritage-museums-in-calendar-year |access-date=6 January 2024 |website=[[Tehran Times]] |language=en |archive-date=29 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229012947/https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/436197/25-million-visited-Iran-s-heritage-museums-in-calendar-year |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Music and dance ===
{{Main|Music of Iran|Iranian dance}}

{{multiple image|
| direction = vertical
| width = 210
| image1 = Museum of Persepolis Darafsh (16) (cropped).JPG
| caption1 = A [[Karnay]], an ancient Iranian musical instrument from the 6th century BC, kept at the Persepolis Museum
| image2 = Dancers on a piece of ceramic from CheshmeAli, Iran, 5000 BC, Louvre.jpg
| caption2 = Dancers on a piece of ceramic from [[Cheshmeh-Ali (Shahr-e-Rey)|Cheshmeh-Ali]], 5000 BC
}}

Iran is the apparent birthplace of the earliest complex instruments, dating to the 3rd millennium BC.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/music-history-i-pre-islamic-iran |title=Music History: i. Pre-Islamic Iran |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Iranica |access-date=27 August 2015 |archive-date=28 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428204706/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/music-history-i-pre-islamic-iran |url-status=live}}</ref> The use of [[angular harp]]s have been documented at Madaktu and [[Kul-e Farah]], with the largest collection of Elamite instruments documented at Kul-e Farah. [[Xenophon]]'s ''[[Cyropaedia]]'' mentions singing women at the court of the Achaemenid Empire. Under the Parthian Empire, the ''[[Gusans|gōsān]]'' ([[Parthian language|Parthian]] for 'minstrel') had a prominent role.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Iranica |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/gosan |title=GŌSĀN |volume=Xi |pages=167–170 |access-date=15 July 2017 |archive-date=24 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924074942/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/gosan |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Farrokh |first=Kaveh |title=Parthian and Central Asian Martial Music |url=https://www.kavehfarrokh.com/ancient-prehistory-651-a-d/parthian/parthian-and-central-asian-martial-music/ |access-date=26 May 2024 |website=Kaveh Farrokh |date=13 January 2023 |archive-date=26 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526112928/https://www.kavehfarrokh.com/ancient-prehistory-651-a-d/parthian/parthian-and-central-asian-martial-music/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

The history of [[Sasanian music]] is better documented than earlier periods and is especially more evident in Avestan texts.<ref name=EI-mhphi>{{harv|Lawergren|2009}} iv. First millennium C.E. (1) Sasanian music, 224–651.</ref> By the time of [[Khosrow II]], the Sasanian royal court hosted prominent musicians, namely Azad, [[Bamshad]], [[Barbad]], [[Nagisa (harpist)|Nagisa]], Ramtin, and [[Sarkash]]. Iranian traditional musical instruments include string instruments such as [[chang (instrument)|chang]] ([[harp]]), [[qanun (instrument)|qanun]], [[santur]], [[rud]] ([[oud]], [[barbat (lute)|barbat]]), [[tar (string instrument)|tar]], [[dutar|dotar]], [[setar]], [[tanbur]], and [[kamancheh|kamanche]], wind instruments such as [[sorna]] ([[zurna]], [[karnay|karna]]) and [[ney]], and percussion instruments such as [[tonbak|tompak]], [[kus]], [[daf]] ([[dayereh|dayere]]), and [[naqareh|naqare]].

The [[Tehran Symphony Orchestra]] was founded in 1933. By the late 1940s, [[Ruhollah Khaleqi]] founded the country's first national music society and established the School of National Music in 1949.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/arts/story/2006/11/061113_pm-mk-khaleghi.shtml |title=BBCPersian.com |publisher=BBC |access-date=26 October 2015}}</ref> [[Iranian pop music]] has its origins in the [[Qajar Iran|Qajar era]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iranchamber.com/music/articles/pop_music_iran.php |title=Iran Chamber Society: Music of Iran: Pop Music in Iran |work=Iran Chamber |access-date=26 October 2015 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924043026/http://www.iranchamber.com/music/articles/pop_music_iran.php |url-status=live}}</ref> It was significantly developed since the 1950s, using indigenous instruments and forms accompanied by electric guitar and other imported characteristics. [[Iranian rock]] emerged in the 1960s and [[Iranian hip hop|hip hop]] in the 2000s.<ref>{{cite web |script-title=fa:'اسکورپیو' در آپارات" |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/arts/2013/02/130227_aprat_week_09.shtml |work=[[BBC Persian]] |access-date=27 August 2015 |archive-date=13 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313105726/http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/arts/2013/02/130227_aprat_week_09.shtml |url-status=live |language=fa}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Rebels-of-rap-reign-in-Iran-3287827.php |title=Rebels of rap reign in Iran |work=San Francisco Chronicle |date=16 April 2008 |access-date=26 October 2015 |archive-date=22 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022193843/http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Rebels-of-rap-reign-in-Iran-3287827.php |url-status=live}}</ref>

Iran has known dance in the forms of music, play, drama or religious rituals since at least the 6th millennium BC. Artifacts with pictures of dancers were found in archaeological prehistoric sites.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica |url=https://iranicaonline.org/ |access-date=3 April 2024 |website=[[Encyclopedia Iranica]] |language=en-US |archive-date=10 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100410171658/https://iranicaonline.org/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Genres of dance vary depending on the area, culture, and language of the local people, and can range from sophisticated reconstructions of refined court dances to energetic folk dances.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2024 |title=A Brief Introduction to Iranian Dance |url=http://www.laurelvictoriagray.com/persian-dance.html |website=Laurel Victoria Gray |access-date=12 January 2024 |archive-date=18 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121118050436/http://www.laurelvictoriagray.com/persian-dance.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Each group, region, and historical epoch has specific dance styles associated with it. The earliest researched dance from historic Iran is a dance worshipping Mithra. Ancient Persian dance was significantly researched by Greek historian [[Herodotus]]. Iran was occupied by foreign powers, causing a slow disappearance of heritage dance traditions.

The Qajar era had an important influence on Persian dance. In this period, a style of dance began to be called "[[classical Persian dance]]". Dancers performed artistic dances in court for entertainment purposes such as coronations, marriage celebrations, and [[Nowruz|Norouz]] celebrations. In the 20th century, the music came to be orchestrated and dance movement and costuming gained a modernistic orientation to the West.

=== Media ===
{{Main|Media of Iran}}

[[File:IRIB Building.jpg|thumb|[[Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting|IRIB]], the Iranian [[State media|state-controlled]] media corporation]]

Iran's largest media corporation is the state-owned [[Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting|IRIB]]. The [[Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance]] is responsible for the cultural policy, including activities regarding communications and information.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/tehran/about-this-office/single-view/news/irans_minister_of_culture_and_islamic_guidance_calls_for |title=Iran's Minister of Culture and Islamic Guidance calls for expansion of ties with UNESCO |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |access-date=2 December 2018 |date=15 December 2014 |archive-date=8 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208183653/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/tehran/about-this-office/single-view/news/irans_minister_of_culture_and_islamic_guidance_calls_for |url-status=live}}</ref>
Most of the [[list of newspapers in Iran|newspapers published in Iran]] are in Persian, the country's official and national language. The country's most widely circulated periodicals are based in Tehran, among which are ''[[Etemad]]'', ''[[Ettela'at]]'', ''[[Kayhan]]'', ''[[Hamshahri]]'', ''[[Resalat (newspaper)|Resalat]]'', and ''[[Shargh]]''.<ref name=BYI /> ''[[Tehran Times]]'', ''[[Iran (newspaper)|Iran Daily]]'', and ''[[Financial Tribune]]'' are among the famous English-language newspapers based in Iran.

Iran ranks 17th among [[List of countries by number of Internet users|countries by number of Internet users]]. [[Google Search]] is Iran's most widely used search engine and [[Instagram]] is the most popular online [[social networking service]].<ref name="Alexa Internet">{{cite web |work=Alexa Internet |url=http://www.alexa.com/topsites/countries/IR |title=Top Sites in Iran |access-date=2 December 2018 |archive-date=10 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101210145701/http://www.alexa.com/topsites/countries/ir}}</ref> Direct access to many worldwide mainstream websites has been blocked in Iran, including [[Facebook]], which has been blocked since 2009. About 90% of Iran's [[e-commerce]] takes place on the Iranian online store [[Digikala]], which has around 750,000 visitors per day and is the most visited online store in the Middle East.<ref>{{cite news |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/may/31/amazon-iranian-style-digikala-other-startups-aparat-hamijoo-takhfifan |title=From Digikala to Hamijoo: the Iranian startup revolution, phase two |last=Kamali Dehghan |first=Saeed |date=13 May 2015 |access-date=14 December 2016 |archive-date=12 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412095014/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/may/31/amazon-iranian-style-digikala-other-startups-aparat-hamijoo-takhfifan |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Cuisine ===
{{Main|Iranian cuisine}}

[[File:Kebab Bakhtyari.jpg|thumb|[[Chelow kabab]] (rice and [[kebab]]), one of [[Iran's national dishes]]]]

Iranian main dishes include varieties of [[kebab]], [[pilaf]], [[stew]] ([[khoresh]]), [[soup]] and [[āsh]], and [[omelette]]. Lunch and dinner meals are commonly accompanied by side dishes such as plain [[yogurt]] or [[Tzatziki|mast-o-khiar]], [[Sabzi khordan|sabzi]], [[Shirazi salad|salad Shirazi]], and [[Tursu|torshi]], and might follow dishes such as [[borani]], [[Mirza Ghassemi|Mirza Qasemi]], or [[kashk e bademjan]]. In Iranian culture, tea is widely consumed.<ref>{{cite book |author=Williams, Stuart. |title=Iran – Culture Smart!: The Essential Guide to Customs & Culture |date=October 2008 |publisher=Kuperard |isbn=978-1-85733-598-9 |chapter=DRINKING |quote=Iranians are obsessive tea drinkers |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YXYFAQAAQBAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Maslin, Jamie. |url=https://archive.org/details/iranianrapperspe0000masl |title=Iranian Rappers and Persian Porn: A Hitchhiker's Adventures in the New Iran |publisher=Skyhorse Publishing Inc. |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-60239-791-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/iranianrapperspe0000masl/page/58 58] |quote=Iran is a nation of obsessive tea drinkers |url-access=registration}}</ref> Iran is the world's seventh major tea producer.<ref name="FAOSTAT2">Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations—Production [http://faostat.fao.org/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=567&lang=en FAOSTAT] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111115042315/http://faostat.fao.org/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=567&lang=en |date=15 November 2011 }}. Retrieved 30 April 2010.</ref> One of Iran's most popular desserts is the [[Faloodeh|falude]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Foodspotting |title=The Foodspotting Field Guide |date=18 March 2014 |publisher=Chronicle Books |isbn=978-1-4521-3008-8 |chapter=24 / Dessert: Faloodeh |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PswWAgAAQBAJ}}</ref> There is also the popular saffron ice cream, known as ''[[Bastani Sonnati]]'' ("traditional ice cream"),<ref>{{cite web |author=Henninger, Danya |date=7 February 2017 |title=Franklin Fountain has an ImPeach sundae with 'nuts from the cabinet' |url=https://billypenn.com/2017/02/07/franklin-fountain-has-an-impeach-sundae-with-nuts-from-the-cabinet |website=BillyPenn.com |access-date=20 July 2017 |archive-date=19 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819144151/https://billypenn.com/2017/02/07/franklin-fountain-has-an-impeach-sundae-with-nuts-from-the-cabinet/ |url-status=live}}</ref> which is sometimes accompanied with [[carrot juice]].<ref>{{Cite book |author=Duguid, Naomi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v-GACwAAQBAJ |title=Taste of Persia: A Cook's Travels Through Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Iran, and Kurdistan |date=6 September 2016 |publisher=Artisan |isbn=978-1-57965-727-7 |page=353 |quote=...{{nbsp}}havij bastani, a kind of ice cream float, made with Persian ice cream and carrot juice}}</ref> Iran is also famous for its [[caviar]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Sturgeon Stocks Slump |url=http://www.iran-daily.com/1383/2228/html/focus.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050716074736/http://www.iran-daily.com/1383/2228/html/focus.htm |archive-date=16 July 2005 |access-date=21 June 2013 |publisher=Iran-daily.com}}</ref>

Typical Iranian main dishes are combinations of [[rice]] with [[meat]], [[vegetable]]s and [[Nut (fruit)|nuts]]. [[List of culinary herbs and spices|Herbs]] are frequently used, along with fruits such as [[plum]]s, [[pomegranate]]s, [[quince]], [[prune]]s, [[apricot]]s and [[raisin]]s. Characteristic Iranian spices and flavourings such as [[saffron]], [[cardamom]], and [[dried lime]] and other sources of sour flavoring, [[cinnamon]], [[turmeric]] and [[parsley]] are mixed and used in various dishes.

=== Sports ===
{{Main|Sport in Iran}}

{{multiple image|
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| image1 = Dizin ski resort.jpg
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| caption1 = [[Dizin]], biggest [[ski resort]] in the [[Middle East]]
| image2 = Azadi Stadium in the final week of the 39th League.jpg
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| caption2 = [[Azadi Stadium]] in [[Tehran]], [[West Asia]]'s largest football stadium
}}

Iran is the birthplace of [[polo]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.polomuseum.com/history_of_polo.htm |title=The History of Polo |publisher=Polomuseum.com |access-date=27 March 2015 |archive-date=17 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717015002/http://www.polomuseum.com/history_of_polo.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.historic-uk.com/CultureUK/The-Origins-of-Polo/ |title=The origins and history of Polo |author=Ben Johnson |access-date=27 March 2015 |archive-date=28 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150228012509/http://www.historic-uk.com/CultureUK/The-Origins-of-Polo/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Iran Chamber Society: Sport in Iran: History of Chogân (Polo) |url=https://www.iranchamber.com/sport/chogan/chogan_history.php |access-date=26 May 2024 |website=Iran Chamber |archive-date=26 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526112927/https://www.iranchamber.com/sport/chogan/chogan_history.php |url-status=live}}</ref> locally known as chogan, with its earliest records attributed to the ancient Medes.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Singh, Jaisal |year=2007 |title=Polo in India |location=London |publisher=New Holland |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=2ZF5EIfX9VwC&pg=PA10 10] |isbn=978-1-84537-913-1}}</ref> Freestyle wrestling is traditionally considered the national sport, and [[Iran national freestyle wrestling athletes|Iran's wrestlers]] have been world champions many times. Iran's traditional wrestling, called ''[[Pahlevani and zoorkhaneh rituals|koڑti e pahlevāni]]'' ("heroic wrestling"), is registered on UNESCO's Intangible Cultural Heritage list.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zurkhaneh Traditional Sports |url=https://traditionalsportsgames.org/index.php/sport/35-traditional-sports-recognized/214-zurkhaneh |access-date=2 May 2024 |website= |archive-date=2 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502163840/https://traditionalsportsgames.org/index.php/sport/35-traditional-sports-recognized/214-zurkhaneh |url-status=live}}</ref> Iran's [[National Olympic Committee of the Islamic Republic of Iran|National Olympic Committee]] was founded in 1947. Wrestlers and weightlifters have achieved the country's highest [[Iran at the Olympics|records at the Olympics]]. In 1974, Iran became the first country in West Asia to host the [[Asian Games]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Asian Games |url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1059784/history-of-asian-games |access-date=28 January 2024 |website= |archive-date=18 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118004949/https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1059784/history-of-asian-games |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Iranian Great Power Ambitions and China's Return to the Olympic Movement, 1973–74 |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/iranian-great-power-ambitions-and-chinas-return-to-the-olympic-movement-1973-74 |access-date=28 January 2024 |website= |date=31 October 2016 |language=en |archive-date=28 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128122610/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/iranian-great-power-ambitions-and-chinas-return-to-the-olympic-movement-1973-74 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Teenagers won titles in the Tehran 1974 Asian Games where South Korea and Iran were the bests |url=http://www.asbcnews.org/teenagers-won-titles-in-the-tehran-1974-asian-games-where-south-korea-and-iran-were-the-bests/ |access-date=28 January 2024 |website= |language=en-US |archive-date=28 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128122610/http://www.asbcnews.org/teenagers-won-titles-in-the-tehran-1974-asian-games-where-south-korea-and-iran-were-the-bests/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

As a mountainous country, Iran is a venue for skiing, snowboarding, hiking, rock climbing,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rockclimbing.com/ |title=Rock Climbing Routes, Gear, Photos, Videos & Articles |publisher=Rockclimbing.com |date=27 October 2009 |access-date=18 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615152628/http://www.rockclimbing.com/ |archive-date=15 June 2011}}</ref> and mountain climbing.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mountainzone.ir/ |title=Iran Mountain Zone (IMZ) |date=11 June 1966 |access-date=18 June 2011 |archive-date=9 December 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021209175412/http://www.mountainzone.ir/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abc-of-mountaineering.com/middle-east/iran/ |title=Mountaineering in Iran |publisher=Abc-of-mountaineering.com |access-date=18 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707072811/https://www.abc-of-mountaineering.com/middle-east/iran/ |archive-date=7 July 2011}}</ref> It is home to ski resorts, the most famous being [[Tochal Complex|Tochal]], [[Dizin]], and [[Shemshak (ski resort)|Shemshak]].<ref name="Snowseasoncentral.com_November_29_2015c">{{cite web |url=http://www.snowseasoncentral.com/work-a-winter-snow-season-iran |title=Iran – Guide to Skiing and Snowboarding |year=2015 |access-date=29 November 2015 |archive-date=8 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108113156/http://www.snowseasoncentral.com/work-a-winter-snow-season-iran |url-status=live}}</ref> Dizin is the largest, and authorised by [[International Ski and Snowboard Federation|FIS]] to administer international competitions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 December 2023 |title=Dizi (IRI) |url=https://www.fis-ski.com/DB/general/event-details.html?eventid=47908&sectorcode=AL&seasoncode=2021 |website=FIS |access-date=15 December 2023 |archive-date=15 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215183320/https://www.fis-ski.com/DB/general/event-details.html?eventid=47908&sectorcode=AL&seasoncode=2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Football in Iran|Football]] is the most popular sport, with the [[Iran national football team|men's national team]] having won the [[AFC Asian Cup|Asian Cup]] three times. The men's team ranks 2nd in Asia and 18th in the [[FIFA World Rankings]] {{as of|April 2025|lc=y}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/fifa-world-ranking/associations/association/IRN/men/ |title=Iran: FIFA/Coca-Cola World Ranking |publisher=[[FIFA]] |access-date=4 May 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414135244/https://www.fifa.com/fifa-world-ranking/associations/association/IRN/men/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Azadi Stadium]] in Tehran is the largest association football stadium in West Asia and on a list of top-20 stadiums in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hayward |first=Joshua |title=Ranking the Top 20 Stadiums in World Football |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/1804430-ranking-the-top-20-stadiums-in-world-football |access-date=26 December 2023 |website=Bleacher Report |language=en |archive-date=29 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229064950/https://bleacherreport.com/articles/1804430-ranking-the-top-20-stadiums-in-world-football |url-status=live}}</ref> Volleyball is the second most popular sport.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aipsmedia.com/index.php?page=news&cod=16859&tp=n |title=AIPS Web Site – USA Volleyball president tips Iran to qualify for Rio |date=2 December 2011 |access-date=26 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015234936/http://www.aipsmedia.com/index.php?page=news&cod=16859&tp=n |archive-date=15 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldofvolley.com/News/Latest_news/170/volleyball-pioneer-ahmad-masajedi-says-irans-rise-to-the-top-wont-stop-.html |title=WorldofVolley :: Volleyball pioneer Ahmad Masajedi says Iran's rise to the top won't stop |date=2 December 2011 |access-date=26 October 2015 |archive-date=15 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015234934/http://www.worldofvolley.com/News/Latest_news/170/volleyball-pioneer-ahmad-masajedi-says-irans-rise-to-the-top-wont-stop-.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Having won the 2011 and 2013 [[Asian Men's Volleyball Championship]]s, the [[Iran men's national volleyball team|men's national team]] is the 2nd strongest in Asia, and 15th in the [[FIVB World Rankings]] {{as of|2025|January|lc=y}}. [[Basketball]] is also popular, with the [[Iran national basketball team|men's national team]] having won three [[FIBA Asia Championship|Asian Championships]] since 2007.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.espn.com/espnmag/story?id=3671265 |access-date=21 April 2012 |publisher=ESPN |first=Sam |last=Alipour |title=Mission Improbable |date=21 April 2012 |archive-date=24 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121124115828/http://sports.espn.go.com/espnmag/story?id=3671265 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Iran|Country}}
* [[Outline of Iran]]{{Clear}}

== Notes ==
<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"><references group="lower-alpha" /></div>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

=== ''Encyclopaedia Iranica'' ===
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{Encyclopaedia Iranica|volume=online|title=Great Britain iii. British influence in Persia in the 19th century|year=2002|first=Abbas|last=Amanat|url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/great-britain-iii/}}
* {{Encyclopaedia Iranica|volume=online|title=Anūštigin Ḡarčaʾī|year=1986|first=C. Edmund|last=Bosworth|url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/anustigin-garcai-slave-commander}}
* {{Encyclopaedia Iranica|volume=online|title=Khwarazmshahs i. Descendants of the line of Anuštigin|year=2009|first=C. Edmund|last=Bosworth|url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/khwarazmshahs-i}}
* {{Encyclopaedia Iranica |last=Lawergren |first=Bo |author-link=Bo Lawergren |year=2009 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]] |title=Music History i. Pre-Islamic Iran |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/music-history-i-pre-islamic-iran |volume=online}}
* {{Encyclopaedia Iranica|volume=online|title=Aparna|year=2011|first=P.|last=Lecoq|url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/aparna-c3k}}
* {{Encyclopædia Iranica|volume=online|article=Economy iv. In the Sasanian Period|year=1997|first=Ryka|last=Gyselen|url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/economy-iv/}}
* {{Encyclopaedia Iranica |year=1998 |title=Ērān, Ērānšahr |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/eran-eransah |last=MacKenzie |first=David Niel |volume=online}}
* {{Encyclopaedia Iranica|volume=online|title=Safavid Dynasty|author-link=Rudi Matthee | year=2008|first=Rudolph P.|last=Matthee|url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/safavids}}
* {{Encyclopaedia Iranica|volume=online|title=Āgā Mohammad Khan Qājār|year=1984|first=J. R.|last=Perry|url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/aga-mohammad-khan/}}
* {{Encyclopaedia Iranica|volume=online|title=Zand Dynasty|year=2000|first=J. R.|last=Perry|url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/zand-dynasty}}
* {{Encyclopædia Iranica Online|volume=online|fascicle=|article=Esmāʿīl I Ṣafawī|year=1998|first1=Roger|last1=Savory|first2=Ahmet T.|last2=Karamustafa|url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/esmail-i-safawi#i}}
* {{Encyclopaedia Iranica |year=1987 |title=Aryans |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Iranica |location=New York |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/aryans |last=Schmitt |first=Rüdiger |volume=online}}
*{{Encyclopaedia Iranica|title=Iraj |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iraj |last=Shahbazi |first=Alireza Shapour |date=2004 |volume=online}}
* {{Encyclopedia Iranica|volume=online|article=Sasanian Dynasty|year=2005|first=Alireza Shapur|last=Shahbazi|url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/sasanian-dynasty/}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title = Nāder Shāh | last = Tucker | first = Ernest | url = https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/nader-shah | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica | year = 2006a }}
* {{Encyclopedia Iranica |year=2004 |title=Iran ii. Iranian History (1) Pre-Islamic Times |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-ii1-pre-islamic-times/ |last=Yarshater |first=Ehsan |volume=online }}
{{Refend}}
{{sfn whitelist|CITEREFYarshater2004|CITEREFShahbazi2005}}

=== Books ===
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |author1=Aeschylus |author-link=Aeschylus |title=The Complete Aeschylus: Volume II: Persians and Other Plays |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-045183-7 |translator-last=Lembke |translator-first=Janet |chapter=Persians |access-date= |orig-year=1981 |translator-last2=Herington |translator-first2=C. John}}
* {{Cite book |last=Aghaie |first=Kamran Scot |title=The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-19-973215-9 |chapter=The Afghan Interlude and the Zand and Afshar Dynasties (1722–95)}}
* {{Cite book |last=Aigle |first=Denise |title=Iran Under the Mongols: Ilkhanid Administrators and Persian Notables in Fars |publisher=I.B. Tauris |year=2024 |isbn=978-0-7556-4573-2}}
* {{cite book |last=Axworthy |first=Michael |title=A History of Iran: Empire of the Mind |publisher=Basic Books |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-465-09876-7}}
* {{Cite book |last=Baker |first=Patricia L. |title=Iran: The Bradt Travel Guide |date=2005 |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |isbn=978-1-84162-123-4 |orig-date=2001}}
* {{Cite book |last=Barthold |first=V. V. |title=Four Studies on the History of Central Asia: Volume III: Mir Ali-Shir: A History of the Turkman People |publisher=Brill |year=1962 |chapter=}}
* {{Cite book |last=Blair |first=Sheila |title=The Monumental Inscriptions from Early Islamic Iran and Transoxiana |publisher=Brill |year=1992 |isbn=90-04-09367-2}}
* {{Cite book |last=Brown |first=Brad |title=[[Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World|Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia]] |date=2011 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-336-1 |editor-last=Mikaberidze |editor-first=Alexander |volume=1 |chapter=Ismail, Shah (Safavid) (1487–1524)}}
* {{Cite book |last=Dowling |first=Timothy C. |url= |title=Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-59884-948-6 |series=2 volumes}}
* {{cite book |last1=El-Azhari |first1=Taef |title=Queens, Eunuchs and Concubines in Islamic History, 661–1257 |date=2019 |publisher=Edinburg University Press |isbn=978-1-4744-2318-2 |pages=285–348 |chapter=The Seljuqs from Syria to Iran: The Age of Khatuns and Atabegs |doi=10.3366/edinburgh/9781474423182.003.0007 |s2cid=219872073}}
* {{cite book |last1=Elling |first1=Rasmus Christian |title=Minorities in Iran: Nationalism and Ethnicity after Khomeini |date=2013 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-137-04780-9}}
* {{Cite book |last=Eiland |first=Murray |title=Atlas of World Art |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-19-521583-0 |editor-last=Onians |editor-first=John |pages= |chapter=West Asia, 300 BC–AD 600}}
* {{cite book |last1=Ehteshami |first1=Anoushiravan |url= |title=Iran: Stuck in Transition |date=2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-98545-1 |chapter=Modern state formation}}
* {{Cite book |last=Gaube |first=Heinz |title=The City in the Islamic World: Volume 2 |publisher=Brill |year=2008 |isbn=978-90-47-44265-3 |chapter=Iranian Cities}}
* {{Cite book |last=Golden |first=Peter B. |title=Central Asia in World History |date=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press}}
* {{Cite book |last=Dandamayev |first=Muhammad |title=A Companion to the Achaemenid Persian Empire: Volume II |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |year=2021 |isbn=978-1-119-07165-5 |chapter=Eastern Europe}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hawting |first=G. R. |title=The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate, AD 661–750 |publisher=Croom Helm Ltd |year=1986}}
* {{cite book |last=Hamzeh'ee |first=M. Reza |title=The Yaresan: a Sociological, Historical, and Religio-Historical Study of a Kurdish Community |publisher=K. Schwarz |publication-place=Berlin |year=1990 |isbn=3-922968-83-X |oclc=23438701}}
* {{Cite book |last=Lane |first=George E. |title=The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-19-973215-9 |chapter=The Mongols in Iran}}
* {{Cite book |last=Katouzian |first=Homa |title=Iran: Politics, History and Literature |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-415-63689-6}}
* {{Cite book |last=Lorentz |first=John H. |title=The A to Z of Iran |publisher=Scarecrow Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-8108-7638-5}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mahendrarajah |first=Shivan |title=Iran after the Mongols |publisher=Bloomsbury |year=2019 |isbn=9781786725974 |chapter=The Iranian Interlude: From Mongol Decline to Timur's Invasion}}
* {{cite book |last1=Malekzadeh |first1=Elham |url= |title=Iran and the West: Cultural Perceptions from the Sasanian Empire to the Islamic Republic |date=2018 |publisher=I.B. Tauris |isbn=978-1-83860-876-7 |editor-last=Whiskin |editor-first=Margaux |chapter=A Narrative of Historical and Cultural Ties Between Iran and Romania}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Matthews |first1=Roger |last2=Nashli |first2=Hassan Fazeli |title=The Archaeology of Iran from the Palaeolithic to the Achaemenid Empire |url=https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003224129 |isbn=978-1-003-22412-9 |year=2022 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |doi=10.4324/9781003224129}}
* {{Cite book |last=Middleton |first=John |title=World Monarchies and Dynasties |publisher=Routledge |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-7656-8050-1}}
* {{Cite book |last=Osman |first=Khalil |title=Sectarianism in Iraq: The Making of State and Nation Since 1920 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-138-77946-4}}
* {{cite book |last1=Roisman |first1=Joseph |last2=Worthington |first2=Ian |title=A Companion to Ancient Macedonia |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-4443-5163-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QsJ183uUDkMC}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ross |first=Martha |title=Rulers and Governments of the World: Volume 1: Earliest Times to 1491 |publisher=Bowker |year=1977 |isbn=0-85935-021-5 |chapter=}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rossabi |first=Morris |title=The Legacy of Genghis Khan: Courtly Art and Culture in Western Asia, 1256–1353 |publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art |year=2002 |isbn=1-58839-071-3 |chapter=The Mongols and Their Legacy}}
* {{cite book |last=Pourshariati |first=Parvaneh |title=Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire: The Sasanian–Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran |location= |publisher=I.B. Tauris |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-84511-645-3 |url=}}
* {{Cite book |last=Shenkar |first=Michael |title=Intangible Spirits and Graven Images: The Iconography of Deities in the Pre-Islamic Iranian World |publisher=Brill |year=2014 |isbn=978-90-04-28148-6}}
* {{Cite book |last=Strootman |first=Rolf |title=New Perspectives in Seleucid History, Archaeology and Numismatics: Studies in Honor of Getzel M. Cohen |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH |year=2020 |isbn=978-3-11-028378-5 |chapter=The Great Kings of Asia: Imperial Titulature in the Seleukid and Post-Seleukid Middle East}}
* {{cite book |first=Jeroen |last=Temperman |title=State-Religion Relationships and Human Rights Law: Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Governance |year=2010 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-18148-9 |chapter=State Support & State Acknowledgement of Religion}}
* {{cite book |title=The Pre-Islamic Middle East |last=Sicker |first=Martin |year=2000 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-275-96890-8}}
* {{Cite book |last=Osanloo |first=Arzoo |title=The Politics of Women's Rights in Iran |date=2009 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-13546-5 |chapter=Human Rights: The Politics and Prose of Discursive Sites}}
* {{Cite book |title=Contemporary Iran: Economy, Society, Politics |last=Tohidi |first=Nayareh |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-537849-8 |editor-last=Gheissari |editor-first=Ali |chapter=Ethnicity and Religious Minority Politics in Iran}}
* {{Cite book |last=Venning |first=Timothy |title=A Compendium of World Sovereigns: Volume I Ancient |publisher=Routledge |year=2023 |isbn=978-1-032-36194-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Ward |first=Steven R. |title=Immortal: A Military History of Iran and its Armed Forces |year=2009 |publisher=Georgetown University Press |isbn=978-1-58901-587-6}}
{{Refend}}

=== Other sources ===
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite book |last=United States |title=The World Factbook 2011 |year=2011 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |chapter=Iran |isbn=978-0-16-089365-0 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ndOYoxPXw4oC&dq=iran+theocratic+republic&pg=PA315}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{Library resources box}}
{{Sister project links|auto=yes}}
* [https://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=IR Key Development Forecasts for Iran] from [[International Futures]]

=== Government ===
* [https://irangov.ir/en Government] – Official website of the Government of Iran
* [https://www.leader.ir/en Supreme Leader] – official website of the supreme leader of Iran
* [https://president.ir/en Presidency] – official website of the president of Iran
* [http://www.majlis.ir Consultative Assembly] – official website of the National Consultative Assembly of Iran
* [http://divanealee.eadl.ir Supreme Court] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250614105707/https://divanealee.eadl.ir/ |date=14 June 2025 }} – official website of the Supreme Court of Egypt
* [http://www.amar.org.ir Statistics] – official website of Statistical Centre of Iran

=== History ===
* [https://lisbon.mfa.ir/pt/generalcategoryservices/9025/history-of-iran "History"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250629145424/https://lisbon.mfa.ir/pt/generalcategoryservices/9025/history-of-iran |date=29 June 2025 }} – Iranian history at Embassy of Iran in Lisbon

=== Tourism ===
* [https://visitiran.ir/ Visit Iran] – Iran's official tourism portal

=== Maps ===
* {{Wikiatlas}}
* {{OSM relation|304938}}

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Iran

2026-03-18T02:24:38Z

Mrav: updated

Run Raja Run

2026-03-15T07:39:53Z

Mrav:

{{short description|2014 film directed by Sujeeth}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Distinguish|RRR}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Run Raja Run
| image = Run Raja Run poster.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| writer = Sujeeth
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Sharwanand]]
*[[Seerat Kapoor]]
*[[Adivi Sesh]]
*[[Sampath Raj]]
*[[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]]
}}
| director = [[Sujeeth]]
| cinematography = [[R. Madhi]]
| producer = {{plainlist|V. Vamsi Krishna Reddy Pramod Uppalapati}}
| editing = Madhu
| studio = UV Creations
| country = India
| released = {{Film date|2014|08|01|df=yes}}
| runtime = 137 minutes
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| music = [[Ghibran]]
| budget = ₹4 crore
| gross = ₹12 crore [[Box office#Distributor rentals|distributors' share]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Tollywood Top 10 Box Office Collection Movies In 2014 |url=https://t2blive.com/tollywood-top-10-box-office-collection-movies-in-2014/ |website=T2BLive |language=en |date=19 February 2019 |access-date=16 July 2025}}</ref>
}}

'''''Run Raja Run''''' is a 2014 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic comedy]] [[thriller film]] directed by debutant [[Sujeeth]] and produced by Uppalapati Pramod and V. Vamsi Krishna Reddy on [[:Category:UV Creations films|UV Creations]] banner.<ref>{{cite web|title=Run Raja Run Collection|url=http://www.cinesprint.com/tollywood/top-stories/656-run-raja-run-beats-alludu-seenu-and-siddarths-jigarthanda-collections.html|website=www.cinesprint.com|publisher=Laxman Vensoft|access-date=6 August 2014|archive-date=8 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808044328/http://www.cinesprint.com/tollywood/top-stories/656-run-raja-run-beats-alludu-seenu-and-siddarths-jigarthanda-collections.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The film stars [[Sharwanand]], [[Seerat Kapoor]] and [[Adivi Sesh]], while [[Sampath Raj]] and [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]] play important roles. The film released worldwide on 1 August 2014 to positive reviews from critics and became a box office blockbuster success.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Sharwanand-Seerat-Kapoor-sizzle-in-Run-Raja-Run/articleshow/38616881.cms|title=Sharwanand, Seerat Kapoor sizzle in Run Raja Run|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=18 July 2014|accessdate=3 August 2014|archive-date=14 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914001954/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Sharwanand-Seerat-Kapoor-sizzle-in-Run-Raja-Run/articleshow/38616881.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was also dubbed and released in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] under the same title.<ref>{{cite news|title= Run Raja Run to be dubbed in Tamil|newspaper= The Times of India|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/run-raja-run-to-be-dubbed-in-tamil/articleshow/41626044.cms|access-date= 6 March 2022|archive-date= 6 March 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220306131425/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/run-raja-run-to-be-dubbed-in-tamil/articleshow/41626044.cms|url-status= live}}</ref> It also fetched the state Telangana Gaddar Film Award for Best Feature Film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/gaddar-telangana-film-awards-adivi-sesh-thanks-telangana-government-for-honouring-major-expresses-gratitude-to-mahesh-babu-article-151755732|title=Gaddar Telangana Film Awards: Adivi Sesh Thanks Telangana Government For Honouring Major, Expresses Gratitude To Mahesh Babu|date=May 30, 2025|website=Times Now}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/ampstories/entertainment/gaddar-telangana-film-awards-heres-who-won-big-in-telangana-3564452|title=Gaddar Telangana Film Awards: Here’s who won big in Telangana|first=DH Web|last=Desk|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref>

==Plot==
Raja Harishchandra Prasad is the son of a vegetable vendor named Prakash, who is constantly keep breaking up with girlfriends because of his extreme honesty. He meets Priya and they both fall in love. Meanwhile, there are kidnappings of ministers in the city and the person who solved the mystery years ago, [[police commissioner|commissioner]] Dileep Kumar has an officer under him, Nayeem Basha, who is an intelligent officer but is not appreciated for it. Raja learns that Priya is Dileep's daughter and that she is about to marry Minister Govindharaju's son Mukundham.

Raja talks with Dileep, who reveals that he wants to get Priya married to Mukundham and tricks Raja into kidnapping one of the big shots in city, but Raja instead kidnaps Priya, who tells him that she never loved him and only pretended so that she could go for higher studies in [[United States of America|US]]. Though heartbroken, Raja takes her to her friend's house. Dileep tries to find her but is not successful. Priya eventually starts falling for Raja, who calls Dileep and demands 3 Crore Rupees as ransom. After comparing Priya's and other kidnappings, Nayeem finds out that the kidnapper is Raja and informs Dileep and that he tricked Dileep. Priya learns about the ransom. When she is questioning him, her father comes and arrests Raja. Dileep is happy that the kidnapper is caught, but Mukundham is later kidnapped. A ransom of 15 Crore Rupees is demanded. When Dileep heads to the police station, Raja is not there.

Priya learns from her mother that Raja's father Prakash and her father Dileep were good friends in the past and that Prakash had considered Karim, a sincere cop as his own family. Prakash found that the kidnappings were planned by Govindaraju and heads to arrest Govindaraju, but Dileep reveals that it was all his plan. Govindaraju kills Karim. Enraged, Prakash shoots Govindaraju, (where the bullet hits his throat and remains there) and he is framed for the kidnapping and imprisoned. Meanwhile, Dileep learns that Nayeem and Raja were in cahoots. Nayeem takes 15 Crore Rupees from Raju. Prakash reveals to Dileep that Nayeem is none other than the son of Karim. Raja then sends a video to the media in which Dileep has admitted to being the real kidnapper. Nayeem takes the 500 Crore Rupees from Govindaraju's house and donates it to the orphanage. Dileep is finally arrested as Govindaraju dies of his gunshot wound. Finally, Priya and Raja reunite at peace.

== Cast ==
{{Colbegin}}
*[[Sharwanand]] as Raja Harishchandra Prasad
*[[Seerat Kapoor]] as Priya
*[[Adivi Sesh]] as Nayeem Basha
*[[Sampath Raj]] as [[Police Commissioner]] Dileep Kumar
*[[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]] as Prakash, Ex Police Commissioner
*[[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Minister Govindharaju
*[[Vennela Kishore]] as Mukundham, Raju's son
*[[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Dr. Subramaniam, [[Fellowship of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons|FRCS]]
*[[Vidyullekha Raman]] as Maggie a.k.a. Bujjima
*[[Ajay Ghosh]] as Munuswamy, Raju's assistant
*[[Dhanya Balakrishna]] as Soundarya / Bangaram
*[[Chatrapathi Sekhar]] as Md. Khalid Basha
*[[Shakalaka Shankar]] as Police Officer
*[[Chammak Chandra]] as fake Bujji
*[[Ananth Babu|Ananth]] as Store worker
*[[Prabhas Sreenu]] as Govindharaju's henchman
*Kotesh Manava as Police Inspector
*[[RK Mama]] as CI Vasudev Sharma
*[[Sudharshan]] as Bus conductor
*[[Kalpa Latha]]
*Josh Ravi as Priya's friend
*[[Sujeeth]] as himself (cameo appearance in the song "Vasthava Vasthava")
{{Colend}}

== Production ==
[[Sharwanand]] was approached by short film maker [[Sujeeth director|Sujeeth]] to play the male protagonist in the film and the former accepted the offer after expressing few doubts. He was forced by the makers to change his look for the film and for giving him a new look, Bhaskar designed the costumes and hair stylist Hakim Aalim was selected for the hair styling and basic look.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140803/entertainment-tollywood/article/sharwanand-breaks-jinx|title=Sharwanand breaks the jinx|publisher=Deccan Chronicle|date=3 August 2014|access-date=4 August 2014|archive-date=5 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805101924/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140803/entertainment-tollywood/article/sharwanand-breaks-jinx|url-status=live}}</ref> He did not take any remuneration for the film as the producers were his friends.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140618/entertainment-tollywood/article/when-prabhas-praised-sarvanand|title=When Prabhas praised Sarvanand..|publisher=Deccan Chronicle|date=18 June 2014|access-date=4 August 2014|archive-date=15 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715205516/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140618/entertainment-tollywood/article/when-prabhas-praised-sarvanand|url-status=live}}</ref> Seerat Kapoor was selected after conducting a photo shoot followed by a screen test after she gave her audition at Hyderabad which marked her debut in Telugu cinema.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140720/entertainment-tollywood/article/tollywood%E2%80%99s-latest-debutante-seerat-kapoor|title=Tollywood's latest debutante Seerat Kapoor|publisher=Deccan Chronicle|date=20 July 2014|access-date=4 August 2014|archive-date=19 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519030706/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140720/entertainment-tollywood/article/tollywood%E2%80%99s-latest-debutante-seerat-kapoor|url-status=live}}</ref> Uppalapati Pramod and Vamsi Krishna announced this film with [[Adivi Sesh]] in an important role apart from the protagonists in mid December 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/runrajarun-by-mirchiproducers.html|title=Run Raja Run by Mirchi producers|publisher=idlebrain.com|date=18 December 2013|accessdate=4 August 2014|archive-date=5 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405140959/http://idlebrain.com/news/today/runrajarun-by-mirchiproducers.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Further details about the project were unveiled on 10 February 2014 and the film was titled ''Run Raja Run'' after one of the short films directed by [[Sujeeth director|Sujeeth]] and the producers confirmed that the film is a [[bilingual]]. [[R. Madhi]] was declared as the cinematographer and [[M. Ghibran]] was selected as the music director marking his Telugu debut. On 10 February 2014 the press release confirmed that [[Adivi Sesh]], [[Sampath Raj]], [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]], [[Vennela Kishore]], [[Ali (actor)|Ali]], [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]], [[Vidyullekha Raman]] and Ajay Ghosh are part of the principal cast. By mid-February 2014, about 50% of the film's shoot was complete and the shooting was undergoing at [[Ramoji Film City]] in Hyderabad before shifting to Goa for a month-long schedule.

== Reception ==
The film received positive reviews from critics. ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' wrote "Director Sujeeth's story is not unique, but his screenplay makes it interesting. A pat to the young director's back for coming up with a breezy entertainer. There are a few minus points too as the beginning of the film is a bit boring. The film, however, slowly picks up."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140802/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-run-raja-run-sharwanand-steals-show|title=Movie Review 'Run Raja Run': Sharwanand steals the show|publisher=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=2 August 2014|access-date=3 August 2014|archive-date=2 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140802173233/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140802/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-run-raja-run-sharwanand-steals-show|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Sify]] gave a review stating "Overall Run Raja Run is a fun caper, with an impressive second half. For Sharwanand this film is a perfect comeback. The pluses in this film are the lead hero's performance and the twists and turns. Run Raja Run promises good entertainment this monsoon."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/run-raja-run-review-a-fun-caper-review-telugu-15058076.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140802171001/http://www.sify.com/movies/run-raja-run-review-a-fun-caper-review-telugu-15058076.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 August 2014|title=Run Raja Run Review: A fun caper!|website=[[Sify]]|date=1 August 2014|accessdate=3 August 2014}}</ref>

On the other hand, ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "What seem to be attempts at humour just end up being crass and forced. However, things do pick up towards the climax and all the pointless sequences seem to fall into place. It is with this twist that the film finally becomes interesting."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/review-of-run-raja-run/article6272140.ece|title=Run Raja Run review: Run as fast you can|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=1 August 2014|accessdate=3 August 2014|last1=Rajendra|first1=Ranjani|archive-date=23 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923145033/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/review-of-run-raja-run/article6272140.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote "[[Sujeeth director|Sujeeth]] gets a lot of things right in his debut film; however, it still is a lost opportunity. The emphasis on style takes over the sharp writing that's quite visible in the first act. For all you know, Run Raja Run could have been a truly unique and quirky film in a long time. Alas, it ends up as a light-hearted entertainer which begins to take itself too seriously after a point and loses its edginess in the process" and rated the film 3/5.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/Run-Raja-Run/movie-review/39434647.cms|title=Run Raja Run movie review|work=The Times of India|date=1 August 2014|accessdate=3 August 2014|archive-date=2 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140802204057/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/Run-Raja-Run/movie-review/39434647.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Main|Run Raja Run (soundtrack)}}

[[Ghibran]] composed the music and background score for this film which marked his debut in [[Telugu language|Telugu]]. He was approached by Sujeeth, Uppalapati Pramod and R. Madhi to compose the film's music at Chennai when Pramod was impressed with his work in ''[[Naiyaandi]]'' (2013) and Sujeeth was impressed with his work in ''[[Vaagai Sooda Vaa]]'' (2011).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/seen-and-heard/article6189779.ece|title=Seen and heard|work=The Hindu|date=8 July 2014|accessdate=4 August 2014|last1=Chowdhary|first1=Y. Sunita|archive-date=12 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712040210/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/seen-and-heard/article6189779.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Ghibran, who wanted to do a Telugu film then, accepted their proposal. The soundtrack featured five songs with lyrics written by [[Sri Mani]] and [[Ramajogayya Sastry]] and distributed and released by [[Junglee Music]] on 15 June 2014 at a promotional event at [[Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology|GRIET]] in Hyderabad.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Run-Raja-Run-audio-launched/articleshow/36718552.cms|title=Run Raja Run audio launched|work=The Times of India|date=14 June 2014|accessdate=4 August 2014|archive-date=16 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916082552/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Run-Raja-Run-audio-launched/articleshow/36718552.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The film's soundtrack received positive reviews from critics.

==Awards==

;[[South Indian International Movie Awards]] – winner
:* [[SIIMA Award for Best Debut Director (Telugu)|Best Debut Director (Telugu)]] – [[Sujeeth director|Sujeeth]]

;[[Filmfare Awards South]] – nominations
:* Best Film
:* Best Director – [[Sujeeth director|Sujeeth]]
:* Best Actor – Sharwanand
:* Best Music Director – Ghibran

;[[Nandi Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017|title=Nandi Film Awards G.O and Results 2014|url=http://apsftvtdc.in/nandi-film-awards-2014.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304225036/http://apsftvtdc.in/nandi-film-awards-2014.html|archive-date=4 March 2021|website=[[Government of Andhra Pradesh|APSFTVTDC]]}}</ref>
:*Best Female Comedian - Vidyullekha Raman

;[[Telangana Gaddar Film Awards]]<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/gaddar-telangana-film-awards-honor-a-decade-of-telugu-cinema-1882256|title=Gaddar Telangana Film Awards Honor Films From 2014|first=B. V. S.|last=Prakash|date=May 30, 2025|website=www.deccanchronicle.com}}</ref>
:*First Best Feature Film

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|3916700}}

{{Sujeeth}}
[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:2014 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2014 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2014 masala films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sujeeth]]
[[Category:Films shot at Ramoji Film City]]
[[Category:Films shot in Goa]]
[[Category:Indian comedy thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films about kidnapping in India]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:2010s comedy thriller films]]
[[Category:UV Creations films]]

Guzaarish (film)

2026-03-14T05:07:44Z

Mrav: typo fix

{{short description|2010 Indian romantic drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Guzaarish
| image = Guzaarish poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]
| story = Sanjay Leela Bhansali Bhavani Iyer
| producer = [[Ronnie Screwvala]] [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]
| screenplay = Sanjay Leela Bhansala [[Bhavani Iyer]]
{{Infobox | decat=yes | child=yes | label1=Dialogues by | data1=[[Vibhu Puri]] Bhavani Iyer
}}
| starring = [[Hrithik Roshan]] [[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan]] [[Aditya Roy Kapur]]
| music = '''Songs:''' Sanjay Leela Bhansali '''Background Score:''' Tubby-Parik
| cinematography = [[Sudeep Chatterjee]]
| editing = Hemal Kothari
| studio = UTV Motion Pictures Sanjay Leela Bhansali Films
| distributor = [[UTV Motion Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|2010|11|19|df=y}}
| runtime = 126 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi<ref>{{Cite web|title=Guzaarish|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/guzaarish-2010|access-date=2020-07-29|website=www.bbfc.co.uk|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728073906/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/guzaarish-2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| budget = ₹75 crore<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/Box-office-battle-in-new-dimension-this-festival-season/article20033397.ece?ref=archive|title=Box-office battle in new dimension this festival season|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=25 August 2010|accessdate=17 July 2021|archive-date=17 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717032404/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/Box-office-battle-in-new-dimension-this-festival-season/article20033397.ece?ref=archive|url-status=live}}</ref>
| gross = ₹61.3 crore<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=78|title=Guzaarish – Movie – Box Office India|website=boxofficeindia.com|access-date=15 September 2018|archive-date=15 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915192509/https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=78|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
'''''Guzaarish''''' ({{Translation|Request}}) is a 2010 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[romantic drama film]] written, composed, produced, and directed by [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]. The film stars [[Hrithik Roshan]] and [[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan]] in the lead roles, while [[Shernaz Patel]], [[Aditya Roy Kapur]], [[Monikangana Dutta]], [[Suhel Seth]], [[Swara Bhasker|Swara Bhaskar]], and [[Makrand Deshpande]] play supporting roles. It was jointly produced by [[Ronnie Screwvala]] under [[UTV Motion Pictures]].

The film narrates the story of a paralyzed magician-turned-radio jockey who files a petition in court seeking permission to end his life. The film was released on 19 November 2010 to positive reviews from critics, who praised the direction, cinematography, and performances, particularly of Roshan, and Rai. It is regarded as one of the best performances of Roshan. However, veteran Indian writer Dayanand Rajan claimed that the plot of the film was plagiarised from his unpublished novel ''Summer Snow.''

''Guzaarish'' is the third film to feature Roshan opposite Rai after ''[[Dhoom 2]]'' and ''[[Jodhaa Akbar]]''. The film received nominations for its direction, music and performances of the lead actors, notably Roshan and Rai being nominated under the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor]] and [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]], respectively, as well as both critics and popular choice awards at other functions.

==Plot==
Ethan Mascarenhas is a former magician who is a [[Tetraplegia|quadriplegic]]. He becomes the Radio Jockey of an FM Station called Radio Zindagi. His show spreads magic, hope, and laughter through his irrepressible wit and humor to every listener and caller, making it difficult to imagine that this is a man who has been immobilized with a spinal injury for the last fourteen years. His nurse, Sofia D'Souza, has been accompanying him for the past twelve years.

On the fourteenth anniversary of his accident, Ethan decides to file an appeal to the court for mercy killing. Ethan takes the help of his best friend and lawyer, Devyani Dutta, to support his appeal. Devyani understands Ethan's appeal, agrees to his reasoning and decides to support him in his cause. Surprising everyone with her stance, Ethan's mother Isabel Mascarenhas also supports him in his petition, backing her son's demand. Ethan's physician, Dr. Nayak, who has consistently persuaded him to retract his case, finally relents to Ethan's appeal when he realizes that the friend in him is much stronger than the medic. Meanwhile, a young man named Omar Siddiqui enters Ethan's life to learn magic from him as he considers him to be the greatest of magicians. Impressed by his love for magic, Ethan agrees to pass on his legacy to Omar. Later, Omar confesses to Ethan that he is the son of Yassar Siddiqui, who happens to be responsible for causing Ethan's accident. Ethan knew of this the entire time, yet that didn't come in the way of passing his legacy to Omar.

On the day of verdict Ethan's plea is rejected by the court, saying that although the court sympathises with Ethan and understands his reasons for filing the petition, the legal code of the country cannot be violated in any circumstance. Ethan spends his time alone in his empty home, while Sofia was forcibly taken back by her husband. When Sofia returns, she confesses to Ethan that she got a divorce from her husband and tells him that she will help him end his life, whatever the consequences be as Ethan means more to her. On hearing her words, Ethan realises how much Sofia loves him. He proposes to her and Sofia accepts.

Ethan throws a farewell party for their friends and guests, where he speaks about everyone who has meant very dear to him and finally tells everyone about his and Sofia's love. Ethan says that he will be dying a happy man with no regrets and a heart full of Sofia's love, and bids all goodbye. At these words, all the guests embrace him, with Ethan laughing heartily.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Hrithik Roshan]] as Ethan Mascarenhas
*[[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan]] as Sofia D'Souza
*[[Shernaz Patel]] as Devyani Dutta
*[[Aditya Roy Kapur]] as Omar Siddiqui
*[[Suhel Seth]] as Dr. Nayak
*[[Nafisa Ali]] as Isabelle, Ethan's mother
*[[Rajit Kapur]] as Vipin Patel, public prosecutor
*[[Vijay Crishna]] as Rajhansmoni, judge
*[[Monikangana Dutta]] as Estella Francis
*[[Makrand Deshpande]] as Neville D'Souza, Sofia's husband
*[[Swara Bhaskar]] as Radhika Talwar, news correspondent
*[[Ash Chandler]] as Yasser Siddiqui
*[[Priyanka Bose]] as a bar singer (special appearance in the song "Udi Teri Aankhon")
*[[Achint Kaur]] as Saroj, news anchor
*Olivier Lafont as Father Samuel
*Sahil Shah as a student on the phone
}}

==Production==
===Development===
{{Quote box|bgcolor=LightCyan|quote="I have lived the pain of facing the isolation of failure after Saawariya. It was the toughest time of my life. Suddenly everyone disappeared, and that included the people who had worked with me on ''Saawariya'' for two years. Because of the suffering, I began to get seriously interested in the subject of mercy killing. I began to read up as much as possible on the subject. My research showed that mercy killing was prohibited by law in many countries including India . Almost a year of studying the super-sensitive subject, I concluded that every human being should have the right to [[die with dignity]]. The pain and suffering and the dignity with which I bore them prompted me to make a film on mercy killing."
|source = —[[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]] speaking about the film in an interview with ''Indo-Asian News Service (IANS)''<ref>{{cite news|author=Subhash K. Jha|title=I've to confess that I enjoy the pain underlining my creations – SLB|work=Bollywood Hungama|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/1609/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402180902/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/1609/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 April 2016|date=23 November 2010|access-date=2 April 2016}}</ref>
|align = right
|width = 33%
}}

Bhansali first told media about his next directorial venture, when he gave an interview to the Indo-Asian News Service (IANS). In the interview he said that he had decided to call his film, ''Guzaarish'', which is set to be shot in [[Goa]].

=== Casting ===
Bhansali was on the lookout for a mature couple for the portrayal of his lead roles in ''Guzaarish''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bhansali's DHOOMaka|last=Sharma|first=Amul|work=Mid Day|date=10 November 2008|url=https://archive.mid-day.com/entertainment/2008/nov/101108-Sanjay-Leela-Bhansali-next-to-feature-Hrithik-Roshan-and-Aishwarya-Rai-Bachchan.htm|accessdate=30 October 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514182240/http://archive.mid-day.com/entertainment/2008/nov/101108-Sanjay-Leela-Bhansali-next-to-feature-Hrithik-Roshan-and-Aishwarya-Rai-Bachchan.htm|archivedate=14 May 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> After watching their films ''[[Dhoom 2]]'' and ''[[Jodhaa Akbar]]'', both of which had starred both Rai and Roshan, Bhansali decided that the pair exuded a dignity and elegance much needed for his film.<ref>{{cite news|title=Aishwarya is my muse: Bhansali|website=[[Sify]]|date=24 September 2010|url=http://sify.com/movies/aishwarya-is-my-muse-bhansali-news-bollywood-kkguA1begcj.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007174214/http://sify.com/movies/aishwarya-is-my-muse-bhansali-news-bollywood-kkguA1begcj.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 October 2010|access-date=30 October 2010}}</ref> Though Rai had agreed to the script without even reading it, Roshan was all set to say no to the film. Amita Sehgal, Casting Director, hired other actors including Shernaz Patel, Vijay Crishna, Nafisa Ali, Aditya Roy Kapur and Suhel Seth. Makrand Deshpande was recruited to play an important three-minute cameo in the film on Hrithik Roshan's suggestion. Bhansali said that he had always wanted to work together with Roshan for a very long time as he was impressed by his sincerity as an actor. He added that the script of ''Guzaarish'' gave him the right opportunity to sign him. About the leading lady, Aishwarya Rai Bachchan, he said that the role suited her to perfection and though she would have accepted his offer, it was important for an actor to be convinced of what he or she is doing. Bhansali stated that if any of the leading cast had refused to sign, he wouldn't have made ''Guzaarish''. He later stated saying, the film was only possible if Hrithik and Aishwarya had acted in it.<ref name=rediff>{{cite web|title=Ash said yes, but Hrithik almost said no!|url=http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/oct/21/slide-show-1-what-happened-at-guzaarish-music-launch.htm|website=[[Rediff.com]]|accessdate=29 October 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304120330/http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/oct/21/slide-show-1-what-happened-at-guzaarish-music-launch.htm|archivedate=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Aishwarya not only beautiful but very sharp: Sanjay Bhansali|agency=IANS|newspaper=The Hindu|date=27 October 2010|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Aishwarya-not-only-beautiful-but-very-sharp-Sanjay-Bhansali/article15794126.ece|accessdate=17 July 2021|archive-date=23 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323031905/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Aishwarya-not-only-beautiful-but-very-sharp-Sanjay-Bhansali/article15794126.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Pre-production works===
Before starting the filming of ''Guzaarish'', Bhansali visited [[Ajmer Sharif|Ajmer Dargah]] in [[Rajasthan]] for seeking blessings.<ref name="businessofcinema.com">{{cite news|title=Sanjay Leela Bhansali seeks blessings before new film|work=Business of Cinema|date=28 July 2009|url=https://businessofcinema.com/bollywood-news/sanjay-leela-bhansali-seeks-blessings-before-new-film/28867|accessdate=17 July 2021|archive-date=17 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717043253/https://businessofcinema.com/bollywood-news/sanjay-leela-bhansali-seeks-blessings-before-new-film/28867|url-status=live}}</ref> Bhansali also met the singing legend Lata Mangeshkar, whom he had revealed to be the source of inspiration to him, to seek her blessings before he fully embarked on filming Guzaarish. During the meeting, Mangeshkar told that she was a big fan of Bhansali's films and that she was fortunate to be the source of inspiration behind such a talented director's film. She told the media members that "..Even I had heard that he makes his singers hear my songs over and over again before making them sing. I've always been a big fan of Sanjay's films, specially ''[[Black (2005 film)|Black]]''. I remember watching the [[Filmfare Awards]] in the year of ''Black''. Every time the nominations were announced I prayed for ''Black'' to win. And it did. If I'm a source of inspiration to him then I count myself fortunate". Bhansali candidly admitted that he was very much afraid of meeting Lata since "..one doesn't hobnob with one's god". He added that once he reached her home, he "... just wanted to sit and gaze at her. I realized in person she's as magical as she is in her singing. There's something other-worldly about her, a quality I haven't encountered in anyone else in my life".
Like all his other films, Bhansali preferred shooting at a studio. Bhansali says, "I like to construct sets and then light it up. It is a part of my story telling. My story needs a setting and I like to create that ambiance." Hence he chose Filmcity, Mumbai to shoot the movie.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sanjay Leela Bhansali to start Guzarish from 20 July|date=14 July 2009|url=http://www.businessofcinema.com/news.php?newsid=13695|accessdate=1 November 2010|archivedate=30 August 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090830070923/http://www.businessofcinema.com/news.php?newsid=13695|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Before the actual filming started, Hrithik Roshan spent time with a lot of patients to understand his role better and get into the skin of his character. He revealed that he used to ".. spend six hours with the patients, initially once a week and then once a month. I used to go to understand what they go through, what they think, what their needs are. They have taught me a lot of things. So if I have benefited from this experience so much, I am sure that when people see the film and understand the character, they will get a lot to learn".

Since Roshan's character was a [[Paraplegia|paraplegic]], Bhansali wanted to give him a natural look. Hence he was instructed by the director not to indulge in his regular workouts since he cannot look fit and trim in the film, so as to give touches of authenticity to his character.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/entertainment/bollywood/Not-in-good-shape/articleshow/15953024.cms|title=Not in good shape|work=Mumbai Mirror|last=Lalwani|first=Vickey|accessdate=2 April 2016|date=9 September 2009|archive-date=17 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417001949/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/entertainment/bollywood/Not-in-good-shape/articleshow/15953024.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The movie is set in Goa, and hence, Bhansali wanted to give a [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] touch to his frames. Sumit Basu, the Art Director, created Ethan's House in [[Mehboob Studio]] with a very Spanish/Portuguese flavour and the auditorium for magic acts, the court room, Martin's Bar in Yash Raj Studio. Also keeping in mind the costumes Bhansali hired Sabhyasachi Mukerjee as the costume designer, who had worked Bhansali in ''Black''. Mukherjee had earlier worked in the film ''Raavan'' with Aishwarya Rai Bachchan the same year.<ref>{{cite news|title=Hrithik-Aishwarya to learn Portuguese for 'Guzaarish'|date=9 October 2009|url=https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bollywood/hrithik-aishwarya-to-learn-portuguese-for-guzaarish_43130.html|accessdate=17 July 2021|archive-date=17 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717043251/https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bollywood/hrithik-aishwarya-to-learn-portuguese-for-guzaarish_43130.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://spicezee.zeenews.com/articles/story43130.htm|title=Hrithik Roshan is fed-up with his beard and wants to shave it|date=11 December 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091010165102/http://spicezee.zeenews.com/articles/story43130.htm|archivedate=10 October 2009|access-date=4 November 2010|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Make-up artist, Ojas M. Rajani was hired to do Aishwarya Rai Bachchan's make-up for the movie.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/transgender-make-up-artist-playing-herself-in-shankars-i-upsets-her-community-2053239.html|title=Transgender playing make-up artist in Shankar's 'I' upsets her community|work=Firstpost|accessdate=17 July 2021|archive-date=17 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717043251/https://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/transgender-make-up-artist-playing-herself-in-shankars-i-upsets-her-community-2053239.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Filming===
The film's shooting started on 29 July 2009 at Mehboob Studio, Mumbai. It was announced that the first schedule would be shot in July and August to capture the monsoon melody and romance of the place.<ref>{{cite news|title=Guzaarish is tribute to Lataji's artistry…|url=http://www.zoomtv.in/stories/Guzaarish-is-tribute-to-Latajis-artistry…-/3050|date=15 May 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101102225520/http://www.zoomtv.in/stories/Guzaarish-is-tribute-to-Latajis-artistry%E2%80%A6-/3050|archivedate=2 November 2010|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It is notable that Bhansali came back to [[Goa]] after his first film, ''[[Khamoshi: The Musical]]'' for filming a movie. During the first day of shooting, he made sure that his mother was present on the sets. Sources revealed that his mother was his reason for making films and ".. it is imperative that she be present."<ref name="businessofcinema.com"/> Hrithik Roshan joined the crew on 22 July.<ref>{{cite web|title=Guzaarish Starts on 20 July|last=Das|first=Chuman|date=14 July 2009|url=http://www.businessofcinema.com/news.php?newsid=13695|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090830070923/http://www.businessofcinema.com/news.php?newsid=13695|work=Business of Cinema|archivedate=30 August 2009|accessdate=1 November 2010|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Aishwarya Rai Bachchan joined the crew during the initial part of August after wrapping up the shoot for Raavan / Raavanan. A specially made-to-order remote-controlled modernized wheelchair was used in the movie for the role of Ethan Mascarenhas.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hrithik Roshan shoots on a remote-controlled chair|url=http://www.guzaarish.co.in/2009/10/sanjay-leela-bhansali-throws-the-continuity-sheets-of-guzaarish-in-river/78675/index.html|access-date=1 November 2010|date=23 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101021073635/http://www.guzaarish.co.in/2009/10/sanjay-leela-bhansali-throws-the-continuity-sheets-of-guzaarish-in-river/78675/index.html|archive-date=21 October 2010|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The next outdoor session of the film was done in [[Panjim]]. The lead actors had stayed at the Taj, Goa. During the day shoot at Divar, the unit's base camp was at an Englishman Jan Bostock's home in Divar island, just off Panjim for 4–5 days.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pix: Where Ash, Hrithik stayed during Guzaarish shoot|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-where-ash-hrithik-stayed-during-guzaarish-shoot/20101028.htm|website=Rediff.com|date=28 October 2010|accessdate=17 July 2021|archive-date=17 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717043251/https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-where-ash-hrithik-stayed-during-guzaarish-shoot/20101028.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Apparently, the film-maker, who is known for his hot-tempered nature, threw away the continuity sheets of one of the scenes being shot while shooting in the outskirts of Goa when one of his assistant directors made the same mistake twice.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sanjay Leela Bhansali throws the continuity sheets of Guzaarish in river|url=http://www.screenindia.com/news/hrithik-roshan-shoots-on-a-remotecontrolled-chair/504613/|work=Screen|date=21 August 2009|accessdate=1 November 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090926215430/http://www.screenindia.com/news/hrithik-roshan-shoots-on-a-remotecontrolled-chair/504613|archivedate=26 September 2009|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Hrithik Roshan sang a Hindi song in the film, after attempting playback singing in his previous movie ''[[Kites (film)|Kites]]'', in which he had rendered an English song. Bhansali himself personally trained Roshan for the song. Though the director had got the track recorded by another singer so that shooting in Goa could go on uninterrupted, in case Roshan could not complete his recording, his version was finally recorded after four or five takes. Roshan later said in an interview that "Bhansali was really surprised on hearing it."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiawest.com/readmore.aspx?id=2597&sid=3|work=India West|date=28 October 2010|title=Hrithik Roshan's guzaarish: 'Please watch "Guzaarish"!'|accessdate=1 November 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101106053021/http://www.indiawest.com/readmore.aspx?id=2597&sid=3|archivedate=6 November 2010|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

During the filming of the movie, Bhansali also choreographed some of the songs. He used to dance on the sets of ''Guzaarish'' at times to make the moves clear to his actors. Many times he broke into a dance himself to convey the steps that he had in mind. This took most of his crew by surprise.<ref>{{cite web|work=Glamsham|date=15 October 2010|url=http://www.glamsham.com/movies/scoops/10/oct/15-sanjay-leela-bhansali-dances-in-his-films-101003.asp|title=Sanjay Leela Bhansali dances in his films|access-date=4 November 2010|archive-date=18 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101018063909/http://www.glamsham.com/movies/scoops/10/oct/15-sanjay-leela-bhansali-dances-in-his-films-101003.asp|url-status=live}}</ref> Pony Verma, who was the choreographer for most of the songs in the film, revealed that as soon as Bhansali conceived a song, he would send it to her and then sing it to her as well. During the shooting of the song, a singer and a guitarist were on the sets. The choreography took place to the accompaniment of live guitar strings and song. According to Verma, this novel way of functioning had enhanced the appeal of the song. She added that when "... the song is playing live, you pick up a lot." She also acknowledged the efforts put in by the lead actress Aishwarya Rai Bachchan, with whom she had frequent discussion about the feel of the song.<ref>{{cite news|title=Hrithik-Ash dance to live music in Guzaarish|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/hrithik-ash-dance-live-music-guzaarish-923|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=2 June 2010|access-date=4 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101017045235/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/hrithik-ash-dance-live-music-guzaarish-923|archive-date=17 October 2010|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The third schedule of the film began on 30 October 2009. The grueling schedule lasted till January 2010, at the city's Mehboob Studios.<ref>{{cite web|title=Next Schedule of Guzaarish on Oct 30|url=http://in.movies.yahoo.com/news-detail.html?news_id=699235|work=Yahoo Movies|date=29 October 2009|access-date=1 November 2010|df=dmy-all}}{{dead link|date=December 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Rumours had it that during the filming of the movie, Bhansali and Roshan got into a tiff over the excessive use of English in the movie. Roshan, whose previous film ''Kites'' was also blamed for having non-Hindi dialogues, did not want to take a risk and lessen ''Guzaarish'''s appeal. Though there were no comments from either of them, it was learned that the issue was finally sorted out.<ref name="mid">{{cite web|title=Hrithik and SLB have tiff over excessive use on English in Guzaarish|url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2009/nov/271109-Sanjay-Leela-Bhansali-Hrithik-Roshan-Guzaarish.htm|last=Joshi|first=Tushar|work=Mumbai Mirror|date=27 November 2009|access-date=2 April 2016|archive-date=26 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926132718/http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2009/nov/271109-Sanjay-Leela-Bhansali-Hrithik-Roshan-Guzaarish.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Bhansali himself put all speculation to rest saying that ".. we (Hrithik Roshan and himself) were actually singing along quite happily."<ref>{{cite news|title=Blast from the past|date=7 June 2010|access-date=4 November 2010|work=Mumbai Mirror|url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/entertainment/bollywood/Blast-from-the-past/articleshow/15829589.cms|archive-date=17 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417043823/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/entertainment/bollywood/Blast-from-the-past/articleshow/15829589.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://dailymailnews.com/1010/12/ShowBiz/index.php?id=4|title=Ash-Hrithik starrer Guzarish is undergoing last-minute changes|work=Daily Mail News (Pakistan)|date=12 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127100445/http://dailymailnews.com/1010/12/ShowBiz/index.php?id=4|archive-date=27 November 2010|access-date=4 November 2010|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The final schedule of the movie was shot in Yashraj Studios from 21 February 2010.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/In-pursuit-of-some-privacy/articleshow/15991093.cms|title=In pursuit of some privacy|author=Subhash K Jha|work=Mumbai Mirror|date=10 February 2010|accessdate=17 January 2021|archive-date=17 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717043256/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/In-pursuit-of-some-privacy/articleshow/15991093.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Bhansali found that on the other sets where he had shot the film, he was being frequently disturbed by guests, which prevented him from providing the full concentration which the movie demanded. According to the crew "..Yash Raj Studios was not only classy and had all the facilities but it also doesn't allow guests to come in." Taking these factors into consideration Bhansali decided to bury the hatchet with Aditya Chopra over a film title and started shooting in the studios. The schedule included a spontaneous dance song with Aishwarya Rai Bachchan, choreographed by Bhansali himself.<ref>{{cite news|title=Making all the right moves|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/Making-all-the-right-moves/articleshow/16013761.cms|work=Mumbai Mirror|date=3 May 2010|accessdate=17 July 2021|archive-date=17 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717043252/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/Making-all-the-right-moves/articleshow/16013761.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

The song "Udi" was pictured during this session which was choreographed by [[Longinus Fernandes]], whom Bhansali had judged in ''Jhalak Dikhla Jaa'', a popular dance based reality show. Fernandes was already known for his works in ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]'' and ''[[Jaane Tu... Ya Jaane Na]]''. According to him Bhansali "..wanted to make the song different and unique. I asked him if we can add a little bit of Spanish to it and give it a raw, earthy feel. He liked the idea, so we gave the whole dance a very rustic look in order to make it look as natural as possible". The choreographer added that the dance sequence was very distinct in that the audience had never seen Rai doing such steps. He went gaga over the lead actress saying that she danced like a dream. Longinus said in an interview that it ".. did not take her long to learn the dance but it did take her some time to perfect it and to get into the mood of the character".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bollyspice.com/aishwarya-always-adds-on-that-extra-bit-to-make-the-dance-move-look-exceptional-longinus-fernandes/|title="Aishwarya always adds on that extra bit to make the dance move look Exceptional" – Longinus Fernandes|work=Bolly Spice|accessdate=17 July 2021|date=2 April 2016|archive-date=17 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717043253/https://bollyspice.com/aishwarya-always-adds-on-that-extra-bit-to-make-the-dance-move-look-exceptional-longinus-fernandes/|url-status=live}}</ref> In an interview Sanjay Leela Bhansali said that in the song Udi, "..with such few words Sofia manages to say so much. It was my tribute to [[Waheeda Rahman]]'s character in ''[[Guide (film)|Guide]]''. "In a sequence from the film, Ethan explains Omar, that the first magic he had performed was for his mother. Bhansali said that it is inspired from his childhood days. He said, "I remember my grandmother selling off the last of her silver and storing chillar in large Johnson baby powder tin. Every afternoon she would count that money and put it back. That kurr-kurr of the coins being bought out, counted and put back had to be heard again. The value of those coins doesn't exist anymore but it was an important part of my growing up."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/others/sunday-read/I-dont-make-money-I-make-movies-/articleshow/36754414.cms|title=I don't make money, I make movies|work=Ahmedabad Mirror|date=28 November 2010|accessdate=2 April 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402181102/http://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/others/sunday-read/I-dont-make-money-I-make-movies-/articleshow/36754414.cms|archivedate=2 April 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Since Roshan's character, Ethan, plays a magician in the initial portion of the film, a Ukrainian magician was hired for teaching him magic tricks, after a long search for a professional magician. The magic stunts performed by Roshan and Monikangana Dutta formed the major portion of the film shot in the last schedule.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/A-little-magic/articleshow/15988002.cms|title=A Little Magic|work=Mumbai Mirror|date=30 January 2010|accessdate=17 July 2021|archive-date=17 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717043254/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/A-little-magic/articleshow/15988002.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

Among the many stunts shot there was a particular sequence in which Roshan had to dance using a large transparent ball as a property. The actor said that he had trained the hardest to practice spin in one of the dance sequence. Roshan said, "I trained for a month. It was not a long piece of dance but there was lot of jazz ballet where I was required to spin as there is a ball in my hand and I am playing with it as well as dancing. None of my songs up till now have spin because I am very bad at it."<ref name="mid-day.com">{{cite news|title=Guzaarish about real life superheroes: Hrithik Roshan|agency=PTI|date=14 October 2010|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/guzaarish-about-real-life-superheroes-hrithik-roshan/story-ewojKH061UkkkkuZHiCJIO.html#:~:text=Guzaarish%20about%20real%20life%20superheroes%3A%20Hrithik%20Roshan%20Bollywood,UPDATED%20ON%20OCT%2014%2C%202010%2005%3A30%20PM%20IST|work=Hindustan Times|accessdate=17 July 2021|archive-date=17 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717043253/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/guzaarish-about-real-life-superheroes-hrithik-roshan/story-ewojKH061UkkkkuZHiCJIO.html#:~:text=Guzaarish%20about%20real%20life%20superheroes%3A%20Hrithik%20Roshan%20Bollywood,UPDATED%20ON%20OCT%2014%2C%202010%2005%3A30%20PM%20IST|url-status=live}}</ref> The cinematographer of the movie [[Sudeep Chatterjee]] was asked to interpret the script completely so that Bhansali could understand his perception too. Praising his director to be very open and cooperative Chatterjee acknowledged in an interview about Bhansali's penchant for closed spaces. He said that his main challenge was to make the scenes look different though the protagonist is locked in a single room. To make these differences the lighting was adjusted such that one sees the room in twilight, at night, during the day, in early morning. The camera was made always mobile to counter Ethan's stillness. Slightly mobile things were deliberately kept always around Ethan like a fluttering curtain, a fish bowl on Ethan's night stand which according to the cinematographer mocked at his stillness all the time.<ref>{{cite news|title=Guzaarish: Bong creation – Sudeep Chatterjee|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=17 July 2021|location=Calcutta, India|date=15 November 2010|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/guzaarish-bong-creation/cid/460845|archive-date=17 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717043250/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/guzaarish-bong-creation/cid/460845|url-status=live}}</ref>

To enhance the intensity between his characters, Bhansali wanted a correctly intense reference point for Hrithik and Aishwarya's feelings and conversations. Bhansali said that he thought the sentiment of thwarted passion and smothered intensity of star-crossed lovers in Romeo & Juliet expressed his protagonists' inexpressible feelings very well.

When asked about the preparation she did for the film, actress Aishwarya Rai Bachchan said in an interview that both herself and the director Bhansali ".. just like to walk randomly around the sets and "feel". Sometimes I sit quietly and gaze into space or the ground and he captures all that. In fact, the poster picture with me looking away was taken like that. I was looking at the ground, lost in deep thought and he clicked it and told me that he was putting it on his poster. He knows when I am ready to do a scene, when I am in character, and the like. For instance, I delayed going on the set by two days and he did not say anything. He called me on the set and said we would start shooting in five days. On the second day, I tried hair, make-up, and costume. He told me I was ready to give my first shot and indeed, I was."<ref>{{cite news|title=Strange connection between Ash and SLB|work=Star Box Office|date=22 October 2010|url=http://www.starboxoffice.com/newsDetails.aspx?xfile=2010/October/News_20101022_44|access-date=20 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202033221/http://www.starboxoffice.com/newsDetails.aspx?xfile=2010%2FOctober%2FNews_20101022_44|archive-date=2 December 2010|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> About the script Bhansali said that he had worked on the script for 18 months and says, "My film is mainstream in terms of budgets, cast and audience and I had to make sure that I did not hurt anyone but evoked a debate."

===Styling===
Sabyasachi Mukherjee made a debut in jewelry line with ''Guzaarish''. He had designed the line keeping in mind a multicultural element with a nomadic vibe. Omar Siddiqui played by Aditya Roy Kapur was styled like a struggling French musician. Suhel Seth, who played Ethan's doctor, is presented in stiff suits and Shernaz Patel, Ethan's lawyer is given a look of a Gandhian in cotton saris and three-quarter blouses. The maids are in dumpy dresses. The costume designer says that "..the clothes are nearly theatrical and they have a mind of their own. If you remove the characters and hang the clothes, they will tell a story. It's like Neverland or the reality version of The Magic Faraway Tree!". The entire look of Rai consisted of thirty-seven long frocks, four dumpy shoes, maxis, aprons with motifs of cutlery, quirky glasses and jewelry, surreal hairdos and red lips.<ref name="hindustantimes.com">{{cite news|title=Aishwarya's dresses, Emma's jackets|work=Hindustan Times|date=20 November 2010|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/fashion-and-trends/aishwarya-s-dresses-emma-s-jackets/story-SolW4jhCAMtSylZsUYONqK.html|accessdate=17 July 2021|archive-date=17 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717043249/https://www.hindustantimes.com/fashion-and-trends/aishwarya-s-dresses-emma-s-jackets/story-SolW4jhCAMtSylZsUYONqK.html|url-status=live}}</ref> For the collection, Sabyasachi used precious and semi-precious stones, minakari and filigree and had to work with about 60 skilled workers from West Bengal to complete the line. The price range of rings and earrings starts from Rs. 40,000 and navratan necklaces are priced at Rs. 510,000.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sabya's jewellery line debuts with 'Guzaarish'|agency=IANS|date=28 November 2010|url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/sabyas-jewellery-line-debuts-with-guzaarish-1595149.html|accessdate=30 November 2010|archivedate=17 July 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717034307/http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/sabyas-jewellery-line-debuts-with-guzaarish-1595149.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> On the look of Ethan Mascarenhas, Mukherjee said that the make up and costume was more organic. On a lighter note he added that he wanted his hero to look like Clark Kent and not James Bond.

===Digital Intermediate and VFX Works===
The DI and VFX for Guzaarish was done by Prime Focus, a global Visual Entertainment Services group, who had previously collaborated with Sanjay Leela Bhansali on many films including 'Black' and 'Saawariya'.

The shots which involve visual effects are listed below.

*The enormous grand house that appears throughout the movie was a CGI creation to replace the church that was actually at the shoot location in Goa.
*For the much talked about opening shot in which Hrithik Roshan is sitting on a wheelchair and trying to flick a fly off of his nose, a lot of research was done by the artists to understand the details of a fly's texture, look and feel, movement, the flutter of its wings, etc. The detailing went to the extent of casting the shadow of the fly when it sits on Hrithik's nose.
*In the sequence when Shernaz Patel is talking on the phone standing by the porch and the one when Aishwarya is travelling back home in a boat, the sky was digitally recreated.
*Hrithik's enacting of a ballet sequence with a transparent ball was originally shot with a real ball. However some shots needed to have a CG ball when it was impractical to execute the shot with a real one. In between the sequence, Hrithik lies on the ball to take a 360-degree turn. This was originally shot with a green cubical turntable to give Hrithik the necessary support to do the act and the table had to be replaced with the transparent ball.
*The candle tricks in the film were modified to make it appear as if the flame detaches from the wick and keeps floating up in the air, as does Hrithik, who joins the flame back to the wick.
*In one of the flash-back scenes, a young Hrithik goes to cheer up his mother Isabel and ends up doing magic for the first time. As his mother shakes him lovingly, CG coins start falling from his coat and hair.
*In another scene Hrithik, in a wheelchair, is teaching Omar the trick of rubbing his hands together and generating flying bits of soaked paper. The flying bits of paper were created in CG.
*The Magic Box Trick involving Estella and Ethan has been modified by creating a 3D replica of Monikangana's face and then animating the face with blinking eyes and a smile inside the box.
*Other shots like creating CG rain, creeper and wall cleanups, creating a lamppost with moths and flies were also done by the artists.<ref>{{cite news|title=Guzaarish-Prime Focus|work=Prime Focus|accessdate=3 December 2010|url=http://primefocusworld.com/work/casestudies/guzaarish-film-vfx-d-i-case-study|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715112828/http://primefocusworld.com/work/casestudies/guzaarish-film-vfx-d-i-case-study|archivedate=15 July 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Promotion and publicity===
[[File:Hrithik and Aishwarya at the premiere of Guzaarish, 2010.jpg|thumb|270px|Roshan and Rai at the promotion of the film]]
The first look of the film was supposed to be released along with [[Dharma Productions]]' ''[[We Are Family (2010 film)|We Are Family]]'' on 3 September.<ref>{{cite news|title='Guzaarish' first look will be unveiled with 'We Are Family'|work=Bollywood Hungama|date=3 August 2010|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/guzaarish-first-look-will-be-unveiled-with-we-are-family/|last=Adarsh|first=Taran|authorlink=Taran Adarsh|accessdate=17 July 2021|archive-date=17 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717043250/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/guzaarish-first-look-will-be-unveiled-with-we-are-family/|url-status=live}}</ref> Later the trailer was withdrawn from ''We Are Family''. The official reason given for the postponement of the trailer was the time factor as the producers felt that there was a lot of time before the release of ''Guzaarish'', and hence it was decided Guzaarish's first promotional trailer would feature in theaters a month later with Siddharth Anand's ''[[Anjaana Anjaani]]''.

Owing to the Ayodhya verdict, the release of ''[[Anjaana Anjaani]]'' was also postponed to 1 October, which saw the release of another Aishwarya Rai Bachchan film ''[[Enthiran – The Robot]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.glamsham.com/movies/scoops/10/sep/15-sanjay-leela-bhansali-rejects-200-designs-of-his-film-091007.asp|title=Sanjay Leela Bhansali rejects 200 designs of his film|work=Glam Sham|date=15 September 2010|accessdate=9 November 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323030344/http://www.glamsham.com/movies/scoops/10/sep/15-sanjay-leela-bhansali-rejects-200-designs-of-his-film-091007.asp|archivedate=23 March 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> The first viewing opened to positive responses. The 1 minute, 48 seconds long trailer focused entirely on Hrithik and Aishwarya and was sans dialogue. The trailer was described by the critics as ".. delightful visuals, exhilarating background score, elaborate costumes, and understated but intense emotions – the promo has a signature Bhansali look and feel. It reminds you of ''Black'', it reminds you of ''Saawariya''. Faridoon Shahryar, Content Head [[Bollywood Hungama]] website, opined that the first look was ".. sheer poetry, amalgamation of mesmeric music, metaphorical imagery, a tinge of humour, a larger than life settings, and loads of pathos". Alongside the release of the promotional trailer, posters and downloadable background materials were also spread officially through the internet.<ref>{{cite news|title=First Look Launch of 'Guzaarish'|work=Bollywood Hungama|date=24 September 2010|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/videos/parties-events/first-look-launch-of-guzaarish/|accessdate=17 July 2021|archive-date=17 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717043249/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/videos/parties-events/first-look-launch-of-guzaarish/|url-status=live}}</ref> During the "presser", attended by Aishwarya Rai Bachchan, Hrithik Roshan, Ronnie Screwvala, Aditya Roy Kapur, Monikangana Dutta, Shernaz Patel, other cast and crew of the movie and Bhansali himself, the director said ".. You go through so much in life, so many things about life are unspoken, hope and joy of living, and I thought it was important to make a film which dealt with a topic like this."

A nervous Bhansali, who had met the media after a long time, said he was very afraid of handling a mic after so long. He thanked UTV Chairman Ronnie Screwvala for his unrelenting support. Bhansali made headlines for the day when he said that Aishwarya Rai Bachchan was ".. his muse, his ''jaan'', and I get terribly excited when I make a film with her because she is very, very special. Some people are timeless and Aishwarya will be there for another 20 years". About the lead actor he said, "I have never enjoyed working with any other actor as much as I have enjoyed working with Hrithik.

Aishwarya Rai Bachchan told the press that "This was a very special film for us. We are glad to share this special piece of work with you before we reveal it to the rest of the world." Hrithik Roshan shared with the press that it was ".. true that I have not done anything that has been life altering. This movie has changed my outlook towards work, changed my life. It is so beautiful that 30 years or 40 years from now, I'll look back and smile I had the opportunity to make this film."<ref>{{cite news|title=Aishwarya is my muse: Bhansali|work=Hindustan Times|date=24 September 2010|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/aishwarya-is-my-muse-bhansali/story-2ObwOpZtWipjmR9FjQIp2M.html|accessdate=17 July 2021|archive-date=17 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717043250/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/aishwarya-is-my-muse-bhansali/story-2ObwOpZtWipjmR9FjQIp2M.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Hrithik Roshan elaborated on his character saying that he was ".. a super character in the film. I have interacted with about 20 such patients who suffer from complete paralysis of the lower half of the body, including both legs which is mostly caused by damage of the spinal cord. They are real life superheroes and I am representing their emotions on screen".Roshan said that he was able to identify with Ethan Mascarenhas because, when he was going through the Guzaarish script, he had been nursing a knee problem and doctors told him that the knee will never be okay. According to Roshan, the script "..energised me so much that I was not depressed about my knee problem anymore".<ref name="mid-day.com" />

==Controversies==

=== Allegations of plagiarism ===
The film's storyline was said to be similar to the 2004 Spanish movie ''[[The Sea Inside]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last=Shetty-Saha |first=Shubha |date=24 September 2010 |title=Guzaarish story lifted from a Spanish film? |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/guzaarish-story-lifted-from-a-spanish-film-349024.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101205203/https://www.news18.com/news/india/guzaarish-story-lifted-from-a-spanish-film-349024.html |archive-date=1 November 2022 |access-date=1 November 2022 |publisher=[[News18]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=27 September 2010 |title=Is Guzaarish inspired by Spanish film The Sea Inside? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/is-guzaarish-inspired-by-spanish-film-the-sea-inside/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101205206/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/is-guzaarish-inspired-by-spanish-film-the-sea-inside/ |archive-date=1 November 2022 |access-date=1 November 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> In his review for [[Special Broadcasting Service|SBS Australia]], film critic Simon Foster also compared it to ''The Sea Inside'' as well with other movies such as [[Whose Life Is It Anyway? (film)|''Whose Life Is It Anyway?'']] (1981) as well ''[[The Diving Bell and the Butterfly (film)|The Diving Bell and The Butterfly]]'' (2007), all sharing the theme of the "suffering-artists", with ''Whose Life Is It Anyway?'' in particular being about "a quadriplegic sculptor fighting for the right to end his life."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Foster |first=Simon |date=1 January 2009 |title=Guzaarish Review |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/whats-on/article/guzaarish-review/hn2l0px22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202082256/https://www.sbs.com.au/whats-on/article/guzaarish-review/hn2l0px22 |archive-date=2 December 2024 |website=[[SBS Australia]]}}</ref> Indian film critic [[Baradwaj Rangan]] in his review details what he considers to be the direct "lifts" from these movies: a dialogue of the movie, from Ethan's mother, is the literal Hindi translation of ''Whose Life Is It Anyway'' ("Aakhir yeh zindagi hai kiski"), Ethan's spine-snapping accident is a "replay" of the similar accident from ''The Sea Inside'' while the scene of throwaway shot of a fly on the face is taken from ''The Diving Bell and The Butterfly''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |date=16 May 2012 |title=Guzaarish |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2010/Nov/21/guzaarish-204776.html |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |quote=The brazen brandishing of inspirations, again, is pure (and problematic) Bhansali. Like the acknowledgement in Black, over the opening credits, to Helen Keller, he makes little effort to conceal the debts that Guzaarish owes to Whose Life Is It Anyway. “Aakhir yeh zindagi hai kiski?” Ethan’s mother demands, in a startlingly literal translation of the earlier film’s title. Ethan’s spine-snapping accident is a replay of the spine-snapping accident from The Sea Inside (and like Alejandro Amenábar, Bhansali does double duty as composer), and the throwaway shot of a fly on the face from The Diving Bell and the Butterfly is exaggerated into an affirmation of Ethan’s equanimity.}}</ref>

Dayanand Raajan said that a book he had written, ''Summer Snow,'' had been copied by ''Guzaarish''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Bhansalis-Guzaarish-is-a-copy/articleshow/6878282.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104003225/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-06/news-interviews/28240669_1_novel-legal-notice-notice-period|url-status=live|archive-date=4 November 2012|title=Bhansali's Guzaarish is a copy!|author=Prithwish Ganguli|access-date=6 November 2010|agency=TNN|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=6 November 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/bollywood/news/a286453/guzaarish-producer-accused-of-theft.html?rss|title='Guzaarish' producer accused of theft|author=Zakia Uddin|website=Digital Spy|date=7 November 2010|access-date=7 November 2010|archive-date=22 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022062748/http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/bollywood/news/a286453/guzaarish-producer-accused-of-theft.html?rss|url-status=live}}</ref>

After the film release in November, Akhil Rajendra Dwivedi, a script writer, sued Bhansali for Rs. 20 million alleging that the director used his script without informing him. Dwivedi claimed that he had registered his script, very similar to that of ''Guzaarish'', in 2005 and had even met Bhansali in 2008. He alleged that the director had loved the script and said that he would get back to Dwivedi in a few weeks time. Dwivedi claimed that Bhansali never reverted and was unreachable for Dwivedi.<ref>{{cite news |date=26 November 2010 |title=Scriptwriter Akhil Dwivedi sues Bhansali for Rs. 2 crores |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/scriptwriter-akhil-dwivedi-sues-bhansali-for-rs-2-crores/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101205207/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/scriptwriter-akhil-dwivedi-sues-bhansali-for-rs-2-crores/ |archive-date=1 November 2022 |access-date=1 November 2022 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref>

Lyricist Taabish Romani argued that the movie scrip was based on his own script titled ''Goonj Uthi Shehnai'', registered with the Film Writers'Association (FWA) in 2002. After years of dispute, the matter going up to the High Court, the two ultimately agreed for a court settlement and Romani was paid up to Rs 3 lakh by Bhansali.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lalwani |first=Vickey |date=22 April 2014 |title=Sanjay Leela Bhansali's feud with scriptwriter has a dramatic twist! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sanjay-leela-bhansali-gave-taabish-romani-rs-3-lakh-who-then-went-missing-sanjay-leela-bhansalis-feud-with-scriptwriter-has-a-dramatic-twist/articleshow/34070690.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

=== Aishwarya Rai Bachchan's smoking incident ===
Another controversy regarding the movie started brewing when the first look of the movie was released which showed the lead actress Aishwarya Rai Bachchan smoking in a car. [[National Organisation for Tobacco Eradication (India)]], the body working for tobacco eradication, wrote to actress Aishwarya Rai Bachchan expressing concern over use of her images smoking a cigarette in the banners of film Guzaarish displayed all over Mumbai. The organization's spokesperson said, that it would issue a legal notice to the actor under the provisions of the anti-tobacco legislation for the alleged advertisement of tobacco smoking in the public.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Concern-over-Aishwarya-film-poster/article15689235.ece|title=Concern over Aishwarya film poster|work=The Hindu|author=Kamat, Prakash|date=17 November 2010|access-date=1 November 2022|archive-date=1 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101205202/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Concern-over-Aishwarya-film-poster/article15689235.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Comments by Salman Khan ===
[[Salman Khan]], a close associate of Sanjay Leela Bhansali, in an award ceremony Super Idols, for felicitating specially abled people, by television channel [[IBN-7]], took potshots at ''Guzaarish'', hinting at its poor box office collection. Later in the same event, he said to one of the winners of the awards, "I will give you the number of Sanjay Leela Bhansali, you write it down, he has made ''Black'', ''Khamoshi'', made many pictures and made heaps of money but may be it won't come out, but it should come out."<ref>{{cite news|title=जब सलमान बोले, कुत्ता भी नहीं आया वो फिल्म देखने!|work=IBN Khabar|date=3 December 2010|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/entertainment/bollywood/89132.html|access-date=1 November 2022|trans-title=When Salman said, a dog has not even come to see that movie!|archive-date=1 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101205202/https://hindi.news18.com/news/entertainment/bollywood/89132.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The comments came as a shocker to many, since Salman was one of Bhansali's favorites and the lead actor in his first movie [[Khamoshi: The Musical|''Khamoshi'']] and ''[[Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam]]''. Bhansali reacted by saying that "If such an old and trusted friend can be so insensitive I don't want anything to do with the entertainment industry".<ref>{{cite news|title=Duggu's message to Sallu: Heroes don't gloat, they should show some grace|work=Mumbai Mirror|date=3 December 2010|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/Duggus-message-to-Sallu-Heroes-dont-gloat-they-should-show-some-grace/articleshow/16078984.cms|author1=Kunal M Shah|author2=Subhash K Jha|access-date=1 November 2022|archive-date=1 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101205203/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/Duggus-message-to-Sallu-Heroes-dont-gloat-they-should-show-some-grace/articleshow/16078984.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Special screening ==
Sanjay Leela Bhansali, who had famously given a lavish premier of his earlier film ''[[Saawariya]]'', decided to do away with a similar event for ''Guzaarish''. Though the movie had released on 16 November in Dubai, it was slated to release in India on the 19th of the same month. Sources reported that "..some of the VVIP invitees who told him that he had made another masterpiece (''[[Saawariya]]'') were busy sending out bulk messages against the film during the premiere. Since the ''Saawariya'' premiere took place two nights (on Wednesday rather than Thursday) before its public release the damage done was irreparable. Sanjay decided there and then to never have a premiere of any of his films."

The director had the first screening of ''Guzaarish'' for the cast members and their families on Monday night. After the screening, the director allowed himself to be convinced to show the film to a few chosen ones. Hence he specially handpicked 30 invitees include the [[Bachchan family|Bachchan]] family, leading man Hrithik's parents Pinky and [[Rakesh Roshan]], Hrithik Roshan's Father- in-law [[Sanjay Khan]], [[Shabana Azmi]] and [[Javed Akhtar]], [[Deepika Padukone]], [[Rohan Sippy]], [[Karan Johar]], [[Ashutosh Gowariker]], [[Rajkumar Hirani]], [[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]], [[Goldie Bhel]] singer [[Kunal Ganjawala]], film Maker Akbar Khan, fashion designers Sandip Khosla, Manish Malhothra, and [[Shahid Kapoor]]." According to Bhansali he already had got the "big thumbs-up" he needed, "For me, it was more than enough that my mother liked the film. All other opinions, I'll take with a pinch of salt."<ref>{{cite news|title=Mini-premiere for Guzaarish, only 30 guests invited|work=Mid Day|date=18 November 2010|url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2010/nov/181110-Aishwarya-Rai-Hrithik-Roshan-Guzaarish.htm|access-date=18 November 2010|archive-date=21 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101121163118/http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2010/nov/181110-Aishwarya-Rai-Hrithik-Roshan-Guzaarish.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

Later, Aishwarya Rai Bachchan also requested for a special screening of the movie for her family. According to Rai, this was a special gift to her father, who was celebrating his birthday on the same date. It was also attended by directors [[Subhash Ghai]], [[David Dhawan]], actors [[Shabana Azmi]] and [[Sonam Kapoor]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Sonam assists Bhansali through Guzaarish screening|work=Hindustan Times|date=22 November 2010|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Sonam-assiststs-Bhansali-through--Guzaarish-screening/Article1-629549.aspx|access-date=2 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125014032/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Sonam-assiststs-Bhansali-through--Guzaarish-screening/Article1-629549.aspx|archive-date=25 November 2010|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Critical reception ===
The film received mostly positive reactions from critics. ''[[Filmfare]]'' rated the film 4 out of 5 and wrote, "''Guzaarish'' is unabashedly Sanjay Leela Bhansali. In a film where life itself is the villain everything is larger than life, no surprise there. The house is grand, the characters even more so, the laughter is magnificent, the pain operatic and the treatment of all of the above is colossal in a deafening, attention seeking way that leaves no room for subtext or imagination."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.filmfare.com/articles/guzaarish-1758.html|title=Guzaarish Review|work=Filmfare|date=19 November 2010|access-date=20 November 2010|archive-date=23 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123033758/http://www.filmfare.com/articles/guzaarish-1758.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Writing for [[NDTV]], [[Anupama Chopra]] rated the film 3 out of 5 and believed that the film would be effective if the writing was more organic and the emotions felt more authentic but Bhansali never gives us a chance to invest in these people.<ref name="Anupama Review- Guzaarish">{{cite web|title=Guzaarish Movie Review by Anupama Chopra|url=http://filmyreviews.com/critic/ndtv/anupama-chopra/?page=2|access-date=5 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914011936/http://filmyreviews.com/critic/ndtv/anupama-chopra/?page=2|archive-date=14 September 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Reuters]] trashed the movie for its over the top performances and stated that the lead actor Hrithik Roshan is the only saving grace of the movie where "everything else, like Aishwarya Rai's make-up, seems fake and loud, and puts you off. The emotions, the set design, the dialogues, Hrithik Roshan's beard are all out of this world, residing in some alien planet that only Bhansali inhabits."<ref>{{cite news|title=Guzaarish: Slow death|work=Reuters|date=19 November 2010|url=http://blogs.reuters.com/indiamasala/2010/11/19/guzaarish-slow-death/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122070401/http://blogs.reuters.com/indiamasala/2010/11/19/guzaarish-slow-death/|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 November 2010|access-date=20 November 2010}}</ref> ''[[The Hindu]]'' reviewer Sudhish Kamath gave a negative review to the movie and heaped praises on the lead actor Hrithik Roshan saying that "Hrithik Roshan gives one of the best performances of his career as a man trapped in a wheelchair/bad film, desperately craving for freedom.." As a bottomline he said that ''Guzaarish'' is "Highly pretentious, boring film with leftover craving-for-your-sympathy melodrama from ''Black'' and unused sets from ''Saawariya''".<ref>{{cite news|title=Slow death|work=The Hindu|date=21 November 2010|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/Slow-death/article15699809.ece|accessdate=17 July 2021|location=Chennai, India|first=Sudhish|last=Kamath|archive-date=17 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717032403/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/Slow-death/article15699809.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'', which gave a 4.5 rating, mentioned that "''Guzaarish'' is an unusual film in many respects".<ref>{{cite news|title=Guzaarish Movie Review|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/guzaarish/movie-review/6947922.cms|accessdate=17 July 2021|work=India Times|agency=The Times Group|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|date=18 November 2010|archive-date=17 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717032406/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/guzaarish/movie-review/6947922.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

Australian critic and columnist Simon Foster of ''[[Special Broadcasting Service]] (SBS)'' gave a 3 star rating in which described it as "a melodrama that never says in two words what it can say in ten, Sanjay Leela Bhansali's ''Guzaarish'' balances its blubbery sentimentality with some beautifully realised images to heart-warming and generally likable effect.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/movies/review/guzaarish-review|title=Review Of Guzaarish: An earnest melodrama with luscious imagery|author=Simon Foster|date=20 November 2010|accessdate=17 July 2021|archive-date=17 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717032405/https://www.sbs.com.au/movies/review/guzaarish-review|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[The Sunday Times (South Africa)|The Sunday Times]]'' gave a nine star rating and said "''Guzaarish'' is a movie about hope, magic and life. ''[[Khaleej Times]]'' said " This wonderful work of art, nuanced and magical in its portrayal, is about dying. But Ethan, as played by Hrithik Roshan, is so bemused by adversity that he can actually look at his own suffering with dispassionate humour."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/citytimes/-work-of-art|title=Work of art|work=Khaleej Times|date=21 November 2010|accessdate=17 July 2021|archive-date=17 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717032404/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/citytimes/-work-of-art|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' noted that only select – audience may find the movie appealing saying that "the performances stand out. ''Guzaarish'' might appeal only to Bhansali viewers."<ref>{{cite news|title=Review: Guzaarish|work=Deccan Herald|date=20 November 2010|last=Rani|first=Angel|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/114351/magic-works-only-parts.html|accessdate=17 July 2021|archive-date=17 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717032406/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/114351/magic-works-only-parts.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Box office===
''Guzaarish'' had a good opening at the box office, collecting a net gross of {{INRConvert|245.5|m}} in its opening weekend.<ref>{{cite web|website=Box Office India|access-date=26 September 2013|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/arounddetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=2253&nCat=box_office_collection|title=Guzaarish Weekend Territorial Breakdown|archive-date=27 September 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927220858/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/arounddetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=2253&nCat=box_office_collection|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The movie went on to collect {{INRConvert|514|m}} nett in its first week.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/arounddetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=2272&nCat=box_office_collection|title=Guzaarish First Week Territorial Breakdown|website=Box Office India|accessdate=17 March 2012|archivedate=27 September 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927054130/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/arounddetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=2272&nCat=box_office_collection|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The movie netted {{INRConvert|694|m}} in its lifetime run.<ref>{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229130525/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=318&catName=MjAxMA==|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=318&catName=MjAxMA==|title=Box Office 2010|website=Box Office India|accessdate=17 March 2012|archive-date=29 February 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=366&catName=MjAxMA==|title=All India 2010 (Figures in INR Crore)|website=Box Office India|accessdate=1 April 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421002333/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=366&catName=MjAxMA==|archivedate=21 April 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Main|Guzaarish (soundtrack)}}
[[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]] made his debut as a film song composer with this movie. The lyrics were penned by [[A. M. Turaz]], [[Vibhu Puri]], and the late [[Jagdish Joshi]]. It features playback singers [[KK (singer)|K.K.]], [[Rakesh Pandit]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], [[Kunal Ganjawala]], [[Harshdeep Kaur]] and [[Shankar Mahadevan]] and was produced under [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] label. [[Vibhavari Apte Joshi]] made her Bollywood debut through this film. She caught the attention of Sanjay Leela Bhansali, who noticed her as a participant in Sa Re Ga Ma (aired on a Marathi channel) while she was singing Konkani – Hindi song.

The official music launch of ''Guzaarish'' took place on 15 October 2010, by [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]. The event was hosted by [[Aditya Roy Kapur]]. Actors [[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan]], [[Hrithik Roshan]], [[Shernaz Patel]], [[Suhel Seth]], [[Monikangana Dutta]], [[UTV Software Communications|UTV]] chairman [[Ronnie Screwvala]] and Bhansali himself along with the entire music and background team were present in the music launch. Singers Shankar Mahadevan, KK, Kunal Ganjawala, Vibhavari Apte Joshi, and Shail Hada, who had lent their voices to the film's soundtrack gave a stage performance of each of their songs in the album.

==Accolades==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Award
!Category
!Nominee
!Result
|-
|rowspan=4|[[Filmfare Awards]]<ref>{{cite news|title=It's SRK vs Salman at Filmfare|agency=TNN|date=13 January 2011|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Its-SRK-vs-Salman-at-Filmfare/articleshow/7276967.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=17 July 2021|archive-date=23 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223134223/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Its-SRK-vs-Salman-at-Filmfare/articleshow/7276967.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|[[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|Aishwarya Rai Bachchan
|{{Nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|Hrithik Roshan
|{{Nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
|[[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
|rowspan=6|[[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/2119/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402183646/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/2119/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 April 2016|title=Band Baaja Baaraat, Dabangg and Robot win IIFA technical awards|work=Bollywood Hungama|date=27 April 2011|accessdate=2 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=IIFA 2011 Nominations|work=Filmicafe|date=1 April 2011|url=http://www.filmicafe.com/news_detail.php?news_id=18667|accessdate=2 April 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311091926/http://www.filmicafe.com/news_detail.php?news_id=18667|archivedate=11 March 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|[[IIFA Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]]
|Sudeep Chatterjee
|{{won}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|Sanjay Leela Bhansali
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|Hrithik Roshan
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|[[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|Shernaz Patel
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]
|Sanjay Leela Bhansali, Bhavani Iyer
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan=13|[[Stardust Awards]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Stardust Awards Winners 2011|work=Stardust|date=9 February 2011|url=http://www.magnamags.com/content/view/7594/358/lang,english/|access-date=13 February 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110212170913/http://www.magnamags.com/content/view/7594/358/lang,english/|archivedate=12 February 2011|url-status=usurped|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-of-stardust-awards-2011/|title=Nominations of Stardust Awards 2011|work=Bollywood Hungama|date=22 January 2011|accessdate=1 November 2022|archive-date=4 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204145957/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-of-stardust-awards-2011/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|[[Stardust Award for Star of the Year – Female|Star of the Year – Female]]
|Aishwarya Rai Bachchan
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Stardust Award for Star of the Year – Male|Star of the Year – Male]]
|[[Hrithik Roshan]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
|[[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
|[[Stardust Award for Breakthrough Performance – Male|Best Breakthrough Performance – Male]]
|Shail Hada – Tera Zikr
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Stardust Award for Breakthrough Performance – Female|Best Breakthrough Performance – Female]]
|[[Vibhavari Apte Joshi]] – Saiba
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Stardust Award for Best Film of the Year|Film of the Year]]
|''Guzaarish''
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Stardust Award for Best Director of the Year|Best Director of the Year]]
|Sanjay Leela Bhansali
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Stardust Award for Star of the Year – Male|Star of the Year – Male]]
|Hrithik Roshan
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Stardust Award for Star of the Year – Female|Star of the Year – Female]]
|Aishwarya Rai Bachchan
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Actress in an Ensemble Cast
|Shernaz Patel
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Stardust Award for Superstar of Tomorrow – Male|Superstar of Tomorrow – Male]]
|[[Aditya Roy Kapur]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Stardust Award for New Musical Sensation – Female|New Musical Sensation – Female]]
|Harshdeep Kaur (Chand Ki Katori)
|{{nom}}
|-
|Standout Performance by a Music Director
|Sanjay Leela Bhansali
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan=5|[[Star Screen Awards]]<ref>{{cite news|title=17th Star Screen Awards 2011 Winners|work=Filmi Cafe|url=http://filmicafe.com/news_detail.php?news_id=17462|access-date=7 January 2011|archivedate=8 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110108191645/http://www.filmicafe.com/news_detail.php?news_id=17462|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Nominations of Star Screen Awards Awards|work=Screen India|url=http://www.screenindia.com/screenawards2011/nomination2011.html|access-date=2 January 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110106181404/http://screenindia.com/screenawards2011/nomination2011.html|archivedate=6 January 2011|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|[[Screen Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|Shernaz Patel
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Screen Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]]
|Sudeep Chatterjee
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Screen Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|[[Hrithik Roshan]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
|[[Screen Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|Aishwarya Rai Bachchan
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Screen Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]]
|Longinus Fernandes (Udi)
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan=5|[[Zee Cine Awards]]<ref>{{cite news|title=SRK, Vidya, Dabangg big winners at Zee Cine Awards|work=NDTV Movies|date=15 January 2011|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?ID=ENTEN20110166748&keyword=bollywood&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA|access-date=15 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110117103120/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?ID=ENTEN20110166748&keyword=bollywood&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA|archive-date=17 January 2011|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2011/01/01/6977/index.html#|title=Nominations of BIG Star Entertainment Awards|work=Bollywood Hungama|date=1 January 2011|access-date=2 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110105041016/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2011/01/01/6977/index.html|archive-date=5 January 2011|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|[[Zee Cine Critics Award for Best Actor – Male|Best Actor (Critics)]]
|Hrithik Roshan
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Zee Cine Critics Award for Best Actor – Female|Best Actress (Critics)]]
|Aishwarya Rai Bachchan
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Art Direction|Best Art Direction]]
|Rajneesh Basu
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|Sanjay Leela Bhansali
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Playback Singer – Female|Best Female Playback Singer]]
|Sunidhi Chauhan (Udi)
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan=3|[[BIG Star Entertainment Awards]]<ref name="auto">{{cite news|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-of-big-star-entertainment-awards/|title=Nominations of BIG Star Entertainment Awards|work=Bollywood Hungama|date=16 December 2010|accessdate=17 July 2021|archive-date=10 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210091242/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-of-big-star-entertainment-awards/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|BIG Star Most Entertaining Director
|Sanjay Leela Bhansali
|{{nom}}
|-
|BIG Star Most Entertaining Film Actor – Male
|Hrithik Roshan
|{{nom}}
|-
|BIG Star Most Entertaining Film Actor – Female
|Aishwarya Rai Bachchan
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan=7|[[Producers Guild Film Awards]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/winners-of-6th-apsara-film-television-producers-guild-awards/|title=Winners of 6th Apsara Film & Television Producers Guild Awards|work=Bollywood Hungama|date=11 January 2011|accessdate=17 July 2021|archive-date=28 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228005826/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/winners-of-6th-apsara-film-television-producers-guild-awards/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Shahrukh-Salman dominate Apsara Awards 2011 nominations|work=Meri News|date=6 January 2011|url=http://www.merinews.com/article/shahrukh-salman-dominate-apsara-awards-2011-nominations/15839421.shtml|accessdate=6 January 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110110203650/http://www.merinews.com/article/shahrukh-salman-dominate-apsara-awards-2011-nominations/15839421.shtml|archivedate=10 January 2011}}</ref>
|[[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|Sanjay Leela Bhansali
|{{win}}
|-
|[[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role|Best Actor in a Leading Role]]
|Hrithik Roshan
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role|Best Actress in a Leading Role]]
|Aishwarya Rai Bachchan
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Cinematography
|Sudeep Chatterji
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Special Effects
|Prime Focus
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role|Best Actress in a Supporting Role]]
|Shernaz Patel
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Dialogue
|Bhavani Iyer & Vibhu Puri
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan=3|[[BIG Star Entertainment Awards]]<ref name="auto" />
|BIG Star Most Entertaining Director
|Sanjay Leela Bhansali
|{{nom}}
|-
|BIG Star Most Entertaining Film Actor – Male
|Hrithik Roshan
|{{nom}}
|-
|BIG Star Most Entertaining Film Actor – Female
|Aishwarya Rai Bachchan
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan=1|BIG Star IMA Awards<ref>{{cite news|title=Aishwarya Rai Bachchan – The best Visualized Female Song – Udi (Guzaarish) 2011|website=[[Dailymotion]]|date=5 June 2011|accessdate=1 November 2022|url=https://www.dailymotion.com/video/xj6fo1|archive-date=1 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101162748/https://www.dailymotion.com/video/xj6fo1|url-status=live}}</ref>
|Best Visualized Song Track (Female)
|Udi
|{{won}}
|-
|rowspan=6|[[3rd Mirchi Music Awards]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2010/hindi/nominees.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110130070949/http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2010/hindi/nominees.php|url-status=dead|archivedate=30 January 2011|title=Nominees – Mirchi Music Award Hindi 2010|date=30 January 2011}}</ref>
|[[Mirchi Music Award for Female Vocalist of The Year|Female Vocalist of The Year]]
|Sunidhi Chauhan – "Udi"
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Mirchi Music Award for Upcoming Female Vocalist of The Year|Upcoming Female Vocalist of The Year]]
|[[Vibhavari Apte Joshi|Vibhavari Joshi]] – "Saiba"
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Mirchi Music Award for Upcoming Music Composer of The Year|Upcoming Music Composer of The Year]]
|Sanjay Leela Bhansali – "Udi"
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Mirchi Music Award for Upcoming Lyricist of The Year|Upcoming Lyricist of The Year]]
|Late Jagdish Joshi and Vibhu Puri – "Keh Na Sakoon"
|{{nom}}
|-
|Upcoming Lyricist of The Year
|Vibhu Puri – "Sau Gram Zindagi"
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Background Score of the Year
|Tubby-Parik
|{{nom}}
|}

;Other Acclaims

*The screenplay of the film Guzaarish was invited by the Library of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts & Sciences (Oscars) to be part of its permanent script collection.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/sanjay-leela-bhansalis-guzaarish-goes-to-the-oscar-library/|title=Sanjay Leela Bhansali's Guzaarish goes to the Oscar Library|work=Bollywood Hungama|date=28 February 2011|accessdate=17 July 2021|archive-date=17 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717032406/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/sanjay-leela-bhansalis-guzaarish-goes-to-the-oscar-library/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Film|Bollywood}}
* [[Me Before You (film)|Me Before You]], 2016 British film about a tetraplegic man wishing to be euthanized.
* [[Disability in the arts]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|1438298}}
*{{Mojo title|guzaarish}}
*{{rotten-tomatoes|guzaarish_2010}}
{{Sanjay Leela Bhansali}}

[[Category:2010 films]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of Spanish films]]
[[Category:2010 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2010 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]
[[Category:Films about euthanasia]]
[[Category:Films set in Goa]]
[[Category:2010 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films about disability in India]]
[[Category:Films about people with paraplegia or tetraplegia]]
[[Category:Films about magic (illusion)]]
[[Category:Films shot in Goa]]
[[Category:UTV Motion Pictures films]]
[[Category:2010 English-language films]]
[[Category:Films involved in plagiarism controversies]]
[[Category:Films subject to a lawsuit]]
[[Category:Indian intellectual property law]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films about suicide]]
[[Category:Indian psychological drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in country houses]]
[[Category:Indian courtroom films]]
[[Category:Indian legal drama films]]
[[Category:English-language romantic drama films]]

Transworld Group (shipping and logistics company)

2026-03-01T22:57:44Z

Mrav:

{{Short description|UAE-based shipping company}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Transworld Group
| logo = Transworld-group.jpg
| image = Transworld group building.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| type = [[Private Limited Company]]
| foundation = {{start date and age|1977}}
| founder = R. Sivaswamy
| location = [[Dubai]], [[United Arab Emirates]]
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = {{ubl|[[Ramakrishnan Sivaswamy Iyer]] (Chairman)|Ritesh S. Ramakrishnan (Managing Director)|Geeta Ramakrishnan (Director of Administration & HR)|Anisha Ramakrishnan (Director)}}
| industry = [[Shipping]] [[Logistics]]
| services = [[Ship management|Vessel owning]], [[commercial jet]]s, [[warehousing]], shipping and logistics<ref name="asian"/>
| revenue = [[Dollar|$]]700 million (2015)<ref name="asian">{{cite web |title=Transworld Group – The Asian Entrepreneur |url=http://www.asianentrepreneur.org/ramesh-chairman-of-transworld-group/ |access-date=1 October 2018 |archive-date=19 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219181731/https://www.asianentrepreneur.org/ramesh-chairman-of-transworld-group/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| num_employees = 1,000+ (2024)
| website = {{URL|https://www.transworld.com}}
}}

'''Transworld Group''' is a multinational [[shipping]] and [[logistics]] company, based in [[Dubai]], [[United Arab Emirates]]. It has business interests in shipping and logistics, [[aviation]], [[supply chain management]], and [[food processing]], among others. Established in 1977 by R. Sivaswamy, the company has offices in the [[United Arab Emirates]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Oman]], [[Sri Lanka]], and multiple cities in [[India]].<ref name="hin">{{cite news|title=To be a global shipping player, India needs infrastructure|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2004/08/09/stories/2004080900250600.htm|website=www.thehindubusinessline.com|access-date=14 November 2018}}</ref>

== History ==
Transworld Group of Companies was established in 1977 by R. Sivaswamy as a shipping company in [[Mumbai]]. In 1989, the company came under the leadership of chairman Ramesh Ramakrishnan and later expanded its operations into shipping, marine and logistics in the [[Indian subcontinent]] and the [[Gulf region]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Ramesh Ramakrishnan – Indian Rich List 2011 – ArabianBusiness.com|url=https://www.arabianbusiness.com/lists/indian-rich-list-2011-421344-htmlitemid421313|website=www.arabianbusiness.com|access-date=14 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Transworld invests Dh367m to expand shipping fleet|url=https://gulfnews.com/business/transworld-invests-dh367m-to-expand-shipping-fleet-1.1140435|website=gulfnews.com|access-date=14 November 2018}}</ref><ref name="asian"/>

== Operations ==
[[File:Shri-r-sivaswamy.png|thumb|upright=0.60|R. Sivaswamy with Transworld Group's first vessel, the ''Khaleej Express''.]]
===Shipping and logistics===
The company provides shipping and multimodal logistics services. Its shipping services include [[Container ship|containerized]], [[Bulk carrier|bulk]], and [[Tanker (ship)|tanker]] cargo transportation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hand |first=Marcus |date=17 July 2023 |title=Transworld and Fleet in ship management joint venture |url=https://www.seatrade-maritime.com/ship-management/transworld-and-fleet-in-ship-management-joint-venture |access-date=7 October 2023 |website=Seatrade}}</ref> The group's logistics services include [[third-party logistics]], [[Freight forwarder|freight forwarding]], [[cold chain]] logistics, and [[Warehouse|warehousing]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Boonzaier |first1=Jonathan |title=Transworld’s next generation drives group beyond box niche |url=https://www.tradewindsnews.com/weekly/transworld-8217-s-next-generation-drives-group-beyond-box-niche/1-1-351015 |access-date=18 November 2024 |work=TradeWinds |date=19 December 2014 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2022, Transworld Group entered the liquid bulk segment with the purchase of two vessels of 74,000 [[Deadweight tonnage|DWT]], flying the [[Flag of convenience|Panama flag]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Dubai-based Transworld Group enters tanker segment |url=https://gulfnews.com/business/corporate-news/dubai-based-transworld-group-enters-tanker-segment-1.1670233448471 |access-date=18 November 2024 |work=Gulf News |date=5 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

Between 2021-24, Transworld Group provided logistics services in the construction of the [[BAPS Hindu Mandir Abu Dhabi|BAPS Hindu Mandir]] in [[Abu Dhabi]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Ashwani |title=Look: Abu Dhabi Hindu temple foundation almost complete |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/look-abu-dhabi-hindu-temple-foundation-almost-complete |access-date=18 November 2024 |work=Khaleej Times |date=28 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2023, Transworld Group signed an agreement with [[DP World]]'s [[Jebel Ali Free Zone]] (Jafza) for the construction of a 50,000+ square meters, dry and temperature-controlled distribution center in Jafza, which is expected to be completed by 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-20 |title=Jafza, Transworld Group sign agreement to open 5,000sqm logistics centre |url=https://gulfnews.com/business/markets/jafza-transworld-group-sign-agreement-to-open-5000sqm-logistics-centre-1.100044575 |access-date=2024-10-07 |website=gulfnews.com |language=en}}</ref>

In 2024, Transworld Group signed a {{INR}}2,000 crore [[MoU]] to establish ship leasing and aircraft leasing activities at [[GIFT International Financial Services Centre|GIFT IFSC]], Gujarat.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nair |first1=Avinash |title=Vibrant Gujarat: Transworld, Wipro, Accenture among new GIFT City investors |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/vibrant-gujarat-transworld-wipro-accenture-among-new-gift-city-investors/article67730266.ece |access-date=18 November 2024 |work=BusinessLine |date=11 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

===Aviation===
In 2023, Transworld Group expanded into the aviation sector with its luxury [[Air charter|private jet charter]] service, Airavat, operating in the Middle East, Europe, and Asia.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Marisha |title=Airavat Aviation to bring luxury private jet travel to the Middle East |url=https://gulfbusiness.com/airavat-aviation-brings-luxury-private-jet-travel-to-middle-east/ |access-date=18 November 2024 |date=18 July 2023}}</ref> In 2024, Transworld Group entered into a joint venture with former [[SpiceJet]] COO Arun Kashyap's Sirius India Airlines to begin operations in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2024 |title=Former SpiceJet COO launches aircraft charter company, ties up with Transworld Group |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/companies/former-spicejet-coo-launches-aircraft-charter-company-ties-up-with-transworld-group-12609031.html |access-date=7 October 2024 |website=Moneycontrol}}</ref>

===Food processing===
In 2024, Transworld Group established its food processing and agri-logistics arm called Transgreen.<ref name=":0"/>

===Recruitment===
In 2023, Transworld Group partnered with [[DP World]]'s World Security to establish World People Solutions, which recruits workers from India for job opportunities overseas.<ref>{{cite news |title=DP World's World Security strikes partnership deal with Transworld Group for training, hiring manpower from India |url=https://www.arabianbusiness.com/jobs/dp-worlds-world-security-strikes-partnership-deal-with-transworld-group-for-training-hiring-manpower-from-india |access-date=18 November 2024 |work=Arabian Business |date=12 January 2023}}</ref>

===Film production===
In 2024, Ramesh S. Ramakrishnan and Ritesh S. Ramakrishnan of Transworld Group, along with Emirati filmmaker Shihan Shoukath, launched a [[production company|film production house]] called Reel World Entertainment.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mehta |first1=Somya |title=After big win at Cannes, Dubai filmmaker opens production house |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/lifestyle/arts/dubai-is-my-secret-sauce-after-big-win-at-cannes-uae-filmmaker-launches-production-house-2 |access-date=18 November 2024 |work=Khaleej Times |date=14 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

===Others===
Transworld Group has also developed real estate and infrastructure projects in [[India]] and the [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]].<ref name=":0">{{cite news |title=Transview - February 2023 |url=https://www.transworld.com/pdf/news/transview/Transview_February_2023.pdf |access-date=18 November 2024 |work=Transworld Group}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of largest container shipping companies]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Logistics companies of India}}

[[Category:Logistics companies of the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:Logistics companies of India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1977]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Container shipping companies]]

North American Indian Women's Association

2026-02-26T16:17:21Z

Mrav: minor cleanup

{{Update|reason=naiwa.org is defunct, unclear if organization is still active or not|date=January 2026}}
The '''North American Indian Women's Association''' ('''NA<big>I</big>WA''') is a non-profit educational and service association, which seeks to promote intertribal communications, betterment of home, family life and community, betterment of health and education, awareness of [[Native American cultures in the United States|Indian culture]]s, and fellowship among North [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|American Indian people]].<ref>[http://naiwa.org/default.aspx Naiwa]</ref> NAIWA was founded in the summer of 1970 and was the first national Native American women's group.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Welch|first1=Judy|title=Oklahoma Woman Named Top Indian|url=https://newspaperarchive.com/susun-wilkinson-celebrity-clipping-jun-16-1977-63321/|accessdate=30 July 2016|newspaper=[[The Arkansas City Traveler]] |date=June 16, 1977|location=Arkansas City, Kansas|via = [[Newspaperarchive.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Conference of Indian Women Set at FSIS Campus Today|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/13316739/the_lawton_constitution/|accessdate=24 August 2017|newspaper=[[The Lawton Constitution]] |date=June 16, 1971|location=Lawton, Oklahoma|page=13|via = [[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> [[Marie Cox]] ([[Comanche]]), from Midwest City, Oklahoma, served as founding president at the inaugural meeting, which was held in Fort Collins, Colorado.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mrs. Fate helps to organize North American Indian unit|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/13291646/fairbanks_daily_newsminer/|accessdate=24 August 2017|newspaper=[[Fairbanks Daily News Miner]] |date=August 27, 1970|location=Fairbanks, Alaska|page=3|via = [[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=DkPFL6XcKeQC&dq=%22north+american+indian+women%27s+association%22&pg=PA81 Google]</ref> During the 1970s adoption reform was one of its greatest concerns.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=wYrCfs-O2ccC&dq=%22north+american+indian+women%27s+association%22&pg=PA33 Google]</ref> Cox's presidency was followed by [[Agnes Dill]] of the [[Isleta Pueblo]] in New Mexico in 1973,<ref>{{cite news|title=Indian Women Convene|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/13317120/indian_women_convene_the_gallup/|accessdate=24 August 2017|newspaper=[[Gallup Independent|The Gallup Independent]] |date=October 15, 1973|location=Gallup, New Mexico|page=3|via = [[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> who was in turn succeeded by [[Mary Jane Fate]] ([[Koyukon]] [[Alaskan Athabaskans|Athabaskan]]) from Fairbanks, Alaska, in 1975.<ref>{{cite news|author=|title=Passes Gavel to New President|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/13290573/albuquerque_journal/|accessdate=24 August 2017|newspaper=[[The Albuquerque Journal]] |date=June 22, 1975|location=Albuquerque, New Mexico|page=24|via = [[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> Only women from federally recognized Indian tribes can be members.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/women/article-9125034 Britannica]</ref>{{Dead link|date=January 2026}}

The association named [[Muriel Hazel Wright]] the outstanding Indian woman of the 20th century in 1971.<ref name=fem>[http://www.fembio.org/english/biography.php/woman/biography/muriel-hazel-wright/ Muriel Hazel Wright], Joey Horsley, FemBio.org, retrieved 8 February 2015</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}


[[Category:Native American women's organizations]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1970]]

Burdwan Blasters

2026-02-26T12:50:06Z

Mrav: added the post w/ refs

{{Short description|Football franchise in West Bengal}}
{{Infobox football club
| clubname = Burdwan Blasters
| image = Burdwan Blasters.png
| image_size = 200px
| fullname = Burdwan Blasters
| nickname =
| short name = BB
| founded = {{start date and age|8th July 2025}}
| ground = [[Bolpur]] Stadium (temporary)<ref name="Venues">{{Cite web |title=Bengal Super League 2025-26: Teams, Fixtures and Tournament details |url=https://www.chaseyoursport.com/indian-football/bengal-super-league-2025-26-teams-fixtures-and-tournament-details/11220 |access-date=24 December 2025 |website=Chase Your Sport}}</ref>
| capacity = 15,000
| coordinates =
| owntitle =
| chairman =
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| manager = [[Sandip Nandy]]
| league = [[Bengal Super League]]
| season = [[2025–26 Bengal Super League|2025–26]]
| position = Bengal Super League, 6th of 8
| current =
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}}

'''Burdwan Blasters''' is an Indian professional [[association football|football]] club based in [[Purba Bardhaman district|Burdwan]], [[West Bengal]], that competes in the [[Bengal Super League]] (BSL). Founded on 8th July 2025, the club is one of the eight inaugural franchises of West Bengal's first district-centric professional football league, organized by the [[Indian Football Association]] (IFA) in collaboration with Shrachi Sports.<ref name="Launch">{{Cite news |date=8 July 2025 |title=IFA Bengal Super League officially launched |work=Anandabazar Patrika |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/sports/football/district-centric-professional-football-league-announced/cid/1523456 |access-date=24 December 2025}}</ref>

== History ==
The club was established to represent the [[Bardhaman]] region in the newly formed Bengal Super League. The franchise was unveiled on 8 July 2025 as part of a ten-year agreement between the IFA and Shrachi Sports to professionalize district football.<ref name="Launch" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mukherjee |first=Sayan |date=17 October 2025 |title=Bengal Super League unveils Lothar Matthaus as ambassador |work=News9live |url=https://www.news9live.com/sports/football/inaugural-bengal-super-league-unveils-lothar-matthaus-as-ambassador-2723456 |access-date=24 December 2025}}</ref> Burdwan Blasters played their first competitive match on 15 December 2025 against [[Sundarban Bengal Auto FC]], narrowly losing 1–2.<ref name="Fixture">{{Cite web |title=Fixture – Bengal Super League |url=https://www.bengalsuperleague.com/fixture/ |access-date=24 December 2025 |website=bengalsuperleague.com}}</ref> They secured their first point of the season in a 1–1 draw against [[FC Medinipur]] on 18 December.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 December 2025 |title=Burdwan Blasters open points account in Bengal Super League |work=Sangbad Pratidin |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/sports/football/fc-medinipur-burdwan-blasters-opened-their-points-account-in-the-bengal-super-league/ |access-date=24 December 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>

== Stadium ==
While the club represents Burdwan and was originally slated to play at the [[Spandan Stadium]], their home matches for the inaugural season were hosted at the Bolpur Stadium in [[Birbhum]]. The venue, which has a capacity of 15,000, is shared with [[Kopa Tigers Birbhum]].<ref name="Venues" />

== Players ==
=== First-team squad ===
{{updated|24 December 2025}}
{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Nabakumar Ghosh}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Hemanta Ghosh}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Deep Haldar|other=[[Captain (association football)|captain]]}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=UGA|pos=DF|name=Latif Kiyemba}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Aveek Orawa}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Debasish Pramanik}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Sourav Das}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Aditya Hati}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Tanmoy Baidya}}
{{Fs mid}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Khalid Molla}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Bedashwor Singh}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Subhankar Das}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Gautam Virwani}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Rajesh Hembram}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Harsha Parui}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Aniket Panchal}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Sourav Sen}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Jackson}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Tushar Hembram}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=NGA|pos=FW|name=[[Christopher Chizoba]]}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Ujjal Howladar]]}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Tanmoy Roy}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=GHA|pos=FW|name=Komenan Issifou}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=SEN|pos=FW|name=Modou Mbengue}}
{{Fs end}}

== Personnel ==
=== Current technical staff ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Position
!Name
|-
|Head coach
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sandip Nandy]]
|-
|Assistant coach
|{{flagicon|IND}} Gautam Ghosh
|}

== Managerial history ==
=== Head coach's record ===
{{updated|17 January 2026}}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center"
!Name!!Nationality!!From!!To!!P!!W!!D!!L!!Win%
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Sandip Nandy]]
|{{IND}}
|11 December 2025<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 December 2025 |title=Sandip Nandy becomes head coach of Burdwan Blasters |work=Aajkaal |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/sports/sandip-nandy-becomes-head-coach-of-burdwan-blasters-in-bengal-super-league-181259 |access-date=24 December 2025}}</ref>
|Present
|12
|5
|3
|4
|41.67
|}

== See also ==
* [[Football in West Bengal]]
* [[Indian Football Association]]
* [[Calcutta Football League]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Bengal Super League}}
{{Football in West Bengal}}

[[Category:Bengal Super League teams]]
[[Category:Football clubs in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Association football clubs established in 2025]]

Martyred Intellectuals Day

2026-02-22T11:45:03Z

Mrav: small rework information to improve readability and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Commoration observed on 14 December in Bangladesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2016}}
{{Infobox holiday
|holiday_name = Martyred Intellectuals Day
|type = National
|longtype =
|image = A Partial View of Rayerbazar Boddhobhumi-1.JPG
|caption = [[Martyred Intellectuals Memorial]] at [[Rayer Bazaar]], [[Dhaka]]
|official_name = {{langx|bn|শহীদ বুদ্ধিজীবী দিবস }} {{lang|bn-Latn|Śôhīd Buddhijībī Dibôs}}
|nickname =
|observedby = [[Bangladesh]]
|significance = Commemoration of [[1971 killing of Bengali intellectuals|executions of Bengali intellectuals]]
|duration = 1 day
|frequency = Annual
|scheduling = same day each year
|date = 14 December
|celebrations =
|observances =
|relatedto =
}}

'''Martyred Intellectuals Day''' ({{langx|bn|শহীদ বুদ্ধিজীবী দিবস|Śôhīd Buddhijībī Dibôs}}) is observed on 14 December in Bangladesh to commemorate the large number of Bangladeshi [[intellectual]]s killed by [[Al-Badr (East Pakistan)|Al-Badr]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Bangladesh' s Watershed War Crimes Moment |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-21133320 |location= |publisher=BBC |date=2013-01-21 |access-date=2025-03-03}}</ref> the collaborators of [[Pakistan Army|Pakistani forces]] during the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]], particularly on [[1971 killing of Bengali intellectuals|25 March and 14 December 1971]].<ref name=Rahman>{{cite book |last=Rahman |first=Syedur |title=Historical Dictionary of Bangladesh |year=2002 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-81-7094-588-8 |page=196 |author2=Craig Baxter |author2-link=Craig Baxter}}</ref><ref name=Banglapedia>{{citation |author=Muazzam Hussain Khan |chapter=Killing of Intellectuals |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Killing_of_Intellectuals |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |editor=Sirajul Islam and Ahmed A. Jamal |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |year=2012 |edition=Second}}</ref> The killings were undertaken with the goal of annihilating the intellectual class of what was then [[East Pakistan]]. On [[Victory Day (Bangladesh)|16 December]], Bangladesh became independent through the [[Pakistani Instrument of Surrender|surrender of Pakistani forces]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=How Pakistan surrendered in 1971 |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2006/dec/20jacob.htm |work=Rediff}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|1971 killing of Bengali intellectuals}}
[[File:A Partial View of Mirpur Boddhobhumi-4.jpg|thumb|[[Martyred Intellectuals Memorial, Mirpur|Mirpur Martyred Intellectuals Memorial and Graveyard]]]]
The Bangladesh Liberation War against the country West Pakistan began on 26 March 1971, grew into the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]], and ended with the victory of Bangladesh on 16 December 1971. On 14 December, sensing imminent defeat, Pakistani forces and their local collaborators— [[Al-Badr (East Pakistan)|Al-Badr]] —abducted and killed front-line Bengali intellectuals and professionals in order to cripple the new nation intellectually.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.oneindia.in/2007/12/14/bangladesh-observes-martyred-intellectual-day-1197628649.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054548/http://news.oneindia.in/2007/12/14/bangladesh-observes-martyred-intellectual-day-1197628649.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 September 2013 |title=Bangladesh observes Martyred Intellectual Day |date=14 December 2007 |work=[[Oneindia]]}}</ref> Renowned academics, teachers, intellectuals, doctors, engineers, journalists, and other eminent personalities were dragged out of their houses, blindfolded, and killed. Their bodies were dumped in [[Rayer Bazaar|Rayerbazar]], Mirpur, and other killing grounds in [[Dhaka]] just two days ahead of the final victory of the war.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.newstoday.com.bd/index.php?option=details&news_id=2331520&date=2012-12-14 |title=DU set to observe Martyred Intellectuals Day, Victory Day |work=The News Today |access-date=14 December 2012}}</ref>

During the nine-month duration of the war, the Pakistani Army, with the assistance of local collaborators, systematically executed an estimated 991 teachers, 13 journalists, 49 physicians, 42 lawyers, and 16 writers, artists, and engineers. Even after the official ending of the war on 16 December, there were reports of killings being committed by either the armed Pakistani soldiers or by their collaborators. In one such incident, notable filmmaker [[Jahir Raihan]] was killed on 30 January 1972 in Mirpur allegedly by the armed Beharis. In memory of the people who were killed, 14 December is observed in Bangladesh as ''Shaheed Buddhijibi Dibôsh'' (Day of the Martyred Intellectuals).<ref>{{cite news |last=Shahiduzzaman |date=15 December 2005 |title=No count of the nation's intellectual loss |url=http://www.newagebd.com/2005/dec/15/murdered/murdered.html |work=New Age |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201162513/http://www.newagebd.com/2005/dec/15/murdered/murdered.html |archive-date=1 December 2010}}</ref>

Notable intellectuals who were killed during the time period of 25 March to 16 December 1971 in different parts of the country include Dhaka University professors [[Govinda Chandra Dev]] (philosophy), [[Munier Chowdhury]] (Bengali literature), [[Mufazzal Haider Chaudhury]] (Bengali literature), [[Anwar Pasha]] (Bengali literature), [[Dr Abul Khair|Abul Khair]] (history), [[Jyotirmoy Guhathakurta]] (English literature), Humayun Kabir (English literature), [[Rashidul Hasan]] (English literature), [[Ghyasuddin Ahmed]], [[Sirajul Haque Khan]], [[Faizul Mahi]], [[Santosh Chandra Bhattacharyya]]<ref name=Gallows>{{cite news |title=Gallows for Mueen, Ashraf |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/gallows-for-mueen-ashraf/ |newspaper=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |date=3 November 2013}}</ref> and Saidul Hassan (physics), Rajshahi University professors Hobibur Rahman (mathematics), Sukhranjan Somaddar (Sanskrit), and Mir Abdul Quaiyum (psychology), as well as [[Mohammed Fazle Rabbee]] (cardiologist), [[AFM Alim Chowdhury]] (ophthalmologist), [[Shahidullah Kaiser]] (journalist), [[Nizamuddin Ahmed]] (journalist),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://adnan.quaium.com/blog/56 |title=Story of a Martyred Intellectual of 71's war |work=Adnan's Den |access-date=10 February 2015 |date=13 December 2007}}</ref> [[Selina Parvin]] (journalist), [[Altaf Mahmud]] (lyricist and musician), [[Dhirendranath Datta]] (lawyer), Jahir Raihan (novelist, journalist, and film director), and [[Ranadaprasad Saha]] (philanthropist).<ref name="daily-sun2">{{cite news |url=http://www.daily-sun.com/details_yes_03-05-2013_ICT-issues-arrest-order-against-Mueen,-Ashrafuzzaman_485_1_2_1_0.html |title=ICT issues arrest order against Mueen, Ashrafuzzaman |work=[[Daily Sun (Bangladesh)|Daily Sun]] |date=3 May 2013 |access-date=3 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104105107/http://www.daily-sun.com/details_yes_03-05-2013_ICT-issues-arrest-order-against-Mueen%2C-Ashrafuzzaman_485_1_2_1_0.html |archive-date=4 November 2013}}</ref><ref name="DS-Tamanna">{{cite news |last=Khan |first=Tamanna |date=4 November 2013 |title=It was matricide |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/it-was-matricide/ |newspaper=The Daily Star |access-date=7 November 2013}}</ref>

==Memorial==
{{main|Martyred Intellectuals Memorial}}

[[File:2. শহীদ বুদ্ধিজীবী স্মৃতিসৌধ.jpg|thumb|Rayerbazar Martyred Intellectuals Memorial]]
In memory of those killed, a memorial known as the Martyred Intellectuals Memorial (''Badhya Bhumi Smriti Soudha'') was built at Rayer Bazaar,<ref name=Momen>{{cite book |last=Momen |first=Abul |title=The Bangladesh Reader: History, Culture, Politics |year=2013 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0-8223-5318-8 |page=403 |editor1=Meghna Guhathakurta |editor2=Willem van Schendel}}</ref> [[Mohammadpur Thana]] in [[Dhaka]], in 1996–99.<ref name="mdpurthana">{{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Syed Shabbir |year=2012 |chapter=Mohammadpur Thana (Dhaka Metropolitan) |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Mohammadpur_Thana_%28Dhaka_Metropolitan%29 |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> The memorial was designed by architect Farid U Ahmed and Jami Al Shafi.<ref name="Farid U Ahmed and Jami Al Shafi">{{cite book |last=Amin |first=Md. Shahidul |year=2012 |chapter=Badhya Bhumi Smriti Soudha |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Badhya_Bhumi_Smriti_Soudha |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Zaman |first=Mustafa |date=12 December 2003 |title=Icons of History |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/magazine/2003/12/02/coverstory.htm |work=Star Magazine |publisher=The Daily Star}}</ref> The initial proposal for a memorial at Rayer Bazar was brought forward by Projonmo 71 (organisation of the children of the martyrs of liberation war), who also laid a temporary foundation stone in 1991.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}

==See also==
* [[Operation Searchlight]]
* [[Bangladesh genocide]]
* [[Bangladesh Genocide Remembrance Day]]
* [[Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Bangladesh Liberation War}}

[[Category:1971 killing of Bengali intellectuals]]
[[Category:Genocide remembrance days]]
[[Category:December observances]]
[[Category:Memorials to Bangladesh Liberation War]]

Ansar Shah

2026-02-06T05:43:30Z

Mrav: adding initial info basic info

{{Short description|Indian cinematographer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ansar Shah
| image = Ansar Shah Cinematographer.jpg
| birth_name = Ansar Shah
| birth_date =
| alma_mater = [[Film and Television Institute of India]], [[Pune]]
| birth_place = [[Nilamel]], [[Kollam]], [[Kerala]], India
| occupation = [[Cinematographer]]
| spouse = Ashina Jahan
| children = 1
| yearsactive = 2000–present
| awards = 
}}

'''Ansar Shah''' (also known Ansar Sha)<ref>{{cite web | url= https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2019/jun/26/a-well-shot-film-is-not-necessarily-successful-cinematographer-ansar-sha-1995296.html | title=A Well-shot Film is Not Necessarily Successful: Cinematographer Ansar Sha| date=26 June 2019}}</ref> is an Indian [[cinematographer]], who works predominantly in the [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] and [[Malayalam cinema]] industries. He is a graduate of the [[Film and Television Institute of India]], [[Pune]].<ref>{{cite news |date=9 December 2019 |title=Creating a Visual Experience with Cinema |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/creating-a-visual-experience-with-cinema/article30260767.ece |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>

==Career==
Shah started his career assisting established cinematographers such as [[Rajeev Ravi]], Satyajit Pande, Kavin Jagtiani, Suresh Rajan and Rafey Mehmood in movies and commercials.{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}} He debuted in the Malayalam movie industry with ''[[Ishq (2019 film)|Ishq]]'' in 2019. That was followed by work on ''Moonwalk'', ''Liquor Island'', and ''[[Jo and Jo]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/05/12/jo-and-jo-vibrant-youthful-affair-what-to-expect.html | title=Jo & Jo could be a vibrant and youthful affair meant for the youth }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/jo-jo-trailer-a-sibling-rivalry-blown-out-of-proportion/articleshow/91148743.cms | title='Jo & Jo' trailer: A sibling rivalry blown out of proportion? – Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=28 April 2022 }}</ref>

He received the 2016 Kerala State Television "Award for Best Cinematography" for the movie short, ''Chaver''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.keralatv.in/state-television-awards-winners/ | title=State Television Awards 2016 Winners List - Pokkuvieyil is Best Tele Serial | date=22 October 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/pokkuveyil-adjudged-best-tv-serial/article19898166.ece | title=Pokkuveyil adjudged best TV serial | newspaper=The Hindu | date=21 October 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2017/10/22/manorama-news-wins-3-awards-state-television-awards.html | title=Manorama News Wins Three State Television Awards }}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+As cinematographer
! Year !! Title !! Director !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Ishq (2019 film)|Ishq]]'' || Anuraj Manohar ||
|-
| 2021 || ''Chaare'' || Sunil Gopalakrishnan || Musical Narrative
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Jo and Jo]]'' || Arun D Jose ||<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/interviews/2022/may/11/arun-d-joses-jo-and-jo-lockdown-chaos-with-a-lighter-touch-31414.html | title=Arun D Jose's Jo and Jo: Lockdown chaos with a lighter touch | website=[[Cinema Express]] | date=11 May 2022 }}</ref>
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Oh My Darling (film)|Oh My Darling]]'' || Alfred D' Samuel ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2022-10-16 |title=Second look of Anikha Surendran's Oh My Darling out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/Oct/16/second-look-of-anikha-surendrans-oh-my-darling-out-35699.html |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Oru Sarkar Ulpannam]]'' || T. V. Renjith ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-08 |title=Oru Sarkar Ulpannam Review: A Small Package That Delivers An Excellent Storytelling Experience |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/malayalam/oru-sarkar-ulpannam-review-a-small-package-that-delivers-an-excellent-storytelling-experience-review-108326116 |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Moonwalk (film)|Moonwalk]]'' || Vinod AK ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-05-11 |title=Moonwalk gets a release date, trailer out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/May/11/moonwalk-gets-a-release-date-trailer-out |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|4677099}}

* https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/oru-bharatha-sarkar-ulpannam-movie-poster-subeesh-sudhi-and-shelly-kishore-1.9077379

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shah, Ansar}}
[[Category:Malayalam film cinematographers]]
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Kollam district]]
[[Category:Cinematographers from Kerala]]

Rajamata

2026-01-30T12:37:25Z

Mrav: Created

[[File:Vijaya Raje Scindia 2001 cover of India.jpg|thumb|[[Vijaya Raje Scindia]] of [[Gwalior State|Gwalior]] ]]{{Italic title}}{{short description|Sanskrit for queen mother}}
'''Rajamata'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hemchandra Raychaudhuri |first=M. A. |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.calcutta.10535 |title=Political History of Ancient India |date=1938 |pages=412}}</ref> is a [[Sanskrit]] term used for the mother of a [[raja]] ({{Translation|King}}). It is also employed to address the [[queen dowager]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mookerji |first=Radhakumud |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t5g2EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA86 |title=Chandragupta Maurya and His Times |date=2016-01-01 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0433-3 |pages=86 |language=en}}</ref> In the contemporary period, it is most commonly used to address the head of a royal dynasty in India.
== Examples ==
* Rajamata [[Jijabai]] of [[Maratha Empire|Maratha Kingdom]], mother of [[Shivaji]]<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=vHZNDwAAQBAJ&dq=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%8A&pg=PT3 व्युहरचनात्मक व्यवस्थापन गुरु छत्रपती शिवाजी राजे, Jibhau Bacchav, Vichakshan Publication, 2018 p. 2]</ref>
*Rajamata [[Vijaya Raje Scindia]] of [[Gwalior state|Gwalior]], mother of [[Madhavrao Scindia]]<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=iVsfVOTUnYEC&dq=rajmata+scindia&pg=PA219 The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics: 1925 to the 1990s : Strategies of Identity-building, Implantation and Mobilisation (with Special Reference to Central India), Christophe Jaffrelot, Penguin Books India, 1999 p. 219]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/modi-pays-tribute-to-rajmata-vijaya-raje-scindia-on-birth-anniversary/667124.html |title=Modi pays tribute to Rajmata Vijaya Raje Scindia on birth anniversary, Tribune, Oct 12, 2018 |access-date=January 26, 2019 |archive-date=April 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421000207/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/modi-pays-tribute-to-rajmata-vijaya-raje-scindia-on-birth-anniversary/667124.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Rajamata [[Gayatri Devi]] of [[Jaipur state|Jaipur]], step-mother of [[Bhawani Singh]]<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=qzkqAAAACAAJ&q=rajmata Rajmata Gayatri Devi: Enduring Grace, Roli Books Pvt Limited, 2005]</ref>
* Rajamata [[Padmini Devi]] of Jaipur, wife of late [[Bhawani Singh]]<ref>[https://www.vogue.in/content/inside-rajmata-padmini-devi-of-jaipurs-75th-birthday-celebrations/ Inside Rajmata Padmini Devi of Jaipur’s 75th birthday celebrations, DEVIKA MANGHNANI, OCTOBER 4, 2018]</ref>
* Rajamata [[Krishna Kumari (regent)|Krishna Kumari]] of Marwar ([[Jodhpur State|Jodhpur]]), mother of [[Gaj Singh]]<ref>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/marwar-rajmata-and-former-mp-krishna-kumari-passes-away-at-92/articleshow/64837970.cms Marwar Rajmata and former MP Krishna Kumari passes away at 92, PTI,Jul 03, 2018]</ref>
* Rajamata [[Mehtab Kaur of Patiala|Mohinder Kaur]] of [[Patiala State|Patiala]], mother of [[Amarinder Singh]]<ref>[https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/rajmata-in-a-better-world-and-hearts-you-are/442398.html Rajmata, in a better world and hearts, you are, Aman Sood, Tribune, July 25, 2017]{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* Rajamata [[Ahilyabai Holkar]] of [[Indore State|Indore]], mother of [[Male Rao Holkar|Malhar Rao Holkar]]
* Rajamata Dr. Pramoda Devi Wadiyar of Mysuru ([[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]]), adoptive mother of [[Yaduveer Krishnadatta Chamaraja Wadiyar]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Honorifics]]
[[Category:Sanskrit words and phrases]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajamata}}

Sattvic diet

2026-01-24T19:25:39Z

Mrav: made new info...

{{short description|Diet based on foods in yogic and ayurvedic literature}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2019}}
{{Alternative medicine sidebar}}
{{Hinduism}}

A '''sattvic diet''' (sometimes referred to as a '''yogic diet''' in modern literature) is a type of [[plant-based diet]] within [[Ayurveda]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/food-news/discovering-the-amazing-benefits-of-sattvic-food/articleshow/105968443.cms|title=Discovering the amazing benefits of sattvic food|work=The Times of India |date=December 14, 2023|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref> where food is divided into three [[Yoga|yogic]] qualities ([[Guṇa|''guna'']]) known as [[sattva|''sattva'']].<ref name="srosen" /> In this system of dietary classification, foods that decrease the energy of the body are considered ''[[Tamas (philosophy)|tamasic]]'', while those that increase the energy of the body are considered ''[[rajas]]ic''.

A sattvic diet shares the qualities of ''sattva'', some of which include "pure, essential, natural, vital, energy-containing, clean, conscious, true, honest, wise".<ref name=sgerson/><ref name=bpd/> A sattvic diet can also exemplify ''[[ahimsa]]'', the principle of not causing harm to other living beings. This is one reason yogis often follow a vegetarian diet.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/ahimsa|title=Ahimsa - religious doctrine|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=12 March 2019}}</ref>

A sattvic diet is a regimen that places emphasis on seasonal foods, fruits if one has no sugar problems, nuts, [[Seed|seeds]], [[Oil|oils]], ripe vegetables, [[Legume|legumes]], [[Whole grain|whole grains]], and non-meat based [[Protein|proteins]]. Dairy products are recommended when the cow is fed and milked appropriately.<ref name=pturner />

In ancient and medieval Yoga literature, the concept discussed is ''[[Mitahara]]'', which literally means "moderation in eating".<ref name=pturner>Paul Turner (2013), FOOD YOGA – Nourishing Body, Mind & Soul, 2nd Edition, {{ISBN|978-0-9850451-1-1}}</ref><ref>Mitihara, in What is Hinduism? (Ed: Hinduism Today Magazine, 2007), Himalayan Academy, Hawaii, {{ISBN|978-1-934145-00-5}}, page 340</ref> A sattvic diet is one type of treatment recommended in Ayurvedic literature.<ref name="sgerson">Scott Gerson (2002), The Ayurvedic Guide to Diet, {{ISBN|978-0-910261-29-6}}, Chapter 8: The Sattvic Diet, pages 107-132</ref>

== Etymology ==
''Sattvic'' is derived from {{Transliteration|sa|sattva}} ({{Lang|sa|सत्त्व}}) which is a [[Sanskrit]] word.{{cn|date=December 2024}} ''Sattva'' is a complex concept in [[Indian philosophy]], used in many contexts, and it means one that is "pure, essence, nature, vital, energy, clean, conscious, strong, courage, true, honest, wise, rudiment of life".<ref>[http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/tamil/index.html sattva] Monier Williams' Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon, Germany</ref>{{Better source needed|date=May 2019}}

''Sattva'' is one of three ''gunas'' (quality, peculiarity, tendency, attribute, property). The other two qualities are considered to be ''[[rajas]]'' (agitated, passionate, moving, emotional, trendy) and ''tamas'' (dark, destructive, spoiled, ignorant, stale, inertia, unripe, unnatural, weak, unclean). The concept that contrasts with and is opposed to ''sattva'' is [[tamas (philosophy)|Tamas]].<ref>Edward Craig (2009), Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Routledge, page 463</ref><ref>James G. Lochtefeld, Guna, in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M, Vol. 1, Rosen Publishing, {{ISBN|978-0-8239-3179-8}}, page 265</ref>

A sattvic diet is thus meant to include food and eating habit that is "pure, essential, natural, vital, energy-giving, clean, conscious, true, honest, wise".<ref name=srosen /><ref name=sgerson /><ref name=bpd />

== Ancient literature ==
{{Main|Mitahara}}
Eating agreeable (sattvic) food and eating in moderation have been emphasized throughout ancient Indian literature. For example, the c. 5th-century [[Tamil language|Tamil]] poet-philosopher [[Valluvar]] insists this in the 95th chapter of his work, the [[Tirukkural]]. He hints, "Assured of digestion and truly hungry, eat with care agreeable food" (verse 944) and "Agreeable food in moderation ensures absence of pain" (verse 945).<ref name="Sundaram_Kural">{{cite book | last = Sundaram | first = P. S. | title = Tiruvalluvar Kural| publisher = Penguin | date = 1990 | location = Gurgaon | pages = 115 | isbn = 978-0-14-400009-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://integralyogamagazine.org/russell-simmons-on-his-vegan-diet-obama-and-yoga/ | title = Russell Simmons on his vegan diet, Obama and Yoga | last = | first = | date = n.d. | website = Integral Yoga Magazine | access-date = 23 August 2021 | quote = }}</ref>

[[Yoga]] includes recommendations on eating habits. Both the [[Shandilya Upanishad|Śāṇḍilya Upanishad]]{{Hairspace}}<ref name="KN Aiyar 1914 pages 173-176">KN Aiyar (1914), Thirty Minor Upanishads, Kessinger Publishing, {{ISBN|978-1-164-02641-9}}, Chapter 22, pages 173-176</ref> and [[Hatha Yoga Pradipika|Svātmārāma]], an Indian yogi who lived during the 15th century CE,<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The Hatha Yoga Pradipika (Translated).|last=Svatmarama.|date=2002|publisher=BookBaby|others=Akers, Brian Dana.|isbn=9780989996648|location=Cork|oclc=897647792}}</ref>{{Rp|Introduction}}<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lorenzen|first1=David|title=The Kāpālikas and Kālāmukhas|date=1972|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-01842-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/kapalikaskalamuk0000lore/page/186 186–190]|url=https://archive.org/details/kapalikaskalamuk0000lore/page/186}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Merging with Śiva: Hinduism's contemporary metaphysics |last= Subramuniya |publisher= Himalayan Academy Publications|year= 2003|isbn= 978-0-945497-99-8 |page=155 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JupkNVxfwHgC |access-date=6 April 2009}}</ref> state that ''[[Mitahara]]'' (eating in moderation) is an important part of yoga practice. It is one of the [[Yamas]] (virtuous self restraints).<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|verse 1.58–63, pages 19–21}} These texts, while discussing yoga diet, however, make no mention of 'sattvic' diet.{{cn|date=June 2025}}

In Yoga diet context, the virtue of ''Mitahara'' is one where the yogi is aware of the quantity and quality of food and drinks he or she consumes, takes neither too much nor too little, and suits it to one's health condition and needs.<ref name=bpd>{{Cite journal|pages=147–153|pmc=3331325|year=1990|last1=Desai|first1=B. P.|title=Place of Nutrition in Yoga|journal=Ancient Science of Life|volume=9|issue=3|pmid=22557690}}</ref><ref name=pturner />

The application of sattva and tamas concepts to food is a later and relatively new extension to the ''Mitahara'' virtue in Yoga literature. Verses 1.57 through 1.63 of [[Hatha Yoga Pradipika]]<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|verse 1.58–63, pages 19–21}} suggest that taste cravings should not drive one's eating habits; rather, the best diet is one that is tasty, nutritious and likable, as well as sufficient to meet the needs of one's body.<ref name=ksj /> It recommends that one must "eat only when one feels hungry" and "neither overeat nor eat to completely fill the capacity of one’s stomach; rather leave a quarter portion empty and fill three quarters with quality food and fresh water".<ref name=ksj>KS Joshi, Speaking of Yoga and Nature-Cure Therapy, Sterling Publishers, {{ISBN|978-1-84557-045-3}}, page 65-66</ref> The Hathayoga Pradipika suggests ‘‘mitahara’’ regimen of a yogi avoids foods with excessive amounts of sour, salt, bitterness, oil, spice burn, unripe vegetables, fermented foods or alcohol.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|Verses 1.59 to 1.61}} The practice of ''Mitahara'', in Hathayoga Pradipika, includes avoiding stale, impure and [[Tamas (philosophy)|tamasic]] foods, and consuming moderate amounts of fresh, vital and [[Sattva|sattvic]] foods.<ref name=srosen>Steven Rosen (2011), Food for the Soul: Vegetarianism and Yoga Traditions, Praeger, {{ISBN|978-0-313-39703-5}}, pages 25-29</ref>

== Sattvic foods ==
{{More citations needed section|date=May 2023}}
According to [[ayurveda]], sattvic, rajasic, and tamasic foods consist of some combination of any of the five basic elements: prithvi (earth), jala (water), teja (fire), vayu (air), and akash (ether).<ref name="rastogi2014" />

=== Nuts and seeds ===
Nuts that may be considered a part of a sattvic diet include raw organic almonds, cashews, and pistachios. Seeds that may be considered a part of a sattvic diet include sunflower and pumpkin seeds.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-17 |title=6 Sattvic Foods to Make Your Diet More Yogic • Yoga Basics |url=https://www.yogabasics.com/explore/yogic-lifestyle/yogic-diet/sattvic-foods/ |access-date=2023-08-24 |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Fruit ===
Fruits that are fresh and organic are considered sattvic. Fresh fruits are preferred to frozen or preserved in a sattvic diet.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-17 |title=6 Sattvic Foods to Make Your Diet More Yogic • Yoga Basics |url=https://www.yogabasics.com/explore/yogic-lifestyle/yogic-diet/sattvic-foods/ |access-date=2023-08-26 |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Dairy ===
Dairy products like yogurt and cheese ([[paneer]]) must be made that day, from milk obtained that day. Butter must be fresh daily as well, and raw; but ghee ([[clarified butter]]) can be aged forever, and is great for cooking. Freshness is key with dairy. Milk should be freshly milked from a cow. Milk that is not consumed fresh can be refrigerated for one to two days in its raw state, but must be brought to a boil before drinking, and drunk while still hot/warm.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}

=== Vegetables ===
Most mild [[vegetables]] are considered sattvic. Pungent vegetables [[leek]], [[garlic]] and [[onion]] (tamasic) are excluded, including [[mushrooms]], as all [[fungi]] are also considered tamasic. Some consider tomatoes, peppers, and aubergines as sattvic, but most consider the ''[[Allium]]'' family (garlic, onion, leeks, shallots), as well as fungus (yeasts, molds, and mushrooms) as not sattvic.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}

=== Whole grains ===
[[Whole grain]]s provide nourishment. Some include organic [[rice]], [[whole wheat]], [[spelt]], [[oatmeal]] and [[barley]]. Sometimes the grains are lightly roasted before cooking to remove some of their heavy quality. Yeasted breads are not recommended, unless toasted. Wheat and other grains can be sprouted before cooking as well.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}

=== Legumes ===
[[Mung bean]]s, [[lentils]], yellow [[split pea]]s, [[chickpea]]s, [[aduki]] beans, [[common bean]]s and bean [[sprouting|sprouts]] are considered sattvic if well prepared. In general, the smaller the bean, the easier to digest.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}

=== Sweeteners ===
Most yogis use raw [[honey]] (often in combination with dairy), [[jaggery]], or [[raw sugar]] (not refined). Palm jaggery and coconut palm sugar are other choices. Others use alternative sweeteners, such as stevia or stevia leaf. In some traditions, sugar and/or honey are excluded from the diet, along with all other sweeteners.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}

=== Spices ===
Sattvic spices are herbs/leaves, including [[basil]] and [[coriander]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}

All other spices are considered either rajasic or tamasic. However, over time, certain Hindu sects have tried to classify a few spices as Sattvic.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}

Spices in the new sattvic list may include [[cardamom]] (yealakaai in Tamil, elaichi in Hindi), [[cinnamon]] (ilavangapattai in Tamil, dalchini in Hindi), [[cumin]] (seeragam in Tamil, jeera in Hindi), [[fennel]] (soambu in Tamil, Saunf in Hindi), [[fenugreek]] (venthaiyam in Tamil, Methi in Hindi), [[black pepper]] (''Piper nigrum'') also known as 'Kali mirch' in Hindi, fresh [[ginger]] (injee in Tamil, adrak in Hindi) and [[turmeric]] (manjai in Tamil, haldi in Hindi).

Rajasic spices like [[Capsicum|red pepper]] (kudaimilagai in Tamil, 'Shimla mirch' in Hindi) are normally excluded, but are sometimes used in small amounts, both to clear channels blocked by mucus and to counter tamas.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}

=== Sattvic herbs ===
Other [[herb]]s are used to directly support sattva in the mind and in [[meditation]]. These include [[ashwagandha]], [[bacopa]], [[Acorus calamus|calamus]], [[gotu kola]], [[ginkgo]], jatamansi, purnarnava, [[shatavari]], [[saffron]], shankhapushpi, [[tulsi]] and [[rose]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}

{{anchor|Rajasic}}

== Rajasic (stimulant) foods ==
'''Rajasic food''' is defined as food that is spicy, hot, fried, or acidic. According to [[ayurveda]], consumption of rajasic food is believed to cause sadness, misery, or ailment. Junk and preserved foods are often categorized as rajasic.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rastogi |first=Sanjeev |title=Ayurvedic Science of Food and Nutrition |publisher=Springer |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-4614-9627-4 |pages=12, 22}}</ref>

{{anchor|Tamasic}}

== Tamasic (sedative) foods ==
{{More citations needed section|date=March 2010}}
'''Sedative foods''', also called '''static foods''', or '''[[tamas (philosophy)|tamasic]] foods''', are foods whose consumption, according to [[Yoga]], are harmful to both mind and body. Harm to mind includes anything that will lead to a duller, less refined state of consciousness. Bodily harm includes any foods that will cause detrimental stress to any physical organ, directly or indirectly (via any physical imbalance).{{Citation needed|date=November 2012}}

Such foods sometimes include: [[meat]], [[fish]], eggs, [[onion]], [[garlic]], [[scallion]], [[leek]], [[chive]], [[mushroom]], [[alcoholic beverage]], [[durian]] (fruit), [[blue cheese]], [[opium]], and stale food. Food that has remained for more than [[Hindu units of time#Tropical metrics|three hours (i.e., one yām)]], is according some commentators on chapter 17 of the [[Bhagavad Gita]], in the tamasic mode.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.holy-bhagavad-gita.org/chapter/17/verse/10|title=BG 17.10: Chapter 17, Verse 10 – Bhagavad Gita, The Song of God – Swami Mukundananda|first=Swami|last=Mukundananda|website=www.holy-bhagavad-gita.org}}</ref> Overeating is also observed as tamasic.

==Incompatible foods==
'''Incompatible foods''' (viruddha)<ref name="connecting">Verotta, Luisella; Macchi, Maria Pia; Venkatasubramanian, Padma (2015).''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZTGsCQAAQBAJ Connecting Indian Wisdom and Western Science: Plant Usage for Nutrition and Health]''. CRC Press, Boca Raton, USA. {{ISBN|1482299763}}. pp. 25-26.</ref> are considered to be a cause of many diseases.<ref name="rastogi2014">Rastogi, Sanjeev (2014). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=AVq-BAAAQBAJ Ayurvedic Science of Food and Nutrition]''. Springer Science & Business Media. {{ISBN|1461496284}}. pp.16, 31-32.</ref> In the ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'', a list of food combinations considered incompatible in the sattvic system is given.<ref name="rastogi2014"/> P.V. Sharma states that such incompatibilities may not have influence on a person who is strong, exercises sufficiently, and has a good digestive system.<ref name="connecting" />

Examples of combinations that are considered incompatible include:

* Salt or anything containing salt with milk (traditionally believed to produce skin diseases).{{Better source needed|date=May 2019|reason=Elephant Journal is not a reliable source - it is a self publishing site.|Note=https://www.elephantjournal.com/2014/03/ayurvedas-list-of-incompatible-foods-things-that-dont-go-together-alexandra-krasne/}}
* Fruit with milk products.{{Better source needed|date=May 2019|reason=Elephant Journal is not a reliable source - it is a self publishing site.}}
* Fish with milk products (traditionally believed to produce toxins)<ref name="connecting" /><ref name="rastogi2014" />
* Meat with milk products<ref name="rastogi2014" />
* Sour food<ref name="rastogi2014" /> or sour fruit<ref name="connecting" /> with milk products
* Leafy vegetables with milk products<ref name="rastogi2014" />
* Milk pudding or sweet pudding with rice<ref name="rastogi2014" />
* Mustard oil and curcuma ([[turmeric]])<ref name="rastogi2014" />

== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=14em}}
* [[Ayurveda]]
* [[Buddhist vegetarianism]]
* [[Diet in Hinduism]]
* [[Jain (Satvika)]]
* [[Lacto vegetarianism]]
* [[Ital]]
* [[Kosher]]
* [[Halal]]
{{end div col}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

{{Ayurveda}}
{{Diets}}
{{Plant-based diets}}
{{Simple living}}
{{Vegetarianism}}

[[Category:Ayurveda]]
[[Category:Diets]]
[[Category:Dietetics]]
[[Category:Eating behaviors of humans]]
[[Category:Health promotion]]
[[Category:Intentional living]]
[[Category:Plant-based diets| ]]
[[Category:Vegetarian diets]]
[[Category:Yoga]]

Sunanda Devi

2026-01-18T18:45:05Z

Mrav: made new bio...

{{Short description|India's second highest mountain}}
{{redirect-distinguish|Nanda Devi East|Nanda Devi}}
{{EngvarB|date=June 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Nanda Devi East
| native_name =
| photo = Nanda Devi from Kausani.JPG
| photo_caption = Nanda Devi East (rightmost peak)
| elevation_m = 7434
| elevation_ref = <ref name="peaklist">{{cite web|url=http://peaklist.org/WWlists/ultras/karakoram.html|title=High Asia I: The Karakoram, Pakistan Himalaya and India Himalaya (north of Nepal)|publisher=Peaklist.org|accessdate=2014-05-28}}</ref> [[list of highest mountains]]
| prominence_m = 260
| prominence_ref = <ref name="DEM">[http://www.viewfinderpanoramas.org/dem3h.html Corrected DEM files for the Himalaya]</ref><ref name="garhwal-himalaya-ost">''Garhwal-Himalaya-Ost'', 1:150,000 scale topographic map, prepared in 1992 by Ernst Huber for the [[Swiss Foundation for Alpine Research]], based on maps of the [[Survey of India]].</ref>
| range = [[Garhwal Himalayas]]
| map = India
| relief = 1
| map_caption = Location in India
| map_size = 260
| label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|30|22|00|N|79|59|40|E|type:mountain_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref = <ref name="peaklist"/><ref name="him_index_latlong">The [http://www.alpine-club.org.uk/hi/ Himalayan Index] gives the coordinates of Nanda Devi as {{coord|30|22|12|N|79|58|12|E|type:mountain}}.</ref>
| location = [[Chamoli District]], Uttarakhand, India
| topo =
| type =
| age =
| first_ascent = 1939 by Jakub Bujak and Janusz Klarner.<ref name="world_mountaineering">[[Harish Kapadia]], "Nanda Devi", in ''World Mountaineering'', Audrey Salkeld, editor, Bulfinch Press, 1998, {{ISBN|0-8212-2502-2}}, pp. 254–257.</ref>
| easiest_route = South ridge, from Lawan Gad via Longstaff Col: technical rock/snow/ice climb
}}

'''Nanda Devi East''', locally known as '''Sunanda Devi''', is the lower of the two adjacent peaks of the highest mountain in [[Uttarakhand]] and second highest mountain in India; [[Nanda Devi]] is its higher [[twin peak]]. Nanda Devi and Nanda Devi East are part of the [[Garhwal Himalayas|Garhwal Himalaya]], and are located in the state of Uttarakhand. The two peaks are visible from almost everywhere in [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]]. The first ascent of Nanda Devi East peak was probably in 1939 by Jakub Bujak and Janusz Klarner. The elevation of Nanda Devi East is {{convert|7434|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} and its prominence is {{convert|260|m|ft|-1|abbr=on}}.

==Religious significance==
Nanda Devi East is the lower eastern summit of the twin peaks of Nanda Devi, the two-peaked massif forming a 2-kilometre-long ridge, oriented east to west. The western summit is higher, and the eastern summit called Nanda Devi East is also locally referred to as Sunanda Devi. Together the peaks are sometimes referred to as the peaks of the goddesses Nanda and Sunanda, who already together in ancient [[Sanskrit]] literature<ref>[http://bhagavata.org/canto4/chapter12.html Srimad Bhagvatam]</ref>

==Climbing history==
A four-member Polish expedition led by Adam Karpiński climbed the Nanda Devi East peak in 1939 from Longstaff Col which is the standard route on the peak. The summit party was Jakub Bujak and Janusz Klarner.

In 1951 a French expedition attempted to traverse the ridge between Nanda Devi and Nanda Devi East for the first time, resulting in the death of two members. [[Tenzing Norgay]] was a part of the support team; he and Louis Dubost climbed Nanda Devi East to look for the missing pair. Tenzing later stated that it was the most difficult climb of his life, even more difficult than Everest.<ref>Tenzing Norgay and James Ramsey Ullman ''Tiger of the Snows''/''Man of Everest''</ref>

Since then the peak has been reached by an Indo-French group in 1975 and perhaps also an [[Indian Army]] expedition in 1981 but the mountaineers in this last case did not survive to tell the story. The standard approach to the south ridge route is from the [[Milam Valley]] to the east, that passes through Lawan Glacier and onwards to Longstaff Col. The trek goes through the picturesque villages of [[Munsyari]] and Bhadeligwar.

In 1978, David Hopkins led the British Gharwal Himalayan Expedition which attempted to summit Nanda Devi East from the southwest face, transverse to the main summit of Nanda Devi and descend the south face of the main peak.<ref name=aaj_1979>{{Cite aaj|title=Nanda Devi East Attempt and Tragedy|article_id=12197928302|first=David|last=Hopkins|year=1979|access-date=2021-11-20|}}</ref> This expedition was plagued by problems, notably the death of Ben Beattie, who was the expedition leader of the tragic [[Cairngorm Plateau disaster]] in 1971.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-11-19|title=The worst mountain disaster in British history|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-59048640|access-date=2021-11-20}}</ref>

Marco Dalla Longa led a large Italian expedition of twelve members to Nanda Devi East Summit in 2005. They approached the peak from Munsyari and the Milam valley. Camps were set up to 5400m. The Italian team made good progress on Nanda Devi East, through the central pillar on the east face. They were proceeding towards the summit when a long spell of bad weather from 9 to 18 September made them sit up at the higher camps. Then tragedy struck the Italian team on Nanda Devi. Expedition leader Marco Dalla Longa died suddenly. He died by a coma stroke on 24 September. The team's doctor suspected [[cerebral oedema]]. Longa was young and fit, with no health problems reported during the expedition up to that time. The entire expedition was evacuated by air from 27 September to Munsyari and to [[Delhi]] by air the next day.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}}

On 27 June 2019 (on the 80th anniversary of the first Polish expedition to Nanda Devi East) members of the Polish expedition - Jarosław Gawrysiak and Wojciech Flaczyński climbed the Nanda Devi East.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}}

==Nanda Devi National Park and Valley of Flowers National Parks==
[[Nanda Devi National Park]] along with the [[Valley of Flowers National Park]] are some of the most spectacular wilderness areas in the Himalayas. It is dominated by the peaks of Nanda Devi and Nanda Devi East of India's second highest mountain which is approached through the [[Rishiganga]] gorge, one of the deepest in the world. No humans live in the Park which has remained more or less intact because of its rugged inaccessibility. It has a very diverse flora and is the habitat of several endangered mammals, among them the [[snow leopard]], [[serow]], [[himalayan musk deer]] and [[bharal]]. [[Nanda Devi National Park]] lies in eastern Uttarakhand, near the Tibetan border in the [[Garhwal Himalaya]], 300 km northeast of Delhi.

== Books ==
* {{aut|[[William McKay Aitken|Aitken, Bill]]}}. (reprinted 1994). ''The Nanda Devi Affair'', Penguin Books India. {{ISBN|0-14-024045-4}}.
* {{aut|[[Malhotra, Ashok]]}} (2011) ''Nude Besides the Lake'', Createspace {{ISBN|978-1463529390}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.unep-wcmc.org/medialibrary/2011/06/13/dc2ca0ec/Nanda%20Devi%20Valley%20of%20Flowers.pdf United Nations Environment Programme]
* [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Nanda_Devi_and_Valley_of_Flowers_National_Park,_India The Encyclopedia of Earth]

[[Category:Himalayas]]
[[Category:Sacred mountains of India]]
[[Category:Mountains of Uttarakhand]]

Ramas State

2026-01-09T19:33:49Z

Mrav: fix intro as per guidelines and cleaned formatting as per guidelines

{{Short description|Princely state in Mahi Kantha, Gujarat}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{princely states topics}}
'''Ramas''' is a town and former [[Princely state]]in [[Gujarat]], India.

The village is in [[Bayad Taluka]], in [[Aravalli district]] of [[Gujarat]] state, [[Western India]].

== History ==
Ramas was a Sixth Class princely state and [[taluka]], comprising eight more villages, covering six square miles in [[Mahi Kantha]].

It had a combined population of 1650 in 1901 and generating a state revenue of 2500 Rupees and paying tributes of 158 Rupees to the [[Gaekwad]] [[Baroda State]].

== Places of interest ==
There is a step-well said to have been built five hundred years ago by the wife of a Nawa of [[Kapadvanj]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Cutch, Palanpur, and Mahi Kantha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dLUBAAAAYAAJ|year=1880|publisher=Government Central Press| pages=439}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Princely states of the Western India States Agency}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Coord missing|Gujarat}}

[[Category:Princely states of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Villages in Aravalli district]]

{{Gujarat-PrincelyState-stub}}

Arunachal Pradesh State Election Commission

2026-01-06T18:10:10Z

Mrav: adding the post w/ refs

{{Short description|Election regulatory body of the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh}}
{{Infobox government agency
| name = Arunachal Pradesh State Election Commission
| nativename =
| nativename_a =
| nativename_r =
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| seal =
| seal_width =
| seal_caption =
| formed = 30 April 2001.<ref name="ap ref1">{{cite web |title=Welcome to official website of State Election Commission, Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://secap.nic.in/ |website=secap.nic.in |access-date=20 December 2021}}</ref>
| preceding1 =
| preceding2 =
| dissolved =
| superseding =
| jurisdiction = [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| headquarters = State Election Commission,'C' Sector, Old DC Office Building, Itanagar, Pin No-791111.
| employees =
| budget =
| minister1_name =
| minister1_pfo =
| minister2_name =
| minister2_pfo =
| chief1_name = Hage Kojeen.
| chief1_position = Chief Election Commissioner.
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| chief3_name =
| chief3_position =
| chief4_name =
| chief4_position =
| chief5_name =
| chief5_position =
| chief6_name =
| chief6_position =
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| chief8_name =
| chief8_position =
| chief9_name =
| chief9_position =
| parent_department =
| parent_agency =
| website = {{URL|http://secap.nic.in/}}
{{URL|http://ceoarunachal.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Arunachal Pradesh State Election Commission''' is an [[Autonomy|autonomous]] and [[Constitutional]] body constituted in [[India]]n state of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] for ensuring that [[Elections in Arunachal Pradesh|elections]] in are conducted in free, fair and unbiased way. [[Constitution of India]] with provisions as per Article 243K and 243 ZA and Article 324 ensures creation and safeguarding of the powers of [[States Election Commission (India)|State Election Commissions]]. Arunachal Pradesh State Election Commission is responsible for conducting elections for [[Municipal governance in India|Urban Local Bodies]] like [[Municipality|Municipalities]], [[Municipal corporation (India)|Municipal Corporations]], [[Panchayati raj|Panchayat]]s and any other specified by [[Election Commission of India]]. Arunachal Pradesh State Election Commissioner is appointed by [[Governor (India)|Governor]] of Arunachal Pradesh.

== History and Administration ==

Arunachal Pradesh State Election Commission was formed in accordance with powers of Election Commission of India, which was constituted in year 1950<ref name="sec ref1">{{cite news |title=WHAT IS ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA (ECI)? |url=https://www.business-standard.com/about/what-is-election-commission-of-india#collapse |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=Business Standard India}}</ref> to supervise state level elections.<ref name="sec ref3">{{cite news |title=State election panels: Independent of central EC, with similar powers |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/state-election-panels-independent-of-central-ec-with-similar-powers-5132220/ |access-date=6 December 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=12 April 2018 |language=en}}</ref> State election commissioner is appointed by Governor.<ref name="sec ref2">{{cite news |title=India Code: Section Details |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/show-data?actid=AC_CEN_18_21_00005_199426_1517807320414&sectionId=42788&sectionno=98&orderno=98 |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=www.indiacode.nic.in}}</ref><ref name="sec ref6">{{cite news |title=State Election Commissioner Conditions of Service Rules, 1994 |url=http://www.bareactslive.com/HRY/HL534.HTM |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=www.bareactslive.com}}</ref> To ensure the autonomy of the position, the Arunachal Pradesh state election commissioner cannot be removed from office except on the grounds and manner specified for [[judge]] of [[High courts of India|High Court]].

== Powers and Responsibilities ==

Arunachal Pradesh States Election Commission is responsible for the following:<ref name="sec ref1" /><ref name="sec ref7">{{cite news |title=Election Commission directs all state electoral officers to immediately redress all pending voter applications |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/election-commission-directs-state-electoral-officers-immediately-redress-pending-voter-applications-1503026387.html |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=The Statesman |date=23 November 2021}}</ref>

* Releasing election schedule.
* Issue notification containing guidelines for conducting elections for Municipal Corporations in State.
* Conducting elections for Municipal Corporations in State.<ref name="ap ref2" />
* Issue notification containing guidelines for conducting elections for conducting elections for Municipal panchayats in State.
* Conducting elections for Municipal panchayats in State.<ref name="ap ref2" /><ref name="ap ref5">{{cite news |title=Amidst opposition State Election Commission issues clarification on holding local polls, says election held elsewhere too |url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2020/11/19/amidst-opposition-state-election-commission-issues-clarification-on-holding-local-polls-says-election-held-elsewhere-too/ |access-date=20 December 2021 |publisher=arunachaltimes.in |date=19 November 2020}}</ref><ref name="ap ref6">{{cite news |title=Arunachal Pradesh: 25pc polling in panchayat, 30pc in civic elections till noon |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/arunachal-pradesh-25pc-polling-in-panchayat-30pc-in-civic-elections-till-noon/articleshow/79860888.cms?from=mdr |access-date=20 December 2021 |publisher=The Economic Times |date=22 December 2020}}</ref>
* Laying guidelines for persons eligible to contest in elections for Municipal Corporations in State.
* Model code of conduct are following in elections for local bodies.
* Updating Electoral rolls with new additions.
* Updating Electoral rolls with removals, if any.
* Declaration of results of elections held for Municipal Corporations in State.
* Declaration of results of elections held for Municipal panchayats in State
* Ordering repoll if needed.
* Making arrangements for Statewide polls.
* Monitoring poll expenditure for Panchayat polls.
* Laying guidelines for issue of opinion polls.
* Decision on conducting elections.<ref name="ap ref8">{{cite news |title=Arunachal opposition parties, students oppose local body elections amid COVID-19 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/nov/15/arunachal-opposition-parties-students-oppose-local-body-elections-amid-covid-19-2223878.html |access-date=20 December 2021 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=15 November 2020}}</ref>
* Ensure proper counting of votes polled in local body polls.
* Declaring results of local body polls.<ref name="ap ref3">{{cite news |last1=Taneja |first1=Nidhi |title=Arunachal Pradesh panchayat, civic election results: BJP wins Pasighat Municipal Council, gets 6 seats |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/news-arunachal-pradesh-panchayat-civic-election-results-pasighat-municipal-council-bjp-winner-seats-jdu-npp-674130 |access-date=20 December 2021 |publisher=indiatvnews.com |date=26 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
* Municipal and Panchayat constituencies delimitation exercise.
* Countermanding elections in case of mal practices.
* Issuing guidelines for voting in local body elections.<ref name="ap ref7">{{cite news |title=Arunachal Election Commission Prepared To Conduct Panchayat Polls: Official |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/arunachal-election-commission-prepared-to-conduct-panchayat-polls-official-2849793.html |access-date=20 December 2021 |publisher=News18 |date=4 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
* Organising demonstration of Electronic Voting machine and VVPAT.<ref name="ap ref4">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=7 November 2018 |title=State Election Commission (SEC) of Arunachal Pradesh organises Live demonstration of EVM, VVPAT - Sentinelassam |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/arunachal-news/state-election-commission-sec-of-arunachal-pradesh-organises-live-demonstration-of-evm-vvpat/ |access-date=20 December 2021 |publisher=sentinelassam.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Composition ==

Arunachal Pradesh State Election Commission is headed by Chief Election Commissioner and as many members as specified in State Act. State Election Commissioners are independent persons not holding position or office in any Central or State Government organisations

Sri Hage Kojeen, is the Chief Election Commissioner of Arunachal Pradesh State Election Commission.<ref name="ap ref2">{{cite news |title=Arunachal: State Election Commissioner calls on the Governor |url=https://arunachal24.in/arunachal-state-election-commissioner-calls-on-the-governor/ |access-date=20 December 2021 |publisher=arunachal24.in |date=4 January 2021}}</ref> His period of service will be 5 years or attaining an age of 65 years whichever is earlier. Chief Electoral officer of Arunachal Pradesh State Election Commission is Kaling Tayeng, IAS.

== Constitutional Requirements ==

Arunachal Pradesh State Election Commission was formed after amendment of Constitution with 73rd and 74th declaration.<ref name="sec ref4">{{cite news |title=India State Election - Find information of all State elections in India |url=https://www.elections.in/state-elections.html |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=www.elections.in}}</ref> State Election Commissions were formed as per Article 243K of the Constitution, similar to setting up of Election commission of India as per Article 324.<ref name="sec ref3" />

== See also ==
* [[Election Commission of India]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://secap.nic.in/ Official Website]
* [http://ceoarunachal.nic.in/ Official Website]

{{Authority control}}


[[Category:State election commissioners of India]]
[[Category:Elections in Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Local government in Arunachal Pradesh]]

Aabhalmaya

2026-01-06T03:35:12Z

Mrav: adding first details more to come

{{Short description|Indian television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| num_seasons = 2
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Indian Soap Opera]] [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| creator =
| based_on =
| developer =
| director = [[Vinay Apte]] Mandar Devasthali
| writer = [[Vinay Apte]] Abhitem Joshi
| creative_director =
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| presenter =
| theme_music_composer = [[Ashok Patki]]
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| image = Abhalmaya titlecard.jpg
| network = [[Zee Marathi|Alpha TV Marathi]]
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
| cinematography =
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = Magic Box Production
| list_episodes =
| num_episodes = 699
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|1999|08|16}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2003|07|04}}
| related =
| executive_producer =
| producer = Achyut Vaze
| editor =
}}

'''''Aabhalmaya''''' ({{translation|Skylove}}) is an Indian [[Marathi language]] television series which was aired on [[Zee Marathi|Alpha TV Marathi]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=20 Years Of Abhalmaya: Sukanya Mone, Manva Naik, Sanjyot Hardikar, Swarangi Marathe And Others Celebrate On Video Call|url=https://www.spotboye.com/marathi/marathi-news/20-years-of-abhaalmaya-sukanya-mone-manva-naik-sanjyot-hardikar-swarangi-marathe-and-others-celebrate-on-video-call/5f3113f7bcc45e31b014823d|access-date=2021-02-01|website=SpotboyE}}</ref> It starred [[Sukanya Kulkarni]], [[Manoj Joshi (actor)|Manoj Joshi]] and [[Sanjay Mone]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-05-14|title=Abhalmaya: Here's how the cast of the first super hit Marathi show looks like now - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/abhalmaya-heres-how-the-cast-of-the-first-super-hit-marathi-show-looks-like-now/photostory/69323149.cms|access-date=2022-07-05|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Seasons ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! style="padding: 0 8px" colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Season
! style="padding: 0 8px" rowspan="2" | Episodes
! style="padding: 0 8px" colspan="2" | Originally Broadcast
|-
! style="padding: 1 8px" | First aired
! style="padding: 1 8px" | Last aired
|-
|style="background:Blue"|
|align="center"| 1
|align="center"| 475
|align="center"| {{start date|df=yes|1999|08|16}}
|align="center"| {{end date|df=yes|2001|06|08}}
|-
|style="background:Green"|
|align="center"| 2
|align="center"| 224
|align="center"| {{start date|df=yes|2002|08|19}}
|align="center"| {{end date|df=yes|2003|07|04}}
|}

== Plot ==
The story revolves around the Professor Sudha Joshi teacher in Ratanbai College, whose family includes her husband Sharad who is also a professor, and they have two daughters Akansha and Anushka. When Sharad falls in love with another Professor Chitra with whom he has a one daughter named Chingi, it leads to a rift in the family.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Recalling the happy memories of 'Abhalmaya'|url=https://marathimovieworld.com/news/recalling-the-happy-memories-of-aabhalmaya.php|url-status=live|access-date=2021-02-01|website=Marathi Movie World|date=3 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151112075545/http://marathimovieworld.com:80/news/recalling-the-happy-memories-of-aabhalmaya.php |archive-date=2015-11-12 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-11-03|title='आभाळमाया'चा आनंदोत्सव|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/abhalmaya-serial-cast-celebrating-16-years-of-serial-1157029/|access-date=2021-02-01|website=[[Loksatta]]|language=mr}}</ref>

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* [[Sukanya Kulkarni]] as Sudha Joshi; professor from Ratanbai college, Sharad's wife, Akansha & Anushka's mother, Chingi's stepmother
* [[Manoj Joshi (actor)|Manoj Joshi]] as Sharad Joshi; Sudha's husband & Chitra's love interest, Akansha, Anushka & Chingi's father
* [[Sanjay Mone]] as Jaya Nimkar; Sudha's colleague
* [[Atisha Naik]] as Chitra; Sharad's love interest, Chingi's mother
* Shweta Sane as Varsha Nimkar
** [[Mukta Barve]] replacing sane as Varsha Nimkar
* [[Shubhangi Joshi]] as Akka
* Mugdha Godbole as Akansha Joshi; Sudha and Sharad's daughter
** Sanjyot Hardikar-Pawar replacing godbole as Akansha Joshi
* [[Pari Telang]] as Anushka Joshi; Sudha and Sharad's daughter
** [[Manava Naik]] replacing [[Pari Telang]] as elder Anushka Joshi
*** Sameera Kumari replacing [[Manava Naik]] as elder Anushka Joshi
* Swarangi Marathe as young (Chingi) Akshata Joshi; Sudhir and Chitra's daughter
** Ketaki Thatte replacing marathe as elder (Chingi) Akshata Joshi
*** Chaitrali Chirmule-Gupte as elder (Chingi) Akshata Joshi
* [[Harshada Khanvilkar]] as Sushma; Sukanya's sister
* [[Ankush Chaudhari]] as Sunny; Sushma's husband

=== Recurring ===
* Bhushan Dhupkar as Bunty
** [[Umesh Kamat]] as Bunty
* Shaila Sawant-Kanekar as Prof. Sunanda Sonawane
* Swati Apte as Prof. Ranganekar
* Vijay Patwardhan as Prof. Ghatpande
* Ajit Kelkar as Prof. Gawaskar
* [[Uday Sabnis]] as Manna Pradhan
* Pratibha Goregaonkar as Seema
* Prashant Deshpande as Kiran
** Rahul Mehendale as Kiran
* Purnima Patil as Pallavi
** Rujuta Deshmukh as Pallavi
* Amod Oak as Bhushan
** Rutuj Kulkarni as Bhushan
* Sunita Gore as Aaji
* Prasad Pandit as Arvind Mahajan
* Smita Oak as Sarita Mahajan
* Parag Bedekar as Nishant
** [[Shreyas Talpade]] as Nishant Mahajan
* Meena Naik as Kalyani Shirodkar
* Avishkar as Virendra Shirodkar
* Kshama Ninawe as Nutan Shirodkar
* Irawati Lagoo as Priti Shirodkar
* Ashok Sathe as Mr. Kulkarni
* [[Prasad Oak]] as Suhas Dani
* Jayant Ghate as Vishwanath
* Vilas Ujawane as Bhai Shelar
* Hridaynath Rane as Aaba
* Vivek Gore as Inspector Jayesh Chorghade
* Ramdas Jadhav as Inspector Mane
* Ravindra Berde as Mr. Thorat
* Kshitij Zarapkar as Mr. Chandekar
* Asawari Paranjape as Mrunal Dhurandhar
* Shivaji Raut as Abhay Dhurandhar
* Ganesh Pai as Manoj Kapadiya
* [[Sonali Khare]] as Reshma Kapadiya
* [[Neha Bam]] as Meera Yerawar
* Arun Mohare as Khanderao Yerawar
* [[Sachin Khedekar]] as Shrirang Yerawar
* Suhas Naware as Karbhari
* [[Vinay Apte]] as Yashwant Pawar (Kaka)
* [[Arun Nalawade]] as Anna
* Atharva Gharpure as Tanvir
* Vedvati as Mohini
* [[Swanandi Tikekar]] as Varsha
* Sunil Tawade as Nachiket
* Milind Phatak as Kaushik
* Jagdish as C.P. Wagale
* Anil Bhandare as Pratap More
* Ajit Bhagat as Manohar Warang
* Jagannath Kandalgaonkar as Mr. Kharshikar
* Raju Patwardhan as Shipai
* Prabhakar Pawar as Ramesh
* Mahesh Subhedar as Eknath
* Ashok Sawant as Mr. Deshpande
* [[Subodh Bhave]] as Inspector Mohan
* Shweta Mehendale as Reva
* Bharati Patil as Inspector

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt5052884}}
* [https://www.zee5.com/tvshows/details/abhalmaya/0-6-223 ''Abhalmaya''] at [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:1999 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2003 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Zee Marathi original programming]]

Nativism in Karnataka

2025-12-23T08:56:18Z

Mrav: made new data

{{Short description|none}}
'''Nativism in Karnataka''', through sociopolitical movements and policies, aims to prioritise the rights and identity of the native [[Kannadigas|Kannada-speaking population]], who make up the majority of the ethnic groups in the southern Indian state of [[Karnataka]]. These efforts often focus on promoting the [[Kannada language]], ensuring local representation in employment, and preserving regional culture in the face of increasing migration and urbanisation. Initiatives such as job reservation policies for locals<ref>{{Cite news |title=Karnataka Job Reservation Bill for Locals: Why Is It Controversial? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/watch-karnataka-job-reservation-bill-for-locals-why-is-it-controversial/article68441748.ece |website=The Hindu |date=24 July 2024 |access-date=26 November 2024}}</ref> and campaigns to enforce the use of Kannada in public spaces have been central to these movements. Nativism has also been characterised by protests and activism, including demands for linguistic preference and opposition to the perceived marginalisation of native communities. The movement remains a significant and often debated aspect of Karnataka's social and political dynamics.

== Migration to Karnataka ==

Karnataka, particularly its capital [[Bengaluru]], has seen significant migration from various parts of India over the past few decades. Outsiders of Karnataka within India (non natives of Karnataka) have been attracted to the state due to its booming economy, educational opportunities, and growing job market, particularly in [[information technology]] and related sectors. Bengaluru, often referred to as the "Silicon Valley of India," hosts numerous tech companies and multinational corporations, making it a major hub for professionals seeking employment opportunities. The state's relatively high standard of living, along with its cosmopolitan nature, has further fueled the influx of people from neighboring southern states and even multiple [[North India|North Indian states]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Bengaluru: Top Picks for Residence Amongst Some North Indians, Here's Why |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/real-estate/bengaluru-top-picks-for-residence-amongst-some-north-indians-here-s-why-101728454105993.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=2024-11-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=3 Waves of Migrations That Shaped Bengaluru |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/3-waves-of-migrations-that-shaped-bengaluru-101615660544003.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=2024-11-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Rise, Fall and Resurgence of Bengaluru |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/featured/bengaluru-the-rise-fall-and-resurgence-of-a-historic-city/ |website=South First |date=16 November 2024 |access-date=2024-11-26}}</ref>

In addition to economic opportunities, Karnataka's strong education sector, with renowned institutions like the [[Indian Institute of Science]] (IISc) and [[Indian Institute of Management Bangalore]] (IIMB), attracts students from across the country. The presence of international companies, research institutes, and vibrant industries makes the state an appealing destination for professionals, students, and entrepreneurs alike.<ref>{{cite web |title=A State of Migration |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/a-state-of-migration-2962526 |website=Deccan Herald |access-date=2024-11-26}}</ref>

However, the rapid migration has also led to growing tensions between the native Kannadigas and the influx of outsiders, who are sometimes perceived as competing for local jobs, resources, and cultural space. This dynamic has contributed to the development of a "Kannadiga vs Outsider" divide in Bengaluru, where migrants from other states are often seen as encroaching on local opportunities and undermining regional identity. Such tensions have sparked debates around job reservations, the imposition of Kannada language in public spaces, and the cultural preservation of Karnataka's native population. The discourse around these issues has led to the rise of movements advocating for the rights of native Kannadigas, asserting their dominance in the face of the growing migrant population.<ref>{{cite web |title=Inside Bengaluru's Kannadiga vs Outsider Divide |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/karnataka/inside-bengalurus-kannadiga-vs-outsider-divide |website=The News Minute |date=13 November 2024 |access-date=2024-11-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=3 Waves of Migrations That Shaped Bengaluru |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/3-waves-of-migrations-that-shaped-bengaluru-101615660544003.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=2024-11-26}}</ref>

== Language and cultural identity ==

[[File:KRV Vandalizing Hindi Signs.png|thumb|Members of the [[Karnataka Rakshana Vedike]] vandalizing a Hindi signboard in Karnataka of [[Indian Oil Corporation]], citing "Hindi imposition" in Karnataka.]]

Language plays a central role in Karnataka's nativist discourse. Pro-Kannada activists have called for stricter enforcement of Kannada in public and private spaces, including the mandatory use of Kannada on signboards and in administrative functions. Incidents such as the vandalisation of English and Hindi language nameplates by pro-Kannada organizations have been carried out by groups like the [[Karnataka Rakshana Vedike]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka Rakshana Vedike Activists Vandalise English Nameplates Over 60% Kannada Rule |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/karnataka-rakshana-vedike-activists-vandalise-english-nameplates-bengaluru-civic-body-60-percent-kannada-2481037-2023-12-27 |website=India Today |date=27 December 2023 |access-date=26 November 2024}}</ref> part of broader campaigns advocating for the implementation of policies requiring a majority of signage and communication to be in Kannada. In December 2023, the Karnataka Rakshana Vedike organized a protest demanding that businesses in Bengaluru prominently display Kannada signage, in accordance with state regulations. This was prompted by a controversial directive passed by the Bengaluru civic body (BBMP), which mandated that at least 60% of the text on signboards in commercial establishments must be in Kannada.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka Rakshana Vedike Protest for Kannada Signage |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/kannada-signage-protest-karnataka-rakshana-vedike-9086307/ |website=The Indian Express |date=19 July 2024 |access-date=26 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What is the 60% Kannada Rule? |url=https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/what-is-the-60-kannada-rule-that-led-to-vandalism-of-stores-in-bengaluru-13552252.html |website=Firstpost |date=28 December 2023 |access-date=26 November 2024}}</ref> The group argued that non-Kannada signage in public spaces was a threat to the language's dominance and called for stronger enforcement of the law. The protest led to massive vandalism of non-Kannada signboards, and as a result, [[Karnataka Police|Karnataka police]] later detained around 500 protesters for public vandalism.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka Rakshana Vedike Protest for Kannada Signage |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/kannada-signage-protest-karnataka-rakshana-vedike-9086307/ |website=The Indian Express |date=19 July 2024 |access-date=26 November 2024}}</ref>

=== Separate flag for Karnataka ===
[[File:Karnataka Flag Proposal.png|thumb|Karnataka flag proposed by the state government in 2018, inspired by the [[Kannada flag]]]]
The demand for a separate flag for Karnataka has been a significant issue in the state's political landscape. Proponents of the separate flag argue that it serves as a symbol of regional pride and recognition for Karnataka's distinct identity. The flag, known as the [[Flag of Karnataka]], consists of red and yellow colors, representing the unity and culture of the Kannada-speaking people. In 2018, the Karnataka government officially recognized the flag, despite opposition and legal challenges from some quarters. The flag has remained a contentious symbol, with debates focusing on issues of state autonomy, cultural pride, and political identity. This demand is part of a broader movement advocating for the preservation of local culture, often in response to perceived growing influence of national symbols, particularly Hindi.<ref>{{cite news |title=Separate Flag for Karnataka |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-40653553 |website=BBC News |date=19 July 2017 |access-date=26 November 2024}}</ref>

== Government policies and public sentiment ==

The Karnataka government has reinforced the primacy of Kannada, with leaders emphasising that those living in the state should learn the language to integrate with its culture and society. Chief Minister [[Siddaramaiah]] has stressed the importance of Kannada, claiming that everyone living in Karnataka should develop a love for the language and learn to speak it.<ref>{{Cite news |title=People Living in Karnataka Should Learn Kannada: Chief Minister Siddaramaiah |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/people-living-in-karnataka-should-learn-kannada-chief-minister-siddaramaiah/articleshow/111152846.cms?from=mdr |website=Economic Times | date=21 June 2024 |access-date=26 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Locals vs Outsiders: The Bitter Truth Behind Karnataka's Jobs Reservation Policy |url=https://thewire.in/labour/locals-vs-outsiders-the-bitter-truth-behind-karnatakas-jobs-reservation-policy |website=The Wire |access-date=26 November 2024}}</ref> In January 2024, Karnataka Chief Minister Siddaramaiah reiterated this position, noting that newcomers to Karnataka should make an effort to speak Kannada to foster better social integration and cultural understanding.<ref>{{Cite web |title=When in Karnataka, Learn to Speak Kannada |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Jan/13/my-take-when-in-karnataka-learn-tospeak-kannada-2650526.html |website=New Indian Express |date=13 January 2024 |access-date=26 November 2024}}</ref> In July 2024, Siddaramaiah's cabinet approved a bill to reserve 50% to 75% jobs to native Kannada speakers, and 100% reservation for Group C and D employees in private and IT sectors. This idea faced criticism from people such as Mohandas Pia, [[Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw]], and others and hence the passing of the bill was postponed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka Local Reservation: Siddaramaiah's New Law for Private Companies |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/karnataka/story/karnataka-local-reservation-private-companies-managerial-role-siddaramaiah-new-law-2567910-2024-07-17 |website=India Today |date=17 July 2024 |access-date=26 November 2024}}</ref> [[PhonePe]] CEO Sameer Nigam faced backlash after a tweet criticizing the Karnataka reservation bill, sparking a heated response from the native Kannada community, which led to even calling for a boycott of the use of PhonePe.<ref>{{cite web |title=PhonePe Bengaluru CEO Sameer Nigam issues apology |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/phone-pe-bengaluru-ceo-sameer-nigam-apology-9467978/ |website=Indian Express |date=22 July 2024 |access-date=26 November 2024}}</ref> Native Kannadigas accused Nigam of being insensitive to local socio-political issues. Amid the uproar, Nigam issued a public apology, emphasizing his respect for Kannada culture and the people of Karnataka. He clarified that his tweet was not intended to offend or undermine regional sentiments, acknowledging the role of cultural understanding in fostering harmony. The controversy highlighted the sensitivity surrounding identity and language politics in Karnataka.<ref>{{cite web |title=I've highest regard for Kannada, sorry: PhonePe CEO Sameer Nigam issues an apology |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bengaluru-news/ive-highest-regard-for-kannada-sorry-phonepe-ceo-sameer-nigam-issues-an-apology-101721615240716.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=26 November 2024}}</ref>

In 2023, Karnataka's Cabinet Minister [[Priyank Kharge]], who is the son of the [[Indian National Congress]] president [[Mallikarjun Kharge]], made controversial remarks about the migration of people from Northern states such as [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]] to Karnataka, which sparked significant debate. He stated that migrants from the Hindi heartland come to Karnataka and [[South India]] for better job opportunities due to the state's superior infrastructure, while people from Karnataka and South India rarely migrate to the Hindi heartland because of the lack of similar infrastructure in the northern states. His comments, seen as belittling North Indian states, were criticized for promoting regionalism and divisiveness. Critics argued that his remarks fueled Kannadiga nativism, which prioritizes the rights and culture of native Kannadigas over migrants.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congress Minister Priyank Kharge's Remarks About North Indian Migrant Workers And The Plight Of His Family's Own Turf Kalaburagi |url=https://thecommunemag.com/congress-minister-priyank-kharges-remarks-about-north-indian-migrant-workers-and-the-plight-of-his-familys-own-turf-kalaburagi/ |website=The Commune |date=3 August 2023 |access-date=26 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Congress Minister Priyank Kharge's Remarks About North Indian Migrant Workers and the Plight of His Family's Own Turf Kalaburagi |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bengaluru-news/congress-minister-priyank-kharge-s-remarks-about-north-indian-migrant-workers-and-the-plight-of-his-familys-own-turf-kalaburagi-101724914547335.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=26 November 2024}}</ref>

== Protests and controversies ==

For years, pro-Kannada groups have protested against the celebration of non-Kannada languages and cultures, including the opposition to the celebration of [[Hindi Day|Hindi Diwas]] in Karnataka. These protests reflect a broader resistance to the perceived imposition of Hindi, with critics arguing that it threatens the cultural and linguistic identity of Kannada. The debate highlights concerns over linguistic imperialism, with many fearing that the rise of Hindi could undermine Kannada's prominence within its native region. Kannada scholars and activists have called for collective action against the imposition of Hindi, emphasizing the importance of preserving the state's language and cultural heritage.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Pro-Kannada Organisations Oppose Hindi Diwas Celebrations in Karnataka |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/pro-kannada-organisations-oppose-hindi-diwas-celebrations-in-karnataka/article68638042.ece |website=The Hindu |date=13 September 2024 |access-date=26 November 2024 |last1=R |first1=Jayanth }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kannada Scholars Call for Collective Action Against Hindi Imposition |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/kannada-scholars-call-for-collective-action-against-hindi-imposition-3191452 |website=Deccan Herald |access-date=26 November 2024}}</ref>

The promotion of Kannada in Karnataka has been at the center of various controversies, particularly concerning non-Kannadigas in the state. One such incident occurred in March 2023, when Bengaluru-born Bollywood choreographer and actor [[Salman Yusuff Khan]] alleged harassment at the [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru Airport]]. He shared on social media that an immigration officer questioned his inability to speak Kannada despite being born in the city. Salman explained that his upbringing abroad limited his exposure to Kannada, and he knew only Hindi and his mother tongue. The officer reportedly escalated the matter, suggesting that not knowing Kannada raised suspicion about him, leading to a tense exchange between the two. Khan's post, which went viral, criticized the officer for his conduct, calling it disrespectful and unnecessary. He expressed pride in his roots while advocating for encouraging people to learn local languages through positive means, not coercion. The incident sparked a heated debate online, with some defending the need to respect Kannada in Karnataka and others condemning the officer's behavior as inappropriate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=If You cannot Speak Kannada, Dancer Salman Khan Shares Harrowing Experience at Bengaluru Airport |url=https://www.ndtv.com/feature/if-you-cant-speak-kannada-dancer-salman-khan-shares-harrowing-experience-at-bengaluru-airport-3865196 |website=NDTV |access-date=26 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Salman Yusuff Khan Claims He Was Harassed at Bengaluru Airport for Not Speaking in Kannada |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/salman-yusuff-khan-claims-he-was-harassed-at-bengaluru-airport-for-not-speaking-in-kannada/articleshow/98665082.cms |website=Times of India |date=15 March 2023 |access-date=26 November 2024}}</ref>

Further incidents have fueled the debate, where around the same time of Salman Yusuff Khan's case, another video went viral, which showed a heated argument in Bengaluru between an auto-rickshaw driver and a passenger over speaking Kannada instead of Hindi, sparking discussions about language imposition. The auto-driver made comments to the North Indian passengers, referring to them as "North Indian beggars". In the video, the auto-rickshaw driver in anger tells a passenger, "This is Karnataka, you must speak in Kannada. You are North Indian beggars." The passenger responds, "Why should we speak in Kannada?" The driver insists, "This is our land, not your land. You have to speak in Kannada. Why should I speak in Hindi?" The passenger reluctantly agrees, saying "Okay, okay."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Heated Exchange Between Auto Driver and Passenger Over Kannada vs Hindi |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/heated-exchange-between-auto-driver-passenger-over-kannada-vs-hindi-595681.html |website=India Times |date=13 March 2023 |access-date=26 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Video: Bengaluru Auto Driver, Woman's Fiery Exchange Over Kannada vs Hindi |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/video-bengaluru-auto-driver-womans-fiery-exchange-over-kannada-vs-hindi-3854992 |website=NDTV |access-date=26 November 2024}}</ref>

In May 2024, a viral video emerged showing a heated argument between an Uber driver and a passenger in Bengaluru, highlighting linguistic tensions in the city. The conflict reportedly began when the passenger, Dr. Atharv Dawar, asked the driver to switch on the air conditioner, which the driver claimed was not working. While the initial conversation was in Hindi, the driver later insisted that the passenger speak in Kannada, leading to an escalated exchange. Dr. Dawar accused the driver of using Kannada as a "smokescreen" to deflect from his alleged unprofessionalism, further fueling the debate over linguistic nationalism in Karnataka.The incident was widely shared on social media, with opinions divided. Some argued for the importance of respecting Kannada in public interactions, while others criticized the driver's conduct as unprofessional and exclusionary, and even took complaints against the driver to Uber India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengaluru Uber Driver Gets into Heated Debate with Passenger Asking to Turn on AC, Speak in Kannada |url=https://www.news18.com/viral/bengaluru-uber-driver-gets-into-heated-debate-with-passenger-asking-to-turn-on-ac-speak-in-kannada-8898906.html |website=News18 |access-date=26 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Threatened to Speak Kannada: Bengaluru Uber Driver's Arrogance Scares Redditor |url=https://www.news18.com/viral/threatened-to-speak-kannada-bengaluru-uber-drivers-arrogance-scares-redditor-heres-what-happened-8967252.html |website=News18 |access-date=26 November 2024}}</ref>

In addition, in November 2024, a video showing a heated exchange between a local Bengaluru resident and a non-Kannada speaker recently went viral, sparking widespread debate on social media. In the video, a local man confronts the other individual about his inability to speak Kannada, despite having lived and worked in Karnataka for 12 years. The local accuses the non-Kannada speaker of being "disrespectful" to the local culture and language, saying, "You want a job here (in Karnataka), you want a salary here, but you don't want the language here." The conversation escalates, with the Bengaluru native urging, "At least learn Kannada, okay? This is Bengaluru, not [[Mumbai]] or [[Gujarat]]," and asserting, "This is our state." The video, shared on [[Twitter|X]] (formerly Twitter) by user "@ManjuKBye", sparked mixed reactions, with some supporting the local's demand for respect towards the Kannada language and culture, while others criticized the confrontation as being overly aggressive.<ref>{{cite web |title=Video of Bengaluru man confronting long-time resident for not learning Kannada sparks debate |url=https://www.ndtv.com/offbeat/video-of-bengaluru-man-confronting-long-time-resident-for-not-learning-kannada-sparks-debate-6919531 |website=NDTV |access-date=2024-11-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bengaluru local asks man living in city for 12 years to learn Kannada, "This is not Mumbai or Gujarat" |url=https://www.news18.com/viral/bengaluru-local-asks-man-living-in-city-for-12-years-to-learn-kannada-this-is-not-mumbai-or-gujarat-9105373.html |website=News18 |access-date=2024-11-26}}</ref>

[[Prakash Belawadi]], a popular actor and director, sparked controversy with comments directed at North Indians and [[Malayalis|Keralites]] in Bengaluru. Speaking on a podcast in 2024, he criticized non-Kannadiga residents for claiming that they were the reason for the city's growth and development. Belawadi argued that Bengaluru was already a great city before the influx of outsiders and that those who migrated for better opportunities were benefiting from the work done by locals. He questioned why North Indians and Keralites, who refer to their homelands as "God’s own country," left their respective states to settle in Bengaluru. Belawadi emphasized that Bengaluru had its own history and identity before the migration of outsiders. His comments stirred a heated debate on social media, with many supporting his views while others disagreed, calling his remarks divisive. Belawadi also stated that, despite his criticisms, he would remain in Bengaluru, a city he considers his home.<ref>{{cite web |title=Prakash Belawadi on North Indians, Keralites in Bengaluru: Why they left God's own country |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bengaluru-news/prakash-belawadi-on-north-indians-keralites-in-bengaluru-why-they-left-god-s-own-country-101724914547335.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=26 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pathaan actor Prakash Belawadi takes aim at North Indians, Keralites in Bengaluru: 'Why they left God's own country' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bengaluru-news/prakash-belawadi-on-north-indians-keralites-in-bengaluru-why-they-left-god-s-own-country-101724914547335.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=26 November 2024}}</ref>

[[Zoho Corporation]] CEO [[Sridhar Vembu]] sparked a debate when he suggested that people who make Bengaluru their home should learn Kannada. His comment came in response to a post on social media featuring two individuals wearing T-shirts with the slogan "Hindi National Language," which Vembu found disrespectful. In a post on X he wrote, "If you make Bengaluru your home, you should learn Kannada and your kids should learn Kannada. Not doing so after living many years in Bengaluru is disrespectful." His comments received mixed reactions. While some supported his call for cultural respect, others felt that it was an exclusionary and impractical suggestion, especially given Bengaluru's status as a melting pot for people from various parts of India. Vembu also compared this to his requests to employees in Chennai to learn Tamil upon moving there, highlighting the importance of respecting local languages and cultures.<ref>{{cite news |title=Zoho CEO Sridhar Vembu 'joins' Kannada debate: If you make Bengaluru your home |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/technology/tech-news/zoho-ceo-sridhar-vembu-you-make-bengaluru-your-home-you-should-learn-kannada-and-/articleshow/115359782.cms |website=Times of India |date=17 November 2024 |access-date=26 November 2024}}</ref>

== Bengaluru and the outsider debate ==

Bengaluru, the capital of Karnataka, has been at the centre of this debate, with tensions often arising between native Kannadigas and the growing number of migrants, particularly from northern and other southern states. A viral post in 2024 by a North Indian woman living in Bengaluru highlighted the harsh views some locals hold towards non-Kannada speakers, stating that the city would be "empty without migrants." This sparked significant online debate, with netizens reacting strongly both for and against the views expressed. The woman later apologized on social media to the native people of Karnataka for her comments.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ndtv.com/offbeat/please-leave-bengaluru-influencer-slammed-for-controversial-remarks-on-city-6628896 | title="Please leave Bengaluru": Influencer slammed for controversial remarks on city | date=2024-09-24 | website=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Sep/25/after-backlash-influencer-says-sorry-for-post-against-bengalureans | title=After backlash, influencer says sorry for post against Bengalureans | date=2024-09-25 | website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/bengaluru-clubs-pgs-will-be-empty-if-northies-leave-insta-influencers-big-remark-sparks-debate-article-113572255 | title=Bengaluru clubs, PGs will be empty if Northies leave: Insta influencers' big remark sparks debate | date=2024-09-25 | website=Times Now}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/karnataka-news/complaint-against-influencer-sugandh-sharma-for-saying-bengaluru-will-go-empty-if-north-indians-leave-vkp-skcz95 | title=Complaint against influencer Sugandh Sharma for saying Bengaluru will go empty if North Indians leave | date=2024-09-25 | website=Asianet News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengaluru Woman's Rant Against North Indians Sparks Debate |url=https://news.abplive.com/trending/bengaluru-north-indians-kannada-woman-says-city-would-become-empty-without-migrants-netizens-react-1719336 |website=ABP Live |date=23 September 2024 |access-date=26 November 2024}}</ref> Further incidents have fueled this debate, including controversial statements about the perceived dominance of North Indians in the city, and social media posts warning against "outsiders."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengaluru Man Faces Backlash Over Warning X Viral Post on Outsiders |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/bengaluru-man-faces-backlash-over-warning-x-viral-post-on-outsiders-article-113185499 |website=Times Now News |date=9 September 2024 |access-date=26 November 2024}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Anti-Hindi agitations of Karnataka]]
* [[Karnataka Rakshana Vedike]]
* [[Anti-North Indian sentiment]]
* [[Inter-State Migrant Workmen Act, 1979]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Language conflict in India]]
[[Category:Nativism in Karnataka]]
[[Category:History of Karnataka (1947–present)]]
[[Category:Regionalism in India]]

Subordinate courts of Delhi High Court

2025-12-19T12:22:19Z

Mrav:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
The National Capital Territory of [[Delhi]] has seven [[District Courts of India|district courts]] that function under the [[Delhi High Court]]:<ref>{{cite web |title=History of District Courts in Delhi |url=http://www.delhidistrictcourts.nic.in/History.htm |publisher=Delhi District Courts}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Delhi District Courts - About Us |url=https://delhicourts.nic.in/aboutus |publisher=Delhi District Courts |access-date=15 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite report |last=Singh |first=Talwant |year=2003 |title=Annual Report for the Year 2003: District Courts of Delhi |url=https://session.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/session/generic_multiple_files/2003.pdf |work=District Courts Judicial Committee |location=[[Delhi]] |publisher= |docket= |url-status=live |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=8 November 2025}}</ref>
* Tis Hazari Courts Complex, established 1958, located in [[Tis Hazari]]<ref>{{cite web |title=West District Court, Delhi |url=https://westdelhi.dcourts.gov.in/ |access-date=8 November 2025}}</ref>
* [[Patiala House Courts Complex]], established 1977, located near [[India Gate]], [[New Delhi]]
* Karkardooma Courts Complex, established 1993, located near [[Anand Vihar]]
* Rohini Courts Complex, established 2005, located in [[Rohini, Delhi|Rohini]]
* Dwarka Courts Complex, established 2008, located in [[Dwarka (Delhi)|Sector 10, Dwarka]]
* Saket Courts Complex, established 2010, located in [[Saket (Delhi)|Saket District Centre, Pushp Vihar]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.delhicourts.saket.nic.in/about-us.html|title=Welcome to Delhi District Court, Saket Court Complex|publisher=Delhi District Courts|accessdate=20 September 2013}}</ref>
* [[Rouse Avenue Court |Rouse Avenue Courts Complex]], established 2019, located near ITO<ref>{{cite web|url=https://districts.ecourts.gov.in/list-judges-rouse-avenue|title= List of Judges Rouse Avenue|publisher=Delhi District Courts|accessdate= 2 May 2021}}</ref>

The above are seven physical locations of the district courts, whereas actually there are eleven district courts headed by individual district judges. The Tis Hazari complex, Rohini complex and Saket complex host two districts each, the Karkardooma complex hosts three districts, and the remaining complexes host one district court each.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:District Courts of India]]
[[Category:Delhi High Court]]

Janghai Junction railway station

2025-12-06T23:45:46Z

Mrav:

{{Short description|Railway station in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Janghai Junction
| style = Indian Railways
| image =
| image_caption = Janghai Junction outside view
| type =
| address = [[Jaunpur District]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| country = {{flagu|India}}
| coordinates = {{coord|25.550225|82.310107|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|92|m|ft}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railways]]
| passengers = More than 15,000 per day
| lines = *[[Prayagraj-Mau-Gorakhpur main line|Janghai - Prayagraj Line]]
*[[Prayagraj-Mau-Gorakhpur main line|Janghai - Jaunpur Line]]
*[[Varanasi-Rae Bareli-Lucknow line|Varanasi-Janghai-Rae Bareli-Lucknow line]]
| platform = 5
| tracks = 8
| other =
| structure = Standard
| parking = Available
| accessible = [[File:Feature accessible.svg|20px|Disabled Access]] Yes
| status = Functioning
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = JNH
| zone = [[Northern Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Lucknow NR}}
}}
| opened = 1864
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| former =
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| services = [[File:Feature ticket office.svg|20px|Computerized Ticketing Counters]] [[File:Feature parking.svg|20px|Parking]] [[File:Aseos Públicos.jpg|20px|WC]] [[File:Aiga taxi.svg|20px|Taxi Stand]] [[File:Feature suburban buses.svg|20px|Public Transportation]] [[File:SymbolCoffeeShop.svg|20px|Food Plaza]]
| mapframe =
| map_type = India Uttar Pradesh#India
| map_dot_label = Janghai Junction Railway Station
}}

'''Janghai Junction railway station''' is a [[Categorization of Indian Railway stations by commercial importance|NSG-3]] category railway station located in [[Janghai|Janghai village]], [[Jaunpur district|Jaunpur District]], [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Janghai JN. Railway Station, NR/Northern Zone |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/janghai-junction-jnh/1405 |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref> It is a vital railway junction in [[Jaunpur district]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=जौनपुर: जंघई रेलवे स्टेशन पर लावारिस हाल में पड़ा अधेड़ का शव, सीमा विवाद में उलझी दो थाने की पुलिस |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/jaunpur/middle-aged-body-found-at-janghai-railway-station-two-police-stations-police-engaged-in-border-dispute-for-three-hours-in-jaunpur |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jaunpur News: जंघई आरक्षण काउंटर का समय बदला, बिना टिकट के लौटे यात्री |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/jaunpur/janghai-reservation-counter-timings-changed-passengers-returned-without-tickets-jaunpur-news-c-193-1-svns1025-9583-2023-12-14 |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> It falls under the [[Northern Railway zone]]'s [[Lucknow NR railway division|Lucknow railway division.]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jaunpur News: सीनियर डीसीएम ने जंघई रेलवे स्टेशन का किया निरीक्षण |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/jaunpur/senior-dcm-inspected-janghai-railway-station-jaunpur-news-c-20-1-182912-2023-05-02 |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> The station code is "JNH".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Station Code: Station Name Starting with J {{!}} |url=https://www.trainspnrstatus.com/station-code-j |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=www.trainspnrstatus.com}}</ref> The station consisted of 3 Platforms, but 2 more were built and now the station has 5 Platforms.<ref>{{Cite web |title=जंघई रेलवे स्टेशन पर प्लेटफार्म का निर्माण कार्य शुरू |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi/platform-construction-work-started-at-janghai-railway-station-varanasi-news-vns634142491 |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=जंघई रेलवे स्टेशन का साढ़े 14 करोड से होगा कायाकल्प |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/jaunpur/janhai-railway-station-will-be-rejuvenated-from-14-5-million-jaunpur-news-vns5017044161 |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>

==Connectivity ==
The station caters to about 66 trains. It is connected to major cities such as [[Mumbai]], [[New Delhi]], [[Lucknow]], [[Ayodhya]], [[Varanasi]], [[Mau, Uttar Pradesh|Mau]], [[Ghazipur]], [[Howrah]], [[Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh]], [[Prayagraj]], [[Gorakhpur]], [[Dehradun]], [[Amritsar]], [[Chhapra]], [[Ballia]], [[Gwalior]], [[Jodhpur]], [[Azamgarh]], [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]], [[Patna]] and more.<ref>{{Cite web |title=JNH/Janghai Junction Station - 66 Train Departures NR/Northern Zone |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/janghai-junction-jnh/1405 |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=indiarailinfo.com |language=en}}</ref>

There are several major and significant trains which have stoppages on Janghai Junction Railway Station, a list of a few such trains is given below :

[[Ayodhya Cantt – Lokmanya Tilak Superfast Express|22103/22104 : Ayodhya Cantt. – Mumbai LTT Superfast Express]]

[[Poorva Express (via Gaya)|12381/12382 : Poorva SF Express.]]

[[Bandra Terminus–Ghazipur City Weekly Express|20941/20942 : Bandra Terminus – Ghazipur City Weekly Express]]

[[Godaan Express|11055/11056 : Godaan Express]]

[[Bundelkhand Express|1107/1108 : Bundelkhand Express]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/janghai-junction-jnh/1405 Janghai Junction Railway Station] at the India Rail Info.

{{Railway stations in Uttar Pradesh |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Jaunpur district]]
[[Category:Lucknow NR railway division]]
[[Category:Railway junction stations in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Prayagraj district]]

Kunku (TV series)

2025-11-15T03:02:24Z

Mrav: Adding pg

{{Short description|Marathi-language TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| image_size =
| genre = [[Drama]]
| creator =
| story = Rakesh Sarang
| based_on =
| writer = [[Chinmay Mandlekar]]
| director = Pratima Kulkarni Mangesh Kanthale
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 791
| list_episodes =
| company = Camps Club Production
| producer = Sangita Sarang
| news_editor =
| location = [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra
| cinematography =
| runtime = 22 minutes
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2009|07|27}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2012|02|04}}
| related =
| network = [[Zee Marathi]]
}}

'''''Kunku''''' is an Indian [[Marathi language]] television series which aired on [[Zee Marathi]]. It starred [[Sunil Barve]] and [[Mrunmayee Deshpande]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zee Marathi starts Kunku today|url=http://www.esselnewsletter.com/zee-marathi-starts-kunku-today.html|website=Essel News Letter}}{{dead link|date=September 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> It is produced by Sangita Sarang and directed by Pratima Kulkarni. It premiered from 27 July 2009 and ended on 4 February 2012 completing 791 episodes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=वयाने २० वर्षे लहान अभिनेत्रीसोबत सुनीलची जमली होती जोडी, हे आहेत टीव्हीचे सर्वात पॉप्युलर कपल|url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/bol-mb-most-popular-marathi-serial-tv-couple-5711277-pho.html|website=Divya Marathi|date=3 October 2017 |language=mr}}</ref>

==Plot==
Narsingh Killedar, a powerful and experienced politician, was still struggling with the pain of losing his wife. She had died very recently, leaving behind their teenage daughter Amruta. Despite his grief, Narsingh harbored a strong ambition - to become the chief minister in the upcoming elections. However, his dreams were shattered by a shocking prophecy. Bhavani Mai, a woman known for her foresight, predicted that Narsingh wouldn't even live to see the elections. This threw Narsingh into a deep mental turmoil.

But there was a glimmer of hope. A solution was proposed - a way to avoid this terrible fate. Apparently, Narsingh needed to marry an unmarried virgin. This presented a whole new challenge for Krushna Aatya, Narsinha's aunt. Finding a young woman willing to marry a man of Narsingh's age, especially amidst such unusual circumstances, seemed like an impossible task. Krushna Aatya's initial attempts to find a suitable candidate proved unsuccessful.

Then, fate intervened. A poor villager, burdened by financial difficulties, left his young daughter, Janaki, at the doorstep of the Killedar family. Krushna Aatya saw Janaki as the answer to their prayers. Janaki, unaware of the true reason behind her sudden inclusion in the household, seemed like the perfect fit for Narsinha's second marriage. However, this decision would set in motion a series of events that would change the lives of everyone involved, particularly Janaki, who was about to be thrust into a world far different from the one she knew.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* [[Sunil Barve]] as Narsingh Killedar
* [[Mrunmayee Deshpande]] as Janaki Subhan Pawar / Janaki Narsingh Killedar

=== Recurring ===
* [[Suhas Joshi]] as Krishna
* [[Sharad Ponkshe]] as Parshuram Killedar
* Manasi Kulkarni as Amruta Narsingh Killedar
* Mousami Tondwalkar as Narmada Narsingh Killedar
* Siddheshwar Zadbuke as Padmakar Waknis
* Snehlata Tawde as Ahilya Waman Killedar
* Anand Ingale as Waman Killedar
* Pooja Nayak as Sumitra Parshuram Killedar
* Prafulla Bhalerao as Ganesh Subhan Pawar
* Ashok Sawant as Subhan Pawar
* Geetanjali Kambli as Rakhma Subhan Pawar
* Dipti Ketkar as Radhika
* Janardan Parab as Damu
* Vijay Patwardhan as Kanifnath Karve
* [[Vrishasen Dabholkar]] as Rajan
* [[Madhavi Nimkar]] as Vanita
* [[Bhushan Pradhan]] as Aryan
* [[Sulabha Deshpande]]
* [[Neha Shitole]]
* Mugdha Shah
* Sunil Godbole
* Sunil Tawde
* Sneha Raikar
* Kanchan Gupte
* Shweta Mehendale
* Vijay Mishra
* Prajakta Kelkar
* Sunila Karambelkar
* Kishori Ambiye

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ [[Zee Marathi Utsav Natyancha Awards]]
!Year
!Category
!Recipient
!Role
!Ref.
|-
|rowspan="8"|2010
|Best Actress
|[[Mrunmayee Deshpande]]
|Janaki
|rowspan=8"|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zee Marathi Awards – 2010, held recently with a grand bash!|url=http://www.esselnewsletter.com/news/zee-marathi-awards-2010-held-recently-with-a-grand-bash.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626094020/http://www.esselnewsletter.com/news/zee-marathi-awards-2010-held-recently-with-a-grand-bash.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=26 June 2021|website=Essel News Letter}}</ref>
|-
|Best Father
|[[Sunil Barve]]
|Narsingh
|-
|Best Negative Actor
|[[Sharad Ponkshe]]
|Parshuram
|-
|Best Character Female
|[[Suhas Joshi]]
|Krishna
|-
|Best Supporting Female
|Dipti Ketkar
|Radhika
|-
|Best Supporting Male
|Siddheshwar Zadbuke
|Padmakar
|-
|Best Siblings
|[[Mrunmayee Deshpande]]-Prafulla Bhalerao
|Janaki-Ganesh
|-
|Best Series
|
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|2011
|Best Character Female
|[[Mrunmayee Deshpande]]
|Janaki
|rowspan="3"|<ref>{{Cite web|title=TV serial 'Pinjara' bags maximum Zee Family awards|url=https://marathimovieworld.com/news/pinjara-bags-maximum-zee-family-awards.php|website=Marathi Movie World|date=17 September 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='झी मराठी पुरस्कार सोहळा': 'पिंजरा' मालिकेस सर्वाधिक पुरस्कार|url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/BOL-zee-marathi-awards-function-2011-2438008.html|website=Divya Marathi|language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|Best Family
|Killedar Family
|
|-
|Best Siblings
|[[Mrunmayee Deshpande]]-Prafulla Bhalerao
|Janaki-Ganesh
|}

== Reception ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" | Week
! rowspan="2" | Year
! rowspan="2" | [[TAM Media Research|TAM]] [[Audience measurement|TVR]]
! colspan="2" | Rank
! rowspan="2" | Ref.
|-
! Mah/Goa
! All India
|-
|Week 45
|2009
|0.7
|3
|93
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tvr Ratings from 08/11/2009 to 14/11/2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091202111207/http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=08/11/2009&endperiod=14/11/2009|archive-date=2009-12-02|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=08/11/2009&endperiod=14/11/2009}}</ref>
|-
|Week 50
|2009
|0.8
|2
|92
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tvr Ratings from 13/12/2009 to 19/12/2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117225235/http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=13/12/2009&endperiod=19/12/2009|archive-date=2010-01-17|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=13/12/2009&endperiod=19/12/2009}}</ref>
|-
|Week 52
|2009
|0.9
|2
|86
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tvr Ratings from 27/12/2009 to 02/01/2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100125190751/http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=27/12/2009&endperiod=02/01/2010|archive-date=2010-01-25|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=27/12/2009&endperiod=02/01/2010}}</ref>
|-
|Week 1
|2010
|1.0
|1
|57
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tvr Ratings from 03/01/2010 to 09/01/2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100126144914/http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=03/01/2010&endperiod=09/01/2010|archive-date=2010-01-26|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=03/01/2010&endperiod=09/01/2010}}</ref>
|-
|Week 5
|2010
|0.7
|3
|98
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tvr Ratings from 31/01/2010 to 06/02/2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100227055037/http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=31/01/2010&endperiod=06/02/2010|archive-date=2010-02-27|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=31/01/2010&endperiod=06/02/2010}}</ref>
|-
|Week 7
|2010
|0.8
|1
|92
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tvr Ratings from 14/02/2010 to 20/02/2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100603040615/http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=14/02/2010&endperiod=20/02/2010|archive-date=2010-06-03|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=14/02/2010&endperiod=20/02/2010}}</ref>
|-
|Week 11
|2010
|0.7
|3
|99
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tvr Ratings from 14/03/2010 to 20/03/2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100331132856/http://www.indiantelevision.com:80/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee+Marathi&startperiod=14/03/2010&endperiod=20/03/2010|archive-date=2010-03-31|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com:80/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee+Marathi&startperiod=14/03/2010&endperiod=20/03/2010}}</ref>
|-
|Week 32
|2010
|0.68
|4
|99
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tvr Ratings from 08/08/2010 to 14/08/2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100826070933/http://www.indiantelevision.com:80/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee+Marathi&startperiod=08/08/2010&endperiod=14/08/2010|archive-date=2010-08-26|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com:80/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee+Marathi&startperiod=08/08/2010&endperiod=14/08/2010}}</ref>
|-
|Week 37
|2010
|0.7
|1
|97
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tvr Ratings from 12/09/2010 to 18/09/2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101004202140/http://www.indiantelevision.com:80/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee+Marathi&startperiod=12/09/2010&endperiod=18/09/2010|archive-date=2010-10-04|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com:80/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee+Marathi&startperiod=12/09/2010&endperiod=18/09/2010}}</ref>
|}

== Adaptations ==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:LightGreen;"|Language
!style="background:LightGreen;"|Title
!style="background:LightGreen;"|Original release
!style="background:LightGreen;"|Network(s)
!style="background:LightGreen;"|Last aired
!style="background:LightGreen;"|Notes
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| ''Kunku'' कुंकू
| 27 July 2009
| [[Zee Marathi]]
| 4 February 2012
| Original
|-
| [[Kannada]]
| ''Chi Sow Savithri'' ಚಿ ಸೌ ಸಾವಿತ್ರಿ
| 26 July 2010
| [[Zee Kannada]]
| 27 July 2012
| Remake
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web | url = http://www.zeemarathi.com/Zee_Serial.aspx?zsid=118 | title = Kunku | archive-date = 2011-12-22 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111222024650/http://www.zeemarathi.com/Zee_Serial.aspx?zsid=118 | access-date = 2024-02-05 | url-status = live }}

[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Zee Marathi original programming]]
[[Category:2009 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2012 Indian television series endings]]

Patiala Locomotive Works

2025-10-20T08:25:45Z

Mrav:

{{Short description|Locomotive manufacturer in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = {{fontcolor|darkblue|Patiala Locomotive Works}}
| logo =
| type = Electric locomotive production unit
| fate =
| predecessor = Diesel Loco Modernization Works
| founded = {{start date and age| df=yes|1981|10|24}}<ref name = "Introduction - PLW [CAG Report]">{{cite web |url=https://cag.gov.in/uploads/media/Section-Function-Diesel-Loco-Moderation-Works-Details-20200915153013.pdf |title= Introduction - Patiala Locomotive Works |date=15 September 2020 |website=cag.gov.in |publisher=PLW |access-date= 26 November 2023}}</ref>
| defunct =
| location_city = [[Patiala]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| location_country = India
| products = [[WAP-7]] [[WAG-9]] [[Catenary maintenance vehicle|8-Wheeled Diesel Electric Tower Car (DETC)]]
| production = 198 units (2022-23)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://plw.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,294,325 |title=Production of PLW over the years |date= 9 June 2023 |website=plw.indianrailways.gov.in |publisher= PLW |access-date= 26 November 2023}}</ref>
* WAP-7 and WAG-9: 198
* DETC: 55
| area_served = [[India]]
| key_people = Pramod Kumar (Principal Chief Administrative Officer)<ref>{{cite web |url=
https://plw.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,294,489 |title=Organisation Structure |date= 9 November 2023| website=plw.indianrailways.gov.in |publisher=PLW |access-date= 26 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=
https://plw.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/File/dmw/Annual%20report%2022-23%20Final.pdf |title=Patiala Locomotive Works, Patiala - Annual Report 2022-23 |website=plw.indianrailways.gov.in |access-date= 26 November 2023| page=3}}</ref>
| industry = [[Electric locomotive]]
| services =
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| assets =
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| num_employees = 3000+<ref name = "About PLW">{{cite web |url=https://plw.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,294 |title=About PLW |date= 7 April 2023 |website=plw.indianrailways.gov.in |publisher= PLW |access-date= 26 November 2023}}</ref>
| num_employees_year = 2023
| homepage = {{URL|https://plw.indianrailways.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Patiala Locomotive Works (PLW)''' (formerly '''Diesel Loco Modernization Works (DLMW)''') is a production unit of the [[Indian Railways]] located at [[Patiala]] in the [[India|Indian]] state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. It was set up in the year 1981 as "Diesel Component Works" (DCW) to meet the demand of maintaining the Railway's [[List of diesel locomotives of India|diesel locomotives]].<ref name = "About PLW" /> Currently, it has the job of manufacturing new [[WAP 7|WAP-7]] and [[WAG 9|WAG-9]] electric locomotives along with [[Catenary maintenance vehicle|8-wheeled diesel electric tower cars (8-W DETCs)]], and upgrading and rehabilitating old locomotives. It also extends maintenance support to the Railways by providing high-precision components and sub-assemblies.<ref name = "Introduction - PLW [CAG Report]" />

==Services==
* Manufacturing and supply of high-quality components and sub-assemblies as spares
* Manufacturing of components hitherto imported, leading to [[import substitution]] and timely availability
* Remanufacturing of critical assemblies for the unit exchange system of the railway's diesel locomotive maintenance system
* Rebuilding locomotives and power packs, and [[retrofitting]] locomotives with systems that incorporate the latest technological developments
* Manufacturing [[WAP-7]] (starting number from 39000 onwards) and [[WAG-9]] (starting number from 41501 onwards) electric locomotives

==Products==
'''Key''':
: {{legend2|#DDFFDD||border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}} Loco currently in production

The designation of the locomotives follows the [[Locomotives of India#Classification|nomenclature in Indian Railways]]. Prototypes and individual vehicles are not listed.

===Electric locomotives===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Name
![[Wheel arrangement|Wheel]]
[[Wheel arrangement|Arr]]
!Built year(s)
!Power
!Current Status
|- style="background-color: #DDFFDD"
|[[Indian locomotive class WAP-7|WAP-7]]
|Co-Co
|2000–present
|6350 HP
|In service
|- style="background-color: #DDFFDD"
|[[Indian locomotive class WAG-9|WAG-9]]
|Co-Co<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.cafpower.com/en/services/railway-modernisation-upgrade/gto-igbt-upgrade |title= GTO to IGBT Upgrade - WAG-9 Co-Co |website= cafpower.com |publisher= CAF Power & Automation |access-date= 1 April 2021}}</ref>
|1996–present
|6125 HP
|In service
|}

==See also==
* [[Indian Railway Service of Mechanical Engineers]]
* [[Chittaranjan Locomotive Works]]
* [[Banaras Locomotive Works]]
* [[Diesel Locomotive Factory, Marhowrah]]
* [[Electric Locomotive Factory, Madhepura]]
* [[Integral Coach Factory]], [[Chennai]]
* [[Modern Coach Factory, Raebareli]]
* [[Rail Coach Factory, Kapurthala]]
* [[Rail Wheel Factory]], [[Yelahanka]]
* [[Rail Wheel Plant, Bela]]
* [[Titagarh Wagons]], [[Titagarh]]
* [[List of locomotive builders|List of locomotive builders by countries]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
* [http://www.dmw.indianrailways.gov.in/ Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125133433/http://www.dmw.indianrailways.gov.in/ |date=25 November 2013 }}
{{Indian Railways}}

{{coord missing|Punjab (India)}}
[[Category:Transport in Patiala]]
[[Category:Patiala]]
[[Category:Railway workshops in India]]
[[Category:Economy of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:1981 establishments in Punjab, India]]

{{india-rail-transport-stub}}

Claude Ashton

2025-09-23T06:55:25Z

Mrav: reworked information for accuracy

{{short description|English footballer and cricketer}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Claude Thesiger Ashton
| birth_date = 19 February 1901
| birth_place = Calcutta, British India
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1942|10|31|1901|2|19}}
| education = Winchester College
| alma_mater = Trinity College, Cambridge
| occupation = Amateur Footballer
First-class cricketer
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
'''Claude Thesiger Ashton''' (19 February 1901 – 31 October 1942) was an English [[amateur sports|amateur]] [[association football|footballer]] and [[first-class cricket]]er. As footballer he played for [[Corinthian F.C.|Corinthians]] in several different positions including [[Goalkeeper (association football)|goalkeeper]] and [[centre forward]], although his preferred position was [[wing-half]]. He made one appearance for the [[England national football team|England]] national team in 1925 when he was appointed team [[Captain (association football)|captain]]. As a cricketer he played for [[Cambridge University Cricket Club|Cambridge University]] and [[Essex County Cricket Club|Essex]]. A pre-war officer of the [[Auxiliary Air Force]], he died as a result of a mid-air collision in a training accident in the [[Second World War]].

==Early life==
Ashton was born in [[Calcutta]], India and was the youngest of four sons of Hubert Shorrock Ashton and of Victoria Alexandrina Ashton (née Inglis). Ashton's mother, Victoria, was the daughter of Sir [[John Eardley Wilmot Inglis]], who commanded the British forces at the [[Siege of Lucknow]], and [[Julia Selina Inglis|Julia Selina Thesiger]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Victoria Alexandrina Inglis|url=http://histfam.familysearch.org/getperson.php?personID=I6126&tree=Kings|publisher=Family Search|access-date=17 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330202349/http://histfam.familysearch.org/getperson.php?personID=I6126&tree=Kings|archive-date=30 March 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

His brothers included [[Hubert Ashton|Hubert]], [[Gilbert Ashton|Gilbert]] and [[Percy Ashton|Percy]], all of whom played first-class cricket.
Claude was educated at [[Winchester College]] where he was captain of cricket, football, [[Racquets (sport)|racquets]] and [[fives]]. He then went up to [[Trinity College, Cambridge]] and earned his [[Blue (university sport)#University of Cambridge|blue]] at hockey, cricket and football. When Claude Ashton and his two brothers, Hubert and Gilbert, were together in the [[Cambridge University A.F.C.|Cambridge football team]] of 1920, the university side earned itself the nickname of "Ashton Villa".<ref>The Trusty Servant, November 2011</ref> Although he became football captain in his third year at University, he was unable to take part in the 1923 match against [[Oxford University A.F.C.|Oxford University]].

==Cricket career==
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Claude Ashton
| image =
| caption =
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm medium
| columns = 1
| column1 = [[First-class cricket|First-class]]
| matches1 = 127
| runs1 = 4,723
| bat avg1 = 24.98
| 100s/50s1 = 4/26
| top score1 = 118
| deliveries1 = 7,718
| wickets1 = 139
| bowl avg1 = 30.92
| fivefor1 = 5
| tenfor1 = 1
| best bowling1 = 7/51
| catches/stumpings1= 113/–
| source = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/4/4765/4765.html CricketArchive
| date = 28 December
| year = 2021
}}
Ashton first played for the [[Cambridge University Cricket Club|University Cricket eleven]] in May 1921, and in 1921 he made 557 runs for the university at an average of 46.41. His best scores were 101 [[not out]] off the [[Surrey County Cricket Club|Surrey]] bowlers at [[the Oval]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/10/10138.html |title=Surrey v Cambridge University; June 1921 (Match summary) |access-date=27 October 2017 |archive-date=5 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605094542/http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/10/10138.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and with 98 against [[Marylebone Cricket Club|M.C.C.]] at [[Lord's]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/10/10168.html |title=Marylebone Cricket Club v Cambridge University, June 1921 (Match summary) |access-date=27 October 2017 |archive-date=18 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818043925/http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/10/10168.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In the match against [[Oxford University Cricket Club|Oxford University]] in July, he played alongside his brothers [[Gilbert Ashton|Gilbert]] (captain) and [[Hubert Ashton|Hubert]] making 48 runs (with Hubert scoring 118) as Cambridge won by an innings and 24 runs.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/10/10187.html |title=Oxford University v Cambridge University; July 1921 (Match summary) |access-date=27 October 2017 |archive-date=21 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221105622/http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/10/10187.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

After the varsity match, Claude joined Hubert at [[Essex County Cricket Club|Essex]] with only modest success, scoring 240 at an average of 18.46. With one appearance for the England XI against Australia, his aggregate for the season was 798 at an average of 29.55.

In July 1922, he again joined Hubert (now captain) in the varsity match which was won by an innings and 100 runs, after Hubert (on 90) (with [[Percy Chapman]] on 102) declared at 403 for four wickets. As a result, Claude was unable to bat and only bowled three overs without claiming a wicket.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/10/10524.html |title=Oxford University v Cambridge University; July 1922 (Match summary) |access-date=27 October 2017 |archive-date=16 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116190251/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/10/10524.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Rain interfered with many matches in 1922 but Claude's aggregate for the university and Essex for the year was 797 runs, average 28.46. His best performance came in early August against [[Middlesex County Cricket Club|Middlesex]], when he scored 110 not out in a drawn match.

For 1923, he succeeded his two elder brothers as captain of [[Cambridge University Cricket Club|Cambridge University]], but was unable to emulate his brothers in the varsity match. Oxford batted all the first day, and during the night a severe thunderstorm with a deluge of rain completely altered the conditions at Lord's, with the result that Cambridge were dismissed twice and beaten on the Tuesday by an innings and 227 runs, the most overwhelming defeat in the whole series of university matches and the three most decisive results to occur consecutively.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/10/10879.html |title=Oxford University v Cambridge University; July 1923 (Match summary) |access-date=27 October 2017 |archive-date=18 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418081947/http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/10/10879.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Claude thus ended his time with the university in rather dismal circumstances.

In the 1923 season as a whole, however, he amassed 916 runs at an average of 24.75, and claimed 50 wickets with his medium-pace bowling, together with 21 catches.

Over the next few years, his business commitments restricted his cricket and between 1930 and 1933 he played no first-class cricket. After a five-year absence from first-class cricket, he returned for Essex at the end of May 1934 in a match against [[Kent County Cricket Club|Kent]] at [[Old County Ground, Brentwood|Brentwood]]. In an astonishing match Kent scored 803 for four wickets, with [[Bill Ashdown]] scoring 332, [[Frank Woolley]] 172 and [[Les Ames]] 202 [[not out|n.o.]] (185 runs were scored off Ashton's 31 overs). In reply, Essex managed 408 in the first innings, with centuries from [[Dudley Pope (cricketer)|Dudley Pope]] and [[Jack O'Connor (English cricketer)|Jack O'Connor]], while Ashton could only contribute 11. Following on, Essex were bowled out for 203, with Ashton making 71 not out.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/14/14992.html |title=Essex v Kent; May/June 1934 (Match summary) |access-date=27 October 2017 |archive-date=28 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028205543/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/14/14992.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

A few days later, he made his highest first-class score of 118 against [[Surrey County Cricket Club|Surrey]] (again at Brentwood), helping O'Connor put on 287 for the fifth wicket, a then Essex record, in a total of 570, which brought victory by an innings and 192.<ref name="Haigh">{{cite book|last1=Haigh|first1=Gideon|title=Peter The Lord's Cat and Other Unexpected Obituaries from Wisden|date=2006|publisher=John Wisden & Co|location=London, Eng|isbn=1845131630|pages=11}}</ref> The stand occupied only two hours twenty minutes, and the fourth hundred of the innings came in 38 minutes.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/15/15001.html |title=Essex v Surrey; June 1934 (Match summary) |access-date=27 October 2017 |archive-date=10 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110005551/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/15/15001.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The combined total of runs scored in these two matches was 2362. In six games for Essex in 1934, Ashton scored 416 runs and headed the averages with 59.42.

His fourth and final century came against [[Gloucestershire County Cricket Club|Gloucestershire]] in July 1936, when he scored 100 in a drawn match, thereby passing a career total of 4500 runs.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/15/15879.html |title=Gloucestershire v Essex; July 1936 (Match summary) |access-date=27 October 2017 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303173208/http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/15/15879.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

His first-class cricket career spanned 18 years from 1921 to 1938 during which he scored an aggregate of 4723 runs at an average of 24.98, took 139 wickets as a bowler, and held 113 catches.

==Football career==

===Corinthians===
At [[Cambridge University A.F.C.|Cambridge University]], he became football captain in his third year, but unable to take part in the 1923 match against [[Oxford University A.F.C.|Oxford University]]. After graduating, he played for [[Old Wykehamists F.C.|Old Wykehamists]], and he, [[Hubert Ashton|Hubert]] and Gilbert occupied the inside-forward positions for Old Wykehamists in [[Arthur Dunn Cup]] ties.

Whilst at university, he joined his two brothers at [[Corinthian F.C.|Corinthian]], making his first appearance on 18 December 1920 playing at [[wing-half]] in a 4–2 victory over [[Brighton and Hove Albion F.C.|Brighton and Hove Albion]]. In the next match, against the [[Isthmian League]], he played at inside left alongside his two brothers. Over the next two seasons he generally played as a [[Striker (association football)|forward]], before reverting to left-half in 1923–24, occasionally dropping back into defence. On 29 November 1924 he played in goal against [[Oxford University A.F.C.|Oxford University]] deputising for [[Benjamin Howard Baker]].

For the 1925–26 season, he was restored to the forward line with great success. Over the next five seasons, he scored 103 goals from 89 appearances, including five goals against Northern Nomads on 24 December 1927, United Hospitals on 20 October 1928 and The Army on 19 January 1929. He played for the "Amateurs" in the [[1929 FA Charity Shield]].<ref>{{Cite news | work = Derby Daily Telegraph | title = Professionals v. Amateurs – selected teams for annual match | date = 26 September 1929 | access-date = 21 March 2016 | page = 10 | via = British Newspaper Archive | url = http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000327/19290926/085/0010 }}</ref> In 1932 he dropped back into midfield and ended his career with the Corinthians in November 1934.

His final appearance for Corinthian came in an [[FA Cup]] first round tie against [[Watford F.C.|Watford]] on 24 November 1934, which was lost 2–0. In his fifteen seasons with Corinthian, he appeared in all 20 FA Cup ties played by Corinthian, scoring seven goals including a pair against [[Walsall F.C.|Walsall]] on 8 January 1927 and a [[hat-trick]] in a 5–0 victory at [[Norwich City F.C.|Norwich City]] in the third round on 12 January 1929. His first goal against Norwich came at thirty minutes when he scored with a drive, following a pass from [[Jackie Hegan]]. He increased the lead two minutes before the break after a cross from Hegan, when he "proceeded to slot the ball gently past the surprised goalkeeper". His third goal came near the end of the game when he ran through to complete his hat-trick.<ref>{{cite book | author=Rob Cavallini| title=Play Up Corinth: A History of the Corinthian Football Club | publisher=Tempus Publishing | year=2007|pages=160–161| isbn=978-0-7524-4479-6}}</ref> He also scored Corinthian's consolation goal in a 3–1 defeat by [[Newcastle United F.C.|Newcastle United]] at [[Crystal Palace National Sports Centre|Crystal Palace]] in front of a crowd of 56,338 on 29 January 1927.<ref>[http://www.khscott.org.uk/nufc/includes/match_detail.php?id=4650 Corinthian 1 - Newcastle United 3, 29 January 1927 (Match summary)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509044809/http://www.khscott.org.uk/nufc/includes/match_detail.php?id=4650 |date=9 May 2008 }}</ref>

In his career with Corinthian, he played a total of 208 matches, only exceeded by [[Tommy Whewell]] and [[Benjamin Howard Baker]], and scored 145 goals.

===England===
He was selected for the [[England national football team|England]] national team for the match against [[Northern Ireland national football team|Northern Ireland]] at [[Windsor Park]], [[Belfast]] on 24 October 1925, and was appointed captain for his solitary appearance for the full national side, playing at [[centre-forward]]. He did not have a particularly memorable game, failing to "give cohesion to his line and his shooting was weak".<ref>{{cite book | author=Graham Betts| title=England: Player by player | publisher=Green Umbrella Publishing | year=2006| page=15|isbn=1-905009-63-1}}</ref> He was generally considered to be a good tackler and dribbler, but weak in the air. The game ended in a 0–0 draw.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.englandstats.com/matchreport.php?mid=147 |title=Northern Ireland 0 - England 0; 24 October 1925 (Match summary) |access-date=29 April 2008 |archive-date=22 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522051639/http://www.englandstats.com/matchreport.php?mid=147 |url-status=live }}</ref> He was the last player to captain England in his only international.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.englandfootballonline.com/TeamCapt/CaptBio/CaptAshtonCT.html |title=England captains |access-date=29 April 2008 |archive-date=15 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115050239/http://www.englandfootballonline.com/TeamCapt/CaptBio/CaptAshtonCT.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

He also made 12 appearances for the England Amateur XI.

==Hockey==
Whilst at Cambridge, he twice played hockey against Oxford.<ref name="Haigh" /> After retiring from football, he joined the [[Beckenham]] hockey club and was given a trial for England.

==Life outside sport==
On graduating from Cambridge University, he qualified as a [[Chartered Accountant]], and later worked in the [[London Stock Exchange]].

He was married to Isabel Norman-Butler and had three children. His wife's sister was married to [[George Abell (civil servant and cricketer)|George Abell]] who played cricket for [[Worcestershire County Cricket Club|Worcestershire]] and Oxford University.

He was commissioned as an acting [[pilot officer]] in [[No. 909 Squadron RAF|No. 909 (County of Essex) (Balloon) Squadron]], Auxiliary Air Force on 5 July 1938,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=34544|page=5420|date=23 August 1938}}</ref> he was promoted to [[flying officer]] later that year.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=34581|supp=y|page=8079|date=20 December 1938}}</ref> He was called to active service at the outbreak of the [[Second World War]], and was promoted [[flight lieutenant]] on 18 September 1939.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=34581|supp=y|page=7189|date=27 October 1939}}</ref> On 25 February 1942 he transferred to the General Duties Branch for flight training, reverting to the rank of flying officer.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=35630|supp=y|page=3097|date=10 July 1942}}</ref> He was posted in rank of squadron leader to [[No. 256 Squadron RAF]] and was killed on 31 October 1942,<ref name=CWGC>[http://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/2722140 Casualty details—Ashton, Claude Thesiger] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202014226/https://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/2722140 |date=2 February 2018 }}, [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]]. Retrieved 1 May 2008</ref> when as a navigator/observer flying in a [[Bristol Beaufighter]] ''X7845'' it collided in mid-air with a [[Vickers Wellington]] during a training mission near [[Caernarfon]], [[North Wales]]. The pilot of his Beaufighter was Squadron Leader [[Roger Winlaw]], a fellow [[Old Wykehamist]] who had played 52 games for [[Cambridge University Cricket Club|Cambridge]] and [[Surrey County Cricket Club|Surrey]]. He is buried in the [[Ingatestone]] and [[Fryerning]] Cemetery in [[Essex]].<ref name=CWGC/><ref>{{ASN accident|wikibase=yes|id=227828|type=Accident|title=Beaufighter X7845|access-date=24 March 2020}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of England international footballers born outside England]]
* [[List of English cricket and football players]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/155683.html Wisden obituary]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20131105085154/http://cricketarchive.com/Essex/Players/4/4765/4765.html Essex CricketArchive]
*[http://content-www.cricinfo.com/england/content/player/8571.html Profile on ESPNcricinfo]
*{{Englandstats}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080510050414/http://www.englandfc.com/Profiles/php/PlayerProfileByName.php?id=29 England profile www.englandfc.com]
*[http://www.stock.org.uk/history/virtual-ingatestone/index.htm Ingatestone war memorial]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20181026123608/http://www.corinthian-casuals.com/player-profiles.html Corinthian Casuals F.C. - Player profiles]

{{Inglis family}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ashton, Claude}}
[[Category:1901 births]]
[[Category:1942 deaths]]
[[Category:Burials in Essex]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:People educated at Winchester College]]
[[Category:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:English men's footballers]]
[[Category:England men's international footballers]]
[[Category:England men's amateur international footballers]]
[[Category:Cambridge University A.F.C. players]]
[[Category:Corinthian F.C. players]]
[[Category:English cricketers]]
[[Category:Cambridge University cricketers]]
[[Category:Essex cricketers]]
[[Category:Royal Air Force squadron leaders]]
[[Category:Royal Air Force pilots of World War II]]
[[Category:Royal Air Force personnel killed in World War II]]
[[Category:Free Foresters cricketers]]
[[Category:Footballers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:English cricketers of 1919 to 1945]]
[[Category:Men's association football inside forwards]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1942]]
[[Category:British sportspeople in British India]]
[[Category:Aviators killed in aviation accidents or incidents in Wales]]
[[Category:Victims of mid-air collisions]]

Isauli Assembly constituency

2025-09-10T07:42:43Z

Mrav:

{{short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Isauli
| map_image = 187-Isauli.svg
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| constituency_no = 187
| district = [[Sultanpur district|Sultanpur]]
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Mohammad Tahir Khan ]]<ref name="election2010">[http://www.upvidhansabhaproceedings.gov.in/web/guest/member?memberId=20105 "Isauli MLA"]</ref>
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| type = SLA
| electors = 3,58,604
}}
'''Isauli''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of Isauli in the [[Sultanpur district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

Isauli is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Sultanpur Lok Sabha constituency]].

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|[[Abrar Ahmed (Samajwadi politician)|Abrar Ahmed]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Mohammad Tahir Khan]]
|-
|}
2012 Abrar Ahmed samajwadi

Party

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Isauli<ref name="election2022">{{cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/ConstituencywiseS24187.htm?ac=187|title=Uttar Pradesh 2022 Result|website=Election Commission of India|access-date=14 March 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Mohammad Tahir Khan]]<ref name="election2010-1">[http://www.upvidhansabhaproceedings.gov.in/web/guest/member?memberId=20105 "Isauli MLA"]</ref>
|votes = {{formatnum:69629}}
|percentage = 34.34
|change = {{increase}}7.4
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Om Prakash Pandey "Bajrangi"
|votes = {{formatnum:69360}}
|percentage = 34.21
|change = {{increase}}9.49
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Yash Bhadra Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:54119}}
|percentage = 26.69
|change = {{increase}}13.66
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|candidate = Mahjahar
|votes = {{formatnum:3308}}
|percentage = 1.63
|change = {{decrease}}0.39
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Brijmohan
|votes = {{formatnum:2306}}
|percentage = 1.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1626}}
|percentage = 0.8
|change = {{decrease}}0.39
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:269}}
|percentage = 0.13
|change = {{decrease}}2.09
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:202743}}
|percentage = 56.54
|change = {{increase}}0.19
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Isauli<ref name="election2017">{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Uttar Pradesh 2017 Result|website=Election Commission of India|access-date=14 March 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Abrar Ahmed (Samajwadi politician)|Abrar Ahmed]]
|votes = {{formatnum:51583}}
|percentage = 26.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Om Prakash Pandey
|votes = {{formatnum:47342}}
|percentage = 24.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|candidate = Yash Bhadra Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:43026}}
|percentage = 22.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Dr. Shailendra Tripathi
|votes = {{formatnum:24961}}
|percentage = 13.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Most Backward Classes Of India
|candidate = Shiv Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:11445}}
|percentage = 5.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|candidate = Haji Mohd. Daud Khan
|votes = {{formatnum:3865}}
|percentage = 2.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shahabuddin
|votes = {{formatnum:1809}}
|percentage = 0.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2256}}
|percentage = 1.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:4241}}
|percentage = 2.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:191509}}
|percentage = 56.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}

{{coord|27.39|78.38|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Sultanpur district]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]

Deolali Pravara Municipal Council

2025-07-14T20:40:24Z

Mrav: added some biography w/ refs - done

{{use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{other uses|Deolali (disambiguation)}}

'''Deolali Pravara Municipal Council''' is a [[municipal council]] that governs [[Deolali Pravara]] a town in [[Rahuri taluka]] of [[Ahmednagar district]], Maharashtra, an [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]].<ref name="ECI-20081126">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=2008-11-26|publisher=Election Commission of India|pages=262|accessdate=2015-08-12}}</ref> The council is a "C" class council and comprises 18 wards.<ref name="DeolaliPravaraMuncicpalCouncil-20140817">{{cite web|url=http://www.deolalipravraelection.mahasec.com/about_organization.asp?opt06|title=आमच्याविषयी|publisher=Deolali Pravara Municipal Council|language=Marathi|accessdate=17 August 2015}}</ref>

==Awards==
The council has won various awards including the following:<ref name="DeolaliPravaraMuncicpalCouncil-20140817" />
* 2002-03: Rs. 25 [[lakh]] first prize for cleanliness amongst "C" class municipalities of Maharashtra.
* 2003-04: Rs. 5 lakh prize for solid waste management.
* 2004-05: Rs. 5 lakh prize for water supply and sanitation
* 2007: National level prize - first prize of value Rs. 1 lakh and citation for best ground water conservation in Western region.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Ahmednagar district]]
[[Category:Municipal councils in Maharashtra]]

Pranay Sahay

2025-07-09T18:02:26Z

Mrav: improved article

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Pranay Sahay
| image =
| birth_date =
| office = [[Secretary to the Government of India|Secretary]] ([[Special Protection Group|Security]])
| status =
| term_start = 17 June 2011
| term_end = 31 October 2011
| predecessor = B. K. Dey
| successor = A. B. Mathur
| office2 = 
| term_start2 = 
| term_end2 =

| occupation = [[Indian Police Service]] Officer
}}
'''Pranay Sahay''' is an [[Indian Police Service]] officer of the 1975 batch and was the [[Director General of Police]] of the [[Central Reserve Police Force]], the largest paramilitary force in India. He was the [[Director General of Police]] (DG) of the [[Sashastra Seema Bal]] (SSB) before the CRPF posting. The DG's present main agenda is to tackle the rampant [[maoism]] and [[terrorism]] in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pranay-sahay-is-new-crpf-chief/article4006741.ece |title=Pranay Sahay is new CRPF chief |work=The Hindu |date=2012-10-18 |accessdate=2013-04-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/news/pranay-sahay-to-be-new-dg-of-crpf-news-defence-mkrtSrjabfd.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140506022205/http://www.sify.com/news/pranay-sahay-to-be-new-dg-of-crpf-news-defence-mkrtSrjabfd.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2014-05-06 |title=Pranay Sahay to be new DG of CRPF |website=[[Sify]] |date=2012-10-17 |accessdate=2013-04-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://crpf.nic.in/PRESS/SH.%20PRANAY%20SAHAY,%20IPS%20HAS%20TAKEN%20OVER%20THE%20CHARGE%20OF%20DG%20CRPF%20ON%2018TH%20OCT%E2%80%992012.pdf |title=Central Reserve Police Force : Sh. Pranay Sahay Takes Over as DG, CRPF |publisher=Crpf.in |accessdate=2013-08-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/pranay-sahay-is-new-crpf-chief-112101500567_1.html |title=Pranay Sahay is new CRPF chief |newspaper=Business Standard India |publisher=Business Standard |date=2012-10-15 |accessdate=2013-04-22|agency=Press Trust of India }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-01-11/news/36280119_1_anti-naxal-operations-naxal-ambush-crpf-chief-pranay-sahay |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523233831/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-01-11/news/36280119_1_anti-naxal-operations-naxal-ambush-crpf-chief-pranay-sahay |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 May 2013 |title=Anti-Naxal operations will be intensified: CRPF chief Pranay Sahay - Economic Times |publisher=Articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=2013-01-11 |accessdate=2013-04-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=88470 |title=Press Information Bureau English Releases |publisher=Pib.nic.in |date= |accessdate=2013-04-22}}</ref>

Mr Sahay retired from active service on July 31, 2013. He is working now as an adviser to the Police Department.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sahay, Pranay}}
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{Law-enforcement-bio-stub}}
{{India-bio-stub}}

Chintaman Ganesh Temple, Ujjain

2025-06-12T03:27:55Z

Mrav: fixed content after review and corrected details

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2015}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Chintaman Ganesh Temple
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type =
| map_caption =
| coordinates =
| country = India
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Ujjain]]
| location = [[Fatehabad, Madhya Pradesh|Fatehabad]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Lord Ganesha
| year_completed =
| architecture =
| creator =
| website =
}}
'''Chintaman Ganesh''' is the biggest temple of [[Lord Ganesha]] in [[Ujjain]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]], India. This temple is built across the [[Kshipra]] river on the [[Fatehabad, Madhya Pradesh|Fatehabad]] railway line, and is located about 7 km far south-westerly to the Ujjain town. The temple is located now in the middle of the town's market.

The Ganesha idol enshrined in this temple is supposed to be swayamabhu (self manifested). Locally, Ganesha is also referred to as Chintaman.
His consorts, Ridhhi and Siddhi, flank Chintaman, the assuager of all worries.<ref>[[Ancient monuments in Ujjain#Chintaman ganesh temple]]</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Top Ten Temple Towns of India|publisher=Mark Age Publication|first=S.C.|last=Karkar|location=Kolkota|isbn=978-81-87952-12-1|year=2009|page=124}}</ref>

== Religious significance ==
The temple deity Lord Ganesha is regarded as the Lord of beginnings as per the Hindu beliefs. In the traditional times, the Lord is known as Chintaharan which literally means remover of all worries and tensions. The temple is thronged by crowds of people that come to do away with all their worries at the shrine of the Lord. The term Chintamani is another name used for Lord [[Vishnu]], who is considered as the preserver of the Universe as per [[Hindu Mythology]]. Also called Vighneshwara, the moderator of grief, Ganesha is always the first to be worshipped in the Hindu pantheon, lest he decide to sow obstacles in the devotees' path.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=गणेश मंदिर: इस मंदिर की दीवार पर उल्टा स्वास्तिक बनाने से होती है हर मन्नत पूरी|url=https://www.patrika.com/temples/chintaman-ganesh-mandir-in-ujjain-madhya-pradesh-3447070/|access-date=2021-11-22|website=Patrika News|language=hindi}}</ref>

== History ==
The temple dates back to 11th and 12th centuries when the Paramaras ruled over [[Malwa]]. It is also believed that the original temple dates back to the [[Ramayana|Ramayan]] age and the temple is stablished by [[Sita]].<ref name=":0" />

== Architecture ==
The finely carved stone pillars in the assembly hall and the white shrine define the age-old sanctity of the temple.<ref>[http://www.culturalindia.net/indian-temples/chintaman-temple.html culturalindia]</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Ancient monuments in Ujjain]]
* [[Ujjain]]
*[[Mangalnath Temple]]
*[[Kal Bhairav Temple, Ujjain]]
*[[Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga]]

==References==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141216024229/http://www.mptourism.com/web/explore/destinations/ujjain.aspx MPTourism]
* [https://www.ujjaindarshan.com Ujjain Darshan]

{{coord|23.1467|75.7391|display=title}}
{{City of Ujjain}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chintaman Ganesh}}
[[Category:Hindu temples in Ujjain]]
[[Category:Ganesha temples]]
[[Category:Religion in Ujjain]]

Tajjalan

2025-03-30T22:10:12Z

Mrav: made new info

{{Short description|Concept of Hinduism}}

{{Hinduism}}

'''Tajjalān''' is one of the few [[wikt:enigmatic|enigmatic]] methods in [[Hinduism]] employed by the [[Upanishads|Upanishadic]] seers to describe Reality or [[Brahman]]. It is a cosmological approach to the problem of Reality in the context of creation etc.

==Meaning of Tajjalān==

'''Tajjalān''' ([[Sanskrit]]: तज्जलान्) is an [[adjective]], which means – 'absorbed and breathing in that', 'produced'.<ref>{{cite web|title=Spoken Sanskrit Dictionary|url=http://www.spokensanskrit.de/index.php?tinput=tajjalAn&link=m}}</ref> It is a compound word interpreted as equivalent to ''taj-ja'', ''tal-la'' and ''tad-ana'' that represent the attributes of Brahman.<ref>{{cite book|title=Indian Wisdom or Examples of …|author=Monier Williams|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|page=112|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uZBqVjGuZxYC&q=tajjalan&pg=PA112|isbn=9780766171985|date=2003-07-01}}</ref> It is the enigmatic method to describe Reality unlike the aphoristic method of the [[Mandukya Upanishad]] favoured in the later [[Sutra|Sutra literature]]. [[Shandilya (Rishi)|Shandilya]]’s [[Upanishadic]] declaration:
{{Quote|
<poem>
सर्वं खल्विदं ब्रह्म तज्जलानिति शान्त उपासीत

sarvam khalvidam brahman tajjalān iti shānta upāsita

All this (collectively) is [[Brahman]], indeed: what evolves from That, what dissolves in That, what breathes or functions in That, should be closely and calmly studied…….
</poem>
|[[Chandogya Upanishad]] III.14.1}}

In [[Chandogya Upanishad]] this word first appears,<ref>{{cite book|title=Chandogya Upanishad|author=Swami Gambhirananda|publisher=Advaita Ashrama|place=Kolkata|page=208|quote=Verse 14.1|url=http://www.supatha.in/index.php/categories/rama-krishna-math/chandogya-upanishad-by-swami-gambhirananda.html }}</ref> adopts the cryptic way for saying how God could be regarded as 'the origin', 'the end', and 'the life of all things'.<ref>{{cite book|title=A Constructive Survey of Upanishadic Philosophy|author=Ramachandra Dattatrya Ranade|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan|place=Mumbai|page=23|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=StIGY05PTMUC|year=1986}}</ref> Creation literally refers to the beginning of the present cycle but the [[Vedic]] seers believed that creation is beginning-less and a never-ending process, and that Brahman is the essence of all that exists and does not exist.<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Upanishads|author=Swami Parameshwarananda|year=2000|publisher=Sarup & Sons|page=73|isbn=9788176251488|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Mgwzp6-HTTIC&q=tajjalan&pg=PA73}}</ref> [[Adi Shankara|Shankara]] gives the meaning of ''Tajjalān'' as – "From this "''tad''" Brahman the universe has arisen "''ja''", on dissolution it disappears "''li''" into this identical with Brahman; in the same way finally it is Brahman in whom the universe, after it is created, breathes "''an''" and lives - ''Tat-Ja-Li-An''". He paraphrases ''tajja''- with ''tasmad brahmano jatam'' because ''jan'' construed with ''tad-as'' can take the suffix ''da'', so as to give the derivative ''tajja-''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Recent Research in Pāṇinian Grammar|author=George Cordona|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers|place=New Delhi|page=137|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5MOEttrZhbcC&q=tajjalan&pg=PA137|isbn=9788120816374|date=1999-01-01}}</ref>

==Implications==

''Tajjalān'' is a riddle that describes positively the three basic attributes of Brahman concerning explaining the process of creation etc. from the primeval [[Atman (Hinduism)|Atman]]. [[Taittiriya Upanishad]] II.1/ III.1 proposes the Theory of the emanation of the elements from Brahman, the same Upanishad defines Brahman as Existence, Consciousness, and Infinity and declares “that alone might be regarded as the Ultimate Reality of things, from which all these beings are born, by which they live when born, to which they repair and into which they are finally resolved”, because behind the cosmos there must be an existence which must be regarded as responsible for its origin, sustenance, and absorption.<ref>{{cite book|title=A Constructive Survey of Upanishadic philosophy|author=Ramachandra Dattatrya Ranade|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan|place=Mumbai|page=53|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=StIGY05PTMUC|year=1986}}</ref> [[Shandilya (Rishi)|Shandilya]], through the use of the term, ''Tajjalān'', reveals the secret name by which Brahman should be worshipped. [[Badarayana]] defines [[Brahman]] as – जन्माद्यस्य यतः (''Janamādi asaya yatah'') ([[Brahma Sutra]] I.1.2)– meaning, "That (is [[Brahman]]) from which (are derived) the birth, etc. of this (universe)", in which regard [[Adi Shankara]] states that the phrase, ''janamādi'' is a ''[[bahuvrihi]]'' compound where the subject presented is apprehended along with its attributes.<ref>{{cite book|title=Brahma-Sutra-Bhasya|author=Adi Shankara|publisher=Advaita Ashrama|place=Kolkata|page=13}}</ref> This definition of Brahman is called, ''Tatasthalakshana''.

==Significance==

''Tajjalān'' is the mysterious name of the universe as identified with Brahman which word summarises the three attributes of [[Brahman]] - as creator, preserver and destroyer of the universe, and presents the universe as non-different from Brahman in all three periods, past, present and future <ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Upanishads:S-Z|author=Swami Parmeshwaranand|publisher=Sarup & Sons|page=73|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mgwzp6-HTTIC&q=tajjalan&pg=PA73|isbn=9788176251488|date=2000-01-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Principal Upanishads|author=Swami Nikhalananda|publisher=Courier Dover Publications|page=47|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BQxXk7pAx0cC&q=tajjalan&pg=PA47|isbn=9780486427171|year=2003}}</ref> This is the cosmological proof for the existence of God, which also means that the individual soul is non-limited in its essential nature even though owing to abundance of ignorance it acquires various names and forms to become limited. The phrase, ''Tajjalān'', supplies the reason to explain the [[Mahāvākyas|mahavakya]] - "All this is Brahman".<ref>{{cite book|title=The Vedanta Sutras with the commentary by Ramanuja Part 3|author=George Thibaut|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|page=157|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oV5VCwze3iEC&q=tajjalan&pg=PA157|isbn=9781419186622|date=2004-06-01}}</ref> This phrase is one of the two well-known examples of the cosmological approach to the problem of Reality.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Mystical Philosophy of the Upanishads|author=S.C.Sen|publisher=Genesis Publishing (P) Ltd.|page=188|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xnhNZQJ07DYC&q=tajjalan&pg=PA188|isbn=9788130706603|year=1937}}</ref> [[Shandilya (Rishi)|Shandilya]]’s declaration – सर्वं खल्विदं ब्रह्म तज्जलानिति शान्त उपासीत, recommending meditation on Brahman with the aid of the word, ''Tajjalān'', which word as a compressed formula summarizes the three attributes of the changeless Brahman, draws attention to the fact that the act of meditation (''upāsita'') must have an object to meditate upon.<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of Upanishads and its Philosophy Vol.3|year=2002|publisher=Genesis Publishing|page=752|isbn=9788177553659|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gCeqLETiruYC&q=tajjalan&pg=PA751}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Interpreting the Upanishads|author=Ananda E. Wood|year=1996|publisher=Islamic Books|page=23|isbn=9788188071524|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZIVaxKnFvygC&q=tajjalan&pg=PA23}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Indian philosophy|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Vedanta]]

Mohammed Awad al-Zayyud

2025-01-22T14:29:16Z

Mrav: added info

{{Short description|Jordanian politician (1956–2018)}}
'''Mohammed Awad al-Zayyud''' ({{langx|ar|محمد عواد الزيود}}, 1 January 1956 – 10 August 2018) was a Jordanian politician, secretary-general of the [[Islamic Action Front]] Party, the largest and most influential Jordanian party in terms of membership, according to the Arab Center for Studies.<ref>[https://www.ammonnews.net/article/390292 أمين عام جبهة العمل الإسلامي محمد عواد الزيود في ذمة الله] {{in lang|ar}}</ref> And a member of the Shura Council of the former Jordan [[Muslim Brotherhood]]. Belongs to the [[Beni Ḥassān|Bani Hassan]] tribe.<ref>[https://www.khaberni.com/news/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AF-%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%AE%D9%84-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A9-243452 الزيود يدخل في غيبوبة] {{in lang|ar}}</ref>

He was born in Grissa in ([[Zarqa Governorate]]) in 1956 and holds a diploma from the Technical Engineering Institute of Polytechnic College of [[Amman]] in 1977. He had been teacher, municipal councilor, employer in a manufacture of white cement and retired from work in early 2005. He is also member of trade unions and civil society organizations like "Bani Hassan Islamic Charitable Society".

He died on 10 August 2018 from cancer.<ref>[http://sawaleif.com/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%85-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%8A-376034/ السيرة الذاتية للمرحوم محمد عواد الزيود] {{in lang|ar}}</ref><ref>[http://alsaa.net/article-57617 وفاة أمين عام حزب العمل الاسلامي محمد عواد الزيود] {{in lang|ar}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Zayyud, Mohammed Awad}}
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Islamic Action Front politicians]]
[[Category:Deaths from cancer in Jordan]]
[[Category:People from Zarqa]]

{{Jordan-politician-stub}}

Sita Mai Temple

2025-01-01T16:54:42Z

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{{Short description|Ancient structure in Haryana, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
The '''Sītā Māī Temple''' is an ancient structure situated in the village of Sitamai in the [[Karnal district]] of [[Haryana]] in [[North India]]. It is at a distance of 19 kilometers from [[Nilokheri]] and lies on one of the alternative routes available to travel between [[Karnal]] and [[Kaithal]]. This is perhaps the only temple in the whole of [[India]] that is solely dedicated to the [[Hindu]] Goddess [[Sita]], the divine consort of [[Rama]] of [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]]. This temple is under the administration of [[Ramanandi Sampradaya|Ramanandi]] [[Bairagi (caste)|Bairagis]].

==The structure==
The temple is made of bricks and the striking feature is the elaborate ornamentation, which covers the whole shrine. The pattern of the shrine is formed by deep lines in the individual bricks, which seem to have been made before the bricks were burnt. This means that the forms they were to take must have been separately fixed for each brick when the temple must have been originally designed.<ref>Page 226, Report on the Revision of Settlement of the Panipat Tahsil & Karnal Parganah, By Denzil Ibbetson, Published 1883, Printed at the Pioneer Press</ref>

==Significance==
The temple stands on the spot where the Goddess Mother Earth split open, to allow [[Sita]] to repose in her bosom, in answer to Her appeal, in proof of Her sinlessness.

==See also==
* [[Mata Kaushalya Temple]]

==References==
{{Reflist|20em}}
{{Haryana}}
{{Hindu temples in Haryana}}

{{coord missing|Haryana}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sita Mai Temple}}
[[Category:Hindu temples in Haryana]]
[[Category:Hindu pilgrimage sites in India]]
[[Category:Sita temples]]
[[Category:Karnal district]]

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History of rhinoplasty

2024-03-14T16:54:08Z

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#REDIRECT [[Rhinoplasty#History]]