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Ramapuram, Tirupati district

2026-05-06T09:48:03Z

MrBeast: Made First Place W/ Infobox

{{About|a village in Tirupati District in Andhra Pradesh State||Ramapuram (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ramapuram
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|13.52|N|80.092|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tirupati district|Tirupati]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 5
| population_total = 3,849
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 524401
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Ramapuram''' is a village in the [[Tada mandal]] of [[Tirupati district]] in the [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web |title=School JSP |url=http://projects.cgg.gov.in/dsemis/School.do?&count=1&schlcode=0946309&mgtcode=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721161451/http://projects.cgg.gov.in/dsemis/School.do?&count=1&schlcode=0946309&mgtcode=1 |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 July 2011 |date=July 21, 2011}}</ref>

==Geography==
Ramapuram is located at {{coord|13.52|N|80.092|E|}}. The town is sandwiched between the states of Tamil Nadu ([[Arambakkam]]) and Andhra Pradesh and is a part of [[Tirupati district]] of the latter.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/02/Ramapuram.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Ramapuram]</ref>
Together with the hamlet of [[Pannamgadu]], these two places are connected with the rest of Andhra Pradesh with a very narrow strip of land. Most of the population speak both [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and sign boards, too display both of these languages. 
It has an average elevation of 5 [[metre]]s. The population for 7 km radius from this point is approximately 47956 persons.

== Nearby Cities and Towns ==
One of India's key highways, the [[National Highway 16]] directly passes through this town. The nearest railway stations are [[Arambakkam]] (1.4 km), [[Sri City]] (7.7 km), Sunnambukkulam (4.4 km), Irakam (5.7 km) and [[Gummidipoondi|Gummidipundi]] (8.0 km) away.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Tirupati district}}

[[Category:Villages in Tirupati district]]

{{Tirupati-geo-stub}}

Ayush Mhatre

2026-04-21T12:38:17Z

MrBeast: started a article!

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 2007)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox cricketer
|name=Ayush Mhatre
|birth_date={{birth date and age|2007|07|16|df=yes}}
|birth_place= [[Nallasopara]], [[Maharashtra]], India<ref>{{cite web | title=IPL 2025: CSK's Ayush Mhatre becomes 3rd youngest player to score IPL fifty | website=[[Business Standard]] | date=3 May 2025 | url=https://www.business-standard.com/amp/cricket/ipl/ipl-2025-csk-s-ayush-mhatre-becomes-3rd-youngest-player-to-score-ipl-fifty-125050301072_1.html? }}</ref>
|batting = Right-handed
|bowling = Right-arm [[Offspin|off break]]
|role =Batting [[All-rounder]]
| club1 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]
| year1 = 2024/25–present
| club2 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| year2 = 2025–present
|columns=3
| column1 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches1 = 91
| runs1 = 660
| bat avg1 = 30.00
| 100s/50s1 = 2/2
| top score1 = 398
| deliveries1 = 39
| wickets1 = 2
| bowl avg1 = 10.00
| fivefor1 =0
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 1/8
| catches/stumpings1 = 16/–

| column2 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches2 = 80
| runs2 = 458
| bat avg2 = 65.42
| 100s/50s2 = 2/1
| top score2 = 181
| deliveries2 = 105
| wickets2 = 7
| bowl avg2 = 11.28
| fivefor2 = 0
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 3/17
| catches/stumpings2 = 2/–
| column3 = [[Twenty20|T20]]
| matches3 = 11
| runs3 = 565
| bat avg3 = 56.50
| 100s/50s3 = 2/2
| top score3 = 110[[not out|*]]
| deliveries3 = 6
| wickets3 = 0
| bowl avg3 = –
| fivefor3 = 0
| tenfor3 = 0
| best bowling3 = –
| catches/stumpings3 = 11/–

| date = 7 February
| year = 2026
| source = https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/ayush-mhatre-1452455 ESPNcricinfo
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Men's [[cricket]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Under-19 Men's Cricket World Cup|ICC U19 World Cup]]}}
{{Medal|W|[[2026 Under-19 Men's Cricket World Cup|2026 Zimbabwe & Namibia]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Under-19 Men's Asia Cup|ACC U19 Asia Cup]]}}
{{Medal|RU|[[2024 ACC Under-19 Asia Cup|2024 UAE]]}}
{{Medal|RU|[[2025 ACC Under-19 Asia Cup|2025 UAE]]}}
}}

'''Ayush Mhatre''' (born 16 July 2007) is an Indian [[cricket]]er and Captain of the India U19 Cricket team, who plays for [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]] in domestic cricket and [[Chennai Super Kings]] in the [[Indian Premier League]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2024 |title=Rohit Sharma's fan, the 17-year old Ayush Mhatre, Mumbai's Ranji Trophy opener, hopes to make it big |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/ayush-mhatre-17-year-old-mumbai-ranji-trophy-opener-rohit-sharma-9625664/ |access-date= |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

== Early life ==
Mhatre was born in a [[Marathi people|Marathi]]-speaking family on 16 July 2007. He hails from [[Nallasopara]], a locality within [[Mumbai Suburban Railway|Mumbai Suburban Area]] near [[Virar]], [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaushik |first=Aditya |date=3 May 2025 |title=IPL 2025: CSK's Ayush Mhatre becomes 3rd youngest player to score IPL fifty |url=https://www.business-standard.com/amp/cricket/ipl/ipl-2025-csk-s-ayush-mhatre-becomes-3rd-youngest-player-to-score-ipl-fifty-125050301072_1.html? |website=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref> He took to the game when he was six but it was at fifteen that he transitioned to thinking about [[Cricket|professional cricket]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 April 2025 |title=CSK debutant Ayush Mhatre giving interview at age of six and batting in nets |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/watch-csk-ayush-mhatre-interview-six-year-old-batting-clip-9954465/ |access-date= |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=}}</ref> To chase his dreams, he used to travel nearly 80 kilometers one way by train from [[Virar]] to [[Churchgate]] (next to [[Wankhede Stadium]]) for practice sessions.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 April 2025 |title=The Ayush Mhatre story: Overcoming depression, father's sacrifice, changes in diet |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/overcoming-depression-fathers-sacrifice-changes-in-diet-the-ayush-mhatre-story/articleshow/120506702.cms |access-date= |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Youth career ==
Mhatre was part of the [[2024 ACC Under-19 Asia Cup|2024]] [[India national under-19 cricket team|India U19 team]] and captained the [[2025 ACC Under-19 Asia Cup|2025]] squad, with the team finishing runners-up in the [[Under-19 Men's Asia Cup|U19 Asia Cup]] in both editions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BAN19 vs IND19 Cricket Scorecard, Final at Dubai, December 08, 2024 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/asian-cricket-council-under-19s-asia-cup-2024-25-1461700/bangladesh-under-19s-vs-india-under-19s-final-1461723/full-scorecard |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251213170244/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/asian-cricket-council-under-19s-asia-cup-2024-25-1461700/bangladesh-under-19s-vs-india-under-19s-final-1461723/full-scorecard |archive-date=13 December 2025 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IND19 vs PAK19 Cricket Scorecard, Final at Dubai, December 21, 2025 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/under-19s-asia-cup-2025-26-1513704/india-under-19s-vs-pakistan-under-19s-final-1513731/full-scorecard |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251230034350/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/under-19s-asia-cup-2025-26-1513704/india-under-19s-vs-pakistan-under-19s-final-1513731/full-scorecard |archive-date=30 December 2025 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>

Mhatre has been leading the [[India national under-19 cricket team|Indian U19 team]] since July 2025. Under his captaincy, the India U19 team toured [[England under-19 cricket team|England]], winning the Youth ODI series 3–2.<ref>{{Cite web |title=England Under-19s vs India Under-19s 5th Youth ODI 2025 |url=https://www.espn.com/cricket/series/23663/report/1487850/england-under-19s-vs-india-under-19s-5th-youth-odi-india-under-19s-in-england-2025 |access-date= |website=[[ESPN]] |language=}}</ref> The team later toured [[Australia national under-19 cricket team|Australia]], where they won the Youth ODI series 3–0 and secured a 2–0 win in the Youth Test series.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=30 July 2025 |title=India U-19 squad for Australia tour announced: Ayush Mhatre named captain; full list of players |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/india-under-19-squad-australia-tour-2025-full-list-of-players-schedule-ayush-mhatre-captain/article69875098.ece |access-date= |website=[[Sportstar]] |language=}}</ref>

Mhatre was appointed captain of the India squad for the [[2026 ICC Under-19 Cricket World Cup|2026 U19 World Cup]], where he led the team to a record-extending sixth title. He finished the tournament with a total of 214 runs across 7 matches, which included crucial half-centuries in the semi-final against [[Afghanistan national under-19 cricket team|Afghanistan]] and the final against [[England cricket team|England]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 February 2026 |title=Vaibhav Sooryavanshi's 175 powers India to record sixth U-19 World Cup title |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/icc-u-19-world-cup/vaibhav-sooryavanshis-175-powers-india-to-record-sixth-u-19-world-cup-title/articleshow/128020093.cms |access-date= |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Domestic career ==

=== 2024 ===
An opening batter, Mhatre made his first-class debut aged 17 for [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]] in the [[2024–25 Irani Cup|2024-25 Irani Cup]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Karhadkar |first=Amol |date=18 October 2024 |title=Teenage batter Mhatre's smooth transition to the higher echelons |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/teenage-batter-mhatres-smooth-transition-to-the-higher-echelons/article68769296.ece |access-date= |work=[[The Hindu]] |language= |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> A few weeks later he scored his maiden first-class century (176) for Mumbai against [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]] in the [[2024–25 Ranji Trophy]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pandey |first=Devendra |date=18 October 2024 |title=17-year-old Ayush Mhatre uses Prithvi Shaw's bat to hit maiden Ranji ton as Mumbai take control against Maharashtra |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/ayush-mhatre-18-ranji-trophy-mumbai-vs-maharashtra-century-prithvi-shaw-9627280/ |access-date= |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Maharashtra vs Mumbai, Elite, Group A at Mumbai, Ranji Trophy, Oct 18 2024 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ranji-trophy-2024-25-1445824/mumbai-vs-maharashtra-elite-group-a-1445857/full-scorecard |access-date= |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>

Mhatre became the youngest player to score 150+ runs in men’s List A cricket, surpassing the previous record set by [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 2024 |title=Ayush Mhatre cricketer created history |url=https://vidhiknews.com/ayush-mahatre-cricketer/ |access-date= |website=Vidhik News |language=}}</ref>

=== 2025 ===
In October, Mhatre got his first senior team call-up and was named in squad for [[South Africa A cricket team in India in 2025–26|South Africa A Tour of India 2025-26]] for first multi-day FC match.

== Indian Premier League Career ==
Mhatre went unsold at the 2025 IPL auction; he was called up by the [[Chennai Super Kings]] as replacement of [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]], who was injured mid-season.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Vertix |first=Sam |date=14 Apr 2025 |title=CSK pick Ayush Mhatre as injury replacement for Ruturaj Gaikwad |url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/4161/csk-pick-ayush-mhatre-as-injury-replacement-for-ruturaj-gaikwad-srh-sign-smaran-ravichandran-for-the-injured-adam-zampa#:~:text=Chennai%20Super%20Kings%20(CSK)%20picked,Premier%20League%20(IPL)%202025.}}</ref> On 20 April 2025, Mhatre made his [[IPL]] debut for [[Chennai Super Kings]] against the [[Mumbai Indians]]. Coming in at number 3, he scored 32 off just 15 balls, which included 4 fours and 2 sixes, helping CSK overcome a slow powerplay start. He is the seventh youngest IPL player to play a match, at 17 years and 278 days.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IPL's youngest debutants: Vaibhav Suryavanshi makes history |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/vaibhav-suryavanshi-tops-list-of-youngest-ipl-debutants-1481989 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref> On 3 May 2025, he played a scintillating knock and scored 94 runs in 48 balls while chasing a daunting total of 214 against RCB, missing his first ever IPL century only by 6 runs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MI beat CSK, MI won by 9 wickets (with 26 balls remaining) |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2025-1449924/mumbai-indians-vs-chennai-super-kings-38th-match-1473475/live-cricket-score |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaushik |first=Aditya |date=3 May 2025 |title=IPL 2025: CSK's Ayush Mhatre becomes 3rd youngest player to score IPL fifty |url=https://www.business-standard.com/amp/cricket/ipl/ipl-2025-csk-s-ayush-mhatre-becomes-3rd-youngest-player-to-score-ipl-fifty-125050301072_1.html? |website=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cricinfo|id=1452455}}

{{Chennai Super Kings squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mhatre, Ayush}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2007 births]]
[[Category:Mumbai cricketers]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Chennai Super Kings cricketers]]

Maanik

2026-04-16T13:54:28Z

MrBeast: made new post

{{Short description|2019 Indian film by Martyn}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Maanik
| image = Maanik poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Martyn
| producer = M. Subramaniyan
| writer =
| starring = [[Ma Ka Pa Anand]] [[Suza Kumar]]
| cinematography = [[Mahesh Muthuswami]]
| editing = [[K M Riyaz (editor)|K M Riyaz]]
| music = [[Dharan Kumar]]
| studio = Mohita Cine Talkies
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2019|01|04}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
}}
'''''Maanik''''' is a 2019 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[fantasy comedy]] film directed by Martyn and starring [[Ma Ka Pa Anand]] and [[Suza Kumar]]. Featuring music composed by [[Dharan Kumar]] and lyrics by Mirchi Vijay, the film began production in mid 2016 was released in January 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=17 June 2016 |title=Suza Kumar is now a heroine! |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/170616/suza-kumar-is-now-a-heroine.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804141945/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/170616/suza-kumar-is-now-a-heroine.html |archive-date=4 August 2018 |access-date=11 January 2019 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>

==Plot==
Set in the 1980s, A young man, [[Pasupathy]] meets a village landlord to work as an accountant. Then, he meets the landlord's daughter and they fall in love with each other. While they were romancing, the landlord caught both and he beat Pasupathy to death with a log. He awakens and realizes that he has come to heaven. With the help of a little goblin, who was good in character. He meets G, then he tells about the reason for love, he asked, "Is it wrong for falling in love?". G calls a girl to choose a Heaven or Hell to Pasupathy, in which he accepts Heaven. G and Pasupathy went on to discuss famous people who had died in the previous decade. While hearing a story, Pasupathy got hungry, G transforms river into milk and he gives a cup to Pasupathy, but he likes Badam Milk and G told him to transform the milk to Black Coffee, he tastes it and he feels dizzy. G mixes Reborn Syrup and he gives him another birth in 27 years to fulfill his wish.

The scene shifts to Tamil Nadu, the lady gives birth to a baby boy, when the saint announces that the baby was spirited and he said to kill the baby when all the family members are shocked and they decided to bring a baby. The lady carries a baby, covers a cloth and basket. Then the two men came to the river and they uncover it is a toy. Then the lady reveals that the baby was 'God Chosen Child' and the baby starts swimming in the river, swims all over the ocean and then the baby reached Kasimedu in Chennai. A fisherman goes fishing, he hears crying sound and saw a baby on a beach. He sends it to an orphanage, the people were discussed about a baby and they named as 'Maanik'.
When he was 7, a young Maanik meets Jack who is also an orphan, they become friends and took care by the caretaker in the orphanage. In 2015, after winning IPL by Chennai Super Kings, Maanik, Jack and their friends got emotional when the caretaker committed suicide that Chennai Super Kings got banned and then Maanik decided to bring back Chennai Super Kings for his caretaker's wish. After leaving the orphanage, the kid gives the caretaker's precious things for cricket, so she was an ardent fan of Dhoni and also cricket.

After 2 years, Maanik and Jack live in a small house, he hears the news of 'MandaKotti' Saamiyar, to ask the problems to solve and their wish was getting back for Chennai Super Kings to achieve their success but Jack doesn't believe it. Before going to the temple, Jack wishes a birthday to Maanik in which he reached 27 years of age. He went to the temple, 'Mandakotti' Saamiyar tells all the problems to other people and finally, he calls Maanik about his personal problems and asks solutions for him. Jack helps Maanik to impress the girl when she cries and Jack got an idea, he puts green chili to Maanik's mouth and he asks a girl if she lost a level of Candy Crush game, she gives mobile to him that the 'Mandakotti' Saamiyar appears on the phone, he spits and wipes, he gives to her phone and she saw that level is won. She said thanks to Maanik and become friends. One day, Manik meets a girl in a restaurant, she proposes, Jack asks her to call her father and suddenly the news appears that her father died and rushes emotionally. Manik remembers 'Mandakotti' Saamiyar told, "If the girls say "I Love You", then their fathers will die.", Jack advises Maanik that they will get the chance of Chennai Super Kings.

Jack goes to a tea stall to drink a cup of tea, a North-Indian man came to call his partner in a phone that his father-in-law watches porn films and roams like a king. A man tries to kill his father-in-law and get his property. Jack calls him to solve the problem and Maanik asks the idea to kill and get money. A North Indian man asks the details of his house, address, and his wife also. His father-in-law is named Roshan Lal, who lives in Sowcarpet and he has one daughter named Jeera, who is married to a North Indian man and they planned to kill Roshan Lal.

The next day, Manik disguises as a cable operator and he meets Jeera to repair a DVD Player, he dances with Jeera in 3 steps when she got hip pain and falls in love. One night, Jeera calls Maanik while her father watching a porn film and she proposes to him, suddenly her father died. They give property to a North Indian man and they become rich.

A few months later, Maanik and Jack went to a luxurious bungalow to stay. They went to the bedroom and they saw 'Mandakotti' Saamiyar's picture and photo necklace, but Maanik feels embarrassed to see this. Jack brings a schoolboy and asks his problem to Maanik about love. A boy is in 9th std, falls in love with an 11th std girl, who is elder than him. Manik introduces a boy named Honey and he told him to give the money after the solution.

Manik and Jack were in school to meet an 11th std girl named Maya, but he meets Keerthi, who was a teacher in the same school. When a girl is stuck with her shawl on a bike, but Maanik saves a girl with the help of Bonda and everybody praises him, Maya and Keerthi start expressing their love for Manik.
How does the crux transpires to the story?

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Ma Ka Pa Anand]] as Pasupathy/Maanikyam
*[[Suza Kumar]] as Keerthi
*[[Manobala]]
*[[Yogi Babu]] as Research and Analysis Wing officer
*Vathsan Veeramani as Jack
*Anu Anand as Maya
*[[Aruldoss]] as Goon
*[[Jangiri Madhumitha]] as Jeera, Roshan Lal's daughter
}}

==Production==
In June 2016, it was announced that newcomer director Martyn would make a film titled ''Maanik'' featuring [[Ma Ka Pa Anand]] and [[Suza Kumar]] in the lead roles. The film's title was taken from the character portrayed by [[Rajinikanth]] in ''[[Baashha]]'' (1995).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=28 June 2017 |title=Ma Ka Pa's next is Maanik |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/280617/ma-ka-pas-next-is-maanik.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624205622/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/280617/ma-ka-pas-next-is-maanik.html |archive-date=24 June 2018 |access-date=11 January 2019 |website=Deccan Chronicle |df=dmy-all}}</ref> The film began production at the [[AVM Studios]] in Chennai during June 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ma.Ka.Pa.Anand's next is titled Manik | Kalakkalcinema |url=http://kalakkalcinema.com/ma-ka-pa-anands-next-titled-manik/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911200452/http://kalakkalcinema.com/ma-ka-pa-anands-next-titled-manik/ |archive-date=11 September 2016 |access-date=29 August 2016 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
Soundtrack was composed by Dharan Kumar. The audio was released under the label [[Saregama]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maaniik by Various Artistes |url=https://www.saregama.com/album/maaniik_118454 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106204441/https://www.saregama.com/album/maaniik_118454 |archive-date=6 January 2019 |access-date=11 January 2019 |website=Saregama |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
{{Infobox album
| name = Maanik
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Dharan Kumar]]
| cover =
| alt =
| caption =
| released = 2018
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Abhiyum Anuvum]]
| prev_year = 2018
| next_title = [[Zhagaram]]
| next_year = 2019
}}
*"Ucha [[Pasanga]]" - [[Vaikom Vijayalakshmi]]
*"Ada Paavi" - [[Shashaa Tirupati]]
*"Mama Marugaya" - [[Ma Ka Pa Anand]], Mirchi Vijay

==Reception==
''The Indian Express'' wrote "Maaniik promised to be a [[romantic fantasy]] love story. The fantasy portions are noteworthy, no doubt, but everything else, including the humour, is mediocre at best".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maaniik Review: A promising plot undone by inconsistent writing |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/tamil/2019/jan/04/maanik-review-a-promising-plot-undone-by-inconsistent-writing-9493.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106204333/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/tamil/2019/jan/04/maanik-review-a-promising-plot-undone-by-inconsistent-writing-9493.html |archive-date=6 January 2019 |access-date=11 January 2019 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref> ''Times of India'' wrote "Maanik would have been a decent fun ride had the screenplay been a little better with convincingly written characters."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maanik Movie Review {2.0/5}: Critic Review of Maanik by Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/maanik/movie-review/67360134.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108055159/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/maanik/movie-review/67360134.cms |archive-date=8 January 2019 |access-date=11 January 2019 |website=The Times of India |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|8042418}}

[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:2019 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2019 Indian films]]
[[Category:2010s fantasy comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Dharan Kumar]]
[[Category:2019 comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Dadraul Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:39:27Z

MrBeast: Made New Stub More To Come

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Dadraul
| map_image = 136-Dadraul.svg
| mla = [[Arvind Kumar Singh (Dadraul politician)|Arvind Kumar Singh]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 elections in India#Uttar Pradesh|2024]]
| constituency_no = 136
| loksabha_cons = [[Shahjahanpur Lok Sabha constituency|Shahjahanpur]]
| established = 1967
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Shahjahanpur district|Shahjahanpur]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 3,55,882 (2022)
| type = SLA
}}

'''Dadraul Assembly constituency''' is one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is a part of the [[Shahjahanpur district|Shahjahanpur]] district and one of the five assembly constituencies in the [[Shahjahanpur Lok Sabha constituency]]. First election in this assembly constituency was held in 1967 after the "DPACO (1967)" (delimitation order) was passed in 1967.<ref name="DPACO (1967)">{{cite news|title=DPACO (1967)|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=1 December 2015|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/eci_publications/books/deli/Delimitation%20Orders-67.pdf}}</ref> After the "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order" was passed in 2008, the constituency was assigned identification number 136.<ref name="Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008">{{cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008|publisher= [[Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date= 1 December 2015|url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111113181505/http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-date= 13 November 2011|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref name="Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008">{{cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=1 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref><ref name="All MLAs from Assembly constituency">{{cite news|title=All MLAs from Assembly constituency|publisher=Elections.in|access-date=1 December 2015|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/dadraul.html}}</ref><ref name="Member list">{{cite news|title=Member list|publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] website|access-date=1 December 2015|url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630050217/http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm|archive-date=30 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Wards / Areas==
Extent of Dadraul Assembly constituency is KCs Madanapur, Kant, Jamaur, Dadraul, Sehramau Dakshini & Kant NP of Shahjahanpur Tehsil.<ref name="Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008"/>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly#List of Assemblies|Term]] !! Name !! colspan="2" | Party
|-
| colspan="4" | {{Center|''constituency not created''}}
|-
| [[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]|| rowspan="2" | Ram Murti Anchal || {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
| [[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]|| Girija Kishore Mishra || {{full party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]|| Mansoor Ali
|-
| [[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]|| Nazir Ali || {{full party name with color|Janata Party (Secular)}}
|-
| [[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]|| rowspan="2" | Ram Autar Mishra || {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
| [[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]|| Devendra Pal Singh || {{full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]|| rowspan="2" | Ram Autar Mishra || {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
| [[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]|| rowspan="2" | Avadhesh Kumar Verma || {{full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|-
| [[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]|| [[Rammurti Singh Verma]]|| {{full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
| [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]|| rowspan="2" | [[Manvendra Singh (Dadraul politician)|Manvendra Singh]]|| {{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|-
|[[2024 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-elections|2024-by]]
|[[Arvind Kumar Singh (Dadraul politician)|Arvind Kumar Singh]]
|}

==Election results==

===2024 bypoll===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2024 elections in India#Uttar_Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-election, 2024]]: Dadraul<ref name="election2024">{{Cite web|title=UP BJP MLA Manvendra Singh dies after prolonged liver problem|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/uttar-pradesh/up-bjp-mla-manvendra-singh-dies-after-prolonged-liver-problem-2836767|accessdate=5 January 2024|work=Deccan Herald}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Arvind Kumar Singh (Dadraul politician)|Arvind Kumar Singh]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 1,05,972
|percentage = 48
|change = {{increase}}2.94
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Avadhesh Kumar Verma
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 89,177
|percentage = 40.39
|change = {{decrease}}0.34
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sarvesh Chandra Mishra
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 20,742
|percentage = 9.4
|change = {{decrease}}0.27
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = 1,322
|percentage = 0.6
|change = {{increase}}0.16
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 16,795
|percentage = 7.61
|change = {{increase}}3.28
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 2,20,766
|percentage = 58.48
|change = {{decrease}}4.51
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, 2022]]: Dadraul<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Manvendra Singh (Dadraul politician) | Manvendra Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:100957}}
|percentage = 45.06
|change = {{increase}}5.15
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Rajesh Kumar Verma
|votes = {{formatnum:91256}}
|percentage = 40.73
|change = {{increase}}8.85
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Chandraketu Maurya
|votes = {{formatnum:21671}}
|percentage = 9.67
|change = {{decrease}}13.77
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:993}}
|percentage = 0.44
|change = {{decrease}}0.67
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:9701}}
|percentage = 4.33
|change = {{decrease}}3.7
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:224055}}
|percentage = 62.96
|change = {{decrease}}2.62
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, 2017]]: Dadraul<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |date=2018-08-16 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Manvendra Singh (Dadraul politician) | Manvendra Singh]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:86435}}
|percentage = 39.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Rammurti Singh Verma]]
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:69037}}
|percentage = 31.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Rizwan Ali
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:50762}}
|percentage = 23.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Roopa
|party = Communist Party of India
|votes = {{formatnum:2387}}
|percentage = 1.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2383}}
|percentage = 1.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:17398}}
|percentage = 8.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:216563}}
|percentage = 65.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|swing = {{increase}}10.56
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, 2012]]: Dadraul<ref name="2012 Election Results"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Rammurti Singh Verma]]
|votes = 61,967
|percentage = 29.35
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Rizwan Ali
|votes = 57,088
|percentage = 27.04
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Avadhesh Kumar Verma
|votes = 28,845
|percentage = 13.66
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Mahan Dal|MD]]
|candidate = Devendra Pal Singh
|votes = 28,241
|percentage = 13.38
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Kaushal Kumar Mishra
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 21,186
|percentage = 10.04
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Arvind
|party = Peace Party of India
|votes = 4,408
|percentage = 2.09
|change = –
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 4,879
|percentage = 2.31
|change = –
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:211116}}
|percentage = 69.80
|change = –
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser = Bahujan Samaj Party
|swing = –
}}
{{Election box end}}
<ref name="2012 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 2012 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=1 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf}}</ref>

==See also==

*[[Shahjahanpur district]]
*[[Shahjahanpur Lok Sabha constituency]]
*[[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Vidhan Bhawan]]

{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

== References ==

{{Reflist|colwidth=40em}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}
{{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Shahjahanpur district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]

Ainnurruvar

2026-03-17T06:48:13Z

MrBeast: started stub

{{Short description|Indian medieval merchant guild}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
'''Ainnurruvar''' is a medieval [[merchant guild]] originating in the [[Karnataka]] region of [[India]] between the 8th and 13th centuries. In this period, organised merchant guilds exerted considerable power and influence. ''Ainnurruvar'' was one of the most prominent of these guilds.<ref name="anon">Sastri 1955, p. 299-300</ref> During the [[Chola Empire]] they were regarded as the elite amongst the South Indian merchant organizations.<ref name="Hall2003">{{cite book|author=Kenneth R. Hall|title=Trade and Statecraft in the Ages of Colas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5RQcLXd595kC&pg=PA150|access-date=26 February 2012|date=1 June 2003|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-120-1|pages=142, 150}}</ref>

The [[Five Hundred Lords of Ayyavolu|Five Hundred Lords of Ayyavole]] were a merchant [[guild]] from [[Aihole]] that provided trade links between trading communities in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Karnataka]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]]. They have been mentioned in inscriptions from the 9th century CE.<ref name=HI120>''A History of India'', by [[Burton Stein]] and David Arnold, p.120</ref> Aihole was formerly a major city of the [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukyas]] of [[Badami]] and a place with many temples and [[brahmin]]s, some of whom seem to have become involved in the trading activities of the Five Hundred.<ref name=HI120 /> But most of the Ayyavolu Lords were merchants, especially those engaged in long-distance trade. Their inscriptions between the 9th and 14th centuries record their endowments made to temples and throw light on their trading activities or commodities.<ref name=HI120 />

The Five Hundred guild, known as ''Ayyavole in Kannada, Ayyavolu in Telugu, Aryarupa in Sanskrit, and Ainuruvar in Tamil'', operated in Southern India and Southeast Asia. They became more powerful under the [[Chola Dynasty|Cholas]].<ref name="Suvarnadwipa p.181">''Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: reflections on Chola naval expeditions to Southeast Asia'' by [[Hermann Kulke]], K. Kesavapany and Vijay Sakhuja, p.xviii and p.181</ref> They were protectors of the Veera-Banaju-Dharma, that is, law of the heroic or noble merchants. The Bull was their symbol which they displayed on their flag; and they had a reputation for being daring and enterprising.<ref name="Melaka p.3">''Peranakan Indians of Singapore and Melaka: Indian Babas and Nonyas--Chitty Melaka'', by Samuel Dhoraisingam, p.3</ref>

==Origins==

A [[Tamil language|Tamil]] inscription of 1088 A.D. found in [[Sumatra]], Indonesia refers to the "Nagara Senapathi Nattu cettiar" as belonging to the Ainnurruvar group.<ref>[http://ismaili.net/Source/0104c.html "The medieval Tamil-language inscriptions in Southeast Asia and China"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231084823/http://ismaili.net/Source/0104c.html |date=31 December 2016 }}. First Ismaili Electronic Library and Database, accessed 25 November 2011.</ref> By the twelfth century, the Ainnuruvars' had encompassed other trading guilds to arise as a dominating force. For instance the Manigram Nagarattam states itself to be a subsidiary group.<ref name="Hall2003"/>

An inscription in [[Piranmalai]] makes references to "cetti"s as "flourishing" and as "being integral to the Tisai Ayirattu Ainnurruvar organization and occupying 18 pattinams, 32 valarpurams (major trade centres) and 64 Kadigai valams.<ref name="Hall2003"/> Significantly the number 18 resembles the name of one of the seven geographical divisions (Pathinettu uur vattahai) and 32 plus 64 equate to the legendary count of 96 Villages of the [[Nattukkottai Chettiar|Nattukkottai Chettiars]]. The Piranmalai inscriptions (13th century) also speak of the Ainnurruvar, the Manigrammam of [[Kodumbalur]] (near Pudukkottai) and [[Nagarathar|Nagarathars]] as far away as from Kerala and Sinhala (Refer the "Kerala Singa Vala Nadu" phrase in Nagarathar marriage settlements (Isaikkudimanam) coming together to donate huge funds for the temple.(The Trading world of the Tamil merchant: Evolution of merchant capitalism in the Coramandal By Kanakalatha Mukund).

The association between the [[Chola dynasty|Cholas]] and the Ainnurruvar has been well established from the number of finds of Ainnurruvar inscriptions. The maximum number of Ainnurruvar inscriptions have occurred during the Chola dynasty that lasted between the 10th and 13th centuries. Most importantly the 1088 inscription of Sumatra (reign of [[Kulottunga I|Kulothunga I]]) and the 1036 A.D.([[Rajendra I]]) inscription in Sri Lanka establish the close association between the Ainnurruvar community and the Cholas beyond doubt.According to Prof.Champakalakshmi, the Ainnurruvar moved in wherever the Cholas had conquered.<ref name="Champakalakshmi1996">{{cite book|author=Radha Champakalakshmi|title=Trade, ideology, and urbanization: South India 300 BC to AD 1300|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IGTaAAAAMAAJ|access-date=26 February 2012|year=1996|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=328|isbn=9780195638707}}</ref>

There is no clear reference to the end of this guild and there have been some mentions of the tensions between the descendants of this guild and the British Empire. Their total span of existence might have been ten decades.<ref name="MalikStudy1986">{{cite book|author1=Subhash Chandra Malik|author2=Indian Institute of Advanced Study|title=Determinants of social status in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ejgAAAAMAAJ|access-date=26 February 2012|date=1 December 1986|publisher=Indian Institute of Advanced Study|isbn=978-81-208-0073-1|pages=24, 87, 123}}</ref>

==Organization==
The members of this guild were managed by the "Pancha Sata Vira Sasana" or the edict of five hundred. At various times their headquarters was declared to be in neelampur in [[Erode district]].<ref name="HistoryHistory2007">{{cite book|author1=University of Allahabad. Dept. of Modern Indian History|author2=University of Kerala. Dept. of History|author3=University of Kerala|title=Journal of Indian history|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXUPAQAAMAAJ|access-date=26 February 2012|year=2007|pages=15, 17}}</ref>

The Ainnurruvar had their own armies to escort their caravans (The Sri Lankan inscription clearly establishes this) and merchant ships. There are references to a regiment named "Pazhi Ili Ainnurruvar" in the Chola records. While this regiment could have been named after "Pazhi Ili" of the [[Muthuraja|Mutharaiyar]] clan, the occurrence of the term "Ainnurruvar" is curious. These armies were evidently lent in support of the Chola expeditions. Contrary to the earlier view that the purpose of Rajendra's expedition to South East Asia may have been to plunder, the more recent view which is also supported by available evidence is that the raids were conducted to clear piracy from and to gain control over the sea lanes of the Melakka Straits that served as the gateway to the Far East for the Indian merchant ships. A partly Tamil and partly Chinese inscriptions (1281 A.D.) found in China and other references to the Chola emissaries to the Chinese court and vice versa stand testimony to the significant volumes of trade between the Tamil country and the Far East including China.

The guild taxed its members as a percentage of revenues. This tax had to paid in advance to gain membership.<ref name="Schottenhammer2001">{{cite book|author=Angela Schottenhammer|title=The emporium of the world: maritime Quanzhou, 1000-1400|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GEhGM6fZeaAC&pg=PA293|access-date=26 February 2012|year=2001|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-11773-0|page=293}}</ref>
The guild has also been noted to do charity work to develop villages and temples.<ref name="SrinivasanRamesh2004">{{cite book|author1=C. R. Srinivasan|author2=K. V. Ramesh|author3=S. Subramonia Iyer|title=Sri pu?pañjali: recent researches in prehistory, protohistory, art, architecture, numismatics, iconography, and epigraphy : Dr. C.R. Srinivasan commemoration volume|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IgduAAAAMAAJ|access-date=26 February 2012|date=1 August 2004|publisher=Bharatiya Kala Prakashan|isbn=978-81-8090-056-3|page=211}}</ref><ref name="AbrahamSüdasien-Institut1988">{{cite book|author1=Meera Abraham|author2=Universität Heidelberg. Südasien-Institut|author3=Max Mueller Bhavan (New Delhi, India)|title=South Asian studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_xtAAAAMAAJ|access-date=26 February 2012|year=1988|publisher=Manohar Publications|isbn=978-81-85054-48-3|pages=82, 107}}</ref>

==Trade Dynamics==
According to Anthony Reid (Verandah of Violence – the background to the Aceh problem), there are numerous evidences to Tamil mercantile activities in [[Aceh]], northern Sumatra during the early part of the second millennium. He thinks some of the ships that ferried between Tamilakham and Sumatra could have been salt carrying ships.<ref name="Reid2006">{{cite book|author=Anthony Reid|title=Verandah of violence: the background to the Aceh problem|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PfF8Y9nZE3oC&pg=PP1|access-date=26 February 2012|year=2006|publisher=NUS Press|isbn=978-9971-69-331-2|pages=26, 28}}</ref> They were also known to trade in Areca, Iron, Cotton yarn and perhaps even cloth.<ref name="AbrahamSüdasien-Institut1988"/>

They were known to have Marketing relationships with the traders of Sri Lanka and dominated the trade route between South India and Sri Lanka.<ref name="Wink2002">{{cite book|author=André Wink|title=Al-Hind: Early medieval India and the expansion of Islam, 7th-11th centuries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2m7_R5P2oAC&pg=PA325|access-date=26 February 2012|year=2002|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-0-391-04173-8|page=325}}</ref>

==Legacy==
[[Kanakalatha Mukund]] argues that the period from 900 to 1300 set the stage for evolution of trade into corporate and commercial institutions. She says the apprenticeship practices of the Tamil traders mentioned by Marco Polo, the European traveller, resemble those followed by Nattukkottai Chettiars even today.<ref name="Mukund1999">{{cite book|author=Kanakalatha Mukund|title=The trading world of the Tamil merchant: evolution of merchant capitalism in the Coromandel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tjXdDYChdGsC&pg=PA30|access-date=26 February 2012|date=1 January 1999|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-1661-8|page=30}}</ref>

A Later Chola (reign of [[Sundara Chola]] 957-973 A.D) inscription in Pillayar Patti refers to the formation of a "nagaram" named Raja Narayana Puram by the Ainnurruvar community. Pillayarpatti inscriptions also point to Ainnurruva Perun Theru of "En Karikkudi" (Epigraphical Reference 147-150 of 1935–36 – Page 223 Trade and Statecraft in the Ages of Colas by Kenneth R. Hall). According to soe authors this reference is to the present day city of "Karai Kudi".{{citation needed|date=August 2019}}

The present day Nattukottai Chettiars of Tamil Nadu must be the descendants of these "Nattu Cettiar". There are also other indisputable archeological evidences that support this view. The presiding deity of the Mathur Temple (one of the nine of this class that belong to the Nattukkottai [[Chettiar]] Community) is named Ainurreeswarar. {{citation needed|date=May 2017}}

The '''Five Hundred Lords of Ayyavole''' were a merchant [[guild]] from [[Aihole]] that provided trade links between trading communities in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Karnataka]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]]. They have been mentioned in inscriptions from the 9th century CE.<ref name=HI120/> Aihole was formerly a major city of the [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukyas]] of [[Badami]] and a place with many temples and [[Brahmin|brahmans]], some of whom seem to have become involved in the trading activities of the Five Hundred.<ref name=HI120 /> But most of the Ayyavolu Lords were merchants, especially those engaged in long-distance trade. Their inscriptions between the 9th and 14th centuries record their endowments made to temples and throw light on their trading activities or commodities.<ref name=HI120 />

The Five Hundred guild, known as
''Ainutruvar in Tamil, Ayyavole in Kannada, Ayyavolu in Telugu and Aryarupa in Sanskrit'', operated in Southern India and Southeast Asia. They became more powerful under the [[Chola Dynasty|Cholas]].<ref name="Suvarnadwipa p.181"/> They were protectors of the Veera-Banaju-Dharma, that is, law of the heroic or noble merchants. The Bull was their symbol which they displayed on their flag; and they had a reputation for being daring and enterprising.<ref name="Melaka p.3"/>

==Description==
The following passage on the guild of Ayyavolu merchants is taken from an inscription dated 1055 CE and summarises their activities and commodities:<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=QY4zdTDwMAQC&dq=Ayyavolu&pg=PA120 ''A History of India'', by Burton Stein and David Arnold, p.121]</ref>

''Famed throughout the world, adorned with many good qualities, truth, purity, good conduct, policy, condescension, and prudence; protectors of the '''vira-Bananju-dharma''' [law of the heroic traders], having 32 veloma, 18 cities, 64 yoga-pithas, and asramas at the four points of the compass; born to be wanderers over many countries, the earth as their sack,....the serpent race as the cords, the betel pouch as a secret pocket'',...
''by land routes and water routes penetrating into the regions of the six continents, with superior elephants, well-bred horses, large sapphires, moonstones, pearls, rubies, diamonds,...cardamoms, cloves, sandal, camphor, musk, saffron and other perfumes and drugs, by selling which wholesale or hawking about on their shoulders, preventing the loss by customs duties, they fill up the emperor's treasury of gold, his treasury of jewels, and his armoury of weapons; and from the rest they daily bestow gifts on pundits and munis; white umbrellas as their canopy, the mighty ocean as their moat, Indra as the hand-guard of their swords, Varuna as the standard bearer, Kubera as the treasurer,...''

==Origin and activities==
The Five Hundred were an itinerant group that became a community because of their operations.<ref>''A History of India'', by Burton Stein, p. 126</ref> In comparison to other guilds, they were considered the most flamboyant. Together with another guild of merchants called Manigramam, the guild of Five Hundred were found in ports and commercial centres. They endowed temples, fed Brahmans, and contributed to the maintenance of irrigation works. Their inscriptions dot the entire southern peninsula, tracing an inter-regional and international network of merchants. Some of these merchants were called "''nanadesi''" (or "of many countries), while some were called "''swadesi''" (or "of own country"). These traders were one of the conduits for transporting Indian culture to Southeast Asia.<ref>''A History of India'', by Burton Stein and David Arnold, p.121</ref>

Evidences show that the erection of temples and mathas depended upon royal patronage and mercantile guilds like Ayyavolu, Nakaramu and Komatis who supported temple building activity. Similarly temple building activity also depended upon guilds of architects or the Acharyas of the [[Vishwakarma (caste)|Vishwakarma-Kula]] who also seem to have organised themselves into guilds based on geographical divisions.<ref>''Art of South India'', Andhra Pradesh, by B. Rajendra Prasad, p.85</ref>

===Veera-Balanjas===
The lords of Ayyavolu were called Vira-Balanjas.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Mallampalli Sōmaśēkharaśarma |author2=|title=History of the Reddi Kingdoms (circa. 1325 A.D. to Circa 1448 A.D.)
|volume= |publisher=Andhra University |year=1948|page=397|quote= | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=diYLAQAAIAAJ }}</ref> The term Vira-Balanja in Kannada and Vira-Valanjiyar in Tamil, Vira-Balija in Telugu, all of them mean "valiant merchants".<ref>
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Sakkottai Krishnaswami Aiyangar |author2=|title=Ancient India and South Indian History & Culture: Papers on Indian History and Culture; India to A.D. 1300
|volume= |publisher=Oriental Book Agency |year=1941|page=801|quote=| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W3tDAAAAYAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=S.S. Shashi |author2=|title=Encyclopaedia Indica: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh
|volume=106 |publisher=Anmol Publications |year=2000|page=86|isbn=9788170418597|quote= | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_wUwAQAAIAAJ }}
</ref> These merchants styled themselves as protectors of Vira Balanja Dharma (''Vira Balanja Dharma Pratipalanulu'') and often figured in the inscriptions of medieval [[Andhra Pradesh|Andhra]].<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=K. Sundaram |author2=|title=Studies in Economic and Social Conditions of Medieval Andhra, A. D. 1000-1600
|volume= |publisher=Triveni Publishers |year=1968|pages=69–76|quote= | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HJFXAAAAMAAJ }}
</ref> There are several epigraphs available on the Veera-Balanjas. One example is an epigraph of 1531 CE from the Anilama village of [[Cuddapah]], which refers to the grant of certain toll-income (Magama) on articles of trade, such as cotton, yarn, cloth, etc., made by the Veera-Balanja merchant guild of Ayyavolu, for the lamp-offerings of God Sangamesvara of that village.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Ravula Soma Reddy |author2=|title=Hindu and Muslim Religious Institutions, Andhra Desa, 1300-1600
|volume= |publisher=New Era |year=1984|page=110|quote=| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aAIYAAAAIAAJ }}
</ref>

Copper-plate inscriptions of [[Nellore]] mention that the organisation of Ayyavola, or ''Ayyavola-enumbaru-swamigalu'' were the protectors of the Vira-Balanja dharma (aka Vira-Bananja dharma) and followed the Vira-Banaja-Samaya.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last= |author2=|title= The quarterly journal of the Mythic society (Bangalore) |publisher=Mythic Society |year=1991|pages=88–91|quote=| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KXBuAAAAMAAJ }}
</ref> According to an inscription dated 1240 CE found at Chintapalli in [[Guntur district]], the Vira-Balanja Samaya (a trade corporation) consisted of Ubhayananadesis, the [[Gavara]], and the Mumuridandas; and they were the recipients of five hundred hero edicts.<ref>
*{{cite book|editor1-last=T. Venkateswara Rao |author2=|title=Prasasti of The Vira Balanja
|volume=6 |publisher=Itihas|isbn= |year=1978|page=74|quote=A Chintapalli record of S. 1162 mentions that the Ubhaya - Nānādēsi, Mummuridandas and Gavares were the protectors of the Vira - Balanja - Dharma. | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZwpDAAAAYAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=K. Sundaram |author2=|title=Studies in Economic and Social Conditions of Medieval Andhra, A. D. 1000-1600| chapter = The Balanja Merchant Community of Medieval Andhra, (A. D. 1300 - 1600)
|volume= |publisher=Triveni Publishers|isbn= |year=1968|page=72|quote=In one of the early inscriptions of the merchants from Chintapalli in Guntur District of the year A.D. 1240, it is mentioned that Ubhaya Nanadesis, Gavares and Mummaridandas as protectors of Vira Balanja Dharma. | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HJFXAAAAMAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Vasant K. Bawa |author2=|title=Aspects of Deccan History
|volume= |publisher=Institute of Asian Studies |isbn= |year=1975|page=120|quote=One record from Chintapalli 26 in the Guntur district, dated S. 1162, states the Virabalamja - samaya was composed of the Ubhaya - nanadesi, the Gavares and the Mummiridandas. | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i1HRAAAAMAAJ }}
</ref> Of these, the Ubhayananadesis were a unit of merchants derived from all quarters and countries, consisting of Desis, Paradesis and Nanadesis, while the Gavares derived their name as a body of merchants worshipping God Gavaresvara.<ref>
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Mallampalli Somasekhara Sarma |author2=|title=History of the Reddi Kingdoms (circa. 1325 A.D. to Circa 1448 A.D.)
|volume= |publisher=Andhra University |year=1948|page=396|quote=The body of Gavares seems to have derived its name from worshipping god Gavaresvara, one of the gods, referred to in the prasasti of the Vira Balañjyas, as having been worshipped by them Mummuridaṇḍas was another component sect of the Vira Balañjya samaya | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=diYLAQAAIAAJ }}*{{cite book|editor1-last=Kambhampati Satyanarayana |author2=|title=A Study of the History and Culture of the Andhras
|volume=2 |publisher=People's Publishing House |year=1975|page=52|quote=The body of Gavares seems to have derived its name from worshipping God Gavaresvara ... The Mummuridandas, probably, represented the advance guard of the trading caravan". Another body of traders| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zb21AAAAIAAJ }}
</ref>

Some trade guilds were based on religious identities, such as the [[Nagarattar|Nakaras]] (a guild) which was a body of Vaisya devotees of Nakaresvara and the Gavares which was a body of [[Balija]] devotees of Gavaresvara (''Sri Gavaresvara divya deva sripada padmaradhakulu'').<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=S.Nagabhushan Rao |author2=|title=Cultural heritage of the Kakatiyas: a medieval kingdom of south India
|volume= |publisher=District Council for Cultural Affairs |year=1993|page=59|quote=| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KG8wAQAAIAAJ }}
</ref> The Mummuridandas were warriors first and merchants next. An inscription of 1177 AD from Kurugodu, Bellary explicitly states that the Mummuridandas were an offshoot of the 'Five Hundred' who were eminent in Aryapura, that is, Aihole or Ayyavole (''srimad aryya nama pura mukhyabhutar enip ainurvarind adavid anvay ayatar'').<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=P. V. Parabrahma Sastry, Pedarapu Chenna Reddy |author2=|title=Brahma Sri: Researches in Archaeology, History, and Culture in the New Millennium : Dr. P.V. Parabrahma Sastry Felicitation
|volume=1 |publisher=Sharada Publishing House |year=2004|page=169|isbn=9788188934164|quote=| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c-RtAAAAMAAJ }}
</ref> Trade corporations like Vira-Balanja-Samaya flourished under various empires despite wars and invasions.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Kambhampati Satyanarayana |author2=|title=A Study of the History and Culture of the Andhras: From stone age to feudalism
|volume= |publisher=People's Publishing House |year=1975|page=125|quote= | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bYsBAAAAMAAJ }}
</ref>

==In Tamil sources==
A fragmentary Chera inscription datable to 1000 CE in the reign of Bhaskara Ravi, found on three broken stones in a mosque in Pandalayini-Kollam (near Kozhikode), refers to Valanjiyar and other merchants found in the assembly of Ayyavole-500 trade guild.<ref>''Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: reflections on Chola naval expeditions to Southeast Asia'' by Hermann Kulke, K. Kesavapany and Vijay Sakhuja, p.163</ref> The Ayyavole-500 were simply called ''Ainuruvar'' in Tamil.

In Visakhapatnam, three inscriptions were found, two in Telugu and one in Tamil. They were on the Ainuttava-perumballi (500 perumballi) in Visakhapatnam and dated to 1090 CE under the reign of the Ganga king Anantavarmadeva.<ref>''Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: reflections on Chola naval expeditions to Southeast Asia'' by Hermann Kulke, K. Kesavapany and Vijay Sakhuja, p.164</ref> Another Telugu inscription records a similar grant to the same Ainuttava-Perumballi by the Chief Mahamandaleshvara Kulotungga Prithvisvara. The inscriptions suggest that the Anjuvannam people were patronized by the Ayyavole-500 guild and even treated as members of that guild.<ref>''Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: reflections on Chola naval expeditions to Southeast Asia'' by Hermann Kulke, K. Kesavapany and Vijay Sakhuja, p.165</ref>

It would seem that when the ''Ayyavole-500'' guild became a big overreaching guild of Southern India, most of the existing indigenous and local trade guilds became associated with it. The Manigramam and nanadesi guilds joined the Ayyavole-500. Due to the various Chola naval expeditions to Southeast Asia and the support provided by the Cholas to the Ayyavole guild, the Ayyavole guild emerged as a maritime power and continued to flourish in the kingdom of [[Srivijaya]] (a dominant thalassocratic city-state based on the island of Sumatra, Indonesia). This is well documented in an inscription of the Ayyavole guild of the year 1088 AD found in Barus of West Sumatra, Indonesia. South Indian merchants were also active in Burma and the Thai peninsula.<ref>''Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: reflections on Chola naval expeditions to Southeast Asia'' by Hermann Kulke, K. Kesavapany and Vijay Sakhuja, p.10-12 [https://books.google.com/books?id=2swhCXJVRzwC&q=ayyavole&pg=PA165]</ref>

==See also==
*[[Trade Guilds of South India]]
*[[Anjuvannam]]
*[[Manigramam]]
*[[Five Hundred Lords of Ayyavolu]]
*[[Valanjiyar]]
* [[Greater India]]
* [[History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (1955). A History of South India, OUP, New Delhi (Reprinted 2002) {{ISBN|0-19-560686-8}}.

[[Category:Guilds in India]]
[[Category:Medieval history of India]]
[[Category:Indian merchants]]
[[Category:Economic history of India]]

Rohit Kumar (actor)

2026-03-16T12:52:42Z

MrBeast: fixed issues

{{Short description|Indian actor and comedian}}
{{Notability|1=Biographies|date=July 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rohitt Kummar
| image = Rohit-kumar-mumbai-1.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = 8 September
| birth_place = Sonipat, Haryana
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|comedian}}
| years_active = 2020{{endash}}present
| spouse =
| children =
| parents =
| signature =
}}
'''Rohitt Kummar''' is an Indian TV actor and comedian. He is known for ''[[Nima Denzongpa]]''<ref>{{Cite news |title=Exclusive - Nima Denzongpa actor Rohit Kumar to make his Bollywood debut with Nikamma |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-nima-denzongpa-actor-rohit-kumar-to-make-his-bollywood-debut-with-nikamma/articleshow/91948309.cms |access-date=2023-07-17 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and in this he played the comic role of Hemal. In 2023 he started playing a parallel lead in [[Suhaagan (TV series)|Suhaagan]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-01 |title=Rohit Kumar: It is a wonderful coincidence that Raghav and I are playing best friends in Suhaagan as well |work=The Economic Times |url=https://timesofindia-indiatimes-com.translate.goog/tv/news/hindi/rohit-kumar-it-is-a-wonderful-coincidence-that-raghav-and-i-are-playing-best-friends-in-suhaagan-as-well/articleshow/101417841.cms?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=hi&_x_tr_hl=hi&_x_tr_pto=tc |access-date=2023-07-17 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope=col | Year
! Scope=col | Film
! Scope=col | Role
! Scope=col | Notes
|-
| rowspan= "2" | 2022
| ''[[Nikamma]]''
| Omi
|
|-
| ''[[Maja Ma]]''
| Chabbu
|
|-
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope=col | Year
! Scope=col | Film
! Scope=col | Role
! Scope=col | Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2020
| ''[[Gandii Baat]]'' (Season 4)
| Brijesh
|
|-
|''[[Virgin Bhasskar 2]]''
| Ranveer
|
|-
| 2022
| ''Asli Lucknowi Robots''
| Praveen
|
|}

===Television===

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope=col | Year
! Scope=col | Film
! Scope=col | Role
! Scope=col | Notes
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Jag Janani Maa Vaishno Devi – Kahani Mata Rani Ki]]''
| Kumbhak
|
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Nima Denzongpa]]''
| Hemal
|
|-
| 2023–2024
| ''[[Suhaagan (TV series)|Suhaagan]] ''
| Niku
|
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|12478602}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rohit Kumar}}
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]

Hathwa Raj

2026-03-10T21:34:06Z

MrBeast: updated page

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Short description|Chieftaincy in Bihar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox country
|image_map = Hathwa Raj Map.png
|image_map_caption=Map of the Hathwa chieftaincy in 1900
|native_name =
|conventional_long_name = Hathwa
|common_name = Hathwa Raj
|religion = [[Hinduism]]
|era = [[Mughal Empire|Mughal period]]
|status =
|government_type =
|life_span =
|year_start = Early medieval period
|year_end = 1952
|event_start =
|date_start =
|event1 =
|date_event1 =
|event2 =
|date_event2 =
|event_end =
|date_end =
|capital = [[Kalyanpur village, Saran district|Kalyanpur]]
|leader1 =
|leader2 =
|year_leader1 =
|year_leader2 =
|title_leader = }}
{{History of Bihar}}
'''Hathwa Raj''' also known as the '''Kalyanpur chieftaincy''' was a chieftaincy established in what is now [[Saran division]] of Bihar. It comprised 1,365 villages across [[Chhapra]], [[Siwan district|Siwan]], and [[Gopalganj district, India|Gopalganj]] districts of Bihar, with a population exceeding 391,000 and generating an annual revenue of nearly one million rupees at the time of independence.<ref>{{cite book
| first = Anand A.
| last = Yang
| title = Bazaar India: Markets, Society, and the Colonial State in Bihar
| publisher = [[University of California Press]]
| year = 1999
| isbn = 978-0-520-21100-1
| pages = 305 (at page 69)
}}</ref>
Earlier seats of the Raj included Huseypur, Kalyanpur, Balchowra and Baghoch. The Kalyanpur chieftaincy was subjugated by the Mughal Emperor [[Akbar]] during late 16th century.

==History==
Legends state that the region of Kalyanpur was originally ruled by the [[Chero dynasty|Cheros]] who were later supplanted by the [[Rajputs]] who in turn were replaced by the [[Bhumihar]]s who became the ancestors of the Hathwa Rajas. The earliest reference to the Hathwa chieftaincy is in 1539 when Emperor [[Humayun]] sought refuge in Kalyanpur after his defeat at the [[Battle of Chausa]]. The Raja of the time, Raja Jay Mal provided aid to Humayun by giving food to his troops. Because Jay Mal provided aid to his enemy, [[Sher Shah Suri]] attempted to punish the Hathwa chieftain who in turn fled to the forests of [[Gorakhpur]] to lead an insurgency. By the time Humayun had returned to the throne, he rewarded Jay Mal's grandson, Raja Jubraj Shahi, with a substantial amount of land.<ref name="Ansari2019">{{cite book |author=Tahir Hussain Ansari |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kUueDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT288 |title=Mughal Administration and the Zamindars of Bihar |date=20 June 2019 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-00-065152-2 |pages=288–293}}</ref>
<ref name="Jha 1980">
| first = Hetukar
| last = Jha
| author-link = [[Hetukar Jha]]
| title = Permanent Settlement in Bihar
| publisher = [[Social Scientist]]
| year = 1980, Vol. 9, No.1 (Aug., 1980)
| pages = 53-57
</ref> Jubraj Shahi also engaged in a conflict with Kabul Mohammad of Barharia, a neighbouring chieftain of [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] origin. Jubraj Shahi emerged victorious after he killed Kabul Mohammad and captured his fort and land. Because Kabul Mohammad was also rebelling against the Empire, Emperor [[Akbar]] rewarded Jubraj Shahi with additional land.<ref name= "Ansari2019" /> [[Abul Fazl]] provides information on Kalyan Mal, the chieftain of Hathwa in the 1580s. When the rebel of [[Ghazipur]], Masum Khan Farankhudi, was defeated by the Mughal general, [[Shahbaz Khan Kamboh]], Farankhudi sought shelter in Kalyanpur. However Kalyan Mal refused to grant any assistance and as a result the rebel went back to Ghazipur and submitted himself before the Mughal governor. Local sources indicate that it was due to this and other instances of providing assistance that Akbar granted him the title of [[Raja]].<ref name= "Ansari2019" />

There is little information about Hathwa from imperial sources during the reign of Emperor [[Jahangir]] although local sources indicate that Raja Khemkaran maintained good relations with the Emperor and was granted the title ''Raja Bahadur'' in 1625. He also changed the location of his capital from Kalyanpur to Husainpur whereupon a new fort was built.<ref name= "Ansari2019" />

Sir Kishen Pratap Sahi Bahadur who was the [[Maharaja]] between 1874 and 1896 was an ascetic. Soon after his coronation, he set out on a pilgrimage to the shrines of [[Northern India]]. Later on he used to regularly go on travelling and pilgrimage, mostly in [[Benares]].<ref>{{cite book
| first = Anand A.
| last = Yang
| title = Bazaar India: Markets, Society, and the Colonial State in Bihar
| publisher = [[University of California Press]]
| year = 1999
| isbn = 978-0-520-21100-1
| pages = 305 (at page 140)
}}</ref>
Due to its central location, Hathwa was the seat of the Raja's residential palace and its nearby villages housed most of the key retainers of the estate.<ref name=":0">{{cite book
| first = Anand A.
| last = Yang
| title = Bazaar India: Markets, Society, and the Colonial State in Bihar
| publisher = [[University of California Press]]
| year = 1999
| isbn = 978-0-520-21100-1
| pages = 305 (at page 193)
}}</ref>

In addition to the estate ''Kachcheri'' (office), located in the Hathwa cluster of villages, were the estate manager's bungalow, the Diwan's house, the Hathwa Eden School, the post office, the Raj dispensary, the Durga medical hall and the temple called Gopal mandir.<ref>{{cite book
| first = Anand A.
| last = Yang
| title = Bazaar India: Markets, Society, and the Colonial State in Bihar
| publisher = [[University of California Press]]
| year = 1999
| isbn = 978-0-520-21100-1
| pages = 305 (at page 194)
}}</ref>

By the 1840s Hathwa was described as having large bazaars and bi-weekly markets. By the early nineteenth century, there were forts, palaces, and several temples constructed. An early twentieth-century account describes Hathwa as an impressive standard market, its shops offering a range of agricultural and consumer goods and its specialists providing a variety of services. The presence of schools and temples further accentuated its centrality in the locality. The estate collected money annually as professional tax from traders stationed at Hathwa.<ref name=":0" />

[[File:Hathwa kila.jpg|thumb|Palace belonging to the Hathwa Raj]]

==Durga Puja==
Durga Puja was a major attraction for the Hathwa Raj family and all the family members would gather to worship their Durga at [[Thawe Mandir]].<ref>{{cite news
| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-22/patna/34652704_1_chief-priest-durga-puja-animal-sacrifice
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130126092938/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-22/patna/34652704_1_chief-priest-durga-puja-animal-sacrifice
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 2013-01-26
| title = Ex-zamindars' tryst with Durga Puja
| author = Gayatree Sharma
| work = [[The Times of India]]
| date = 2012-10-22
| access-date = 2012-10-22
}}</ref> Rituals consisted of the Maharaja traveling in a buggy to the Gopal Mandir, and then to the Sheesh Mahal for the annual durbar and onwards on an elephant for darshan of the Maiyya on Vijayadashmi.<ref>{{cite news
| url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Ex-zamindars-tryst-with-Durga-Puja/articleshow/16908429.cms
| title = Ex-zamindars' tryst with Durga Puja
| author = Gayatree Sharma
| work = [[The Times of India]]
| date = 2012-10-22
| access-date = 2012-10-22
}}</ref> The Hathwa family still celebrates some of the customs including sacrificing buffaloes and goats during puja.<ref>{{cite news
| url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Ex-zamindars-tryst-with-Durga-Puja/articleshow/16908429.cms
| title = Ex-zamindars' tryst with Durga Puja
| author = Gayatree Sharma
| work = [[The Times of India]]
| date = 2015-03-10
| access-date = 2012-10-22
}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Zamindars of Bihar]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |title=The Limited Raj: Agrarian Relations in Colonial India, Saran District, 1793-1920 |first=Anand A. |last=Yang |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-52005-711-1 |year=1989 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ck4jmD7H34UC}}

{{Saran Division topics}}

[[Category:Zamindars of Bihar]]
[[Category:Hindu dynasties]]
[[Category:Indian maharajas]]
[[Category:Quasi-princely estates of India]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1956]]
[[Category:1956 disestablishments in India]]

Udaan Trust

2026-03-07T20:52:04Z

MrBeast: added info

{{Short description|Indian HIV/AIDS organization}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}

'''Udaan Trust''' is an Indian [[non-governmental organisation]] operating in the state of [[Maharashtra]]. It is the first HIV/AIDS organisation founded by homosexuals living with HIV/AIDS.<ref name="USAID">U.S. Agency for International Development: [http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/global_health/aids/Publications/docs/hivaidsdirectory.pdf Directory of Associations of People Living with HIV/Aids, July 2004] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127055731/http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/global_health/aids/Publications/docs/hivaidsdirectory.pdf |date=2012-01-27 }}, accessed February 19, 2012</ref> Udaan focuses on issues of sexual health within the homosexual and transgender communities, particularly with regard to the prevention of [[HIV]]/[[AIDS]]. In order to accomplish this, Udaan provides services such as condom distribution, sex education, counseling, and medical services to at-risk populations.<ref>Udaan Trust: [http://www.udaantrust.org/objective.php Objective] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007054605/http://www.udaantrust.org/objective.php |date=2013-10-07 }}, accessed February 19, 2012</ref>

Udaan also attempts to increase awareness of issues relevant to the rights of homosexual and transgender individuals and people living with HIV/AIDS. The organisation does not merely provide services to these individuals - it is meant to reflect their interests, as Udaan employs MSM, TG, and PLHA people (men who have sex with men, transgender, and people living with HIV/AIDS, respectively).<ref name=indiatimes1>{{cite news |title=Udaan: Dedicated to problems of gays |author=Staff writer |author-link=Staff writer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Udaan-Dedicated-to-problems-of-gays/articleshow/13900207.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509204822/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-06-24/pune/27309516_1_hiv-condoms-counselling |url-status=live |archive-date=May 9, 2012 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=June 24, 2002 |access-date=February 19, 2012}}</ref> Each of the six members of the board of directors is a person living with HIV.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}

Udaan is funded through personal donations, and attends to a network of an estimated 1500 people living with HIV.<ref name="USAID"/> It has offices in [[Mumbai]], [[Pune]], [[Thane District]], [[Raigad District]], [[Jalgaon]], [[Nashik]], and [[Ahmednagar]].<ref>Udaan Trust: [http://www.udaantrust.org/projects.php Projects] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322185015/http://www.udaantrust.org/projects.php |date=2012-03-22 }}, accessed February 19, 2012</ref>

Udaan operates within the framework provided by Avert Society, a joint enterprise of the U.S. and Indian governments. It was among a number of similar organisations criticised as ineffective by India's National Aids Control Organisation (NACO) in June 2011.<ref name=indiatimes2>{{cite news |title=AIDS work by 8 NGOs in state dubbed failures |author=Sumitra Deb Roy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/AIDS-work-by-8-NGOs-in-state-dubbed-failures/articleshow/8958369.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201170201/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-23/mumbai/29693946_1_ngos-naco-hiv |url-status=live |archive-date=February 1, 2014 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=June 23, 2011 |access-date=February 19, 2012}}</ref>

==History==
Udaan Trust founded in 1992, in the state of [[Maharashtra]].

On March 7, 2011, officials of the U.S. Agency for International Development visited Udaan to conduct a review of its work.<ref>AVERT: [http://www.avertsociety.org/news-events/news/usaid-team-visit-on-7-march-2011.aspx USAID Team Visit, March 7, 2011] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110426062504/http://www.avertsociety.org/news-events/news/usaid-team-visit-on-7-march-2011.aspx |date=April 26, 2011 }}, accessed February 19, 2011</ref>

On March 13, 2011, Udaan donated two ambulances to the Gurdaspur police and staffed them with drivers and paramedics.<ref>{{cite news |title=2 ambulances donated to Gurdaspur police |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20110314/jal.htm |newspaper=The Tribune (India) |date=March 14, 2011 |access-date=February 19, 2012}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.udaantrust.org/}}

{{Indian non-profit}}
{{LGBT in India}}

[[Category:LGBTQ culture in India]]
[[Category:HIV/AIDS organizations in India]]
[[Category:HIV/AIDS prevention organizations]]
[[Category:1992 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1992]]
[[Category:Health charities in India]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Maharashtra]]

Ginger (2013 film)

2026-03-03T20:43:45Z

MrBeast: improved article

{{short description|2013 Indian film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ginger
| image = Ginger Free Poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Shaji Kailas]]
| producer = Jagadeesh Chandran
| writer = [[Rajesh Jayaraman]]
| starring = {{ubl|[[Jayaram]]|[[Muktha George]]|[[Mallika (actress)|Mallika]]}}
| music = [[S. P. Venkatesh]]
| cinematography = Raja Ratnam
| editing = K. Sasi Kumar
| studio = Kichu Films
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|11|02}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Ginger''''' is a 2013 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[Comedy film|comedy]] [[road film]] directed by [[Shaji Kailas]] and written by [[Rajesh Jayaraman]]. It stars [[Jayaram]], [[Muktha George]], [[Mallika (actress)|Mallika]], [[Sudheesh]], [[Jagadish]], [[Suresh Krishna (actor)|Suresh Krishna]] and [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]]. The film was released on 2 November 2013 to positive reviews, coinciding with the [[Diwali]] fest.

==Plot==
{{More plot|date=October 2022}}
The film tracks the life of an individual named Vivekanandan who is cheated by everyone and put in a pool of debts followed by frauds. He makes many attempts to pull himself out of the mess and takes revenge on the people who did harm to him, forms the rest of the story.

==Cast==
* [[Jayaram]] as Vivekanandan
* [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as [[Chief Judicial Magistrate Court|District Chief Judicial Magistrate]] K.C. Kuriakose
* [[Sudheesh]] as Najeeb Kecheri
* [[Muktha George]] as Roopa
* [[Mallika (actress)|Mallika]] as Devika
* [[Jagadish]] as Sethumadhavan
* [[Suresh Krishna (actor)|Suresh Krishna]] as Harinarayanan
* [[Kailash (actor)|Kailash]] as Venkida Krishnan (Venkidi)
* [[Irshad (actor)|Irshad]] as Mohan Menon
* [[P. Balachandran]] as Palathara Balakrishnan
* [[Lakshmi Gopalaswamy]] as Molykutty
* [[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]] as Vivekanandan's mother
* [[Kalasala Babu]] as Elamuttam Pappachan
* Priyanka Anoop as Shivakami
* [[Vijayaraghavan]] as [[Inspector-general of police|IG]] Mathew Tharakan [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] (Cameo Appearance)
* [[Tini Tom]] as [[Circle Inspector|CI]] Radhakrishnan
* [[Santhosh (actor)|Santhosh]] as [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Ajith Kumar
* [[Anoop Chandran]] as Keshavan
* [[Lakshmi Priya]] as Geetha
* [[Thesni Khan]] as Saathi
* Manka Mahesh as Pappachan's wife
* [[Indrans]] (Cameo Appearance)
* [[Sidhartha Siva]] (Cameo Appearance)

==Critical reception==
The film received mostly positive reviews from critics.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ginger film review|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/ginger-review-malayalam-pcmbedddabgfa.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202094529/http://www.sify.com/movies/ginger-review-malayalam-pcmbedddabgfa.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 February 2017|website=[[Sify]]|accessdate=21 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Ginger Movie Review {1.5/5}: Critic Review of Ginger by Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/ginger/movie-review/25543864.cms|access-date=2021-01-24}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Shaji Kailas}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|3463312|Ginger}}
* [https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/movies/ginger/story.html Entertainment Oneindia]

[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:2013 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian road movies]]
[[Category:Indian heist films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thrissur]]
[[Category:Films directed by Shaji Kailas]]

Desamuduru

2026-03-03T18:04:12Z

MrBeast: Updated formatting and improved readability

{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Desamuduru
| image = Desamuduru_Poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Puri Jagannadh]]
| producer = [[D. V. V. Danayya]]
| writer = Puri Jagannadh
| starring = [[Allu Arjun]] [[Hansika Motwani]]
| music = [[Chakri (music director)|Chakri]]
| cinematography = [[Shyam K. Naidu]]
| editing = [[Marthand K. Venkatesh]]
| studio = [[D. V. V. Danayya|Universal Media]]
| distributor = Universal Media
| released = {{film date|df=y|2007|01|12}}
| runtime = 148 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| budget = 
| gross = ₹26 crore [[Box office#Distributor rentals|distributors' share]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Tollywood Top 10 Box Office Collection Movies In 2007 |url=https://t2blive.com/tollywood-top-10-box-office-collection-movies-in-2007/ |website=T2BLive |language=en |date=19 February 2019 |access-date=14 April 2025}}</ref>
}}

'''''Desamuduru''''' ({{Translation|Cunning Lad}}) is a 2007 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Romance film|romantic]] [[action comedy film]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/desamudhuru-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc00mtc0odk|title=Desamudhuru|website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|access-date=7 June 2021|archive-date=7 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607080947/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/desamudhuru-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc00mtc0odk|url-status=live}}</ref> directed by [[Puri Jagannadh]] and produced by [[DVV Danayya]] under Universal Media. The film stars [[Allu Arjun]] and [[Hansika Motwani]] (in her Telugu debut), alongside [[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]], [[Ali (actor)|Ali]], [[Devan (actor)|Devan]], [[Telangana Shakuntala]] and [[Subbaraju]].

''Desamuduru'' was released on 12 January 2007.

==Plot==

Bala Govind is a [[program director]] in [[Star Maa|Maa TV]], whose fights for justice regularly get him into trouble. During one of these incidents, Bala saves a person from goons, while severely thrashing Murugesan, the son of a notorious smuggler Tambi Durai. Fearing retribution from Tambi Durai, the Maa TV crew sends Bala's team to [[Manali, Himachal Pradesh|Kullu Manali]] to shoot a travel episode. After reaching Manali, Bala sees Vaishali, a [[sannyasin]], and soon falls in love with her. Though initially apprehensive of Bala, Vaishali reciprocates his feelings. The [[ashram]]'s head sannyasin Rama Prabha also accepts their relationship. Before Bala is able to return to [[Hyderabad]] with Vaishali, Tambi Durai's henchmen kidnap her and take her to his home. The person, who was saved by Bala, reveals that Vaishali is the daughter of Narayan Patwari, a businessman. In order to grab Patwari's properties, Tambi Durai killed her parents, and his wife Andal fixed Vaishali's marriage with Murugesan, but Vaishali escapes and reached Kullu Manali. Bala seeks the help of [[Inspector of Police|Inspector]] Prasad to save Vaishali from their clutches, where he eventually succeeds in arresting Tambi Durai and marries Vaishali.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Allu Arjun]] as Bala Govind
* [[Hansika Motwani]] as Vaishali (Voice dubbed by [[Sowmya Sharma]])
* [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Shankar / Himalayan Baba
* [[Giri Babu]] as Rama Chandra Murthy
* [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] as Chandram, Bala's father
* [[Devan (actor)|Devan]] as Narayan Patwari, Vaishali's father
* [[Sumithra (actress)|Sumithra]] as Amrutham, Bala's mother
* [[Sudha (Telugu actress)|Sudha]] as Janaki, Vaishali's mother
* [[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]] as Tambi Durai
* [[Telangana Shakuntala]] as Andal, Tambi Durai's wife
* [[Subbaraju]] as Murugesan, Tambi Durai's son
* [[Ahuti Prasad]] as A. Prasad
* [[Rama Prabha]] as Rama Prabha
* [[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]] as Tambi Durai's henchman
* [[G. V. Sudhakar Naidu]] as Tambi Durai's henchman
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Pandu
* [[Kovai Sarala]] as Shivani
* [[Raghu Babu]] as Compounder
* [[Gundu Sudharshan]] as Sudarshan
* [[Srinivasa Reddy]] as Ravi
* [[Raja Ravindra]] as the person Bala saved
* [[Satyam Rajesh]] as Rajesh, Bala's colleague
* [[Jeeva (Telugu actor)|Jeeva]] as Ponnuswamy, Tambi Durai’s younger brother
* [[Hema (actress)|Hema]] as Ponnuswamy's wife
* [[Uttej]] as [[Radio Mirchi]] Reporter
* [[Narsing Yadav]] as Police Inspector
* [[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]] as Tea Seller
* [[Gautam Raju]] as Apples Exporter
* [[Shankar Melkote]] as Doctor
* [[Saptagiri (Telugu actor)|Saptagiri]] as Bala's colleague
* Sandra as Bala's colleague
* Sony Raj as Bala's colleague
* Phani as Bala's colleague
* Junior Relangi as Bala's colleague
* [[Vamsi Krishna]]
* [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]] in the [[item number]] "Attaantode Ittaantode"<ref name="Item Number">{{cite web| website=[[Telugucinema.com]]| title= Rambha's item number in Desa Muduru|url= http://www.telugucinema.com/tc/news/desamuduru_dec1306.php
|access-date=21 December 2006 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070102175032/http://www.telugucinema.com/tc/news/desamuduru_dec1306.php  |archive-date = 2 January 2007}}</ref>
}}

== Production ==
After the release of ''[[Happy (2006 film)|Happy]]'' (2006), [[Allu Arjun]] was reported to be keen to act in the Telugu remake of ''[[Sivakasi (film)|Sivakasi]]'' (2005) starring [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] and [[Asin]]. He later accepted to act in a film directed by [[Puri Jagannadh]] and produced by [[DVV Danayya]] under the banner Universal Media. The title was confirmed as ''Desamuduru''. Puri Jagannadh worked on the film's script at [[Bangkok]] and returned to Hyderabad on 16 June 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news273.html|title=Desamuduru Script at Bangkok|publisher=[[Idlebrain.com]]|date=10 June 2006|access-date=21 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221015010/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news273.html|archive-date=21 December 2014}}</ref> The film had its official launch at the office of Puri Jagannadh's production company Vaishno Academy on 19 June 2006.

=== Casting ===
{{multiple image
| align = left
| direction = horizontal
| footer = [[Hansika Motwani]] (''left'') was cast as the lead actress while [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]] (''right'') was cast as the item number alongside [[Allu Arjun]].
| width = 
| image1 = Hansika Motwani celebrates her birthday at Arth Bar (06).jpg
| width1 = 150
| alt1 =
| caption1 = 
| image2 = Rambha_quick_gun_murugun.jpg
| width2 = 156
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
}}
Allu Arjun played the role of a crime reporter working for [[MAA TV]] in the film. For his role, Allu Arjun sported a long hairdo and built six pack abs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/allu-arjun-goes-salman-way-news-telugu-kkfvhhjfajbsi.html|title=Allu Arjun goes Salman way!|website=[[Sify]]|date=22 November 2006|access-date=21 December 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221161901/http://www.sify.com/movies/allu-arjun-goes-salman-way-news-telugu-kkfvhhjfajbsi.html|archive-date=21 December 2014}}</ref> [[Hansika Motwani]] was selected as the female lead which marked her debut in Telugu cinema as an actress at a very young age of 15.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/i-am-no-more-a-babe-says-hansika-news-telugu-kkftrfgiebbsi.html|title="I am no more a babe", says Hansika|website=[[Sify]]|date=2 July 2008|access-date=21 December 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221161913/http://www.sify.com/movies/i-am-no-more-a-babe-says-hansika-news-telugu-kkftrfgiebbsi.html|archive-date=21 December 2014}}</ref> She played the role of a sanyasin in the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/hansika-charges-50-lakhs-news-telugu-kkfvhaebjcdsi.html|title=Hansika charges 50 lakhs!|website=[[Sify]]|date=23 November 2006|access-date=21 December 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221161951/http://www.sify.com/movies/hansika-charges-50-lakhs-news-telugu-kkfvhaebjcdsi.html|archive-date=21 December 2014}}</ref> [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]] was selected for an [[item number]] in the film, despite initial reports stated that [[Charmee Kaur]] would dance in the song.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/rambha-as-item-girl-news-telugu-kkfvgIhfgbgsi.html|title=Rambha as item girl!|website=[[Sify]]|date=15 December 2006|access-date=21 December 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221162019/http://www.sify.com/movies/rambha-as-item-girl-news-telugu-kkfvgIhfgbgsi.html|archive-date=21 December 2014}}</ref>
[[File:Himalayas from Kullu Valley, Himachal Pradesh.jpg|right|260px|thumb|The [[Himalayas]] as seen from Kullu Valley, Himachal Pradesh]]

=== Filming ===
Filming began on 14 July 2006 at [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] where the film's first schedule was shot. The next schedule began in [[Himachal Pradesh]]. Few action sequences were shot at [[Manali, Himachal Pradesh|Manali]] in early September 2006. Weeks later, few scenes between the lead pair were shot in Uttaranchal and Himachal Pradesh. This schedule was planned to be wrapped up on 5 December 2006. However the schedule was completed on 10 October 2006. Some crucial action sequences were shot at Aluminium Factory in Gachibowli in early December 2006.

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Desamuduru
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| image =
| artist = [[Chakri (music director)|Chakri]]
| alt =
| released = 25 December 2006
| recorded =
| venue = Rock Gardens, [[Madhapur]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=28|s=03}}
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = [[Chakri (music director)|Chakri]]
| prev_title = [[Chukkallo Chandrudu]]
| prev_year = 2006
| next_title = [[Dhee (film)|Dhee]]
| next_year = 2007
}}

The film has six songs composed by [[Chakri (music director)|Chakri]]. Music of the film was launched on 25 December 2006. The song "Ninne Ninne" was the most popular song in the soundtrack among music lovers.

{{Track listing
| all_writing =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 28:03
| title1 = Ninne Ninne
| extra1 = Chakri, [[Kousalya (singer)|Kousalya]]
| lyrics1 = [[Kandikonda]]
| length1 = 4:40
| title2 = Gili Giligaa
| extra2 = Devan, [[Andrea Jeremiah]]
| lyrics2 = [[Bhaskarabhatla Ravi Kumar|Bhaskarabhatla]]
| length2 = 4:32
| title3 = Satte E Godavaa Ledu
| extra3 = [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]], [[Rita Thyagarajan|Rita]]
| lyrics3 = Bhaskarabhatla
| length3 = 4:18
| title4 = Gola Pettinaadiro
| extra4 = [[Raghu Kunche]], Kousalya
| lyrics4 = Bhaskarabhatla
| length4 = 4:39
| title5 = Manasuley
| extra5 = Chakri, Kousalya
| lyrics5 = Kandikonda
| length5 = 4:51
| title6 = Attaantode Ittaantode
| extra6 = Ravi Varma, [[Suchitra]]
| lyrics6 = [[Bhaskarabhatla Ravi Kumar|Bhaskarabhatla]]
| length6 = 5:03
}}

==Release==
The film was released on 500 screens, including 424 in [[Andhra Pradesh]], 32 in [[Karnataka]], 8 in [[Orissa, India|Orissa]], 2 in [[Chennai]], 3 in [[Mumbai]] and 31 overseas.<ref>{{cite web |title=Desamuduru release centers |url=http://www.superhit.co.in/releasecenters.asp?release=desamudurureleasecenters |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018040026/http://superhit.co.in/releasecenters.asp?release=desamudurureleasecenters |archive-date=18 October 2007 |access-date=12 September 2007 |work=superhit.co.in |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Box office==
''Desamuduru'' ran for more than 175 days. The film grossed {{INR}}12.58 crore and a share of {{INR}}9.5 crore.<ref name="First seven days">{{cite web|title=nonstopcinema.com|url=http://www.nonstopcinema.com/nsc/headlines/news_content.php?fileName=229|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070122154434/http://www.nonstopcinema.com/nsc/headlines/news_content.php?fileName=229 |archive-date=22 January 2007|access-date=19 January 2007|work=Desamuduru worldwide 7-day gross – 25.8 million}}</ref> worldwide in the first week of its release. The film grossed {{INR}}20 crore in four weeks. It ran for more than 365 days.

The film was the highest grossing film in [[Allu Arjun]]'s career at the time of its release and the third highest-grossing Telugu movie of 2007.

==Accolades==
;[[55th Filmfare Awards South|55th Filmfare Awards]]
*[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Telugu|Best Film]] – [[DVV Danayya]] – Nominated
*[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Telugu|Best Director]] – [[Puri Jagannadh]] – Nominated
*[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Best Actor]] – [[Allu Arjun]] – Nominated
*[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Telugu|Best Music Director]] – [[Chakri (composer)|Chakri]] – Nominated
*[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut – South]] – [[Hansika Motwani]] – Won

;[[Nandi Awards]]
*[[Nandi Award for Best Choreographer|Best Choreographer]] – Nobel – "Satte E Godava Ledu" – Won

;[[Santosham Film Awards]]
*Best Young Performers – Allu Arjun – Won
*Best Debut Heroine – Hansika Motwani – Won

;[[CineMAA Awards]]
*Best Actor (Jury) – Allu Arjun – Won
*Best Female Debut – Hansika Motwani – Won

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0843335|Desamuduru}}

{{Puri Jagannadh}}{{Portal bar|Film|India}}

[[Category:2007 films]]
[[Category:2007 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Chakri]]
[[Category:Indian romantic musical films]]
[[Category:2000s romantic musical films]]
[[Category:2000s crime action films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:2000s masala films]]
[[Category:Films about journalists]]
[[Category:Journalism adapted into films]]
[[Category:Films about mass media in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by Puri Jagannadh]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films set in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:2000s romantic action films]]
[[Category:Films produced by D. V. V. Danayya]]
[[Category:2007 musical films]]

Misri Masjid

2026-03-03T07:02:28Z

MrBeast: made stub!

{{Short description|Mosque in Ponnani, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox religious building
| building_name = Misri Masjid
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Misiri Palli Ponnani bright.jpg
| image_upright = 1.4
| caption = The mosque in 2024, following restoration
| alt =
| map_type = India Kerala
| map_size = 250
| map_relief = 1
| map_caption = Location of the mosque in [[Kerala]]
| location = [[Ponnani]], [[Malappuram district]], [[Kerala]]
| country = [[India]]
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| footnotes = <ref name=BennyBlog>{{cite web |author=Naseef, T. P. |url=https://www.bennykuriakose.com/post/the-kerala-mosques-that-has-been-restored-to-the-past-glory |title=The Kerala Mosques That Have Been Restored To Their Past Glory: Misri Masjid |publisher=Benny Kuriakose and Associates |date=28 June 2023 |access-date=18 January 2025 }}</ref>
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}}

The '''Misri Masjid''', also known as the '''Egyptian Mosque''', is a 16th-century [[mosque]], located in [[Ponnani]], in the [[Malappuram district]] of the state of [[Kerala]], India. The mosque was built for the army of [[Zainuddin Makhdoom II|Zainuddin Makhdoom]], who had come to India from [[Egypt]] to help the [[Zamorin]] king's army in the battle against the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]]. The mosque is one of the important cultural, historical and architectural monuments of Kerala. The Misri Masjid is also a remnant of the medieval trade relationship between Egypt and [[Malabar coast]].

==Etymology==
Because the Egyptians were locally called ''Misri'', people started calling the mosque built in the area where they camped as Misri Masjid.<ref name="Malayala Manorama">{{cite news |last1=ലേഖകൻ |first1=സ്വന്തം |title=മിസ്‍രി പള്ളിയുടെ പ്രതാപം തിരികെയെത്തുന്നു; പുനരുദ്ധാരണത്തിന് 85 ലക്ഷം |url=https://www.manoramanews.com/kerala/latest/2020/02/19/renovation-of-ponnani-misri-masjid.html |work=[[Malayala Manorama]] |language=ml |date=19 February 2020 |access-date= }}</ref>

==History==
Zainuddin Makhdoom's army had come from Egypt to help the Zamorin king's army in the battle against the Portuguese at Ponnani, which was the headquarters of the Zamorin's navy, headed by [[Kunjali Marakkar]].<ref name="Kerala">{{cite web |title=മിസ്‌രി പള്ളി പുനരുദ്ധാരണം: പുനരുദ്ധീകരിച്ചത് മലബാറിന്റെ സംസ്കാരിക ചരിത്രം |date= |access-date= |url=https://kerala.gov.in/articledetail/NTczNjU1MTYyLjA4/0 |website=kerala.gov.in |publisher=[[Government of Kerala]] |language=ml }}</ref> The Misri Masjid was built for the Makhdoom's army,<ref name="Kerala"/> as mentioned in ''[[Tuhfat Ul Mujahideen]]'' by Zainuddin Makhdoom.<ref name="manorama2">{{cite news |title=Speaker intervenes to stop demolition work of 500-year-old mosque at Ponnani |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/content/mm/en/kerala/top-news/2019/01/10/speaker-intervenes-to-stop-demolition-work-of-500-year-old-mosque-at-ponnani.html |work=Onmanorama |publisher=[[Malayala Manorama]] }}</ref> As a tribute to the Egyptian soldiers, the Kammalikanakam family of Ponnani donated land to build the mosque and named it ''Misri [Egyptian] Masjid''.<ref name="aa">{{cite news |title=India: Joint efforts to preserve 16th century mosque |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/india-joint-efforts-to-preserve-16th-century-mosque/1385856 |work=[[Anadolu Agency]] |location=Turkey }}</ref> T. V. Abdurrahiman Kutty of Ponnani, an historian, stated that Zamorin, Zainuddin and Marakkar former an army that successfully resisted multiple attacks from the Portuguese.<ref name="New Indian Express">{{cite news |author=Vishnu Prasad, K. P. |title=500-year-old symbol of Kerala's fight against Portuguese gets Rs 85 lakh facelift |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2023/Jun/30/500-year-old-symbol-of-keralas-fight-against-portuguese-gets-rs-85-lakhfacelift-2589903.html |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=30 June 2023 |language=en |access-date= }}</ref>

Another claim exists that the Misri Masjid was built following the visit of traders from Egypt.<ref name="manorama2"/> It was claimed that they came ashore after a shipwreck and promised to build a mosque in gratitude.<ref name="manorama2"/><ref name="New Indian Express"/>

The mosque consists of a two-storeyed ''[[mihrab]]'', ''[[mimbar]]'', prayer hall, and dars,{{clarify|date=January 2025|reason=What is dars?}} and was built in the [[Architecture of Kerala#Islamic architecture|Kerala-Islamic]] style,<ref name="Kerala"/> using local technology and architecture.<ref name="aa"/> Many small mosques, [[madrasa]]s, and ancestral houses were also built in Ponnani and they greatly influenced the socio-cultural life of the town.<ref name="Kerala"/> The [[Ponnani Juma Masjid]] was completed in a similar style around the same time.

== Architecture ==
Completed in the 16th-century, the mosque is rich in [[Arabic calligraphy]].<ref name="manorama2"/> The tombs of the soldiers who were martyred in the battle against Portuguese are in the Misri Mosque and in an adjacent mosque.<ref name="kerala2">{{cite web |title=മിസ്രി പള്ളിയില്‍ പുനരുദ്ധാരണപ്രവര്‍ത്തനങ്ങള്‍ ആരംഭിച്ചു |trans-title= |date= |url=https://keralanews.gov.in/1420/Misri-Palli.html |website=[[Government of Kerala]] |language=ml |access-date= }}</ref> The Misri Masjid contains the tombs of many martyrs of the [[Indian independence movement|Indian freedom struggle]].<ref name="kerala2"/> The Misri Mosque is also a remnant of the medieval trade relationship between Egypt and Malabar Coast.<ref name="Kerala"/>

Due to lack of care and maintenance, in 2023 it was reported that the mosque suffered extensive damage and its [[façade]] and roof collapsed.<ref name=BennyBlog/><ref name="manorama">{{cite news |title=നവീകരണം പൂർത്തിയായി; മിസ്‌രി പള്ളി ഇനി പൈതൃക ഭവനം |trans-title= |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/malappuram/2023/06/08/malappuram-ponnani-misri-masjid-story.html |work=[[Malayala Manorama]] |language=ml |date=2023-06-08 |access-date= }}</ref> following this, In 2019, a few members of the mosque committee tried to demolish the old mosque building and replace it with a concrete structure.<ref name="New Indian Express"/> However, opposition from locals led to the intervention of [[P. Sreeramakrishnan]], the former Speaker of the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]. To support the community's demand to protect the mosque, the [[Government of Kerala]] assumed management of the mosque.<ref name="Hindu">{{cite news |title=Kerala govt. renovates historic Misri Masjid of Ponnani |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-govt-renovates-historic-misri-masjid-of-ponnani/article66946980.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=8 June 2023 |language=en-IN |access-date= }}</ref> Sreeramakrishnan, the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] for [[Ponnani Assembly constituency|Ponnani]], later summoned [[Archaeological Survey of India]] officials, including conservation, heritage and architectural experts, to submit a plan for the protection of the monument.<ref name="aa"/>

The renovation was completed at a cost of ₹ 85 lakh (approximately {{USD}}100,000), under the [[Muziris]] Heritage Conservation Project by Government of Kerala.<ref name="Kerala"/> The restoration works were completed in June 2023 in the Kerala-Islamic style.<ref name="kaumudi">{{cite news |title=പുനരുദ്ധാരണം പൂർത്തിയായി; പൊന്നാനി മിസ്‌രി പള്ളി ഇനി പൈതൃക സംരക്ഷണ ഭവനം |trans-title= |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/news/news.php?id=1083257&u=local-news--malappuram-1083257 |work=Keralakaumudi Daily |language=ml}}</ref> The renovated mosque was opened by [[P. A. Mohammed Riyas]], the Kerala Minister for Public Works Department and Tourism.<ref name="madhyamam">{{cite news |last1=ലേഖകൻ |first1=മാധ്യമം |title=പുനരുദ്ധാരണം പൂർത്തിയായി; മിസ്രി പള്ളി ഇനി പൈതൃക സംരക്ഷണ ഭവനം |trans-title= |work=Madhyamam.com |access-date= |url=https://www.madhyamam.com/kerala/local-news/malappuram/ponnani/the-restoration-is-complete-misri-palli-is-now-a-heritage-conservation-house-1168458 |date=8 June 2023 |language=ml}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{stack|{{portal|India|Islam}}}}
* [[Islam in India]]
* [[List of mosques in India]]
* [[List of mosques in Kerala]]
* [[Egypt–India relations]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mosques in India}}
{{Islam in Kerala}}

[[Category:16th-century mosques in India]]
[[Category:Culture of Malappuram district]]
[[Category:Mosques in Kerala]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures in Malappuram district]]

Monika Sah

2026-02-26T19:34:48Z

MrBeast: made entry!

{{Short description|Indian kho kho player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}

'''Monika Sah''' is an Indian kho kho player from [[Bihar]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-01-22 |title=From Mud House to World Champion: Monika Sah's Inspirational Journey |url=https://khokhochampions.com/from-mud-house-to-world-champion-monika-sahs-inspirational-journey/ |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=KHO KHO CHAMPIONS |language=en-US}}</ref> She plays for the [[India women's national kho kho team]] as an allrounder.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kho Kho Federation of India (KKFI) - KKFI Official Website |url=https://khokhofederation.in/world-cup-team-matches/?id=2 |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=Kho Kho Federation |language=en-US}}</ref> She was part of the Indian women’s team that won the inaugural [[Kho Kho World Cup]] held at [[New Delhi]] in January 2025.

== Early life and career ==
Sah is from Dimha village, Gopalpur block, [[Naugachhia]] sub division, [[Bhagalpur district]], Bihar. She hails from a poor family and is born to Binod Sah and Jura Devi. They live in a mud house in Dimha village. Her father used to sell vegetables and occasionally pull a rickshaw. He later also drove [[auto rickshaw]] to earn a living for the family.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2025-02-19 |title=मिट्टी के चूल्हे पर खाना बना रही बिहार की खो-खो वर्ल्ड चैंपियन मोनिका शाह, जानिये क्यों? |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hi/!bharat/story-of-struggle-to-success-of-kho-kho-world-champion-monika-shah-of-bhagalpur-bihar-hindi-news-brn25021902648 |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 January 2025 |title=Bhagalpur's daughter becomes Kho Kho World Champion |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/bhagalpur/news/bhagalpurs-daughter-becomes-kho-kho-champion-134326114.html |access-date=9 March 2025 |website=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref>

== Career ==
Sah took part in the Indian women's team that won the first [[Kho Kho World Cup]] at [[New Delhi]] in January 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2025-01-15 |title=Kho Kho World Cup: Indian women make history with 157-point rout of South Korea |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/sports/kho-kho-world-cup-indian-women-make-history-with-157-point-rout-of-south-korea-1503386655.html |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref> The Indian team defeated South Korea, IR Iran and Malaysia in the group stages, Bangladesh in quarterfinals and South Africa in semifinals. They defeated [[Nepal men's national kho kho team|Nepal]] 78-40 in the final.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Women create history at Kho Kho World Cup 2025 with commanding victory over rivals Nepal to secure coveted trophy |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sports/indian-women-create-history-at-kho-kho-world-cup-2025-with-commanding-victory-over-rivals-nepal-to-secure-coveted-trophy/ |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Livemint |date=2025-01-19 |title=Indian women win first-ever Kho Kho World Cup 2025; PM Modi hails 'historic' victory {{!}} Mint |url=https://www.livemint.com/sports/indian-women-win-first-ever-kho-kho-world-cup-2025-pm-modi-hails-historic-victory-11737302241435.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250201155957/https://www.livemint.com/sports/indian-women-win-first-ever-kho-kho-world-cup-2025-pm-modi-hails-historic-victory-11737302241435.html |archive-date=2025-02-01 |access-date=2025-03-09 |work=mint |language=en}}</ref> She has captained the Bihar team in the domestic tournaments.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 March 2025 |title=Womens Day Special: बिहार की एकमात्र खो खो खिलाड़ी मोनिका, जिसने विश्व कप में जीता है गोल्ड मेडल |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/bihar-jharkhand/bhagalpur/women-day-special-only-kho-kho-player-from-bihar-who-played-in-indian-team-and-won-gold-medal-in-world-cup/2673362 |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=Zee News Hindi |language=hi}}</ref>

After returning from the World Cup victory, she was felicitated by the local leaders, including Naugachhia sub division president Preeti Kumari.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2025-02-19 |title=खो खो विश्व कप में भारत को स्वर्ण पद दिलाकर बिहार लौटीं मोनिका साह, भागलपुर में भव्य स्वागत |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hi/!state/kho-kho-world-cup-winner-monika-sah-welcomed-in-bhagalpur-bihar-news-brs25021900802 |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sah, Monika}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kho kho players]]
[[Category:People from Bhagalpur district]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Bihar]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Mangalavanam Bird Sanctuary

2026-02-23T05:02:27Z

MrBeast: minor edit

{{Short description|Sanctuary in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Mangalavanam Bird Sanctuary
| iucn_category = IV
| image = Mangalavanam.JPG
| image_alt =
| image_caption = View of Mangalavanam
| relief = 1
| mapframe = yes
| map = India Kerala#India
| location = [[Kochi]], Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|9.98886|N|76.27282|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| area = {{convert|0.0274|km²}}
| established = 2004
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| governing_body =
}}
'''Mangalavanam''' is an ecologically sensitive area situated at the centre of the [[India]]n city of [[Kochi (India)|Kochi]], covering about 2.74 hectares.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Kerala Tourism Development Corporation]]|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/kerala-article/mangalavanam-bird-sanctuary/181/|title=Mangalavanam Bird Sanctuary|access-date=21 January 2018}}</ref> It also houses a shallow tidal lake connected with Kochi backwaters by a canal. It is situated behind the [[Kerala High Court]] building. It is a nesting ground for a large variety of [[migratory birds]] and supports many types of [[mangroves]]. The Managalavanam is often regarded as the "green lung of Kochi",<ref>{{cite web |title=Green Lung of Kochi|url=http://www.cochin.org.uk/excursions/mangalavanam.html| publisher= cochin.org| access-date=3 April 2016}}</ref> considering its role in keeping the city's air pollution under check. The area is a roosting place for many kinds of resident and migratory birds.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mangalavanam Bird Sanctuary|url=http://kochiservnet.com/hangouts/hangouts_action.php/45/Mangalavanam-Bird-sanctuary/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331023518/http://kochiservnet.com/hangouts/hangouts_action.php/45/Mangalavanam-Bird-sanctuary|url-status=usurped|archive-date=31 March 2012| publisher= Kochi Servnet| access-date=12 November 2015}}</ref>

Recently the [[high-rise buildings]] surrounding the area are curtailing the movement of birds in the sanctuary. The buildings close to the sanctuary interrupt proper orientation, take-off and landings of the birds. They also cause hurdles in the regular movements of the [[Bird nest|nesting]] birds in transporting nesting materials. It is also likely to hinder the movement of birds while bringing food materials to the chicks and fledglings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/26/stories/2006072624910400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060829004027/http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/26/stories/2006072624910400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2006-08-29 |work=[[The Hindu]] |title=Archive News |date=2006-07-26 |access-date=2016-12-01}}</ref> The administrative control of the sanctuary is with the Assistant Conservator of Forest and Wildlife Warden Mangalavanam Bird Sanctuary of Nature Study Centre Kalady and then to the Range Officer Research Range [[Kodanad]].

== Flora and fauna ==
The true mangrove and mangrove associate species that exist in the sanctuary are [[Avicennia officinalis]], [[Rhizophora mucronata]], [[Acanthus ilicifolius]] and [[Acrostichum aureum]]— Although not threatened species according to [[IUCN Red List]], they are of vital importance in estuarine [[ecosystems]].

Mangalavanam is primarily a bird refuge. A bird survey conducted in May 2006 found that there were 194 birds belonging to 32 species. The total number of bird species recorded so far from the area is 72. Some of the birds found are [[common redshank]], [[common greenshank]], [[brahminy kite]], [[white-breasted waterhen]] and [[marsh sandpiper]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mangalavanam Bird Sanctuary|url=http://travel.india.com/kochi/places-to-visit/wildlife-mangalavanam-bird-sanctuary/| publisher= Travel India| access-date=20 June 2016}}</ref>

In a recent study revealed six species of mammals [[Indian Flying Fox|Indian flying-fox]], [[painted bat]], [[Indian Palm Squirrel|three-striped palm squirrel]]/[[Funambulus sublineatus|dusky palm squirrel]], [[Rat|house rat]]/[[black rat]], [[bandicota]], and [[Eurasian otter]]. Two species of [[amphibians]], [[Limnonectes limnocharis]] and [[Duttaphrynus melanostictus]], and seven species of fishes [[Climbing gourami|Anabas testudineus]], [[Striped panchax]], Malabar swamp eel, [[Orange chromide]], [[Rasbora daniconius|Blackline rasbora]], [[Etroplus suratensis]] and Sarotherodon mossambica are found here.<ref>{{cite web |title=Amid a buzzing metro!|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/kerala-article/mangalavanam-bird-sanctuary/181/| publisher= kerala Tourism| access-date=20 June 2016}}</ref>

During a study conducted in 2006, 17 species of [[butterflies]] were recorded in this area. 51 species of [[spiders]] belonging to 40 [[Genus|genera]] and 16 [[family (biology)|families]] were recorded here. This represented 27% of the total families reported from [[India]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}
==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Welcome Arch Mangalavanam Bird Sanctuary.jpg|Welcome board on Dr. Salim Ali Road
File:Mangalavanam Bird Sanctuary Entry Gate.jpg|Entry gate
File:Nakshatravana Garden of Mangalavanam.jpg|Nakshatravana
File:Statue of Buddha at Mangalavanam.jpg| Statue of Buddha near the entry gate
</gallery>

{{commons category|Mangalavanam Bird Sanctuary}}

{{Protected areas of Kerala}}
{{Bird Sanctuaries}}
{{Tourism in Kerala}}

[[Category:Bird sanctuaries of Kerala]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Kerala]]
[[Category:2004 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Kochi]]
[[Category:Geography of Kochi]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 2004]]

{{Ernakulam-geo-stub}}

Bhavana Sangama

2026-02-19T09:55:57Z

MrBeast: started new details

{{Short description|Father of the founders of the Vijayanagara Empire}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox royalty
| issue = [[Harihara I]], [[Bukka Raya I]] Kampa I, Marappa and Muddappa
| dynasty = [[Sangama dynasty|Sangama]]
| spouse = Maravve Nayakitio
}}
'''Bhavana Sangama''' or simply Sangama was the father of the brothers [[Harihara I]] and [[Bukka Raya I]], the founders of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] in present-day [[Karnataka]], India.<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=103–106}}</ref>

==Biography==
According to Ramchandra Chintaman Dhere, Sangama was a was a chieftain of a pastoralist community of shepherd caste.<ref>{{cite book|first=Ramchandra |last=Dhere |title=Rise of a Folk God: Vitthal of Pandharpur South Asia Research |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jUeeAgAAQBAJ |year=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press, 2011 |isbn=9780199777648 |pages=243}}</ref> He was married to Maravve Nayakiti, the daughter of the [[Kampili kingdom |Kampili king]] [[Kampilideva|Kampili Deva Raya]] and the elder sister of prince [[Kumara Rama]].<ref name="pp">{{cite web|url=http://www.preservearticles.com/biography/short-biography-of-harihara-i-ad-1336ad-1355/14111|title=Short biography of Harihara-I (A.D. 1336—A.D. 1355)|date=29 October 2011|access-date=7 October 2020|archive-date=20 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820074314/https://www.preservearticles.com/biography/short-biography-of-harihara-i-ad-1336ad-1355/14111|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Ramchandra |last=Dhere |title=Rise of a Folk God: Vitthal of Pandharpur South Asia Research |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jUeeAgAAQBAJ |year=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press, 2011 |isbn=9780199777648 |pages=243}}</ref> He had 5 children,<ref name="cambridge">{{cite book |author1=Burton Stein |title=The New Cambridge History of India Vijayanagara · Volume 1 |date=1990 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=18 |isbn=9780521266932 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OpxeaYQbGDMC&dq=kampili+kingdom&pg=PA18 |language=English |format=Ebook}}</ref> [[Harihara I|Harihara]], [[Bukka Raya I|Bukka]], Kampa I, Marappa and Muddappa, who founded the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] (mainly by [[Harihara I|Harihara]] and [[Bukka Raya I|Bukka]])<ref name="pp" />

==Bibliography==
* Dr. Suryanath U. Kamat, Concise history of Karnataka, MCC, Bangalore, 2001 (Reprinted 2002)
* Chopra, P.N. T.K. Ravindran and N. Subrahmaniam.History of South India. S. Chand, 2003. {{ISBN|81-219-0153-7}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Sangama dynasty]]
[[Category:14th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Veerashaiva kings]]

Rohan Mirchandani

2026-02-07T22:59:51Z

MrBeast: Made Some Post From Scratch

{{Short description|Indian businessman (1981/1982–2024)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
'''Rohan Mirchandani''' (15 March 1982 – 21 December 2024) was an Indian businessman. He was the co-founder and CEO of Epigamia. Epigamia was renowned for being a leading Greek yogurt brand in India. He was known for his innovative creative and visionary thinking.

== Career ==
According to his official [[LinkedIn]] profile, he studied at the [[Bergen Catholic High School]], New Jersey.<ref name="ndtv">{{Cite web |title=All About Rohan Mirchandani, Epigamia CEO Who Died Of Cardiac Arrest At 41 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/who-was-rohan-mirchandani-epigamia-founder-dead-at-41-7312757 |access-date=31 December 2024 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref> He pursued Bachelor of Science degree in Finance and International Business at the [[New York University]]’s [[New York University Stern School of Business|Stern School of Business]] and he obtained [[Master of Business Administration]] at the [[Wharton School]] of the [[University of Pennsylvania]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 December 2024 |title=Rohan Mirchandani, 42 year old co-founder of Epigamia dies due to cardiac arrest |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/health-news/rohan-mirchandani-42-year-old-co-founder-of-epigamia-dies-due-to-cardiac-arrest/articleshow/116567862.cms |access-date=31 December 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He aspired to pursue his interest in business and entrepreneurship as he was passionate entering business field for a long time. He began his corporate career in 2004 as an Associate in the CVC division at [[Duff & Phelps]], and he worked for about a year in the Greater New York City area locality.<ref name="ndtv"/> In 2005, he was inducted as a board member at [[The Ross Group]], a private holding company which predominantly focuses on logistics and warehousing across various territories of North American region.<ref name="ndtv"/>

Mirchandani co-founded Drums Food International in 2013. He served as the chief executive officer of the company for over ten years. During his tenure, Drums Food International made rapid strides by undergoing a transformation from selling Hoki Poki ice cream to establishing Epigamia as a household name in the Indian [[Fast-moving consumer goods|fast moving consumer good]] market.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 December 2024 |title=Epigamia co-founder Rohan Mirchandani dies at 42 due to cardiac arrest |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/business/story/rohan-mirchandani-death-yogurt-brand-epigamia-co-founder-dies-at-42-due-to-cardiac-arrest-2653723-2024-12-22 |access-date=31 December 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Mirchandani implemented a [[paradigm shift]] approach to eagerly tackle the logistical challenges owing to the lack of innovation in India's FMCG sector, by incorporating his own [[Eureka effect|eureka moment]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 December 2024 |title=Epigamia's co-founder dies of cardiac arrest: Who was Rohan Mirchandani? |url=https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/rohan-mirchandani-epigamia-co-founder-death-cardiac-arrest-net-worth-13846935.html |access-date=31 December 2024 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref> He was also reported to have pinned ambitious attempts to expand his business into the Middle East by around 2025–26.<ref name="livemint">{{Cite news |last=Alex |first=Riya R |date=22 December 2024 |title=Rohan Mirchandani death: These co-founders too died of heart attack {{!}} Company Business News |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/people/rohan-mirchandani-death-these-co-founders-too-died-of-heart-attack-11734876888648.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228040605/https://www.livemint.com/companies/people/rohan-mirchandani-death-these-co-founders-too-died-of-heart-attack-11734876888648.html |archive-date=28 December 2024 |access-date=31 December 2024 |work=mint |language=en}}</ref>

== Death ==
Mirchandani died after sustaining a cardiac arrest on 21 December 2024, at the age of 42.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=23 December 2024 |title=Epigamia founder Rohan Mirchandani dies of cardiac arrest |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/epigamia-founder-rohan-mirchandani-dies-of-cardiac-arrest/article69018551.ece |access-date=31 December 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 December 2024 |title=Epigamia CEO dies of sudden cardiac arrest: How is it different from a heart attack |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-health/epigamia-ceo-sudden-cardiac-arrest-different-from-heart-attack-9740741/ |access-date=31 December 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The news regarding his sudden death was confirmed in a press release statement by Drums Food International, the parent company of Epigamia.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 December 2024 |title=Rohan Mirchandani death : A look at Epigamia co-founder's education, qualification, career |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/rohan-mirchandani-death-a-look-at-epigamia-co-founders-education-qualification-achievements/articleshow/116565955.cms?from=mdr |access-date=31 December 2024 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=23 December 2024 |title=Rohan Mirchandani passed away at 42 due to heart attack. Know reasons behind cardiac arrests in winter |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/health/rohan-mirchandani-passed-away-at-42-due-to-heart-attack-know-reasons-behind-cardiac-arrests-in-winter-101734957358765.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241224075350/https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/health/rohan-mirchandani-passed-away-at-42-due-to-heart-attack-know-reasons-behind-cardiac-arrests-in-winter-101734957358765.html |archive-date=24 December 2024 |access-date=31 December 2024 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us}}</ref> His death put spotlight and sparked rising alarm, concerns on the deaths of young entrepreneurs in India who are exposed to massive risks and challenges considering the uncertainties around entrepreneurship.<ref name="livemint"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mirchandani, Rohan}}
[[Category:1980s births]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Indian industrialists]]
[[Category:Bergen Catholic High School alumni]]
[[Category:Wharton School alumni]]
[[Category:New York University alumni]]

Barricade (play)

2026-01-31T10:05:14Z

MrBeast: started new stub!

{{Short description|1975 play by Utpal Dutt}}
{{More plot|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox play
| name = Barricade
| image =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| writer = [[Utpal Dutt]]
| chorus =
| characters = An engineer, an author, an artist and a journalist
| mute =
| setting = 1933–1937
| premiere = 
| place =
| orig_lang = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| series =
| subject =
| genre =
| web =
}}
'''''Barricade''''' (1975)<ref name="Obituary: Utpal Dutt">{{cite news|title=Obituary: Utpal Dutt|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-utpal-dutt-1462531.html|work=The Independent|access-date=21 December 2012|location=London|first=Kuldip|last=Singh|date=21 August 1993}}</ref> is [[Bengali language|Bengali]] drama written and directed by [[Utpal Dutt]]. The drama is set into a revolution time or war time when people's army are fighting against the state army.<ref name="Think Fest: Kaleidoscope of Happening India">{{cite web|title=Think Fest: Kaleidoscope of Happening India|url=http://www.goanews.com/blogs_disp.php?bpid=263|publisher=Goa News|access-date=21 December 2012}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Between 1933 and 1937 Germany saw the rise of [[Adolf Hitler]]. This drama is set into that time when [[Adolf Hitler's rise to power|Hitler is rising to power]].<ref name="FruzettiÖstör2003">{{cite book|author1=Lina Fruzetti|author2=Ákos Östör|author3=Tarun Mitra|title=Calcutta Conversations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WKLTvyEyUgAC&pg=PA154|access-date=21 December 2012|year=2003|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-8028-009-2|pages=154–}}</ref><ref name="Bhatia2004">{{cite book|author=Nandi Bhatia|title=Acts of Authority/Acts of Resistance: Theater and Politics in Colonial and Postcolonial India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIr2TX3NiAwC&pg=PA163|access-date=21 December 2012|date=20 May 2004|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=978-0-472-11263-0|pages=163–}}</ref>  The whole drama is a conversation between different intellectuals and bourgeoisies of the society like an engineer, an author, an artist and a journalist. While the battle is going on in the town, these people just can not stay neutral and have to join any one side.<ref name="Think Fest: Kaleidoscope of Happening India" />

==See also==
* [[Adolf Hitler in popular culture]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Bengali theatre}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1975 plays]]
[[Category:Bengali-language plays]]
[[Category:Indian plays]]
[[Category:Works about Adolf Hitler]]

Rama Hegde

2026-01-30T01:35:40Z

MrBeast: Made Some Info Nd Citations.

{{Short description|Indian freedom fighter and physician}}
{{Distinguish|Ramakrishna Hegde}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rama Hegde
| image = Rama Hegde.jpg
| alt = Portrait of a man wearing spectacles
| caption = Portrait of Rama Hegde
| birth_name = Rama Krishna Hegde
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1912|04|29|df=yes}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = Unknown
| death_place =
| spouse = Maria Amelia
| other_names =
| occupation = Doctor
| years_active =
| known_for =
| movement = [[Goa Liberation Movement]]
| notable_works =
}}
'''Rama Krishna Hegde''' (29 April 1912 - ?) was an Indian freedom fighter and physician from Goa, India.

== Life ==
===Early life===
Rama Krishna Hegde was born on 29 April 1912 in Madgaon to Krishna Rama Hegde. He studied medicine at the [[Escola Médico-Cirúrgica de Goa]]. During his youth, he was active in socio-political activities and wore a [[Gandhi cap]].<ref name="ShirodkarWho86">{{Cite book |last=Shirodkar |first=Pandurang Purushottam |author-link=Pandurang Purushottam Shirodkar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ISScyAEACAAJ |title=Who's Who of Freedom Fighters, Goa, Daman, and Diu |date=1986 |publisher=Goa Gazetteer Department, Government of the Union Territory of Goa, Daman, and Diu |volume=1 |pages=130}}</ref>

===Goa liberation movement===
He protested against the kidnapping of a girl from Cuncolim with the intention of forcefully [[baptizing]] her. He was one of the main organisers of the Sanghatna Samiti, later the Gomantak Congress. He participated in the civil disobedience movement from 19 June 1946, after the events of [[Goa Revolution Day]].<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" />

At the first conclave of the National Congress (Goa) (NCG), held at [[Londa, Karnataka|Londa]] on 17 and 18 August 1946, Hegde was elected as its first president.<ref>{{Cite web |author-link=Maria de Lourdes Bravo da Costa Rodrigues |last=Bravo da Costa Rodrigues |first=Maria de Lourdes |date=2016-06-17 |title=Martyrs' Memorial – an icon of the resistance and brotherhood |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2016/06/18/magazines/zest/martyrs-memorial-an-icon-of-the-resistance-and-brotherhood/ |access-date=2024-12-28 |website=The Navhind Times |language=en-US}}</ref> He then offered ''[[satyagraha]]'' on 18 October 1946 at Madgaon. While addressing the audience in Marathi, he was arrested for instigating the public against the foreign domination, and for the distribution of pamphlets that featured an appeal signed by him as the president of the NCG. He was initially imprisoned at the [[Aguada fort]] jail and then sentenced to 8 years' deportation. Along with [[José Inácio Candido de Loyola]], [[Laxmikant Bhembre]] and [[Purushottam Kakodkar]], he was deported to Portugal in a ship, ''Bartolomeu Dias''. They reached Portugal on 5 January 1947 and was initially detained at the Limoeiras and the Caxias jails, before being detained at Peniche.<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" />

While at Peniche jail, he and the other freedom fighters, [[Tristão de Bragança Cunha]], Purushottam Kakodkar, José Inácio Candido de Loyola and Laxmikant Bhembre, hosted the newlywed [[Pundalik Gaitonde]] and [[Edila Gaitonde]] for their honeymoon. These prisoners organised a celebration in honour of Pundalik and Edila. They hosted a meal for the newly-weds.<ref name="Jeevanrekha09">{{cite book|title=डॉ. पुंडलिक गायतोंडे: जीवनरेखा |trans-title = Dr. Pundalik Gaitonde: Jeevanrekha|editor-first=Somnath |editor-last=Komarpant |date=April 2009 |publisher= Shivanand Gaitonde, Sateri Prakashan |location=Pune |language=mr}}</ref><ref name="FaleiroGoa1961">{{Cite book |last=Faleiro |first=Valmiki |author-link=Valmiki Faleiro |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GYLyEAAAQBAJ |title=Goa, 1961: The Complete Story of Nationalism and Integration |date=2023-07-24 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5708-175-7 |pages=22–23, 81 |access-date=21 August 2024}}</ref>

Hegde remained at Peniche, except for an eleven-month medical treatment at Lisbon, and was released on Amnesty on 7 December 1950. However, he was kept under surveillance and was not allowed to return to India.<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" />

He then worked as a medical propagandist and gave private tuition for a living. He and Purushottam Kakodkar were detained once again for 2 months in 1955 for defying and not reporting to the PIDE office every day.<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" />

He then obtained a UK passport, and, accompanied by his Portuguese wife Maria Amelia and Purushottam Kakodkar, returned to Bombay via London on 17 May 1956. In Bombay, he started a medical clinic and immediately resumed the work of the NCG. He then attempted to unite the NCG's two warring factions in Bombay.<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" />

In June 1957, Hegde was part of a delegation of 11 Goans chosen for consultation by then [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]. Others included [[Armando Menezes]] and his brother [[Nicolau Menezes]], along with Luis Gracias, [[J. N. Heredia]], [[Evágrio Jorge]], [[Vishwanath Lawande]], [[Pundalik Gaitonde]], [[Gerald Pereira]], [[Peter Alvares]] and [[Purushottam Kakodkar]].<ref name="FaleiroGoa1961" /><ref>{{Cite news |work=[[Times of India]] |location=Delhi |title=Goan Nationals Allowed To Send Money Home |date=1957-06-11 |url=https://archive.org/details/goan-nationals-allowed-to-send-money-home |access-date=2024-09-11}}</ref>

Hegde represented the NCG at the Goan Political Convention held in Bombay on 2–4 October 1959. He was chosen as one of 25 members of the Goa Council formed at the convention. In 1961, he was chosen as the vice president of the NCG.<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" />

In his book ''Panthast'', Goan writer [[Ravindra Kelekar]] blamed the failure of the non-violent Goa Freedom Movement, started by [[Ram Manohar Lohia]], on the fights between Hegde and [[Purushottam Kakodkar]].<ref name="ind_exp_Panthast_rev">{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/20000807/ifr07006.html|title='Panthast' explains why it took so long for Goa's liberation|last=NAYAK|first=RAJU|date=7 August 2000|work=Indian Express|accessdate=2009-05-19|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225184638/http://www.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/20000807/ifr07006.html}}</ref>

===Post-Liberation of Goa===
After the [[liberation of Goa]], he was part of the January 1962 ad-hoc committee of the NCG, which studied the problems of Goa. He then joined the [[Indian National Congress]] and remained as an active leader.<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" />

In 1972, Hegde moved to Portugal and settled there as an Indian citizen.<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hegde, Rama}}
[[Category:1912 births]]
[[Category:Goa liberation activists]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Goa]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Goa]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]

Jeremy Raisman

2026-01-29T19:26:04Z

MrBeast: New

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{short description|British colonial administrator and banker (1892–1978)}}
'''Sir Abraham Jeremy Raisman''', [[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George|GCMG]], [[Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire|GCIE]], [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India|KCSI]] (19 March 1892 – 20 February 1978) was a British administrator in India and banker. He was Finance Member of the Government of India from 1939 to 1945.

== Biography ==

=== Early life and career ===
Raisman was born in [[Leeds]], the third son (and one of 11 surviving children) of a Jewish tailor whose parents had migrated from Lithuania in the 1860s. He was educated at Leeds High School, [[University of Leeds|Leeds University]], and [[Pembroke College, Oxford]], where he took a double first in [[Classical Moderations]] and ''[[Literae humaniores]]'', in addition to the John Locke Scholarship in Moral Philosophy in 1915.<ref>{{Who's Who|id=158757|title=Raisman, Sir (Abraham) Jeremy|type=was}}</ref>

Having been turned down for war service due to his [[myopia]], Raisman instead took the [[Indian Civil Service]] examinations, passing out second in his year.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal|last=Chandavarkar|first=Anand|date=July 14, 2001|title=Sir (Abraham) Jeremy Raisman, Finance Member, Government of India (1939–45): Portrait of an Unsung Statesman Extraordinaire|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4410856|journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]]|volume=36|issue=28|pages=2641–2655|jstor=4410856 }}</ref> In 1916, he was posted to [[Bihar]], then viewed as a backward province, initially as an assistant magistrate and collector, then as under-secretary to the Government of Bihar in the Financial Department from 1920. During his time in Bihar, Raisman improved his [[Hindi]], learned [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] and [[Maithili language|Maithili]], and studied [[Sanskrit]]. He remitted much of his salary to his siblings in England for their education. In 1922, he was transferred to [[Bombay]] as assistant collector of customs, and in 1926 he was appointed to the same post in [[Calcutta]]. In February 1928, he was appointed commissioner of income tax for [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]] and the [[North Western Frontier Province|North-Western Frontier Province]], and again in September 1929. He was also posted to the Central Board of Revenue in August 1929 'on special duty'.

In February 1931, Raisman was appointed a temporary deputy secretary, Government of India, in the Commerce Department, and in May 1931 he became officiating joint secretary to the same. He was confirmed in the post in March 1932. In June 1932, he became an officiating member of the Central Board of Revenue, and was confirmed in the post in January 1935. In June 1936, he was promoted to temporary additional secretary to the Government of India in the Finance Department, and to officiating secretary of the Department in April 1937. In October 1937, he was appointed a director of the [[Reserve Bank of India]].

=== Finance Member of the Government of India ===
In April 1939, Raisman was appointed to the [[Viceroy's Executive Council|Governor General's Executive Council]] as Finance Member. As Finance Member, Raisman was responsible for India's war finance, characterized by large deficit spending and increases in government expenditures.

==== Bretton Woods Conference ====
In 1944, Raisman led British India's delegation to the [[Bretton Woods Conference]]. His leadership was generally praised, although some Indian delegates felt that the Indian delegation should have been led by an Indian as a matter of principle. Two of the delegates, [[R. K. Shanmukham Chetty|Sir Shanmukham Chetty]] and [[Ardeshir Darabshaw Shroff|A. D. Shroff]], told the Indian media that "the fact that the leader of the Indian delegation at Bretton Woods was not an Indian was embarrassing and humiliating."

Anand Chandavarkar argued that this view was "misplaced nationalist amour propre, for no Indian could have secured a better deal for India at Bretton Woods than Raisman and at no stage were India's interests compromised because of Raisman's British nationality."<ref name=":0" /> Archna Negi offers a similar assessment, writing that "[g]iven the background of the manner in which the conference was conducted... it is highly doubtful that in terms of outcomes, the results would have been any different, were the Indian delegation headed by an Indian."

=== Post-Indian career ===
Exhausted by the heavy workload of his office and anxious to pursue a business career in Britain, Raisman had expressed a desire to retire as early as in 1943. However, the British Cabinet turned down a proposal, inspired by Raisman, to appoint an Indian as Finance Member due to a perceived lack of suitable candidates. Raisman was accordingly given an extension in his office until 1945. After presenting his last budget in March 1945, Raisman retired from India.

After returning to England, Raisman was appointed a [[Public Works Loan Commissioners|Public Works Loan Commissioner]] in 1947 and was Chairman of the Public Works Loans Board from 1948 to 1970. He was vice-chairman of [[Lloyds Bank]] from 1947 to 1953 and deputy chairman from 1953 to 1963. He was also deputy chairman of Glaxo and a director of Sun Alliance.

In addition to his public and business careers, after his retirement Raisman became sought after as an international fiscal advisor.

Pakistan's [[Raisman Program]] is named after Raisman.

=== Honours ===
Raisman was appointed CIE in 1934, CSI in 1938, knighted in 1939, KCSI in 1941, GCIE in 1945, and GCMG in 1959. He received an honorary LLD from the [[University of Leeds]] in 1961 and was an honorary fellow of [[Pembroke College, Oxford]].

== Family ==
Raisman married Renée Mary Kelly in 1925. They had two sons: John Michael Raisman, [[Commander of the Order of the British Empire|CBE]] (born 1929), chairman of [[Shell UK]] from 1979 to 1985, and Jeremy Philip Raisman (1935–2016), a solicitor who was senior partner of [[Eversheds Sutherland|Eversheds]] from 1993 to 1999.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raisman, Jeremy}}
[[Category:Alumni of Pembroke College, Oxford]]
[[Category:1892 births]]
[[Category:1978 deaths]]
[[Category:Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:British bankers]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:People from Leeds]]
[[Category:20th-century British Jews]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Leeds]]
[[Category:Members of the Council of the Governor General of India]]
[[Category:British people in British India]]

Kavyanjali (poetry collection)

2026-01-24T19:41:47Z

MrBeast: Done

{{short description|2016 collection of poems by Haldhar Nag}}
{{Distinguish|Kkavyanjali}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox book
|italic title = Kavyanjali
|name = Kavyanjali
|image = Kavyanjali Vol1.jpg
|caption = Cover of Vol. 1
|author = [[Haldhar Nag]]
|translator = Surendra Nath
|cover_artist =
|country = {{IND}}
|language = [[English language|English]]
|series =
|release_number = 5
|subject =
|genre = [[Poetry]], [[epic poem]], [[biography]]
|publisher = {{Flagicon|India}} Zenith Star<ref name="ppp">{{cite web |url=https://www.purplepencilproject.com/kavyanjali-selected-poetic-works-of-haldhar-nag/ |title=Kavyanjali: Selected Poetic Works of Haldhar Nag |last= |first= |date= |website=Purple Pencil Project |publisher=Tamishra Swain |quote= }}</ref>
|release_date = {{Start date|df=yes|2016|10|2}}
|media_type = [[Paperback]], [[e-book]]
|pages =
|format =
|isbn =
|oclc =
|dewey =
|congress =
|preceded_by =
|followed_by =
|citing =
|cited =
}}
'''''Kavyanjali'''''{{NoteTag|This is the transliteration of the Sanskrit "{{lang|sa|काव्यांजलि}}", which literally means "dedication of poetry". It is also used as a female name in India.}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://argusnews.in/article/national/haldhar-nag-s-poem-was-unveiled-in-the-united-states |title=ଆମେରିକାରୁ ଉନ୍ମୋଚିତ ହେଲା ହଳଧର ନାଗଙ୍କ କାବ୍ୟ |last= |first= |date=2020-10-13 |website=Argus News |publisher=Manini Pattanayak |quote= |access-date=2 March 2024 |archive-date=22 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222021810/https://argusnews.in/article/national/haldhar-nag-s-poem-was-unveiled-in-the-united-states |url-status=dead }}</ref> is collection of English poems by the Indian [[Sambalpuri language|Kosali]] poet [[Haldhar Nag]], translated by Surendra Nath. The book was first published in 2016 with a foreword written by [[Odia language|Odia]] writer [[Manoj Das]]. The poems cover various themes such as [[Spiritualism (beliefs)|spiritualism]], [[social reality]], [[cultural identity]], etc.<ref name="ppp" /> As of 2022, a total of 5 volumes of ''Kavyanjali'' have been published;<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2022/Nov/24/ignou-students-to-study-haldhar-nags-poetry-2521591.html |title=IGNOU students to study Haldhar Nag's poetry |last= |first= |date=2022-11-24 |website=newindianexpress.com |publisher= |quote= }}</ref> the Vol. 3 and Vol. 4 are not collections of poems, but are epic poems and biographies respectively.

== Contents ==
=== Vol. 1 ===
The first volume ({{ISBN|9781696148337}}) was released in [[Bhubaneswar]] on 2 October 2016.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2019-11-23 |title=3rd volume of Kavyanjali released on 22nd November 2019 in Bargarh |url=https://orissadiary.com/3rd-volume-of-kavyanjali-released-on-22nd-november-2019-in-bargarh/ |website=OdishaDiary |language=en-US |access-date=2019-12-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://odialive.com/book-launch-of-kavyanjali-on-gandhi-jayanti/ |title=Padmashri Haladhar Nag's Kavyanjali to be launched on Gandhi Jayanti |last= |first= |date= |website=OdiaLive |publisher=Mrudu Malay Mohapatra |quote= }}</ref> It has a total of 268 pages and contains 24 poems.<ref name="ppp" /> Nag's debut poem "Old Banyan Tree" is also included:
# ''[[Paanch Amrut|Five Nectars of Immortality]]''
# ''The Great Sati Urmila''
# ''[[Dhado Bargachh|Old Banyan Tree]]''
# ''Make No Silly Excuses''
# ''Demon''
# ''The Minister and the Beggar''
# ''A Cubit Taller''
# ''Wine''
# ''River Ghensali''
# ''The Cuckoo''
# ''Bulbul''
# ''What Else Could Have Happened''
# ''The Harlot of Tikarpada''
# ''The Soul is Real''
# ''First Clean Yourself''
# ''Bhai Jiuntia''{{NoteTag|A traditional festival in western Odisha, held every September to October.}}
# ''Greatness''
# ''The Year''
# ''Too Much''
# ''The Dove is My Teacher''
# ''Light of the Earthen Lamp''
# ''Conscience''
# ''Why Did He Leave His Home''
# ''A Letter to Poet Haldhar''

=== Vol. 2 ===
The second volume ({{ISBN|9781695954281}}) was released in [[Sambalpur]] on 10 October 2018,<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://orissadiary.com/padma-shri-haldhar-nags-poems-translated-into-english-will-be-released-on-10-october-2018/ |title=Padma Shri Haldhar Nag's Poems Translated Into English Will Be Released On 10 October 2018 |last= |first= |date=2018-10-05 |website=Odissadiary |publisher= Odisha Diary Bureau |quote= }}</ref> with a total of 244 pages, including 28 short poems and 2 long poems:
# ''Lies Lead to Hell''
# ''Shri Samlei''{{NoteTag|[[Samaleswari]], the goddess believed in in Western Odisha.}}
# ''Our Village Cremation Ground''
# ''Profit''
# ''For a Little Broth of Rice''
# ''Kunjel Para''
# ''The Morning of March''
# ''Danseuse''
# ''Market of Illusion''
# ''Kamdhenu''
# ''Just Think of It''
# ''The Jealous Always Suffer''
# ''On the Death of Budhadev Das Cries Mother Samlei''
# ''Animals and Humans''
# ''Warning''
# ''Swachh Bharat''
# ''Butterfly''
# ''Smeared with Colours, The Old Man Was Cremated''
# ''The Matter Ends Here''
# ''The Younger Brother's Courage''
# ''A Song in Sanchar Tune''
# ''Regard for Soil''
# ''Untouchable''
# ''Lantern''
# ''Fire''
# ''Summer''
# ''Rains''
# ''God Kalia of Priest Luru''
# ''Slumber''
# ''Chhanda Charan Avtar''

=== Vol. 3 ===
The third volume ({{ISBN|9781701787070}}) was released in [[Bargarh]] on 22 November 2019<ref name=":0" /> and has a total of 400 pages. Its content is different from the poetry anthologies in the first two volumes. It is an epic poem with a total of 21 chapters and 1,340 verses, titled "Manifestation of Love"; the illustrations in the book are by Rhiti Chatterjee Bose,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bluepencilpublishers.com/author/rhiti/ |title=Rhiti Chatterjee Bose |last= |first= |date= |website=Blue Pencil |publisher= |quote= }}</ref> the female illustrator from [[Kolkata]]. The author tells the story of [[Krishna]] from birth to death in a new light:<ref name=":0" />
# ''Kamsa and Devaki''
# ''Balram is Born in Gopa-pur''
# ''Kamsa and Pootana. Incarnation of Krishna''
# ''The Prison Guard''
# ''Crossing of Yamuna''
# ''Nature Blooms in Gopa-pur''
# ''Mother Pootana''
# ''Twin Trees Yamla-Arjun''
# ''Yashoda’s Vision of the Universe''
# ''Balram is Named Haldhar''
# ''Mohan Flute''
# ''Rasleela''
# ''Akrur Fetches Krishna, Balram''
# ''Mathura''
# ''Death of Kamsa''
# ''Disrobing of Draupadi''
# ''Karna the Charitable''
# ''Shyamantak''
# ''Sudama''
# ''Radhe-Krishna''
# ''The End of Dwapar Yuga''

=== Vol. 4 ===
The fourth volume ({{ISBN|9798696248189}}) was released on 11 October 2020, with a total of 368 pages. It is the biographical story of revolutionary [[Veer Surendra Sai|Surendra Sai]], poet [[Bhima Bhoi]] and [[Gangadhar Meher]].

=== Vol. 5 ===
The fifth volume ({{ISBN|9798792985353}}) was released on 30 December 2021, with a total of 304 pages and contains 31 poems:
# ''Tulsi Das''
# ''River and Ocean''
# ''Mahua Tree''
# ''Neem Tree''
# ''Spring Tune''
# ''Shivaratri''
# ''Bracelet''
# ''The Witch They Slapped with Slippers''
# ''What Do We Do''
# ''Goat''
# ''That Village Kuchipali''
# ''Dussehra Festival in Ghess''
# ''Attire''
# ''Tara Mandodari''
# ''Only Because You Exist''
# ''Victory Song''
# ''The Power of Goddess''
# ''Kirtan''
# ''Arrived Dussehra''
# ''Squirrel''
# ''The Little Calf''
# ''Five Orphans''
# ''Wooden Leg''
# ''Nuakhai Festival Meet''
# ''Pushpuni''{{NoteTag|a Odisha festival}}
# ''Give Me Some Medicine''
# ''Forest Jasmine''
# ''Blessings of Guru''
# ''The Disrobing''
# ''Juapuni''
# ''The Village Chowkidar''

== Origin ==
[[File:The President, Shri Pranab Mukherjee presenting the Padma Shri Award to Shri Haladhar Nag, at a Civil Investiture Ceremony, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on March 28, 2016.jpg|thumb|Haldhar Nag was awarded the Padma Shri in New Delhi wearing a vest, taken on 28 March 2016.]]
The translator, Surendra Nath, is a retired naval officer. In early 2016, he happened to see a post that went viral on social media: a dark-skinned man with [[long hair]], wearing a [[Sleeveless shirt#Tank top|vest]] and [[dhoti]], and [[barefoot]], receiving the [[Padma Shri]] from [[Pranab Mukherjee]], the President of India. Therefore, he became curious about this "The vest poet" and began to pay attention to his works. Understanding that [[language]] was a barrier between Haldhar Nag's rich literary work and the rest of the world, Nath decided to translate Nag's poetry into English so that a wider audience could read it.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ddsreviews.in/2020/08/interview-with-surendra-nath.html |title=Interview with Surendra Nath, Author of Kavach of Surya - @Surendra_Kloud9 HistoricalFiction |last= |first= |date=2020-08-10 |website= |publisher=Debdatta Dasgupta |quote= }}</ref>

In addition, Nath also embarked on an autonomous project called "Project Kavyanjali", to [[translate]] and publish all the works of Haldhar Nag into English.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://odishabytes.com/odisha-poet-haldar-nags-works-translated-into-english/ |title=Odisha Poet Haldar Nag's Works Translated Into English |last= |first= |date=2018-10-12 |website=OdishaBytes |publisher=OB Bureau |quote= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nuaodisha.com/ContentDetails.aspx?cid=20712&todo=news |title=Poems of Haldhar Nag Translated into the English-2016 |last= |first= |date=2016-09-29 |website=nuaodisha |publisher= |quote= }}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{NoteFoot}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://cdrsnmohanty.wixsite.com/surendra-nath/project-kavyanjali Project Kavyanjali]
* {{YouTube|S533aotj_ZE|title=Haldhar Nag in conversation with Surendra Nath regarding Kavyanjali Vol. II, at Bhubaneswar}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indian English poetry collections]]
[[Category:English-language books]]
[[Category:2016 poetry books]]
[[Category:Poems based on the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Krishna in popular culture]]
[[Category:Epic poems]]
[[Category:Indian biographies]]
[[Category:Haldhar Nag]]
[[Category:2018 poetry books]]
[[Category:2019 poetry books]]
[[Category:2020 poetry books]]
[[Category:2021 poetry books]]

List of Hindi films of 1968

2026-01-09T10:13:44Z

MrBeast: added references

{{Short description|None}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2019}}
{{Incomplete list|date=August 2008}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}

{{Bollywood films}}
A list of films produced by the [[Bollywood]] film industry based in [[Mumbai]] in 1968:

==Top-Grossing Films==
The top ten grossing films at the Indian Box Office in 1968:<ref>{{cite web|author=Box Office India |title=Top Earners 1968 |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=174&catName=MTk2OA%3D%3D |publisher=boxofficeindia.com |access-date=3 March 2017 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207080040/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=174&catName=MTk2OA%3D%3D |archive-date=7 February 2009 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! 1968 rank
! Title
! Cast
|-
| 1.
| ''[[Ankhen (1968 film)|Ankhen]]''
| [[Mala Sinha]], [[Dharmendra]], [[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]]
|-
| 2.
|''[[Padosan]]''
| [[Sunil Dutt]], [[Saira Banu]], [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]]
|-
| 3.
| ''[[Neel Kamal (1968 film)|Neel Kamal]]''
|[[Waheeda Rehman]], [[Manoj Kumar]], [[Raaj Kumar]], [[Lalita Pawar]], [[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]], [[Shashikala]], [[Balraj Sahni]]
|-
| 4.
| ''[[Kanyadaan (1968 film)|Kanyadaan]]''
| [[Shashi Kapoor]], [[Asha Parekh]], [[Om Prakash]]
|-
| 5.
| ''[[Shikar (1968 film)|Shikar]]''
| [[Dharmendra]], [[Asha Parekh]], [[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]], [[Sanjeev Kumar]], [[Helen (actress)|Helen]]
|-
| 6.
| ''[[Do Kaliyaan]]''
| [[Mala Sinha]], [[Biswajit Chatterjee|Biswajit]], [[Neetu Singh]], [[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]]
|-
| 7.
| ''[[Brahmachari (1968 Hindi film)|Brahmachari]]''
| [[Shammi Kapoor]], [[Rajshree]], [[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]]
|-
| 8.
| ''[[Aadmi (1968 film)|Aadmi]]''
| [[Dilip Kumar]], [[Manoj Kumar]], [[Waheeda Rehman]], [[Simi Garewal]]
|-
| 9.
| ''[[Haseena Maan Jayegi]]''
| [[Shashi Kapoor]], [[Babita]], [[Ameeta]], [[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]]
|-
| 10.
| ''[[Gauri (1968 film)|Gauri]]''
| [[Sanjeev Kumar]], [[Sunil Dutt]], [[Nutan]], [[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]]
|-
| 11.
| ''[[Izzat (1968 film)|Izzat]]''
| [[Dharmendra]], [[Tanuja]]
|-
| 12.
| ''[[Mere Huzoor]]''
| [[Raaj Kumar]], [[Mala Sinha]], [[Jeetendra]]
|-
| 13.
| ''[[Sadhu Aur Shaitaan]]''
| [[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]], [[Om Prakash]]
|-
| 14.
| ''[[Kismat (1968 film)|Kismat]]''
| [[Biswajit]], [[Babita]]
|-
| 15.
| ''Man Ka Meet''
| [[Vinod Khanna]], [[Leena Chandavarkar]], Som Dutt
|-
| 16.
| ''[[Saathi (1968 film)|Saathi]]''
| [[Rajendra Kumar]], [[Vyjayanthimala]], [[Simi Garewal]]
|}

==A-C==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Genre !! Music
|-
|''[[Aa Jaa Sanam]]''||Yusuf Naqvi||[[Feroz Khan (actor, born 1939)|Feroz Khan]], [[Tanuja]], [[Deven Verma]]||Drama||
|-
|''[[Aabroo (1968 film)|Aabroo]]''||[[C L Rawal]]||Deepak Kumar, [[Ashok Kumar]], [[Vimi]] [[Tun Tun]], [[Rehman (actor)|Rehman]], [[Jeevan (Hindi actor)|Jeevan]], [[Mukri]], [[Lalita Pawar]], [[Nirupa Roy]], [[Sunder (actor)|Sunder]]||Romantic melodrama ||Music: Sonik Omi Lyrics: G. L. Rawal
|-
|''[[Aadmi (1968 film)|Aadmi]]''||[[A. Bhim Singh]] ||[[Dilip Kumar]], [[Manoj Kumar]], [[Waheeda Rehman]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]], [[Simi Garewal]], [[Agha (actor)|Agha]], [[Ulhas (actor)|Ulhas]], [[Mohan Choti]], [[Sulochana Latkar|Sulochana]] ||Drama ||Music: [[Naushad]] Lyrics: [[Shakeel Badayuni]]
|-
|''[[Aanchal Ke Phool]]'' ||Karunesh Thakur ||[[Kamini Kaushal]], [[Jayant (actor)|Jayant]], [[Chand Usmani]], [[Madan Puri]], [[Jeevan (Hindi actor)|Jeevan]], [[Sunder (actor)|Sunder]], [[Ulhas (actor)|Ulhas]] ||Social Family Drama ||Music: Ved Sethi Lyrics: Naqsh Lyallpuri
|-
|''[[Aashirwad (film)|Aashirwad]]''||[[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]] ||[[Ashok Kumar]], [[Sanjeev Kumar]], [[Sumita Sanyal]], [[Sajjan (actor)|Sajjan]], [[Veena (actress)|Veena]], [[Harindranath Chattopadhyay]], [[Sarika]], [[Bipin Gupta]], Ashim Kumar, Samar Roy, [[Abhi Bhattacharya]] ||Family Melodrama ||music: [[Vasant Desai]] Lyrics: [[Harindranath Chattopadhyay]], [[Gulzar]]
|-
|''[[Ankhen (1968 film)|Ankhen]]''||Ramanand Sagar || [[Dharmendra]], [[Mala Sinha]], [[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]], [[Kumkum (actress)|Kumkum]], [[Nazir Hussain]], Sujit Kumar, [[Lalita Pawar]], [[Daisy Irani (actress)|Daisy Irani]] ||Thriller ||Music: Ravi Lyrics: [[Sahir Ludhianvi]]
|-
|''[[Abhilasha (1968 film)|Abhilasha]]''||Amit Bose ||[[Meena Kumari]], [[Sanjay Khan]], [[Nanda (actress)|Nanda]], [[Rehman (actor)|Rehman]], [[Murad (actor)|Murad]], [[Agha (actor)|Agha]], [[Mohan Choti]], [[Sulochana Latkar|Sulochana]] ||Family Drama ||Music: [[R D Burman]] Lyrics: [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]]
|-
|''[[Anjam (1968 film)|Anjam]]''||Shiv Kumar ||[[Feroz Khan (actor, born 1939)|Feroz Khan]], Shahida, [[Helen (actress)|Helen]], N. A. Ansari, [[Sunder (actor)|Sunder]], Azad, Johnny Whisky, Jeevankala ||Action Thriller ||Music: Ganesh Lyrics: [[Qamar Jalalabadi]], Zafar Rahi, Akhtar Romani
|-
|''[[Anokhi Raat]]''|| [[Asit Sen (director)|Asit Sen]]||[[Sanjeev Kumar]], [[Zaheeda]], Ajay [[Parikshit Sahni]], [[Aruna Irani]], [[Tarun Bose]], [[Keshto Mukherjee]], [[Mukri]], [[Badri Prasad]], Anwar ||Drama ||Music: [[Roshan (music director)|Roshan]] Lyrics: [[Indeevar]]
|-
|''Apna Ghar Apni Kahani''||[[Phani Majumdar]] ||Shekhar, [[Bina Rai]], [[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]], [[David (actor)|David]], Sudhir, [[Bela Bose]], [[Keshto Mukherjee]], Madhumati ||Social Family Drama ||Music: [[N. Dutta]] Lyrics: [[Qamar Jalalabadi]]
|-
|''[[Aulad (1968 film)|Aulad]]''||Kundan Kumar ||[[Jeetendra]], [[Babita]], [[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]], [[Achala Sachdev]], [[Aruna Irani]], [[Helen (actress)|Helen]], [[Jeevan (Hindi actor)|Jeevan]], [[Nazir Hussain]], [[Sujit Kumar]], Manmohan, Sulochana Chatterjee ||Family Drama ||Music: [[Chitragupta (composer)|Chitragupta]] Lyrics: [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]]
|-
|''[[Baazi (1968 film)|Baazi]]''||Moni Bhattacharya ||[[Dharmendra]], [[Waheeda Rehman]], [[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]], [[Nazir Hussain]], [[Helen (actress)|Helen]], [[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]], [[Ulhas (actor)|Ulhas]], [[N. A. Ansari]], Manmohan, Amar ||Suspense Thriller Romance ||Music: [[Kalyanji Anandji]] Lyrics: [[Shakeel Badayuni]]
|-
|''[[Baharon Ki Manzil (1968 film)|Baharon Ki Manzil]]''||Y. H. Rizvi ||[[Dharmendra]], [[Meena Kumari]], [[Rehman (actor)|Rehman]], [[Farida Jalal]], [[Tun Tun]], Hashmi, [[Anwar Hussain (actor)|Anwar Hussain]], [[Wasti (actor)|Wasti]] ||Family Drama ||Music: [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]] Lyrics: [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]]
|-
| ''[[Balram Shri Krishna]]'' ||Chandrakant ||[[Dara Singh]], [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]], [[Shahu Modak]], [[Premnath]], [[Jayshree Gadkar]], Gitanjali, [[Aruna Irani]], Randhawa ||Mythology ||Music: [[C. Ramchandra]] Lyrics: [[Kavi Pradeep]]
|-
| ''[[Bambai Raat Ki Bahon Mein]]'' ||[[K A Abbas]] ||[[Persis Khambatta]], Vimal Ahuja, [[Jalal Agha]], Madhavi, [[Jeevan (Hindi actor)|Jeevan]], Surekha, [[David (actor)|David]], [[A. K. Hangal]] ||Social ||Music: J P Kaushik Lyrics: Hasan Kamaal, Jalal Agha
|-
| ''[[Brahmachari (1968 Hindi film)|Brahmachari]]'' ||[[Bhappi Sonie]] ||[[Shammi Kapoor]], [[Rajshree]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]], [[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]], [[Jagdeep]], Dhumal, [[Mohan Choti]], [[Asit Sen (actor)|Asit Sen]], [[Krishan Dhawan]], Manmohan, Farida Dadi, [[Sachin Pilgaonkar]], [[Mehmood Jr.]] ||Social Drama ||Music: [[Shankar Jaikishan]] Lyrics: [[Hasrat Jaipuri]], [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]]
|-
| ''[[CID Agent 302]]'' ||S. Azim ||Azad, Indira Billi, [[Tun Tun]], Ram Mohan, Narbada Shamkar, Sherry, Birju, Shakila Bano Bhopali, Baby Raje ||Spy Thriller ||Music: Iqbal Lyrics: Aziz Gazi, Tabish Kanpuri
|-
|}

==D-H==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Genre !! Music
|-
| ''[[Dil Aur Mohabbat]]'' ||Anand Datta ||[[Joy Mukherjee]], [[Sharmila Tagore]], [[Ashok Kumar]], [[K. N. Singh]], [[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]], [[Nazir Hussain]], [[Bela Bose]], [[Gajanan Jagirdar]], [[Jankidas]], [[Anoop Kumar]], [[Sachin Pilgaonkar]], Purnima, [[Tun Tun]] ||Thriller Suspense Romance ||Music: [[O P Nayyar]] Lyrics: Aziz Kashmiri, Shewan Rizvi, [[S. H. Bihari]], [[Verma Malik]]
|-
| ''[[Do Dooni Char]]'' ||Debu Sen ||[[Kishore Kumar]], [[Tanuja]], [[Iftekhar]], [[Asit Sen (actor)|Asit Sen]], Surekha, Rashid Khan, [[Neetu Singh]], Lata Arora, Chandrima Bhaduri ||Comedy Drama ||Music: [[Hemant Kumar]] Lyrics: [[Gulzar]]
|-
| ''[[Do Kaliyaan]]'' ||R. Krishnan, S. Panju || [[Biswajeet]], [[Mala Sinha]], [[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]], Baby Soniya ([[Neetu Singh]]), [[Om Prakash]], [[Nigar Sultana (actress)|Nigar Sultana]], [[Bharathi (actress)|Bharathi]], Shabnam, [[Sonia Sahni]], [[Manorama (Hindi actress)|Manorama]] ||Comedy Family Drama ||Music: [[Ravi (music director)|Ravi]] Lyrics: [[Sahir Ludhianvi]]
|-
| ''[[Duniya (1968 film)|Duniya]]'' ||[[T. Prakash Rao]] || [[Dev Anand]], [[Vyjayanthimala]], [[Balraj Sahni]], [[Prem Chopra]], [[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]], [[Madan Puri]], [[Lalita Pawar]], [[Nana Palsikar]], [[Laxmi Chhaya]], [[Jagdish Raj]], [[Sulochana Latkar|Sulochana]] ||Romantic Thriller ||Music: [[Shankar Jaikishan]] Lyrics: [[Hasrat Jaipuri]], [[S. H. Bihari]] and [[Gopaldas Neeraj]]
|-
| ''[[Ek Kali Muskai]]'' ||Vasant Joglekar ||[[Ashok Kumar]], [[Joy Mukherjee]], Meera Joglekar, [[Nirupa Roy]], [[Om Prakash]], [[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]], [[Lalita Pawar]], Bina, [[Nana Palsikar]], [[Sunder (actor)|Sunder]], Malika ||Romance Social Drama || Music: [[Madan Mohan]] Lyrics: [[Rajendra Krishan]]
|-
| ''Ek Phool Ek Bhool'' ||Kedar Kapoor ||[[Dev Kumar (actor)|Dev Kumar]], [[Zeb Rehman]], Jayanti, [[K. N. Singh]], [[Madan Puri]], [[Helen (actress)|Helen]], Sudhir, [[Sunder (actor)|Sunder]], [[Dulari (actress)|Dulari]], Narmada Shankar, Ram Mohan ||Social || Music: [[Usha Khanna]] Lyrics: [[Indeevar]]
|-
| ''[[Ek Raat (1968 film)|Ek Raat]]'' ||Rajnath ||[[Sheikh Mukhtar]], [[Simi Garewal|Simi]], Ravi Kumar, [[Madan Puri]], [[Shyama (Hindi actress)|Shyama]], [[David (actor)|David]], Samson, [[Laxmi Chhaya]], [[Helen (actress)|Helen]], [[Nazir Kashmiri]] ||Suspense Thriller || Music: [[Usha Khanna]] Lyrics: [[Yogesh (lyricist)|Yogesh]], Jalal Malihabadi, [[Anjaan (lyricist)|Anjaan]]
|-
| ''[[Fareb (1968 film)|Fareb]]'' ||Jugal Kishore || Dev Kumar, [[Faryal (actress)|Faryal]], [[Bela Bose]], Maruti, Rajan Haksar, Kundan, Sushma, N. A. Ansari ||Thriller || Music: [[Usha Khanna]] Lyrics: [[Asad Bhopali]]
|-
| ''[[Farishta (1968 film)|Farishta]]'' ||Kedar Kapoor || Dev Kumar, Nivedita, [[Mehmood Jr.]], [[Gajanan Jagirdar]], Master Shahid, Sudhir, [[Tun Tun]] ||Drama || Music: Dattaram Wadkar Lyrics: [[Asad Bhopali]]
|-
| ''[[Gauri (1968 film)|Gauri]]'' ||[[A. Bhim Singh]] ||[[Sunil Dutt]], [[Nutan]], [[Sanjeev Kumar]], [[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]], [[Rajendra Nath]], [[Om Prakash]], [[Laxmi Chhaya]], [[Urmila Bhatt]], [[Leela Mishra]], Ashim Kumar||Melodrama ||Music: [[Ravi (music director)|Ravi]] Lyrics: [[Rajendra Krishan]]
|-
| ''[[Golden Eyes Secret Agent 077]]'' ||Kamal Sharma ||Sailesh Kumar, [[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]], [[Helen (actress)|Helen]], Ravi Kumar, Shabnam, [[Asit Sen (actor)|Asit Sen]], [[B. M. Vyas]], [[Ulhas (actor)|Ulhas]], Madhumati, Sheikh, [[Nazir Kashmiri]], Abu Bakar ||Spy Action Thriller || Music: Baldev Nath Lyrics: Shewan Rizvi
|-
| ''[[Har Har Gange (1968 film)|Har Har Gange]]'' ||[[Babubhai Mistry]] || [[Abhi Bhattacharya]], [[Bharathi (actress)|Bharathi]], [[Sulochana Latkar|Sulochana]], [[Tun Tun]], Mahesh Desai, B. M. Vyas, [[Jeevan (Hindi actor)|Jeevan]], [[Helen (actress)|Helen]], Madhumati, Raj Kumar, Polson, S. N. Tripathi || Religious ||Music: [[S. N. Tripathi]] Lyrics: [[Kavi Pradeep]]
|-
| ''[[Haseena Maan Jayegi]]'' ||[[Prakash Mehra]] ||[[Shashi Kapoor]], [[Babita]], [[Ameeta]], Amar, [[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]], [[Sapru (actor)|Sapru]], Manmohan, Niranjan Sharma ||Romance || Music: [[Kalyanji Anandji ]] Lyrics: [[Qamar Jalalabadi]], Akhtar Romani, Prakash Mehra
|-
| ''[[Haye Mera Dil]]'' || Ved Madan || [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Kumkum (actress)|Kumkum]], [[I. S. Johar]], [[Laxmi Chhaya]], [[Madan Puri]], [[Prem Chopra]], Majnu, Raj Mehra, Parveen Paul ||Comedy || Music: [[Usha Khanna]] Lyrics: [[Pyare Lal Santoshi]], [[S. H. Bihari]], [[Anand Bakshi]]
|-
|''[[Humsaya]]''||Joy Mukherjee ||[[Joy Mukherjee]], [[Sharmila Tagore]], [[Mala Sinha]], Rehman, [[Gajanan Jagirdar]], [[Sapru (actor)|Sapru]], Malika, Polson ||Romantic Spy Drama || Music: [[O P Nayyar]] Lyrics: [[Hasrat Jaipuri]], Shewan Rizvi, [[S. H. Bihari]]
|-
|}

==I-L==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Genre !!Music
|-
| ''[[Izzat (1968 film)|Izzat]]'' ||[[T. Prakash Rao]] ||[[Dharmendra]], [[Tanuja]], [[Jayalalithaa]], [[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]], [[Balraj Sahni]], [[Tiwari (actor)|Tiwari]], [[Mukri]], [[David (actor)|David]], Devika, [[Lalita Pawar]] ||Social || Music: [[Laxmikant Pyarelal]] Lyrics: [[Sahir Ludhianvi]]
|-
| ''[[Jawab Aayega]]'' ||[[Ismat Chugtai]], [[Shahid Lateef]] || ||Children ||
|-
| ''[[Jhuk Gaya Aasman]]'' ||Lekh Tandon ||[[Rajendra Kumar]], [[Saira Banu]], [[Rajendra Nath]], [[Prem Chopra]], [[David (actor)|David]], [[Durga Khote]], [[Gajanan Jagirdar]], [[Kamal Kapoor]], Narendranath, [[Hari Shivdasani]], Parveen Choudhary, [[Ruby Myers]], [[Ram Avatar]] ||Romantic fantasy Drama || Music: [[Shankar Jaikishan]] Lyrics: [[Hasrat Jaipuri]], [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]], [[S. H. Bihari]]
|-
| ''[[Juari (film)|Juari]]'' ||Suraj Prakash ||[[Shashi Kapoor]], [[Nanda (actress)|Nanda]], [[Kalpana Mohan|Kalpana]], [[Tanuja]], [[Rehman (actor)|Rehman]], [[David (actor)|David]], [[Madan Puri]], [[Naaz (actress)|Naaz]], [[Agha (actor)|Agha]], [[Achala Sachdev]], [[Kamal Kapoor]], [[Sulochana Latkar|Sulochana]] || Melodrama || Music: [[Kalyanji Anandji]] Lyrics: [[Anand Bakshi]]
|-
| ''[[Jung Aur Aman]]'' ||[[Nanabhai Bhatt]] || [[Dara Singh]], [[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]], Randhawa, Krishna Kumari, [[Jayant (actor)|Jayant]], [[Murad (actor)|Murad]], [[Nadira (Indian actress)|Nadira]], [[Laxmi Chhaya]], Rajan Haksar, [[Mohan Choti]] ||Action || Music: G. S. Kohli Lyrics: [[Prem Dhawan]], [[Hasrat Jaipuri]], [[Anjaan (lyricist)|Anjaan]]
|-
| ''[[Kahin Aur Chal]]'' ||[[Vijay Anand (Hindi film maker)|Vijay Anand]] ||[[Dev Anand]], [[Asha Parekh]], [[Shobha Khote]], [[Madan Puri]], [[Sunder (actor)|Sunder]], Jagdish Raj ||Romantic Drama || Music: [[Shankar Jaikishan]] Lyrics: [[Hasrat Jaipuri]], [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]]
|-
| ''[[Kahin Din Kahin Raat]]'' ||Darshan ||[[Biswajeet]], Sapna, [[Pran (actor)|Pran]], Helen, [[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]], [[Veena (actress)|Veena]], Malika, [[Murad (actor)|Murad]], [[Bipin Gupta]], [[Mohan Choti]], [[Nadira (Indian actress)|Nadira]], Habib, [[Ram Avatar]] ||Action Thriller || Music: [[O P Nayyar]] Lyrics: [[S. H. Bihari]], Aziz Kashmiri
|-
|''[[Kanyadaan (1968 film)|Kanyadaan]]'' || Mohan Sehgal || [[Shashi Kapoor]], [[Asha Parekh]], Dileep Raj, [[Sayeeda Khan]], [[Om Prakash]], [[Achala Sachdev]], [[Tun Tun]], Sabita Chatterjee, Sarita Khatau, Gopal Sehgal, [[Laxmi Chayya]], [[Nazir Kashmiri]], Rashid Khan|| Social Romantic melodrama || Music: [[Shankar Jaikishan]] Lyrics: [[Gopaldas Neeraj]], [[Hasrat Jaipuri]]
|-
| ''[[Khiladi (1968 film)|Khiladi]]'' ||[[Homi Wadia]] ||[[Fearless Nadia]], Dilip Raj, Sabita, Uma, Suzie, [[W. M. Khan]], Vishwas Kunte, Habib ||Action ||Basant Pictures. Music: Lala Sattar Lyrics: [[Faruk Kaiser]]
|-
| ''[[Kismat (1968 film)|Kismat]]'' ||[[Manmohan Desai]] ||[[Biswajeet]], [[Babita]], [[Helen (actress)|Helen]], [[Murad (actor)|Murad]], [[Ulhas (actor)|Ulhas]], Kamal Mehra, Hiralal, [[Hari Shivdasani]], [[Jagdish Raj]], [[Tun Tun]], Polson, [[M. B. Shetty]] ||Romance Suspense Thriller || Music: [[O. P. Nayyar]] Lyrics: Noor Dewasi
|-
|''[[Lady Killer (1968 film)|Lady Killer]]'' ||B. J. Patel || Aroon Sarnaik, Shabnam, [[David (actor)|David]], [[Helen (actress)|Helen]], [[Satyen Kappu]], Nilofar, Rani, Arvind Rathod || Action Thriller || Music: Ajit Merchant Lyrics: [[Indeevar]]
|-
|''[[Lahoo Pukarega]]'' || [[S. N. Tripathi]] || Sujit Kumar, Shabnam, [[Tabassum (actress)|Tabassum]], Madhumaliti, [[Salim Khan]], [[Sunder (actor)|Sunder]], Rani, Habib, Noorjehan, Kundan ||Action ||Music: S. N. Tripathi Lyrics: Saba Fazli, Jaffer Ali
|-
|''[[London Express (1968 film)|London Express]]'' || B. J. Patel || Joni Bond, Rajan Kapoor, Arvind Rathod, Habib, Shri Bhagwan ||Action Costume || Music: Robin Bannerjee Lyrics: Bakshi M Khanna
|-
|''[[Lutera Aur Jadugar]]'' ||D. Raman || Azad, [[Nishi (actress)|Nishi]], [[Tabassum (actress)|Tabassum]], [[Jagdeep]], [[Mohan Choti]], Rajan Haksar, Heera Sawant, Noorjehan ||Action Fantasy || Music: Suresh Kumar Lyrics: [[Yogesh (lyricist)|Yogesh]], Naseem Zaidi
|-
|}

==M-R==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Genre !! Music
|-
|''[[Mahatma: Life of Gandhi, 1869–1948]]''||[[Vithalbhai Jhaveri]]|| ||Documentary||
|-
| ''[[Man Ka Meet]]'' ||[[Adurthi Subba Rao|A. Subba Rao]] ||Som Dutt, [[Leena Chandavarkar]], [[Vinod Khanna]], [[Om Prakash]], [[Achala Sachdev]], [[Rajendra Nath]], [[Ramesh Deo]], [[Shammi (actress)|Shammi]], [[Nana Palsikar]], Ashim Kumar, [[Manorama (Hindi actress)|Manorama]] ||Romance Action ||Ajanta Pictures, produced by [[Sunil Dutt]]. Music: [[Ravi (music director)|Ravi]] Lyrics: [[Rajendra Krishan]]
|-
| ''[[Mata Mahakali]]'' ||Dhirubhai Desai || [[Shahu Modak]], [[Jayshree Gadkar]], Nalini Chonkar, Ashish Kumar, [[B. M. Vyas]], Niranjan Sharma, Mahesh Bhatt, Polson ||Mythology || Music: Avinash Vyas Lyrics: [[Bharat Vyas]]
|-
|''[[Mere Hamdam Mere Dost]]''||Amar Kumar ||[[Dharmendra]], [[Sharmila Tagore]], [[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]], [[Rehman (actor)|Rehman]], Santosh Kumar, [[Nigar Sultana (actress)|Nigar Sultana]], [[Om Prakash]], [[Achala Sachdev]], Snehlata, Khairati, [[Nazir Kashmiri]] ||Romantic drama || Music: [[Laxmikant Pyarelal]] Lyrics: [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]]
|-
| ''[[Mere Huzoor]]'' ||Vinod Kumar ||[[Raaj Kumar]], [[Jeetendra]], [[Mala Sinha]], [[Laxmi Chhaya]], Zeb Rehman, [[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]], [[K. N. Singh]], [[David (actor)|David]], [[Manorama (Hindi actress)|Manorama]], Surekha, [[Indira (actress)|Indira Billi]] ||Romantic Drama ||Music: [[Shankar–Jaikishan]] Lyrics: [[Hasrat Jaipuri]]
|-
| ''[[Nadir Shah (film)|Nadir Shah]]'' ||[[S. N. Tripathi]] ||Feroz Khan, Naaz, Sheikh Mukhtar, Murad, Minu Mumtaz, P. Kailash, Hiralal, Sadiq ||Historical Action Drama ||Music: S. N. Tripathi Lyrics: [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]]
|-
| ''[[Neel Kamal (1968 film)|Neel Kamal]]'' ||Ram Maheshwari ||[[Waheeda Rehman]], [[Manoj Kumar]], [[Raaj Kumar]], [[Lalita Pawar]], [[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]], [[Shashikala]], [[Balraj Sahni]]||Drama, Romance, Thriller, Musical ||Music: [[Ravi (music director)|Ravi]] Lyrics: [[Sahir Ludhianvi]]
|-
|''[[Padosan]]''||Jyoti Swaroop ||[[Sunil Dutt]], [[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]], [[Saira Banu]], [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Om Prakash]], Dulari, Raj Kishore, Sunder, Agha, Jankidas ||Comedy/Musical ||Music: [[R. D. Burman]] Lyrics: [[Rajendra Krishan]]
|-
| ''[[Parivar (1968 film)|Parivar]]'' ||Kewal P. Kashyap ||[[Jeetendra]], [[Nanda (actress)|Nanda]], [[Rajendra Nath]], [[Om Prakash]], Sulochana, [[Tun Tun]], [[Jankidas]], [[Krishan Dhawan]] ||Family Drama ||Music: [[Kalyanji Anandji]] Lyrics: [[Gulshan Bawra]]
|-
| ''[[Payal Ki Jhankar]]'' ||[[M. V. Raman]] ||[[Kishore Kumar]], [[Rajasree]], Jyotilaxmi, [[Rehman (actor)|Rehman]], [[Dhumal (actor)|Dhumal]], P. Kailash ||Romantic melodrama ||Music: [[C. Ramchandra]] Lyrics: [[Rajendra Krishan]]
|-
| ''[[Pinjra (1968 film)|Pinjra]]'' ||[[V. Shantaram]] ||[[Shriram Lagoo]], [[Sandhya Shantaram|Sandhya]], [[Nilu Phule]], [[Vatsala Deshmukh]], Bhalchandra Kulkarni ||Romantic Social Melodrama || Music: [[Ram Kadam (composer)|Ram Kadam]] Lyrics: Jagdish Khebudkar
|-
| ''[[Professor and Jadugar]]'' ||Sultan || Indrajit, [[Indira (actress)|Indira]], Khurshid (jr), Indira Bansal, Bob, Poonam Kapoor, Dalpat, Prem Sagar ||Action Fantasy || Music: Sardar Singh Lyrics: [[Anjaan (lyricist)|Anjaan]], K. Malik
|-
|''[[Raaste Aur Manzil]]'' ||C. Vishwanath ||[[P. Jairaj]], Azra, Sushma, Pratima Devi, Sachin ||Social ||Music: [[Ram Kadam (composer)|Ram Kadam]] Lyrics: Ibrahim Faiz
|-
| ''[[Raja Aur Runk]]'' ||K. P. Atma ||[[Sanjeev Kumar]], [[Kumkum (actress)|Kumkum]], Nazima, [[Mohan Choti]], [[Ajit Khan|Ajit]], [[Mukri]], [[Nirupa Roy]], Mahesh Kumar, [[Kamal Kapoor]], [[Aruna Irani]], [[Bipin Gupta]], [[Badri Prasad]] ||Costume Drama ||Music: [[Laxmikant Pyarelal]] Lyrics: [[Anand Bakshi]]
|-
| ''[[Roop Rupaiya]]'' ||[[P. L. Santoshi]] ||[[Jagdeep]], Anita, Jayamala, Roma, Mirza Musharraf, Ulhas, Vivek ||Social ||Music: [[Usha Khanna]] Lyrics: Pyarelal Santoshi
|-
|}

==S-Z==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Genre !! Music
|-
| ''[[Saathi (1968 film)|Saathi]]'' ||[[C. V. Sridhar]] ||[[Vyjayanthimala]], [[Rajendra Kumar]], [[Simi Garewal|Simi]], [[Pahari Sanyal]], [[David (actor)|David]], [[Sanjeev Kumar]], [[Veena (actress)|Veena]], [[Sapru (actor)|Sapru]], Shabnam, Ram Mohan ||Romantic drama || Music: [[Naushad]] Lyrics: [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]], [[Shakeel Badayuni]] (Yeh Kaun Aaya)
|-
|''[[Sadhu Aur Shaitaan]]''||[[A. Bhimsingh]] ||[[Om Prakash]], [[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]], [[Bharathi (actress)|Bharathi]], [[Kishore Kumar]], Anwar, [[Mukri]], [[Jankidas]], [[Tun Tun]] ||Comedy || Music: [[Laxmikant Pyarelal]] Lyrics: [[Rajendra Krishan]]
|-
| ''[[Sankat Mein Swasthya Aur Safai]]'' aka Health and Cleanliness in Crisis ||Shantaram Athavale || ||Social ||
|-
| ''[[Sapno Ka Saudagar]]'' ||Mahesh Kaul ||[[Raj Kapoor]], [[Hema Malini]], [[Tanuja]], [[Jayant (actor)|Jayant]], [[Achala Sachdev]], [[David (actor)|David]], [[Durga Khote]], [[Nadira (Indian actress)|Nadira]], Roopesh Kumar, [[Satyen Kappu]] ||Drama || Music: [[Shankar Jaikishan]] Lyrics: [[Hasrat Jaipuri]], [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]], [[S. H. Bihari]]
|-
| ''[[Saraswatichandra (film)|Saraswatichandra]]'' ||Govind Saraiya ||[[Nutan]], Ashish Kumar, Mahesh Desai, Vijaya Chaudhary, [[Sulochana Latkar|Sulochana]], [[Surendra (actor)|Surendra]], [[Ramesh Deo]], [[Seema Deo]], [[B. M. Vyas]], Nayampally ||Social Drama || Music: [[Kalyanji Anandji ]] Lyrics: [[Indeevar]]
|-
| ''[[Shikar (1968 film)|Shikar]]'' ||Atma Ram ||[[Dharmendra]], [[Asha Parekh]], [[Sanjeev Kumar]], [[Rehman (actor)|Rehman]], [[Ramesh Deo]], [[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]], [[Helen (actress)|Helen]], Manmohan, [[Bela Bose]] ||Action Mystery Thriller ||Music: [[Shankar Jaikishan]] Lyrics: [[Hasrat Jaipuri]]
|-
| ''[[Shrimanji]]'' ||Ram Dayal ||[[Kishore Kumar]], Shahida, [[I. S. Johar]], [[Murad (actor)|Murad]], [[Veena (actress)|Veena]], Meena Rai, [[Ram Avtar]], Hiralal ||Comedy || Music: [[O P Nayyar]] Lyrics: Aziz Kashmiri, [[S. H. Bihari]]
|-
| ''[[Spy in Rome]]'' ||B. K. Adarsh || Dev Kumar, Jayamala, [[K. N. Singh]], [[Rajendra Nath]], Lata Sinha, Madhumati ||Action Spy Thriller || Music: [[Laxmikant Pyarelal]] Lyrics: [[Anand Bakshi]]
|-
| ''[[Suhaag Raat (1968 film)|Suhaag Raat]]'' ||R. Bhattacharya ||[[Jeetendra]], [[Rajashree (actress)|Rajashree]], Shabnam, [[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]], [[Sulochana Latkar|Sulochana]], [[Dhumal (actor)|Dhumal]], [[Mehmood Jr.]], [[Laxmi Chhaya]], [[Bipin Gupta]], Parshuram ||Melodrama || Music: [[Kalyanji Anandji]] Lyrics: [[Indeevar]], [[Qamar Jalalabadi]], Akhtar Romani
|-
| ''[[Sunghursh]]'' ||[[H. S. Rawail|Harnam Singh Rawail]] ||[[Dilip Kumar]], [[Vyjayanthimala]], [[Balraj Sahni]], [[Sanjeev Kumar]], [[Iftekhar]], [[Jayant (actor)|Jayant]], [[Durga Khote]], Ulhas, [[Sapru (actor)|Sapru]], [[Deven Verma]], [[Sulochana Latkar|Sulochana]] ||Drama || Music: [[Naushad]] Lyrics: [[Shakeel Badayuni]]
|-
|''[[Tarzan In Fairyland]]'' || Sushil Gupta || Azad, [[Indira (actress)|Indira]], Shyam Kumar, Amar Ram Kumar, Ram Mohan, Kumud Tripathi, [[Nazir Kashmiri]] ||Action Fantasy || Music: Jimmy Premnath Lyrics: Shewan Rizvi
|-
|''[[Tatar Ki Hasina]]'' || Aslam Ilahabadi|| Raj Gulshan, Nalini Chonkar, Sherry, [[Murad (actor)|Murad]], Jeevankala, Heera Sawant, Kumud Tripathi ||Fantasy || Music: S. Kishan Lyrics: Aslam Ilahabadi
|-
| ''[[Teen Bahuraniyan]]'' ||S. S. Balan, S. S. Vasan ||[[Prithviraj Kapoor]], [[Shashikala]], [[Agha (actor)|Agha]], Ramesh Deo, [[Lalita Pawar]], [[Dhumal (actor)|Dhumal]], [[Kanhaiyalal (actor)|Kanhaiyalal]], [[Jagdeep]] || Family Comedy || Music: [[Kalyanji Anandji]] Lyrics: [[Anand Bakshi]]
|-
| ''[[Teri Talash Mein]]'' ||Kewal Mishra || Sailesh Kumar, [[Kumkum (actress)|Kumkum]], [[Madan Puri]], [[Indira Billi]], [[Mohan Choti]], Amarnath, W. M. Khan, Ram Mohan||Murder, Mystery Action || Music: Sapan-Jagmohan Lyrics: Naqsh Lyallpuri
|-
| ''[[Vaasna]]'' ||[[T. Prakash Rao]] ||[[Raaj Kumar]], [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]], [[Biswajeet]], [[Tiwari (actor)|Tiwari]], Kumud Chhugani, [[Mukri]], [[Sayeeda Khan]], [[Rajendra Nath]] ||Social Family Drama || Music: [[Chitragupta (composer)|Chitragupta]] Lyrics: [[Sahir Ludhianvi]]
|-
| ''[[Watan Se Door]]'' ||Kamran ||[[Dara Singh]], [[Nishi (actress)|Nishi]], Randhawa, [[Bela Bose]], [[Daisy Irani (actress)|Daisy Irani]], Amarnath, [[Tiwari (actor)|Tiwari]], Amar, [[Tun Tun]], Habib ||Action War || Music: Lala Sattar Lyrics: [[Faruq Kaiser]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

{{Bollywood|horiz}}
{{Indian film list}}
{{1968 films}}

[[Category:Lists of Hindi films by year|1968]]
[[Category:Lists of 1968 films by language|Hindi]]
[[Category:1968 in Indian cinema|Films, Bollywood]]

Tapovana

2025-12-26T08:36:18Z

MrBeast: Added new entry!

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
[[File:Tapovan.jpg|thumb|Origin of the [[holy river]] [[Ganges|Ganga]]]]
'''{{Transliteration|sa|Tapovana}}''' ([[Sanskrit]]) comes from the two root words {{Transliteration|sa|tapas}}, meaning 'penance' and by extension 'religious mortification' and 'austerity', and more generally '[[spiritual practice]]', and {{Transliteration|sa|vana}}'','' meaning 'forest' or 'thicket'. {{Transliteration|sa|Tapovana}} then translates as 'forest of austerities or spiritual practice'. Though pronounced the same in Hindi, ''tapovana'' should not be confused with ''tapovan'' (from ''tapovat''), which means a person engaged in austerity.

Traditionally in India, any place where someone has engaged in serious spiritual retreat may become known as a {{Transliteration|sa|tapovana}}, even if there is no forest. As well as particular caves and other hermitages where sages and [[sadhu]]s have dwelt, there are some places, such as the western bank of the northern [[Ganges]] river around [[Rishikesh]], that have been so used by hermits that the whole area has become known as a {{Transliteration|sa|tapovana}}.

==Tapovan (places)==
[[File:Tapovan from above Aditya Asopa.jpg|alt=panoramic view of Tapovan from 100 metres above|thumb|Tapovan from 100 metres above. Alt. 4478 metre ASL.]]
The most well known {{Transliteration|sa|tapovan}} in India is the area above the [[Gangotri Glacier]] at one of the primary [[River source|sources]] of the [[Ganges]], in [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]]. At the foot of [[Shivling (Garhwal Himalaya)|Shivling]] peak, a barren area at about 4,463m (14640 feet) elevation, is a seasonal home to several sadhus living in caves, huts, etc. and it has become a trekking destination also.<ref name=trek>{{cite web|title=Gomukh Tapovan Trek|url=http://www.tourmyindia.com.au/tour-pdf/Gomukh-Tapovan-Trek.pdf|publisher=Tourmyindia.com|accessdate=27 June 2013|archive-date=10 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410220810/http://www.tourmyindia.com.au/tour-pdf/Gomukh-Tapovan-Trek.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The trekking usually starts from [[Gomukh]] and the trek was considered moderate to difficult<ref name=trek/> prior to the destruction of much of the trail from Gangotri to Gaumukh by the [[2013 North Indian Floods]]. The Tapovan area is base camp for several mountaineering expeditions including Shivling peak, Bhagirathi peak etc. The Tapovan area is full of meadows, streams and flowering plants and the meadows are considered one of the best high altitude meadows in India. In Tapovan, a stream named Amrit Ganga – the nectar of the Ganges – flows into the glacier.<ref name=trek/> There is also a place named Nandanvan near Tapovan, and Nandanvan is also trekked by trekkers and pilgrims.<ref name=trek/> Nandanvan is also a spacious meadow located at the base of Bhagirathi massif.<ref name=source>{{cite web|title=The Source of the Ganges Trek|url=http://www.exotic-himalayas.com/sources-ganges-trekking.html|publisher=the exotic himalayas.com|accessdate=27 June 2013|archive-date=24 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124020928/http://exotic-himalayas.com/sources-ganges-trekking.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

There is a place bearing a similar name at [[Joshimath]] in [[Chamoli District]], which has a sulphur spring known as the Tapovan Hot Springs. It is a part of the [[Sapta Badri]] [https://greatadventure.in/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Tapovan-Trek-1.pdf Tapovan PDF].

==See also==
* [[Tapovan Vishnugad Hydropower Plant]]
* [[Tapovan Express]]
* [[Tapovan Maharaj]]
* [[Lata Tapovan]]

==References==
<references></references>

* [https://greatadventure.in/tapovan-trek Tavovan Trek Team GAG]

{{coord|30|54|37|N|79|04|50|E|region:IN_source:kolossus-cawiki|display=title}}

[[Category:Uttarkashi]]
[[Category:Spiritual retreats]]

{{Hinduism-stub}}

Standing Committee on External Affairs

2025-12-20T15:40:45Z

MrBeast: Added new pg!

{{Short description|Committee of Indian Parliament for legislative oversight}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox
| title = Committee on External Affairs
| abovestyle = border-top: 2px solid #015843; border-bottom: 2px solid #015843; font-size: small;
| above = [[List of Indian parliamentary committees#Department-related standing committees|Department Related Standing Committee]]
| headerstyle = border-top: 2px solid #015843; border-bottom: 2px solid #015843;
| header = [[18th Lok Sabha]]
| labelstyle =
| datastyle =
| data2 =
| subheader = '''<big>[[18th Lok Sabha]]</big>'''
| label3 = [[Date of establishment|Founded]]
| data3 = 
| label4 = Country
| data4 = {{flag|India}}
| header5 = Leadership
| label6 = Chairperson
| data6 = [[Shashi Tharoor]]
| label7 = Chairperson party
| data7 = [[Indian National Congress]]
| label8 = Appointer
| data8 = [[Lok sabha speaker|Lok sabha Speaker]]
| header9 = Structure
| label10 = Seats
| data10 = 31 [[Lok Sabha]] : 21 [[Rajya Sabha]] : 10
}}
{{Politics of India}}

The '''Parliamentary Standing Committee on External Affairs''' is a [[List of Indian parliamentary committees#Department-related standing committees|department related standing committee (DRSC)]] of selected [[Member of parliament (India)|members of parliament]], constituted by the [[Parliament of India]], for the purpose of legislative oversight of the [[foreign policy]], and decision making of the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]]. It is one of the 24 DRSCs that have been mandated with the task of ministry specific oversight.

The committee is currently chaired by MP [[Shashi Tharoor]] since 26 September 2024.<ref>{{cite news |author1=National Informatics Centre |title=Dr. Shashi Tharoor |url=https://sansad.in/ls/members/biographyM/4569?from=members |access-date=31 October 2024 |work=Digital Sansad}}</ref>

== Current Composition ==
Each of the committees have 31 members – 21 from [[Lok Sabha]] and 10 from [[Rajya Sabha]].<ref name="Reconstituted October 2021" /> These members are to be nominated by the [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha|Speaker of Lok Sabha]] or the [[Chairman of Rajya Sabha]] respectively. The term of office of these committees does not exceed one year. These committees are serviced either by [[Lok Sabha]] secretariat or the [[Rajya Sabha]] secretariat, depending on who has appointed the chairman of that committee.

Following are the members of the Parliamentary Standing Committee on External Affairs.<ref name="Committee on External Affairs">{{cite web |title=Committee on External Affairs : Loksabha |url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Committee/CommitteeInformation.aspx?comm_code=11&tab=2 |website=loksabhaph.nic.in |access-date=20 January 2022}}</ref>

'''Keys:''' {{legend2|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (14)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}} {{legend2|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] (4)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}} {{legend2|{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]] (2)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}} {{legend2|{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]] (2)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}} {{legend2|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPIM]] (2)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}} {{legend2|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] (1)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}} {{legend2|{{party color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}|[[Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)|SS(UBT)]] (1)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}} {{legend2|{{party color|YSR Congress Party}}|[[YSR Congress Party|YSRCP]] (1)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}} {{legend2|{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]] (1)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}{{legend2|{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}|[[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]] (1)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}} {{legend2|{{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]] (1)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}} = 31 members

{{Pie chart|caption=Party-wise membership of Standing Committee on Defence|other=
|label1=[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]|value1=45.16|color1={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|label2=[[Indian National Congress|INC]]|value2=12.90|color2={{party color|Indian National Congress}}
|label3=[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]|value3=6.45|color3={{party color|Samajwadi Party}}
|label4=[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]|value4=6.45|color4={{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|label5=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPIM]]|value5=6.45|color5={{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|label6=[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]|value6=3.22|color6={{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|label7=[[Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)|SS(UBT)]]|value7=3.22|color7={{party color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|label8=[[YSR Congress Party|YSRCP]]|value8=3.22|color8={{party color|YSR Congress Party}}
|label9=[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]|value9=3.22|color9={{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|label10=[[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]|value10=3.22|color10={{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}
|label11=[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]|value11=3.22|color11={{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
}}

===Lok Sabha members===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+21 Members from [[18th Lok Sabha]]; tenure – September 2024 – 2025
!Sr. No.
!Name 
!Constituency, state
! colspan="2" |Party
|- align="center"
|1
|[[Shashi Tharoor]]{{Efn|Chairperson of the committee for the current year.}}
|[[Thiruvananthapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|- align="center"
|2
|[[Deepender Singh Hooda]]
|[[Rohtak (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rohtak, Haryana]]
|- align="center"
|3
|[[Brijendra Singh Ola]]
|[[Jhunjhunu Lok Sabha constituency|Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan]]
|- align="center"
|4
|[[Praniti Shinde]]
|[[Solapur Lok Sabha constituency|Solapur, Maharashtra]]
|- align="center"
|5
|[[D. K. Aruna]]
| [[Mahabubnagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mahabubnagar, Telangana]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=9}}
|- align="center"
|6
|[[Vijay Baghel]]
|[[Durg Lok Sabha constituency|Durg, Chhattisgarh]]
|- align="center"
|7
|[[Mitesh Rameshbhai Patel]]
|[[Anand Lok Sabha constituency|Anand, Gujarat]]
|- align="center"
|8
|[[Arun Govil]]
|[[Meerut Lok Sabha constituency|Meerut, Uttar Pradesh]]
|- align="center"
|9
|[[Kripanath Mallah]]
|[[Karimganj Lok Sabha constituency|Karimganj, Assam]]
|- align="center"
|10
|[[Pradeep Kumar Panigrahy]]
|[[Berhampur Lok Sabha constituency|Berhampur, Odisha]]
|- align="center"
|11
|[[Ravi Shankar Prasad]]
|[[Patna Sahib Lok Sabha constituency|Patna Sahib, Bihar]]
|- align="center"
|12
|[[Aparajita Sarangi]]
|[[Bhubaneswar Lok Sabha constituency|Bhubaneswar, Odisha]]
|- align="center"
|13
|[[Bansuri Swaraj]]
|[[New Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|New Delhi, Delhi]]
|- align="center"
|14
|[[Sanatan Pandey]]
|[[Ballia Lok Sabha constituency|Ballia, Uttar Pradesh]]
| {{Party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=2}}
|- align="center"
|15
|[[Akshay Yadav]]
|[[Firozabad Lok Sabha constituency|Firozabad, Uttar Pradesh]]
|- align="center"
|16
|[[Abhishek Banerjee (politician)|Abhishek Banerjee]]
|[[Diamond Harbour (Lok Sabha constituency)|Diamond Harbour, West Bengal]]
| {{Party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|- align="center"
|17
|[[Arvind Sawant]]
|[[Mumbai South Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai South, Maharashtra]]
| {{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|- align="center"
|18
|[[Y. S. Avinash Reddy]]
|[[Kadapa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh]]
| {{Party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|- align="center"
|19
|[[Kani K. Navas]]
|[[Ramanathapuram Lok Sabha constituency|Ramanathapuram, Tamil Nadu]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}
|- align="center"
|20
|[[Asaduddin Owaisi]]
|[[Hyderabad Lok Sabha constituency|Hyderabad, Telangana]]
| {{Party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|- align="center"
|21
| colspan="3" |'''Vacant'''
|
|- align="center"
|}

===Rajya Sabha members===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+10 Members from the Rajya Sabha: tenure – September 2024 – 2025
!Sr. No.
!Name 
!State Legislature
! colspan="2" |Party
|- align="center"
|1
|[[Kiran Choudhry]]
|[[Haryana]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| rowspan="5" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|- align="center"
|2
|[[K. Laxman]]
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|- align="center"
|3
|[[Sudhanshu Trivedi]]
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|- align="center"
|4
|[[Kavita Patidar]]
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|- align="center"
|5
|[[Ratanjit Pratap Narain Singh]]
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|- align="center"
|6
|[[John Brittas]]
| rowspan=2|[[Kerala]]
| rowspan=2|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPIM]]
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
|- align="center"
|7
|[[A. A. Rahim (politician, born 1980)|A. A. Rahim]]
|- align="center"
|8
|[[Sagarika Ghose]]
|[[West Bengal]]
| rowspan="1" |[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
| rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}" |
|- align="center"
|9
|[[R. Girirajan]]
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
| rowspan="1" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
| rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|- align="center"
|10
|[[Amarendra Dhari Singh]]
|[[Bihar]]
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|- align="center"
|}

== Chairpersons ==
=== Chairpersons of the committee (1993–present) ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Sr. No.
!Name
!Term of office
!Years
! colspan="2" |Political party
(Alliance)
|- align="center"
|1
|[[Buta Singh]]
|1993–95
|2
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|- align="center"
|2
|'''''No Public records found'''''
|'''''1995–98'''''
|'''''3'''''
|
|
|- align="center"
|3
|[[Kamal Chaudhry|Kamal Chaudhary]]
|1998–99
|1
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|- align="center"
|4
|[[Laxminarayan Pandey]]
|1999–2002
|3
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|- align="center"
|5
|[[Madan Lal Khurana]]
|2002–04
|2
|- align="center"
|6
|[[Balasaheb Vikhe Patil]]
|2004–08
|4
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|- align="center"
|7
|[[Satpal Maharaj]]
|2008–11
|4
|- align="center"
|8
|[[Raj Babbar]]
|2012–14
|2
|- align="center"
|9
|[[B. C. Khanduri|Maj Gen. BC Khanduri (Retd.)]]
|2014–17
|3
| rowspan="3" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|- align="center"
|10
|[[Kalraj Mishra]]
|2017–19
|2
|- align="center"
|11
|[[P. P. Chaudhary]]<ref name="Reconstituted October 2021">{{cite news |title=Parliament Panels Reconstituted, Congress Leaders Retained As Chairmen |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/parliament-panels-reconstituted-congress-leaders-retained-as-chairmen-2570063 |access-date=8 January 2022 |work=NDTV.com |date=10 October 2021}}</ref>
|2021–2024
|1
|- align="center"
|12
|[[Shashi Tharoor]]
|2024–present
|1
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|}

== Reports published ==

As part of its oversight process, the committee has published quite a number of reports over the course of its existence. The committee has published a total of 87 reports from 1993 to 2010. Out of these, 18 are reports on Demands for Grants (DFGs), 25 reports on subjects taken up by the committee, 5 reports on bills referred to the committee and 36 are reports on action taken by the government on corresponding reports of the committee.

In March 2023, the committee in its ''Demand for Grants (2023–24)'' report, criticized the ministry for being "most short-staffed" and under-budgeted. The committee highlighted that The total strength of 4,888 is distributed across different cadres of the Ministry such as the [[Indian Foreign Service]] (IFS), IFS General Cadre, IFS Group B, Stenographers Cadre, Interpreters Cadre, Legal and Treaties Cadre, among others. The cadre strength of Indian Foreign Service Officers is only 1,011, just 22.5 percent of the total strength. Out of IFS 'A' cadre, 667 are posted at the Missions abroad and 334 are manning the headquarters in Delhi, which currently has 57 divisions.<ref>{{cite news |title='Indian diplomatic service most short-staffed compared to many other countries': Parliamentary panel |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2023/mar/21/indian-diplomatic-service-most-short-staffed-compared-to-many-other-countries-parliamentary-pane-2558234.html |access-date=8 April 2023 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The committee also highlighted that the ministry “remains one amongst the least funded central ministries” as its actual annual spending has been around 0.4% of the total budgetary allocation of the government since 2020-21.<ref name="CoEA 2023">{{cite news |title=Parliamentary panel for ramping up manpower and funding for MEA |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/parliamentary-panel-for-ramping-up-manpower-and-funding-for-mea-101679421330165.html |access-date=8 April 2023 |work=Hindustan Times |date=21 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Lok Sabha !!Tenure !!Demands for Grants(DFGs) !!Subjects !!Bills !!ATRs !!Total Reports Presented
|- align="center"
|[[10th Lok Sabha]] || 1991–96 || 3 || 2 || – || 3 ||8
|- align="center"
|[[11th Lok Sabha]] || 1996–97 || 2 || – || 2 || 2 || 6
|- align="center"
|[[12th Lok Sabha]] || 1998–99 || 2 || 4 || – || 2 || 8
|- align="center"
|[[13th Lok Sabha]] || 1999–04 || 4 || 4 || 1 || 12 || 21
|- align="center"
|[[14th Lok Sabha]] || 2004–09 || 5 || 14 || 2 || 15 || 36
|- align="center"
|[[15th Lok Sabha]] || 2009–14 || 2 || 1 || – || 2 || 5
|- align="center"
|[[16th Lok Sabha]] || 2014–2019 || || || || ||
|- align="center"
|[[17th Lok Sabha]] ||2019–2024 || || || || ||
|}

== See also ==
{{portal|India}}
* [[17th Lok Sabha]]
* [[Estimates Committee]]
* [[Committee on Public Undertakings]]
* [[Public Accounts Committee (India)]]
* [[Standing Committee on Finance]]

== References ==
{{notelist}}
<references />

==External links==
* [http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Committee/CommitteeInformation.aspx?comm_code=11&tab=1 Committee on External Affairs] on Lok Sabha Website

[[Category:Committees of the Parliament of India]]
[[Category:Ministry of External Affairs (India)]]
[[Category:Parliamentary committees on foreign affairs|India]]

Maktab Khana (Fatehpur Sikri)

2025-11-26T01:57:28Z

MrBeast: made a post!

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox library
| name = Maktab Khana
| logo = 
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| image = Hindu and Muslim scholars discuss the Mahabharata.jpg
| image_size = 220px
| alt =
| caption = Muslim and Hindu scholars discuss the translation of the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', Maktab Khana, c. 1599.
| country = [[Mughal Empire]]
| type = Bureau of Translation
| scope =
| established = c. 1574, during the reign of [[Akbar]]
| ref_legal_mandate =
| location = [[Fatehpur Sikri]], [[India]]
| coordinates =
| branch_of =
| num_branches =
| items_collected =
| collection_size =
| criteria =
| legal_deposit =
| req_to_access =
| annual_circulation =
| pop_served =
| members =
| budget =
| director =
| num_employees =
| website =
| references =
| embed =
| module =
}}

The '''Maktab Khana''' ({{lit|writing house,<ref>{{cite book|author=Saiyid Athar Abbas Rizvi|title=Religious and Intellectual History of the Muslims in Akbar's Reign|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4uttAAAAMAAJ|year=1975|page=207|quote=writing house}}</ref> writing chamber<ref>{{cite book|author=A. B. M. Husain|year=1970|title=Fathpur-sikri and Its Architecture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d97VAAAAMAAJ|page=140|quote=writing chamber}}</ref>}}) was a bureau of records and translation established by the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] [[Emperor Akbar]] in [[Fatehpur Sikri]] around 1574.

==History==
Emperor Akbar commissioned his most talented scribes and secretaries to translate the [[Hindu texts|major texts of India]] from [[Sanskrit]] into [[Persian language|Persian]] and to [[Mughal painting#Akbar (r. 1556–1605)|illustrate the manuscripts]] in the royal workshops. These texts included the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', translated into the ''[[Razmnāma]]'' ([[Persian language|Persian]]: رزم نامہ, lit. ''Book of War''), the ''[[Ramayana]]'', and the ''[[Rajatarangini]]''. Various Arabic encyclopedias and histories were also translated, as well as the entirety of the ''[[Baburnama]]'', the memoirs of Akbar's grandfather and founder of the [[Mughal dynasty|Mughal]] dynasty, [[Babur]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rice |first1=Yael |title=A Persian Mahabharata: The 1598-1599 Razmnama |journal=Manoa |date=2010 |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=125–131 |id={{Project MUSE|381860}} |doi=10.1353/man.0.0090 |s2cid=145323296 }}</ref>

With this bureau, Akbar aspired to "form a basis for a [[perennial philosophy|united search for truth]]" and "enable the people to understand the true spirit of their religion."<ref>{{cite book |last=Shikuh |first=Dara |author-link= |date=1998 |title=The Mingling of the Two Oceans |url=https://www.themathesontrust.org/papers/hinduism/darashikoh-majma.pdf |location=Calcutta |publisher=The Asiatic Society |isbn=}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Din-i Ilahi]]
* [[Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb|Ganga–Jamuni Tehzeeb]]
* [[Mughal painting]]
* [[Razmnama]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:16th-century establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:Mughal court]]
[[Category:Fatehpur Sikri]]
[[Category:Libraries in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Libraries established in the 16th century]]

Henry Binny Webster

2025-10-27T13:24:15Z

MrBeast: Stub.

{{Short description|Inspector General of the Indian Police}}
'''Henry Binny Webster''' was Inspector General of the [[Indian Imperial Police|Indian Police]]. From 1863 to 1866 he was [[District magistrate|joint magistrate and Collector]] in the [[Bulandshahr district|district of Bulandshahr]], [[North-Western Provinces]]. He is credited with supervising the erection of the English school in 1864 and the dispensary in 1867, in the town of [[Bulandshahr]]. His predecessors included [[George Dundas Turnbull]] and [[Charles Currie (collector)|Charles Currie]].<ref name=Sketches1884>{{cite book |last1=Growse |first1=F. S. |title=Bulandshahr: Or, Sketches of an Indian District: Social, Historical and Architectural |date=1884 |publisher=Medical Hall Press |location=Benares |url=https://archive.org/details/bulandshahrorsk00growgoog/page/n134/mode/2up |language=English|pages=10, 74}}</ref><ref name=Singh1874>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Kuar Lachman|title=Historical and Statistical Memoir of Zila Bulandshahar |date=1874 |publisher=North-Western Provinces Government Press|isbn=978-3-382-50031-3|location=Allahabad |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.11477/page/45/mode/2up?q=lowther|language=en|pages=45–52}}</ref><ref name=Nevill1922>{{cite book |last1=Nevill |first1=H. R. |title=Bulandshahr A Gazetteer Vol-v (1922) |date=1922 |publisher=Government Branch Press |location=Lucknow |page=129 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.1361/page/n129/mode/2up?q=lowther}}</ref><ref name=NWPOfficers1881>{{cite book |author=Govt. Sectt., N.W.P. and Oudh |title=History of services of gazetted officers employed under the government of the N.W.P. and Oudh |date=1881 |publisher=North-Western Provinces and Oudh Govt. Press |location=Allahabad |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofservice00alla/page/14/mode/2up?q=webster}}</ref>

Webster entered [[East India Company College|Haileybury]] in 1852, left the following year and arrived in India in 1854.<ref name=Danvers>{{Cite book |last=Danvers |first=Frederick Charles |url=https://archive.org/details/memorialsoldhai00collgoog/page/455/mode/2up?q=Lowther |title=Memorials of Old Haileybury College |last2=Monier-Williams |first2=Sir Monier |last3=Bayley |first3=Sir Steuart Colvin |last4=Wigram |first4=Percy |last5=Sapte |first5=Brand |date=1894 |publisher=A. Constable |language=en|page=456}}</ref> In 1879 he was appointed commissioner at [[Jhansi]], and two years later became inspector general of the Indian Police.<ref name=Danvers/><ref name=Atkinson1876>{{Cite book |last=Atkinson |first=Edwin Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G9jaXsOc-tEC&pg=PA110 |title=Statistical, Descriptive and Historical Account of the North-Western Provinces of India: 3.:Meerut division part 2 |date=1876 |publisher=North-Western Provinces Government |pages=110, 127–128 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Webster, Henry}}
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]
[[Category:People educated at Winchester College]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Indian Rebellion of 1857]]

{{India-law-bio-stub}}
{{Law-enforcement-bio-stub}}

Chennai Slam

2025-09-13T21:02:40Z

MrBeast: Made Basic Page V1

{{Short description|Indian basketball team}}
{{More citations needed|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox basketball club
| name = Chennai Slam
| current =
| logo = Chennai slam.jpg
| logo_size = 400px
| league = [[UBA Pro Basketball League]]
| division = South Division (UBA)
| founded = 2015
| arena = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)]]
| location = [[Chennai, Tamil Nadu]]
| colors = Blue, white
| president =
| coach = [[Prasanna Menon]]
| league_champs = 2 (2015, 2016)
| website =
}}

'''Chennai Slam''' was an [[UBA Pro Basketball League]] franchise based in [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]] which began to play in 2015. They were the only team who has won the league twice.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chennai Slam Win the Championship Title of UBA Season 3! |url=https://www.cityshor.com/pune/chennai-slam-win-the-championship-title-of-uba-season-3/#:~:text=Chennai%20Slam%20took%20away%20the,to%20be%20the%20undisputable%20champions. |access-date=2023-11-01 |website=www.cityshor.com}}</ref>

==History==
On 17 July 2015 at Gachibowli Indoor Stadium, Chennai Slam started their first UBA Pro Basketball League season with a 65–61 loss to [[Hyderabad Sky]], but made a comeback with four victories.{{citation needed|date=November 2023}} The team finished its 6-game regular season in second place.{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}

In the semifinals, Chennai Slam won over Punjab Steelers 92–77.{{citation needed|date=November 2023}} They won the first season of the UBA Pro Basketball League by beating [[Pune Peshwas]] 81–49 in the finals.{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}

==Players==
'''Chennai Slam season 4 roster'''
{|class="wikitable"
!#!! Name !! Weight(Kg) !! Height
|-
|{{center|1}} || {{center|Agu Chukwunanu}} || {{center|75}} || {{center|5 ft 9 in}}
|-
|{{center|7}}||{{center|Krish Mishra}}||{{center|87}}||{{center|6 ft 0 in}}
|-
|{{center|5}} || {{center|Ashutosh Rai}} || {{center|103}} || {{center|6 ft 5 in}}
|-
|{{center|9}} || {{center|Ameeth Khan}} || {{center|67}} || {{center|5 ft 10 in}}
|-
|{{center|11}} || {{center|Vignesh Prabhu}} || {{center|80}} || {{center|6 ft 0 in}}
|-
|{{center|21}} || {{center|Brendon Pineda}} || {{center|101}} || {{center|6 ft 4 in}}
|-
|{{center|30}} || {{center|Cammy Carmel}} || {{center|90}} || {{center|6 ft 2 in}}
|-
|{{center|31}} || {{center|Gopal Ram}} || {{center|110}} || {{center|6 ft 8 in}}
|-
|{{center|33}} || {{center|T.N. Bopanna}} || {{center|80}} || {{center|5 ft 8 in}}
|-
|{{center|34}} || {{center|Longji Gobum}} || {{center|124}} || {{center|6 ft 4 in}}
|-
|{{center|36}} || {{center|Rikin Pethani}} || {{center|105}} || {{center|6 ft 8 in}}
|-
|{{center|40}} || {{center|Jairam Jat}} || {{center|97}} || {{center|6 ft 4 in}}
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Basketball teams established in 2015]]
[[Category:Basketball teams in India]]
[[Category:Basketball in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:2015 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Sport in Chennai]]
[[Category:Sports clubs and teams in Tamil Nadu]]

History of Pathanamthitta district

2025-09-09T02:46:29Z

MrBeast: Done

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
This is the '''History of [[Pathanamthitta district]]'''. Pathanamthitta district is located in the southern region of [[Kerala]], a state in [[South India]].

==History of Pandalam dynasty==
It is believed that the [[Pandya]] kings of [[Tamil Nadu]] fled to [[Pandalam]] in the face of an attack from [[Chola]]s<ref>{{cite book|title=Sacred Spaces: Exploring Traditions of Shared Faith in India|year=2003|publisher=Penguin Books|location=Navi Mumbai|isbn=9780143029311|page=27|author=Yoginder Sikand}}</ref> and settled there in the land they bought from Kaipuzha Thampan, a landlord. The Pandya dynasty had provinces on either sides of the [[Western Ghats]].

===Travancore Rule===
The King of Pandalam helped [[Marthanda Varma]] to conquer the [[Kayamkulam]] province. In return for this help, Marthanda Varma did not attempt to attack and conquer Pandalam or Adoor, during the expansion of his kingdom.Pandalam was annexed to [[Travancore]] in 1820. Before the formation of [[Pathanamthitta]] district, Pandalam was in [[Mavelikara]] taluk of [[Alappuzha]] district. King Marthandavarma once came to Sasthamcotta to hide from ettuveettil pillai's (a wealthy family who tried to capture King Marthandavarma and to get hold of his throne) and sought the help of nellimuttil family . Mannadi is also another historical place near Adoor where Velu Thampi Dalava died evading the Britishers.
Pandalam was part of [[Central Travancore]] and was never directly under British Rule.
Pathanamthitta was a major town of wealthy Hindu, Syrian Christian families .

===Late Travancore Rule and Indian Rule===
By the twentieth century Adoor was a fully developed town, with modern facilities like schools, libraries, hospitals etc.
After the [[independence of India]], Adoor was made a municipality in 1988 and Pandalam after 2000.<ref>{{URL|http://www.adoormunicipality.in|History of Adoor}}</ref>

==History of Ranni==
The history of Ranni can be traced 5000 years back to the early settlement activity of [[Adi Dravida]]ns around [[Sabarimala]] and [[Nilackal]]. The temple at Sabarimala is an early temple of Kerala, dating back to around 2000 years. The deity's sitting posture and resemblance of the prayer 'Sharanam vili' to "Buddham Sharanam / Sangam Sharanam" points to the Buddhist past. Buddhist hermits always prefer to stay in interior jungles for solitary contemplation to attain Nirvana.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sabarimala.org.in/ |title=About Sabarimala |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026202001/http://www.sabarimala.org.in/ |archivedate=2011-10-26}}</ref> The word 'Ayya' is a Buddhist Pali word means Lord/God. There was an ancient trade route passed through Nilackal between Kerala and Pandian kingdom.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantemplesportal.com/kerala/st.thomas-ecumenical-church-nilackal.html |title=St.Thomas Ecumenical Church Nilackal- Pilgrimage India |publisher=Indiantemplesportal.com |date= |accessdate=2012-04-17}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:History of Pathanamthitta district| ]]

Pulie Badze

2025-08-14T14:29:50Z

MrBeast:

{{Short description|Geographic feature in Nagaland}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Pulie Badze
| photo =
| photo_caption =
| map = India Nagaland#India#Asia#Earth
| map_size = 200
| map_caption = Location in Nagaland
| elevation_m = 2296
| elevation_ref =
| prominence =
| location = [[Jotsoma]], [[Kohima District]], Nagaland
| range =
| coordinates = {{coord|25|38|53|N|94|4|21|E|source:kolossus-frwiki|display=inline, title}}
| topo =
| type =
| age =
| last_eruption =
| first_ascent =
| easiest_route =
}}

'''Pulie Badze''' is a mountain peak in [[Kohima District]] of the Indian state of [[Nagaland]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rootsandleisure.com/pulie-badze-nagaland/|title=Find Out Why Locals in Nagaland Love Trekking to "Pulie Badze" in Jotsoma Village, Kohima|website=Roots and Leisure|date=20 July 2018 |access-date=1 December 2020}}</ref> standing at an elevation of {{convert|2296|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} overlooking the capital city of Nagaland, [[Kohima]]. It is the centerpiece of [[Pulie Badze Wildlife Sanctuary]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bnhsenvis.nic.in/Database/Protected%20Areas%20in%20India%202018_17699.aspx|title=Protected Areas in India 2018|publisher=[[Bombay Natural History Society]]|date=11 January 2019|access-date=1 December 2021}}</ref>

The mountain's name means "Pulie's Seat", named after the legendary folktale character "Pulie".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Find Out Why Locals in Nagaland Love Trekking to “Pulie Badze” in Jotsoma Village, Kohima |url=https://rootsandleisure.com/pulie-badze-nagaland/ |access-date=1 December 2020 |website=Roots and Leisure}}</ref><ref>https://www.tripadvisor.in/Attraction_Review-g668044-d10172691-Reviews-Pulie_Badze-Kohima_Kohima_District_Nagaland.html</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category: Geography of Nagaland]]
[[Category:Kohima]]

Jandrah Gharota Assembly constituency

2025-06-12T17:15:02Z

MrBeast: Stub.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Jandrah Gharota
| type= SLA
| state = Jammu and Kashmir
| established = 1962
| abolished = 1987
| electors = 53,162
| mla = Shiv Dev Singh
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
Jandrah Gharota Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1962 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || rowspan=2 | Rounaq Singh || {{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|-
| [[1967 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Shanta Bharti
|-
| [[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || Dhan Raj Bargotra || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || Balwan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1987]] || Shiv Dev Singh
|}
== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 1987 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Jandrah Gharota<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1987 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReport_jk_87.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114084427/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReport_jk_87.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Shiv Dev Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,121 |percentage=34.56% |change={{decrease}}8.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rattan Chand Gandhi |party=Independent politician |votes=8,887 |percentage=23.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dhan Raj Bargotra |party=Janata Party |votes=8,047 |percentage=21.20% |change={{increase}}8.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Qari Abdul Nabi |party=Independent politician |votes=2,905 |percentage=7.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Karan Dev Singh |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party |votes=1,932 |percentage=5.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sohan Lal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,729 |percentage=4.55% |change={{decrease}}0.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raghubir Singh Palwari |party=Independent politician |votes=1,341 |percentage=3.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,234 |percentage=11.15% |change= {{decrease}}17.72 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=37,962 |percentage=72.59% |change= {{increase}}8.37 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 53,162 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.66 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}8.65 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Jandrah Gharota<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport_JK_1983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117082124/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport_JK_1983.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Balwan Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,628 |percentage=43.21% |change={{increase}}15.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rattan Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=4,190 |percentage=14.34% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dhan Raj Bargotra |party=Janata Party |votes=3,751 |percentage=12.83% |change={{decrease}}25.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balbir Singh |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=3,614 |percentage=12.37% |change={{decrease}}3.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sohan Lal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,612 |percentage=5.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Noor Ud Din Kataria |party=Independent politician |votes=1,213 |percentage=4.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Karan Dev Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=973 |percentage=3.33% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vijay Rattan |party=Independent politician |votes=411 |percentage=1.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ved Parkash |party=Lokdal |votes=335 |percentage=1.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sushil Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=229 |percentage=0.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nanak Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=222 |percentage=0.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,438 |percentage=28.87% |change= {{increase}}18.01 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=29,225 |percentage=65.09% |change= {{increase}}3.12 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 46,364 |ref = |change= {{increase}}23.71 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}5.13 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Jandrah Gharota<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport_JK_77.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117081946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport_JK_77.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dhan Raj Bargotra |party=Janata Party |votes=8,550 |percentage=38.08% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ranjit Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,112 |percentage=27.22% |change={{decrease}}35.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Choudhary Nurul Din Karatia |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=3,450 |percentage=15.36% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jatinder Dev |party=Independent politician |votes=3,397 |percentage=15.13% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nanak Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=507 |percentage=2.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhagat Ram Sharma |party=Independent politician |votes=438 |percentage=1.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,438 |percentage=10.86% |change= {{decrease}}27.91 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=22,454 |percentage=61.07% |change= {{decrease}}4.68 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 37,477 |ref = |change= {{increase}}49.71 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}24.82 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Jandrah Gharota<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_JK_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083027/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_JK_72.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Shanta Bharti |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,172 |percentage=62.90% |change={{increase}}3.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajinder Singh |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=3,903 |percentage=24.14% |change={{decrease}}2.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ranjit Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=2,096 |percentage=12.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,269 |percentage=38.77% |change= {{increase}}5.57 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,171 |percentage=67.04% |change= {{increase}}1.03 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,033 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.35 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Jandrah Gharota<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report_Jk_1967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006052138/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report_Jk_1967.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Rounaq Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,304 |percentage=59.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajinder Singh |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=3,685 |percentage=26.48% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Singh |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=964 |percentage=6.93% |change={{decrease}}43.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Singh |party=Democratic National Conference |votes=617 |percentage=4.43% |change={{increase}}1.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Dass |party=Independent politician |votes=345 |percentage=2.48% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,619 |percentage=33.19% |change= {{increase}}14.95 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,915 |percentage=66.36% |change= {{decrease}}1.93 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 21,891 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}18.02 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{increase}}8.98 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Jandrah Gharota<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_JK_1962.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006183842/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_JK_1962.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Rounaq Singh |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=8,867 |percentage=50.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajinder Singh |party=Jammu Praja Parishad |votes=5,677 |percentage=32.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hari Chand |party=Harijan Mandal |votes=1,983 |percentage=11.34% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Girdhari Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=487 |percentage=2.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khajur Singh |party=Democratic National Conference |votes=475 |percentage=2.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,190 |percentage=18.24% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=17,489 |percentage=65.61% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 26,703 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir}}

{{coord missing|Jammu and Kashmir}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]
{{JammuandKashmir-geo-stub}}

Boniyar tehsil

2025-06-10T03:24:33Z

MrBeast: Made A Article W/ Infobox

{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = Boniyar
| name =
| settlement_type = [[Tehsil]]
| image_skyline =
| imagesize =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_blank_emblem =
| blank_emblem_size =
| blank_emblem_type = Logo
| blank_emblem_link =
| image_map =
| mapsize =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| image_map1 =
| mapsize1 =
| map_alt1 =
| map_caption1 =
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|Union Territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (Union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of Jammu and Kashmir|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Baramulla District|Baramulla]]
| population_est = 72,564<ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42526/download/46152/A-1_NO_OF_VILLAGES_TOWNS_HOUSEHOLDS_POPULATION_AND_AREA.xlsx Village, town and household population]censusindia.gov.in {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811062523/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42526/download/46152/A-1_NO_OF_VILLAGES_TOWNS_HOUSEHOLDS_POPULATION_AND_AREA.xlsx |date=2022-08-11 }}</ref>
| pop_est_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| blank_name_sec1 =
| blank_info_sec1 =
| blank_name_sec2 =
| blank_info_sec2 =
| timezone1 = [[India Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Boniyar''' is a [[tehsil]] located in [[Baramulla district]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (Union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://baramulla.nic.in/tehsil/ | title=Tehsil | Official website of District Baramulla | India }}</ref> The town of [[Boniyar]] is the administrative center. There are 51 villages that are part of the tehsil including [[Kathal Hil Patribal]].

== Villages ==
{{hatnote|Taken from VillageInfo.org.<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Villages in Boniyar Subdivision of Baramulla (Jammu And Kashmir) {{!}} VillageInfo.org |url=https://villageinfo.org/sub-district/boniyar |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=villageinfo.org}}</ref>}}
# Athishampora
# Azad Pora
# Bacchi
# Badain
# Bagna
# Banali
# Batangi
# Bela Slamabad
# Bernate
# Bijhama
# Bimyar
# Boniyar
# BrariPora
# Challa
# Chootali
# Dara Kujan
# Dudran
# Gager Hill
# Gird Nawah
# Hiller Pernia
# Ijara
# Jabdi
# Javind
# Kanchan
# Kathal Hil Pathri
# Lari
# Limber
# Lachipora
# Maidanan
# Manzgam
# Mayan
# Mohra
# Muqam Peran
# Nagnari
# Niloosa
# Noorkhah
# Nowgran
# Nowshara
# Peernia
# Pehlipora
# Prankutran
# Pringle
# Rampora
# [[Salamabad Dachhna]]
# Salasan
# Shaladajan
# Sheer Wanipora
# Trikanjan
# Uranbowa
# Warikhah
# Zehem Pora

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Jammu and Kashmir}}

[[Category:Baramulla district]]
[[Category:Tehsils of Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)]]

1928 South Indian railway strike

2025-05-05T13:09:26Z

MrBeast: made new bio

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{refimprove|date=November 2011}}
The '''1928 South Indian railway strike''' was a [[general strike]] by the South Indian Railway Workers Union against plans of the [[South Indian Railway Company]] to [[Layoff|lay off]] over 3,100 workers in order to reduce the expenditures of the company. The strike lasted from 29 June – 2 August 1928, and severely affected the transportation of people and goods across [[South India]]. The Madras government and the South Indian Railway Company responded with a crackdown. Most of the leaders of the strike were arrested and recognition to the union was withdrawn. The Government of Madras recorded it as the "most important event of the year".<ref>Report on the Administration of the Madras Presidency for the year 1927 – 28 Madras, 1929, p. xiii.</ref>

== Prelude ==

In 1927, railway companies all over India took a unanimous decision to reduce their railway workforce in order to cut costs. In response to this decision, strikes were called by the workers of the Bengal–Nagpur railway at [[Kharagpur]] in February 1927 and [[Lilooh]] in March 1928.<ref name="reddy">{{cite book|title=Class, colonialism, and nationalism: Madras Presidency, 1928–1939|first=Kanchi Venugopal|last=Reddy|publisher=Mittal Publications|year=2002|id={{ISBN|978-81-7099-854-9}}|pages=92–96|isbn=8170998549 }}</ref>

During 1928, there was general discontent among the workers of the South Indian Railway Company over the long working hours, low wages and racial discrimination against native Indians in the railway. At about the same time, the management of the [[South Indian Railway Company]] decided to lay off over 3,100 workers to compensate for the purchase of costly machinery in the workshops at [[Podanur]], [[Negapatam]] and [[Trichinopoly]].<ref name="reddy" /> Supporters of the strike have, however, claimed that cost-cut was mainly an excuse and that the real reason for the layoffs was to get rid of extremist elements in the railway union. A Madras government official noted that retrenchment was

{{quote|... a cloak for victimization of obnoxious workmen particularly those connected with the labour unions<ref name="reddy" />}}

== Events ==

On 28 June 1928, the Central Committee of the South Indian Railway Workers Union telegraphed the management authorities demanding their response to the union's petition to withdraw Circular No. 202 dealing with [[retrenchment]] and a general pay raise for both skilled and unskilled workers. The management refused to raise the pay and explained that the lay offs were the result of a government inquiry.

On 29 June 1928, about 8,000 workers in the South Indian Railway workshops in Negapatam, Trichinopoly and Podanur struck work. The union demanded a total wage increase of 25 percent, a minimum wage threshold of Rs. 30 and repeal of Circular No. 202. The management responded with a lockout. The strike also encountered opposition from some of the union leaders, too, notable among them being S. V. Aiyar, editor of the Indian Railway Magazine and President of the Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway Employees Union and Ernest Kirk, General Secretary of the Madras Labour Union who commented

{{quote|I am not against a strike, but if initiated and rushed and wire-pulled by adherents of Moscow it is severely handicapped from the outset}}

The striking workers responded by accusing them of "betraying the interests of the workers" and "working against the Central Committee." At a meeting in Trichinopoly on 1 July 1928, Mukundlal Sircar, Secretary of the All India Labour Union, blamed British imperialism for widespread unemployment in India and exhorted railway workers to join hands with the [[Indian National Congress]] and participate in the [[Indian Independence Movement]].

There was a total lockout on 6 July 1928 and 9 July 1928 at Trichinopoly and Podanur respectively. Vegetable and fruit shopowners in Trichinopoly had also downed their shutters on 6 July in support of the railway workers. A 3,000-strong procession walked through the town. The situation was calm from 9 July to 18 July when the union tried to negotiate with the management. But when negotiations broke down on 19 July 1928, the strike was resumed in renewed vigour.

The strike turned violent on 20 July and incidents were reported from [[Tuticorin]], [[Viluppuram]], [[Mayiladuthurai]] and Trichinopoly. There were clashes between railway workers and policemen in Tuticorin and [[Mayiladuthurai]] in which a striker was killed in police firing and 63 others were arrested. This was followed by 78 arrests in [[Panruti]], [[Vikravandi]] and Villekuppam. The workers in Viluppuram organised a [[Satyagraha]] to press their demands. When a light engine collided against a bus in Trichinopoly causing heavy casualties, a crowd assembled at the spot and catching hold of the light engine driver, a European, [[lynched]] him to death.

== End of the strike ==

The strike was brutally suppressed by the government. When about 5000 striking workers in [[Mayiladuthurai]] lay on the tracks blocking trains, the police arrested nine workers and stopped the train. Five were killed by the police in [[Mayiladuthurai]] in response to an incident of stone throwing and a [[shepherd]] named Kone was [[bayoneted]] during another stone throwing incident in Tuticorin. Six were killed and twenty-two wounded during a third incident in Viluppuram. A public meeting called by the Madras District Congress Committee in Madras city was prohibited.

Singaravelu Chetty and Mukundlal Sircar were arrested on 23 July 1928. D. K. Pillai, President of the Central Committee was arrested on 25 July followed by T.K. Naidu, Secretary of the Engineering Workshop Labour Union, P. Mudaliar, General Secretary and V. Aujar, Vice President of the Central Committee, on 26 July. On 27 July, nine more leaders of the strike were arrested. The very same day, M. Pillai, Union Secretary at Tinnevely, called off the strike. The strike, however, continued in Trichinopoly and [[Madura]] till 30 July 1928, when Krishnamachari, the Secretary of the South Indian Railway Workers' Union, and Pillai, treasurer of the South Indian Railway Local Labour Union, issued a statement formally calling off the strike

{{quote|We have demonstrated to the public our capacity for organisation and concerted action . . . (but) we find that the public have suffered in this quarrel between Capital and Labour and we are very sorry that we were forced to go on strike much against our wishes . . . relying on the justice of our cause we are determined to continue our fight by peaceful methods and with the sole aim of sparing the public all inconvenience, we have decided to call off the strike from 6 a.m. on the 30th}}

Minor incidents occurred till 2 August 1928, when the South Indian Railway Workers' Union was officially outlawed.

== Notes ==

{{reflist}}

== References ==

* {{cite journal|title=South Indian Railway Strike|journal=The Labour Monthly|volume=10|issue=6|date=October 1928|pages=636–639|url=http://www.marxists.org/history/international/comintern/sections/britain/periodicals/labour_monthly/1928/10/india.htm}}

{{Railways in Southern India}}

[[Category:1928 in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport strikes in India]]
[[Category:1928 in rail transport|Railway Strike In India, 1928]]
[[Category:Indian independence movement in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:History of Tiruchirappalli]]
[[Category:History of rail transport in India]]
[[Category:1928 labor disputes and strikes]]
[[Category:June 1928 in Asia]]
[[Category:July 1928 in Asia]]
[[Category:August 1928 in Asia]]

Maulana Azad University

2025-03-24T18:55:41Z

MrBeast:

{{Short description|University in Rajasthan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox university
|name = Maulana Azad University
|other_name =
|native_name =
|latin_name =
|motto = Gain Knowledge Serve Mankind
|mottoeng =
|established = {{start date and age|2013}}
|type = [[Public university|Public]]
|endowment =
|staff =
|chairperson = Mohammed Atique
|director=
|president = Dr. Jameel Kazmi
|provost=
|rector =
|chancellor =
|vice_chancellor =
|dean =
|head_label =
|head =
|students = 8000+
|undergrad =
|postgrad =
|doctoral =
|city =[[Jodhpur]]
|state = [[Rajasthan]]
|country =[[India]]
| coor =
|campus =
|free_label =
|free =
|colors =
|colours =
|mascot =
|nickname =
|affiliations = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]
|website = {{url|https://mauj.ac.in/}}
| image = Maulana Azad University logo.png
}}

'''Maulana Azad University''' ('''MAU'''), is a [[List of state private universities in India|State Private university]]<ref>{{cite web|title=
Maulana Azad University, Jodhpur - UGC|url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/pdfnews/2119041_Maulan-Azad-university-Rajasthan.pdf|publisher=[[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]]|accessdate=21 February 2023|date=26 March 2015}}</ref> located at [[Jodhpur]], [[Rajasthan]], India. It was officially established in 2013 by Marwar Muslim Educational & Welfare Society ''under Rajasthan State Government Act No. 35 (2013) with the right to confer degree as per the sections 2(f) of the UGC Act, 1956'',<ref>{{cite web |title=The Maulana Azad University, Jodhpur Act, 2013 Keyword(s)|url=https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/rajasthan/2013/2013Rajasthan35.pdf |publisher=[[PRS Legislative Research]]|work=RAJASTHAN GAZETTE |accessdate=21 February 2023|date=16 September 2023}}</ref>

Maulana Azad University offers undergraduate, postgraduate and Ph.D. programmes in the fields of engineering & technology, science, medical science, arts, commerce, management, humanities and social science. Some of the courses are BSc, BA, MA and MSc.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official|https://www.mauj.ac.in/}}

{{coord missing|Karnataka}}
{{Universities in Rajasthan}}

[[Category:Education in Jodhpur]]
[[Category:Universities in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2013]]
[[Category:2013 establishments in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:State universities in India]]

{{Rajasthan-university-stub}}

Mohan Singh Rathore

2025-02-28T16:29:07Z

MrBeast: made new biography!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}

'''Mohan Singh Rathore''' (born 1955)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mohan Singh Rathore(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- BHITARWAR(GWALIOR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/MadhyaPradesh2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=666 |access-date=2024-11-16 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Madhya Pradesh]]. He is an MLA from [[Bhitarwar Assembly constituency]] in [[Gwalior district|Gwalior District]]. He won the [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]], representing the Bharatiya Janata Party.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |date=2023-12-03 |title=Bhitarwar Election Result 2023 Live: Bjp Candidate Mohan Singh Rathore Wins From Bhitarwar |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/bhitarwar-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-winner-loser-bjp-congress-bsp-mp-assembly-election-results-news-1646796 |access-date=2024-11-16 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhitarwar Election Result 2023 LIVE Updates and Highlights: Mohan Singh Rathore Of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/bhitarwar-election-result-2023-live-updates-and-highlights-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8687775.html |access-date=2024-11-16 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Rathore is from [[Bhitarwar]], Gwalior District, Madhya Pradesh. He is the son of late Ulfat Singh Rathore. He passed Class 12 and later while doing his second year graduation, at a college affiliated with [[Jiwaji University|Jivaji University]], [[Gwalior Fort|Gwalior]], he discontinued his studies from 1973.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Rathore won from Bhitarwar Assembly constituency in the 2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhitarwar Lok Sabha Election 2024 Live: Get Bhitarwar Lok Sabha Election Results and Candidate List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/madhya-pradesh-assembly-election/bhitarwar-constituency/ |access-date=2024-11-16 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He polled 97,700 votes and defeated his nearest rival and sitting MLA, [[Lakhan Singh Yadav]] of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 22,354 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhitarwar Constituency Election Results 2023: Bhitarwar Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/madhya-pradesh/constituency-show/bhitarwar |access-date=2024-11-16 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhitarwar assembly election results 2023: Bhitarwar Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/madhya-pradesh/bhitarwar-assembly-result-12018 |access-date=2024-11-16 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Bhitarwar, Madhya Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: Bhitarwar में BJP ने INC कोहराया |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/story/bhitarwar-madhya-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2023-live-1830155-2023-12-03 |access-date=2024-11-16 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rathore, Mohan Singh}}
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Gwalior district]]

Neelkanth temple, Alwar district

2023-12-09T06:31:12Z

MrBeast: made new location!

{{short description|Hindu temple in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{coord|27.247407|76.351966|display=title}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Neelkanth temple
| image = Exterior, Neelkanth temple, Alwar district, Rajasthan, India.jpg
| map_type = 
| map_caption = 
| coordinates = 
| deity = [[Shiva]]
| creator = Parmeshwara Mathanadeva
| location = [[Rajgarh tehsil]], [[Alwar district]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| district = [[Alwar]]
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| country = [[India]]
| year_built =
| architecture = 
| website = 
}}

'''Neelkanth temple''' is a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] temple in the [[Rajgarh, Alwar|Rajgarh]] tehsil, in [[Alwar district]], [[Rajasthan]], India. It is dedicated to the god [[Shiva]] (Neelkanth is one of the name given to Shiva). It is situated in an isolated hill near the [[Sariska National Park]], and access can only be gained by a steep track. It was built between the 6th to the 9th century CE by Parmeshwara Mathanadeva, a local [[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty|Pratihara]] feudatory.

== Erotic statues ==
It shows a number of sculptures, including erotic ones, in the same style shown in [[Khajuraho Group of Monuments|Khajuraho]].

<gallery>
File:Lingam, Neelkanth temple, Alwar district.jpg|[[Lingam|Shiv Lingam]] inside Neelkanth temple
File:Erotic sculpture, Neelkanth temple, Alwar district, Rajasthan, India.jpg|Erotic sculpture
File:Sculpture of Surya, Neelkanth temple, Alwar district, Rajasthan, India.jpg|Sculpture of Shiva
File:Standing woman, sculpture, Neelkanth temple, Alwar district, Rajasthan, India.jpg
File:Goddess with four arms, sculpture, Neelkanth temple, Alwar district, Rajasthan, India.jpg
File:Woman 3, sculpture, Neelkanth temple, Alwar district, Rajasthan, India.jpg
</gallery>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://asijaipurcircle.nic.in/Neelkanth.html Archaeological Survey of India]
* [http://www.rajasthantourism.gov.in/Destinations/Alwar/S-Neelkanth.aspx Rajasthan Tourism]

[[Category:Tourist attractions in Alwar district]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Rajasthan]]

{{India-Hindu-temple-stub}}

Nilkanth temple (Mandu)

2023-10-06T01:07:09Z

MrBeast: Made A Place W/ Sources.

{{Short description|Shiva temple in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Nilkanth Mahadev Mandir
| image =Neelkantheshwar mahadev.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Nilkanth Temple built by Mughal Emperor [[Akbar]] for his chief Hindu consort [[Mariam-uz-Zamani]]
| map_type = India Madhya Pradesh
| map_caption = Location in Mandu, Madhya Pradesh
| coordinates = {{coord|22.3269524|75.3900973|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| native_name =
| country = India
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh|Mandu]]
| location = Near Nilkanth Valley
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Neelkanth]] ([[Shiva]])
| festivals = [[Maha Shivaratri]]
| architecture = [[Mughal architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| established = 23 April 1574<ref name=:0/>
| creator = Shah Badgah (Mughal Governor of Mandu)
| year_completed = 11 April 1575 AD<ref name=:0/>
| website =
}}

'''Nilkanth Temple or Imarat-i-Dilkhusha''' (the heart-pleasing abode) is a Mughal architecture temple built on the orders of [[Akbar|Mughal Emperor Akbar]] by the governor of Mandu, Shah Badgah in 1574 AD.<ref name=:1/> Akbar commissioned this temple for his favourite wife, [[Mariam-uz-Zamani|Empress Mariam-uz-Zamani]], who was a follower of [[Hinduism]].<ref name=:0>{{Cite web|url=http://mariam-uz-zamani.blogspot.com/2015/11/nilkanth-temple-palace-of-akbar-hindu-wife-mariam-uz-zamani-jodhabai-mandu.html?m=1#.Yq7JLhjhUzQ|title=Nilkanth temple of Hindu wife of Mughal Emperor Akbar|date=3 September 2014|website=Blogspot.com}}</ref>

The temple is dedicated to Lord Shiva and is a popular Hindu pilgrimage site. It is surrounded by dense valleys and is adjacent to the mountain ranges of Nilkanth valleys.<ref name=:1/>

==Background==
The Nilkanth palace was built by the Mughal governor of Mandu, Shah Badgah in 1574 AD for the Mughal Empress [[Mariam-uz-Zamani]], the favorite wife of Akbar, who in popular culture is known as Jodha Bai.<ref name=:2>{{cite book|first=V.S.|last=Bendrey|title=The study of Muslim inscription with special reference to the inscription published in the epigraphia Indo Moslemica|page=129|publisher=Karnataka Publishing house, Bombay|date=1944}}</ref>

This palace was built adjacent to the ancient shrine of [[Lord Shiva]] and encompasses the [[shrine]] itself.

The name recorded of this palace in the Imperial Mughal documents is ''' 'Imarat-i-Dilkhusha' ''' (the heart-pleasing abode).
It became the favorite retreat place of the eldest surviving son of Emperor Akbar and Empress Mariam-uz-Zamani, [[Jahangir]].<ref name=:3/>

==Legend==
[[File:Kurma, the tortoise incarnation of Vishnu.jpg|200px|left|thumb|[[Shiva]] consumed the poison [[Halahala]] that originated from the sea during the [[Samudramanthan]] (churning of the ocean) ca 1870.]]

According to [[Hindu sacred texts]], the name ''Nilkanth'' came into the association with Lord Shiva after he consumed [[Halahala]], a mythical poison from the sea.<ref>[http://www.bharatonline.com/uttarakhand/rishikesh/neelkanth-mahadev.html Neelkanth Mahadev]</ref>

It goes back to the story of a fight between [[Asura]]s (Demon) and [[Deva (Hinduism)|Devas]] (God) for the possession of [[Amrita|Amrith]] (the immortality nectar). In order to attain the nectar, the Samudra (ocean) needed to be churned and for this purpose, a Mandara mountain was used as churning mettle and Vasuki (king of snakes) was used as a rope tied around the mountain.

Both the Devas and Asuras started to churn the ocean by pulling the rope to their respective end. [[Samudramanthan|As the process proceeded]], many harmful things started to surface before Amrith. Amongst these was a poison named [[Halahala]]. If the legends are to be believed, Halahala came from the mouth of Vasuki as he was pulled from either side.

This poison was so poisonous that it is believed to have the power to destroy the entire creation (Brahamand). Fearing its deadly strength, both the Asuras and Devas prayed to Lord Shiva for aid. Lord Shiva, known as Bhole Shankar for his compassion came to their aid and decided to drink the poison.

Lord Shiva amassed the poison in his throat for preventing the poison to seep into his entire body. A legend proclaims that when [[Parvati|Lordess Parvati]] learnt that her husband, Lord Shiva had consumed the Halahala, she ran to his support and held his throat to stop the poison from running down to his stomach. The impact of the poison was so grave that it turned Lord Shiva's neck blue and hence he came to be known by the name '''Neelkantha''' or '''The Blue-Throated one'''.

==History==
The present structure was built on an ancient shrine of Lord Shiva. The original name of the building survived through the last three centuries despite the Mughal character and architecture of the palace, as the palace temple co-existed. After the destruction of the temples during the invasions through the 12th and 13th centuries, this structure was externally made to appear like a Mughal building through the reign of Akbar, however, it encompassed both the palace and the temple (ancient shrine).<ref name=:1>{{cite journal|first=Major C.E.|last=Luard|title=Dhar and Mandu|page=29|publisher=Bishamber Nath. Bhargava, Allahabad|date=1912}}</ref> Now it is simply used as a temple and is a pilgrimage site for the devotees throughout India.

In 1617, as noted by Jahangir in ''[[Tuzk-e-Jahangiri]]'', he celebrated his birthday with [[Mariam-uz-Zamani|his mother]] in this palace of hers, fondly calling it as Imarat-i-Dilkhusha (the heart-pleasing abode).<ref name=:3>{{cite journal|first=|last=|title=Bombay Branch of Royal Asiatic Society|volume=XIX|pages=194–195}}</ref>{{sfn|Rogers|Beveridge|1909|I|p =401}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://mariam-uz-zamani.blogspot.com/2015/11/nilkanth-temple-palace-of-akbar-hindu-wife-mariam-uz-zamani-jodhabai-mandu.html?m=1#.Yq2nKxjhUzR|title= Nilkanth Temple Palace of Mughal Emperor Akbar's Hindu wife, Mariam-uz-Zamani in Madhya Pradesh]

[[Category:Mariam-uz-Zamani]]
[[Category:Akbar]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures of the Mughal Empire]]

Arakere, Shrirangapattana

2023-08-12T11:36:25Z

MrBeast: started stub!

{{other uses|Arekere}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Arakere
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline = File:Kodiyala.Yeliyur.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Arakere
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mandya]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = Shrirangapattana
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 16000
| population_as_of = 2015
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =KA
| website = {{URL|karnataka.gov.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KA]]
| footnotes =

}}

''' Arakere ''' is a village in the southern state of [[Karnataka]], [[India]].<ref name="censusindia">Village code= 2377900 {{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |title=Census of India : Villages with population 5000 & above |work=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=2008-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208044522/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |archive-date=8 December 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="yahoomaps">{{cite web|url=http://in.maps.yahoo.com |title=Yahoomaps India : |access-date=2008-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218082545/http://in.maps.yahoo.com/ |archive-date=18 December 2008 |url-status=dead }} Arakere, Mandya, Karnataka</ref> It is located in the [[Shrirangapattana]] [[taluk]] of [[Mandya district]] in Karnataka.

==Demographics==
As of the [[2001 Census of India | 2001 India census]], Arakere had a population of 9,708 with 4,811 males and 4,897 females.<ref name="censusindia" />

==Post office==
There is a post office at Arakere; the postal code is 571415.

==Landmarks==
{{Unreferenced section|date=May 2022}}
* Maraleshwara Temple
* Chennakeshava Temple
* Bisilumaramma Temple
* Arakere Hobli
* Yoganarashima Temple
* Bisilu Maramma festival
*Govt Poytechnic

==See also==
* [[Mandya]]
* [[Districts of Karnataka]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* http://Mandya.nic.in/

{{Settlements in Mandya district}}

{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

[[Category:Villages in Mandya district]]

{{Mandya-geo-stub}}

Visual artist

2004-12-13T13:57:21Z

MrBeast: minor cleanup

#REDIRECT [[Visual arts]]