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Harapanahalli

2026-05-08T09:15:23Z

Mpsep15: Info

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Harapanahalli
|other_name =
| settlement_type = City
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Overview of Harapanahalli city
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|14|47|18|N|75|59|11|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Seal of Karnataka.svg|Emblem of Karnataka}} [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Vijayanagara district|Vijayanagara]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Town Municipal Council (TMC)
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 41
| area_rural_km2 = 1396
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 646.19
| population_total = 57,431
| population_rural = 2,54,964
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/607/download/2076/DH_2011_2913_PART_B_DCHB_DAVANAGERE.pdf|access-date=1 November 2023|title=Census Data Handbook 2011}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 583 131
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#KA—Karnataka|KA-35]]
| website = http://www.harapanahallitown.mrc.gov.in
| footnotes =
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +918398
| blank1_info_sec1 = {{convert|78|km|mi}}
| blank1_name_sec1 = Distance from [[Hosapete]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = {{convert|292|km|mi}}
| blank1_name_sec2 = Distance from [[Bengaluru]]
| official_name =
| imagesize =
| subdivision_name4 = Harapanahalli
| subdivision_type4 =
| image_skyline =
| translit_lang1 =
| image_map =
}}

'''Harapanahalli''' is a small city, [[taluk]] and sub-divisional headquarter in [[Vijayanagara District]] in the Indian state of [[Karnataka]].

In 1947, the 30th [[Kannada Sahithya Sammelana]] was organised in Harapanahalli under the presidency of C.K.Venkataramaiah.

==Geography==
{{unsourced section|date=July 2025}}
It has an average elevation of {{convert|633|m|ft}} above the [[Mean sea level]]. Harapanahalli is surrounded by several districts like Davanagere in the South, Chithradurga in the Southeast, Haveri in the West.

Previously, Harapanahalli was under [[Ballari district]], [[Davanagere district]] and then transferred back to [[Ballari district|Ballari]], until the [[Vijayanagara district]] was carved out in the year 2021.

Harapanahalli has a sub divisional headquarter considering Harapanahalli, Huvinahadagali and Kotturu taluks with Assistant Commissioner office. It had 144 villages in its taluk boundary, and it is one of the oldest and highest revenue generating center with high trading and educational outposts since from Madras Presidency.

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Harapanahalli had a population of 41,889. Males constituted 52% of the population and females 48%. Harapanahalli had an average literacy rate of 55%, lower than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy was 60%, and female literacy was 48%. 14% of the population was under 6 years of age.

==Transportation ==
{{unsourced section|date=July 2025}}
=== Road ===
Harapanahalli city has road connectivity, with several state highways passing through it, including State Highway 2 (SH-2), State Highway 25 (SH-25), State Highway 47 (SH-47), and State Highway 150 (SH-150). SH-25 is notably proposed for upgrade to a National Highway. The city also hosts a Kalyana Karnataka Road Transport Corporation (KKRTC) bus depot, operating under the Vijayanagara division.

=== Rail ===
The Harapanahalli railway station (station code: HPHI) falls under the Mysuru division of the South Western Railway zone (SWR). It is a single-line diesel track located on the Hosapete–Davanagere section, which spans both the Mysuru and Hubballi divisions of the SWR. Six trains currently operate through this station. A physical survey for a new 93 km railway line project connecting Gadag Junction to Harapanahalli Via: Mundaragi has been completed, with the report submitted to and considered by the SWR board in Hubballi. Electrification work has also commenced on the Hosapete–Davanagere section.

=== Air ===
The nearest airport to Harapanahalli city with commercial flights is Jindal Vijayanagara Airport (IATA: VDY) at Toranagallu, located approximately 95 km away by the fastest route. It offers flights to major Indian cities such as Bengaluru and Hyderabad. The recently inaugurated Rashtrakavi Kuvempu Airport (IATA: RQY) in Shivamogga is about 126 km distant, with connections to Bengaluru, Chennai, Hyderabad, Goa–Mopa, and Tirupati. Hubballi Airport (IATA: HBX) is situated approximately 152 km away, providing flights to Bengaluru, Delhi, Hyderabad, Mumbai, and Pune. Kempegowda International Airport (IATA: BLR) in Bengaluru, a major international hub with extensive domestic and international connections, is approximately 302 km from Harapanahalli.

==Education==
{{unsourced section|date=July 2025}}
There are several private and government primary and high schools including (CBSE) syllabus with Pharmacy, PU, ITI and UG colleges.

==See also==
*[[Neelagunda, Harapanahalli]]
*[[Chigateri]]
*[[Arasikere]]
*[[Teligi, India|Teligi]]
*[[Hulikatti]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Vijayanagara district]]
[[Category:Taluks in Vijayanagara district]]

Raiganj Assembly constituency

2026-05-08T05:56:46Z

Mpsep15: new details!

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Raiganj
| type= SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Raiganj.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Raiganj Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Koushik Chowdhury]]
| incumbent_image =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance]]
| latest_election_year = [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Uttar Dinajpur district|Uttar Dinajpur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Raiganj Lok Sabha constituency|Raiganj]]
| constituency_no = 35
| established = 1951
| electors = 198,780
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Raiganj Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Uttar Dinajpur district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], No. 35 Raiganj Assembly constituency covers [[Raiganj]] municipality, and Bahin, Maraikup, Gouri, Kamalabati I and Kamalabati II [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Raiganj (Community development block)|Raiganj]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]].<ref name =delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 | access-date = 2 July 2014 | work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India}}</ref>

Raiganj Assembly constituency is part of No. 5 [[Raiganj (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name =delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%"
!Year
!MLA
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
! colspan="4" |'''Raiganj constituency'''
|-
|rowspan="2|[[1952 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|'''Shyama Prasad Barman'''
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
|'''Ghulam Hamidur Rahman'''
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|'''Haji Badruddin Ahmed'''
|-
|'''Shyama Prasad Barman'''
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|'''Ramendranath Dutta'''
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|'''NN Kundu'''
|{{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|'''Manash Roy'''
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| rowspan="2" |'''Ramendranath Dutta'''
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|'''Khagendra Nath Sinha'''
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|'''Dipendra Barman'''
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
| rowspan="2" |'''Khagendra Nath Sinha'''
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|'''Dilip Kumar Das'''
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001 ]]
| rowspan="2" |'''[[Chittaranjan Roy]]'''
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| rowspan="2" |'''[[Mohit Sengupta]]'''
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|rowspan=2|'''[[Krishna Kalyani]]'''
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2024 elections in India#West_Bengal|2024^]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|[[Koushik Chowdhury]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

*^ denotes by-election

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Raiganj]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Koushik Chowdhury]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes= 105561 {{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Krishna Kalyani]]|party=Trinamool Congress|votes= 46920 {{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Jibananda Singha|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes= 3787 {{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Mohit Sengupta]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes= 4386 {{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes= 1654 {{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes= 58641 {{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = BJP
|loser = TMC
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2024 by-election===
{{Election box begin
| title=[[2024 elections in India#West_Bengal|2024 West Bengal Legislative Assembly by-election]]: [[Raiganj]]<ref name="Raiganj Assembly constituency 2024 By Poll Result">{{cite news |title=Raiganj Assembly constituency 2024 By Poll Result |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultByeJuly24/candidateswise-S2535.htm |accessdate=25 July 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=13 July 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250725175505/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultByeJuly24/candidateswise-S2535.htm |archivedate=25 July 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Krishna Kalyani]]|votes=86,479|percentage=57.97|change={{increase}}21.39}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Manas Kumar Ghosh|votes=36,402|percentage=24.4|change={{decrease}}25.04}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Mohit Sengupta]]|votes=23,116|percentage=15.5|change={{increase}}4.84}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above|votes=1,710|percentage=1.15|change={{decrease}}0.38}}
{{Election box majority|votes=50,077|percentage=33.57|change={{increase}}20.71}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,49,183|percentage=71.99|change={{decrease}}}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
In the 2021 election, [[Krishna Kalyani]] of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] defeated his nearest rival Kanaia Lal Agarwal of [[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]].

{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Raiganj]]}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Krishna Kalyani]]
|votes = 79,775
|percentage = 49.44
|change = +40.75
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Kanaia Lal Agarwal
|votes = 59,027
|percentage = 36.58
|change = +11.95
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Mohit Sengupta]]
|votes = 17,198
|percentage = 10.66
|change = -48.32
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 2,468
|percentage = 1.53
|change = +0.20
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Raju Paul
|votes = 1,361
|percentage = 0.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,61,347
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
In the 2016 election, Mohit Sengupta of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] defeated his nearest rival Purnendu Dey of [[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]].

{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Raiganj]]}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Mohit Sengupta]]
|votes = 87,983
|percentage = 58.98
|change = +9.29
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Purnendu Dey (Bablu)
|votes = 36,736
|percentage = 24.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Pradip Sarkar
|votes = 12,961
|percentage = 8.69
|change = +6.28
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Arun Chandra Dey
|votes = 6,154
|percentage = 4.13
|change = -41.29
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 1,985
|percentage = 1.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 51,247
|percentage = 34.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,49,168
|percentage = 83.39
|change = -1.34
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
In the 2011 election, Mohit Sengupta of Congress defeated his nearest rival Kiranmoy Nanda of Samajwadi Party.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Raiganj constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=35| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130618153207/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=35| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 18 June 2013|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work =Raiganj| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 20 April 2011}}</ref>}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Mohit Sengupta]]
|votes = 62,864
|percentage = 49.69
|change = +2.99
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Kiranmoy Nanda]]
|votes = 57,455
|percentage = 45.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sachindra Nath Das
|votes = 3,053
|percentage = 2.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Manjit Mandal
|votes = 1,064
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India
|candidate = Sanatan Dutta
|votes = 750
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Swapan Kumar Das
|votes = 734
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian People's Forward Bloc
|candidate = Anindya Ganguly
|votes = 586
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 126,506
|percentage = 84.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
===2006===
In the 2006 election, Chittaranjan Roy of [[Indian National Congress]] defeated his nearest rival Dilip Kumar Das of [[Nationalist Congress Party]].

{{Election box begin | title=[[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2006]]: Raiganj constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2011/><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=35| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130618153207/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=35| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 18 June 2013|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2006 |work =Raiganj| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 20 April 2011}}</ref>}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Chittaranjan Roy]]
|votes = 77,789
|percentage = 49.69
|change = +2.99
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Nationalist Congress Party|candidate=Dilip Kumar Das|votes=62,029|percentage=45.42|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Nimai Kabiraj|votes=10,660|percentage=2.41|change=}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Subhas Barman
|votes = 3813
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|Independent|candidate=Naresh Chandra Barman|votes=2909|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation|candidate=Ajit Kumar Das|votes=2772|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|Independent|candidate=Bhajagobinda Barman|votes=1158|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|Independent|candidate=Binoy Kumar Mallick|votes=1713|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Nagendra Nath Sarkar|votes=1404|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Samajwadi Party|candidate=Haradeb Kumar Barman|votes=1094|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=126,506|percentage=84.73|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

.# Swing calculated on [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPIM]]+[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]] vote percentages taken together in 2007.

===1977–2006===
In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006]]<ref name="vidhansabha2006">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |access-date=1 July 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> and [[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]] state assembly elections<ref name="vidhansabha2001">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |access-date=1 July 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> Chittaranjan Roy of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] won the 35 Raiganj Assembly seat, defeating his nearest rivals Dilip Kumar Das of [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]] and Harinarayan Roy of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] respectively. Contests in most years were involved multiple contestants but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Dilip Kumar Das of Congress defeated Khagendra Nath Sinha of CPI(M) in 1996.<ref name="vidhansabha1996">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |access-date=1 July 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> Khagendra Nath Sinha of CPI(M) defeated Dilip Das of Congress in 1991<ref name="vidhansabha1991">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf |access-date=1 July 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> and Dipendra Barman of Congress in 1987.<ref name="vidhansabha1987">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |access-date=1 July 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> Dipendra Barman of Congress defeated Khagendra Nath Sinha of CPI(M) in 1982.<ref name="vidhansabha1982">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |access-date=1 July 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> Khagendra Nath Sinha of CPI(M) defeated Mahendranath Barman of [[Janata Party]] in 1977.<ref name="vidhansabha1977">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |access-date=1 July 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp31.htm | title = 31 - Raiganj (SC) Assembly Constituency | work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India| access-date = 29 August 2009}}</ref>

===1951–1972===
Ramendranath Dutta of Congress won in 1972<ref name="vidhansabha1972">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |access-date=1 July 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> and 1971.<ref name="vidhansabha1971">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |access-date=1 July 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> Manash Roy of CPI(M) won in 1969.<ref name="vidhansabha1969">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf |access-date=1 July 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> N.N.Kundu of [[Praja Socialist Party|PSP]] won in 1967.<ref name="vidhansabha1967">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |access-date=1 July 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> Ramendranath Dutta of Congress won in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]].<ref name="vidhansabha1962">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |access-date=1 July 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> In [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]] and [[1952 West Bengal state assembly election|1951]] Raiganj was a joint seat. Hazi Badirudddin Ahmad and Syama Prasad Barman, both of Congress, won in 1957.<ref name="vidhansabha1957">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1957, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf |access-date=1 July 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> Syama Prasad Barman and Gulam Hamidur Rahman, both of Congress, won in 1951.<ref name="vidhansabha1952">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1951, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_WestBengal.pdf |access-date=1 July 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Uttar Dinajpur topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Dinajpur district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]

Chammak Challo

2026-05-07T17:54:49Z

Mpsep15:

{{For|the Telugu film|Chammak Challo (film)}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Chammak Challo
| cover =
| alt =
| caption =
| language = [[Hindi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| type = single
| artist = [[Akon]] and [[Hamsika Iyer]]
| album = [[Ra.One (soundtrack)|Ra. One]]
| released = 21 September 2011
| format =
| recorded = 2010–2011
| studio = [[Yash Raj Films|YRF Studios]]
| venue =
| genre = [[World music|World]], [[pop-folk]], [[R&B]], [[synthpop]], [[filmi]], [[Music of Bollywood|Bollywood]]
| length = 3:46
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| writer = [[Vishal Dadlani]], [[Niranjan Iyengar]], [[Giorgio Tuinfort]]
| producer = [[Giorgio Tuinfort]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{External music video|{{YouTube|M4EZHGFK-1c|Chammak Challo}}}}
}}

"'''Chammak Challo'''" ({{Translation|Flashy Girl}}) is a song performed by [[Akon]] and [[Hamsika Iyer]], and composed by [[Akon]], [[Giorgio Tuinfort]] as well as music director duo [[Vishal–Shekhar]] ([[Vishal Dadlani]] and [[Shekhar Ravjiani]]) and by Gobind Singh, as a part of the [[Ra.One (soundtrack)|soundtrack]] for the 2011 Bollywood film ''[[Ra.One]]''. It is Akon's first musical collaboration with Indian artists. There are four other versions of the song in the album, including a remix by Abhijit Vaghani, another remix by [[DJ Khushi]] and an international version sung solely by Akon.<ref name="Review4">{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Thumbs-up-to-RA-One-s-music/Article1-746348.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110916131349/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Thumbs-up-to-RA-One-s-music/Article1-746348.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 September 2011|title=Ra.1 M.R|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=21 September 2011}}</ref> The song, along with the rest of the soundtrack, was officially released on 21 September 2011.<ref>{{cite web|title=Big One: Shah Rukh, Bebo unveil Ra.One album|url=http://www.ndtv.com/video/special/big-one-shah-rukh-bebo-unveil-ra-one-album-549/210612|access-date=21 September 2011|publisher=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> However, the song faced controversy when the initial version was leaked on the Internet on 30 May 2011.<ref name="Legalnotice">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Shah-Rukh-Khan-sues-a-jewellery-brand/Article1-734627.aspx|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125184553/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Shah-Rukh-Khan-sues-a-jewellery-brand/Article1-734627.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 January 2013|title=Shah Rukh Khan sues a jewellery brand|date=18 August 2011 |work=Hindustan Times|access-date=30 August 2011}}</ref> This leak was a complete song and the initial recording of it. The background flute, in this leaked version, was louder and more prominent than in the final version, and the female portion sung by Hamsika Iyer was not there. Instead, the music continued without any female vocals.

"Chammak Challo" was dubbed as the "trademark of ''Ra.One'''s publicity campaign". The song was named the most downloaded song and video of the year in India in a survey by wireless telephone major [[Bharti Airtel|Airtel]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?section=Movies&Id=ENTEN20110189771&keyword=bollywood&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&nid=156528 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716162645/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?section=Movies&Id=ENTEN20110189771&keyword=bollywood&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&nid=156528 |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 July 2012 |title=Chammak Challo most downloaded song |publisher=Movies.ndtv.com |access-date=14 February 2012 }}</ref> It was rated as the best item number of 2011 in a ''[[Mid-Day]]'' poll.<ref>{{cite web|last=Hitlist |first=The |url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2011/dec/141211-I-instantly-fell-in-love-with-the-track.htm |title=I instantly fell in love with the track |publisher=Mid-day.com |date=14 December 2011 |access-date=14 February 2012}}</ref> The song also topped the [[Radio Mirchi|Mirchi]] Top 100 charts as the song of year.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/music/news-and-interviews/Chammak-Challo-is-No-1/articleshow/11326540.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025040903/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-02/news-and-interviews/30579251_1_mirchi-music-awards-radio-mirchi-character-dheela | url-status=live | archive-date=25 October 2012 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Chammak Challo is No.1 | date=2 January 2012}}</ref> "Chammak Challo" also entered the Top 10 "World Songs" list of [[iTunes]] in eight countries, reaching No. 1 at three of them.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.music-chart.info/song/783169/Chammak-Challo|publisher=Music-Chart.info|title=Chammak Challo by Hamsika Iyer, Vishal-Shekhar & Akon Chart Summary|access-date=2 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106072315/http://www.music-chart.info/song/783169/Chammak-Challo|archive-date=6 January 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Due to the extremely positive response for the song, [[Akon]] decided to branch out and make tracks especially for [[Bollywood]] projects and wanted to have a dedicated branch to produce music for Bollywood with [[Music of India|local talent]].<ref name=songsTT>{{cite news|title=Ra.One songs take Tamil listeners by storm |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/akons-big-plans-for-bollywood/articleshow/10353589.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103113554/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-15/news-and-interviews/30279764_1_singer-akon-bollywood-big-plans|url-status=live|archive-date=3 January 2013|access-date=15 October 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=15 October 2011}}</ref> Subsequently, Akon received a nomination for [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]] at the [[57th Filmfare Awards|2012 Filmfare Awards]].

==Production==

"Chammak Challo" was composed by music duo [[Vishal–Shekhar]] and co-composed by [[Akon]] who arrived in [[Mumbai]] on 8 March 2010 for two days to record it.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-03-08 |title=Akon arrives for Mumbai rap |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/akon-arrives-for-mumbai-rap/articleshow/5657202.cms |access-date=2026-05-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-03-10 |title=Akon records a song for Shah Rukh’s ‘Ra.One’ |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/akon-records-a-song-for-shah-rukh-s-ra-one/ |access-date=2026-05-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> [[Shah Rukh Khan|Shahrukh Khan]], [[Kareena Kapoor]] and ''Ra.One'' director [[Anubhav Sinha]] held a press conference to declare the association of the Grammy-nominated singer with the film.<ref name="press con">{{cite web|url=http://videos.oneindia.in/watch/18038/shahrukh-kareena-welcome-akon.html|title=SRK welcomes Akon|publisher=Oneindia|access-date=21 September 2011|archive-date=29 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329233854/http://videos.oneindia.in/watch/18038/shahrukh-kareena-welcome-akon.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> was recorded at the [[Yash Raj Studios]].<ref name="Filmfare">{{cite web |url=http://www.filmfare.com/articles/akon-to-sing-for-srk-for-free-552.html|title=Akon in India for Ra.One|work=[[Filmfare]]|access-date=21 September 2011}}</ref> The lyrics were penned by [[Vishal Dadlani]] and [[Niranjan Iyengar]]. The lyrics are primarily in [[Hindi]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]], with a few English lines included.

Along with the English parts, [[Akon]] sang parts of the song in Hindi by himself.<ref name="KoiMoiRw">{{cite web|url=http://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-news/ra-one-music-review/|author=Vivek, Warrier |title=Ra.One's Music Review|publisher=koimoi.com|date=14 September 2011|access-date=20 September 2011}}</ref> [[Hamsika Iyer]] sang the Hindi and Tamil parts.<ref name="Review1">{{cite web |author=Taylor |first=Rebecca |date=11 October 2011 |title=Ra.One: Music Review |url=https://celebritygeckos.com/chammak-challo-song-review-ra-one/ |access-date= |work=Celebritygeckos.com}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Hamsika Iyer sang her portion in 2011. Post-recording polishing was done in 2011 for the song. According to the music directors, the [[Senegalese American]] [[R&B]] singer had no problems voicing the Hindi lyrics: "It was really easy for Akon. When he came to the studio and we told him that he would have to sing in Hindi too, he got really excited. Once he heard the lines, he started singing fluently. It took him only three (to) four hours to learn...he picked up everything so well," said Shekhar.<ref name="KoiMoiRw"/><ref name="lyrics">{{cite web|date=24 September 2011|title=Chammak challo catching the fancy of music lovers|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/story/chammak-challo-from-raone-catching-fancy-of-music-lovers-141133-2011-09-13|access-date=27 September 2011|work=India Today}}</ref> The song is produced by Giorgio Tuinfort, who produced [[Gwen Stefani]]'s ''[[The Sweet Escape (song)|The Sweet Escape]]'', featuring Akon.<ref name="FFReview"/>

The remix version by DJ Khushi was a club mix with more electronic sounds, [[dholki]] and vocal effects. Khushi was referred to Khan by the Moranis for remixing the song; Khushi made a demo and sent it to Khan who was impressed by it and told him to complete the track.<ref name="Club Remix">{{cite web|url=http://www.glamsham.com/movies/scoops/11/oct/18-dj-khushi-makes-rocking-chammak-challo-remix-for-srk-101111.asp|title=Dj Khushi makes rocking 'Chammak Challo Remix' for SRK|date=18 October 2011|access-date=18 October 2011}}</ref> In an interview, Khushi said: "Remixing 'Chammak Challo' was not just an amazing and an exciting experience but it also came with a lot of responsibility to make a track that complements the song as it was already a very big hit even before the release."<ref name="Club Remix"/>

==Reception==

===Critical reception===
[[File:Ra.One audio launch.jpg|thumb|right|250px|''Ra.One'' audio launch. Shahrukh and Kareena are seen in their "Chammak Challo" costumes.]]
''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' described it as "A grand song by all means, with huge production values that would be assuring enough for Akon to believe that this one can compete at an international level, 'Chammak Challo' is a fantastic amalgamation of Indian, Middle East and Western sounds that gives it a distinguished appeal."<ref name="Review1"/> Ruchika Kher from ''[[The Times of India]]'' identified the song as "A clear winner all the way, the song, which has Hindi, English and Tamil words in the lyrics, makes you groove [...] A fun dance number, 'Chammak Challo' is here to stay and it will surely become the DJs' favourite".<ref name="Review2">{{cite news|author=Kher, Ruchika|date=26 September 2011|title=Ra.One|work=The Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/music/music-reviews/RA-One/articleshow/10005520.cms|access-date=26 September 2011}}</ref> [[Indo-Asian News Service]] said "International pop star [[Akon]] sings in English and surprisingly well in Hindi, making 'Chammak Challo' ride high on its novelty factor. Hamsika Iyer, who has sung for films like ''[[Raajneeti]]'' and ''[[Khoya Khoya Chand]]'' in the past, supports him beautifully, accompanying the English-Hindi vocals with a little Tamil strewn in. Primarily a dance track, 'Chammak Challo' is here to stay." He also praised the remixes adding "The song also has a couple of remixes, but don't dismiss them as ordinary fare. A Punjabi Mix adds some [[Bhangra (music)|bhangra]] to the beats while DJ Khushi's version, simply titled 'Chammak Challo Remix', is explosive. A third, international version is what his fans will hear globally-this one is pure Akon, without Hamsika to accompany him."<ref name="NDTV">{{cite web|date=25 September 2011|title=Music Review: SRK's Ra.One|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?ID=ENTEN20110184255&keyword=music&subcatg=MUSICINDIA&nid=134111|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110923150631/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?ID=ENTEN20110184255&keyword=music&subcatg=MUSICINDIA&nid=134111|archive-date=23 September 2011|access-date=23 September 2011|publisher=[[NDTV]]|agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]}}</ref> Sukanya Verma from [[Rediff.com]] praised the song calling it "A scorching mishmash of Arabic influences and Bollywood-style bhangra amid Hamsika Iyer's swiftly-pronounced Tamil lyrics, the showstopper song's perfectly-timed arrangement and vivacious rhythm makes it a win-win."<ref>{{cite web|author=Verma, Sukanya|date=22 September 2011|title=Review: Ra.One songs are a great listen|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-ra-one/20110913.htm|access-date=25 September 2011|work=Rediff.com}}</ref>

Vivek Warrier was impressed by Akon's Hindi and said "Full marks to Akon for his wonderful Hindi – yes, he sings 'Chammak Challo' in Hindi. He is, in fact, better than Remo. The song has good use of Vocoder and other classic 'Akon-ic' effects which also includes the "Oh oo oo" which is what Akon is known for". He also noted that "the three remixes of the song, also included in the album, add value to the album from a commercial point of view".<ref>{{cite web|author=Roshmila, Bhattacharya|date=23 September 2011|title=Kareena: My fans love me in a sari|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/RA-One-will-make-Rs-200-crore-Kareena/Article1-745236.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914122425/http://www.hindustantimes.com/RA-One-will-make-Rs-200-crore-Kareena/Article1-745236.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 September 2011|access-date=30 September 2011|work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Devesh Sharma from [[Filmfare]] said "'Chammak Challo' rules – and how! The song, sung by international R&B icon Akon, is superbly produced by Giorgio Tuinfort. Tuinfort turns Vishal-Shekhar's tunes into a haunting medley that invades your brains and refuses to go away. Kareena sings in such a way that you believe that it's actually Shah Rukh Khan who's crooning the song. Getting the Hindi diction right is by itself an achievement. Hamsika Iyer accompanies Akon in the film version and her full throated voice adds to the charm." He also appreciated the remixes calling them "well crafted".<ref name="FFReview">{{cite web|title=Ra.1 Music worth every penny|url=http://www.filmfare.com/articles/raone-2774.html|access-date=2 October 2011|work=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref>

===Commercial and chart performance===
"Chammak Challo" is a favourite at Indian nightclubs.<ref name="lyrics"/><ref name="popularity">{{cite news|date=25 September 2011|title=I dance Chammak Challo: SRK|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-16/news-interviews/30164456_1_raone-music-chammak-challo-songs|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928085522/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-16/news-interviews/30164456_1_raone-music-chammak-challo-songs|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 September 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=29 September 2011}}</ref> The song also occupied the top position at the Indian Singles Chart for several weeks.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.aircheckindia.com/AirCheckT20.pdf
|title=Chammak Challo on Indian Singles Chart
|publisher=air check India
|access-date=14 October 2011
}}</ref> The remixed version of "Chammak Challo" by DJ Khushi has been "hitting the popularity charts".<ref name="Club Remix"/>

==Music video==
{{listen
|type=music
|filename=ChammakSample.ogg
|title=Vishal–Shekhar – "Chammak Challo"
|description=A 50-second sample of the song "Chammak Challo"
}}

The music video of the song is picturised on the lead pair of the film, [[Shah Rukh Khan|Shahrukh Khan]] and [[Kareena Kapoor]], dancing together in a specially constructed set at [[Yash Raj Films|Yash Raj Studios]]. The music video received mixed to positive reviews, with some critics praising its fresh and hybrid style of choreography by [[Ganesh Hegde]], while others criticising the costumes, especially those of the background dancers.<ref name="Review2"/> While shooting for the song in Mumbai, Russian President [[Dmitry Medvedev]] visited [[Yash Raj Studios]] to watch Khan and Kapoor at work.<ref>[https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-when-russian-president-met-the-badshah-of-bollywood/20101223.htm]</ref>

Red Chillies, Khan's production house created a video for the remixed version by Delhi-based DJ Khushi and put it up on the official YouTube channel of the film. The video contained shots from the original song, with the remix as the background score. Khushi said "I met SRK recently at an awards ceremony in Gurgaon, where he said, 'I had to make a video for this. It was the best remix on the CD and it was getting great feedback.' So, he made the video."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-06/news-and-interviews/30247286_1_remix-raone-youtube|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926190411/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-06/news-and-interviews/30247286_1_remix-raone-youtube|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 September 2013|author=Kher, Ruchika|title=DJ Khushi is happy over RA.One remix|date=6 October 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=6 October 2011}}</ref> Within the first couple of days, the video received more than 400,000 views from social networking sites.<ref name="Club Remix"/>

===Costume===

[[File:Dmitry Medvedev in India 22 December 2010-10.jpeg|thumb|left|[[List of presidents of the Russian Federation|Russian President]] [[Dmitry Medvedev]] on the sets of "Chammak Challo"|249x249px]]
The costume of Kareena Kapoor in the song received widespread media coverage. Kapoor wore a red ''[[sari]]'' draped in the style of a ''[[dhoti]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-23/trends/30477029_1_saris-chiffon-colour |title=Red hot Vidya Balan brings red saris in vogue |date=23 December 2011 |access-date=12 April 2012 |author=Mitra, Ipshita |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512222614/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-23/trends/30477029_1_saris-chiffon-colour |archive-date=12 May 2013 |url-status=dead |work=[[The Times of India]] |df=dmy }}</ref> The ''sari'' along with Kapoor's look was designed by [[Manish Malhotra]].<ref name=sari>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/red-is-the-new-black-%E2%80%94-kareena-kapoor-wala-red-101615.html|title=Kareena Kapoor ''wala'' red is dictating fashion trends|work=[[The First Post]]|date=7 October 2011|access-date=12 April 2012|author=A Khan, Rubina|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008024414/http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/red-is-the-new-black-%E2%80%94-kareena-kapoor-wala-red-101615.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 October 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Subsequently, the ''sari'' became colloquially known as "the Kareena ''wala'' red."<ref name=sari />

Fashion experts commented on the topic, unanimously praising Kapoor's look. Film stylist Samidha Wanganoo applauded Kapoor's ability to carry off a "fiery and bold" colour like red, and claimed that "It [red] makes the haute black look so redundant now." Mauritius-based fashion consultant Kiran Gidwani-Tolaram said, "The red that Kareena is wearing in the song is a very vibrant and hot shade. It is natural when someone as stunning as her wears a bold colour like that, it is bound to be in vogue and dictate trends." Gidwani-Tolaram reported about a "flood" of demands for exactly the same style of ''sari'', and commented that the particular style was the favourite of the Mauritian Prime Minister's wife. However, Sangita Kathiwada, creative director of a prominent Mumbai fashion store, dismissed the theory that Kapoor had popularised red ''saris'' and said, "What is Kareena Kapoor ''wala'' red? I mean Kareena is gorgeous and looks lovely in the "Chammak Challo" song and many more saris will sell because she just looks stunning wearing it. But I still wouldn't go as far as calling it the Kareena Kapoor ''wala'' red."<ref name=sari />

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Award Ceremony
!Category
!Recipient
!Result
!Reference(s)
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[4th Mirchi Music Awards|2011]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Mirchi Music Awards]]
|[[Mirchi Music Award for Song of The Year|Song of the Year]]
| -
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="4" | <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.radiomirchi.com:80/mma2011/hindi/nominees.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130161203/http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2011/hindi/nominees.php|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 January 2013|title=Nominations - Mirchi Music Award Hindi 2011|date=2013-01-30|access-date=2018-05-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2011/hindi/winners.php|title=Winners - Mirchi Music Awards 2011}}</ref>
|-
|Best Item Song of the Year
| -
| {{nom}}
|-
|Best Programmer & Arranger of the Year
|Abhijit Nalani & [[Giorgio Tuinfort]]
| {{won}}
|-
|Best Song Recording
|Vijay Dayal & Mark 'Exit' Goodchild
| {{won}}
|}

==Track listing==
*'''CD single'''<ref name="Review2"/>
#"Chammak Challo" (album version) – 3:46
#"Chammak Challo" (remix by Abhijit Vaghani) – 4:36
#"Chammak Challo" (remix by DJ Khushi) – 4:17

==References==

{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Ra.One|state=expanded}}
{{Akon}}
{{Vishal–Shekhar}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:2011 songs]]
[[Category:Akon songs]]
[[Category:Songs written for Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Ra.One]]
[[Category:Songs in Hindi]]
[[Category:Songs written by Giorgio Tuinfort]]
[[Category:Songs with music by Vishal–Shekhar]]
[[Category:Songs with lyrics by Vishal Dadlani]]
[[Category:Pop-folk songs]]
[[Category:Macaronic songs]]

N. Thiyagarajan

2026-05-04T07:25:28Z

Mpsep15: Starting A Entry!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = N. Thiyagarajan
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 12 May 2021
| term_end = 4 May 2026
| constituency = [[Musiri Assembly constituency|Musiri]]
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| predecessor = [[M. Selvarasu]]
| successor =
}}

'''N. Thiyagarajan''' is an Indian politician who is a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was elected from [[Musiri Assembly constituency|Musiri]] as a [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] candidate in 2021.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title= Form 21E (Return of Election) |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211222055610/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC145.pdf |url= https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC145.pdf|access-date= 1 May 2022 |archive-date=22 Dec 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Musiri Election Result |url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a145|access-date= 1 May 2022}}</ref>

== Elections contested ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Election
! Constituency
! Party
! Result
! Vote %
! Runner-up
! Runner-up Party
! Runner-up vote %
! Ref.
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|bgcolor=#98FB98 | [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] || [[Musiri Assembly constituency|Musiri]]|| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] || Won ||50.43% || M. Selvarasu|| [[ADMK]] || 35.50%|| <ref name=":0" />
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thiyagarajan, N}}
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{DMK-politician-stub}}
{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}

Early Pandyan kingdom

2026-04-30T21:47:56Z

Mpsep15: Adding new entry

{{Short description|One of three ancient Tamil kingdoms}}
{{use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{TNhistory}}
{{Keralahistory}}
The '''Early Pandyas''' of the [[Sangam period]] were one of the three main kingdoms of the Tamils, the other two being the [[Early Cholas|Cholas]], and [[Chera dynasty|Cheras]] dynasty. As with many other kingdoms around this period (earlier than 200 BCE), most of the information about the Early Pandyas come to modern historians mainly through literary sources and some epigraphic, archaeological and numismatic evidence. The capital of the Early Pandyan kingdom was initially [[Korkai]], [[Thoothukudi]]<ref name="pandyan_capital">{{cite book|title=Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India|last=Geological Survey of India (1883)|pages=80}}</ref> and was later moved to Koodal (now [[Madurai]]) during the reign of [[Nedunjeliyan I]].<ref name="srinivasaiyengar_capital_moved">{{cite book|title=History of the Tamils: From the Earliest Times to 600 AD|last=Iyengar|pages=189}}</ref>

The kings of the [[Pandyan Kingdom|Pandyan dynasty]] are frequently mentioned in [[Sangam literature]] of the third century BCE and onwards, in literary works such as the ''[[Mathuraikkanci]]'' and other early [[Tamil literature|Tamil literary works]] such as ''[[Cilapatikaram]]'', which have been used by historians to identify their names and, to some extent, their genealogy. [[Nedunjeliyan II]] is referred to as the most popular warrior among the Early Pandyas, winning a battle at Talaialanganam against a coalition of forces from Cholas and Cheras and five other kingdoms. The early Pandyan kingdom extended between [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Travancore]] in the west, [[Vellar River|Vellaru]] river in the north and all the way to the ocean in the east and the south.<ref name="caldwell_pandyan_boundary">{{cite book|title=A Political and General History of the District of Tinnevelly, in the Presidency of Madras|last=Caldwell|pages=24–25}}</ref>

The Early Pandyas had active maritime trade relationships with the west, a fact testified by western classical writers such as [[Pliny the Elder]] (1st century CE), [[Strabo]], [[Ptolemy]] and the author of the ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea|Periplus]]''.<ref name="thinakaran_pandyan_trade">{{cite book|title=The Second Pandyan Empire|last=Thinakaran|pages=8}}</ref> The Pandyan country was well known for pearl fishery, with Korkai being the principal center of the trade. Some of the exports were pearls, spices, ivory and shells, while the imports included horses, gold, glass and wine.<ref name="krishnamurthy_pandyan_exports">{{cite book|title=Sangam Age Tamil Coins|last=Krishnamurthy|pages=6}}</ref>

==Origin and sources==
The origin of the word "Pandya" has been a subject of much speculation.

Historians have used several sources to identify the origins of the Early Pandyan dynasty with the pre-Christian Era and also to piece together the names of the Pandyan kings. Unfortunately, the exact genealogy of these kings has not been authoritatively established yet.

One theory is that the word Pandya is derived from the Tamil word "Pandi" meaning bull. Ancient Tamils, considered the bull as a sign of masculinity and valor.<ref>The primary classical language of the world By Ñānamuttan̲ Tēvanēyan̲</ref> Pandya became the epithet of the first Pandyan king of Thenmadurai (''lit''. south Mathurai), Kulasekharan Pandya as he was built like a bull. It was used as an epithet of masculinity. His son, the second king of Thenmadurai, the legendary Malayadhwaja Pandya who sided with the Pandavas and took part in the [[Kurukshetra War|Kurukshetra]] battle is described as follows in Karna Parva (verse 20.25).<ref>Mahabhrata Book Eight: Karna By Adam Bowles</ref><ref>The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa translated into ..., Volume 8 By Kisari Mohan Ganguli</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=January 2019}}

Malayadhwaja Pandya and his queen Kanchanamala had one daughter Thathagai alias Meenakshi who succeeded her father and ruled the kingdom successfully. The Madurai Meenakshi Amman temple was built after her. The city of Madurai was built around this temple.<ref>Let's go: India & Nepal, 2004 By Let's Go, Inc.</ref>

Yet another theory suggests that in [[Sangam period|Sangam]] Tamil lexicon, the word [[Pandya]] means ''old country'' in contrast with [[Chola]] meaning ''new country'', [[Chera dynasty|Chera]] meaning ''hill country'' and [[Pallava]] meaning ''branch'' in [[Sanskrit]]. The [[Chera dynasty|Chera]], [[Chola]] and [[Pandya]] are the traditional [[Tamil people|Tamil]] siblings and together with the [[Athiyamān|Athiyamaan]] are the major [[monarch|Kings]] that ruled ancient [[Ancient Tamil country|Tamilakkam]].

===Literary sources in Tamil===

Several Tamil literary works, such as ''[[Iraiyanar Akapporul]]'', mention the legend of three separate Tamil Sangams lasting several centuries before the Christian Era and ascribe their patronage to the Pandyas.<ref name="husaini_agapporul">{{cite book
| last = Husaini
| first = Abdul Qadir
| title = The History of the Pandya Country
| pages = 5}}</ref> The Sangam poem ''[[Maduraikkanci]]'' by [[Mankudi Maruthanaar]] contains a full-length description of [[Madurai]] and the Pandyan country under the rule of [[Nedunjeliyan II]].<ref name="sastri2_maduraikanci">{{cite book
| last = Sastri
| title = [[A History of South India: From Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar]]
| pages = 127}}</ref> The ''[[Nedunalvadai]]'' by [[Nakkirar I|Nakkirar]] contains a description of the king's palace. The ''[[Purananuru]]'' and ''[[Agananuru]]'' collections of the third century BCE contain poems sung in praise of various Pandyan kings and also poems that were composed by the kings themselves. ''[[Kaliththokai]]'' mentions that many Dravidian tribes such as [[Maravar]], Eyinar, Oliar, Oviar, Aruvalur and [[Paravar|Parathavar]] migrated to the Pandyan kingdom and started living there in the [[Third Sangam|Third Tamil Sangam]] period 2000 years ago.<ref name=":0" />

The Chinese historian [[Yu Huan]] in his 3rd century text, the ''[[Weilüe]]'', mentions ''The Kingdom of Panyue'':
:"...The kingdom of Panyue is also called ''Hanyuewang''. It is several thousand [[Li (unit)|li]] to the southeast of [[Tianzhu (India)|Tianzhu]] (Northern India)...The inhabitants are small; they are the same height as the Chinese..."<ref>[http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/weilue/weilue.html "The Peoples of the West" from the Weilue 魏略 by Yu Huan 魚豢] Draft Translation of the Weilüe by John Hill</ref>

The [[Roman emperor]] [[Julian the Apostate|Julian]] received an embassy from a Pandya about 361 CE. A Roman trading centre was located on the Pandyan coast ([[Alagankulam]] - at the mouth of the [[Vaigai]] river, southeast of Madurai). Pandyas also had trade contacts with [[Ptolemaic Egypt]] and, through Egypt, with [[Rome]] by the first century, and with [[China]] by the 3rd century. The 1st century Greek historian [[Nicolaus of Damascus]] met, at Damascus, the ambassador sent by an Indian King "named Pandion or, according to others, Porus" to [[Caesar Augustus]] around 13 CE (Strabo XV.1-4, and Strabo XV.1-73).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239&layout=&loc=15.1.73|title=Strabo, Geography, NOTICE.|work=tufts.edu}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=January 2019}}

===Epigraphical sources===

The 2nd and 13th rock [[edicts of Ashoka]] (273 - 232 BCE) refers to the Pandyas, Cholas, Cheras and the [[Satyaputra]]s. According to the edicts, these kingdoms lay outside the southern boundary of the [[Mauryan Empire]]. The [[Hathigumpha inscription]]s of the [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]] King [[Kharavela]], (c. 150 BCE), refers to the arrival of a tribute of jewels and elephants from the Pandyan king.<ref name="aiyengar_hathigumpha">{{cite book|title=History of the Tamils: From the Earliest Times to 600 AD|last=Iyengar|pages=7–8}}</ref> The stone inscriptions discovered at Mangulam (a.k.a. Meenakshipuram) mentions the name of Nedunj Cheliyan III and his contemporary and subordinate, Kadalan Vazhuthi.

===Archeological sources===

Excavations in Tamil Nadu in the last fifty years or so have yielded remnants of black-and-red pottery ware, normally assigned to the Tamil speaking areas around 300 BCE. Some all-black and Russet coated ware assigned to the same time period have also been found. Rouletted and Amphorae wares, made in the Roman empire and brought by traders, have been excavated in several parts of Tamil Nadu, including the Pandyan country. These imported wares are dated to the early centuries of the Christian Era.<ref name="krishnamurthy_archeology">{{cite book|title=Sangam Age Tamil Coins|last=Krishnamurthy|first=R|pages=11}}</ref>

===Numismatic sources===

The excavations at [[Alagankulam]], near Madurai, recovered two copper coins of the early Pandyas along with [[Northern Black Polished Ware]]. These coins have been assigned a broad time period ranging from 200 BCE to 200 CE.<ref name="krishnamurthy_archeology" /> Several coins issued by the Pandyan king Mudukudumi Peruvaludhi have been recovered in the Madurai area and have been dated to around 200 BCE.<ref name="krishnamurthy_peruvaludhicoins">{{cite book|title=Sangam Age Tamil Coins|last=Krishnamurthy|first=R|pages=20–26}}</ref> Many gold and silver coins of the Roman empire have been found around Madurai: these coins bear the names of emperors ranging from [[Augustus]] (27 BCE) to [[Alexander Severus]] (235 CE).<ref name="hussaini_coins">{{cite book|title=The History of the Pandya Country|last=Husaini|pages=20–21}}</ref>

== History ==
Scholars have attempted to reconstruct the political history of the ancient Pandya country based on classical works such as the ''[[Purananuru]]'', the ''[[Pattuppāṭṭu]]'' and the ''Padirrupattu''.<ref>{{cite book
| last = Sastri
| title = The Pandyan Kingdom : From the Earliest Times to the Sixteenth Century
| pages = 35}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The History of the Pandya Country|last=Husaini|pages=8}}</ref>

The first Pandyan king who has been mentioned in the Sangam works recovered so far is '''[[Nedunjeliyan I]]''', who ruled from the coastal town of Korkai, at the mouth of river [[Tamraparni]]. During this time, the Tamil country consisted of several small kingdoms ruled over by independent chieftains, in addition to the three monarchies of Cheras, Cholas and Pandyas.<ref>{{cite book
| last = Sastri
| title = The Pandyan Kingdom : From the Earliest Times to the Sixteenth Century
| pages = 15}}</ref> In a bid to expand his territory, Nedunj Cheliyan I invaded the kingdom of Koodal (later renamed Madurai), which was under the rule of an independent chieftain, Akutai. He defeated Akutai and moved the capital of Pandyan kingdom to Madurai.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Chronology of the Early Tamils|last=Pillai|pages=99–102}}</ref> This king also defeated an invading army from the [[Deccan Plateau]] and hence was called ''Aariyap Padaikadantha Pandyan''.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|title=The Tamils Eighteen Hundred Years Ago|last=Kanakasabhai|pages=81}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The History of the Pandya Country|last=Husaini|pages=8–9}}</ref> He was succeeded by his son '''Pudappandiyan''', who expanded the kingdom by conquering Ollaiyur (near modern-day [[Pudukkottai]]) – an act that earned him the name ''Ollaiyur Thantha Pudappandian''. Both Pudappandiyan and his predecessor, Nedunj Cheliyan I, were poets themselves who contributed to the ''Purananuru'' collection.<ref>{{cite book|title=The History of the Pandya Country|last=Husaini|pages=9–10}}</ref>

The successor of Pudappandiyan was '''[[Nedunjeliyan II|Nedunj Cheliyan II]]''' also known as "Pasumpun Pandyan".<ref>{{cite book|title=The Chronology of the Early Tamils|last=Pillai|first=Sivaraja|pages=120}}</ref> Immediately after ascending the throne, he marched with his troops to the north of [[Vaigai River|Vaigai]] and defeated the chieftain Evvi II. He then headed west and captured the Aayi territory controlled by another chieftain, Atiyan. Both Evvi II and Atiyan were made commanders of the Pandyan army for his battles against [[Kongu Nadu|Kongu]] country that was further west.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Chronology of the Early Tamils|last=Pillai|first=Sivaraja|pages=123}}</ref> From here he expanded the Pandyan kingdom almost to the western coast, which earned him the title ''Vidambalamba Ninra Pandyan'' (the Pandyan whose kingdom was washed by two seas).<ref>{{cite book|title=The History of the Pandya Country|last=Husaini|pages=10}}</ref> Since he was responsible for expanding the Pandyan kingdom by annexing several kingdoms, he was also called ''Pannadu Thantha Pandyan'' (the Pandyan who annexed many lands).<ref>{{cite book|title=The Chronology of the Early Tamils|last=Pillai|first=Sivaraja|pages=121}}</ref> His successor, '''Mudukudumi Peruvaludhi''', was also a great warrior and carried the devastation into enemy territories. He performed yagas with the aid of Brahmin priests, similar to the tradition in northern India at that time.<ref>{{cite book|title=The History of the Pandya Country|last=Husaini|pages=11}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Chronology of the Early Tamils|last=Pillai|first=Sivaraja|pages=131}}</ref>

The next king in the hierarchy was '''Nedunj Cheliyan III''', who is considered the greatest of all the early Pandyan kings.<ref>{{cite book|title=History of Tamilnad|last=Subrahmanian|first=N|pages=89}}</ref> Since the Pandyan kingdom was considerably larger than a few generations ago, he had to defend it against many neighbors invading from various fronts. Not only did he succeed in defending his territory, he also seems to have advanced into the enemy territories – the southern province of Cholas and eastern province of the Cheras.<ref>{{cite book|title=The History of the Pandya Country|last=Husaini|pages=12}}</ref> At one point, it is said that a coalition of his neighbors including the Cheras, Cholas and five other kingdoms, met him at a pitched battle in Talaialanganam, in present-day [[Tanjore]] district. Nedunj Cheliyan emerged victorious in the battle that ensued and ended up annexing several new territories to his kingdom. He thus came to be known as ''Talaialanganathu Seruvendra Pandyan''.<ref>{{cite book|title=The History of the Pandya Country|last=Husaini|pages=13}}</ref> The genealogy after this king is not very clear but there are at least four other kings who are thought to have ruled in the immediate succeeding generations. Notable among them were, '''Musiri Mutriya Cheliyan''' for the fact that he conquered the town of [[Muziris|Musiri]] on the coast of the Arabian Sea and '''Ukkirap Peruvaludi''' for the fact that it was in his court that the famous poet [[Tiruvalluvar]] submitted his much-acclaimed work ''[[Tirukkural]]''.<ref>{{cite book
| last = Sastri
| title = The Pandyan Kingdom : From the Earliest Times to the Sixteenth Century
| pages = 26}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Tamils Eighteen Hundred Years Ago|last=Kanakasabhai|first=V|pages=86}}</ref>
[[Ilanji Vel]] is one among the ancient [[velirs]] of the Yadu Kingdom.[1] He ruled a territory called [[Ilanji]], near [[Courtallam]]. He belongs to the clan of ancient [[Pandyas]].

==Government==
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2019}}{{Main| Early Pandyan government}}
The head of the government was the king, a hereditary monarch. His power was restricted by the ''Aimberunguzhu'' (Tamil: ஐம்பெருங்குழு) or the Five Great Assemblies, which consisted of the representatives of the people, priests, physicians, astrologers and the ministers. There was another assembly of officials that served the king called the ''Enberaayam'' (Tamil: எண்பேராயம்) or the Eight Groups of Attendants. While some scholars believe it consisted of attendants on the king's person like the perfumers, dressing valets, etc., others believe it consisted of more important persons like the people of the capital city, the leaders of the elephant corps and of the cavalry. The principal officers of State were the high priest, the chief astrologer, the ministers and the commanders of the army. The king divided his territory into a number of administrative units or principalities, each called a ''Kootram'' (Tamil: கூற்றம்). A ''Kootram'' was further divided into provinces called ''Mandalam'', which in turn was divided into many sub-provinces called ''Nadus'', with each ''Nadu'' consisting of many villages. A locality inside a town or village was called ''Ur'' and each neighborhood inside an ''Ur'' was called a ''Cheri''. While the king ruled over his entire territory from the capital, he often placed one or more principalities (''Kootram'') under the near-sovereign government of some senior member of the royal family or a feudatory. The village was the most fundamental unit of administration under the Pandyas. The affairs of a village were the responsibility of its elders, who supervised the judicial, administrative and financial functions.

Justice was administered free of charge, by special officers appointed as judges and magistrates, but the king was supreme and the final arbiter in all civil and criminal cases. Mortgage, lease, trust property, loans, breach of contract were some common sources of civil litigation, while criminal offences included theft, adultery, forgery and treason. The punishments were very severe and hence crimes were rare: one caught in the act of burglary, adultery or spying was given the death penalty and one giving false testimony would have his tongue cut off. The king was the chief commander of the army and usually led his army in the battlefield. The military was said to be fourfold : the infantry, the cavalry, the elephantry and the chariotry. A wide variety of war weapons filled the military arsenal including shields, swords, spears, tridents, maces, bows and arrows. The main sources of royal revenue were taxes, tributes, customs duties and tolls. Land tax, paid in money or in kind, and income tax, equal to one-sixth of an individual's income, were the major types of taxes collected. Other sources of revenue include tributes paid by feudal subordinates, war booty presents by loyal and visiting subjects, treasure troves besides land revenue, cess and forced gifts. The items incurring expenditure for the king include the military, gifts to poets and temples, maintenance of educational and health services, building infrastructure such as roads and irrigation and the palace household expenses.

Women were exposed to education, a fact testified by the presence of many women poets in the Sangam works – some of them include Avvaiyar, Mudatamakkanniar, Kaakkaippaadiniyaar, Naachchellayaar, Naagaiyaar, Nanmullaiyaar, Ponmudiyaar, Ilaveyiniyaar and Nappasaliyaar.<ref>{{cite book|title=Ancient Tamil Country - Its Social and Economic Structure|last=Sundararajan|first=S.|pages=154}}</ref>

A variety of clothing was used by people during this age, including those made of cotton and silk.<ref>{{cite book|title=Studies in the History of the Sangam Age|last=Balambal|first=V.|pages=34}}</ref> People living in hilly and deserted areas wore dresses made of foliage and flowers. Sheaths of grassy weeds (Korai) were used for making dress by the hill and forest area people. Skins of animals and barks of trees were also used. Men of the poorer classes wore only one piece of cloth around the waist. Women covered their upper body with a kind of dress called {{transliteration|ta|kachchu}}. Among the higher classes, men wore two pieces: one around the waist and the other, the upper cloth, thrown over the shoulders.<ref name="Balambal 2">{{cite book|title=Studies in the History of the Sangam Age|last=Balambal|first=V.|pages=2}}</ref> Women of sophisticated society wore half sarees, made of the finest cotton and silk fabrics, with embroidery.<ref>{{cite book|title=Studies in the History of the Sangam Age|last=Balambal|first=V.|pages=3, 35}}</ref> Both men and women sported long tresses of hair. The diet was plain, rice being the staple cereal, with millet, milk, butter and honey being in common use.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Tamil Eighteen Hundred Years Ago|last=Kanakasabhai|first=V.|pages=125}}</ref> Meat eating was discouraged as expounded in the ancient Tamil literature Thirukkural, Naladiyar etc. The kind of housing was determined by the type of geography of the land and the economic status of the occupants. The rich built their houses with tiled roofs and walls made of burnt bricks and mud, while the poor built their huts with mud and thatched it with grass, coconut leaves or palmyra palm leaves. Both in the huts and houses, the flooring was smeared with cowdung. The affluent had houses with porticoes, many storeys, open terraces and furnished their houses well. The inner walls of their houses were decorated with flowers and paintings, with cottages to protect them from the wind. Cots were in common use – the rich had luxurious beds decked with swan's feathers and flowers, while the common people had beds woven with the straw of maize and the poorest people used beds made of grass or hay.<ref name="Balambal 2"/>

==Culture==
{{Expand section|date=June 2008}}

===Religion===
{{Main|Ancient Tamil religion}}

== Economy ==
{{Expand section|date=June 2008}}
{{See also|Economy of ancient Tamil country}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|2}}

== References ==
{{refbegin}}
{{div col|colwidth=48em}}
* {{cite book
| last = Geological Survey of India
| title = Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India
| publisher = Governor-General of India
| year = 1883
| url = https://archive.org/details/memoirsgeologic41indigoog| page = [https://archive.org/details/memoirsgeologic41indigoog/page/n102 80]
| quote = korkai pandyan capital.
}}
* {{cite book
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* {{cite book
| last = Caldwell
| first = Robert
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| title = A Political and General History of the District of Tinnevelly, in the Presidency of Madras
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| url = https://archive.org/details/apoliticalandge00caldgoog| quote = Early pandya coins.
}}
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* {{cite book
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{{div col end}}
{{refend}}

{{Pandya dynasty}}

[[Category:Pandya dynasty]]
[[Category:Sangam period]]

Lohana

2026-04-25T03:11:29Z

Mpsep15: Starting New Entry

{{Short description|Indian caste}}
{{Distinguish |Lohani (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| image =
| group = Lohana
| poptime =
| popplace = India, Pakistan, South Africa, Europe
| langs = Primarily [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Kutchi language|Kutchi]], [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]
| rels = mainly [[Hinduism]] and [[Islam]]
| related = [[Gujarati people]] • [[Sindhi people]] • [[Khoja]] • [[Memon people|Memon]] • [[Dawoodi Bohras]] • [[Sulaymani Bohras]] • [[Alavi Bohras]]
}}
'''Lohana''' are a [[Hindu]] ''[[jāti|caste]]'', a trading or mercantile community mostly residing in India and some also in Pakistan.<ref name="RaychaudhuriKumarHabib1983">{{cite book | author1 = Tapan Raychaudhuri | author2 = Dharma Kumar | author3 = Irfan Habib | author4 = Meghnad Desai | date = 1983 | title = The Cambridge Economic History of India: Volume 2, C.1757-c.1970 | publisher = CUP Archive | pages = 340– | isbn = 978-0-521-22802-2 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9ew8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA340}}</ref><ref name="Suleiman2010">{{cite book | author = Yasir Suleiman | date = 21 April 2010 | title = Living Islamic History: Studies in Honour of Professor Carole Hillenbrand | publisher = Edinburgh University Press | pages = 58– | isbn = 978-0-7486-4219-9 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=QRirBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA58}}</ref>

The Lohanas are divided into many separate cultural groups as a result of centuries apart in different regions. Thus there are significant differences between the culture, language, professions and societies of [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] Lohanas and [[Kutchi people|Kutchi]] Lohanas from [[Gujarat]], India and [[Sindhi people|Sindhi]] Lohanas from [[Sindh]], Pakistan (the latter having largely migrated to India as well).

== Origin ==
The Lohanas belong to [[Vaishya]] caste, traditionally merchants in Hindu caste system, although they claim that they are of [[Kshatriya]] origin.<ref name="Falzon2004">{{cite book | author = Mark Anthony Falzon | date = 1 September 2004 | title = Cosmopolitan Connections: The Sindhi Diaspora, 1860–2000 | publisher = BRILL | pages = 32– | isbn = 978-90-474-0603-7 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7StVEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA32|quote=With the exception of Bhatias and Brahmins, the various Hindu Sindhi jatis are all grouped under the Lohana caste which subsumes a vast conglomerate of Vaishya jatis. Lohanas are usually distinguished as being either Sindhi or Kutchi. These two share a common kinship metaphor and myth of (Kshatriya) origin.}}</ref><ref name="Pande2022">{{cite book | author = Mrinal Pande | date = 24 June 2022 | title = Popular Hinduism, Stories and Mobile Performances: The Voice of Morari Bapu in Multiple Media | publisher = Routledge | pages = | isbn = 978-1-00-060464-1 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=eNhsEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT165|quote=Lohana— The Lohana are an Indian caste, traditionally merchants. Although considered to be Vaishya in the Hindu ritual ranking system known as varna, they favour a mythical origin as members of the Kshatriya varna.}}</ref>

According to [[André Wink]], at least in the Muslim sources, Lohanas appear to be subdivisions of the Jats or to be put on a par with the Jats of [[Brahmin dynasty of Sindh|Chacha's Sind]].<ref name="Wink 2002 p.158 ">{{cite book | last=Wink | first=A. | title=Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World. Early medieval India and the expansion of Islam 7th-11th centuries. Vol. 1 | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | year=2002 | isbn=978-0-391-04125-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3p-czgEACAAJ | access-date=2022-08-02 | pages=158–159|quote=The Lohana, Lakha, Samma, Sahtah, Chand (Channa)....which appear, at least in the Muslim sources, to be subdivisions of the Jats or to be put on a par with the Jats.}}</ref> According to David Cheesman, the Lohana who immigrated from Punjab to Sindh in the distant past, may have been descended from the people also known as Lohana who fled from [[Sindh]] after the Arab conquest of 711.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cheesman |first1=David |title=Landlord Power and Rural Indebtedness in Colonial Sind |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781136794490 |pages=45-46 |quote=The majority of Hindus in Sind were not Rajputs. They were Lohanos who had emigrated from the Punjab in the distant past. They may have been descended from the people also known as Lohanos who fled from Sind after the Arab conquest of 711.}}</ref> Matthew A. Cook argues that many Punjabis migrated to Sindh during the eighteenth century and got assimilated into the Lohana community.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kothari |first1=Rita |last2=Thadhani |first2=Jasbirkaur |title=Sindhi Sikhs in India: The Missing People |journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies |date=October 2016 |volume=39 |issue=4 |pages=873–890 |doi=10.1080/00856401.2016.1233716 |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00856401.2016.1233716 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |language=en |issn=0085-6401 |quote=Mathew Cook, for example, argues that many Punjabis migrated to Sindh during the eighteenth century and were eventually absorbed into the Lohana community, an all-encompassing community that includes the vast majority of the Hindus of Sindh.|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

U.T Thakur writes that there are many similarities between [[Arora]]s, [[Khatri]]s, [[Bhanushali]]s and Lohanas, all of whom recruited [[Saraswat Brahmins]] as priests. [[Suhail Zaheer Lari|Lari]] says the [[Bhatia caste|Bhatias]], Khatris and Lohanas even intermarried.{{Sfn|Schaflechner|2018|pp=71—75}} Schaflechner cites the historian Rowe who states that "low ranking"{{efn|These Saraswat Brahmins from Balochistan were considered low caste and called 'Sindhur'.}} Saraswat Brahmins originating in Balochistan formed a symbiotic relationship with castes such as Khatris, Lohanas, etc. who were trying to raise their varna status – which in turn would benefit the Saraswat Brahmins as well. For this purpose, certain religious texts were written during the British Raj era.{{sfn|Schaflechner|2018|pp=59–60}}

However, as per Pierre Lachaier, their name derives from the city of Lohargadh in [[Lahore]] district of Punjab (now in Pakistan).<ref name="p" /> Before their traditional occupation of traders, both the Lohanas and Bhatias were involved in the profession of agriculture. Goswami states that their ritual position was "ambiguous", and "they were considered neither a high nor a low caste".<ref name="Goswami2016">{{cite book | author = Chhaya Goswami | date = 18 February 2016 | title = Globalization before Its Time: The Gujarati Merchants from Kachchh | publisher = Penguin UK | pages = | isbn = 9789385890703 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=a9GECwAAQBAJ&pg=PT28}}</ref>

== Sub-divisions ==
===Sindhi Lohana===
Vast majority of [[Sindhi Hindus]] are Lohanas.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ramey|first=S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bv2ADAAAQBAJ&dq=lohana+cook&pg=PA19|title=Hindu, Sufi, or Sikh: Contested Practices and Identifications of Sindhi Hindus in India and Beyond|date=2008-10-27|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-230-61622-6|language=en}}</ref> Sindhi Lohanas have since been divided into several groups, among which are a traditionally more educated "upper section" called "Amils", who served as scribes to the Muslim rulers and a less educated "lower section" called "Bhaibands", who were traders:<ref>{{cite book|last=Falzon|first=Mark-Anthony|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ljbS-I5Y8WMC&pg=PA34|title=Cosmopolitan connections: the Sindhi diaspora, 1860–2000|year=2004|isbn=978-9004140080|pages=34, 35}}</ref><ref name="AntunesFatah-Black2016">{{cite book | editor1 = Cátia Antunes | editor2 = Karwan Fatah-Black | date = 14 April 2016 | title = Explorations in History and Globalization | publisher = Routledge | pages = 70– | isbn = 978-1-317-24384-7 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=QlP7CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA70}}</ref> [[File:Lohana Amils, Hindoos, Sind (NYPL b13409080-1125564).jpg|thumb|Sindhi Lohana Amil's.|251x251px]]
* [[Amils]] : The "upper section" of educated Lohanas who served the Muslim dynasties as scribes in Sindh. In the 18th–19th century, they began working for the British. They currently are generally involved in clerical jobs in government offices, as working in posts of revenue collectors and other senior positions. They originally composed 10–15% of the Lohana community continued to draw members from those castes.{{Sfn|Schaflechner|2018|p=73}}<ref name="AntunesFatah-Black2016"/>
* [[Bhaiband]]s : The less educated of "lower section", mainly involved in trade and commerce and so mostly merchants. Most were shopkeepers and money-lenders. The community was involved in international and trade in interior of Sindh even before the arrival of the British. They also played an important part in the development of the city of [[Karachi]].<ref name="AntunesFatah-Black2016"/>
* [[Sahitis]]: placed somewhere between Amils and Bhaibands, they could be either in government service or traders.

For hundreds of years, the Sindhi Lohanas absorbed other communities from the western [[Indian subcontinent]].{{Sfn|Schaflechner|2018|p=73}} The Lohanas of [[Sindh]] became an important trading community in Sindh during the [[Kalhora]] rule.<ref>{{harvnb|Schaflechner|2018|loc=''Hinglaj in Perspective''|p=73}}: "Lachaier claims that in the nineteenth century, the Lohanas were the most important trading community in the areas of Sindh, Kutch, and Saurashtra. One reason for this was the established rule of the Kalhoras in Sindh in the eighteenth century, which brought new business opportunities for merchant professions."</ref>

==History==
[[Alauddin Khalji|Ala-Din Khilji]] (1296–1316) mounted a number of campaigns in the region battling the [[Soomra dynasty|Sumra princes]] whose cycle of capitulation/rebellion could be charted exactly to the perceived military stress on the metropole. Yet, the Delhi Sultans and their governor rarely resorted to invading Sumra held territories – relying, instead, on alliances with tribal elite and local power struggles. Against the Sumras, Khiljl advanced the cause of [[Samma (tribe)|Samma]]. The conflict guaranteed a rolling supply of princes and tribal chiefs wanting alliances with the center. The tussle for dominance between the Sumras and the Samma lasted until the reign of Firuz Shah Tughluq (1351–1388), when the Jam emirs of Samma were finally able to end Sumra dominance, taking over lower Sindh.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ahmed|first=Manan|url=https://archive.org/details/TheManyHistoriesOfMuhammadB.Qasim/page/n108/mode/1up|title=The many histories of Muhammad b. Qasim: Narrating the Muslim conquest of Sindh – page – 99|date=2008|publisher=The University of Chicago|language=En}}</ref>
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| image1 = Lowana Women (9938634413).jpg
| width1 = 200
| caption1 = Lohana women in western India (c. 1855–1862)
| image2 = Lohannas (9805958365).jpg
| width2 = 200
| caption2 =Lohana men in western India (c. 1855–1862)
}}

===Formation of Khoja and Memon Islamic communities===
The community's oral history says that the decline of their community began after the death of Veer Dada Jashraj. It also says that their name derives from the city of Lohargadh (/Lohanpur/Lohkot) in [[Lahore]], from which they migrated in the 13th century after the establishment of Muslim rule there.<ref name=p/>

[[Pir Sadardin]] converted some Lohanas to the [[Shia]] [[Ismaili]] [[Nizari]] sect of [[Islam]] in the 15th century. As Lohanas were worshippers of [[Shakti]], the emergence of a devotional Ismaili oral tradition that incorporated indigenous conceptions of religion, known as [[ginans]], played a role in the forming of a new ethnic caste-like grouping. This group came to be known as [[Khoja]]s (from [[Khawaja]]), a title given by Sadardin, that would predominantly merge into what is now understood as the Nizari Ismaili branch of Shia Islam.<ref name="asani">{{Cite journal|last=Asani|first=Ali S.|date=2001-07-01|title=The Khojahs of South Asia: Defining a Space of their Own|journal=Cultural Dynamics|language=en|volume=13|issue=2|pages=155–168|doi=10.1177/092137400101300202|s2cid=143013406|issn=0921-3740}}</ref>

In 1422, Jam Rai Dan was tribal leader in [[Sindh]] during the [[Samma Dynasty]]; he was converted to Islam by Sayad Eusuf-ud-Din and he adopted a new name Makrab Khan. At that time a person named Mankeji was head of 84 [[surname|nukhs]] of Lohanas, who were in favour in court of that Samma king. He was persuaded by ruler and the Qadri to convert to Islam. However, not all Lohanas were ready to convert from [[Hinduism]]. But 700 Lohana families comprising some 6,178 persons converted in [[Thatta District|Thatta]], Sindh. These are now known as [[Memon people|Memons]] (from [[Mumin]]s).<ref name="engineer">{{cite book|title=The Muslim communities of Gujarat: an exploratory study of Bohras, Khojas, and Memons|first=Asgharali |last=Engineer|pages=42–44|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hY5AAAAAMAAJ|publisher=Ajanta Publications|year=1989|isbn=9788120202306 }}</ref>

===Post-partition===
After the [[partition of India]] in 1947, Lohanas from Kutch and Sindh migrated in large numbers to [[Gujarat]], mostly to [[Kutch]], [[Ahmedabad]] and [[Vadodara]]. Many also settled in [[Maharashtra]] in [[Mumbai]], [[Mulund]], [[Pune]], and [[Nagpur]].{{Sfn|Lachaier|1999|p=65}}

===Overseas diaspora===
Thousands of Hindu [[Gujarati people|Gujaratis]] left India between 1880–1920 and migrated to [[British colonies]] in the [[African Great Lakes]] region of [[Uganda]], [[Kenya]] and [[Tanganyika (territory)|Tanganyika]]. A significant number of these came from the [[Patidar]] and Gujarati Lohana communities.<ref>{{cite book|last=Herbert|first=J.|url=https://lra.le.ac.uk/handle/2381/31063|title=Contested terrains: negotiating ethnic boundaries in the city of Leicester since 1950 (Doctoral dissertation, History)|year=2004|page=25|access-date=2017-04-15|archive-date=2017-04-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416044730/https://lra.le.ac.uk/handle/2381/31063|url-status=dead}}</ref> At that time, however, there was already a bustling merchant class diaspora of [[Gujarati Muslims]] in these countries.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Oonk|first=G..|year=2004|title=The Changing Culture of Hindu Lohanas in East Africa|url=http://www.asiansinafrica.com/bestanden/Changing_Culture.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=Contemporary Asians Studies|volume=13|pages=83–97|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425085509/http://www.asiansinafrica.com/bestanden/Changing_Culture.pdf|archive-date=2012-04-25|access-date=2011-10-02}}</ref>

The Lohana migrants to East Africa, of which there were 40,000 in 1970,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gregory|first1=Robert G.|url=https://archive.org/details/risefallofphil00greg|title=The rise and fall of philanthropy in East Africa : the Asian contribution|date=1992|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=978-1-56000-007-5|location=New Brunswick, U.S.A.|page=[https://archive.org/details/risefallofphil00greg/page/28 28]|url-access=registration}}</ref> came mainly from the Saurashtran cities of [[Jamnagar]] and [[Rajkot]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Kalka|first=I.|url=http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1588/1/U144910.pdf|title=A case study of urban ethnicity: Harrow Gujaratis (Doctoral dissertation, London School of Economics and Political Science (United Kingdom)|year=1986|page=74}}</ref> Many Lohanas set up businesses in those countries, two of the most successful being those set up by [[Nanji Kalidas Mehta]] and [[Muljibhai Madhvani]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Gregory|first=Robert|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=juZ5q6bttEoC&pg=PA53|title=The Rise and Fall of Philanthropy in East Africa: The Asian's Contribution|year=1992|isbn=9781412833356|page=53}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Bennett|first=Charles Joseph|title=Persistence Amid Adversity:The Growth and Spatial Distribution of the Asian Population of Kenya, 1902–1963|publisher=Syracuse University|year=1976|page=182|quote=Probably the success of the most prominent Lohana families in Uganda, Nanji Kalidas Mehta and Sons, M. P. Madhvani and D. K. Hindocha had much influence on Lohana migration from Porbandar and Jamnagar}}</ref>

In the later part of 20th century, following the independence of British colonies, and particularly after [[Idi Amin]]'s [[Expulsion of Asians from Uganda|expulsion order for South Asians in 1972]], most Lohanas moved to the [[United Kingdom]], and to a lesser extent to [[United States]] and [[Canada]].<ref name="gb">{{cite book|last=Burghart|first=Richard|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nUsOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA34|title=Hinduism in Great Britain: the perpetuation of religion in an alien cultural|year=1987|isbn=9780422609104}}</ref> In the UK, the highest concentration of Lohanas and other Gujarati Hindu communities is around the [[West London]] suburbs of [[Wembley]] and [[Harrow, London|Harrow]], and the city of [[Leicester]] in the [[East Midlands]] region of [[England]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Thompson|first=Linda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3hvHeG77s1oC&pg=PA1|title=Young bilingual children in nursery schools|date=2000|publisher=Multilingual Matters|isbn=978-1853594540|location=Clevedon, England|pages=10–11}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Firth|first1=Shirley|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pYNXC-HK1u0C&q=lohana&pg=PR8|title=Dying, death and bereavement in a British Hindu community|date=1997|publisher=Peeters|isbn=978-90-6831-976-7|location=Leuven|page=21}}</ref>

==Society and culture==
Lohanas largely follow Hindu rituals and worship [[Hindu deities]] such as [[Krishna]]. They worship avatars of [[Vishnu]] such as Rama with his consort [[Sita]] and Krishna in the form of [[Shrinathji]]. They worship [[Shakti]] in the form of Ravirandal Mataji, and [[Parvati|Ambika]]. The 19th century saints [[Jalaram Bapa]], and [[Yogiji Maharaj]], also attract many Lohana devotees. Their main [[Kuladevata|clan deities]] are [[Rana Jashraj|Veer Dada Jashraj]], [[Harkor|Harkor Ba]], Sindhvi Shree Sikotar Mata and [[Dariyalal]]. The Sun is also worshipped by the community.<ref name=p>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j-xSUpZrzgMC&q=lohana+jasraj&pg=PA70 |title=Firmes et entreprises en Inde: la firme lignagère dans ses réseaux |first= Pierre |last=Lachaier| pages= 70–73|language=fr|isbn=9782865379279 |date=1999-01-01 }}</ref> Some Lohana branches worship Hinglaj as a clan goddess.{{Sfn|Schaflechner|2018|pp=71—75}}

Sindhi Lohanas eat meat and drink alcohol.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Boivin |first=Michel |title=Devotion, Religious Authority, and Social Structures in Sindh: Khojas, Vanyos, and Faqirs |publisher=Brill |year=2024 |pages=138}}</ref>

== Surnames ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sub-Caste
!Surnames<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Hanks|first1=Patrick|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0AyDDQAAQBAJ&q=lohana|title=The Oxford Dictionary of Family Names in Britain and Ireland|last2=Coates|first2=Richard|last3=McClure|first3=Peter|date=2016-11-17|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-252747-9|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Sharma|first=Monika|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rwjQBQAAQBAJ&dq=lohana+surnames&pg=PT59|title=Socio-Cultural Life of Merchants in Mughal Gujarat|date=2014-12-03|publisher=Partridge Publishing|isbn=978-1-4828-4036-0|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=U.T Thakur|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.548293|title=Sindhi Culture|year=1959}}</ref>
|-
|Gujarati and Kutchi Lohana
|Akhani Adwani Aahiya, Adhia, Ajwani, Ambiya, Amlani,Motwani,Mirchandani, Adatia, Anadkat, Barai, Bhatadi, Bhayani, Bhimani, Bhimjiyani, Bhojani,Chugani, Chadupotra, Chandan, Chandarana, Chug, Dattani, Davda, Devani, Dhanak, Dhakar, Gadhiya, Gajan, Gajjar, Gakhar, Gandhi, Gatha,Gokani, Hindocha, Jobanputra, Kataria,Kakkad, Kanabar, Kanani, Katira, Khakkar,Khandhadiya,Khilochia, Kotak, Kotecha, Ladhak, Lodhiya,Manghirmalani Madan, Madlani, Madhvani, Majithia,Mamtora, Manek, Mapara,Kariya, Thakkar, Ganatra, Mahtani Mashru, Nathwani, Pandhi, Popat, Pujara, Raimagia, Raja, Rajvir, Rariya, Ruparel, Raychura, Sachdev, Shakrani, Sejpal,Sunchak, Tanna, Pabari, Thakaral, Unadkat, Vasani, Vasant, Vithlani.
|-
|Sindhi Amil Lohana
|[[Advani]], [[Ahuja]], Ajwani, barai,Bathija, Bhavnani, Bijlani, Chhablani, Chugan, [[Dadlani]], Daryani, [[Dudani]], [[Gidwani]], [[Hingorani]], [[Idnani]], Issrani, Jagtiani, [[Jhangiani]], Kandharani, Karnani, Kewalramani, Khubchandani, Kriplani, [[Lalwani]], Mahtani, [[Makhija]], [[Malkani]], Manghirmalani. Manshani, Mansukhani, Mirchandani, [[Makhija|Mukhija]], Panjwani, Punwani, [[Ramchandani]], Rijhsanghani, [[Sadarangani]], Shahani, Sipahimalani, Sippy, Sitlani, Takthani, Thadani, [[Vaswani]], [[Wadhwani]] and Uttamsinghani
|-
|Sindhi Bhaiband Lohana
|Aishani, Agahni, Anandani, Aneja, Ambwani, Asija, Bablani, [[Bajaj (surname)|Bajaj]], Bhagwani, Bhaglani, [[Bhagnani]], [[Balani (surname)|Balani]], Baharwani, [[Biyani]], Bodhani, [[Chabria|Chhabria]], [[Channa]], Chothani, Dalwani, [[Damani (name)|Damani]], [[Dhingra|Dhingria]], Dolani, Dudeja, Ganda ,Gajwani, Gangwani, Ganglani, Gyanani, Gulrajani, Hotwani, Harwani, Jamtani, Jobanputra, [[Juneja]], Jumani, Kateja, Kodwani, Khabrani, Khairajani, Khanchandani, [[Lakhani tribe|Lakhani]], [[Lanjwani]], Longan, Lachhwani, Ludhwani, [[Lulia]], Lokwani, Mamtani, [[Mirani (tribe)|Mirani]], [[Mirwani]], Mohinani, Mulchandani, [[Nihalani]], Nankani, Nathani, Parwani, Phull, [[Qaimkhani]], Ratlani, Rajpal, Rustamani, Ruprela, Sambhavani, Santdasani, [[Soneji]], [[Sethia]], Sewani, Tewani, Tejwani, Tilokani, Tirthani, [[Wassan]], [[Vangani]], Vishnani, Visrani, Virwani and Valbani
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{notelist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{wikisource inline|Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Lohana}}
*{{Cite book |last=Schaflechner |first=Jürgen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=khBADwAAQBAJ |title=Hinglaj Devi: Identity, Change, and Solidification at a Hindu Temple in Pakistan |date=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-085052-4 |language=en}}

{{commons category-inline}}

{{Sindhi tribes}}
[[Category:Lohana| ]]
[[Category:Sindhi tribes in India]]
[[Category:Hindu communities of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Vaishya community]]
[[Category:Sindhi tribes]]

Asha Maurya

2026-04-18T22:36:52Z

Mpsep15: starting a post

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Asha Maurya
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = '''Member of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]'''
| term_start = 2022
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Narendra Singh Verma]]
| successor =
| office1 =
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| successor1 =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse =
| children =
| parents =
| constituency = [[Mahmoodabad (Assembly constituency)|Mahmoodabad]]
}}
'''Asha Maurya''' is an Indian politician. She was elected to [[Mahmoodabad (Assembly constituency)|Mahmoodabad]] in the [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] as a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/uttar-pradesh/results | title=Uttar Pradesh Election Results 2022 | publisher=NDTV | accessdate=12 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/uttar-pradesh/all-winners/ | title=ALL WINNERS LIST UTTAR PRADESH ASSEMBLY ELECTIONS 2022 | publisher=News18 | accessdate=12 March 2022}}</ref>

==Political career==
Maurya became the first woman [[Member of Legislative Assembly]] from Mahmoodabad Assembly constituency of Uttar Pradesh by defeating six time MLA, Nagendra Singh Verma, who also served as cabinet minister in [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]. In 2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly elections, Maurya secured victory over Verma by a margin of 5689 votes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/sitapur/mahmoodabad/news/asha-maurya-became-the-first-woman-mla-of-mahmudabad-129493121.html|title= छह बार के विधायक को 5689 मतों से मिली मात:महमूदाबाद की पहली महिला विधायक बनीं आशा मौर्या|website=bhaskar.com|accessdate=20 May 2023}}</ref> Prior to this, in 2017 Uttar Pradesh Assembly elections, she was defeated by Verma by a margin of 1906 votes, yet, [[Bhartiya Janata Party]] decided to make her a candidate for the second time from Mahmoodabad for 2022 elections.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/sitapur/mahmoodabad/news/the-party-made-a-candidate-for-the-second-time-it-was-defeated-by-a-small-margin-in-the-last-election-129326756.html|title= महमूदाबाद में भाजपा से आशा मौर्या लड़ेंगी चुनाव:पार्टी ने दूसरी बार बनाया प्रत्याशी, पिछले चुनाव में मामूली अंतर से मिली थी हार |website=Bhaskar.com|accessdate=20 May 2023}}</ref>

==References==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maurya, Asha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Women members of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:People from Sitapur district]]

Mandipalli Ramprasad Reddy

2026-04-16T03:52:54Z

Mpsep15: Starting New Page

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mandipalli Ramprasad Reddy(9703329159)
| image = Mandipalli Ramprasad Reddy.jpg
| caption = Official portrait, 2024
| office = [[List of transport ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Minister of Transport]] [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start = 12 June 2024
| term_end =
| governor = [[S. Abdul Nazeer]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
| predecessor = [[Pinipe Viswarup]]
| successor =
| office1 = [[List of ministers for youth & sports of Andhra Pradesh|Minister of Youth and Sports]] [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start1 = 12 June 2024
| term_end1 =
| governor1 = [[S. Abdul Nazeer]]
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
| predecessor1 = [[R. K. Roja]]
| successor1 =
| office2 = Member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 4 June 2024
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 = [[Gadikota Srikanth Reddy]]
| successor2 =
| constituency2 = [[Rayachoti Assembly constituency|Rayachoti]]
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]] [[Jai Samaikyandhra Party]]
}}
'''Mandipalli Ramprasad Reddy''' is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He has been a member of the [[Telugu Desam Party]] since 2021. He won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Rayachoti Assembly constituency|Rayachoti Assembly Constituency]].<ref name="2024 Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election Results - Rayachoti">{{cite news |publisher=Election Commission of India |title=2024 Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election Results - Rayachoti |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S01128.htm |accessdate=12 June 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612044724/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S01128.htm |archivedate=12 June 2024}}</ref> He is currently a cabinet minister in the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name="Andhra Pradesh Cabinet Ministers List 2024: Pawan Kalyan, Nara Lokesh among 24 ministers in Chandrababu Naidu’s Cabinet">{{cite news |last1=The New Indian Express |first1= |date=12 June 2024 |title=Andhra Pradesh Cabinet Ministers List 2024: Pawan Kalyan, Nara Lokesh among 24 ministers in Chandrababu Naidu's Cabinet |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/andhra-pradesh-ministers-list-2024-chandrababu-naidu-pawan-kalyan-ap-full-cabinet-ministers-list-9387219/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613162022/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/andhra-pradesh-ministers-list-2024-chandrababu-naidu-pawan-kalyan-ap-full-cabinet-ministers-list-9387219/ |archive-date=13 June 2024 |access-date=13 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Naidu’s Cabinet A Mix Of 17 Freshers, Eight Experienced Ministers">{{cite news |last1=News18 |date=12 June 2024 |title=Naidu's Cabinet A Mix Of 17 Freshers, Eight Experienced Ministers |url=https://www.news18.com/politics/naidus-cabinet-a-mix-of-17-freshers-eight-experienced-ministers-8930806.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613162640/https://www.news18.com/politics/naidus-cabinet-a-mix-of-17-freshers-eight-experienced-ministers-8930806.html |archive-date=13 June 2024 |access-date=13 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Fourth N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry}}

[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{AndhraPradesh-politician-stub}}

2023 Kerala bombing

2026-04-13T17:12:10Z

Mpsep15: starting new data

{{Short description|IED attack in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = Kalamassery Convention Centre Blast
| image =
| caption =
| map = {{Location map|Kerala#India
| lat_deg = 10.0589268
| lon_deg = 76.3592979}}
| location = Zamra International Convention & Exhibition Centre, [[Kalamassery]], [[Kerala]], India
| coordinates = {{Coord|10|03|32|N|76|21|34|E|display=inline,title}}
| date = {{Start date|2023|10|29|df=y}}
| time = 9:40 AM
| timezone = GMT +5:30
| target = Jehovah's Witnesses Convention
| type = [[Bomb]]ing
| fatalities = 8
| injuries = 50+
| perp = Dominic Martin
| motive = [[Indian nationalism|Indian]] [[Ultranationalism|ultra-nationalism]]
| weapons = [[Improvised explosive device]]
}}
On 29 October 2023, a series of [[improvised explosive device]] (IED) blasts took place during a convention of [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] in [[Kalamassery]], a suburb of [[Kochi]], India.<ref name="Reuters">{{cite news |last1=Devasia |first1=Jose |last2=Ponnezhath |first2=Maria |last3=Thomas |first3=Chris |title=India police probe bomb blasts that killed three in Kerala |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/one-killed-several-injured-explosions-indias-southern-state-local-media-2023-10-29/ |work=Reuters |date=29 October 2023 |language=en |access-date=29 October 2023 |archive-date=29 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029090859/https://www.reuters.com/world/india/one-killed-several-injured-explosions-indias-southern-state-local-media-2023-10-29/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=29 October 2023 |title=Kalamassery convention centre blast: Kochi resident claims responsibility, surrenders before Kerala Police |url=https://www.orissapost.com/kalamassery-convention-centre-blast-kochi-resident-claims-responsibility-surrenders-before-kerala-police/ |work=Orissa Post |location=Kochi |access-date=30 October 2023 |archive-date=30 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030081635/https://www.orissapost.com/kalamassery-convention-centre-blast-kochi-resident-claims-responsibility-surrenders-before-kerala-police/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Five women, two men, and a child were killed and more than fifty other people were injured when the group was holding a Sunday morning session of their annual regional convention in [[South India|southern India]]'s [[Kerala]] state.<ref name="Independent">{{cite news |title=Kerala on high alert as explosion hits southern India Christian prayer gathering |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/kerala-prayer-explosion-alert-india-christian-b2437862.html |work=The Independent |first=Shweta |last=Sharma |date=29 October 2023 |language=en |access-date=29 October 2023 |archive-date=29 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029093322/https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/kerala-prayer-explosion-alert-india-christian-b2437862.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Hindu">{{cite news |title=Woman killed, several injured in explosion at a convention centre in Kerala's Kalamassery |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/people-killed-several-injured-in-explosion-at-a-convention-centre-in-kalamassery/article67472535.ece/ |work=The Hindu |date=29 October 2023 |language=en-IN |access-date=29 October 2023 |archive-date=29 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029093322/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/people-killed-several-injured-in-explosion-at-a-convention-centre-in-kalamassery/article67472535.ece/amp/ |url-status=live}}</ref> A man shortly surrendered at the [[Kodakara]] police station, claiming to be responsible for the blast. The motive of the blast is still under investigation.<ref name="HT">{{Cite web |date=2023-10-29 |title=Kerala Blast Live: '41 people hospitalised, special team probing incident,' says CM |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kerala-blast-news-live-updates-kochi-death-injured-101698559152546.html |access-date=2023-10-29 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=29 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029155004/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kerala-blast-news-live-updates-kochi-death-injured-101698559152546.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-29 |title=Kerala Bomb Blast News {{!}} Kalamassery Convention Centre Blast Live: One killed, 36 injured in Kochi; IED device used for explosion, confirms state police chief |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/live-updates-kerala-kochi-kalamassery-convention-centre-blasts-explosions-prayer-meet-jehovahs-witnesses/liveblog/104795079.cms |access-date=2023-10-29 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=30 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030010207/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/live-updates-kerala-kochi-kalamassery-convention-centre-blasts-explosions-prayer-meet-jehovahs-witnesses/liveblog/104795079.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Incident==
On the morning of 29 October 2023, the final day of a three-day programme,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jw.org/en/library/books/2023-Convention-Program/|title=2023 Convention Program—"Exercise Patience"!|website=JW.org|publisher=[[Jehovah's Witnesses]]|access-date=5 November 2023}}</ref> about 2500 members of Jehovah's Witnesses had gathered at the Zamra International Convention & Exhibition Centre, [[Kalamassery]], [[Kerala]], [[South India]]. The blasts occurred at 9:40 AM and fire was reported in the building<ref name="Independent" /> located 10 km northeast of [[Kochi]] city. Witnesses say that there were multiple explosions, and that the hall was filled with smoke and fire. People rushed out of the centre in panic, and some were injured in the stampede.<ref name="HT" /> The first victim was found charred to death in the middle of the hall.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalamassery blasts: Death toll climbs to 3 as 12-year-old girl succumbs to burns; police identify first victim |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2023/10/30/kalamassery-blasts-girl-on-ventilator-support-dies-death-toll-climbs-three.html |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=OnManorama |archive-date=30 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030105846/https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2023/10/30/kalamassery-blasts-girl-on-ventilator-support-dies-death-toll-climbs-three.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The injured were taken to nearby hospitals, and several are in critical condition.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Livemint |date=2023-10-29 |title=Kerala Blast Live Updates: 'This is a horrific tragedy', says Kerala Governor |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/kerala-blast-live-updates-explosion-convention-centre-kalamassery-one-person-died-20-injured-rescue-operation-underway-11698559375177.html |access-date=2023-10-29 |website=mint |language=en |archive-date=29 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029155439/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/kerala-blast-live-updates-explosion-convention-centre-kalamassery-one-person-died-20-injured-rescue-operation-underway-11698559375177.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kalamassery-blasts-death-toll-rises-12-year-old-girl-injuries/article67475340.ece |title=Kalamassery blasts: toll rises to three as 12-year-old girl succumbs to injuries |work=The Hindu |date=30 October 2023 |access-date=30 October 2023 |archive-date=30 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030035109/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kalamassery-blasts-death-toll-rises-12-year-old-girl-injuries/article67475340.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Victims ==
{{As of|2023|12|7}}, eight people have died as a result of the explosion, with three victims belonging to the same family.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2023-11-16 |title=Death toll in Kalamassery blasts rises to six |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/death-toll-in-kalamassery-blasts-rises-to-six/article67541891.ece |access-date=2023-11-21 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The first reported fatality was Leona Paulos, a 55-year-old woman who was found charred to death at the blast spot.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=T. N. M. |date=2023-10-30 |title=12-year-old victim of Kalamassery blasts succumbs to burn injuries |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/12-year-old-victim-of-kalamassery-blasts-succumbs-to-burn-injuries |access-date=2023-11-01 |website=The News Minute |language=en |archive-date=30 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030130721/https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/12-year-old-victim-of-kalamassery-blasts-succumbs-to-burn-injuries |url-status=live }}</ref> A few hours later, Kumari Pushpan, a resident of [[Thodupuzha]], died in the hospital.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-29 |title=കളമശ്ശേരി സ്ഫോടനത്തിൽ മരണം രണ്ടായി; ഗുരുതരാവസ്ഥയിലായിരുന്ന സ്ത്രീ മരിച്ചു |url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/kerala/kerala-blast-news-updates-kalamassery-blast-kills-two-the-woman-who-was-in-critical-condition-died-nj-634557.html |access-date=2023-11-01 |website=News18 Malayalam |language=ml |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031035806/https://malayalam.news18.com/news/kerala/kerala-blast-news-updates-kalamassery-blast-kills-two-the-woman-who-was-in-critical-condition-died-nj-634557.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On the next day, 12-year-old Libna, whose burns were 95%, succumbed to her injuries.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-30 |title=കളമശ്ശേരി സ്‌ഫോടനം: മരണസംഖ്യ മൂന്നായി, ചികിത്സയിലായിരുന്ന 12-കാരിയും മരിച്ചു |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/kalamassery-blast-death-toll-rises-to-three-12-year-old-girl-who-was-undergoing-treatment-died-1.9028414 |access-date=2023-11-01 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031093601/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/kalamassery-blast-death-toll-rises-to-three-12-year-old-girl-who-was-undergoing-treatment-died-1.9028414 |url-status=live }}</ref> More than 50 others suffered burn injuries due to fire. 17 people had been admitted to different hospitals, 12 of whom were in intensive care with [[Total body surface area|burns above 50-60%]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last1=Mollan |first1=Cherylann |last2=Padanna |first2=Ashraf |date=30 October 2023 |title=Kerala attacks: India police investigate deadly blasts targeting Jehovah's Witnesses |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-67259078 |url-status=live |access-date=2023-10-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030102709/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-67259078 |archive-date=30 October 2023}}</ref> A week later, 61-year-old Molly Joy and 45-year-old Reena "Sally" Pradeepan, who is also Libna's mother, died while in intensive care.<ref>{{Cite web |title=മരിച്ച ലിബ്നയുടെ അമ്മ സാലിയും മരണത്തിനു കീഴടങ്ങി; കളമശേരി സ്ഫോടനത്തിൽ മരണം അഞ്ചായി |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/latest-news/2023/11/11/another-victim-of-kalamassery-bomb-blast-succumbed-to-death.html |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=www.manoramaonline.com |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2023-11-06 |title=Kerala Blasts: Fourth Jehovah's Witness injured in the blast, dies |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/kerala-blasts-fourth-jehovahs-witness-injured-in-the-blast-dies |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> The sixth victim was Praveen Pradeepan, older brother of Libna and son of Reena, both of whom had died as a result of their injuries following the blast.<ref name=":1" /> Seventh victim, 78-year-old K.V. John, was undergoing treatment for injuries in the blast and died on 2 December 2023 and his wife Lilly John, 71, a retired bank employee, was the eighth victim who died on 7 December 2023.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2023/12/02/kalamassery-blast-death-toll-up-to-seven.html | title=Kalamassery blast: One more succumbs to injuries, death toll up to 7 }}</ref>

==Suspect==
===Dominic Martin===
Dominic Martin, a 57-year-old resident of [[Thammanam]] who claims to be a renegade member of the Jehovah's Witnesses, surrendered at a police station in [[Kodakara]] and confessed that he is behind the blast. Prior to surrendering, he posted a video on Facebook where he was seen saying that he resented the Witnesses' "[[Anti-national (India)|anti-national]]" doctrines. Police were suspicious of Martin's claim, and took him to custody for further questioning.<ref name=martin>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/one-killed-several-injured-explosions-indias-southern-statelocal-media-2023-10-29/ |title=India police probe bomb blasts that killed two in Kerala |newspaper=Reuters |date=29 October 2023 |last1=Devasia |first1=Jose |last2=Ponnezhath |first2=Maria |last3=Thomas |first3=Chris |access-date=29 October 2023 |archive-date=29 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029090859/https://www.reuters.com/world/india/one-killed-several-injured-explosions-indias-southern-state-local-media-2023-10-29/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0"/>

===Confession===
As per the suspect's own confession, he planned the blast when he was working in Dubai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-01 |title=NIA അന്വേഷണം ദുബായിലേക്ക്; മാർട്ടിന് തലേദിവസം രാത്രിവന്ന ഫോൺകോളിനെക്കുറിച്ചും അന്വേഷണം |trans-title=NIA probe into Dubai; Also investigating the phone call Martin received the night before |url=https://newspaper.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/kalamassery-blast-1.9032319 |access-date=2023-11-01 |website=Newspaper |language=en |archive-date=1 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101135342/https://newspaper.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/kalamassery-blast-1.9032319 |url-status=live }}</ref> Martin told the police that he used {{Convert|8|L|U.S.gal|abbr=on}} of [[Gasoline|petrol]] and high-impact [[firecracker]]s to make the bomb.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Praveen |first=M. P. |date=2023-10-30 |title=Kalamassery blast {{!}} How the accused assembled the explosive device using gundu, petrol, remote and YouTube tutorial |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kalamassery-blast-a-tale-of-50-gundu-8-litres-of-petrol-a-remote-and-a-youtube-tutorial/article67477536.ece |access-date=2023-11-01 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031062036/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kalamassery-blast-a-tale-of-50-gundu-8-litres-of-petrol-a-remote-and-a-youtube-tutorial/article67477536.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Electronic components required for detonating the bomb were purchased from [[Ernakulam]] on the pretext of making remote control toys for children.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dominic Martin bought bomb components on pretext of making toys, assembled explosives in flat |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2023/11/01/kalamassery-blasts-dominic-martin-bought-bomb-components-pretext-making-toys.html |access-date=2023-11-01 |website=OnManorama |archive-date=2 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102004941/https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2023/11/01/kalamassery-blasts-dominic-martin-bought-bomb-components-pretext-making-toys.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Investigation ==
Initially, it was speculated that some [[Islamism|Islamist]] [[Terrorism in India|terrorist groups]] might be behind the blasts and the incident was connected to the ongoing [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-29 |title=Kalamassery explosion triggers hate speech, fake news; Police warn of strict action |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/kalamassery-hate-speeches-misinformations-flood-social-media-despite-police-warning-1.9026068 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en |archive-date=30 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030105025/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/kalamassery-hate-speeches-misinformations-flood-social-media-despite-police-warning-1.9026068 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Varma |first=Aishwarya |date=2023-10-29 |title=False Claims About Jews Being Targeted in Kerala Blasts Go Viral on Social Media |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/webqoof/narrative-of-kerala-blast-targeting-jews-viral-amid-israel-hamas-conflict |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=TheQuint |language=en |archive-date=30 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030105024/https://www.thequint.com/news/webqoof/narrative-of-kerala-blast-targeting-jews-viral-amid-israel-hamas-conflict |url-status=live}}</ref> Initial interrogation of the accused by police have thought that this was likely an [[Insider threat|insider attack]] but later developments proved that the accused had foreign links.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-04 |title=Kalamassery blasts probe: Cops get nod to approach authorities in UAE |url= https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/India/kalamassery-blasts-probe-cops-get-nod-to-approach-authorities-in-uae/ar-AA1ymyg2 |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=MSN|language=en }}</ref> Preliminary investigation indicated that an IED placed inside a [[Tiffin carrier|tiffin box]] might have caused the blasts.<ref name=":0" /> Police also recovered four [[Remote control|remote control devices]] from the storage space of Martin's scooter which he parked at the Kodakara police station before surrender.<ref>{{Cite web |title=സ്റ്റേഷനിലെ തിരക്കൊഴിയാൻ ഡൊമിനിക് കാത്തുനിന്നത് അരമണിക്കൂർ; റിമോട്ട് കൺട്രോളുകളും കണ്ടെടുത്തു |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/thrissur/2023/11/12/kalamassery-bomb-blast-case-investigation.html |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=www.manoramaonline.com |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-12 |title=Kalamassery blasts: Libna's mom dies, toll rises to five |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/kalamassery-blasts-libnas-mom-dies-toll-rises-to-five/articleshow/105160431.cms |access-date=2023-11-13 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== Interpol assistance ===
In early 2025, the case had a significant turn with investigators uncovering foreign connections linked to the accused, Dominic Martin. According to sources, the accused had sent images of the bomb he allegedly prepared to three foreign phone numbers. Following this findings, authorities sought [[Interpol]]’s assistance to further the probe. The accused had spent a long time in Dubai, but due to legal restrictions, a detailed investigation did not take place there. With the state government's approval, Kerala Police’s Interpol liaison officer, Crime Branch IG, is now authorized to engage with UAE authorities, pending central government clearance. The investigation will focus on the accused’s activities and personal connections in Dubai. Officials believe this could provide crucial insights into the case, and any additional evidence uncovered may be presented in court. The chargesheet in the case was filed in April 2024, but authorities continue to probe possible external influences and motives behind the attack.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-04 |title= Kalamassery blasts probe: Cops get nod to approach authorities in UAE |work=The New Indian Express |url= https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2025/Feb/04/kalamassery-blasts-probe-cops-get-nod-to-approach-authorities-in-uae-3 |access-date=2025-02-04}}</ref>

==Response==
According to the Kerala Director General of Police Shaik Darvesh Saheb, preliminary investigation indicated that an [[improvised explosive device]] was utilized.<ref name="Reuters"/> The [[Government of Kerala|Kerala government]] put the state on high alert after the blasts. Police and security forces have been deployed in sensitive areas, and checks are being carried out at all entry and exit points to the state.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-29 |title=Kochi Convention Centre Blast Live Updates: Toll rises to two as woman undergoing treatment for burns succumbs |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kerala/kerala-blast-kalamassery-jehovas-witness-convension-live-updates-9004213/ |access-date=2023-10-29 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=29 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029155438/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kerala/kerala-blast-kalamassery-jehovas-witness-convension-live-updates-9004213/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Independent" />

The [[National Security Guard]], India's national counter-terrorism unit, moved one of its [[bomb disposal]] units from [[New Delhi]] to [[Kerala]] in order to conduct an investigation and collected evidence from the blast site.<ref name="Independent" />

The [[National Investigation Agency]] (NIA) has taken over the investigation into the blasts. The NIA is India's premier counter-terrorism agency, and it is investigating the possibility that the blasts were carried out by a terrorist group.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Devasia |first1=Jose |last2=Ponnezhath |first2=Maria |last3=Thomas |first3=Chris |date=2023-10-29 |title=India police probe bomb blasts that killed two in Kerala |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/one-killed-several-injured-explosions-indias-southern-state-local-media-2023-10-29/ |access-date=2023-10-29 |archive-date=29 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029090859/https://www.reuters.com/world/india/one-killed-several-injured-explosions-indias-southern-state-local-media-2023-10-29/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/man-who-claims-to-be-from-jehovahs-witnesses-surrenders-takes-responsibility-for-kochi-blasts/cid/1976191 |title=Man who claims to be from Jehovah's Witnesses surrenders, takes responsibility for Kochi blasts |work=The Telegraph |date=29 August 2023 |access-date=29 August 2023 |archive-date=29 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029160524/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/man-who-claims-to-be-from-jehovahs-witnesses-surrenders-takes-responsibility-for-kochi-blasts/cid/1976191 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kalamassery-convention-centre-blast-police-yet-to-record-arrest-of-dominic-martin/article67473986.ece |title=Kalamassery convention centre blast: Police yet to record arrest of Dominic Martin |work=The Hindu |date=29 October 2023 |access-date=29 October 2023 |archive-date=29 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029164845/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kalamassery-convention-centre-blast-police-yet-to-record-arrest-of-dominic-martin/article67473986.ece |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kalamassery blast: Islamic organisation demands strict action against those who spread rumours |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2023/10/30/kalamassery-blast-islamic-organisation-demands.html |publisher=Onmanorama |access-date=1 November 2023 |archive-date=30 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030141235/https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2023/10/30/kalamassery-blast-islamic-organisation-demands.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

Shortly after the bombing occurred, false claims that it was linked to the [[Gaza war]] spread on social media.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shah |first=Soham |date=October 30, 2023 |title=Blasts targeting Kerala's Jehovah's Witnesses falsely linked to Israel-Hamas conflict |url=https://www.logicallyfacts.com/en/article/blasts-kerala-misinformation-israel-hamas |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=[[Logically (company)|Logically]] |language=en |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031191104/https://www.logicallyfacts.com/en/article/blasts-kerala-misinformation-israel-hamas |url-status=live}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of terrorist incidents in India]]
* [[2023 Hamburg shooting]] – March 2023 attack against Jehovah's Witnesses in Germany

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Portal bar|Christianity|Crime|India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kerala bombing, 2023}}
[[Category:2023 in Kerala|2023 bombing]]
[[Category:Crime in Kerala]]
[[Category:Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:History of Kochi]]
[[Category:2023 building bombings]]
[[Category:Building bombings in India]]
[[Category:October 2023 crimes in Asia]]
[[Category:October 2023 in India]]
[[Category:Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses]]
[[Category:2023 mass murders]]
[[Category:21st-century mass murders in India]]
[[Category:2023 murders in India]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in India in 2023]]

Vedivazhipadu

2026-04-12T13:46:43Z

Mpsep15: Adding New Article!

{{short description|2013 film by Shambu Purushothaman}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vedivazhipadu
| image = Vedivazhipadu movie poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical poster
| alt =
| director = Shambhu Purushothaman
| producer = [[Arun Kumar Aravind]]
| starring = [[Indrajith Sukumaran]] [[Murali Gopy]] [[Saiju Kurup]] [[Anumol]] [[Mythili]]
| writer = Shambhu Purushothaman
| music = [[Bijibal]]
| cinematography = [[Shehnad Jalal]]
| editing = [[Prejish Prakash]]
| studio = Karmayug Movies
| distributor = Thameens Release
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|12|12}}
| runtime = 118 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Vedivazhipadu''''' is a 2013 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[sex comedy film]] written and directed by Shambu Purushothaman (in his directorial debut), and produced by [[Arun Kumar Aravind]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vedivazhipadu-starts-rolling-news-malayalam-nhilMfajfbb.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130714231911/http://www.sify.com/movies/vedivazhipadu-starts-rolling-news-malayalam-nhilMfajfbb.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-07-14 |title='Vedivazhipadu' starts rolling! |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=2013-12-13}}</ref> The cast includes [[Indrajith Sukumaran]], [[Murali Gopy]], [[Saiju Kurup]], [[Anumol]], [[Sreejith Ravi]], [[Anusree]] and [[Mythili]]. The film was shot by [[Shehnad Jalal]], while [[Bijibal]] provided the background score.<ref>{{cite web|author=Nita Sathyendran |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/when-the-cats-away/article5374989.ece |title=When the cat's away… |work=The Hindu |date=2013-11-21 |access-date=2013-12-13}}</ref>

''Vedivazhipadu'' depicts the events in a time frame of 24 hours on the [[Pongala]] festival day at the [[Attukal Temple]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-11-16/news-and-interviews/44137846_1_vedivazhipadu-anumol-anusree |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131213232007/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-11-16/news-and-interviews/44137846_1_vedivazhipadu-anumol-anusree |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-12-13 |title=Vedivazhipadu to break conventionality |date=2013-11-16 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2013-12-13}}</ref> The film mired in controversy as the Censor Board had issues with the content <ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-11-30/news-and-interviews/44595711_1_revising-committee-censor-board-censor-certificate |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131213231922/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-11-30/news-and-interviews/44595711_1_revising-committee-censor-board-censor-certificate |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-12-13 |title=Vedivazhipadu mired in controversy |date=2013-11-30 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2013-12-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-11-28/news-and-interviews/44546320_1_vedivazhipadu-censor-board-mythili |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208003605/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-11-28/news-and-interviews/44546320_1_vedivazhipadu-censor-board-mythili |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-12-08 |title=Vedivazhipadu not related to any religion: Murali Gopy |date=2013-11-28 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2013-12-13}}</ref> and denied a censor certificate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/article/100378.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214000132/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/article/100378.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 December 2013 |title=Censor denies 'Vedivazhipadu' - Bollywood Movie News |work=Indiaglitz.com |date=2013-11-27 |access-date=2013-12-13}}</ref> It was later given an Adults Only Certificate by the Censor Board <ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-12-07/news-and-interviews/44903618_1_revising-committee-censor-board-vedivazhipadu |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131213231926/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-12-07/news-and-interviews/44903618_1_revising-committee-censor-board-vedivazhipadu |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-12-13 |title=Finally, A Certificate for Vedivazhipadu! |date=2013-12-07 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2013-12-13}}</ref> and released on 12 December 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vedi-vazhipadu-releases-today-news-malayalam-nmmlfwageba.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215235834/http://www.sify.com/movies/vedi-vazhipadu-releases-today-news-malayalam-nmmlfwageba.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-12-15 |title='Vedi Vazhipadu' releases today |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=2013-12-13}}</ref>

==Plot==
''Vedivazhipadu'' describe the events in a time frame of 24 hours on the [[Pongala]] festival day at the [[Attukal Temple]]. Three friends, Sanjay, Pradeep and Rahul, have made secret plans for the day when their wives will be away attending the festival. Sanjay, who is a cashier in a bank, is married to Rashmi, a bold and outgoing TV journalist who is a star in her own right. She has been covering the Pongala live for her channel. It does not take us long to guess who is the boss here. Pradeep is an investor in stocks and does his business with the help of stockbroker Joseph. Pradeep is married to Vidya, a French teacher. They are mismatched, as he looks rustic and she is sophisticated. Rahul is a geeky video games tester working from home. He is married to Radhika, a docile housewife. On the said day, the friends gather in Rahul's apartment. They have booze and a woman and plans to enjoy themselves.

==Cast==
* [[Indrajith Sukumaran]] as Joseph
* [[Mythili]] as Vidya
* [[Murali Gopy]] as Rahul
* [[Sreejith Ravi]] as Pradeep
* [[Saiju Kurup]] as Sanjay
* [[Anumol]] as Sumitra
* [[Anusree]] as Reshmi
* Anjana Haridas as radhika
* [[Sunil Sukhada]] as Mathai
* [[Ashvin Mathew]] as PP
* [[Indrans]] as Rajappan
* [[Maala Parvathi]] as Padma
* [[Alencier Ley Lopez|Alencier]] as Swami
* [[Praveena]]
* Manka Mahesh
* Lakshmi

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:2013 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2010s sex comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian sex comedy films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:2013 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2013 comedy films]]

Rajesh Vitekar

2026-04-11T20:37:33Z

Mpsep15: new new details

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rajesh Vitekar
| office = Member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 23 November 2024
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Suresh Warpudkar]]
| successor =
| constituency = [[Pathri Assembly constituency|Pathri]]
| office1 = Member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Council]]
| term_start1 = 28 Jul 2024
| term_end1 = 23 November 2024
| successor1 = [[Sanjay Khodke]]
| constituency2 = Elected by MLAs
| birth_name = Rajesh Uttamrao Vitekar
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1980|03|27}}
| birth_place =
| party = [[Nationalist Congress Party (Ajit Pawar)]]
| parents = Uttamrao Abaji Vitekar (Father)
| spouse =
| children =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| website =
}}
'''Rajesh Uttamrao Vitekar''' (born 1980)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Rajesh Uttamrao Vitekar (Nationalist Congress Party - Constituency- Parbhani (Maharashtra) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/LokSabha2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=6591 |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is a politician belonging to the [[Nationalist Congress Party]]. He was elected as member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] in [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Pathri Assembly constituency]].<ref name="Pathri Election Result: NCP's Rajesh Uttamrao Vitekar Wins">{{cite news |title=Pathri Election Result: NCP's Rajesh Uttamrao Vitekar Wins |url=https://timelinedaily.com/elections/pathri-election-result-ncps-rajesh-uttamrao-vitekar-wins |access-date=17 December 2024 |publisher=TimelineDaily |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241217085029/https://timelinedaily.com/elections/pathri-election-result-ncps-rajesh-uttamrao-vitekar-wins |archive-date=17 December 2024}}</ref><ref name="राष्ट्रवादीवादीसाठी फलदायी! परभणीत विटेकरांना लागोपाठ दुसरी आमदारकी राष्ट्रवादीवादीसाठी फलदायी! परभणीत विटेकरांना लागोपाठ दुसरी आमदारकी">{{cite news |title=राष्ट्रवादीवादीसाठी फलदायी! परभणीत विटेकरांना लागोपाठ दुसरी आमदारकी राष्ट्रवादीवादीसाठी फलदायी! परभणीत विटेकरांना लागोपाठ दुसरी आमदारकी |url=https://www.loksatta.com/politics/rajesh-vitekar-elected-as-mla-for-second-consecutive-term-in-parbhani-print-politics-news-mrj-95-4737856/ |access-date=17 December 2024 |publisher=Loksatta |date=27 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241217090109/https://www.loksatta.com/politics/rajesh-vitekar-elected-as-mla-for-second-consecutive-term-in-parbhani-print-politics-news-mrj-95-4737856/ |archive-date=17 December 2024 |language=mr}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==

Vitekar is from Pathri, [[Parbhani district]], Maharashtra. He is the son of Ex-MLA Uttamrao Abaji Vitekar, a farmer.
* He did his BSc at Vasant College, Kej in 2006. Earlier, he completed his HSC at Subhash Chandrabose Secondary and Higher Secondary School in 1999. He completed his SSC at Shri Saraswati New English School Public School, Ambajogai, in 1997.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==

Vitekar was elected to the Maharashtra Legislative Council in July 2024. Earlier, he won from Pathri Assembly constituency representing the Nationalist Congress Party in the [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled 83,767 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Suresh Warpudkar]] of the [[Indian National Congress]] by a margin of 13,244 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-15 |title=लोकसभेतील 'त्याग', परभणीचे राजेश विटेकर राष्ट्रवादीकडून विधानपरिषदेवर आमदार! |url=https://www.lokmat.com/parabhani/sacrifice-in-lok-sabha-parbhanis-rajesh-vitekar-mla-on-legislative-council-from-ncp-a-a320/ |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-03 |title=राजेश विटेकर यांच्या रूपाने परभणीत राष्ट्रवादीची 'राजकीय गुंतवणूक' |url=https://www.loksatta.com/politics/in-parbhani-ncp-ajit-pawar-leader-rajesh-vitekar-legislative-council-election-print-politics-news-css-98-4461192/ |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>
* In 2019, he contested from [[Parbhani Lok Sabha constituency]], but lost to [[Sanjay Haribhau Jadhav|Sanjay Jadhav]] of [[Shiv Sena (UBT)]] by a margin of 134,061 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parbhani lok sabha election results 2024: Parbhani Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/maharashtra/parbhani-constituency-result-13517 |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes PC: Parbhani 2019 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/lok-sabha-details/2019/maharashtra/parbhani/9834/30/17 |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vitekar, Rajesh}}
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Nationalist Congress Party politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:People from Parbhani district]]

{{Maharashtra-NCP-politician-stub}}

Javed Siddiqui

2026-04-04T19:24:00Z

Mpsep15: New!

{{Short description|Indian writer}}
{{Distinguish|Javed Siddiqi}}
{{BLP sources|date=September 2024}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox person
|image = |
| name = Javed Siddiqui
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1942|1|13}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Screenwriter|dialogue writer|playwright}}
| birth_place = India
| yearsactive = 1977–present
| children = [[Lubna Salim]], Sameer Siddiqui, Murad Siddiqi, Zeba Siddiqi
| birthname =
| othername =
| awards = {{ubl|[[Filmfare Awards]] (1994, 1996)|[[Screen Award]] (1996)}}
| website = {{URL|javedsiddiqi.com}}
}}
'''Javed Siddiqui''' (born 13 January 1942) is a [[Hindi]] and [[Urdu]] screenwriter, dialogue writer and playwright from India. He has written over 50 storylines, [[screenplays]] and dialogues.

During his career, Siddiqi has collaborated with some of India's most prominent filmmakers, from independent directors like [[Satyajit Ray]] and [[Shyam Benegal]] to commercial directors like [[Yash Chopra]] and [[Subhash Ghai]]. He has become an integral part of [[Indian cinema]], in both commercial and [[art cinema]] fields.

Siddiqi has won two [[Filmfare Awards]], two [[Star Screen Awards]], and one [[BFJA Awards|BFJA Award]].
In 2010, he announced his association with ''Tumbhi'' where he would review artists and their artwork.

==Cinema and television==
After having graduated in Urdu Literature from [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh|Rampur]], Javed Siddiqui moved to [[Bombay]] (now [[Mumbai]]) in 1959, where he worked as a professional journalist for various Urdu dailies like ''Khilafat Daily'' and ''Inquilaab''. Soon after that, he went on to lead his own newspaper, ''Urdu Reporter''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/words-worth-6/ |author=Vidya Prabhu|date=27 November 2011|newspaper=The Indian Express (newspaper)|title=Words Worth|access-date=16 November 2022}}</ref>

He started his career as a dialogue writer in [[Satyajit Ray]]'s ''[[Shatranj Ke Khilari (film)|Shatranj Ke Khilari]]'' in 1977.<ref name=TheHindu>{{cite news|title =Between the lines|newspaper= The Hindu (newspaper)|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/interview-with-ddlj-dialogue-writer-javed-siddiqui/article6704505.ece
|date=18 December 2014|access-date=2022-11-16 | first = Anuj | last = Kumar }}</ref>

Since then, he has been highly regarded for his works in different genres of film making, including [[art films]] or [[parallel cinema]], like ''[[Umrao Jaan (1981 film)|Umrao Jaan]]'', ''[[Mammo]]'', ''[[Fiza]]'', ''[[Zubeidaa]]'' and ''[[Tehzeeb (2003 film)|Tehzeeb]]''; as well as commercial hits, such as ''[[Baazigar]]'', ''[[Darr]]'', ''[[Yeh Dillagi]]'', ''[[Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge]]'', ''[[Raja Hindustani]]'', ''[[Pardes (1997 film)|Pardes]]'', ''[[Chori Chori Chupke Chupke]]'' and ''[[Koi... Mil Gaya]]''.<ref name=TheHindu/>

He has also written scripts for serials like [[Shyam Benegal]]'s ''[[Bharat Ek Khoj]]'', [[Ramesh Sippy]]'s ''Kismet'', [[Yash Chopra]]'s ''Waqt'' and others.

==Theatre==
Siddiqi has worked in theatre. He was national vice-president of [[Indian People's Theatre Association]] (IPTA), and later contributed to the origin and functioning of the [[Marathi language|Marathi]] IPTA, and has been associated with it as a national member.<ref>[https://www.mumbaitheatreguide.com/dramas/groups/ipta.asp IPTA (Indian People's Theatre Association) at mumbai theatreguide.com website] Retrieved 16 November 2022</ref>

His play ''[[Tumhari Amrita]]'', an adaptation of [[A R Gurney]]'s classic American play ''[[Love Letters (play)|Love Letters]]'' attained cult success. It had only two actors ([[Shabana Azmi]] and [[Farooq Sheikh]]) reading out letters to each other with neither change of set or costume. It ran for 21 years until [[Farooq Sheikh]]'s death on 28 December 2013, and is one of the longest-running plays in India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ourlifejourney.info/tumhariAmrita.htm |title=Tumhari Amrita Review |access-date=16 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080723024200/http://www.ourlifejourney.info/tumhariAmrita.htm |archive-date=23 July 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=TheHindu/> Since its debut at [[Prithvi Theatre]] on 27 February 1992, the play has been performed all over the world, including a performance at the [[United Nations]], the first Indian play to do so.

This was followed by ''Saalgirah'', starring actress [[Kirron Kher]], a play dealing with the complexity of divorce in modern urban life.<ref name=TheHindu/>

Siddiqui has ventured into various domains, from [[Bertolt Brecht]] to more contemporary themes in his adaptations. He has adapted Brecht's play ''Puntilla'' and several of his other works. His play ''Andhe Choohe'', based on [[Agatha Christie]]'s ''[[The Mousetrap]]'', is one of the world's longest-running dramas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2005/11/25/stories/2005112502410400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071106054925/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2005/11/25/stories/2005112502410400.htm|newspaper= The Hindu (newspaper)|date= 25 November 2005|archive-date=6 November 2007|title=Babbars' brush with Hyderabad|author=C. Suresh Kumar|access-date=18 November 2022}}</ref> Critic [[Vijay Nair (author)|Vijay Nair]] wrote "Javed Siddiqui's lines are as poignant as ever. They leap out of the letters as little gems. At times they plead with the incoherence of hurts long stifled. At times they flare up like little flames scorching the audience. At times they soothe like fresh raindrops after a scorching summer. But at all times they have a life of their own and make their presence felt like an invisible third character on stage." His play ''1857: Ek Safarnama'' set in the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] was staged at [[Purana Qila]], Delhi ramparts by [[Nadira Babbar]] and [[National School of Drama]] Repertory company, in 2008.<ref>{{cite news |title=A little peek into history |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/05/02/stories/2008050250120300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109020307/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/05/02/stories/2008050250120300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 November 2012|newspaper=The Hindu (newspaper)|date=2 May 2008|access-date=18 November 2022|author=Romesh Chander}}</ref>

His plays include ''[[Hamesha]]'', ''Begum Jaan'', ''Aap Ki Soniya'' and Kacche Lamhe.<ref name=TheHindu3>{{cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2005/05/20/stories/2005052004060300.htm|title=Living it with letters |newspaper=The Hindu (newspaper)|archive-date=6 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071106064051/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2005/05/20/stories/2005052004060300.htm |date=20 May 2005|url-status=dead|access-date=18 November 2022}}</ref>

===Personal life===
Javed Siddiqui belongs to the family of great freedom fighters, [[Mohammad Ali Jouhar]] and his brother [[Maulana Shaukat Ali]]. His father was an assistant librarian at [[Raza Library]].{{fact|date=February 2026}}

His early education was in [[Rampur Samastipur|Rampur]]'s Hamid High School and Jaame-ul-uloom, Furqaniah. He passed his high school in English in [[Aligarh Muslim University]].
At the age of 17, he moved to Bombay and under the guidance of his uncle Maulana Zahid Shaukat Ali, Javed started his career as a journalist in his Urdu newspaper ''Khilafat Daily''. He worked in newspapers such as ''Inquilab'' and ''[[Hindustan (newspaper)|Hindustan]]'' and then started his own newspaper named ''Urdu Reporter''.{{fact|date=February 2026}}

Siddiqui started his career in films as a dialogue writer and assistant director to [[Satyajit Ray]] in [[Shatranj Ke Khilari (film)|''Shatranj Ke Khilari'']]. He also assisted [[James Ivory (director)|James Ivory]] as chief assistant director.

Siddiqui has four children. Two of them, [[Lubna Salim]] and Sameer Siddiqui, are involved in film and theatre.

==Urdu literature==
In 2012, Siddiqui wrote a book of pen sketches named ''Roshandan''. The book was published from Delhi and later on it was republished from Ajj, Karachi. A comprehensive review on the book was written by Karachi-based writer and researcher on Ibne Safi, Rashid Ashraf which was published in Karachi renowned Urdu magazine Quarterly ''Ijra'' in 2012.<ref name=HamariWeb>(Rashid Ashraf) [https://www.hamariweb.com/articles/article.aspx?id=20184 Book Review] Ijra, (In Urdu), Hamari Web website, Published July–September 2012. Retrieved 18 November 2022</ref>

Siddiqui started the second part of ''Roshandan'' with the first pen sketch on Satyajit Ray (Kya Aadmi Tha Ray) which was published in Mumbai's literary magazine ''Naya Warq'' and later on in Ajj, Karachi, March 2013.

==Awards==
* 1994 [[Filmfare Award]] for ''[[Baazigar]]'' Best Screenplay<ref>[https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards/winners Filmfare Award Winners List] Filmfare.com website, Retrieved 18 November 2022</ref>
* 1996 [[Filmfare Award]] for ''[[Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge]]'' Best Dialogues<ref name=TheHindu/>
* 1996 [[Screen Award]] for ''[[Raja Hindustani]]'' Best Screenplay

==List of works==

===Film writer===
*''[[Shatranj Ke Khilari]]'' (1977)<ref name=TheHindu/>
* ''[[Chithegu Chinthe]]'' (1978)
*''[[Bara (1982 film)|Bara]]'' (''[[Sookha]])'' (1980)
*''[[Alibaba Aur 40 Chor (1980 film)|Ali Baba aur 40 Chor]]'' (1980)
*''[[Umrao Jaan (1981 film)| Umrao Jaan]]''(1981) (dialogue)<ref name=TheHindu/>
*''[[Chakra (1981 film)|Chakra]]'' (1981)<ref name=TheHindu/>
*''[[Sohni Mahiwal (1984 film)|Sohni Mahiwal]]'' (1984)
*''[[Do Dilon Ki Dastaan (1985 film)|Do Dilon Ki Dastaan]]'' (1985)
*''[[Naam O Nishan]]'' (1987)
*''[[Mar Mitenge]]'' (1988)
*''[[Aakhri Adaalat]]'' (1988)
*''Shukriyaa'' (1988)
*''[[Guru (1989 film)|Guru]]'' (1989)
*''[[Ilaaka]]'' (1989)
*''[[Baaghi: A Rebel for Love|Baaghi]]'' A Rebel for Love (1990)
*''[[Anjali (1990 film)|Anjali]]'' (1990)
*''[[Adharm (1992 film)|Adharm]]'' (1992) (dialogue)
*''[[Baazigar]]'' (1993)<ref name=TheHindu/>
*''[[Dhanwaan]]'' (1993)
*''[[Darr]]'' (1993)<ref name=TheHindu/>
*''[[Mammo]]'' (1994)
*''[[Chauraha]]'' (1994)
*''[[Yeh Dillagi]]'' (1994)
*''[[Zamaana Deewana]]'' (1995)
*''[[Gaddaar (1995 film)|Gaddaar]]'' (1995)
*''[[Hum Dono (1995 film)|Hum Dono]]'' (1995)
*''[[Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge]]'' (1995)<ref name=TheHindu/>
*''[[Chaahat (1996 film)|Chaahat]]'' (1996)
*''[[Raja Hindustani]]'' (1996)
*''[[Pardes (1997 film)|Pardes]]'' (1997)<ref name=TheHindu/>
*''[[Duplicate (1998 film)|Duplicate]]'' (1998)
*''[[Jab Pyaar Kisise Hota Hai]]'' (1998)
*''[[Angaaray (1998 film)|Angaaray]]'' (1998)
*''[[Barood (1998 film)|Barood]]'' (1998)
*''Soldier'' (1998)
*''[[Dahek]]'' A Burning Passion (1998)
*''[[Dil Kya Kare]]'' (1999)
*''[[Taal (film)|Taal]]'' (1999)<ref name=TheHindu/>
*''[[Tera Jadoo Chal Gayaa]]'' (2000)
*''[[Fiza]]'' (2000)
*''[[Raju Chacha]]'' (2000)
*''[[Zubeidaa]]'' (2001)
*''[[Chori Chori Chupke Chupke]]'' (2001)
*''[[Albela (2001 film)|Albela]]'' (2001)
*''[[Kya Yehi Pyaar Hai]]'' (2002)
*''[[Pyaar Diwana Hota Hai]]'' (2002)
*''Hum Kisi Se Kum Nahin'' (2002)
*''[[Koi Mil Gaya]]'' (2003)
*''[[Zameen (2003 film)|Zameen]]'' (2003)
*''[[Tehzeeb (2003 film)|Tehzeeb]]'' (2003)
*''[[Dil Maange More]]'' (2004)
*''[[Blackmail (2005 film)|Blackmail]]'' (2005)
*''Banaras'' (2006)
*''[[Humko Tumse Pyar Hai]]'' (2006)
*''[[Dus Kahaniyan]]'' (2007)
*''[[Sadiyaan]]'' (2010)
*''Battle Of Saragahi''

===Plays===
*''[[Tumhari Amrita]]''<ref name=TheHindu/>
*''Saalgirah''<ref name=TheHindu/>
*''[[Hamesha]]''
*''Begum Jaan''
*''Aap ki Soniya''<ref name=TheHindu3/>
*''Kacche Lamhe''
* Dhuaan
* Aur Agle Saal
* Kate hue Raaste
* Patjhad se Zara Pehle
* Shyam Rang
* Who Ladki
* Raat
* Mogra
* Maati Kahe Kumhar Se
* Peele Patton ka Ban
* Kharaashein
* Lakeerein
* Humsafar
* Gudamba

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=0796503}}
{{FilmfareAwardBestDialogue}}
{{FilmfareAwardBestScreenplay}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Siddiqui, Javed}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Muslim writers]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:Indian television writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Indian male television writers]]

Andheri West metro station

2026-04-04T17:24:59Z

Mpsep15:

{{Short description|Mumbai Metro's Yellow Line 2A terminal metro station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Andheri (West)
| native_name = {{white|{{nobold|अंधेरी (पश्चिम)}}}}
| style = Mumbai Metro
| style2 = Yellow
| image = Andheri (West) metro station.jpg
| image_upright = 1.3
| image_caption = Andheri (West) metro station as seen from New Link Rd
| address = Sahakar Nagar, Azad Nagar, Andheri West, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400053
| coordinates = {{coord|19.1291337|N|72.8314307|E|format=dms|display=title, inline}}
| line = {{rcb|Mumbai Metro|2A|croute}}
| other = [[File:Logo of Mumbai Metro Line 1.svg|18px|link=Mumbai_Metro]] {{rcb|Mumbai Metro|1|croute}} {{stl|Mumbai Metro|D N Nagar}}
| structure = [[Elevated]]
| platform = 2 [[side platforms]]
| owned = [[File:MMRDA logo cropped.svg|22px]] [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]]
| operator = {{rint|Mumbai|m}} Maha Mumbai Metro Operation Corporation Ltd.
| depth =
| parking = No
| bicycle =
| opened = {{start date and age|df=yes|2023|January|19}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| accessible = 
| code = '''217'''
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers = 18,500 daily<ref>{{cite web |title=Metro-7, 2A make in-roads as ridership crosses 3 crore mark |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/metro7-2a-make-in-roads-as-ridership-crosses-3-crore-mark-101686511179635.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=9 July 2023 |language=en |date=12 June 2023 |archive-date=9 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709081927/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/metro7-2a-make-in-roads-as-ridership-crosses-3-crore-mark-101686511179635.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| pass_year = 2023
| pass_rank =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjstn|system=Mumbai Metro|line=2A|right=Lower Oshiwara}}
| route_map = {{MM Line 2}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Mumbai Metro|Line 2}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
'''Andheri (West)''' is the elevated southern terminal station on the north–south corridor of the [[Line 2 (Mumbai Metro)|Yellow Line 2A]] of the [[Mumbai Metro]] in [[Mumbai]], India. This station is located in [[Andheri]], Mumbai. This station is owned by the [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]] (MMRDA), and was inaugurated on 19 January 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumbai Metro: Line 2A, Line 7 launched, check routes, station details here |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mumbai-metro-line-2a-line-7-launches-check-routes-station-details-here-3018021 |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=DNA India |language=en |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418015654/https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mumbai-metro-line-2a-line-7-launches-check-routes-station-details-here-3018021 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-19 |title=Mumbai Metro: These 2 lines to get operational today. Check route, other details |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/mumbai-metro-rail-lines-2a-7-to-get-operational-today-check-route-other-details-11674107578757.html |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=mint |language=en |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418021157/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/mumbai-metro-rail-lines-2a-7-to-get-operational-today-check-route-other-details-11674107578757.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== History ==
It was opened to the public on 19 January 2023, along with the second phase of Line 2A.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-03 |title=Mumbai: Phase 1 of Metro Line 2A and 7 opened for public |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-8-pm-today-phase-1-of-metro-line-2a-7-to-be-thrown-open-to-public-7850274/ |access-date=2023-07-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-19 |title=Mumbai Metro: These 2 lines to get operational today. Check route, other details |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/mumbai-metro-rail-lines-2a-7-to-get-operational-today-check-route-other-details-11674107578757.html |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

== Station layout ==
{| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;vertical-align:top;border-top:solid 1px gray;" rowspan=4;|'''2nd Floor'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|{{small|[[Side platform]] {{access icon}}}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 height=45|'''Platform 1'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=390| {{0|→}} towards {{ltl|Mumbai Metro|line 2A|Right}} {{small|([[Lower Oshiwara metro station|Lower Oshiwara]])}} →
|-
| height=45|'''Platform 2'''
| {{0|→}} Alighting only
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;text-align:center;" colspan=2|{{small|[[Side platform]] {{access icon}}}}
|-
|style="vertical-align:top"|'''1st Floor'''
|style="vertical-align:top"|Mezzanine
|style="vertical-align:top"|Fare control, station agent, Metro QR ticket vending machines, crossover, walkway to {{RouteBox|1|Line 1 (Mumbai Metro)|#{{rail color|Mumbai Metro|1}}}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top" width=50 |'''Ground'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top" width=100 |Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top" width=420 |Exit/Entrance
|}

=== Power and signaling system ===
Like all other stations and railways of [[Mumbai Metro|Mumbai metro]], Andheri West station also uses 25,000 volt AC power system by [[Overhead line|overhead catenary]] to operate the trains.

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Mumbai Metro navbox|line 2=yes}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2023]]
[[Category:Mumbai Metro stations]]
[[Category:Andheri]]

List of villages in Sonpur block

2026-03-28T07:07:48Z

Mpsep15: Starting A Location

{{short description|None}}

{{More citations needed|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
Sonpur is a tehsil/block in the [[Saran district]] of [[Bihar]]. The sub-district code of [[Sonpur, Bihar|Sonpur]] block is 01267. There are about 91 villages in Sonpur block.

==List of Sonpur tehsil villages==
*Abdul Hai
*[[Akilpur]]
*[[Apsaid]]
*[[Babhanganwan]]
*[[Badurahi]]
*[[Baijalpur]]
*[[Baijalpur Fakir]]
*[[Baijalpur Faqir]]
*[[Baijalpur Jamuni]]
*[[Baijalpur Kesho]]
*[[Baijalpur Tamuni]]
*[[Banwari Chak]]
*[[Baqarpur]]
*[[Barbatta]]
*[[Bariar Chak]]
*[[Bharanpura]]
*[[Chhitar Chak]]
*[[Chak Daria Sultanpur]]
*[[Chak Jujhari]]
*[[ChakDaria]]
*Chandpura
*Chaturpur
*[[Chausia]]
*[[Chhapra]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chapra City Population 2026 {{!}} Literacy and Hindu Muslim Population |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/167-chapra.html |access-date=2026-03-22 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>
*[[Chhitar Chak]]
*[[Chittu Pakar]]
*[[Chitarsenpur]]
*Damodarpur
*Dariyapur
*[[Dudhaila]]
*[[Dumari Buzurg]]
*[[Faqrabad]]
*[[Gangajal]]
*[[Garibpatti]]
*[[Gheghta]]
*[[Gobind Chak]]
*Gopalpur
*[[Hasanpur]]
*[[Hasilpur]]
*[[Ismail Chak]]
*Jahangirpur
*[[Jaitiya]]
*[[Jan Mohammad]]
*[[Kalyanpur, Bihar|Kalyanpur]]
*[[Kapur Chak]]
*[[Karam Chak]]
*[[Kasmar]]
*[[Kasturi Chak]]
*[[Kharika]]
*[[Khemi Chak]]
*[[Khuntaha]]
*[[Ladanpur]]
*[[Lahlad Chak]]
*[[Lawang Patti]]
*[[Lodipur, Sonpur|Lodipur]]
*[[Mahammadali Chak]]
*[[Mahmud Chak]]
*[[Makhdumpur]]
*Makra
*[[Milki]]
*[[Mirzapur]]
*[[Mohabatpur]]
*[[Mohammadpur, Bihar|Mohammadpur]]
*[[Murgia Chak]]
*[[Murthan]]
*[[Mustafa Chak]]
*[[Naudiha]]
*[[Nawada]]
*[[Nayagaon, Bihar|Naya Gaon]]
*[[Nazarmira]]
*[[Pahleza Ghat]]
*[[Parmanandpur]]
*[[Parvezabad]]
*[[Rahar Diyara]]
*[[Rahimpur]]
*[[Raipur Hasanpur]]
*Rajapur
*[[Ramsapur]]
*[[Rasen Chak]]
*[[Rasulpur]]
*Saidpur
*Sabalpur
*[[Salehpur]]
*[[Semara]]
*[[Shahpur, Bihar|Shahpur]]<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999</ref>
*[[Shekh Duman]]
*Shikarpur
*[[Sighinpur]]
*[[Siktia]]
*[[Sobhepur]]
*Sultanpur

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sonpur Block, Bihar}}
{{Saran district}}

[[Category:Villages in Saran district|*]]
[[Category:Lists of villages in Bihar|Sonepur]]

AgniKul Cosmos

2026-03-28T01:48:22Z

Mpsep15: quick expanded layout per standard format and corrected details

{{Short description|Indian private aerospace company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox company
| name = AgniKul Cosmos Private Limited
| logo = Agnikul logo.svg
| logo_size = 500px
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| industry = [[Space industry|Space]]
| founder = {{bulleted list
| Srinath Ravichandran
| Moin SPM
| Satyanaryan Chakravarthy
| Janardhana Raju
}}
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1 December 2017}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=AGNIKUL COSMOS PRIVATE LIMITED |url=https://www.indiafilings.com/search/agnikul-cosmos-private-limited-cin-U74999TN2017PTC119779#:~:text=AGNIKUL%20COSMOS%20PRIVATE%20LIMITED%20is,to%20further%20update%20these%20figures. |access-date=2025-05-25 |website=IndiaFilings |language=en}}</ref>
| hq_location_city = National Centre for Combustion Research and Development, [[IIT Madras]], [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| hq_location_country = [[India]]
| key_people = {{ubl
|Srinath Ravichandran ([[Chief executive officer|CEO]])
|Moin SPM ([[Chief operating officer|COO]])
}}
| products = {{hlist
|[[Agnibaan SOrTeD]]
|[[Agnibaan]]
|Satellite propulsion systems
}}
| services = [[Launch service provider]]
| revenue =
| num_employees = 150-200
| num_employees_year =
| members =
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.agnikul.in/|agnikul.in}}
}}

'''AgniKul Cosmos Private Limited'''{{efn|pronounced: [[Help:IPA/Sanskrit|ɐɡnikul]] ([[ISO 15919|ISO]]: ''Agnikula''); According to the founders of the company, 'AgniKul' is the portmanteau of '[[Agni]]' and '[[Gurukula]]', and the name therefore translates to "a place where people learn to use fire"}} is a private Indian [[aerospace manufacturer]] and commercial [[List of launch service providers#Corporate|launch service provider]] based in National Centre for Combustion Research and Development (NCCRD) of [[IIT Madras]], [[Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Agnikul|url=https://agnikul.in/#/about|access-date=2022-01-24|website=agnikul.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-01 |title=Agnikul: From IIT-M brainchild to space odyssey |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/agnikul-from-iit-m-brainchild-to-space-odyssey/articleshow/110604218.cms |access-date=2024-06-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The start up aims to develop and launch its own [[small-lift launch vehicle]] such as the [[Agnibaan]], capable of placing {{cvt|100|kg}} payload into a {{cvt|700|km}} orbit.

The first suborbital test vehicle was successfully launched on 30 May 2024. This mission achieved several notable milestones including world's first flight with a single-piece 3D-printed engine, India's first semi-cryo engine launch and India's first launch from a private launch pad.
[[File:Reuniões com Autoridades e o Astronauta Russo Oleg Kotov (51685110523).jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|right|Mockups of the Agnibaan launch vehicle and its engine at the [[International Astronautical Congress]] 2021.]]

== History ==
The company was founded by Srinath Ravichandran, Moin SPM, Satyanarayanan Chakravarthy and Janardhana Raju within IIT Madras with a seed funding of {{INRConvert|3|c|year=2017}} with aim to develop and launch its first rocket in 2021 and subsequently develop ability to provide launch service for satellites weighing up to {{cvt|100|kg}}.<ref name="YS1">{{Cite news|last=Reddy|first=Krishna|date=2019-05-29|title=WATCH: IIT Madras-incubated Agnikul is aiming to become the first Indian startup to put small satellites into space}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Upadhyay |first=Shyam Nandan |date=2023-10-18 |title=Agnikul Looks to Make India A Global Space Hub |url=https://analyticsindiamag.com/agnikul-looks-to-make-india-a-global-space-hub/ |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=AIM |language=en-US}}</ref> The start-up later managed to raise up to {{INRConvert|23.4|c|year=2020}} from investors.<ref name="YS2">{{Cite news|last=Kashyaap|first=Sindhu|date=2020-03-18|title=[Funding alert] Spacetech startup Agnikul raises Rs 23.4 Cr in pre-Series A round led by pi Ventures}}</ref> Till end of 2020, the company had raised almost $4 million and headed towards [[ISRO]] for advisory.<ref name="FT20">{{Cite news|last=Srinivasan|first=Srinath|date=2020-11-26|title=Into a new orbit: Making space for small satellites|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/sme/into-a-new-orbit-making-space-for-small-satellites/2136645/|newspaper=The Financial Times|access-date=2020-12-07}}</ref> A [[Non-disclosure agreement|Non-Disclosure Agreement]] (NDA) was signed with [[Department of Space]] to obtain government's technological assistance in development of launch vehicles.<ref name="NDA20">{{Cite news|date=2020-12-03|title=Non-Disclosure Agreement signed with M/s Agnikul|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/03-dec-2020/non-disclosure-agreement-signed-with-m-s-agnikul|work=ISRO|access-date=2020-12-07|archive-date=4 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204013032/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/03-dec-2020/non-disclosure-agreement-signed-with-m-s-agnikul|url-status=dead}}</ref> Although the company entered an agreement with [[Alaska Aerospace Corporation]] to launch rocket from [[Pacific Spaceport Complex – Alaska|Kodiak Launch Complex]] as a commercial launch pad to test rockets was not available in India, the deal eventually fizzled out as no progress was made with the vehicle.<ref name="BS20">{{Cite news|last=Narasimhan|first=TE|date=2020-10-01|title=Agnikul signs agreement with Alaska Aerospace to test launch its rocket|url=https://wap.business-standard.com/article/companies/agnikul-signs-agreement-with-alaska-aerospace-to-test-launch-its-rocket-120100101112_1.html|newspaper=Business Standard|location=Chennai|access-date=2020-12-07}}</ref> AgniKul has received investment from personal capacity of [[Anand Mahindra]], chairman of [[Mahindra Group]]. Although, amount was not specified.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-02-10|title=Anand Mahindra backs space startup Agnikul Cosmos|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/funding/anand-mahindra-backs-space-startup-agnikul-cosmos/articleshow/80785521.cms|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=2021-02-11}}</ref>

AgniKul signed a framework agreement with the Department of Space in September 2021 for access to ISRO facilities and technical expertise for the development of its two-stage small-satellite Agnibaan launch vehicle.<ref>{{cite web |title=ISRO signs agreement with Agnikul Cosmos allowing it access to facilities, expertise to build launch vehicles |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/isro-signs-agreement-with-agnikul-cosmos-allowing-it-access-to-facilities-expertise-to-build-launch-vehicles-9980321.html |website=Firstpost |access-date=24 September 2021 |date=20 September 2021}}</ref> On 7 November 2022, Agnikul Cosmos bought its first Flight Termination System (FTS) from ISRO. It will be used in Agnibaan scheduled for launch from [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2022-11-11 |title=ISRO supplies rocket system to support private launch vehicle |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/isro-supplies-rocket-system-to-support-private-launch-vehicle-11668158036226.html |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

In October 2023, AgniKul raised $26.7 million in a Series B funding round, bringing the total capital raised since its inception to $40 million. Both existing and new investors participated in the round.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wang |first=Catherine |title=Indian Space Startup Raises $26.7 Million Series B To Launch Satellites Using 3D-Printed Rocket Engines |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/catherinewang/2023/10/17/indian-space-startup-raises-267-million-series-b-to-launch-satellites-using-3d-printed-rocket-engines/ |access-date=2023-10-18 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-18 |title=Space startup Agnikul Cosmos raises ₹200 crore |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/space-startup-agnikul-cosmos-raises-200-crore/articleshow/104510406.cms |access-date=2023-10-18 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Recent funding rounds and reports from March 2026 place the company's valuation at over '''$500 million'''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vardhan |first=Gyan |date=Nov 22, 2025 |title=Agnikul raises $17 Mn at $500 Mn valuation to scale launches and infra |url=https://entrackr.com/news/agnikul-raises-17-mn-at-500-mn-valuation-to-scale-launches-and-infra-10801995 |access-date=March 27, 2026 |work=Entrackr}}</ref>

According to co-founder and CEO Srinath Ravichandran, Agnikul is attempting to perfect the technology of firing several engines simultaneously and conducting experiments for stage separation following the success of the [[Agnibaan SOrTeD]] mission. Additionally, the company began constructing rigs, which will take six to seven months. The first orbital launch will occur three months after rigs construction is complete.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2 June 2024 |title=Agnikul Cosmos aims for early 2025 launches following successful test-flight of Agnibaan rocket |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/agnikul-cosmos-eyes-early-2025-satellite-launches/cid/2024185 |access-date=3 June 2024 |work=The Telegraph}}</ref>

They have inaugurated a '''Large Format Additive Metal Manufacturing (LFAMM)''' facility, which houses India's largest 3D metal printer dedicated to rocket components.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=ET Online |first=Economic Times |date=March 25, 2026 |title=Agnikul’s 'Agnite' test marks breakthrough in 3D-printed rocket engines |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/agnikuls-agnite-test-marks-breakthrough-in-3d-printed-rocket-engines/articleshow/129794379.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |access-date=March 27, 2026 |work=Economic Times}}</ref>

In February 2026, AgniKul Cosmos announced a partnership with Neevcloud to build a proof of concept model for a space-based AI data center, to be launched by Agnibaan.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-02-13 |title=Agnikul, NeevCloud to launch India’s first orbital AI data centre platform |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/artificial-intelligence/agnikul-neevcloud-to-launch-indias-first-orbital-ai-data-centre-platform/articleshow/128274210.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-02-17 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> The project aims to utilize the cold environment and solar energy of space to solve Earth-bound cooling and power issues for AI processing, with a target launch as early as 2027.

The company now claims they can 3D print an entire engine in just 7 days, reducing the traditional manufacturing timeline by nearly 97%.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=March 25, 2026 |title=Spacetech startup Agnikul Cosmos 3D prints booster engine in 7 days; eyes up to 30 launches a year |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/startups/spacetech-startup-agnikul-cosmos-3d-prints-booster-engine-in-7-days-eyes-up-to-30-launches-a-year/articleshow/129784855.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |access-date=March 27, 2026 |website=Economic Times}}</ref>

The Tamil Nadu government, through its industrial arm TIDCO, invested ₹25 crore in AgniKul in early 2026. This is notable as it marks the first time a government body in India has taken an equity stake in a space startup.<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 14, 2026 |title=Tamil Nadu govt invests Rs 25 crore in space startup Agnikul Cosmos |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/startups/tamil-nadu-govt-invests-rs-25-crore-in-space-startup-agnikul-cosmos/articleshow/129579645.cms?from=mdr |access-date=March 27, 2016 |work=Economic Times}}</ref>

== Launch vehicle ==
{{Main|Agnibaan}}
[[File:Agnibaan-rocket.svg|thumb|60px|A graphical representation of the Agnibaan launch vehicle]]
Agnibaan ([[ISO 15919|ISO]]: Agnibāṇa) (''{{lit|Arrow of Fire}}'') is envisaged to be a mobile launch system capable of placing a {{cvt|100|kg}} satellite into a {{cvt|700|km}} orbit. The rocket will be 18 meters long with a diameter of 1.3 meters and a lift-off mass of {{cvt|14000|kg}}. It will use clustered engines on first stage in various configurations depending upon the payload and will only use [[Liquid oxygen|LOX]] and [[RP-1|Kerosene]] based engines.<ref name="Agnibaan">{{Cite web|title=Agnibaan|url=https://agnikul.in/#/products|work=AgniKul Cosmos|access-date=2020-12-07}}</ref> A single-stage suborbital demonstrator, nicknamed [[Agnibaan SOrTeD]] (Suborbital Tech Demonstrator) was successfully launched on 30 May 2024 as a suborbital test flight.<ref name="NDTV">{{cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/isros-backing-dogged-will-how-chennai-start-up-scripted-rocket-history-5776205 |title=ISRO's Backing, Dogged Will: How Chennai Start-Up Scripted Rocket History |date=30 May 2024 |access-date=30 May 2024 |work=NDTV}}</ref><ref name="The Times of India">{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/agnikul-successfully-launches-sorted-achieves-many-firsts/articleshow/110550212.cms |title=Agnikul successfully launches SOrTeD, achieves many firsts |date=30 May 2024 |access-date=30 May 2024 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> The mission also confirmed the use of '''Linux-based flight computers''' and an '''Ethernet-based architecture''', a first for Indian rockets.

The Agnibaan launch vehicle distinguishes itself from conventional liquid-propellant rockets by utilizing an '''Electric Pump-Fed cycle'''. This architecture employs high-discharge brushless DC motors to drive propellant pumps, effectively eliminating the need for complex pre-burners or gas generators. By replacing traditional turbomachinery with an electric system, AgniKul has significantly simplified the engine's internal plumbing, enabling a "plug-and-play" approach to engine clustering. The system is designed to run on a semi-cryogenic propellant combination of sub-cooled Liquid Oxygen (LOX) and Aviation Turbine Fuel (ATF), which offers a balance of high performance and simplified handling compared to full cryogenic systems. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Indian Defence News |first=Indian Defence News |date=Feb 23, 2026 |title=Agnikul Cosmos Achieves India's First Successful Test of Clustered (3-Engines Simultaneously) Semi-Cryogenic Engines With 3D-Printed Powerplants |url=https://www.indiandefensenews.in/2026/02/agnikul-cosmos-achieves-indias-first.html |access-date=March 27, 2026 |website=Indian Defence News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=AGNIBAAN |url=https://agnikul.in/product/ |access-date=March 27, 2026 |website=Agnikul}}</ref>

A primary technical advantage of this architecture is Software-Defined Throttling, where the speed of the electric motors can be adjusted near-instantaneously via flight algorithms. This provides a level of precision in thrust control that is traditionally difficult to achieve with gas-driven turbopumps. These electric pumps feed into single-piece 3D-printed engines made of Inconel, such as the Agnilet and the larger Agnite booster, which stands one metre tall. The integration of additive manufacturing and electric propulsion allows the company to produce a complete engine in as little as seven days, facilitating rapid, on-demand launch capabilities for the small-satellite market.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Science Desk |first=India Tooday |date=Feb 24, 2026 |title=Watch: Indian space startup Agnikul fires cluster rocket engines for the first time |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/india-agnibaan-agnikul-private-space-travel-record-rocket-test-three-engines-reusable-innovation-space-isro-technology-2873466-2026-02-24 |access-date=March 27, 2026 |work=India Today}}</ref>

== Rocket engines ==
*In February 2021, Agnikul test fired its semi-cryogenic [[rocket engine]] Agnilet which will power second stage of its rocket Agnibaan for the first time. Agnikul claimed the engine has been developed in single-piece through [[3D printing]] with no assembled parts.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-02-11|title=Agnikul Cosmos fires single-piece, 3D printed rocket engine|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/agnikul-cosmos-fires-single-piece-3d-printed-rocket-engine-6491661.html|newspaper=MoneyControl|access-date=2021-02-11}}</ref>
* On 8 November 2022, Agnilet was successfully test fired for a few seconds on Vertical Test Facility, [[Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station]] (TERLS), at [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre|Vikram Sarabhai Space Center]] (VSSC) to validate the design and manufacturing methodology used in the development process. AgniKul Cosmos holds the patent for design and manufacturing of single-piece rocket engine. The first dedicated factory to manufacture large number of 3D printed rocket engines is in IIT Madras Research Park.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kandavel |first=Sangeetha |date=2022-11-08 |title=Chennai-headquartered Agnikul Cosmos successfully test-fires 3D-printed rocket engine |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/chennai-headquartered-agnikul-cosmos-successfully-test-fires-3d-printed-rocket-engine/article66112203.ece |access-date=2022-11-09 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
*On 7 February 2023, flight acceptance test of Angilet for Agnikul's controlled sub-orbital flight was successfully conducted. The engine was completely manufactured at Agnikul's Rocket Factory - 1. In this particular test, engine was fired over and above the mission burn time as required for flight acceptance.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bj805ThRvtM|title=Flight acceptance test of Agnilet engine for Agnikul's upcoming controlled suborbital flight |website=youtube.com|access-date=October 25, 2025}}</ref>
*On 25th February 2025, Agnikul fires a cluster stack of three Agnilet engines.Each of the Semi-cryogenic units were 3-D printed at Agnikul's Rocket Factory-1 in Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Science Desk |first=India Today |date=2026-02-24 |title=Watch: Indian space startup Agnikul fires cluster rocket engines for the first time |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/india-agnibaan-agnikul-private-space-travel-record-rocket-test-three-engines-reusable-innovation-space-isro-technology-2873466-2026-02-24 |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
*'''Agnite Engine Test''' (March 2026), Agnikul successfully test-fired the Agnite booster engine, which is a 1-metre long single-piece 3D-printed rocket engine of its kind.<ref name=":0" />
*'''Cluster Firing''' (February 2026), In a historic first for an Indian private entity, AgniKul successfully test-fired a cluster of three semi-cryogenic engines simultaneously. This validated their proprietary software's ability to sync multiple electric-motor-driven pumps.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ismail |first=Mohd |date=Feb 26, 2026 |title=Agnikul Cosmos Achieves Historic Triple Engine Cluster Firing |url=https://gbp.com.sg/stories/agnikul-cosmos-achieves-historic-triple-engine-cluster-firing/ |url-status=live |access-date=March 27, 2026 |website=GBP Aerospace & Defence}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

== Launch pad and mission control centre ==
AgniKul Cosmos inaugurated first private launch pad and mission control centre in India at the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in [[Sriharikota]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] on 28 November 2022. The launchpad and the mission control centre are 4 km apart from one another. At present, the launchpad can handle liquid stage launch vehicle.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-29 |title=Agnikul inaugurates India's first private space vehicle launchpad in Sriharikota |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/agnikul-cosmos-launchpad-mission-control-center-sriharikota-8296006/ |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> All the critical systems performing functions at Agnikul launchpad (ALP) and the Agnikul mission control center (AMCC) have high degree of redundancy to ensure 100% operationality although none of these systems were tested so far.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kandavel |first=Sangeetha |date=2022-11-28 |title=Agnikul Cosmos sets up India's first private space vehicle launchpad at Sriharikota |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/chennai-based-agnikul-cosmos-inaugurates-first-launchpad-mission-control-center-at-sriharikota/article66194809.ece |access-date=2022-11-30 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> ISRO's range operations team will monitor key flight safety parameters during launches from ALP while AMCC can share critical data with ISRO's Mission Control Center.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 November 2022 |title=Space start-up Agnikul Cosmos sets up India's first private launch pad |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/space-start-up-agnikul-cosmos-sets-up-india-first-private-launch-pad-2302603-2022-11-28 |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Both the facilities have support of ISRO and [[Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre]] (IN-SPACe).<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 November 2022 |title=Space startup Agnikul Cosmos inaugurates India's first private launchpad at Sriharikota |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/science/space-startup-agnikul-cosmos-inaugurates-indias-first-private-launchpad-at-sriharikota/2895477/ |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

== Industry collaboration ==
An agreement has been signed by Nibe Space, a division of Nibe Defence and Aerospace on 9 September 2024, with AgniKul Cosmos, [[Skyroot Aerospace]], [[Centum Electronics]], SpaceFields, Sisir Radar, CYRAN AI Solutions, and [[Larsen & Toubro]] for the launch of India's first constellation of multi-sensor, all-weather, high-revisit Earth observation satellites.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shukla |first1=Ajai |date=11 September 2024 |title=Nibe shoots for stars with Earth observation satellite constellation |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/nibe-shoots-for-stars-with-earth-observation-satellite-constellation-124091101304_1.html |access-date=18 September 2024 |publisher=Business Standard}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal bar|India|Rocketry|Spaceflight}}
* [[Space industry of India]]
** [[ISRO]]
** [[Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre|IN–SPACe]]
** [[Indian Space Association]]
* [[List of private spaceflight companies]]
** [[Agnibaan]]
** [[Skyroot Aerospace]]
** [[Bellatrix Aerospace]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{official website|https://agnikul.in/}}

{{Clear}}
{{Indian space programme}}
{{Indian spacecraft}}
{{Indian launch systems}}
{{India topics}}

[[Category:Aerospace companies]]
[[Category:Rockets and missiles]]
[[Category:Space programme of India]]
[[Category:Indian private spaceflight companies]]
[[Category:Private spaceflight companies]]
[[Category:Rocket engine manufacturers of India]]
[[Category:Commercial launch service providers]]
[[Category:Spacecraft manufacturers]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2017]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:2017 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]

Augustus

2026-03-27T17:32:45Z

Mpsep15: fix intro for clarity and updated info

{{Short description|Roman emperor from 27 BC to AD 14}}
{{About|the first Roman emperor||Augustus (title){{!}}''Augustus'' (title)|and|Augustus (disambiguation)|and|Octavian (disambiguation)}}
{{Featured article}}
{{Pp-move}}
{{Pp|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox royalty
| title = {{lang|la|[[Princeps]]}}
| image = Augustus of Prima Porta (inv. 2290).jpg
| alt = A full-length statue portrait of Augustus. He is depicted wearing armor that shows the story of one of his diplomatic gains as well as with a small cherub and dolphin by his right leg.
| caption = The [[Augustus of Prima Porta]], a [[Roman marble statue]] created {{circa}} AD{{nbsp}}15 (based on a {{circa}} 20{{nbsp}}BC bronze original), found at the [[Villa of Livia]], now in the [[Vatican Museums]]{{sfn|Galinsky|2012|pp=75–76}}
| succession = [[Roman emperor]]
| reign = 16 January 27{{nbsp}}BC – {{awrap|19 August AD{{nbsp}}14}}
| reign-type = [[Reign of Augustus|Reign]]
| predecessor =
| successor = [[Tiberius]]
| occupation = {{ubl
|[[Roman consul|Consul]] (43, 33, 31–23, 5, 2{{nbsp}}BC)
|[[Second Triumvirate|Triumvir]] (43–27{{nbsp}}BC)
|[[Pontifex Maximus]] (from 12{{nbsp}}BC)}}
| birth_name = Gaius [[Octavia gens|Octavius]]
| birth_date = 23 September 63{{nbsp}}BC
| birth_place = [[Rome]], [[Roman Republic]]
| death_date = 19 August AD{{nbsp}}14 (aged 75)
| death_place = [[Nola]], [[Roman Italy|Italia]], [[Roman Empire]]
| burial_place = [[Mausoleum of Augustus]], Rome
| spouses = {{ubl|item_style={{longitem}}|
[[Claudia (wife of Octavian)|Claudia]] ({{married-in|42 BC}}; div. 40{{nbsp}}BC)
|[[Scribonia (wife of Octavian)|Scribonia]] (m. 40{{nbsp}}BC; div. 38{{nbsp}}BC)
|[[Livia]] (m. 37{{nbsp}}BC)}}
| issue = {{Unbulleted list
|[[Julia the Elder]]
|[[Gaius Caesar]] (adopted)
|[[Lucius Caesar]] (adopted)
|[[Agrippa Postumus]] (adopted)
|[[Tiberius]] (adopted)}}
| regnal name = [[Imperator]] Caesar Augustus
| dynasty = [[Julio-Claudian]]
| father = {{Unbulleted list|
[[Gaius Octavius (father of Augustus)|Gaius Octavius]]
|[[Julius Caesar]] (adoptive)}}
| mother = [[Atia (mother of Augustus)|Atia]]
| module = {{Infobox officeholder|embed=yes
| allegiance = [[Roman Republic]] [[Roman Empire]]
| serviceyears = 43–25{{nbsp}}BC
| battles =
{{Tree list}}
* [[War of Mutina]]
** [[Battle of Forum Gallorum]]
** [[Battle of Mutina]]
* [[Liberators' Civil War]]
** [[Battle of Philippi]]
* [[Perusine War]]
* [[Bellum Siculum]]
** [[Battle of Tauromenium]]
* [[Octavian's military campaigns in Illyricum|Illyricum Campaigns]]
* [[War of Actium]]
** [[Battle of Actium]]
** [[Battle of Alexandria (30 BC)|Battle of Alexandria]]
* [[Cantabrian Wars]]
{{Tree list/end}}}}
}}
{{Julio-Claudian dynasty|image=[[File:Great Cameo of France-removebg.png|150px]]|caption=}}

'''Augustus''' (born '''Gaius Octavius'''; 23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14), also known as '''Octavian''' ({{langx|la|Octavianus}}), was the founder of the [[Roman Empire]] and the first [[Roman emperor]] from 27 BC until his death in AD 14.{{Efn|The dates of his rule are contemporary dates; Augustus lived under two calendars, the [[Roman calendar|Roman Republican]] until 45{{nbsp}}BC and the [[Julian calendar|Julian]] after 45 BC. Due to departures from [[Julius Caesar]]'s intentions, Augustus finished restoring the Julian calendar in March AD 4 and the correspondence between the [[proleptic Julian calendar]] and the calendar observed in Rome is uncertain before 8 BC.{{sfn|Blackburn|Holford-Strevens|2003|pp=670–671}}}} The [[reign of Augustus]] initiated an [[Roman imperial cult|imperial cult]] and an era of [[imperial peace]] (the {{lang|la|[[Pax Romana]]}} or {{lang|la|[[Ara Pacis|Pax Augusta]]}}) in which the [[Ancient Rome|Roman world]] was largely free of armed conflict. The [[principate]], a style of government where the emperor showed nominal deference to [[Roman Senate|the Senate]],{{sfnm|Richardson|2012|1p=225|2a1=Cavalieri|2a2=Assenmaker|2a3=Cavagna|2a4=Engels|2y=2022|2p=18}} was established during his reign and lasted until the [[Crisis of the Third Century]].

Octavian [[Early life of Augustus|was born]] into an [[equites|equestrian branch]] of the [[plebeian]] [[Octavia gens|{{lang|la|gens|nocat=y}} Octavia]]. After his great-uncle, the [[Dictator perpetuo|''dictator'']] [[Julius Caesar]], was [[assassination of Julius Caesar|assassinated]] in 44 BC, Octavian, whom Caesar named as his [[Inheritance law in ancient Rome|primary heir]] in his will, inherited Caesar's estate and [[Rise of Augustus|assumed his name]]. He fought for the loyalty of [[Roman army of the late Republic|Caesar's legions]]. He was made a senator during a [[War of Mutina|state emergency]] and seized power by marching on Rome in 43 BC, becoming its youngest elected [[Roman consul|consul]]. He, [[Mark Antony]], and [[Marcus Lepidus]] formed [[Second Triumvirate|a triumvirate regime]] with [[Lex Titia|legally sanctioned]] powers to [[proscriptions of the Second Triumvirate|outlaw]] and oppose [[Caesar's assassins and their allies]]. Following their victory at the [[Battle of Philippi]] in 42 BC, the triumvirate divided the [[Roman Republic]] among themselves and ruled as ''de facto'' oligarchs. The triumvirate was eventually torn apart by the competing ambitions of its members; Octavian had Lepidus exiled in 36 BC for [[Bellum Siculum|opposing him]] in [[Roman Sicily|Sicily]], while [[Marcus Agrippa]], Octavian's naval commander, [[War of Actium|defeated Antony]] in [[Roman Greece|Greece]] at the [[Battle of Actium]] in 31 BC. Antony and his wife [[Cleopatra]], the [[Ptolemaic dynasty|Ptolemaic]] queen of [[Ptolemaic Kingdom|Egypt]], [[death of Cleopatra|killed themselves]] during [[Octavian's invasion of Egypt]], which then became Octavian's [[Roman Egypt|personal property]].

After the demise of the [[triumvirate]], Augustus reached an accord with the remaining Roman elite: he would restore the facade of a [[Crisis of the Roman Republic|free republic]], centered around the Senate, the [[Roman magistrate|executive magistrates]] and the [[Roman assemblies|legislative assemblies]]. But his [[Political history of the Roman military|control of the military]] and half of [[Rome's provinces]] meant he maintained [[Legatus Augusti pro praetore|autocratic power]] legitimized by his appointment as [[commander-in-chief]] of most [[Imperial Roman army|Roman armies]]. To avoid the appearance of [[Roman monarchy|monarchy]] or [[Roman dictator|dictatorship]], he eventually refused to stand for reelection to the consulship, but the Senate [[Constitutional reforms of Augustus|granted him the powers]] of the [[tribunate]] and [[Roman censor|censorship]] and the titles {{lang|la|[[princeps]]}} ('first citizen'), {{lang|la|[[Augustus (title)|augustus]]}} ('the revered'), and {{lang|la|[[pater patriae]]}} ({{literally|father of the country}}), and named [[Julian calendar|the month]] of [[August]] after him. After the death of Lepidus, Augustus also assumed the title of {{lang|la|[[pontifex maximus]]}} ('supreme pontiff').

Augustus dramatically [[Wars of Augustus|enlarged the Empire]], annexing Egypt, [[Dalmatia (Roman province)|Dalmatia]], [[Pannonia]], [[Noricum]], and [[Raetia]], expanding possessions in [[Africa (Roman province)|Africa]], and completing the conquest of [[Hispania]]. His expansionism, however, suffered [[Battle of the Teutoburg Forest|a major setback]] in [[Germania]]. Beyond the frontiers, he secured the empire with a buffer region of [[client state]]s and negotiated peace treaties with the [[Parthian Empire]] and [[Kingdom of Kush]]. He reformed the Roman system of [[Taxation in ancient Rome|taxation]] and [[Coinage reform of Augustus|currency]], developed [[Roman roads|networks of roads]] with an [[cursus publicus|official courier system]], established a standing professional army, established the [[Praetorian Guard]] as well as official [[cohortes urbanae|police]] and [[vigiles|fire-fighting services]] for [[Rome]], and renovated much of the city during his reign. Augustus was a [[Augustan literature (ancient Rome)|writer]] and [[Patronage in ancient Rome|patron]] of [[Augustan poetry|poets]] such as [[Virgil]], and has been featured in [[Cultural depictions of Augustus|various works of art]] from [[Classical antiquity|ancient]] to modern times. He died in AD 14 at age 75 from natural causes, and the Senate posthumously [[Roman deification|deified]] him. Persistent rumors have claimed his wife [[Livia]] poisoned him. He was [[List of Roman emperors|succeeded as emperor]] by his stepson and adoptive son [[Tiberius]].

== Name ==
Augustus ({{IPAc-en|ɔː|ˈ|ɡ|ʌ|s|t|ə|s|}} {{Respell|aw|GUST|əs|}}) was known by many names throughout his life:{{sfn|Southern|2014|p=1}}
* '''{{langr|la|Gaius Octavius}}''':{{sfnm|Southern|2014|1p=1|Goldsworthy|2014|2p=6, 88–89}} ({{IPAc-en|ɒ|k|ˈ|t|eɪ|v|i|ə|s}} {{Respell|ok|TAY|vee|əs}}; {{IPA|la|ˈɡaːiʊs ɔkˈtaːwiʊs|lang}}). According to [[Suetonius]],{{sfn|Luke|2015|pp=246 (rejecting the story from {{harvnb|Suetonius, ''Augustus''|loc=7.1}})}} the [[cognomen]] '''{{langr|la|Thurinus}}''' ({{IPA|la|tʰuːˈriːnʊs|lang}}, 'of [[Thurii]]') was given in his infancy to commemorate his father's victory over followers of [[Spartacus]] at Thurii.{{sfnm|Fratantuono|2016|1p=xix|Southern|2014|2p=3|Goldsworthy|2014|3p=45|Zerbey IV|2016|4p=25|Luke|2015|5pp=242–266, but arguing instead that Octavius chose the name to identify himself with his father's pacification of the area}}{{Efn|[[Cassius Dio]] instead gives him the name {{lang|la|Caepias}}, probably a corruption of {{lang|la|Scaptia}}, the name of Octavius' birth [[Roman tribe|tribe]].{{sfn|Lindsay|2009|p=89, citing {{harvnb|Dio|loc=45.1.1}} }} }} [[Julius Caesar]]'s assassin [[Marcus Junius Brutus]] referred to Octavian as ''Octavius'', rejecting Octavian's claim to testamentary adoption.{{sfn|Galinsky|2012|p=16}}
* '''{{langr|la|Gaius Julius Caesar}}''':{{sfnm|Southern|2014|1p=1|Goldsworthy|2014|2pp=6–7, 88–89}} After his adoption by Julius Caesar on the latter's death in 44 BC, he took Caesar's [[Nomen gentilicium|nomen]] and cognomen.{{sfnm|Bringmann|2007|1p=283|Levick|2009|2p=209|Shotter|2005|3p=1|Goldsworthy|2014|4p=6}} Historians often distinguished him from his adoptive father by adding {{lang|la|Octavianus}} ({{IPA|la|ɔktaːwiˈaːnʊs|lang}}) after the name,{{sfnm|Bringmann|2007|1p=283|Goldsworthy|2014|2p=6}} denoting that he was a former member of the [[gens Octavia]]. There is no evidence that Augustus did this himself,{{sfnm|Fratantuono|2016|1pp=xviii–xix, 154–155 (endnote 3)|Goldsworthy|2014|2pp=6–7}} although [[Cicero]] and some other contemporaries called him Gaius Octavius,{{sfn|Southern|2014|p=45}} Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus,{{sfnm|Bringmann|2007|1p=283|Galinsky|2012|2p=16|Southern|2014|3p=37}} or "young Caesar".{{sfn|Galinsky|2012|p=16}} Historians usually refer to him as Octavian ({{IPAc-en|ɒ|k|ˈ|t|eɪ|v|i|ə|n}} {{Respell|ok|TAY|vee|ən}}) for the period between 44 and 27 BC.{{sfnm|Shelton|1998|1p=58|Goldsworthy|2014|2p=6}}
* '''{{langr|la|Imperator Caesar}}''':{{sfnm|Southern|2014|1pp=34, 131|Goldsworthy|2014|2p=6}} Octavian's early coins and inscriptions all refer to him simply as Gaius Caesar, but by 38 BC he had replaced {{lang|la|Gaius}} with the victory title {{lang|la|[[imperator]]}} ('commander').{{sfnm|Hammond|1957|1page=[[iarchive:memoirsofamerica25ameruoft/page/20|21]] n. 1|Syme|1958|2pp=176, 179, 181–183, 185|Goldsworthy|2014|3p=6}} His [[Julio-Claudian family tree|family line]] would continue the use of the name {{lang|la|Caesar}}, a cognomen for one branch of the [[Julia gens|Julian family]], and eventually this would form a standard [[Caesar (title)|imperial title]].{{sfn|Eck|Takács|2007|p=57}}
* '''{{langr|la|Imperator Caesar Augustus}}''':{{sfnm|Hammond|1957|1pp=21, 55|Galinsky|2012|2pp=66–67|3a1=Eck|3a2=Takács|3y=2007|3p=57}} In 27 BC the Senate granted him the honorific {{lang|la|[[Augustus (title)|Augustus]]}} ({{IPA|la|au̯ˈɡʊstʊs|lang}}) ('the revered').{{sfnm|Bringmann|2007|1pp=304, 307|Eder|2005|2p=13}} Historians use this name, or its converse Augustus Caesar, to refer to him from 27 BC until his death in AD 14.{{sfnm|Galinsky|2005|1pp=7–8|Galinsky|2012|2p=16|Goldsworthy|2014|3p=6}}

== Early life ==
{{Main|Early life of Augustus}}

{{further|Julio-Claudian family tree}}
[[File:GaiusOctavius.jpg|thumb|upright|right|An idealized [[Roman sculpted portrait]] of Octavius as a teenager, possibly produced posthumously or when he was much older, now located in the [[Vatican Museums]]{{sfn|Southern|2014|p=24, Fig. 1.3}}|alt=Bust of Augustus as a young Gaius Octavius]]

Octavian was born as Gaius Octavius in [[Rome]] on 23 September 63 BC,{{sfnm|Bringmann|2007|1p=283|Galinsky|2012|2pp=xv, 2–3|Lewis|2023|3pp=21–23|Southern|2014|4pp=1, 5|5a1=Eck|5a2=Takács|5y=2007|5p=7|Goldsworthy|2014|6pp=19, 23}}{{efn|Historians Anne-Marie Lewis and [[Karl Galinsky]] explain the scholarly debate surrounding Octavius's precise date of birth. Evidence that it had occurred on 22 September is based on statements by historians such as [[Suetonius]] and [[Velleius Paterculus]], though [[Cassius Dio]] affirms that it occurred on 23 September, and confusion also stems from the transition of using the early Republican [[Roman calendar]] to using the [[Julian Calendar]] during Octavius's lifetime.{{sfnm|Lewis|2023|1pp=21–23|Galinsky|2012|2pp=2–3}}}} at a family property on the [[Palatine Hill]].{{sfnm|Lewis|2023|1p=21|Southern|2014|2p=5|Goldsworthy|2014|3p=32}} His father, [[Gaius Octavius (father of Augustus)|Gaius Octavius]], came from a moderately wealthy [[Equites|equestrian]] family of the {{lang|la|[[gens Octavia]]}}.{{sfnm|Lewis|2023|1p=34|Shotter|2005|2pp=1–2|Southern|2014|3pp=1–3|4a1=Eck|4a2=Takács|4y=2007|4p=6|Goldsworthy|2014|5p=33}} He ascended the [[cursus honorum]],{{sfnm|Shotter|2005|1pp=1–2|Luc|2024|2p=133|Southern|2014|3pp=5–6|Goldsworthy|2014|4pp=32–33, 35–37, 40–44}}{{efn|The elder [[Gaius Octavius (father of Augustus)|Gaius Octavius]] was [[quaestor]] {{circa|73}}, [[aedile]] {{circa|64}}, and [[praetor]] in 61 BC.{{sfnm|Shotter|2005|1pp=1–2|Luc|2024|2p=133|Southern|2014|3pp=5–6|Goldsworthy|2014|4pp=32–33, 35–37, 40–44|Broughton|1952|5pp=110 (quaestorship), 162 (aedilate), 179 (praetorship), 191 (proconsulship and proclamation as {{lang|la|imperator}}), 595 (index entry)}}}} and served as a [[proconsul]]ar [[Roman governor|governor]] of [[Macedonia (Roman province)|Macedonia]].{{sfnm|Galinsky|2012|1p=5|Southern|2014|2p=7|3a1=Eck|3a2=Takács|3y=2007|3p=6|Goldsworthy|2014|4pp=44–45|Broughton|1952|5pp=191 (proconsulship and proclamation as {{lang|la|imperator}}), 595 (index entry)}}{{efn|The elder Octavius was acclaimed as {{lang|la|[[imperator]]}} for his victory over the [[Thracian]] [[Bessi]] tribe that invaded during his [[proconsul]]ar governorship over [[Macedonia (Roman province)|Macedonia]].{{sfnm|Goldsworthy|2014|1p=45|2a1=Eck|2a2=Takács|2y=2007|2p=6|Richardson|2012|3p=5|Broughton|1952|4pp=110 (quaestorship), 162 (aedilate), 179 (praetorship), 191 (proconsulship and proclamation as {{lang|la|imperator}}), 595 (index entry). Broughton cites the {{lang|la|elogium}} for Octavius, {{ILS inscription|47}}, throughout}}}} His family was from [[Velitrae]],{{sfnm|Lewis|2023|1pp=34–35|Goldsworthy|2014|2p=32|Suetonius, ''Augustus''|3loc=5–6}} near Rome,{{sfnm|Shotter|2005|1pp=1–2|Galinsky|2012|2pp=2, 4–5|Southern|2014|3p=1}} where his son spent [[Early life of Augustus|part of his childhood]].{{sfnm|Galinsky|2012|1pp=2, 5|Southern|2014|2p=5|3a1=Eck|3a2=Takács|3y=2007|3p=6}} The younger Octavius's mother, [[Atia (mother of Augustus)|Atia]], was a niece of Julius Caesar.{{sfnm|Shotter|2005|1pp=1–2|Lewis|2023|2p=34|Rowell|1962|3p=14|Southern|2014|4p=7|5a1=Eck|5a2=Takács|5y=2007|5p=6–7|Goldsworthy|2014|6pp=20, 23}}

[[File:RSC 0022 - transparent background.png|thumb|upright=1.35|right|{{lang|la|[[Denarius]]}} from 44 BC, showing [[Julius Caesar]] on the obverse and the goddess [[Venus (mythology)|Venus]] on the reverse of the coin. Caption: {{langr|la|CAESAR IMP. M. / L. AEMILIVS BVCA}}|alt=Ancient Roman coin depicting Julius Caesar on the obverse and Venus holding a scepter on the reverse]]
After Octavius's father died in 59 BC{{sfnm|1a1=Chisholm|1a2=Ferguson|1y=1981|1p=23 |Galinsky|2012|2pp=xv, 5–6 |Southern|2014|3pp=7, 9 |Goldsworthy|2014|4pp=46–47}} or 58 BC,{{sfnm|Shotter|2005|1pp=1–2|Luc|2024|2p=133}} his mother married [[Lucius Marcius Philippus (consul 56 BC)|Lucius Marcius Philippus]],{{sfnm|Galinsky|2012|1p=6|Shotter|2005|2p=2|Southern|2014|3pp=3, 9|4a1=Eck|4a2=Takács|4y=2007|4p=7|Goldsworthy|2014|5p=48}} who was elected as [[Roman consul|consul]] in 56 BC.{{sfnm|Galinsky|2012|1p=8|Southern|2014|2p=9|3a1=Eck|3a2=Takács|3y=2007|3p=7|Goldsworthy|2014|4p=48}} When Octavius's grandmother [[Julia Minor (grandmother of Augustus)|Julia]], sister of Julius Caesar, died in 52 or 51 BC, Octavius delivered her funeral oration, his first public appearance.{{sfnm|Shotter|2005|1p=2|Galinsky|2012|2pp=1, 14|Southern|2014|3p=5, 10|Goldsworthy|2014|4pp=48, 65–66}} A Greek [[Slavery in ancient Rome|slave]] tutor named Sphaerus [[Education in ancient Rome|educated]] him in reading, writing, arithmetic, and [[Ancient Greek|Greek]]. Octavius later freed Sphaerus and gave him a state funeral in 40 BC.{{sfnm|Galinsky|2012|1p=10|Goldsworthy|2014|2pp=48, 544 n. 4}} As a teenager, he studied philosophy under [[Areios Didymos|Areios of Alexandria]] and [[Athenodorus of Tarsus]], [[Classical Latin|Latin]] rhetoric under [[Marcus Epidius]], and Greek rhetoric under [[Apollodorus of Pergamon]].{{sfn|Galinsky|2012|pp=10–11}}

Julius Caesar had formed [[First Triumvirate|an informal alliance]] with [[Pompey]] and [[Crassus]] in 60 BC,{{sfnm|Galinsky|2012|1pp=7–8|Southern|2014|2pp=8–9, 11–12, 91|Bringmann|2007|3pp=229–231|Goldsworthy|2014|4pp=20, 52–53}} but by 49 BC it had fallen apart and Pompey and Caesar were fighting a protracted [[Caesar's Civil War|civil war]].{{sfnm|Galinsky|2012|1pp=8, 14|Southern|2014|2pp=11–23, 91|Bringmann|2007|3pp=229–231, 249, 251–257|Goldsworthy|2014|4pp=52–53, 58–62}} In 47 BC, after Octavius donned the {{lang|la|[[toga virilis]]}} and became an adult citizen,{{sfnm|Galinsky|2012|1p=9, but giving 48 BC|Southern|2014|2pp=23–24|Goldsworthy|2014|3p=67}} Caesar had him elected as [[pontiff]], replacing the slain [[Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 54 BC)|Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus]].{{sfnm|Rowell|1962|1p=16|Galinsky|2012|2p=14|Southern|2014|3p=25|Goldsworthy|2014|4pp=67–68}} The following year, Octavius presided over the [[Greek games]] commemorating the opening of Caesar's [[Temple of Venus Genetrix]].{{sfnm|Rowell|1962|1p=16|Galinsky|2012|2p=14}} He wished to join Caesar's staff for the [[Battle of Thapsus|African campaign]] but gave way when his mother Atia protested over his poor health.{{sfnm|Galinsky|2012|1p=9|Southern|2014|2p=27}} Caesar allowed Octavius to proceed next to his chariot during his [[Roman triumph|triumph]] celebrating the campaign and awarded Octavius with military decorations as if he had been present.{{sfnm|Galinsky|2012|1p=11|Southern|2014|2p=28|Goldsworthy|2014|3pp=65, 73}} In 45 BC Octavius traveled to [[Hispania]] to join [[Caesar's Spanish campaign]] against [[Pompey the Younger]].{{sfnm|Galinsky|2012|1pp=9, 14|Southern|2014|2pp=30–31|Goldsworthy|2014|3p=69–70, 87, 114}} On 13 September 45 BC Caesar deposited a new will with the [[Vestal Virgin]]s naming Octavius as his principal heir.{{sfnm|Bringmann|2007|1p=283|2a1=Eck|2a2=Takács|2y=2007|2p=8|Goldsworthy|2014|3p=86, though he provides the date of 15 September 45 BC instead}}{{efn|Octavius was not appointed {{lang|la|[[magister equitum]]}}, contra [[Theodor Mommsen]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Morstein-Marx |first=Robert |title=Julius Caesar and the Roman People |year=2021 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/9781108943260 |isbn=978-1-108-83784-2 |s2cid=242729962 |lccn=2021024626 |page=491 n. 17 |quote=Mommsen’s restoration of {{lang|la|Fasti Capit. Cons. sub anno 44}}, making Octavius {{lang|la|magister equitum designatus}} for 44, has now been disproved by the newly published fragments of the Privernum Fasti}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zevi |first=Fausto |last2=Cassola |first2=Filippo |date=2016 |title=I Fasti di "Privernum" |jstor=43910005 |journal=Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik |volume=197 |pages=287–309 |issn=0084-5388 |language=it}}</ref> The title may stem from conflation in Greek between the {{lang|la|magister equitum}} and {{lang|la|[[praefectus urbi]]}}.{{sfn|Southern|2014|pp=26–27, 36–37, 44}}}}

== Rise to power ==
{{main|Rise of Augustus}}

{{further|Crisis of the Roman Republic}}
=== Heir to Caesar ===
{{further|Rise of Augustus|Assassination of Julius Caesar}}
[[File:Vincenzo Camuccini - La morte di Cesare.jpg|thumb|''[[Assassination of Julius Caesar|The Death of Caesar]]'' by [[Vincenzo Camuccini]], 1805, [[Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna]], Rome|alt=A painting showing a group of men attacking Julius Caesar, some of them armed with knives. Caesar, wearing a laurel crown, is seated with an arm outstretched towards his attackers. In the background, a crowd looks on in shock.]]
In 44 BC, Octavius was at [[Apollonia (Illyria)|Apollonia]], [[Illyria]], when Julius Caesar was made Rome's first {{lang|la|[[dictator perpetuo]]}} ('dictator in perpetuity') in February,{{sfnm|Southern|2014|1pp=49, 182|Goldsworthy|2014|2pp=70, 74, 83–84, also noting study and military training}} and then [[Assassination of Julius Caesar|assassinated]] on the [[Ides of March]] (15 March).{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=9|Galinsky|2012|2pp=xv, 11, 14–15, 80|Southern|2014|3pp=36–37, 42–43|Goldsworthy|2014|4pp=78–79, 83–84}} Octavius consulted with Caesar's officers in Macedonia before sailing for [[Roman Italy|Italy]] to ascertain his political fortunes.{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=9|Southern|2014|2pp=42–43|Goldsworthy|2014|3pp=84–85|Rawson|1994|4p=471}} Caesar had no living legitimate children under [[Roman law]].{{sfnm|Roller|2010|1p=74|Burstein|2004|2pp=xxi, 21}} His will made Octavius his main heir with the condition that he assume the dead [[Roman dictator|dictator]]'s name.{{sfnm|Tatum|2024|1p=146, noting Caesar's {{lang|la|condicio nominis ferendi}} ("action of taking a name") "must not be confused with actual adoption"|Lindsay|2009|2p=84–85, noting full adoption by testament was "impossible", 182ff.|Southern|2014|3p=37, asserting that in Caesar's will Octavius was entitled "if he so wished, to style himself Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus".|Syme|1988|4p=159}} After landing near [[Brundisium]] in southern Italy,{{sfnm|Southern|2014|1pp=42–43|Galinsky|2012|2p=15|3a1=Eck|3a2=Takács|3y=2007|3pp=9–10|Goldsworthy|2014|4p=85}} Octavius received a copy of the will, which bequeathed him three-quarters of Caesar's estate.<ref>{{harvnb|Lindsay|2009|pp=184–5, 186 n. 3}} and {{harvnb|Southern|2014|pp=33–34}}, citing among others: {{harvnb|Appian, ''Bella Civilia''|loc=2.143}}; {{harvnb|Cicero, ''Ad Atticum''|loc=14.10.3}}; {{harvnb|Dio|loc=44.35.2.3}}; {{harvnb|Nicolaus Damascenus|loc=17.48}}. See also {{harvnb|Tatum|2024|p=130}}, {{harvnb|Eck|Takács|2003|p=9}}, {{harvnb|Rowell|1962|p=14}}, {{harvnb|Galinsky|2012|pp=9–10, 15}}, and {{harvnb|Goldsworthy|2014|p=86}}.</ref>{{efn|[[Quintus Pedius]] and [[Lucius Pinarius]] were the remaining heirs, likely the children of Caesar's elder sister.{{sfn|Richardson|2012|p=7}} Contra {{harvnb|Nicolaus Damascenus|loc=8.17–18}}, Octavian was not adopted by Caesar during the latter's life.{{sfn|Lindsay|2009|pp=184–5}}}} Against the advice of his stepfather Philippus, Octavius [[Rise of Augustus|accepted Caesar's will]] on 8 May 44 BC.{{sfnm|Galinsky|2012|1pp=xv, 9–10, 15|Southern|2014|2p=43|Bringmann|2007|3p=283, without date|Goldsworthy|2014|4p=88, without date|Rawson|1994|5p=471, mentioning May}} He purported that Caesar [[Adoption in ancient Rome|adopted]] him as his son and [[Rise of Augustus|assumed the name Gaius Julius Caesar]].{{sfnm|Tatum|2024|1p=146, calling the claim of adoption "a transparent falsehood for anyone conversant with Roman law"|Lindsay|2009|2p=183, noting consensus that the adoption was legally dubious|Levick|2009|3p=209|Goldsworthy|2014|4p=87, summarizes the scholarly debate, notes technicality that "such full adoption could only occur in the father's lifetime and could not be posthumous"|Southern|2014|5p=37, insisting on the "adoption" and that his inherited name Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus "followed the customary Roman fashion, indicating that Octavius had been adopted into the family of the Julii Caesares from his original family of the Octavii"}} There is no evidence that he referred to himself as {{lang|la|Octavianus}},{{sfnm|Fratantuono|2016|1pp=xviii–xix, 154–155 (n. 3)|Mackay|2004|2p=160|3a1=Eck|3a2=Takács|3y=2003|3p=10|Southern|1998|4pp=20–21|Southern|2014|5p=37|Goldsworthy|2014|6p=88–89}} but some of his contemporaries did, such as his stepfather and Cicero.{{sfnm|Lindsay|2009|1p=89, citing among others Cicero, ''Ad Atticum'', 14.12, 15.12, 16.8–9, 16.12, 16.14|Southern|2014|2p=45, quoting Cicero, which also points out the example of stepfather Philippus|Galinsky|2012|3p=16, noting only the example of Cicero|Goldsworthy|2014|4pp=88–89, noting how "enemies called him Octavianus to stress that his real family was obscure" while also noting on p. 110 how Cicero started referring to him as Caesar after he recruited two legions that were previously loyal to Antony}}

Octavian could not rely on his limited funds to make a successful entry into politics.{{sfn|Eck|Takács|2003|pp=9-10}} After a warm welcome by Caesar's soldiers at Brundisium,{{sfnm|Rowell|1962|1p=19|2a1=Eck|2a2=Takács|2y=2007|2pp=9–10|Southern|2014|3p=55}} he demanded a portion of the funds allotted by Caesar for his eastern war against the [[Parthians]].{{sfn|Eck|Takács|2003|pp=9–10}} This amounted to 700 million [[sesterces]] stored at Brundisium, the staging ground in Italy for military operations in the east.{{sfn|Rowell|1962|p=18}}{{efn|A later senatorial investigation into the disappearance of the public funds took no action against Octavian since he then used that money to raise troops against the Senate's enemy Mark Antony.{{sfn|Rowell|1962|p=19}}}} Octavian made another bold move when, without official permission, he appropriated the annual tribute from Rome's [[province of Asia]] to Italy.{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=10|2a1=Eder|2y=2005|2p=18}} He also began to recruit Caesar's veterans and men designated for the Parthian war.{{sfn|Eck|Takács|2003|p=9}} On his march to Rome through Italy, Octavian's presence and newly acquired riches won over many, including Caesar's veterans stationed in [[Campania]].{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=10|Goldsworthy|2014|2p=101–103}} By June, he had gathered an army of 3,000 men, paying each a bonus of 500 {{lang|la|[[denarii]]}},{{sfnm|1a1=Chisholm|1a2=Ferguson|1y=1981|1pp=24, 27|Rowell|1962|2p=20|Goldsworthy|2014|3pp=101 for the 500 denarii, p. 103 for the raising of 3,000 veterans}} which was more than twice a soldier's annual pay.{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2014|p=101}}

=== Growing tensions ===
{{further|Rise of Augustus|Philippicae}}
[[File:Octave (13668015683).jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Bust of Octavian, {{circa|30 BC}}. [[Capitoline Museums]], Rome|alt=A marble carved bust depicting Octavian wearing a toga]]
Arriving to Rome on 6 May 44 BC,{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=10|Galinsky|2012|2p=20}} Octavian found consul [[Mark Antony]], Caesar's former colleague, in an uneasy truce with Caesar's assassins. A general amnesty on 17 March pardoned the assassins in exchange for recognition of Caesar's legal acts.{{sfnm|Bringmann|2007|1pp=281–282|Galinsky|2012|2pp=21–22|Goldsworthy|2014|3pp=85–86|Southern|2014|4pp=55–56}} Soon afterwards, Antony succeeded in driving most of them out of Rome with an inflammatory eulogy at Caesar's funeral, mounting public opinion against the assassins.{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=10|2a1=Bringmann|2y=2007|2pp=281–283, 285|Goldsworthy|2014|3p=86|Southern|2014|4pp=56–57}}

Mark Antony was amassing political support, but had lost the support of many Romans and Caesarians when he opposed the motion to elevate Caesar to divine status. Octavian challenged him as the leader of the Caesarians.{{sfn|Eck|Takács|2003|p=11}} To halt Octavian from dispersing 300 sesterces [[per capita]] to the urban plebs in accordance with Caesar's will,{{sfnm|Bringmann|2007|1pp=283, 285|Rawson|1994|2pp=471–472}} Antony refused to give Octavian the money due him as Caesar's heir.{{sfn|Rawson|1994|p=472, citing {{harvnb|Appian, ''Bella Civilia''|loc=3.94}}}} He also blocked the [[curiate assembly]] from hearing Octavian's attempts to legitimize his supposed adoption by Caesar,{{sfnm|Lindsay|2009|1p=188. "He had been pushing Antony for a {{lang|la|lex curiata}} in order... to legalise his position as Caesar's son"|Southern|2014|2pp=62–63|Galinsky|2012|3p=22|Bringmann|2007|4p=285|Goldsworthy|2014|5p=98}} to have Caesar [[formally deified]] and to reinstate Caesar's golden throne for public view at [[Ludi Romani|games]] staged in April and June.{{sfnm|Galinsky|2012|1pp=21–24|Southern|2014|2pp=57–59, 61–62|Bringmann|2007|3pp=285–287|Goldsworthy|2014|4pp=98–100}} During Caesar's victory games, Octavian distributed some of the funds in Caesar's will and combined this with his own money, enhancing his popularity while damaging Antony's.{{sfnm|Galinsky|2012|1p=25|Rawson|1994|2pp=471–472}}

During the summer of 44 BC, Octavian won the support of more veterans and also senators who perceived Antony as a threat to the state.{{sfnm|Rawson|1994|1pp=474–476|Galinsky|2012|2pp=25–26|Bringmann|2007|3p=287}} Antony had [[lictor]]s drag Octavian away from a hearing over the reinstatement of private property seized by Caesar in 49 BC. Octavian then claimed Antony threatened his life as retribution for distributing money to the plebs in Caesar's will. Caesar's veterans convinced Antony to publicly reconcile with Octavian in the [[Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus]].{{sfn|Galinsky|2012|p=25}} Thereafter, Antony's bellicose edicts against the assassins [[Marcus Junius Brutus]] and [[Gaius Cassius Longinus]] alienated him from the moderate Caesarian senators, who feared a renewed civil war.{{sfnm|Rawson|1994|1pp=474–476|Bringmann|2007|2pp=286–287}} In September, [[Marcus Tullius Cicero]], now a political ally of Octavian, began to give a [[Philippicae|series of speeches]] portraying Antony as a [[Crisis of the Roman Republic|threat to the Republic]].{{sfnm|1a1=Chisholm|1a2=Ferguson|1y=1981|1p=26|Rowell|1962|2p=30|Galinsky|2012|3pp=21, 26–27|Tatum|2024|4pp=159–60|Southern|2014|5pp=45–55, 58–59, 67–70, 89–90|Bringmann|2007|6p=287|Goldsworthy|2014|7pp=102, 110|Rawson|1994|8pp=477, 479–480}}

=== First conflict with Antony ===
[[File:Marble bust of Mark Antony (Vatican Museums).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Flavian dynasty|Flavian]]-era bust traditionally identified as [[Mark Antony]], [[Vatican Museums]]|alt=Roman bust of Mark Antony]]
{{main|War of Mutina}}

With opinion in Rome turning against him and his consulship concluding, Antony illegally passed a law that would assign him the [[Roman province|province]] of [[Cisalpine Gaul]] in northern Italy.{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1pp=11–12|Rowell|1962|2p=21|Galinsky|2012|3p=28|Southern|2014|4p=65|Bringmann|2007|5pp=285–286|Goldsworthy|2014|6pp=101, 111|Rawson|1994|7p=474, noting its triple illegality}} Octavian meanwhile built up a private army in Italy by recruiting Caesarian veterans,{{sfnm|Syme|1939|1pp=123–126|2a1=Eck|2a2=Takács|2y=2003|2p=12|Rowell|1962|3p=23|Southern|2014|4pp=66–67|Bringmann|2007|5p=287|Goldsworthy|2014|6p=101–103}} and in early November entered Rome with this private force to challenge Antony.{{sfnm|Galinsky|2012|1pp=27–28|Southern|2014|2p=68|Bringmann|2007|3p=287|Goldsworthy|2014|4p=103–105}} However, they vacated the city shortly afterwards,{{sfnm|Bringmann|2007|1p=287|Goldsworthy|2014|2pp=104–105}} due to some veterans choosing to quit once it became clear they were involved in a Caesarian squabble rather than a revenge campaign against Caesar's assassins.{{sfnm|Galinsky|2012|1pp=27–28|Southern|2014|2p=68|Goldsworthy|2014|3pp=104–105}} Nevertheless, on 28 November, Octavian won over two of Antony's legions with the enticing offer of monetary gain.{{sfnm|Syme|1939|1pp=123–126|2a1=Eck|2a2=Takács|2y=2003|2p=12|Rowell|1962|3p=23|Galinsky|2012|4p=28|Southern|2014|5p=69|Bringmann|2007|6p=287|Goldsworthy|2014|7pp=105–109}} Antony then left Rome for Cisalpine Gaul,{{sfnm|Rowell|1962|1p=23|Bringmann|2007|2p=287|Galinsky|2012|3p=28|Southern|2014|4pp=66–69|Goldsworthy|2014|5pp=109–111, 114–115}} which was to be handed to him on 1 January 43 BC.{{sfnm|Rowell|1962|1p=23|Goldsworthy|2014|2pp=111–112, 114–115}} However, the province had earlier been assigned to the assassin [[Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus]], who now refused to yield to Antony.{{sfnm|Galinsky|2012|1pp=28–29|Southern|2014|2pp=66–67, 71|Goldsworthy|2014|3pp=114–115}} Antony [[War of Mutina|besieged him]] at [[Mutina]].{{sfnm|Rowell|1962|1p=24|Southern|2014|2p=69|Bringmann|2007|3pp=290–291|Goldsworthy|2014|4p=115|Golden|2013|5p=195|Rawson|1994|6p=479}} This provided an opportunity for Octavian, whose private army was at hand.{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=12|Galinsky|2012|2pp=28–29|Goldsworthy|2014|3pp=113–116|Rawson|1994|4p=477, 479|Golden|2013|5p=195}}

[[File:M. Tullius Cicero, Capitoline Museum, Rome (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|upright|Bust of [[Marcus Tullius Cicero]], 1st century AD, [[Capitoline Museums]], Rome|alt=Roman bust of Cicero as an older man]]
Cicero defended Octavian against Antony's taunts,{{sfnm|1a1=Chisholm|1a2=Ferguson|1y=1981|1p=29|Goldsworthy|2014|2p=112}}{{efn|Defending Octavian against [[Mark Antony]]'s taunts about Octavian's lack of noble lineage and aping of Julius Caesar's name, [[Marcus Tullius Cicero]] stated "we have no more brilliant example of traditional piety among our youth".{{sfn|Chisholm|Ferguson|1981|p=29}}}} and had him inducted as a senator on 1 January 43 BC. Octavian was given the power to vote alongside the former consuls, the privilege to stand for election at an earlier age than usual,{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=13|Rowell|1962|2p=23|Galinsky|2012|3p=29|Southern|2014|4pp=69–70|Bringmann|2007|5p=289|Rawson|1994|6p=480}} and {{lang|la|imperium [[promagistrate|pro praetore]]}} which legitimized his command. Octavian accompanied the consuls to relieve the siege of Mutina.{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=13|Syme|1939|2p=167|Galinsky|2012|3pp=29–30|Southern|2014|4pp=69–70|Bringmann|2007|5pp=289–291|Goldsworthy|2014|6pp=114–116}} He assumed the [[fasces]] on 7 January,{{sfn|Fishwick|2004|p=250}} a date that he would later commemorate as the beginning of his public career.{{sfnm|Rowell|1962|1p=24|2a1=Eck|2a2=Takács|2y=2003|2p=13|Gruen|2005|3p=160|Southern|2014|4p=71}} Antony retreated to [[Transalpine Gaul]] after his forces were defeated at the battles of [[Battle of Forum Gallorum|Forum Gallorum]] and [[Battle of Mutina|Mutina]] in April. Both consuls were killed, however, leaving Octavian in sole command of their armies.{{sfnm|Syme|1939|1pp=173–174|Scullard|1982|2p=157|Galinsky|2012|3p=30|Southern|2014|4pp=71–72|Bringmann|2007|5p=291|Goldsworthy|2014|6pp=116–120|Golden|2013|7p=199}} These victories earned him his first acclamation as {{lang|la|[[imperator]]}}, a title reserved for victorious commanders.{{sfnm|Fishwick|2004|1p=250|Southern|2014|2p=72|Rawson|1994|3p=483}}

Largely ignoring Octavian, the Senate heaped many rewards on Decimus Brutus and attempted to give him command of the consular legions.{{sfnm|Rowell|1962|1pp=26–27|Southern|2014|2p=72|Bringmann|2007|3p=291|Goldsworthy|2014|4p=121|Golden|2013|5pp=201–203}} In response, Octavian stayed in the [[Po Valley]] and refused to pursue Antony.{{sfnm|Rowell|1962|1p=27|Golden|2013|2pp=201–203}} In July, an embassy of [[centurion]]s sent by Octavian entered Rome; they demanded the now-vacant consulship for Octavian,{{sfnm|1a1=Chisholm|1a2=Ferguson|1y=1981|1pp=32–33|Southern|2014|2p=74|Bringmann|2007|3p=292|Goldsworthy|2014|4pp=122–123}} with Cicero as co-consul,{{sfnm|Galinsky|2012|1p=30|Southern|2014|2p=74|Bringmann|2007|3p=292|Goldsworthy|2014|4pp=122–123}} and the rescission of the decree declaring Antony a public enemy.{{sfn|Rowell|1962|p=27}} When this was refused, Octavian marched on Rome,{{sfnm|Rowell|1962|1p=27|Southern|2014|2p=74|Goldsworthy|2014|3pp=123–124|Golden|2013|4p=203}} where he encountered no military opposition. On 19 August 43 BC, aged 19, he became consul alongside his relative [[Quintus Pedius]].{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=15|Rowell|1962|2p=28|Galinsky|2012|3pp=30–31|Southern|2014|4pp=83–86|Bringmann|2007|5p=292|Goldsworthy|2014|6p=124|Golden|2013|7p=204|Rawson|1994|8p=485}} Pedius [[Lex Pedia|passed legislation]] creating a special tribunal for Caesar’s assassins and their alleged associates; Octavian presided over the trial and had them convicted and exiled in absentia.{{sfnm|Welch|2014|1pp=138–145, preferring the Greek narratives ({{harvnb|Appian, ''Bella Civilia''|loc=3.95.392–3}}; {{harvnb|Dio|loc=46.48.2–4}}) to the streamlined versions in Latin (especially {{harvnb|Augustus, ''RGDA''|loc=2}})|Southern|2014|2p=88|Bringmann|2007|3pp=292–293|Goldsworthy|2014|4pp=124–125|Rawson|1994|5p=486}}{{efn|Men such as [[Sextus Pompey]] not present in the city were also convicted, even if they had nothing to do with the assassination.{{sfnm|Welch|2014|1pp=138–39 (''RGDA''), 142–43|Goldsworthy|2014|2p=125}}}} Octavian also induced the curiate assembly to have him [[adrogate]]d into Caesar's family, legitimizing his claim of testamentary adoption.{{sfnm|Lindsay|2009|1pp=xi, 84|Southern|2014|2pp=87–88|Goldsworthy|2014|3p=124|Rawson|1994|4p=486}} Meanwhile, Antony formed an alliance with [[Marcus Aemilius Lepidus]], then governor of [[Gallia Narbonensis]].{{sfnm|Syme|1939|1pp=176–186|Southern|2014|2pp=79–80|Bringmann|2007|3p=292|Goldsworthy|2014|4p=121|Golden|2013|5p=201}} The Senate branded Lepidus, a fellow Caesarian, as a public enemy for joining Antony,{{sfnm|Southern|2014|1pp=79–80|Bringmann|2007|2p=292|Goldsworthy|2014|3pp=121, 125}} but they reversed the pair's outlawing at Pedius's behest while Octavian marched north to fight Decimus Brutus and meet with Antony.{{sfnm|Southern|2014|1pp=89–90|Bringmann|2007|2p=292|Goldsworthy|2014|3p=125}}

=== Second Triumvirate ===
{{main|Second Triumvirate}}

{{further|First Triumvirate}}

In a meeting near [[Bologna|Bononia]] in October 43{{nbsp}}BC, Octavian joined with Antony and Lepidus to form [[Second Triumvirate|the triumvirate]], ostensibly for the stability of the [[Roman Republic]],{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=16|Galinsky|2012|2p=42|Burstein|2004|3pp=xxi, 21–22|Bringmann|2007|4p=295|Southern|2014|5pp=90–92|Goldsworthy|2014|6pp=126–127}} and on 27 November the {{lang|la|[[lex Titia]]}} legitimized their agreement for five years.{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=16|Vervaet|2020|2p=24|Southern|2014|3p=97, 99|Bringmann|2007|4p=296|Goldsworthy|2014|5pp=127, 129, 502|Rawson|1994|6p=486}} The [[Triumvirate (ancient Rome)|triumvirate]], unlike the unofficial "first triumvirate" of Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus, was a formal office; it gave the men consular power, the right to appoint magistrates, and allowed their division among themselves of the provinces not under the control of the {{lang|la|liberatores}} in the east.{{sfnm|Scullard|1982|1p=163|Galinsky|2012|2p=42|Burstein|2004|3pp=xxi, 21–22|4a1=Eck|4a2=Takács|4y=2003|4p=15|Southern|2014|5pp=91–92, 99|Bringmann|2007|6pp=295–296}} Octavian had previously been engaged to [[Servilia (wife of Lepidus)|Servilia]], daughter of [[Publius Servilius Isauricus]], but instead became engaged to [[Claudia (wife of Octavian)|Claudia]], stepdaughter of Antony, to solidify their political union.{{sfnm|Galinsky|2012|1pp=31, 40|Bringmann|2007|2pp=295–296|Southern|2014|3pp=93–94|Goldsworthy|2014|4pp=134–135|Rawson|1994|5p=486}} Octavian also relinquished the consulship to Antony's ally [[Publius Ventidius]].{{sfnm|Southern|2014|1pp=93, 100|Goldsworthy|2014|2pp=126–127}}

==== Proscriptions ====
{{main|Proscription of the Second Triumvirate}}
[[File:Antony with Octavian aureus.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|{{lang|la|[[Aureus]]}} bearing the portraits of [[Mark Antony]] (left) and Octavian (right), issued in 41{{Nbsp}}BC to celebrate the establishment of the [[Second Triumvirate]]. Both sides bear the inscription {{Smallcaps|{{abbr|III vir rpc|Triumvir Rei Publicae Constituendae}}}}, meaning 'Three Men for the regulation of the Republic'. Caption: {{smallcaps|{{lang|la|{{abbr|m ant|Marcus Antonius}} {{abbr|imp|Imperator}} {{abbr|aug|Augur}}}}{{efn|{{lang|la|{{Smallcaps|aug}}}} refers to the religious office of {{lang|la|[[augur]]}}, not the title {{lang|la|augustus}} created in 27{{nbsp}}BC.<ref name="Sear" />}} {{abbr|iiivir|triumvir}} {{abbr|rpc|rei publicae constituendae}} {{abbr|m barbat|Marcus Barbatius}}{{efn|[[Marcus Barbatius Pollio|Marcus Barbatius]] was a moneyer.<ref name="Sear">{{Cite web |last=Sear |first=David R. |title=Common Legend Abbreviations On Roman Coins |url=http://www.davidrsear.com/academy/roman_legends.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070730185143/http://www.davidrsear.com/academy/roman_legends.html |archive-date=30 July 2007 |access-date=24 August 2007}}</ref>}} {{abbr|q|quaestor}} {{abbr|p|praetor}}}} / {{smallcaps|caesar {{abbr|imp|imperator}} {{abbr|pont|pontifex}} iiivir rpc}}.{{sfn|Sear|2004|p=89}}{{sfn|Einaudi|2014}}|alt=Ancient Roman coin depicting Antony on the obverse and Octavian on the reverse]]

The triumvirs then set in motion [[Proscription of the Second Triumvirate|proscriptions]], targeting some 300 men [[Enemy of the people|as outlaws]], divided roughly evenly between senators and equestrians.{{sfnm|Hinard|1985|1p=269. « {{lang|fr|Au total... on trouve un chiffre d'environ 300 proscrits se répartissant également entre sénateurs et chevaliers.}} »|ps=|Southern|2014|2pp=97–98, pointing out the conflicting numbers reported by Appian and Livy, suggesting Appian's figure of 300 senators may have included those who fled and Livy's figure of 130 senators may have included only those who were killed}} Thousands more had their properties confiscated.{{Efn|Ancient sources differ considerably as to how many men were targeted. {{harvnb|Hinard|1985|pp=266–269}}, reviews the evidence. Plutarch in three different lives – ''Brutus'' (27.6), ''Cicero'' (46.2), and ''Antony'' (20.2) – gives figures of 200, a bit more than 200, and 300 men, respectively. {{harvnb|Livy, ''Periochae''|loc=120.4}}, gave only 130 senators and many {{lang|la|equites}} besides. {{harvnb|Florus|loc=2.16.3}}, gave 140 senators. {{harvnb|Appian, ''Bella Civilia''|loc=4.7}}, gives 17 names at first before, in two rounds, 130 and 150 others were added. {{harvnb|Appian, ''Bella Civilia''|loc=4.5.7}}, also gives a total of 300 senators and some 2,000 {{lang|la|equites}},{{sfn|Southern|2014|pp=97–98}} but this figure describes all persons who were killed or had properties confiscated between 43 and the treaty of Misenum in 39.{{sfn|Hinard|1985|pp=267–268. « {{lang|fr|Mais il n'est pas vraisemblable, compte tenu des chiffres que nous avons cru pouvoir établir pour la première proscription, que la seconde ait pu compter tant de victimes.}} » |ps=}} The number of victims was not necessarily the number proscribed; figures given in Orosius (6.18.10) are corrupt. Around 160 of the proscribed are known by name.{{sfn|Hinard|1985|pp=275–292}}}} Contemporary Roman historians provide conflicting reports as to which triumvir was most responsible for the [[proscription]]s and killing.{{sfnm|Southern|2014|1pp=94–95|Goldsworthy|2014|2p=131}} However, the sources agree that the [[Proscription in Ancient Rome|proscriptions]] enabled all three to eliminate political enemies.{{sfn|Scott|1933|pp=19–20}}{{efn|[[Velleius Paterculus]] asserted that Octavian tried to avoid proscribing officials whereas Lepidus and Antony were to blame for initiating them.{{sfn|Scott|1933|p=19}} [[Cassius Dio]] defended Octavian as trying to spare as many as possible, whereas Antony and Lepidus, being older and involved in politics longer, had many more enemies to deal with.{{sfnm|Scott|1933|1p=19|Southern|2014|2p=94}} This claim was rejected by [[Appian]], who maintained that Octavian shared an equal interest with Lepidus and Antony in eradicating his enemies.{{sfn|Scott|1933|p=20}} [[Suetonius]] said that Octavian was reluctant at first to proscribe officials but did pursue his enemies with more vigor than the other triumvirs.{{sfnm|Scott|1933|1pp=19–20|Southern|2014|2p=95|Goldsworthy|2014|3p=131}} [[Plutarch]] described the proscriptions as a ruthless and cutthroat swapping of friends and family among the triumvirs,{{sfn|Scott|1933|p=19}} with Octavian allowing the proscription of his ally Cicero,{{sfnm|Galinsky|2012|1pp=36–37|Bringmann|2007|2p=293|Southern|2014|3pp=94–95, 99|Goldsworthy|2014|4pp=130–131|Rawson|1994|5p=487}} Antony the proscription of his uncle [[Lucius Julius Caesar (consul 64 BC)|Lucius Julius Caesar]] (the consul for 64 BC), and Lepidus his brother [[Lucius Aemilius Paullus (consul 50 BC)|Paullus]].{{sfnm|Scott|1933|1p=19|Southern|2014|2p=98|Goldsworthy|2014|3pp=129–130}} Plutarch insisted that Octavian initially defended Cicero but gave way to Antony, but Octavian may also have sought Cicero's death.{{sfn|Southern|2014|pp=73, 94–95}}}}

The triumvirs initiated the proscriptions partly to raise money to pay the salaries of their troops for the upcoming conflict against Caesar's assassins, Brutus and Cassius, but the main intention was the removal of wartime rivals.{{sfnm|Galinsky|2012|1pp=36, 42|Scullard|1982|2p=164|Southern|2014|3pp=97, 100–101}} The triumvirs seized the proscripts' property.{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=16|Southern|2014|2pp=96–97|Goldsworthy|2014|3pp=128–133}} However much money was raised was insufficient,{{sfnm|Goldsworthy|2014|1p=133|Richardson|2012|2p=37}} so the triumvirs introduced a range of new taxes to fund their war. They reinstituted [[Tributum|property taxes]] and created new imposts on slaves, before also demanding property assessments for taxes on rich women that were reduced after a [[Hortensia (orator)|public protest of women]] in Rome.<ref>{{harvnb|Richardson|2012|p=37}}. After protests led by [[Hortensia (orator)|Hortensia]], the taxes on women were scaled back considerably. {{harvnb|Southern|2014|p=101}} states that the list of roughly 1,400 women listed for making contributions to the state was reduced to about 400 women after protests led by Hortensia, which were supported by [[Octavia the Younger|Octavian's sister]] and [[Mark Antony's mother]].
 See also {{harvnb|Goldsworthy|2014|pp=133–134}} for a similar description about the proposed tax on 1,400 wealthy women, Hortensia's protest, and the reduction of taxes levied from only 400 wealthy women. {{lang|la|Tributum}} and abeyance since 167 BC: {{harvnb|Burton|2012}}.</ref>

==== Battle of Philippi and division of territory ====
{{Main|Liberators' civil war|Battle of Philippi}}
[[File:S0484.4.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|A {{lang|la|[[denarius]]}} [[coin of Augustus]] minted {{circa|18 BC|lk=no}}. Obverse: {{langr|la|CAESAR AVGVSTVS}}; reverse: [[Caesar's comet]] with eight rays and an upward tail; {{langr|la|DIVVS IVLIV[S]}}, "[[divine Julius]]".|alt=Ancient Roman coin depicting Augustus on the obverse with a commemoration to his adoptive father, Julius Caesar, on the reverse]]

On 1 January 42 BC, with Lepidus as consul,{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2014|p=134}} the Senate posthumously recognized Julius Caesar as a divinity of the Roman state, {{lang|la|[[divus Iulius]]}}. Octavian was able to further his cause by emphasizing that he was {{lang|la|divi filius}} ('son of the divine').{{sfnm|Syme|1939|1p=202|Southern|2014|2pp=101–102|Goldsworthy|2014|3p=134}} Antony and Octavian then led twenty-eight legions east against Brutus and Cassius,{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=17|Southern|2014|2pp=80–82, 104|Bringmann|2007|3pp=290, 297|Goldsworthy|2014|4pp=115–116, 135–136}} whom they defeated after two [[battles at Philippi]] in Macedonia in October 42 BC. Brutus and Cassius both died by suicide.{{sfnm|Roller|2010|1p=75|Galinsky|2012|2p=42|Burstein|2004|3pp=xxi, 22–23|Southern|2014|4pp=104–106|Bringmann|2007|5p=297|Goldsworthy|2014|6pp=137–142}} Claiming responsibility for both victories, Antony branded Octavian a coward for handing over his direct military control to [[Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa]].{{sfn|Eck|Takács|2003|pp=17–18}} Octavian was bedridden with illness during the first battle,{{sfnm|Southern|2014|1pp=104, 106|Galinsky|2012|2p=32|Goldsworthy|2014|3pp=136–137}} allegedly removing himself from command over the camp per his doctor's advice,{{sfnm|Galinsky|2012|1p=32|Goldsworthy|2014|2p=141}} but captured Brutus's camp during the second battle.{{sfn|Southern|2014|p=106}}

[[File:Head of Octavian, dating to the Triumvirate at the time of the Battle of Philippi (42 BC), the oldest portrait known, Moi, Auguste, Empereur de Rome exhibition, Grand Palais, Paris - 14651195355.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Sculpted marble head of [[Second Triumvirate|triumvir]] Octavian dated roughly to the [[Battle of Philippi]] in 42 BC, Archaeological Museum of [[Spoleto]]|alt=Roman marble bust of Octavian; part of the nose and chin are damaged]]

After Philippi, the triumvirs again divided the provinces. Lepidus was suspected of colluding with [[Sextus Pompey]],{{sfnm|Bringmann|2007|1p=297|Southern|2014|2p=108|Goldsworthy|2014|3p=143–144}} the renegade general whom the anti-Caesarian Senate had given [[Praefectus classis|command over all Mediterranean coastlines]] in 43 BC.{{sfnm|Southern|2014|1pp=82–83, Fig. 3.2|Goldsworthy|2014|2pp=156–157}}{{efn|Ratified on 20 March 43 BC, the Senate bestowed [[Sextus Pompey]] with the office of {{lang|la|praefectus classis et orae maritimae}} for the [[Roman navy]], granting him control over all coastal areas of the [[Mediterranean Sea]].{{sfnm|Southern|2014|1pp=82–83, Fig. 3.2|Goldsworthy|2014|2pp=156–157}}}} Cisalpine Gaul was combined with [[Italia (Roman province)|Italia]] and given to Octavian along with the provinces of [[Hispania Citerior]] and [[Hispania Ulterior]] that Lepidus had to forfeit.{{sfnm|Southern|2014|1pp=107–108|Bringmann|2007|2pp=296–298|3a1=Eck|3a2=Takács|3y=2003|3p=18|Goldsworthy|2014|4pp=127, 143–144, 153}} Antony travelled east to [[Ptolemaic Egypt|Egypt]] where he allied himself with [[Cleopatra]], a Roman client ruler, former lover of Julius Caesar, and mother of Caesar's son [[Caesarion]].{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=18|Roller|2010|2pp=4–5, 69–71, 74, 76–83|Burstein|2004|3pp=xxi–xxii, 20–21, 23–25|Southern|2014|4pp=63–64|Goldsworthy|2014|5pp=74–75, 143, 154, 180–181}} In addition to the eastern provinces, Antony controlled [[Gallia Comata]] and took Gallia Narbonensis from Lepidus,{{sfnm|Southern|2014|1p=108|Bringmann|2007|2pp=296–297|Goldsworthy|2014|3pp=127, 143–144, 153}} who was left with the [[province of Africa]].{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=18|Roller|2010|2p=76|Southern|2014|3p=108|Goldsworthy|2014|4pp=143–144}}

Octavian was left to settle tens of thousands of discharged veterans in Italy.{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=18|Galinsky|2012|2pp=42–43|Southern|2014|3p=108|Bringmann|2007|4p=298|Goldsworthy|2014|5p=144}} Those who fought for the assassins also required settlement for their pacification.{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=18|Southern|2014|2p=108}} With no remaining public land, Octavian chose to confiscate land from citizens, instead of alienating the soldiers who could mount a real threat to the regime in Italy.{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1pp=18–19|Southern|2014|2pp=108–109|Bringmann|2007|3p=298|Goldsworthy|2014|4p=144}} The settlements affected some eighteen cities, with entire populations fully or partially evicted.{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=19|Galinsky|2012|2pp=42–43|Bringmann|2007|3p=298|Goldsworthy|2014|4p=144}}

==== Perusine War, marriage alliances, and Brundisium ====
{{Main|Perusine War|Treaty of Brundisium}}

[[File:Aureus of Antony & Octavian, 40 BC.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Roman [[aureus]] bearing the portraits of [[Mark Antony]] (left) and Octavian (right), issued to celebrate their reconciliation in October 40 BC|alt=Ancient Roman coin depicting Antony on the obverse and Octavian on the reverse]]
[[File:Cleopatra Tetradrachm Antiochia.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|[[Cleopatra]] and Mark Antony on the [[obverse]] and reverse, respectively, of a silver [[tetradrachm]] struck at the mint of [[Antioch]] in 36 BC, with Greek [[Glossary_of_numismatics#legend|legends]]|alt=A silver coin depicting the heads of Cleopatra and Mark Antony]]

These veteran settlements brought Octavian widespread dissatisfaction. The disaffected rallied to Mark Antony's brother [[Lucius Antonius (brother of Mark Antony)|Lucius Antonius]], who was supported by a majority in the Senate.{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=19|Galinsky|2012|2p=43|Southern|2014|3pp=109–111|Bringmann|2007|4p=298|Goldsworthy|2014|pp=144–145}} Meanwhile, Octavian asked for a divorce from Claudia, Antony's stepdaughter. He returned Claudia to her mother, [[Fulvia]], claiming that their marriage had never been consummated.{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=19|Galinsky|2012|2p=40|Goldsworthy|2014|3pp=134–135, 152–153}} Fulvia and Lucius Antonius then raised an army in Italy to fight for Antony's rights against Octavian.{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=19|Galinsky|2012|2pp=36, 40, 43|Goldsworthy|2014|3p=145}} Lucius even briefly took Rome, forcing Lepidus and his two legions to flee the city.{{sfnm|Southern|2014|1pp=111–112|Goldsworthy|2014|2p=145}} However, the Roman army still depended on the triumvirs for their salaries.{{sfn|Eck|Takács|2003|p=19}} Lucius and his allies ended up in a defensive siege at [[Perusia]], where Octavian [[Perusine War|forced their surrender]] in February 40 BC.{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=19|Galinsky|2012|2pp=36, 40, 43|Southern|2014|3pp=112–113|Bringmann|2007|4p=298|Goldsworthy|2014|5pp=145–146}} Octavian spared Lucius, while Fulvia fled to [[Sicyon]] in Greece{{sfnm|Rowell|1962|1p=32|Southern|2014|2pp=112–113, 129|Bringmann|2007|3p=298|Goldsworthy|2014|4p=146–147}} and died shortly afterwards.{{sfnm|Southern|2014|1p=130|Goldsworthy|2014|2p=155}} On 15 March, the anniversary of Julius Caesar's assassination, Octavian had 300 Roman senators and equestrians executed for allying with Lucius.{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=20|Galinsky|2012|2p=36|Southern|2014|3p=113|Goldsworthy|2014|4p=146}}{{efn|Historian [[Adrian Goldsworthy]] downplays this event as a potential exaggeration due to rumors and legend preserved in primary sources: "Rumour and hostile propaganda soon turned this into another ghastly massacre, with 300 leading citizens being sacrificed to [[Divus Julius|Julius Caesar’s spirit]] – an invention no doubt inspired by [[Achilles]]' killing of [[Troy|Trojan]] prisoners at the funeral of his comrade [[Patroclus]] in the ''[[Iliad]]''. [[Suetonius]] claims that pleas for mercy and excuses were met by the young [[triumvir]] with a [[laconic]] 'He must die' or 'You must die' – {{lang|la|moriendum esse}} in [[Latin]]. Yet on the whole reprisals were limited. The rebel soldiers were spared, and many no doubt were recruited into [[Caesar's legions]]. [[Lucius Antonius (brother of Mark Antony)|Lucius Antonius]] was not only left unharmed, but was sent to govern one of the [[Roman Spain|Spanish provinces]]".{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2014|p=146}}}} Perusia was also sacked,{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=20|Rowell|1962|2p=32|Southern|2014|3p=113}} though it is unclear if Octavian's troops or local inhabitants started the fires.{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2014|p=146}} These reprisals sullied Octavian's reputation.{{sfn|Eck|Takács|2003|p=20}}
[[File:(Toulouse) Livie Musée Saint-Raymond Ra 340.jpg|thumb|upright|A [[Roman bust]] of [[Livia]], Augustus's third wife, [[Musée Saint-Raymond]], France|alt=Marble bust of Livia]]

Sextus Pompey affirmed his control of [[Sicily]] as part of an agreement with the triumvirate in 40 BC,{{sfn|Southern|2014|pp=82–83, 131, 133, Fig. 3.2}} and gained control of [[Sardinia and Corsica]] in 39.{{sfnm|Scullard|1982|1p=162|Southern|2014|2pp=133|Bringmann|2007|3p=299}} Both Antony and Octavian sought an alliance with him.{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=20|Southern|2014|2p=130|Goldsworthy|2014|3pp=153–154, 156}} Octavian established a temporary alliance in 40 BC when he married [[Scribonia (wife of Octavian)|Scribonia]], an aunt of Sextus's wife.{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=20|Galinsky|2012|2pp=40–41|Southern|2014|3p=123|Bringmann|2007|4p=299|Goldsworthy|2014|5p=156}} A year later, Scribonia gave birth to Octavian's only natural child, [[Julia the Elder|Julia]], on the same day that he divorced her to marry [[Livia Drusilla]].{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=20|Galinsky|2012|2p=41|Southern|2014|3pp=123, 137–138|Bringmann|2007|4p=299, though he only mentions Octavian's divorce of [[Scribonia (wife of Octavian)|Scribonia]] and marriage to [[Livia Drusilla]], and not the birth of [[Julia the Elder]]}} When Livia began her affair with Octavian, she was already married to [[Tiberius Claudius Nero (father of Tiberius Caesar)|Tiberius Claudius Nero]], had a son [[Tiberius]] with Nero, and was pregnant with their second child. She gave birth to her second son, [[Nero Claudius Drusus|Drusus]], several months after her divorce from Nero and marriage to Octavian.{{sfnm|Galinsky|2012|1pp=40–41|Southern|2014|2pp=123, 137–138|Hurley|2004|Bringmann|2007|4p=299, who mentions [[Tiberius Claudius Nero (father of Tiberius Caesar)|Tiberius Claudius Nero]] divorcing [[Livia Drusilla]] so she could marry Octavian, but does not mention Livia was already pregnant while courting Octavian}}

While in Egypt, Antony had been engaged in an affair with Cleopatra and had fathered two children with her.{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=21|Galinsky|2012|2p=46|Roller|2010|3pp=83–84|Burstein|2004|4p=xxii, 25|Goldsworthy|2014|5pp=154, 181}}{{efn|Mark Antony's children with Cleopatra were the twins [[Alexander Helios]] and [[Cleopatra Selene II]] born in 40 BC,{{sfnm|Galinsky|2012|1p=46|Roller|2010|2pp=83–84|Burstein|2004|3p=xxii, 25|Goldsworthy|2014|4pp=154, 181}} and their son [[Ptolemy Philadelphus (son of Cleopatra)|Ptolemy Philadelphus]] born in 36 BC.{{sfnm|Roller|2010|1p=96|Goldsworthy|2014|2pp=181–182|Burstein|2004|3p=xxii, 25–26}}}} Antony's Gallic provinces fell into Octavian's hands after the death of Antony's legate [[Quintus Fufius Calenus]] in 40 BC.{{sfnm|Bringmann|2007|1p=298|Goldsworthy|2014|2p=153}} Aware of his deteriorating relationship with Octavian, Antony left Cleopatra; he sailed to Italy in 40 BC with a large force to oppose Octavian, laying siege to Brundisium, but the men's revolting armies forced them to reconcile.{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=21|Eder|2005|2p=19|Galinsky|2012|3p=44|Southern|2014|4pp=130–131|Goldsworthy|2014|5pp=153–156}} In late 40, the triumvirs divided the empire between Antony in the east, Octavian in the west, and Lepidus in Africa.{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=21|Galinsky|2012|2p=44|Southern|2014|3pp=130–131|Bringmann|2007|4p=299|Burstein|2004|5p=25|Goldsworthy|2014|5pp=155–156}}{{efn|Italy was left open to all for the recruitment of soldiers, but in reality this provision was useless for Antony.{{sfn|Eck|Takács|2003|p=21}}}} Now in a stronger position due to the [[Parthian invasion of 40 BC|Parthian threat in Antony's provinces]],{{sfnm|Bringmann|2007|1p=299|Burstein|2004|2pp=24–25|Goldsworthy|2014|3p=154}} Octavian gave his sister, [[Octavia Minor]], in marriage to Antony.{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=21|Galinsky|2012|2p=44|Southern|2014|3pp=4, 132|Bringmann|2007|4p=299|Burstein|2004|5p=25|Goldsworthy|2014|6pp=155–156, 181}}

==== War with Sextus Pompey and exile of Lepidus ====
{{main|Bellum Siculum}}

{{further|Pact of Misenum|Octavian's military campaigns in Illyricum}}

[[File:Denarius Sextus Pompeius-Scilla.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|A {{lang|la|denarius}} of [[Sextus Pompey]], minted for his victory over Octavian's fleet. Obverse: the place where he defeated Octavian, Pharus of [[Messina]] decorated with a statue of Neptune; before that galley adorned with aquila, sceptre & trident; {{langr|la|MAG. PIVS IMP. ITER}}. Reverse, the monster [[Scylla]], her torso of dogs and fish tails, wielding a rudder as a club. Caption: {{langr|la|PRAEF[ECTUS] CLAS[SIS] ET ORAE MARIT[IMAE] EX S. C.}}|alt=A coin issued by Sextus Pompey, Octavian's rival, depicting a ship and a statue of Neptune on the obverse and the monster Scylla on the reverse]]

Before the battles of Philippi, Octavian had sent [[Salvidienus Rufus]] to remove Sextus Pompey from Sicily, but after Rufus's defeat, the triumvirs recognized Sextus's Mediterranean command at Brundisium in 40 BC.{{sfn|Southern|2014|pp=82 (Fig. 3.2), 104, 133}} When Sextus resumed his blockade, a starving angry mob in Rome blamed Octavian and Antony and attacked them in early 39 BC; Antony's forces rescued Octavian and dispersed the mob.{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2014|pp=158–159}} Another temporary peace agreement was reached in 39 BC at [[Pact of Misenum|Misenum]]. Sextus lifted the blockade on Italy once Octavian granted him [[Sardinia]], [[Corsica]], [[Roman Sicily|Sicily]], and the [[Peloponnese]] and ensured him a future position in the consulship.{{sfnm|Eder|2005|1p=19|2a1=Eck|2a2=Takács|2y=2003|2p=22|Galinsky|2012|3p=44|Southern|2014|4pp=133–134, Figure 4.3|Bringmann|2007|5p=299|Goldsworthy|2014|6p=159}}{{efn|According to [[Patricia Southern]], other stipulations of the [[Treaty of Misenum]] included [[Sextus Pompey]]'s position as [[consul designate]] for 38 BC (with [[Mark Antony]] assigned as consul for the same year), being allowed to join the [[augury|college]] of [[augur]]s, and being made responsible for maintaining [[Rome's grain supply]], but that he was not allowed to station any of his troops in [[Roman Italy]].{{sfn|Southern|2014|p=134}} According to [[Klaus Bringmann]], Sextus Pompey was guaranteed the consulship for 35 BC, and was made responsible for managing the grain supply to Rome.{{sfn|Bringmann|2007|p=299}} Both Southern and Bringmann relate how various proscribed republican {{lang|la|liberatores}} were given amnesty and allowed to return to Rome.{{sfnm|Bringmann|2007|1p=299|Southern|2014|2p=134}} Citing [[Appian]] (BCiv 5.73), historian [[Kathryn Welch]] states that Sextus Pompey was consul designate with Octavian for 33 BC.{{sfn|Welch|2002|p=51}} Historian [[Adrian Goldsworthy]] agrees the claims about Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, the Peloponnese, and the college of augurs, but says that "Pompey's son was scheduled to be consul in 33 BC in elections controlled by the triumvirate".{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2014|p=159}}}}

The agreement between the triumvirate and Sextus began to crumble when Octavian divorced Scribonia and married Livia in 38 BC.{{sfn|Eck|Takács|2003|p=23}} After Antony refused to relinquish the Peloponnese, Sextus reimposed his blockade, starting food riots at Rome.{{sfn|Southern|2014|pp=138–139}} Sextus's naval commander [[Menas (freedman)|Menas]] defected, handing over Corsica and Sardinia.{{sfnm|Scullard|1982|1p=163|2a1=Eck|2a2=Takács|2y=2003|2p=24|Goldsworthy|2014|3p=165}} However, after Octavian's naval forces were defeated at [[Cumae]],{{sfn|Southern|2014|p=139}} Octavian lacked the resources to confront Sextus alone, so he sought Antony's help, extending their terms for another five-year period beginning in 37 BC.{{sfnm|Scullard|1982|1p=163|2a1=Eck|2a2=Takács|2y=2003|2p=24|Southern|2014|3pp=139–140|Bringmann|2007|4pp=299–300|Roller|2010|5pp=89–90|Goldsworthy|2014|6p=166}}

In supporting Octavian, Antony expected to gain support for his own campaign against the Parthians.{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=24|Roller|2010|2pp=89–90|Goldsworthy|2014|3p=166}} At [[Taranto|Tarentum]] in mid-37 BC,{{sfnm|Southern|2014|1pp=139–140|Bringmann|2007|2pp=299–300|Roller|2010|3pp=89–90|Goldsworthy|2014|4p=166}} Antony provided 120 ships for Octavian to use against Sextus,{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=25|Galinsky|2012|2p=46|Southern|2014|3pp=139|Bringmann|2007|4pp=299–300|Goldsworthy|2014|5p=166}} while Octavian was to send 20,000 legionaries to Antony for use [[Antony's Atropatene campaign|against Parthia]]. Two years later Octavian sent only a tenth of those promised, which Antony viewed as a provocation.{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=25|Galinsky|2012|2p=46|Southern|2014|3pp=139, 154|Bringmann|2007|4pp=299–300|Burstein|2004|5pp=27–28|Roller|2010|6pp=97–98}} Meanwhile, Octavian tasked Agrippa with creating the artificial harbor [[Portus Julius]] for the training and shipbuilding of [[Classis Misenensis|Octavian's naval fleet]].{{sfnm|Southern|2014|1p=141|Galinsky|2012|2p=45|Bringmann|2007|3p=299|Goldsworthy|2014|4pp=166–167}}

[[File:Denarius of Lepidus and Octavian (obverse).jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Denarius]] of 42 BC depicting [[Marcus Aemilius Lepidus]]; the inscription reads {{lang|la|III v(ir) r(ei) p(ublicae) c(onstituendae) Lepidus pont(ifex) max(imus)}} ('[[Triumvir]] for the regulation of [[Roman Republic|the republic]], Lepidus, [[Pontifex maximus]]')|alt=Ancient Roman coin depicting Lepidus]]

Octavian and Lepidus launched a joint operation against Sextus in Sicily in 36 BC.{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1pp=25–26|Galinsky|2012|2pp=38, 44–45|Southern|2014|3p=141|Bringmann|2007|4p=300|Goldsworthy|2014|5pp=166–168}} Octavian was [[History of Taormina|shipwrecked in Sicily]],{{sfnm|Southern|2014|1pp=141–142|Goldsworthy|2014|2pp=167–169}} but Agrippa defeated Sextus [[Battle of Mylae (36 BC)|at Mylae]] in August{{sfnm|Southern|2014|1pp=141–142|Bringmann|2007|2p=300|Goldsworthy|2014|3p=168}} before almost destroying Sextus's forces at [[Battle of Naulochus|Naulochus]] in September.{{sfnm|Galinsky|2012|1pp=44–45|2a1=Eck|2a2=Takács|2y=2003|2p=26|Southern|2014|3pp=142, 145–146|Bringmann|2007|4p=300|Goldsworthy|2014|5p=168}} Sextus fled to the east, but Antony had him executed at [[Miletus]] in 35 BC.{{sfnm|Galinsky|2012|1p=47|2a1=Eck|2a2=Takács|2y=2003|2p=26|Southern|2014|3p=142|Bringmann|2007|4p=300|Roller|2010|5p=98|Goldsworthy|2014|6p=172}}

As Lepidus and Octavian accepted the surrender of Sextus's troops, Lepidus attempted to claim Sicily for himself. However, Lepidus's troops deserted him after Octavian bribed them.{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=26|Southern|2014|2p=142–143|Bringmann|2007|3p=300|Goldsworthy|2014|4pp=170–171|Galinsky|2012|5p=38}} Octavian forced Lepidus into retirement but allowed him to remain {{lang|la|[[pontifex maximus]]}} ('supreme pontiff').{{sfnm|Scullard|1982|1p=164|2a1=Eck|2a2=Takács|2y=2003|2p=26|Galinsky|2012|3p=38|Southern|2014|4pp=143, 146|Bringmann|2007|5p=300|Roller|2010|6p=98|Burstein|2004|7p=27|Goldsworthy|2014|8pp=171–172}} Octavian protected Roman citizens' rights to property, settled his discharged soldiers outside Italy,{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1pp=26–27|Southern|2014|2p=147|Bringmann|2007|3p=300}} and returned 30,000 slaves to their former Roman owners after they had fled to join Pompey's army and navy.{{sfn|Eck|Takács|2003|pp=26–27}} To ensure his family's safety once he returned to Rome, he had the Senate grant him, his wife, and his sister [[tribune of the plebs|tribunician]] immunity, or {{lang|la|[[sacrosanctitas]]}}.{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1pp=27–28|Southern|2014|2pp=143–145}}

After defeating Sextus, [[Octavian campaigned in Illyricum]] (in what is now Croatia).{{sfnm|Southern|2014|1pp=148–150|Goldsworthy|2014|2pp=174–178}} During the first campaign in 35 BC he destroyed Segesta (modern [[Siscia]]) and was wounded by a collapsing [[Roman military engineering|siege ramp]] when he besieged Metulum (along the [[Kolpa River]]).{{sfnm|Southern|2014|1p=149|Goldsworthy|2014|2p=175–177}} The Senate lauded these efforts, though Octavian postponed a triumph for his victories,{{sfnm|Southern|2014|1pp=149–150, 154|Goldsworthy|2014|2pp=177–178}} and only later acknowledged the contributions of commanders Agrippa and [[Statilius Taurus]].{{sfn|Southern|2014|pp=149–150, 154}}{{efn|Nevertheless both Octavian and Antony's generals celebrated triumphs during the 30s BC. For instance, [[Statilius Taurus]] celebrated a triumph in 34 BC and later built Rome's first fully [[Roman amphitheater|stone amphitheater]].{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2014|pp=178–179}} Antony's general [[Publius Ventidius]] was granted a triumph for [[Battle of Mount Gindarus|defending Roman Syria]] in 38 BC against [[Parthian invasion of 40 BC|the invasion]] of [[Pacorus I of Parthia]].{{sfn|Southern|2014|p=150}}}}

==== War with Antony and Cleopatra ====
{{Main|War of Actium}}
{{further|Reign of Cleopatra}}
[[File:Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema - The Meeting of Antony and Cleopatra.jpg|thumb|''Antony and Cleopatra'', by [[Lawrence Alma-Tadema]], painted 1885|alt=Oil painting depicting Cleopatra and a flautist aboard a ship in the foreground as two men, one of them being Mark Antony, gaze on from another ship]]
In 36 BC, Octavian declared the civil wars at an end and suggested that he and Antony resign as triumvirs. Antony refused.{{sfnm|Eder|2005|1p=20|Bringmann|2007|2p=300}} [[Antony's Parthian campaign]] in 36 BC turned into a debacle and ruined his reputation.{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=29|Roller|2010|2pp=97–98|Burstein|2004|3pp=27–28|Southern|2014|4pp=151, 153–154|Goldsworthy|2014|5pp=172–173}} The mere 2,000 legionaries sent by Octavian to Antony, traveling with his wife Octavia, were hardly enough to replenish his lost forces.{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=29|Roller|2010|2pp=97–98|Burstein|2004|3pp=27–28|Southern|2014|4pp=151, 153–154}} On the other hand, Cleopatra, with her enormous wealth, could restore his army to full strength.{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1pp=29–30|Galinsky|2012|2pp=41, 46|Southern|2014|3p=151|Roller|2010|4p=97|Burstein|2004|5pp=27–28}} Her and Antony's third child, [[Ptolemy Philadelphus (son of Cleopatra)|Ptolemy Philadelphus]], was born in 36 BC,{{sfnm|Roller|2010|1p=96|Burstein|2004|2pp=xxii, 25–26|Goldsworthy|2014|3pp=181–182}} so in 35 BC Antony decided to send Octavia back to Rome.{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1pp=29–30|Galinsky|2012|2pp=41, 46|Southern|2014|3p=154|Roller|2010|4pp=5, 97–98|Burstein|2004|5pp=27–28|Goldsworthy|2014|6p=182}} Octavian attacked Antony for rejecting his Roman spouse for a foreign queen.{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=30|Roller|2010|2pp=5, 98|Southern|2014|3pp=153–154|Bringmann|2007|4p=301|Goldsworthy|2014|5p=182}} He also sought to convince the Senate that Antony had ambitions to diminish the preeminence of Rome.{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=30|Bringmann|2007|2p=302|Southern|2014|3pp=125–126, 152–154|Goldsworthy|2014|4pp=183–185}} When Octavian assumed the consulship of 33 BC, he opened the Senate with a vehement attack on Antony's grants of titles and territories to his relatives and Cleopatra, later known as the [[Donations of Alexandria]].{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=31|Bringmann|2007|2p=302|Galinsky|2012|3pp=46–47}}

In early 32 BC, amid an intense [[History of propaganda|war of propaganda]] with Octavian, Antony divorced Octavia.{{sfnm|Galinsky|2012|1pp=47–48|Roller|2010|2p=135|Bringmann|2007|3p=303|Burstein|2004|4p=xxii, 29|Southern|2014|5pp=152–154}} The new consuls [[Gaius Sosius]] and [[Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 32 BC)|Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus]] supported Antony and threatened to revoke Octavian's triumviral authority.{{sfnm|Galinsky|2012|1pp=48–50|Southern|2014|2pp=155, 157–158|Goldsworthy|2014|3p=186}} This prompted Octavian to enter the [[Curia Julia|Senate house]] and denounce Antony and Sosius; both consuls and many senators then fled Rome for Antony.{{sfnm|Galinsky|2012|1pp=48–50|Roller|2010|2p=134|Bringmann|2007|3p=303|Burstein|2004|4pp=29–30|Southern|2014|5p=158|Goldsworthy|2014|6p=186}} However, two of Antony's key supporters, [[Lucius Munatius Plancus]] and [[Marcus Titius]], defected to Octavian in autumn.{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1pp=32–34|Roller|2010|2p=135|Bringmann|2007|3p=303|Southern|2014|4p=159|Goldsworthy|2014|5pp=186–187}} They offered him vital information about Antony's will, which Antony published after marching on the [[Temple of Vesta]]. The will would have given away Roman-conquered territories as kingdoms for his sons to rule and designated [[Alexandria]] as the site of a tomb for him and Cleopatra.{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1pp=34–35|Eder|2005|2pp=21–22|Roller|2010|3pp=135–136|Galinsky|2012|4p=50|Burstein|2004|5p=29|Southern|2014|6p=159|Goldsworthy|2014|7pp=186–187}}

[[File:Castro Battle of Actium.jpg|thumb|left|''The [[Battle of Actium]]'', by [[Laureys a Castro]], painted 1672 [[National Maritime Museum]], London|alt=Oil painting showing various soldiers engaged in a naval battle as one ship sinks in the foreground]]

In late 32 BC, the Senate revoked Antony's upcoming consulship and [[War of Actium|declared war on Cleopatra]].{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=35|Eder|2005|2p=22|Roller|2010|3pp=5, 136–137|Galinsky|2012|4p=50|Burstein|2004|5pp=xxii, 30|Southern|2014|6pp=125–126, 160|Goldsworthy|2014|7p=188|Jones|2006|8p=147}}{{efn|As historians [[Duane W. Roller]], [[Adrian Goldsworthy]], [[Patricia Southern]], and Prudence Jones point out, war was declared specifically against [[Cleopatra]] and her [[Ptolemaic Kingdom]], not against [[Roman citizenship|fellow citizen]] [[Mark Antony]], which was easier to sell to the [[Roman people]] who were wary of further civil wars among Romans, but who could stomach a war against a foreign queen who posed a legitimate threat.{{sfnm|Goldsworthy|2014|1p=188|Roller|2010|2pp=136–137|Southern|2014|3pp=125–126|Jones|2006|4pp=147}} Additionally, Roller highlights how the legal grounds for the war were based on the fact that Cleopatra was illicitly arming and supplying troops to a private Roman citizen, Antony, whose [[triumvir]]al authority had by now technically expired.{{sfn|Roller|2010|pp=136–137}}}} Octavian used [[Roman emergency decrees|emergency powers]] to have men of military age throughout the Republic swear an oath of loyalty to him.{{sfnm|Galinsky|2012|1pp=51–52|Bringmann|2007|2p=303|Southern|2014|3pp=157, 160–161|Goldsworthy|2014|4p=188}} In early 31 BC, as Antony and Cleopatra moved to Greece, Octavian's forces under Agrippa transited the Adriatic Sea,{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=37|Galinsky|2012|2p=53|Bringmann|2007|3pp=303–304|Goldsworthy|2014|4p=189}} and cut off their main force from their supply routes in the [[Ionian Sea]].{{sfn|Galinsky|2012|pp=53–55}} Octavian then landed in [[Ancient Epirus|Epirus]],{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2014|p=189}} and proceeded to march south.{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=37|Southern|2014|2p=162|Goldsworthy|2014|3p=189}} Trapped on land and sea, Antony's men started to desert as Octavian prepared for battle.{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=37|Roller|2010|2p=138|Galinsky|2012|3pp=53–55|Southern|2014|4p=163|Goldsworthy|2014|5p=189}}

[[File:Venus and Cupid from the House of Marcus Fabius Rufus at Pompeii, most likely a depiction of Cleopatra VII.jpg|thumb|This mid-1st-century BC [[Pompeian Styles|Roman wall painting]] in the House of Marcus Fabius Rufus, [[Pompeii]], is most likely a depiction of [[Cleopatra VII]] of [[Ptolemaic Egypt]] as [[Venus Genetrix (sculpture)|Venus Genetrix]], with her son [[Caesarion]] as [[Cupid]], similar in appearance to the now-lost statue of Cleopatra erected by [[Julius Caesar]] in the [[Temple of Venus Genetrix]] (within the [[Forum of Caesar]]). Its owner walled off the room with this painting, most likely in immediate reaction to the execution of Caesarion on orders of Augustus in 30 BC, when artistic depictions of Caesarion would have been considered a sensitive issue for the ruling regime.{{sfnm|Roller|2010|1p=175|Walker|2008|2pp=35, 42–44}}|alt=Fresco painting of Cleopatra depicted as the goddess Venus Genetrix wearing a diadem, holding a cupid and standing in the center of an open temple doorway]]
Antony's fleet sailed through the bay of [[Actium]] along the [[Ambracian Gulf]] of western Greece to break the [[blockade]].{{sfnm|Roller|2010|1pp=137, 139|Galinsky|2012|2pp=53–55|Bringmann|2007|3pp=303–304|Goldsworthy|2014|4pp=189–191}} There, they fought the [[Battle of Actium]] on 2 September 31 BC.{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=38|Roller|2010|2pp=137, 139|Galinsky|2012|3pp=31, 53–55|Bringmann|2007|4pp=303–304|Burstein|2004|5pp=xxii, 30|Southern|2014|6pp=163–164|Goldsworthy|2014|7pp=189–191}} Cleopatra and her portion of the fleet withdrew early in the battle and Antony later joined them;{{sfnm|Roller|2010|1pp=139–140|Galinsky|2012|2p=55|Bringmann|2007|3p=304|Burstein|2004|4p=30–31|Southern|2014|5pp=163–164|Goldsworthy|2014|6p=191}} Cleopatra's fleet spared Antony's remaining forces in a last-ditch effort.{{sfn|Eck|Takács|2003|pp=38–39}} Antony's nearby forces on land surrendered to Octavian after attempting a retreat through Macedonia.{{sfnm|Galinsky|2012|1p=55|Bringmann|2007|2p=304|Burstein|2004|3pp=xxii–xxiii, 30–31|Southern|2014|4pp=164–165|Goldsworthy|2014|5p=191}}{{efn|After Actium, Octavian returned to [[Roman Italy|Italy]] in order to settle affairs there with the [[Roman legion|legions]] that were formerly under [[Mark Antony]], to pacify them with money or lands. Only a month after landing at [[Brundisium]], Octavian set out again for the east, traveling first to [[Roman Greece|Greece]], then to [[Roman Syria|Syria]], and from there marched his forces into [[Ptolemaic Egypt]].{{sfnm|Southern|2014|1pp=165–166|Goldsworthy|2014|2pp=191–192}}}} Various [[Client kingdoms in ancient Rome|client kings]] now defected to Octavian.{{sfnm|Roller|2010|1pp=138–142, 144–145|Goldsworthy|2014|2p=192}}{{efn|[[Herod the Great]] of [[Herodian kingdom|Judea]] met Octavian at [[Rhodes (city)|Rhodes]]. Herod would help supply Octavian's forces at [[Ptolemais in Phoenicia|Ptolemais]] [[Phoenicia under Roman rule|in Phoenicia]] during their march to Egypt.{{sfn|Roller|2010|pp=138–142, 144–145}}}} Octavian would later establish a new city—[[Nicopolis]] ('victory city')—near the site of the battle at Actium.{{sfnm|Bringmann|2007|1p=304|Burstein|2004|2p=30}}

On 1 August 30 BC, Octavian [[Battle of Alexandria (30 BC)|defeated Antony at Alexandria]]; Antony then died by suicide.{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=39|Roller|2010|2pp=145–148|Galinsky|2012|3pp=31, 55–56|Burstein|2004|4p=31|Bringmann|2007|5p=304|Southern|2014|6p=166|Jones|2006|7pp=184–186|Goldsworthy|2014|8pp=192–193}} After meeting with Octavian and refusing to be paraded in a triumph at Rome,{{sfnm|Roller|2010|1pp=146–147, 213, footnote 83|Galinsky|2012|2p=56|Bringmann|2007|3p=304|Burstein|2004|4p=31|Southern|2014|5p=173}} [[Cleopatra took her own life]] with poison.{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=39|Roller|2010|2pp=147–149|Burstein|2004|3pp=31–32|Southern|2014|4p=173}} Well aware of the dangers presented by another potential heir to Caesar, Octavian ordered the death of Cleopatra's son Caesarion.{{sfnm|Roller|2010|1pp=149–150, 153|Galinsky|2012|2p=56|Burstein|2004|3p=xxiii, 32|Southern|2014|4pp=63–64, 159, 173|5a1=Eck|5a2=Takács|5y=2003|5p=49|Goldsworthy|2014|6p=193}} He also had Antony's son [[Marcus Antonius Antyllus]] killed,{{sfnm|Green|1990|1p=697|Scullard|1982|2p=171|Southern|2014|3p=173|Roller|2010|4p=150|Burstein|2004|5pp=128|Goldsworthy|2014|6p=193}} but spared their other children{{sfnm|Roller|2010|1pp=152–153|Burstein|2004|2pp=32, 76–77, 131|Southern|2014|3pp=132–133, 173}} and pardoned many of his opponents. Octavian had previously shown little mercy to surrendered enemies.{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=49|Goldsworthy|2014|2p=477}} He also ensured that Cleopatra was buried with Antony [[Tomb of Antony and Cleopatra|in their tomb]].{{sfnm|Roller|2010|1p=147|Burstein|2004|2p=65|Jones|2006|3pp=194–195|Goldsworthy|2014|4p=207}} He appointed Cleopatra's daughter [[Cleopatra Selene II]] and her husband, [[Juba II]] of [[Numidia]], as the new co-rulers of [[Mauretania]] following their marriage in 25 BC.{{sfnm|Roller|2010|1pp=153–154|Burstein|2004|2pp=32, 76–77|Southern|2014|3p=173}}

== Sole ruler of Rome ==
{{main|Reign of Augustus}}

{{Further|Constitutional reforms of Augustus|Coinage reform of Augustus|Propaganda in Augustan Rome}}
[[File:Augustus-in-Kalabsha.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Augustus as [[Roman pharaoh]] in an [[Ancient Egyptian art|Egyptian-style]] stone carving at the [[Temple of Kalabsha]] in [[Nubia]]; Augustus was commonly depicted in [[Ancient Egypt|Egyptian]] art performing sacrifices to [[Egyptian deities]].{{sfn|Burstein|2004|p=66}}|alt=Egyptian relief depicting Augustus as pharaoh]]
=== Control of Egypt ===
{{further|Roman Egypt|Roman pharaoh}}
The [[Roman conquest of Egypt|conquest of Egypt]] greatly relieved Octavian's debts incurred from the civil wars.{{sfnm|Galinsky|2012|1p=56|Southern|2014|2pp=165, 173–174|Roller|2010|3p=151}} He controlled [[Roman Egypt]] directly, forbade senators to travel there, and appointed [[List of governors of Roman Egypt|equestrian governor]] [[Cornelius Gallus]] to supervise its administration and enormously [[Taxation in ancient Rome|lucrative taxation]].{{sfnm|Bringmann|2007|1p=304|Galinsky|2012|2pp=56–58|Southern|2014|3pp=165, 173–174, 184–185, 236|Roller|2010|4p=151|5a1=Eck|5a2=Takács|5y=2007|5pp=59–60}} While in Alexandria in 30 BC, Octavian visited [[Tomb of Alexander the Great|the tomb]] of [[Alexander the Great]], the conqueror he emulated and imitated in his own [[Roman portraiture|artistic portraits]].{{sfnm|Galinsky|2012|1p=56|Goldsworthy|2014|2pp=206–207}} Octavian's conquest of Egypt brought an end to the [[Hellenistic period]];{{sfn|Burstein|2004|pp=xxiii, 1}} it also cemented the cultural formation of a [[Greek East and Latin West]] in the Mediterranean and a cosmopolitan [[universal monarchy]] centered on Rome.{{sfnm|Galinsky|2012|1p=59|Roller|2010|2p=151|Goldsworthy|2014|3pp=206–207, 408–409}}

Octavian would become [[List of Roman emperors|the first Roman emperor]] [[Reign of Augustus|as Augustus]] and also the first [[Roman pharaoh]] of Egypt, though he did not partake in [[Egyptian coronation rites]] or worship of the [[Apis bull]],{{sfn|Burstein|2004|pp=65–66}} and he never visited Egypt again after 30 BC.{{sfn|Roller|2010|p=151}} Before returning to Rome, Octavian wintered in 30 BC on the Greek island of [[Samos]].{{sfn|Galinsky|2012|pp=63, 80}} In August 29, he celebrated three triumphs in Rome for his victories in Illyria, Greece, and Egypt.{{sfnm|Galinsky|2012|1p=72|Goldsworthy|2014|2pp=199, 211–212}} He and Agrippa were elected as the consuls for 28 BC,{{sfnm|Goldsworthy|2014|1pp=212–213|2a1=Eck|2a2=Takács|2y=2003|2p=45}} and granted the powers of a [[Censor (Rome)|censor]] so as to conduct the [[Roman census|census]].{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2014|pp=212–213}}

=== Principate ===
{{main|Principate|Princeps}}
{{further|Reign of Augustus}}
[[File:Domus-augusti-2.jpg|thumb|upright=1.6|Fresco paintings inside the [[House of Augustus]], his alleged but not verified [[Domus|residence]] on the [[Palatine Hill]] during his reign as [[Roman emperor|emperor]]{{sfnm|Southern|2014|1p=336|Galinsky|2012|2pp=67–68|Wiseman|2022|3pp=15–17}}|alt=A room with frescos along the walls]]

After defeating Antony and Cleopatra, Octavian could rule the entire Republic under an unofficial [[principate]], with himself as {{lang|la|[[princeps]]}} ('leading citizen'{{sfnm|Richardson|2012|1p=89|Goldsworthy|2014|2p=7}} or 'first citizen'{{sfnm|Bringmann|2007|1pp=304–305|Galinsky|2012|2p=70|Goldsworthy|2014|3p=7}}).{{efn|Alternatively, [[Werner Eck]] and Sarolta Takács describe {{lang|la|princeps}} as "first or chief man in the state".{{sfn|Eck|Takács|2007|pp=57–58}}}} He achieved this incrementally by courting the [[Senate and people of Rome]] while purporting not to aspire to dictatorship or monarchy.{{sfnm|Eder|2005|1pp=24–25|Gruen|2005|2pp=38–39|Galinsky|2012|3pp=63, 70–74|4a1=Eck|4a2=Takács|4y=2007|4pp=57–58|Goldsworthy|2014|5p=237|6a1=Cavalieri|6a2=Assenmaker|6a3=Cavagna|6a4=Engels|6y=2022|6pp=17–18}} Influential aristocrats were previously called {{lang|la|princeps}} and Octavian would embrace this title as part of his self-representation as restorer of the Republic.{{sfnm|Bringmann|2007|1p=305|Shotter|2005|2p=1|Galinsky|2012|3pp=70–71}}

Years of civil war had left Rome in a state of near lawlessness,{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1pp=44–45|Galinsky|2012|2pp=68–70|Goldsworthy|2014|3p=198}} but republican tradition opposed autocracy. At the same time, Octavian could not give up his authority without risking war.{{sfn|Eck|Takács|2003|pp=44–45}} The Senate and people desired a return to stability, traditional legality, civility, and the assurance of [[Elections in the Roman Republic|free elections]]—which would be conducted in name at least under Octavian, soon to be {{lang|la|princeps}} Augustus.{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1pp=44–45|Galinsky|2012|2pp=68–71|Goldsworthy|2014|3pp=197–200, 237}}{{efn|[[Adrian Goldsworthy]] highlights this with the example of the Senate under consul Octavian decreeing that the doors to the [[Temple of Janus (Roman Forum)|Temple of Janus]] should be shut on 11 January 29 BC, a ritual that declared Rome was no longer at war, despite ongoing campaigns in Gaul and Hispania.{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2014|pp=199–200}}}} The gradual fashioning of this regime involved trial by error and experimentation,{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2014|pp=3–4}} popular support for legally sanctioned moves,{{sfn|Westphal|2025|}} and appointed term limits for offices in perhaps a cautious attempt to avoid the same fate as his adoptive father Julius Caesar.{{sfn|Southern|2014|pp=49, 182}}{{efn|Historian [[Adrian Goldsworthy]] stresses that Augustus did not have a carefully planned design in fashioning this principate regime, which was far from inevitable, and relied much on chance, experimentation, improvisation, and trial-by-error.{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2014|pp=3–4}} In his "Caesar Augustus: A Call to Order" historian [[T. P. Wiseman]] argues that, given the overwhelmingly positive reception of Augustus in contemporary Roman sources, Augustus should not be viewed as an unlawful usurper masking his monarchical intentions or autocratic wishes.{{sfn|Westphal|2025}} [[Patricia Southern]] surmises that Octavian needed to at least keep up the appearance of being bound by term limits for the consulship and other offices: "Octavian probably remembered very starkly that Caesar did not survive for more than a few weeks after accepting the appointment as {{lang|la|dictator perpetuo}}".{{sfn|Southern|2014|pp=49, 182, the quote is from the latter page}}}}

=== First settlement ===
{{Main|Constitutional reforms of Augustus}}
{{Further|Constitution of the Roman Empire|Constitution of the Roman Republic|Legatus Augusti pro praetore|Roman law}}
==== Control of provinces ====
On 13 January 27 BC, Octavian made a show of returning power to the Senate and relinquishing his provinces and armies.{{sfnm|Bringmann|2007|1pp=307, 317|2a1=Eck|2a2=Takács|2y=2003|2pp=45–50|Galinsky|2012|3p=66|4a1=Cotton|4a2=Yakobson|4y=2002|4p=204}} However, he retained the loyalty of serving soldiers and veterans. The careers of many clients and adherents [[Patronage in ancient Rome|depended on his patronage]], as his financial power was unrivaled.{{sfn|Eck|Takács|2003|pp=45–50}}{{efn|Historians [[Werner Eck]] and Sarolta Takács state the following about [[Patronage in ancient Rome|patronage]] and other matters: "The sum of his power derived first of all from various powers of office delegated to him by the Senate and people, secondly from his immense private fortune, and thirdly from numerous patron-client relationships he established with individuals and groups throughout the Empire. All of them taken together formed the basis of his {{lang|la|auctoritas}}, which he himself emphasized as the foundation of his political actions.{{sfn|Eck|Takács|2003|p=113}}}} Other senators refrained from spending to build and maintain roads in Italy in 20 BC, but Octavian undertook direct responsibility on behalf of the public. The Roman currency issued in 16 BC publicized Octavian's involvement, after he donated vast amounts of money to the {{lang|la|[[aerarium]] Saturni}}, the public treasury.{{sfn|Eck|Takács|2003|p=80}}

[[File:Statue de L'Empereur Auguste - MR 99 - Ma 1278.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Octavian as a [[Roman magistrate|magistrate]]. The statue's marble head was made {{circa|30–20 BC|lk=no}}, the body sculpted in the 2nd century AD ([[Louvre]], Paris)|alt=Full-length statue depicting Augustus as a magistrate. He holds a scroll in his left hand.]]
In an agreement known as the first settlement,{{sfnm|1a1=Cotton|1a2=Yakobson|1y=2002|1pp=203–204, with p. 204 twice labeling it a "first settlement" with the Senate in 27 BC, in the context of statements made in the ''Res Gestae'', and noting Octavian's feigned "resignation speech" on 13 January 27 BC|Zerbey IV|2016|2p=27, also explicitly labeling this event in 27 BC and name change from Octavian to Augustus as the "first settlement"}} Octavian was able to continue the appearance of a still-functional [[constitution of the Roman Republic|constitution]] through the Senate proposing to him that he once again assume control of the provinces. Feigning reluctance, on 16 January 27 BC he accepted a ten-year responsibility of overseeing provinces that were considered chaotic.{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=46|Scullard|1982|2p=210|Galinsky|2012|3pp=62, 66}} The provinces ceded to him constituted much of the Roman world, including Hispania, [[Roman Gaul|Gaul]], [[Roman Syria|Syria]], [[Cilicia]], Cyprus, and [[Ægyptus|Egypt]].{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=46|Gruen|2005|2p=34|Goldsworthy|2014|3p=233}} Moreover, command of these provinces provided him control over the majority of Rome's legions.{{sfnm|Gruen|2005|1p=34|2a1=Eck|2a2=Takács|2y=2003|2p=47|Southern|2014|3pp=355, 358|Goldsworthy|2014|4p=233}} Octavian-Augustus's power ultimately rested in his control over Rome's military.{{sfnm|Scullard|1982|1p=211|Goldsworthy|2014|2pp=479–481}}

However, Octavian-Augustus did not have a monopoly on political and martial power.{{sfnm|Eder|2005|1p=24|Galinsky|2012|2p=66}} The Senate still controlled the [[Agriculture in ancient Rome|grain-producing]] North Africa as well as the militarily strategic Illyria and Macedonia.{{sfnm|Eder|2005|1p=24|Goldsworthy|2014|2p=234, though without mentioning Illyria}} However, the Senate had control of only five or six legions distributed among three senatorial proconsuls, compared to the twenty legions under Augustus's control, and their control of these regions did not significantly challenge his authority.{{sfnm|Eder|2005|1pp=24–25|Scullard|1982|2p=211}} [[Senatorial provinces|Divided control between senators and proconsuls]] had precedent, and Augustus used republican legal frameworks to amass power.{{sfnm|Eder|2005|1pp=24–25|Goldsworthy|2014|2pp=233–235}}

While Augustus acted as consul in Rome, he dispatched senators to the provinces under his command as his representatives to manage provincial affairs. The Senate chose governors to oversee the remaining provinces.{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1pp=47|Southern|2014|2pp=355–358|Goldsworthy|2014|3p=234}} Augustus issued instructions and edicts not only to [[Legatus Augusti pro praetore|his own legates]] but also to independent proconsuls governing public provinces that were nominally under senatorial control.{{sfnm|Drogula|2015|1p=362|Southern|2014|2p=357–358}} Augustus's control of entire provinces followed Republican-era precedents for the limited objective of securing peace and creating stability, with Pompey having been given a [[Lex Gabinia de piratis persequendis|similar level of command]] across the [[Roman world]].{{sfnm|Eder|2005|1pp=24–25|Southern|2014|2pp=13–16|Goldsworthy|2014|3pp=49, 234–236}}{{efn|[[Pompey]] was [[Lex Gabinia de piratis persequendis|given term limits]] for extraordinary proconsular authority that included [[legates]] who answered to him, not the Senate, during his [[Pompey's campaign against the pirates|campaign against Mediterranean pirates]] in 67 BC and the subsequent [[Third Mithridatic War]] against [[Mithridates VI]] of [[Kingdom of Pontus|Pontus]].{{sfnm|Southern|2014|1pp=13–16, 358|Goldsworthy|2014|2p=49, which mentions that Pompey was "granted unprecedentedly large commands and resources by the Popular Assembly" to defeat Mithridates VI of Pontus, but does not specifically mention the legates or defined term limits}} These temporary powers included control over military operations across all Mediterranean shorelines extending 50 miles inland, and possibly greater authority than Roman [[proconsul|provincial governors]] in these areas.{{sfn|Southern|2014|p=15}}}}

==== Title of Augustus ====
{{main|Augustus (title)}}
{{further|Sebastos}}
[[File:Augustus first century aureus obverse.png|thumb|left|{{lang|la|[[Aureus]]}} [[coin of Augustus]] minted {{circa|AD 13|lk=no}}, marked: {{lang|la|Caesar Augustus Divi F [[Pater Patriae]]}}|alt=Ancient Roman golden coin of Augustus]]
On 16 January 27 BC{{Refn|''{{lang|la|[[Fasti Praenestini]]}}'';<ref>{{AE|1898|14}} = {{AE|2007|312}}: ''XVII'' – {{lang|la|[[Roman calendar|Kalendas Februarias]]}} – {{lang|la|c(omitialis) Imp(erator) Caesar [Augustus est a]ppell[a]tus ipso VII et Agrip[pa III co(n)s(ulibus)]}}</ref>''{{lang|la|[[Feriale Cumanum]]}}''.<ref>{{CIL|10|8375}}: {{lang|la|[X]VII K(alendas) Febr(uarias) eo di[e Caesar Augustu]s appellatus est supplicatio Augusto}}</ref> Ovid's {{lang|la|[[Fasti (poem)|Fasti]]}} gives 13 January, the same date in which the Senate powers were "restored".<ref>[[Ovid]] [https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/8738/pg8738.html 587–590] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608013703/https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/8738/pg8738.html |date=8 June 2021 }}: {{langr|la|[[Ides (calendar)|Id.]] [...] Populo provinciae redditae. Octaviano Augusti nomen datum}}</ref> The 3rd-century ''{{lang|la|[[Censorinus|De die Natali]]}}'' gives 17 January, a mistake.<ref>[[Censorinus]] [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Censorinus/text*.html#21.8 XXI.8] : {{lang|la|quamvis ex ante diem XVI kal. Febr. imperator Caesar}}. The number is right, but the phrasing is not.</ref>}} the Senate gave Octavian the new title of {{lang|la|[[Augustus (title)|augustus]]}} ('revered').{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2007|1pp=3, 50, 55–57|Bringmann|2007|2pp=304-307|Galinsky|2012|3pp=62, 66–67|Goldsworthy|2014|4pp=235–236}}{{efn|[[Munatius Plancus]] was responsible for the building of the [[Temple of Saturn]] in Rome and led the [[Roman-Iranian relations|peace negotiations]] with the [[Parthian Empire|Parthians]] in 20 BC. He also recommended the title {{lang|la|[[Augustus (title)|augustus]]}} to Octavian in 27 BC;{{sfn|Roller|2010|p=152}} it was he who introduced the motion in the Senate to so entitle Octavian and may have done so at Octavian's request.{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2007|1pp=56–57|Goldsworthy|2014|2p=236}} {{lang|la|Augustus}}, from the Latin {{lang|la|augere}} 'to increase',{{sfnm|Galinsky|2012|1pp=66–67|Levick|2010|2p=72}} can be translated as "illustrious one",{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=55|Strothmann|2006}} "sublime",{{sfn|Strothmann|2006}} or "revered".{{sfnm|Bringmann|2007|1p=304|Galinsky|2012|2pp=66–67, 71|Zerbey IV|2016|3p=27}} The equivalent title in [[Ancient Greek]] is ''[[sebastos]]'' ({{lang|grc|Σεβαστός}}), the "revered".{{sfnm|Levick|2010|1p=72, who translates ''sebastos'' as "revered"|Goldsworthy|2014|2p=287, though he prefers "reverend" instead of "revered" for ''sebastos''}} Adrian Goldsworthy explains further: "Augustus carried heavy religious overtones of the very Roman tradition of... [[augury]]. [[Ennius]], Rome's earliest and most revered poet, spoke of the City being founded with 'august augury' in a passage as familiar to Romans as the most famous [[Shakespeare]]an quotes are to us today".{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2014|p=236}}}} It was a title of religious rather than political authority, and it indicated that Octavian now approached divinity.{{sfnm|Eder|2005|1p=24|Galinsky|2012|2pp=66–67|Goldsworthy|2014|3pp=235–237}} Future [[Roman emperor]]s inherited the honorific {{lang|la|augustus}}, and it became their main title.{{sfnm|Hammond|1957|1pp=29–31|Southern|2014|2p=358|Strothmann|2006}} Another titular option, that of {{lang|la|[[Romulus]]}}, after the legendary founder of Rome, was associated too strongly with [[Roman monarchy|monarchy]], an association Octavian sought to avoid.{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2007|1pp=55–57|Galinsky|2012|2p=67|Goldsworthy|2014|3pp=235–236}} The Senate also confirmed his position as {{lang|la|[[princeps senatus]]}} ('leader of the Senate').{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2007|1p=155|Roberts|2007|2p=858}} Augustus now styled himself as {{lang|la|Imperator Caesar divi filius}} ('Commander Caesar son of the deified one'),{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=50|Galinsky|2012|2pp=66–67|Goldsworthy|2014|3p=236}}{{efn|[[Adrian Goldsworthy]] includes the title '[[Augustus (title)|Augustus]]' in the emperor's full name, rendering it as {{lang|la|Imperator Caesar Augustus divi filius}}.{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2014|p=236}}}} boasting his familial link to deified Julius Caesar. The use of {{lang|la|[[imperator]]}} signified a permanent link to the Roman tradition of victory.{{sfn|Eck|Takács|2003|p=50}}{{efn|He was first proclaimed {{lang|la|imperator}} on 16 April 43 BC, after the [[Battle of Forum Gallorum]].{{sfn|Fishwick|2004|p=250}}}} Augustus transformed {{lang|la|Caesar}}, a cognomen for one branch of the [[Julia gens|Julian family]], into a new imperial family line that began with him.{{sfn|Eck|Takács|2003|p=50}}
[[File:Arch of Augustus at Ariminum, dedicated to the Emperor Augustus by the Roman Senate in 27 BC, the oldest Roman arch which survives, Rimini, Italy (19948839545).jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|The [[Arch of Augustus (Rimini)|Arch of Augustus]] in [[Rimini]] ({{lang|la|Ariminum}}), dedicated to Augustus by the Senate in 27 BC, is [[List of Roman triumphal arches|one of the oldest]] preserved [[triumphal arch]]es in Italy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 March 2021 |title=Arco d'Augusto |trans-title=Arch of Augustus |url=https://riminiturismo.it/visitatori/scopri-il-territorio/arte-e-cultura/archi-e-porte/arco-daugusto |access-date=16 January 2024 |website=riminiturismo.it |language=it |archive-date=16 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116214941/https://riminiturismo.it/visitatori/scopri-il-territorio/arte-e-cultura/archi-e-porte/arco-daugusto |url-status=live}}</ref>|alt=Roman triumphal arch in Italy with modern buildings in the background]]

The Senate allowed Augustus to hang the {{lang|la|[[corona civica]]}} ('civic crown') above his door and to have laurels drape his doorposts.{{sfnm|Eder|2005|1p=24|Goldsworthy|2014|2pp=232–233}} He renounced flaunting insignia of power such as holding a scepter, wearing a [[diadem]], or wearing the golden crown and purple toga of Julius Caesar.{{sfn|Eder|2005|p=13}} Nonetheless, the Senate awarded him with a golden shield displayed in the meeting hall of the [[Curia]], bearing the inscription {{lang|la|virtus, pietas, clementia, iustitia}} ('valor, piety, clemency, and justice').{{sfnm|Eder|2005|1p=24|2a1=Eck|2a2=Takács|2y=2003|2p=3|Galinsky|2012|3p=70|Goldsworthy|2014|4p=237}} By the summer of 27 BC he left Rome and traveled to [[Gaul]].{{sfnm|Galinsky|2012|1pp=72, 80–81|Goldsworthy|2014|2pp=238, 241}} From 26 to 24 BC he governed the Empire from [[Tarraco]] in [[Roman Spain]], overseeing [[Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula|military campaigns in the Iberian peninsula]] until his return to Rome.{{sfnm|Galinsky|2012|1pp=72, 80–81|2a1=Eck|2a2=Takács|2y=2007|2pp=127, 137, 151|Goldsworthy|2014|3pp=241–242, 244}}

=== Second settlement ===
{{Main|Constitutional reforms of Augustus}}

{{Further|Constitution of the Roman Empire}}
[[File:Roman - Portrait of Emperor Augustus - Walters 2321.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Portraits of Augustus show the emperor with idealized features.|alt=A Roman bust of Augustus]]

By 23 BC, some of the un-republican implications of the first settlement were becoming apparent. Augustus's continuous consulships drew attention to his de facto dominance of politics and halved the opportunities for others to achieve what was still nominally the preeminent position in the Roman state.{{sfnm|Wells|1995|1p=51|Southern|2014|2pp=182–183, 205|Galinsky|2012|3pp=72–73}} His desire to have his nephew [[Marcellus (nephew of Augustus)|Marcus Claudius Marcellus]] eventually assume the principate in his turn also caused problems.{{sfnm|Southern|1998|1p=108|2a1=Eck|2a2=Takács|2y=2003|2p=55}} To signal reconciliation with pro-republican aristocrats, Augustus appointed the noted republican [[Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso (consul 23 BC)|Calpurnius Piso]], who had opposed Julius Caesar and supported the assassins, as co-consul in 23 BC,{{sfnm|Davies|2010|1p=259|Goldsworthy|2014|2p=264}} after his choice [[Aulus Terentius Varro Murena]] died unexpectedly.{{sfnm|Ando|2000|1p=140|2a1=Raaflaub|2a2=Samons|2y=1993|2p=426|Wells|1995|3p=53|Galinsky|2012|4pp=73–74|Goldsworthy|2014|5p=264}}

==== Resignation from the consulship ====

In the late spring Augustus was severely ill, apparently with a [[liver disease]].{{sfnm|Southern|1998|1pp=108, 203|Holland|2005|2p=295|Goldsworthy|2014|3pp=265–266}} Expecting his death, he made arrangements ensuring the continuation of the principate while allaying senators' suspicions of his anti-republicanism. He prepared to hand down his signet ring to his friend and general Agrippa but handed to his co-consul Piso all of his official documents, an account of public finances, and authority over troops in the provinces. Augustus's supposedly favored nephew Marcellus came away empty-handed.{{sfnm|Eder|2005|1p=25|2a1=Eck|2a2=Takács|2y=2003|2p=56|Goldsworthy|2014|3pp=264–266|Southern|2014|4p=203}} This surprised many who expected Augustus to name an heir to his position as an unofficial emperor.{{sfn|Gruen|2005|p=38}}

Augustus bestowed only properties and possessions to his designated heirs, as an obvious system of institutionalized imperial inheritance would have provoked resistance and hostility among the republican-minded Romans fearful of monarchy.{{sfn|Gruen|2005|pp=38–39}} It appears that Augustus did not view the 19-year-old Marcellus as being ready to inherit his political pre-eminence.{{sfnm|Stern|2006|1p=23|Goldsworthy|2014|2pp=264–265|Southern|2014|3pp=203–204}} By giving his signet ring to Agrippa, however, Augustus signaled to the legions that Agrippa was a potential successor who they should obey, [[Constitution of the Roman Empire|constitutional procedure]] notwithstanding.{{sfnm|Holland|2005|1pp=294–295|Southern|1998|2p=108|Galinsky|2012|3p=74|Goldsworthy|2014|4p=265}}

[[File:Cameo August BM Gem3577.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|The [[Blacas Cameo]] showing Augustus wearing a ''[[gorgoneion]]'' on a three layered [[sardonyx]] cameo, and wearing a [[diadem]] that was added during the [[Medieval art|Middle Ages]],{{sfn|Southern|2014|p=320}} and original artwork dated to AD 20–50|alt=Ancient Roman sardonyx cameo depicting Augustus wearing a Gorgon head]]

The emperor's illness subsided while under the care of his personal [[Medicine in ancient Rome|physician]] [[Antonius Musa]],{{sfnm|Goldsworthy|2014|1pp=265–266|Southern|2014|2p=204}}{{efn|[[Antonius Musa]] most likely hailed from the [[Greek East and Latin West|Hellenized]] areas of the eastern half of the Roman Empire. After his recovery, Augustus lavished Musa with gifts and the Senate gave him additional money with the right to wear a golden ring. In honor of his medical treatment of Augustus, he was also granted [[Taxation in ancient Rome|exemption from taxation]] and a statue of him was erected next to that of [[Asclepius]], the god of healing.{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2014|pp=265–266}}}} and soon afterwards on 1 July 23 BC Augustus gave up his consulship.{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=56|Eder|2005|2p=26|Goldsworthy|2014|3pp=266–267, who provides the precise date of 1 July 23 BC on p. 266|Southern|2014|4p=204, though she only mentions July 23 BC and not a specific day}} He would serve as consul only twice more, in 5 and 2 BC,{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=56|Eder|2005|2p=26}} both times to introduce his grandsons into public life.{{sfnm|Davies|2010|1p=259|Scullard|1982|2p=217|Southern|2014|3pp=280, 288}} Augustus's resignation from the consulship allowed him to exercise wider patronage within the senatorial class while allowing other senators a better chance to become consul.{{sfn|Gruen|2005|p=36}} However, Augustus desired to retain his consular {{lang|la|[[imperium]]}} throughout the empire,{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=57|Goldsworthy|2014|2pp=265–268}} leading to another compromise between him and the Senate known as the second settlement.{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=187, calling it a "settlement" with the Senate in 23 BC|Goldsworthy|2014|2p=272, calling "his supremacy" over the Roman world after 23 BC the "Second Augustan Settlement"|Southern|2014|3p=204–208, though without calling it the "second settlement" specifically, writing on p. 205 that it was a "compromise" with the Senate when Augustus resigned the consulship|4a1=Cotton|4a2=Yakobson|4y=2002|4p=200, which calls the agreement reached with the Senate in 23 BC "the 'second settlement'" while discussing whether or not 23 BC or 19 BC should be considered the date in which Augustus received full ''imperium maius'' and authority over Rome and Italy, not just the provinces}}

==== Marcus Primus affair ====

After Augustus relinquished the annual consulship, he was no longer in an official position to rule the state. However, his dominant position remained unchanged over his 'imperial' provinces where he was still a proconsul.{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=56|Gruen|2005|2p=37}} When he annually held the office of consul, he had the power to intervene with the affairs of the other provincial proconsuls appointed by the Senate throughout the empire, when he deemed necessary.{{sfn|Eck|Takács|2003|pp=56–57}}

A second problem later arose showing the need for the second settlement in what became known as the "Marcus Primus affair".{{sfnm|Southern|1998|1p=109|Holland|2005|2p=299}} In late 24 or early 23 BC, charges were brought against Marcus Primus, former proconsular governor of Macedonia, for waging a war without approval of the Senate on the [[Odrysian]] kingdom of [[Thrace]], whose king was a Roman ally.{{sfnm|Wells|1995|1p=53|Galinsky|2012|2p=73|Goldsworthy|2014|3pp=278–279|Southern|2014|4p=204}} [[Lucius Licinius Varro Murena]] defended Primus, arguing that Augustus had ordered Primus to attack the client state.{{sfnm|Southern|1998|1p=108|Goldsworthy|2014|2pp=278–279}} Later, Primus testified that the orders came from the recently deceased Marcellus.{{sfnm|Holland|2005|1p=300|Goldsworthy|2014|2pp=278–279|Southern|2014|3p=204}} Such orders suggested that Augustus intended to have his nephew take his place as princeps and establish a monarchy over Rome,{{sfn|Stern|2006|p=23}} and would have been considered a breach of the Senate's prerogatives under the settlement of 27 BC, since Macedonia was a province under senatorial jurisdiction, not Augustus's imperial authority.{{sfnm|Southern|1998|1p=108|Galinsky|2012|2pp=73–74|Goldsworthy|2014|3pp=279–280}}
[[File:Statue of the Emperor Octavian Augustus as Jupiter 1.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Augustus as [[Jupiter (mythology)|Jupiter]], holding a scepter and orb (first half of the 1st century AD)|alt=Roman statue of Augustus seated, holding a scepter in his left hand and an orb in his right]]

The situation was so serious that Augustus appeared at the trial even though he had not been called as a witness. Under oath, he declared that he gave no such order.{{sfnm|Syme|1939|1p=333|Galinsky|2012|2pp=73–74|Goldsworthy|2014|3pp=279–280|Southern|2014|4p=204}} Murena disbelieved Augustus's testimony and resented his attempt to subvert the trial by using his {{lang|la|[[auctoritas]]}}. He demanded to know why Augustus appeared at the trial; Augustus replied that he came in the public interest.{{sfnm|Syme|1939|1p=333|Holland|2005|2p=300|Southern|1998|3p=108|Galinsky|2012|4pp=73–74|Goldsworthy|2014|5pp=279–280}} The jurors found Primus guilty,{{sfn|Southern|2014|p=204}} though some voted to acquit, suggesting that some disbelieved Augustus's claims.{{sfnm|Wells|1995|1p=53|2a1=Raaflaub|2a2=Samons|2y=1993|2p=426|Galinsky|2012|3pp=73–74|Goldsworthy|2014|4p=280}}

==== Greater proconsular authority ====

The Senate negotiated the second settlement with Augustus partly to allay confusion and formalize his legal authority to intervene in senatorial provinces, granting him a form of general {{lang|la|imperium proconsulare}} ('proconsular power') that applied throughout the empire, not solely to his provinces. Moreover, the Senate augmented Augustus's proconsular imperium into {{lang|la|imperium proconsulare maius}} ('greater proconsular power'). This form of proconsular imperium was applicable throughout the empire and in effect [[Constitutional reforms of Augustus|gave Augustus constitutional power]] superior to all other proconsuls.{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=57|Eder|2005|2p=26|Goldsworthy|2014|3pp=267–268}} Augustus stayed in Rome during the renewal process and obtained veterans' support for the renewal of his {{lang|la|proconsular imperium maius}} in 13 BC by providing them with lavish donations.{{sfn|Eder|2005|p=26}}

=== Additional powers ===
[[File:Cameo Augustus Dioscorides CdM Paris.jpg|thumb|268x268px|Portrait of Augustus. Sardonyx cameo; gilt silver mount with pearls, sapphires and red glass beads, 16th/17th centuries.|alt=Sardonyx cameo depicting Augustus]]
[[File:August com a "Pontifex maximus" (detall) (finals s. I aC), Museu Nacional Romà (Palau Massimo), Roma.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|The head of the {{lang|la|[[Via Labicana Augustus]]}} statue depicting the emperor as {{lang|la|[[pontifex maximus]]}}, Roman artwork of the late Augustan period, last decade of the 1st century BC|alt=Statue depicting Augustus veiled and in the attire of a Roman priest]]

==== Powers of the tribune ====

During the second settlement, Augustus was also granted the power of a [[tribune]] ({{lang|la|tribunicia potestas}}) for life, though not the official title of tribune.{{sfnm|Galinsky|2012|1pp=72–73|2a1=Eck|2a2=Takács|2y=2003|2p=57|Southern|2014|3p=145|Goldsworthy|2014|4pp=268, 270–272}} For some years, Augustus had been awarded {{lang|la|tribunicia sacrosanctitas}}, the immunity given to a tribune of the plebs. Now he decided to assume the full powers of the magistracy, renewed annually, in perpetuity.{{sfnm|Gruen|2005|1p=36|Southern|2014|2pp=143–145, 207–208|Goldsworthy|2014|3pp=268, 270–272}} Legally, it was closed to [[patricians]], a status that Augustus had acquired when adopted by Julius Caesar.{{sfn|Gruen|2005|p=36}} This power allowed him to convene the Senate and people at will, lay business before them, and veto their decisions, to preside over elections, and to speak first at any meeting.{{sfnm|Eder|2005|1p=26|2a1=Eck|2a2=Takács|2y=2003|2pp=57–58|Goldsworthy|2014|3p=268|Southern|2014|4p=207}} Augustus's amassing of tribunal powers caused the office of {{lang|la|tribunus plebis}} to lose prestige, so he revived its importance by making it a mandatory appointment for any plebeian desiring the praetorship.{{sfn|Bunson|1994|p=427}}

==== Powers of the censor ====

Also included in Augustus's tribunician authority were powers usually reserved for the [[Roman censor]]; these included the right to supervise public morals and scrutinize laws to ensure that they were in the public interest, as well as the ability to hold a census and determine the membership of the Senate.{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=59|Goldsworthy|2014|2pp=277, 318–319}} There was no precedent within the Roman system for combining the powers of the tribune and the censor, nor was Augustus ever elected to the office of censor.{{sfn|Bunson|1994|p=80}} Julius Caesar had been granted similar powers, wherein he was charged with supervising the morals of the state. However, this position did not extend to the censor's ability to hold a census and determine the Senate's roster.{{sfn|Bunson|1994|p=427}} Appealing to patriotic sentiments, Augustus is alleged to have used censorial powers to ban [[Clothing in ancient Rome|all attire]] except the classic [[toga]] for those entering the Forum.{{sfn|Eder|2005|p=30}} However, the powers of the censorship may have only been temporary or even refused by Augustus.{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2014|pp=318–319}}

==== Imperium over the city of Rome ====

The Senate also granted Augustus sole {{lang|la|imperium}} within the city of Rome.{{sfnm|Galinsky|2012|1pp=73|Goldsworthy|2014|2pp=267–268}} Traditionally, [[proconsul]]s lost their {{lang|la|imperium}} when they crossed the [[pomerium]]—the sacred boundary of Rome—and entered the city. In these situations, Augustus held tribunician authority, but the consuls held greater authority. While others would usually obey his wishes owing to his {{lang|la|auctoritas}}, there might be some difficulty. In either 23 or 19 BC,{{sfn|Cotton|Yakobson|2002|pp=199–200}}{{efn|{{harvtxt|Cotton|Yakobson|2002|pp=199–200}} discusses the possibility of this happening with the "second settlement" of 23 BC, when Augustus already had control over the [[praetorian cohort]]s, and certainly with the grant of {{lang|la|imperium proconsulare maius}} in 19 BC that gave Augustus authority over Italy and Rome, not just the Roman provinces}} the Senate voted that Augustus's {{lang|la|imperium proconsulare maius}} ('superior proconsular power') should not lapse when he was inside the city walls.{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=60|Goldsworthy|2014|2pp=267–268|3a1=Cotton|3a2=Yakobson|3y=2002|3pp=199–200}} The city's armed forces had formerly been under the control of the urban praetors and consuls, but they now came under the sole authority of Augustus.{{sfn|Eck|Takács|2003|p=60}}

==== The Roman triumph ====
{{further|Reign of Augustus|Roman triumph|Roman triumphal honours}}
After 19 BC, Augustus received credit for every Roman military victory,{{sfn|Bringmann|2007|p=317}} because the majority of Rome's armies were stationed in imperial provinces overseen by the {{lang|la|[[legati]]}}, his provincial deputies.{{sfn|Eck|Takács|2003|p=61}} If a battle was fought in a senatorial province, Augustus's proconsular {{lang|la|imperium maius}} allowed him to take command and credit for any major victory.{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=61|2a1=Eck|2a2=Takács|2y=2007|2pp=120–121, specifically mentions {{lang|la|imperium}} and emphasizes that victories by Augustus's legates were considered victories of Augustus|Bringmann|2007|3p=317, though without mentioning "imperium" specifically, referring to Augustus not wanting his "monopoly of power" to be challenged by other members of the Roman nobility}} With few exceptions Augustus was the only individual who could receive a [[Roman triumph|triumph]],{{sfnm|Bringmann|2007|1p=317|Goldsworthy|2014|2pp=305–306}} a tradition that allegedly began with [[Romulus]], the legendary first [[king of Rome]].{{sfn|Eck|Takács|2003|p=61}} For celebrating his victory against the [[Garamantes]] in [[Roman Libya]] in 19 BC, [[Lucius Cornelius Balbus (proconsul)|Cornelius Balbus]] was the last person outside Augustus's family to receive a triumph.{{sfnm|Bringmann|2007|1p=317|Southern|2014|2p=236|Goldsworthy|2014|3pp=305–306, 384}}{{efn|[[Marcus Licinius Crassus (consul 30 BC)|Licinius Crassus]] (grandson of the triumvir) was awarded a triumph for his victories in Thrace against the Germanic [[Bastarnae]] in 29–27 BC, but was denied other traditional honors.{{sfn|Bringmann|2007|p=317}} [[Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa]] was awarded a triumph for victories in [[Spain (Roman province)|Spain]] in 19 BC but he refused to celebrate it.{{sfn|Southern|2014|p=236}} Agrippa had also refused to celebrate a triumph during his consulship of 37 BC during the [[Second Triumvirate|triumvirate]], after he returned from Gaul in 38 BC. Ancient historians claim that this was a move to avoid highlighting recent failures by Octavian. [[Patricia Southern]] states that it is equally likely that "the refusal was part of Octavian's wish to limit the numbers of men who were permitted to hold a triumph to immediate family members. Generals parading to the Capitol in their triumphant garb might just start to develop ideas above their station".{{sfn|Southern|2014|pp=140–141}}}} Tiberius, Augustus's eldest stepson, received triumphs in 7 BC and AD 12, respectively for victories in Germania and Illyria ([[Pannonia]]).{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=117|Southern|2014|2pp=236, 307|Goldsworthy|2014|3pp=380–381, 383–384, 458}} For the latter campaign, his nephew [[Germanicus]] instead received the {{lang|la|[[ornamenta triumphalia]]}} ('triumphal honors'), a praetorship, and the ability to stand for the consulship despite his young age.{{sfnm|Southern|2014|1pp=236, 307|Goldsworthy|2014|2p=458}}

==== Diplomacy ====
{{further|Indo-Roman relations|Roman-Iranian relations|Roman relations with the Armenians|Roman relations with Nubia|Germanic–Roman contacts|Sino-Roman relations|Maritime Silk Road|Amicitia}}
Augustus received emissaries from [[Indo-Roman relations|as far east as India]],{{sfnm|Southern|2014|1p=238|Goldsworthy|2014|2pp=240, 306, 406|3a1=Eck|3a2=Takács|3y=2007|3p=137}} and his court included political exiles from as far north as the [[Prehistoric Britain|British Isles]] with the chieftains [[Dubnovellaunus]] and [[Tincomarus]].{{sfnm|Southern|2014|1p=238|Goldsworthy|2014|2p=240}}{{efn|The Roman historian [[Florus]] claimed that the [[Silk Road|silk-producing]] [[Serica|Seres]], possibly the [[History of the Han dynasty|Han Chinese]], visited the court of Augustus alongside [[Indo-Roman relations|emissaries from India]]. However, Augustus does not mention the Seres in his {{lang|la|[[The Deeds of the Divine Augustus|Res Gestae]]}}. The ancient [[Chinese historians]] do not mention any official attempts by the [[Han dynasty]] to [[Sino-Roman relations|establish contacts with Rome]] (referred to as [[Da Qin]]) before AD 97 when the military commander [[Ban Chao]] sent his ambassador [[Gan Ying]] on a diplomatic mission to Rome, though he never reached further than the [[Persian Gulf]] under [[Parthian Empire|Parthian control]].{{sfn|Kolb|Speidel|2017|p=35}}}} Foreign embassies typically came to Augustus directly rather than to the Senate,{{sfnm|Southern|2014|1p=238|2a1=Eck|2a2=Takács|2y=2007|2p=137}} though Augustus was careful to show respect to the Senate in certain cases. For instance, in 20 BC he referred [[Parthia]]n ambassadors to the Senate, but the latter sent them back to Augustus so they could negotiate solely with him instead.{{sfn|Southern|2014|p=238}} As with Roman client states and foreign countries, representatives from [[Local government in ancient Rome|provinces and semi-autonomous municipalities]] travelled to the emperor's court as his administration moved to different locations across the Empire.{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2014|pp=256, 297–300}} In AD 8, the elderly Augustus assigned the exhausting work of managing foreign embassies to three ex-consuls, granting them the power to make all decisions that did not require his or the Senate's oversight.{{sfn|Southern|2014|pp=298–299}}

=== Conspiracy, titles, and the share of power ===
{{further|Reign of Augustus}}
[[File:Augustus MAN Napoli Inv6040.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|A colossal statue of Augustus from the [[Sodales Augustales|Augusteum]] of [[Herculaneum]], seated and wearing a [[laurel wreath]]|alt=Augustus holds a scroll in his left hand.]]

Many of the political subtleties of the second settlement seem to have evaded the comprehension of Augustus's plebeian supporters, leading them to insist upon his participation in imperial affairs and form violent mobs on occasion.{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2014|pp=276–277, 285}} When Augustus refused to stand for election as consul in 22 BC and traveled to Sicily on another tour of the Empire, the {{lang|la|Comitia centuriata}} voted in his absence to have him serve as co-consul for the following year, despite not being one of the candidates.{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2014|pp=284–285}} A riot occurred in Rome when only a single consul [[Marcus Lollius]] assumed office on 1 January 21 BC and the factions of the two remaining candidates fought each other. Infuriated, Augustus summoned both candidates to Sicily and settled on having [[Quintus Aemilius Lepidus|one of them]] serve as Lollius's co-consul.{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2014|p=285}}

A food shortage in Rome during 22 BC sparked widespread panic, as many urban plebs called for Augustus to take on dictatorial powers to personally oversee the crisis. After a theatrical display of refusal before the Senate, Augustus finally accepted authority over Rome's grain supply through the use of his existing proconsular {{lang|la|imperium}}, and ended the crisis almost immediately.{{sfnm|Eder|2005|1p=26|Goldsworthy|2014|2p=276}} Another food crisis in AD 8 prompted Augustus to establish a {{lang|la|[[praefectus annonae]]}}, a permanent prefect who was in charge of procuring food supplies for Rome.{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=78|Goldsworthy|2014|2p=276, though without mentioning the specific date of AD 8}}

Augustus's expansive powers concerned some people, and this came to a head with the apparent conspiracy of Fannius Caepio.{{sfnm|Southern|1998|1p=109|Holland|2005|2p=299|Goldsworthy|2014|3p=280}} Some time prior to 1 September 22 BC, a certain Castricius provided Augustus with information about a conspiracy led by Fannius Caepio.{{sfnm|Swan|2004|1p=241|Syme|1939|2p=483}} The conspirators, among whom was the consul Murena in the Marcus Primus affair, were tried in absentia with Tiberius acting as prosecutor; the jury found them guilty, but it was not a unanimous verdict.{{sfnm|Wells|1995|1p=53|Holland|2005|2p=301|Goldsworthy|2014|3pp=280–281|Southern|2014|4pp=204–205}} All the accused were executed for treason as soon as they were captured—without ever giving testimony in their defense.{{sfnm|Davies|2010|1p=260|Holland|2005|2p=301|Goldsworthy|2014|3p=281|Southern|2014|4pp=204–205}} Augustus ensured that the facade of republican government continued with an effective cover-up of the events.{{sfnm|Holland|2005|1p=301|Goldsworthy|2014|2pp=281–282}}

In 19 BC, the Senate granted Augustus {{lang|la|imperium consulare maius}} proconsular powers in addition to those received in 23 BC, another instance of gaining power from offices he did not hold,{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=60|Gruen|2005|2p=43|Galinsky|2012|3p=73}} now fully applicable to Italy and Rome.{{sfn|Cotton|Yakobson|2002|pp=199–203, which notes academic debate on this issue of either 23 or 19 BC when Augustus gained full control over Italy and Rome, not just the Roman provinces}} To assuage the restless populace,{{sfn|Cotton|Yakobson|2002|pp=200–202, citing Cassius Dio's account about the Roman people, "the urban ''plebs''" as written on p. 201, clamoring for Augustus to hold the ''fasces'' but also to wield consular powers}} Augustus was allowed to wear the consul's insignia in public and before the Senate,{{sfn|Eck|Takács|2003|p=60}} to sit in the symbolic chair between the two consuls, and to hold the magisterial [[fasces]].{{sfnm|Gruen|2005|1p=43|Galinsky|2012|2p=73|3a1=Cotton|3a2=Yakobson|3y=2002|3pp=201–202}} On 6 March 12 BC, after the death of [[Lepidus]], he assumed the position of {{lang|la|pontifex maximus}}, the high priest of the College of Pontiffs.{{sfnm|Bowersock|1990|1p=380|Southern|2014|2p=323|Goldsworthy|2014|3p=350|Eder|2005|4p=28}}{{Efn|The date is provided by inscribed calendars.{{sfn|Bowersock|1990|p=380}} Dio reports this under 13 BC, probably as the year in which Lepidus died.{{sfnm|Bowersock|1990|1p=383|Eder|2005|2p=28}}}} On 5 February 2 BC, the Senate gave Augustus the title {{lang|la|[[pater patriae]]}} ('father of the country'), which was then inscribed in various places in Rome such as the [[Curia, Roman Forum|Senate chambers]] in the [[Forum Romanum]].{{sfnm|1a1=Mackay|1y=2004|1p=186|2a1=Eck|2a2=Takács|2y=2007|2pp=3, 75–76|Goldsworthy|2014|3pp=394–396, 405|Southern|2014|4pp=291–292, though without mentioning the honorary inscriptions such as the one in the Roman Senate House, the Curia Julia in Rome}}

[[File:Glyptothek München – 18.04.2022 – Augustus Bevilacqua (4).jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Bust of Augustus wearing the [[Civic Crown]], at [[Glyptothek]], Munich|alt=Roman bust of Augustus wearing a laurel crown]]
Historian [[Ronald Syme]] wrote that Augustus's death could leave Rome subject to further civil war, given the [[public memory]] of recent wars and Caesar's assassination.{{sfn|Syme|1939|pp=337–338}} Possibly during the 20s BC and certainly by 18 BC,{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2014|p=322}} the Senate granted Agrippa proconsular imperium for five years, similar to Augustus's power, in order to accomplish constitutional stability. The grant probably covered Augustus's imperial provinces if not authority over senatorial provinces.{{sfnm|Gruen|2005|1p=44|2a1=Eck|2a2=Takács|2y=2003|2p=58|Goldsworthy|2014|3p=322|Syme|1939|4pp=337–338}} Like Augustus, Agrippa was also granted the powers of the tribunate.{{sfnm|Syme|1939|1pp=337–338|Gruen|2005|2p=44|3a1=Eck|3a2=Takács|3y=2003|3p=58}}

=== War and expansion ===
{{Main|Wars of Augustus}}

{{Further|Roman–Iranian relations|Augustus' Eastern policy|Roman conquest of Rhetia and the Alps|Roman–Parthian Wars|Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16)|Drusus' Germanic campaign|Bellum Batonianum|Imperial Roman army}}
[[File:0005MAN-OctAugusto.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=A fragment of a Roman bronze sculpture depicting Augustus wearing a toga|A fragment of an equestrian statue of Augustus, 1st century BC, [[National Archaeological Museum, Athens]]]]
By AD 13, Augustus's troops had proclaimed him {{lang|la|imperator}} 21 times following successful battles.{{sfn|Eck|Takács|2003|p=93}} The fourth chapter in his publicly released memoirs of achievements known as the {{lang|la|[[Res Gestae Divi Augusti|Res Gestae]]}} is devoted to [[Wars of Augustus|his military victories]] and honors.{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=93|Bringmann|2007|2p=316}} Augustus also promoted the ideal of a superior Roman civilization, a sentiment the poet [[Virgil]] attributed to a legendary ancestor of Augustus.{{sfn|Eder|2005|p=30}} All classes at Rome apparently sought [[expansionism]], and this impulse is accorded divine sanction in Virgil's ''[[Aeneid]]'', in which [[Jupiter (mythology)|Jupiter]] promises Rome {{lang|la|imperium sine fine}} ('sovereignty without end').{{sfn|Eck|Takács|2003|p=95}}{{efn|[[Patricia Southern]] writes that this concept of {{lang|la|imperium sine fine}} ('sovereignty without end') only came into doubt after the disastrous loss at the [[Battle of Teutoburg Forest]] in AD 9 and the withdrawal from [[Germania]] beyond the [[Rhine River]], whereas the Romans had previously established their control as far as the [[Elbe]].{{sfn|Southern|2014|p=309}}}}

By the end of Augustus's reign, his armies had conquered northern Hispania (modern Spain and Portugal) and the [[Alps|Alpine]] regions of [[Raetia]] and [[Noricum]] (modern Switzerland, Bavaria, Austria, Slovenia), [[Illyricum (Roman province)|Illyricum]] and Pannonia (modern Albania, Croatia, Hungary, Serbia, etc.), and had extended the borders of [[Africa Proconsularis]] to the east and south.{{sfn|Eck|Takács|2003|p=94}} [[Judaea (Roman province)|Judea]] was added to the [[province of Syria]] when Augustus deposed the [[client king]] [[Herod Archelaus]].{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=94|Southern|2014|2p=306}} After the Senate assigned Syria to Augustus in 27 BC, it was governed first by legates under Agrippa{{sfn|Southern|2014|p=237}} and then by an equestrian high prefect.{{sfn|Eck|Takács|2003|p=94}} In AD 6 Augustus also appointed an equestrian governor in [[Roman Sardinia|Sardinia]] after [[Ancient Mediterranean piracy|pirate raids]] necessitated the presence of troops stationed there.{{sfn|Southern|2014|p=306}}

In 25 BC the Romans made [[Galatia]] (part of modern Turkey) a province without any military effort after the murder of its king, [[Amyntas of Galatia|Amyntas]],{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=94|Southern|2014|2p=237}} while in 19 BC Agrippa [[Cantabrian Wars|incorporated Asturias and Cantabria]] in modern-day Spain under the provinces of Hispania and [[Lusitania]].{{sfnm|Southern|2014|1p=236|2a1=Eck|2a2=Takács|2y=2003|2p=97|Goldsworthy|2014|3pp=243–244, 253–255}} This region proved to be a major asset in funding Augustus's future military campaigns, as it was rich in mineral deposits that could be fostered in Roman mining projects.{{sfn|Eck|Takács|2003|p=97}} [[Roman conquest of Rhetia and the Alps|Conquering the peoples]] of the [[Alps]] in 15 BC after the [[disastrous defeat of Lollius]] was another important victory for Rome,{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=98|Southern|2014|2pp=235–236|Goldsworthy|2014|3pp=334–335, 337, 339–340, 416}}{{efn|[[Patricia Southern]] writes that there was a follow-up campaign in the Alps by [[Tiberius]] as late as 6 BC.{{sfn|Southern|2014|p=236}}}} since it provided a large territorial buffer between the Roman citizens of Italy and Rome's enemies in [[Germania]] to the north.{{sfn|Eck|Takács|2003|p=98}} [[Horace]] dedicated an ode to the victory, while the monumental [[Trophy of Augustus]] was built in [[La Turbie]] near Monaco to honor the occasion.{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1pp=98–99|Goldsworthy|2014|2pp=340–341}}

[[File:Tiberius NyCarlsberg01.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Bust of [[Tiberius]], a successful military commander under Augustus who was designated as his heir and successor, [[Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek]], Copenhagen|alt=Roman bust of Tiberius]]
The capture of the Alpine region also served the next offensive in 12 BC, when Augustus's stepsons Tiberius and Drusus launched offensives against the [[Pannonian tribes]] of Illyricum and [[Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16)|against the Germanic tribes]] of the eastern [[Rhineland]], respectively. [[Drusus' Germanic campaign|Both campaigns were successful]], as Drusus's forces reached the [[Elbe]] River by 9 BC. Drusus died shortly after from an injury sustained by falling off his horse.{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=99|Goldsworthy|2014|2p=373|Southern|2014|3pp=267, 269–270, 274–275}} Tiberius rushed from Italy to Germany to see his brother{{sfn|Southern|2014|pp=267, 274–275}} and escorted Drusus's body to Rome,{{sfnm|Bunson|1994|1p=416|Goldsworthy|2014|2p=373}} where he and Augustus provided eulogies for Drusus.{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2014|pp=373–374}} After [[Illyrian tribes revolted in Illyricum]] in AD 6, Tiberius and Germanicus's forces quelled their rebellion in AD 9.{{sfn|Southern|2014|pp=306–307}} This was the only major rebellion within Roman provincial territory since Augustus had become emperor, and by this point he had reduced the standing [[Roman army]] from roughly 500,000 soldiers [[Roman army of the late Republic|during the civil wars]] down to 300,000 soldiers used [[Imperial Roman army|primarily for foreign conquests]].{{sfn|Galinsky|2012|pp=71–72}}

To protect Rome's eastern territories from the [[Parthian Empire]], Augustus relied on eastern client states to act as territorial [[Buffer state|buffers]] and areas that could raise their own troops for defense. Augustus stationed a Roman army in Syria, while Tiberius [[Roman-Iranian relations|negotiated with the Parthians]] as [[Augustus' Eastern policy|Rome's diplomat to the East]].{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=96|Southern|2014|2p=211}} Tiberius then restored [[Tigranes V]] to the [[Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)|Armenian throne]] in 20 BC, personally placing the crown on his head.{{sfnm|Bunson|1994|1p=416|Southern|2014|2p=211}}

Augustus negotiated with [[Phraates IV]] of [[Parthia]] in 20 BC for the return of the [[Vexilloid|battle standards]] lost by [[Crassus]] in the [[Battle of Carrhae]], a symbolic victory and great boost of morale for Rome.{{sfnm|Bunson|1994|1p=416|2a1=Eck|2a2=Takács|2y=2003|2p=96|Brosius|2006|3pp=96–97, 136–138|Southern|2014|4pp=212–213}} Historians [[Werner Eck]] and Sarolta Takács claim that this was a great disappointment for Romans seeking to avenge Crassus's defeat by military means.{{sfn|Eck|Takács|2003|pp=95–96}} However, Augustus used the return of the standards as [[Propaganda in Augustan Rome|propaganda]] symbolizing the submission of Parthia to Rome.{{sfnm|Brosius|2006|1p=97|Southern|2014|2p=211–212}} The event was celebrated in art such as the breastplate design on the statue [[Augustus of Prima Porta]] and in monuments such as the [[Temple of Mars Ultor]] ('[[Mars the Avenger]]') built to house the standards.{{sfnm|Brosius|2006|1p=97|Bivar|1983|2pp=66–67|Southern|2014|3pp=212–213, Fig. 212, Fig. 213|Galinsky|2012|4pp=75–76|Bringmann|2007|5pp=317–319|Goldsworthy|2014|6p=303–305, 406|7a1=Cavalieri|7a2=Assenmaker|7a3=Cavagna|7a4=Engels|7y=2022|7p=16, though without mentioning the Temple of Mars Ultor}} After [[Phraates V]] of Parthia managed to cleave Armenia away from Roman control, Augustus dispatched his grandson [[Gaius Caesar]] with an army to Syria in 1 BC, mounting a diplomatic pressure campaign that in AD 2 convinced Phraates V to concede to Roman demands.{{sfn|Southern|2014|pp=285–286}}

[[File:Hermann (Arminius) at the battle of the Teutoburg Forest in 9 CE by Peter Jannsen, 1873, with painting creases and damage removed.jpg|thumb|{{lang|de|Der siegreich vordringende Hermann}} (The Victorious Advancing [[Arminius|Hermann]]), depiction of the [[Battle of the Teutoburg Forest]], by [[Peter Janssen]], 1873|alt=A painting depicting a confrontation of armed soldiers in battle, with one riding atop a white horse]]
Parthia posed a threat to Rome in [[West Asia]], but the more pressing concern was the battlefront along the [[Rhine]] and [[Danube]] rivers.{{sfn|Eck|Takács|2003|p=96}} During the triumvirate, Octavian's campaigns against the tribes in [[Dalmatia (Roman province)|Dalmatia]] were the first step in expanding Roman dominions to the Danube.{{sfn|Rowell|1962|p=13}} Rome's enemies in [[Roman Germany|Germania]] almost constantly retook conquered territories.{{sfn|Eck|Takács|2003|p=96}} At the [[Battle of the Teutoburg Forest]] in AD 9, [[Arminius]], the leader of the [[Cherusci]], destroyed three entire legions led by [[Publius Quinctilius Varus]].{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1pp=101–102|Southern|2014|2pp=270, 307–308, 328|Galinsky|2012|3p=xvii|Goldsworthy|2014|4pp=446–454}} Augustus retaliated by dispatching Tiberius to the Rhineland to [[Pacification (military action)|pacify]] it in AD 10 and AD 11, and these campaigns had some success.{{sfnm|Bunson|1994|1p=417|Southern|2014|2pp=308–309|Goldsworthy|2014|3pp=454–457}} However, Augustus advised Tiberius against further conquests after the defeat at Teutoburg,{{sfnm|Southern|2014|1pp=308–309|Goldsworthy|2014|2p=473}} and the Romans abandoned [[History of Germany#Roman settlement of the Rhine|expansion into Germany]] beyond the Rhine.{{sfnm|Bunson|1994|1p=417|Southern|2014|2pp=270, 308–309, 328|Goldsworthy|2014|3p=473}} Although Augustus lamented the loss,{{sfnm|Southern|2014|1pp=308–309|Goldsworthy|2014|2pp=454–455}} his {{lang|la|Res Gestae}} merely states that he pacified Germania up to the [[North Sea|mouth of the Elbe]].{{sfn|Southern|2014|pp=308–309}}{{efn|Historian [[Patricia Southern]] writes that "[[Tiberius]] retrieved the losses, remaining in [[Germania|Germany]] for another two years, in AD 10 watching in case the tribesmen penetrated to the [[Rhine]] and in AD 11 campaigning inside German territory — but not too far. Augustus wrote in the {{lang|la|[[Res Gestae]]}} that he pacified Germany to the mouth of the [[Elbe]], passing over in silence the losses of AD 9."{{sfn|Southern|2014|p=308}} Southern hints that "earlier versions of the {{lang|la|Res Gestae}}, drafted before AD 9, would probably have stated 'I pacified Germany to the Elbe,' but after the disaster of Varus, the claims that German territory was overrun were reduced to the more modest 'to the mouth of the Elbe'.{{sfn|Southern|2014|p=308}} As for Augustus's territorial ambitions, Southern writes about his establishment of "[[Roman Imperial cult|an altar]] on the north bank" of the Elbe River in AD 1, and "perhaps at that date the concept of {{lang|la|imperium sine fine}} was still valid, but whatever Augustus's initial intentions had been, dreams of conquest had faded. Augustus never recovered from the Varian disaster, and turned his back on expansion of the Empire. He was said to give vent to his feelings on occasion by shouting out loud, '[[Quinctilius Varus]], give me back my [[Roman legion|legions]]! and he certainly advised Tiberius not to attempt further conquests".{{sfn|Southern|2014|pp=308–309}}}} Under Augustus's successor Tiberius, Roman general Germanicus took advantage of a Cherusci civil war between Arminius and [[Segestes]], defeating Arminius [[Battle of Idistaviso|at Idistaviso]] in AD 16.{{sfn|Bunson|1994|p=31}}
[[File:TabulaPeutingerianaMuziris.jpg|thumb|left|[[Muziris]] in the [[Chera Kingdom]] of [[Southern India]], as shown in the [[Tabula Peutingeriana]], with depiction of a temple of Augustus ({{lang|la|Templum Augusti}})|alt=Map depicting a settlement in Southern India]]

Rome also experienced loss to the south in [[Arabia Felix]] against the [[Kingdom of Saba]] (in modern [[Yemen]]). In 26 BC Augustus had [[Gaius Aelius Gallus]], prefect of Egypt, invade [[South Arabia]] with Roman troops supported by [[Jews in the Roman Empire|Jewish]] and [[Nabataean Arab]] auxiliaries.{{sfnm|Bowersock|1983|1p=46|Goldsworthy|2014|2pp=260–261|Southern|2014|3pp=200–201, 211|4a1=Eck|4a2=Takács|4y=2007|4pp=136, 182}} They aimed to conquer the [[Sabaeans]] or force them to accept client state status so that Rome could gain a share of their profitable [[Indo-Roman trade relations|trade with India]].{{sfnm|Bowersock|1983|1pp=46–47|Goldsworthy|2014|2pp=260–261}} Roman forces [[History of the Romans in Arabia|laid siege]] to [[Marib]],{{sfnm|Bowersock|1983|1pp=47–49|Goldsworthy|2014|2pp=260–261|3a1=Eck|3a2=Takács|3y=2007|3p=182}} but retreated to [[Hejaz]] (under allied [[Nabataean Kingdom|Nabataean control]]) after a shortage of water supplies.{{sfnm|Bowersock|1983|1pp=47–49|Goldsworthy|2014|2pp=260–261}} This campaign might have been part of a failed attempt to flank the Parthian Empire, considering how Augustus encouraged [[Tiridates II of Parthia]] to invade Mesopotamia and reclaim his throne the same year.{{sfn|Southern|2014|pp=201, 211}}

Augustus ordered [[Gaius Petronius]], Aelius Gallus's successor as prefect of Egypt, to invade [[Aethiopia]],{{sfnm|Bowersock|1983|1pp=46, 49 (footnote 16)|Goldsworthy|2014|2pp=261, 297, 300|3a1=Eck|3a2=Takács|3y=2007|3pp=136, 182}} after [[Kandake|Queen]] [[Amanirenas]] of the [[Kingdom of Kush]] (in modern [[Sudan]]) invaded Roman Egypt in 24 BC and sacked [[Aswan]] and [[Philae]].{{sfnm|Welsby|1996|1p=69|Southern|2014|2p=236}} The Romans counterattacked, sacking [[Napata]] in [[Nubia]] before withdrawing,{{sfnm|Welsby|1996|1pp=69–70|Southern|2014|2pp=236–237|3a1=Eck|3a2=Takács|3y=2007|3p=182}} but Amanirenas invaded Egypt again in 22 BC and threatened [[Primis]] (modern [[Qasr Ibrim]]).{{sfnm|Welsby|1996|1pp=69–70|Southern|2014|2pp=236–237}} After Petronius withstood a Kushite assault, Amanirenas sent diplomats to [[Roman relations with Nubia|negotiate a peace treaty]] with Augustus on the island of Samos.{{sfnm|Welsby|1996|1pp=68–70|Southern|2014|2p=237|Goldsworthy|2014|3p=300|4a1=Eck|4a2=Takács|4y=2007|4p=137}} The treaty established [[Maharraqa]] as the new border with Kush,{{sfn|Welsby|1996|pp=68–70}} lessened the amount of Roman tribute gathered from Kush,{{sfn|Southern|2014|p=237}} and guaranteed peaceful trade relations between Egypt and Nubia.{{sfn|Welsby|1996|p=70}} In the [[Maghreb]] of North Africa, [[Cossus Cornelius Lentulus Gaetulicus|Cossus Cornelius Lentulus]] quashed a rebellion of the [[Gaetuli]] against Juba II of Mauretania in AD 6.{{sfnm|Southern|2014|1p=306|2a1=Eck|2a2=Takács|2y=2007|2p=120}}

== Death and succession ==
{{main|Reign of Augustus}}

{{further|Julio-Claudian dynasty|Julio-Claudian family tree}}

Augustus's illness in 23 BC accentuated the problem of succession.{{sfnm|Gruen|2005|1p=50|Goldsworthy|2014|2pp=262–264|Southern|2014|3pp=203–204}}{{efn|The cause of Augustus's health problems is not clear. It may have been feigned or [[psychosomatic]]; if real, some scholars have suggested a [[liver abscess]].{{sfnm|Goldsworthy|2014|1pp=262–263, 265|Southern|2014|2p=203}}}} To ensure stability, he needed to designate an heir. This needed to be done subtly so that it did not trigger fears of monarchy. If someone was to succeed to Augustus's position of power, he would first have to be recognized as meritful.{{sfnm|Gruen|2005|1p=50|Goldsworthy|2014|2pp=262–265}}

=== The search for an heir ===
{{Multiple image
|total_width=300
|image1=(Toulouse) Portrait de Julie Musée Saint-Raymond Ra 338.jpg
|alt1=Bust of Julia
|image2=Agrippa Gabii Louvre Ma1208.jpg
|alt2=Bust of Agrippa
|footer=Left: A Roman bust of [[Julia the Elder]], Augustus's daughter, housed in the [[Musée Saint-Raymond]], France
{{pb}}Right: A Roman bust of [[Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa]], Augustus's son-in-law and confidant, the [[Louvre Museum]], Paris, France
}}

Some historians argue that Augustus favored his nephew Marcellus, who had married Augustus's daughter Julia,{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1pp=114–115|Goldsworthy|2014|2pp=256, 262–264, 321, 359–360}} while others argue that he preferred [[Marcus Agrippa]],{{sfn|Eck|Takács|2003|p=115}} who was Augustus's second in charge and a respected military commander.{{sfnm|Gruen|2005|1p=44|Goldsworthy|2014|2p=265}} After Marcellus died in 23 BC, Augustus remarried his daughter Julia to Agrippa in 21 BC.{{sfnm|Gruen|2005|1p=44|2a1=Eck|2a2=Takács|2y=2003|2p=58|Goldsworthy|2014|3pp=275–276, 321|Southern|2014|4pp=231–232}} This union produced five children, three sons and two daughters.{{sfnm|Gruen|2005|1p=44|2a1=Eck|2a2=Takács|2y=2003|2p=58|Southern|2014|3pp=231–233, 293–294, 298, 304–306|Goldsworthy|2014|4pp=321–322, 353–354}} In 18 BC,{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2014|p=322}} Agrippa was granted a five-year appointment to the eastern provinces with proconsular imperium and also the {{lang|la|tribunicia potestas}} that Augustus possessed.{{sfnm|Gruen|2005|1p=44|2a1=Eck|2a2=Takács|2y=2003|2p=58|Goldsworthy|2014|3pp=321–322}} This grant showed Augustus's favor but upset some conservative senators.{{sfnm|Goldsworthy|2014|1pp=321–322|2a1=Eck|2a2=Takács|2y=2003|2p=58}}

Augustus adopted his grandsons Gaius and [[Lucius Caesar|Lucius]], illuminating his intent to make them his heirs.{{sfnm|Syme|1939|1pp=416-417|Goldsworthy|2014|2p=322–323, 356, 359–360|Southern|2014|3pp=232, 280}} He served as consul in 5 and 2 BC so that he could personally usher them into their political careers.{{sfnm|Scullard|1982|1p=217|Southern|2014|2pp=280, 288}} Gaius was consul for AD 1, with Augustus having him wait until he turned 21,{{sfnm|Syme|1939|1p=417|Southern|2014|2pp=280, 288}}{{efn|[[Gaius Caesar]] had won election as consul in 6 BC. [[Patricia Southern]] argues that Augustus was testing public reaction to the 14-year-old Gaius as consul. Augustus insisted that this age was suitable enough, since Augustus had become consul at age 19 as Octavian, just before forming the triumvirate.{{sfn|Southern|2014|p=280}}}} while Lucius died before his designated consulship.{{sfn|Southern|2014|p=288}} Augustus also showed favor to his stepsons Tiberius and Drusus, granting them public offices while seeming to favor Drusus.{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=116|Goldsworthy|2014|2pp=356, 359–360}} Tiberius married Agrippa's eldest daughter, [[Vipsania Agrippina]],{{sfn|Syme|1986|p=314}} while Drusus married Augustus's niece [[Antonia Minor|Antonia]].{{sfn|Kokkinos|1992|p=11}} After Agrippa died in 12 BC, Augustus ordered Tiberius to divorce Vipsania for the widowed Julia.{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=116|Goldsworthy|2014|2pp=203, 256, 263–264, 321, 361–362, 379|Southern|2014|3pp=232–233, 268–269}} Drusus and Antonia's marriage was considered an unbreakable affair, whereas Vipsania was deemed less important.{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=116|Goldsworthy|2014|2pp=361–362}} Drusus died in 9 BC.{{sfn|Southern|2014|pp=267, 274–275}}

=== Tiberius, heir to Augustus ===
[[File:Gemma Augustea, a two-layered sardonyx depicting the Emperor Augustus surrounded by goddesses and allegories, 9-12 AD, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna (21036461833).jpg|thumb|The ''[[Gemma Augustea]]'', a two-layered [[sardonyx]] depicting Augustus seated next to the [[Roman pantheon|goddess]] [[Roma (goddess)|Roma]], with Augustus equated as [[Jupiter (god)|Jupiter]] as he looks on at a figure riding in a [[chariot]] (likely his heir [[Tiberius]] celebrating his [[Roman triumph|triumph]] for [[Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16)|victories]] in [[Germania]]), 9–12 AD, [[Kunsthistorisches Museum]], Vienna{{sfn|Southern|2014|p=321, Fig. 9.4}}|alt=Sardonyx cameo with Augustus at top seated alongside Roman gods and being crowned with a laurel wreath. Below him a group of men lift a sigil standard.]]

Tiberius shared in Augustus's tribunician powers from 6 BC but shortly thereafter withdrew into retirement, reportedly wanting no further role in politics.{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=117|Gruen|2005|2p=46|Goldsworthy|2014|3pp=427–429|Southern|2014|4pp=280–284, 288}} A failing marriage with Julia and envy for her sons Gaius and Lucius could have contributed to Tiberius's departure.{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1pp=117–118|Gruen|2005|2pp=46–47|Southern|2014|3p=281–283, 288, 292}} Augustus exiled his daughter for adultery in 2 BC,{{sfnm|Southern|2014|1pp=123, 247–248, 281, 292|Beard|2021|2pp=95, 273, 296|Goldsworthy|2014|3pp=399–402}} but inducted his grandsons into the college of priests at an early age and introduced them to the army in Gaul.{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1pp=117–118|Gruen|2005|2pp=46–47}}

After the deaths of Lucius in AD 2 and Gaius in AD 4, Augustus recalled Tiberius to Rome in June AD 4 and adopted him, on the condition that Tiberius adopt his nephew Germanicus.{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=119|Southern|2014|2pp=268–269, 293–294, 298|Goldsworthy|2014|3pp=374, 389-390, 426-431}} This continued the tradition of presenting at least two generations of heirs.{{sfn|Eck|Takács|2003|p=116}} In AD 4 Tiberius was also granted the {{lang|la|tribunicia potestas}} and a proconsular post in Germany; for his efforts there and in Illyricum, he eventually triumphed.{{sfn|Eck|Takács|2003|pp=119–120}} By AD 13, he had received the {{lang|la|imperium maius proconsulare}} equalling that of Augustus.{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1pp=119–120|Goldsworthy|2014|2p=462|Southern|2014|3p=309, with specific mention of [[Velleius Paterculus]] as the source for the claim about Tiberius being granted the same level of {{lang|la|imperium}} as Augustus, and of [[Suetonius]] claiming he governed the provinces jointly with Augustus to conduct a [[Roman census|census]]}}

[[File:Great Cameo of France CdM Paris Bab264 white background.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Roman imperial cult|deified Augustus]] hovers over [[Tiberius]] and other [[Julio-Claudian]]s in the [[Great Cameo of France]], 1st century AD|alt=Sardonyx cameo depicting Augustus as a god flying above Emperor Tiberius and his family]]

The only other possible claimant was [[Agrippa Postumus]], Augustus's youngest grandson. However, Augustus had exiled him to [[Sorrento]] in AD 6 and then to [[Planasia]] in AD 7.{{sfn|Southern|2014|p=304}} The Senate made Agrippa's banishment permanent,{{sfn|Gruen|2005|p=49}} and Augustus officially disowned him for his lack of good character and alleged involvement in a conspiracy.{{sfnm|Gruen|2005|1p=49|Southern|2014|2pp=304–306}} After Tiberius succeeded Augustus, he was most likely the one who had Agrippa killed in exile.{{sfnm|Southern|2014|1p=306|Goldsworthy|2014|2p=472}}

=== Death of Augustus ===
On 19 August AD 14, Augustus died at [[Nola]], where his father had died.{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=123|Southern|2014|2pp=310–311|Galinsky|2012|3p=xvii|Goldsworthy|2014|4pp=464–465}} Both [[Tacitus]] and Cassius Dio claimed Livia poisoned him. Many historians dismiss the alleged poisoning, however, as a fabrication to discredit her son Tiberius. Livia had long been the target of similar (probably false) rumors of poisoning.{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=123|Southern|2014|2p=311|Goldsworthy|2014|3p=465}} If poisoning is accepted, it is possible that Livia supplied a poisoned fig to [[assist death]].{{sfn|Eck|Takács|2003|p=123}} Augustus's health had declined in the months before his death and he had prepared for a smooth transition in power to Tiberius.{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=123|Southern|2014|2pp=293–294, 298, 308–311, 317|Goldsworthy|2014|3pp=461–465}}

[[File:Photographs of the Mausoleum of Augustus 14 (cropped).jpg|thumb|The [[Mausoleum of Augustus]] restored, 2021|alt=Ancient Roman rotunda building]]
Augustus's famous last words were, "Have I played the part well? Then applaud as I exit" ({{lang|la|Acta est fabula, plaudite}}).{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=123|Goldsworthy|2014|2pp=465–466}} An enormous procession of mourners travelled with Augustus's body from Nola to Rome, with all business closed on his funeral.{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=123|Southern|2014|2p=318|Goldsworthy|2014|3pp=466–469}} Tiberius and his son [[Drusus Julius Caesar|Drusus]] delivered the eulogy while standing atop two {{lang|la|[[rostra]]}}.{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=124|Southern|2014|2p=318}} Augustus's body was coffin-bound and cremated on a pyre close to [[Mausoleum of Augustus|his mausoleum]].{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=124|Southern|2014|2p=318|Goldsworthy|2014|3p=468}}

=== Deification ===
{{further|Roman Imperial cult|Sodales Augustales|Sanctuary of the Three Gauls|Ara Ubiorum}}
[[File:Rare denarius of Octavian & Caesar.jpg|thumb|A [[denarius]] [[coin of Augustus]] struck at Rome in 17 BC depicting Augustus on the obverse and the [[deified Julius Caesar]] beneath [[Caesar's comet]] on the reverse|alt=A coin of Augustus commemorating his adoptive father, Julius Caesar]]

On 17 September 27 BC the Senate proclaimed Augustus to have joined the company of the gods and the [[deified Julius Caesar]] as a member of the Roman [[Pantheon (religion)|pantheon]].{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=124|Goldsworthy|2014|2p=471, with the precise date of 17 September|Southern|2014|3pp=101–104, for the official deification of Julius Caesar in 42 BC; pp. 318, 323, for the official deification of Augustus, with Caesar mentioned}} People in Rome's eastern provinces had worshipped Octavian as a [[Roman religion|living deity]] since his victory at Actium.{{sfn|Southern|2014|p=323}} There was limited worship of him in some western provinces, primarily at the [[Sanctuary of the Three Gauls]] in [[Lugdunum]] (Lyon, France) and at [[Ara Ubiorum]] in [[Oppidum Ubiorum]] (Cologne, Germany),{{sfn|Southern|2014|p=323}} but not at Rome where such worship remained taboo. Only his {{lang|la|[[Genius (mythology)|genius]]}} (spirit) was allowed worship there.{{sfn|Southern|2014|pp=323–324}}

== Legacy ==
{{see also|Outline of Augustus}}
{{Further|Cultural depictions of Augustus|Augustan and Julio-Claudian art|Augustan literature (ancient Rome)}}
{{Multiple image
| total_width = 300
| image1 = Octavianus Caesar Augustus.jpg
| alt1 = Depiction in print of Augustus wearing a radiant crown
| image2 = Folio 22r - The Virgin, the Sibyl and the Emperor Augustus.jpg
| alt2 = Page from a manuscript with depictions of the Virgin Mary, the Roman Sibyl, and Emperor Manuel II in imitation of Augustus
| footer = Left: Augustus in a copper engraving by Giovanni Battista Cavalieri; from the book ''{{lang|la|Romanorum Imperatorum effigies}}'' (1583), preserved in the Municipal Library of [[Trento]] (Italy)
{{pb}}Right: From the {{lang|fr|[[Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry]]}} (1412–1416), the Virgin Mary and Child (top), the prophetess [[Temple of Vesta, Tivoli|Sibyl Tivoli]] (bottom left) and Augustus (bottom right). The likeness of Augustus is that of the [[Byzantine emperor]] [[Manuel II Palaiologos]].{{sfn|Setton|1976|p=375}}
}}

=== Overview ===
Augustus created a regime that maintained relative peace and prosperity in the [[Latin West and Greek East]] for [[Crisis of the Third Century|two centuries]],{{sfnm|Galinsky|2005|1pp=1, 6|Goldsworthy|2014|2p=1}} initiating the celebrated {{lang|la|[[Pax Romana]]}} (or {{lang|la|[[Pax Augusta]]}}),{{sfnm|Southern|2014|1p=274|2a1=Eck|2a2=Takács|2y=2007|2pp=123–124|3a1=Cavalieri|3a2=Assenmaker|3a3=Cavagna|3a4=Engels|3y=2022|3pp=16–17}} though the Augustan [[golden age]] myth may obscure the complicated political challenges faced by Augustus.{{sfnm|Galinsky|2012|1pp=84–85|2a1=Cavalieri|2a2=Assenmaker|2a3=Cavagna|2a4=Engels|2y=2022|2pp=28–29}} His regime [[Legacy of the Roman Empire|laid the foundations]] of a concept of universal monarchy in the [[Byzantine]] and [[Holy Roman Empire]]s down to their dissolutions in 1453 and 1806, respectively.{{sfn|Hammond|1965|p=152}} Later Romans viewed his reign favorably, embodied by the Senate's formal wish to every emperor after [[Trajan]] that they "[[be more fortunate than Augustus and better than Trajan]]".{{sfnm|Galinsky|2012|1p=xxiv|Goldsworthy|2014|2p=476}} This positive overall image was also helped by his successors copying many of Augustus's policies and forms of self-promotion, which modern research calls {{lang|la|imitatio Augusti}}.{{sfnm|Brockkötter|2025|1pp=495-498|Claes|2022|2p=80, in the context of how coins were commonly used by later emperors to convey {{lang|la|pietas}} towards Augustus, pay homage to his founding of the principate, and how "such {{lang|la|imitatio Augusti}} could recall various aspects of Augustus' reign"; also p. 81, with author's intent to "document when an
emperor tried to style himself as a new Augustus ({{lang|la|imitatio Augusti}}) through his coin messages"}}

The surname Caesar and the title {{lang|la|augustus}} became permanent titles of Roman rulers for fourteen centuries after Augustus's death, used in Rome and [[Constantinople]] following the [[division of the Roman Empire|Empire's division]].{{sfnm|Hammond|1957|1pp=21–54|Shotter|2005|2p=1|Southern|2014|3p=358|4a1=Eck|4a2=Takács|4y=2003|4p=124}} {{lang|la|Caesar}} formed the root of later [[regnal title]]s such as the German {{lang|de|[[kaiser]]}} and Russian {{lang|ru|[[czar]]}}.{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2007|1p=57|Goldsworthy|2014|2p=6}} Emperors preferred his title of {{lang|la|civilis princeps}} for three centuries until they adopted the title {{lang|la|[[Dominate|domini]]}} ('lords'), beginning with [[Diocletian]].{{sfn|Galinsky|2012|p=78}} His adoptive name {{lang|la|Imperator}} ('victorious general') served as the etymological root of the word '[[emperor]]', though it did not possess this connotation in Augustus's lifetime.{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2014|pp=6–7}} The emperors alone held the office of {{lang|la|pontifex maximus}} until [[fall of the Western Roman Empire|the fall]] of the [[Western Roman Empire]], after which the [[papacy]] adopted it.{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2014|p=350}}
[[File:Augustus kameo.jpg|thumb|upright|The Roman [[Cameo (carving)|cameo]] of Augustus at the center of the medieval [[Cross of Lothair]], housed in the [[Aachen Cathedral Treasury]]|alt=Sardonyx cameo depicting Augustus wearing a laurel wreath and holding an aquila standard]]

=== Written works ===
Augustus composed an account of his achievements, the ''{{lang|la|[[Res Gestae Divi Augusti]]}}'', to be inscribed in bronze in front of his mausoleum.{{sfnm|Southern|2014|1p=341|2a1=Eck|2a2=Takács|2y=2007|2p=1|Goldsworthy|2014|3p=13|4a1=Cavalieri|4a2=Assenmaker|4a3=Cavagna|4a4=Engels|4y=2022|4pp=27–28}} Copies of the text were inscribed throughout the empire upon his death.{{sfn|Eck|Takács|2003|pp=1–2}} The [[Latin literature|Latin inscriptions]], along with Greek translations, were inscribed on many public edifices, and historian [[Theodor Mommsen]] called them the "queen of inscriptions".{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=2|2a1=Cavalieri|2a2=Assenmaker|2a3=Cavagna|2a4=Engels|2y=2022|2pp=27–28}} The ''{{lang|la|Res Gestae}}'' is Augustus's only surviving major work, though he is also known to have composed poems entitled {{langr|la|"Sicilia"}}, {{langr|la|"Epiphanus"}}, and {{langr|la|"Ajax"}}, an autobiography of 13 books, a philosophical treatise, and a written rebuttal to Brutus's ''Eulogy of Cato''.{{sfnm|Bunson|1994|1p=47|2a1=Cavalieri|2a2=Assenmaker|2a3=Cavagna|2a4=Engels|2y=2022|2pp=13–15, 26–27 which mentions the ''Res Gestae'' surviving, the lost autobiography, and the poems {{langr|la|"Sicilia"}} and {{langr|la|"Ajax"}}, but not the poem {{langr|la|"Epiphanus"}}, the philosophical treatise, or the rebuttal to Brutus's ''Eulogy of Cato''}} Augustus's private letters also reveal facts about his personal life.{{sfnm|Bourne|1918|1pp=53–66|Ohst|2023|2pp=262-268|Shaw-Smith|1971|3p=213|Goldsworthy|2014|4pp=307–309, 417|5a1=Cavalieri|5a2=Assenmaker|5a3=Cavagna|5a4=Engels|5y=2022|5pp=27}} The poet [[Martial]] preserved a sexually crude poem allegedly written by Octavian during the Perusine War, which pokes fun at Mark Antony, his wife Fulvia, and his mistress [[Glaphyra (hetaera)|Glaphyra]].{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2014|pp=151–152}} [[Pliny the Elder]] suggested that Augustus displayed and finished Agrippa's [[world map]] publicly exhibited in the [[Porticus Vipsania]].{{sfn|Dilke|1987|pp=205–208}} This map would later form the basis of various [[medieval world maps]].{{sfn|Dilke|1987|p=207}}

In his ''Res Gestae'', Augustus defined the relative peace established by his reign as a peace "born of victories" ({{lang|la|parta victoriis pax}}) in the civil wars, and [[Augustan artwork]] incorporates this theme.{{sfnm|Galinsky|2012|1pp=85, 94–95|2a1=Eck|2a2=Takács|2y=2007|2pp=123–124}} This peace ensured Romans and subjugated peoples within their Empire upheld a cohesive social pact: the latter would relinquish their sovereignty and pay taxes in exchange for the preservation of their customs and the protection of Rome.{{sfn|Galinsky|2012|p=85}} By boasting of his many conquests, the {{lang|la|Res Gestae}} emphasizes the same [[Dignitas (Roman concept)|code of honor]] found in Republican [[Roman funerary practices|funerary inscriptions]] such as [[Tomb of the Scipios|those of the Scipios]], a key element in elevating the political reputation of Roman families.{{sfn|Bringmann|2007|p=316}}

[[File:HymiariteKingdomAugustusImitation1stCenturyCE.jpg|thumb|upright|Coin of the [[Himyarite Kingdom]] in the southern [[Arabian peninsula]], in imitation of [[coins of Augustus]], 1st century AD|alt=Coin depicting a man wearing a laurel wreath, modelled after the coinage of Augustus]]

===Enduring institutions===
{{further|Lex Julia|Lex Papia Poppaea}}
[[File:Statue of Emperor Augustus Capri.jpg|thumb|upright|Statue of Augustus at [[Monte Solaro]] on the island of [[Capri]] in [[Campania]], Italy, overlooking the [[Gardens of Augustus]]|alt=Statue of Augustus standing]]
Augustus thoroughly transformed the city of Rome, creating a permanent [[Cohortes urbanae|police force]], [[firefighting]] force, and {{lang|la|[[praefectus]]}} ('municipal prefect').{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=79|Southern|2014|2pp=302–304}} Established in AD 6 and based on previous firefighting services established in 22 and 7 BC,{{sfn|Southern|2014|pp=302–303}} the ''[[vigiles]]'' was a combined fire brigade and [[History of criminal justice|police force]] divided into cohorts of 500 to 1,000 men each, with seven units assigned to fourteen divided city sectors.{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=79|Southern|2014|2pp=302–304}} A {{lang|la|[[praefectus vigilum]]}} ('prefect of the watch') was put in charge of the ''vigiles'',{{sfnm|Bunson|1994|1p=345|Southern|2014|2pp=303–304}} whereas {{lang|la|[[wikt:vicomagister|vicomagistri]]}} officials had previously been in charge of each district following the fire of 7 BC.{{sfn|Southern|2014|pp=302–304}} Augustus created a [[Roman Army during the Pax Romana|standing army]],{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2014|pp=248–251}} fixed at a size of 28 legions of about 170,000 soldiers,{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1pp=85–87|Southern|2014|2pp=348–350}} reduced from 60 legions at the end of the civil wars in 30 BC.{{sfn|Southern|2014|pp=349}} This was supported by many [[auxilia]]ry units of 500 non-citizen soldiers each, often recruited from recently conquered areas.{{sfn|Eck|Takács|2003|p=86}}

With his finances securing the maintenance of roads throughout Italy, Augustus installed an official system of [[Cursus publicus|relay stations]] overseen by a military officer known as the {{lang|la|praefectus vehiculorum}}.{{sfn|Eck|Takács|2003|p=81}} Besides speeding communication in Italy, his extensive road construction allowed Roman armies to march swiftly across the country.{{sfn|Chisholm|Ferguson|1981|p=122}} In AD 6 Augustus established the {{lang|la|[[aerarium militare]]}}, donating 170 million sesterces to the new military treasury that provided for both active and retired soldiers.{{sfn|Bunson|1994|p=6}}

One of Augustus's most enduring institutions was the establishment of the [[Praetorian Guard]] in 27 BC,{{sfn|Bunson|1994|p=341}} commanded by two [[praetorian prefect]]s (later one) after Augustus created this office in 2 BC.{{sfn|Southern|2014|p=250, 292–293}} Originally a personal bodyguard unit on the battlefield, the praetorians evolved into an imperial guard as well as an important political force in Rome.{{sfnm|Bunson|1994|1p=341|2a1=Eck|2a2=Takács|2y=2007|2pp=54, 94}} They served the emperors into the early 4th century.{{sfn|Bunson|1994|pp=341–342}}

=== Revenue reforms ===
{{further|Coinage reform of Augustus|Coins of Augustus|Taxation in ancient Rome|Roman commerce|Roman Imperial currency|Roman Republican currency|Inheritance law in ancient Rome|Julius Licinus}}
[[File:Octavian aureus circa 30 BCE.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Aureus]] of Octavian, {{circa|30 BC|lk=no}}, [[British Museum]]|alt=Ancient Roman coin of Augustus]]
[[Augustus's tax reforms]] greatly impacted the subsequent success of the Empire, bringing it under direct taxation from Rome. This increased and stabilized Rome's revenues from its territories and regularized the financial relationship between Rome and its provinces, avoiding provincial resentments with arbitrary exaction.{{sfn|Eck|Takács|2003|pp=83–84}} An equally important reform was the abolition of [[tax farming]]. The {{lang|la|[[publican]]i}}, Republican era private tax farmers, were infamous for their depredations and great wealth, so they were replaced by salaried tax collectors.{{sfn|Eck|Takács|2003|pp=83–84}}

Under Augustus, the measures of taxation were determined by censuses with fixed quotas for each province. Citizens of Rome and Italy paid indirect taxes, while direct taxes were exacted from the provinces. Indirect taxes included a 4% tax on the price of slaves, a 1% tax on goods sold at auction, and a 5% tax on the inheritance of estates valued at over 100,000 sesterces by persons other than the [[next of kin]].{{sfn|Bunson|1994|p=404}} Due to protest from equestrians, the suffect consuls for 9 AD modified and lessened penalties in the {{lang|la|[[Lex Papia Poppaea]]}} that affected the inheritance of estates by celibate, unmarried, or childless individuals, though it continued to generate revenues with properties of the deceased seized by the state.{{sfnm|Goldsworthy|2014|1pp=458–459|Southern|2014|2pp=246–247, 310}}

Augustus's annexation of Egypt allowed him to divert its immense wealth for imperial purposes.{{sfnm|Bunson|1994|1p=144|Southern|2014|2pp=184–185|Galinsky|2012|3pp=56, 58}} Considered Augustus's private property rather than a province, it became part of each succeeding emperor's patrimonium.{{sfnm|Bunson|1994|1pp=144–145|Southern|2014|2pp=173–174, 184–185|Galinsky|2012|3pp=56, 58|Goldsworthy|2014|4p=193}} Instead of a legate or proconsul, Augustus installed a prefect from the equestrian class to administer Egypt and maintain its lucrative seaports.{{sfnm|Bunson|1994|1p=145|Southern|2014|2p=185}} This position became the highest political achievement for any equestrian besides becoming [[praetorian prefect]].{{sfnm|Bunson|1994|1p=145|Southern|2014|2pp=325–326}} Gold and silver found in the Ptolemaic royal treasury was melted down [[Coins of Augustus|for coins]].{{sfn|Galinsky|2012|p=56}} In his will, Augustus left money to his family but also 43 million [[Roman Imperial currency|sesterces]] to the [[Roman people]], 1,000 sesterces to every praetorian, 500 sesterces to every soldier in urban cohorts, and 300 sesterces to each soldier.{{sfnm|Southern|2014|1p=317|Goldsworthy|2014|2p=469}}

=== Month of August ===
{{further|Roman calendar|Julian calendar|Gregorian calendar}}
In 8 BC, the [[Roman month]] of [[Sextilis]] (or {{lang|la|Sextilus}}) was renamed [[August]] (Latin: {{lang|la|Augustus}}) after Augustus.{{sfnm|Nothaft|2018|1p=122|Southern|2014|2p=86|Goldsworthy|2014|3p=2, 7, 381–382|Hosch|2023|British Museum|2017}} Augustus chose Sextilis as it was the month of his first consulship and of his various victories.{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2014|pp=72, 381–382}} In comparison, the month of [[July]] (Latin: {{lang|la|Iulius}}) in the [[Julian calendar]] was named after Julius Caesar,{{sfnm|Nothaft|2018|1p=122|Southern|2014|2pp=34, 141|Goldsworthy|2014|3p=2, 381–382}} the only other month in the [[Roman calendar]] named after a Roman.{{sfn|British Museum|2017}}

=== Building projects ===
{{Further|Vitruvius|De architectura|Roman architecture|Roman architectural revolution}}
{{Multiple image
| total_width = 300
| image1 = Ara Pacis relieve 25.JPG
| alt1 = Relief depicting various relatives of Augustus dressed in togas
| image2 = Trofeo delle Alpi 1.JPG
| alt2 = Ancient Roman monument to Augustus
| footer = Left: Sculpted reliefs on the south side of the [[Ara Pacis]] ('Altar of Peace') in [[Rome]] showing unidentified members of the [[Julio-Claudian dynasty|imperial family]], dedicated to the [[Pax Romana]], decreed by the [[Roman Senate]] in 13 BC, and completed on 30 January 9 BC with Augustus attending its dedication ceremony{{sfnm|Southern|2014|1pp=341–344, Fig. A1.10 on p. 344|Goldsworthy|2014|2p=374}}
{{pb}}Right: The [[Tropaeum Alpium]] (Trophy of Augustus), a victory monument built by Augustus at [[La Turbie]], France (near Monaco) in honor of the [[Roman conquest of Rhetia and the Alps]]{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2007|1pp=128–129|Goldsworthy|2014|2p=340}}
}}

==== Remodeling of Rome ====
{{Further|Forum of Augustus|Temple of Divus Augustus|Temple of Augustus, Pula|Temple of Augustus and Livia|Temple of Augustus, Barcelona|Temple of Augustus and Rome|Arch of Augustus (Susa)|Trophy of Augustus|Triumphal Arch of Orange}}

On his deathbed, Augustus boasted that he converted Rome from a city of bricks into one of marble.{{sfnm|Bunson|1994|1p=34|Southern|2014|2p=331, citing {{harvnb|Dio|loc=56.30.3}}, and {{harvnb|Suetonius, ''Augustus''|loc=28.3}}}} Marble could be found in [[Roman architecture|Roman buildings]] before Augustus, but it was not extensively used as a building material until his reign.{{sfn|Bunson|1994|p=34}}{{efn|This transformation of [[Rome]] with new marble edifices did not apply to the [[Subura]] slums, which were still as rickety and fire-prone as ever.{{sfn|Bunson|1994|p=34}}}} He left a mark on the monumental topography of the city's center, as well as on the Campus Martius with the {{lang|la|[[Ara Pacis]]|italic=no}} (Altar of Peace) and monumental [[sundial]], whose central [[gnomon]] was an [[obelisk]] [[Obelisks of Rome|taken from Egypt]].{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=122|Southern|2014|2pp=273, 331, 341–345, Fig. A1.8, Fig. A1.9, Fig. A1.10|Goldsworthy|2014|3p=374}} The [[relief]] sculptures decorating the {{lang|la|Ara Pacis|italic=no}} visually augment Augustus's triumphs outlined in the ''{{lang|la|Res Gestae}}''. Its reliefs depict [[praetor]]ians, the Vestals, and the citizenry of Rome.{{sfn|Bunson|1994|p=32}}
The [[Corinthian order]] of architectural style originating from [[ancient Greece]] was the dominant architectural style in the age of Augustus.{{sfnm|Bunson|1994|1p=34|2a1=Cavalieri|2a2=Assenmaker|2a3=Cavagna|2a4=Engels|2y=2022|2pp=9–10}} Suetonius once commented that Rome was unworthy of its status as an imperial capital, yet Augustus and Agrippa set out to dismantle this sentiment.{{sfn|Bunson|1994|p=34}} They transformed the appearance of Rome upon the [[Ancient Greek architecture|Greek model]],{{sfnm|Bunson|1994|1p=34|Goldsworthy|2014|2pp=403–404}} incorporating both [[Classical Greece|Classical]] and [[Hellenistic Greece|Hellenistic]] elements with many [[Ancient Athens|Athenian monuments]] as direct inspirations.{{sfnm|Goldsworthy|2014|1pp=403–404, 408–409|2a1=Cavalieri|2a2=Assenmaker|2a3=Cavagna|2a4=Engels|2y=2022|2pp=7–9, with Athenian models for inspiration mentioned specifically on p. 7, though only the Classical era influence is highlighted, not the Hellenistic era architecture as Goldsworthy also emphasizes}}

[[File:Vienne - Temple d'Auguste et de Livie -1.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Temple of Augustus and Livia]] in [[Vienne, Isère|Vienne]], France, late 1st century BC|alt=Roman monument commemorating Augustus and his wife Livia]]

Augustus had the temples of [[Temple of Caesar|Caesar]], [[Temple of Jupiter Tonans|Jupiter Tonans]], and [[Apollo Palatinus]] erected, as well as the [[Baths of Agrippa]] and the [[Forum of Augustus]] with its [[Temple of Mars Ultor]]. He encouraged the establishment of the [[Theatre of Balbus]] and Agrippa's construction of the [[Pantheon, Rome|Pantheon]], and funded additional projects in the name of others, often relations (e.g. [[Portico of Octavia]], [[Theatre of Marcellus]]).{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1pp=118–121|Southern|2014|2pp=289–291, 330, 333–334, 337–339, Fig. A1.5, Fig. A1.6|Goldsworthy|2014|3pp=304–305, 402–410}} Even [[Tomb of Augustus|his tomb in Rome]] was built before his death to house members of his family.{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2007|1pp=156, 159–160|Southern|2014|2pp=339–341, Fig. A1.7}} To celebrate his victory at the Battle of Actium, the [[Arch of Augustus, Rome|Arch of Augustus]] was built in 29 BC near the entrance of the [[Temple of Castor and Pollux]], and widened in 19 BC to include a triple-arch design.{{sfnm|Bunson|1994|1p=34|Southern|2014|2pp=334–336, Fig. A1.3|Goldsworthy|2014|3p=305, noting that it was instead near the Temple of the Divine Julius in the Forum Romanum}} He also completed projects left unfinished by Julius Caesar,{{sfnm|Southern|2014|1pp=330–334|Goldsworthy|2014|2pp=409–410}} such as the [[Curia Julia]], the [[Forum of Caesar]], and the [[Temple of Venus Genetrix]].{{sfn|Southern|2014|pp=330–334, Fig. A1.1}} He rebuilt the [[Basilica Aemilia]] by 2 BC (previously burned down in a fire of 35 BC).{{sfn|Southern|2014|p=333, Fig. A1.2}}

Augustus also provided grand spectacles in Rome. The [[Amphitheater of Statilius Taurus|amphitheater]] constructed by [[Titus Statilius Taurus|Statilius Taurus]] from 34 to 29 BC was the first [[Roman amphitheater|stone amphitheater]] built in the city, and opened with [[gladiator]] games around the time Octavian staged shows of live combat and the first ever killing of a rhino and hippopotamus for entertainment in Rome.{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2014|pp=178–179, 218–219}} Augustus staged [[Bestiarius|lion hunts]] in the [[Circus Maximus]], temporarily flooded the [[Circus Flaminius]] for slaughtering [[Nile crocodile|crocodiles]], and held gladiatorial bouts in the [[Saepta Julia]].{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2014|pp=406–407}} In 2 BC he also staged an elaborate [[Naumachia|mock naval battle]], the ''[[naumachia Augusti]]'', by creating an artificial lake on the west bank of the [[Tiber]], its waters fed by a newly built aqueduct, the [[Aqua Alsietina]] that stretched for over twenty miles. In a lethal performance, the combatants reenacted the 480 BC [[Battle of Salamis]] between the [[Second Persian invasion of Greece|Greek city-states led by Athens]] and the Persian [[Achaemenid Empire]].{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2014|pp=407–408}}{{efn|Over two centuries later Dio wrote that some of the structures built for this occasion were still standing.{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2014|p=408}}}}

==== Public works ====
{{further|Roman engineering|Via Julia Augusta|Via Augusta}}
[[File:Pont Flavien, Bouches-du-Rhône, France. Pic 01.jpg|thumb|upright|Remains of the [[Pont Flavien]] bridge along the [[Via Julia Augusta]] in [[Saint-Chamas]], [[Bouches-du-Rhône]], France|alt=Two ancient Roman arches]]
Augustus put Agrippa in charge of [[Rome's water supply]], [[Sanitation in ancient Rome|sanitation]], [[Cloaca Maxima|drainage system]], [[Roman baths|public baths]], and [[Roman roads|roads]].{{sfnm|Southern|2014|1pp=330, 345–346|Goldsworthy|2014|2pp=179–180, 341, 478}} Agrippa had overseen these works when he served as aedile in 33 BC,{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=79|Southern|2014|2p=146|Goldsworthy|2014|3pp=179–180}} and even privately funded them afterwards.{{sfn|Eck|Takács|2003|p=79}} In 33 BC he built the [[Aqua Julia]] aqueduct, along with new [[cistern]]s and [[water tower]]s.{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2014|p=180}} After Agrippa’s death in 12 BC, Augustus had to find a solution to maintain Rome's water supply system,{{sfnm|1a1=Eck|1a2=Takács|1y=2003|1p=79|Southern|2014|2p=146}} and he arranged a system where the Senate designated three of its members as commissioners in charge of the water supply and [[Roman aqueduct|repair of aqueducts]].{{sfn|Eck|Takács|2003|p=79}}

During the triumvirate and early reign of Augustus, Agrippa oversaw the construction of new roads for military purposes to the Rhine frontier.{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2014|pp=341–342, 478}} Augustus created the senatorial commission of the {{lang|la|curatores viarum}} ('supervisors for roads'), which worked with local officials and contractors to organize [[History of roads|regular repairs to roads]].{{sfn|Eck|Takács|2003|p=81}} Augustus repaired all [[bridges in Rome]] except the [[Ponte Milvio|Milvian]] and Minucian ones, and paved the [[Via Flaminia]] between Rome and [[Ariminum]].{{sfnm|Southern|2014|1p=345|Goldsworthy|2014|2p=262}} In his late reign, he tasked a commission of five senators, the {{lang|la|curatores locorum publicorum iudicandorum}} ('Supervisors of Public Property'), with maintaining public buildings and temples.{{sfn|Eck|Takács|2003|p=79}}

==== Residences ====
{{main|House of Augustus|Villa of Augustus|Gardens of Augustus}}

{{further|Domus|Roman villa|Roman gardens}}
[[File:House of Augustus, North-east corner of the Lower cubiculum with architectural decoration, Palatine Hill, Rome (20659554676).jpg|thumb|A corner of the lower ''[[cubiculum]]'' in the [[House of Augustus]] on the [[Palatine Hill]] in [[Rome]], with [[Pompeian Styles|Pompeian second style]] frescos|alt=A room featuring various frescos]]
Augustus's official residence was the {{lang|la|[[Domus Augusti]]}} ('House of Augustus') on the [[Palatine Hill]], though its identification is not certain.{{sfnm|Southern|2014|1p=336|Galinsky|2012|2pp=67–68|Goldsworthy|2014|3p=418}} According to Suetonius the [[Domus|home]] was somewhat modest,{{sfn|Richardson|1992|pp=117–18, citing {{harvnb|Suetonius, ''Augustus''|loc=72.1}}}} but if it was the Carettoni house west of the [[Palatine temple of Apollo]], then Augustus's residence would have been substantially larger and more luxurious than literary sources admit.{{sfnm|Wiseman|2022|1pp=15–17|Bingham|2021|2pp=317–319}} Augustus dedicated this temple to [[Apollo]] near his home in 28 BC, and he often appears on coinage wearing the [[civic crown]] with laurels highly associated with Apollo.{{sfn|Galinsky|2012|pp=67–68}} The {{lang|la|Domus Augusti}} is also located near the {{lang|la|[[Casa Romuli]]}} ('House of Romulus'), purportedly that of Rome's legendary founder Romulus.{{sfnm|Galinsky|2012|1pp=67–68, Map 2, Fig. 13|Southern|2014|2p=336}} The [[House of Livia]] is located nearby, though it is unclear if Augustus's wife occupied the residence before his death.{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2014|p=418}}

Outside Rome, Augustus owned three [[Roman villa|countryside villas]], which were not extravagant but had [[Roman gardens|ornamental gardens]].{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2014|p=419}} Augustus built the [[Palazzo a Mare]] palace on the island of [[Capri]],{{sfnm|1a1=Ring|1a2=Salkin|1a3=La Boda|1y=1996|1p=121|Goldsworthy|2014|2pp=419, 464, 473}} where he hosted a sizable [[collection of fossils]] and what may have been [[dinosaur bones]].{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2014|pp=419, 464}} At the [[Villa Giulia (Ventotene)|Villa Giulia]] on the island of [[Ventotene]], where Augustus exiled his daughter Julia, he constructed a sophisticated [[hypocaust]] [[central heating system]] for two large bathtubs and a {{lang|la|[[caldarium]]}} hot plunge bath.{{sfn|Amici|2015|pp=658–663}} Augustus's family home was a villa located in [[Nola]], where he and his father died.{{sfnm|Goldsworthy|2014|1pp=32, 46, 465, 509|Southern|2014|2pp=7, 310–311}} This residence was probably [[Villa of Augustus|the villa]] discovered at [[Somma Vesuviana]].<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AJAcZ8CWVMA |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211027/AJAcZ8CWVMA |archive-date=27 October 2021 |title=Villa where Augustus probably died is unearthed |date=16 November 2016 |medium=video |work=[[Associated Press]] |access-date=9 April 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== Critical analysis ==
=== Ancient and contemporary views ===
{{further|Gaius Maecenas|Augustan literature (ancient Rome)|Harvard School}}
[[File:Jean-Auguste-Dominique INGRES - Tu Marcellus Eris - Musée des Augustins - RO 124.jpg|thumb|''[[Virgil reading The Aeneid before Augustus, Livia and Octavia]]'', by [[Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres]], 1812, [[Musée des Augustins]]; [[Octavia the Younger]] allegedly fainted during a public reading of the ''[[Aeneid]]'' in Rome by [[Virgil]], becoming emotionally overwhelmed during the passage about the death of her son [[Marcellus (nephew of Augustus)|Marcus Claudius Marcellus]].{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2014|p=307}}|alt=An oil painting depicting the poet Virgil reading his work to Augustus and his family, with Augustus's sister Octavia having fainted in shock]]
Writers throughout the ages have both praised and criticized Augustus. The contemporary Roman jurist [[Marcus Antistius Labeo]], fond of the days of pre-Augustan republican liberty in which he had been born, openly criticized the Augustan regime. In his ''[[Annals (Tacitus)|Annals]]'', Tacitus wrote that Augustus had cunningly subverted Republican Rome into a position of slavery, and that the people of Rome traded one slaveholder for another with the succession of Tiberius.{{sfn|Starr|1952|p=5}} Tacitus believed that Emperor [[Nerva]] ({{reign|96|98}}) successfully joined principate and liberty.{{sfn|Starr|1952|p=6}} The 3rd-century historian [[Cassius Dio]] acknowledged Augustus as a benign, moderate ruler, yet like most other post-Augustan historians he viewed Augustus as an [[autocrat]].{{sfn|Starr|1952|p=5}} The 1st-century poet [[Marcus Annaeus Lucanus]] argued that Caesar's victory over Pompey and the death of [[Cato the Younger]] in 46 BC marked the end of traditional liberty in Rome.{{sfn|Starr|1952|p=6}}

Modern academics still debate the extent to which Augustus [[History of censorship|censored]] criticism of him.{{sfnm|Southern|2014|1pp=319–320|Goldsworthy|2014|2pp=309–310}} As triumvir, Octavian destroyed all public records dating from the Ides of March 44 BC to the defeat of Sextus Pompey in 36 BC, a convenient political move that aligned with popular sentiment for purging painful memories about the proscriptions.{{sfn|Southern|2014|pp=96–97}} [[Augustan poets]] sometimes openly criticized the emperor, such as [[Sextus Propertius]] when he disapproved of the execution of prisoners during the Perusine War.{{sfn|Eck|Takács|2003|p=20}} Some of Virgil and Horace's poetry has been interpreted as praising their patron Augustus as an upholder of [[Mos maiorum|moral justice]], and for maintaining the Empire.{{sfnm|Kelsall|1976|1p=120|Goldsworthy|2014|2pp=307–312}} Octavian was Virgil's patron when the latter penned his ''[[Eclogues]]'', which express the discontented views of impoverished farmers and landowners during the triumvirate.{{sfn|Southern|2014|pp=146–147}} Through private letters it appears that Augustus maintained genuine friendships with Virgil and Horace, with no evidence that he intervened directly in their writing of poems.{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2014|pp=307–312}}{{efn|However, it is possible that in 19 BC Augustus defied the deathbed wishes of Virgil to have the ''[[Aeneid]]'' burned, having the poet [[Lucius Varius Rufus]] preserve and publish it instead.{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2014|p=312}}}} Yet in {{circa|AD 8}} Augustus had the poet [[Ovid]] exiled,{{sfnm|Southern|2014|1p=305|Goldsworthy|2014|2pp=396–397, 444}} and [[Augustan literature (ancient Rome)|his literature banned]].{{sfn|Southern|2014|p=305}}{{efn|[[Ovid]] suggested that this was in reprisal for [[Ars Amatoria|writing a poem]] and making a mistake, perhaps being a witness to a sexual scandal involving either Augustus’s daughter [[Julia the Elder]] or his granddaughter [[Julia the Younger]].{{sfnm|Southern|2014|1pp=305–306|Goldsworthy|2014|2pp=444–445}}}}

Tacitus claimed that the [[historiography|discipline of history]] declined under Augustus due to [[Roman historians|historians]] flattering the emperor rather than by active suppression.{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2014|p=411}} [[Livy]] wrote his highly influential and encompassing ''[[History of Rome (Livy)|History of Rome]]'' during Augustus's reign. Despite championing many of Augustus's views, Livy wrote independently and Tacitus later claimed that Augustus even lightly criticized Livy for glorifying Pompey's career.{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2014|pp=411–413}} Augustus may have quietly had his niece Antonia Minor pressure her son [[Claudius]] to refrain from writing a history on Rome's civil wars.{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2014|pp=411, 413}}

=== Middle Ages and Renaissance ===
Augustus became a revered figure in [[Christendom]] during the Middle Ages due to church fathers [[Orosius]], [[Ambrose]], and [[Bede]] depicting him as a divinely ordained peacemaker who created a stable realm for the [[Birth of Christ|arrival of Christ]].{{sfn|Cavalieri|Assenmaker|Cavagna|Engels|2022|pp=22, 28–29}} The {{circa|1250}} ''[[Golden Legend]]'' [[hagiographical]] anthology promoted the legend of the [[Tiburtine Sibyl]], in which Augustus had an alleged vision of [[Jesus]] and his mother [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Mary]].{{sfnm|Arlington|2000|1p=35|2a1=Murray|2a2=Murray|2y=2014|2p=41|3a1=Cavalieri|3a2=Assenmaker|3a3=Cavagna|3a4=Engels|3y=2022|3pp=4, 18–19, 23}} [[Petrarch]] viewed Augustus as a righteous ruler, an idea widely accepted in [[Renaissance humanist]] [[Renaissance literature|literature]] until the 16th century when more negative views found acceptance.{{sfn|Cavalieri|Assenmaker|Cavagna|Engels|2022|pp=23–25, 28–29}}{{efn|[[Republic of Florence|Florentine]] authors began to develop negative views about Augustus during the [[Italian Renaissance]], while the 1515 [[Editio princeps|publication]] of Tacitus's {{lang|la|Annals}} by [[Filippo Beroaldo]] advanced views that Augustus was a hypocritical and calculating destroyer of the Republic.{{sfn|Cavalieri|Assenmaker|Cavagna|Engels|2022|p=25}}}}

=== Modern perspectives ===
[[File:Gaius Iulius Caesar (Vatican Museum).jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Chiaramonti Caesar]] bust, a posthumous portrait of [[Julius Caesar]] in marble, 44–30 BC, [[Museo Pio-Clementino]], [[Vatican Museums]]|alt=Roman bust of Julius Caesar]]
Views on Augustus varied during the early modern period. The [[Anglo-Irish]] writer [[Jonathan Swift]] criticized Augustus for installing tyranny over Rome, likening the virtues of the previous Roman Republic to those of [[Constitution of the United Kingdom|Great Britain]]'s [[constitutional monarchy]].{{sfn|Kelsall|1976|p=118}} French political philosopher [[Montesquieu]] remarked that Augustus was a coward in battle,{{sfn|Kelsall|1976|p=119}} and English playwright [[William Shakespeare]] portrayed 'Caesar' as such in his 1607 play ''[[Antony & Cleopatra]]''.{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2014|p=2}} Scottish scholar [[Thomas Blackwell (scholar)|Thomas Blackwell]] deemed Augustus a bloodthirsty usurper and tyrant,{{sfn|Kelsall|1976|p=119}} views that were shared by Montesquieu and [[Voltaire]].{{sfn|Brizzi|2022|pp=39–40}} During the 19th century Augustus was widely considered a reformer who brought peace and prosperity after the chaos caused by a failed Republic,{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2014|p=8}} though [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] emulated Julius Caesar as a role-model and was slightly dismissive of Augustus.{{sfn|Cavalieri|Assenmaker|Cavagna|Engels|2022|p=19}}

Attitudes about Augustus shifted once again during the 20th century,{{sfnm|Goldsworthy|2014|1p=8|2a1=Cavalieri|2a2=Assenmaker|2a3=Cavagna|2a4=Engels|2y=2022|2pp=19–20, 28}} as scholarship during [[March on Rome|the upheavals]] of [[Propaganda in Fascist Italy|fascism]] in the 1930s and 1940s generally held negative views about Augustus's seizure of power.{{sfnm|Southern|2014|1p=319|Goldsworthy|2014|2p=8–9}} In 1937–1938, [[Benito Mussolini]] held an 'Augustan exhibition' in Rome to celebrate the bimillenary of the birth of Augustus, an event which influenced [[Fascist architecture|architectural trends]] of [[Fascist Italy]].{{sfn|Cavalieri|Assenmaker|Cavagna|Engels|2022|pp=3, 5, 11–13}} Mussolini also styled himself as {{lang|it|[[Il Duce]]}} after {{lang|la|[[dux]]}} Augustus.{{sfnm|Goldsworthy|2014|1pp=8–9|Brizzi|2022|2pp=37–38}} Ronald Syme expressed apprehension about Mussolini's espousal of Augustus.{{sfn|Brizzi|2022|pp=37–38}} He sparked debate by publishing the then controversial ''[[The Roman Revolution]]'' (1939) at the onset of the Second World War, acknowledging the political climate that impacted his research.{{sfnm|1a1=Santangelo|1a2=Vitello|1y=2025|1pp=34–35, 41–42, 45–46|Goldsworthy|2014|2p=8–9|Brizzi|2022|3pp=37–38}} He rejected [[fascist appropriations]] of [[ancient Rome]] while examining deceptive political terminology employed by totalitarian regimes.{{sfn|Santangelo|Vitello|2025|pp=34–35, 41–42, 44}} Subsequently more peaceful times have led to a greater focus on the art and literature produced in the Augustan age.{{sfn|Southern|2014|p=319}} In 2014 the historian [[Adrian Goldsworthy]] stressed that, in modern terms, Augustus was essentially a military dictator,{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2014|pp=479–481}} but argued that Augustus was no more ruthless than "other warlords", and that comparing him to Mussolini or other modern dictators is anachronistic and inaccurate.{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2014|pp=8–9}}

''The Roman Revolution'' was not widely circulated in continental Europe until 1952,{{sfn|Santangelo|Vitello|2025|pp=45–46}} but this and other works by Syme left a major impact on scholarship in the [[English-speaking world]] and its views on Augustus in particular.{{sfnm|1a1=Santangelo|1a2=Vitello|1y=2025|1pp=33–35, 45–46|Goldsworthy|2014|2p=8–9}} Syme viewed Octavian as a "sickly and sinister youth," and his political faction as an entity similar to a modern [[crime syndicate]].{{sfn|Santangelo|Vitello|2025|pp=38–39, 44, 51}} Syme criticized some academics for attributing Julius Caesar's political achievements to Octavian, their ready acceptance of Augustan propaganda about Mark Antony, and the view of Augustus as a flawless organizer and peacemaker.{{sfn|Santangelo|Vitello|2025|pp=38–44}} Goldsworthy largely agrees with Syme's analysis, but argues that he was very favorable toward Antony and far too harsh in criticizing Augustus's supporters, "especially the majority who came from outside the established aristocracy".{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2014|pp=8–9}} Modern academics debate whether or not Augustus attempted to distance himself from Caesar the dictator when embracing the [[deified Caesar]].{{sfnm|Goldsworthy|2014|1pp=10–11, 409–411, saying there is no explicit evidence for it on pp. 10–11|2a1=Cavalieri|2a2=Assenmaker|2a3=Cavagna|2a4=Engels|2y=2022|2pp=13, 17–18, in the context of Augustus being overshadowed by Julius Caesar in popularity and the public's memory about Ancient Rome since the Late Middle Ages}} Octavian-Augustus placed more emphasis on his own role as princeps over time.{{sfn|Southern|2014|pp=103–104}}

[[File:Augusto capite velato 04 - Museo archeologico nazionale delle Marche.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|Veiled head of Augustus, 1st century BC, [[National Archaeological Museum of the Marches]]|alt=Roman bust of Augustus]]
Modern historians have also highlighted the many positive effects of Augustus's reign, the longevity of which is viewed as a major contributing factor in the transformation of Rome into a ''de facto'' monarchy.{{sfn|Eck|Takács|2003|p=124}} Eck and Takács stress that Augustus was responsible for establishing a standing professional army, the dynastic principle of the imperial succession, the embellishment of the capital at the emperor's expense, and relative peace and prosperity for over two centuries.{{sfn|Eck|Takács|2003|p=124}} Historian Walter Eder contends that Augustus promoted Republican Roman virtues and addressed the concerns of the [[plebs]] by means of generosity and cutting back on lavish excess. In 29 BC, Augustus gave 400 sesterces (equal to one-tenth of a Roman pound of gold) each to 250,000 citizens, 1,000 sesterces each to 120,000 veterans in the colonies, and spent 700 million sesterces in purchasing land for his soldiers to settle upon.{{sfn|Eder|2005|p=23}} He also restored 82 different [[Roman temple|temples]] to display his care for the [[Roman pantheon of deities]].{{sfn|Eder|2005|p=23}} In 28 BC, he melted down 80 silver statues commemorating him in an attempt to appear frugal and modest.{{sfn|Eder|2005|p=23}}

== Cultural depictions ==
{{Main|Cultural depictions of Augustus}}

=== Physical appearance and official images ===
{{Further|Cultural depictions of Augustus|Augustan and Julio-Claudian art|Roman portraiture|Coinage reform of Augustus|Coins of Augustus}}
{{Multiple image
| total_width = 300
| image1 = SFEC BritMus Roman Modification1.jpg
| alt1 = Roman bronze head of Augustus
| image2 = Ritratto di augusto con testa in faience, 1-50 dc ca., con busto in oro di antonio gentili da faenza, 1580 (museo argenti).jpg
| alt2 = Roman glazed head of Augustus
| footer = Left: The bronze [[Meroë Head]] of Augustus, excavated from a [[Nubian architecture|Nubian temple]] in [[Meroë]] in the [[Kingdom of Kush]] (modern [[Sudan]]), taken as a trophy of war during the invasion of [[Roman Egypt]] by [[Kandake|Queen]] [[Amanirenas]], dated 27–25 BC{{sfnm|Welsby|1996|1p=68|Southern|2014|2p=184, Fig. 5.7|Goldsworthy|2014|3p=300}}{{pb}}Right: Faience head of Augustus, early 1st-century AD, [[Museo degli Argenti]], Florence
}}

Suetonius's ''[[Twelve Caesars]]'' includes a biography of Augustus and details about his appearance.{{efn|{{harvnb|Suetonius, ''Augustus''|loc=79}}, described Augustus as "unusually handsome and exceedingly graceful at all periods of his life, though he cared nothing for personal adornment. He was so far from being particular about the dressing of his hair, that he would have several barbers working in a hurry at the same time, and as for his beard he now had it clipped and now shaved, while at the very same time he would either be reading or writing something ... He had clear, bright eyes ... His teeth were wide apart, small, and ill-kept; his hair was slightly curly and inclined to golden; his eyebrows met. His ears were of moderate size, and his nose projected a little at the top and then bent ever so slightly inward. His complexion was between dark and fair. He was short of stature, although Julius Marathus, his freedman and keeper of his records, says that he was five feet and nine inches [in modern units, just under {{cvt|1.7|m|ftin|disp=or}}], but this was concealed by the fine proportion and symmetry of his figure, and was noticeable only by comparison with some taller person standing beside him".}} According to Goldsworthy, descriptions of hair color in ancient Roman sources are often ambiguous, and Suetonius's comment that Augustus's curly hair was inclined towards golden ({{lang|la|subflavum}}) could mean either "slightly blond" or "brown rather than black" hair.{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2014|p=68}} Scientific analysis of [[Color in Greco-Roman sculpture|traces of paint]] found in his official statues shows that he most likely had naturally light brown hair.{{sfn|Panzanelli|2008|pp=116–117}} Augustus was likely about {{convert|5|ft|9|in}} tall and may have worn built-up soles to appear taller.{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2014|p=68}}
Among the best known [[portraits of Augustus]] are the [[Prima Porta Statue]],{{sfnm|Galinsky|2012|1pp=75–76|Southern|2014|2pp=212–213, Fig. 212, Fig. 213}} his sculpted relief on the [[Ara Pacis]],{{sfnm|Carter|1983|1pp=29–30|Galinsky|2012|2pp=94–95, 139|Southern|2014|3p=341|Goldsworthy|2014|4pp=357–359}} and the sculpted ''[[Via Labicana Augustus]]''.{{sfn|Carter|1983|p=25}} Prominent [[engraved gem|cameo portraits]] include the [[Blacas Cameo]] and ''{{lang|la|[[Gemma Augustea]]}}''.{{sfnm|Southern|2014|1pp=320–321|Carter|1983|2p=24|Galinsky|2012|3pp=132–133}} The official imagery was tightly controlled and idealized, drawing from a tradition of [[Hellenistic portraiture]]. From {{circa|29 BC}}, his portraits proliferated across the Roman world,{{sfn|Walker|Burnett|1981|pp=1, 18, 25}} and they emphasized a youthful appearance until his death.{{sfnm|Southern|2014|1p=322|Goldsworthy|2014|2p=256|Smith|1997|3p=186}}

Julius Caesar first introduced personalized portraits of living individuals on [[Roman Republican currency|Roman coins]] in the 40s BC, and Augustus's image on coins is perhaps one means by which he [[Cultural depictions of Julius Caesar|emulated Caesar]].{{sfn|Southern|2014|pp=177–178}} It is highly likely Augustus personally dictated how these portraits appeared.{{sfnm|Southern|2014|1p=322, noting some uncertainty but likelihood that this was the case|Claes|2022|2p=80–81, using far more certain language than Southern 2014, and how various emperors having control over messaging in coinage can be strongly inferred through images and text on coins}} Augustus's name and image became universal on coinage throughout the Empire. Goldsworthy notes how the [['Caesar' on silver coins]] mentioned by [[Jesus]] in the [[New Testament]] was most likely Augustus rather than Tiberius.{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2014|pp=287–288}} Later emperors minted coins depicting both themselves and previous rulers including Augustus.{{sfn|Claes|2022|pp=80–87, 90–99, documenting the different eras and reigns in which Augustus was featured on coins, and periods when his image lapsed or disappeared on [[Imperial Roman coinage]]}}

=== Post-classical visual artworks ===
{{Further|Cultural depictions of Augustus}}
[[File:Le Siècle d'Auguste - naissance de N.S. Jésus-Christ par Gérôme.jpg|thumb|''The Age of Augustus, the Birth of Christ'', {{circa}} 1852–1854, by [[Jean-Léon Gérôme]], [[Musée de Picardie]]|alt=A painting depicting a crowd of people viewing a statue of Augustus holding a scepter. A Roman temple is located behind the statue, while in the lower section the newborn Christ is depicted alongside his family.]]
Augustus has also been depicted in various artworks following classical antiquity. For instance, he appears on the [[Hereford Mappa Mundi]] dated {{circa}} 1300 wearing a [[papal tiara]] as he orders [[Roman geography|geographers]] to create a [[History of cartography|survey of the world]].{{sfnm|Dilke|1987|1pp=205–207, Figure 12.4|Arlington|2000|2pp=35–36}} In 1765 [[Louis XV]] commissioned French painter [[Charles-André van Loo]] to create a painting depicting Augustus closing the gates of the [[Temple of Janus (Roman Forum)|Temple of Janus]] in the Forum, a signal that Rome was at peace. Louis XV disliked the painting and had it removed from his hunting lodge, but historian [[Mary Beard]] contends that van Loo's painting served as "an appropriate backdrop" during the signing of the 1802 [[Treaty of Amiens]] during the [[Napoleonic Wars]].{{sfn|Beard|2021|pp=216–217, Figure 6.17}} [[Napoleon III]] commissioned French painter [[Jean-Léon Gérôme]] to create the painting titled ''The Age of Augustus, the Birth of Christ'' ({{circa}} 1852–1854), which blends [[Classical art|classical]] and [[Gothic art|gothic]] elements and depicts Augustus on an imperial [[dais]] above a [[nativity scene]], juxtaposing the [[birth of Jesus]] with the peace brought about by the reign of Augustus. It was exhibited in Paris at the 1855 [[Exposition Universelle of 1855|Universal Exposition]].{{sfn|Beard|2021|pp=215–216, Figure 6.16}}

=== Theater, film, televised series, and novels ===
{{Further|Cultural depictions of Augustus}}
Augustus is not as widely known as his great-uncle Julius Caesar and is often sidelined as a minor character or brooding villain in theatrical plays, films, TV series, comics, and novels.{{sfnm|Goldsworthy|2014|1pp=2–3, specifically mentions plays, films, TV series, and novels, and the comparison to Julius Caesar|Brizzi|2022|2pp=35–36, specifically mentions television, film, and comics, while pp. 38–39 mention films and comics as well as the greater popularity of Julius Caesar, and p. 40 continues this comparison to Caesar}} Goldsworthy attributes this to the fact that [[Shakespeare]] never wrote [[Shakespeare's plays|a play]] centered around him.{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2014|pp=2–3}} Shakespeare's 1599 play ''[[Julius Caesar (play)|Julius Caesar]]'' features the character of Octavius, while in the 1607 play ''[[Antony and Cleopatra]]'' he plays a weak, cowardly, and manipulative foe to Antony under the name Caesar.{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2014|p=2}} This view is perhaps based on [[Parallel Lives|ancient primary sources]] that reflect the propaganda war waged between Antony and Octavian, manifested in the cold performance of actor [[Roddy McDowall]] as Octavian in the 1963 film ''[[Cleopatra]]''.{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2014|pp=2–3}} Robert Graves's 1934 novel ''[[I, Claudius]]'' and its subsequent 1976 [[I, Claudius (TV series)|television series]] depict the older Augustus in a far more sympathetic light as he is outmaneuvered by his murderous wife Livia, though he plays only a [[supporting character]].{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2014|p=3}}

== See also ==
{{Main|Outline of Augustus}}

{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}

* [[Augustan and Julio-Claudian art]]
* [[Augustan literature (ancient Rome)]]
* [[Gaius Maecenas]]
* [[Julio-Claudian family tree]]
* [[Julius Licinus]]
* [[Sebastos]]
* [[Temple of Divus Augustus|Temple of Augustus]]
{{Div col end}}
{{-}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Sources ==
{{CS1 config|mode=cs1}}
{{Bots|deny=Citation bot}}
=== Ancient sources ===
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |author=Appian |author-link=Appian |title=Bella civilia |ref={{harvid|Appian, ''Bella Civilia''}} }}
** {{Cite book |last=McGing |first=B. C. |title=Appian: Roman History |volume=IV–VI |date=2020 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-99647-2 |series=Loeb Classical Library |ref=none }}
** White, Horace (1913–14). Loeb Classical Library – via [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Appian/home.html LacusCurtius].

* {{Cite book |author=Augustus |title=Res Gestae Divi Augusti |ref={{harvid|Augustus, ''RGDA''}} }}
** {{Cite book |last=Cooley |first=Alison E. |title=Res Gestae Divi Augusti: Text, Translation, and Commentary |date=2009 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-84152-8 |ref=none }}
** Shipley, Frederick W. (1924). Loeb Classical Library – via [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Augustus/Res_Gestae/home.html LacusCurtius].

* {{cite book |author=Cicero |author-link=Cicero |title=Epistulae ad Atticum |ref={{harvid|Cicero, ''Ad Atticum''}} }}
** Shackleton-Bailey, D. R. (1999). [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL007/1999/volume.xml Loeb Classical Library]. 4 volumes.

* {{Cite book |author=Dio |author-link=Cassius Dio |title=Historia Romana }}
** Cary, Earnest (1914–27). Loeb Classical Library – via [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/home.html LacusCurtius].

* {{cite book |author=Florus |author-link=Florus |title=Epitomae }}
* {{Cite book |author=Livy |author-link=Livy |title=Periochae |ref={{harvid|Livy, ''Periochae''}} }}
** Lendering, Jona. (2003). [https://www.livius.org/articles/person/livy/livy-the-periochae/ Livius.org].
** Schlesinger, Alfred C. (1959). [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL404/1959/volume.xml Loeb Classical Library].

* {{Cite book |author=Nicolaus Damascenus |author-link=Nicolaus Damascenus |title=Life of Augustus |ref={{harvid|Nicolaus Damascenus }} }}
** {{Cite book |last=Toher |first=Mark |title=Nicolaus of Damascus: the life of Augustus and the autobiography texts, translations and historical commentary |date=2017 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-07561-0 |ref=none }}
** Hall, Clayton M. (1923). Northampton – via [http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/nicolaus.html CSUN.edu]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714144802/http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/nicolaus.html}}.

* {{Cite book |author=Suetonius |author-link=Suetonius |title=Augustus |ref={{sfnref|Suetonius, ''Augustus''}} }}
** {{Cite book |last=Wardle |first=D. |title=Life of Augustus: Vita divi Augusti |date=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-968645-2 |ref=none }}
** Rolfe, J. C. (1913–14). Loeb Classical Library – via [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/home.html LacusCurtius]

* {{Cite book |author=Tacitus |author-link=Tacitus |title=Annales |ref={{sfnref|Tacitus}} }}
** {{Cite book |last=Woodman |first=A. J. |title=The Annals |date=2004 |publisher=Hackett |isbn=978-0-87220-559-8 |location=Indianapolis |ref=none}}
** Jackson, J. (1931–37). Loeb Classical Library – via [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Tacitus/home.html LacusCurtius]

* {{Cite book |author=Velleius Paterculus |author-link=Velleius Paterculus |title=Historia Romana |ref=none }}
** {{cite book |last=Woodman |first=A. J. |title=Velleius Paterculus |year=2025 |series=Loeb Classical Library |publisher=Harvard University Press |url=https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL152/2025/volume.xml |ref=none }}
** Shipley, Frederick W. (1924). Loeb Classical Library – via [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Velleius_Paterculus/home.html LacusCurtius].
{{Refend}}

=== Modern sources ===
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Amici |first=Carla Maria |date=2015 |title=Unusual Examples of Sophisticated Iron Technology in the Heating Systems of Roman Imperial Baths |url=https://www.academia.edu/115918024/Unusual_Examples_of_Sophisticated_Iron_Technology_in_the_Heating_Systems_of_Roman_Imperial_Baths |journal=European Journal of Archaeology |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=658–678 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1179/1461957115Y.0000000002}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ando |first=Clifford |title=Imperial Ideology and Provincial Loyalty in the Roman Empire |date=2000 |publisher=University of California Press |author-link=Clifford Ando |location=Berkeley, Los Angeles and London |isbn=978-0-520-28016-8}}
* {{Cite book |last=Arlington |first=Gabriel |title=The Hereford Mappa Mundi: a Medieval View of the World |orig-date=1996 |date=2000 |edition=reprint |publisher=Gracewing |location=Leominster |isbn=0852443552 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Hereford_Mappa_Mundi/hujchbojWVUC?hl=en&gbpv=0}}
* {{Cite book |last=Beard |first=Mary |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Twelve_Caesars/FYgpEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=Twelve Caesars: Images of Power from the Ancient World to the Modern |date=2021 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691222363 |location=Princeton, New Jersey |author-link=Mary Beard}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Bingham |first=Sandra |date=2021 |title=''The House of Augustus: A Historical Detective Story'' by T P Wiseman (review) |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/841687 |journal=Mouseion: Journal of the Classical Association of Canada |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=317–319 |issn=1913-5416}}
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* {{Cite book |last=Southern |first=Pat |title=Augustus |date=2014 |orig-date=1998 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-62838-9 |author-link=Pat Southern |series=Roman Imperial Biographies |location=London and New York |edition=second}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Starr |first=Chester G. |date=1952 |title=The Perfect Democracy of the Roman Empire |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=1–16 |jstor=1844784 |author-link=Chester Starr}}
* {{cite book |last=Stern |year=2006 |first=Gaius |title=Women, children, and Senators on the Ara Pacis Augustae: A Study of Augustus's Vision of a New World Order in 13 BC |location=Berkeley, California |publisher=University of California Press |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/e84852fa7d24c491ad6a2e4965df2acc/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y |url-access=subscription}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |last=Strothmann |first=Meret (Bochum) |date=1 October 2006 |title=Augustus [2] |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/augustus-2-e12220040 |encyclopedia=New Pauly |publisher=Brill |issn=1574-9347 |doi=10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e12220040}}
* {{cite book |last=Swan |first=Peter Michael |title=The Augustan Succession |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=2004 |isbn=978-0-19-516774-0 |location=Oxford and New York}}
* {{Cite book |last=Syme |first=Ronald |author-link=Ronald Syme |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fj8oQ4lzteIC |title=The Augustan Aristocracy |date=1986 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-1981-4859-3 |location=Oxford}}
* {{Cite book |last=Syme |first=Ronald |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.73667 |title=The Roman Revolution |date=2002 |orig-date=1st pub. 1939 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-280320-7 |location=Oxford |ref={{SfnRef|Syme|1939}}}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Syme |first=Ronald |title=Imperator Caesar: A Study in Nomenclature |date=1958 |work=Historia |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=175–188 |jstor=4434568 |author-link=Ronald Syme}}
* {{cite book |last=Syme |first=Ronald |chapter=Clues to testamentary adoption |title=Roman Papers |volume=4 |pages=159–73 |location=Amsterdam |publisher=Gieben |year=1988}}
* {{Cite book |last=Tatum |first=W. Jeffrey |title=A Noble Ruin: Mark Antony, Civil War, and the Collapse of the Roman Republic |date=2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-769490-9}}
* {{Cite book |last=Vervaet |first=Fredrick |chapter=The triumvirate rei publicae constituendae |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=nCPwDwAAQBAJ }} |title=The triumviral period: civil war, political crisis and socioeconomic transformations |year=2020 |editor-last=Pina Polo |editor-first=Francisco |publisher=Prensas de la Universidad de Zaragoza |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nCPwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA23 |isbn=978-84-1340-096-9}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Walker |first=Susan |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0068246200000404 |title=Cleopatra in Pompeii? |date=2008 |journal=Papers of the British School at Rome |volume=76 |pages=35–46 |doi=10.1017/S0068246200000404 |s2cid=62829223 |access-date=10 March 2018 |archive-date=10 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310091735/https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0068246200000404 |author-link=Susan Walker (archaeologist) |url-access=subscription}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Walker |first1=Susan |title=The Image of Augustus |last2=Burnett |first2=Andrew |date=1981 |publisher=British Museum Publications |isbn=978-0-7141-1270-1 |location=London |author1-link=Susan Walker (archaeologist) |author2-link=Andrew Burnett}}
* {{Cite book |last=Welch |first=Kathryn |date=2002 |chapter=Sextus Pompeius and the Res Publica in 42–39 |title=Sextus Pompeius |publisher=Classical Press of Wales |location=London |isbn=0715631276 |author-link=Kathryn Welch |pages=31–64 |editor-last1=Powell |editor-first1=Anton |editor-last2=Welch |editor-first2=Kathryn}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Welch |first=Kathryn |date=2014 |title=The ''lex Pedia'' of 43 BCE and its aftermath |journal=Hermathena |issue=196/197 |pages=137–162 |jstor=26740133 |issn=0018-0750}}
* {{Cite book |last=Wells |first=Colin Michael |title=The Roman Empire |date=1995 |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |isbn=978-0-674-77770-5 |author-link=Colin Wells (historian)}}
* {{Cite book |last=Welsby |first=Derek |title=The Kingdom of Kush: the Napatan and Meroitic Empires |publisher=[[British Museum Press]] |publication-place=London |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-7141-0986-2 |oclc=34888835}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Westphal |first=Heiko |date=2025 |title=''The Julio-Claudian principate: tradition and transition'', edited by Christina T. Kuhn (review) |url=https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2025/2025.12.21/ |journal=Bryn Mawr Classical Review |id=2025.12.21}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Wiseman |first=T. Peter |date=2022 |title=Palace-sanctuary or pavilion? Augustus' house and the limits of archaeology |journal=Papers of the British School at Rome |volume=90 |pages=9–34 |doi=10.1017/S0068246221000295 |issn=0068-2462 |author-link=T. P. Wiseman}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Zerbey IV |first=Joseph H. |date=2016 |title=The Life and Times of the Other Caesar |journal=Torch |volume=89 |issue=3 |pages=25–28 |doi= |issn=0040-9448 |url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=114589241&site=eds-live&scope=site}}
{{Refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bleicken |first=Jochen |title=Augustus: A Biography |date=2016 |isbn=978-0-14-029482-8 |location=London |author-link=Jochen Bleicken |publisher=Penguin Random House}}
* {{Cite book |last=Buchan |first=John |title=Augustus |date=1937 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |location=Boston |author-link=John Buchan}}
* {{Cite book |last=Galinsky |first=Karl |title=Augustan Culture |date=1998 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-05890-0 |author-link=Karl Galinsky}}
* {{Cite book |last=Grant |first=Michael |title=The Roman Emperors: A Biographical Guide to the Rulers of Imperial Rome, 31 BC–AD 476 |date=1985 |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |isbn=978-0-297-78555-2 |location=New York |author-link=Michael Grant (classicist)}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=A. H. M. |author-link=A. H. M. Jones |date=1951 |title=The Imperium of Augustus |journal=Journal of Roman Studies |volume=41 |issue=1–2 |pages=112–119 |jstor=298104 |s2cid=162372767}}
* {{Cite book |last=Jones |first=A. H. M. |title=Augustus |date=1970 |publisher=Chatto & Windus |location=London |isbn=978-0-7011-1626-2}}
* {{Cite book |last=Massie |first=Allan |title=The Caesars |date=1984 |publisher=Franklin Watts |location=New York |author-link=Allan Massie |isbn=9780531092835}}
* {{cite EB9 |wstitle= Augustus |volume= III |last= Merivale |first=Charles |author-link=Charles Merivale |pages= 79-84 |short=1}}
* {{Cite book |last=Osgood |first=Josiah |title=Caesar's Legacy: Civil War and the Emergence of the Roman Empire |location=New York |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2006 |isbn=978-0-521-85582-2}}
* {{Cite book |last=Reinhold |first=Meyer |title=The Golden Age of Augustus (Aspects of Antiquity) |date=1978 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-0-89522-007-3 |author-link=Meyer Reinhold}}
* {{Cite book |last=Zanker |first=Paul |title=The Power of Images in the Age of Augustus |date=1989 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |location=Ann Arbor |isbn=978-0-472-10101-6 |series=Thomas Spencer Jerome Lectures |author-link=Paul Zanker}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|voy=no|s=Author:Augustus Caesar|v=no|b=no}}
{{Library resources box |by=no |onlinebooks=yes |others=yes |about=yes |label=Augustus
|viaf= |lccn= |lcheading= |wikititle= }}
* [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/searchresults?q=Augustus Works by and about Augustus] at [[Perseus Digital Library]]
* [http://ancientrome.ru/art/artworken/result.htm?alt=August&pnumber=30 Gallery of the Ancient Art: August]
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/augustus.shtml Augustus] – short biography on the [[BBC]]'s ''History'' section
* [https://www.historyguide.org/ancient/lecture12b.html "Augustus Caesar and the Pax Romana"] – essay by Steven Kreis about Augustus's legacy at the History Guide
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20220317020723/http://www.roman-emperors.org/auggie.htm "De Imperatoribus Romanis"] – article about Augustus by [[Garrett G. Fagan]] at the Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers

{{S-start}}
{{S-hou|[[Julio-Claudian dynasty]]|23 September|63 BC|19 August|AD 14}}
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{{S-ttl|title=[[List of Roman emperors|Roman emperor]]|years=27 BC – AD 14}}
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{{S-ttl|title= [[List of pontifices maximi|Pontifex maximus]]|years=12 BC – AD 14}}
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{{S-end}}

{{Roman emperors}}
{{Pontifices maximi}}
{{Julius Caesar}}
{{Augustus}}
{{Pharaohs}}
{{New Testament people}}
{{Roman myth (mortal)}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Augustus| ]]
[[Category:63 BC births]]
[[Category:14 deaths]]
[[Category:1st-century BC Roman augurs]]
[[Category:1st-century BC Roman consuls]]
[[Category:1st-century BC monarchs in Europe]]
[[Category:1st-century Roman emperors]]
[[Category:1st-century clergy]]
[[Category:Ancient Roman adoptees]]
[[Category:Ancient Roman military personnel]]
[[Category:Burials at the Mausoleum of Augustus]]
[[Category:New Testament people]]
[[Category:Characters in Book VI of the Aeneid]]
[[Category:Characters in the Divine Comedy]]
[[Category:Children of Julius Caesar]]
[[Category:Deified Roman emperors]]
[[Category:Founding monarchs in Europe]]
[[Category:Julii Caesares]]
[[Category:Julio-Claudian dynasty]]
[[Category:Political spokespersons]]
[[Category:Pontifices]]
[[Category:Shipwreck survivors]]
[[Category:1st-century Romans]]
[[Category:Octavii]]
[[Category:People of the War of Mutina]]
[[Category:Natalist politicians]]
[[Category:Roman emperor-consuls]]

Maharashtrians

2026-03-24T21:59:45Z

Mpsep15: updated content for clarity and corrected details per sources

#REDIRECT [[Marathi people]]

Gurucharan University

2026-03-21T05:41:40Z

Mpsep15: Stub!

{{Short description|Co-educational institution in Silchar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Gurucharan University
| image_name = Gurucharan_University_Logo.png
| caption = Logo of Gurucharan University
| motto =
| established = {{Start date and age|df=yes|paren=yes|br=yes|1935|07|15}}
| type = [[Public university|Public]]
| endowment =
| provost =
| chairman =
| principal = Dr. Apratim Nag (I/C)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gurucharancollege.ac.in/principal-desk.html|title = Gurucharan College, Silchar}}</ref>
| rector =
| chancellor = [[Governor of Assam]]
| vice_chancellor = Prof. Niranjan Roy
| dean =
| head_label =
| head =
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| profess =
| city = [[Silchar]]
| state = [[Assam]]
| country = India
| campus = Urban
| campus_size = {{convert|8|acre}}
| free_label =
| free =
| colors =
| colours =
| mascot =
| nickname =
| affiliations = [[Assam University]]
| footnotes =
| website = {{URL|https://www.gurucharanuniversity.ac.in/}}
| forum =
| address = College Road, Ambicapatty, Silchar - 788004, Assam
| coor =
| logo =
}}

'''Gurucharan University''' formerly known as '''Gurucharan College''',<ref name="The Times of India">{{Cite news |date=2022-11-30 |title=GC College in Silchar to become a state varsity |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/gc-college-in-silchar-to-become-a-state-varsity/articleshow/95871368.cms |access-date=2025-07-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> is a state university located at [[Silchar]], [[Assam]], [[India]]. It was established as a state, public, co-educational [[Tertiary education|higher education institution]] in 1935.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=History of Gurucharan College, Silchar |url=https://www.theweek.in/education/latest/2024/05/28/history-of-gurucharan-college-silchar.html |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=About Gurucharan College, Silchar |url=https://gurucharancollege.ac.in/about-college.html |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=gurucharancollege.ac.in}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Higher Education Institution Directory |url=https://dashboard.aishe.gov.in/hedirectory/#/institutionDirectory/universityDetails/C/ALL |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=dashboard.aishe.gov.in}}</ref> It offers Intermediate (10+2 level) and 4 year undergraduate degree courses in Arts, Commerce and Science. The college is affiliated to [[Assam Higher Secondary Education Council]]<ref>{{Cite web |title= |url=https://ahsec.assam.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/LIST-OF-PERMITTED-RECOGNISED-INSTITUTIONS-UNDER-AHSEC-2021-22.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703122944/https://ahsec.assam.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/LIST-OF-PERMITTED-RECOGNISED-INSTITUTIONS-UNDER-AHSEC-2021-22.pdf |archive-date=2022-07-03 |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=ahsec.assam.gov.in |page=5}}</ref> and [[Assam University]] and has 25 departments.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Affiliated College List – Assam University |url=http://www.aus.ac.in/affiliated-college-list/ |access-date=2025-07-24 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Affiliation and Accreditation, Gurucharan College, Silchar |url=https://gurucharancollege.ac.in/affiliation-accreditation.html |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=gurucharancollege.ac.in}}</ref><ref name=":2" />

The college also hosts study centres of [[Indira Gandhi National Open University]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=IGNOU-RC-Guwahati - StudyCentres - |url=http://rcguwahati.ignou.ac.in/studycentre/centre/2 |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=rcguwahati.ignou.ac.in}}</ref> and [[Krishna Kanta Handiqui State Open University]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Study Centres of KKHSOU |url=http://www.kkhsou.ac.in/web/storage/uploads/pdf/sc_emailids-20231228025052.pdf |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=Krishna Kanta Handiqui State Open University |page=2}}</ref> The college was upgraded to a university by [[Government of Assam]] by the Gurucharan University Act 2023.

==History==
The college was established on 15 July 1935 and was initially located at the bungalow of Pramode Charan Dutta situated at the riverbank of [[Barak River|Barak]].<ref name=":0" /> Due to riverbank erosion, it was temporarily shifted to the campus of the Silchar Normal School and subsequently to the present site.<ref name=":1" />

Initially, the college had been affiliated to Calcutta University. In 1949, the college got affiliated to the Gauhati University. With the establishment of the Assam University (Central), Silchar, G.C. College has been affiliated to it since 1994.<ref name=":0" />

In 2022, the State Government of Assam decided to convert the college to state public university<ref name="The Times of India"/> and in September 2023, a bill was passed in the state legislature confirming the status.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-09-14 |title=Assam Assembly passed 6 university bills in state |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/topheadlines/assam-assembly-passed-6-university-bills-in-state-666945 |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=The Sentinel - of this Land, for its People |language=en}}</ref> Subsequently, Prof. Niranjan Roy has been appointed as the first Vice Chancellor.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-15 |title=Niranjan Roy 1st vice-chancellor of Gurucharan Univ |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/niranjan-roy-1st-vice-chancellor-of-gurucharan-univ/articleshow/122525560.cms |access-date=2025-07-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Accreditation==
The college has been accredited by [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] (NAAC) with "A" grade.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-11-05 |title=NAAC Accreditation Certificate, Gurucharan College |url=https://gurucharancollege.ac.in/upload/NAAC%20Certificate%202nd%20Cycle.pdf |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=Gurucharan College, Silchar}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

==Campus==
The college is located near the Ambicapatty area of Silchar and has a campus spread over 8 acres.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gurucharan College, Silchar: Courses, Admission 2025, Cutoff, Fees, Placements, Ranking |url=https://www.careers360.com/colleges/colleges/gurucharan-college-silchar |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=@careers360 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assam University}}

{{coord|24.8316|92.7993|type:edu_region:IN-AS|display=title}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges in Assam]]
[[Category:Silchar]]
[[Category:Assam University]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to Assam University]]
[[Category:State universities in Assam]]

Hyatt Regency Delhi

2026-03-21T03:20:18Z

Mpsep15: refined citations also and fixed typos

{{Short description|Hotel in New Delhi, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox hotel
| name = Hyatt Regency Delhi

| image = Hyatt-delhi-pic2.jpg
| caption = Hyatt Regency Delhi
| location = [[India]]
| address = Bhikaji Cama Place, Ring Road, [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| hotel_chain = [[Hyatt]]
| opening_date = 1983<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prnewswire.com/in/news-releases/hyatt-celebrates-epic-30-year-milestone-in-india-227185491.html|title = Hyatt Celebrates Epic 30-Year Milestone in India}}</ref>
| owner = Asian Hotels North Limited<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=|title=ASIAN HOTELS (NORTH) LTD. (ASIANHOTNR) - COMPANY HISTORY|newspaper=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/company/asian-hotels-n-33/information/company-history|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref>
| operator =
| floor_count = 7
| number_of_rooms = 479
| number_of_suites = 50
| website = https://www.hyatt.com/en-US/hotel/india/hyatt-regency-delhi/delrd
}}
The '''Hyatt Regency Delhi''' is a hotel in [[New Delhi]], [[India]], opened in 1983. It is the largest 5-star hotel in India, in terms of number of rooms, with 1024 rooms. It is located in Bhikaji Cama Place, near [[Chanakyapuri]], in South Delhi. It is managed by [[Hyatt]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nidhi.nic.in/MOT/Catrpt.aspx|title = National Database for Accommodation Units
}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Hyatt-delhi-pic6.jpg|left|thumb|277x277px|Hyatt Regency Delhi Design]]
Asian Hotels (North) Ltd was incorporated in 1980 and was promoted by R S Saraf, R K Jatia, Chaman Lal Gupta, three [[Indian diaspora|Non-Resident Indians]] together with Sushil Gupta and Shiv Jatia, their Indian Associates. The builders entered into a 10-year franchise agreement with Hyatt International,<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/asian-hotels-north-ltd/infocompanyhistory/companyid-14033.cms|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref> and the new hotel was the chain's first hotel in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prnewswire.com/in/news-releases/hyatt-celebrates-epic-30-year-milestone-in-india-227185491.html|title = Hyatt Celebrates Epic 30-Year Milestone in India}}</ref> The hotel's construction was spurred by the [[Asian Games (1982)|Asian Games]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=|title=Business Standard|newspaper=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/company/asian-hotels-n-33/information/company-history|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref> in 1982.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Sarafhotels|url=https://www.sarafhotels.com/about.html|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref> The Hyatt Regency Delhi opened in 1983.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=|title=Business Standard|newspaper=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/company/asian-hotels-n-33/information/company-history|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref>

The hotel briefly ceased to be associated with Hyatt Hotels on November 6, 2020<ref>{{cite tweet|number=1324857339636289537|user=HyattConcierge|title=@OntheRoadAJ Hyatt Regency Dehli is no longer affiliated with Hyatt.|date=6 November 2020}}</ref> before it entered bankruptcy in 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/hotels-/-restaurants/hyatt-regency-delhi-dragged-to-bankruptcy/articleshow/80297754.cms?from=mdr|title = Hyatt Regency Delhi dragged to bankruptcy|newspaper = The Economic Times|last1 = Bhalla|first1 = Mohit}}</ref> It has since rejoined the chain.

==Design==
[[File:Hyatt-delhi-pic5.jpg|left|thumb|303x303px|Staggered Composition of the Hotel]]
[[File:Hyatt-delhi-pic7.jpg|thumb|278x278px|View of a room from outside]]
The design of the hotel features a staggered facade, with stepped back rooms.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Jasbir Sawhney|url=http://jasbirsawhney.com/pr-hyatt-delhi.php?links=jsPro|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref>
[[File:Regency Suite King - Bedroom.jpg|thumb|A Regency Suite King room in Hyatt Regency Delhi]]

==Controversies==
On Sunday, March 17, 2002, 31-year-old socialite-photographer Natasha Singh, daughter-in-law of [[Natwar Singh]], of the [[Indian National Congress]], was found dead at the hotel after allegedly jumping from the roof.<ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20020401-socialite-photographer-natasha-singh-death-oscillate-between-suicide-and-murder-795396-2002-04-01][https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/pushed-over-the-edge/215062][https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Natasha-Singh-found-dead-in-hotel/articleshow/4046976.cms Natasha Singh found dead in hotel | Delhi News]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.hyatt.com/hyatt-regency/en-US/delrd-hyatt-regency-delhi Hyatt Regency Delhi official website]
*[https://twitter.com/HyattRegencyDel Hyatt Regency Delhi official Twitter]

{{Coord|display=title}}

[[Category:Hotels in Delhi]]
[[Category:Hotels established in 1983]]
[[Category:Hotel buildings completed in 1983]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

Fardeen

2026-03-21T03:06:59Z

Mpsep15:

'''Fardeen''' or '''Fardin''' is a given name of Arabic and Persian origin meaning “radiant” and “one who has triple strength”.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=0Sj3AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT119&dq=fardeen+radiant&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjameyVhpyTAxUpmmoFHfu_N_gQ6AF6BAgNEAM#v=onepage&q=fardeen%20radiant&f=</ref> It is also an alternate name of the Solar Hijri month [[Farvardin]].<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=1O9LAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA691&dq=فردین+name&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjFntfdhZyTAxX-mWoFHfmYL-IQ6AF6BAgNEAM#v=onepage&q=فردین%20name&f=</ref> Notable people with the name include:

* [[Fardeen Hasan Ony]] (born 1997), Bangladeshi cricketer
* [[Fardeen Khan]] (born 1974), Indian actor

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{given name}}
[[Category:Masculine given names]]

15th Kerala Assembly

2026-03-17T21:40:56Z

Mpsep15: started some bio from scratch

{{Short description|Current legislative assembly since 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = 15th Kerala Assembly
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = [[Malayalam]]
| coa_pic = Government of Kerala Logo.svg
| coa_res = 200px
| transcription_name =
| legislature = [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
| foundation = 
| disbanded = 
| preceded_by = [[14th Kerala Assembly]]
| succeeded_by = [[16th Kerala Assembly]]
| coa_alt =
| house_type = Unicameral
| term_limits = 5 years
| leader1_type = [[List of speakers of the Kerala Legislative Assembly|Speaker]]
| leader1 = [[A. N. Shamseer]]
| party1 = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
| election1 = 12 September 2022
| leader2_type = Deputy Speaker
| leader2 = [[Chittayam Gopakumar]]
| party2 = [[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
| leader3_type = Leader of the House ([[List of chief ministers of Kerala|Chief Minister]])
| leader3 = [[Pinarayi Vijayan]]
| party3 = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
| election3 = 20 May 2021
| leader4_type = [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Kerala Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition]]
| leader4 = [[V.D. Satheesan]]
| party4 = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| election4 = 22 May 2021
| leader5_type = Deputy Leader of the Opposition
| leader5 = [[P. K. Kunhalikutty]]
| party5 = [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]
| election5 = 22 May 2021
| seats = '''140'''
| structure1 = {{Switcher|[[File:Bharat Kerala Niyamasabha 2025.svg|300px]]|By party|[[File:Bharat Kerala Niyamasabha Alliance Wise 2025.svg|300px]]|By alliance}}
| structure1_res = 300px
| political_groups1 =
'''[[Government of Kerala|Government]] (95)'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-21 |title=Kerala HC annuls CPI(M) MLA's election from Devikulam |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/hc-annuls-raja-s-candidature-from-devikulam-101679339000164.html |access-date=2023-12-12 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> 
:{{Party legend|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}} (95)
:*{{Party legend|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} (61)
:*{{Party legend|Communist Party of India}} (16)
:*{{Party legend|Kerala Congress (M)}} (5)
:*{{Party legend|Janata Dal (Secular)}} (2)<ref>{{Cite news|title=BJP overall, Left in Kerala: JD(S) likely to lose state unit as banner of revolt is raised|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/bjp-left-kerala-jds-banner-revolt-raised-8953648/|website=[[The Indian Express]]|language=en|date=25 September 2023|access-date=19 December 2023|archive-date=22 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022184940/https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/bjp-left-kerala-jds-banner-revolt-raised-8953648/|url-status=live}}</ref>
:*{{Party legend|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}} (2)
:*{{Party legend|Indian National League}} (1)
:*{{Party legend|Kerala Congress (B)}} (1)
:*{{Party legend|Rashtriya Janata Dal}} (1)
:*{{Party legend|Congress (Secular)}} (1)
:*{{Party legend|National Secular Conference}} (1)
:*{{Party legend|Independent politician|shortname=IND}} (4)
'''[[Opposition (politics)|Opposition]] (41)''' 
:{{Party legend|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} (41)
:*{{Party legend|Indian National Congress}} (21)
:*{{Party legend|Indian Union Muslim League}} (15)
:*{{Party legend|Kerala Congress}} (2)
:*{{Party legend|Revolutionary Marxist Party of India}} (1)
:*{{Party legend|Kerala Congress (Jacob)}} (1)
:*{{Party legend|Kerala Democratic Party}} (1)
:*{{Party legend|Independent politician|shortname=IND}} (1)
'''[[Casual vacancy#India|Vacant]] (3)'''
:{{Party legend|Casual vacancy|shortname=Vacant}} (3)


| voting_system1 = [[First-past-the-post voting|First past the post]]
| last_election1 = [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|6 April 2021]]
| next_election1 = [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| session_room =
| session_res = 300px
| session_alt =
| meeting_place = [[Niyamasabha Mandiram]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.niyamasabha.org/}}
| footnotes =
| election2 = 1 June 2021
}}
<section begin="Infobox"/>
The current Legislative Assembly is the '''15th Assembly of Kerala''' since the formation of Kerala state. It was elected in the [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]. The Speaker is [[A. N. Shamseer|MA. N. Shamseer]] of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]. The Deputy Speaker is [[Chittayam Gopakumar]] of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]]. The leader of the Assembly is [[Pinarayi Vijayan]] from CPI(M). The leader of opposition is [[V. D. Satheesan|V. D Satheesan]]. The Government Chief Whip is [[N. Jayaraj|Dr. N Jayaraj]] of [[Kerala Congress (M)|KEC(M)]].

==Composition==
{|class="wikitable"
!colspan=2|Alliance
!colspan=2|Political party
!No. of MLAs
!Leader of the party
|-
|rowspan=12 {{party color cell|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|rowspan=12 style="text-align:center;"|'''Government [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]''' Seats: '''95'''
|{{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|style="text-align:center;"|61
|[[Pinarayi Vijayan]] ''([[Chief Minister of Kerala|Chief Minister]])''
|-
|{{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|style="text-align:center;"|16
|[[Binoy Viswam]]
|-
|{{party color cell|Kerala Congress (Mani)}}
|[[Kerala Congress (Mani)]]
|style="text-align:center;"|5
|[[Jose K. Mani]]
|-
|{{party color cell|Indian Socialist Janata Dal}}
|[[Indian Socialist Janata Dal]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-unit-of-janata-dal-s-officially-merges-with-indian-socialist-janata-dal-isjd/article70518344.ece |title=Kerala unit of Janata Dal (S) merges with Indian Socialist Janata Dal |newspaper=The Hindu |date=2026-01-17 |access-date=2026-02-20}}</ref>
|style="text-align:center;"|2
|[[Mathew T. Thomas]]
|-
|{{party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar]]
|style="text-align:center;"|2
|[[Thomas K. Thomas]]
|-
|{{party color cell|Congress (Secular)}}
|[[Congress (Secular)]]
|style="text-align:center;"|1
|[[Kadannappalli Ramachandran]]
|-
|{{party color cell|Indian National League}}
|[[Indian National League]]
|style="text-align:center;"|1
|[[Ahamed Devarkovil]]
|-
|{{party color cell|Kerala Congress (B)}}
|[[Kerala Congress (B)|Kerala Congress (Balakrishna)]]
|style="text-align:center;"|1
|[[K. B. Ganesh Kumar]]
|-
|{{party color cell|National Secular Conference}}
|[[National Secular Conference]]
|style="text-align:center;"|1
|[[P. T. A. Rahim]]
|-
|{{party color cell|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
|style="text-align:center;"|1
|[[K. P. Mohanan]]
|-
|{{party color cell|Revolutionary Socialist Party (Leninist)}}
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (Leninist)]]
|style="text-align:center;"|1
|[[Kovoor Kunjumon]]
|-
|{{party color cell|Independent politician}}
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|style="text-align:center;"|3
|{{n/a}}
|-
|rowspan=6 {{party color cell|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|rowspan=6 style="text-align:center;"|'''Opposition [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]''' Seats: '''41'''
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|style="text-align:center;"|21
|[[V. D. Satheesan]] ''([[Leader of the Opposition in the Kerala Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition]])''
|-
|{{party color cell|Indian Union Muslim League}}
|[[Indian Union Muslim League]]
|style="text-align:center;"|15
|[[P. K. Kunhalikutty]]
|-
|{{party color cell|Kerala Congress}}
|[[Kerala Congress]]
|style="text-align:center;"|2
|[[P. J. Joseph]]
|-
|{{party color cell|Kerala Congress (Jacob)}}
|[[Kerala Congress (Jacob)]]
|style="text-align:center;"|1
|[[Anoop Jacob]]
|-
|{{party color cell|Kerala Democratic Party}}
|[[Kerala Democratic Party]]
|style="text-align:center;"|1
|[[Mani C. Kappan]]
|-
|{{party color cell|Revolutionary Marxist Party of India}}
|[[Revolutionary Marxist Party of India]]
|style="text-align:center;"|1
|[[Mangat Ram Pasla]]
|-
|{{party color cell|Others}}
|style="text-align:center;"|'''Others''' Seats: '''1'''
|{{party color cell|Independent politician}}
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|style="text-align:center;"|1
|[[Rahul Mamkootathil]]
|-
|{{party color cell|Vacant}}
|style="text-align:center;"|'''[[Casual vacancy#India|Vacant]]''' Seats: '''3'''
|{{party color cell|Vacant}}
|
*[[Quilandy Assembly constituency|Koyilandy]]
*[[Peerumade Assembly constituency|Peerumade]]
*[[Thiruvananthapuram Assembly constituency|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|style="text-align:center;"|3
|{{n/a}}
|-
!colspan=4|Total
!colspan=2|140
|}

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
<section begin="MLA Header"/>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!District
!No.
!Constituency
!Name<ref>{{Cite web|title=Members - Kerala Legislature|url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/members.htm|access-date=2020-09-12|website=www.niyamasabha.org}}</ref>
!colspan=2|Party
!colspan=2|Alliance
!Remarks<section end="MLA Header"/><section begin="Kasaragod district"/>
|-
|rowspan="5"|[[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod]]
| 1
| [[Manjeshwaram (State Assembly constituency)|Manjeshwaram]]
| [[A. K. M. Ashraf]]
| {{party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League|rowspan=2}}
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
| 2
| [[Kasaragod (State Assembly constituency)|Kasaragod]]
| [[N. A. Nellikkunnu]]
|
|-
| 3
| [[Udma (State Assembly constituency)|Udma]]
| [[C. H. Kunhambu]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|rowspan=3}}
|
|-
| 4
| [[Kanhangad (State Assembly constituency)|Kanhangad]]
| [[E. Chandrasekharan]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|
|-
| 5
| [[Thrikaripur (State Assembly constituency)|Thrikaripur]]
| [[M. Rajagopal]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|<section end="Kasaragod district"/><section begin="Kannur district"/>
|-
|rowspan="11"|[[Kannur district|Kannur]]
| 6
| [[Payyanur (State Assembly constituency)|Payyanur]]
| [[T. I. Madusoodhanan]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=3}}
| {{party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|rowspan=3}}
|
|-
| 7
| [[Kalliasseri (State Assembly constituency)|Kalliasseri]]
| [[M. Vijin]]
|
|-
| 8
| [[Taliparamba (State Assembly constituency)|Taliparamba]]
| [[M. V. Govindan]]
|
|-
| 9
| [[Irikkur (State Assembly constituency)|Irikkur]]
| [[Sajeev Joseph]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|
|-
| 10
| [[Azhikode (State Assembly constituency)|Azhikode]]
| [[K. V. Sumesh]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|rowspan=6}}
|
|-
| 11
| [[Kannur (State Assembly constituency)|Kannur]]
| [[Kadannappalli Ramachandran]]
| {{party name with color|Congress (Secular)}}
|
|-
| 12
| [[Dharmadom (State Assembly constituency)|Dharmadom]]
| [[Pinarayi Vijayan]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=3}}
| [[Chief Minister of Kerala]]
|-
| 13
| [[Thalassery (State Assembly constituency)|Thalassery]]
| [[A. N. Shamseer]]
|
|-
| 14
| [[Mattanur (State Assembly constituency)|Mattanur]]
| [[K. K. Shailaja]]
|
|-
| 15
| [[Kuthuparamba (State Assembly constituency)|Kuthuparamba]]
| [[K. P. Mohanan]]
| {{party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|
|-
| 16
| [[Peravoor (State Assembly constituency)|Peravoor]]
| [[Sunny Joseph (politician)|Sunny Joseph]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|<section end="Kannur district"/><section begin="Wayanad district"/>
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[Wayanad district|Wayanad]]
| 17
| [[Mananthavady (State Assembly constituency)|Mananthavady]] (ST)
| [[O. R. Kelu]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|
|-
| 18
| [[Sulthan Bathery (State Assembly constituency)|Sulthan Bathery]] (ST)
| [[I. C. Balakrishnan]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
| {{party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)|rowspan=3}}
|
|-
| 19
| [[Kalpetta (State Assembly constituency)|Kalpetta]]
| [[T Siddique]]
||<section end="Wayanad district"/><section begin="Kozhikode district"/>
|-
|rowspan="14"|[[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]]
| 20
| [[Vadakara (State Assembly constituency)|Vadakara]]
| [[K. K. Rema]]
| {{party name with color|Revolutionary Marxist Party of India}}
|
|-
| 21
| [[Kuttiady (State Assembly constituency)|Kuttiady]]
| [[K P Kunhammadkutty|K P Kunhammadkutty Master]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|rowspan=3}}
|
|-
| 22
| [[Nadapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Nadapuram]]
| [[E. K. Vijayan]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|23
| rowspan="2"|[[Koyilandy (State Assembly constituency)|Koyilandy]]
| [[Kanathil Jameela]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|
|-
| colspan="5" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Casual vacancy#India|Vacant]]''
| Died on 29 November 2025
|-
| 24
| [[Perambra (State Assembly constituency)|Perambra]]
| [[T. P. Ramakrishnan]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2}}
| {{party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|rowspan=7}}
|
|-
| 25
| [[Balussery (State Assembly constituency)|Balussery]] (SC)
| [[K. M. Sachin Dev]]
|
|-
| 26
| [[Elathur (State Assembly constituency)|Elathur]]
| [[A. K. Saseendran]]
| {{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|
|-
| 27
| [[Kozhikode North (State Assembly constituency)|Kozhikode North]]
| [[Thottathil Ravindran]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|
|-
| 28
| [[Kozhikode South (State Assembly constituency)|Kozhikode South]]
| [[Ahamed Devarkovil]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National League}}
|
|-
| 29
| [[Beypore (State Assembly constituency)|Beypore]]
| [[P. A. Mohammed Riyas]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|
|-
| 30
| [[Kunnamangalam (State Assembly constituency)|Kunnamangalam]]
| [[P. T. A. Rahim]]
| {{party name with color|Independent politician|shortname=IND}}
|
|-
| 31
| [[Koduvally (State Assembly constituency)|Koduvally]]
| [[M. K. Muneer]]
| {{party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}
| {{party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|
|-
| 32
| [[Thiruvambady (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvambady]]
| [[Linto Joseph]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|<section end="Kozhikode district"/><section begin="Malappuram district"/>
|-
|rowspan="16"|[[Malappuram district|Malappuram]]
| 33
| [[Kondotty (State Assembly constituency)|Kondotty]]
| [[T. V. Ibrahim]]
| {{party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League|rowspan=2}}
| {{party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)|rowspan=11}}
|
|-
| 34
| [[Eranad (State Assembly constituency)|Eranad]]
| [[P. K. Basheer]]
|
|-
| 35
| [[Nilambur (State Assembly constituency)|Nilambur]]
| [[Aryadan Shoukath]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
| 36
| [[Wandoor (State Assembly constituency)|Wandoor]] (SC)
| [[A. P. Anil Kumar]]
|
|-
| 37
| [[Manjeri (State Assembly constituency)|Manjeri]]
| [[U. A. Latheef]]
| {{party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League|rowspan=7}}
|
|-
| 38
| [[Perinthalmanna (State Assembly constituency)|Perinthalmanna]]
| [[Najeeb Kanthapuram]]
|
|-
| 39
| [[Mankada (State Assembly constituency)|Mankada]]
| [[Manjalamkuzhi Ali]]
|
|-
| 40
| [[Malappuram (State Assembly constituency)|Malappuram]]
| [[P. Ubaidulla]]
|
|-
| 41
| [[Vengara (State Assembly constituency)|Vengara]]
| [[P. K. Kunhalikutty]]
| [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Kerala Legislative Assembly|Deputy Leader of the Opposition]]
|-
| 42
| [[Vallikkunnu (State Assembly constituency)|Vallikkunnu]]
| [[P. Abdul Hameed]]
|
|-
| 43
| [[Tirurangadi (State Assembly constituency)|Tirurangadi]]
| [[K. P. A. Majeed]]
|
|-
| 44
| [[Tanur (State Assembly constituency)|Tanur]]
| [[V. Abdurahiman]]
| {{party name with color|National Secular Conference}}
| {{party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|
|-
| 45
| [[Tirur (State Assembly constituency)|Tirur]]
| [[Kurukkoli Moideen]]
| {{party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League|rowspan=2}}
| {{party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
| 46
| [[Kottakkal (State assembly constituency)|Kottakkal]]
| [[K. K. Abid Hussain Thangal]]
|
|-
| 47
| [[Thavanur (State Assembly constituency)|Thavanur]]
| [[K T Jaleel|K.T. Jaleel]]
| {{party name with color|Independent politician|shortname=IND}}
| {{party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
| 48
| [[Ponnani (State Assembly constituency)|Ponnani]]
| [[P. Nandakumar]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|<section end="Malappuram district"/><section begin="Palakkad district"/>
|-
|rowspan="12"|[[Palakkad district|Palakkad]]
| 49
| [[Thrithala (State Assembly constituency)|Thrithala]]
| [[M. B. Rajesh]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|rowspan=5}}
|
|-
| 50
| [[Pattambi (State Assembly constituency)|Pattambi]]
| [[Muhammed Muhsin (politician)|Muhammed Muhsin]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|
|-
| 51
| [[Shornur (State Assembly constituency)|Shornur]]
| [[P. Mammikutty]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=3}}
|
|-
| 52
| [[Ottapalam (State Assembly constituency)|Ottapalam]]
| [[K. Premkumar (politician)|K. Premkumar]]
|
|-
| 53
| [[Kongad (State Assembly constituency)|Kongad]] (SC)
| [[K. Shanthakumari]]
|
|-
| 54
| [[Mannarkkad (State Assembly constituency)|Mannarkkad]]
| [[N. Samsudheen]]
| {{party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}
| {{party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|
|-
| 55
| [[Malampuzha (State Assembly constituency)|Malampuzha]]
| [[A. Prabhakaran]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|
|-
| 56
| [[Palakkad (State Assembly constituency)|Palakkad]]
| [[Rahul Mamkootathil]]
| {{party name with color|Independent politician|shortname=IND}}
| {{party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| Won in 2024 bypoll
|-
| 57
| [[Tarur (State Assembly constituency)|Tarur]] (SC)
| [[P. P. Sumod]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|rowspan=4}}
|
|-
| 58
| [[Chittur (State Assembly constituency)|Chittur]]
| [[K. Krishnankutty]]
| {{party name with color|Indian Socialist Janata Dal}}
|
|-
| 59
| [[Nenmara (State Assembly constituency)|Nenmara]]
| [[K. Babu (CPI-M politician)|K. Babu]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
| 60
| [[Alathur (State Assembly constituency)|Alathur]]
| [[K. D. Prasenan]]
|<section end="Palakkad district"/><section begin="Thrissur district"/>
|-
|rowspan="13"|[[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
| 61
| [[Chelakkara (State Assembly constituency)|Chelakkara]] (SC)
| [[U. R. Pradeep]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=5}}
| {{party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|rowspan=11}}
| Won in 2024 bypoll
|-
| 62
| [[Kunnamkulam (State Assembly constituency)|Kunnamkulam]]
| [[A. C. Moideen]]
|
|-
| 63
| [[Guruvayur (State Assembly constituency)|Guruvayur]]
| [[N. K. Akbar]]
|
|-
| 64
| [[Manalur (State Assembly constituency)|Manalur]]
| [[Murali Perunelli]]
|
|-
| 65
| [[Wadakkanchery (State Assembly constituency)|Wadakkanchery]]
| [[Xavier Chittilappilly]]
|
|-
| 66
| [[Ollur (State Assembly constituency)|Ollur]]
| [[K. Rajan (politician)|K. Rajan]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=4}}
|
|-
| 67
| [[Thrissur (State Assembly constituency)|Thrissur]]
| [[P. Balachandran (politician)|P. Balachandran]]
|
|-
| 68
| [[Nattika (State Assembly constituency)|Nattika]] (SC)
| [[C. C. Mukundan]]
|
|-
| 69
| [[Kaipamangalam (State Assembly constituency)|Kaipamangalam]]
| [[E. T. Tyson]]
|
|-
| 70
| [[Irinjalakuda (State Assembly constituency)|Irinjalakuda]]
| [[R. Bindu]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
| 71
| [[Puthukkad (State Assembly constituency)|Puthukkad]]
| [[K. K. Ramachandran]]
|
|-
| 72
| [[Chalakudy (State Assembly constituency)|Chalakudy]]
| [[T. J. Saneesh Kumar Joseph]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|
|-
| 73
| [[Kodungallur (State Assembly constituency)|Kodungallur]]
| [[V. R. Sunil Kumar]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| {{party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|<section end="Thrissur district"/><section begin="Ernakulam district"/>
|-
|rowspan="15"|[[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]
| 74
| [[Perumbavoor (State Assembly constituency)|Perumbavoor]]
| [[Eldhose Kunnappilly]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
| {{party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)|rowspan=3}}
|
|-
| 75
| [[Angamaly (State Assembly constituency)|Angamaly]]
| [[Roji M. John]]
|
|-
| 76
| [[Aluva (State Assembly constituency)|Aluva]]
| [[Anwar Sadath]]
|
|-
| 77
| [[Kalamassery (State Assembly constituency)|Kalamassery]]
| [[P. Rajeeve]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|
|-
| 78
| [[Paravur (State Assembly constituency)|Paravur]]
| [[V. D. Satheesan]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Kerala Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition]]
|-
| 79
| [[Vypin (State Assembly constituency)|Vypin]]
| K. N. Unnikrishnan
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2}}
| {{party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
| 80
| [[Kochi (State Assembly constituency)|Kochi]]
| [[K. J. Maxi]]
|
|-
| 81
| [[Thrippunithura (State Assembly constituency)|Thrippunithura]]
| [[K. Babu]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
| {{party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)|rowspan=4}}
|
|-
| 82
| [[Ernakulam (State assembly constituency)|Ernakulam]]
| [[T. J. Vinod]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|83
| rowspan="2"|[[Thrikkakara (State Assembly constituency)|Thrikkakara]]
| [[P. T. Thomas]]
|
|-
| [[Uma Thomas]]
| Won in 2022 bypoll necessitated after the death of P. T. Thomas
|-
| 84
| [[Kunnathunad (State Assembly constituency)|Kunnathunad]] (SC)
| [[P. V. Srinijin]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|
|-
| 85
| [[Piravom (State Assembly constituency)|Piravom]]
| [[Anoop Jacob]]
| {{party name with color|Kerala Congress (Jacob)}}
| {{party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
| 86
| [[Muvattupuzha (State Assembly constituency)|Muvattupuzha]]
| [[Mathew Kuzhalnadan]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
| 87
| [[Kothamangalam (State Assembly constituency)|Kothamangalam]]
| [[Antony John]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|<section end="Ernakulam district"/><section begin="Idukki district"/>
|-
|rowspan="6"|[[Idukki district|Idukki]]
| 88
| [[Devikulam (State Assembly constituency)|Devikulam]]
| [[A. Raja (Kerala politician)|A. Raja]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2}}
| {{party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
| 89
| [[Udumbanchola (State Assembly constituency)|Udumbanchola]]
| [[M. M. Mani]]
|
|-
| 90
| [[Thodupuzha (State Assembly constituency)|Thodupuzha]]
| [[P. J. Joseph]]
| {{party name with color|Kerala Congress (Joseph)}}
| {{party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|
|-
| 91
| [[Idukki (State Assembly constituency)|Idukki]]
| [[Roshy Augustine]]
| {{party name with color|Kerala Congress (Mani)}}
| {{party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|92
| rowspan="2"|[[Peerumade (State Assembly constituency)|Peerumade]]
| [[Vazhoor Soman]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|
|-
| colspan="5" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Casual vacancy#India|Vacant]]''
| Died on 21 August 2025
<section end="Idukki district"/><section begin="Kottayam district"/>
|-
|rowspan="10"|[[Kottayam district|Kottayam]]
| 93
| [[Pala (State Assembly constituency)|Pala]]
| [[Mani C. Kappan]]
| {{party name with color|Kerala Democratic Party}}
| {{party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
| 94
| [[Kaduthuruthy (State Assembly constituency)|Kaduthuruthy]]
| [[Monce Joseph]]
| {{party name with color|Kerala Congress (Joseph)}}
|
|-
| 95
| [[Vaikom (State Assembly constituency)|Vaikom]] (SC)
| [[C. K. Asha]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| {{party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
| 96
| [[Ettumanoor (State Assembly constituency)|Ettumanoor]]
| [[V. N. Vasavan]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|
|-
| 97
| [[Kottayam (State Assembly constituency)|Kottayam]]
| [[Thiruvanchoor Radhakrishnan]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
| {{party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)|rowspan=3}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|98
| rowspan="2"|[[Puthuppally (State Assembly constituency)|Puthuppally]]
| [[Oommen Chandy]]
|
|-
| [[Chandy Oommen]]
| Won in 2023 bypoll necessitated after the death of [[Oommen Chandy]]
|-
| 99
| [[Changanassery (State Assembly constituency)|Changanassery]]
| [[Job Maichil]]
| {{party name with color|Kerala Congress (Mani)|rowspan=3}}
| {{party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|rowspan=3}}
|
|-
| 100
| [[Kanjirappally (State Assembly constituency)|Kanjirappally]]
| [[N. Jayaraj]]
|
|-
| 101
| [[Poonjar (State Assembly constituency)|Poonjar]]
| [[Sebastian Kulathunkal]]
|<section end="Kottayam district"/><section begin="Alappuzha district"/>
|-
|rowspan="9"|[[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]]
| 102
| [[Aroor (State Assembly constituency)|Aroor]]
| [[Daleema]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|rowspan=5}}
|
|-
| 103
| [[Cherthala (State Assembly constituency)|Cherthala]]
| [[P. Prasad]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|
|-
| 104
| [[Alappuzha (State Assembly constituency)|Alappuzha]]
| [[P. P. Chitharanjan]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
| 105
| [[Ambalappuzha (State Assembly constituency)|Ambalappuzha]]
| [[H. Salam]]
|
|-
| 106
| [[Kuttanad (State Assembly constituency)|Kuttanad]]
| Thomas K. Thomas
| {{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|
|-
| 107
| [[Haripad (State Assembly constituency)|Haripad]]
| [[Ramesh Chennithala]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|
|-
| 108
| [[Kayamkulam (State Assembly constituency)|Kayamkulam]]
| [[U. Prathibha]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=3}}
| {{party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|rowspan=3}}
|
|-
| 109
| [[Mavelikara (State Assembly constituency)|Mavelikara]]
| [[M. S. Arun Kumar]]
|
|-
| 110
| [[Chengannur (State Assembly constituency)|Chengannur]]
| [[Saji Cherian]]
|<section end="Alappuzha district"/><section begin="Pathanamthitta district"/>
|-
|rowspan="5"|[[Pathanamthitta district|Pathanamthitta]]
| 111
| [[Thiruvalla (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvalla]]
| [[Mathew T. Thomas]]
| {{party name with color|Indian Socialist Janata Dal}}
| {{party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|rowspan=5}}
|
|-
| 112
| [[Ranni (State Assembly constituency)|Ranni]]
| Pramod Narayan
| {{party name with color|Kerala Congress (Mani)}}
|
|-
| 113
| [[Aranmula (State Assembly constituency)|Aranmula]]
| [[Veena George]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
| 114
| [[Konni (State Assembly constituency)|Konni]]
| [[K. U. Jenish Kumar]]
|
|-
| 115
| [[Adoor (State Assembly constituency)|Adoor]]
| [[Chittayam Gopakumar]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|<section end="Pathanamthitta district"/><section begin="Kollam district"/>
|-
|rowspan="11"|[[Kollam district|Kollam]]
| 116
| [[Karunagappally (State Assembly constituency)|Karunagapally]]
| [[C. R. Mahesh]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|
|-
| 117
| [[Chavara (State Assembly constituency)|Chavara]]
| [[Sujith Vijayanpillai|Sujith Vijayan]]
| {{party name with color|Independent politician|shortname=IND|rowspan=2}}
| {{party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|rowspan=6}}
|
|-
| 118
| [[Kunnathur, Kerala Assembly constituency|Kunnathur]]
| [[Kovoor Kunjumon]]
|
|-
| 119
| [[Kottarakkara (State Assembly constituency)|Kottarakkara]]
| [[K. N. Balagopal]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|
|-
| 120
| [[Pathanapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Pathanapuram]]
| [[K. B. Ganesh Kumar]]
| {{party name with color|Kerala Congress (B)}}
|
|-
| 121
| [[Punalur (State Assembly constituency)|Punalur]]
| [[P. S. Supal]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
| 122
| [[Chadayamangalam (State Assembly constituency)|Chadayamangalam]]
| [[J. Chinchu Rani]]
|
|-
| 123
| [[Kundara (State Assembly constituency)|Kundara]]
| [[P. C. Vishnunath]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|
|-
| 124
| [[Kollam (State Assembly constituency)|Kollam]]
| [[Mukesh (actor)|M. Mukesh]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2}}
| {{party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|rowspan=3}}
|
|-
| 125
| [[Eravipuram (State Assembly constituency)|Eravipuram]]
| [[M. Noushad (politician)|M. Noushad]]
|
|-
| 126
| [[Chathannoor (State Assembly constituency)|Chathannoor]]
| [[G.S. Jayalal]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|<section end="Kollam district"/><section begin="Thiruvananthapuram district"/>
|-
|rowspan="15"|[[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]]
| 127
| [[Varkala (State Assembly constituency)|Varkala]]
| [[V. Joy]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2}}
| {{party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|rowspan=13}}
|
|-
| 128
| [[Attingal (State Assembly constituency)|Attingal]]
| [[O. S. Ambika]]
|
|-
| 129
| [[Chirayinkeezhu (State Assembly constituency)|Chirayinkeezhu]]
| [[V. Sasi]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
| 130
| [[Nedumangad (State Assembly constituency)|Nedumangad]]
| [[G. R. Anil]]
|
|-
| 131
| [[Vamanapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Vamanapuram]]
| [[D. K. Murali]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=3}}
|
|-
| 132
| [[Kazhakootam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakootam]]
| [[Kadakampally Surendran]]
|
|-
| 133
| [[Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency)|Vattiyoorkavu]]
| [[V. K. Prasanth]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|134
| rowspan="2"|[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
| [[Antony Raju]]
| {{party name with color|Janadhipathya Kerala Congress}}
|
|-
| colspan="5" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Casual vacancy#India|Vacant]]''
| Disqualified due to conviction and jail sentence in underwear theft and evidence tampering case.
|-
| 135
| [[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
| [[V. Sivankutty]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=4}}
|
|-
| 136
| [[Aruvikkara (State Assembly constituency)|Aruvikkara]]
| [[G. Steephen]]
|
|-
| 137
| [[Parassala (State Assembly constituency)|Parassala]]
| [[C. K. Hareendran]]
|
|-
| 138
| [[Kattakkada (State Assembly constituency)|Kattakkada]]
| [[I. B. Sathish]]
|
|-
| 139
| [[Kovalam (State Assembly constituency)|Kovalam]]
| [[M. Vincent]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|
|-
| 140
| [[Neyyattinkara (State Assembly constituency)|Neyyattinkara]]
| [[K. A. Ansalan]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| {{party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|<section end="Thiruvananthapuram district"/>
|-
|} <section end="Composition"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* [http://niyamasabha.org/codes/legislatorsupto2006.pdf Legislators up to 2006]
* http://klaproceedings.niyamasabha.org

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Citation|title=Chief Ministers, Ministers, and Leaders of Opposition of Kerala|last=|publisher=Secratriat of Kerala Legislature|year=2018|location=[[Thiruvananthapuram]]|url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/14kla/chief%20ministers,%20ministers,%20leaders%20of%20opposition.pdf}}
* {{Cite book|title=Mathrubhumi Yearbook Plus - 2019|publisher=P. V. Chandran, Managing Editor, Mathrubhumi Printing & Publishing Company Limited, Kozhikode|year=2018|location=Kozhikode|last=Chandran |first=VP|edition=Malayalam }}
* {{cite book|author=Menon, A. Sreedhara |title=A Survey of Kerala History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVsw35oEBv4C|year=2007|publisher=DC Books|isbn=9788126415786}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* [https://www.loksabhaelections.in/kerela Kerala Lok Sabha Election 2019 Results Website]
{{Commons category|Kerala Niyamasabha}}
* [http://www.niyamasabha.org niyamasabha.org]
* [http://www.keralaassembly.com Kerala Assembly Election 2016 Website]
* [http://www.keralaassembly.org Election Database]
* [http://www.klaproceedings.niyamasabha.org klaproceedings.niyamasabha.org]

{{Legislatures of India}}
{{Current Indian assemblies}}
{{Kerala elections}}
{{Government of Kerala}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Lists of current Indian state and territorial assemblies|K]]
[[Category:Terms of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:2021 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 2021–2026| ]]

Cooch Behar

2026-03-13T22:54:12Z

Mpsep15: Refined content and updated sections

{{About|the municipality in West Bengal, India|the district|Cooch Behar district|the princely state|Cooch Behar State}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Cooch Behar
| official_name =
| other_name = Koch Bihar
| settlement_type = [[City]]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2/3/2
| caption_align = center
| image1 =
| caption1 = [[Cooch Behar Palace]]
| image2 =
| caption2 = [[Madan Mohan Temple, Cooch Behar|Madanmohan Temple]]
| image3 =
| caption3 = [[Acharya Brojendra Nath Seal College|ABN Seal College]]
| image4 =
| caption4 = [[Cooch Behar railway station| Cooch Behar Railway Museum]]
| image5 =
| caption5 = [[Torsa River|Banks of the river Torsa]]
| image6 =
| caption6 = [[Suniti Academy|Sunity Academy]]
| image7 = Sagar Dighi, Coochbehar.jpg
| caption7 = Sagar Dighi Lake
| image8 = Parijat Villa at Cooch Behar Town located under Cooch Behar district in West Bengal 01.jpg
| caption8 = Parijat Villa}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_blank_emblem =
| blank_emblem_type =
| blank_emblem_size = 150px
| nickname =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 8
| mapframe-point = none
| map_caption = Location of Cooch Behar city in Coochbehar district
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_relief =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| coordinates = {{coord|26|19|27.084|N|89|27|3.6|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|}} [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Cooch Behar district|Cooch Behar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = 12 September 1949
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipality]]
| governing_body = Cooch Behar Municipality
| leader_title = Chairman
| leader_name = [[Rabindra Nath Ghosh]] ([[All India Trinamool Congress]])
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|title=Cooch Behar City|url=http://coochbeharmunicipality.com/content.php?id=5|website=coochbeharmunicipality.com|access-date=26 November 2020|archive-date=15 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215214246/http://coochbeharmunicipality.com/content.php?id=5|url-status=live}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 8.29
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 77,935
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Demography {{!}} Cooch Behar District {{!}} India |url=https://coochbehar.gov.in/demography/ |access-date=1 May 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = 832
| population_metro =
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref name="wblangoff">{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=wb.gov.in|access-date=15 January 2019|archive-date=14 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614062657/https://wb.gov.in/404-page.aspx?aspxerrorpath=%2Fportal%2Fweb%2Fguest%2F404-page.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=2 March 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = English,<ref name="wblangoff"/> [[Rajbongshi (language)|Rajbongshi]]<ref>{{cite magazine |last=PTI |date=28 February 2018 |title=Kamtapuri, Rajbanshi make it to list of official languages in |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/kamtapuri-rajbanshi-make-it-to-list-of-official-languages-in-1179890-2018-02-28 |magazine=India Today |access-date=11 October 2023}}</ref>
| demographics1_title3 = Regional
| demographics1_info3 = Bengali, Rajbongshi
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 736101<ref>{{cite web |title=Head Post Office Coochbehar |url=https://coochbehar.gov.in/public-utility-category/postal/ |website=Cooch Behar District - India |access-date=10 February 2026}}</ref>
| area_code = 03582
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = WB-64/63
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Cooch Behar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Cooch Behar (SC)]]
| website = {{URL|coochbehar.gov.in}} {{URL|coochbeharmunicipality.com}}
| footnotes =
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Cooch Behar Uttar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Cooch Behar Uttar (SC)]], [[Cooch Behar Dakshin (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Cooch Behar Dakshin]], [[Natabari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Natabari]]
}}
[[File:ADMINISTRATIVE MAP.jpg|thumb|Administrative map of Cooch Behar]]
'''Cooch Behar''' ({{IPA|bn|kot͡ʃ biɦar}}), also known as '''Koch Bihar''', is a city in the [[India]]n state of [[West Bengal]] and it stands on bank of the [[Torsa River|Torsa river]].<ref>[https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/north-bengal/flood-prone-at-uttarbanga-after-continious-rain-1.60068 Torsa river bank in Cooch Behar]</ref> The city is the headquarters of the [[Cooch Behar district]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cooch Behar District {{!}} Cooch Behar – City of Beauty {{!}} India |url=https://coochbehar.gov.in/ |access-date=22 April 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref> During the [[British Raj]], Cooch Behar was the seat of the [[princely state]] of [[Cooch Behar State|Cooch Behar]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rathore |first=Abhinay |date=5 January 1954 |title=Cooch Behar (Princely State) |url=https://www.indianrajputs.com/view/cooch_behar |access-date=22 April 2025 |website=Rajput Provinces of India |language=en}}</ref> In the [[North Bengal]] region, the only planned city with royal heritage is Cooch Behar. The city is a popular tourist destination and cultural hub in [[Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} District Court, Cooch Behar {{!}} India |url=https://coochbehar.dcourts.gov.in/about-department/history/#:~:text=Cooch%20Behar%20is%20the%20only,been%20declared%20a%20heritage%20town. |access-date=22 April 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Etymology==
{{main| Etymology of Cooch Behar}}
The name ''Cooch Behar'' is derived from two words—'' Cooch'', a corrupted form of the word ''Koch'', the name of the [[Koch people|Koch]] tribes, and the word ''Behar'' is derived from ''[[vihara]]'' meaning ''land or settlement.'' Koch Behar means ''land of the [[Koch people|Koches]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last= Pal |first= Dr. Nripendra Nath |title= Itikathai Cooch Behar (A brief history of Cooch Behar) |year=2000 |publisher=Anima Prakashani |location=Kolkata | pages = 11–12}}</ref><ref>The name Cooch Behar is a compound of two words: Cooch and Behar. Cooch is a corrupted form of Coch or Koch, the name of an ethnic group inhabiting a vast tract of land to the northeast of Bengal. Behar or, more properly, Vihara denotes abode or sport. Cooch Behar means, therefore, the abode or land of the Koches. Ray, B.. [http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5164/1/22881_1961_COO.pdf ''CENSUS 1961 WEST BENGAL''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012025513/http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5164/1/22881_1961_COO.pdf |date=12 October 2022 }}. GOVERNMENT PRINTING, WEST BENGAL, 1961, p.20</ref>

==History==
[[File:Shri Sir Nripendra Narayan, Maharaja of Cooch Behar.jpg|right|thumb|[[Nripendra Narayan|Maharaja Nripendra Narayan]] of Cooch Bihar]]

===Early period===
{{more citations needed section|date=June 2024}}
{{main|Koch dynasty|Kamarupa Kingdom}}
Cooch Behar formed part of the [[Kamarupa Kingdom]] of Assam from the 4th to the 12th. In the 13th century, the area became a part of the [[Kamata Kingdom]]. The [[Khen dynasty|Khen]]s ruled until about 1498 [[Common Era|CE]], when they fell to [[Alauddin Hussain Shah]], the independent Sultan of [[Gaur, West Bengal|Gour]]. The new invaders fought with the local [[Bhuyan chieftains]] and the [[Ahom kingdom|Ahom]] king [[Suhungmung]] and lost control of the region. During this time, the Koch tribe became very powerful, proclaimed itself ''Kamateshwar'' (Lord of Kamata), and established the Koch dynasty.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

The first important Koch ruler was Bisu, later called [[Biswa Singha]], who came to power in 1515 CE.<ref>{{Citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ECxUOSudNGYC|last=Nath|first=D.|title=History of the Koch Kingdom, C. 1515-1615|pages=5–6|publisher=Mittal Publications|year=1989|isbn=8170991099|access-date=3 May 2023|archive-date=3 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503105404/https://books.google.com/books?id=ECxUOSudNGYC|url-status=live}}</ref> Under his son, [[Nara Narayan]], the Kamata Kingdom reached its zenith.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://coochbehar.gov.in/HTMfiles/royal_history.html |title=Royal History of Cooch Behar |access-date=22 October 2006 |archive-date=21 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721161510/http://coochbehar.gov.in/HTMfiles/royal_history.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Nara Narayan's younger brother, Shukladhwaj ([[Chilarai]]), was a noted military general who undertook expeditions to expand the kingdom. He became governor of its eastern portion.

As the early capital of the Koch Kingdom, Koch Behar's location was not static and became stable only when it shifted to Cooch Behar town. Rup Narayan, on the advice of an unknown saint, transferred the capital from Attharokotha to [[Guriahati]] (now called Cooch Behar town) on the banks of the [[Torsa river]] between 1693 and 1714. After this, the capital was always in or near its present location.

In 1661 CE, Pran Narayan planned to expand his kingdom. However, [[Mir Jumla II|Mir Jumla]], the [[subedar]] of [[Bengal]] under the Mughal emperor [[Aurangazeb]], attacked Cooch Behar and conquered the territory, meeting almost no resistance.<ref>{{cite book |last= Pal |first=Dr. Nripendra Nath |title= Itikathai Cooch Behar (A brief history of Cooch Behar) |year=2000 |publisher=Anima Prakashani |location=Kolkata | page = 68}}</ref>
The town of Cooch Behar was subsequently named Alamgirnagar.<ref name="bnpedia1">{{cite book |last=Bhattacharyya |first=PK |year=2012 |chapter=Kamata-Koch Behar |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Kamata-Koch_Behar |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |access-date=3 May 2023 |archive-date=16 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416165029/https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Kamata-Koch_Behar |url-status=live }}</ref> Pran Narayan regained his kingdom within a few days.

===British Raj===
[[Image:1907-bengal-sikkim3.jpg|left|thumb|1907 map of Bengal with Sikkim]]
{{main|Cooch Behar State}}

Between 1772 and 1773, the [[Bhutan|Bhutanese Desi]] attacked and seized control of Cooch Behar. In response, Cooch Behar entered into a defence treaty with the [[East India Company|English East India Company]] on 5 April 1773, to drive out the Bhutanese invaders. During this period, Bhutanese coins were minted in Cooch Behar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mintageworld.com/coin/16-bhutan/#:~:text=The%20coins%20of%20Cooch%20Behar,were%20used%20for%20local%20purchase.|title=Old Coins of Bhutan|website=Mintage World|access-date=10 October 2021|archive-date=10 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010095010/https://www.mintageworld.com/coin/16-bhutan/#:~:text=The%20coins%20of%20Cooch%20Behar,were%20used%20for%20local%20purchase.|url-status=live}}</ref> Once the Bhutanese were expelled, Cooch Behar was reinstated as a princely state under the aegis of the British East India Company.<ref>{{cite book |last= Pal |first=Dr. Nripendra Nath |title= Itikathai Cooch Behar (A brief history of Cooch Behar) |year=2000 |publisher=Anima Prakashani |location=Kolkata | page = 73}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/columbiachronolo00john|url-access=registration|title=Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2000|isbn=0-231-11004-9|editor-last=Bowman|editor-first=John S.|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/columbiachronolo00john/page/385 385]}}</ref>

Cooch Behar Palace is built after classical Italian architecture. The dome of the Palace is in Italian style, resembling the dome of [[St. Peter's Basilica]], Vatican City, Rome. It had been built-in 1887, during the reign of Maharaja [[Nripendra Narayan]].<ref name="bnpedia1" /> In 1878, the maharaja married the daughter of [[Brahmo]] preacher [[Keshab Chandra Sen]]. This union led to a renaissance in Cooch Behar state.<ref>{{cite book |last= Pal |first=Dr. Nripendra Nath |title= Itikathai Cooch Behar (A brief history of Cooch Behar) |year=2000 |publisher=Anima Prakashani |location=Kolkata | page = 75}}</ref> Maharaja Nripendra Narayan is known as the architect of modern Cooch Behar town.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://coochbehar.gov.in/Htmfiles/history_book5.html|title=Royal History of Cooch Behar 5|access-date=22 October 2006|archive-date=21 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721161722/http://coochbehar.gov.in/Htmfiles/history_book5.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Post-Independence===
Under an agreement between the king of [[Cooch Behar State|Cooch Behar]] and the Indian Government at the end of British rule, Maharaja [[Jagaddipendra Narayan]] transferred full authority, jurisdiction, and power of the state to the Dominion [[Government of India]], effective 12 September 1949.<ref name="web1">{{cite web |title=Brief Royal History of Cooch Behar 5 |url=http://coochbehar.gov.in/HTMfiles/brief_history.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724080258/http://www.coochbehar.gov.in/Htmfiles/brief_history.html |archive-date=24 July 2011 |access-date=22 October 2006}}</ref> Eventually, Cooch Bihar became part of the state of West Bengal on 19 January 1950, with Cooch Behar town as its headquarters.<ref name="web1" />

==Geography==
[[File:Torsa in coochbehar.JPG|Torsa River near Cooch Behar|thumb|right]]

The [[Torsa River]] flows by the western side of town. Heavy rains often cause strong river currents and flooding. The turbulent water carries huge amounts of sand, silt, and pebbles, which hurt crop production as well as the hydrology of the region.<ref name="book1">{{cite book |title= Annual Plan on Agriculture 2003–04 |publisher=Cooch Behar District Agriculture Office |location=Cooch Behar | page =2}}</ref> Alluvial deposits from the soil, which is acidic.<ref name="book1" /> The soil depth varies from {{cvt|15|to|50|cm}}, superimposed on a bed of sand. The foundation materials are igneous and metamorphic rocks at a depth of {{cvt|1000|to|1500|m}}. The soil has low levels of [[nitrogen]] with moderate levels of [[potassium]] and [[phosphorus]]. Deficiencies of [[boron]], [[zinc]], [[calcium]], [[magnesium]], and [[sulphur]] are high.<ref name="book1" />

Cooch Behar is a flat region with a slight southeastern slope along which the main rivers of the district flow. Most highland areas are in the Sitalkuchi region, and most low-lying lands lie in the Dinhata region. The elevation of the town is 48 meters above mean sea level. The [[Torsa river]] flows by the western side of town. The rivers in the district of Cooch Behar generally flow from northwest to southeast. Six rivers that cut through the district are the [[Teesta]], [[Jaldhaka]], [[Torsha]], [[Kaljani River|Kaljani]], [[Raidāk River|Raidak]], Gadadhar, and Ghargharia.

The town of Cooch Behar and its surrounding regions face [[deforestation]] due to increasing demand for fuel and timber, along with air pollution from increasing vehicular traffic. The local flora includes palms, bamboo, creepers, ferns, orchids, aquatic plants, fungi, timber, grass, vegetables, and fruit trees. Migratory birds and many local species are found in the city, especially around the [[Sagardighi, Cooch Behar|Sagardighi]] and other water bodies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbtourism.com/heritage/coochbehar.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090715093902/http://www.wbtourism.com/heritage/coochbehar.htm |archive-date=15 July 2009 |title=West Bengal Tourism: Cooch Behar |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 1976, the Cooch Behar district became home to the Jaldapara Wildlife Sanctuary (now [[Jaldapara National Park]]), which has an area of {{convert|217|km2|mi2|abbr=on|1}}.<ref name=parks>{{cite web|author=Indian Ministry of Forests and Environment|title=Protected areas: Sikkim|url=http://oldwww.wii.gov.in/envis/envis_pa_network/index.htm |access-date=25 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823163836/http://oldwww.wii.gov.in/envis/envis_pa_network/index.htm |archive-date=23 August 2011}}</ref> It shares the park with the Alipurduar district.<ref name=parks/>

===Climate===
Cooch Behar has a moderate climate characterised by heavy rainfall during the monsoons and slight rainfall from October to March. The city does not experience very high temperatures at any time of the year. The daily maximum temperature is {{cvt|32.7|°C}} in August, the hottest month, and the daily minimum temperature is {{cvt|9.2|°C}} in January, the coldest month.<ref name=IMDnormals/> The highest temperature in Cooch Behar was 41.0 °C, recorded on 11 September 1977; the lowest temperature recorded was 3.3 °C, reported on 28 January 1982.<ref name=IMDnormals/> The atmosphere is highly humid. The rainy season lasts from June to September. The average annual rainfall in the city is {{cvt|3,562|mm}}.<ref name=IMDnormals/>

{{Weather box
|location = Cooch Behar (1991–2020, extremes 1901–2020)
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan record high C = 30.0
|Feb record high C = 32.6
|Mar record high C = 37.6
|Apr record high C = 39.4
|May record high C = 39.9
|Jun record high C = 40.3
|Jul record high C = 38.9
|Aug record high C = 38.0
|Sep record high C = 41.0
|Oct record high C = 36.1
|Nov record high C = 34.5
|Dec record high C = 33.4
|year record high C = 41.0
| Jan avg record high C = 27.5
| Feb avg record high C = 29.6
| Mar avg record high C = 34.2
| Apr avg record high C = 35.5
| May avg record high C = 35.2
| Jun avg record high C = 36.0
| Jul avg record high C = 35.6
| Aug avg record high C = 36.1
| Sep avg record high C = 35.5
| Oct avg record high C = 34.2
| Nov avg record high C = 32.0
| Dec avg record high C = 28.9
| year avg record high C = 37.3
|Jan high C = 23.5
|Feb high C = 26.3
|Mar high C = 29.9
|Apr high C = 31.1
|May high C = 31.4
|Jun high C = 31.8
|Jul high C = 31.8
|Aug high C = 32.7
|Sep high C = 31.8
|Oct high C = 31.2
|Nov high C = 29.2
|Dec high C = 25.9
|year high C = 29.7
|Jan low C = 9.2
|Feb low C = 12.1
|Mar low C = 16.3
|Apr low C = 20.2
|May low C = 22.5
|Jun low C = 24.5
|Jul low C = 25.2
|Aug low C = 25.4
|Sep low C = 24.5
|Oct low C = 21.0
|Nov low C = 15.3
|Dec low C = 10.9
|year low C = 18.8
| Jan avg record low C = 6.3
| Feb avg record low C = 8.3
| Mar avg record low C = 11.7
| Apr avg record low C = 16.4
| May avg record low C = 19.4
| Jun avg record low C = 21.8
| Jul avg record low C = 23.1
| Aug avg record low C = 23.2
| Sep avg record low C = 21.8
| Oct avg record low C = 16.7
| Nov avg record low C = 11.8
| Dec avg record low C = 7.7
| year avg record low C = 6.0
|Jan record low C = 3.3
|Feb record low C = 3.6
|Mar record low C = 7.1
|Apr record low C = 8.1
|May record low C = 16.1
|Jun record low C = 18.2
|Jul record low C = 20.3
|Aug record low C = 20.0
|Sep record low C = 19.7
|Oct record low C = 13.9
|Nov record low C = 8.2
|Dec record low C = 3.9
|year record low C = 3.3
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 10.8
| Feb rain mm = 14.9
| Mar rain mm = 46.8
| Apr rain mm = 173.7
| May rain mm = 363.8
| Jun rain mm = 683.4
| Jul rain mm = 776.1
| Aug rain mm = 597.9
| Sep rain mm = 487.3
| Oct rain mm = 160.8
| Nov rain mm = 8.7
| Dec rain mm = 3.0
| year rain mm = 3327.4
|Jan rain days = 0.8
|Feb rain days = 1.3
|Mar rain days = 2.6
|Apr rain days = 8.4
|May rain days = 14.4
|Jun rain days = 17.9
|Jul rain days = 19.4
|Aug rain days = 16.5
|Sep rain days = 13.5
|Oct rain days = 5.5
|Nov rain days = 0.6
|Dec rain days = 0.3
|year rain days = 101.1
| time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|Jan humidity = 74
|Feb humidity = 64
|Mar humidity = 56
|Apr humidity = 64
|May humidity = 73
|Jun humidity = 79
|Jul humidity = 80
|Aug humidity = 81
|Sep humidity = 83
|Oct humidity = 81
|Nov humidity = 78
|Dec humidity = 76
|year humidity = 74
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| title = Climatological Tables of Observatories in India 1991-2020
| publisher = [[India Meteorological Department]]
| access-date = 8 April 2024
}}</ref><ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| title = Station: Cooch Behar (A) Climatological Table 1981–2010
| work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = January 2015
| pages = 207–208
| access-date = 10 January 2021}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M233
| access-date = 10 January 2021}}</ref>
}}

==Demographics==
{{Historical population
| source = <ref>{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=A-02: Decadal variation in population 1901-2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/43352/download/47040/19%20A-2%20West%20Bengal.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430172318/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/43352/download/47040/19%20A-2%20West%20Bengal.pdf |archive-date=30 April 2023 |archive-format=PDF |access-date=30 April 2023 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref>{{check|date=December 2024}}
| 1951 | 26299980
| 1961 | 34926279
| 1971 | 44312011
| 1981 | 54580647
| 1991 | 68077965
| 2001 | 80176197
| 2011 | 91276115
}}
{{bar box|width = 300px
|barwidth = 250px |cellpadding="0"
|title=Religion in Cooch Behar<ref name="censusindia.gov.in">{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=C-01: Population by religious community |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405063030/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-format=XLS |access-date=30 April 2023 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|DarkOrange|74.05}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|25.54}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism]]|Blue|0.66}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|gold|0.14}}
{{bar percent|Others|Black|0.18}}
}}
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages of Cooch Behar (2011)<ref name="C-16 City 1900"/>
|label1= [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|value1= 83.58
|color1 = pink
|label2 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|value2 = 13.89
|color2 = orange
|label3 = [[Nepali language|Nepali]]
|value3 = 1.09
|color3 = red
|label4 = Others
|value4 = 1.44
|color4 = grey
}}

In the 2011 census, the Cooch Behar [[urban agglomeration]] had a population of 2,89,434, of which 1,46,626 were male and 1,42,808 were female. The 0–6 years population was 7,910. The effective literacy rate for the urban population was 80.59%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Demography {{!}} Cooch Behar District {{!}} India |url=https://coochbehar.gov.in/demography/ |access-date=1 May 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=9 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209102053/https://coochbehar.gov.in/demography/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=C-08: Educational level by age and sex for population age seven and above (total) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/44825/download/48498/DDW-1900C-08.xlsx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501124929/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/44825/download/48498/DDW-1900C-08.xlsx |archive-date=1 May 2023 |access-date=1 May 2023 |website=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

According to the 2011 census, the Cooch Behar Municipal area has a population of 77,935.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Coochbehar Municipality: Population |url=https://coochbeharmunicipality.com/content.php?id=14 |access-date=1 May 2023 |website=coochbeharmunicipality.com |archive-date=16 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416110551/http://coochbeharmunicipality.com/content.php?id=14 |url-status=live }}</ref> The decadal growth rate for the population is 1.38%. The sex ratio is 972 females per 1,000 males.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Koch Bihar (Cooch Behar) District Population Census 2011 - 2021 - 2023, West Bengal literacy sex ratio and density |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/census/district/3-koch-bihar.html |access-date=1 May 2023 |website=www.census2011.co.in |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406100723/https://www.census2011.co.in/census/district/3-koch-bihar.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Males constitute 50.6% of the population, and females constitute 49.4%. Cooch Behar has an average literacy rate of 74.78%, higher than the national average of 74.04%. The male literacy rate is 80.71%, while the female literacy rate is 68.49%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is the literacy rate of Koch Bihar (Cooch Behar) district of West Bengal in 2011 census? |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/questions/3/district-literacy/literacy-rate-of-koch-bihar-district-2011.html |access-date=1 May 2023 |website=www.census2011.co.in |archive-date=12 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112060539/http://www.census2011.co.in/questions/3/district-literacy/literacy-rate-of-koch-bihar-district-2011.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Profile - Literacy - Know India: National Portal of India |url=https://knowindia.india.gov.in/profile/literacy.php |access-date=1 May 2023 |website=knowindia.india.gov.in |archive-date=15 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415175155/https://knowindia.india.gov.in/profile/literacy.php |url-status=live }}</ref>

The major religions practised in Cooch Behar are [[Hinduism]] (76.44%) followed by [[Islam]] (25.54%).<ref name="censusindia.gov.in">{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=C-01: Population by religious community |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405063030/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-format=XLS |access-date=30 April 2023 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref> Commonly spoken languages are [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Hindi Language|Hindi]].<ref name="C-16 City 1900">{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=C-16 City: Population by mother tongue (town level) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10245/download/13357/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501040127/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10245/download/13357/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |archive-date=1 May 2023 |archive-format=XLS |access-date=1 May 2023 |website=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Government and politics==
===Civic administration===
[[File:Cooch behar dm office.JPG|right|thumb|Office of the District Magistrate]]

Cooch Behar Municipality is responsible for the civic administration of the town.The Cooch Behar Municipal Act of 1944 was the main law for the local government when Cooch Behar was an independent state. When Cooch Behar joined West Bengal in 1950, this old law was kept in place for a short time but slowly changed. The state government eventually created one main set of rules for all cities. The West Bengal Municipal Act, 1993, became the new, single law that replaced the 1944 Act.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cooch Behar Municipal (Amendment) Act, 1962 |url=https://www.latestlaws.com/bare-acts/state-acts-rules/west-bengal-state-laws/cooch-behar-municipal-amendment-act-1962/ |access-date=19 December 2025 |website=latestlaws.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Wayback Machine |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/14517/1/1993-22.pdf |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20230611094016/https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/14517/1/1993-22.pdf |archive-date=11 June 2023 |access-date=19 December 2025 |website=www.indiacode.nic.in}}</ref> The area of the Cooch Behar Municipality (the town/headquarters) is approximately 8.29 sq km. The municipality consists of a board of councillors, elected from each of the 20 wards<ref>[http://coochbehar.nic.in/Htmfiles/District_Administration.html District Administration] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110803134152/http://www.coochbehar.nic.in/Htmfiles/District_Administration.html |date=3 August 2011 }} Accessed on 1 October 2006</ref> and a few members nominated by the state government. The board of councillors elects a chairman from among its elected members; the chairman is the executive head of the municipality. The [[All India Trinamool Congress]] controls the municipality. The state government looks after education, health, and tourism.

The town is in the [[Cooch Behar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Cooch Behar constituency]] and elects one member to the [[Lok Sabha]] (the [[Lower House]] of the [[Indian Parliament]]). The town area is covered by one assembly constituency, Cooch Behar Dakshin, that elects one member to the [[Vidhan Sabha]], which is the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|West Bengal state legislative assembly]].<ref name="delimit">{{cite web| url = http://www.wbgov.com/e-gov/English/DELIMITATION.pdf| title = Press Note, Delimitation Commission| access-date = 18 April 2009| work = Assembly Constituencies in West Bengal| publisher = Delimitation Commission| pages = 4, 23| archive-date = 8 January 2011| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110108095020/http://www.wbgov.com/e-gov/English/DELIMITATION.pdf| url-status = live}}</ref> Cooch Behar town comes under the jurisdiction of the district police (which is a part of the [[West Bengal Police|state police]]); the [[Superintendent of Police]] oversees security and matters about law and order. Cooch Behar is home to the District Court.

===Utility services===
[[File:Head Post Office Cooch Behar.jpg|thumb|Cooch Behar Head Post Office]]
Cooch Behar is a well-planned town,<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.north-bengal.com/places/coochbehar/|title= North Bengal: Cooch Behar|access-date= 7 November 2006|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20061108151129/http://www.north-bengal.com/places/coochbehar/|archive-date= 8 November 2006|url-status= dead}}</ref> and the municipality is responsible for providing essential services such as [[potable water]] and [[sanitation]]. The city supplies water from groundwater sources, and almost all the houses in the municipal area are connected. Solid waste is collected every day by the municipality van from individual homes. The surface drains, mostly cemented, drain into the Torsa River. Electricity is supplied by the [[West Bengal State Electricity Board]], and the [[West Bengal Fire Service]] provides emergency services like fire tenders. Most roads are metalled (macadam), and street lighting is available throughout the town. The Public Works Department is responsible for road maintenance and the streets connecting Cooch Behar with other regional cities. Health services in Cooch Behar include a government-owned District Hospital, a Regional Cancer Centre, and private nursing homes. Utility services provided in Cooch Behar are considered one of the best government utility services in West Bengal. However, the city floods during heavy rain due to problems with the drainage system.

[[File:Cooch Behar city Top View.png|thumb|right|Cooch Behar from above]]

==== Health facilities ====
The city has one district hospital, formerly MJN Hospital, which has 400 beds. The hospital has now been converted to [[Maharaja Jitendra Narayan Medical College and Hospital]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.telegraphindia.com/?ref=brand-logo_story-page|title= Rush to start Cooch Behar medical college|access-date= 9 September 2019|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190608065829/https://www.telegraphindia.com/?ref=brand-logo_story-page|archive-date= 8 June 2019|url-status= bot: unknown}}</ref> The city also offers numerous multi-speciality hospitals such as Shubham Hospital, Cooch Behar Mission Hospital and Dr. P K Saha Hospital Pvt. Ltd.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Subham Hospital & Diagnostic Centre (P) Ltd. {{!}} National Health Portal of India|url=https://www.nhp.gov.in/hospital/subham-hospital-and-diagnostic-centre-(p)-ltd-koch_bihar-west_bengal|access-date=22 October 2021|website=nhp.gov.in|archive-date=22 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022183957/https://www.nhp.gov.in/hospital/subham-hospital-and-diagnostic-centre-(p)-ltd-koch_bihar-west_bengal|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Market facilities ====
The municipality has four daily markets, two wholesale markets, and eight commercial complexes.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://coochbeharmunicipality.com/history.php|title= Social Infrastructure|access-date= 9 September 2019|archive-date= 26 August 2019|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190826084553/http://coochbeharmunicipality.com/history.php|url-status= live}}</ref> Apart from these, two new malls have also opened recently.<ref>{{Cite web|last=prmgroup.co.in|title=Retail Projects PRM Group|url=https://www.prmgroup.co.in/retail.php|access-date=22 October 2021|website=prmgroup.co.in|language=english|archive-date=22 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022165434/https://www.prmgroup.co.in/retail.php|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Economy==
{{more citations needed section|date=April 2023}}
The central and state governments are among the major employers in Cooch Behar town.<ref>{{cite web |title=Employment in Cooch Behar |url=http://coochbehar.nic.in/htmfiles/cob_employment.html#employment2 |website=coochbehar.nic.in |access-date=29 April 2022 |archive-date=1 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220501003222/http://coochbehar.nic.in/HTMfiles/cob_employment.html#employment2 |url-status=live }}</ref> Cooch Behar is home to several district-level and divisional-level offices and has a large government-employee workforce. Business is mainly centered on retail goods; the main centers lie on B.S. Road, Rupnarayan Road, Keshab Road, and Bhawaniganj Bazar.
[[File:Cooch Behar Sagar Dighi area.jpg|thumb|right]]

An [[industrial park]] has been built at [[Chakchaka]], {{cvt|4|km}} from town, on the route to [[Tufanganj]]. A number of companies have set up industries there.<ref>[http://coochbehar.gov.in/HTMfiles/scope_industry.html#chakchaka Industries in Cooch Behar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070327091813/http://www.coochbehar.gov.in/Htmfiles/scope_industry.html#chakchaka |date=27 March 2007 }}, [http://www.coochbehar.gov.in/ Cooch Behar Government Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100715150955/http://www.coochbehar.gov.in/ |date=15 July 2010 }} Accessed on 1 October 2006</ref>

Farming is a significant source of livelihood for the nearby rural populace, and it supplies the town with fruits and vegetables. Poorer sections of this semi-rural society are involved in transport, primary agriculture, small shops, and manual labour in construction.

Cooch Behar has witnessed radical changes and rapid development in segments like industry, real estate, information technology firms, and education since the advent of the twenty-first century. The changes concern infrastructure and industrial growth for steel (direct reduced iron), metal, cement, and knowledge-based industries. Many engineering, technology, management, and professional study colleges have opened at Cooch Behar. Housing co-operatives, flats, shopping malls, hotels, and stadiums have also emerged.

As the town is near the international border, the [[Border Security Force]] (BSF) maintains a significant presence in the vicinity. This gives rise to a large population of semi-permanent residents, who bring revenue to the economy. The state government is trying to promote Cooch Behar as a tourist destination. Though income from tourism is low,<ref>[http://www.coochbehar.gov.in/Htmfiles/tourist_development.html Tourism Development in Cooch Behar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070327091916/http://www.coochbehar.gov.in/HTMfiles/tourist_development.html |date=27 March 2007 }}, [http://www.coochbehar.gov.in/ Cooch Behar Government Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100715150955/http://www.coochbehar.gov.in/ |date=15 July 2010 }} Accessed on 1 October 2006</ref> Cooch Behar is one of the major tourist attractions in West Bengal.

==Culture==
[[File:Coochbehar Raschakra.jpg|thumb|The Ras Chakra during Ras Mela in Madan Mohan Bari]]

Every year during the Ras Purnima, the city hosts [[Cooch Behar Rash Mela|Ras Mela]], one of the largest and oldest fairs in West Bengal. The fair is older than 200 years. Cooch Behar Municipality organises the fair in Ras Mela ground near ABN Seal College. During the fair, it becomes a central economic hub of the North Bengal region. Merchants and sellers from all over India and also from Bangladesh join this fair. Earlier, the Maharajas of Cooch Behar used to inaugurate the fair by moving the Ras Chakra, and now the work is executed by the [[District Magistrate]] of Cooch Behar District. The [[Rashchakra|Ras Chakra]] is considered a symbol of communal harmony because an artisanal Muslim family builds it from scratch. A huge crowd gathers in Cooch Behar from neighbouring [[Assam]], [[Jalpaiguri]], [[Alipurduar]], and the whole [[North Bengal]] during the fair.

Novelist [[Amiya Bhushan Majumdar]] was born, raised, and worked in Cooch Behar. Cooch Behar, with its people, culture, and the river Torsha has been a recurrent theme in his novels.
Apart from this, Cooch Behar has a rich history of Debate, Extempore, and Quizzing.

=== Tourism ===
Cooch Behar is a significant tourist destination in [[West Bengal]]. The main attractions are:

==== Cooch Behar Palace ====
[[File:Cooch Behar Palace - Cooch Behar - West Bengal - 005.jpg|thumb|Cooch Behar Palace]]
It is the main attraction of the city, having been modelled after [[Buckingham Palace]] in [[London]] and built in 1887 during the reign of [[Nripendra Narayan|Maharaja Nripendra Narayan]]. It is a brick-built double-story structure in the classical Western style covering {{convert|51309|ft2|m2|abbr=off}}. The whole structure stands {{convert|395|ft|m}} long, {{convert|296|ft|m}} wide and rests {{convert|4|ft|9|in|m}} above ground. The Palace is fronted on the ground and first floors by a series of arcaded verandahs with their piers arranged alternately in single and double rows.

The Palace projects slightly at the southern and northern ends, and in the center is a projected porch providing an entrance to the [[Durbar Hall]]. The Hall has an elegantly shaped metal dome topped by a cylindrical louvre-type ventilator. This is {{convert|124|ft|m}} high from the ground and is in the style of [[Renaissance]] architecture. The intros of the dome are carved in stepped patterns, and [[Corinthian columns]] support the base of the [[cupola]]. This adds variegated colours and designs to the entire surface.

There are various halls in the palace and rooms, including the Dressing Room, Bed Room, Drawing Room, Dining Hall, Billiard hall, Library, Toshakhana, Lady's Gallery, and Vestibules. The articles and precious objects that these rooms and halls used to contain are now lost. The original palace was three storied but was destroyed by a 19th-century earthquake measuring 8.7 on the Richter scale. The palace shows the acceptance of the European idealism of the Koch kings and the fact that they had embraced European culture without denouncing their Indian heritage.<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://coochbehar.nic.in/Htmfiles/rajbari_exclusive.html#rajbari| title=Rajbari in Cooch Behar town| access-date=3 May 2023| archive-date=14 August 2022| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814072309/http://coochbehar.nic.in/htmfiles/rajbari_exclusive.html#rajbari| url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Sagar Dighi ====
[[File:Sagar Dighi, Coochbehar.jpg|thumb|A view of Sagar Dighi]]
[[Sagardighi, Cooch Behar|Sagardighi]] is one of the "Great Ponds" in the heart of Cooch Behar, West Bengal. The name means an ocean-like pond, exaggerated given its great significance. As well as being popular with people, it attracts [[migratory birds]] each winter. It is surrounded by many important administrative buildings, like the District Magistrates Office, the Administrative Building of [[North Bengal State Transport Corporation]], BSNL's DTO Office in the West; the Office of the Superintendent of Police, the District Library, the Municipality Building in the South, the Office of BLRO, the State Bank of India's Cooch Behar Main Branch and many others in the East, the RTO office, the Foreigner's registration office, the District Court in the North and others. Most of these buildings are remnants of royal heritage.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://coochbehar.nic.in/Htmfiles/tour_all.html | title=Tourist places of Cooch Behar | access-date=3 May 2023 | archive-date=10 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810174630/http://coochbehar.nic.in/htmfiles/tour_all.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Transport==
===Road===

Cooch Behar is very well connected by road to neighbouring areas, other cities of West Bengal and the rest of the country. Cooch Behar is a major roadway junction after Siliguri towards [[Northeast India]] and [[Bangladesh]]. [[National Highway 17 (India)|NH-17]] crosses through the heart of the city, connecting Assam and [[North Bengal]]. Apart from this, state highways including SH-16 and SH-12A, pass through Cooch Behar, connecting different places in West Bengal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=State Highways in West Bengal |url=https://www.wbtrafficpolice.com/state-highways.php |access-date=29 April 2023 |website=www.wbtrafficpolice.com |archive-date=29 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429091041/https://www.wbtrafficpolice.com/state-highways.php |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Road-State Highway |url=http://wbpwd.gov.in/road/state_highway |access-date=29 April 2023 |website=wbpwd.gov.in |archive-date=29 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429091041/http://wbpwd.gov.in/road/state_highway |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Bus service===

[[File:New Coochbehar Railway Station Complex.jpg|thumb|New Cooch Behar railway station in 2019.]]
[[North Bengal State Transport Corporation|North Bengal State Transport Corporation (NBSTC)]], a state government-run transport corporation headquartered in Cooch Behar, runs regular bus service to most places in West Bengal. Private buses are also available, which operate from bus stops or designated pick-up spots to various tows in [[Assam]], [[Bihar]], and [[West Bengal]]. City services from NBSTC are also available for riders to commute from different parts of a city.<ref>{{Cite web|title=NBSTC Bus routes|url=https://nbstc.in/uploads/routes_pdf/Bus295594192Routes.pdf|access-date=29 April 2023|website=nbstc.in/|archive-date=1 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201092559/https://nbstc.in/uploads/routes_pdf/Bus295594192Routes.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=About - North Bengal State Transport Corporation |url=https://nbstc.in/about-us.php |access-date=1 May 2023 |website=nbstc.in |archive-date=1 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201102540/https://nbstc.in/about-us.php |url-status=live }}</ref>

* '''Mini-Bus Stand & NBSTC Bus Terminus''': Located near [[Cooch Behar Palace]], it serves as a bus depot for both government and private buses. Government buses are operated by NBSTC.
* '''NBSTC New Bus Stand''': Located within the city, it is the hub for NBSTC buses and a boarding point for long-haul buses.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Depots & Divisions - North Bengal State Transport Corporation |url=https://nbstc.in/depots-division.php |website=nbstc.in |access-date=5 April 2024}}</ref>

===Rail===

[[File:Coochbehar Railway Station.JPG|thumb|Cooch Behar railway station in 2015.]]
Being a popular tourism hub,<ref>{{Cite web |title=COOCHBEHAR - West Bengal Tourism, Experience Bengal, Dept. of Tourism, Govt. of W. B. |url=https://wbtourism.gov.in/destination/district/coochbehar |access-date=29 April 2023 |website=wbtourism.gov.in |archive-date=26 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126000351/https://wbtourism.gov.in/destination/district/coochbehar |url-status=live }}</ref> Cooch Behar is well connected through railway with almost all parts of the country. Two stations serve the city.

* '''[[New Cooch Behar Junction railway station|New Cooch Behar railway station]]''' (NCB): Located around 5 km from the city, it is well connected to almost all major Indian cities including [[Kolkata]], [[Delhi]], [[Mumbai]], [[Bangalore]], [[Chennai]], [[Guwahati]]. All [[Rajdhani Express|Rajdhani]], [[Express trains in India|superfast and express]] trains going towards [[northeast India]] have a stoppage here. New Cooch Behar station came up when the broad gauge [[New Jalpaiguri–New Bongaigaon section]] of [[Barauni–Guwahati line]] was laid in 1966.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nfr.railnet.gov.in/pro/CPRO1.HTM |title=Some Milestones of NF Railway |access-date=28 January 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124125914/http://www.nfr.railnet.gov.in/pro/CPRO1.HTM |archive-date=24 November 2011}}</ref> As of 2018, it is the largest [[List of railway junction stations in India|railway junction]] of [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railway]] with six routes towards [[Changrabandha railway station|New Changrabandha]], [[New Jalpaiguri Junction railway station|New Jalpaiguri]], [[New Bongaigaon Junction railway station|New Bongaigaon]], [[Alipurduar Junction railway station|Alipurduar Junction]], [[Dhubri railway station|Dhubri]], and [[Bamanhat railway station|Bamanhat]]. New Cooch Behar railway station boasts a beautiful look similar to Cooch Behar Palace.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Cooch Behar railway station gets facade of local palace |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/new-cooch-behar-railway-station-gets-facade-of-local-palace/cid/1681978 |access-date=29 April 2023 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |archive-date=3 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503105404/https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/new-cooch-behar-railway-station-gets-facade-of-local-palace/cid/1681978 |url-status=live }}</ref> This station is equipped with Wi-Fi facilities, restrooms, food cafes, dormitories, waiting lounge elevators and escalators.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 July 2015 |title=Renovation of 'Pay and Use' toilet at New Cooch Behar station complete |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/renovation-of-pay-and-use-toilet-at-new-cooch-behar-station-complete/articleshow/48020332.cms?from=mdr |access-date=29 April 2023 |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=3 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503105353/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/renovation-of-pay-and-use-toilet-at-new-cooch-behar-station-complete/articleshow/48020332.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>
* '''[[Cooch Behar railway station]]''' (COB): Situated inside the town, this station lies on the [[Alipurduar–Bamanhat branch line]]. Trains connecting [[Bamanhat]] with Alipurduar and [[Siliguri]] halt here. It was built in 1901 when [[Cooch Behar State Railway]] constructed the Geetaldaha-Jainti line.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[IRFCA] The State Railways of Cooch Behar (1903) |url=https://www.irfca.org/docs/history/cooch-behar-railway.html |access-date=29 April 2023 |website=www.irfca.org |archive-date=28 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128123754/https://irfca.org/docs/history/cooch-behar-railway.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The station offers Wi-Fi, seating and other basic facilities. A Railway Heritage Museum, a smaller version of the [[National Rail Museum, New Delhi|National Rail Museum]], is constructed in the station area and looks like Cooch Behar Madan Mohan Temple.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 March 2011 |title=Construction of Railway Heritage Museum starts |url=https://coochbeharcalling.blogspot.com/2011/03/construction-of-railway-heritage-museum.html |access-date=29 April 2023 |website=COOCHBEHAR CALLING |archive-date=23 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323143340/http://coochbeharcalling.blogspot.com/2011/03/construction-of-railway-heritage-museum.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rail Museum at Cooch Behar |url=https://nfr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1631531900173-Heritage.pdf |access-date=29 April 2023 |website=nfr.indianrailways.gov.in |archive-date=29 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429102221/https://nfr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1631531900173-Heritage.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Air===
[[File:Coochbehar airport.jpg|thumb|Terminal of Cooch Behar Airport.]]
[[Cooch Behar Airport]] is a [[domestic airport]] located near the city. It handles daily flights from [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Netaji Subash Chandra Bose International Airport]] in [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 February 2023 |title=Cooch Behar back on West Bengal's aviation map |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/cooch-behar-back-on-west-bengals-aviation-map/articleshow/98134654.cms |access-date=29 April 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=31 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331064207/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/cooch-behar-back-on-west-bengals-aviation-map/articleshow/98134654.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

The nearest [[international airport]] is [[Bagdogra Airport]] near [[Siliguri]], about 142 km (88 mi) from Cooch Behar. [[IndiGo]], [[Vistara]] and [[SpiceJet]] are the major carriers that connect the area to [[Delhi]], [[Kolkata]], [[Guwahati]], [[Mumbai]], Chennai, Bangkok, [[Paro, Bhutan|Paro]], [[Bangkok]] and [[Chandigarh]].

== Education ==
[[File:Abnsealcollege.jpg|thumb|A.B.N. Seal College]]
Cooch Behar's schools usually use English and Bengali as their [[medium of instruction]], although the use of the [[Hindi Language|Hindi]] language is also stressed. The schools are affiliated with the [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education]] (ICSE) or the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE), or the [[West Bengal Board of Secondary Education]]. Some of the reputed schools include [[Jenkins School, Coochbehar|Jenkins School]], [[Suniti Academy|Sunity Academy]], and [[Cooch Behar Rambhola High School]].
[[File:School bldg1.jpg|thumb|Jenkins School, Cooch Behar]]

[[Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University]] is the only single university in Cooch Behar. It is a U.G.C. recognised [[public university]] in Cooch Behar, West Bengal, India. The university was named after the 19th-century [[Rajbongshi people|Rajbongshi]] leader and social reformist, [[Panchanan Barma]]. A total of 15 colleges from the Cooch Behar district are affiliated with the university.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.cbpbu.ac.in/ | title=Coochbehar Panchanan Barma University :: Home | access-date=3 May 2023 | archive-date=22 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422054201/https://www.cbpbu.ac.in/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://collegedunia.com/college/58092-coochbehar-government-engineering-college-cooch-behar|title= COOCHBEHAR GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, COOCH BEHAR|access-date= 9 September 2019|archive-date= 29 December 2019|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191229215038/https://collegedunia.com/college/58092-coochbehar-government-engineering-college-cooch-behar|url-status= live}}</ref>

There are five colleges and a polytechnic in town,<ref>[http://coochbehar.gov.in/HTMfiles/Education_inCoB.html Education in Cooch Behar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721155910/http://coochbehar.gov.in/HTMfiles/Education_inCoB.html |date=21 July 2011 }}, [http://www.coochbehar.gov.in/ Cooch Behar Government Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100715150955/http://www.coochbehar.gov.in/ |date=15 July 2010 }} Accessed on 1 October 2006</ref> including [[A.B.N. Seal College]], [[Cooch Behar College]], [[University B.T. & Evening College]], [[Thakur Panchanan Mahila Mahavidyalaya]], all of which are affiliated with the [[Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University]], which was established in 2013.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://thestatesman.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=415836&catid=42|title=Private education Bill passed amidst Opposition walkout|date=6 July 2012|newspaper=The Statesman|access-date=7 July 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121220042108/http://thestatesman.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=415836&catid=42|archive-date=20 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.asianage.com/kolkata/bill-passed-set-private-varsity-653|title=Bill passed to set up private varsity|date=7 July 2012|newspaper=Asian Age|access-date=7 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211054143/http://www.asianage.com/kolkata/bill-passed-set-private-varsity-653|archive-date=11 December 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>[[Cooch Behar Polytechnic]] established in 1964, one of oldest Polytechnic Institute in Coochbehar district.

[[Acharya Brojendra Nath Seal College]] was established in 1888 as Victoria College by [[Nripendra Narayan|Maharaja Nripendra Narayan]] of [[Cooch Behar State|Koch Bihar]] to enhance student capability in the Kingdom. The first principal was John Cornwallis Godley, who in 1895 became the second principal of [[Aitchison College]] in [[Lahore]]. Later, Maharaja Nripendra Naryayan offered the post of principal to [[Acharya Brojendra Nath Seal]], a Brahmo and philosopher, who remained in the post for eighteen years from 1896 to 1913. In 1950, when the state of Cooch Behar was merged into the Union of India, governance was passed to the Government of West Bengal. It was earlier affiliated with the [[University of Calcutta]] and [[University of North Bengal]] and is now affiliated with [[Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University]] after the creation of the same. In 1970, it was renamed Acharya Brojendra Nath Seal College. It is one of the few colleges under the Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University to offer postgraduate education. The college is in the heart of the town with a campus of 13.27 acres (53,700 m2) and a built-up area of 9032.96 sq. meters.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://abnscollege.org/|title= Acharya Brojendra Nath Seal College|access-date= 9 September 2019|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141216184605/http://abnscollege.org/|archive-date= 16 December 2014|url-status= bot: unknown}}</ref>

1981 the [[Maya Chitram Art Institute]] was founded in Cooch Behar.<ref>[http://indiaforyou.in/ngos/ngodisplay.php?ngo=MAYA%20CHITRAM%20ART%20INSTITUTE ''Maya Chitram Art Institute.'']{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} India for You. Retrieved 19 August 2012.</ref> There is an agricultural university, [[Uttar Banga Krishi Vishwavidyalaya]], 16 km from the town at [[Pundibari]]. A medical college named [[Maharaja Jitendra Narayan Medical College and Hospital]] began instruction in 2019 with 100 students.<ref>{{cite news |title=CM inaugurates Maharaja Jitendra Narayan Medical College & Hospital in Cooch Behar |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/cm-inaugurates-maharaja-jitendra-narayan-medical-college-hospital-in-cooch-behar-426668 |access-date=13 September 2023 |work=Millennium Post |date=16 December 2020 }}</ref>

[[Cooch Behar Government Engineering College]] started its first academic session in 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://echoofindia.com/cooch-behar-nbdd-minister-inaugurates-multiple-projects-cooch-behar-48723|title=NBDD minister inaugurates multiple projects in Cooch Behar|last=EOI|first=Correspondence|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150114100759/http://echoofindia.com/cooch-behar-nbdd-minister-inaugurates-multiple-projects-cooch-behar-48723|archive-date=14 January 2015}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Indoor Stadium @ Cooch Behar.jpg|Indoor Stadium, cooch Behar
File:Cooch Behar District Court.jpg|District Court
File:Brojendranath Shil College Building.JPG|ABN Seal College
File:COB airport1.jpg|Cooch Behar Airport
File:Rail Museum Coochbehar.JPG|Railway Museum near Cooch Behar Station
File:Rajbari Gate.jpg|Palace Gate
File:Sahid Bag, Cooch Behar (2965239031).jpg|Sahid Bag, Cooch Behar
File:Bhola Ashram @ Cooch Behar (3954268297).jpg|Bhola Ashram, Cooch Behar. (Residence of Executive Engineer WBPWD)
File:Cooch Behar Madan Bari Gate (3152683650).jpg|Madan Mohan Bari Entrance
File:Cooch Behar Circuit House (2973530632).jpg|Circuit House
File:New Cooch Behar Station at night.jpg|New Cooch Behar at night
File:New Cooch Behar.jpg|New Cooch Behar Junction
File:Bara Debi Bari, Cooch Behar (3116565695).jpg|Debi Bari Cooch Behar
File:View of Moti Mahal - now Kalyan Bhavan (3116564839).jpg|Moti Mahal
File:Madanmohan Temple at night.jpg|Madanmohan Temple at night
File:Cooch Behar Stadium (3117391408).jpg|Palace view from the stadium
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Madan Mohan Temple, Cooch Behar|Madan Mohan Temple]], a temple dedicated to Madan Mohan
* [[Narendra Narayan Park]], a botanical garden in town, founded in 1892
* [[Cooch Behar Stadium]], a multi-purpose stadium

==References==
{{Citations broken|section|date=April 2023}}
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100715150955/http://www.coochbehar.gov.in/ Cooch Behar District's official website]

{{Contains special characters|Indic}}
{{Commons category|Cooch Behar}}
{{Wikivoyage inline|Cooch Behar}}
{{Towns and Cities of Cooch Behar District}}
{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{States of India on 26 January 1950}}
{{Authority control}}

{{West Bengal}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Cooch Behar district]]
[[Category:Former capitals in India]]
[[Category:Cooch Behar| ]]
[[Category:Cities in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Planned cities in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Planned communities in India]]

Beedi

2026-03-11T05:52:07Z

Mpsep15: minor edit

{{Short description|South Asian hand-made cigarette}}
{{for|the Hindi song titled "Beedi"|Omkara (2006 film)}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}

[[File:Beedibundle.jpg|right|thumb|Packs of beedies.]]
[[File:Beedi making as handicraft.jpg|thumb|Beedi making process, rare handicrafts in Akkaraipattu, Sri Lanka. Bidi leaf (''[[Bauhinia racemosa]]'') and shredded tobacco are prepared and finalized with thread binding.]]
A '''beedi''' (also spelled '''bidi'''<ref name=reuters /> or '''biri'''<ref name=Sunley />) is a thin [[cigarette]] or [[cigar|mini-cigar]] filled with [[tobacco]] flake and commonly wrapped in a tendu (''[[Diospyros melanoxylon]]'')<ref name=Malson /> or ''[[Piliostigma racemosum]]''<ref name=foi /> leaf tied with a string or adhesive at one end. It originates from the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref name=southasia /><ref name=Yen /> The name is derived from the [[Marwari language|Marwar]]i word ''beeda''—a mixture of [[betel nuts]], herbs, and spices wrapped in a leaf.<ref name=Pathak /> It is a traditional method of tobacco use throughout South Asia and parts of the Middle East,<ref name=Yen /> where beedies are popular<ref name=Sunley /> and inexpensive.<ref name=John /> In [[India]], beedi consumption outpaces conventional cigarettes, accounting for 48% of all Indian tobacco consumption in 2008.<ref name=Sunley />

== History ==
Beedies were invented after Indian tobacco cultivation began in the late 17th century. Tobacco workers were the first to create them by taking leftover tobacco and rolling it in leaves.<ref name=Lal />

The commercial Indian beedi industry saw rapid growth during the 1930s<ref name=histbook /> probably driven by an expansion of tobacco cultivation at the time<ref name=ilo /> but also helped by [[Gandhi]]'s support of Indian industry and Indian products.<ref name=Census /><ref name=jainvijay /> Perhaps due to this, educated classes in India grew to prefer beedies to cigarettes<ref name=Lal /> although this is no longer the case.<ref name=Kamboj /> Muslim leaders, calling cigarettes foreign products, have also endorsed beedies at times.<ref name ="Imam">{{Cite book | last = Imām | first = Hassan | title = Indian national movement | publisher = Anmol Publications PVT. LTD. | year = 1999 | page = 200 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=0AFo-zNYKScC&q=Indian%20National%20Movement%20Study%20on%20the%20role%20of%20contribution%20made%20by%20people%20of%20Bihar%20towards%20the%20national%20movement%20during%201919%E2%80%9331.&pg=PA200 | isbn = 978-81-261-0199-3 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

By the middle of the 20th century, beedi manufacture had grown into a highly competitive and profitable industry.<ref name=Lal /> This stage of commercial production—at the height of the beedi's popularity{{Citation needed|date=October 2010}}—saw the creation of many new beedi brands<ref name=Lal /> as well as beedi factories employing upwards of one hundred, primarily male, beedi rollers.<ref name=histbook />

Factory-based beedi production declined as a result of increased regulation during the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s,<ref name=ilo /> and beedi-making became a [[cottage industry]] with a home-based women workforce predominantly employed only in the beedi rolling.<ref name=ilo /> In contrast, males continue to be employed in other aspects of beedi production.<ref name=ilo />

Beedi smoking tends to be associated with a lower social standing,<ref name=Kamboj /> as these tobacco-filled leaves are inexpensive when compared to regular cigarettes.<ref name=John /> Those with a high social standing who do smoke beedies often do so out of the public eye; however, the cultural trend is changing.<ref name=Kamboj />

== Manufacturing ==
[[File:Beedi factory near Nileshwaram, Kerala, India.jpg|thumbnail|right|Factory workers hand-cut the leaves using scissors and a metal stencil guide. After cutting a sufficient number of wrappers, they will move on to roll approximately 1,000 beedies each per day.]]
Over 3 million Indians are employed in the manufacture of beedies,<ref name=Govekar /><ref>{{Cite journal|date=5 June 2015|title=Estimates of Tobacco-dependent Employment in India|url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2018/40/notes/estimates-tobacco-dependent-employment.html|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|language=en|volume=53|issue=40|pages=7–8}}</ref> a [[cottage industry]] that is typically done by women in their homes.<ref name=exploit /><ref>{{cite news|date=15 April 2016|title=India's traditional cigarette makers halt production over health warnings|author=Kalra, Aditya|work=[[Reuters]]|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/india-tobacco-cigarettes-beedis-idINKCN0X42BA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407215748/http://in.reuters.com/article/india-tobacco-cigarettes-beedis-idINKCN0X42BA|archive-date=7 April 2016}}</ref> Analysis of bidi industry in India found that in spite of increase in profits worker wages declined and female workers were paid substantially less than male workers.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Arora|first1=Monika|last2=Datta|first2=Pritam|last3=Barman|first3=Avnika|last4=Sinha|first4=Praveen|last5=Munish|first5=Vineet Gill|last6=Bahl|first6=Deepika|last7=Bhaumik|first7=Soumyadeep|last8=Nazar|first8=Gaurang P.|last9=Tullu|first9=Fikru|date=2020|title=The Indian Bidi Industry: Trends in Employment and Wage Differentials|journal=Frontiers in Public Health|volume=8|article-number=572638|doi=10.3389/fpubh.2020.572638|issn=2296-2565|pmc=7577084|pmid=33117771|doi-access=free |bibcode=2020FrPH....872638A }}</ref>

Workers roll an average of 500–1000 beedies daily, handling {{convert|225|–|450|g|oz|frac=4}} of tobacco flake.<ref name=Bhisey /> Handling tobacco and inhaling its dust is an occupational hazard for beedi workers, as an increased level of chromosome aberrations was found in a scientific study.<ref name=Bhisey />

The production of beedies is also popular in [[Bangladesh]]. According to the 2014 ''[[List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor|url=http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002122745/http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods/|archive-date=2 October 2013|publisher=[[United States Department of Labor]]}}</ref> published by the [[Bureau of International Labor Affairs]], the informal sector in these countries employs underage children in the production of beedies "in response to consumer preferences".{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}
[[File:Making beedis (1281334827).jpg|thumb|right|Informal sector making beedi.]]

=== Tendu leaf ===
[[Diospyros melanoxylon|Tendu (''Diospyros melanoxylon'')]] leaves make excellent wrappers, and the success of the beedi is due, in part, to this leaf.<ref name=Lal /> The leaves are in abundance shortly after the tobacco crop is cured, and so are ready to be used in beedi manufacture.<ref name=Lal /> Collected in the summer and made into bundles, the leaves are dried in the sun for three to six days before being used as wrappers.<ref name=Malson />

== Global popularity ==
Beedies, unlike cigarettes, must be drawn frequently to keep them lit, and doing so requires effort.<ref name=Malson />

=== North America ===
In the United States, beedis are treated like conventional cigarettes. They are taxed at the same rates,<ref name=Yen /> are required to have a tax stamp, and must carry the [[Surgeon General of the United States|Surgeon General]]'s warning.<ref name=Yen /> However, a study done in San Francisco showed that about four in ten packs of beedis did not contain the required warning label and seven in ten did not carry the tax stamp. Some beedis are flavoured.<ref name=Malson /> Both Canada<ref name=caban /> and the US<ref name=usban /> have banned flavoured cigarettes.

=== United Kingdom ===
Beedis are currently legal in the UK and are subject to the same taxation as cigarettes. One must be aged 18 or over to purchase them.<ref>Sharrow Mills, [https://sharrowmills.com/pages/the-encyclopedia-of-tobacco-types-of-tobacco-guide "The Encyclopaedia of Tobacco"], ''Wilsons of Sharrow'', 2018</ref>

==Health warnings==
Beedies deliver more [[nicotine]],<ref name=Delnevo /> [[carbon monoxide]],<ref name=bidifacts /> and [[Tar (tobacco residue)|tar]],<ref name=bidifacts /> and carry a greater risk of [[oral cancers]],<ref name=southasia /> than conventional cigarettes. As with many other types of [[smoking]], beedies increase the risk of certain kinds of cancers, [[heart disease]], and [[lung disease]].<ref name=bidifacts /> They may also be more harmful than other forms of tobacco consumption.<ref name=dnai />

The frequency of ventilatory abnormalities was highest in the cigarette smokers. A lower [[prevalence]] of [[chronic bronchitis]]<ref>{{Cite web |year=2014 |title=The Health Consequences of Smoking—50 Years of Progress: A Report of the Surgeon General. |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK294322/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241014185535/https://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK294322/ |archive-date=14 October 2024 |access-date=12 June 2025 |website=National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) |publisher=National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (US) Office on Smoking and Health.}}</ref> and abnormal ventilatory measurements in beedi smokers, as compared with cigarette smokers, was thought to be primarily due to low total consumption of tobacco. Some added influence of smoke produced by burning the wrapper leaf and the type of tobacco used in beedies could not be ruled out.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.popline.org/node/510038|title=Chronic bronchitis in beedi smokers (preliminary communication).|journal=The Indian Journal of Chest Diseases|date=January 1974 |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=94–99 |last1=Malik |first1=S. K. |last2=Malik |first2=S. K. |pmid=4422403 }}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Gutka]]
*[[Paan]]
*[[Kretek]]
*[[Cheroot]]
*[[Cigar]]

== References ==
{{reflist|1=30em|refs=
<ref name="Pathak">{{cite book | title = Bhargava's Standard Illustrated Dictionary of the Hindi Language | publisher= Bhushan Press | year=1976 | page=312}}</ref>

<ref name="Delnevo">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.01.025 | last1 = Delnevo | first1 = CD | last2 = Pevzner | first2 = ES | last3 = Hrywna | first3 = M | last4 = Lewis | first4 = MJ | title = Bidi Cigarette use among Young Adults in 15 States | journal = Preventive Medicine | volume = 39 | issue = 1 | pages = 207–211 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15208004}}</ref>

<ref name="bidifacts">{{Cite web | title = Bidis and Kreteks | publisher = Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | date = 8 June 2011 | url = https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/tobacco_industry/bidis_kreteks/ | access-date =11 June 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="Sunley">{{Cite book |last = Sunley |first = Emil M. |title = India: The Tax Treatment of Bidis |publisher = Bloomberg Philanthropies |date = January 2008 |url = http://www.tobaccofreeunion.org/files/44.pdf |isbn = 978-2-914365-35-2 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120306053754/http://www.tobaccofreeunion.org/files/44.pdf |archive-date = 6 March 2012}}</ref>

<ref name="dnai">{{cite web | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/health/report-bidi-more-harmful-than-cigarette-study-1544092 | title=Bidi more harmful than cigarette: Study | publisher=Diligent Media Corporation Ltd. | work=DNA | date=17 May 2011 | access-date=1 June 2015}}</ref>

<ref name="Lal">{{Cite journal | last = Lal | first = Pranay | title = Bidi – A short history | journal = Current Science | volume = 96 | issue = 10 | pages = 1335–1337 | date = 25 May 2009 | url = http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/Bidi.pdf | access-date = 12 November 2013 | archive-date = 8 April 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230408044112/http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/Bidi.pdf }}</ref>

<ref name="histbook">{{Cite book |author1=T. M. Thomas Isaac |author2=Richard W. Franke |author3=Pyaralal Raghavan | title = Democracy at work in an Indian industrial cooperative: the story of Kerala Dinesh Beedi | publisher = Cornell University Press | series = Cornell International Report | volume = 34 | year = 1998 | pages = 23–25 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=NE_rFL78i90C&q=beedi&pg=PA22 | isbn = 978-0-8014-8415-5}}</ref>

<ref name="ilo">{{Cite conference | title = Making ends meet: Bidi workers in India today; A study of four states | publisher = International Labour Office | year = 2003 | location = Geneva, Switzerland | url = http://www.ilo.org/public/english/dialogue/sector/papers/food/wp202.pdf | access-date =11 June 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="Census">{{Cite book | title = Census of India, Central Provinces and Berar | year = 1931 | volume = XII}}</ref>
<ref name="jainvijay">Brahmachari Sitalprasad, Jain Bauddha TatvaJnana, JainVijay Press, 1934</ref>

<ref name="Malson">{{Cite book | last = Gupta | first = Prakash C. | title = Control of tobacco-related cancers and other diseases: proceedings of an international symposium, January 15–19, 1990, TIFR, Bombay | publisher = Prakash C. Gupta | year = 1992 | page = 29 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=-Zqo67BjH7UC&q=Control%20of%20Tobacco-related%20Cancers%20and%20Other%20Diseases&pg=PA29 | isbn = 978-0-19-562961-3}}</ref>

<ref name="Kamboj">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1038/sj.bdj.2008.1088 | pmid = 19096404 | last1 = Kamboj | first1 = M. | title = Bidi Tobacco | journal = British Dental Journal | volume = 205 | page = 639 | year = 2008 | issue=12| s2cid = 5393992}}</ref>

<ref name="John">{{Cite book |author1=Rijo M John |author2=R Kavita Rao |author3=M Govinda Rao |author4=James Moore |author5=RS Deshpande |author6=Jhumur Sengupta |author7=Sakthivel Selvaraj |author8=Frank J Chaloupka |author9=Prabhat Jha |title=The Economics of Tobacco and Tobacco Taxation in India |date=March 2010 |url=http://www.tobaccofreecenter.org/files/pdfs/en/India_tobacco_taxes_report_en.pdf |isbn=978-2-914365-70-3 |access-date=11 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226111424/http://tobaccofreecenter.org/files/pdfs/en/India_tobacco_taxes_report_en.pdf |archive-date=26 December 2010 }}</ref>

<ref name="Yen">{{Cite journal | author = Yen, Karl L. |author2=Hechavarria, Elizabeth |author3=Bostwick, Susan B. | title = Bidi cigarettes: An emerging threat to adolescent health | journal = Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine | volume = 154 | issue = 12 | pages = 1187–1189 | year = 2000 | issn = 1072-4710 | doi=10.1001/archpedi.154.12.1187|pmid=11115300}}</ref>

<ref name="caban">{{Cite news | last = Dowd | first = Allan | title = Canada bans fruit-flavored cigarettes | location = VANCOUVER, British Columbia | publisher = Reuters | date = 8 October 2009 | url = https://www.reuters.com/article/us-tobacco-idUSTRE5975GD20091008?loomia_ow=t0:s0:a49:g43:r1:c1.000000:b30639980:z0 | access-date =11 June 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="usban">{{Cite news | last = Heavey | first = Susan | title = U.S. FDA, in first tobacco action, bans flavors | publisher = Reuters | date = 22 September 2009 | url = https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN2236998020090922 | access-date =11 June 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="Govekar">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1007/BF00381476 |author1=RB Govekar |author2=RA Bhisey |name-list-style=amp | title = Elevated urinary thioether excretion among bidi rollers exposed occupationally to processed tobacco | journal = International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health | volume = 64 | issue = 2 | pages = 101–104 | year = 1992 | pmid = 1399018|bibcode=1992IAOEH..64..101G |s2cid=37668211}}</ref>

<ref name="exploit">{{Cite conference | title = Restoring the Balance: Women and forest resources | publisher = Food and Agriculture Organization of the United States, Forestry Department | year = 1987 | url = http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/S5500E/S5500E08.htm | access-date =11 June 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="Bhisey">{{Cite journal | last1 = Mahimkar | first1 = MB | last2 = Bhisey | first2 = RA | title = Occupational exposure to bidi tobacco increases chromosomal aberrations in tobacco processors | journal = Mutation Research | volume = 334 | issue = 2 | pages = 139–144 | year = 1995 | pmid = 7885365 | doi=10.1016/0165-1161(95)90004-7}}</ref>

<ref name="reuters">{{Cite news | last = Dhar | first = Sujoy | title = Indian girls fight back against child marriage | location = KOLKATA, India | publisher = Reuters | date = 18 November 2009 | url = https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-childmarriage-idUSTRE5AI0GR20091119 | access-date =11 June 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="southasia">{{Cite journal | author1=Mahbubur Rahman | author2=Junichi Sakamoto | author3=Tsuguya Fukui | title = Bidi smoking and oral cancer: A meta-analysis | journal = International Journal of Cancer | volume = 106 | issue = 4 | pages = 600–604 | date = 10 September 2003 | doi = 10.1002/ijc.11265 | pmid=12845659 | s2cid=25619918 | doi-access = free}}</ref>

<ref name="foi">{{cite web | url=http://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Bidi%20Leaf%20Tree.html | publisher=Flowers of India | title=Bidi Leaf Tree (reported under the synonym ''Bauhinia racemosa'')}}</ref>
}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Beedi}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20200918155753/http://www.bestpracticesfoundation.com/pdf/ILO.pdf Action Plan for Beedi Women Workers] The [[International Labor Office]] Beedi

{{Cigarettes}}
{{Alcohol in India}}
{{Social issues in India}}

[[Category:Types of cigarette]]
[[Category:Tobacciana]]
[[Category:Tobacco in India]]
[[Category:Desi culture]]
[[Category:Smoking in India]]
[[Category:Indian inventions]]

Ministry of Public Works (Excluding Public Undertakings) (Maharashtra)

2026-03-07T00:12:58Z

Mpsep15:

{{Short description|Maharashtra government body}}
{{Infobox government agency
| native_name_a = '''मंत्रालय सार्वजनिक बांधकाम (सार्वजनिक उपक्रम वगळून) विभाग, महाराष्ट्र शासन'''
| type = ministry
| name = Ministry of Public Works (Excluding Public Undertakings) [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| native_name =
| seal = File:Seal of Maharashtra.svg
| seal_width = 200
| seal_caption = [[Emblem of Maharashtra|Seal of the state of Maharashtra]]
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| picture = Mantralay of Mumbai, Administrative Headquarters 03.jpg
| picture_caption = Building of Administrative Headquarters of Mumbai
| picture_width =
| jurisdiction = {{flagicon|India}} [[Maharashtra]]
| headquarters = [[Mantralaya, Mumbai|Mantralay]], [[Mumbai]]
| minister1_name = '''[[Shivendra Raje Bhosale]]'''
| minister1_pfo = [[Government of Maharashtra|Cabinet Minister]]
| deputyminister1_name = '''[[Indranil Naik]]'''
| deputyminister1_pfo = [[Government of Maharashtra|Minister of State]]
| child1_agency =
| child2_agency =
| website =
| formed =
| employees =
| budget =
| chief1_name = ([[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]])
| chief1_position =
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| parent_department = [[Government of Maharashtra]]
}}

The '''Ministry of Public Works (Excluding Public Undertakings)''' is a Ministry of the [[Government of Maharashtra]]
state.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Objectives of Public Works (Excluding Public Undertakings), Government of Maharashtra|url=https://public/|url-status=dead|access-date=2023-09-28|archive-date=2013-07-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130711052620/https://public/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Directorate of Economics and Statistics|url=https://mahades.maharashtra.gov.in/home.do?lang=|website=Public Works (Excluding Public Undertakings), Government of Maharashtra, India}}</ref>

The Ministry is headed by a [[Cabinet (government)|cabinet level]] Minister. '''[[Shivendra Raje Bhosale]]''' is Current Minister of Public Works (Excluding Public Undertakings) [[Government of Maharashtra]].

==List==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!#
!Portrait
!Minister
!Constituency
! colspan="3" |Term of office
![[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| rowspan="2" |1
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Marotrao Kannamwar]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Saoli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Saoli]]
|1 May 1960
|20 November 1962
| rowspan="2" |{{age in years and days|1 May 1960|24 November 1963}}
|[[Yashwantrao Chavan]]
| rowspan="8" |[[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="8" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|20 November 1962
|24 November 1963
|'''''himself'''''
|-
|2
|
|[[P. K. Sawant]]
|[[Chiplun (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chiplun]]
|25 November 1963
|5 December 1963
|{{age in years and days|25 November 1963|5 December 1963}}
|'''''himself'''''
|-
|3
|
|[[S. K. Wankhede]]
|Sawargaon
|5 December 1963
|1 March 1967
|{{age in years and days|5 December 1963|1 March 1967}}
| rowspan="3" |[[Vasantrao Naik]]
|-
|4
|
|[[Balasaheb Desai]]
|[[Patan, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Patan]]
|1 March 1967
|13 March 1972
|{{age in years and days|1 March 1967|13 March 1972}}
|-
|5
|
|Madhukar Dhanaji Chaudhari
|[[Raver Assembly constituency|Raver]]
|13 March 1972
|21 February 1975
|{{age in years and days|13 March 1972|21 February 1975}}
|-
|6
|[[File:A._R._Antulay_with_Shivraj_Patil_(cropped).jpg|91x91px]]
|[[A. R. Antulay]]
|[[Shrivardhan (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Shrivardhan]]
|21 February 1975
|17 May 1977
|{{age in years and days|21 February 1975|17 May 1977}}
|[[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|-
|7
|
|[[Sundarrao Solanke]]
|[[Majalgaon Assembly constituency|Majalgaon]]
|17 May 1977
|18 July 1978
|{{age in years and days|17 May 1977|18 July 1978}}
|[[Vasantdada Patil]]
|-
|8
|
|Chhedilal Gupta
|
|18 July 1978
|17 February 1980
|{{age in years and days|18 July 1978|17 February 1980}}
|[[Sharad Pawar]]
|[[Janata Party]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|-
|9
|
|[[Shalini Patil]]
|
|9 June 1980
|21 January 1982
|{{age in years and days|9 June 1980|21 January 1982}}
|[[A. R. Antulay]]
| rowspan="9" |[[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="9" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|10
|
|[[Surupsingh Hirya Naik]]
|[[Navapur Assembly constituency|Navapur]]
|21 January 1982
|2 February 1983
|{{age in years and days|21 January 1982|2 February 1983}}
|[[Babasaheb Bhosale]]
|-
|11
|
|Ramprasad Kadam Bordikar
|
|2 February 1983
|3 June 1985
|{{age in years and days|2 February 1983|3 June 1985}}
|[[Vasantdada Patil]]
|-
|(10)
|
|[[Surupsingh Hirya Naik]]
|[[Navapur Assembly constituency|Navapur]]
|3 June 1985
|12 March 1986
|{{age in years and days|3 June 1985|12 March 1986}}
|[[Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar]]
|-
|12
|[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|center|94x94px]]
|[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
|[[Latur City (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Latur City]]
|12 March 1986
|26 June 1988
|{{age in years and days|12 March 1986|26 June 1988}}
|[[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |13
| rowspan="3" |[[File:Vijaysinh Mohite Patil 2014-05-19 00-16.jpg|75px]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Vijaysinh Mohite–Patil]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Malshiras Assembly constituency|Malshiras]]
|26 June 1988
|4 March 1990
| rowspan="3" |{{age in years and days|26 June 1988|6 March 1993}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|4 March 1990
|25 June 1991
|-
|25 June 1991
|6 March 1993
|[[Sudhakarrao Naik]]
|-
|14
|[[File:SHRI SHIVAJIRAO BAPUSAHEB DESHMUKH.jpg|113x113px]]
|[[Shivajirao Deshmukh]]
|[[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]]
|6 March 1993
|14 March 1995
|{{age in years and days|6 March 1993|14 March 1995}}
|[[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |15
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Sh Nitin Jairam Gadkari, Hon'ble Minister, Government of India (cropped).jpg|96x96px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Nitin Gadkari]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]]
|14 March 1995
|1 February 1999
| rowspan="2" |{{age in years and days|14 March 1995|18 October 1999}}
|[[Manohar Joshi]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
|1 February 1999
|18 October 1999
|[[Narayan Rane]]
|-
|(13)
|[[File:Vijaysinh Mohite Patil 2014-05-19 00-16.jpg|75px]]
|[[Vijaysinh Mohite–Patil]]
|[[Malshiras Assembly constituency|Malshiras]]
|18 October 1999
|18 January 2003
|{{age in years and days|18 October 1999|18 January 2003}}
|[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| rowspan="5" style="background-color: {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|-
| rowspan="4" |16
| rowspan="4" |[[File:Chagan Bhujbal.jpg|125x125px]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Chhagan Bhujbal]]
|[[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]]
|18 January 2003
|1 November 2004
| rowspan="4" |{{age in years and days|18 January 2003|28 September 2014}}
|[[Sushilkumar Shinde]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Yevla Assembly constituency|Yevla]]
|1 November 2004
|8 December 2008
|[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
|-
|8 December 2008
|11 November 2010
|[[Ashok Chavan]]
|-
|11 November 2010
|28 September 2014
|[[Prithviraj Chavan]]
|-
|17
|[[File:The Guardian Minister, Maharashtra, Shri Chandrakantdada Patil addressing at the inauguration of the Public Information Campaign, at Gadhinglaj, Dist. Kolhapur, Maharashtra on November 06, 2015.jpg|77x77px]]
|[[Chandrakant Patil]]
|[[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]]
|31 October 2014
|12 November 2019
|{{age in years and days|31 October 2014|12 November 2019}}
|[[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
|18
|[[File:Nitin Raut.jpeg|106x106px]]
|[[Nitin Raut]]
|[[Nagpur North Assembly constituency|Nagpur North]]
|28 November 2019
|30 December 2019
|{{age in years and days|28 November 2019|30 December 2019}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Uddhav Thackeray]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|19
|[[File:Ashok Chavan With Coat.jpeg|85x85px]]
|[[Ashok Chavan]]
|[[Bhokar Assembly constituency|Bhokar]]
|30 December 2019
|30 June 2022
|{{age in years and days|30 December 2019|30 June 2022}}
|-
|20
|[[File:Shri Eknath Sambhaji Shinde.jpg|92x92px]]
|[[Eknath Shinde]]
|[[Kopri-Pachpakhadi Assembly constituency|Kopri-Pachpakhadi]]
|30 June 2022
|9 August 2022
|{{age in years and days|30 June 2022|9 August 2022}}
|'''''himself'''''
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present) }}" |
|-
|21
|[[File:Ravindra Chavan.jpg|75x75px]]
|[[Ravindra Chavan]]
|[[Dombivli Assembly constituency|Dombivli]]
|9 August 2022
|26 November 2024
|{{age in years and days|9 August 2022|26 November 2024}}
|[[Eknath Shinde]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
|22
|
|[[Shivendra Raje Bhosale]]
|[[Satara Assembly constituency|Satara]]
|15 December 2024
|''incumbent''
|{{age in years and days|15 December 2024|}}
|[[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|
|}

==Ministers of State ==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" |Deputy Minister {{small|(Constituency)}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2"| Ministry
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Minister
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Chief Minister
|-
!style="width:6em"| From
!style="width:6em"| To
!Period
|-
!colspan="11"| Deputy Minister of Public Works (excluding Public Undertakings)
|-
!colspan="04"| '''''Vacant'''''
|{{small|23 November}} 2019
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|23|2019|11|28}}
|NA
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Second Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis II''']]
|[[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|01
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[File:Dattatray Bharane.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Dattatray Vithoba Bharne]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Indapur Assembly constituency|Indapur Constituency No. 200]]- [[Pune District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
|{{small|29 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2019|12|30|2022|06|29}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Thackeray ministry|'''Thackeray''']]
| [[Ashok Chavan]]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
|-
!colspan="04"| '''''Vacant '''''
|{{small|30 June}} 2022
|{{small|26 November}} 2024
!{{ayd|2022|06|30|2024|11|26}}
|NA
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Eknath Shinde ministry|'''Eknath''']]
|
*[[Eknath Shinde]] (2022 - 2022)
*[[Ravindra Chavan]] (2022–2024)
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Eknath Shinde]]
|-
|02
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Indranil Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad Constituency No. 81]]- [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
| {{small|21 December}} 2024
|''Incumbent''
!{{ayd|2024|12|21}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]] (Ajit Pawar Group)
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color| Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| '''[[Third Fadnavis ministry|Fadnavis III]]'''
| [[Shivendra Raje Bhosale]] (2024 – Present)
| rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|}

==List of Ministers For Buildings(1960 - 1977)==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" |Minister {{small|(Constituency)}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2"| Ministry
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Chief Minister
|-
!style="width:6em"| From
!style="width:6em"| To
!Period
|-
!colspan="10"| Minister of Buildings
|-
!colspan="10"| Starting on 1 May 1960
|-
|01
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Marotrao Kannamwar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Saoli Assembly constituency|Saoli Constituency No. 73]]- [[Chandrapur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|01 May}} 1960
|{{small|07 March}} 1962
!{{ayd|1960|05|01|1962|03|07}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Yashwantrao Chavan ministry (Maharashtra)|'''Yashwantrao I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Yashwantrao Chavan 2010 stamp of India.jpg|75px]] [[Yashwantrao Chavan]]
|-
|02
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Marotrao Kannamwar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Saoli Assembly constituency|Saoli Constituency No. 73]]- [[Chandrapur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|08 March}} 1962
|{{small|19 November}} 1962
!{{ayd|1962|03|08|1962|11|19}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Yashwantrao Chavan ministry|'''Yashwantrao II''']]
|-
|03
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Marotrao Kannamwar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Saoli Assembly constituency|Saoli Constituency No. 73]]- [[Chandrapur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|20 November}} 1962
|{{small|24 November}} 1963
!{{ayd|1962|11|20|1963|11|24}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Kannamwar ministry|'''Kannamwar l''']]
|[[Marotrao Kannamwar]]
|-
|04
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[P. K. Sawant]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Chiplun Assembly constituency|Chiplun Constituency No. 265]]- [[Ratnagiri District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Interim Chief Minister)
|{{small|25 November}} 1962
|{{small|04 December}} 1963
!{{ayd|1962|11|25|1962|12|04}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[P. K. Sawant ministry|'''Sawant I''']]
|[[P. K. Sawant]]
|-
|05
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Madhukar Dhanaji Chaudhari''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Raver Assembly constituency|Raver Constituency No. 11]]- [[Jalgaon District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|05 December}} 1963
|{{small|01 March}} 1967
!{{ayd|1963|12|05|1967|03|01}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao I''']]
|rowspan="3" |[[File:Vasantrao Naik portrait.jpg|75px]] [[Vasantrao Naik]]
|-
|06
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Madhukar Dhanaji Chaudhari''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Raver Assembly constituency|Raver Constituency No. 11]]- [[Jalgaon District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|01 March}} 1967
|{{small|13 March}} 1972
!{{ayd|1967|03|01|1972|03|13}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao II''']]
|-
|07
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Yashwantrao Mohite]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Raver Assembly constituency|Raver Constituency No. 11]]- [[Jalgaon District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|13 March}} 1972
|{{small|21 February}} 1975
!{{ayd|1972|03|13|1975|02|21}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao III''']]
|-
|08
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:A. R. Antulay with Shivraj Patil (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[A. R. Antulay|Abdul Rahman Antulay]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Shrivardhan Assembly constituency|Shrivardhan Constituency No. 193]]- [[Raigad District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|21 February}} 1975
|{{small|17 May}} 1977
!{{ayd|1975|02|21|1977|05|17}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Shankarrao Chavan ministry|'''Shankarrao I''']]
|[[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India.jpg|75px]] [[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|-
!colspan="10"| Ending on 16 April 1977
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{State agencies of Maharashtra}}

[[Category:State public works departments of India]]
[[Category:Government ministries of Maharashtra]]

João da Rocha

2026-03-05T18:52:23Z

Mpsep15: New!

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Expand Portuguese|topic=bio|João da Rocha|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = Bishop
| name = João da Rocha
| title = Titular Archbishop of [[Hierapolis|''Hierapolis in Phrygia'']]
| church = [[Catholic Church]]
| term = 6 March 1623 – 20 July 1639
| predecessor = [[Andrés de Oviedo]]
| successor = [[Meletius Smotrytsky]]
| ordination = 1603
| consecration = 1625
| consecrated_by = {{ill|Sebastião de São Pedro|pt}}
| birth_date = {{birth year|1587}}
| birth_place = [[Lisbon]], [[Kingdom of Portugal]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1639|7|20|1587|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India|State of India]], [[Portuguese Empire]]
| other_post = [[Latin Patriarchate of Ethiopia|Coadjutor Patriarch of Ethiopia]] (1623-1639)
| honorific_suffix = [[Jesuits|S.J.]]
| honorific_prefix = Most Reverend
}}

'''João da Rocha, [[Society of Jesus|S.J.]]''' (1587–1639) was a Roman Catholic prelate who was named as Titular Archbishop of ''Hierapolis in Phrygia'' (1623–1639).<ref name=HierarchiaIV-Hierapolis>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/hierarchiacathol04eubeuoft/page/202/mode/2up?view=theater|last1=Gauchat|first1=Patritius (Patrice)|title=Hierarchia catholica medii et recentioris aevi | volume=IV|pages=202|date=1935|publisher=Libraria Regensbergiana|location=Münster|ISBN=}} ''(in Latin)''</ref>

==Biography==
João da Rocha was born in [[Lisbon]] in 1587 and ordained a priest in 1603 in the [[Society of Jesus]].<ref name=CathHierJoaoRocha>{{cite web|last=Cheney |first=David M.|title=Archbishop João da Rocha, S.J. † |website=[[Catholic-Hierarchy.org]]|url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bdrochaj.html |accessdate=January 7, 2022}} [[Wikipedia:Verifiability#Reliable sources|{{sup|{{small|[''self-published'']}}}}]]</ref>
On 6 Mar 1623, he was appointed during the papacy of [[Pope Gregory XV]] as [[Titular Archbishop]] of ''Hierapolis in Phrygia'' and [[Coadjutor]] [[Latin Patriarchate of Ethiopia|Patriarch of Ethiopia]].<ref name=HierarchiaIV-Hierapolis /><ref name=CathHierJoaoRocha />
In 1625, he was consecrated bishop by [[Sebastião de São Pedro]], [[Archbishop of Goa]].<ref name=CathHierJoaoRocha />
He never succeeded as Patriarch of Ethiopia and died as Titular Archbishop of ''Hierapolis in Phrygia'' on 20 Jul 1639 in [[Goa]].<ref name=HierarchiaIV-Hierapolis /><ref name=CathHierJoaoRocha />

While bishop, he was the [[principal co-consecrator]] of [[Francisco Garcia Mendes]], [[Titular Bishop]] of ''Ascalon'' and [[Coadjutor]] [[Archbishop of Cranganore]] (1637).<ref name=CathHierJoaoRocha />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links and additional sources==
* {{cite web|last=Cheney |first=David M.|title=Archdiocese of Goa e Damão |website=[[Catholic-Hierarchy.org]]|url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dgoae.html |accessdate=June 16, 2018}} (for Chronology of Bishops) [[Wikipedia:Verifiability#Reliable sources|{{sup|{{small|[''self-published'']}}}}]]
* {{cite web|last=Chow |first=Gabriel|title=Metropolitan Archdiocese of Goa and Daman (India)|website=GCatholic.org|url=https://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/goaa0.htm|accessdate=June 16, 2018}} (for Chronology of Bishops) [[Wikipedia:Verifiability#Reliable sources|{{sup|{{small|[''self-published'']}}}}]]

{{s-start}}
{{s-rel|ca}}
{{succession box
| title = [[Titular Archbishop]] of ''Hierapolis in Phrygia''
| years = 1623–1639
| before = [[Andrés de Oviedo]]
| after = [[Meletiy Smotrytskyi]]}}
{{succession box
| title = [[Bishop of Goa|Administrator of Goa]]
| years = 1630–1631
| before = [[Sebastião de São Pedro]]
| after = [[Manuel Teles de Brito]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Subject bar |portal1= Biography |portal2= Catholicism |portal3= India |portal4=Portugal}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Melo, Francisco de}}
[[Category:17th-century Roman Catholic bishops in India]]
[[Category:Bishops appointed by Pope Gregory XV]]
[[Category:1639 deaths]]
[[Category:1587 births]]

{{Portugal-RC-bishop-stub}}
{{India-RC-bishop-stub}}

Johnny the Partisan

2026-03-04T02:35:59Z

Mpsep15: adjust page per standard format and improved wording

{{Short description|2000 Italian war drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Johnny the Partisan
| image = Johnny the Partisan.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Guido Chiesa]]
| writer = {{plainlist|
* Guido Chiesa
* Antonio Leotti
}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Stefano Dionisi]]
* [[Fabrizio Gifuni]]
* [[Andrea Prodan]]
* [[Toni Bertorelli]]
* [[Felice Andreasi]]
* Alberto Gimignani
* [[Fabio De Luigi]]
* [[Giovanni Esposito (comedian)|Giovanni Esposito]]
* Barbara Lerici
* [[Giuseppe Cederna]]
* [[Umberto Orsini]]
}}
| music = [[Alexander Bălănescu]]
| cinematography = [[Gherardo Gossi]]
| editing =
| producer = [[Domenico Procacci]]
| studio = [[Fandango (Italian company)|Fandango]]
| country = Italy
| language = Italian
| released = {{Film date|2000}}
}}

'''''Il partigiano Johnny''''', internationally released as '''''Johnny the Partisan''''', is a 2000 Italian [[War film|war]] [[drama film]] set in the [[Second World War]] and directed by [[Guido Chiesa]]. It is based on the novel of the same name by [[Beppe Fenoglio]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Gianluca Favetto|title=Johnny, un eroe perduto|url=http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2000/09/03/johnny-un-eroe-perduto.html?ref=search|access-date=3 January 2014|newspaper=[[La Repubblica]]|date=3 September 2000}}</ref>

The film entered the competition at the [[57th Venice International Film Festival]], in which it won the Children and Cinema Award.<ref>{{cite news|last=Paolo Baratta|title=VENEZIA il Leone dell'IRAN|newspaper=[[La Stampa]]|date=September 2000|page=12}}</ref>

==Plot==
Johnny, a university student with a passion for English literature, deserts the [[Royal Italian Army|Italian Army]] in Rome after the September 1943 [[Badoglio Proclamation]], and returns home to [[Alba, Piedmont|Alba]]. He initially takes refuge in a villa in the hills, where he devotes himself to his studies. After the death of a friend, he decides to fight in the war again. He leaves the city and joins the first partisan formation he meets, the "[[Brigate Garibaldi|Reds]]", led by Biondo. He doesn't share their communist ideology, only their desire to fight the [[Italian Fascism|Fascists]].

Left alone after the group has dispersed under a German attack, he manages to reach a formation of the Badogliani, also called "Blues", or "Autonomous", led by the charismatic North Commander ([[Piero Balbo]], nicknamed Nord). This group is in contact with the Anglo-American allies, who are better equipped and organized. Among them, he meets his dear friend Ettore, and together they participate in the temporary, symbolic [[Republic of Alba (1944)|occupation of Alba]].

Multiple small clashes decimate and disperse their forces, and Ettore is captured and sentenced to death. Johnny finds himself facing the hard winter of 1944 alone again. In the spring, Nord gathers the men and resumes guerrilla activities. The film ends on a still shot of Johnny engaged in combat, perhaps overwhelmed by enemies, followed by the words "Two months after the war was over".

==Cast==
* [[Stefano Dionisi]] as Johnny
* [[Fabrizio Gifuni]] as Ettore
* [[Andrea Prodan]] as Pierre
* [[Alberto Gimignani]] as Biondo
* [[Claudio Amendola]] as Nord
* [[Giuseppe Cederna]] as Nemega
* [[Umberto Orsini]] as Pinin
* [[Chiara Muti]] as Elda
* [[Lina Bernardi]] as Johnny's mother
* [[Toni Bertorelli]] as Johnny's father
* [[Felice Andreasi]] as miller
* [[Barbara Lerici]] as Sonia
* [[Flavio Bonacci]] as [[Pietro Chiodi]]
* [[Antonio Petrocelli]] as [[Leonardo Cocito]]
* [[Lucio Zagaria]] as [[Dario Scaglione]]
* [[Fabio De Luigi]] as Fascist deserter
* [[Giovanni Esposito (comedian)|Giovanni Esposito]] as southern partisan
* [[Flavio Insinna]] as spy
* [[Sergio Trojano]] as Ivan
* [[Andrea Bruschi]] as Set

==See also==
* [[List of Italian films of 2000]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0206200}}

[[Category:2000 films]]
[[Category:2000s war films]]
[[Category:Italian war films]]
[[Category:2000 Italian-language films]]
[[Category:Films about Italian resistance movement]]
[[Category:Films about the Italian campaign (World War II)]]
[[Category:Films directed by Guido Chiesa]]
[[Category:Italian World War II films]]
[[Category:2000 Italian films]]
[[Category:Fandango (Italian company) films]]
[[Category:Italian-language war films]]

{{2000s-Italy-film-stub}}

Navagraha (film)

2026-03-03T21:45:31Z

Mpsep15: added lead also and fixed typos

{{Short description|2008 Indian Kannada-language heist film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Navagraha (film).jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[Dinakar Thoogudeepa]]
| producer = Meena Thoogudeepa Srinivas
| writer = A. V. Chinthan (Dialogues)
| screenplay = Dinakar Thoogudeepa
| story = Dinakar Thoogudeepa A. V. Chinthan
| starring = [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]]
| music = [[V. Harikrishna]]
| cinematography = A. V. Krishna Kumar
| editing = T. Shashi kumar
| studio = Thoogudeepa Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2008|11|07|df=y}}
| runtime = 149 minutes
| country = India
| budget = {{INR}}5 crore <ref>{{cite video |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VfCatuqkZcY |title=DINAKAR INTERVIEW ABOUT STRUGGLING TIME OF DARSHAN AND DINAKAR THOOGUDEEPA |publisher=dboss kingdom |date=23 November 2020 |time=27:26 |access-date=6 June 2021 |archive-date=20 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220195539/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VfCatuqkZcY |url-status=live }}</ref>
| gross = 
| language = Kannada
}}
'''''Navagraha''''' is a 2008 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[heist film]] directed by [[Dinakar Thoogudeepa]]. It stars [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]] in leading role. The film features an [[ensemble cast]], including [[Sharmila Mandre]], [[Dharma Keerthiraj]], [[Vinod Prabhakar]], [[Tharun Sudhir]], [[Srujan Lokesh]] and others playing key supporting roles. The film's background and soundtrack were composed by [[V. Harikrishna]], and the lyrics were written by [[V. Nagendra Prasad]].
<ref>{{Cite web|work=Mid Day|url=http://archive.mid-day.com/entertainment/2008/mar/1032039.htm|title=Navagraha will feature seven actors ? all sons of senior actors who were popular for their roles as villains on the Kannada film screen|date=2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826115209/http://archive.mid-day.com/entertainment/2008/mar/1032039.htm|archive-date=26 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/im-ready-to-kick-ass/articleshow/2904435.cms | title='I'm ready to kick ass' - Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=28 March 2008 | access-date=23 January 2022 | archive-date=23 January 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123000358/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/im-ready-to-kick-ass/articleshow/2904435.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>

''Navagraha'' was released on 7 November 2008 and became a commercial success. Over the years, it has achieved cult status among Kannada cinema enthusiasts.<ref>{{cite web |title=15 years of Navagraha: Netizens hail Darshan’s heist thriller as the best ever in Kannada films|url=
https://www.ottplay.com/news/15-years-of-navagraha-netizens-hail-darshans-heist-thriller-as-the-best-ever-in-kannada-films/5166aa948096|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Darshan was not my first choice for Jaggu in 'Navagraha': Dinakar Thoogudeepa|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Nov/06/darshan-was-not-my-first-choice-for-jaggu-in-navagraha-dinakar-thoogudeepa|language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
At a summit between world crime syndicates, it is proposed to steal the [[Golden Howdah|Ambari]], a golden ceremonial object used in religious festivals, from [[Mysore Palace]] and auction it for {{USD}}500 million. Iqbal proposes that his henchman, master thief Jaggu, lead the operation, and Diwan pays bail for Jaggu who had been imprisoned for a bank heist. Jaggu's sister Gowri and friend Kumbhi bring him to Iqbal, who makes a deal with Jaggu to steal the Ambari and deliver it to [[New Mangalore Port|Mangalore Harbour]] for {{USD}}20 million. Kumbhi is hesitant to join the operation, but is convinced by Gowri due to their affection for each other.

Kumbhi and Jaggu discuss the team for the heist, the latter proposing four people he had met in prison: [[Hobby tunneling|tunnelling expert]] Tony, [[copyist|duplication experts]] and friends Nagi and Shetty, and [[getaway driver]] Gende. They all initially decline to take part in the heist because the [[Jamboo Savari]] festival is approaching and the Ambari is believed to be protected by the goddess [[Chamundeshwari]], but increasing financial pressures cause them to join the team.

The team travels to Mysore and reaches their hideout. Jaggu's old colleague Kiran brings in Vicky, the son of the palace's chief security guard, who provides information about three tunnels, one of which can be used to access the Ambari when the object is to be worshipped during [[Ayudha Puja]]. Tony and Vicky check the tunnels and determine the shortest and safest route. The team then starts their heist preparations.

The team crosses the tunnel and replaces the Ambari with a fake. They take the real one and escape on a disguised bus, heading toward their destination of Mangalore Harbour. Meanwhile, the [[Karnataka Police|Mysore city police department]] appoints [[Assistant Commissioner of Police|Assistant Commissioner]] Bhagath in charge of Mysore Palace security along with Vicky's best friend [[Sub Inspector]] Prathap. When the Ayudha Puja commences, Bhagath deduces that the Ambari has been stolen and begins an investigation.

Bhagath learns from a sculptor that Jaggu had replicas of the Ambari made, and deduces that he is trying to confuse the police. Bhagath claims that the replicas contain [[RDX]] explosives in order to arrest and pressure anyone found with one. Jaggu's team reach the border{{specify|date=May 2023}} where he deduces Bhagath's plan and takes an alternate route, killing two police officers who become suspicious. Bhagath suspects that Vicky is involved in the heist and decides to search for him. While travelling, Kumbhi reveals to Jaggu that he knows Jaggu plans to double-cross the others by killing them, and reveals that he changed the password to the account Iqbal will use to pay them.

The group rests on a hill while repairing a [[flat tire]]. Kumbhi gives Gowri a [[pendrive]] which contains the heist plan, bank account number and password. Jaggu kills Kumbhi and incapacitates Gowri, gaining the pendrive, and decides to continue their journey. Vicky learns that Kiran has been using him all along, and has feelings for Jaggu instead of for himself. Devastated about Kumbhi's death, Gowri commits suicide by jumping from the bus. Tony realizes that Jaggu cannot be trusted and holds Gende at gunpoint to stop the bus, resulting in a [[Mexican standoff]] between the remaining group members. Vicky calls Prathap and reveals the Ambari's location before Kiran threatens Vicky at gunpoint.

The bus stops in a dense wilderness and a fight erupts in which everyone is killed except for Jaggu and Vicky. Jaggu beats Vicky and resumes the bus journey. Bhagath and his team shoot the bus, which crashes partway over the side of a bridge. Bhagath ties a rope to the Ambari which is lifted away by a police helicopter. Bhagath takes Vicky and jumps from the bus, which tips over and crashes down a chasm, killing Jaggu.

At the [[Vijayadashami]] festival, the Ambari is reinstated and the [[Jamboo Savari]] is celebrated. Vicky decides to work hard in the future.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]] as Jaggu
*[[Sharmila Mandre]] as Kiran
* [[Dharma Keerthiraj]] as Vicky
* [[Vinod Prabhakar]] as Tony
* [[Srujan Lokesh]] as Gende
* [[Tharun Kishore Sudhir]] as Kumbhi
* Varsha as Gowri
* Nagendra Urs as Naagi
* Giri Dinesh as Shetty
* Sourav as [[Assistant Commissioner of Police|ACP]] Bhagath
* [[Kuri Prathap]] as Sub-inspector Prathap
* Mohan Juneja as Nagi and Shetty's client
* Malavalli Saikrishna
* Vikram Udaykumar as [[Police Commissioner]]
* Ravindranath
* Krishne Gowda
* Bank Suresh
* Vinod Varadaraj
* Ravi Varma
}}

==Production==
[[Adi Lokesh]] was approached for a villainous role but declined due to financial reasons.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2008/nov/10/i-want-to-forget-poojari-5658.html|title=‘I want to forget Poojari’|date=10 November 2008|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=14 October 2024}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Song
!Lyricist
!Artist
!Duration
|-
|"Yaami Yaami" || rowspan=5 | V. Nagendra Prasad|| [[Kunal Ganjawala]] || 4:29
|-
|"Kan Kan Salige" || [[Sonu Nigam]] || 4:34
|-
|"Ambari Oorinalli" || Soumya Mahadevan, Sonu Nigam || 5:28
|-
|"Naramanasa" || [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]] || 4:32
|-
|"Smileo Re" || [[Jassie Gift]], Tippu, Sonu Nigam, Karthik, Adarsh Aryan, [[Chaitra H. G.]] || 4:20
|}

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===

[[R. G. Vijayasarathy]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' scored the film at 4 out of 5 stars, credited Darshan for playing a less-than-heroic character and allowing less-recognizable actors to take leading roles, and praised the performances of Keerthiraj, Prabhakar, and Lokesh.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2008/nov/06navagraha-disappoints.htm|title=Navagraha disappoints|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=6 November 2008|access-date=27 August 2022|archive-date=27 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827141802/https://m.rediff.com/movies/2008/nov/06navagraha-disappoints.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' wrote that, in spite of the film's narrative and performance inconsistencies, it is "watchable ... for the novelty it brings to monoton[ous] Kannada films".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/navagraha-finally-reservoir-dogs/articleshow/22358330.cms|title=Navagraha: Finally, Reservoir Dogs|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=6 November 2008|access-date=23 January 2022|archive-date=20 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220195539/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/navagraha-finally-reservoir-dogs/articleshow/22358330.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' felt that fans might not appreciate Darshan's departure from heroic roles, and that the film lacked a strong villain.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/2008/Nov/07/just-for-entertainment-5078.html|title=Just for entertainment|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=7 November 2008|access-date=17 February 2024|archive-date=10 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710123016/https://www.newindianexpress.com/amp/story/nation/2024/Jul/10/justice-sanjiv-khanna-recuses-from-hearing-same-sex-marriage-review-petition-reports|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Re-release==
The film was re-released on 7 November 2024 in 100 theatres throughout [[Karnataka]], grossing ₹68 lakh during its re-run.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-10-26 |title='Navagraha' to rerelease in over 100 theatres |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Oct/26/navagraha-to-rerelease-in-over-100-theatres |access-date=2025-01-12 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-14 |title=ಮರುಬಿಡುಗಡೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ‘ನವಗ್ರಹ’ ಸಿನಿಮಾ ಗಳಿಸಿದ್ದೆಷ್ಟು? |url=https://tv9kannada.com/entertainment/sandalwood/how-much-did-darshan-starrer-navagraha-movie-collected-in-re-release-mcr-934534.html |access-date=2025-01-12 |website=TV9 Kannada |language=kn}}</ref>

==See also==
* ''[[Maha Prachandaru]]'' – a 1981 Kannada heist film about the theft of an idol from a temple.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt6805436}}

[[Category:2008 films]]
[[Category:2008 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian heist films]]
[[Category:Films set in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films scored by V. Harikrishna]]
[[Category:Films directed by Dinakar Thoogudeepa]]

Srimathi Oka Bahumathi

2026-03-03T20:17:43Z

Mpsep15: Adding A Post

{{No plot|date=July 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Srimathi Oka Bahumathi.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Visu]]
| writer = Visu
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Thirumathi Oru Vegumathi]]'' (Tamil)(1987) by Visu}}
| producer = Dayakar–Karunakar
| starring = [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]] [[Jayasudha]] Visu
| cinematography = N. Balakrishnan
| editing = Ganesh–Kumar
| music = [[Shankar–Ganesh]]
| studio = Pavan Enterprises
| distributor = Anil Enterprise Kalyan Films
| released = {{Film date|1987|10|23|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Srimathi Oka Bahumathi''''' ({{Translation|Mrs. is a gift}}) is a 1987 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]], written and directed by [[Visu]]. A remake of his [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film ''[[Thirumathi Oru Vegumathi]]'' (1987), the film stars [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]], [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]], [[Jayasudha]], and Visu himself, reprising his role from the original.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 October 1987 |title=శ్రీమతి ఒక బహుమతి |url=https://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1987/Oct/9-oct-1987.pdf |access-date=25 July 2025 |website=[[Zamin Ryot]] |page=12 |language=te |archive-date=24 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250224213150/https://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1987/Oct/9-oct-1987.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]]
*[[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]]
*Tulsiram as Krishna
*[[Jayasudha]]
*[[Mucherla Aruna|Aruna]]
*[[Ilavarasi|Kalpana]]
*[[P. R. Varalakshmi]]
*[[Bindu Ghosh]] as Andalu
*[[Visu]] as Bhadrachalam Rudraiah
*[[Kishmu]]
}}

== Production ==
[[Visu]], who was credited as the storywriter for the remake films ''{{ill|Manishiko Charithra|te|మనిషికో చరిత్ర}}'' (1984) and ''[[Samsaram Oka Chadarangam]]'' (1987), made his directorial debut in Telugu through this film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 October 1987 |title=శ్రీమతి ఒక బహుమతి |url=https://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1987/Oct/23-oct-1987.pdf |access-date=25 July 2025 |work=[[Zamin Ryot]] |pages=12 |language=te |archive-date=30 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250330062939/https://zaminryot.com/pdf/1987/Oct/23-oct-1987.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=22 January 1993 |title=ప్రబోధాత్మక చిత్రాలు ప్రజలకు నచ్చవా |url=https://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1993/Jan/22-jan-1993.pdf |access-date=25 July 2025 |work=[[Zamin Ryot]] |pages=8 |language=te |archive-date=30 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250330062820/https://zaminryot.com/pdf/1993/Jan/22-jan-1993.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was presented by A. V. K. Reddy of Savera Hotel in Chennai (formerly known as Madras).<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 September 1987 |title=శ్రీమతి ఒక బహుమతి |url=https://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1987/Sep/25-sep-1987.pdf |access-date=25 July 2025 |work=[[Zamin Ryot]] |pages=9 |language=te |archive-date=30 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250330062934/https://zaminryot.com/pdf/1987/Sep/25-sep-1987.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Shankar–Ganesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Srimati Oka Bahumati |url=https://media.indiancine.ma/documents/SLW/1987-Srimathi%20Oka%20Bahumathi.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250726101717/https://media.indiancine.ma/documents/SLW/1987-Srimathi%20Oka%20Bahumathi.jpg |archive-date=26 July 2025 |access-date=26 July 2025 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_lyrics = [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]]
| title1 = Aadade Adharam
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| title2 = Akka Akka
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. S. Ranganath
| title3 = Vateyaraa
| extra3 = [[S. P. Sailaja]]
| title4 = Keelu Bommaga Nenu
| extra4 = [[Vani Jayaram]]
| title5 = Ningini Viduchina
| extra5 = [[K. J. Yesudas]]
}}

== Box office ==
The film ran for over a hundred days in fourteen centres. The success celebration took place on 31 January 1988 at Savera Hotel with [[C. Narayana Reddy]] attending as the chief guest.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 February 1988 |title=చూ కన్ను, రాసే వెన్ను వుంటే కథలు కోకొల్లలు' |url=https://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1988/Feb/19-feb-1988.pdf |access-date=25 July 2025 |work=[[Zamin Ryot]] |pages=9 |language=te |archive-date=24 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250224213152/https://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1988/Feb/19-feb-1988.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}
* {{IMDb title}}
{{Visu}}

[[Category:1987 Indian films]]
[[Category:1988 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1988 drama films]]
[[Category:1988 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Visu]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shankar–Ganesh]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Visu]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Tamil films]]

Kadhalai Thavira Verondrum Illai

2026-03-03T03:31:35Z

Mpsep15: Stub!

{{Short description|2014 Indian film by K. Selva Bharathy}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kadhalai Thavira Verondrum Illai
| image = Kadhalai Thavira Verondrum Illai.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Poster
| native_name = 
| director = [[K. Selva Bharathy]]
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer =
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Yuvan (actor)|Yuvan]]
*[[Saranya Mohan]]
*[[Imman Annachi]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Bhoopathy
| editing = M. S. Bala
| music = [[Srikanth Deva]]
| studio = Sen Movies
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2014|9|5}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Kadhalai Thavira Verondrum Illai''''' ({{Translation|Besides love, there is nothing}}) is a 2014 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic comedy film]] directed by [[K. Selva Bharathy]] and starring [[Yuvan (actor)|Yuvan]], [[Saranya Mohan]] and [[Imman Annachi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2017 |title=Children become central characters in Tamil films |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/children-become-central-characters-in-tamil-films/articleshow/37255273.cms |access-date=11 January 2025 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=காதலை தவிர வேறு ஒன்றும் இல்லை தமிழ் சினிமா விமர்சனம் | Kadhalai Thavira Veru Ondrum Illai Tamil Cinema Vimarsanam - எழுத்து.காம் |url=https://eluthu.com/view-cinema-vimarsanam/91/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88 |access-date=11 January 2025 |website=eluthu.com |language=ta}}</ref> The film was released to highly negative reviews.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Yuvan (actor)|Yuvan]] as Anbu
*[[Saranya Mohan]] as Kamali
*[[Imman Annachi]] as Lawrence
*[[Theepetti Ganesan]]
*Rahul
*Rohith
*[[Chutti Aravind]]
*Annamalai Aravind
*Master Riyaan
*Harini Krishnan
*[[Gana Bala]] (special appearance in the song "Nokia Ponnu Samsung Paiyan")
}}

== Production ==
After watching ''[[Pasanga]]'' (2009), [[K. Selva Bharathy]] was inspired to make a film on similar lines. After seeing [[Yuvan (actor)|Yuvan]]'s photos in a dubbing studio, Selva Bharathy decided to cast him in the lead. Yuvan plays the role of a rude man through the first half of the film and the reason for his character to act that way is explained in the second half.<ref name="H">{{Cite web |date=25 December 2024 |title=Audio Beat: Kadhalai Thavira Verondrum Illai - Language of the youth |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/audio-beat-kadhalai-thavira-verondrum-illai-language-of-the-youth/article5228674.ece |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225205737/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/audio-beat-kadhalai-thavira-verondrum-illai-language-of-the-youth/article5228674.ece |archive-date=25 December 2024 |access-date=11 January 2025 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Srikanth Deva]].<ref name="H" />
*"Nokia Ponnu" - [[Gana Bala]], Simrutha
*"Kutti Kutti Thevathainga" - Akilesh, Simrutha
*"Deala No Deala" - [[Theepetti Ganesan]], Simrutha
*"Kedi Boys" - Srikanth Deva
*"Verondrum Illai" (title song)

==Release and reception==
The film had a low-key release on 5 September 2014 alongside ''[[Amara Kaaviyam]]'', ''[[Pattaya Kelappanum Pandiya]]'' and ''[[Poriyaalan]]''.<ref name="sep5">{{Cite web |title=Friday Fury – September 5 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-september-5-news-tamil-ojfk4ldjhhbid.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025020921/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-september-5-news-tamil-ojfk4ldjhhbid.html |archive-date=25 October 2014 |access-date=17 December 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

A critic from ''[[Dina Thanthi|iFlicks]]'' wrote that "Director K.Selvabarathi has taken the film with children but failed to make it interesting. The confession scene which runs for five minutes gives a good social message. Songs are average in Srikanth Deva's music. Boopathi's cinematography is irritating" and criticised the acting of the leads.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2014 |title=Kadhalai Thavira Verondrumillai||Kadhalai-Thavira-Verondrumillai |url=http://www.iflicks.in/Review/2014/09/09172317/Kadhalai-Thavira-Verondrumillai.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140921014152/http://www.iflicks.in/Review/2014/09/09172317/Kadhalai-Thavira-Verondrumillai.vpf |archive-date=21 September 2014 |access-date=11 January 2025 |website=[[Dina Thanthi|iFlicks]]}}</ref> A critic from ''Webdunia'' wrote that the sarcasm of "''Verondrum Illai, Verondrum Illai''" ({{Translation|Nothing else, nothing else}}) could be heard in the theater. This does not meet any of the standards of a good movie. Overall, this is a joke, war, surgery, a joke, a leg-splitting, trashy movie.<ref>{{Cite web |title=காதலைத் தவிர வேறொன்றுமில்லை - திரை விமர்சனம் |url=https://tamil.webdunia.com/article/movie-review-in-tamil/kadhalai-thavira-verondrum-illai-movie-review-114090900040_1.html |access-date=11 January 2025 |website=Webdunia.com |language=ta}}</ref> A critic from ''Eniya Tamil'' called the film ''onum illai'' ({{Translation|nothing}}), a play on the film's title. The critic criticized the film's acting and cinematography and felt that the film's music was okay.<ref>{{Cite web |title=காதலை தவிர வேறொன்றுமில்லை (2014) திரை விமர்சனம்… | |url=https://eniyatamil.com/2014/09/12/%e0%ae%95%e0%ae%be%e0%ae%a4%e0%ae%b2%e0%af%88-%e0%ae%a4%e0%ae%b5%e0%ae%bf%e0%ae%b0-%e0%ae%b5%e0%af%87%e0%ae%b1%e0%af%8a%e0%ae%a9%e0%af%8d%e0%ae%b1%e0%af%81%e0%ae%ae%e0%ae%bf%e0%ae%b2%e0%af%8d%e0%ae%b2/ |access-date=11 January 2025 |website=eniyatamil.com |language=ta}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2014 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Selva Bharathy]]
[[Category:Films scored by Srikanth Deva]]

Sir George Dick-Lauder, 10th Baronet

2026-02-18T22:47:47Z

Mpsep15: Adding A Post

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}{{Use British English|date=April 2025}}

[[File:16 Regent Terrace 2015.JPG|thumb|16 Regent Terrace, Edinburgh]]
'''Sir George William Dalrymple Dick Lauder of Fountainhall, 10th Baronet''' (4 September 1852 – 7 May 1936) was an [[Indian Civil Service]] Senior Administrator in the Government of India's [[Opium]] Department.

He was the third son of [[Sir John Dick-Lauder, 8th Baronet]]. Before succeeding to the [[baronet]]cy and [[Fountainhall Manor]], he and his wife lived at Gorton House, [[Hawthornden]], near Edinburgh. He also inherited ''Villa Lauder'', at 16 via St Leonardo, [[Florence]], [[Italy]], from his brother who had died there and whom he succeeded in 1919.

Sir George was the last of his family to hold as proprietor and feudal baron the lands and manor house of [[Grange, Edinburgh]], which the [[Edinburgh Corporation]] required for the relentless [[urban sprawl]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}} His heirs had huge death duties to meet upon his death and the Grange was sold to developers and demolished for housing.{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}}

Sir George was a member of the [[New Club]], and died at 16 [[Regent Terrace]], [[Edinburgh]], [[Scotland]].<ref>"Scottish Baronet Dead Sir George Dick-Lauder", [[The Scotsman]], 8 May 1936</ref><ref>"Executry Notice – All persons having claims against the estate of the late Sir George William Dalrymple Dick Lauder, Bart., who resided at 16 Regent Terrace..", [[The Scotsman]], 20 May 1936</ref>

In 1882, Sir George married Jane Emily Clifford (died 22 August 1921), daughter of W P Woodward, Esq., of the [[Indian Civil Service]]. They had one son and heir: [[Sir John Dick-Lauder, 11th Baronet]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* ''Who was Who 1916–1928'', A & C Black, London.
* Whitaker's ''Peerage, Baronetage, Knightage and Companionage'', London, 1935.
* ''The Weekly Scotsman'' newspaper, Edinburgh, 1936.

{{S-start}}
{{s-reg|sct-bt}}
{{succession box | title=[[Lauder baronets|Baronet]] '''(of Fountainhall)''' | before=[[Sir Thomas Dick-Lauder, 9th Baronet|Thomas Dick-Lauder]] | after=[[Sir John Dick-Lauder, 11th Baronet|John Dick-Lauder]] | years=1919–1936}}
{{S-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dick-Lauder, Sir George, 10th Baronet}}
[[Category:1852 births]]
[[Category:1936 deaths]]
[[Category:Nobility from Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Civil servants from Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Lauder baronets|10]]
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]
[[Category:Younger sons of baronets]]

{{NovaScotia-baronet-stub}}

2006 ICC Champions Trophy

2026-02-17T13:18:33Z

Mpsep15: Revised and enhanced article content

{{short description|Cricket tournament}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 2006 ICC Champions Trophy
| image = ICC Champions Trophy 2006 logo.svg
| fromdate = 7 October
| todate = 5 November 2006
| administrator = [[International Cricket Council]]
| cricket format = [[One Day International]]
| tournament format = [[Round-robin tournament|Round-robin]] and [[Single-elimination tournament|knockout]]
| host = India
| champions = {{cr|Australia}}
| count = 1
| runner up = {{cr|WIN}}
| participants = 10
| matches = 21
| attendance =
| player of the series = {{cricon|WIN|}} [[Chris Gayle]]
| most runs = {{cricon|WIN}} [[Chris Gayle]] (474)
| most wickets = {{cricon|WIN}} [[Jerome Taylor]] (13)
| previous_year = 2004
| previous_tournament = 2004 ICC Champions Trophy
| next_year = 2009
| next_tournament = 2009 ICC Champions Trophy
}}

The '''2006 ICC Champions Trophy''' was a [[One Day International]] [[cricket]] tournament held in India from 7 October to 5 November 2006. It was the fifth edition of the [[ICC Champions Trophy]] (previously known as the ICC Knock-out). The tournament venue was not confirmed until mid-2005 when the Indian government agreed that tournament revenues would be free from tax (the 2002 tournament had been due to be held in India, but was switched to [[Sri Lanka]] when an exemption from tax in India was not granted).<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/other_international/india/4582215.stm India to keep Champions Trophy] [[BBC News]], 26 May 2005</ref> [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] won the tournament, their first Champions Trophy victory. They were the only team to get one loss in the tournament, as all other teams lost at least two matches. [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]], their final opponents, beat Australia in the group stage but were bowled out for 138 in the final and lost by eight wickets on the [[Duckworth–Lewis method]]. West Indies opening batsman [[Chris Gayle]] was named Player of the Tournament.

English writer [[Tim de Lisle]] said the tournament "had been fun" because "it had been unpredictable."<ref>[http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/266329.html Why it has been fun this time], Tim de Lisle, from ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 5 November 2006</ref> The unpredictability was in part shown by the fact that no Asian team qualified for the semi-final, for the first time in a major ICC tournament since the [[1975 Cricket World Cup|1975 World Cup]]. De Lisle also claimed that "the pitches" had been the "tournament's secret," saying that they were "sporting and [[Quixotism|quixotic]]" and "quite untypical of both one-day cricket and the subcontinent." His views were echoed by panelists in a roundtable discussion organized by ESPNcricinfo, "who hoped that the tournament would not be a one-off in a batsman-dominated game," according to news site rediff.com.<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/cricket/2006/nov/05cric.htm Indian batsmen's bad habits exposed], by Deepti Patwardhan, from Rediff. Retrieved 5 November 2006</ref> The tournament recorded five of the 10 lowest team totals in the tournament's history, and totals of 80 (for West Indies v Sri Lanka) and 89 (for Pakistan v South Africa) were the lowest recorded in matches involving the top eight ranked One-day International teams of the world.<ref>[https://archive.today/20120715170721/http://uk.cricinfo.com/db/STATS/ICCCT/TEAM/ICCCT_LOWEST_TEAM_TOTALS.html Champions Trophy – Lowest Team Totals], from ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 5 November 2006</ref>


==Qualification==
The Ten full member teams competed in the tournament and were seeded according to the [[ICC ODI Championship]] standings on 1 April 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Groups confirmed for ICC Champions Trophy 2006 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/groups-confirmed-for-icc-champions-trophy-2006-243027 |access-date=2023-11-14 |work=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>[[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]] became the last team to qualify, claiming tenth place ahead of [[Kenya national cricket team|Kenya]] on 23 March 2006. The first six teams on the ICC ODI table ([[Australia national cricket team|Australia]], [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]], [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]], [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]], [[India national cricket team|India]], and [[England cricket team|England]]) qualified automatically; the next four teams ([[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]], the defending champions [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]], [[Zimbabwe national cricket team|Zimbabwe]] and [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]]) played a pre-tournament [[Round-robin tournament|round-robin]] qualifying round from 7 to 14 October to determine which two teams will proceed to play in the main round.<ref>[http://www.sportsfeatures.com/index.php?section=pp&action=show&id=30369 Bangladesh confirm final ICC Champions Trophy 2006 place] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927074509/http://www.sportsfeatures.com/index.php?section=pp&action=show&id=30369 |date=27 September 2007 }} ICC media release, 23 March 2006</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Qualification
!Date
!Berths
!Country
|-
!Host
|26 May 2005
|1
|{{Cr|India}}
|-
! rowspan="9" |[[ICC ODI Championship|ODI Championship]]
| rowspan="9" |1 April 2006
| rowspan="5" |5
|{{Cr|Australia}}
|-
|{{Cr|South Africa}}
|-
|{{Cr|Pakistan}}
|-
|{{Cr|New Zealand}}
|-
|{{Cr|England}}
|-
| rowspan="4" |4
|{{Cr|Sri Lanka}}
|-
|{{Cr|West Indies}}
|-
|{{Cr|Zimbabwe}}
|-
|{{Cr|Bangladesh}}
|}

==Tournament structure==
Two teams from the qualifying round, plus the other six teams, played in a group stage, split into two groups of four in a [[Round-robin tournament|round-robin]] competition, played from 15 to 29 October.

The top two teams from each group qualified for the semi-finals played on 1 November and 2 November. The final was played on 5 November.

== Venues ==
Matches in the preliminary round and the group round were played in the [[Punjab Cricket Association Stadium]] in [[Mohali]], [[Sardar Patel Stadium, Motera|Sardar Patel Stadium]] in [[Ahmedabad]], the [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]] in [[Jaipur]], and the [[Brabourne Stadium]] in [[Mumbai]]. The matches in Mumbai were the first One Day Internationals at Brabourne Stadium for 11 years.

The semi-finals were played in Mohali and Jaipur. The final was played in Mumbai.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
![[Mumbai]]
![[Jaipur]]
![[Mohali]]
![[Ahmedabad]]
|-
|[[Brabourne Stadium]]
|[[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]]
|[[PCA Stadium]]
|[[Sardar Patel Stadium, Motera|Sardar Patel Stadium]]
|-
|Capacity: 20,000
|Capacity: 24,000
|Capacity: 26,950
|Capacity: 49,000
|}

==Match officials==
Three match referees and eight [[umpire (cricket)|umpires]] were named for the tournament.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=6 April 2010 |title=ICC announces match referee and umpire appointments for ICC Champions Trophy 2006 |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/icc-announces-match-referee-and-umpire-appointments-for-icc-champions-trophy-2006 |work=International Cricket Council}}</ref> Of the ten umpires on the ICC elite panel, neither [[Darrell Hair]], who was not nominated due to security concerns, nor [[Billy Doctrove]] was employed for the tournament. Those were two umpires calling Pakistan for [[Pakistani cricket team in England in 2006|ball tampering]] in August. An ICC spokesman said, "this didn't mean Billy Doctrove is a bad umpire," and that there was "nothing sinister" about the decision.<ref>[http://www.cricketweb.net/article.php?CategoryIDAuto=1&NewsIDAuto=2572 Doctrove will not stand]</ref>

The eight umpires for the tournament were:
* {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Mark Benson]]
* {{flagicon|NZ}} [[Billy Bowden]]
* {{flagicon|WIN}} [[Steve Bucknor]]
* {{flagicon|PAK}} [[Aleem Dar]]
* {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Daryl Harper]]
* {{flagicon|SA}} [[Rudi Koertzen]]
* {{flagicon|PAK}} [[Asad Rauf]]
* {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Simon Taufel]]

The three match referees for the tournament were:
* {{flagicon|NZ}} [[Jeff Crowe]]
* {{flagicon|SL}} [[Ranjan Madugalle]]
* {{flagicon|SA}} [[Mike Procter]]

==Squads==
{{main|2006 ICC Champions Trophy squads}}

==Qualifying round==

West Indies and Sri Lanka had qualified with a game to spare, and their match only determined their position on the ICC ODI Championship table as well as group opposition in the main stage.

<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=CricketRR
|update=complete
|source=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-champions-trophy-2006-07-232694/points-table-standings EspnCricinfo]

|section=Q

|team1=SL |team2=WI |team3=BDESH |team4=ZIM
|result1=Q |result2=Q

|win_BDESH=1 |loss_BDESH=2 |nr_BDESH=0 |rs_BDESH=657 |or_BDESH=150 |rc_BDESH=596 |ob_BDESH=136.4
|win_SL=3 |loss_SL=0 |nr_SL=0 |rs_SL=670 |or_SL=113.2 |rc_SL=486 |ob_SL=150
|win_WI=2 |loss_WI=1 |nr_WI=0 |rs_WI=334 |or_WI=101 |rc_WI=329 |ob_WI=113.2
|win_ZIM=0 |loss_ZIM=3 |nr_ZIM=0 |rs_ZIM=356 |or_ZIM=150 |rc_ZIM=606 |ob_ZIM=114.2

|name_BDESH={{cr|BAN}}
|name_SL={{cr|SRI}}
|name_WI={{cr|West Indies}}
|name_ZIM={{cr|ZIM}}

|col_Q=green1
}}</onlyinclude>

{{Limited overs matches
| date = 7 October 2006
| time = 14:30
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SL}}
| team2 = {{cr|BAN}}
| score1 = 302/8 (50 overs)
| score2 = 265/9 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Upul Tharanga]] 105 (129)
| wickets1 = [[Abdur Razzak]] 2/49 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shakib Al Hasan]] 67[[not out|*]] (107)
| wickets2 = [[Farveez Maharoof]] 3/47 (7 overs)
| result = Sri Lanka won by 37 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-champions-trophy-2006-07-232694/bangladesh-vs-sri-lanka-1st-qualifying-match-249739/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Punjab Cricket Association IS Bindra Stadium|PCA Stadium, Mohali]]
| umpires = [[Daryl Harper]] (Aus) and [[Steve Bucknor]] (WI)
| motm = [[Upul Tharanga]] (SL)
| toss = Bangladesh won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Points: Sri Lanka 2, Bangladesh 0
}}
----
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 8 October 2006
| time = 14:30
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ZIM}}
| team2 = {{cr|West Indies}}
| score1 = 85 (30.1 overs)
| score2 = 90/1 (14.2 overs)
| runs1 = [[Prosper Utseya]] 27[[not out|*]] (41)
| wickets1 = [[Chris Gayle]] 3/3 (3.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Chris Gayle]] 41 (34)
| wickets2 = [[Elton Chigumbura]] 1/17 (3 overs)
| result = West Indies won by 9 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-champions-trophy-2006-07-232694/west-indies-vs-zimbabwe-2nd-qualifying-match-249740/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Narendra Modi Stadium|Sardar Patel Stadium, Ahmedabad]]
| umpires = [[Mark Benson]] (Eng) and [[Rudi Koertzen]] (RSA)
| motm = [[Chris Gayle]] (WI)
| toss = Zimbabwe won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Points: West Indies 2, Zimbabwe 0
}}
----
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 10 October 2006
| time = 14:30
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SL}}
| team2 = {{cr|ZIM}}
| score1 = 285/7 (50 overs)
| score2 = 141 (42.3 overs)
| runs1 = [[Upul Tharanga]] 110 (130)
| wickets1 = [[Tafadzwa Kamungozi]] 2/55 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Brendan Taylor]] 30 (40)
| wickets2 = [[Lasith Malinga]] 3/25 (9.3 overs)
| result = Sri Lanka won by 144 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-champions-trophy-2006-07-232694/sri-lanka-vs-zimbabwe-3rd-qualifying-match-249741/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Narendra Modi Stadium|Sardar Patel Stadium, Ahmedabad]]
| umpires = [[Aleem Dar]] (Pak) and [[Asad Rauf]] (Pak)
| motm = [[Upul Tharanga]] (SL)
| toss = Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Points: Sri Lanka 2, Zimbabwe 0
*''As a result of this match, Sri Lanka qualified for the group stage and Zimbabwe were eliminated.''
}}
----
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 11 October 2006
| time = 14:30
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|BAN}}
| team2 = {{cr|WIN}}
| score1 = 161 (46.3 overs)
| score2 = 164/0 (36.4 overs)
| runs1 = [[Aftab Ahmed (Bangladeshi cricketer)|Aftab Ahmed]] 59 (55)
| wickets1 = [[Dwayne Bravo]] 3/14 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Chris Gayle]] 104[[not out|*]] (118)
| wickets2 =
| result = West Indies won by 10 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-champions-trophy-2006-07-232694/bangladesh-vs-west-indies-4th-qualifying-match-249742/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium|Sawai Mansingh Stadium, Jaipur]]
| umpires = [[Billy Bowden]] (NZ) and [[Simon Taufel]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Chris Gayle]] (WI)
| toss = Bangladesh won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Points: West Indies 2, Bangladesh 0
*''As a result of this match, West Indies qualified for the group stage and Bangladesh were eliminated.''
}}
----
{{Limited overs matches
| date = {{anchor|match9}} 13th October 2006
| time = 14:30
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|BAN}}
| team2 = {{cr|ZIM}}
| score1 = 231/6 (50 overs)
| score2 = 130 (44.4 overs)
| runs1 = [[Shahriar Nafees]] 123[[not out|*]] (161)
| wickets1 = [[Ed Rainsford]] 2/41 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Brendan Taylor]] 52 (74)
| wickets2 = [[Shakib Al Hasan]] 3/18 (10 overs)
| result = Bangladesh won by 101 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-champions-trophy-2006-07-232694/bangladesh-vs-zimbabwe-5th-qualifying-match-249743/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium|Sawai Mansingh Stadium, Jaipur]]
| umpires = [[Daryl Harper]] (Aus) and [[Steve Bucknor]] (WI)
| motm = [[Shahriar Nafees]] (Ban)
| toss = Zimbabwe won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Points: Bangladesh 2, Zimbabwe 0
}}
----
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 14 October 2006
| time = 14:30
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|WIN}}
| team2 = {{cr|SL}}
| score1 = 80 (30.4 overs)
| score2 = 83/1 (13.2 overs)
| runs1 = [[Wavell Hinds]] 28 (86)
| wickets1 = [[Farveez Maharoof]] 6/14 (9 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sanath Jayasuriya]] 45 (47)
| wickets2 = [[Fidel Edwards]] 1/17 (4 overs)
| result = Sri Lanka won by 9 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-champions-trophy-2006-07-232694/sri-lanka-vs-west-indies-6th-qualifying-match-249744/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Brabourne Stadium|Brabourne Stadium, Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Asad Rauf]] (Pak) and [[Rudi Koertzen]] (RSA)
| motm = [[Farveez Maharoof]] (SL)
| toss = West Indies won the toss and elected to bat
| rain =
| notes = Points: Sri Lanka 2, West Indies 0
*''As a result of this match, West Indies qualified for Group A and Sri Lanka qualified for Group B''
}}

==Group stage==

===Group A===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=CricketRR
|update=complete
|source=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-champions-trophy-2006-07-232694/points-table-standings EspnCricinfo]

|section=A
|sortable_table=yes

|team1=AUS |team2=WI |team3=INDIA |team4=ENG
|result1=Q |result2=Q

|win_AUS=2 |loss_AUS=1 |nr_AUS=0 |rs_AUS=646 |or_AUS=132.3 |rc_AUS=652 |ob_AUS=150
|win_ENG=1 |loss_ENG=2 |nr_ENG=0 |rs_ENG=570 |or_ENG=148.3 |rc_ENG=568 |ob_ENG=116.2
|win_INDIA=1 |loss_INDIA=2 |nr_INDIA=0 |rs_INDIA=598 |or_INDIA=129.3 |rc_INDIA=601 |ob_INDIA=145.2
|win_WI=2 |loss_WI=1 |nr_WI=0 |rs_WI=730 |or_WI=149.4 |rc_WI=723 |ob_WI=148.3

|name_AUS={{cr|AUS}}
|name_ENG={{cr|ENG}}
|name_INDIA={{cr|IND}}
|name_WI={{cr|West Indies}}

|col_Q=#bfc
}}</onlyinclude>

{{Limited overs matches
| date = 15 October 2006
| time = 14:30
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ENG}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score1 = 125 (37 overs)
| score2 = 126/6 (29.3 overs)
| runs1 = [[Paul Collingwood]] 38 (54)
| wickets1 = [[Munaf Patel]] 3/18 (8 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] 35 (41)
| wickets2 = [[Jamie Dalrymple]] 2/5 (4 overs)
| result = India won by 4 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-champions-trophy-2006-07-232694/india-vs-england-7th-match-249745/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium|Sawai Mansingh Stadium, Jaipur]]
| umpires = [[Daryl Harper]] (Aus) and [[Simon Taufel]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Munaf Patel]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Points: India 2, England 0
}}
----
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 18 October 2006
| time = 14:30
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|WIN}}
| team2 = {{cr|AUS}}
| score1 = 234/6 (50 overs)
| score2 = 224/9 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Runako Morton]] 90[[not out|*]] (103)
| wickets1 = [[Nathan Bracken]] 2/42 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Adam Gilchrist]] 92 (120)
| wickets2 = [[Jerome Taylor]] 4/49 (10 overs)
| result = West Indies won by 10 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-champions-trophy-2006-07-232694/australia-vs-west-indies-10th-match-249748/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Brabourne Stadium|Brabourne Stadium, Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Mark Benson]] (Eng) and [[Rudi Koertzen]] (RSA)
| motm = [[Runako Morton]] (WI)
| toss = West Indies won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Points: West Indies 2, Australia 0
}}
----
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 21 October 2006
| time = 14:30
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ENG}}
| team2 = {{cr|AUS}}
| score1 = 169 (45 overs)
| score2 = 170/4 (36.5 overs)
| runs1 = [[Andrew Strauss]] 56 (90)
| wickets1 = [[Shane Watson]] 3/16 (7 overs)
| runs2 = [[Damien Martyn]] 78 (91)
| wickets2 = [[Sajid Mahmood]] 2/57 (10 overs)
| result = Australia won by 6 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-champions-trophy-2006-07-232694/australia-vs-england-12th-match-249750/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Narendra Modi Stadium|Sardar Patel Stadium, Ahmedabad]]
| umpires = [[Aleem Dar]] (Pak) and [[Asad Rauf]] (Pak)
| motm = [[Damien Martyn]] (Aus)
| toss = Australia won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Points: Australia 2, England 0
}}
----
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 26 October 2006
| time = 14:30
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|WIN}}
| score1 = 223/9 (50 overs)
| score2 = 224/7 (49.4 overs)
| runs1 = [[MS Dhoni]] 51 (65)
| wickets1 = [[Ian Bradshaw]] 3/30 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shivnarine Chanderpaul]] 51 (72)
| wickets2 = [[Ajit Agarkar]] 2/52 (9.4 overs)
| result = West Indies won by 3 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-champions-trophy-2006-07-232694/india-vs-west-indies-15th-match-249753/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Narendra Modi Stadium|Sardar Patel Stadium, Ahmedabad]]
| umpires = [[Aleem Dar]] (Pak) and [[Daryl Harper]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Shivnarine Chanderpaul]] (WI)
| toss = West Indies won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Points: West Indies 2, India 0
*''As a result of this match, West Indies qualified for the semifinals and England were eliminated..''
}}
----
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 28 October 2006
| time = 14:30
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|WIN}}
| team2 = {{cr|ENG}}
| score1 = 272/4 (50 overs)
| score2 = 276/7 (48.3 overs)
| runs1 = [[Dwayne Bravo]] 112[[not out|*]] (124)
| wickets1 = [[Sajid Mahmood]] 2/44 (7 overs)
| runs2 = [[Kevin Pietersen]] 90[[not out|*]] (86)
| wickets2 = [[Chris Gayle]] 3/31 (10 overs)
| result = England won by 3 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-champions-trophy-2006-07-232694/england-vs-west-indies-17th-match-249755/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Narendra Modi Stadium|Sardar Patel Stadium, Ahmedabad]]
| umpires = [[Daryl Harper]] (Aus) and [[Simon Taufel]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Chris Gayle]] (WI)
| toss = West Indies won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Points: England 2, West Indies 0
}}
----
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 29 October 2006
| time = 14:30
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|AUS}}
| score1 = 249/8 (50 overs)
| score2 = 252/4 (45.4 overs)
| runs1 = [[Virender Sehwag]] 65 (90)
| wickets1 = [[Glenn McGrath]] 2/34 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Damien Martyn]] 73[[not out|*]] (104)
| wickets2 = [[S. Sreesanth]] 2/43 (8 overs)
| result = Australia won by 6 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-champions-trophy-2006-07-232694/india-vs-australia-18th-match-249756/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Punjab Cricket Association IS Bindra Stadium|PCA Stadium, Mohali]]
| umpires = [[Billy Bowden]] (NZ) and [[Steve Bucknor]] (WI)
| motm = [[Damien Martyn]] (Aus)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat
| rain =
| notes = Points: Australia 2, India 0
*''As a result of this match, Australia qualified for semifinals and India were eliminated''
}}

===Group B===

<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=CricketRR
|update=complete
|source=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-champions-trophy-2006-07-232694/points-table-standings EspnCricinfo]

|section=B
|sortable_table=yes

|team1=SA |team2=NZ |team3=SL |team4=PAK
|result1=Q |result2=Q

|win_NZ=2 |loss_NZ=1 |nr_NZ=0 |rs_NZ=634 |or_NZ=150 |rc_NZ=497 |ob_NZ=136
|win_PAK=1 |loss_PAK=2 |nr_PAK=0 |rs_PAK=567 |or_PAK=148.1 |rc_PAK=740 |ob_PAK=150
|win_SA=2 |loss_SA=1 |nr_SA=0 |rs_SA=540 |or_SA=150 |rc_SA=425 |ob_SA=150
|win_SL=1 |loss_SL=2 |nr_SL=0 |rs_SL=560 |or_SL=136 |rc_SL=639 |ob_SL=148.1

|name_SA={{cr|RSA}}
|name_NZ={{cr|NZL}}
|name_SL={{cr|SRI}}
|name_PAK={{cr|PAK}}

|col_Q=#bfc
}}</onlyinclude>

{{Limited overs matches
| date = 16 October 2006
| time = 14:30
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|NZ}}
| team2 = {{cr|RSA}}
| score1 = 195 (45.4 overs)
| score2 = 108 (34.1 overs)
| runs1 = [[Stephen Fleming]] 89 (112)
| wickets1 = [[Jacques Kallis]] 3/28 (7 overs)
| runs2 = [[Graeme Smith]] 42 (57)
| wickets2 = [[Kyle Mills]] 3/18 (6 overs)
| result = New Zealand won by 87 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-champions-trophy-2006-07-232694/new-zealand-vs-south-africa-8th-match-249746/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Brabourne Stadium|Brabourne Stadium, Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Aleem Dar]] (Pak) and [[Mark Benson]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Stephen Fleming]] (NZ)
| toss = South Africa won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Points: New Zealand 2, South Africa 0
}}
----
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 17 October 2006
| time = 14:30
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SL}}
| team2 = {{cr|PAK}}
| score1 = 253 (49.2 overs)
| score2 = 255/6 (48.1 overs)
| runs1 = [[Sanath Jayasuriya]] 48 (35)
| wickets1 = [[Abdul Razzaq]] 4/50 (7.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Imran Farhat]] 53 (64)
| wickets2 = [[Chaminda Vaas]] 2/61 (10 overs)
| result = Pakistan won by 4 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-champions-trophy-2006-07-232694/pakistan-vs-sri-lanka-9th-match-249747/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium|Sawai Mansingh Stadium, Jaipur]]
| umpires = [[Billy Bowden]] (NZ) and [[Simon Taufel]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Abdul Razzaq]] (Pak)
| toss = Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Points: Pakistan 2, Sri Lanka 0
}}
----
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 20 October 2006
| time = 14:30
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|NZ}}
| team2 = {{cr|SL}}
| score1 = 165 (49.2 overs)
| score2 = 166/3 (36 overs)
| runs1 = [[Daniel Vettori]] 46[[not out|*]] (53)
| wickets1 = [[Muttiah Muralitharan]] 4/23 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Upul Tharanga]] 56 (77)
| wickets2 = [[Jeetan Patel]] 2/32 (9 overs)
| result = Sri Lanka won by 7 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-champions-trophy-2006-07-232694/new-zealand-vs-sri-lanka-11th-match-249749/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Brabourne Stadium|Brabourne Stadium, Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Aleem Dar]] (Pak) and [[Rudi Koertzen]] (RSA)
| motm = [[Muttiah Muralitharan]] (SL)
| toss = New Zealand won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Points: Sri Lanka 2, New Zealand 0
}}
----
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 24 October 2006
| time = 14:30
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|RSA}}
| team2 = {{cr|SL}}
| score1 = 219/9 (50 overs)
| score2 = 141 (39.1 overs)
| runs1 = [[AB de Villiers]] 54 (88)
| wickets1 = [[Lasith Malinga]] 4/53 (9 overs)
| runs2 = [[Mahela Jayawardene]] 36 (50)
| wickets2 = [[Andre Nel]] 3/41 (9 overs)
| result = South Africa won by 78 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-champions-trophy-2006-07-232694/south-africa-vs-sri-lanka-13th-match-249751/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium|Sawai Mansingh Stadium, Jaipur]]
| umpires = [[Billy Bowden]] (NZ) and [[Simon Taufel]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Shaun Pollock]] (RSA)
| toss = South Africa won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Points: South Africa 2, Sri Lanka 0
}}
----
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 25 October 2006
| time = 14:30
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|NZL}}
| team2 = {{cr|PAK}}
| score1 = 274/7 (50 overs)
| score2 = 223 (46.3 overs)
| runs1 = [[Scott Styris]] 86 (113)
| wickets1 = [[Umar Gul]] 2/47 (9 overs)
| runs2 = [[Mohammad Yousuf (cricketer)|Mohammad Yousuf]] 71 (92)
| wickets2 = [[Shane Bond]] 3/45 (10 overs)
| result = New Zealand won by 51 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-champions-trophy-2006-07-232694/new-zealand-vs-pakistan-14th-match-249752/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Punjab Cricket Association IS Bindra Stadium|PCA Stadium, Mohali]]
| umpires = [[Mark Benson]] (Eng) and [[Rudi Koertzen]] (RSA)
| motm = [[Stephen Fleming]] (NZ)
| toss = Pakistan won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Points: New Zealand 2, Pakistan 0
*''As a result of this match, New Zealand qualified for semi-finals and Sri Lanka were eliminated.''
}}
----
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 27 October 2006
| time = 14:30
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|RSA}}
| team2 = {{cr|PAK}}
| score1 = 213/8 (50 overs)
| score2 = 89 (25 overs)
| runs1 = [[Mark Boucher]] 69 (98)
| wickets1 = [[Umar Gul]] 3/36 (8 overs)
| runs2 = [[Yasir Arafat]] 27 (37)
| wickets2 = [[Makhaya Ntini]] 5/21 (6 overs)
| result = South Africa won by 124 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-champions-trophy-2006-07-232694/pakistan-vs-south-africa-16th-match-249754/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Punjab Cricket Association IS Bindra Stadium|PCA Stadium, Mohali]]
| umpires = [[Billy Bowden]] (NZ) and [[Mark Benson]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Makhaya Ntini]] (RSA)
| toss = South Africa won the toss and elected to bat
| rain =
| notes = Points: South Africa 2, Pakistan 0
*''As a result of this match, South Africa qualified for semifinals and Pakistan were eliminated.''
}}

==Knock-out stage==

{{4TeamBracket
| RD2 = Final

| seed-width =
| team-width = 120px
| score-width = 110px

| RD1-seed1 = A1
| RD1-team1 = '''{{cr|AUS}}'''
| RD1-score1 = '''240/9 (50 overs)'''
| RD1-seed2 = B2
| RD1-team2 = {{cr|NZL}}
| RD1-score2 = 206 (46 overs)

| RD1-seed3 = B1
| RD1-team3 = {{cr|RSA}}
| RD1-score3 = 258/8 (50 overs)
| RD1-seed4 = A2
| RD1-team4 = '''{{cr|WIN}}'''
| RD1-score4 = '''262/4 (44 overs)'''

| RD2-seed1 = A1
| RD2-team1 = '''{{cr|AUS}}'''
| RD2-score1 = '''116/2 (28.1 overs)'''
| RD2-seed2 = A2
| RD2-team2 = {{cr|WIN}}
| RD2-score2 = 138 (30.4 overs)
}}

===Semi-finals===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 1 November 2006
| time = 14:30
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AUS}}
| team2 = {{cr|NZL}}
| score1 = 240/9 (50 overs)
| score2 = 206 (46 overs)
| runs1 = [[Andrew Symonds]] 58 (58)
| wickets1 = [[Kyle Mills]] 4/38 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Daniel Vettori]] 79 (103)
| wickets2 = [[Glenn McGrath]] 3/22 (10 overs)
| result = Australia won by 34 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-champions-trophy-2006-07-232694/australia-vs-new-zealand-1st-semi-final-249757/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Punjab Cricket Association IS Bindra Stadium|PCA Stadium, Mohali]]
| umpires = [[Steve Bucknor]] (WI) and [[Rudi Koertzen]] (RSA)
| motm = [[Glenn McGrath]] (Aus)
| toss = New Zealand won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 2 November 2006
| time = 14:30
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|RSA}}
| team2 = {{cr|WIN}}
| score1 = 258/8 (50 overs)
| score2 = 262/4 (46 overs)
| runs1 = [[Herschelle Gibbs]] 77 (90)
| wickets1 = [[Jerome Taylor]] 2/48 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Chris Gayle]] 133[[not out|*]] (135)
| wickets2 = [[Graeme Smith]] 1/43 (10 overs)
| result = West Indies won by 6 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-champions-trophy-2006-07-232694/south-africa-vs-west-indies-2nd-semi-final-249758/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium|Sawai Mansingh Stadium, Jaipur]]
| umpires = [[Aleem Dar]] (Pak) and [[Simon Taufel]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Chris Gayle]] (WI)
| toss = South Africa won the toss and elected to bat
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===Final===
{{see also|2006 ICC Champions Trophy final}}

{{Limited overs matches
| date = 5 November 2006
| time = 14:30
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|WIN}}
| team2 = {{cr|AUS}}
| score1 = 138 (30.4 overs)
| score2 = 116/2 (28.1 overs)
| runs1 = [[Chris Gayle]] 37 (27)
| wickets1 = [[Nathan Bracken]] 3/22 (6 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shane Watson]] 57[[not out|*]] (88)
| wickets2 = [[Ian Bradshaw]] 1/21 (6 overs)
| result = Australia won by 8 wickets [[Duckworth–Lewis–Stern method|(D/L method)]]
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-champions-trophy-2006-07-232694/australia-vs-west-indies-final-249759/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Brabourne Stadium|Brabourne Stadium, Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Aleem Dar]] (Pak) and [[Rudi Koertzen]] (RSA)
| motm = [[Shane Watson]] (Aus)
| toss = West Indies won the toss and elected to bat
| rain = Australia were set a revised target of 116 runs from 35 overs.
*''Rain interrupted play during the 10th over of Australian innings.''
| notes = Australia won the 2006 ICC Champions Trophy.
}}

{{wikinews|Australia beat New Zealand to enter into the final of 2006 ICC Champions Trophy}}
{{wikinews|West Indies will play 2006 ICC Champions Trophy final against Australia}}
{{wikinews|Australia capture 2006 ICC Champions Trophy}}

==Tournament statistics==
Statistics include performances in preliminary round matches.

===Batting===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|+Most runs
|-
! Runs
! Player
! Team
|-
! 474
| [[Chris Gayle]]
| {{cr|West Indies}}
|-
!320
| [[Upul Tharanga]]
| {{cr|SRI}}
|-
!241
| [[Damien Martyn]]
| {{cr|AUS}}
|-
!222
| [[Shivnarine Chanderpaul]]
| {{cr|West Indies}}
|-
!188
| [[Mahela Jayawardene]]
| {{cr|SRI}}
|}
*Source: CricInfo<ref>[http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2006-07/OD_TOURNEYS/ICCCT/STATS/ICCCT_OCT-NOV2006_ODI_BAT_MOST_RUNS.html ICC Champions Trophy, 2006 Batting – Most Runs], from ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 5 November 2006</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|+Highest individual score
|-
! Player
! Team
! Runs
! Opposition
! Stadium
! Date
|-
|[[Chris Gayle]] || {{cr|West Indies}}
| 133[[not out|*]] || {{cr|RSA}} || [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]] || 2 November
|-
|[[Shahriar Nafees]] || {{cr|BAN}}
| 123[[not out|*]] || {{cr|ZIM}} || [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]] || 13 October
|-
|[[Dwayne Bravo]] || {{cr|West Indies}}
| 112[[not out|*]] || {{cr|ENG}} || [[Sardar Patel Stadium, Motera|Sardar Patel Stadium]] || 28 October
|-
|[[Upul Tharanga]] || {{cr|SRI}}
| 110 || {{cr|ZIM}} || [[Sardar Patel Stadium, Motera|Sardar Patel Stadium]] || 10 October
|-
|[[Upul Tharanga]] || {{cr|SRI}}
| 105 || {{cr|BAN}} || [[Punjab Cricket Association Stadium]] || 7 October
|}
*Source: CricInfo<ref>[http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2006-07/OD_TOURNEYS/ICCCT/STATS/ICCCT_OCT-NOV2006_ODI_BAT_HIGH_INNS_SCORES.html ICC Champions Trophy, 2006 Highest Individual Scores], from ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 5 November 2006</ref>

===Bowling===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|+Most wickets
|-
! Wickets
! Player
! Team
|-
!13
| [[Jerome Taylor]]
| {{cr|West Indies}}
|-
!12
| [[Farveez Maharoof]]
| {{cr|SRI}}
|-
!11
| [[Lasith Malinga]]
| {{cr|SRI}}
|-
!10
| [[Kyle Mills]]
| {{cr|NZL}}
|-
!10
| [[Glenn McGrath]]
| {{cr|AUS}}
|-
!10
| [[Nathan Bracken]]
| {{cr|AUS}}
|}
*Source: CricInfo<ref>[http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2006-07/OD_TOURNEYS/ICCCT/STATS/ICCCT_OCT-NOV2006_ODI_BOWL_MOST_WKTS.html ICC Champions Trophy, 2006 Bowling – Most Wickets], from ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 5 November 2006</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|+Best bowling analysis
|-
! Player
! Team
! [[Bowling analysis|Analysis]]
! Opposition
! Stadium
! Date
|-
|[[Farveez Maharoof]] || {{cr|SRI}}
| 6/14 || {{cr|West Indies}} || [[Brabourne Stadium]] || 14 October
|-
|[[Makhaya Ntini]] || {{cr|RSA}}
| 5/21 || {{cr|PAK}} || [[Punjab Cricket Association Stadium]] || 27 October
|-
|[[Muttiah Muralitharan]] || {{cr|SRI}}
| 4/23 || {{cr|NZL}} || [[Brabourne Stadium]] || 20 October
|-
|[[Kyle Mills]] || {{cr|NZL}}
| 4/38 || {{cr|AUS}} || [[Punjab Cricket Association Stadium]] || 1 November
|-
|[[Jerome Taylor]] || {{cr|West Indies}}
| 4/49 || {{cr|AUS}} || [[Brabourne Stadium]] || 18 October
|}
*Source: CricInfo<ref>[http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2006-07/OD_TOURNEYS/ICCCT/STATS/ICCCT_OCT-NOV2006_ODI_BOWL_BEST_INNS_FIGS.html ICC Champions Trophy, 2006 Best Innings Bowling], from ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 5 November 2006</ref>

==Records==
Records broken during the tournament:

* Most consecutive defeats, 9, Zimbabwe (carried over from previous tournaments).<ref>[https://archive.today/20120722183227/http://www.cricinfo.com/db/STATS/ICCCT/RESULTS/CONSECUTIVE_ICCCT_DEFEATS.html Champions Trophy – Most Consecutive Defeats], from ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 5 November 2006</ref>
* Most consecutive wins: 6, West Indies (carried over from previous tournaments).<ref>[https://archive.today/20120731040521/http://www.cricinfo.com/db/STATS/ICCCT/RESULTS/CONSECUTIVE_ICCCT_WINS.html Champions Trophy – Most Consecutive Wins], from ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 5 November 2006</ref>
* Number of centuries in a tournament: 3, [[Chris Gayle]]<ref>[https://archive.today/20120723121444/http://www.cricinfo.com/db/STATS/ICCCT/BATTING/ICCCT_AVS_BAT_ALL_INNS_100S.html Champions Trophy Centuries], from ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 5 November 2006</ref>
* Most runs in a tournament: 474, Gayle<ref>[https://archive.today/20120724090408/http://www.cricinfo.com/db/STATS/ICCCT/BATTING/ICCCT_BAT_MOST_SERIES_RUNS.html Champions Trophy – Most Runs in a Tournament], from ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 5 November 2006</ref>
* Most consecutive ducks: 3, [[Habibul Bashar]] (carried over from previous tournaments)<ref>[https://archive.today/20120722203044/http://www.cricinfo.com/db/STATS/ICCCT/BATTING/MOST_CONSECUTIVE_DUCKS_IN_ICCCTS.html Champions Trophy – Most Consecutive Ducks], from ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 5 November 2006</ref>
* Youngest centurion in a Champions Trophy: [[Shahriar Nafees]], 123 not out, Bangladesh v Zimbabwe, aged 20 years 261 days.<ref>[https://archive.today/20120730073309/http://www.cricinfo.com/db/STATS/ICCCT/BATTING/ICCCT_YOUNGEST_CENTURIONS.html Champions Trophy – Youngest to Score Century], from ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 5 November 2006</ref>
* Highest third wicket [[partnership (cricket)|partnership]]: 165, [[Upul Tharanga]] and [[Kumar Sangakkara]], Sri Lanka v Zimbabwe at [[Sardar Patel Stadium, Motera|Sardar Patel Stadium]], 10 October.<ref name=partnership>[https://archive.today/20130120000444/http://www.cricinfo.com/db/STATS/ICCCT/PARTNERSHIPS/ICCCT_PARTNERSHIP_RECORDS.html Champions Trophy – Partnership Records], from ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 5 November 2006</ref>
* Highest fifth wicket partnership: 137, [[Brian Lara]] and [[Runako Morton]], West Indies v Australia at [[Brabourne Stadium]], 18 October.<ref name=partnership/>
* Highest sixth wicket partnership: 131, [[Mark Boucher]] and [[Justin Kemp]], South Africa v Pakistan at [[Punjab Cricket Association Stadium]], 27 October.<ref name=partnership/>
* Highest seventh wicket partnership: 103, [[Jacob Oram]] and [[Daniel Vettori]], New Zealand v Australia at [[Punjab Cricket Association Stadium]], 1 November.<ref name=partnership/>
* Best bowling analysis: 9–2–14–6, [[Farveez Maharoof]], Sri Lanka v West Indies, [[Brabourne Stadium]], 14 October.<ref>[https://archive.today/20120731032055/http://www.cricinfo.com/db/STATS/ICCCT/BOWLING/ICCCT_AVS_BOWL_BEST_INNS_FIGS.html Champions Trophy Best Innings Bowling], from ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 5 November 2006</ref>
* First [[One Day International cricket hat-tricks|hat-trick]]: [[Jerome Taylor]] v Australia, [[Brabourne Stadium]], 18 October.

== Off the field issues==
The [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]], Indian cricket's governing body, made efforts to ensure that this is the last ICC Champions Trophy. They stated that it was a "financial burden" for host nations and that the ICC should host only one international tournament, the World Cup.<ref>[http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/231644.html India to call for the scrapping of Champions Trophy] ESPNcricinfo, 4 January 2006</ref> However, in April, BCCI president [[Sharad Pawar]] said that he would "respect the decision" if the ICC unanimously agreed to keep the Champions Trophy on the calendar.<ref>[http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/245532.html BCCI not against Champions Trophy – Pawar] ESPNcricinfo 27 April 2006</ref>

After the [[11 July 2006 Mumbai train bombings|bombings in Mumbai in July 2006]], there were concerns raised about the security of players, but no team decided to withdraw on these grounds.<ref>[http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/253216.html Concern over Champions Trophy] ESPNcricinfo, 12 July 2006</ref>

[[Herschelle Gibbs]] returned to India for the first time in six years; he had refused to tour the country following the match-fixing scandal on the tour of India in 2000, over fears he might be arrested. He eventually agreed to a questioning session with the Delhi police, incriminating several more people in the scandal.<ref>[http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/262454.html Gibbs reveals more names to Indian police] ESPNcricinfo, 12 October 2006</ref>

Pakistan's team composition frequently changed; the original captain [[Inzamam-ul-Haq]] was suspended following his decision to forfeit the fourth Test of Pakistan's match against England over an umpiring decision. [[Younis Khan]] was instated as captain, withdrew himself, then was appointed for the job again. On 16 October, the day before their first match, Pakistan fast bowlers [[Mohammad Asif (cricketer)|Mohammad Asif]] and [[Shoaib Akhtar]] were sent home following a positive A sample of a drugs test.

===Award ceremony controversy===
During the Award ceremony after the finals, [[Ricky Ponting]] tapped the shoulders of BCCI President [[Sharad Pawar]] and informally gestured him to hand over the trophy. Soon after the trophy was handed over, [[Damien Martyn]] nudged Sharad Pawar off the stage, eager to relish the moment and to pose for the waiting photographers. Former Indian batsman [[Sunil Gavaskar]] who was also present on the stage, later disclosed that one of the [[Australia national cricket team|Australian team members]] referred to Pawar as "Hiya Buddy."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cricketnext.com/news/pawar-was-addressed-as-hiya-buddy-gavaskar/21579-13.html |title='Hiya buddy,' said Aussies to Pawar |access-date=8 November 2006 |archive-date=28 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928074222/http://www.cricketnext.com/news/pawar-was-addressed-as-hiya-buddy-gavaskar/21579-13.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Although Pawar tried to play down the incident by stating that "it wasn't intentional," some cricketers, including the usually diplomatic [[Sachin Tendulkar]] and [[Nikhil Chopra]] reacted strongly to this. In [[Mumbai]], a section of [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]] workers took to the streets demanding an apology from the [[Australian cricket team]]. [[Chaggan Bhujbal]], a [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]] leader, said, "This is an insult to a senior leader. We will make a formal complaint to the Australian embassy." 

The [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]], however, decided not to complain to [[Cricket Australia]] officially.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cricketnext.com/news/bcci-wont-officially-complain-to-ca/21587-13.html |title=BCCI won't officially complain to Cricket Australia |access-date=8 November 2006 |archive-date=28 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928074212/http://www.cricketnext.com/news/bcci-wont-officially-complain-to-ca/21587-13.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> However, the issue soon got resolved when Ricky Ponting tended his apology to Pawar.

==See also==
*[[2004 ICC Champions Trophy]]
*[[2007 Cricket World Cup]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040911024047/http://www.icc-cricket.com/icc/events/championstrophy/ ICC Champions Trophy] ([[International Cricket Council]])
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061020133107/http://www.iccchampionstrophy.indya.com/ 2006 Champions Trophy], official site
*[http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/232685.html ICC names Champions Trophy venues] (ESPNcricinfo, 12 January 2006)
*[http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/243032.html Groups announced for Champions Trophy] (ESPNcricinfo, 2 April 2006)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060519210941/http://www.icc-cricket.com/icc-iccct/content/story/245513.html Venues announced], [[International Cricket Council]] press release, 27 April 2006
*[http://usa.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2006-07/OD_TOURNEYS/ICCCT/ Match Scorecards] (ESPNcricinfo), 1 April 2007
*[http://usa.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2006-07/OD_TOURNEYS/ICCCT/SQUADS/ Squads] (ESPNcricinfo), 1 April 2007

{{ICC Champions Trophy}}
{{International cricket in 2006–07}}

[[Category:2006 ICC Champions Trophy| ]]
[[Category:2006 in Indian cricket|Icc Champions Trophy, 2006]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2006]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in India|2006]]

S. N. Seshadri

2026-02-10T03:12:10Z

Mpsep15: Updated formatting and improved readability

{{Short description|Indian control engineer (1937–1986)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = S. N. Seshadri
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1937|3|15}}
| birth_place = [[Kerala]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1986|2|2|1937|3|15}}
| death_place =
| residence =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Control Systems]] | [[Power Electronics]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]] }}
| alma_mater =
| doctoral_advisor = {{ublist| }}
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Control systems for satellite communication
| awards = {{ublist|1978 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] }}
}}
'''Sekharipuram Narayaniyer Seshadri''' (1937–1986) was an Indian control engineer and the head of the Reactor Control Division of the [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]].<ref name="Venkataraman1994">{{cite book|author=Ganesan Venkataraman|title=Bhabha and His Magnificent Obsessions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OxBBimcMVpgC&pg=PA159|date=1 January 1994|publisher=Universities Press|isbn=978-81-7371-007-0|pages=159–}}</ref> He established the control systems for the Satellite Receiving Station at Arvi, near [[Pune]] and the [[Ooty Radio Telescope]]. Subsequent to the bombing of [[Air India Flight 182]] in June 1985, he conducted the examination of the [[cockpit voice recorder]] and [[air traffic control]] tapes.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}

Seshadri was known for his work on the control systems for satellite communication, earth station antennas, tracking and telemetering of rockets, and traction motors for high power locomotives<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/Detail.aspx?AID=57 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |date=2016 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |access-date=November 12, 2016}}</ref> and his researches have been documented in a number of articles.<ref name="Browse by Fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/view/fellows/Seshadri=3ASekharipuram_Narayana_Iyer=3A=3A.html |title=Browse by Fellow |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref> He was an elected fellow of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]]. The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards for his contributions to Engineering Sciences in 1978.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | accessdate=November 12, 2016}}</ref> He died on 2 February 1986, at the age of 48.<ref name="Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners">{{cite web | url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | date=1999}}</ref> The Indian Physics Association has instituted an annual award, ''S. N. Seshadri Memorial Instrumentation Award'' to recognize excellence in indigenous instrumentation development in physical sciences.<ref name="S N Seshadri Memorial Instrumentation Award in Physical Sciences">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=S N Seshadri Memorial Instrumentation Award in Physical Sciences |url=https://www.indiascienceandtechnology.gov.in/nurturing-minds/s-and-t-awards/national/sn-seshadri-instrumentation-award |publisher=Indian Physics Association}}</ref>

== Selected bibliography ==
* {{Cite journal |author1=Srinivasan, M. |author2=Dharmadhikari, M. |author3=Karkera, B. N. |author4=Mahindroo, P. N. |author5=Ray, A. K. |author6=Seshadri, S. N. |title=Safety and control systems of the Purnima reactor |journal=Symposium on Nuclear Science and Engineering |date=1973 |pages=1–10}}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Rao, Dhanvada M. |author2=Seshadri, S. N. |title=Application of radial-splitters for improved wide-angle diffuser performance in blowdown tunnel |journal= Journal of Aircraft |date=1976 |volume=13 |issue=7 |pages=538–540|doi=10.2514/3.44542 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=D. M. Rao, S. N. Seshadri |title=Application of radial-splitters for improved wide-angle diffuser performance in a blowdown tunnel |journal=Journal of Aircraft |date=1976 |volume=13 |issue=7 |pages=538–540 |doi=10.2514/3.44542}}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Ray, A. K. |author2=Seshadri, S. N. |title=Special features of the safety and control systems of the Dhruva reactor |journal=Pramana - Journal of Physics |date=1985 |volume=24 |issue=1–2 |pages=179–192 |doi=10.1007/BF02894828|bibcode=1985Prama..24..179R |s2cid=121230852 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=S. N. Seshadri, K. Y. Narayan |title=Shock-induced separated flows on the lee surface of delta wings |journal=The Aeronautical Journal |date=1987 |volume=91 |issue=903 |pages=128–141 |doi=10.1017/S0001924000091387|s2cid=55119972 |url=http://nal-ir.nal.res.in/3057/1/shock-induced_seperated...pdf }}

{{portal|India|Engineering}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Engineering Science}}
{{Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Laureates of Kerala}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Seshadri, S. N.}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Engineering Science]]
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:1986 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian engineers]]
[[Category:Engineers from Kerala]]

{{India-engineer-stub}}

Jothi (TV series)

2026-02-06T06:58:31Z

Mpsep15: New!

{{short description|Indian supernatural television series Nandhini 2}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Jothi serial.jpg
| image_alt =
| caption =
| genre = [[Drama]] [[Supernatural]] [[Fantasy]]
| story = [[Sundar C]]
| director = [[Raj Kapoor (Tamil film director)|Raj Kapoor]]
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme = "Jothi"
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 13
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Meghashree]]
* Chandana Shetty
* Vishnu Unnikrishnan
}}
| executive_producer =
| producer = [[Sundar C]] [[Khushbu Sundar|Kushboo Sundar]]
| company = {{ubl| [[Sun Network|Sun Entertainment]]|[[Avni Cinemax|Avni Telemedia]] }}
| network = [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2021|05|29}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=yes|2021|08|01}}
| creator =
| list_episodes =
| cinematography = [[U. K. Senthil Kumar]]
| editor = Sutheef S
| related = [[Nandini (TV series)|Nandini]]
}}

'''''Jothi''''' is a 2021 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[supernatural thriller]] television series, which aired on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] on every weekend and later rescheduled to air on every Sunday. It was produced by [[Sundar C]] under the studio of [[Avni Telemedia]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 May 2021|title=Sun Tv lunches new serial Jothi|url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/sun-tv-serial-update-tamil-news-sun-tv-lunches-new-serial-jothi-306361/|website=Tamil IndianExpress}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/details-about-new-tamil-serial-jyothi-to-be-telecasted-in-sun-tv-watch-promo.html|title=Details about new Tamil serial - Jyothi to be telecasted in Sun TV - Watch promo here|date=22 May 2021|website=Behindwoods}}</ref>

It starred [[Meghashree]] portraying the title role, along with Chandana Shetty and Vishnu Unnikrishnan in the lead roles. This show was a sequel of "[[Nandini (TV series)|Nandini]]".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/khushbhu-clarifies-about-nandini-part-2/articleshow/67255437.cms|title=Khushbhu clarifies about Nandini part 2|website=The Times of India|date=26 December 2018 }}</ref> The series went off air on 1 August 2021.

==Synopsis==
The story of the serial moves as a woman named Sivagami, falls in love with a mysterious man Aadhisheshan, who is a powerful shapeshifting snake. Sivagami and Aadhisheshan both get married and they had two girls- Jothi and Shreya. Jothi inherited human quality also snake powers and Sherya inherited the snake quality. Unaware of her shape shifting serpent powers Jothi, the Nagaloga prince's sole heir is a maid at her own palace, while enduring several hardships from evil serpent forces & her ill-treating family. How she finds her true identity, marries the love of her life and acquires the ‘Nagamanickam’ unravels as a mystical tale.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Meghashree]] as Jothi Anirudh: A human element but has a snake powers. Aadhisheshan and Sivagami's elder daughter, Shreya's sister, Anirudh's wife; she was adopted and working as a servant in the palace and later turned as daughter-in-law.
* Chandana Shetty as Shreya: A Shapeshifting ("Icchadhari") snake. Aadhisheshan and Sivagami's younger daughter, Jothi's sister. She was protecting the "Naga Rathinam".
* Vishnu Unnikrishnan as Anirudh: Vasuki and Rajashekar's son, Padmavathi's grandson; Jothi's husband

===Recurring===
* [[Seema (actress)|Seema]] as Padmavathi
* Ramesh Pandit as Rajashekar
* Mercy Layal as Vasuki Rajashekar
* [[Anuradha (actress)|Anuradha]]
* Neela Menon as Leelavathi
*Advani as Naveena
*Sankavi as Manasa
*[[K. Sivasankar|Sivasankar Master]] as Hakkim Bhai
*Jeeva Rajendran as Chandru
*[[Anu Mohan (Tamil actor)|Anu Mohan]] as Rangan
*Eesan Sujatha as Saraswathi
*KPY Palani as Korea
*Pollachi Babu
*[[Singamuthu]]
*Geetha Narayanan as Indhrasena
*Master Ashwin
*VJ Settai Senthil as Kumar
*[[Kottachi]]

===Special appearances===
*[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Narasimhan - Jothi and Shreya's grandfather, Sivagami's father and Padmavathi's brother (Photographic appearance only)
*[[Khushbu Sundar|Kushboo Sundar]] as Sivagami Aadhisheshan - Jothi and Shreya's mother
*[[Aishwariyaa Bhaskaran|Aishwarya]] as Sambhavi - Padmavathi and Narasimhan's sister (Photographic appearance only)
*[[Srinivasan (Tamil actor)|Power Star Srinivasan]] as Minister Nagarajan
==Production==
The series began production in mid 2020 under title ''Nandini 2''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/sequel-to-supernatural-television-serial-nandini-to-go-on-air-soon/articleshow/78214846.cms|title=Sequel to supernatural television serial Nandini to go on air soon?|website=The Times Of India|date=20 September 2020 }}</ref> The team completed filming more than 50 episodes, initially Sun TV rejected the show reportedly due to producer of the show, [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu Sundar's]] exit from [[Indian National Congress]] and her entry to [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/sun-tv-says-no-for-kushbu-nandhini-2-serial-zee-tamil-will-broadcast-241761/|title=குஷ்பு சீரியலுக்கு 'நோ' சொன்ன சன் டிவி?|website=The Indian Express}}</ref> Due to this political issue between the channel and the production company, producers tried to air the show in another channel and they had discussions with [[Zee Tamil]] and the channel also agreed to the same.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/cinema/sun-tv-reject-kushboo-nandhini-serial-part-2-qmrjkp|title=சூப்பர் ஹிட் சீரியலுக்கு திடீர் தடை போட்ட சன் டி.வி... சைடு கேப்பில் தட்டித்தூக்கிய முன்னணி சேனல்!|website=Asianet News}}</ref> But due to second wave of [[COVID-19]], all television series stopped their production which led SUN TV Network to took over the show and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] dubbed version of the show was initially premiered on [[Gemini TV]] on 12 April 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/sun-tv-serial-update-tamil-news-sun-tv-lunches-new-serial-jothi-306361/|title=லாக் டவுனை சமாளிக்க இதுதான் வழி: சன் டிவி களமிறக்கும் ஜோதி சீரியல்!|website=The Indian Express}}</ref> After almost two months, the original Tamil version premiered on Sun TV on 29 May 2021 on every weekends by reducing it's episodes only aired 13 episodes .<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tv/news/sun-tvs-new-serial-jothi-commences-telecast-on-29th-may/articleshow/82906555.cms|title=சன் டிவியில் விரைவில் தொடங்கும் புது சீரியல்! வைரலாகும் ப்ரோமோ|website=Samayam}}</ref>

==Dubbed Versions ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;"
|- style="color:white"
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:15%;"| Language
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:24%;"| Title
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:22%;"| Original release
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:12%;"| Network(s)
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:22%;"| Last aired
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| [[Nandini (TV series)|Jyothi]]
| 12 April 2021
| [[Gemini TV]]
| 14 May 2021
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| [[Nandini (TV series)|Onno Roope Nandini]]
| 19 April 2021
| [[Sun Bangla]]
| 9 May 2021
|-
| [[Kannada]]
| Jyothi
| 10 July 2021
| [[Udaya TV]]
| 15 August 2021
|-
| [[Malayalam]]
| Jyothi
| 21 November 2021
| [[Surya TV]]
| 26 June 2022
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|15079826}}

{{Sun TV shows}}

[[Category:Sun TV original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language fantasy television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language horror fiction television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romance television series]]
[[Category:2021 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:2021 Tamil-language television series endings]]
[[Category:Television series about snakes]]
[[Category:Television series about shapeshifting]]
[[Category:Tamil-language sequel television series]]
[[Category:Fiction about human–snake romance]]
[[Category:Television series by Avni Telemedia]]

Aryan Rajesh

2026-01-17T15:58:04Z

Mpsep15: Updated entries and formatting

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Family name hatnote|Edara|lang=Telugu}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Aryan Rajesh
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Edara Aryan Rajesh
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], [[India]]
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Actor]]|[[Film producer]]}}
| years_active = 2002–present
| organization = [[E. V .V. Cinema]]
| parents = {{ubl|[[E. V. V. Satyanarayana]] (father)|Saraswati Kumari (mother)}}
| spouse = {{marriage|Subhashini|2012}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://south-mp3songs.blogspot.in/2012/02/aryan-rajesh-wedding-reception-photos.html|title=Aryan Rajesh Wedding Reception Photos|date=15 February 2012}}</ref>
| children = 2
| relatives = [[Allari Naresh]] (brother)
}}

'''Edara Aryan Rajesh''' is an Indian actor and film producer who appears predominantly in [[Telugu films]]. He is the son of veteran director and producer [[E. V. V. Satyanarayana]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/audio-beat-thuttu/article4084835.ece|title = Audio Beat: Thuttu|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 10 November 2012|last1 = Kumar|first1 = S. R. Ashok}}</ref>

He [[film production|produces]] films along with his younger brother [[Allari Naresh]] under their [[production company]], [[E. V. V. Cinema|E. V .V. Cinema]].

== Personal life ==
Aryan Rajesh was born to [[Telugu language|Telugu]] veteran director and producer [[E V V Satyanarayana]] and Saraswati. He has a younger brother [[Allari Naresh]] who is also an actor in [[Telugu cinema]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2012/feb/01/the-brides-and-grooms-of-tollywood-335841.html|title=The brides and grooms of Tollywood|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> On 14 February 2012, he married Subhashini, daughter of contractor Kantipudi Amarnath<ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-16/hyderabad/31063702_1_subhashini-allari-naresh-aryan-rajesh |title=Aryan Rajesh ties the knot with Subhashini |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=26 January 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130620225044/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-16/hyderabad/31063702_1_subhashini-allari-naresh-aryan-rajesh |archive-date=20 June 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and has one son & daughter.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-02/news-interviews/35547857_1_baby-boy-aryan-rajesh-allari-naresh |title=Aryan Rajesh blessed with a baby boy |date=19 July 2013 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719182727/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-02/news-interviews/35547857_1_baby-boy-aryan-rajesh-allari-naresh |archive-date=19 July 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Career==
His career started with the movie ''[[Hai (film)|Hai]]'' in 2002, which was directed by his father [[E. V. V. Satyanarayana]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-hai.html|title=Telugu Cinema - Review - Aryan Rajesh, Prakash Raj, Nikita - EVV Satya Narayana - Koti - D Rama Naidu|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref> The same year he debuted in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] in [[Vasanthabalan]]'s directorial debut ''[[Album (2002 film)|Album]]'', alongside [[Shrutika]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/album/article28571639.ece|title=Album|newspaper=The Hindu|date=11 October 2002|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> Rajesh acted in ''[[Leela Mahal Center]]'' (2004) and his father's ''[[Evadi Gola Vaadidhi]]'' (2005); both were successful.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/100days-evadigolavadidi.html|title=Evadi Gola Vadidi - 100 days function - Telugu Cinema - Aryan Rajesh, deepika|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/back-on-track/article28360372.ece|title=Back on track|date=December 13, 2004|work=The Hindu}}</ref> He acted with his brother Allari Naresh in ''[[Nuvvante Naakishtam]]'' (2005), which was also directed by his father.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-nuvvantenakistam.html|title=Nuvvante Nakistam - Telugu cinema Review - Aryan Rajesh, Allari Naresh & Anu Mehta}}</ref> Rajesh acted in the thriller film ''[[Anumanaspadam]]'' (2007), which received positive reviews.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/anumanaspadam-review-telugu-pclwlpheebfcb.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205210846/https://www.sify.com/movies/anumanaspadam-review-telugu-pclwlpheebfcb.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 December 2021|title = Anumanaspadam is a decent fare though the first half is a big letdown and boorish|website=[[Sify]] }}</ref> After that he was seen in Cheran's ''[[Pokkisham]]'' (2009) in a small role.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/features/visitors-1/pokkisham-26-08-09.html|title=Pokkisham - Treasurable moments - Tamil Movie Column - Pokkisham Cheran Padmapriya Rajesh - Behindwoods.com|website=www.behindwoods.com}}</ref> In 2014, he returned to Tamil with a film titled ''[[Eera Veyyil]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/130610/entertainment-kollywood/article/aryan-rajesh%E2%80%99s-second-innings-k%E2%80%99town |title=Aryan Rajesh's second innings in K'town |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613181204/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/130610/entertainment-kollywood/article/aryan-rajesh%E2%80%99s-second-innings-k%E2%80%99town |archive-date=13 June 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> He became producer with his brother's ''[[Bandipotu (2015 film)|Bandipotu]]'' (2015).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150124/entertainment-tollywood/article/i-would-play-villain-aryan-rajesh|title=I would like to play a villain: Aryan Rajesh|first=suresh|last=kavirayani|date=25 January 2015|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> He played a small role in ''[[Vinaya Vidheya Rama]]'' (2019).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/120119/vinaya-vidheya-rama-movie-review-too-much-action-too-little-story.html|title=Vinaya Vidheya Rama movie review: Too much action, too little story|first=suresh|last=kavirayani|date=12 January 2019|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

==Filmography==

=== Films ===
;As actor
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
|rowspan="3"|2002 || ''[[Hai (film)|Hai]]'' || Aryan Rajesh || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||
|-
| ''[[Sontham (2002 film)|Sontham]]'' || Vamsikrishna || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Album (2002 film)|Album]]'' || Jeeva || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||Credited as Rajesh
|-
|rowspan="2"|2003 || ''[[Aadanthe Ado Type]]'' || Surya || Telugu ||
|-
| ''Sambhu'' || Sambhu || Telugu ||
|-
|2004 || ''[[Leela Mahal Center]]'' || Prabhu || Telugu ||
|-
|rowspan="3"|2005 || ''[[Evadi Gola Vaadidhi]]'' || Veera Sankar|| Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Nireekshana (2005 film)|Nireekshana]]'' || Ravindra || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Nuvvante Naakishtam]]'' || Yuvaraj || Telugu ||
|-
|2007 || ''[[Anumanaspadam]]'' || Bhavaraju Suryanarayana / Bhasu || Telugu ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|2009 || ''Romeo'' || || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Pokkisham]]'' || Mahesh || Tamil ||
|-
|2010 || ''Buridi'' || || Telugu ||
|-
|2012 || ''Balaraju Aadi Bamardi'' || Vijay || Telugu ||
|-
|2014 || ''[[Eera Veyyil]]'' || Bala || Tamil ||
|-
|2015 || ''[[Bandipotu (2015 film)|Bandipotu]]''|| Businessman ||Telugu || Cameo and also producer
|-
|2019 ||''[[Vinaya Vidheya Rama]]''|| Sekhar ||Telugu||
|-
|2023
|''[[Spy (2023 film)|Spy]]''
| Subhash Vardhan
|Telugu
|
|-
|}

;As producer
*''[[Bandipotu (2015 film)|Bandipotu]]'' (2015)

== Web series ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Platform !! Notes
|-
|2019
|''[[Ekkadiki Ee Parugu]]''
|Investigating Officer
|[[ZEE5]]
|Season 1&2 <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uniindia.com/zee5-set-to-launch-eddadiki-ee-parugu-from-jan-8/States/news/1458814.html|title=ZEE5 set to launch 'Eddadiki Ee Parugu' from Jan 8|date=5 Jan 2019|website=uniindia.com|access-date=5 July 2019}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|[[Hello World (web series)|''Hello World'']]
|Raghav
|[[ZEE5]]
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=2331736|name=Aryan Rajesh}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajesh, Aryan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Zafar Khan Ghazi Mosque and Dargah

2026-01-10T10:38:35Z

Mpsep15: Adding New Stub!

{{Short description|Monument in West Bengal, India}}
{{Infobox religious building
| building_name = Mosque and Dargah of Zafar Khan Ghazi
| native_name = {{lang|bn|জাফর খান গাজী মসজিদ ও দরগাহ}}
| native_name_lang = bn
| image = File:Zafar Khan Ghazi Mosque and Dargah, Tribeni 01.jpg
| caption = View of the Zafar Khan Ghazi Mosque, Tribeni
| image_upright = 1.4
| alt =
| map_type = West Bengal
| map_size = 250
| map_relief = 1
| map_caption = Location of the monument in [[West Bengal]]
| location = Zafar Khan Ghazi Mosque and Dargah, Shibpur, [[Tribeni, Hooghly|Tribeni, Hooghly District, West Bengal]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|22.979580|N|88.400985|E|region:IN-WB_type:landmark|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| religious_affiliation = [[Islam]] {{small|(former)}}
| sect =
| festivals =
| consecration_year =
| status = [[Mosque]] {{small|(former)}} [[Madrasa]] {{small|(former)}} [[Dargah]] {{small|(active)}}
| functional_status = {{ubl|'''Inactive''' {{small|(as a mosque)}};|''Partial ruinous state''}}
| heritage_designation =
| administration = [[Archaeological Survey of India]]
| website =
| architecture_type = {{nowrap|[[Mosque architecture]]}}
| architecture_style = [[Indo-Islamic architecture|Indo-Islamic]]
| founded_by =
| funded_by =
| general_contractor =
| facade_direction =
| groundbreaking =
| year_completed = {{start date and age|1298}}
| construction_cost =
| capacity =
| length = {{cvt|23.38|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| width = {{cvt|10.53|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| width_nave =
| dome_quantity =
| materials = [[Brick]], [[Stone]]
| module = {{Infobox historic site | embed = yes | designation1 = MANI | designation1_offname = Dargah of Zafar Khan Gazi | designation1_type = | designation1_criteria = | designation1_date = | delisted1_date = | designation1_partof = | designation1_number = N-WB-72 | designation1_free1name = | designation1_free1value = | designation1_free2name = | designation1_free2value = | designation1_free3name = | designation1_free3value = }}
}}
'''Zafar Khan Ghazi Mosque and Dargah''' ({{Langx|bn|জাফর খাঁ গাজী মসজিদ এবং দরগাহ}}), officially known as '''Dargah of Zafar Khan'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alphabetical List of Monuments - West Bengal |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_westbengal.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140623184815/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_westbengal.asp |archive-date=2014-06-23 |access-date=2025-06-10 |website=Archeological Survey of India}}</ref> ({{Langx|bn|জাফর খাঁ দরগাহ}}) is one of the earliest surviving Muslim monument in Bengal. The mosque was built by [[Zafar Khan Ghazi]], a general of [[Delhi Sultanate|Delhi]] in 1298 AD (696 AH). The tomb of Zafar Khan, built in 1315 AD (713 AH) is the earliest extant of mausoleum in eastern India.<ref>{{cite book |last=Asher |first=Catherine B. |chapter=Inventory of key monuments |editor-last=Michell |editor-first=George |title=Protection of the cultural heritage: research papers |volume=1 |series=Protection of the cultural heritage |publisher=UNESCO |year=1984 |isbn=92-3-102174-5 |page=136 |language=en |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000060439 |access-date=5 January 2026}}</ref> The mosque was built using stones from Hindu temples. The original structure was also probably used as a madrasa.<ref>{{cite web |last=Khan |first=Muhammad Hafizullah |title=Zafar Khan Ghazi Mosque and Dargah |website=Banglapedia |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bangladesh |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Zafar_Khan_Ghazi_Mosque_and_Dargah |access-date=5 January 2026}}</ref>
== History ==
The Zafar Khan Ghazi Mosque is traditionally dated to 1298 AD based on an [[Arabic language|Arabic]] inscription above the central [[mihrab]]. However, the 1298 inscription describes the building as a [[madrasa]] rather than a mosque, raising questions about its original function. The mosque's [[qibla]] wall contains several inscriptions from the 13th to early 16th centuries, some of which are not original to the structure, suggesting later modifications or reuse of materials. Architectural elements from later periods further indicate renovations over time. Another monument in Tribeni, also patronized by Zafar Khan, is similarly inscribed as a madrasa but serves as a tomb, locally believed to be Zafar Khan's burial site. An inscription dated 1313 within the tomb’s sarcophagus may refer to the mosque or a related structure as a madrasa.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Asher |first=Catherine B. |chapter=Inventory of key monuments |editor-first=George |editor-last=Michell |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000060439/PDF/060439engo.pdf.multi |title=The Islamic Heritage of Bengal |publisher=UNESCO |year=1984 |isbn=978-92-3-102174-9 |location=Paris |pages=37–140 |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|pages=135–136 }}

== Architecture ==

=== Mosque Architecture ===
The mosque, an oblong edifice measuring {{Convert|23.38|by|10.53|m|abbr=on}} externally, represents the earliest extant example of the [[brick]] and [[stone]] architectural style introduced by Muslim rulers in Bengal, supplanting the traditional Hindu method of stacking rectangular cut stones without mortar. The stones used in constructing the Mosque were repurposed from Hindu temples, indicated by the stone carving of Hindu deities present on certain blocks.<ref name="banglapedia">{{Cite Banglapedia|last=Khan|first=Muhammad Hafizullah|article=Zafar Khan Ghazi Mosque and Dargah|article-url=Zafar_Khan_Ghazi_Mosque_and_Dargah}}</ref> Over time, the original structure has undergone multiple reconstructions.

=== Tomb of Zafar Khan ===
In the eastern yard of the mosque, there are two square chambers constructed side by side. The western chamber contains the graves of Zafar Khan Ghazi and his wife, while four graves are positioned on a masonry platform in the eastern chamber. The walls of both chambers are constructed of materials, such as rectangular-shaped stone blocks, taken from older Hindu temples. The roof of the tomb is nonexistent. The northern wall has a door in the middle part of it adorned with a trefoil arch, through which both of the chambers can be accessed. The northern wall of the tomb has frames taken from Hindu temples, as evidenced by the carving of Hindu deities in it. The walls of the eastern room also have temple materials with depictions of [[Ramayana]] and [[Mahabharata]] carved in them. Similar stone sculptures also exist in the plinths of the outer face of the tomb.<ref name="banglapedia">{{Cite Banglapedia|last=Khan|first=Muhammad Hafizullah|article=Zafar Khan Ghazi Mosque and Dargah|article-url=Zafar_Khan_Ghazi_Mosque_and_Dargah}}</ref> Although, the structures do not conform to the architectural conventions of either a Hindu temple or a Muslim tomb, suggesting they were likely constructed on an ad hoc basis using extracted materials from temples.<ref>{{cite book |last=Michell |first=George |title=Protection of the cultural heritage: research papers |volume=1 |series=Protection of the cultural heritage |publisher=UNESCO |year=1984 |isbn=92-3-102174-5 |page=136 |language=en |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000060439 |access-date=5 January 2026}}</ref>
=== Inscriptions ===
One of the inscriptions at the site reads as follows:<blockquote>Zafar Khan, the lion of lions, has appeared

By conquering the towns of India in every expedition, and by restoring the decayed charitable institutions.

And he has destroyed the obdurate among infidels with his sword and spear, and lavished the treasures of his wealth in (helping) the miserable.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eaton |first=Richard M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O6QwDwAAQBAJ |title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-1760 |date=1993 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-20507-9 |pages=37–38 |language=en}}</ref></blockquote>

== Gallery ==
<gallery widths="200">
File:Zafar Khan Ghazi Masjid - Tribeni - Hooghly - 2013-05-19 7698-7701.JPG|Full view of the mosque structure
File:20210901 165625-01 Zafar Khan Gazi Mosque and Dargah.jpg|Entrance of the former mosque
File:20210901 165814-01 Zafar Khan Gazi Mosque and Dargah.jpg|Interior of the mosque
File:Back view of Dargah of Zafar Khan Gazi NKN 1961.jpg|Back view of the mosque
File:Central Mihrab - Zafar Khan Ghazi Masjid - Tribeni - Hooghly - 2013-05-19 7703.JPG|Central mihrab of the mosque
File:Dargah of Zafar Khan Gazi from right side NKN 1962.jpg|Right side view
File:Zafar Khan Ghazi Dargah - Tribeni - Hooghly - 2013-05-19 7713.JPG|Tomb complex of Zafar Khan Ghazi
File:Zafar Khan Ghazi Dargah - Tribeni - Hooghly - 2013-05-19 7665.JPG|Tomb on the road side
File:ASI Description - Zafar Khan Ghazi Masjid and Dargah Site - Tribeni - Hooghly - 2013-05-19 7667.JPG|ASI description of Zafar Khan Ghazi Mosque and Dargah
File:Stone Inscription - Western Chamber - Zafar Khan Ghazi Dargah - Tribeni - Hooghly - 2013-05-19 7692.JPG|Mosque inscription
File:Stone Inscription - Qiblah Wall - Zafar Khan Ghazi Masjid - Tribeni - Hooghly - 2013-05-19 7705.JPG|Stone inscription on the wall
File:Stone Inscription - Qiblah Wall - Zafar Khan Ghazi Masjid - Tribeni - Hooghly - 2013-05-19 7704.JPG|Stone inscription on qibla wall
File:20210901 170043-01 Zafar Khan Gazi Mosque and Dargah.jpg|Inscription on wall
File:Eastern Doorway Western Chamber - Zafar Khan Ghazi Dargah - Tribeni - Hooghly - 2013-05-19 7714.JPG|Eastern doorway of eastern chamber
File:Eastern Chamber of the Dargah of Zafar Ghan Gazi.jpg|Eastern chamber containing four graves
File:Western Chamber - Zafar Khan Ghazi Dargah - Tribeni - Hooghly - 2013-05-19 7686-7690.JPG|Western housing two graves - those of Zafar Khan Ghazi and his wife
File:Prayer - Zafar Khan Ghazi Masjid - Tribeni - Hooghly - 2013-05-19 7675.JPG|The dargah is active for visitors and pilgrims
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Lattan Mosque]]
* [[Mausoleum of Khan Jahan Ali]]
* [[Zinda Pir's Tomb Complex]]
* [[List of Monuments of National Importance in West Bengal]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category inline |Zafar Khan Ghazi Dargah}}

{{Mosques in India}}
[[Category:Bengal Sultanate mosques]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Mosque buildings with domes in India]]
[[Category:Mosque ruins in India]]
[[Category:Mosques in West Bengal]]

Arivum Anbum

2025-12-27T07:10:46Z

Mpsep15: starting new post

{{short description|2020 song short film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Arivum Anbum
| cover = Arivum Anbum.jpg
| alt =
| type =
| artist = Various
| album =
| EP =
| language = Tamil
| written =
| published =
| released = 23 April 2020
| format =
| recorded = April 2020
| studio =
| venue =
| genre =
| length = 5:23
| label = [[Think Music India]]
| writer =
| composer = [[Ghibran]]
| lyricist = [[Kamal Haasan]]
| producer = [[Raaj Kamal Films International]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| title =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
'''"Arivum Anbum"''' ({{Translation|''Knowledge and Love''}} or {{Translation|''Wisdom and Love''}})<ref name="Knowledge and Love" /><ref name="Wisdom and Love" /> is an Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language short film released on [[YouTube]] on 23 April 2020, in response to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]] which grew a lot of popularity and become a classic. The film was composed by [[Ghibran]] and the lyrics was written and the story and screenplay was written by [[Kamal Haasan]]. The film had cameos from 12 celebrities. [[Lydian Nadhaswaram]] has played the piano for the film.

The concept for "Arivum Anbum" was created and directed by Kamal Haasan and promoted by [[Think Music India]]. The song was recorded by the all artists from their homes and was later put together by Ghibran.<ref name="Wisdom and Love" />

The lyrics of this song talk about the need to use our heart and intelligence to battle the crisis. It also tells us that selfless love is the key to overcome any kind of obstacle that we face in our life.<ref name="anthem of hope" /> The video also features visuals of the mass exodus of migrant labourers from cities across the country.

== Singers ==
* [[Kamal Haasan]]
* [[Ghibran]]
* [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
* [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
* [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
* [[Bombay Jayashri]]
* [[Sid Sriram]]
* [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
* [[Shruti Haasan]]
* [[Andrea Jeremiah]]
* [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]]
* [[Mugen Rao]]

== Production ==
Music director Ghibran said, "One day, Kamal Haasan and I got talking. It was his idea to come up with an anthem about how the world would function post the coronavirus crisis. He suggested that I compose a tune and he would pen the lyrics for the same." Kamal Haasan asked two-three days time to write the lyrics but ended up giving it in just three hours.<ref name="new world and hope" />

Ghibran revealed, "We started with Kamal sir’s portion and recorded lines with other singers. The toughest part of the song lies in the chorus. I launched a talent hunt of sorts and chose 37 aspiring singers to sing the chorus. Co-ordinating with them made the whole process interesting and challenging."<ref name="new world and hope" />

== Release and reception ==
The song was released on [[Think Music India]] YouTube channel on 23 April 2020.

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="Knowledge and Love">{{Cite web |title=Kamal Haasan releases new song Arivum Anbum, states that 'knowledge and love' is the need of the hour |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kamal-haasan-releases-new-song-arivum-anbum-states-that-knowledge-and-love-is-the-need-of-the-hour/article31413543.ece |date=2020-04-23 |website=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2020-05-11}}</ref>
<ref name="Wisdom and Love">{{Cite web |title=Kamal Haasan song Arivum Anbum: A reminder that only Wisdom and Love protect human race |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/arivum-anbum-song-kamal-haasan-wisdom-love-6375526/ |date=2020-04-24 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=2020-05-11}}</ref>
<ref name="new world and hope">{{Cite web |title=Ghibran on his coronavirus anthem with Kamal Haasan: Arivum Anbum is about the new world and hope |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ghibran-on-his-coronavirus-anthem-with-kamal-haasan-arivum-anbum-is-about-the-new-world-and-hope-1670073-2020-04-23 |date=2020-04-23 |website=[[India Today]] |access-date=2020-05-11}}</ref>
<ref name="anthem of hope">{{Cite web |title=Arivum Anbum: Kamal Haasan-Ghibran's song on coronavirus is an anthem of hope |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kamal-haasan-releases-new-song-arivum-anbum-states-that-knowledge-and-love-is-the-need-of-the-hour/article31413543.ece |date=2020-04-23 |website=[[India Today]] |access-date=2020-05-11}}</ref>

</references>

== External links ==
* {{YouTube|kDUqOcvUVIQ|Arivum Anbum}}

[[Category:Songs about the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:Indian songs]]
[[Category:Songs in Tamil]]

Stephen Athipozhiyil

2025-12-24T00:52:43Z

Mpsep15: Adding New Stub!

{{Short description|Indian Latin Catholic bishop (1944–2022)}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = [[Bishop]]
| honorific-prefix = His Excellency
| name = Stephen Athipozhiyil
| honorific-suffix =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| title = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Alleppey|Former Bishop of Alleppey]]
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| church = [[Catholic Church]] ([[Latin Church]])
| archdiocese =
| province =
| metropolis =
| diocese = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Alleppey|Alleppey]]
| see =
| elected =
| appointed =
| term =
| term_start = 9 December 2001
| quashed =
| term_end = 11 October 2019
| predecessor = [[Peter Michael Chenaparampil]]
| opposed =
| successor = [[James Raphael Anaparambil]]
| other_post =
| previous_post = Coadjutor Bishop of Alleppey (2000–2001)
| ordination = 5 October 1969
| ordained_by = [[Michael Arattukulam]]
| consecration = 11 February 2001
| consecrated_by = Peter Michael Chenaparampil
| cardinal =
| created_cardinal_by =
| rank = 
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1944|05|18}}
| birth_place = Chennavely, [[British Raj]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2022|04|09|1944|05|18}}
| death_place = [[Arthunkal]], [[Kerala]], India
| buried =
| nationality =
| religion =
| residence =
| parents =
| spouse =
| children =
| occupation =
| profession =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| motto =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| coat_of_arms =
| coat_of_arms_alt = 
| other =
}}

'''Stephen Athipozhiyil''' (18 May 1944 – 9 April 2022) was an Indian [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] prelate.

Athipozhiyil was born in [[India]] and was ordained to the priesthood in 1969. He served as [[coadjutor bishop]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Alleppey|Diocese of Alleppey]] in 2001 and then as diocesan bishop from 2001 until his retirement in 2019.<ref>[http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bathi.html Catholic-Hierarchy.org.-Stephen Athipozhiyal]</ref>

Athipozhyil was a member of the Justice, Peace and Development Commission of the Kerala Catholic Bishops' Council (KCBC), chairman of the KCBC Commission for Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes/Backward ommunities and Vice Chairman of the KCBC Charismatic Commission.<ref>[https://www.ucanews.com/directory/previous/stephen-athipozhyil/2246 Diocese of Alleppey Stephen Athipozhiyil] Ucanews.com</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-rel|ca}}
{{s-bef | before=[[Peter Michael Chenaparampil]]}}
{{s-ttl | title=Bishop of Alleppey|years=2001–2019}}
{{s-aft | after=[[James Raphael Anaparambil]]}}
{{end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Athipozhiyal, Stephen}}
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Roman Catholic bishops]]
[[Category:People from Alappuzha district]]
[[Category:Catholic Charismatic Renewal]]

{{India-RC-bishop-stub}}

Vasundhara Komkali

2025-12-17T17:34:01Z

Mpsep15: Adding A Bio

{{Short description|Indian singer (1931–2015)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vasundhara Komkali
| image = The President, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam presenting Padma Shri to Smt. Vasundhara Komkali, a leading female vocalist, at an Investiture Ceremony at Rashtrapati Bhavan in New Delhi on March 29, 2006.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Vasundhara receiving Padma Shri.
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1931|5|23|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Jamshedpur]], [[Jharkhand]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2015|7|29|1931|5|23|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Dewas]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]
| restingplace = [[Dewas]]
| restingplacecoordinates = {{coord|22|57|48.6|N|76|02|44.8|E}}
| othername = Vasundhara Shrikhande
| occupation = Classical musician
| yearsactive = 1943–2015
| known for = [[Hindustani music|Hindustani]] vocals
| spouse = [[Kumar Gandharva]]
| domesticpartner =
| children = [[Kalapini Komkali]]
| parents =
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
}}

'''Vasundhara Komkali''' (1931–2015), popularly known as '''Vasundhara Tai''', was an Indian classical musician and one of the leading exponents of the [[Gwalior gharana]], an old [[Khyal]] tradition of [[Hindustani music]]. She was the wife of renowned musician, [[Kumar Gandharva]],<ref name="Business Standard report">{{cite news | url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/well-known-vocalist-vasundhara-komkali-passes-away-115073000450_1.html | title=Business Standard report | newspaper=Business Standard | date=30 July 2015 | access-date=19 December 2015| agency=Press Trust of India }}</ref> and was a recipient of the 2009 [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]].<ref name="Sangeet Natak Akademi Award">{{cite web | url=http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/awardeeslist.htm | title=Sangeet Natak Akademi Award | publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi | date=2015 | access-date=19 December 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530204253/http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/awardeeslist.htm | archive-date=30 May 2015 | url-status=dead }}</ref> The Government of India awarded her the fourth highest civilian honour of the [[Padma Shri]], in 2006, for her contributions to Indian classical music.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2015 | access-date=21 July 2015 | archive-date=15 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Biography ==
Vasundhara Komakali, née Vasundhara Shrikhande, was born on 23 May 1931 in a music loving family in [[Jamshedpur]], the largest city in the Indian state of [[Jharkhand]].<ref name="Vasundhara Komakali">{{cite web | url=http://www.itcsra.org/sra_news_views/obituary/vasundhara_komkali.html | title=Vasundhara Komakali | publisher=ITC Sangeet Research Academy | date=2015 | access-date=19 December 2015}}</ref> Her early years were in [[Kolkata]] where she met [[Kumar Gandharva]] when she was 12 years old, at the All India Music Conference and informed him of her desire to learn classical music under the renowned musician.<ref name="Padma Shri Vasundhara Komkali, Kumar Gandharva’s wife, dies">{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Padma-Shri-Vasundhara-Komkali-Kumar-Gandharvas-wife-dies/articleshow/48289085.cms | title=Padma Shri Vasundhara Komkali, Kumar Gandharva's wife, dies | newspaper=Times of India | date=31 July 2015 | access-date=19 December 2015}}</ref> Gandharva asked her to come to Mumbai but the [[World War II]] had already begun which prevented her from moving to Mumbai.<ref name="In a musical space called faith">{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/vasundhara-komkali-obituary-in-a-musical-space-called-faith/article7477943.ece | title=In a musical space called faith | newspaper=The Hindu | date=29 July 2015 | access-date=19 December 2015| last1=Ganesh | first1=Deepa }}</ref> Staying in Kolkata, she learnt music and started performing for the Kolkata station of the [[All India Radio]]. After the war, she moved to Mumbai in 1946 and started training under [[B. R. Deodhar]], a prominent vocalist and musicologist, as Gandharva could not find time to teach her during that time.<ref name="In a musical space called faith" /> Later, she returned to Gandharva for training and married the musician in 1962.<ref name="Vasundhara Komakali" />

Vasundhara performed as a vocal accompanist to Kumar Gandharva for the next thirty years<ref name="Vasundhara Komkali, the Torch-Bearer of ‘Kumar-Gayaki’">{{cite web | url=http://thewire.in/2015/09/27/vasundhara-komkali-the-torch-bearer-of-kumar-gayaki-11742/ | title=Vasundhara Komkali, the Torch-Bearer of 'Kumar-Gayaki' | publisher=The Wire | date=27 September 2015 | access-date=19 December 2015 | archive-date=20 February 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220144254/http://thewire.in/2015/09/27/vasundhara-komkali-the-torch-bearer-of-kumar-gayaki-11742/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> and took up solo performance only after the latter's death in 1992.<ref name="Vasundhara Komakali" /><ref name="Vasundhara Komkali and Kumar Gandharva: a tribute to sangeet's golden couple">{{cite web | url=http://www.catchnews.com/life-society-news/vasundhara-komkali-and-kumar-gandharva-a-tribute-to-sangeet-s-golden-couple-1438659729.html | title=Vasundhara Komkali and Kumar Gandharva: a tribute to sangeet's golden couple | publisher=Catch News | date=4 August 2015 | access-date=19 December 2015}}</ref> Adhering to the [[khyal]] tradition of the [[Gwalior gharana]] of which her guru, Deodhar was known for, she performed in various stages in India. She received the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] for Hindustani vocals in 1998.<ref name="Sangeet Natak Akademi Award" /> Six years later, the Government of India honoured her again with the civilian award of the [[Padma Shri]] in 2006.<ref name="Padma Awards" />

Vasundhara Komkali died on 29 July 2015, at the age of 84, following a cardiac arrest, at her residence in [[Dewas]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]]<ref name="Vocalist Vasundhara Komkali passes away">{{cite web | url=http://gulfnews.com/life-style/celebrity/desi-news/bollywood/vocalist-vasundhara-komkali-passes-away-1.1559099 | title=Vocalist Vasundhara Komkali passes away | publisher=Gulf News | date=31 July 2015 | access-date=19 December 2015}}</ref> and her last rites were performed in Dewas.<ref name="News 18 report">{{cite web | url=http://www.news18.com/news/madhya-pradesh/renowned-vocalist-vasundhara-komkali-passes-away-778477.html | title=News 18 report | publisher=News 18 | date=30 July 2015 | access-date=19 December 2015}}</ref><ref name="Indian Express report">{{cite news | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/well-known-vocalist-vasundhara-komkali-passes-away/ | title=Well known vocalist Vasundhara Komkali passes away | newspaper=Indian Express | agency=PTI | date=30 July 2015 | access-date=31 May 2025}}</ref> Her daughter, [[Kalapini Komkali]], is a noted vocalist of Hindustani music.<ref name="Jagaran Josh report">{{cite web | url=http://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/eminent-vocalist-vasundhara-komkali-died-1438225562-1 | title=Jagaran Josh report | publisher=Jagaran Josh | date=30 July 2015 | access-date=19 December 2015}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Hindustani music]]
* [[Kumar Gandharva]]
* [[Gwalior gharana]]
* [[B. R. Deodhar]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal|India|Music}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EHy0r12mfcA | title=Kumar Gandharva & Vidushi Vasundhara Komkali - Nirguni Bhajan - Nirbhay nirgun gun re gaunga | publisher=Uday Mohole | work=[[YouTube]] video | date=18 July 2011 | access-date=19 December 2015}}
* {{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JxAiKkap8CQ | title=Vasundhara Komkali and daughter Kalapini Komkali's Saha Gaan | publisher=Ecothingy's Channel | work=[[YouTube]] video | date=13 November 2011 | access-date=19 December 2015}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Komkali, Vasundhara}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Jamshedpur]]
[[Category:Singers from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Indian women classical musicians]]
[[Category:Women Hindustani musicians]]
[[Category:Hindustani singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Khyal singers]]

Orissa famine of 1866

2025-12-17T11:20:45Z

Mpsep15: basic cleanup lead as per guidelines and improved wording

{{Short description|One of the biggest famines in India}}
{{Infobox famine
| name = Odisha famine of 1866
| native_name = Na'Anka Durbhikshya ନ'ଅଙ୍କ ଦୁର୍ଭିକ୍ଷ
| image = 1907-bengal-sikkim3.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = A 1907 map of Odisha, now Odisha, shown as the southwestern region of Bengal Province. Coastal Balasore district was one of the worst-hit areas in the Odisha famine of 1866.
| country = India
| location = Odisha 
| coordinates = {{coord|20.398464|84.402366}}
| period = 1866-1868
| excess_mortality = 
| from_disease = 
| total_deaths = 4-5 million
| death_rate = 
| refugees = 
| theory = 
| relief = INR 9,500,000 
| demographics = Approximately 33% of the population died 
| consequences = The famine also served to awaken Indians about the effects of British Raj.
| memorial = 
| preceded = [[Guntur famine of 1832]]| succeeded = The Great Indian famine of 1876
|causes=Drought|net_food_imports=40,000 tons of Food grains}}

The '''Orissa famine of 1866''' affected the east coast of India from [[Madras]] northwards, an area covering 180,000 miles and containing a population of 47,500,000;<ref>[https://www.iias.asia/sites/iias/files/nwl_article/2019-05/IIAS_NL52_14.pdf "The Orissa famine of 1866"], by Ganeswar Nayak (PDF)</ref> the impact of the famine, however, was greatest in the region of Orissa, now [[Odisha]], which at that time was quite isolated from the rest of India.<ref name=igi-3-486>{{Harvnb|Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. III|1907|p=486}}</ref> In Odisha, the total number of deaths as a result of the famine was at least a million, roughly one third of the population.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mohanty |first=Bidyut |title=A haunting tragedy : gender, caste and class in the 1866 famine of Orissa |date=2022 |isbn=978-1-000-50673-0 |location=Abingdon, Oxon |oclc=1266644011}}</ref><ref name=Dinyar>{{cite news|last1=Patel|first1=Dinyar|title=Viewpoint: How British let one million Indians die in famine|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-36339524|access-date=10 June 2016|work=[[BBC News]]|date=10 June 2016}}</ref>

==Causes==
Like all Indian famines of the 19th century, the Orissa famine was preceded by a drought. The population of the region depended on the rice crop of the winter season for their sustenance. However, the monsoon of 1865 was poor and stopped earlier than expected.<ref name=igi-3-486/> In addition, the Bengal Board of Revenue made incorrect estimates of the number of people who would need help and was misled by fictitious price lists. Consequently, as the food reserves began to dwindle, the gravity of the situation was not grasped until the end of May 1866, and by then the monsoons had set in.<ref name=igi-3-486/>

==Course and relief==
Efforts to ship food to the isolated province were hampered by bad weather, and when some shipments did reach the coast of Odisha, they could still not be moved inland. The British Indian government imported some 10,000 tons of rice, which reached the affected population only in September.<ref name=igi-3-486/> Although many people died of starvation, more were killed by cholera before the monsoons and by malaria afterwards. In Odisha alone, at least 1 million people, a third of the population, died in 1866, and overall in the region approximately 4 to 5 million died in the two-year period.<ref name=igi-3-486/>

The heavy rains of 1866 also caused floods which destroyed the rice-crop in low-lying regions. Consequently, in the following year, another shortfall was expected, and the Government of British India imported approximately 40,000 tons of rice at four times the usual price.<ref name=igi-3-486/> However, this time they overestimated the need, and only half the rice was used by the time the summer monsoon of 1867. This was followed by a plentiful harvest and this marked the end of the famine in 1868. In the two years of the famine, the Government of British India spent approximately Rs.9,500,000 on famine relief for 35 million units (''i.e.'' one person per day); a large proportion of the cost, however, was the high price of the imported grain.<ref name=igi-3-486/>

==Effects of drought==
Lessons learnt from this famine by the British rulers included "the importance of developing an adequate network of communications" and "the need to anticipate disaster".<ref>Hugh Tinker, ''South Asia: A Short History'', University of Hawaii Press, 1990. 2nd edition. p. 113</ref> [[Indian Famine Codes]] were slowly developed which were "designed to be put into place as soon as a failure of the monsoon, or other warning-signal, indicated a probable shortage".<ref>Hugh Tinker, ''South Asia: A Short History'', University of Hawaii Press, 1990. 2nd edition. pp. 113-114</ref> One early success of this new approach was seen in the [[Bihar famine of 1873-74]] when the famine relief under [[Sir Richard Temple, 1st Baronet|Sir Richard Temple]] resulted in the avoidance of almost all mortality.<ref>Hall-Matthews, David (1996), "Historical Roots of Famine Relief Paradigms: Ideas on Dependency and Free Trade in India in the 1870s", Disasters 20 (3): 216–230</ref>

The famine commission's report highlighted the absence of transportation infrastructure in the Orissa deltas. In order to alleviate the effects of a future famine, the British Raj built the Orissa Coast Canal (now Odisha Coast Canal), a 124 km segment of the East Coast Canal, stretching north from Charbatia to Rasulpur, the border of West Bengal. Construction of the canal started during 1880 and the canal was fully opened for traffic in 1888.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Restoring the Odisha East Coast Canal
|publisher=Institute of Historic Building Conservation |location=Tisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom |url=https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Restoring_the_Odisha_East_Coast_Canal}}</ref>

The famine also served to awaken educated Indians about the effect that British rule was having on India. The fact that during the Orissa famine, India exported more than 200 million pounds of rice to [[United Kingdom|Great Britain]] even when more than one million succumbed to famine outraged Indian nationalists. [[Dadabhai Naoroji]] used this as evidence to develop the Drain Theory, the idea that Britain was enriching itself by "sucking the lifeblood out of India".<ref name=Dinyar/>

==See also==
*[[Timeline of major famines in India during British rule (1765 to 1947)]]
*[[Famines, Epidemics, and Public Health in the British Raj]]
*[[Company rule in India]]
*[[Famine in India]]
*[[Drought in India]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==References==
*{{Citation | last = Ambirajan | first = S. | title = Malthusian Population Theory and Indian Famine Policy in the Nineteenth Century | year = 1976 | journal = Population Studies | volume = 30 | issue = 1 | pages = 5–14 |doi=10.2307/2173660 | jstor = 2173660 | pmid = 11630514}}
*{{Citation | last1 = Arnold | first1 = David | last2 = Moore | first2 = R. I. | title = Famine: Social Crisis and Historical Change (New Perspectives on the Past) | year = 1991 | publisher = Wiley-Blackwell. Pp. 164 | isbn = 0-631-15119-2}}
*{{Citation | last = Bhatia | first = B. M. | title = Famines in India: A Study in Some Aspects of the Economic History of India With Special Reference to Food Problem, 1860–1990 | year = 1991 | publisher = Stosius Inc/Advent Books Division | isbn = 81-220-0211-0}}
*{{Citation | last = Dutt | first = Romesh Chunder | title = Open Letters to Lord Curzon on Famines and Land Assessments in India | orig-year=1900 |year=2005 |location=London |publisher=Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. Ltd (reprinted by Adamant Media Corporation) |isbn=1-4021-5115-2}}
*{{Citation |title=The great Orissa famine 1866 = Na'Anka Durbhikshya |date=2017 |others=Anil Dhir, Ramesh Chandra Mohapatra, Pipli Sanskrutika Parishad, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology |isbn=978-81-903813-3-8 |location=Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India |oclc=1019664693}}
*{{Citation | last = Dyson | first = Tim | year = 1991 | title = On the Demography of South Asian Famines: Part I | journal = Population Studies | volume = 45 | issue = 1 | pages = 5–25 |jstor=2174991 | doi=10.1080/0032472031000145056
}}
*{{Citation | last = Dyson | first = Tim | year = 1991 | title = On the Demography of South Asian Famines: Part II | journal = Population Studies | volume = 45 | issue = 2 | pages = 279–297 |jstor=2174784 | doi=10.1080/0032472031000145446 | pmid = 11622922
}}
*{{Citation | editor-last = Dyson | editor-first = Time | title = India's Historical Demography: Studies in Famine, Disease and Society | year = 1989 |location=Riverdale, MD |publisher=The Riverdale Company. Pp. ix, 296}}
*{{Citation | last = Ghose | first = Ajit Kumar | title = Food Supply and Starvation: A Study of Famines with Reference to the Indian Subcontinent | year = 1982 | journal = Oxford Economic Papers |series=New Series | volume = 34 | issue = 2 | pages = 368–389 | doi = 10.1093/oxfordjournals.oep.a041557 |jstor=2662775 | pmid = 11620403 }}
*{{Citation | last = Government of India | year = 1867 | title = Report of the Commissioners Appointed to Enquire into the Famine in Bengal and Orissa in 1866, Volumes I, II | publisher = Calcutta}}
*{{Citation | last = Government of India | year = 1880 | title = Report of the Indian Famine Commission, Part I | publisher = Calcutta}}
*{{Citation | last = Grada | first = Oscar O. | title = Markets and famines: A simple test with Indian data | journal = Economics Letters | volume = 57 | year = 1997 | issue = 2 | pages = 241–244 |doi=10.1016/S0165-1765(97)00228-0 }}
*{{Citation | last = Hall-Matthews | first = David | title = Historical Roots of Famine Relief Paradigms: Ideas on Dependency and Free Trade in India in the 1870s | journal = Disasters | year = 1996 | volume = 20 | issue = 3 | pages = 216–230 | doi = 10.1111/j.1467-7717.1996.tb01035.x| pmid = 8854458 }}
*{{Citation | last = Hardiman | first = David | title = Usuary, Dearth and Famine in Western India | year = 1996 | journal = Past and Present |issue=152 | pages = 113–156 |doi=10.1093/past/152.1.113 }}
*{{Citation | last = Hill | first = Christopher V. | title = Philosophy and Reality in Riparian South Asia: British Famine Policy and Migration in Colonial North India | journal = Modern Asian Studies | volume = 25 | issue = 2 | year = 1991 | pages = 263–279 |jstor=312512 | doi=10.1017/s0026749x00010672| s2cid = 144560088 }}
*{{Citation |last=Houston |first=Gail Turley |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9780429198076/hunger-famine-long-nineteenth-century-gail-turley-houston |title=Hunger and Famine in the Long Nineteenth Century |date=2022-05-20 |publisher=Routledge |chapter=Chapters 36 to 80 |isbn=978-0-429-19807-6 |location=London |doi=10.4324/9780429198076|s2cid=247871769 }}
*{{Citation | last = Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. III
| title = The Indian Empire, Economic (Chapter X: Famine, pp. 475–502 | publisher = Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. Pp. xxx, 1 map, 552. | year = 1907}}
*{{Citation | last = Klein | first = Ira | title = Death in India, 1871-1921 | journal = The Journal of Asian Studies | volume = 32 | issue = 4 | year = 1973 | pages = 639–659 |jstor=2052814 | doi=10.2307/2052814| pmid = 11614702 | s2cid = 41985737 }}
*{{Citation | last = McAlpin | first = Michelle B. | title = Famines, Epidemics, and Population Growth: The Case of India | year = 1983 | journal = Journal of Interdisciplinary History | volume = 14 | issue = 2 | pages = 351–366 |jstor=203709 | doi=10.2307/203709}}
*{{Citation | last = McAlpin | first = Michelle B. | title = Dearth, Famine, and Risk: The Changing Impact of Crop Failures in Western India, 1870–1920 | year = 1979 | journal = The Journal of Economic History | volume = 39 | issue = 1 | pages = 143–157 |jstor=2118916 | doi=10.1017/S0022050700096352| s2cid = 130101022 }}
*{{Citation |last=Mohanty |first=Bidyut |title=A haunting tragedy : gender, caste and class in the 1866 famine of Orissa |date=2022 |isbn=978-1-000-50673-0 |location=Abingdon, Oxon |oclc=1266644011}}
*{{Citation |last1=Mishra |first1=Vimal |last2=Aadhar |first2=Saran |date=2021-12-01 |title=Famines and likelihood of consecutive megadroughts in India |journal=npj Climate and Atmospheric Science |language=en |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=1–12 |article-number=59 |doi=10.1038/s41612-021-00219-1 |s2cid=244742778 |issn=2397-3722|doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Mohanty |first=Manoranjan |year=2017 |title=The Great Odisha Famine of 1866: Lessons for the 21st Century |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0049085717728002 |journal=Social Change |language=en |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=608–619 |doi=10.1177/0049085717728002 |s2cid=148960588 |issn=0049-0857|url-access=subscription }}
*{{Citation | last = Owen | first = Nicholas | title = The British Left and India: Metropolitan Anti-Imperialism, 1885–1947 (Oxford Historical Monographs) | year = 2008 |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press. Pp. 300 | isbn = 978-0-19-923301-4}}
*{{Citation |last=Patnalk |first=Gorachand |title=The famine and some aspects of the British economic policy in Orissa 1866 1905 |year=1974 |location=Utkal University |hdl=10603/281603 }}
*{{Citation |last=Samal |first=J. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NO4xIxxt0kYC&dq=orissa+famine&pg=PA25 |title=Economic History of Orissa, 1866-1912 |date=1990 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-218-9 |language=en}}
*{{Citation | last = Sen | first = A. K. | author-link = Amartya Sen | title = Starvation and Exchange Entitlements: A General Approach and its Application to the Great Bengal Famine | year = 1977 | volume = 1 | issue = 1 | pages = 33–59 | journal = Cambridge Journal of Economics | doi = 10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a035349 | url = http://cje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pdf_extract/1/1/33 | access-date = 2010-03-12 | archive-date = 2013-04-15 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20130415152100/http://cje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pdf_extract/1/1/33 | url-status = dead | url-access = subscription }}
*{{Citation |last=Stone |first=Ian |title=Canal Irrigation in British India: Perspectives on Technological Change in a Peasant Economy |series=Cambridge South Asian Studies |date=25 July 2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge and London |isbn=0-521-52663-9 }}
*{{Citation |last=Tinker |first=Hugh |title=South Asia: A Short History |date=January 1990 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=0-8248-1287-5 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/southasiashorthi0000tink }}

{{Famine in India}}

[[Category:1866 disasters]]
[[Category:1860s disasters in Asia]]
[[Category:19th-century disasters in India]]
[[Category:1860s famines]]
[[Category:19th-century droughts]]
[[Category:1866 in British India]]
[[Category:19th century in Odisha]]
[[Category:Famines in British India]]
[[Category:Famines in India]]
[[Category:Disasters in Odisha]]

Neem Ka Ped

2025-12-10T08:26:26Z

Mpsep15: Starting A Data

{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Neem Ka Ped.jpeg
| caption =
| genre = [[Drama]]
| runtime = 25 minutes
| country = India
| producer = [[Nawman Malik]]
| director = [[Gurbir Singh Grewal]]
| writer = [[Rahi Masoom Raza]]
| starring = [[Pankaj Kapoor]], [[Arun Bali]]
| language = Hindi
| channel = [[DD National]]
| first_aired = {{start date|1991}}
}}

'''''Neem Ka Ped''''' is an Indian television drama-series that was edited and directed by [[Gurbir Singh Grewal]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/From-books-to-TV-serials/articleshow/6175689.cms|title=From books to TV serials - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=16 July 2010 |access-date=2016-07-09}}</ref> and produced by [[Nawman Malik]]. It was written by Dr. [[Rahi Masoom Raza]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=588IBgAAQBAJ|title=राही मासूम रज़ा और उनके औपन्यासिक पात्र|last=द्विवेदी|first=राकेश नारायण|isbn=9788190891257|pages=21|publisher=Rakesh narayan dwivedi |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/celeb-themes/top-tv-shows/Neem-Ka-Ped/articleshow/27294378.cms|title=Neem Ka Ped: Written by Dr. Rahi Masoom Raza and directed by Gurbir Singh Grewal, Neem Ka Ped was the story of a bonded labourer Budhai Ram, played by Pankaj Kapoor, who portrayed the plight of a landless labourer in pre and post independent India.|website=photogallery.indiatimes.com|access-date=2016-06-09}}</ref>

Actor [[Pankaj Kapur]] played bonded labourer "Budhai Ram" who lives in a village with a Muslim ''[[Zamindar]]'' (landlord).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vi-qBQAAQBAJ&q=%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%2580%25E0%25A4%25AE%2520%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A4%25BE%2520%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%25A1%25E0%25A4%25BC%2520%25E0%25A4%25A7%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B9%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%2595&pg=PA111|title=Patrkaarita Evam Jansanchaar|publisher=Upkar Prakashan|isbn=9788174829863|page=111|language=hi}}</ref> The title song for this serial was written by lyricist-poet [[Nida Fazli]] and sung by [[Jagjit Singh (singer)|Jagjit Singh]] called ''Muh Ki Baat Suney Har Koi...''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/noted-lyricist-nida-fazli-passes-away/|title=Noted lyricist Nida Fazli passes away|date=2016-02-08|website=Indian Express|access-date=2016-07-09}}</ref>

The show was cherished by speakers of [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]] for using their dialect, along with Hindi-Urdu, in its dialogues.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/delhi-times/Karamchands-katha/articleshow/1263805.cms|title=Karamchand's katha - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=15 October 2005 |access-date=2016-07-09}}</ref>

''Neem Ka Ped'' first aired in 1991 on the Indian state television channel DD Lucknow, which is owned and operated by [[Doordarshan]] national network.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ddlucknow.com/Static/Milestones.aspx|title=Doordarshan Lucknow|website=www.ddlucknow.com|access-date=2016-07-09}}</ref>

==Making==
The serial is based on a short story by Vilayat Jafri, who was the station director in Doordarshan Lucknow.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pressreader.com/india/hindustan-times-lucknow/20151126/281663958922395|title=Hindustan Times|via=PressReader|access-date=2016-07-09}}</ref> He handed over the story to Dr. Rahi Masoom Raza who developed it into a full-fledged TV series. Dr. Rahi Masoom Reza died in 1992. Till that time he had penned 26 episodes of the series. Later the series when approved for Doordarshan's National Network, the serial was completed in 58 episodes by Vilayat Jafri and his name appeared as additional writer in the credits. All episodes of the serial were shot in the village known as tiyari which is in the district of [[Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh]].

Based on the series, the story was turned into a book titled ''Neem Ka Ped'' as well.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pustak.org/index.php/books/bookdetails/2478/Neem+ka+Ped|title=नीम का पेड़ - राही मासूम रजा Neem ka Ped - Hindi book by - Rahi Masoom Raza|website=pustak.org|access-date=2016-07-09}}</ref>

==Plot==
''Neem Ka Ped'' tells the story of a "''asami''" (tenant/serf labourer) and his landlord. The story starts in pre-independent India and ends in post-independent India, showing the vagaries of both the feudal and democratic systems in India with its darker side. The main protagonist is a landless labourer Budhai Ram (Pankaj Kapoor), who is very faithful and obedient to his master (landlord Zaamin Miya played by Arun Bali), and dreams only of making his only son Sukhi Ram an educated person. Fortunes dwindle in landlord's home and he is sentenced to jail for murder of an upcoming politician because of manipulations of his cousin (Muslim Miya, played by S.M. Zaheer), who is also a politician and landlord but nurses a grudge against Zaamin Miya.

After independence, Sukhi Ram becomes a [[Member of parliament|Member of Parliament]] (MP), and the son of landlord (Zaamin Miya) his trusted aide and advisor, but as the saying goes - power corrupts. The son of labourer who has now became an M.P. gets corrupt and selfish, and in that, he is destroyed.

Budhai Ram had planted a neem tree when his son was born. The tree and his son both flourish, and the tree is used as a metaphor in the show, for the ups and downs in Budhai's life.

==Cast==
* [[Pankaj Kapur]] as Budhai Ram
* [[Arun Bali]] as Zaamin Miyan
* [[S. M. Zaheer]] as Muslim Miya
* [[Vijay Mishra]] as Pankaj
* [[Preeti Khare]] as Chitra
* [[Vijay Vastava]] as Anand
* [[V. N. Mishra]] as Manohar
* [[Surendra Sharma]] as Sunil
* [[Sakshi Tanwar]] as Gayatri

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5868064/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1 Neem Ka Ped] on IMDb

[[Category:Television shows based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:DD National original programming]]
[[Category:1991 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Television shows about landlords]]

2001–06 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-elections

2025-11-27T13:21:16Z

Mpsep15:

{{Short description|2001–2006 Indian States elections}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2020}}
{{missing information|2003-05 bye polls|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2001–2006 Tamil Nadu assembly by-elections
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 1996–2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-elections
| previous_year = 1996-2001
| next_election = 2006–11 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-elections
| next_year = 2006-11
| election_date = 21 February – 31 May 2002; 26 February 2003 (needed to include February 26, 2003, May 10, 2004, May 14, 2005)
| seats_for_election = 5 vacant seats in the [[Legislature of Tamil Nadu]]
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=M. Karunanidhi .jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=5}}
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=J Jayalalithaa.jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=5}}
| leader1 = [[J. Jayalalithaa]]
| leaders_seat1 = [[Andipatti Assembly constituency|Andipatti]]
| party1 = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| alliance1 = N/A
| seats1 = 5
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 4
| popular_vote1 = 219,906
| percentage1 = 53.5%
| swing1 =
| leader2 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| party2 = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| alliance2 = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] (2001-03) [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]] (2004-06)
| leaders_seat2 = [[Chepauk Assembly constituency|Chepauk]]
| seats2 = 0
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}} 3
| popular_vote2 = 212,100
| percentage2 = 35.5%
| swing2 =
| image3 =
| leader3 =
| leaders_seat3 =
| party3 =
| alliance3 =
| seats3 =
| seat_change3 =
| popular_vote3 =
| percentage3 =
| swing3 =
| map_image =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| title = [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister]]
| posttitle = [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister]]
| before_election = [[O. Panneerselvam]]
| before_party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| after_election = [[J. Jayalalithaa]]
| after_party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
}}
'''By-elections''' to [[Andipatti Assembly constituency|Andipatti]] constituency was held in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]], on 21 February 2002. Three state assembly constituencies, [[Saidapet Assembly constituency|Saidapet]], [[Vaniyambadi Assembly constituency|Vaniyambadi]], and [[Acharapakkam Assembly constituency|Acharapakkam]] were held on 31 May 2002. In 2003, by-election in [[Sathankulam Assembly constituency|Sathankulam]] was held on 26 February 2003. During this by-election, the DMK and all the other major parties supported the Congress candidate, while only BJP supported the AIADMK candidate. This election came after the support of the Anti-conversion bill by AIADMK general secretary, Jayalalithaa and increasing tension between DMK and BJP due to the passage of the bill. The AIADMK win in Sathankulam was significant, since it completes the AIADMK sweep in by-elections after its victory in 2001. Also the anti-conversion bill was not an important factor in the congress-bastion Sathankulam, whose electorate consists of a large percentage of minorities.<ref>{{cite web|first=T N|last=Gopalan |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/oldStory/19601/ |title=Amma in firm control |work=The Indian Express|date=2003-03-06 |access-date=2012-09-21}}</ref>

Despite attempts by the opposition to delay the Andipatti by-election, due to alleged voter list irregularities, the [[Election Commission of India]] decided to have the vacant seat in Andipatti, early in February and push off the other three vacant seats, in May.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2002/01/21/stories/2002012101720400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105080527/http://www.hindu.com/2002/01/21/stories/2002012101720400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-11-05 |title=EC decision incorrect, says Chidambaram |date=2002-01-21 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2012-09-21}}</ref> Andipatti seat was made vacant by the resignation of [[Thanga Tamil Selvan]] to facilitate the election of [[J. Jayalalithaa]], who had her corruption charges cleared in late December in 2001. Despite the fact that she could not participate in the 2001 General Elections due to her 4 nominations being disqualified, she was sworn-into office. After being released from the case, she contested this election and became Chief minister in March 2002.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1903/19030390.htm |title=Friendless in Andipatti |work=The Hindu|date=2001-12-04 |access-date=2012-09-21}}</ref>

As AIADMK had won 132 seats in [[2001 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2001 State assembly election]], even with the breakup of its previous alliance with [[Tamil Maanila Congress]] (TMC), [[Indian National Congress]] (INC), [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI), [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPIM) and [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]] (PMK), it would have still continued to stay in power, regardless of the results in the by-election. But since Jayalalithaa was legally not allowed to run for an MLA seat in 2001, she made the decision to run for an MLA seat before swearing in as Chief Minister.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1905/19050200.htm |title=Welcome to Frontline : Vol. 29 :: No. 19 |publisher=Hinduonnet.com |access-date=2012-09-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050904085718/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1905/19050200.htm |archive-date=2005-09-04 |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

The Andipatti victory, in late February, paved way for Jayalalithaa to swear in as Chief Minister. The party also swept the by-election in late May. The PMK lost an anticipated victory in Acharappakam, a constituency with a high percentage of [[Vanniyar]]s electorates. It was observed that the [[Dalit]] vote base coupled with the popularity of Jayalalithaa led to the defeat, allowing AIADMK to wrest this seat from the PMK.

==Alliances==
Due to reported frustrations with [[J. Jayalalithaa]], almost all of her allies from 2001 election, left the AIADMK alliance and started their own third front. The Third Front consisted of CPM, CPI, [[Indian National League]] (INL), TMC and INC. AIADMK, which was supported by 196 MLAs in 2001, shrunk to 132 seats, with 64 MLAs leaving the alliance. Only 117 seats are required for a party to form a Government. The [[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]], who backed AIADMK in 2001, backed the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK), in this by-election, which was part of the [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA).

==Results==
'''After Sathankulam by-election in 2003:'''
{| class="wikitable" style="font-weight: bold; font-size: x-small; font-family: verdana"
! style="background:#090; color:white;"|AIADMK+
! style="background:#090; color:white;"|SEATS
! style="background:#f00; color:white;"|DMK+
! style="background:#f00; color:white;"|SEATS
! style="background:#f90; color:white;"|Third Front
! style="background:#f90; color:white;"|SEATS
! style="background:gray; color:white;"|OTHERS
! style="background:gray; color:white;"|SEATS
|-
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|136 (+4)
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|30 (-1)
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPM]]
|6
|[[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|MDMK]]
|0
|-
|
|
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|19 (-1)
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|5
|[[Forward Bloc|FBL]]
|1
|-
|
|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|4
|[[Tamil Maanila Congress|TMC]]
|22
|
|
|-
|
|
|[[MGR Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|MADMK]]
|2
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|7
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|[[Indian National League|INL]]
|0 (-1)
|
|
|-
| style="background:#e6ffe6;"|TOTAL (2003)
| style="background:#e6ffe6;"|136
| style="background:#ffe6e6;"|TOTAL (2003)
| style="background:#ffe6e6;"|55
| style="background:#fff3e1;"|TOTAL (2003)
| style="background:#fff3e1;"|42
| style="background:gray;"|TOTAL (2003)
| style="background:gray;"|1
|-
| style="background:#e6ffe6;"|TOTAL (2001)
| style="background:#e6ffe6;"|196
| style="background:#ffe6e6;"|TOTAL (2001)
| style="background:#ffe6e6;"|37
| style="background:#fff3e1;"|TOTAL (2001)
| style="background:#fff3e1;"|n/a
| style="background:gray;"|TOTAL (2001)
| style="background:gray;"|1
|}
* The number on the left, in the table, represents the total number of MLAs after the by-election, and the number in parentheses represents, the seats picked up or lost due to the by-election
* The numbers presented for 2001, represents, the alliance, when the PMK and Third Front allied with the AIADMK.

==Constituents and results==
Source: Election Commission of India<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ByeElection/ByeMay2002/index.htm May 2002 by-election results]</ref>

===Andipatti===
{{Election box begin | title=2002–03 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-elections: [[Andipatti Assembly constituency|Andipatti]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[J. Jayalalithaa]]
|votes = 78,437
|percentage = 58.22%
|change = +4.44%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[Vaigai Sekar]]
|votes = 37,236
|percentage = 27.64%
|change = -4.03%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[Jayachandran (Tamil politician)|Jayachandran]]
|votes = 8,421
|percentage = 6.25%
|change = -5.94%
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 41,201
|percentage = n/a
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 134,734
|percentage = n/a
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Saidapet===
The election here became very controversial, when opposition leaders, DMK, the left and others, complained about ADMK party cadres allegedly working with the police, that resulted in taking over of polling booths. There were also complaints of voter registration fraud by the opposition. The opposition leaders appealed for an entirely new election in this constituent, which was rejected, by the ECI.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1912/19121270.htm |title=Welcome to Frontline : Vol. 29 :: No. 19 |publisher=Hinduonnet.com |access-date=2012-09-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100811132734/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1912/19121270.htm |archive-date=2010-08-11 |url-status=usurped }}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=2002–03 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-elections: [[Saidapet Assembly constituency|Saidapet]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = Radha Ravi
|votes = 65,868
|percentage = 50.9%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = Ma. Subramanian
|votes = 53,943
|percentage = 41.7%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = T. Nandagopal
|votes = 4,154
|percentage = 3.2%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = P. Subramani
|votes = 2,235
|percentage = 1.7%
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 11,925
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 129,433
|percentage = 52.2%
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|loser = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Vaniyambadi===
Source: ''[[The Hindu]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2002/06/03/stories/2002060302700400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105080558/http://www.hindu.com/2002/06/03/stories/2002060302700400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-11-05 |title=Ruling party tag helps in Vaniyambadi |date=2002-06-03 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2012-09-21}}</ref> 
{{Election box begin | title=2002–03 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-elections: [[Vaniyambadi Assembly constituency|Vaniyambadi]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = R. Vadivelu
|votes = 63,599
|percentage = 49.2%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = E.M. Anifa
|votes = 43,878
|percentage = 34.0%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National League
|candidate = Nawaz
|votes = 11,324
|percentage = 8.8%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = R. Lakshmi Kanthan
|votes = 3,191
|percentage = 2.5%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Puthiya Needhi Katchi
|candidate = S. Shakila
|votes = 1,135
|percentage = 0.9%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Loktantrik Jan Samta Party
|candidate = Abdullah Basha
|votes = 1,045
|percentage = 0.8%
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 19,721
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 129,217
|percentage = 63.7%
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|loser = Indian National League
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
* Indian National League is not a recognized party by ECI, so Nawaz was listed as an Independent, rather than under the INL banner in the election ballots.

===Acharapakkam (SC)===
{{excerpt|Acharapakkam Assembly constituency|2002 by-election}}

===Sathankulam===
Source: ECI<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ByeElection/ByeFeb2003/bye_Feb2003_ac.Sattankulam.htm |title=bye_HP_AC14 |publisher=Eci.nic.in |date=2003-02-26 |access-date=2012-09-21}}</ref> 
Election was necessitated due to death of S.S. Mani Nadar.

{{Election box begin | title=2002–03 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-elections: [[Sathankulam Assembly constituency|Sathankulam]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = L. Neelamegavarnam
|votes = 56,945
|percentage = 57.0%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = A. Mahendran
|votes = 39,453
|percentage = 39.0%
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 17,492
|percentage = 18.0%
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 100,446
|percentage = 64.8%
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|loser = Tamil Maanila Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
1. [http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/press/current/PN_15012002.pdf ECI Press Release]

==References==
<references/>
{{Tamil Nadu assembly elections|state=expanded}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-election, 2002-2003}}
[[Category:State Assembly elections in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:2000s in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:By-elections in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:2002 State Assembly elections in India]]

Nihar Mukherjee

2025-11-13T07:15:43Z

Mpsep15: Article updated with improved flow

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Nihar Mukherjee
| image = NMukherjee.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = 1920
| birth_place = [[Dhaka]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| residence = Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| death_date = 18 February 2010
| death_place = [[Kolkata]], West Bengal, India
| office = General Secretary of the [[Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)]]
| constituency =
| term = 1976–2010
| predecessor = [[Shibdas Ghosh]]
| successor = [[Provash Ghosh]]
| party = [[Socialist Unity Centre of India]]
| spouse =
| children =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}
'''Nihar Mukherjee''' (1920–2010) was an Indian politician who served as General Secretary of the [[Socialist Unity Centre of India]] .<ref name=HINDUJBE>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20040112220445/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2003/11/10/stories/2003111005160400.htm Jayalalithaa burnt in effigy]}} ''[[The Hindu]]''</ref>

== Political career ==
He was a founding member of the party in 1948 and became the General Secretary after the death of [[Shibdas Ghosh]] in 1976.<ref name="SUCI">{{Cite web |url=http://suci.in/intro/about/about.htm |title=A Brief Introduction to the Socialist Unity Centre of India |access-date=29 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080329045605/http://www.suci.in/intro/about/about.htm |archive-date=29 March 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was also the Editor-in-Chief of the ''[[Proletarian Era]]'', the official newspaper of the organization.<ref name="SUCIPE">{{Cite web |url=http://suci.in/era/era.htm |title=Proletarian Era |access-date=29 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080329050030/http://www.suci.in/era/era.htm |archive-date=29 March 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[File:NM MemorialMeeting.jpg|thumb|200px|Nihar Mukherjee Memorial Meeting held in Netaji Indoor Stadium in [[Kolkata]] on 3 March 2010]]During Mukherjee's early political career, he was a leader of the [[Anushilan Samiti]], where he came in close contact of [[Shibdas Ghosh]].<ref name="ILPS">[http://www.revleft.com/vb/nihar-mukherje-dies-t130000/index.html?s=163c96356cc6a21cdd41aa45e6362a30&p=1681348 MESSAGE OF CONDOLENCE ON THE PASSING OF COMRADE NIHAR MUKHERJEE] ''[http://www.ilps-web.com/]''</ref> He was jailed during the [[Quit India]] movement for three years.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=OBITUARY: NIHAR MUKHERJEE (1920-2010) : INSAF |url=http://www.insafbulletin.net/archives/694 |access-date=2023-05-10}}</ref> Mukherjee played a decisive role in developing united left democratic movements in [[West Bengal]]. In 1962, he was detained in jail for one year under the National Security Act.<ref name=":0" /> Nihar Mukherjee died of cardiac arrest on 18 February 2010 in Kolkata.<ref name=MM>''SUCI General Secretary Nihar Mukherjee demised, Malayala Manorama, 20 February 2010, Page 9''</ref> The party held a massive memorial meeting on 3 March 2010 to mourn the death of Nihar Mukherjee in the Netaji Indoor Stadium, [[Kolkata]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukherjee, Nihar}}
[[Category:Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist) politicians]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:2010 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian atheists]]
[[Category:Stalinism]]
[[Category:Anti-revisionists]]
[[Category:Indian political writers]]
[[Category:Anushilan Samiti]]
[[Category:1920 births]]
[[Category:Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Indian communist writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:Indian newspaper editors]]
[[Category:Indian male journalists]]
[[Category:Journalists from West Bengal]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from Dhaka]]

{{India-politician-stub}}

Namrata Batra

2025-10-29T05:34:53Z

Mpsep15:

{{Short description|Indian wushu player}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Namrata Batra
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|2000|9|6}}
| birth_place = [[Indore]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India
| education = [[Master of Commerce]]
| sport = [[Wushu (sport)|Wushu]]
| event = [[Sanda (sport)|Sanda]]
| club = [[Sports Authority of India]]
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Women's [[Wushu (sport)|wushu]]}} [[File:Wushu pictogram.svg|30px]]
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[World Games]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2025 World Games|2025 Chengdu]]|[[Wushu at the 2025 World Games#Sanda|52kg]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Wushu Championships|Asian Championships]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2024 Asian Wushu Championships|2024 Macau]]|[[2024 Asian Wushu Championships#Sanda|52kg]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Sanda (sport)|Asia Cup]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[Songyuan|2025 Songyuan]]|[[Sanda (sport)|52kg]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Wushu Championships|Asian Junior Championships]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[Gumi, North Gyeongsang|2017 Gumi]]|[[Asian Wushu Championships#Girls|48kg]]}}
}}

'''Namrata Batra''' (born 6 September 2000) is an Indian [[Wushu (sport)|wushu]] player, who competes in the women's [[Sanda (sport)|sanda]] discipline. She is the first Indian to win a medal in wushu at the [[2025 World Games|World Games]], winning silver at the [[2025 World Games|2025]] edition.<ref name="NOA">{{cite news |date=18 August 2025 |title=India's Namrata Batra scripts history by winning country's first-ever medal in Wushu at World Games in China |url=https://www.newsonair.gov.in/indias-namrata-batra-scripts-history-by-winning-countrys-first-ever-medal-in-wushu-at-world-games-in-china/ |work=All India Radio News}}</ref><ref name="BridgeStory" />

== Early life ==
Batra was born in [[Indore]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]. Her father, Sanjay Batra, is a businessman and her mother a homemaker.<ref name="BridgeStory" /> Although her grandparents opposed it due to the attire she would have to wear,<ref>{{cite news |date=19 August 2025 |title=Wushu fighter Namrata Batra battles family resistance to make history |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/wushu-fighter-namrata-batra-battles-family-resistance-to-make-history/articleshow/123342152.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Batra's parents encouraged her to do sports as she was not interested in academic subjects.<ref name="BridgeStory" />

She started training in a traditional Indian [[Akhara|akhada]] and took up [[Wushu (sport)|wushu]] after attending a self-defence program aged 13.<ref name="BridgeStory" /> She was coached by Sonu Jatav, who encouraged her to do wushu competitively.<ref name="TOIStory">{{cite news |date=19 August 2025 |title=Namrata's success story: From akhada training to Wushu World Games glory |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/indore/namratas-success-story-from-akhada-training-to-wushu-world-games-glory/articleshow/123351015.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Career ==
Batra began competing in 2015, winning gold at her first Junior National Championships while representing the state of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. She later received the State Award from the Government of Madhya Pradesh for her contributions to the sport.<ref name="BridgeStory">{{cite news |last=Sejwal |first=Ritu |date=12 August 2025 |title=A reluctant student to World Games medallist: The Namrata Batra story |url=https://thebridge.in/wushu/reluctant-student-world-games-medallist-namrata-batra-story-54165 |work=The Bridge}}</ref>

In 2017, Batra won a silver medal in the [[Asian Wushu Championships|Junior Asian Championships]].<ref name="BridgeStory" />

Batra trained at the [[Sports Authority of India|Sports Authority of India’s]] National Centre of Excellence in Itanagar.<ref name="EBNW" />

In 2023, Batra suffered a ligament injury during the [[Asian Games]] trials and did not compete for eight months.<ref name="EBNW" /> In 2024, she returned to competing, earning a silver medal at the [[2024 Asian Wushu Championships|2024 Asian Championships]] and a bronze at the Moscow Star International Wushu Championship in 2025.<ref name="EBNW">{{cite news |last=Solanki |first=Anjali |date=16 August 2025 |title=Namrata Batra: The reluctant fighter who rose to rewrite history |url=https://ebnw.net/news/namrata-batra-the-reluctant-fighter-who-rose-to-rewrite-history/ |work=EBNW News}}</ref> At the 2025 [[World Games]], Batra won silver (defeating Lebanon's El Rassi in the quarterfinals and the Philippines' Krizan Faith Collado in the semifinals), which was India's first medal in the sport.<ref name="NOA" /><ref name="Olympics">{{cite news |date=18 August 2025 |title=World Games 2025: India's Namrata Batra wins silver in Wushu |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/world-games-2025-chengdu-india-wushu-namrata-batra-medal-report |work=Olympics.com}}</ref><ref name="TOIStory" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Batra, Namrata}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian wushu practitioners]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Indore]]
[[Category:2000 births]]
[[Category:Indian female martial artists]]

Rajendra Talak

2025-10-24T22:32:50Z

Mpsep15: brief update details to improve readability and corrected details

{{short description|Indian film director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rajendra Talak
| image = The Director, IFFI, Shri Shankar Mohan felicitating the Director, Shri Rajendra Talak, at the special presentation of the Konkani film “O Maria”, during the 42nd International Film Festival of India (IFFI-2011), in Panaji.jpg
| alt = Rajendra Talak (right) being felicitated at IFFI-2011
| caption = Talak (right) in 2011
| birth_place = [[Comba, Goa]], India
| spouse = Priyanka Bidaye
| alma_mater = [[Parvatibai Chowgule College]] ([[BSc]])
| children = 3
| occupation = Film director
| years_active = 1994–present
| known_for = {{ubl|
* ''[[O Maria]]''
* ''[[Aleesha (film)|Aleesha]]''
}}
}}

'''Rajendra Talak''' is an Indian film director. He is best known for his award-winning [[Konkani language|Konkani]] films, such as [[Aleesha (film)|''Aleesha'']] and ''[[O Maria]]''.<ref name="ToILisa2015">
{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Margaos-constructive-filmmaker/articleshow/49121139.cms |title=Margao's constructive filmmaker |last=Monteiro |first=Lisa |date=Sep 27, 2015 |website=The Times of India |access-date=2018-12-21}}</ref><ref name="ToI100day2011">
{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/O-Maria-crosses-100-day-threshold/articleshow/7811888.cms |title=O Maria crosses 100-day threshold |date=Mar 29, 2011 |website=The Times of India |access-date=2018-12-21}}</ref>

==Early life==
Talak was born in [[Comba, Goa|Comba]], [[Margao]], [[Goa]], [[India]]. He attended the Mahila Nutan and Popular High Schools in Margao and later joined [[Parvatibai Chowgule College]], from which he graduated with a bachelors of science. He was a state-ranked [[table tennis]] player, and represented his college in table tennis and [[badminton]] competitions.<ref name="ToILisa2015" />

In the 1970s, Talak was a member of [[tabla]] player Sushant Keshav Naik's music group, Mahesh Kumar & Party. The group later became part of the Gomant Vidya Niketan Kala Vibha and produced award-winning [[Marathi language|Marathi]] dramas. Talak gained experience in drama and theatre, which led to his interest in cinema. While composing the music for their play, ''Shitu'', Talak concluded that the story had potential for a film and began working in [[filmmaking]].<ref name="ToILisa2015" />

==Career==
Talak began his career with the tele-film ''Shitu'' in 1994, which was based on a child widow. Director [[Shyam Benegal]], who was invited for the film's release, praised Talak's work.<ref name="ToILisa2015" />

In 2002, Talak decided to make a film about the pollution caused by [[Mining in India#Corporate Social Responsibility Study|mining in Goa]]. After learning that Goa would host the [[International Film Festival of India]] in 2004, Talak expedited the filming and post-production of [[Aleesha (film)|''Aleesha'']]. The film premiered at the [[35th International Film Festival of India]] and won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Konkani]] at the [[52nd National Film Awards]].<ref name="ToILisa2015" /><ref name="news18.com">{{Cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/national-award-winning-filmmaker-rajendra-talak-wants-people-to-discuss-corruption-openly-on-public-platforms-712546.html |title=National Award-winning filmmaker Rajendra Talak wants people to discuss corruption openly, on public platforms |date=Sep 9, 2014 |website=News18 |access-date=2018-12-21}}</ref>

His next film was bilingual, titled ''Antarnad'' in Konkani and ''Savalee'' in [[Marathi language|Marathi]], and premiered at the [[37th International Film Festival of India|IFFI 2006]]. It won five national awards and seven state awards. He then made another bilingual film, ''Saavariyaa.com'' in 2009, about 'internet marriages' in Goa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/my-film-would-have-made-it-to-the-panorama-section-talak/640430 |title=My film would have made it to the Panorama section: Talak |website=Outlook India |access-date=2018-12-28}}</ref> His 2010 film, ''O Maria'', dealt with the loss of identity that Goa faced and was a commercial success in the state.<ref name="ToILisa2015" /><ref name="ToI100day2011" /><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/idiotbox/goa-director-s-konkani-films-to-be-screened-on-tv_100544.html |title=Goa Director's Konkani films to be screened on TV |date=2011-11-19 |website=Zee News |language=en |access-date=2018-12-21 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-konkani-cinema-for-love-not-money-1763145 |title=Konkani cinema: For love not money |last=Lobo |first=Joanna |date=Nov 11, 2012 |website=DNA India |language=en |access-date=2018-12-28}}</ref>

In 2014, Talak released the Marathi film ''A Rainy Day'', which was about corruption. It was screened at the Jagran Film Festival in [[Mumbai]] in 2014.<ref name="news18.com"/>

In 2016, Talak was appointed as the Vice-Chairman of Entertainment Society of Goa (ESG) by the [[Government of Goa]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/talak-is-new-vice-chairman-of-entertainment-society-of-goa-729049-2016-10-24 |title=Talak is new vice-chairman of Entertainment Society of Goa |date=Oct 24, 2016 |website=India Today |language=en |access-date=2018-12-21 }}</ref> Entertainment Society of Goa co-hosts the [[International Film Festival of India]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/dec/05/makers-can-screen-s-durga-at-other-fests-iffi-co-organiser-rajendra-talak-1719280.html |title=Makers can screen 'S Durga' at other fests: IFFI co-organiser Rajendra Talak |date=Dec 5, 2017 |website=The New Indian Express |access-date=2018-12-21}}</ref>

In 2019, Rajendra Talak directed the drama film ''Miranda House''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-12 |title=Konkani Film 'Miranda House' starring Milind Gunaji set to release |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/cafe/konkani-film-%E2%80%98miranda-house%E2%80%99-starring-milind-gunaji-set-to-release/141205 |access-date=2025-01-31 |website=Herald Goa |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year || Title
|-
| 1994
| ''Shitu''
|-
| 2004
| [[Aleesha (film)|''Aleesha'']]
|-
| 2006
| ''Antarnad'' ([[Konkani language|Konkani]])
|-
|2007
|''Savalee'' ([[Marathi language|Marathi]])
|-
| 2009
| ''Saavariyaa.com''
|-
| 2010
| ''[[O Maria]]''
|-
| 2014
| ''A Rainy Day''
|-
|2019
|''Miranda House''
|}

==Personal life==
Talak also runs a construction business named "Talak Constructions". He also co-founded the "Kalangan Centre for Performing Arts" in Margao, of which he has previously been the president.<ref name="ToILisa2015" /> Talak has planted trees under the [[Swachh Bharat Mission]] in his hometown of Margao. He helps in the landscaping of mini gardens in the city.<ref name="ToILisa2015" />

Talak lives in Borda, Margao, with his wife, Priyanka Bidaye (who starred in ''Aleesha'') and son Manas.<ref name="ToILisa2015" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Talak, Rajendra}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Goa]]
[[Category:Konkani-language film directors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:People from South Goa district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Badai Bungalow

2025-09-30T08:58:25Z

Mpsep15: brief cleanup lead based on references additionally and fixed typos

{{short description|Television series}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox television
| alt_name = Badai Bungalow Badai Banglavu
| image = Badai-Bungalow.jpg
| caption =
| genre = [[Talk show]] [[Television comedy|Comedy]]
| runtime = 90 mins approx.
| presenter = [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] [[Kalabhavan Navas]] [[Arya Rohit|Arya]] [[Praseetha Menon|Praseetha]]
| creator = In-House Productions
| starring = Season 1: [[Ramesh Pisharody]] [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] [[Dharmajan Bolgatty|Dharmajan]] [[Arya Rohit|Arya]] [[Manoj Guinness]] [[Praseetha Menon|Praseetha]] Season 2: Mukesh Kalabhavan Navas Arya Rohit Praseetha Manoj Guinnes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| camera = Multi-camera
| network = [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
| location = [[Kakkanad]], [[Kerala]]
| producer = Diana Silvester
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2013|10|13}}
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 235
| last_aired = {{end date|2020|1|5|df=y}}
| related = ''[[Comedy Nights with Kapil]]''
| native_name = ബഡായി ബംഗ്ലാവ്
| writer = Kalabhavan Madhu, Jayaraj Centuary, Murali Guinnes
| director = Diana Silvester
}}

'''''Badai Bungalow''''' ({{translation|''Bungalow for Boasting''}}) is an Indian [[Malayalam]] sketch comedy and celebrity talk show hosted by [[Ramesh Pisharody]], [[Mithun Ramesh]], and [[Kalabhavan Navas]] that launched on [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] from 2013. It airs every Saturday and Sunday at 8:00 PM. The second season of the show aired on every Friday at 9:30 PM.

Each episode features celebrity guests who usually appear to promote their latest films in a comedy-focussed talk show format. Several stars from Malayalam film and television industry has participated in this show. This show is inspired by ''[[Comedy Nights with Kapil]]''.

[[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] is a permanent guest in the show playing the role of Badai Bungalow's owner.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/Badai-Bungalow---Inciting-a-Laugh-Riot/2016/02/08/article3265896.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208081336/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/Badai-Bungalow---Inciting-a-Laugh-Riot/2016/02/08/article3265896.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 February 2016|title='Badai Bungalow' – Inciting a Laugh Riot|work=newindianexpress.com}}</ref> Due to high viewership, the air time was changed to every Sunday at 8:30{{nbsp}}pm.{{when|date=August 2016}} It replaced the long-running comedy series ''[[Cinemala]]''. The show ended on 3 June 2018.

The second season of the series premiered on 3 March 2019 on [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] channel.

== Controversy ==
Ramesh Pisharody's absence from the program for around a month led to a decrease in the show's popularity. The alternative host, Rajesh, falls short as a replacement for Pisharody, especially in bringing liveliness and engaging guests with humour rather than showering praise and epitomising them as beyond human which fails to ground with the Malayali audience. His absence or speculated termination was met with highly negative feedback through social media.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.metromatinee.com/news/absence-ramesh-pisharody-badai-bungalow-disappoints-audiences |title=Absence of Ramesh Pisharody in 'Badai Bungalow' disappoints audiences | Metromatinee |access-date=23 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161024024257/https://www.metromatinee.com/news/absence-ramesh-pisharody-badai-bungalow-disappoints-audiences |archive-date=24 October 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/radio-and-tv/ramesh-pisharodys-absencs-from-badai-bungalow-causes-uproar-on-social-media/article9251219.ece| title = Ramesh Pisharody's absence from 'Badai Bungalow' causes uproar on social media - The Hindu| website = [[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Though the main host of the show, Mukesh, said this was a temporary setback.

Rajesh, who was already popular as an anchor, later added a video featuring him with Mukesh, Pisharody, and Arya, clarifying this point. Later, Pisharody returned to the show, and the popularity increased again.

== Cast ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 90%;"
!width="280" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;"|Season 1
!width="250" style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;"|Season 2
|-
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|'''Main cast'''
|-
| colspan="2"|[[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] as Badai Bungalow's owner
|-
| [[Ramesh Pisharody]] as Tenant at Badai Bungalow
|[[Kalabhavan Navas]] as Tenant at Badai Bungalow

|-
| colspan="2"|[[Manoj Guinness]] as Neighbor/Regular visitor
|-
| [[Arya Rohit]] as Tenant's wife
|[[Arya Rohit]] as Arya

|-
| [[Dharmajan Bolgatty]] as Servant at Badai Bungalow
|Apsara as Tenant's wife
|-
| colspan="2"|[[Praseetha Menon]] as Ammayi (Tenant's aunt)
|-
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|'''Recurring cast'''
|-
| Veena Nair as Cheryammayi (Tenant's aunt)
|[[Anu Joseph]] as Clara
|-
| Harisree Martin as a Regular visitor
| [[Jaffar Idukki]] as Regular visitor
|-
| Nobi as Servant at Badai Bungalow
|[[Ponnamma Babu]]as Regular visitor
|-
|Devi Chandana as kunjammayi

|[[Anju Aravind]] as Mukesh's wife
|-
|Saritha.B.Nair as a Regular visitor
|Sinoj Varghese as DJ Vicky, Ammayi's Husband
|-
| [[Sethu Lakshmi]] as Regular visitor
|-
|Meera Muralidharan as Stella
|-
| [[Apsara]] as Daisy (tenants at upstairs)

|-
|Kishor as Vishnu Namboothiri (tenants at upstairs)
|-
| [[Mamukkoya]] as [[Ramji Rao Speaking|Hamzakkoya]]
|-
|Rajesh as Host (in absence of Pisharody)

| [[Mithun Ramesh]] as Tenant at Badai Bungalow
|-
|[[Lakshmi Priya]] as Ammayi (in the absence of Praseetha)

| Lakshmi Menon as Tenant's wife
|}

==Popular guests (Season 1)==
{{div col}}
;Cine Actors
*[[Dulquer Salmaan]]
*[[Hemanth Menon]]
*[[Nishan K. P. Nanaiah]]
*[[Jacob Gregory]]
*[[Shritha Sivadas]]
*[[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]]
*[[Seema (actress)|Seema]]
*[[Mohanlal]]
*[[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]]
*[[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]]
*[[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]]
*[[Kalpana (Malayalam actress)|Kalpana]]
*[[Jayaram]]
*[[Ratheesh Vegha]]
*[[Akshara Kishor]]
*[[Biju Menon]]
*[[Miya (actress)|Miya]]
*[[Shwetha Menon]]
*[[Surabhi Lakshmi]]
*[[Rima Kallingal]]
*[[Lal (actor)|Lal]]
*[[Arya (actor)]]
*[[Jayasurya]]
*[[Vinay Forrt]]
*[[Lakshmi Gopalaswamy]]
*[[Maniyanpilla Raju]]
*[[Mala Aravindan]]
*[[Govind Padmasoorya]]
*[[Muthumani]]
*[[Amala Paul]]
*[[Mamta Mohandas]]
*[[Navya Nair]]
*[[Methil Devika]]
*[[Manju Warriar]]
*[[Manoj K. Jayan]]
*[[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]]
*[[Bhavana (actress)|Bhavana]]
*[[Anusree]]
*[[Unni Mukundan]]
*[[Tovino Thomas]]
*[[Wamiqa Gabbi]]
*[[Nivin Pauly]]
*[[Abrid Shine]]
*[[Aju Varghese]]
*[[Dhyan Sreenivasan]]
*[[Vineeth Sreenivasan]]
*[[Fahadh Faasil]]
*[[Soubin Shahir]]
*[[Shamna Kasim]]
*[[Honey Rose]]
*[[Meera Nandan]]
*[[Namitha Pramod]]
*[[Narain (actor)|Narain]]
*[[Riyaz Khan]]
*[[Ashokan (actor)|Ashokan]]
*[[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]]
*[[Sibi Malayil]]
*[[Sithara (actress)|Sithara]]
*[[Kunchan (actor)]]
*[[Kavya Madhavan]]
*[[Nadia Moidu]]
*[[Roma Asrani]]
*[[Tini Tom]]
*[[Guinness Pakru]]
*[[Narayanankutty]]
*[[Janardanan]]
*[[Shivaji Guruvayoor]]
*[[Prem Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Prem Kumar]]
*[[Salim Kumar]]
*[[Harisree Ashokan]]
*[[Kalabhavan Shajohn]]
*[[Mamukkoya]]
*[[Sudheer Karamana]]
*[[Nadirshah]]
*[[Renji Panicker]]
*[[Alleppey Ashraf]]
*[[Ranjini (actress)|Ranjini]]
*[[Suresh Krishna (actor)|Suresh Krishna]]
{{div col end}}
;Music Industry
{{div col}}
*[[P. Jayachandran]]
*[[K. G. Markose]]
*[[Sayanora Philip]]
*[[Stephen Devassy]]
*[[Jyotsna Radhakrishnan]]
*[[K. S. Chithra]]
*[[Vidhu Prathap]] and Deepthi
*[[Vaikom Vijayalakshmi]]
{{div col end}}
;Serial actors
{{div col}}
*[[Sona Nair]]
*[[Roopa Sree]] and Meghna Vincent
*Rekha ratheesh and Kottayam Pradip
*[[Lishoy]] and [[Leona Lishoy]]
*Gayathri Arun
*Sonu and [[Chitra Shenoy]]
*Premi Vishwanath and [[Akshara Kishor]]
*[[Kishor Satya]] and Renu Soudhar
{{div col end}}
;Stand-up comedians
*[[Kottayam Nazeer]]
*[[Jayaraj Warrier]]

;Sports
*[[S. Sreesanth]]
*
;[[Magician (illusionist)|Magician]]
* [[Magician Samraj]]

==Popular Guests (season 2)==
{| class="wikitable"
! style="background:Green" width="90"| Episode No.
! style="background:skyBlue"| Guest(s)
! style="background:Pink" width="145"|Notes
|-
|1||[[Shane Nigam]], [[Soubin Shahir]]||[[Kumbalangi Nights]] promotion
|-
|1||[[Rajesh Hebbar]], Arun G Raghavan, Mrudula, Della, Pratheeksha, [[Dhanya Mary Varghese]], Anoop, Anoop Sivasenan||For ammayi's wedding
|-
|2||[[Nadirsha]], [[Nikhila Vimal]]||[[Mera Naam Shaji]] promotion
|-
|3||[[Kalidas Jayaram]], [[Aishwarya Lekshmi]]||[[Argentina Fans Kaattoorkadavu]] promotion
|-
|4||[[Sharreth]], [[Resul Pookutty]]||
|-
|5||[[Anusree]], [[Shamna Kasim]]||[[Madhura Raja]] promotion
|-
|6||[[Anna Rajan]], [[Appani Sarath]]||
|-
|7||[[Manju Warrier]]||
|-
|8||[[Vishnu Unnikrishnan]], [[Bibin George]]||[[Oru Yamandan Premakadha]] promotion
|-
|9||[[Sheela]]||
|-
|10||Rafi, Dhruvan, [[Sharaf U Dheen]]||Promotion of Children's park
|-
|11||Darshana Das, Rini Raj, Pradeep Chandran||Promotion of [[Karuthamuthu]]
|-
|12||[[Sabumon Abdusamad]], [[Aristo Suresh]], [[Ranjini Haridas]], [[Archana Suseelan]]||
|-
|13||[[Asha Sarath]]||promotion of [[Evidey]]
|-
|14||[[Jayaraj Warrier]], Unda pakru||
|-
|15||[[P. Jayachandran]], [[Sreekumaran Thampi]]||
|-
|16||[[Indrans]], [[Dharmajan Bolgatty]]||
|-
|17||Naveen Nazim, [[Soubin Shahir]]||promotion of Ambili
|-
|18||[[Samyuktha Menon]], [[Sudheesh]]||promotion of [[Kalki]]
|-
|19||[[Jayaram]]||Promotion of Pattabhiraman
|-
|20||[[Baiju Santhosh|Baiju]], [[Sheelu Abraham]]||
|}

== Awards ==
* [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet comedy awards 2015]] – ''Best Anchor'' – [[Ramesh Pisharody]]
*Flowers TV awards 2016–''Best Anchor'' – [[Ramesh Pisharody]]
* [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet Television Awards 2016]] – ''Golden Star of the Year'' -[[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]]
* [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet Television Awards 2016]] – ''Entertainer of the Year'' – [[Ramesh Pisharody]]
* [[Asianet (TV channel)|2nd Asianet comedy awards 2016]] – Versatile performance(TV)-[[Dharmajan]]
*[[Asianet Film Awards|19th Asianet film awards]] Multifaceted Personality of the Year -[[Mukesh (actor)]]
*Santhadevi memorial awards 2017 for Best comedy actress -[[Arya Rohit]]
*[[Asianet Comedy Awards|3rd Asianet comedy awards]] – Best Performer T.V. – [[Arya Rohit]]
* [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet Television Awards 2018]] – ''Golden Star of the Year'' -[[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]]
* [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet Television Awards 2018]] – ''Best Comedian (Non-Fiction)'' -[[Manoj Guinness]]
*3rd Anand TV film awards – ''Multifaceted Personality (TV & Films)'' – [[Ramesh Pisharody]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Asianet (TV channel) original programming]]
[[Category:Indian television talk shows]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language television shows]]
[[Category:2013 Indian television series debuts]]

224 Medium Regiment (India)

2025-08-27T18:43:52Z

Mpsep15: starting new article

{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name=224 Medium Regiment (Self Propelled)
|image=
|caption=
|dates= 1972 - present
|country={{flag icon|India}} [[India]]
|allegiance=India
|branch= [[File:Flag of Indian Army.svg|24px]] [[Indian Army]]
|type= [[File:Regiment of Artillery Insignia (India).svg|20px]] [[Artillery]]
|role=
|size= Regiment
|command_structure=
|equipment=[[ K9 Thunder|K9-Vajra T self-propelled howitzers]]

|Past Commanders=
|ceremonial_chief=
|colonel_of_the_regiment=
|notable_commanders=

|identification_symbol=224 Med Regt (SP)
|identification_symbol_label=Abbreviation

|nickname=
|patron=
|motto= Sarvatra, Izzat-O-Iqbal (Everywhere with Honour and Glory) Sarvada Sarva Pratham
|colors= Red & Navy Blue
|march=
|mascot=
|battles=
|anniversaries=
|decorations=
|battle_honours=
}}
'''224 Medium Regiment (Self Propelled)''' is part of the [[Regiment of Artillery (India)|Regiment of Artillery]] of the [[Indian Army]].
== Formation==
224 Medium Regiment was raised on 24 May 1972 as '''224 Field Regiment'''.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}} It is presently equipped with the formidable K9 Vajra-T Self Propelled gun system.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/PBNS_India/status/1618479394938572804|title=K9 Vajra- T of 224 Medium regiment, led by Lt. Prakhar Tiwari saluted President Droupadi Murmu.|date=2023-01-26}}</ref> It consists of 2241, 2242 and 2243 Medium Batteries.
[[File:K9 Vajra Republic day 2023.jpg|thumb|right| K9-Vajra 155 mm self-propelled howitzers of the regiment during the Republic Day Parade, New Delhi, 2023]]

==Operations==
{{Expand list|date=October 2023}}
*The regiment has participated in the following operations-
*[[Operation Brasstacks|Operation Trident]]
*Operation Rakshak
*Operation Meghdoot<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.harishkapadia.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/1998-Rose-1998-SIACHEN.pdf|title=The Indian Siachen Expedition Rose 1998|access-date=2023-10-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/20021202-secure-strides-750256-2002-12-01|title=Secure Strides|date=2002-12-02|access-date=2023-10-18}}</ref>
*[[Kargil War|Operation Vijay]]
*[[2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff|Operation Parakram]]
*Operation Rhino

==Achievements==
*The regiment had the honour to participate with its guns in the following -
**[[Delhi Republic Day parade|Republic Day Parade]] in 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/republic-day-2023-kartavaya-path-witnesses-prowess-of-indian-weapon-systems-101674712187077.html|title=Republic Day 2023: Kartavaya Path witnesses prowess of Indian weapon systems|date=2023-01-26|access-date=2023-10-18}}</ref>
**Army Day Parade in 2024.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}
==Motto==
The motto of the regiment is सर्वदा सर्व प्रथम (Sarvada Sarva Pratham), which translates to ''Always the First''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/photos/india/republic-day-2023--made-in-india-weapons-shown-at-the-kartavya-path-15774151-2.htm|title=Republic Day 2023, Made in India weapons shown at the Kartavya Path|date=2023-01-26|access-date=2023-10-18}}</ref>
==See also==
*[[List of regiments of the Indian Army#Artillery|List of artillery regiments of Indian Army]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{India-mil-unit-stub}}
[[Category:Artillery regiments of the Indian Army after 1947]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1972]]

Mir Ghazanfar Ali Khan

2025-07-06T13:01:52Z

Mpsep15: expanded content

{{Short description|Pakistani politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = Mir میر
| name = Ghazanfar Ali Khan
| native_name = میر غضنفر علی خان
| honorific-suffix =
| image =
| office = [[Mir of Hunza]]
| term_start = 1976
| term_end =
| office1 = 6th [[Governor of Gilgit-Baltistan]]
| term_start1 = 24 November 2015
| term_end1 = 14 September 2018
| president1 = [[Mamnoon Hussain]] [[Arif Alvi]]
| primeminister1 = [[Nawaz Sharif]] [[Shahid Khaqan Abbasi]] [[Nasirul Mulk]] (Caretaker) [[Imran Khan]]
| succeeding1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Chaudhry Muhammad Barjees Tahir]]
| successor1 = [[Raja Jalal Hussain Maqpoon]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1945|12|31|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[State of Hunza]], [[British India]] (now [[Hunza Valley]], [[Gilgit-Baltistan]], [[Pakistan]])
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| birthname = Ghazanfar Ali Khan
| nationality = [[Pakistani nationality law|Pakistani]]
| party =
| otherparty = 
| partner = 
| relations =
| children = 3
| residence = New Palace, Hunza Valley(private) [[Gilgit-Baltistan]] (Official)
| alma_mater = University of Karachi
| profession = [[Politician]]
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
| native_name_lang = ur
}}

'''Mir Ghazanfar Ali Khan''' ([[Urdu]]: '''میر غضنفر علی خان,''' born 31 December 1945) is a Pakistani politician who served as the 6th [[Governor of Gilgit-Baltistan]].

He was appointed as a governor of [[Gilgit-Baltistan]] after governor [[Barjees Tahir]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://arynews.tv/en/pm-sharif-decigovernor-pml-n/|title=PM decides to appoint Mir Ghazanfar as governor of Gilgit-Baltistan: PML-N|author=|date=20 November 2015|work=arynews.tv|accessdate=21 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thefrontierpost.com/article/354373/govt-appoints-mir-ghazanfar-as-new-governor-for-gilgit-baltistan/|title=Govt appoints Mir Ghazanfar as new Governor for Gilgit-Baltistan|author=|date=|work=thefrontierpost.com|accessdate=21 November 2015}}{{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/309375-Mir-Ghazanfar-to-be-made-new-GB-Governor|title=Mir Ghazanfar to be made new GB Governor - Pakistan - Dunya News|author=|date=14 February 2008|work=dunyanews.tv|accessdate=21 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apnironaq.com/350323-pm-appoint-mir-hunza-governor-gilgat-baltistan-news.html|title=PM to appoint Mir of Hunza as new Governor Gilgat Baltistan - In News|author=|date=|work=Apni Ronaq|accessdate=21 November 2015|archive-date=21 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121221925/http://www.apnironaq.com/350323-pm-appoint-mir-hunza-governor-gilgat-baltistan-news.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 14 September 2018, he resigned from his post.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1433035|title=Gilgit-Baltistan governor Ghazanfar Ali resigns|first=Jamil|last=Nagri|date=15 September 2018|publisher=}}</ref>
[[File:Mir of Hunza 240624.jpg|thumb|Mir [[Ghazanfar Ali Khan]] II and his wife, Rani Atiga, in his residence in Karimabad, Hunza, Pakistan. (2024)]]

== Family background ==

Mir Ghazanfar belongs to the ruling family of [[Hunza (princely state)|Hunza]]. He is the son of the last ruling [[Mir of Hunza]], [[Muhammad Jamal Khan]]. Mir Mohammad Jamal Khan was the son of Mir Ghazan II. Mohammad Jamal Khan was named Mir on 25 September 1974. When he died in 1976, his son Ghazanfar Ali Khan II became the non-sovereign head of the state in 1976. The State of Hunza was dissolved by [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]], Prime Minister of Pakistan on 25 September 1974. Thus, the title of Mir is only titular.

Mir Ghazanfar has 3 sons: Prince Salim Khan, Prince Shehryar Khan and Prince Salman Khan.

== See also ==

* [[List of current Pakistani governors]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Governor of Gilgit-Baltistan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Mir Ghazanfar Ali}}
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Pakistani Muslims]]
[[Category:Governors of Gilgit-Baltistan]]
[[Category:People from Gilgit-Baltistan]]
[[Category:Pakistan Muslim League (N) politicians]]
[[Category:People from Hunza-Nagar District]]
[[Category:People from Hunza]]
[[Category:Burusho people]]
[[Category:Government Gordon College alumni]]

{{Pakistan-politician-stub}}

Prafulla

2025-06-19T17:03:22Z

Mpsep15: new info!

'''Prafulla''' is a given name. Notable people with the name include:

*[[Prafulla Chaki]] (1888–1908), Bengali revolutionary associated with the Jugantar group
*[[Prafulla Chandra Ghosh]] (1891–1983), the first Chief Minister of West Bengal, India
*[[Prafulla Chandra Roy]], Bengali academic, a chemist and entrepreneur
*[[Prafulla Chandra Sen]] (1897–1990), Bengali Indian politician and freedom fighter
*[[Prafulla Dahanukar]] (born 1934), award-winning Indian painter
*[[Prafulla Kumar Das]], Chief Minister of Tripura state, India from 1 April to 25 July 1977
*[[Prafulla Kumar Mahanta]] (born 1952), leader of the Assam Movement, a former Chief Minister of Assam
*[[Prafulla Roy]] (1934–2025), Indian writer
*[[Prafulla Kumar Sen]], Indian revolutionary and philosopher

==See also==
*[[Acharya Prafulla Chandra College]], co-educational Government sponsored degree college in West Bengal
*[[Acharya Prafulla Chandra Ray Polytechnic|Acharya Prafulla ChandrDJ Ray Polytechnic]], technical school in the city of Kolkata, West Bengal

{{given name}}
[[Dj]]''''''''''

M. Jairam

2025-04-04T01:13:26Z

Mpsep15: further added lead per standard format additionally and improved wording

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 1937)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2016}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = M. Jairam
| image =
| country =
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1937|9|18|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Madras]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| batting =
| bowling =
| role =

| club1 =
| year1 =
| clubnumber1 =
| club2 =
| year2 =
| clubnumber2 =

| date = 17 April 2016
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/29894.html ESPNcricinfo
}}
'''M. Jairam''' (born 18 September 1937) is an Indian former [[cricket]]er. He played [[first-class cricket]] for [[Andhra cricket team|Andhra]] and [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]] between 1954 and 1971.<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/29894.html |title=M. Jairam |access-date=17 April 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> Playing for Hyderabad, he took the most wickets in the [[1964–65 Ranji Trophy]], with 34 dismissals in the tournament.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ranji Trophy, 1964/65 / Records / Most wickets|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_1964-65/Bowling_by_Wickets.html|access-date=14 November 2014}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Hyderabad cricketers]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cricinfo|ref=ci/content/player/29894.html}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jairam, M}}
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Andhra cricketers]]
[[Category:Hyderabad cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Chennai]]

{{India-cricket-bio-1930s-stub}}

Chitrangada Mori

2025-02-27T17:46:11Z

Mpsep15: rework layout per sources and updated info

{{Short description|Ruler of the Mori Kingdom in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Chitrangada Mori
| image_size =
| reign = 7th century
| religion = [[Hindu]]ism
| dynasty = [[Mori Kingdom]]
}}
[[File:Chittorgarh fort.JPG|thumb|Chittorgarh fort, which was founded by Chitrangada Mori]]
'''Chitrangada Mori''' was a ruler of the [[Mori Kingdom]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Somani |first=Ram Vallabh|page=28|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.14106/page/28/mode/1up |title=History of Mewar: from earliest times to 1751 A.D.|date=1976|publisher=Jaipur, Ministry of culture, Central Archeological Library.|publication-date= |quote=Later Mauryas - The Maurya kings ruled over the south-western Rajasthan and northern Malwa, from the beginning of the 7th Century A.D. for about 20 years. ‘The earliest kings of this local dynasty in Mewar was Chitrangada Mori, who is said to have constructed the present fort of Chittor on the old ruins, together with Chitrangada tank.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Basu|first=Anjana|date=2016-11-09|title=Chitrangada|journal=Gitanjali & Beyond|volume=1|issue=1|pages=169|doi=10.14297/gnb.1.1.169-177|issn=2399-8733|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Chitrangada Mori laid the foundation of his capital at [[Chittor Fort]], which is the largest fort in India.<ref name="Academic" /> He reigned in the 7th century AD, and the ruins of his palace still are present today.<ref name="FL Mehta">{{cite book |last1=Mehta |first1=Fateh Lal |title=Handbook of Meywar and Guide to Its Principal Objects of Interest |date=1888 |publisher=University of Minnesota |pages=4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ouc2AQAAMAAJ&dq=Mori+Rajput&pg=PA4}}</ref> Chittorgarh was then known as ''Chitrakot'', which changed to Chittorgarh in colloquial language.<ref name="Academic">{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=N. L. |last2=Maroo |first2=R. L. |title=Challenge of Wastelands Utilisation: Issues and Themes |date=1991 |publisher=Academic Publishers |pages=14 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CbEsAQAAMAAJ&q=Mori+Rajput}}</ref>

Chitrangada Mori was possibly succeeded by [[Bappa Rawal]], the Rajput ruler of [[Guhila dynasty]] after several conflicts with [[Umayyad Caliphate|Arabs]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Shyam Manohar Mishra |title=Yaśovarman of Kanauj |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kZWgj-YMdVEC&pg=PA48 |year=1977 |publisher=Abhinav |oclc=557679616 }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Guhila dynasty]]
*[[Sisodias of Mewar]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:History of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Chittorgarh district]]
[[Category:7th-century Indian monarchs]]

{{India-royal-stub}}