Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Viacom18

2023-10-13T04:11:30Z

Mozaffa987: /* Upcoming channels */

{{short description|Indian media venture}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Viacom18 Media Private Limited
| logo = Viacom 18.svg
| type = [[Joint venture]]
| industry = [[Television]]
| foundation = {{start date and age|2007|11}}
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.viacom18.com/contact.html |title=Viacom18 Media Pvt. Ltd |publisher=Viacom18.com |access-date=27 July 2018|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111023065128/http://www.viacom18.com/contact.html |archive-date=23 October 2011 }}</ref>
| key_people = [[Jyoti Deshpande]] ([[CEO]])
| owners = [[Network 18]] (73.91%) Bodhi Tree Systems (13.08%) [[Paramount Networks EMEAA]] (13.01%)
| subsid = Viacom18 US Viacom18 Media Viacom18 Digital Ventures Roptonal The Indian Film Company<ref>{{cite web |title=TV18 Broadcast Ltd (CRD) |url=http://www.bseindia.com/xml-data/corpfiling/AttachHis/TV18_Broadcast_Ltd1_100214.pdf |website=BSEIndia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923224204/http://www.bseindia.com/xml-data/corpfiling/AttachHis/TV18_Broadcast_Ltd1_100214.pdf |archive-date=September 23, 2015}}</ref> [[Viacom18 Studios]] [[JioCinema]]
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.viacom18.com/|Viacom18.com}}
}}

'''Viacom18 Media Private Limited''' is an Indian media company based in [[Mumbai|Mumbai, India]]. Founded as a joint venture between [[Network18 Group]]—a subsidiary of [[Reliance Industries]] since 2014, and [[Viacom (2005-2019)|Viacom]] (Now [[Paramount Global]]), the Network18 Group has been the majority shareholder in the company since April 2023, with [[Paramount Networks EMEAA]] and Bodhi Tree Systems owning minority stakes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rapidtvnews.com/index.php/2011061512860/corporate-restructure-complete-for-indias-network18.html|title=Corporate restructure complete for India's Network18|publisher=rapidtvnews.com|access-date=10 August 2017}}</ref> It was founded in 2007 and owns various channels, as well as content production studios in India.

== History ==
=== Early history and founding ===
In January 2010, Viacom18 went international with the launch of [[Colors TV|Colors]] in United States. The channel is called Aapka Colors. In July 2010, it got into 50/50 distribution joint venture with [[Sun Network]] to form Sun 18.<ref>{{cite web|title=Beefing Up The Bouquet|url=http://business.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?270571|publisher=business.outlookindia.com|access-date=10 August 2018}}</ref>

In December 2011, Viacom18 launched [[Nickelodeon Sonic]], targeting young adults.<ref>{{cite web|date=5 December 2018|title=Viacom18 launches its new channel 'Sonic Nickelodeon' in India|url=http://www.indiainfoline.com/Markets/News/Viacom18-launches-its-new-channel-sonic-in-India/5303665136|access-date=26 December 2018|publisher=[[India Infoline]]}}</ref>

In January 2014, TV18 acquired the non-[[Telugu language]] TV assets of [[ETV Network]] for ₹2,053 [[crore]], with a permission to use ETV brand name.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 January 2014 |title=Network18 finishes Rs 2,053-cr deal to acquire ETV stakes |work=[[The Economic Times]] |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/media/network18-finishes-rs-2053-cr-deal-to-acquire-etv-stakes/articleshow/29215772.cms |access-date=2022-10-24}}</ref>

In March 2015, Viacom18 decided to rebrand all five non-[[Telugu language]] ETV regional general entertainment channels. [[Colors Marathi|ETV Marathi]], [[Colors Gujarati|ETV Gujarati]], [[Colors Kannada|ETV Kannada]], [[Colors Bangla|ETV Bangla]], and [[ETV Odia]] were rebranded into [[Colors Marathi]], [[Colors Gujarati]], [[Colors Kannada]], [[Colors Bangla]], and [[Colors Odia]] respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bestmediainfo.com/2015/03/viacom18-extends-colors-franchise-with-5-new-regional-avatars|title= ETV re-branding to Colors|access-date=4 March 2015}}</ref>

The company also owns [[Viacom18 Motion Pictures|Viacom18 Studios]]. On 31 January 2018, TV18 announced its acquisition of Viacom's majority in the joint venture, taking operational control and leaving Viacom with minority interest.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.viacom18.com/media/tv18-to-increase-stake-to-51-percentage-in-viacom18-the-jv-withviacom-inc|title=TV18 to increase stake to 51% in Viacom18, the JV with Viacom Inc|date=31 January 2018|website=Viacom18|access-date=31 January 2018}}</ref> On 1 October 2019, Viacom18 launched Colors HD in [[Malaysia]] on [[Astro (television)|Astro Malaysia]]; every serial will be served with [[Malay language|Malay]] and English subtitles.{{Citation needed|date=November 2019}}

More recently, the company had signed a deal with the National Basketball Association in order to deliver live NBA games to all of their own networks.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Viacom18 inks three-year media rights deal with NBA - Exchange4media|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/viacom18-inks-three-year-media-rights-deal-with-nba-117167.html|access-date=2021-12-04|website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media|language=en}}</ref>

=== Attempted mergers with Sony and Zee, partnership with Bodhi Tree Systems ===
In June 2020, [[Sony]]'s Indian unit [[Culver Max Entertainment|Sony Pictures Networks India]] was in talks with Viacom18 about a merger, with the talks getting advanced much later. If the merger was successful, Sony would be 74% shareholder in the merged company.<ref>{{Cite web|last=IANS|date=2020-07-21|title=Sony to own 74% after merger with Viacom 18, to battle Disney Star|url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/national/sony-to-own-74-after-merger-with-viacom-18-to-battle-disney-star|access-date=2022-01-27|website=National Herald|language=en}}</ref> However, in October 2020, [[Reliance Industries]],<ref>{{Cite web|agency=PTI|date=Oct 5, 2020|title=Reliance Industries calls off merger of Viacom18 with Sony|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/reliance-industries-calls-off-merger-of-viacom18-with-sony/articleshow/78493163.cms|access-date=2022-01-27|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> the majority share holder in Viacom18, called off the merger.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jha|first=Lata|date=2020-10-05|title=Sony's slated merger with Viacom18 now called off|url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/sony-viacom18-merger-called-off-11601888757116.html|access-date=2022-01-27|website=mint|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Jio {{!}} Mukesh Ambani: With Jio in mind, Mukesh Ambani's RIL calls off merger of Viacom18, Sony|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/media/post-rethink-ril-calls-off-merger-of-viacom18-sony/articleshow/78483506.cms|access-date=2022-01-27|website=The Economic Times}}</ref>

In June 2021,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Laskar|first=Anirudh|date=2021-06-20|title=Viacom18 and Zee Entertainment in early merger talks|url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/viacom18-and-zee-entertainment-in-early-merger-talks-11624212805434.html|access-date=2022-01-27|website=mint|language=en}}</ref> reports stated Viacom18 and [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]] were reportedly in talks about a merger.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-21|title=Viacom18 and Zeel eyeing a merger?|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/gecs/viacom18-and-zeel-eyeing-a-merger-210621|access-date=2022-01-27|website=Indian Television Dot Com|language=en}}</ref> However, Zee denied any talks about a potential merger with Viacom18,<ref>{{Cite web|title=ZEEL denies any potential merger deal with Viacom18 - Exchange4media|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/zeel-denies-any-potential-merger-deal-with-viacom18-113705.html|access-date=2022-01-27|website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media|language=en}}</ref> later entering talks with [[Culver Max Entertainment|Sony Pictures Networks India]], which was also in talks about a merger with Viacom18 earlier.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ZEEL starts due diligence process for merger with Sony Pictures Networks|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/zeel-starts-due-diligence-process-for-merger-with-sony-pictures-networks/2352817/|access-date=2022-01-27|website=The Financial Express|language=en}}</ref>

In January 2022, there were reports that Lupa India, an investment company set up by [[Uday Shankar (businessman)|Uday Shankar]] and [[James Murdoch]], were in the final stages of picking up a 39% stake in Viacom18.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gupta|first=Surajeet Das|date=2022-01-27|title=Uday Shankar, James Murdoch firm to pick up 39% stake in Viacom 18|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/uday-shankar-james-murdoch-firm-to-pick-up-39-stake-in-viacom-18-122012700024_1.html|access-date=2022-01-27}}</ref> thereby turning Paramount Global into a minority shareholder with a 10% share in the company.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Laghate|first=Gaurav|title=Uday Shankar, James Murdoch plan to pick up nearly 40% in Viacom18, Reliance to retain majority stake|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/media/uday-shankar-james-murdoch-plan-to-pick-up-nearly-40-in-viacom18-reliance-to-retain-majority-stake/articleshow/89127603.cms|access-date=2022-01-27}}</ref> In April 2022, Reliance announced that Bodhi Tree Systems, a company founded by Shankar and Murdoch with backing from the [[Qatar Investment Authority]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=2022-02-09 |title=James Murdoch, Uday Shankar Set Bodhi Tree as $1.5 Billion Qatar-Backed Media Investment Venture |url=https://variety.com/2022/biz/global/james-murdoch-uday-shankar-set-bodhi-tree-1235176011/ |access-date=2023-05-30 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> would make a US$1.8 billion investment in Viacom18 to "jointly build India’s leading entertainment platform and pioneer the Indian media landscape's transformation to a ‘streaming-first’ approach." As part of the venture, [[JioCinema]]—a streaming service owned by Reliance's mobile operator [[Jio]]—would be brought under Viacom18. Paramount would remain a stakeholder and content partner. The deal was approved by the [[Competition Commission of India]] (CCI) in September 2022.<ref>{{cite web|title=James Murdoch's Bodhi Tree, Reliance, Viacom18 Strike $2 Billion Deal to Create Giant Indian TV and Streaming Company|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|first=Naman|last=Ramachandran|date=27 April 2022|access-date=20 May 2022|url=https://variety.com/2022/tv/asia/james-murdoch-bodhi-tree-reliance-viacom18-2-billion-deal-1235242692/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=CCI approves merger of Jio Cinema OTT with Viacom18 Media |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/media/cci-approves-merger-of-jio-cinema-ott-with-viacom18-media/articleshow/94310448.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2022-12-20}}</ref> The sale was completed on 17 April 2023, with Bodhi Tree acquiring a 13.08% stake in the venture, and diluting Paramount Global's stake to 13.01%.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-17 |title=Bodhi Tree-Viacom18 deal: Why the new deal points towards Reliance's aggressive push in broadcasting business |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/corporate/story/bodhi-tree-viacom18-deal-why-the-new-deal-points-towards-reliances-aggressive-push-in-broadcasting-business-377624-2023-04-17 |access-date=2023-05-07 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref>

==Owned channels==
===On-air channels===
Following are the distribution channels available from TV18:<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.viacom18.com/onair/| title=Our Channels - On Air| website=viacom18.com}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:middle;"
!style="width:180pt; background:White;"|Channel
!style="width:180pt; background:Violet;"|Launched
!style="width:180pt; background:White;"|Language
!style="width:300pt; background:Violet;"|Category
!style="width:180pt; background:White;"|SD/HD availability
!style="width:300pt; background:Violet;"|Notes
|-
|[[Colors TV]]
|2008
|rowspan="8"|[[Hindi]]
|rowspan="2"|General Entertainment
|SD+HD
|
|-
|[[Rishtey (TV channel)#Colors Rishtey|Colors Rishtey]]
|2014
|SD
| Previously Rishtey
|-
|[[Colors Cineplex]]
|2016
|rowspan="3"|Movies
|SD+HD
|Formerly ''Rishtey Cineplex (original)''
|-
|Colors Cineplex Bollywood
|2021
|rowspan="2"|SD
|
|-
|[[Colors Cineplex Superhits]]
|2022
|Previously Rishtey Cineplex (relaunch)
|-
|[[MTV India|MTV]]
|1996
|Youth
|rowspan="2"|SD+HD
|Formerly ''[[MTV (Indian TV channel)|MTV HD+]]''
|-
|[[MTV Beats]]
|2016
|Music
|Formerly ''[[MTV (Indian TV channel)|Pepsi MTV Indies]]''
|-
|[[Sports18|Sports18 Khel]]
|2022
|Sports
|SD
|rowspan="9"|
|-
|[[Colors Infinity]]
|2015
|rowspan="4"|[[English language|English]]
|rowspan="2"|General Entertainment
|rowspan="4"|SD+HD
|-
|[[Comedy Central (Indian TV channel)|Comedy Central]]
|2012
|-
|[[VH1 India|VH1]]
|2005
|Music
|-
|[[Sports18|Sports18 1]]
|2022
|Sports
|-
|[[Nickelodeon (Indian TV channel)|Nickelodeon]]
|1999
|rowspan="2"|[[Hindi]] [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[Telugu language|Telugu]] [[Malayalam]] [[Bengali language|Bengali]] [[Marathi language|Marathi]] [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] [[Kannada]]
|rowspan="4"|Kids
|rowspan="3"|SD
|-
|[[Nickelodeon Sonic]]
|2011
|-
|[[Nick Jr. (India)|Nick Jr.]]
|2012
|rowspan="2"|[[Hindi]] [[English language|English]]
|-
|[[Nickelodeon HD+|Nick HD+]]
|2015
|HD
|-
|[[Colors Bangla]]
|2000
|rowspan="2"|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|General Entertainment
|SD+HD
|Previously known as ''[[Colors Bangla|ETV Bangla]]''
|-
|[[Colors Bangla Cinema]]
|2019
|Movies
|rowspan="3"|SD
|
|-
|[[Colors Gujarati]]
|2002
|rowspan="2"|[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
|General Entertainment
|Previously known as ''[[Colors Gujarati|ETV Gujarati]]''
|-
|[[Colors Gujarati Cinema]]
|2019
|Movies
|
|-
|[[Colors Marathi]]
|2000
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|rowspan="4"|General Entertainment
|SD+HD
|Previously known as ''[[Colors Marathi|ETV Marathi]]''
|-
|[[Colors Odia]]
|2002
|[[Odia language|Odia]]
|SD
|Previously known as ''[[ETV Network|ETV Odia]]''
|-
|[[Colors Kannada]]
|2000
|rowspan="3"|[[Kannada]]
|SD+HD
|Previously known as ''[[Colors Kannada|ETV Kannada]]''
|-
|[[Colors Super]]
|2016
|rowspan="2"|SD
|rowspan="3"|
|-
|[[Colors Kannada Cinema]]
|rowspan="2"|2018
|Movies
|-
|[[Colors Tamil]]
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|General Entertainment
|SD+HD
|}

===Upcoming channels===
{|class="wikitable"
! Channel
! Launching date
! Language
! Genre
! Availability
|-
|[[Colors Next]]
| rowspan="2" |TBA
|Hindi
|GEC
| rowspan="4" |SD
|-
|Colors Studio
|rowspan="3"|[[English language|English]]
|Movies
|-
| Sports18 2
| rowspan="2" |November 1, 2023
| rowspan="2" | Sports
|-
|Sports18 3
|}

=== Other channels ===
{| class= "wikitable"
! Channel
! Launched
! Genre
! Language
! Notes
|-
| Colors Telugu
| 22 September 2019
| Entertainment
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| Only available on JioCinema
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[Paramount International Networks]]
**[[Paramount Networks EMEAA]]
*[[Network18 Group]]

==References==
{{Reflist|refs="Viacom18 Media Pvt. Ltd". Viacom18.com. Archived from the original on 23 October 2018. Retrieved 27 July 2018.
"TV18 Broadcast Ltd (CRD)" (PDF). BSEIndia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015.
"Corporate restructure complete for India's Network18". rapidtvnews.com. Retrieved 10 August 2017.
"Beefing Up The Bouquet". business.outlookindia.com. Retrieved 10 August 2018.
"Viacom18 launches its new channel 'sonic' in India". India Infoline. 5 December 2018. Retrieved 26 December 2018.
"TV18 to increase stake to 51% in Viacom18, the JV with Viacom Inc". Viacom18. 31 January 2018. Retrieved 31 January 2018.
"Our Channels - On Air". viacom18.com.
https://bestmediainfo.com/2019/09/colors-telugu-goes- digital-first-to-launch-on-voot-on-sept-23/
https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/media/viacom18-goes-digital-first-launches-colors- telugu-on-voot/71187480}}

==External links==
*[http://www.viacom18.com Official Site]

{{Network 18}}
{{ViacomCBS}}

[[Category:Viacom 18| ]]
[[Category:Television stations in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Mass media companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Network18 Group]]
[[Category:Paramount International Networks]]
[[Category:Television production companies of India]]
[[Category:Mass media companies established in 2007]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2007]]
[[Category:Multinational joint-venture companies]]
[[Category:Indian subsidiaries of foreign companies]]
[[Category:2007 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Dikhatmai

2023-09-17T00:44:56Z

Mozaffa987: Shared an engaging guide.

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Use Indian English}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dikhatmai
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.18323|N|79.25156|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mainpuri district|Mainpuri]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bhongaon]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1.057
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 422
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Dikhatmai''' ([[Devanagari]]: दिखतमई {{IAST|Dikhatmaī}}) is a village in [[Bewar, Mainpuri|Bewar]] block of [[Mainpuri district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. As of 2011, it has a population of 422, in 72 households.

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Dikhatmai had a population of 422, in 72 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|193}} This population was 42.2% male (178) and 57.8% female (244). The 0-6 age group numbered 32 (13 male and 19 female), or 7.6% of the total population. 247 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 58.5% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1259/download/4050/DH_2011_0917_PART_B_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|142-3}}

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Dikhatmai as having a population of 435 people, in 80 households.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Mainpuri |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/29484/download/32665/28516_1981_MAI.pdf |access-date=25 July 2023}}</ref>{{rp|186-7}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Dikhatmai as comprising 2 hamlets, with a total population of 355 people (184 male and 171 female), in 58 households and 46 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 260 acres.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (24 - Mainpuri District) |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28772/download/31954/22833_1961_MAI.pdf |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref>{{rp|xcviii}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Dikhatmai had 2 primary schools; it did not have any healthcare facilities. Drinking water was provided by hand pump and tube well/borehole; there were no public toilets. The village had a post office but no public library; there was at least some access to electricity for all purposes. Streets were made of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1258/download/4046/DH_2011_0917_PART_A_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|193-8}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mainpuri district}}

[[Category:Villages in Mainpuri district]]

Smitha Prasadam

2023-09-14T22:52:02Z

Mozaffa987: Formulated a new page structure.

{{short description|British Anglican priest }}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = bishop
| honorific_prefix = [[The Right Reverend]]
| name = Madhu Smitha Prasadam
| honorific_suffix =
| title = [[Bishop of Huddersfield]]
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| church = [[Church of England]]
| province = [[Province of York]]
| diocese = [[Anglican Diocese of Leeds]]
| see =
| term = 2023–present
| predecessor = [[Jonathan Gibbs (bishop)|Jonathan Gibbs]]
| successor =
| other_post =

| ordination = {{br list | 2003 (deacon) | 2004 (priest)}}
| ordained_by = [[John Sentamu]]
| consecration = 22 June 2023
| consecrated_by = [[Stephen Cottrell]]
| laicized =

| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[South India]]
| death_date = 
| death_place = 
| buried = 
| resting_place_coordinates =
| residence =
| parents =
| spouse = Peter Prasadam
| children = 1
| occupation =
| profession =

| education = {{plain list|
* [[The Queen's Foundation]]
}}
| motto =

| module = {{Infobox officeholder | embed = yes
| office = {{br list | [[Chaplain]] | [[St. Alban's Church, Copenhagen]]}}
| term_start = 2018
| term_end = 2023
| predecessor =
| successor = }}
}}
''' Madhu Smitha Prasadam''' (born 1964) is an [[Anglican]] bishop. Since 2023 she has served as [[Bishop of Huddersfield]] in the [[Anglican Diocese of Leeds|Diocese of Leeds]]. From 2018 to 2023, she served as [[Chaplain]] of [[St. Alban's Church, Copenhagen]].<ref>{{cite web |title= Canon Prasadam announced as next Bishop of Huddersfield|url= https://www.churchtimes.co.uk/articles/2023/10-march/news/uk/canon-prasadam-announced-as-next-bishop-of-huddersfield|website=Anglican Diocese of Leeds |accessdate=12 September 2023 }}</ref>

==Early life==
Prasadam was born in [[South India]] in 1964.<ref name="Crockford">{{Crockford| surname = Prasadam | forenames = Madhu Smitha | id = 16069 | accessed = 12 September 2023}}</ref> Her parents worked for the [[Church Mission Society]]. They moved to [[Wales]]; and her mother became the first [[India|Indian]] woman [[ordination|ordained]] in the [[United Kingdom|UK]].{{Citation needed}}

==Career in the Church of England==

She trained for [[ordained ministry]] at [[The Queen's Foundation]].<ref name="Crockford" /> After a [[Curate|curacy]] at [[Blackheath, West Midlands|Blackheath in the West Midlands]],
<ref>{{cite web|title= Pastures new for popular curate |url= https://www.halesowennews.co.uk/news/1150765.pastures-new-for-popular-curate/ |website=Halesowen News|access-date=12 September 2023 }}</ref>
she became [[vicar]] of [[St Paul's Church, Hamstead]] in 2007. In 2018 she moved to Denmark to be Anglican Chaplain in Copenhagen. She was also the [[Bishop in Europe]]’s racial justice adviser, vocations adviser and chair of the House of Clergy.<ref>{{cite web|title= A view from the pew: The consecration of Bishop Smitha Prasadam
|url= https://www.europe.anglican.org/news/latest-news/pioneering-role-copenhagen-chaplain|website=Diocese in Europe|date=23 June 2023|access-date=12 September 2023 }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Prasadam is married to Peter Prasadam: they have one daughter, Esther.
==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Clear}}
{{S-start}}
{{S-rel|en}}
{{S-bef|before=[[ Jonathan Gibbs (bishop)| Jonathan Gibbs]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Bishop of Huddersfield]]|years=''2023 onwards''}}
{{S-inc}}
{{S-end}}
{{Bishops of Huddersfield}}
{{Diocese of Leeds}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prasadam, Smitha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Anglican priests]]
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Alumni of the Queen's Foundation]]
[[Category:Clergy from Birmingham, West Midlands]]
[[Category:Bishops of Huddersfield]]
{{ChurchofEngland-bishop-stub}}

List of regional T20 cricket leagues in India

2023-09-01T08:25:04Z

Mozaffa987:

{{short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}

The following is a '''list of regional [[Twenty20]] cricket leagues in India''', sorted alphabetically.

== Current leagues ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2" |League
! scope="col" rowspan="2" |[[States and union territories of India|State]]
! scope="col" rowspan="2" |Administrator
! scope="col" rowspan="2" |No. of teams†
! scope="col" rowspan="2" |No. of venues†
! scope="col" colspan="3" |Seasons
! scope="col" rowspan="2" |Total prize pool
! scope="col" rowspan="2" |Notes
! scope="col" rowspan="2" |Ref(s)
|-
!scope="col" |First
!scope="col" |Most recent
!scope="col" |Total
|-
| [[Andhra Premier League]]
| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| [[Andhra Cricket Association|ACA]]
| 6
| 1
| 2022
| 2023
| 2
| {{INRConvert|40|l|lk=yes}}
|
|<ref>{{cite news | title=Andhra Premier League all set to begin from July 6 | website=The Hindu | date=2022-06-21 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/apl-all-set-to-begin-from-july-6/article65549748.ece | access-date=2022-06-23}}</ref>
|-
|[[Baroda T20 Challenge]]
|[[Gujarat]]
|[[Baroda Cricket Association|BCA]]
|6
|1
|2022
|2022
|1
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cricket World {{!}} Latest cricket news, live scores and video |url=https://www.cricketworld.com/cricket/series/baroda-t20-league-2022/fixtures/122689 |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=Cricket World}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BYJU S BARODA T20 LEAGUE 2022, FIG vs WAR Match Schedule, Scores & Results {{!}} Cricket.com |url=https://www.cricket.com/series/domestic/2239/byju-s-baroda-t20-league-2022/matches |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=www.cricket.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Baroda T20 Live Score - Latest News & Match Updates |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/go/baroda-t20 |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=www.sportskeeda.com |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-11-09 |title=
BCA bats for Baroda Cricket T20 League on lines of IPL |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/bca-bats-for-baroda-cricket-t20-league-on-lines-of-ipl/articleshow/71976266.cms |work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2023-03-15 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|[[Maharaja Trophy T20]] (Karnataka Premier League)
|[[Karnataka]]
|[[Karnataka State Cricket Association|KSCA]]
|6
|2
|2009/10
|2022
|9
|{{INRConvert|35|l|lk=yes}}
|Oldest regional T20 league
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Results|url=http://kpl.cricket/results/|website=Karnataka Premier League|language=en-US|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922225952/http://kpl.cricket/results|archive-date=2019-09-22|access-date=2020-05-01}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Karnataka Premier League (KPL) 2019: Full list of Award Winners, Total Prize Money, list of all 8 champions|url=https://www.mykhel.com/cricket/kpl-2019-full-list-of-award-winners-total-prize-money-list-of-all-8-champions-126085.html|last=Sharma|first=Avinash|date=2019-09-01|website=mykhel.com|language=en|access-date=2020-05-01}}</ref>
|-
|[[KCA President's Cup T20]]
|[[Kerala]]
|[[Kerala Cricket Association|KCA]]
|6
|1
|2020
|2020
|1
|
|First edition held in March 2020.
| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/kerala-cricket-association-plans-presidents-cup-t20-tourney-in-december/articleshow/78862007.cms|title=Kerala Cricket Association plans President's Cup T20 tourney in December|newspaper=The Times of India|first=Prasanth|last=Menon|date=25 October 2020|access-date=1 August 2022|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Maharashtra Premier League]]
|[[Maharashtra]]
|[[Maharashtra Cricket Association|MCA]]
|6
|1
|[[2023 Maharashtra Premier League|2023]]
|2023
|1
|
|
|
|-
|[[Odisha Premier League]]
|[[Odisha]]
|[[Odisha Cricket Association|OCA]]
|8
|
|2011
|2020
|4
|{{INRConvert|6|l|lk=yes}}
|Resumed in 2020 after a seven-year hiatus
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=T20 Cricket To Return To Barabati As OCA Plans Odisha Cricket League|url=https://odishatv.in/odisha/t20-cricket-to-return-to-barabati-as-oca-plans-odisha-cricket-league-432976|date=2020-02-04|website=Odisha Television Ltd.|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-01}}</ref>
|-
|[[Saurashtra Premier League]]
|[[Gujarat]]
|[[Saurashtra Cricket Association|SCA]]
|5
|1
|2019
|2019
|1
|
|
|
|-
|[[T20 Mumbai League]]
|[[Maharashtra]]
|[[Mumbai Cricket Association|MCA]]
|8
|1
|2018
|2019
|2
|{{INRConvert|1.5|c|lk=yes}}
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=The official website|url=https://www.t20mumbai.com/|website=T20 Mumbai|language=en|access-date=2020-05-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112063055/https://www.t20mumbai.com/|archive-date=2019-11-12|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=T20 Mumbai 2019 Venues and Grounds|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-series/2832/t20-mumbai-2019/venues|website=Cricbuzz|language=en|access-date=2020-05-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=T20 MUMBAI LEAGUE 2019 LEAGUE RULES|url=https://www.t20mumbai.com/static-assets/pdfs/T20_Mumbai_League_Rules.pdf?v=2.01|website=T20 Mumbai|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627132946/https://www.t20mumbai.com/static-assets/pdfs/T20_Mumbai_League_Rules.pdf?v=2.01|archive-date=27 June 2019|access-date=1 May 2020}}</ref>
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu Premier League]]
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|[[Tamil Nadu Cricket Association|TNCA]]
|8
|3
|2016
|2022
|5
|{{INRConvert|2.25|c|lk=yes}}
|The highest grossing tournament
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=TN Premier League off to a grand start, to be played in 3 cities this time|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tn-premier-league-grand-start-be-played-3-cities-time-105845|website=[[The News Minute]]|access-date=2020-05-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Backed by N Srinivasan, Tamil Nadu gets its own Premier League|url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/aqCo5tjglYggXcLdPJ65gK/Backed-by-N-Srinivasan-Tamil-Nadu-gets-its-own-Premier-Leag.html|first1=Dharani |last1=Thangavelu |first2=Venkat |last2=Ananth |date=2016-06-09|website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Livemint]]|language=en|access-date=2020-05-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310110015/http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/aqCo5tjglYggXcLdPJ65gK/Backed-by-N-Srinivasan-Tamil-Nadu-gets-its-own-Premier-Leag.html|archive-date=2017-03-10|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[UP T20 League]]
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|[[Uttar Pradesh Cricket Association|UPCA]]
|6
|3
|2023
|2023
|1
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title= UPT20 league uttar pradesh T20 Cricket LEAGUE |url=https://www.sportstiger.com/news/up-t20-2023-dates-teams-squads-live-streaming-and-more|language=en-US|access-date=2023-08-26}}</ref>
|-
|[[Rajasthan Premier League]]
|[[Rajasthan]]
|[[Rajasthan Cricket Association|RCA]]
|6
|2
|2023
|2023
|1
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite news|title= Rajasthan Primere League T20 Cricket To Return To As RCA Plans Rajasthan Primere League|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/sports/cricket/news/rajasthan-premier-league-to-start-from-august-19/articleshow/102299363.cms|work=[[Times of India]]|language=en-US|access-date=2023-08-26}}</ref>
|-
|Sher e Punjab T20 cup
|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|[[Punjab Cricket Association|PCA]]
|6
|1
|2023
|2023
|
|
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/go/sher-e-punjab-t20-cup|title=Sher e Punjab T20 cup |work=Sportskeeda |access-date= 27 August 2023}}</ref>
|-
|}
'''†''' - during the most recent season

== Defunct leagues ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!League
!State
!Years
!Notes
|-
|[[Maharashtra Premier League]]
|Maharashtra
|2009
|Halted after 3 seasons. Set to restart on 15 June, 2023
|-
|Rajputana Premier League
| rowspan="2" |[[Rajasthan]]
|2016
|Suspended during the first season due to match fixing allegations<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rajputana Cricket League scrapped following serious fixing allegations|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/cricket/rajputana-cricket-league-scrapped-serious-fixing-allegations|last=Sharma|first=Aadya|date=2017-07-27|website=www.sportskeeda.com|language=en-us|access-date=2020-05-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171205195019/https://www.sportskeeda.com/cricket/rajputana-cricket-league-scrapped-serious-fixing-allegations|archive-date=2017-12-05|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Rajwada Cricket League]]
|2017
|
|-
|[[Telangana T20 Premier League]]
|[[Telangana]]
|2018
|
|}

== See also ==
* [[Celebrity Cricket League]] – Non-professional T20 league played among film actors
* [[List of cricket competitions]]
* [[List of T20 cricket competitions]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Cricket in India}}

[[Category:Cricket leagues in India]]
[[Category:Twenty20 cricket leagues]]
[[Category:Indian cricket lists]]
[[Category:Twenty20 cricket lists|Domestic]]

Narinder Singh Kapany

2022-10-10T06:23:09Z

Mozaffa987: Shared a valuable resource.

{{short description|Indian physicist Father of fiber optics}}
{{redirect|Narinder Singh|the Indian cricketer|Narinder Singh (cricketer)}}
{{EngvarB}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Narinder Singh Kapany
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1926|10|31}}
| birth_place = [[Moga, Punjab|Moga]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]] [[British Raj]] {{Small|(present day [[Moga district|Moga]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]])}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2020|12|04|1926|10|31}}
| death_place = [[California]], U.S.
| nationality = [[Overseas Citizenship of India|Indian]] [[Americans|American]]
| alma_mater = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Agra University]]|[[Imperial College London]]}}
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Pioneering work on [[fibre optics]]
| footnotes =
| field = [[Physics]]
| work_institution = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Agra University]]|[[Ordnance Factories Board]]|[[Imperial College of Science]]|[[British Royal Academy of Engineering]]<ref name="List of Fellows">{{cite web|title=List of Fellows|url=http://www.raeng.org.uk/about-us/people-council-committees/the-fellowship/list-of-fellows|access-date=28 October 2014|archive-date=8 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608094405/http://www.raeng.org.uk/about-us/people-council-committees/the-fellowship/list-of-fellows|url-status=live}}</ref>|[[Optical Society of America]]|[[American Association for the Advancement of Science]]|Professor at the [[University of California]], Berkeley (UCB)|[[University of California]], Santa Cruz (UCSC)|[[Stanford University]]}}
| prizes = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Pravasi Bharatiya Samman]]|The Excellence 2000 Award|[[Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering]]<ref name="List of Fellows"/> (1998)|[[Padma Vibhushan]] (2021)}}
}}

'''Narinder Singh Kapany''' (31 October 1926 – 4 December 2020) was an [[Indian-American|Indian]] [[physicist]] best known for his work on [[fiber optics]].<ref name="soe.ucsc.edu">{{cite web|title=Narinder Kapany, Ph.D., Founder and Chairman, K2 Optronics, Inc.|url=http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/administration/dean/council/Kapany_Bio.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050731094716/http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/administration/dean/council/Kapany_Bio.html|archive-date=31 July 2005|access-date=26 March 2008}}</ref><ref name="rediff.com: Honouring the Achievers">[http://specials.rediff.com/news/2004/jan/09sld03.htm rediff.com: Honouring the Achievers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180603115121/http://specials.rediff.com/news/2004/jan/09sld03.htm}}. Specials.rediff.com. Retrieved on 6 April 2011.</ref><ref name="rediff.com: How India missed another Nobel Prize">[http://news.rediff.com/report/2009/oct/08/how-india-missed-another-nobel-prize.htm How India missed another Nobel Prize – Rediff.com India News] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214122132/https://news.rediff.com/report/2009/oct/08/how-india-missed-another-nobel-prize.htm}}. News.rediff.com (12 October 2009). Retrieved on 6 April 2011.</ref> He is credited with inventing [[fiber optics]], and is considered the 'Father of Fiber Optics'.<ref name="ucsc.edu">{{cite web|title=Narinder Singh Kapany Chair in Opto-electronics|url=http://southasia.ucsc.edu/endowed-chairs/narinder-singh-kapany.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170521222508/http://southasia.ucsc.edu/endowed-chairs/narinder-singh-kapany.html|archive-date=21 May 2017|access-date=20 May 2017|publisher=University of California Santa Cruz}}.</ref><ref name="forbes.com">{{cite magazine|last=Dharmakumar|first=Rohin|title=Lighting up the Last Mile|url=https://www.forbes.com/2011/03/16/forbes-india-high-speed-connectivity-with-optical-fibers.html|url-status=live|magazine=Forbes India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728120034/https://www.forbes.com/2011/03/16/forbes-india-high-speed-connectivity-with-optical-fibers.html|archive-date=28 July 2019|access-date=5 September 2017}}</ref> ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]'' named him one of seven 'Unsung Heroes of the 20th century' for his [[Nobel Prize]]-deserving invention.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Unsung Heroes They may not be household names, but without the contributions of these individuals, the business landscape would look radically different today. - November 22, 1999|url=https://archive.fortune.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1999/11/22/269122/index.htm|access-date=2021-01-27|website=archive.fortune.com}}</ref><ref name="rediff.com: Honouring the Achievers"/><ref name="tribuneindia.com">[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040119/biz.htm#1 The Tribune, Chandigarh, India – Business] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170615165936/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040119/biz.htm#1}}. Tribuneindia.com. Retrieved on 6 April 2011.</ref> He was awarded India's second highest civilian award the [[Padma Vibhushan]] posthumously in 2021.<ref name=Padma>{{cite web |url=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=57307 |title=PIB Press Release: This Year's Padma Awards announced |publisher=Pib.nic.in |access-date=2011-02-02 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924073917/http://www.pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=57307 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/shinzo-abe-tarun-gogoi-ram-vilas-paswan-among-padma-award-winners-complete-list/articleshow/80453596.cms |title=Shinzo Abe, Tarun Gogoi, Ram Vilas Paswan among Padma Award winners: Complete list |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=25 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128190946/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/shinzo-abe-tarun-gogoi-ram-vilas-paswan-among-padma-award-winners-complete-list/articleshow/80453596.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> He served as an [[Indian Ordnance Factories Service|Indian Ordnance Factories Service (IOFS)]] officer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/technology/news/narinder-singh-kapany-father-of-fibre-optics-527511.html|title=Father Of Fibre Optics, Narinder Singh Kapany Created A Communication Revolution|website=IndiaTimes|access-date=24 December 2021|archive-date=24 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224163100/https://www.indiatimes.com/technology/news/narinder-singh-kapany-father-of-fibre-optics-527511.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He was also offered the post of Scientific Adviser to the Defence Minister of India, by the first Prime Minister of India, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/narinder-singh-kapany-how-a-job-in-jawaharlal-nehrus-team-eluded-father-of-optics-2647753|title=How A Job In Jawaharlal Nehru's Team Eluded "Father Of Optics"|website=NDTV.com|access-date=24 December 2021|archive-date=24 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224163058/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/narinder-singh-kapany-how-a-job-in-jawaharlal-nehrus-team-eluded-father-of-optics-2647753|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Early life and research==
Kapany was born on 31 October 1926, in a Sikh family in [[Moga, Punjab]].<ref name="indiatoday.intoday.in"/><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|last=Service|first=Tribune News|title=Scientist, Entrepreneur, Philanthropist|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/scientist-entrepreneur-philanthropist-180142|access-date=5 December 2020|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en|archive-date=5 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205024518/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/scientist-entrepreneur-philanthropist-180142|url-status=live}}</ref> He completed his schooling in [[Dehradun]] and went on to graduate from [[Agra University]].<ref name="indiatoday.intoday.in">{{cite web|last=Sharma|first=Dinesh C.|title=Nobel Question Mark|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Nobel+question+mark/1/66364.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117022729/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Nobel+question+mark/1/66364.html|archive-date=17 November 2015|access-date=20 May 2017|publisher=India Today|location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref name="NYTProfile">{{cite web |last1=Risen |first1=Clay |title=Narinder S. Kapany, 'Father of Fiber Optics,' Dies at 94 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/07/technology/narinder-s-kapany-dead.html |website=The New York Times |access-date=10 January 2021 |archive-date=10 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210145758/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/07/technology/narinder-s-kapany-dead.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He served as an [[Indian Ordnance Factories Service]] officer, before going to [[Imperial College London]] in 1952 to work on a Ph.D. degree in optics from the [[University of London]], which he obtained in 1955.<ref name="indiatoday.intoday.in"/><ref name=":1" />

At [[Imperial College London|Imperial College]], Kapany worked with [[Harold Hopkins (physicist)|Harold Hopkins]] on transmission through fibers, achieving good image transmission through a large bundle of optical fibers for the first time in 1953.<ref name=Hecht2004>{{cite book |first=Jeff |last=Hecht |title=City of Light: The Story of Fiber Optics |url=https://archive.org/details/citylightstoryfi00hech_258 |url-access=limited |publisher=Oxford University |edition=revised |isbn=9780195162554 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/citylightstoryfi00hech_258/page/n67 55]–70}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Hopkins, H. H. |author2=Kapany, N. S. |name-list-style=amp |journal=Nature|doi=10.1038/173039b0 |volume=173|pages= 39–41 |year=1954 |title=A flexible fibrescope, using static scanning|issue=4392|bibcode = 1954Natur.173...39H |s2cid=4275331 }}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110629061117/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2009/sciback_phy_09.pdf Two Revolutionary Optical Technologies]. Scientific Background on the Nobel Prize in Physics 2009. Nobelprize.org. 6 October 2009</ref> Optical fibers had been tried for image transmission before, but Hopkins and Kapany's technique allowed much better image quality than could previously be achieved. This, combined with the almost-simultaneous development of [[Cladding (fiber optics)|optical cladding]] by Dutch scientist Bram van Heel, helped jump start the new field of [[fibre optics|fiber optics]]. Kapany coined the term 'fiber optics' in an article in ''[[Scientific American]]'' in 1960, wrote the first book about the new field, and was the new field's most prominent researcher, writer, and spokesperson.<ref name=Hecht2004/><ref>[http://news.rediff.com/report/2009/oct/08/how-india-missed-another-nobel-prize.htm How India missed another Nobel Prize – Rediff.com India News] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214122132/https://news.rediff.com/report/2009/oct/08/how-india-missed-another-nobel-prize.htm }}. News.rediff.com (12 October 2009). Retrieved on 8 February 2017.</ref><ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|title=Asian American Pacific Islander Heritage Month: The Father of Fiber Optics|url=https://transportationhistory.org/2017/05/03/asian-american-pacific-islander-heritage-month-the-father-of-fiber-optics/|access-date=12 June 2020|website=Transportation History|language=en|archive-date=12 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612161936/https://transportationhistory.org/2017/05/03/asian-american-pacific-islander-heritage-month-the-father-of-fiber-optics/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Kapany's research and work encompassed fiber-optics communications, lasers, biomedical instrumentation, solar energy and pollution monitoring. He had over 120 patents, and was a member of the [[National Inventors Council]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|last=Stephens|first=Tim|title=Narinder Kapany, known as the 'father of fiber optics,' dies at 94|url=https://news.ucsc.edu/2020/12/narinder-kapany-in-memoriam.html|access-date=2021-01-27|website=UC Santa Cruz News|language=en|archive-date=1 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201013734/https://news.ucsc.edu/2020/12/narinder-kapany-in-memoriam.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He was an International [[Fellow]]<ref name="List of Fellows"/> of numerous scientific societies including the [[Royal Academy of Engineering]],<ref name="List of Fellows"/> the [[Optical Society of America]], and the [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Narinder Singh Kapany Chair in Opto-electronics|url=https://southasia.ucsc.edu/endowed-chairs/narinder-singh-kapany.html|access-date=5 December 2020|website=southasia.ucsc.edu|archive-date=16 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116162425/https://southasia.ucsc.edu/endowed-chairs/narinder-singh-kapany.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Career==
[[File:Fibreoptic.jpg|thumb|Optical fibers]]
As an entrepreneur and business executive, Kapany specialized in the processes of innovation and the management of technology and technology transfer. In 1960, he founded Optics Technology Inc. and was chairman of the board, President, and Director of Research for twelve years. In 1967 the company went public with numerous corporate acquisitions and joint-ventures in the United States and abroad. In 1973, Kapany founded Kaptron Inc. and was president and CEO until 1990 when he sold the company to [[AMP Incorporated]]. For the next nine years, Kapany was an AMP Fellow, heading the Entrepreneur & Technical Expert Program and serving as Chief Technologist for Global Communications Business. He founded K2 Optronics. He also served on the boards of various companies. He was a member of the Young Presidents Organization and later a member of the World Presidents Organization.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Service|first=Tribune News|title=Father of fibre optics and patron of Sikh arts Narinder Singh Kapany dies at 94|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/diaspora/father-of-fibre-optics-and-patron-of-sikh-arts-narinder-singh-kapany-dies-at-94-179849|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204221550/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/diaspora/father-of-fibre-optics-and-patron-of-sikh-arts-narinder-singh-kapany-dies-at-94-179849|archive-date=4 December 2020|access-date=5 December 2020|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en}}</ref>

As an academic, Kapany taught and supervised research activity of postgraduate students. He was a Regents Professor at the [[University of California, Berkeley]] (UCB) and at the [[University of California, Santa Cruz]]. He founded the Center for Innovation and Entrepreneurial Development (CIED) at UCSC<ref name="auto"/> and served as Director for seven years. At [[Stanford University]], he was a Visiting Scholar in the Physics Department and Consulting Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering.<ref name="auto2"/>

As an author and lecturer, Kapany published over 100 scientific papers and four books on opto-electronics and [[entrepreneurship]]. He lectured to various national and international scientific societies.

==Philanthropy and art==
[[File:19th century Janam Sakhi, Guru Nanak meets Natha Siddhas, Kapany collection.jpg|thumb|left|19th century Sikh manuscripts from the Kapany collection at the Asian Art Museum, San Francisco]]
As a [[Philanthropy|philanthropist]], Kapany was active in education and the arts. He was the founding chairman of the Sikh Foundation and a major funder of its activities for over 50 years.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sikhfoundation.org/about-us/ |title=About Us |publisher=Sikh Foundation |access-date=20 May 2017 |archive-date=22 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170522162302/http://www.sikhfoundation.org/about-us/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In collaboration with international institutions and publishers, the Foundation runs programs in publishing, academia and the arts.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sikh Arts – The Sikh Foundation International|url=http://www.sikhfoundation.org/sikh-arts/|access-date=5 December 2020|language=en-CA|archive-date=1 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201211842/http://www.sikhfoundation.org/sikh-arts/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1998, Kapany endowed a Chair of Sikh Studies at the [[University of California, Santa Barbara]]. His gift in 1999 of $500,000 to the Asian Art Museum of San Francisco established a gallery in its new building displaying the works he donated from his collection of Sikh art.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web|title=The Sikh Foundation – Community Profiles|url=http://www.sikhfoundation.org/comprof0602.html|access-date=5 December 2020|website=www.sikhfoundation.org|archive-date=28 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228211900/http://www.sikhfoundation.org/comprof0602.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Saints and Kings: Arts, Culture, and Legacy of the Sikhs {{!}} Exhibitions {{!}} Asian Art Museum|url=https://exhibitions.asianart.org/exhibitions/saints-and-kings-arts-culture-and-legacy-of-the-sikhs/|access-date=5 December 2020|website=Exhibitions|language=en-US|archive-date=14 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514015437/https://exhibitions.asianart.org/exhibitions/saints-and-kings-arts-culture-and-legacy-of-the-sikhs/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Reporter|first=SUNITA SOHRABJI/India-West Staff|title=Sikh Foundation Celebrates 50th Anniversary with Exhibit at Asian Art Museum|url=https://www.indiawest.com/news/global_indian/sikh-foundation-celebrates-50th-anniversary-with-exhibit-at-asian-art-museum/article_3942de84-f46c-11e6-bbae-9fb6e3687a60.html|access-date=5 December 2020|website=India West|language=en|archive-date=9 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209070837/https://www.indiawest.com/news/global_indian/sikh-foundation-celebrates-50th-anniversary-with-exhibit-at-asian-art-museum/article_3942de84-f46c-11e6-bbae-9fb6e3687a60.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1999, he endowed a Chair of Optoelectronics at the [[University of California, Santa Cruz]]. Again in 2012, he established the Narinder Kapany Endowed Chair in Entrepreneurship at UC Santa Cruz.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Stephens|first=Tim|title=Gift from Narinder Kapany establishes endowed chair in entrepreneurship|url=https://news.ucsc.edu/2012/11/kapany-chair.html|access-date=2020-12-11|website=UC Santa Cruz News|language=en|archive-date=12 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612160816/https://news.ucsc.edu/2012/11/kapany-chair.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He was a trustee of the University of California, Santa Cruz Foundation.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rappaport|first=Scott|title=Gift from Narinder Kapany will establish Sikh book collection and study room at McHenry Library|url=https://news.ucsc.edu/2017/03/kapany-library-sikh-gift.html|access-date=12 June 2020|website=UC Santa Cruz News|language=en|archive-date=12 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612160816/https://news.ucsc.edu/2017/03/kapany-library-sikh-gift.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He also served as a trustee of the [[Menlo School]] in [[Menlo Park, California]].<ref name=":2" />

As an art collector, Kapany specialised in Sikh art. He provided paintings and other objects on loan for the "Arts of the Sikh Kingdoms" exhibition, which was held at London's Victoria & Albert Museum beginning in March 1999.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Victoria and Albert Museum|first=Online Museum|title=The Art of the Sikh Kingdoms|url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/journals/conservation-journal/issue-31/the-art-of-the-sikh-kingdoms/|access-date=12 June 2020|website=www.vam.ac.uk|archive-date=12 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612162407/http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/journals/conservation-journal/issue-31/the-art-of-the-sikh-kingdoms/|url-status=live}}</ref> From there, the exhibition proceeded to the Asian Art Museum of San Francisco (with the Sikh Foundation as a sponsor) and opened in May 2000 at the [[Royal Ontario Museum]] in Toronto. The exhibition follows "Splendors of the Punjab: Sikh Art and Literature in 1992" organised by Kapany in collaboration with the Asian Art Museum and UC Berkeley to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the Sikh Foundation.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sikh Art and Literature|url=http://www.caareviews.org/reviews/91|access-date=12 June 2020|website=Sikh Art and Literature|archive-date=12 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612162407/http://www.caareviews.org/reviews/91|url-status=live}}</ref> As an artist, Kapany's dynoptic{{typo help inline}} sculptures were displayed at the Exploratorium of the [[Palace of Fine Arts]] in San Francisco in 1972 and at museums and art galleries in Chicago, Monterey, Palo Alto, and Stanford.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sikh Art Museum mooted for BC {{!}} South Asian Post {{!}} Indo Canadian newspaper – Vancouver, Surrey, Calgary, Toronto, Brampton, Edmonton, Winnipeg, Montreal|url=https://www.southasianpost.com/article/5518-sikh-art-museum-mooted-bc.html|access-date=5 December 2020|website=www.southasianpost.com|archive-date=5 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205012707/https://www.southasianpost.com/article/5518-sikh-art-museum-mooted-bc.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto3"/>

== Awards and recognitions ==
Kapany was posthumously included in the list of [https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1692337 Padma Vibhushan] awardees for 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab born Indian-American Sikh scientist gets Padma Vibhushan posthumously |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/punjab-born-indian-american-sikh-scientist-padma-vibhushan-posthumously-7161942/#:~:text=Punjab%20born%20scientist%20Narinder%20Singh,He%20was%2094. |work=The Indian Express |language=en |access-date=12 February 2021 |archive-date=20 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210220191806/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/punjab-born-indian-american-sikh-scientist-padma-vibhushan-posthumously-7161942/#:~:text=Punjab%20born%20scientist%20Narinder%20Singh,He%20was%2094. |url-status=live }}</ref> The award is India's second highest civilian honor. He received the UC Santa Cruz Foundation Fiat Lux Award in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fiat Lux Award|url=https://foundation.ucsc.edu/awards/fiat-lux-award.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612160818/https://foundation.ucsc.edu/awards/fiat-lux-award.html|archive-date=12 June 2020|access-date=12 June 2020|website=foundation.ucsc.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Stephens|first=Tim|title=Gift from Narinder Kapany establishes endowed chair in entrepreneurship|url=https://news.ucsc.edu/2012/11/kapany-chair.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612160816/https://news.ucsc.edu/2012/11/kapany-chair.html|archive-date=12 June 2020|access-date=12 June 2020|website=UC Santa Cruz News|language=en}}</ref> He was also the recipient of the [[Pravasi Bharatiya Samman]] in 2004. "The Excellence 2000 Award" from the USA Pan-Asian American Chamber of Commerce in 1998. In November 1999, he was identified by ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]'' as one of the seven "unsung heroes who greatly influenced life in the twentieth century" in the "Businessmen of the Century" issue. Dr. Kapany was also on Time Magazine's list of top ten scientists of the 20th century in Time's last issue of 1999.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Boitano|first1=Margaret|last2=Carvell|first2=Tim|title=Unsung Heroes|journal=Fortune Magazine|pages=144–146|via=EBSCO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Jewels of Punjab – Dr Narinder Singh Kapany – The Sikh Foundation International|url=https://www.sikhfoundation.org/jewels-of-punjab-dr-narinder-singh-kapany/|access-date=5 December 2020|language=en-CA|archive-date=27 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027035654/http://www.sikhfoundation.org/jewels-of-punjab-dr-narinder-singh-kapany/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Kapany married Miss Satinder Kaur in 1954, in London.<ref name="auto1"/><ref name="NYTProfile" /> His wife Satinder Kaur died in 2016.<ref name="NYTProfile" />

== Death==
He died on 4 December 2020, aged 94.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Haldar|first=Raktim|title=Dr Narinder Singh Kapany: Forgotten 'Father of Fiber-Optics'|url=http://nopr.niscair.res.in/handle/123456789/55907|access-date=2021-01-08|website=Science Reporter|language=en|archive-date=2 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802234342/http://nopr.niscair.res.in/handle/123456789/55907|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190316024705/http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/personalities/kapany.html | title=Article on Dr. Narinder Singh Kapany}}
*[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040119/biz.htm#1 News Article on Narinder Singh Kapany]
*[http://nopr.niscair.res.in/handle/123456789/55907/ Obituary of Narinder Singh Kapany by Science Reporter (Published on 8 January 2021)]{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kapany, Narinder Singh}}
[[Category:Indian Ordnance Factories Service officers]]
[[Category:1926 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Sikhs]]
[[Category:Punjabi people]]
[[Category:Punjabi academics]]
[[Category:Scientists from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian physicists]]
[[Category:21st-century American physicists]]
[[Category:Fiber optics]]
[[Category:American Sikhs]]
[[Category:American people of Punjabi descent]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian inventors]]
[[Category:Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar University alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of Imperial College London]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Physical Society]]
[[Category:Fellows of Optica (society)]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering]]
[[Category:Indian optical physicists]]
[[Category:University of California, Berkeley faculty]]
[[Category:University of California, Santa Cruz faculty]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in science & engineering]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]

Vedaranyam March

2022-08-24T16:45:12Z

Mozaffa987: Introduced an original page.

{{Short description|1930 civil disobedience in India}}
{{good article}}
{{EngvarB}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
[[File:Vedaranyam salt march, April 1930.jpg|thumb|C. Rajagopalachari leading the march along with the volunteers.]]

The '''Vedaranyam March''' (also called the '''Vedaranyam Satyagraha''') was a framework of the nonviolent [[civil disobedience]] movement in [[British India]]. Modeled on the lines of [[Dandi March]], which was led by [[Mahatma Gandhi]] on the western coast of India the month before, it was organised to protest the [[History of the British salt tax in India|salt tax]] imposed by the British Raj in the [[Colonialism|colonial]] India.

[[C. Rajagopalachari]], a close associate of Gandhi, led the march which had close to 150 volunteers, most of whom belonged to the [[Indian National Congress]]. It began at [[Trichinopoly]] (now Tiruchirappalli) on 13 April 1930 and proceeded for about {{convert|150|mi|abbr=on}} towards the east before culminating at [[Vedaranyam]], a small coastal town in the then [[Tanjore District (Madras Presidency)|Tanjore District]]. By collecting salt directly from the sea the marchers broke the salt law. As a part of the march, Rajagopalachari created awareness among the people by highlighting the importance of ''[[khādī|Khadi]]'' as well as social issues like [[Caste system in India|caste discrimination]]. The campaign came to an end on 28 April 1930 when the participants were arrested by the [[Indian Imperial Police|colonial police force]]. Its leader Rajagopalachari was imprisoned for six months. The march along with the ones at Dandi and [[Dharasana Satyagraha|Dharasana]] drew worldwide attention to the [[Indian independence movement]].

==Background==
In response to a nationwide protest of the [[History of the British salt tax in India|British salt tax]], [[Mahatma Gandhi]] decided to initiate a march to [[Dandi, Navsari|Dandi]]{{mdash}}then a small village in the [[Bombay Presidency]]{{mdash}}on the [[Coastal South West India|western coast of India]].{{Sfn|Grover|1992|p=603}} When Gandhi's choice of salt was not welcomed by his peers, [[C. Rajagopalachari]] ably supported the idea and took part in the [[Salt March]], which was organised on 12 March 1930.<ref name=Gopalkrishna>{{cite news|last1=Gandhi|first1=Gopalkrishna|title=The Great Dandi March—eighty years after|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/The-Great-Dandi-March-mdash-eighty-years-after/article16364352.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=9 February 2017}}</ref>

A month later, Rajagopalachari was unanimously elected as the president of the [[Tamil Nadu Pradesh Congress Committee|Tamil Nadu Congress Committee]] (TNCC) at the conference held in [[Vellore]].{{Sfn|Gandhi|1997|loc=chpt. Vedaranyam}} [[T. S. S. Rajan]] was elected as the secretary, while Panthulu Iyer, Swaminatha Chetty, Lakshmipathi, [[A. Vaidyanatha Iyer]] and N. S. Varathachariyar were among the prominent members of the committee. In the meanwhile, the party headquarters was shifted from [[Madras]] to [[Trichinopoly]].<ref name="Sundararajan1989">{{cite book|last=Sundararajan |first=Saroja |title=March to freedom in Madras Presidency, 1916-1947 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nr5HAAAAMAAJ |year=1989 |publisher=Lalitha Publications |page=467 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223192647/https://books.google.com/books?id=Nr5HAAAAMAAJ |archive-date=23 December 2016 }}</ref> A month later, Rajagopalachari intended to initiate a protest{{mdash}}on the lines of Dandi March{{mdash}}on the eastern coast to make salt at [[Vedaranyam]], [[Tanjore District (Madras Presidency)|Tanjore District]], [[Madras Presidency]].{{Sfn|Gandhi|1997|pp=117–119}}{{Sfn|Kandaswamy|2001|p=32}} Rajaji initially thought of choosing [[Kanyakumari]], the point where the [[Arabian Sea]], the [[Bay of Bengal]] and the [[Indian Ocean]] confluence with each other. Since the TNCC had decided not to conduct [[Satyagraha]] in non-native states, Kanyakumari, which was then a part of the [[Travancore|princely state of Travancore]], was ruled out.<ref name="Sundararajan1989" /> [[Sardar Vedaratnam|Vedaratnam Pillai]], an active [[congressman]] and a resident of Vedaranyam, convinced Rajaji that his hometown be the preferred destination. Rajaji agreed with his idea as there were "convenient" salt marshes at the Agasthiampalli salt factory, which was located near Vedaranyam. Further, Pillai was also a licensee of the salt factory and had knowledge about the manufacturing of salt.<ref>{{cite book|title=Andraya Ninaivugal, Vedaranyam Uppu Satyagraha Charithiram|last=Rajagopalachari| first=C.|year=1950|language=ta|pages=223–224}}</ref> Further, Rajaji was influenced by the location of the town; it was a part of the [[Tanjore District (Madras Presidency)|Tanjore District]], which was a Congress stronghold.

==The march==
As soon as the venue was finalised, Rajaji made further preparations for the march. A Government record pointed out that he was very much concerned about modeling the march on the lines of Gandhi's Dandi March. He estimated that a minimum sum of {{INR|20,000}} was needed to organise the rally. He successfully managed to collect the funds with the help of [[Saurashtra people|Saurashtrians]] of Madurai and South Indians in Bombay and [[Ahmedabad]]. Rajaji had formulated an advance guard that consisted of T. S. S. Rajan, G. Ramachandran and Thiruvannamalai N. Annamalai Pillai. Even before the march took off, the guard traveled along the proposed route and met the villagers to ensure support from them. Rajan was in charge of fixing the halt points for the march and took care of food and accommodation at each stage. The promulgation of section 157 of the [[Indian Penal Code]] made it a difficult task for Rajan. J. A. Thorne, the district collector of Tanjore, issued a warning that those who provide food and accommodation to the marchers shall be punished. He tried his best by widely publicising his order throughout his jurisdiction.

The committee had received nearly 1000 applications for participating in the march. After scrutinising the applications, Rajaji selected a team of ninety-eight volunteers, most of them being young clerks, students and graduates. Out of the first batch, twenty-four were from [[Madurai]], fifteen from Tirunelveli, twelve from [[Ramanathapuram]], eleven from Madras, nine from [[Tiruchengodu]], nine from [[Bombay]], seven from [[Tanjore]], five from Trichinopoly, four from [[Coimbatore]] and one each from [[North Arcot]] and [[Srirangam]]. Other prominent members included, [[Rukmini Lakshmipathi]],{{Sfn|Roy|1999|p=30}} [[K. Kamaraj]], Aranthangi C. Krishnaswamy, [[M. Bhaktavatsalam]] and Rajaji's son, [[C. R. Narasimhan]]. In addition, social activists like [[A. Vaidyanatha Iyer]] and [[G. Ramachandran (social reformer)|G. Ramachandran]] joined the rally.<ref name="stamp">{{cite web|title=Special postage stamp on freedom fighters and social reformers |url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/l1299/r091299.html |publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India |access-date=7 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426220745/http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/l1299/r091299.html |archive-date=26 April 2013 }}</ref>

The march commenced on 13 April 1930, coinciding with the [[Puthandu]] (Tamil New Year), from Rajan's house in [[Tiruchirappalli Cantonment|Trichinopoly Cantonment]].{{Sfn|Gandhi|1997|loc=chpt. Vedaranyam}}<ref name=hindu1>{{cite news|title=Re-enactment brings back Vedaranyam memories |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/reenactment-brings-back-vedaranyam-memories/article4656621.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=7 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619194623/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/reenactment-brings-back-vedaranyam-memories/article4656621.ece |archive-date=19 June 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Vedaranyam March |url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/Vedaranyam/events_persons.pdf |publisher=Vedaranyam Municipality |access-date=7 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015032445/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/Vedaranyam/events_persons.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> As soon as the marchers reached Tanjore, Rajaji avoided the usual route to Vedaranyam, and instead chose a "circuitous" route via [[Kumbakonam]], [[Valangaiman]], [[Semmangudi]], [[Needamangalam]] and [[Thiruthuraipoondi]] as he hoped that the marchers would receive hospitality in these places. He had organised fifteen sub committees to ensure a smooth functioning of the march. The idea was to gather enough support among the people by drawing their attention. They planned to cover a stretch of 10 miles each day for a period of about 15 days, thus reaching the destination before the stipulated time.

The [[Madras Presidency|Madras Government]] took a series of measures to bring an end to the march. It ordered the district officers to organize public meetings to persuade people upon the "impracticability" of the march and issued orders to arrest the participants of the march. Other preventive measures included, censoring news items related to the march and taking actions against the editors of the nationalist newspapers. Parents were warned not to send their children to participate in the satyagraha. The telegrams of the volunteers were confiscated, and the Government servants were cautioned about the consequences of participating in the march.

===Commencement of the march===
[[File:Vedaranyam March Pillar in Trichy Junction.jpg|thumb|A remembrance to mark the spot in [[Tiruchirappalli Cantonment]], from where the march had begun.]]

The 98 volunteers assembled at Rajan's house in Trichinopoly on 12 April 1930, while Rajaji reached the venue on the previous day from [[Tuticorin]]. All of them stayed at Rajan's Bungalow in [[Tiruchirappalli Cantonment]]. At about 5 a.m. on the next day morning, Rajaji, who was 51 at the time, began the march along with the volunteers and headed for Vedaranyam.{{Sfn|Gandhi|1997|loc=chpt. Vedaranyam}} The marchers sang the hymn "[[Ragupathi Raagava Rajaram]]" and a Tamil song which was composed by [[Venkatarama Ramalingam Pillai|Namakkal Ramalingam Pillai]] for the march.{{Sfn|Gandhi|1997|loc=chpt. Vedaranyam}}

Right from the beginning of the march, the volunteers faced many disruptions. When they reached Koviladi, a small village on the banks of [[Kaveri]], they were denied accommodation at a famous inn. However, they found alternative accommodation on the banks of the river, while Rajaji stayed at a private house.{{Sfn|Gandhi|1997|loc=chpt. Vedaranyam}} Rajaji also had a code of conduct for the volunteers under which consumption of coffee and tobacco products, and smoking were prohibited.

As the marchers proceeded towards [[Tanjore District (Madras Presidency)|Tanjore District]], its "astute and energetic" [[District collector|Collector]] J. A. Thorne ([[Imperial Civil Service|ICS]]) found ways to prevent them from proceeding further.{{Sfn|Gandhi|1997|p=119}} Using newspapers, leaflets (printed in [[Tamil language|Tamil]]), town-criers and press, Thorne informed the would-be hosts that anyone offering food or shelter to the marchers was liable to six-months of imprisonment and fine.{{Sfn|Gandhi|1997|p=120}}<ref name=epic>{{cite news|title=An epic march |url=http://www.hindu.com/2001/04/22/stories/1322128a.htm |access-date=7 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016124409/http://www.hindu.com/2001/04/22/stories/1322128a.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=16 October 2013 }}</ref> When Rajagopalachari learned of the collector's order, he said that he could understand the mindset of his own people better than a British ICS officer could and remarked, "Thorne and thistles cannot stem this tide of freedom."{{Sfn|Gandhi|1997|p=120}}<ref name=epic /> Panthulu Iyer, an ex-member of the Legislative Council and a resident of [[Kumbakonam]], ignored Thorne's order and provided accommodation for the marchers for two days and arranged a grand dinner for them at his house. He was arrested and sentenced to six months of imprisonment. A few government servants who welcomed the marchers at [[Semmangudi]] lost their jobs.{{Sfn|Gandhi|1997|p=121}}

On 25 April, the marchers reached Tiruthuraipoondi and had planned to stay at a choultry which was managed by Ramachandra Naidu, a close associate of Pillai. Despite the collector's warning, Naidu provided accommodation to the marchers at his choultry. His actions led to him being arrested by the [[Indian Imperial Police|police]] the following day. The arrest of Iyer and Naidu frightened the people. Pillai, however, convinced the people that they could provide food without being caught by the police. As a result, food packets were found tied to the branches of roadside trees, and when the group rested on the banks of Kaveri there were indicators where huge food containers were buried.{{Sfn|Gandhi|1997|p=120}} The policemen, who were deployed to suppress the marchers, suffered from starvation when local residents refused them food and water. The Indian staff who were employed by the British stopped performing their daily activities, while barbers and washermen refused to serve the government employees.<ref name=epic />

During the march, Rajagopalachari and the marchers highlighted the importance of Civil Disobedience Movement as well as ''khadi'' and social issues like [[Caste|caste discrimination]].<ref name=epic /> They socialised with the untouchables and refrained from entering the temples in which the former were denied entry. They also swept the streets of the villages and spoke up for the unity of Hindus and Muslims.{{Sfn|Gandhi|1997|p=121}}

===Defiance of salt laws===
[[File:வேதாரண்ய உப்புசத்தியாக்கிர ஸ்தூபி.JPG|thumb|right|The memorial at Vedaranyam]]

Despite numerous obstacles, the group reached Vedaranyam on 28 April 1930, 15 days after setting out.{{Sfn|Gandhi|1997|loc=chpt. Vedaranyam}} When Gandhi was informed he wrote back: "It is good that our hands and feet are tied so that we can sing with joy. God is the help of the helpless." The police, despite their previous failures, tightened the security at Vedaranyam to prevent the marchers from collecting salt. As soon as the group reached Vedaranyam, Rajagopalachari called for more participants and publicly declared that the salt laws would be broken on 30 April.{{Sfn|Gandhi|1997|pp=121–122}} Pillai offered accommodation to the group by constructing a camp on the shore. On the same day, when Rajaji and 16 others moved to the Edanthevar salt swamp, which was about {{Convert|2|mi}} from the camp. A police force led by the District Superintendent arrived at the spot and asked the group to surrender. When they refused, Rajagopalachari was arrested under section 74 of the Salt Act, and was produced before the district magistrate Ponnusamy Pillai.{{Sfn|Gandhi|1997|p=122}} He was sentenced to six-months of imprisonment and was sent to the [[Central Prison, Tiruchirapalli|Trichinopoly Central Prison]].{{Sfn|Gandhi|1997|p=122}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Sezhiyan |first=Era |title=The government against satyagrahas, then and now |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/the-government-against-satyagrahas-then-and-now/article2390738.ece |work=The Hindu |access-date=25 December 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226210228/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/the-government-against-satyagrahas-then-and-now/article2390738.ece |archive-date=26 December 2013 }}</ref>

==Aftermath==
The following day, shops all over the province remained closed. Despite repeated arrests and the use of brutal force by the police, people continued to make salt at Vedaranyam. The collector, Thorne, who at first had been confident of his ability to prevent the march, was forced to report to his superiors: "If there ever existed a fervid sense of devotion to the (British) Government, it is now the defunct".<ref name=epic /> Despite repeated arrests, people continued to make salt and Thorne ordered the police to [[lathi charge]] the crowd. Eventually he ordered a "wholesale" arrest, which led to 375 people in the district being arrested for protesting against the British.<ref name=epic />{{Sfn|Gandhi|1997|p=123}} Rukmini Lakshmipathi, who was imprisoned for one year, became the first woman to serve a jail term for participating in the [[Salt Satyagraha|Salt Satyagraha movement]].{{Sfn|Roy|1999|p=30}} Kamaraj was arrested for exhorting 300 people to volunteer the march and inciting them to prepare salt. Since he did not refute the charges, he was sentenced to two years of rigorous imprisonment. At first, he was sent to the Trichinopoly before being transferred to the [[Bellary]] Central Jail.{{Sfn|Gandhi|1997|loc=chpt. Vedaranyam}}{{Sfn|Kandaswamy|2001|pp=32–35}}

As a result of the [[Gandhi Irwin Pact]]{{mdash}}signed on 5 March 1931{{mdash}}the Congress suspended the Civil Disobedience Movement and the British, in turn, released all the prisoners. Kamaraj was released on eight days later.{{Sfn|Kandaswamy|2001|pp=32–35}}

The march played a significant role in the political career of Pillai. In 1931, he was conferred with the title of "Sardar" at the Tamil Nadu Agriculturists and Labourers Conference held at [[Tirunelveli]] for his active role in the march.<ref>{{cite news|last=Varadarajan|first=R.|title=Sardar of the salt satyagraha|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2000/08/25/stories/0225000q.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170602082924/http://www.thehindu.com/2000/08/25/stories/0225000q.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 June 2017|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=14 January 2017}}</ref>

==Re-enactment in 2015==
Celebrating the 85th anniversary of the iconic march, the great grandson of Rajaji, C. R. Kesavan, and the grandson of the Sardar, A.Vedaratnam, along with volunteers held a march from Vedaranyam to Agasthiyampalli in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/salt-satyagraha-reenacted/article7160634.ece|title=Salt satyagraha re-enacted|first=L.|last=Renganathan|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xOTu172qud4C&pg=PA603|title=Political Thinkers of Modern India: C. Rajagopalachari|last=Grover|first=Verinder|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications|year=1992|isbn=978-81-7100-430-0}}
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0uFJjf6iVQwC&pg=PA30|title=Encyclopaedia of violence against women and dowry death in India|last= Roy|first=Kalpana |publisher=Anmol Publications|year=1999|isbn=978-81-261-0343-0|volume=1}}
*{{cite book|last=Kandaswamy|first=P.|title=The political career of K. Kamaraj: a study in the politics of Tamilnadu, 1920-1975|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IsluAAAAMAAJ|year=2001|publisher=Concept Publishing Company}}
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JjPHeRd7_UYC&pg=PA458|title=Rajaji: A Life|last=Gandhi|first=Rajmohan|publisher=Penguin Books India|year=1997|isbn=978-0-14-026967-3|pages=492}}
{{refend}}

{{Indian independence movement}}
{{Salt topics}}
{{Tax resistance}}

[[Category:Salt March]]
[[Category:Indian independence movement in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:History of Tiruchirappalli]]

Five Banis

2022-07-25T05:08:42Z

Mozaffa987: Page crafted.

#REDIRECT [[Nitnem]] {{R from merge}}

Gurinder Chadha

2022-02-11T11:27:32Z

Mozaffa987: Published an enlightening piece.

{{Short description|British film director}}
{{Use Indian English}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Gurinder Chadha.jpg
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100|OBE}}
| caption = Chadha in 2019
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1960|01|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Nairobi]], [[British Kenya|Kenya]]
| citizenship = United Kingdom
| occupation = Film director, screenwriter
| years_active = 1990–present
| spouse = [[Paul Mayeda Berges]]
| children = 2
}}

'''Gurinder Chadha''', {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|OBE}} (born 10 January 1960) is a British film director of Indian origin. Most of her films explore the lives of Indians living in England. The common theme among her work showcases the trials of Indian women living in the UK and how they must reconcile their converging traditional and modern cultures. Although many of her films seem like simple quirky comedies about Indian women, they actually address many social and emotional issues, especially ones faced by immigrants caught between two worlds.

Much of her work also consists of adaptations from book to film, but with a different flair. She is best known for the films ''[[Bhaji on the Beach]]'' (1993), ''[[Bend It Like Beckham]]'' (2002), ''[[Bride and Prejudice]]'' (2004), ''[[Angus, Thongs and Perfect Snogging]]'' (2008), ''[[It's a Wonderful Afterlife]]'' (2010) and ''[[Viceroy's House (film)|Viceroy's House]]'' (2017). Her latest features are the biographical musical comedy-drama ''[[Blinded by the Light (2019 film)|Blinded by the Light]]'' and the television show ''[[Beecham House]]''.

== Early life ==
Gurinder Chadha was born in [[Nairobi]], [[Kenya]] then a British colony. Her Punjabi Sikh family family was part of the [[Indian diaspora in East Africa]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gurinder Chadha drew on painful family history from the Partition of India to direct 'Viceroy's House' |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-gurinder-chadha-viceroy-house-20170825-story.html}}</ref> Her father and mother were both born in Kenya, and remained there until the political turbulence leading up to independence prompted the family to consider relocating. Her family held "united citizenship" under the [[British Nationality Act 1948]] which granted them full rights of entry and settlement in Britain. Her father moved first and was joined by the family the following year<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Koshy|first1=Susan|last2=Chadha|first2=Gurinder|title=Turning Color|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2935366|journal=Transition|issue=72|pages=148–161|doi=10.2307/2935366|jstor=2935366|issn=0041-1191}}</ref> in [[Southall]], West London, when she was two years of age, where she attended Clifton Primary School.<ref name="bbc">BBC News (14 December 2007) [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7144692.stm Chadha to direct school Nativity] Accessed 14 December 2007</ref> Chadha's father faced much prejudice because of his appearance as a Sikh Indian, wearing a turban and having a beard. Her father had worked as a clerical officer in Barclays Bank in Kenya and was unable to secure the same position due to his appearance.<ref name=":0" /> Eventually, the family opened a shop to provide the family with an economic toehold.<ref name=Koshy>{{cite journal|last1=Koshy|first1=Susan|title=Turning Color|journal=Transition|issue=72|pages=148–161|doi=10.2307/2935366|jstor=2935366}}</ref>

Many of her future films would draw on her personal experience of being Indian and English at the same time, and how she dealt with the duality of her identity. Upon completion of her documentary ''I'm British but...'' Chadha insisted the premiere be held at the Southall Community Center to honor her home community.<ref name=":0" /> For example, she would not wear traditional Indian clothing, and she refused to cook for her family. In her mind, having all the women in the kitchen cooking while the men sat and ate was oppressive, although it is a living part of Indian culture. Therefore, she sat at the table with the men and was "extremely outspoken."<ref name=Rings>{{cite journal|last1=Rings|first1=Guido|title=Questions of Identity: Cultural Encounters in Gurinder Chadha's Bend it Like Beckham|journal=Journal of Popular Film and Television|year=2011|volume=39|issue=3|pages=114–123|doi=10.1080/01956051.2010.541954|s2cid=144729613}}</ref> After graduating from the [[University of East Anglia]] where she studied politics and developmental economics before radio journalism, Chadha attended the [[London College of Printing]] in 1984/85 and studied as a post-graduate. When she decided she wanted to go to the University of East Anglia to do development studies, her teachers suggested a secretarial course, or a lesser university.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Sikh Foundation – Community Profiles|url=http://www.sikhfoundation.org/comprof10-08.html|access-date=15 March 2021|website=www.sikhfoundation.org}}</ref>

== Career ==
After beginning her media career in radio in the mid-1980s, Chadha became a [[BBC]] television news reporter. She directed award-winning documentaries for the [[British Film Institute]], BBC and [[Channel Four]], and in 1989 released the documentary ''I'm British but...'' for [[Channel 4]], which followed the lives of young [[British Asians]]. In 1990, Chadha established a [[production company]], Umbi Films having no formal film training. Her first film was the 11-minute ''Nice Arrangement'' (1991) about a British Asian wedding. It was selected for the Cannes Film Festival Critic's section in 1991.<ref name=Apna>{{cite journal|last1=Bhattacharyya|first1=Gargi|author-link=Gargi Bhattacharyya|title=Gurinder Chadha and the Apna Generation Black British Film in the 1990s|journal=Third Text|volume=8|issue=27|page=55|doi=10.1080/09528829408576488}}</ref>

Chadha mentions the influence that the film ''[[Purab Aur Paschim|Purab aur Pachhim]]'' had on her work, in an interview with [[Robert K. Elder]] for ''[[The Film That Changed My Life]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1556528256/ref=nosim/wwwrobelderco-20 |title=The Film That Changed My Life: 30 Directors on Their Epiphanies in the Dark: Robert K. Elder: 9781556528255: Amazon.com: Books |website=Amazon |access-date=27 November 2015}}</ref>
<blockquote>There's a wonderful kind of yearning quality about what is culture and the perils of living in the West and the dangers of what could happen.<ref>Chadha, Gurinder. Interview by Robert K. Elder. The Film That Changed My Life. By Robert K. Elder. Chicago: Chicago Review Press, 2011. N. p189. Print.</ref></blockquote>

Her affinity for stories about families was also attributed to her love for ''[[It's a Wonderful Life]]''.

She was empowered by British [[Bhangra (music)|Bhangra music]] which combines Punjabi folk rhythms, electronic instrumentation, Bombay film styles, and Western disco; ''I'm British, but...'' uses this type of music as a metaphor for syncretic nature of British Asian identity.<ref name=":0" />

Her documentary ''Acting our Age (1992)'', set out to understand what it was like being Asian and elderly in Britain. During production she gave film crew to the elderly participants and allowed them to create their own film in order to challenge perception and layer spectator images.<ref name=":0" />

Her first feature, ''[[Bhaji on the Beach]]'' (1994), won numerous international awards including a [[BAFTA]] Nomination for 'Best British Film of 1994' and the [[Evening Standard British Film Awards|Evening Standard British Film Award]] for 'Best Newcomer to British Cinema'. Chadha first received wide recognition for the film in 1993. It was the first full-length feature film made by a British Asian woman.<ref name="Apna" /> The film surrounds a day in the lives of Indian women, across different generations, and how they change in order to converge their cultural background with modern UK living. Chadha utilizes subtlety and nuances in dialogue and fashion in order to relay the fact that these women come from a very specific culture. For example, one character wears a leather jacket over her Indian garb, showing how she is fusing her two cultures together. [[Prejudice]] comes from both outside and inside the British-Indian community; white men treat the immigrants as garbage, while the older generation of Indian women judge the modern woman is challenged by the progressive views of the younger women, as they try to break free from the "oppression" that Chadha fought hard to break free from herself.<ref name=Dimarco>{{cite journal|last1=Dimarco|first1=Danette|title=The bhadramahila and adaptation in Meera Syal's and Gurinder Chadha's Bhaji on the Beach|journal=Mosaic (Winnipeg)|volume=41|issue=4|page=161}}</ref> Her 1994 interview with [[Ali Kazimi]] in Rungh Magazine focusses on many of the main themes in Bhaji on the Beach.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rungh: A South Asian Quarterly of Culture, Comment and Criticism, 2.4 (1994), page 27|url=https://digital.lib.sfu.ca/islandora/object/rungh:918|access-date=29 April 2021|website=SFU Digitized Collections|language=en}}</ref>

Issues of domestic abuse and male superiority are also showcased in the film, as one character and her young son are chased by her abusive husband and his family. Another character, who is expected to be a doctor by her parents and the local Indian community, becomes pregnant by a black classmate, which is a taboo in the community. The film was low budget, but received critical success for its take on racial stereotypes, immigration, and gender roles. Several major projects followed including ''[[Bend It Like Beckham]]'' (2002) and ''[[Bride and Prejudice]]'' (2004).

In 1995, she directed ''Rich Deceiver'', a two-part drama for the BBC, watched by 11 million viewers.

Her award-winning films have earned over $300 million at the international box office.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Gurinder Chadha – Film Director / Screenwriter — MILLER + MILLER — A Creative Production Talent Agency|url=https://www.millermiller.tv/production-partner/directors/bully-pictures/gurinder-chadha|access-date=15 March 2021|website=MILLER + MILLER|language=en-US}}</ref>

''[[What's Cooking? (film)|What's Cooking?]]'' was the Opening Night Film of the 2000 [[Sundance Film Festival]], and was the first British script to be invited to the Sundance Institute's Writer's Lab.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gurinder Chadha: The BAFTA-nominated filmmaker who carved a niche in the West|url=https://www.globalindian.com/story/filmmaker/gurinder-chadha-who-carved-a-niche-in-the-west/ |access-date=2022-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821213028/https://www.globalindian.com/story/filmmaker/gurinder-chadha-who-carved-a-niche-in-the-west/ |archive-date=2022-08-21 |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was voted joint audience award winner in the New York Film Critics' 2000 season (tied with ''[[Billy Elliot]]''), and Chadha won the award for Best British Director in the London Film Critics' Circle Awards.

''Bend it Like Beckham'' was the highest grossing British-financed, British-distributed film, ever in the UK box-office (prior to the success of ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]''). The film was a critical and commercial success internationally, topping the box-office charts in the U.S., Australia, New Zealand, Switzerland and South Africa, and winning audience favourite film awards at the [[Locarno International Film Festival|Locarno]], [[Sydney Film Festival|Sydney]] and [[Toronto International Film Festival|Toronto]] film festivals. The film received a [[Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy|Golden Globe Nomination for Best Picture (Musical or Comedy)]], a [[BAFTA Award for Best British Film|BAFTA Nomination for Best British Film]], a [[European Film Awards|European Film Academy Nomination for Best Film]], and a [[Writers Guild of America Award|Writers Guild of America Nomination for Best Original Screenplay]]. Like ''Bhaji on the Beach'', ''Bend it Like Beckham'' features a strong Indian-British woman, Jess, who tries to realize her dreams while maneuvering through her duties as a daughter of traditional Indian parents. Although marketed to the United States as a "chick flick", it is regarded in Britain as an important post-feminist film that fits perfectly into the British progressive frame of 2002. Prime Minister Blair even wrote a congratulatory letter to Chadha, saying, "We loved it, loved it, because this is my Britain." Chadha herself meant for the film to be a "girl power" movie, which features both a white woman and an Indian-British woman fighting for their shared dream of playing professional soccer. It addressed issues of prejudice against race and sexuality, however, allowing the film to transcend the "chick flick" moniker.<ref name=Ashby>{{cite journal|last1=Ashby|first1=Justine|title=Postfeminism in the British Frame|journal=Cinema Journal|volume=44|issue=2|pages=127–132|doi=10.1353/cj.2005.0002|s2cid=144778931 }}</ref> Topics of interracial coupling and lesbian stereotyping add meaning to the "girl power movie." In 2015, Chada mounted the stage musical version of ''Bend it Like Beckham'' in London's West End to 5-Star Reviews & critics' awards.<ref name=":1" />
[[File:MJK32962 Gurinder Chadha (Viceroy's House, Berlinale 2017).jpg|thumb|Chadha at the 2017 [[Berlin Film Festival]]]]
''Bride and Prejudice'', a film which marries [[Jane Austen]] with Indian and Western musicals, was the first film ever to open at Number One in the UK and India on the same day. It attempted to fuse Bollywood, Hollywood, and a "British sensibility" into one film. For each character and scene of the original novel, Chadha adds an Indian twist. For example, the original diversity of class between the two leads in the original book are changed into a diversity of race, having the female lead as an Indian and the male lead a white man. The film was not meant to be an actual Bollywood movie, however. Much of the film is Westernized for a Western audience. There are both Bollywood numbers and Western musical numbers inspired by the likes of "Grease" and "West Side Story".<ref name=Geraghty>{{cite journal|last1=Geraghty|first1=Christine|title=JANE AUSTEN MEETS GURINDER CHADHA: Hybridity and intertextuality in Bride and Prejudice|journal=South Asian Popular Culture|volume=4|issue=2|page=163|doi=10.1080/14746680600797202|s2cid=142571652}}</ref>

She wrote the screenplay for ''[[The Mistress of Spices (film)|The Mistress of Spices]]'' (2005), based upon [[Mistress of Spices|the novel of the same name]] by [[Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni]], with Berges, who directed the film.

In 2005, Chadha appeared on the BBC show ''Your London'', in which she told the story of a [[Sikh]] prince who lived in [[London]] in the 19th century. In 2006, she took part in the BBC genealogy series ''[[Who Do You Think You Are? (British TV series)|Who Do You Think You Are?]]'' in which she traced her Sikh family roots back to Kenya and before that to India's [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]].

''Angus, Thongs and Perfect Snogging'' – based on the [[Angus, Thongs and Full-Frontal Snogging|international bestseller]], was released worldwide by [[Paramount Pictures]] in 2008/2009. ''It's a Wonderful Afterlife'' premiered at the Sundance Film Festival before releasing internationally in 2010.

Chadha has received several Honorary Doctorates from British universities and was awarded an O.B.E. in the 2006 [[Queen's Birthday Honours]] List on 17 June 2006 for her services to the British film industry.

Although the BBC had confirmed that Chadha was to direct the forthcoming [[feature film]] adaptation of the television series ''[[Dallas (1978 TV series)|Dallas]]'',<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4931704.stm |title=Entertainment | Chadha to direct new Dallas film|work=BBC News|access-date=27 November 2015}}</ref> she left the project in 2007.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dallasobserver.com/news/dallas-is-dead-yee-haw-7121372|title=Dallas is Dead? Yee. Haw.|work=DALLAS Observer|access-date=3 June 2020}}</ref>

As of 2011, Chadha was collaborating with composer [[A. R. Rahman]] and lyricist [[Stephen Schwartz (composer)|Stephen Schwartz]] on [[DreamWorks Animation]]'s first musical set in India. She has announced an animated musical entitled ''Monkeys of Bollywood'', based on the Indian epic [[Ramayana]]. Reportedly, the Bollywood-style animated musical is set in [[Mumbai]] and revolves around two monkeys who try to stop an ancient demon from conquering the world. It is produced by DreamWorks Animation.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/rahman-gurinder-chadha-team-up-for-monkey-musical/737006/|title=Rahman, Gurinder Chadha team up for monkey musical|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|location=[[Los Angeles]]|access-date=16 January 2011}}</ref>

Her film ''[[Viceroy's House (film)|Viceroy's House]]'', an epic drama on [[Indian independence movement|Indian Independence]] and [[Partition of India|Partition]] based on the books ''[[Freedom at Midnight]]'' by [[Larry Collins (writer)|Larry Collins]] and [[Dominique Lapierre]] and ''The Shadow of the Great Game: The Untold Story of India's Partition'' by Narendra Singh Sunila, was released in 2017.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kinninmont|first=Kate|url=https://wftv.org.uk/conversations-women-film-gurinder-chadha/|title=Conversation with Women in Film... Gurinder Chadha|publisher=Women in Film and Television UK|access-date=19 March 2017}}</ref>

She was a guest on [[BBC Radio 4]]'s ''[[Desert Island Discs]]'' in 2015.

Chadha created, co-wrote and directed the Indian historical series [[Beecham House|''Beecham Hous''e]] which aired on [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]] in 2019.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/pallavi-sharda-plays-a-princess-in-gurinder-chadhas-period-drama/articleshow/66120698.cms|title=Pallavi Sharda plays a princess in Gurinder Chadha's period drama|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/pallavi-sharda-happy-to-work-with-gurinder-chadha/articleshow/66133051.cms|title=Pallavi Sharda happy to work with Gurinder Chadha|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

Chadha was announced to direct an animated musical film adaptation of the graphic novel ''[[Pashmina (graphic novel)|Pashmina]]'' for [[Netflix]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://deadline.com/2019/03/pashmina-gurinder-chadha-nidhi-chanani-netflix-ashok-amritraj-hyde-park-animated-musical-india-blinded-by-the-light-1202570675/|title=Netflix Teams With Gurinder Chadha & Ashok Amritraj's Hyde Park To Turn Nidhi Chanani Graphic Novel 'Pashmina' Into Animated Musical|last=Fleming|first=Mike Jr.|website=Deadline|access-date=6 March 2019|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307030233/https://deadline.com/2019/03/pashmina-gurinder-chadha-nidhi-chanani-netflix-ashok-amritraj-hyde-park-animated-musical-india-blinded-by-the-light-1202570675/|archive-date=7 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the film was no longer in development as of December 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lodderhose |first=Diana |title=Gurinder Chadha Talks New Disney Movie, Projects Brewing & Engaging With Saudi Female Voices — Red Sea Studio |url=https://deadline.com/video/gurinder-chadha-talks-new-disney-movie-projects-brewing-engaging-with-saudi-female-voices-red-sea-studio/ |access-date=2023-05-06 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref>

Chadha announced she will be remaking the 1983 French/Swiss film ''[[L'Argent (1983 film)|L'Argent]]'' to an English Hindi language film with [[Anne-Marie (singer)|Anne-Marie]] playing the lead and [[Raji James]] co-starring.{{cn}}

As of August 2021, Chadha is collaborating with writer [[Paul Mayeda Berges]] on a [[Stop motion|stop-motion]] musical film set in India. The film will reportedly tell the story of Bodhi, a young Indian elephant from the jungles of Kerala with an impossible dream – to be a Bollywood dancer. It is produced by [[Aardman Animations]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gurinda Chadha Working On New Bollywood Inspired Aardman Movie|url=https://www.empireonline.com/movies/news/gurinda-chadha-working-on-new-bollywood-inspired-aardman-movie/|access-date=2023-05-08|website=Empire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Wiseman|first=Andreas|title=Aardman Teams Up With Gurinder Chadha For Bollywood-Inspired Animated Movie|url=https://deadline.com/2021/08/aardman-teams-up-gurinder-chadha-for-bollywood-inspired-animated-movie-1234811333/|access-date=2023-05-08|website=Deadline|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Chadha is married to American screenwriter and director [[Paul Mayeda Berges]], and they have twins together, a boy named Ronak and a girl named Kumiko, born in 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/7595619/Gurinder-Chadha-interview.html|title=Gurinder Chadha interview|last=Gritten|first=David|work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|access-date=25 February 2017}}</ref> Chadha has spoken out about representation of women in the film industry. At a 2017 [https://www.birds-eye-view.co.uk/ Bird's Eye View] event at [[Sands Films]] in London, Chadha stressed the importance of actively supporting female filmmakers at the cinema, especially on the opening weekend. She also noted that women can no longer be passive in the fight for change within a historically male-dominated industry.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ff2media.com/blog/2017/04/25/gurinder-chadha-2017-update/|title='Bend It Like Beckham' director fights for change|website=FF2 Media|language=en-US|access-date=27 March 2020}}</ref>

The British Film Institute's recent filmography study on British Cinema history named Chadha as the U.K's most prolific female director working today and was honoured with the Sophiya Haque Services to British Television and Film Award at the 2017 Asian Media Awards.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gurinder Chadha Honoured with Sophiya Haque Film Award|url=https://asianmediaawards.com/gurinder-chadha-honoured-sophiya-haque-services-british-television-film-award/|access-date=15 March 2021|website=Asian Media Awards|language=en-GB}}</ref>

She is an active patron of numerous charities including MAF (Medical Aid Films) is a Creative Mentor and Role Model for Creative Access, Directors UK Inspire, the BFI and the Sundance Directors' Lab, and Patron of Women in Film U.K.<ref name=":1" />

With regard to her religious beliefs, Chadha told the [[BBC]] in an October 2014 interview:

{{blockquote|text=For most of my life I've been saying no to that question. But, call it age or whatever, I do believe in something now. I don't think it's a white man with a big beard, but I do think that there are forces around us that we don't necessarily understand. I do believe in fate. That's a very Indian thing, but I do believe that everything happens for a reason and what goes around comes around. I suppose what I'm saying is that I believe in karma. If you're a good person and you do good things and don't think negative thoughts about other people, you actually lead a much better life.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Russell|first1=Jamie|title=Getting Direct With Directors... No.22: Gurinder Chadha|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/films/callingtheshots/gurinder_chadha.shtml|website=[[BBC]]|date=28 October 2014|access-date=21 October 2017}}</ref>}}

== Filmography ==
===Television===
* ''I'm British But...'' (1989) (TV)
* ''Pain, Passion and Profit'' (1992) (TV)
* ''Rich Deceiver'' (1995) (TV film)
* ''[[Desi Rascals]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Beecham House]]'' (2019)

===Film===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
!width=65| Director
!width=65| Writer
!width=65| Producer
! Notes
|-
| 1991
|''A Nice Arrangement''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| short film
|-
| 1992
| ''Acting Our Age''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| short film
|-
| 1993
|''[[Bhaji on the Beach]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{Partial|Story}}
| {{no}}
|-
| 1994
| ''What Do You Call an Indian Woman Who's Funny?''
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| short documentary
|-
| 2000
| ''[[What's Cooking? (film)|What's Cooking?]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{Partial|Associate}}
|-
| 2002
| ''[[Bend It Like Beckham]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
|2004
| ''[[Bride and Prejudice]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| 2005
| ''[[The Mistress of Spices (film)|The Mistress of Spices]]''
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Paris, je t'aime]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| segment: "Quais de Seine"
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Angus, Thongs and Perfect Snogging]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| 2010
| ''[[It's a Wonderful Afterlife]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Viceroy's House (film)|Viceroy's House]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Blinded by the Light (2019 film)|Blinded by the Light]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| rowspan=3|TBA
| ''[[Pashmina (graphic novel)#Adaptation|Pashmina]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| Pre-production
|-
| ''L'Argent''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| Announced
|-
| Pretty Cure All Stars: Forever
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| Announced
|}

== Appearances ==
* ''Your London'' (2005)
* ''[[Koffee with Karan]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Who Do You Think You Are? (British TV series)|Who Do You Think You Are?]]'' (2006)
* ''BBC Asian'' (2010)

==Recognition==
She was recognized as one of the BBC's 100 women of 2013<ref>{{Cite news |title=100 Women: Who took part? |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-24579511 |access-date=2022-12-18}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of female film and television directors]]
* [[List of LGBT-related films directed by women]]
* [[Women's cinema]]
* [[British Indian]]
* [[Indian community of London]]
* [[List of British Sikhs]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|nm0149446}}
*[http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/502103/ Biography and filmography] from the [[British Film Institute]]'s [[Screenonline]]
*[http://observer.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,,1821203,00.html Interview: Gurinder Chadha] ''The Observer''
*[https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/familyhistory/get_started/wdytya_s2_celeb_gallery_06.shtml Gurinder Chadha on ''Who Do You Think You Are?'']
*[https://www.theguardian.com/film/2008/jul/13/news.culture1 Interview: Gurinder Chadha] ''The Guardian''

{{Gurinder Chadha}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chadha, Gurinder}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of East Anglia]]
[[Category:British people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:British film directors]]
[[Category:British people of Punjabi descent]]
[[Category:English-language film directors]]
[[Category:British Sikhs]]
[[Category:German-language film directors]]
[[Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:English Sikhs]]
[[Category:Kenyan people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Kenyan people of Punjabi descent]]
[[Category:English people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Kenyan emigrants to the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:People from Southall]]
[[Category:Punjabi people]]
[[Category:British women film directors]]
[[Category:BBC 100 Women]]