Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

A. A. Raiba

2026-05-07T10:25:23Z

Mosphe: New

{{Short description|Indian painter (1922–2016)}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox artist
| name = A. A. Raiba
| image = A. A. Raiba.jpg
| birth_name = Abdul Aziz Raiba
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1922|7|20}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2016|4|15|1922|7|20}}
| death_place =
| spouse =
| movement =
| patrons =
| awards =
| elected =
| website =
| notable_works = The Roti Seller Old Bombay
| alma_mater = [[Sir Jamsetjee Jeejebhoy School of Art|Sir J. J. School of Art, Mumbai]]
}}

'''Abdul Aziz''' "'''A. A.'''" '''Raiba''' (20 July 1922 – 15 April 2016)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-04-17 |title=Mumbai-based artist A A Raiba dead at 93 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/mumbai-artist-a-a-raiba-dies-2756941/ |access-date=2022-07-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> was an Indian painter. Educated at the [[Sir J. J. School of Art]] in [[Bombay]] (1942–46), Raiba started painting professionally in the early 1950s. He won several medals from the Bombay Art Society: Bronze and silver medals, 1947–51;{{clarify|date=September 2016}} and the gold medal in 1956. His paintings are in collections in the [[Cairo Museum]], [[Egypt]], in the Nagpur Museum and in the [[National Gallery of Modern Art]] in Delhi.<ref name="JoshiMirashi1964">{{cite book|author1=P. M. Joshi|author2=Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi|author3=Moreshwar Gangadhar Dikshit|author4=Central Museum (Nāgpur, India)|title=Śatābda-kaumudī: centenary volume|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wgcoAAAAMAAJ|year=1964|publisher=Centenary Celebrations Committee, Central Museum|page=185}}</ref> His work has been shown in over 20 exhibitions. He painted several large murals for clients such as [[Air India]] and [[Ashok Hotel]].

His work is characterised by bold shapes, strong outlines and simple use of sophisticated color. His landscapes often use a deliberately naive perspective.{{clarify|date=September 2016}}

== Early life ==
Temkar Street, off Kamathipura, in Bombay Central, is a street that is inhabited predominantly by Konkani Muslims, coming from the coastal regions of Maharashtra, who speak a dialect of Marathi. Their family names are similar to those of their Hindu neighbours. Abdul Aziz Raiba, was born into one such family on this street in 1922. His father was a tailor and he came from a family of meagre means. Education from an early age for him was dependent on the availability of scholarships. He began his education at a Gujarati medium school, though Marathi was his first language. Later he secured a scholarship to study at the progressive and prestigious Anjuman-I-Islam school. Here he excelled in [[Urdu]], and was asked by his teachers to become a writer. Raiba began writing couplets and soon took to translating the works of [[Allama Iqbal]] to English. He learnt Arabic calligraphy, and a Hindu teacher seeing this ability, realised he could draw well. Asking Raiba what he was doing, Raiba was unable to answer, not knowing what it was called. The teacher told him that he had a talent of great use, and introduced him to the artist Dandavatimath. Dandavatimath, along with artist Rao and Prof Badigar, had established a school called Nutan Kala Mandir, or the Modern Art Temple, at the Blavatsky Lodge of the Theosophical Society at French Bridge, Opera House in Bombay.

==Schooling==
Raiba studied at the school for a foundation course, learning basic techniques essential for admission to the Sir JJ School of Art. The school's location at the Theosophical Society, had an interchange of dialogue between Art and the principles of Theosophy. Theosophy advocates seeking enlightenment through the search of truth, essential and common to all religions to solve unanswered questions of mankind. It requires faith in a common brotherhood and respect for men of all creeds and races. Echoing this, Raiba many years later in his invitation-catalogue for an exhibition of his works in 1984 said, "To comprehend the meaning of Art, I have ceaselessly tried to understand what life is – its circuitous course and ultimate goal. I go through a labyrinth of desire and fear, and I must keep on. The only alternative to ceaseless action is Death, which alone can drop a curtain on the medley of deeds and also what remains undone".

Raiba was introduced to Charles Gerard, then dean of Sir JJ School of Art, who urged him to pursue mural painting and work with oils. Raiba greatly admired the works of his professor [[J. M. Ahivasi]], who belonged to the revivalist school of Indian miniature painting. Raiba, though, believed that the technique of oil painting presented many more possibilities than the use of tempera. He however retained certain elements of visual play from his early training in the Indian traditions. Seeking to establish a distinct style, Raiba rejected western norms of landscape painting. In his works the use of light is akin to that of miniature paintings. He blurred out the horizon and instead illuminated intended subjects, giving them a three-dimensional sculpted quality. Therefore, like miniature paintings various perspectives lie in the same plane. In his portraits of village folk, he placed the woman in the same plane as the hamlet which surround her, but rendered in a perspective where she diminishes the other details such as the hamlet. Some of Raiba's later works illustrated the poems of [[Mirza Ghalib]].

==Early work==

Raiba studied at the Sir JJ School of Art, from 1942 to 1946. After graduating with a diploma, Charles Gerard appointed him as a fellow to assist other students. Though there were protestations to his appointment, as he lacked fluency in spoken English, Gerard asked him to continue. Later that year he was contemplating moving to Paris, like most of his contemporaries. Raiba approached Walter Laghammer, the Austrian art director of the ''[[The Times of India|Times of India]]'', for advice. Langhammer knowing his meagre means advised him instead to go live in [[Kashmir]]. Raiba took up residence in the Naginbagh area of Srinagar and often travelled to the city's various Mughal gardens such as the Nishatbagh to sketch. He would then travel on foot into the mountains, surviving on milk given to him by the nomadic pastoral tribe – the [[Gurjar]]s. An earlier unfinished work from Kashmir, that depicts the change in seasons, illustrates time, and probably has its references from the time he spent dwelling with the Gurjars. Apart from landscapes, his works from this period capture the pointed slanting wooden roofs of the Mosques in winter, or portraits of Kashmiri women rendered similarly, white sharp fine and pointed lines. Having lived in Kashmir for a duration of five years, after a romance gone sour, Raiba returned to Bombay.

Upon his return, he married his cousin. His father was opposed to the marriage, as he believed his son lacked character by choosing to be an artist. He soon began to search for a job to sustain himself. During this time he chanced upon MF Hussain, who introduced him to the legendary film maker [[K. Asif]], who employed him as an Art Director in his film studio. The glamour and trappings of Cinema did not suit Raiba and he soon quit. Hussain then found him a job at the furniture store Roop Bharati, at Lamignton road run by a Gujarati lady called Sushilaben. Here he
designed furniture along with artists Ara and Hussain during which the Progressive Artist Group invited him to join their collective, to which he declined as he found the functioning of the group least progressive.<ref name="Śiroḍakara2005">{{cite book|author=Pra. Pā Śiroḍakara|title=Honorable Jagannath Shankarshet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y3gMAQAAMAAJ|year=2005|publisher=Pradnya-Darshan Prakashan|page=1264}}</ref> He sustained himself on commissions of murals, winning notable projects such as those for Air India and the Ashoka Hotel in [[New Delhi]].

Raiba lived in a 100 square feet tenement with his mother, his wife and three children. This space served too as the studio. Canvas in those was not easy to come by and was usually imported. During his time in Kashmir stretched cloth on a board served as his canvas. Jute when stretched tight is extremely taught, but the fibres from the strains of jute often shed. Being from a plant that grows in standing water, with humid conditions, the fibre resists decay by humidity and is apt for tropical temperatures. It is readily available and cheap. Using jute for its availability and cost, Raiba soon devised a method of priming the stretched jute, using techniques learnt during his training to be a muralist at school. He would prepare the surface of his jute canvas by creating a white sticky solution of white clay paste, fevicol (gum adhesive), water and ground bricks. The gum adhesive would act as the binder and bring in the colour. The prepared canvas had a taught smooth surface that was dull white in colour. The process is time-consuming as the jute strings absorb the solution easily but the pores between them take time to fill. It takes 15 layers of application before the stretched jute can be used as a canvas. Raiba, is distinct in his use of jute, he changes the surface of the material to resemble a canvas and does not use it in its natural form. While painting there is a deep absorption of the paint into the surface, leaving a rough texture on the surface, altering the shades of the paint. Even after years of having been painted these canvases do not develop cracks or have any fungal damage in comparison to the common canvas. The placement of subjects within his paintings borrow from the murals, narrating multiple stories, histories through intricate images that often go unnoticed but remain essential.

Having a deep interest in Islamic literature and [[Urdu poetry|Urdu Poetry]], Raiba was a scholar at heart. His works were not merely beautiful landscapes that emerged from live drawings.<ref name="Lalit Kalā contemporary">{{cite book|title=Lalit Kalā contemporary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JWPrAAAAMAAJ|year=1985|publisher=Lalit Kala Akademi|page=12}}</ref> They were imaginary, based on a studied research of History. Though Raiba often travelled to places he would then treat as subjects for his canvas. Right after Kashmir, Raiba travelled to the temples of South India, disguising himself as a Kashmiri Pandit as entry into temples for Muslims was prohibited. Having never had the means to travel outside India, he constantly travelled the sub-continent in search of a subject with Goa being the most recent. A large oveure of his work is based on recreated scenes of old Bombay and the erstwhile Portuguese colonies that neighboured the city such as Bassein (Vasai). Raiba along with just a few other modernists was a native of Bombay. His family were from the Konkan – coastal Maharashtra, part of which was once ruled by the Portuguese. His community – the Konkani Muslims were ancient seafarers who held a distinct but integrated identity along with the Jews and Christians in a predominantly Hindu Konkan. Raiba always celebrated the fact that his surname had a Hindu origin and his mother was of Hindu lineage. In years before 1980, Raiba began research for the most important exhibition he claims to have executed. At the Petit Library in Bombay, he referenced illustrative manuscripts of the British and the Portuguese from the 18th century that depicted old etchings and maps of Bombay, he searched for details from [[the Gazette of India]], a compilation of minute details by the British of their possessions, and personal travelogues and biographies of those who had passed through the city. This served as an archive of information based on which he recreated an imagined nostalgia of the city from the 18th century for an exhibition of paintings at [[Jehangir Art Gallery]], perhaps as an ode to his origins. Soon after, Raiba's studio on Temkar street was lost as the building collapsed due to disrepair, and the family had to move to the distant suburbs, ironically in the environs of Vasai (Bassein)

==Style==
Always using Charcoal to sketch, Raiba's use of the line was subject specific, changing over the years, dependent on what he chose to study and illustrate. In his earlier works, he depicts Christ, female nudes, and the erotic with sharp linear, angular shapes, falling short of being defined as cubist. In his landscapes and portraits of rural folk, a much later series, Raiba's lines began to curve vivaciously finding echoes with the styles of the Mexican Muralists. Perhaps his concurrent training at the JJ in techniques of both the Western and the Indian schools of painting at the eve of Indian Independence compounded by a scholarly reclusive nature gave birth to a style and technique that bore few distinguishable similarities with the works of other artists.<ref name="ProductionsLimited1990">{{cite book|author1=Purnima Productions|author2=ITC Limited|title=Art mosaic: in celebration of Calcutta's tercentenary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oOvVAAAAMAAJ|year=1990|publisher=Purnima Productions|page=12}}</ref>

The invites to his exhibitions were self designed, experimenting often with font, paper textures and improvising the design of the catalogue into shapes that were innovative in their fold. Raiba, had a lifelong experimentation with Calligraphy which he often took to with passion, conjuring bird shapes out of Urdu couplets. His experimentation with
technique and medium was a continuous process. In 1980, Raiba, while visiting the JJ School of Architecture for the admission of his elder son, encountered hobby classes at the school's fine art faculty. He enrolled himself into the printmaking department then headed by YC Shukla and Vasant Parab for evening classes in printmaking. Here he learnt how to prepare the plate, draw onto it and print etchings. After creating a few plates, he was soon bored of the medium and instead began to carve out flat shapes of animals and designs to create three-dimensional works, from the copper plates given to him. His tryst with printmaking ended after he lost interest in the medium and due to the prohibitive cost of plates, which at the time were imported. Having recently concluded his show 'Old Bombay', often visiting coastal Koliwadas (fishing villages) to observe the old Portuguese Forts and embankments, Raiba etched three mullets together playing with the possibilities, to capture the graphic quality of their scales.<ref name="Culture1978">{{cite book|author=Heras Institute of Indian History and Culture|title=Indica|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PBW2AAAAIAAJ|year=1978|publisher=Heras Institute of Indian History and Culture, St. Xavier's College.|page=51}}</ref> His recent experimentations though have been with glass, composing a singular image three-dimensionally by placing differently drawn layers of glass together.

When AA Raiba was 86, reflecting back on his practice he said, that decades have passed but his work remained unfinished. " Itni Umar gayi, Kam khatam nahi hua"(In Urdu – " So many years have passed, I am old, yet my practice remains unfinished.") – AA Raiba

== Awards ==
1947 Silver Medal, Bombay Art Society, Bombay. 1947 Bronze Medal, Bombay Art Society, Bombay. 1947 Awarded The Late Rao Bahadur S.V. Rajadhyaksha Memorial Prize, Bombay Art Society, Bombay. 1951 Silver Medal, Bombay Art Society, Bombay. 1952 Awarded Sheth Vullabhdas Cursondas Nath's Prize, Bombay Art Society, Bombay. 1953 Highly Commended, Annual Exhb., Bombay Art Society, Bombay. 1953 Awarded The Late Shri Kavasji Jalbhoy Stt Memorial, Bombay Art Society, Bombay. 1954 Awarded The Bombay Fine Art Offset and Litho Works Prize, Bombay Art Society, Bombay. 1956 Gold Medal, Bombay Art Society, Bombay. 1962 Awarded as one among the ten best exhibits of the year, [[Lalit Kala Akademi]], New Delhi.<ref name="Hindustan year-book and who's who">{{cite book|title=Hindustan year-book and who's who|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9nVDAAAAYAAJ|year=1963|publisher=M. C. Sarkar.|page=462}}</ref><ref name="Link: Indian newsmagazine">{{cite book|title=Link: Indian newsmagazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=susxAQAAIAAJ|year=1970|page=39}}</ref>

== Exhibition history ==

1953 Bombay Artist Creations, Zurich. 1954 Biennale of Rome. 1955 Solo exhb., AIFACS, New Delhi. 1956 Solo exhb., Graham Studio, Bombay. 1957 Exhb. of Indian Contemporary paintings, Milan. 1959 Solo exhb., Jehangir Art Gallery, Bombay. 1961 Exhb. at UAE. 1961 Exhb. at USSR, Paris and Rio de Janeiro. 1964 Solo exhb., Taj Art Gallery, Bombay.<ref name="Group(India)1985">{{cite book|author1=Modern Artists and Architects Research Group|author2=National Centre for the Performing Arts (India)|title=Mārg̲|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I2rrAAAAMAAJ|year=1985|publisher=Marg Publications|page=102}}</ref> 1965 Exhb. at South East Africa and Nairobi. 1967 Solo exhb. on Bara-Masa, Shirom Art Gallery, Bombay. 1967 Solo exhb. on catastrophe, Taj Art Gallery, Bombay. 1968 Solo exhb., Attic Art Gallery, Bombay. 1969 Mirza Ghalib Centenary Show, Taj Art Gallery, Bombay. 1969 Solo exhb., Taj Art Gallery, Bombay. 1970 10 Hrs to 20 Hrs, Taj Art Gallery, Bombay. Solo exhb., Gallery Oasis, Bombay. 1972 Solo exhb. on kaleidoscopic paintings, Taj Art Gallery, Bombay. 1973 Solo exhb. of Neo Miniature Paintings, Taj Art Gallery, Bombay. 1975 Bombay of the 18th Century, Taj Art Gallery and Gallery Chemould, Bombay. His paintings are worth upwards of three lakh rupees.<ref name="(Firm)2007">{{cite book|author=Osian's (Firm)|title=Masterpieces and ABC series|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uf40IQMYybQC|year=2007|publisher=Osian's—Connoisseurs of Art|isbn=978-81-8174-019-9|page=11}}</ref>

A Solo Exhibition of the artist AA Raiba after twelve years,
curated by the Clark House Initiative for Gallery Art & Soul.

AA Raiba had hung three large unfinished works from his Kashmir Series of the 1950s on the walls of his studio. These unfinished panoramas of Kashmir's wintry landscapes, towns and temples, include a large primed canvas of coarse coatings on jute whose embedded designs and relief, reveal a plethora of stages to fathom from the artist's process and technique. Strong and weathered, the paintings have come out of his studio after sixty years. They will dramatically take up the space of the present exhibition, calling attention to the materials he used: jute or old sarees, treated with invented mixtures, that primed, sized, gave texture, and unfading colour to his paintings. A box of school notebooks form a part his studio. Raiba had pasted into school exercise books hundreds of his drawings, jottings and cuttings, folds of papers which open up to larger grids of space, from which he drew his world of references. He has labelled them according to his obsessions. A slideshow archiving every drawing in these sketchbooks runs on a small screen beside the old books that are too fragile to be handled. Also from his studio, are printmaking copper-plates, which he had once cut up into calligraphic stencils, to make a three-dimensional sculptural work. He made many of his own pigments, a bright lemon-peel yellow from mango leaves fed to cows, as the ancient Indian miniaturists had done for many centuries. These impoverished materials of his art, have valor.

His experiments with material may have to do with growing up in his father's small tailor's shop in Temkar Street in Bombay, with small strips of waste cloth lying heaped on the floor of the shop, amidst which he was allowed to play. A polyglot, Raiba, learned Urdu as a child at school, soon composing couplets, and then translating the poetry of Allama Iqbal into English. He graduated from Sir JJ School of art in 1946, and was active alongside the Progressive Artists Group, especially friendly with Hussain and Ara, working at jobs they found between them – at the storied furniture shop and cinema studios that are a part of the art history of this period.<ref name="NadkarniDnyaneshwar">{{cite book|author1=Nadkarni|author2=Dnyaneshwar|title=Husain: Riding The Lightning|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JVK6d5CXq5MC&pg=PA49|accessdate=4 March 2012|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7154-676-3|page=49}}</ref> He left for Kashmir on the suggestion of Walter Langhammer, the ''Times of India'' art director, returning to Bombay after five years.

Raiba has resisted exhibiting for a long time, uncertain of the presentation of his work. Exhibitions for him developed out of long periods of research – the making of his solo exhibitions was scholarly, writing exquisite, clear and wit-edged prose, to fit within his self-designed catalogues and invitations. With age, he felt he had lost the ability to orchestrate a similar show. Therefore, intrigued by a proposal to recreate his studio, and studio practices, and to have an involved dialogue with the works from the perspective of their making, he agreed to present his work again to an audience.

== References ==

{{Reflist}}
* The personal archive of AA Raiba and interviews with the author Sumesh Sharma Clark House Initiative=

==External links==
*[https://gallerydotwalk.com/a_a_raiba Dedicated Page about Raiba on Gallery Dotwalk website]
*[https://gallerydotwalk.com/events-view?id=42/AA-Raiba:-The-Inner-Contour A landmark exhibition celebrating the artistic legacy of Abdul Aziz Raiba]
*[http://www.artnet.com/Artists/LotDetailPage.aspx?lot_id=A47D3AC4F701F94C6585D94EA5064ED5 Raiba painting on Artnet website]
*[http://www.delhiartgallery.com/artworks/work.aspx?AID=66&aw=1103&twa=1&CID=1 Raiba paintings at Delhi Art Gallery]{{dead link|date=September 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raiba, A. A.}}
[[Category:1922 births]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:Indian male painters]]
[[Category:Konkani Muslims]]
[[Category:Sir J. J. School of Art alumni]]
[[Category:Indian portrait painters]]
[[Category:Artists from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Painters from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male artists]]

Tapas Chandra Roy

2026-05-06T06:21:54Z

Mosphe: added pg

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Tapas Chandra Roy
| office = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2026
| constituency = [[Kushmandi Assembly constituency|Kushmandi]]
| predecessor = Rekha Roy
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| profession = Politician
}}

'''Tapas Chandra Roy''' is an Indian politician and member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He was elected as a Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Kushmandi Assembly constituency|Kushmandi]] constituency in the [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tapas Chandra Roy(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- KUSHMANDI (SC)(DAKHSIN DINAJPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/WestBengal2026/candidate.php?candidate_id=442 |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tapas Chandra Roy (BJP) Candidate from KUSHMANDI (SC) Constituency, Tapas Chandra Roy Political Career, Age, Education, Election Result 2026 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/west-bengal/candidate-tapas-chandra-roy-10540 |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Roy, Tapas Chandra}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2026–2031]]

2025–26 Gokulam Kerala FC season

2026-05-06T05:01:24Z

Mosphe: Done

{{Short description|Indian football club season}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox football club season
| club = [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
| season = [[2025–26 in Indian football|2025–26]]
| chairman = [[:ml:ഗോകുലം ഗോപാലൻ|Gokulam Gopalan]] V. C. Praveen
| chrtitle = Chairman President
| owner = Sree Gokulam Group
| manager = *[[José Hevia]](until 10 January)
*[[Derrick Pereira]] (from 11 January to 10 March)
*[[Dimitris Dimitriou (football manager)|Dimitris Dimitriou]] (from 11 March)
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| stadium = [[Kozhikode Corporation EMS Stadium|EMS Stadium]]
| league = [[I-League]]
| league result = ''[[2025–26 I-League|TBD]]''
| cup1 = [[Super Cup (India)|Indian Super Cup]]
| cup1 result = [[2025–26 AIFF Super Cup|Group Stage]]
| cup2 = [[2025 IFA Shield|IFA Shield]]
| cup2 result = [[2025 IFA Shield|Group Stage]]
| league topscorer =
| season topscorer =
| highest attendance =
| lowest attendance =
| average attendance =
| largest win =
| largest loss =
| pattern_la1 =
| pattern_b1 = _vneckorange
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| prevseason = [[2024–25 Gokulam Kerala F.C. season|2024–25]]
| nextseason = [[2026–27 Gokulam Kerala F.C. season|2026–27]]
| updated = 01 June 2025
}}
The '''2025–26 season''' is [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]'s ninth since its establishment in 2017 and their eighth in the [[I-League]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://khelnow.com/football/2024-02-indian-football-calendar-2024-25 | title=Indian Football Calendar 2024-25: More youth leagues, longer window for IWL and more }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-27 |title=AIFF appeal committee issues stay order on relegation in I-League |url=https://www.news9live.com/sports/football/aiff-appeal-committee-issues-stay-order-on-relegation-in-i-league-2859059 |access-date=2025-05-27 |website=News9live |language=en-US}}</ref>
This is Gokulam Kerala's first season under new head coach [[José Hevia]], it is announced on 6 June 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-06 |title=Jose hevia to become gokulam kerala's new head coach |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/gokulam-kerala-transfer-news-new-head-coach-jose-hevia-career-stats/article69665149.ece}}</ref> The club is also participating in the [[2025 IFA Shield|IFA Shield]] and [[2025–26 AIFF Super Cup|Indian Super Cup]].

departure of former coach Jose Hevia in January 2026, former [[Churchill Brothers FC|Churchill Brothers]] manager [[Dimitris Dimitriou (football manager)|Dimitris Dimitriou]] was announced as Malabrians manager that in march.
==Current technical staff==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!style="background:#7D2838; color:white;" |'''Position'''
!style="background:#7D2838; color:white;" |'''Name'''
|-
| Head coach
| {{flagicon|CYP}} [[Dimitris Dimitriou (football manager)|Dimitris Dimitriou]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-07 |title=IFL 2025-26: Gokulam Kerala appoints Dimitris Dimitriou as head coach|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/gokulam-kerala-appoints-dimitris-dimitriou-head-coach-ifl-latest-updates/article70712441.ece}}</ref>
|-
| Assistant coach
|{{flagicon|BHU}} Yelan Wangda
|-
| Assistant coach
|{{flagicon|IND}} Renjith CM
|-
| Fitness and conditioning coach
| {{flagicon|IND}} Saifulla
|-
|Technical director
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Derrick Pereira]]<ref>https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-i-league-gokulam-kerala-fc-announce-derrick-pereira-new-technical-director-202507</ref>
|-
| Goalkeeping coach
| {{flagicon|IND}} Fysal Bappu
|-
| Team manager
| {{flagicon|IND}} Nikidesh
|-
|}

== First-team squad ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; font-size:90%;"
|-
! style="background:#d50000; color:white; text-align:center;"| Squad no.
! style="background:#d50000; color:white; text-align:center;"| Name
! style="background:#d50000; color:white; text-align:center;"| Nationality
! style="background:#d50000; color:white; text-align:center;"| Position(s)
! style="background:#d50000; color:white; text-align:center;"| Age
! style="background:#d50000; color:white; text-align:center;"| Previous club
! style="background:#d50000; color:white; text-align:center;"| Since
! style="background:#d50000; color:white; text-align:center;"| Apps
! style="background:#d50000; color:white; text-align:center;"| Goals
! style="background:#d50000; color:white; text-align:center;"| Assists
|-
! colspan="10" style="background:#7D2838; color:white; text-align:center" | '''Goalkeepers'''
|-
| 1
| [[Rakshit Dagar]]
| {{flagicon|India}}
| [[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]
| 32
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Inter Kashi FC|Inter Kashi]]
|2021, 2025-
| 39
| 0
| 0
|-
| 25
| [[Kamaludheen Kasim]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]
| 23
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Thrissur Magic FC|Thrissur Magic]]
| 2026
| 1
| 0
| 0
|-
| 42
| [[Shibinraj Kunniyil]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]
| 32
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
| 2018-19, 2022–23, 2024
| 60
| 0
| 0
|-
|-
! colspan="10" style="background:#7D2838; color:white; text-align:center" | '''Defenders'''
|-
| 3
| [[Harpreet Singh (footballer, born 2002)|Harpreet Singh]]
| {{flagicon|India}}
| [[Defender (association football)|CB]]/[[Right-back|RB]]
| 25
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]]
|2025
|8
|0
|0
|-
| 4
| [[Athul Unnikrishnan]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Right-back|RB]]
| 27
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal II]]
|2024
|27
|2
|0
|-
| 5
| [[Nidhin Krishna]]
| {{flagicon|India}}
| [[Defender (association football)|CB]]/ [[Defender (association football)#Full-back|RB]]
| 26
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kerala United FC|Kerala United]]
|2023
|57
|1
|1
|-
| 14
| [[Lalbiakhlua Lianzela]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Defender (association football)|CB]]
| 24
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]
| 2026
|4
|0
|1
|-
| 15
| [[Aminou Bouba]]
| {{flagicon|CMR}}
| [[Defender (association football)|CB]]
| 33
|Free Agent
|2021-2024,2026-
|80
|6
|2
|-
| 26
| [[Amid Arezou]]
| {{flagicon|AFG}}
| [[Defender (association football)|CB]]
| 29
|{{flagicon|NOR}} [[Arendal Fotball|Arendal]]
| 2026
|4
|0
|0
|-
| 27
| [[Sachu Siby]]
| {{flagicon|India}}
| [[Defender (association football)|LB]]
| 24
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Calicut FC|Calicut]]
| 2026
|9
|0
|0
|-
| 33
| [[Gursimrat Singh (footballer, born 1998)|Gursimrat Singh]]
| {{flagicon|India}}
| [[Defender (association football)|CB]]
| 27
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]]
|2025
|13
|1
|0
|-
| 43
| [[Soyal Joshy]]
| {{flagicon|India}}
| [[Right-back|RB]]
| 23
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
|2025
|6
|0
|0
|-
! colspan="10" style="background:#7D2838; color:white; text-align:center" | '''MidFielders'''
|-
| 6
| [[Rishad PP]]
| {{flagicon|India}}
| [[Midfielder|CM]]
| 29
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gokulam Kerala FC (Reserves)|GKFC Reserves]]
|2021
|69
|3
|4
|-
| 7
| [[Mirjalol Kasimov (footballer, born 1995)|Mirjalol Kasimov]]
| {{flagicon|UZB}}
| [[Midfielder|DM]]
| 31
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|2026
|8
|2
|1
|-
| 8
| [[Vítor Barata]]
| {{flagicon|POR}}
| [[Midfielder|AM]]
| 30
|{{flagicon|IDN}} [[PSMS Medan]]
|2026
|3
|0
|1
|-
| 10
| [[Nili (footballer)|Nili Perdomo]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}}
| [[Midfielder|CM]]
| 31
|Free Agent
|2025,2026-
|18
|3
|4
|-
| 11
| [[Ashis Pradhan]]
| {{flagicon|India}}
| [[Midfielder|CM]]
| 26
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
|2026-
|1
|0
|0
|-
| 13
| [[Armand Bazié]]
| {{flagicon|CIV}}
| [[Midfielder|CM]]
| 34
|Free Agent
|2026-
|4
|0
|0
|-
| 20
| [[Rahul Raju]]
| {{flagicon|India}}
| [[Midfielder|CM]]
| 21
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Bengaluru FC Reserves and Academy|Bengaluru B]]
|2022
|49
|5
|1
|-
| 23
| [[Trijoy Savio Dias]]
| {{flagicon|India}}
| [[Midfielder|CM]]
| 26
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]
|2025
|12
|1
|1
|-
| 30
| [[Kingslee Fernandes]]
| {{flagicon|India}}
| [[Midfielder|CM]]
| 28
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]
|2026
|5
|0
|0
|-
| 31
| [[Shigil Nambrath]]
| {{flagicon|India}}
| [[Midfielder|CM]]
| 22
|{{flagicon|India}} [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|2025
|12
|0
|0
|-
| 62
| [[Aman C. K.|Aman CK]]
| {{flagicon|India}}
| [[Midfielder|AM]]
| 22
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|2026-
|4
|0
|0
|-
| 77
| Naseeb Rahman
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Midfielder|AM]]
| 22
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|2026
|0
|0
|0
|-
! colspan="10" style="background:#7D2838; color:white; text-align:center" | '''Forwards'''
|-
| 17
| [[Thabiso Brown]]
| {{flagicon|LES}}
| [[Forward (association football)|FW]]
| 30
| {{flagicon|CAM}} [[Boeung Ket Angkor FC|Boeung Ket]]
|2025
|20
|13
|2
|-
| 18
| [[Benjamin Kuku]]
| {{flagicon|NGA}}
| [[Forward (association football)|FW]]
| 31
| Free Agent
|2026
|5
|1
|0
|-
| 22
| [[Moses Lalrinzuala]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Forward (association football)|FW]]
| 21
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Chanmari FC|Chanmari]]
| 2025
| 15
| 2
| 2
|-
| 55
| [[Samuel Kynshi]]
| {{flagicon|India}}
| [[Forward (association football)|WF]]
| 25
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
|2025
|7
|1
|0
|-
| 70
| [[Komal Thatal]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Forward (association football)|FW]]
| 25
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
| 2025
| 2
| 0
| 0
|-
|
| [[Jangjagin kuki]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Forward (association football)|FW]]
| 25
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[27 United FC ]]
| 2025
| 0
| 0
| 0
|-
|}

== New contracts ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! style="background:#7D2838; color:white;" |'''Date'''
! style="background:#7D2838; color:white;" |'''Position'''
! style="background:#7D2838; color:white;" |'''No.'''
! style="background:#7D2838; color:white;" |''' Player'''
! style="background:#7D2838; color:white;" |'''Ref.'''
|-
|03 July 2025
| GK
| 01
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Loitongbam Bishorjit Singh|Bishorjit Singh]]
|
|-
|03 July 2025
| GK
| 12
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rakshit Dagar]]
|
|-
|03 July 2025
| GK
| 42
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Shibinraj Kunniyil]]
|
|-
|16 September 2025
| MF
| 99
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rahul Raju]]
|
|}

==Transfers and loans ==

===Transfers in===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="background:#7D2838; color:#FFFFFF; |'''Entry date'''
! style="background:#7D2838; color:white;" |'''Position'''
! style="background:#7D2838; color:white;" |'''Player'''
! style="background:#7D2838; color:white;" |'''Previous club'''
! style="background:#7D2838; color:white;" |'''Fee'''
! style="background:#7D2838; color:white;" |'''Ref.'''
|-
|1 June 2025
| style="text-align:center;"| FW
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} Senthamil Shanbagam
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} SAT
| Loan return
|
|-
|20 June 2025
| style="text-align:center;"| DF
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} Soyal Joshy
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
| None
|<ref>"https://www.madhyamam.com/sports/football/soyal-joshi-in-gokulam-kerala-1420458</ref>
|-
|11 July 2025
| style="text-align:center;"| DF
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Harpreet Singh (footballer, born 2002)|Harpreet Singh]]
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]]
| None
|<ref>"https://www.manoramaonline.com/sports/football/2025/07/12/harpreet-singh-gokulam-kerala.html</ref>
|-
|21 July 2025
| style="text-align:center;"| MF
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} Lalramdinsanga Ralte
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
| None
|
|-
|30 July 2025
| style="text-align:center;"| FW
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} Moses Lalrinzuala
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Chanmari FC|Chanmari]]
| None
|<ref>https://fanport.in/football/gokulam-kerala-fc-welcomes-moses-lalrinzuala-to-the-squad/</ref>
|-
|13 August 2025
| style="text-align:center;"| FW
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Seiminmang Manchong]]
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
| None
|<ref>{{cite news |title=മണിപ്പുർ സ്ട്രൈക്കർ മാങ്കു കുക്കി ഗോകുലം കേരള എഫ്‌സിയിൽ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/sports/football/2025/08/14/gokulam-kerala-fc-signs-mangu-kuki.html |work= manoramaonline |date= 14 August 2025 |access-date= 9 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
|18 August 2025
| style="text-align:center;"| MF
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} Shighil Nambrath
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| None
|
|-
|25 August 2025
| style="text-align:center;"| MF
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} Sibajit Singh
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohun Bagan SG Youth and Academy|Mohun Bagan B]]
| None
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 August 2025 |title=Gokulam Sign Sibajit|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DNxyhzbYvb-/|website=Instagram|access-date=25 August 2025|language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|27 August 2025
| style="text-align:center;"| FW
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} Akshunna Tyagi
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[FC Bengaluru United|Bengaluru United]]
| None
|
|-
|02 September 2025
| style="text-align:center;"| DF
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gursimrat Singh (footballer, born 1998)|Gursimrat Singh]]
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]]
| None
|
|-
|09 September 2025
| style="text-align:center;"| FW
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} Jangjagin kuki
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[27 United FC ]]
| None
|
|-
|11 September 2025
| style="text-align:center;"| MF
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Samuel Kynshi]]
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
| None
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Samuel L Kynshi joins Gokulam Kerala for I-League 2025-26|url=https://thesportsroom.in/2025/09/15/football-samuel-l-kynshi-joins-gokulam-kerala-for-i-league-2025-26/ |work= thesportsroom |date= 15 September 2025 |access-date= 23 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
|24 September 2025
| style="text-align:center;"| DF
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Matías Hernández]]
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|BRU}} [[DPMM FC|DPMM]] II
| None
|<ref>{{Cite instagram |user=90rfootballindia |date=2 August 2025|postid=DM2tEjWvXh8 |title=🚨 𝙀𝙓𝘾𝙇𝙐𝙎𝙄𝙑𝙀 : 27 years old defensive powerhouse Luís Matías Hernández Mirueña joins Gokulam Kerala FC ✅🤝|access-date=5 August 2025}}</ref>
|-
|25 September 2025
| style="text-align:center;"| MF
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|ESP}} Edu Martínez
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Canosa Calcio 1948|Canosa]]
| None
|
|-
|26 September 2025
| style="text-align:center;"| FW
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|ESP}} Juan Carlos Rico
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[UD Rayo Ibense|Rayo Ibense]]
| None
|
|-
|30 September 2025
| style="text-align:center;"| MF
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Alfred Planas]]
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Sestao River Club|Sestao River]]
| None
|<ref> {{cite instagram|postid=DPOr5cFEstN|title=A new chapter unfolds ✨ Alfred Planas joins the Malabarians, carrying with him a wealth of experience from the Spanish leagues.🙌 #gkfc #malabarians #gokulamkeralafc #IndianFootball️️|user=gokulam_kerala_fc|author-link=Gokulam Kerala FC|date=30 September 2025|accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
|16 October 2025
| style="text-align:center;"| DF
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} Thokchom Malemngamba Singh
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bengaluru FC Reserves and Academy|Bengaluru B]]
| None
|
|-
|21 October 2025
| style="text-align:center;"| MF
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} Craig Mangkhanlian
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bhawanipore Club]]
| None
|
|-
|22 October 2025
| style="text-align:center;"| MF
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} Trijoy Savio Dias
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]
| None
|
|-
|23 October 2025
| style="text-align:center;"| MF
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Albert Torras]]
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[SD Ejea|Ejea]]
| None
|
|-
|24 October 2025
| style="text-align:center;"| FW
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} Kevisanyu Peseyie
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Barak FC|Barak]]
| None
|
|-
|18 November 2025
| style="text-align:center;"| FW
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Komal Thatal]]
| style="text-align:left;"|Free Agent
| None
|
|-
|4 December 2025
| style="text-align:center;"| FW
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|LES}} [[Thabiso Brown]]
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|CAM}} [[Boeung Ket Angkor FC|Boeung Ket]]
| None
|
|-
|07 January 2026
| style="text-align:center;"| GK
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} Kamaludheen Kasim
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Thrissur Magic FC|Thrissur Magic]]
| None
|
|-
|30 January 2026
| style="text-align:center;"| MF
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Nili (footballer)|Nili Perdomo]]
| style="text-align:left;"|Free Agent
| None
|
|-
|02 February 2026
| style="text-align:center;"| FW
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[John Kennedy (footballer, born 2000)|John Kennedy]]
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Malappuram FC]]
| None
|
|-
|04 February 2026
| style="text-align:center;"| MF
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|UZB}} [[Mirjalol Kasimov (footballer, born 1995)|Mirjalol Kasimov]]
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
| None
|
|-
|05 February 2026
| style="text-align:center;"| DF
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Wungngayam Muirang]]
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]]
| None
|
|-
|09 February 2026
| style="text-align:center;"| DF
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sachu Siby]]
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Calicut FC|Calicut]]
| None
|
|-
|10 February 2026
| style="text-align:center;"| DF
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|AFG}} [[Amid Arezou]]
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|NOR}} [[Arendal Fotball|Arendal]]
| None
|<ref>{{cite web |author1=Mjnz |title=Afghan international Amid Arezou signs for Gokulam Kerala FC |url=https://indiasportshub.com/wp-login.php?action=lostpassword&redirect_to=%2Fafghan-international-amid-arezou-signs-for-gokulam-kerala-fc-strengthening-malabarians-promotion-push%2F|work=The Times of India |accessdate=10 January 2026 |date=10 January 2026 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|18 February 2026
| style="text-align:center;"| MF
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ashis Pradhan]]
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
| None
|
|-
|22 February 2026
| style="text-align:center;"| MF
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Aman C. K.]]
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
| None
|
|-
|07 March 2026
| style="text-align:center;"| MF
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kingslee Fernandes]]
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
| None
|
|-
|10 March 2026
| style="text-align:center;"| FW
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Muhammed Sinan]]
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kannur Warriors FC|Kannur Warriors]]
| None
|
|-
|13 March 2026
| style="text-align:center;"| DF
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} Lalbiakhlua Lianzela
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]
| None
|
|-
|30 March 2026
| style="text-align:center;"| MF
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|CIV}} [[Armand Bazié]]
| style="text-align:left;"|
| None
|
|-
|30 March 2026
| style="text-align:center;"| DF
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|CMR}} [[Aminou Bouba]]
| style="text-align:left;"|
| None
|
|-
|06 April 2026
| style="text-align:center;"| FW
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|NGA}} [[Benjamin Kuku]]
| style="text-align:left;"|
| None
|
|-
|11 April 2026
| style="text-align:center;"| MF
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|POR}} [[Vítor Barata]]
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IDN}} [[PSMS Medan]]
| None
|
|-
|}

===Transfers out===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="background:#7D2838; color:white;" |'''Exit date'''
! style="background:#7D2838; color:white;" |'''Position'''
! style="background:#7D2838; color:white;" |'''No.'''
! style="background:#7D2838; color:white;" |'''Player'''
! style="background:#7D2838; color:white;" |'''To club'''
! style="background:#7D2838; color:white;" |'''Fee'''
! style="background:#7D2838; color:white;" |'''Ref.'''
|-
| 21 May 2025
| style="text-align:center;"| DF
| style="text-align:center;"| 13
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rahul khoukar]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Kalighat Milan Sangha FC|Kalighat MS]]
| Free Transfer
|
|-
| 1 June 2025
| style="text-align:center;"| FW
| style="text-align:center;"| 70
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Wander Luiz (footballer, born 1992)|Wander Luiz]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|THA}} [[Chanthaburi F.C.|Chanthaburi]]
| Free Transfer
|
|-
| 1 June 2025
| style="text-align:center;"| FW
| style="text-align:center;"| 23
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Michael Soosairaj]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Forca Kochi FC|Forca Kochi]]
| Free Transfer
|
|-
| 1 June 2025
| style="text-align:center;"| MF
| style="text-align:center;"| 77
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Saurav Mandal]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Kerala Blasters]]
| Loan Return
|
|-
| 1 June 2025
| style="text-align:center;"| FW
| style="text-align:center;"| 24
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ranjeet Pandre]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
| Loan Return
|
|-
| 1 June 2025
| style="text-align:center;"| DF
| style="text-align:center;"| 22
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Halen Nongtdu]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| Loan Return
|
|-
| 2 June 2025
| style="text-align:center;"| FW
| style="text-align:center;"| 11
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[R Ramdinthara|Tharpuia]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]]
| Free Transfer
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-06 |title=Thank you, Tharpuia! ❤️ |url=https://x.com/GokulamKeralaFC/status/1929443461511491977/photo/1}}</ref>
|-
| 25 June 2025
| style="text-align:center;"| MF
| style="text-align:center;"| 7
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Abhijith Kurungodan]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
| Free Transfer
|
|-
| 26 June 2025
| style="text-align:center;"| MF
| style="text-align:center;"| 93
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Akhil Praveen]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Malappuram FC]]
| Free Transfer
|
|-
| 03 July 2025
| style="text-align:center;"| GK
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Avilash Paul]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[United SC]]
| Free Transfer
|
|-
| 12 July 2025
| style="text-align:center;"| FW
| style="text-align:center;"| 21
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|LES}} [[Thabiso Brown]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|CAM}} [[Boeung Ket Angkor FC|Boeung Ket]]
| Free Transfer
|
|-
| 22 July 2025
| style="text-align:center;"| FW
| style="text-align:center;"| 15
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Suhair Vadakkepeedika|VP Suhair]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| Free Transfer
|<ref>https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/vp-suhair-set-to-join-jamshedpur-fc-isl-i-league-gokulam-kerala-transfer-news-updates-khali-jamil/article69838645.ece</ref>
|-
| 12 July 2025
| style="text-align:center;"| FW
| style="text-align:center;"| 17
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Nacho Abeledo]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|THA}} [[Chanthaburi F.C.|Chanthaburi]]
| Free Transfer
|
|-
| 27 July 2025
| style="text-align:center;"| DF
| style="text-align:center;"| 2
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Salam Ranjan Singh]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
| Free Transfer
|
|-
| 10 August 2025
| style="text-align:center;"| FW
| style="text-align:center;"| 9
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|MLI}} [[Adama Niane (footballer)|Adama Niane]]
| style="text-align:left;"| Free Agent
| Free Transfer
|
|-
| 12 August 2025
| style="text-align:center;"| FW
| style="text-align:center;"| 95
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|MNE}} Siniša Stanisavić
| style="text-align:left;"| Free Agent
| Free Transfer
|
|-
| 12 August 2025
| style="text-align:center;"| MF
| style="text-align:center;"| 10
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|URU}} [[Martín Cháves]]
| style="text-align:left;"| Free Agent
| Free Transfer
|
|-
| 12 August 2025
| style="text-align:center;"| MF
| style="text-align:center;"| 28
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Sergio Llamas]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|ITA}} [[FBC Gravina]]
| Free Transfer
|
|-
| 19 September 2025
| style="text-align:center;"| FW
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Senthamil Shanbagam]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Thrissur Magic FC|Thrissur Magic]]
| Free Transfer
|
|-
| 19 September 2025
| style="text-align:center;"| DF
| style="text-align:center;"| 30
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Bibin Ajayan]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Thrissur Magic FC|Thrissur Magic]]
| Free Transfer
|
|-
| 01 January 2026
| style="text-align:center;"| FW
| style="text-align:center;"| 10
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|ESP}} Edu Martínez
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Gimnástica Segoviana CF|Gimnástica Segoviana]]
| Free Transfer
|
|-
| 07 January 2026
| style="text-align:center;"| FW
| style="text-align:center;"| 11
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|ESP}} Juan Carlos Rico
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[CD Soneja|Soneja]]
| Free Transfer
|
|-
| 07 January 2026
| style="text-align:center;"| DF
| style="text-align:center;"| 27
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sebastian Thangmuansang]]
| style="text-align:left;"| Free Agent
| Free Transfer
|
|-
| 20 January 2026
| style="text-align:center;"| AM
| style="text-align:center;"| 7
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Alfred Planas]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Inter Kashi FC|Inter Kashi]]
| Free Transfer
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Inter Kashi bolster squad with four Spanish signings ahead of ISL debut |url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-isl-2025-26-inter-kashi-foreign-signing |access-date=2026-01-20 |website=Khel Now |language=en-us}}</ref>
|-
| 27 January 2026
| style="text-align:center;"| DM
| style="text-align:center;"| 21
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Matías Hernández]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
| Free Transfer
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 January 2026 |title=Kerala Blasters sign midfielder Matias Hernandez from Gokulam |url= https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/football/2026/01/27/kerala-blasters-sign-matias-hernandez.html |access-date=27 January 2026|website=onmanorama}}</ref>
|-
| 03 February 2026
| style="text-align:center;"| MF
| style="text-align:center;"| 16
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Albert Torras]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|KGZ}} [[FC Bars Issyk-Kul]]
| Free Transfer
|
|-
| 20 February 2026
| style="text-align:center;"| DF
| style="text-align:center;"| 12
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mashoor Shereef]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
| Free Transfer
|
|-
| 20 February 2026
| style="text-align:center;"| MF
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} Sibajit Singh
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Gokulam Kerala FC Reserves and Academy|Gokulam Kerala B]]
| Free Transfer
|
|-
| 2 March 2026
| style="text-align:center;"| GK
| style="text-align:center;"| 13
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Loitongbam Bishorjit Singh|Bishorjit Singh]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Calicut FC|Calicut]]
| Free Transfer
|
|-
| 2 March 2026
| style="text-align:center;"| DF
| style="text-align:center;"| 14
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Thokchom Malemngamba Singh| Malemngamba Singh]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
| Free Transfer
|
|-
| 15 March 2026
| style="text-align:center;"| MF
| style="text-align:center;"| 19
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Craig Mangkhanlian]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[United SC|United]]
| Free Transfer
|
|-
| 17 March 2026
| style="text-align:center;"| FW
| style="text-align:center;"| 8
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Kevisanyu Peseyie]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Karbi Anglong Morning Star FC|Morning Star]]
| Free Transfer
|
|-
| 24 March 2026
| style="text-align:center;"| FW
| style="text-align:center;"| 70
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Seiminmang Manchong]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sudeva Delhi FC|Sudeva Delhi]]
| Free Transfer
|
|-
| 01 April 2026
| style="text-align:center;"| FW
| style="text-align:center;"| 9
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Akshunna Tyagi]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[FC Bengaluru United|Bengaluru United]]
| Free Transfer
|
|-
| 01 April 2026
| style="text-align:center;"| MF
| style="text-align:center;"| 17
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} Lalramdinsanga Ralte
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[FC Bengaluru United|Bengaluru United]]
| Free Transfer
|
|-
|}

=== Loan in ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! style="background:#d50000; color:white;" |'''Start date'''
! style="background:#d50000; color:white;" |'''End date'''
! style="background:#d50000; color:white;" |'''Position'''
! style="background:#d50000; color:white;" |'''Player'''
! style="background:#d50000; color:white;" |'''From club'''
! style="background:#d50000; color:white;" |'''Fee'''
! style="background:#d50000; color:white;" |'''Ref'''
|-
| 03 February 2026
| End of Season
| style="text-align:center;" | MF
| style="text-align:left;" |Naseeb Rahman
| style="text-align:left;" |[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|None
|
|-
|}

=== Loan out ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! style="background:#d50000; color:white;" |'''Start date'''
! style="background:#d50000; color:white;" |'''End date'''
! style="background:#d50000; color:white;" |'''Position'''
! style="background:#d50000; color:white;" |'''Player'''
! style="background:#d50000; color:white;" |'''To club'''
! style="background:#d50000; color:white;" |'''Fee'''
! style="background:#d50000; color:white;" |'''Ref'''
|-
| 1 March 2026
| End of season
| style="text-align:center;" | DF
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Wungngayam Muirang]]
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Gokulam Kerala FC Reserves and Academy|Gokulam Kerala B]]
|None
|
|-
| 1 March 2026
| End of season
| style="text-align:center;" | DF
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Laishram Singh Johnson]]
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Gokulam Kerala FC Reserves and Academy|Gokulam Kerala B]]
|None
|
|-
| 1 March 2026
| End of season
| style="text-align:center;" | MF
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Emil Benny]]
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Gokulam Kerala FC Reserves and Academy|Gokulam Kerala B]]
|None
|
|-
| 1 March 2026
| End of season
| style="text-align:center;" | GK
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Kamaludheen Kasim]]
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Gokulam Kerala FC Reserves and Academy|Gokulam Kerala B]]
|None
|
|-
|}

==Pre-season==
Gokulam Kerala announced their participation in the O Chandrasekharan Memorial Tournament [[Irinjalakuda]], Thrissur during pre-season.
{{football box collapsible
| round = O Chandrasekharan Memorial Tournament
| date = 23 January 2026
| time = 19:00 IST
| team1 = Gokulam Kerala
| score = 4-1
| report =
| team2 = NFC Kerala
| goals2 =
| goals1 = * Akshunna Tyagi {{goal}}
* Kevisanyu Peseyie {{goal}}{{goal}}
* Jamshid {{goal}}
| stadium = Municipal Stadium
| location = [[Irinjalakuda]]
| attendance =
| referee =
| result = W
}}
{{football box collapsible
| round = O Chandrasekharan Memorial Tournament
| date = 24 January 2026
| time = 18:30 IST
| team1 = Gokulam Kerala
| score = 2-0
| report =
| team2 = PFC Kerala
| goals1 = * [[Rahul Raju]] {{goal}}
* Mahdi {{goal}}
| goals2 =
| stadium = Municipal Stadium
| location = [[Irinjalakuda]]
| attendance =
| referee =
| result = W
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = O Chandrasekharan Memorial Tournament
| date = 25 January 2026
| time = 19:00 IST
| team1 = Gokulam Kerala
| score = 2-1
| report =
| team2 = [[Kerala Police Football Team|Kerala Police]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| stadium = Municipal Stadium
| location = [[Irinjalakuda]]
| attendance =
| referee =
| result =W
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = {{start date|2026|02|04|df=y}}
|time = TBC [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|round = Friendly
|score = 1-0
|report = https://x.com/kevbmat/status/2020854738493857859#:~:text=FT%20%F0%9F%94%9A%20Friendly%20Match%20Kerala,%F0%9F%A4%8D147
|team1 = [[Kerala Blasters]]
|goals1 = * [[Lalthanmawia Renthlei|Amawia]] {{goal|TBC}}
|team2 = Gokulam Kerala
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[The Sanctuary (Kochi)|The Sanctuary]]
|location = [[Thripunithura]]
|attendance = ''TBC''
|referee = ''TBC''
|motm = N/A
|note =
|result = L
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = {{start date|2026|02|09|df=y}}
|time = TBC [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|round = Friendly
|score = 3-1
|report = https://aaveshamclub.com/kbfc-vs-gkfc-match-result-2/
|team1 = [[Kerala Blasters]]
|goals1 = * Victor Bertomeu {{goal|TBC}}
* Rowllin Borges {{goal|TBC}}
* Ebindas Yesudas {{goal|TBC}}
|team2 = Gokulam Kerala
|goals2 =* [[John Kennedy (footballer, born 2000)| Kennedy]] {{goal|TBC}}
|stadium = [[The Sanctuary (Kochi)|The Sanctuary]]
|location = [[Thripunithura]]
|attendance = ''TBC''
|referee = ''TBC''
|motm = N/A
|note =
|result = L
}}

==Competitions==

===Overview===
{{Fb overview2
|c=1
|c1=[[2025–26 I-League|I-League]] |fm1= 27 February 2026 |lm1=TBD|sr1=Match Day 1 |fp1= [[2025–26 I-League|TBD]] |w1=2|l1=6|d1=3|f1=13 |a1=23
|c2=[[2025 IFA Shield|IFA Shield]]|fm2=9 October 2025|lm2=12 October 2025|sr2=Group Stage |fp2=Group Stage|w2=0|l2=2|d2=0|f2=1|a2=6
|c3=[[2025–26 AIFF Super Cup|Indian Super Cup]]|fm3=27 October 2025|lm3=5 November 2025|sr3=Group Stage |fp3=Group Stage|w3=1|l3=2|d3=0|f3=3|a3=7
|u={{Start date|2026|05|05|df=y}}
}}

===I-League===
{{Main|2025–26 Indian Football League}}

==== League table ====
{{:2025–26 Indian Football League|showteam=GOK}}

==== Results by round ====
{{#invoke:sports rbr table|table|legendpos=b
|header = Round
|label1 = Ground
| res1 =[[Rajiv Gandhi Stadium (Aizawl)|A]]/[[Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium|H]]/[[Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium|H]]/[[Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium|H]]/[[Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium|H]]/[[Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium|H]]/[[Vidhyadhar Nagar Stadium|A]]/[[TRC Turf Ground|A]]/[[Bankimanjali Stadium|A]]

|label2 = Result
| res2 =D/D/L/W/L/W/L/L/L
|label3 = Position
| res3 =9/7/10/7/7/5/6/8/9
|label4 = Points
| res4 =1p/2p/2p/5p/5p/8p/8p/8p/8p

|text_H=Home|text_A=Away
|color_W=green2|text_W=Win
|color_D=yellow2|text_D=Draw
|color_L=red2|text_L=Loss
|color_1=1st|color_2=2nd|color_3=3rd|color_10-=red1

|source=
|updated=18 April 2026
}}

==== Matches ====
'''Note''':

{{football box collapsible
| round = 1
| date = {{Start date|2026|02|27|df=y}}
| time = 18:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Chanmari FC|Chanmari]]
| score = 0-0
| report =
| team2 = Gokulam Kerala
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| location = [[Aizawl]]
| stadium = [[Rajiv Gandhi Stadium (Aizawl)|Rajiv Gandhi Stadium]]
| attendance =
| result = D
| motm =
| referee =
}}
{{football box collapsible
| round = 2
| date = {{Start date|2026|03|07|df=y}}
| time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Gokulam Kerala
| score = 1-1
| report =
| team2 = [[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]]
| goals1 = *[[Thabiso Brown]] {{goal|33}}
| goals2 = *[[Seilenthang Lotjem]] {{goal|75}}
| location = [[Manjeri]]
| stadium =
| attendance =
| result = D
| motm =
| referee =
}}
{{football box collapsible
| round = 3
| date = {{Start date|2026|03|14|df=y}}
| time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Gokulam Kerala
| score = 0-1
| report =
| team2 = [[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| location = [[Manjeri]]
| stadium =
| attendance =
| result = L
| motm =
| referee =
}}
{{football box collapsible
| round = 4
| date = {{Start date|2026|03|20|df=y}}
| time = 18:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Gokulam Kerala
| score = 2-0
| report =
| team2 = [[Dempo SC|Dempo]]
| goals1 = *[[Moses Lalrinzuala|Lalrinzuala]] {{goal|19}}
*[[Mirjalol Kasimov (footballer, born 1995)|Kasimov]]{{goal|84|P}}
| goals2 =
| location = [[Manjeri]]
| stadium =
| attendance =
| result =W
| motm =
| referee = I Jamal muhammed
}}
{{football box collapsible
| round = 5
| date = {{Start date|2026|03|26|df=y}}
| time = 18:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Gokulam Kerala
| score = 0-2
| report =
| team2 = [[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| location = [[Manjeri]]
| stadium =
| attendance =
| result = L
| motm =
| referee =
}}
{{football box collapsible
| round = 6
| date = {{Start date|2026|03|31|df=y}}
| time = 18:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Gokulam Kerala
| score = 4-2
| report =
| team2 = [[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
| goals1 = *[[Rahul Raju|Rahul]] {{goal|2||90+8}}
*[[Trijoy Savio Dias|Trijoy]] {{goal|5}}
*[[Thabiso Brown|Thabiso]] {{goal|34}}
| goals2 = *Tlangte {{goal|88}}
*Zomuansanga {{goal|89}}
| location = [[Manjeri]]
| stadium =
| attendance =
| result = W
| motm =
| referee =
}}
{{football box collapsible
| round = 7
| date = {{Start date|2026|04|07|df=y}}
| time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
| score = 1-0
| report =
| team2 = Gokulam Kerala
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| location = [[Jaipur]]
| stadium = Vidhyadhar Nagar Stadium
| attendance =
| result =L
| motm =
| referee =
}}
{{football box collapsible
| round = 8
| date = {{Start date|2026|04|12|df=y}}
| time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
| score = 6-2
| report =
| team2 = Gokulam Kerala
| goals1 =
| goals2 = *M.Lalrinzuala {{goal|13}}
*B.Kuku {{goal|80}}
| location = [[Srinagar]]
| stadium = [[TRC Turf Ground]]
| attendance =
| result = L
| motm =
| referee =
}}
{{football box collapsible
| round = 9
| date = {{Start date|2026|04|18|df=y}}
| time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]]
| score = 5-2
| report =
| team2 = Gokulam Kerala
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| location = [[Diamond Harbour, India|Diamond Harbour]]
| stadium = [[Bankimanjali Stadium|Naihati Stadium]]
| attendance =
| result = L
| motm =
| referee =
}}

==== Relegation Stage ====
{{football box collapsible
| round = 1
| date = {{Start date|2026|04|30|df=y}}
| time = 18:300 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
| score = 3-0
| report =
| team2 = Gokulam Kerala
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| location = [[Hyderabad]]
| stadium =
| attendance =
| result = L
| motm =
| referee =
}}
{{football box collapsible
| round = 2
| date = {{Start date|2026|05|05|df=y}}
| time = 18:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Gokulam Kerala
| score = 2-2
| report =
| team2 = [[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
| goals1 = *[[Mirjalol Kasimov (footballer, born 1995)|Kasimov]]{{goal|17}}
*Gursimrat Singh {{goal|43}}
| goals2 =
| location = [[Hyderabad]]
| stadium =
| attendance =
| result = D
| motm =
| referee =
}}
{{football box collapsible
| round = 3
| date = {{Start date|2026|05||df=y}}
| time = 18:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]]
| score =
| report =
| team2 = Gokulam Kerala
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| location = [[Hyderabad]]
| stadium =
| attendance =
| result =
| motm =
| referee =
}}

===IFA Shield===
{{Main|2025 IFA Shield}}

===Group B===
<onlyinclude>
{{#invoke:Sports table
|main|style=WDL
|solid_cell=grey
|matches_style=FBR
|show_matches=y
|section=Group B
|update=complete
|source=IFA


|team_order= MBG, USC, GOK
|win_MBG=2 |draw_MBG= |loss_MBG= |gf_MBG=7 |ga_MBG=1
|win_GOK= |draw_GOK= |loss_GOK=2 |gf_GOK=1 |ga_GOK=6
|win_USC=1 |draw_USC= |loss_USC=1
|gf_USC=1 |ga_USC=2


|match_MBG_GOK=5–1
|match_MBG_USC=2–0

|match_GOK_MBG=null
|match_GOK_USC=null

|match_USC_MBG=null
|match_USC_GOK=1–0

|name_MBG=[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
|name_GOK=[[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
|name_USC=[[United SC]]




|res_col_header=Q|class_rules=[[#Tiebreakers|Group stage tiebreakers]]
|result1=FIN |
|col_FIN=green1 |text_FIN={{nowrap|Advance to the}} [[#Knockout stage|Final]]
}}</onlyinclude>

====Matches====
{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| date = 9 October 2025
| time = 15:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
| score = 5–1
|team2 = Gokulam Kerala
|goals1 = Emil Benny {{yel|24}} Athul Unnikrishnan {{yel|35}} [[Lalengmawia Ralte]] {{goal|48|og}} 
|goals2 = Rishad {{goal|11|og}} [[Subhasish Bose]] {{yel|23}} [[Jamie Maclaren]] {{goal|27||75}} [[Alberto Rodríguez (footballer, born 1992)|Alberto Rodríguez]] {{goal|51}} [[Robinho (footballer, born July 1995)|Robson Robinho]] {{goal|54}} [[Lalengmawia Ralte]] {{yel|71}}
|report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=56916 I-League]
|location = [[Kolkata]]
|stadium = Kishore Bharati Krirangan
|attendance = 1400
|referee = Surojit Das
|motm = [[Jamie Maclaren]] (Mohun Bagan)
| result =L
}}

{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| date = 12 October 2025
| time = 14:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[United SC]]
| score = 1–0
| report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/56918 AIFF] [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=56918 I-League] [https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/56918_Match_Summary_V1_1760267861.pdf PDF Report]
| team2 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
| goals1 =
*Amit Basak {{goal|54}}
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Kalyani Stadium]]
| location = [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]]
| attendance = 768
| referee = Pratik Mondal
| motm =Amit Basak (United SC)
| result =L
}}

===Super Cup===
{{Main|2025–26 AIFF Super Cup}}
Gokulam Kerala entered the competition in the Group Stage, the fixtures were announced on 25 September 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-23 |title=Mohun Bagan, FC Goa top seeded for Super Cup, 16 teams to take part |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/goa/mohun-bagan-fc-goa-top-seeded-for-super-cup-16-teams-to-take-part/articleshow/124055437.cms |access-date=2025-09-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
{{2025–26 AIFF Super Cup group tables|Group C|showteam=GOK}}

====Matches====
{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| round = 1
| date = {{Start date|2025|10|27|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
| score = 3–0
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=57395 I-League] [https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/57395_Match_Summary_V2_1761570405.pdf PDF Report]
| team2 = Gokulam Kerala
| goals1 =
*[[Muhammad Suhail F|Suhail]] {{goal|2}}
*[[Nikhil Prabhu|Prabhu]] {{goal|10}}
*[[Princeton Rebello|Princeton]] {{goal|43}}
| goals2 =
| attendance = 189
| referee = K Ramdasan
| location = [[Bambolim]]
| stadium = [[GMC Athletic Stadium]]
| result =L
}}

{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| round = 2
| date = {{Start date|2025|11|02|df=y}}
| time = 16:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Gokulam Kerala
| score = 0–4
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=57398 I-League] [https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/57398_Match_Summary_V1_1762099446.pdf PDF Report]
| team2 = [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
*[[Ryan Williams (soccer, born 1993)|Williams]] {{goal|7||47}}
*[[Vinith Venkatesh|Vinith]] {{goal|44}}
*[[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{goal|62}}
| attendance = 350
| referee = Aditya Purkayastha Man of the Match: [[Ryan Williams (soccer, born 1993)|Ryan Williams]] (Bengaluru)
| location = [[Fatorda]]
| stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Margao)|Fatorda Stadium]]
| result =L
}}

{{#invoke:Football box collapsible|main
| round = 3
| date = {{Start date|2025|11|05|df=y}}
| time = 16:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Gokulam Kerala
| score = 3–0
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=57400 I-League] [https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/57400_Match_Summary_V1_1762348397.pdf PDF Report]
| team2 = [[Mohammedan Sporting Club (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
| goals1 =
*[[Albert Torras|Torras]] {{goal|28}}
*[[Samuel Kynshi|Kynshi]] {{goal|56}}
*[[Juan Carlos Rico Azorin|Azorin]] {{goal|86}}
| goals2 =
| location = [[Bambolim]]
| stadium = [[GMC Athletic Stadium]]
| attendance = 100
| referee = Crystal John
| result =W
}}

==Statistics ==

=== Appearances===
Players with no appearances are not included on the list.

{{Updated|05 May 2026}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2"|No.
! rowspan="2"|Pos.
! rowspan="2"|Nat.
! rowspan="2" style="width:180px;"|Name
! colspan="2" style="width:86px;"|[[2025–26 I-League|I-League]]
! colspan="2" style="width:86px;"|[[2025 IFA Shield|IFA Shield]]
! colspan="2" style="width:86px;"|[[2025–26 AIFF Super Cup|Indian Super Cup]]
! colspan="2" style="width:86px;"|Total
|-
!Apps
!Starts
!Apps
!Starts
!Apps
!Starts
!Apps
!Starts
|-
|1
|GK
|{{Flagicon|IND}}
|align=left|[[Rakshit Dagar]]
||3||2||1||1||2||1||'''6'''||'''4'''
|-
|3
|DF
|{{Flagicon|IND}}
|align=left|[[Harpreet Singh (footballer, born 2002)|Harpreet Singh]]
||5||4||1||1||3||3||'''9'''||'''8'''
|-
|4
|DF
|{{Flagicon|IND}}
|align=left|Athul Unnikrishnan
||5||2||1||1||0||0||'''6'''||'''3'''
|-
|5
|DF
|{{Flagicon|IND}}
|align=left| Nidhin Krishna
||9||8||2||2||1||1||'''12'''||'''11'''
|-
|6
|MF
|{{Flagicon|IND}}
|align=left| [[Rishad PP]]
||4||0||2||2||3||2||'''9'''||'''4'''
|-
|<s>7</s>
|MF
|{{Flagicon|ESP}}
|align=left| [[Alfred Planas]]
||0||0||2||2||3||3||'''5'''||'''5'''
|-
|7
|MF
|{{Flagicon|UZB}}
|align=left| [[Mirjalol Kasimov (footballer, born 1995)|Mirjalol Kasimov]]
||9||7||0||0||0||0||'''9'''||'''7'''
|-
|8
|MF
|{{Flagicon|POR}}
|align=left| [[Vítor Barata]]
||3||2||0||0||0||0||'''3'''||'''2'''
|-
|<s>9</s>
|FW
|{{Flagicon|IND}}
|align=left| Akshunna Tyagi
||0||0||2||0||2||1||'''4'''||'''1'''
|-
|<s>10</s>
|FW
|{{Flagicon|ESP}}
|align=left| Edu Martínez
||0||0||2||2||1||1||'''3'''||'''3'''
|-
|<s>10</s>
|FW
|{{Flagicon|ESP}}
|align=left| [[Nili (footballer)|Nili]]
||3||3||0||0||0||0||'''3'''||'''3'''
|-
|<s>11</s>
|FW
|{{Flagicon|ESP}}
|align=left| Juan Carlos Rico
||0||0||2||2||3||1||'''5'''||'''3'''
|-
|11
|MF
|{{Flagicon|IND}}
|align=left| [[Ashis Pradhan]]
||1||0||0||0||0||0||'''1'''||'''0'''
|-
|<s>12</s>
|DF
|{{Flagicon|IND}}
|align=left| [[Mashoor Shereef]]
||0||0||1||0||0||0||'''1'''||'''0'''
|-
|13
|MF
|{{Flagicon|CIV}}
|align=left| [[Armand Bazié]]
||4||3||0||0||0||0||'''4'''||'''3'''
|-
|<s>15</s>
|MF
|{{Flagicon|IND}}
|align=left| [[Emil Benny]]
||0||0||2||1||3||1||'''5'''||'''2'''
|-
|15
|DF
|{{Flagicon|CMR}}
|align=left| [[Aminou Bouba]]
||5||5||0||0||0||0||'''5'''||'''5'''
|-
|<s>16</s>
|MF
|{{Flagicon|ESP}}
|align=left| [[Albert Torras]]
||0||0||0||0||3||3||'''3'''||'''3'''
|-
|<s>17</s>
|MF
|{{Flagicon|IND}}
|align=left| Lalramdinsanga Ralte
||0||0||1||1||0||0||'''1'''||'''1'''
|-
|17
|FW
|{{Flagicon|LES}}
|align=left| [[Thabiso Brown]]
||11||10||0||0||0||0||'''11'''||'''10'''
|-
|<s>18</s>
|DF
|{{Flagicon|IND}}
|align=left| Laishram Johnson Singh
||0||0||1||1||2||1||'''3'''||'''2'''
|-
|18
|FW
|{{Flagicon|NGA}}
|align=left| [[Benjamin Kuku]]
||5||1||0||0||0||0||'''5'''||'''1'''
|-
|20
|MF
|{{Flagicon|IND}}
|align=left| [[Rahul Raju]]
||10||8||1||0||3||3||'''14'''||'''11'''
|-
|<s>21</s>
|MF
|{{Flagicon|ESP}}
|align=left| Matías Hernández
||0||0||2||2||0||0||'''2'''||'''2'''
|-
|22
|FW
|{{Flagicon|IND}}
|align=left| Moses Lalrinzuala
||10||8||2||0||3||0||'''15'''||'''8'''
|-
|23
|MF
|{{Flagicon|IND}}
|align=left| Trijoy Savio Dias
||11||9||0||0||2||0||'''12'''||'''9'''
|-
|25
|GK
|{{Flagicon|IND}}
|align=left| [[Kamaludheen AK]]
||1||0||0||0||0||0||'''1'''||'''0'''
|-
|26
|DF
|{{Flagicon|AFG}}
|align=left| [[Amid Arezou]]
||5||5||0||0||0||0||'''5'''||'''5'''
|-
|27
|DF
|{{Flagicon|IND}}
|align=left| [[Sachu Siby]]
||10||10||0||0||0||0||'''10'''||'''10'''
|-
|30
|MF
|{{Flagicon|IND}}
|align=left| [[Kingslee Fernandes]]
||6||4||0||0||0||0||'''6'''||'''4'''
|-
|31
|MF
|{{Flagicon|IND}}
|align=left| Shighil Nambrath
||8||7||2||1||3||1||'''13'''||'''9'''
|-
|33
|DF
|{{Flagicon|IND}}
|align=left| Gursimrat Singh
||8||8||2||2||3||3||'''13'''||'''13'''
|-
|42
|GK
|{{Flagicon|IND}}
|align=left| [[Shibinraj Kunniyil]]
||9||9||1||1||2||2||'''12'''||'''12'''
|-
|43
|MF
|{{Flagicon|IND}}
|align=left| Soyal Joshy
||2||0||1||0||3||3||'''6'''||'''3'''
|-
|55
|FW
|{{Flagicon|IND}}
|align=left| [[Samuel Kynshi]]
||4||1||1||0||3||3||'''8'''||'''4'''
|-
|62
|WF
|{{Flagicon|IND}}
|align=left| [[Aman C. K.|Aman CK]]
||4||1||0||0||0||0||'''4'''||'''1'''
|-
|70
|MF
|{{Flagicon|IND}}
|align=left| [[Komal Thatal]]
||2||0||0||0||0||0||'''2'''||'''0'''
|-
|99
|FW
|{{Flagicon|BRA}}
|align=left| [[John Kennedy (footballer, born 2000)|John Kennedy]]
||3||2||0||0||0||0||'''3'''||'''2'''
|-
|}

===Goal scorers===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!style="background:#d50000; color:white; text-align:center;"|Rank
!style="background:#d50000; color:white; text-align:center;"|No.
!style="background:#d50000; color:white; text-align:center;"|Pos.
!style="background:#d50000; color:white; text-align:center;"|Nat.
!style="background:#d50000; color:white; text-align:center;"|Name
!style="background:#d50000; color:white; text-align:center;"|I League
!style="background:#d50000; color:white; text-align:center;"|IFA Shield
!style="background:#d50000; color:white; text-align:center;"|Super Cup
!style="background:#d50000; color:white; text-align:center;"|Total
|-
| rowspan="1"| 1
| 20
|MF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Rahul Raju]]
| |3||0||0||'''3'''
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2
| 7
|MF
| {{flagicon|UZB}}
| [[Mirjalol Kasimov (footballer, born 1995)|Mirjalol Kasimov]]
| |2||0||0||'''2'''
|-
| 17
|FW
| {{flagicon|LES}}
| [[Thabiso Brown]]
| |2||0||0||'''2'''
|-
| 22
|WF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Moses Lalrinzuala]]
| |2||0||0||'''2'''
|-
| rowspan="7"| 4
| <s>11</s>
|FW
| {{flagicon|ESP}}
| Juan Carlos Rico
| |0||0||1||'''1'''
|-
| 15
|DF
| {{flagicon|CMR}}
| [[Aminou Bouba]]
| |1||0||0||'''1'''
|-
| <s>16</s>
|MF
| {{flagicon|ESP}}
| [[Albert Torras]]
| |0||0||1||'''1'''
|-
| 18
|FW
| {{flagicon|NGA}}
| [[Benjamin Kuku]]
| |1||0||0||'''1'''
|-
| 23
|WF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Trijoy Savio Dias]]
| |1||0||0||'''1'''
|-
| 33
|DF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| Gursimrat Singh
| |1||0||0||'''1'''
|-
| 55
|WF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Samuel Kynshi]]
| |0||0||1||'''1'''
|-
|- class="sortbottom"
|colspan="5"| Own Goals ||0||1||0||'''1'''
|- class="sortbottom"
|colspan="5"| '''Total'''||'''13'''||'''1'''||'''3'''||'''17'''
|}

===Clean sheets===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%; text-align: center;"
|-
!style="background:#d50000; color:white; text-align:center;"|No.
!style="background:#d50000; color:white; text-align:center;"|Nation
!style="background:#d50000; color:white; text-align:center;"|Name
!style="background:#d50000; color:white; text-align:center;"|I-League
!style="background:#d50000; color:white; text-align:center;"|IFA Shield
!style="background:#d50000; color:white; text-align:center;"|Super Cup
!style="background:#d50000; color:white; text-align:center;"|Total
|-
| 42
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Shibinraj Kunniyil]]
| |2||0||1||'''3'''
|-
|-
|- class="sortbottom"
|colspan="3"| '''Total'''||'''2'''||'''0'''||'''1'''||'''3'''
|}

===Disciplinary record===
{{updated|match played 30 April 2026}}

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!rowspan="2"| No.
!rowspan="2"| Pos.
!rowspan="2"| Name
!colspan="2" width=120| I League
!colspan="2" width=120| IFA Shield
!colspan="2" width=120| Super Cup
!colspan="2" width=120| Total
|-
!{{yel}} !! {{sent off}} !! {{yel}} !! {{sent off}} !! {{yel}} !! {{sent off}} !! {{yel}} !! {{sent off}}
|-
|1
|GK
|align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rakshit Dagar]]
|0
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|1
|0
|-
|3
|DF
|align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} Harpreet Singh
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|-
|4
|DF
|align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} Athul Unnikrishnan
|0
|0
|1
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|-
|5
|DF
|align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} Nidhin Krishna
|1
|0
|1
|0
|0
|0
|2
|0
|-
|6
|MF
|align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rishad PP]]
|0
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|1
|0
|-
|7
|MF
|align="left"| {{flagicon|UZB}} [[Mirjalol Kasimov (footballer, born 1995)|Mirjalol Kasimov]]
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|-
|11
|MF
|align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} Ashis Pradhan
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|-
|13
|MF
|align="left"| {{flagicon|CIV}} [[Armand Bazié]]
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|-
|15
|DF
|align="left"| {{flagicon|CMR}} [[Aminou Bouba]]
|2
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|2
|1
|-
|<s>15</s>
|MF
|align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Emil Benny]]
|0
|0
|1
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|-
|17
|FW
|align="left"| {{flagicon|LES}} [[Thabiso Brown]]
|2
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|2
|0
|-
|18
|DF
|align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Laishram Johnson Singh]]
|0
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|1
|0
|-
|20
|MF
|align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rahul Raju]]
|0
|0
|1
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|-
|22
|FW
|align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} Moses Lalrinzuala
|0
|0
|1
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|-
|23
|MF
|align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Trijoy Savio Dias]]
|2
|0
|0
|0
|0
|1
|2
|1
|-
|26
|DF
|align="left"| {{flagicon|AFG}} [[Amid Arezou]]
|2
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|2
|0
|-
|30
|MF
|align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Kingslee Fernandes]]
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|-
|31
|MF
|align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} Shighil Nambrath
|1
|0
|1
|0
|1
|0
|3
|0
|-
|33
|DF
|align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} Gursimrat Singh
|1
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|2
|0
|-
|42
|GK
|align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shibinraj Kunniyil]]
|0
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|1
|-
|43
|DF
|align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} Soyal Joshy
|0
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|1
|0
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Gokulam Kerala FC}}
{{2025–26 in Indian football}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2025-26 Gokulam Kerala FC season}}
[[Category:2025–26 Indian Football League by team]]
[[Category:Gokulam Kerala FC seasons]]
[[Category:2025–26 in Indian football]]

Siddharth Gupta

2026-05-04T14:04:24Z

Mosphe: added new post

{{short description|Indian actor (born 1993)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Siddharth Gupta
| image = Siddharth Gupta interacting with the media.jpg
| caption = Gupta at promotion of ''[[Ragini MMS: Returns]]''
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1993|11|4|df=y}}{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}
| occupation = {{Hlist|Actor|model}}
| years_active = 2014–present
| height = 1.83 m
| other_names =
| family = [[Vikas Gupta]] (brother)
}}

'''Siddharth Gupta''' (born 4 November 1993) is an Indian actor. He made his film debut with [[Ekta Kapoor]]'s ''[[Kuku Mathur Ki Jhand Ho Gayi]]'' directed by Aman Sachdeva in 2014.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Siddharth-Kuku-Mathur-Gupta-to-host-TV-show/articleshow/35555140.cms Siddharth ‘Kuku Mathur’ Gupta to host TV show – Times of India]. Timesofindia.indiatimes.com (25 May 2014). Retrieved on 25 February 2016.</ref> In 2017, he made his web debut with ''[[Ragini MMS: Returns]]'' as Rahul on [[ALTBalaji]].

==Personal life==
Gupta was brought up in Dehradun and studied engineering in Dubai. His brother, [[Vikas Gupta]] is a producer, host, screenwriter and reality television personality.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Ekta-Kapoor-finds-her-hero-by-chance/articleshow/35188665.cms Ekta Kapoor finds her hero by chance – Times of India]. Timesofindia.indiatimes.com (16 May 2014). Retrieved on 25 February 2016.</ref>

==Career==
Gupta essayed the role of a teenager in the 2014 Bollywood film ''[[Kuku Mathur Ki Jhand Ho Gayi]]''.<ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/ekta-kapoor-kuku-mathur-ki-jhand-ho-gayi-192791-2014-05-13 Trouble for Ekta Kapoor's film Kuku Mathur Ki Jhand Ho Gayi : Bollywood, News – India Today]. Indiatoday.intoday.in (13 May 2014). Retrieved on 25 February 2016.</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/kuku-mathur-ki-jhand-ho-gayi-small-and-simple/article6066672.ece Kuku Mathur Ki Jhand Ho Gayi: Small and simple]. The Hindu (30 May 2014). Retrieved on 25 February 2016.</ref> Also, he hosted season 7 of [[Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya (TV series)|''Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya'']] along with [[Niti Taylor]].<ref name=PTKK>{{cite news|title=Siddharth Gupta to take over from Karan Kundra as TV host - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/siddharth-gupta-to-take-over-from-karan-kundra-as-tv-host/articleshow/50931203.cms|access-date=5 October 2021|website=The Times of India|date=11 February 2016 |language=en}}</ref> He signed a three-film contract with Balaji.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lalwani |first1=Vickey |title=Hero by chance |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/Hero-by-chance/articleshow/35175815.cms |access-date=13 February 2021 |work=Mumbai Mirror |date=16 May 2014 |language=en}}</ref> In 2017, he played the lead role in [[ALTBalaji]]'s ''[[Ragini MMS: Returns]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ragini MMS Returns: Topless Karishma Sharma and Siddharth Gupta get raunchy in the poster of ALT Balaji web series |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-ragini-mms-returns-topless-karishma-sharma-and-siddharth-gupta-get-raunchy-in-the-poster-of-alt-balaji-web-series-2544680 |accessdate=15 May 2019 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA India]] |date=11 September 2017 |language=en}}</ref> In 2019, he collaborated with [[Dhvani Bhanushali]] for her music album ''[[Vaaste (song)|Vaaste]]''. As of 2023, the song ''Vaaste'' has crossed 1.5 billion views on YouTube.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vaaste Song: Dhvani Bhanushali, Tanishk Bagchi {{!}} Nikhil D {{!}} Bhushan Kumar {{!}} Radhika Rao, Vinay Sapru |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BBAyRBTfsOU |website=YouTube |publisher=T-series |accessdate=24 August 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
|2014
|''[[Kuku Mathur Ki Jhand Ho Gayi]]''
|Kuku Mathur
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kuku Mathur Ki Jhand Ho Gayi: Latest News, Videos and Photos of Kuku Mathur Ki Jhand Ho Gayi {{!}} Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Kuku-Mathur-Ki-Jhand-Ho-Gayi|access-date=5 October 2021|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|''Coffee''
|Siddharth
|Short film
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Coffee - Short film Ft. Siddharth Gupta, Ridhi Dogra and Sanhita Joshi|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NEMnPio2-wI|language=en|access-date=5 October 2021}}</ref>
|-
|2026
|''[[Krishnavataram Part 1: The Heart (Hridayam)]]''
|[[Krishna]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Movie, Videos and Photos of Krishnavataram Part 1: The Heart (Hridayam) {{!}} Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/krishnavataram-part-1-the-heart/movieshow/130353595.cms|access-date=18 April 2026|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Ref.
|-
|2014
|''[[MTV (Indian TV channel)|MTV]] Jhand Hogi Sabki''
| rowspan="2" |Host
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=11 December 2020|title=Siddharth Gupta on his weight loss journey during lockdown|url=https://www.siasat.com/siddharth-gupta-on-his-weight-loss-journey-during-lockdown-2043356/|access-date=5 October 2021|website=The Siasat Daily|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2016
|''[[Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya (TV series)|Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya]]''
|<ref name=PTKK/>
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Ref.
|-
|2017
|''[[Ragini MMS: Returns]]''
|Rahul
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=11 September 2017|title=Karishma Sharma Goes Topless With Siddharth Gupta In The New Ragini MMS Returns Poster|url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/ragini-mms-returns-poster-karishma-sharma-goes-topless-with-siddharth-gupta-in-this-new-still-2463467/|access-date=5 October 2021|website=India News, Breaking News {{!}} India.com|language=en}}</ref>
|}

=== Music videos ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Singer(s)
!Ref.
|-
|2019
|''[[Vaaste]]''
|[[Dhvani Bhanushali]], [[Nikhil D'Souza|Nikhil D’Souza]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=20 November 2020|title=Siddharth Gupta on 'Vaaste' Crossing 1 Billion|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/celebrities/siddharth-gupta-on-living-with-sushant-singh-rajput-and-vaaste|access-date=2 December 2021|website=[[The Quint]]|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020
|''Besharam Bewaffa''
|[[B Praak]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=11 December 2020|title=Siddharth Gupta Talks About His New Music Video 'Besharam Bewafa' - Zee5 News|url=https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/siddharth-gupta-talks-about-his-new-music-video-besharam-bewafa|access-date=2 December 2021|website=ZEE5|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Dil Na Todunga''
|Abhi Dutt
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Watch New Hindi Trending Lyrical Song Music Video - 'Dil Na Todunga' Sung By Abhi Dutt {{!}} Hindi Video Songs - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/watch-new-hindi-trending-lyricla-song-music-video-dil-na-todunga-sung-by-abhi-dutt/videoshow/84701662.cms|access-date=5 October 2021|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2021
|''Kaise Juda Rahein''
|[[Stebin Ben]], Sonna Rele
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Check Out New Hindi Hit Song Music Video - 'Kaise Juda Rahein' Sung By Stebin Ben, Sonna Rele {{!}} Hindi Video Songs - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/check-out-new-hindi-hit-song-music-video-kaise-juda-rahein-sung-by-stebin-ben-sonna-rele/videoshow/81707998.cms|access-date=5 October 2021|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Dekhe Saare Khwaab''
|Ishaan Khan
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=18 April 2021|title=Siddharth Gupta and Avneet Kaur feature in new single 'Dekhe Saare Khwaab'|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/music-news/article/siddharth-gupta-and-avneet-kaur-feature-in-new-single-dekhe-saare-khwaab-23168937|access-date=5 October 2021|website=www.mid-day.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Ek Bewafa''
|Sameer Khan
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Check Out New Hindi Trending Song Music Video - 'Ek Bewafaa' Sung By Sameer Khan {{!}} Hindi Video Songs - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/check-out-new-hindi-trending-song-music-video-ek-bewafaa-sung-by-sameer-khan/videoshow/82427569.cms|access-date=5 October 2021|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Is Tarah Aashiqui Ka''
|[[Dev Negi]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Watch Latest Hindi Song Music Video - 'Is Tarah Aashiqui Ka' Sung By Dev Negi {{!}} Hindi Video Songs - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/watch-latest-hindi-song-music-video-is-tarah-aashiqui-ka-sung-by-dev-negi/videoshow/84409322.cms|access-date=5 October 2021|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2023
|''Sexy In My Dress''
|[[Nora Fatehi]]
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Sexy In My Dress [Official Music Video] - Nora Fatehi |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nVPFfbg2clk |access-date=5 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Mal Mal''
|[[B Praak]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mal Mal by B Praak |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/punjabi/discover-the-latest-punjabi-music-video-for-mal-mal-by-b-praak/videoshow/104679122.cms |access-date=14 February 2024 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Kabhi Shaam Dhale''
|Mohammad Faiz
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kabhi Shaam Dhale {{!}} Mohammad Faiz |url=https://music.youtube.com/watch?v=5dLqlFKmHDk&list=RDCLAK5uy_nNhhgRET3NcJ4SJBvqhAIJ6t7vjsQYowc |website=YouTube Music}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''Main Yaad Aaunga''
|[[Stebin Ben]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-16 |title=Isha Malviya, Siddharth Gupta's Main Yaad Aaunga FIRST Look Out |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/isha-malviya-siddharth-guptas-main-yaad-aaunga-firstlookout-article-108549357 |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Siddharth Gupta}}
* {{IMDb name|5747147}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gupta, Siddarth}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male models]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:1993 births]]

Thomas Cadell (VC)

2026-05-03T18:01:57Z

Mosphe: added new details

{{Short description|Scottish Victoria Cross recipient (1835–1919)}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2012}}
{{Infobox military person
|name=Thomas Cadell
|birth_date=5 September 1835
|death_date=6 April 1919 (aged 83)
|birth_place= [[Cockenzie]], [[East Lothian]]
|death_place=
|burial_place=[[Tranent]] Churchyard
|image= Thomas_Cadell_VC_NAM.jpg
|caption=
|nickname=
|allegiance= {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[United Kingdom]]
|service_years=1854 - 1892
|rank=[[Colonel]]
|branch=[[Bengal Army]] [[British Indian Army]]
|commands=
|unit=[[104th Regiment of Foot (Bengal Fusiliers)|2nd European Bengal Fusiliers]] Indian Staff Corps
|battles=[[Indian Mutiny]]
|awards= [[File:UK Victoria Cross ribbon bar.svg|30px]] [[Victoria Cross]] [[Order of the Bath|Companion of the Order of the Bath]]<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=28034|page=4431|date=25 June 1907|supp=y}}</ref>
|other_work=Governor of the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
}}
Colonel '''Thomas Cadell''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|VC|CB}} (5 September 1835 – 6 April 1919) was an army officer who served in India. He served during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|1857 rebellion]] and was a [[Scotland|Scottish]] recipient of the [[Victoria Cross]]. He later served as a governor and chief commissioner in the Andaman Islands.

== Biography ==
Cadell was born in East Lothian at Cockenzie House to Hew Francis and Janet née Sydserff. An older brother, Robert Cadell (1825-1907), joined the Royal Artillery and another [[Francis Cadell (explorer)|Francis]] gained fame as an explorer. Samuel Hill Lawrence was a cousin. Thomas studied at the [[Edinburgh Academy]] and received army commission in 1854 and was posted to the [[104th Regiment of Foot (Bengal Fusiliers)|2nd European Bengal Fusiliers]] (later The [[Royal Munster Fusiliers]]) just before the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|1857 uprising]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Association |first=Victoria Cross and George Cross |title=Thomas CADELL VC |url=https://vcgca.org/our-people/profile/993/Thomas-CADELL |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=vcgca.org |language=en}}</ref>

Cadell was 21 years old and a lieutenant during the [[Indian Mutiny]] when he performed the deeds on 12 June 1857 at [[Delhi]], [[India]] which resulted in being awarded the Victoria Cross:
{{quote|For having, on the 12th of June, 1857, at the Flag-staff Picquet at Delhi, when the whole of the Picquet of Her Majesty's 75th Regiment and 2nd European Bengal Fusiliers were driven in by a large body of the enemy, brought in from amongst the enemy a wounded Bugler of his own regiment, under a most severe fire, who would otherwise have been cut up by the rebels. Also, on the same day, when the Fusiliers were retiring, by order, on Metcalfe's house, on its being reported that there was a wounded man left behind, Lieutenant Cadell went back of his own accord towards the enemy, accompanied by three men, and brought in a man of the 75th Regiment, who was severely wounded, under a most heavy fire from the advancing enemy.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=22621|page=2229|date=29 April 1862}}</ref>}}

[[File:Thomas Cadell VC.JPG|Memorial tablet in the Cadell family vault at Tranent Churchyard|thumb|left]]Cadell became a captain in 1866 and was promoted to Major in 1874. He was transferred to the Political Department and served in Central India and Rajputana. He later achieved the rank of [[colonel]] in the service of the Indian Staff Corps and held various political appointments in India. From 1879 to 1892, he was the Chief Commissioner of the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]. In 1907 he was created Companion of the Bath.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-01-26 |title=Thomas Cadell VC |url=https://victoriacrossonline.co.uk/thomas-cadell-vc/ |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=victoriacrossonline.co.uk |language=en-GB}}</ref>

Cadell died in Edinbugh, Scotland and is buried in the family vault in Tranent Parish Churchyard.

==Family==

He was married to Anna Catherine (d.1876), daughter of [[Patrick Dalmahoy]] WS (1798–1872) and Catherine Sawers.<ref>Grave of Patrick Dalmahoy, Dean Cemetery</ref> They had two sons and two daughters, one son Patrick Robert, became a chief secretary in the Bombay Presidency. The other son, Hew Francis joined the Lothians and Border Horse.<ref name=":0" />

==Legacy==
Cadell Bay in the South Andamans was named after him but the name is no longer in use. Cadell Road in Bombay (now [[Mumbai]]), was named not after him but his son, (later Sir) [[Patrick Robert Cadell]]. After the Indian Independence in 1947, it was renamed after Indian freedom fighter [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]], who was lodged at the [[Cellular Jail]] in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041225165403/http://www.homeusers.prestel.co.uk/stewart/edinburg.htm Location of grave and VC medal] ''(Edinburgh)''

{{s-start}}
{{s-gov}}
{{succession box
| before=[[Charles Arthur Barwell]]
| title=[[Chief Commissioner of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] | years=1878–1892
| after=[[Norman Horsford]]
}}
{{end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cadell, Thomas}}
[[Category:1825 births]]
[[Category:1919 deaths]]
[[Category:British colonels]]
[[Category:British East India Company Army officers]]
[[Category:British recipients of the Victoria Cross]]
[[Category:People educated at Edinburgh Academy]]
[[Category:Indian Rebellion of 1857 recipients of the Victoria Cross]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:Lieutenant governors of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
[[Category:People from Cockenzie and Port Seton]]
[[Category:Indian Staff Corps officers]]
[[Category:Royal Munster Fusiliers officers]]
[[Category:19th-century British Army personnel]]
[[Category:Military personnel from East Lothian]]

Delwara

2026-04-30T17:33:08Z

Mosphe: Made redirect

{{short description|Sub-Tehsil in Rajsamand district of Rajasthan, India}}
{{Distinguish|Delvada|Dilwara Temples}}
{{promotional|date=November 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Delwara
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Sub-Tehsil
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname = "Devkul Patan Nagri"
| pushpin_map = India#India Rajasthan
| pushpin_relief = yes
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt = Delwara
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.7752|N|73.7463|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Rajsamand district|Rajsamand]]
| established_date = 224-215 BC
| founder =
| named_for =
| governing_body =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| elevation_m = 586
| population_total = 4429
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes=<ref>[http://censusindia.gov.in/ Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India]</ref>
| population_density_km2 =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]
| demographics1_title2 = {{nowrap|Additional Official}}
| demographics1_info2 = [[English language|English]]
| demographics1_title3 = Regional
| demographics1_info3 = [[Mewari language|Mewari]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 313202
| area_code = +91- 2952
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = RJ-30
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest Places
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Udaipur]], [[Nathdwara]], [[Rajsamand]], [[Haldighati]], [[Kumbhalgarh]], [[Chittorgarh]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[BSh]]
|}}
'''Delwara''', nestled in the [[Aravalli Range]] hills, is a small town about 28 km away from [[Udaipur]], [[Mewar]] (a former state in present-day Rajasthan), and close to [[Eklingji]] Temple, on the way to the temple town of [[Nathdwara]], in the state of [[Rajasthan]], India. Delwara was originally known as ‘Devkul Patan Nagri’, which means the town of god.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}} It boasted over 1500 temples at one time, including over 400 [[Jain temples]].{{citation needed|date=February 2022}} Delwara was the center of learning and culture before the 15th century AD.

== Historical & Spiritual Background of Temple Town ==
The ancient [[Jain temple]]s of Delwara, now in total ruins, are believed to have been built during the reign of Samrat [[Samprati]] (224-215 BC).{{citation needed|date=February 2022}} He was the grandson of Samrat Ashoka and the son of Ashoka's blind son Kunal. Samprati became the Emperor of the entire western and southern parts of India ([[Maurya Empire]]) and ruled from [[Ujjain]]. It is said that Samprati, also known as ‘Jain Ashoka’, built thousands of Jain temples in India.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}} It may be noted that all the ancient Jain monuments of Rajasthan and Gujarat, including the Jain temples at Delwara (Mewar), are also attributed to Samrat Samprati.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}

=== City of Learning and Education ===
Delwara, Nagda and Aahar (Ayad) were the centers of learning and culture before the 15th century AD. Most princes of Mewar and adjoining kingdoms were groomed in the art of warfare and formal education at Delwara. Hence it was also known as Kunwarpada – center of learning. Delwara was a large town that spread from Gandharva Sagar Lake to [[Nagda]]. Today, only 25% of the original town remains.<ref name="Prof Harak Lal Pamecha 2013">Prof Harak Lal Pamecha, Retired, Sr lecturer at Senior Secondary School, Delwara (2013) – in conversation with</ref>

=== Grandeur of Jain temples ===
As of 2017, three main Jain temples remain in Delwara, for which restoration work has been undertaken. Two of the temples are of [[Rishabhdeo|Rishabhdev]] (ऋषभदेव भगवान) and one of [[Parshvanatha|Parshvnath]] (पार्श्वनाथ भगवान). The Jain temples at Delwara were built with white marble stones and despite being plain and austere on the outside, the interiors of all these temples are covered with delicate carvings. Each temple has a walled courtyard called Rang Mandap. In the center of the courtyard is the shrine with the image of the deity, Rishabhdev and Parshvnath, respectively. Around the large courtyard, there are numerous small shrines, each housing a beautiful sculpture of the 24 [[Tirthankara]] (तीर्थंकर) with a series of elegantly carved pillars from the entrance to the courtyard. The special feature of these temples are their ceilings, which are circular in eleven richly carved concentric rings. The central ceiling of each temple is adorned with magnificent carvings, and it culminates into an ornamented central pendant. The pendant of the domes tapers down, forming a drop or point, like a lotus flower. This is an astonishing piece of work. It symbolizes the divine grace coming down to fulfill human aspirations. The figures of sixteen goddesses of knowledge, (विध्या देवी) are carved on the ceilings.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}

This site marks the very location where Muni Sundar, a Jain monk from the 15th century, crafted ''Shantikarma'': a ritual aimed at safeguarding against diseases.{{sfn|Mehta|1970|p=138}}

 
{{multiple image
| align = center
| caption_align = center
| total_width = 1000
| image1 = Adeshwar (Rishabhdev) Jain Temple at Delwara - Entrance.jpg
| alt1 = Adeshwar (Rishabhdev) Jain Temple at Delwara - entrance
| caption1 = Adeshwar (Rishabhdev) Jain Temple at Delwara - entrance (2015)
| image2 = Adeshwar Jain Temple at Delwara (2015) - Central dome with Vidhya Devies.jpg
| alt2 = Central dome with Vidhya Devies (2015)
| caption2 = Central dome with Vidhya Devies
| image3 = Adeshwar Jain Temple at Delwara (2015).jpg
| alt3 = Adeshwar (Rishabhdev) Jain Temple at Delwara (2015)
| caption3 = Adeshwar (Rishabhdev) Jain Temple at Delwara
| direction =
}}

There is a story that the ministers of the [[Solanki dynasty|Solanki]] rulers of [[Gujarat]] visited these temples during the 11th and 13th centuries AD, and were very impressed with the architecture and carving of the temples.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}} At the request of these visiting ministers, the then rulers of Delwara (Mewar), provided the design and drawings of the Jain temples.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}} When Vimal Shah, minister, governor of [[Chandravati]] and commander-in-chief of [[Bhima I|Bhimadev I]] (1022–64), the Solanki ruler of Gujarat, came to Delwara, he was inspired by Jain Acharya to wash out his sins perpetrated in the battle fields. He hence constructed a temple near [[Mount Abu]] which was the replication of Delwara (Mewar) Jain temple.<ref>Prof Roshan Jain, Principal, Pannadhai B.Ed. Collage, Delwara (2013) – in conversation with</ref><ref name="Prof Harak Lal Pamecha 2013" />

The temple is known as [[Vimal Vasahi]] (Shri Adinath temple). He was remorseful and spent the rest of his life in religious discourse at [[Chandravati]] (near Abu road). Later, in 1230 AD, the two Porwad brothers – [[Vastupala|Vastupal]] and Tejpal, both ministers of the [[Vaghela dynasty|Vaghela]] ruler of Gujarat, came to Delwara. They also built the Jain temples designed after Vimal Vasahi temples near Abu. Since these five temples, built between the 11th and 13th century at Abu, are similar in design and architecture to the ones at Delwara (Mewar), they came to be known as [[Dilwara Temples]] (देलवाडा जैन मंदिर).{{citation needed|date=February 2022}} These temples are a composite cluster of five temples, with their own unique identities. Each is named after the small village in which it is located. The grandeur of sculptured marble, exquisite carvings of ceilings, domes, pillars and arches of the temple, which is beyond anyone's expectations, is far superior to the originals at Delwara ([[Mewar]]).

==History==
=== Under Chauhans ===
Raja Sagar, fourth son of Rao Samant Singh of Jalore and a descendant of Rao Kirtipal, was bestowed the Jagir of Delwara during the mid-13th century. It is believed that later [[Udai Singh II|Maharana Udai Singh II]] (1540–1572), annexed these Jagirs from the Deora Chauhans to move his capital from Chittor to Udaipur when he lost Chittor to Akbar in 1568.[[File:Repesentative painting of Raja Sagar with his ministers at Delwara. Photo Rajput dynasties Google.jpg|alt=Representative painting of Raja Sagar with his ministers at Delwara.|thumb|320x320px|Representative painting of Raja Sagar with his ministers at Delwara. Photo Rajput dynasties Google]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chapter 5 |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/britishraj/Tod1/bk04ch05.html#fn925 |website=www.ibiblio.org |access-date=2020-04-17}}</ref>

There is another bard's tale that during the 12th century, Delwara was being ruled by a Rajput ruler Rao Bhim Singh. His only daughter was married to Rao Samant Singh of Jalore, who had two queens. Sagar was born to Delwara Baiji. Due to differences with the other queen over succession to the throne of Jalore, she returned to her father's place, Delwara. Since Rao Bhim Singh, did not have any male child, his grandson Sagar, a Deora Chauhan, ascended the throne of Delwara.<ref>Seth Rajmal Lalwani; Sukhsampat Raj Bhandari and others (1939). Oswal Jati ka Itihas. Oswal History Publishing House, Bhanpura, Indore.</ref><ref name="Guna Vinaya-1594 1980">Jaysom Pathak and Guna Vinaya-1594 (1980). Karamchandra Vanshavali Prabandh (Sanskrit / Hindi). Singhi Granthmala, Bhartiya Vidhya Bhawan, Mumbai.</ref>

=== Battle of Bhutalghati ===
One of the fiercest battles Raja Sagar fought alongside Rana Jaitra Singh (1213–53) was against [[Iltutmish|Sultan Shams-ud-din Iltutmish]] (1211–36) at Bhutalghati, near [[Nagda, Rajasthan|Nagda]]. He ensured full protection for Jaitra Singh, as Delwada's army fought fearlessly alongside Mewar army. Sultan Iltutmish destroyed many in and around Nagda and Delwara. Villages were also burnt. 
Dr Shri Krishan Jugnu, writes in his book, ''Nandeshma Abhilekh'' (Hindi) – Rajasthan Ke Prachin Abhilekh<ref>Dr Shri Krishan Jugnu, Nandeshma Abhilekh – Rajasthan Ke Prachin Abhilekh (2015). Lokchetna Prakashan.</ref>
<blockquote>This fierce battle was fought in the valley near Nagda towards Gogunda. Besides Gohils, there were brave soldiers from Chauhans, Chandanas, Solankis, Parmars, Chaarans and Tribals who fought for Mewar. They gave a tough fight to Sultan's army. However, when Jaitra Singh was cornered, he was secretly sheltered in one of the houses in Nagda. Iltutmish was furious and encircled Nagda. Every house was searched, burnt and destroyed. In the 14th century, according to a mythological tradition of offering water tribute to the martyrs of Bhutalghati, a lake was built at Nagda and christened as BaaghelaTaalab.” There is another bard that says that Maharana Mokal built this lake in memory of his brother Baagh Singh.</blockquote>
{{multiple image
| align = center
| caption_align = center
| total_width = 1000
| image1 = Machind Jain temple (2015) by Mahesh Sharma.jpg
| alt1 = Machind Jain temple (2015)
| link1 = Machind Jain temple (2015) by Mahesh Sharma.jpg
| caption1 = Machind Jain temple (2015). Photo: Mahesh Sharma
| image2 = Machind Jain temple (2015) by Mahesh Sharma (2).jpg
| alt2 = Jain Temple at Machind (2015). Photo: Mahesh Sharma
| link2 = Machind Jain temple (2015) by Mahesh Sharma (2).jpg
| caption2 = Jain Temple at Machind (2015). Photo: Mahesh Sharma
| image3 = 2015 Shiv temple at Bhutalaghati by Mahesh Sharma.jpg
| alt3 = Surya Temple at Nandeshma, destroyed by Muslim invader Sultan Shams-ud-din-Iltutmish in the 13th century. Photo: Mahesh Sharma
| link3 = 2015 Shiv temple at Bhutalaghati by Mahesh Sharma.jpg
| caption3 = Surya Temple at Nandeshma destroyed by Muslim invader Sultan Shams-ud-din-Iltutmish in the 13th century. Photo: Mahesh Sharma
| direction =
}}

===Under Jhala Rajputs ===
Later, in the 15th century, the Kingdom of [[Mewar dynasty|Mewar]] was divided into 16 first grade thikanas or districts. Delwara was one of the 16 Rajwadas, along with [[Bari Sadri|Badi Sadri]] and [[Gogunda]]. Delwara has been ruled by [[Jhala (clan)|Jhala]] Rajputs from the 15th century onwards. The ancestor of the Jhala family was Raj Sahib Raidharji Vogohoji of [[Dhrangadhra State|Dhrangadhara]] ([[Dhrangadhra State|Halvad]]), descendant of Harpaldeva. During the reign of Maharana Raimal (1473–1509), Ajoji (Ajay Singh Jhala) the deposed son of Raj Sahib Raidharji, along with his brother Sajoji (Sajay Singh Jhala) came to Mewar. Jhalas performed meritorious service in Mewar. Later the Maharana granted the Jagir of Delwara to Kunwar Sajja and that of [[Bari Sadri]] to Kunwar Ajay Singh and were granted the title of Raj Rana.

Ajja fought alongside [[Rana Sanga|Maharana Sangram Singh]] I (1509–1527) against [[Babur]] in 1527 at the [[Battle of Khanwa]]. When Maharana Sangram Singh ([[Rana Sanga]]) was wounded on the battlefield, Ajja donned the Maharana's tunic, which kept the Mewar army together but proved fatal for Raj Rana Ajja, who died in the battle. As many as 7 generations of the Jhala family had been sacrificing their lives for the Maharanas of Mewar.<ref name="autogenerated2">Rai Bahadur Gaurishankar H Ojha (2015). Udaipur Rajya ka Itihas Part 1 & 2 (Hindi). Rajasthani Granthaghar, Jodhpur.</ref>

== Delightful places ==
'''Devi Garh Palace''' - This 18th century palace in the village of Delwara has undergone years of restoration and rebuilding. This all-suite luxury hotel with 39 suites takes on the look of modern India, with an emphasis on design and detail, using local marble and semi-precious stones. The contemporary design showcased within this spectacular heritage property, complemented by personalized and intimate service, creates a new image of India for the 21st century.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}

'''Rishabhdev Jain Temple''' - This 700+ year-old white marble temple showcases 149 pillars and contains 52 individual shrines. This temple provides an outstanding example of the fine craftsmanship and architecture of its era. The inner chambers and columns are covered in exquisite marble carvings and stone work.

'''Parshwanath Jain Temple''' - This 900+ year-old temple's architecture and sculptures reveal the work of great artisans and craftsmen. A unique feature of the temple is a chamber about 5 meters underground, which houses 13 beautiful idols. Over the past few years, the Jain community has initiated a large scale project to restore this temple to its former state.

'''Sadhna Workshop''' - About 20 years ago, a patchwork program was initiated in Delwara by a local NGO, Seva Mandir, as an income generation activity to promote women's empowerment. Today, this initiative has transformed into a self-owned enterprise involving more than 600 women from various villages. Of these, around 250 are from Delwara, which is where their main workshop is found. Open to the public, fair trade and high quality women's clothing can be purchased here.

'''Hunting Tower''' - According to a book published by the Adeshvar Jain Temple, this hunting tower located on Kantya hill, locally known as Audhi, was built by King Jasvantsinh. It was used by the king for hunting during his rule.

'''Palera Talab''' - A large lake standing at the entrance to Delwara, which was built around 1875 AD. Two small domed pavilions ornamented the lake, adding to its charm. The name Palera Talab is derived from Sanskrit 'palankarta', which means ‘protector’ – an appropriate name given to the lake that is the town's main water source.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}

'''Indra Kund''' - A beautiful step well that is a marvellous example of stone carvings and is about 15 meters deep.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Tod |first=James |url=https://archive.org/details/annalsandantiqu00todgoog |title=Annals and Antiquities of Rajast'han or the Central and Western Rajpoot States of India, Volume 2 |publisher=London: Smith, Elder |year=1832}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mehta |first=Pratap Singh |title=Rajputana Chronicles: Guns and Glories – the thousand-year story of the Bachhawat clan. |publisher=Notion Press Media, Chennai |year=2016|id={{ASIN|9352066006|country=in}} }}
* {{Cite book |last=Das |first=Kaviraj Shyamal |title=Veer Vinod – Mewar ka Itihaas (Hindi) In 4 volumes |date=1890–1930 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidas, Delhi}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=R.K. |title=Studies in Indian History: Rajasthan Through the Ages Vol. 5. |last2=Bakshi, S.R. |publisher=New Delhi: Sarup & Sons |year=2008}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bhutodia |first=Mangilal |title=Itihaaski Amar Bel – Oswal - Vol II. |publisher=Priyadarshini Publication, Ladnu / Calcutta |page=99}}
* {{Cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Ramanand |title=Modern Review, Volume 101. |publisher=Published by Prabasi Press, Calcutta. |year=1957 |page=111:5 – Mehta Agar Chand (Vaishya)}}
* {{cite book |last=Mehta |first=Jodh Sinha |url={{Google books|Q6FpVLjVzU8C |page=138 |keywords= |text= |plainurl=yes}} |title=Abu to Udapiur |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |date=1970 |isbn=9788120829848 }}

{{refend}}
{{commons category}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Rajsamand district]]

Brihadratha dynasty

2026-04-30T15:31:11Z

Mosphe: created some pg more to come...

{{Short description|First dynasty that ruled Magadha}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{POV|date=April 2023}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2023}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Brihadratha dynasty
| common_name = Bṛhadratha
| year_start = 1700 BCE (legendary)<ref name="Chakrabarty" />
| year_end = 682 BCE
| event_end = Assassination of [[Ripunjaya]]
| p1 = Copper Hoard culture
| p2 = Kikata kingdom
| p3 =
| s1 = Pradyota dynasty
| s2 = Haryanka dynasty
| s3 =
| image_map = Late Vedic Culture (1100-500 BCE).png
| image_map_caption = Magadha in 1100 BCE ruled by the Brihadratha dynasty, in the north-eastern region
| capital = [[Girivraja]]
| common_languages = [[Vedic Sanskrit]]
| government_type = [[Monarchy]]
| title_leader = [[List of monarchs of Magadha|King]]
| year_leader1 = 1700–1680 BCE
| leader1 = [[Brihadratha]] (first ruler)
| year_leader2 = 1680–1665 BCE
| leader2 = [[Jarasandha]]
| year_leader3 = 732–682 BCE
| leader3 = [[Ripunjaya]] (last ruler)
| today = [[India]]
| religion = [[Vedic Hinduism]]
| demonym =
| area_km2 =
| area_rank =
| GDP_PPP =
| GDP_PPP_year =
| HDI =
| HDI_year =
}}
{{History of Bihar}}
{{History of India}}

The '''Brihadratha dynasty''' ({{Langx|sa|बृहद्रथ}}; [[IAST]]: Bṛhadratha) was the legendary<ref name="Chakrabarty">{{cite book | last=Chakrabarty | first=D.K. | title=The Geopolitical Orbits of Ancient India: The Geographical Frames of the Ancient Indian Dynasties | publisher=OUP India | year=2010 | isbn=978-0-19-908832-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EIAyDwAAQBAJ&dq=legendary&pg=PT24}}</ref> first dynasty of the [[Magadhan Empire|Magadha Empire]], according to the [[Puranas]], and was founded by [[Brihadratha]].<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|page=|pages=129–136}} The Capital Of Magadha Under [[Jarasandha]] is mentioned in Mahabharata as Girivraja. Scholarship Significantly Identified Girivraja With [[Rajgir]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cunningham |first=Alexander |doi=10.1017/cbo9781139519984 |title=The Ancient Geography of India |date=2013-03-28 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-51998-4}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Brihadratha ===
{{main|Brihadratha}}

According to the Puranas, Brihadratha (also Maharatha) was the king of Magadha<ref name=":2">{{cite book|title=India through the ages|url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada|last=Gopal|first=Madan|year= 1990| page= [https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/80 80]|editor=K.S. Gautam|publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India}}</ref> and the founder of the Brihadratha dynasty. According to the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' and the Purana, he was the eldest of the five sons of [[Uparichara Vasu]], the Kuru king of [[Chedi Kingdom|Chedi]], and his queen was Girika.<ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvxLEAAAQBAJ&dq=Uparichara+Vasu&pg=PT28 |title=Skanda Purana: Vaishnava Khanda: Vasudeva Mahatmya: English Translation only without Slokas |date=2021-10-24 |publisher=Kausiki Books |pages=28 |language=en}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=July 2024|reason=Correct source, but wrong page or misattributed. Linked web source is not complete.}} The name 'Brihadratha' is found twice in the ''[[Rigveda]]'' (I.36.18, X.49.6); however, it is not indicated whether this refers to the father of Jarasandha.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Raychaudhuri |first=Hemchandra |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282598/page/n89/mode/2up |title=Political History of Ancient India |publisher=University of Calcutta |year=1972 |location=Calcutta |pages=71 |chapter=Sixteen Mahājanapadas}}</ref>

=== Jarasandha ===
{{main|Jarasandha}}

The Mahabharatha mention that [[Jarasandha]] was the son of Brihadratha and the greatest ruler of the dynasty.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gokhale|first=Namita|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7DYnAgAAQBAJ&dq=jarasandha+birth&pg=PT62|title=The Puffin Mahabharata|date=2013-01-21|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=978-93-5118-415-7|language=en}}</ref> According to Jai Samhita, 24 Brihadratha kings ruled for many years.
The name of Jarasandha appears in the Puranas many times. Jarasandha was inimical to the [[Yadava]] and is mentioned as a villain in the ''Mahabharata''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mahabharat Episode 28: Jarasandha – Born Divided |url=https://isha.sadhguru.org/in/en/wisdom/article/mahabharat-jarasandha-born-divided |website=sadhguru.org |access-date=2020-05-12}}</ref>

[[File: Bhima Slays Jarasandha.jpg|thumb|[[Bhima]] slays Jarasandha in a wrestling fight.]]
[[Bhima]], with the help of [[Krishna]], killed Jarasandha, This Site was Girivraja in Mahabharata and scholars identified this with modern [[Rajgir]]. Girivraja([[Rajgir]])is also significantly noted in Mahabharata as the capital of Jarasandha.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa |date=1990 |orig-date=1970 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |location=New Delhi |isbn=9788121500944 |edition=5th |url=https://www.mahabharataonline.com/translation/index.php}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gopal |first=Madan |url=http://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada |title=India through the ages |date=1990 |publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Government of India |others=Public Resource |pages=101}}</ref>

=== Sahadeva ===
{{main|Sahadeva of Magadha}}

According to scripture, [[Sahadeva of Magadha|Sahadeva]] was the son of Jarasandha placed on the throne of Magadha by the [[Pandava]] after the assassination of Jarasandha. Sahadeva has fought the [[Kurukshetra War]] on the side of the Pandavas. According to the Puranas, he was killed in the Kurukshetra War by [[Shakuni]], along with his cousin Jayadeva. He was succeeded by Somadhi.<ref name=":1">{{cite book|last=Misra |first=V.S. |year=2007 |title=Ancient Indian Dynasties |location=Mumbai |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |jstor=41692138 |isbn=978-81-7276-413-5 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41692138}}</ref>{{Rp|page=290}}

=== Later rulers ===

Somadhi (or Somphi) was the son of Sahadeva and was placed on the throne of Magadha by the Pandavas after he agreed to be their [[subordinate]].<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|page=290}}

==End of dynasty==

The last of the Brihadratha dynasty was [[Ripunjaya]], who was killed by a minister named kulik (pulika) according to the Puaranas. After the death of Ripunjaya, kulik placed his son [[Pradyota]] on the throne and founded the [[Pradyota dynasty]] in 682 BCE.<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|page=300}}

==List of rulers==
{| class="wikitable"
|+List of Brihadratha dynasty rulers according to the Vayu Purana{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}
!Ruler
!Reign (BCE)
!Length of Reign (estd.)
|-
| [[Brihadratha]] ||1700–1680 BCE
|20
|-
| [[Jarasandha]] || 1680–1665 BCE
|15
|-
| [[Sahadeva of Magadha|Sahadeva]] || 1665–1661 BCE
|4
|-
| Somadhi || 1661–1603 BCE
|58
|-
| Srutasravas || 1603–1539 BCE
|64
|-
| Ayutayus || 1539–1503 BCE
|36
|-
| Niramitra || 1503–1463 BCE
|40
|-
| Sukshatra || 1463–1405 BCE
|58
|-
| Brihatkarman || 1405–1382 BCE
|23
|-
| Senajit || 1382–1332 BCE
|50
|-
| Srutanjaya || 1332–1292 BCE
|40
|-
| Vipra || 1292–1257 BCE
|35
|-
| Suchi || 1257–1199 BCE
|60
|-
| Kshemya || 1199–1171 BCE
|26
|-
| Subrata || 1171–1107 BCE
|64
|-
| Dharma || 1107–1043 BCE
|64
|-
| Susuma || 1043–970 BCE
|73
|-
| Dridhasena || 970–912 BCE
|58
|-
| Sumati || 912–879 BCE
|33
|-
| Subala || 879–857 BCE
|22
|-
| Sunita || 857–817 BCE
|40
|-
| Satyajit || 817–767 BCE
|50
|-
| Viswajit || 767–732 BCE
|35
|-
| [[Ripunjaya]] || 732–682 BCE
|50
|}

==See also==
* [[Pradyota dynasty]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| title = Brihadratha dynasty
| years = 1700 BCE
{{Citation needed|date=December 2021|reason=no evidence of an urbanised civilisation in Bihar in that period, let alone a dynasty}} – 682 BCE
| before = [[Copper Hoard Culture]]
| after = [[Pradyota dynasty]]
}}
{{s-end}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Dynasties of Magadha]]
[[Category:Rajgir]]

Daughters of This Century

2026-04-24T07:33:06Z

Mosphe: created new details w/ infobox

{{short description|1995 Indian film by Tapan Sinha}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Daughters of This Century
| image = Daughters of This Century poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Poster of the film
| native_name = 
| director = [[Tapan Sinha]]
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Shabana Azmi]]|[[Jaya Bachchan]]|[[Madhuri Dixit]]|[[Pallavi Joshi]]|[[Deepa Sahi]]|[[Nandita Das]]|[[Sulabha Deshpande]]|[[Gyanesh Mukherjee]]|[[Debashree Roy]]|[[Mamata Shankar]]|[[Pankaj Kapoor]]|[[Milind Gunaji]]|[[Kaushik Sen]]|[[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]]}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = [[Soumendu Roy]]
| editing = Subodh Roy
| music =
| studio = Shunya Media
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1995}}
| runtime = 180 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Daughters of This Century''''' is a [[List of Hindi films of 1995|1995]] Indian [[Hindi language|Hindi]] [[anthology film]] directed by [[Tapan Sinha]].{{sfn|Sahara India|1996|p=124}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lights! Camera! Roy Da! Soumendu Roy in the Eyes of a Lady Behind the Lens |url=https://www.bengalfilmarchive.com/article-details.php?i=Nw== |access-date=8 June 2025 |website=Bengal Film Archive}}</ref> The film is composed of six segments. The fourth is based on the [[Bengali language|Bengali]] novel ''Ei Daho'' (1961) by [[Gour Kishore Ghosh]], and each of the rest is based on a Bengali short story {{emdash}} ''[[Jibita o Mrita]]'' (1904) by [[Rabindranath Tagore]], ''Abhagir Swarga'' (1918) by [[Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay]], ''Satgharia'' (1976) by [[Prafulla Roy]], ''Kaanch'' (1984) by [[Dibyendu Palit]] and the last one by [[Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Metro Recommends |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/metro-recommends/cid/1258285 |access-date=7 June 2025 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2 October 2015 |title=Tapan Sinha |url=https://upperstall.com/profile/tapan-sinha/ |access-date=10 June 2025 |website=Upperstall.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Each segment runs for 30 minutes. The film delves into the plight of Indian women in the 20th century.<ref name="IT" /> It stars [[Shabana Azmi]], [[Jaya Bachchan]], [[Madhuri Dixit]], [[Pallavi Joshi]], [[Deepa Sahi]], [[Nandita Das]], [[Sulabha Deshpande]], [[Gyanesh Mukherjee]], [[Debashree Roy]], [[Mamata Shankar]], [[Pankaj Kapoor]], [[Milind Gunaji]], [[Kaushik Sen]] and [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]].<ref name="IT">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/story/20010702-bengali-filmmaker-tapan-sinha-unveils-his-five-in-one-film-daughters-of-this-century-776674-2001-07-01|title=Bengali filmmaker Tapan Sinha unveils his five-in-one film 'Daughters of This Century'|date=2 July 2001|website=[[India Today]]|first=Labonita|last=Ghosh|access-date=13 April 2025}}</ref>

Despite an ensemble cast, the film was a critical and commercial failure. Most of the critics stated that Sinha failed to weave a strong screenplay. The performance of the cast was well-appreciated. It was screened at [[28th International Film Festival of India]] held in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], in 1997. At the [[Cairo International Film Festival]] in 2001, the film was screened without the last segment featuring Madhuri Dixit, because of time-constraint, and was nominated for [[Golden Pyramid Award]].<ref name="TOI">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/daughters-of-this-century-for-cairo-festival/articleshow/298625331.cms|title=Daughters of this Century for Cairo Festival|date=7 September 2001|work=[[The Times of India]]|location=Kolkata|access-date=13 April 2025}}</ref>{{sfn|Jane Sloan|2007|p=122}}

== Plot ==
{{Episode table |background=#1D334A |overall= |title= |aux2= |aux2T=Based on |episodes={{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Kadambini
|Aux2 = {{based on|''[[Jibita o Mrita]]''|[[Rabindranath Tagore]]}}
|ShortSummary = [[Jibita o Mrita|Kadambini]], the widowed sister-in-law of Shardashankar, the landlord of Ranihat is very affectionate towards his son Manik. After her sudden demise caused cardiac arrest, she is taken away by four brahmins, for cremation. While the men leave to procure firewood for her crematory rituals, she [[Lazarus syndrome|recovers]]. Anyway, she believes herself to be a [[preta]] and, instead of returning to her own house, goes to her childhood friend Yogmaya's place at Nishchindapur. After Kadambini's stay for months long, Yogmaya's husband Sripati assumes that she has probably escaped the torment caused by her family members. He goes to Ranihat to meet Shardashankar. When he returns he tells his wife to her discontent that she has mistaken another woman for Kadambini as he has been informed that Kadambini has passed away. When Kadambini comes to know that she is the reason for the verbal dispute between Yogmaya and Sripati, she leaves and returns Ranihat to meet Manik. Despite Kadambini's assertion that she is alive, and not a spectre, her family members are terrified and Shardashankar requests her to leave. Kadambini, finally, jumps into the pool to prove that she was not dead.
|LineColor = 1D334A
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Abhaagi
|Aux2 = {{based on|''Abhagir Swarga'' (1918)|[[Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay]]}}
|ShortSummary = Abhaagi, an impoverished [[dalit]] woman long-abandoned by her husband Rasik Dule, is on her deathbed. She asks her son Kangali to call Rasik as she intends to receive his blessing before she dies. After Rasik comes, she receives his blessing and passes away. When Rasik attempts to cut a tree to cremate his deceased wife, he is interrupted and beaten by a [[footman]] of the landlord. Kangali visits the landlord's [[gomastha]] to seek permission to cut the tree, but is refused. He then visits Thakurdas Mukhujje to seek some [[pyre]]s but is refused again. A weeping Kangali, finally, buries Abhaagi's corpse in the bank of the river.
|LineColor = 1D334A
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Champia
|Aux2 = {{based on|''Satgharia'' (1976)|[[Prafulla Roy]]}}
|ShortSummary = Champia, a forty year-old [[dalit]] woman comes to Surathpura to get hired as a farm labourer. If she can secure her job, Natowar who is a labourer under a contractor in Bhakilganj, will marry her. Earlier, she came to Surathpura for six times. Each time, she successfully secured her job and married a man to settle there. Anyway, all her earlier six marriages ended. At present, she meets Gaibinath who also expects to be hired by some farmer. Unfortunately, both of them are rejected. Having failed to secure her job, Champiya is rejected by Natowar also. She then marries Gaibinath and returns to Manpathal, her native village.
|LineColor = 1D334A
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Charu
|WrittenBy = {{based on|''Ei Daho'' (1961)|[[Gour Kishore Ghosh]]}}
|ShortSummary = Golak is a painter who is in love with Charu, his maid who does not believe in love shown by men as she believes that men are predominantly lecherous by nature. Golak proposes Charu to marry him. She takes time to introspect over his proposal. Manorama, Golak's former love interest visits him and proposes to marry him. When Charu arrives, she spots Golak and Manorama making love to each other. This shatters her faith and she leaves after stating that she does not intend to continue her job at his place any longer. Golak is, afterwards, summoned to the police station to learn that Charu has killed herself. Out of his guilty conscience, he consumes chloroform to kill himself.
|LineColor = 1D334A
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Hemlata
|Aux2 = {{based on|''Kaanch'' (1984)|[[Dibyendu Palit]]}}
|ShortSummary = Hemlata lives with her daughter Rama and her son-in-law Vinod. She has sold her own house on the insistence of her sons Habu, Labu and Pulu. Now she has an impermanent address. Previously, she stayed at Habu's place, and then at Labu's place. Once, after a house party at Rama's place is over, Hemlata erroneously shatters a bottle of [[Chivas Regal]], which infuriates Vinod. When Vinod and Rama have a squabble over this issue, Hemlata decides to leave for Labu's place.

Next morning, Rama informs Hemlata that Labu would come in the afternoon to escort her away. Hemlata says that she would prefer leave immediately with Rama's personal driver Vishwanath, to which Rama agrees. She further asks Rama if she has properly disposed of the broken glass. Rama tells her not to bother about this indicating that she has disposed of the broken glass. While leaving, she halts for a moment as she is pricked by a broken bit of glass. When Rama enquires, she tells nothing but that she should have been more careful while disposing of the broken bits of the glass.
|LineColor = 1D334A
}}
}}

==Cast==
{{multiple image
| total_width = 300
| image_style =
| perrow = 2
| image1 = Shabana Azmi SFU honorary degree.jpg
| image2 = Jaya Bachchan48.jpg
| image3 = The Chairperson, Children’s Film Society of India (CFSI), Ms. Nandita Das addressing a Press Conference, in New Delhi on October 21, 2011.jpg
| image4 = Deepa sahi.jpg
| footer = '''Clockwise:''' [[Shabana Azmi]] portrays [[Jibita o Mrita|Kadambini]] who [[Lazarus syndrome|recovers]] from death but is regarded a spectre by her family members. [[Jaya Bachchan]] portrays Abhaagi who longs to visit heaven after she dies. [[Deepa Sahi]] portrays Champiya who longs for marital security. [[Nandita Das]] portrays Charu who kills herself to evade the pain caused by infidelity of her love interest.
}}
{{Incomplete list|date=June 2025}}
{{cast listing|
*[[Shabana Azmi]] as [[Jibita o Mrita|Kadambini]]
*[[Jaya Bachchan]] as Abhaagi{{Sfn|Bibekananda Roy|2005|p=271}}
* [[Madhuri Dixit]]
* [[Pallavi Joshi]]
* [[Deepa Sahi]] as Champia
* [[Nandita Das]] as Charu
* [[Sulabha Deshpande]] as Hemlata
* [[Gyanesh Mukherjee]]{{efn-la|Gyanesh Mukherjee features in ''Champia''.}}
* [[Debashree Roy]] as Manorama, the former love-interest of Golak/ Rama, Hemlata's daughter{{efn|Debashree Roy features in ''Charu'' and ''Hemlata'' segments.}}
* [[Mamata Shankar]]
* [[Pankaj Kapoor]]
* [[Milind Gunaji]] as Golak
* Amit Banerjee
* [[Kaushik Sen]]
* [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]]{{efn-la|Jeet features in ''Kadambini'' and ''Champia'' segments.<ref name="IT"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/i-am-happy-at-no-3-jeet/articleshow/67868010.cms|title=I am happy at No. 3: Jeet|date=7 February 2019|work=[[The Times of India]]|first=Priyanka|last=Dasgupta|access-date=13 April 2025}}</ref>}} (Cameo)
* [[Sudip Mukherjee]]
* [[Prem Prakash Modi]]
* [[Arjun Chakraborty]] as Vinod, Rama's husband and Hemlata's son-in-law{{efn|Arjun Chakraborty features in ''Kadambini'' and ''Hemlata'' segments. }}
* [[Papiya Sengupta]]
* [[Rita Koiral]]
* Amit Banerjee
* Joy Badlani
}}

== Reception ==
The film received positive reviews for the performance of the cast, but negative reviews followed for Sinha's weak screenplay.<ref>{{Cite news|title=TS|newspaper=Rashtriya Sahara|date=2001 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uyduAAAAMAAJ&q=Daughters+of+This+Century+%22tapan+sinha%22}}</ref> ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]'' wrote, "All the characters ignite sparks through their bright performances but fail to start the fire. In the end, the viewer feels let down by Sinha".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/daughters-of-this-country-news-220238|title=Daughters of This {{sic|nolink=y|Country}}|date=5 February 2022|work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|access-date=13 April 2025}}</ref> Monish Kumar Das of Upperstall.com describes the film to be "a strong statement depicting the neglect and abuse Indian women have faced throughout the 20th century."<ref name=":0" />

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!style="background:#154365"|{{font color|#FFFFFF|Year}}
!style="background:#154365"|{{font color|#FFFFFF|Title}}
!style="background:#154365"|{{font color|#FFFFFF|Category}}
!style="background:#154365"|{{font color|#FFFFFF|Result}}
!style="background:#154365"|{{font color|#FFFFFF|{{Refh}}}}
|-
| 2001
! style="background:#FAEB86"| [[Golden Pyramid Award]]
| Best film
| {{nom}}
| {{sfn|Jane Sloan|2007|p=122}}
|}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
*{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZiJuAAAAMAAJ&q=1997+daughters+of+this+century+tapan+sinha |title=Rashtriya Sahara |date=1996 |author=Sahara India|publisher=Sahara India Mass Communication |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |author=Jane Sloan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G7excPrfowYC&dq=Daughters+of+This+Century+madhuri+dixit+tapan+sinha&pg=PA122 |title=Reel Women: An International Directory of Contemporary Feature Films about Women |date=26 March 2007 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing PLC |isbn=978-1-4616-7082-7 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |title=Conscience of the Race |publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting |isbn=9788123026619 |publication-date=2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EKo-DwAAQBAJ&dq=Daughters+of+This+Century+%22tapan+sinha%22&pg=PT481 |author=Bibekananda Roy |language=En |access-date=5 June 2025}}
* {{Cite book |author= Shri Krishnan Rai, Anugamini Rai|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pJbWCgAAQBAJ&dq=1997+daughters+of+this+century+madhuri+dixit&pg=PA180 |title=Adaptations: Some Journeys from Words to Visuals |date=5 October 2015 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-4438-8409-9 |language=en}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0372854}}

{{Subject bar|Film|India|d=yes|d-search=Q100329013}}

[[Category:1995 films]]
[[Category:Indian anthology films]]
[[Category:1995 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Adaptations of works by Prafulla Roy]]
[[Category:Adaptations of works by Rabindranath Tagore]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay]]

Madan Rathore

2026-04-20T01:34:32Z

Mosphe: stub - done

{{Short description|Indian politician from Rajasthan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Madan Rathore
| image = File:Madan rathore, BJP State President(Rajasthan).jpg
| caption = Official Portrait
| 1blankname = National President
| 1namedata = [[J. P. Nadda]] [[Nitin Nabin]]
| office = President, [[Bharatiya Janata Party - Rajasthan]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bjp-new-party-presidents-bihar-rajasthan-dilip-jaiswal-madan-rathod-2571970-2024-07-25 |title=BJP makes state rejigs, appoints new party chiefs in Bihar and Rajasthan |website=India Today |date=26 July 2024 |access-date=1 August 2024}}</ref>
| term_start = 26 July 2024
| predecessor = [[Chandra Prakash Joshi]]
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start1 = 3 April 2024
| constituency1 = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Rajasthan]]
| predecessor1 = [[Kirodi Lal Meena]]
| office2 = [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Member of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| subterm2 = 2003–2008
| suboffice2 = [[Sumerpur Assembly constituency|Sumerpur]]
| subterm3 = 2013–2018
| suboffice3 = [[Sumerpur Assembly constituency|Sumerpur]]
| subterm4 = 2015–2018
| suboffice4 = Government Deputy Chief Whip, Rajasthan Assembly
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1954|07|02|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Raipur, Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| education = [[B.Sc]] (Mathematics)
| alma_mater = Bangur College, Pali (1974)
}}

'''Madan Rathore''' is an [[Indian politician]] from [[Rajasthan]] who is currently serving as the President of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Rajasthan]]. He has been a member of the [[Rajya Sabha]] since April 2024, representing Rajasthan.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.reallybharat.com/madan-rathore-biography-in-hindi/ |title=कौन हैं मदन राठौड़, जो जून 2024 में भाजपा के नये प्रदेश अध्यक्ष बने |website=Really Bharat |language=hi |date=26 July 2024 |access-date=26 July 2024}}</ref>

He previously served as a member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Sumerpur Assembly constituency]] for two non-consecutive terms (2003–2008 and 2013–2018), defeating Congress leader [[Bina Kak]] in both elections.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.myneta.info/rajasthan2013/candidate.php?candidate_id=909 |title=Madan Rathore (Bharatiya Janata Party): Constituency- SUMERPUR (PALI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |website=MyNeta.info |access-date=28 February 2024}}</ref>

==Education==
Rathore holds a Bachelor of Science degree in Mathematics from Bangur College, affiliated with the [[University of Rajasthan]], completed in 1974.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.myneta.info/rajasthan2013/candidate.php?candidate_id=909 |title=Madan Rathore (Bharatiya Janata Party): Constituency- SUMERPUR (PALI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |website=MyNeta.info |access-date=28 February 2024}}</ref>

==Political career==
Rathore began his political involvement as a ''pracharak'' with the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] in the 1970s. He joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the 1980s and held various organizational roles in the Pali district unit. He served as Deputy Chief Whip in the [[14th Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] from 2015 to 2018.

In February 2024, the BJP nominated Rathore along with former minister [[Chunnilal Garasiya]] for the Rajya Sabha elections. They were elected unopposed on 27 February 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bjp-rajya-sabha-nominations-rajasthan-9158001/ |title=BJP announces Madan Rathore, Chunnilal Garasiya as its RS pick from Rajasthan |website=The Indian Express |date=12 February 2024 |access-date=28 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://theprint.in/india/bjp-fields-ex-minister-chunnilal-garasiya-ex-mla-madan-rathore-for-rs-polls-in-rajasthan/1963945/ |title=BJP fields ex-minister Chunnilal Garasiya, ex-MLA Madan Rathore for RS polls in Rajasthan |website=ThePrint |date=12 February 2024 |access-date=28 February 2024}}</ref>

==Rajasthan BJP State President==
On 26 July 2024, Rathore was appointed as the President of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Rajasthan]], succeeding Chandra Prakash Joshi.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.jagran.com/rajasthan/jaipur-who-is-madan-rathore-became-rajasthan-bjp-state-president-23888975.html |title=कौन हैं मदन राठौड़? बने राजस्थान भाजपा के प्रदेश अध्यक्ष |website=Jagran |language=hi |access-date=19 May 2025}}</ref> He was re-elected unopposed in February 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/madan-rathore-re-elected-unopposed-as-bjp-state-prez/articleshow/118487228.cms |title=Madan Rathore re-elected unopposed as BJP state president |website=The Times of India |date=4 February 2025 |access-date=19 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.amarujala.com/rajasthan/jaipur/rajasthan-madan-rathore-becomes-state-president-elected-unanimously-state-in-charge-comments-on-vasundhara-2025-02-22 |title=राजस्थान: मदन राठौड़ निर्विरोध बने प्रदेश अध्यक्ष, प्रदेश प्रभारी ने वसुंधरा पर दिया बड़ा बयान |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi |date=22 February 2025 |access-date=19 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.jansatta.com/rajya/who-is-madan-rathore-rajasthan-bjp-new-state-chief-elected-unopposed/3842225/ |title=कौन हैं मदन राठौड़? जिन्हें निर्विरोध चुना गया राजस्थान भाजपा का नया प्रदेश अध्यक्ष |website=Jansatta |language=hi |date=26 July 2024 |access-date=19 May 2025}}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
In 2025, Rathore was selected for the Sansad Ratna Award, which recognizes Members of Parliament for their performance in legislative work. He was awarded in the "Overall Category" based on participation in debates, questions, and bills. The selection was made by a jury chaired by Hansraj Ahir, Chairperson of the National Commission for Backward Classes.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/rajasthan/jaipur/madan-rathore-and-pp-chaudhary-honoured-for-sansad-ratna-award-2025/1747626860243 |title=Sansad Ratna Award 2025: मदन राठौड़ और पीपी चौधरी को मिलेगा संसद रत्न पुरस्कार |website=Zee News Hindi |language=hi |date=2025-05-18 |access-date=19 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/jaipur/news/madan-rathore-and-pp-choudhary-will-receive-the-sansad-ratna-award-135051523.html |title=मदन राठौड़ और पीपी चौधरी को मिलेगा संसद रत्न अवॉर्ड |website=दैनिक भास्कर |language=hi |date=2025-05-18 |access-date=2025-05-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/rajasthan/rajya-sabha-mp-madan-rathore-will-get-sansad-ratna-award-2025-know-on-what-basis-he-will-get-this-honor-ann-2945974 |title=राज्यसभा सांसद मदन राठौड़ को मिलेगा संसद रत्न पुरस्कार 2025, जानिए किस आधार पर मिल रहा सम्मान |website=ABP Live |language=hi |date=18 May 2025 |access-date=19 May 2025}}</ref>

==Electoral record==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:90%; text-align: center;"
|+Election results
!Year
!Office
!Constituency
!colspan=2|Party
!Votes (Madan Rathore)
!%
!Opponent
!colspan=2|Opponent Party
!Votes
!%
!Result
!Ref
|-
|[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
|[[Sumerpur (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Sumerpur]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[File:Bharatiya Janata Party (icon).svg|21px]]
|86,210
|56.63
|[[Bina Kak|Beena Kak]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[File:Hand INC.svg|21px]]
|43,567
|28.62
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/rajasthan/constituency-show/sumerpur |title=Sumerpur Assembly Election Result 2013 |website=Times of India |access-date=19 May 2025}}</ref>
|-
|[[2003 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
|[[Sumerpur (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Sumerpur]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[File:Bharatiya Janata Party (icon).svg|21px]]
|31,362
|34.15
|[[Bina Kak|Beena Kak]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[File:Hand INC.svg|21px]]
|28,699
|31.25
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://election.rajasthan.gov.in/acanalysis/ac165.htm |title=Assembly Constituency Analysis - AC 165 (Sumerpur) |website=Chief Electoral Office, Rajasthan |access-date=19 May 2025}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/sumerpur-rajasthan-assembly-constituency |title=Sumerpur Assembly Constituency Election Results |website=Result University |access-date=19 May 2025}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/2003/rajasthan/165/14 |title=Sumerpur 2003 Assembly Election Results |website=IndiaVotes |access-date=19 May 2025}}</ref>

|}

==External links==
* [https://x.com/madanrrathore Madan Rathore on X (formerly Twitter)]
* [https://www.instagram.com/madanrrathore Madan Rathore on Instagram]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Bharatiya Janata Party}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rathore, Madan}}
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Pali, Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2003–2008]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Presidents of Bharatiya Janata Party, Rajasthan]]

Rajendra Singh Gudha

2026-04-16T06:29:51Z

Mosphe: started

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1968)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rajendra Singh Gudha
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1968|07|19|df=y}}
| image =
| office = [[State Minister]] Of Sainik Kalyan (IC), Home Guard & Civil Defence (IC), Panchayati Raj & Rural Development in [[Government of Rajasthan]]
| term_start = November 2021
| term_end = 21 July 2023
| predecessor = [[Bhajan Lal Jatav]]
| successor = [[Otaram Dewasi]]
| office2 = [[State Minister]] of [[Government of Rajasthan]]
| term_start3 = December 2009
| term_end3 = November 2011
| term_start2 = November 2011
| term_end2 = December 2013
| office4 = [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Member of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start4 = 2018
| term_end4 = 2023
| successor4 = [[Bhagawana Ram Saini]]
| predecessor4 = [[Shubhkaran Choudhary]]
| term_start5 = 2008
| term_end5 = 2013
| successor5 = [[Shubhkaran Choudhary]]
| predecessor5 = ''New Constituency''
| constituency5 = [[Udaipurwati (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Udaipurwati]]
| birth_place = Gudha, [[Jhunjhunu district|Jhunjhunu]]
| spouse =
| father = Madho singh Shekhawat
| mother =
| party = {{flagicon image|Shiv Sena flag.jpg}}[[Shiv Sena]] (2023)
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]] (2009-2023) (suspended)
}}

'''Rajendra Singh Gudha''' is an Indian politician from Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan. He served as member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Udaipurwati Assembly constituency|Udaipurwati constituency]]. He is a member of the [[Shiv Sena]]. He formerly served as the State Minister of Sainik Kalyan (IC), Home Guard & Civil Defence (IC), Panchayati Raj & Rural Development in the Government of Rajasthan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajasthan सरकार के मंत्री Rajendra Singh Gudha |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/rajasthan/sikar/kidnapping-case-against-rajasthan-minister-rajendra-singh-gudha/articleshow/97578509.cms |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author= |date=2023-09-09 |title=Minister discarded by Gehlot joins Shiv Sena |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/sacked-rajasthan-minister-rajendra-singh-gudha-joins-shiv-sena/article67288533.ece |access-date=2023-11-09 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-09 |title=Sacked Rajasthan minister Rajendra Singh Gudha joins Shiv Sena |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sacked-rajasthan-minister-rajendra-singh-gudha-joins-shiv-sena-101694253618899.html |access-date=2023-11-09 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gudha, Rajendra Singh}}
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Shiv Sena politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Bahujan Samaj Party politicians from Rajasthan]]

{{Rajasthan-politician-stub}}

Adoni Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:14:42Z

Mosphe: New

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Adoni
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (146-Adoni highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Adoni Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| mla = [[P. V. Parthasarathi|Podala Venkata Parthasarathi]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Kurnool district|Kurnool]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kurnool Lok Sabha constituency|Kurnool]]
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Dr parathasarathi.jpg
| established = 1951
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 146
}}

'''Adoni Assembly constituency''' is a constituency in [[Kurnool district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]]. It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Kurnool Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Assembly Election 2019 |url=http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=24 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524074223/http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm |archive-date=24 May 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[P. V. Parthasarathi|Podala Venkata Parthasarathi]] is the current [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. As of 25 March 2019, there are a total of 204,109 electors in the constituency. The constituency was established in 1951, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1951)''.

== Mandals ==
# [[Adoni Urban mandal]]
# [[Adoni Rural mandal]]

<mapframe text="Mandals in Adoni Assembly Constituency" width=300 height=300 align=center >{ "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q58810717"}</mapframe>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| [[H. Ramalingareddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1955 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1955]]
| [[G. Bussanna]]
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| [[H. Sitarama Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[T. G. L. Thimmaiah]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| rowspan=2 |[[H. Satyanarayana]]
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| [[N. Prakash Jain]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan=2 |[[Raichoti Ramaiah]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
| rowspan=2 |[[Konka Meenakshi Naidu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| [[Y. Sai Prasad Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[Konka Meenakshi Naidu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| rowspan=2 |[[Y. Sai Prasad Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[P. V. Parthasarathi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 1952 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Adoni<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=H. Ramalinga Reddy |party=Independent politician |votes=36,228 |percentage=24.47% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Mallayya |party=Indian National Congress |votes=30,667 |percentage=20.71% |change=20.71% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. G. Thimmayya Setty |party=Indian National Congress |votes=26,513 |percentage=17.91% |change=17.91% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Veerappa Reddy |party=Independent politician |votes=11,516 |percentage=7.78% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Thammanna |party=Independent politician |votes=9,963 |percentage=6.73% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Anjineyulu |party=Communist Party of India |votes=8,291 |percentage=5.60% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=H. Satyanarayana Rao |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=6,832 |percentage=4.61% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kariappa |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=6,661 |percentage=4.50% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lachanna |party=Independent politician |votes=6,579 |percentage=4.44% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nagappa |party=Independent politician |votes=4,822 |percentage=3.26% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,561 |percentage=3.76% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,48,072 |percentage=106.70% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,38,769 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2004 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Adoni}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Y. Sai Prasad Reddy]]
|votes = 66,242
|percentage = 57.33
|change = +17.07
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[G.Krishnamma]]|votes=41,501|percentage=35.92|change=-18.14}}
{{Election box majority||votes=24,741|percentage=21.41|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=115,548|percentage=58.91|change=-1.49}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Adoni}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Konka Meenakshi Naidu]]
|votes = 45,294
|percentage = 38.84
|change = +2.92
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Y. Sai Prasad Reddy]]|votes=45,038|percentage=38.62|change=-17.71}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Praja Rajyam Party|candidate=[[B.Khaja Saleem]]|votes=17,917|percentage=15.37|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=256|percentage=0.22|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=116,604|percentage=67.85|change=-1.06}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Adoni}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Y. Sai Prasad Reddy]]
|votes = 72,121
|percentage = 51.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Konka Meenakshi Naidu]]|votes=55,290|percentage=39.84|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=16,831|percentage=12.13|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=138,764|percentage=65.68|change=+7.83}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Adoni}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Y. Sai Prasad Reddy]]
|votes = 74,109
|percentage = 49.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Konka Meenakshi Naidu]]|votes=61,790|percentage=42.84|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=12,319|percentage=10.13|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=148,764|percentage=65.68|change=+7.83}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Adoni}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[P. V. Parthasarathi|Podala Venkata Parthasarathi]]
|votes = 89,929
|percentage = 51.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[Y. Sai Prasad Reddy]]|votes=71,765|percentage=40.74|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Golla Ramesh|votes=7,622|percentage=4.33|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=NOTA|candidate=None of the above|votes=1,615|percentage=0.92|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=18,164|percentage=10.32|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,76,133|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Coord|15.63|77.27|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Kurnool district]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Matsya (kingdom)

2026-04-07T17:42:52Z

Mosphe: done

{{Short description|Legendary country from the Vedic period}}
{{About|the legendary kingdom of Epic Hindu literature|the historical Iron Age kingdom|Matsya (tribe)|the avatar of the Hindu god Viṣṇu|Matsya|other uses|Matsya (disambiguation)}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2015}}
[[File:EpicIndia.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Matsya among the kingdoms of Epic Indian literature]]
'''Matsya''' ({{langx|sa|मत्स्य}}) was a [[Vedic Period|Vedic kingdom]] and later became a part of sixteen [[Mahajanapada]]s, which also appears in [[Bharata Khanda|Hindu Epic literature]]. The capital of Matsya was at [[Bairat|Viratanagari]] (present-day [[Bairat]], in [[Rajasthan]]) which is said to have been named after its founder king, [[Virata]].<ref>{{Cite book|author=Ratnawat, Shyam Singh |author2=Sharma, Krishna Gopal.|title=History and culture of Rajasthan: from earliest times upto 1956 A.D.|date=1999|publisher=Centre for Rajasthan Studies, [[University of Rajasthan]]|pages=7|oclc=606486051}}</ref> The name Matsya itself means "fish."<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Pelissero |first=Alberto |title=A Sexual Masquerade |url=https://www.academia.edu/7129710/A_Sexual_Masquerade |journal=Hindu Masculinities Across the Ages: Updating the Past}}</ref>

== Location and geography ==
Matsya was a prominent ancient Indian [[janapada]] (i.e., kingdom or state) located in the Madhyadesa (central zone). According to the ''[[Manusmriti]]'', its territory was situated within the geographical limits of Brahmarsidesa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Law |first=Bimala Churn |date=1935 |title=COUNTRIES AND PEOPLES OF INDIA (Epic and Pauranic Sources) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41694109 |journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=217–242 |issn=0378-1143}}</ref> According to the ''[[Mahabharata]],'' Matsya was located to the southwest of [[Indraprastha]] and west of the [[Surasena]] kingdoms.<ref name=":1" /> The ancient text ''[[Kashyapa Samhita|Kasyapa Samhita]]'' mentions the Matsya janapada along with [[Dasarna kingdom|Dasarna]] and Surasena.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Mitra |first=Jyotir |date=1978 |title=Geographical Data in the Kasyapa Samhita |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44139338 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=39 |pages=87–98 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref>

Historically, the Matsya Kingdom is identified with the modern territory of [[Jaipur]], encompassing the entirety of the present-day region of [[Alwar]] and a portion of [[Bharatpur district|Bharatpur]].<ref name=":2" /> Its capital city was known as Vairata or Viratanagara, which corresponds to the modern town of Bairat, Rajasthan.<ref name=":1" /> Another city mentioned as a possible capital is Upaplavya or Upaplava, located at a two-day chariot journey distance from [[Hastinapur|Hastinapura]].<ref name=":1" /> Due to its location along major routes of conquest and travel, few ancient remains of the Virata province are preserved.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Willis |first=Michael D. |date=1988 |title=An Introduction to the Historical Geography of Gopakṣetra, Daśārṇa, and Jejākadeśa |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/618213 |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=271–278 |issn=0041-977X}}</ref>

==In the ''Mahabharata''==
Matsya kingdom was founded by king Matsya who was the twin brother of [[Satyavati]] and who was contemporary to [[Bhishma]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bender |first1=Ernest |last2=Jain |first2=Kailash Chand |date=1978 |title=Lord Mahāvīra and His Times |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=98 |issue=3 |pages=209 |doi=10.2307/598811 |issn=0003-0279 |jstor=598811}}</ref> Within the ''Mahabharata'', the Matsya kingdom is most referenced within the [[Virata Parva]] book.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Sinha |first=Kanad |date=2015 |title=Professor V.k. Thakur Memorial Prized Paper: When the Bhūpati Sought the Gopati's Wealth: Locating the "Mahābhārata Economy |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44156566 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=76 |pages=66–73 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref>

=== The Pandavas' Exile ===
The Matsya Kingdom plays a crucial role in the ''Mahabharata'' as the refuge chosen by the [[Pandava]] brothers and [[Draupadi]] for the thirteenth year of exile, known as the year of concealment, following twelve years of dwelling in the forest.<ref name=":0" /> The Pandavas, after travelling to Matsya and presenting themselves as hunters, concealed their weapons in the hollow of a [[Prosopis cineraria|sami tree]], hanging a decomposing corpse above the spot to deter people.<ref name=":0" /> [[Yudhishthira|Yudhisthira]], the eldest Pandava, chose Matsya after [[Arjuna]] suggested several names.<ref name=":0" /> The deity [[Yama|Dharma]] had previously granted Yudhisthira the boon ensuring that the Pandavas would not be recognized during this thirteenth year.<ref name=":0" />

While living in Matsya, the Pandavas adopted specific disguises and assumed new identities:<ref name=":0" />

* Yudhisthira presented himself to King Virata as the brahmin Kanka, claiming to be Yudhisthira's former master of revels, and was employed by the king.<ref name=":0" /> He shared his winnings as a popular court gambler with his brothers.<ref name=":0" /> The choice of the name Kanka, meaning "heron" (i.e., a bird that feeds on fish), carries a symbolic meaning suggesting that Yudhisthira intended to "eat" the kingdom of Matsya by winning numerous dice games against the king.<ref name=":0" />
* [[Bhima]] sought work as a cook and gladiator under the name Ballava, purportedly Yudhisthira's former cook and wrestler.<ref name=":0" /> He sold leftover foodstuff to contribute to the family's livelihood.<ref name=":0" />
* Arjuna disguised himself as a eunuch named Brhannada.<ref name=":0" /> He was described as a large man wearing a woman's dress and jewelry.<ref name=":0" /> Arjuna secured employment as a master of music and dance, tasked with teaching King Virata's daughter, [[Uttarā|Uttara]], along with her friends and maids.<ref name=":0" /> He sold second-hand ladies' clothing.<ref name=":0" />
* [[Nakula]] was engaged as Granthika, purportedly Yudhisthira's former horse handler.<ref name=":0" />
* [[Sahadeva]] worked as Tantipala, a cattle tender or cowherd, serving as a supervisor of the herdsmen and cattle.<ref name=":0" /> He provided dairy products for his brothers.<ref name=":0" />
* Draupadi arrived as a chambermaid and lady's maid.<ref name=":0" /> She introduced herself as Draupadi's former maid, claiming to be married to five [[Gandharva|gandharvas]].<ref name=":0" /> She was engaged by Virata's wife, [[Sudeshna]], after promising not to infatuate the king.<ref name=":0" /> Draupadi looked after all the brothers.<ref name=":0" />

The Pandavas were able to dwell in the city hidden from view, sustaining themselves though their different occupations. [[Bhishma|Bhisma]] is cited in the ''Mahabharata'' as stating that wherever Yudhisthira resides, even in disguise, the land is certain to be rich and bountiful, and the cattle will thrive.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hiltebeitel |first=Alf |date=1980 |title=Draupadī's Garments |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24653318 |journal=Indo-Iranian Journal |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=97–112 |issn=0019-7246}}</ref><ref name=":3" />

=== Kingship and Alliances ===
King Virata, the ruler of Matsya, was noted for his substantial cattle wealth, leading to him being described as a "cattle baron."<ref name=":3" /> The theft of this wealth by the [[Kaurava|Kauravas]] (i.e., a cattle raide) became an object of the [[Virata Parva]] narrative, necessitating the disguised Arjuna's intervention.<ref name=":3" />

Following the successful completion of the period of concealment and the revelation of the Pandavas' identities, King Virata offered his daughter, Uttara, along with his entire kingdom, to Arjuna.<ref name=":0" /> Arjuna declined Uttara as a wife but accepted her as a daughter-in-law, arranging her marriage to his son [[Abhimanyu]].<ref name=":0" /> This marriage forged a crucial political alliance between Matsya and the [[Bharata (Mahabharata)|Bharata]] clan.<ref>Sinha, K. (2023) ‘The Mahābhārata, Mencius, and the Modern World: Reflections on Dharmayuddha and Ānṛśaṁsya’, in A. Acharya et al. (eds) ''Bridging Two Worlds: Comparing Classical Political Thought and Statecraft in India and China''. USA: University of California Press. Available at: <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1525/luminos.135.k</nowiki>.</ref><ref name=":0" /> Uttara is destined to become the mother of [[Parikshit|Pariksit]], who would perpetuate Arjuna's race.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4">{{Citation |last=McGRATH |first=Kevin |title=The End |date=2017 |work=Raja Yudhisthira |pages=167–188 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt1qv5q83.8 |access-date=2025-11-22 |series=Kingship in Epic Mahabharata |publisher=Cornell University Press |doi=10.7591/j.ctt1qv5q83.8 |isbn=978-1-5017-0498-7}}</ref>

== Other references ==
The Matsya people are counted among ancient communities, alongside the Taksakas and [[Karkotaka|Karkotakas]], that had a direct relationship with the Nagas in Rajasthan.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Marmat |first=Awantika Prasad |date=1991 |title=Historical Evidence of Nagas in Rajasthan: Summary |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44142604 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=52 |pages=212–213 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref> The capital city, Bairat, and the names Virata and Matsya are considered to have Naga affinity.<ref name=":5" /> This lineage is also suggested by the origin story of the Matsyas in the ''Mahabharata'' whose eponymous king Matsya and his twin sister Satyavati were said to have had fisherman backgrounds.<ref name=":4" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Tribes and kingdoms of the Mahabharata}}

[[Category:Kingdoms in the Mahabharata]]

{{Hindu-myth-stub}}

Dhamni

2026-03-25T18:32:27Z

Mosphe: created some post added tags...

{{More citations needed|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dhamani
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra, India|Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pune district|Pune]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Ambegaon taluka|Ambegaon]]
| unit_pref = Metric


| elevation_m =
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_total =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_note =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Other spoken
| demographics1_info2 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = [[Telephone code]]
| area_code =
| registration_plate =[[List of RTO districts in India#MH.E2.80.94Maharashtra|MH]]-14
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MH]]

| blank1_name_sec2 =
| blank1_info_sec2 =
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| government_type =

| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Dhamani''' is a village in [[Ambegaon taluka]] of [[Pune]] [[List of districts of India|District]] in the state of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. The village is [[Administration (government)|administrated]] by a [[Sarpanch]] who is an [[elected representative]] of village as per [[constitution of India]] and [[Panchayati raj (India)]].

== Geographical location and population ==
Dhamani is in [[Ambegaon Taluka]], [[Pune District]]. The village covers an area of {{convert|1393.71|ha}} and according to the 2011 census, the village has 673 families and a total population of 3814. There are 1384 males and 1430 females. There are 181 Scheduled Castes and 42 Scheduled Tribes. The nearest town [[Manchar]] is at a distance of {{cvt|32|km}}. The census index of this village is 55551.<ref>{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB.html |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=1 April 2022}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=April 2022}}

== Literacy ==
* Total literate population: 2075 (73.74%)
* Literate male population: 1139 (82.3%)
* Literate female population: 936 (65.45%)

== Educational Facility ==
* The village has 1 government [[pre-primary education|pre-primary]] [[school]].
* There is one government [[district primary school]] in the village.
* There is 1 Government Higher Secondary and Secondary School in the village.
* The nearest [[college|degree college]] (Pabal) is more than 10 kilometers away.
* The nearest [[Engineering|College of Engineering]] (Avsari) is more than 10 kilometers away.
* The nearest medical college (Pune) is more than 10 km away.
* The nearest management institute (Pune) is at a distance of more than 10 km.
* The nearest polytechnic is located at a distance of more than 10 km.
* The nearest Vocational Training School (Ghodegaon) is more than 10 km away.
* The nearest Informal Training Center (Pune) is more than 10 km away.
* The nearest special school for the disabled (Pabal) is more than 10 km away.
* The village has 1 other private educational facility.

== Medical Facility (Government) ==
There is 1 government hospital center in the village.

The nearest community health center is more than 15 kilometers away.
The village has 1 [[Primary Health Center]].
The nearest primary health sub-center is more than 15 km away.
The village has 1 [[Maternity | Maternity and Child Welfare Center]] at Manchar.
The nearest Alternative Medicine Hospital is more than 10 km away.
There is 1 hospital in the village.
The nearest veterinary hospital
There is 1 family welfare center in the village.

== Hygiene ==
There is no sewerage system in the village. The village has open sewerage system. Sewage is discharged directly into water bodies. The entire area is involved in a clean-up operation. There is no public toilet in the village with bathroom.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Pune district]]

Prevention of Seditious Meetings Act, 1907

2026-03-25T17:42:43Z

Mosphe:

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox legislation
|short_title = Prevention of Seditious Meetings Act, 1907
|image = Star of the Order of the Star of India (gold).svg
|imagesize =180px
|enacted_by = [[Imperial Legislative Council]]
|repealed_by = Prevention of Seditious Meetings Act, 1911
|status = repealed
}}
The '''Prevention of Seditious Meetings Act, 1907''' (long title: ''An Act to make better provision for the prevention of public meetings likely to promote sedition or to cause a disturbance of public tranquillity'') was a 1907 act of the [[Imperial Legislative Council]] of the [[British Raj]] enabling the government to prohibit political meetings.

The "area of operation" of the act was any [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|Province of British India]] specified by [[order-in-Council]] of the [[Governor-General of India|Governor-General]] noted in the ''[[Gazette of India]]''.<ref>Prevention of Seditious Meetings Act 1907 §1(2)</ref> The government of a province within the "area of operation" could then designate part or all of the province a "proclaimed area", noted in the [[government gazette|provincial gazette]].<ref>Prevention of Seditious Meetings Act 1907 §2(1)</ref> Each such notice would be valid for six months, but could be extended by the provincial government.<ref>Prevention of Seditious Meetings Act 1907 §2(2)</ref> In a proclaimed area, there were restrictions on public meetings with discussion, or distribution of written material, of "any subject likely to cause [[Breach of the peace|disturbance]] or public excitement or ... any political subject".<ref name="act4p1">Prevention of Seditious Meetings Act 1907 §4(1)</ref> Meetings over 20 or more people were [[presumption|presumed]] to be public.<ref>Prevention of Seditious Meetings Act 1907 §3(3)</ref> Such meetings were prohibited unless the police [[commissioner]] or district [[Superintendent of police (India)|superintendent]] either gave written permission or received three days' advance notice in writing.<ref name="act4p1"/> The police could attend such a meeting,<ref>Prevention of Seditious Meetings Act 1907 §4(2)</ref> and the [[District Collector (India)|district magistrate]] or police commissioner could prohibit meetings "promoting [[disaffection]] or [[sedition]]".<ref>Prevention of Seditious Meetings Act 1907 §5</ref> Organising or speaking at a prohibited meeting was punishable by six months' imprisonment and/or a fine.<ref>Prevention of Seditious Meetings Act 1907 §§6(1),7</ref>

The act was raised in the [[British House of Commons]] in February 1908 by [[Vickerman Rutherford]], who questioned its effects on "the interests of good relations between the rulers and the ruled." [[Donald Mackenzie Smeaton]] defended the Act, noting that "the Regulation of 1818 and Subsidiary Local Regulations conferring similar powers were of immense value in and after the pacification of Burma in ridding the country not only of the enemies of the Government, but of the [[enemies of the people]]. . . ."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1908/feb/11/freedom-of-speech-in-india|title=Freedom of Speech in India.|date=11 February 1908|work=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]]|pages=HC Deb vol 183 c1526 |no-pp=y|access-date=22 November 2017}}</ref>

The act was extended until 31 March 1911, when the [[Prevention of Seditious Meetings Act, 1911]] was passed to replace it.

==References==
===Sources===
* {{cite book |chapter-url=https://en.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AA_Collection_of_the_Acts_passed_by_the_Governor_General_of_India_in_Council%2C_1907.djvu&page=64 |title=A Collection of the Acts passed by the Governor General of India in Council, 1907 |date=1908 |location=Calcutta |pages=57–60 |chapter=VI: Prevention of Seditious Meetings Act }}

===Citations===
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1907 in India]]
[[Category:Legislation in British India]]
[[Category:Political repression in British India]]
[[Category:1907 in law]]
[[Category:1907 in British law]]

Robin David

2026-03-25T14:42:10Z

Mosphe: new

{{Short description|Indian sculptor (born 1950)}}
{{Infobox artist
| name = Robin David
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1950
| birth_place = [[Gwalior]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[Sculptor]]
}}

'''Robin David''' (born 1950) is an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[sculptor]] based in [[Bhopal]]. He is a recipient of the [[Kalidas Samman]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.culturemp.in/kalidas-samman2017-20.pdf|title=KALIDAS Rupankar & Rangkarm|work=Department of Culture, MP Govt - page 3 & 12|access-date=2025-02-06|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1--EBjh_dC3FoNlgovL5Wo9AtFMJN36df/view?usp=sharing|title=राष्_ट्रीय माहत्_मा गांधी सम्_मान - कालिदास सम्_मान 2013, 14, 15, 16|work=Department of Culture, MP Govt - page 30 & 31|access-date=2025-02-07|language=hi}}</ref><ref name="thepioneer2020-1">{{cite news|title=Art exhibition 'Tangible Life' by eminent sculptor Robin David attracts art lovers of city|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2020/state-editions/art-exhibition--tangible-life--by-eminent-sculptor-robin-david-attracts-art-lovers-of-city.html|work=[[The Pioneer (India)]]|date=10 February 2020|access-date=2025-02-06|language=en}}</ref><ref name="issa2018">{{Cite web|title=2018 - ISSA|url=http://www.world-issa.com/2018/543.jhtml|access-date=2025-02-06|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="bhaskar">{{cite news|title=Sculptor Robin David awarded lifetime achievement award मूर्तिकार रॉबिन डेविड को आजीवन उपलब्धि सम्मान - Ujjain News Dainik Bhaskar|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/mp/ujjain/news/sculptor-robin-david-awarded-lifetime-achievement-award-133904804.html|work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]|date=4 November 2024|access-date=2025-02-06|language=hi}}</ref>

David played the key role in establishing the sculpture department at Gwalior Art College,<ref name="thehindu-Feb-2025">{{cite news|title=Robin David marks 50 years in sculpture with a stunning solo exhibition in Hyderabad - The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/robin-david-marks-50-years-in-sculpture-with-a-stunning-solo-exhibition-in-hyderabad/article69261853.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=27 February 2025|access-date=2025-04-05|language=en}}</ref> Where he also earned his National Diploma in sculpting in 1977.<ref name="aalekhan2024">{{Cite web|title=The sculptor who emerged from "ek patthar ki bawdi" - AALEKHAN|url=https://aalekhan.in/baat/rdavid/|access-date=2025-02-06|language=en-US}}</ref> In 1979, he joined the [[Bharat Bhawan]] as an assistant director.<ref name="aakriti2010">{{Cite web|title=Sculpting out a Third Dimension from Madhya Pradesh|url=https://www.aakritiartgallery.com/artnewsnviews/sculpting-out-a-third-dimension-from-mad.html|access-date=2025-02-06|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="thehindu-Feb-2025"/> He was also the curator in the "Yuva Sumbhava" exhibition under the [[Raza Foundation]].<ref name="abirpothi2024">{{Cite web|title="Stone Hasn't Left Me", Says The Curator of Yuva Sambhava Robin David - Abirpothi|url=https://www.abirpothi.com/stone-hasnt-left-me-says-the-curator-of-yuva-sambhava-robin-david/|access-date=2025-02-06|language=en-US}}</ref> In 2020, his biggest exhibition was organised by the Department of Culture at the Ravindra Bhavan cultural centre in Bhopal.<ref name="thepioneer2020-1"/><ref name="thepioneer2020-2">{{cite news|title=Art Exhibition by Robin David is being put up at Ravindra Bhavan|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2020/state-editions/art-exhibition-by-robin-david-is-being-put-up-at-ravindra-bhavan.html|work=[[The Pioneer (India)]]|date=20 February 2020|access-date=2025-02-06|language=en}}</ref>

In early 2025, Robin David marked 50 years of his career with a solo exhibition ‘Sculpting Voids’, curated by Aman Preet Kaur.<ref name="thehindu-Feb-2025"/><ref name="newindianexpress-Mar-2025">{{cite news|title=Robin David: 'Sculpting is meditation'|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2025/Mar/06/robin-david-sculpting-is-meditation|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=6 March 2025|access-date=2025-04-05|language=en}}</ref> He has also worked with [[Ramon Magsaysay Award|Magsaysay]] awardee [[Rajendra Singh]] on a series of [[stepwell]]s.<ref name="thehindu-Feb-2025"/> David is considered one of the pioneers of sculpture art in Central India,<ref name="thehindu-Feb-2025"/> having organised and participated in numerous symposiums across India and internationally, including in Mexico, Turkey, and Italy.<ref name="thehindu-Feb-2025"/> He has also trained around 100 artisans.<ref name="thehindu-Feb-2025"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://www.robindavidsculptor.com/}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:David, Robin}}
[[Category:Indian sculptors]]
[[Category:Indian artists]]
[[Category:Indian painters]]
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Yesvantpur–Barmer AC Express

2026-03-24T02:21:17Z

Mosphe: cleanup

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = D24E01
| name = Yesvantpur Junction – Barmer ''AC Express''
| logo = Ministry of Railways India.svg
| type = [[AC Express (Indian Railways)|AC Express]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2014|05|05}}
| last =
| operator = [[North Western Railway zone|North Western Railway]]
| start = {{stnlnk|Barmer}}
| stops = 37
| end = {{stnlnk|Yesvantpur Junction}}
| distance = {{convert|2251|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 53 hours 30 minutes
| frequency = Weekly.
| class = [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC First class]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 2 Tier]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 3 Tier]]
| seating = No
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = Available
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = No
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 14805 / 14806
| speed = {{convert|130|km/h|0|abbr=on}} maximum, {{convert|44|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map = [[File:(Barmer - Yesvantpur) AC Express route map.png|250px|(Barmer–Yesvantpur) AC Express route map]]
| map_state =
}}

The 14806 / 14805 '''Yesvantpur-Barmer AC Express''' is an [[AC Express (Indian Railways)|AC Express]] train belonging to [[Indian Railways]] – [[North Western Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Barmer}} & {{stnlnk|Yesvantpur Junction}} in India.

It operates as train number 14806 from Barmer to Yesvantpur Junction and as train number 14805 in the reverse direction, serving the states of [[Rajasthan]], [[Gujarat]], [[Maharashtra]] & [[Karnataka]].

It initially ran to / from {{stnlnk|Ahmedabad Junction}} being subsequently extended to Barmer.

The train before had [[ICF coach|ICF]] rakes of [[Rajdhani Express]] that have converted into [[LHB coach|LHB]] rakes. The LHB rakes are more secure than ICF rakes in safety manners.

==Coaches==

The 14806 / 05 Barmer–Yesvantpur AC Express has 1 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 1st Class]], 3 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 2 tier]], 13 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 3 tier]] & 2 [[Diesel generator|End on Generator]] Coaches. In addition, it also carries a [[pantry car]].

As is customary with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.

==Service==

The 14806 Barmer–Yesvantpur AC Express covers the distance of {{convert|2251|km|0|abbr=on}} in 50 hours 15 mins averaging {{convert|44.80|km/h|0|abbr=on}} & in 53 hours 30 mins as 14805 Yesvantpur–Barmer AC Express averaging {{convert|42.07|km/h|0|abbr=on}}.

As the average speed of the train is below {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, as per Indian Railways rules, its fare does not include a Superfast surcharge.

==Routeing==

The 14806 / 05 Barmer–Yesvantpur AC Express runs from Barmer via {{stnlnk|Samdari Junction}},
{{stnlnk|Dhanera}}, {{stnlnk|Bhildi Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Palanpur Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Ahmedabad Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Vadodara Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Surat}}, {{stnlnk|Vasai Road}}, {{stnlnk|Kalyan Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Lonavala}}, {{stnlnk|Pune Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Solapur}}, {{stnlnk|Hubli Junction}}, Davanagere,{{stnlnk|Tumakuru}}, to Yesvantpur Junction.

It reverses direction of travel 5 times during its journey at Samdari Junction, Bhildi Junction, Palanpur Junction, {{stnlnk|Gadag Junction}} and Hubli Junction.

==Traction==

As the entire route is fully electrified, an [[Electric Loco Shed, Vadodara|Vadodara]]-based [[Indian locomotive class WAP-5|WAP-5]] hauls the train from Barmer to Yesvantpur and vice-versa .

Before February 2014, when the Central Line section was under 1500 V DC traction, it was hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Kalyan|Kalyan]]-based [[Indian locomotive class WCAM 2/2P|WCAM 2/2P]] dual-traction locomotive between {{stnlnk|Vadodara Junction}} and Pune Junction. Or even they have diesel traction with [[WDM-3A]] and [[WDP-4D]] in 2018

==Operation==

*14805 Yesvantpur–Barmer AC Express runs from Yesvantpur Junction every Monday reaching Barmer on the 3rd day.
*14806 Barmer–Yesvantpur AC Express runs from Barmer every Friday reaching Yesvantpur Junction on the 3rd day.

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* https://web.archive.org/web/20140811094750/http://www.swr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&dcd=543&id=0,4,268
* http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/extension-of-yeshwantpurahmedabad-train-sought/article5050891.ece
* https://web.archive.org/web/20140729155047/https://showyou.com/v/y-GKkapjkYo44/masculine-pune-wdm3d-hauls-the-last-run-of-ahmedabadyesvantpur

==External links==
*{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in |title=Welcome to Indian Railway Passenger reservation Enquiry |publisher=indianrail.gov.in |access-date=2014-04-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408180437/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/ |archive-date=8 April 2014 }}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.irctc.co.in/|title=IRCTC Online Passenger Reservation System|publisher=irctc.co.in|access-date=2014-04-05|archive-date=3 March 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070303131207/http://www.irctc.co.in/|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.irfca.org|title=[IRFCA] Welcome to IRFCA.org, the home of IRFCA on the internet.|publisher=IRFCA|access-date=2014-04-05}}

{{Railways in Northern India}}
{{Railways in Western India}}
{{AC Express}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yesvantpur-Barmer AC Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Transport in Barmer, Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Karnataka]]
[[Category:AC Express (Indian Railways) trains]]

Madhumati

2026-03-22T17:42:38Z

Mosphe: put up

{{short description|1958 film by Bimal Roy}}
{{About||the Telugu film|Madhumati (2013 film)|the Indian dancer and actress|Madhumati (dancer)}}
{{good article}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Madhumati
| image = Madhumati.jpg
| caption = Theatrical poster
| director = [[Bimal Roy]]
| producer = Bimal Roy
| writer =
| screenplay = [[Ritwik Ghatak]] [[Rajinder Singh Bedi]]
| story = [[Ritwik Ghatak]]
| based_on =
| starring = [[Vyjayanthimala]] [[Dilip Kumar]] [[Pran (actor)|Pran]] [[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]]
| narrator =
| music = [[Salil Chowdhury]]
| cinematography = Dilip Gupta
| editing = [[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]]
| distributor =
| studio = Bimal Roy Productions
| released = {{Film date|1958|09|12|df=y}}
| runtime = 166 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madhumati |url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/madhumati |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201040034/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/madhumati |archive-date=1 December 2017 |access-date=1 December 2017 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{Estimation}}{{INR|link=yes}}8.1{{nbsp}}million
| gross = {{Estimation}}{{INR|link=yes}}4{{nbsp}}Crore
<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100102005616/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=164&catName=MTk1OA==
website]
</ref>
}}

'''''Madhumati''''' is a 1958 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[paranormal romance]] film directed and produced by [[Bimal Roy]], story and screenplay written by [[Ritwik Ghatak]]. The film stars [[Vyjayanthimala]] and [[Dilip Kumar]] in lead roles, with [[Pran (actor)|Pran]] and [[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]] in supporting roles. The plot focuses on Anand, a modern man who falls in love with a tribal woman named Madhumati. But they face challenges in their relationship finally leading to a paranormal consequence. The film was ranked 11th in the [[The Outlook Magazine|Outlook Magazine's]] 25 leading Indian directors' poll for selecting ''Bollywood's greatest films'' in 2003.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 January 2016 |title=Bollywood's Best Films {{!}} 12 May 2003 |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/article/bollywoods-best-films/220089 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108071843/https://www.outlookindia.com/article/bollywoods-best-films/220089 |archive-date=8 January 2016 |access-date=26 July 2021}}</ref>

''Madhumati'' was filmed in various Indian locations, including [[Ranikhet]], [[Ghorakhal]], [[Lower Vaitarna Dam|Vaitarna Dam]] and [[Aarey Milk Colony]]. The soundtrack album was composed by [[Salil Chowdhury]] and the lyrics were written by [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]]. The film was released on 12 September 1958. It earned ₹40 million in India and became the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|highest-grossing Indian film]] of the year, and one of the most commercially successful and influential Indian films of its time.

''Madhumati'' was one of the earliest films to deal with [[reincarnation]], and was described by analysts as a [[potboiler]] that has a [[Gothic fiction|gothic]] and [[film noir|noir]] feel to it. It inspired later regional and international films that have reincarnation-based themes. It led the [[6th Filmfare Awards]] with 12 nominations and won 9 awards including [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]], [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]] for Roy, [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]] for Chaudhary, [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]] for Mangeshkar—the most awards for a film at that time—a record that it maintained for a record 37 years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Filmfare Awards Flashback: Record breaking films {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/filmfare-flashback-record-breaking-films-26089.html |access-date=2025-01-30 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref> It also won the [[National Film Awards|National Film Award]] for [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi|Best Feature Film in Hindi]]. It was remade in [[Malayalam]] as [[Vanadevatha]] (1976).

== Plot ==
On a stormy night, engineer Devendra drives down a hill road with his friend to fetch his wife and child from a railway station. A landslide blocks their path and they take shelter in an old mansion. Devendra finds the house eerily familiar. In the large front room, he finds an old portrait, which he recognizes. He’s joined by his friend and the old caretaker. Devendra, experiencing flashbacks of another life, sits down to tell his story while the storm rages outside.

Anand is the new manager of Shyamnagar Timber Estate. An artist in his spare time, he travels to the hills and falls in love with Madhumati, a [[Kumaoni people|Kumaoni]] tribal woman whose songs have haunted him from a distance. Anand's employer, Raja Ugra Narain is a ruthless, arrogant man; Anand, who refuses to bend to his will unlike others, is on the receiving end of his wrath. Anand has enemies among his staff. After he’s sent away on an errand, he returns to find that Madhumati has disappeared. He learns that she has been taken to Ugra Narain and confronts him, but his men beat him unconscious. While taking Anand's body out of the palace, they come across Madhumati's father, who fights to stop his own daughter's death. Although he comes out on top in the fight, he dies on the road shortly after, while Charandas hides and takes Anand's body to a hospital.

Anand lives but his mind wanders. One day, he meets a woman who looks exactly like Madhumati. She introduces herself as Madhavi but Anand refuses to believe her. He tries to reason with her and is beaten by her companions. Later, Madhavi finds a sketch of Madhumati and realizes Anand was telling the truth. She takes the sketch with her and tries to learn his story. Meanwhile, Anand is haunted by the spirit of Madhumati, who tells him Ugra Narain is responsible for her death. He appeals to Madhavi, who agrees to pose as Madhumati before Ugra Narain and make him confess to her murder.

Anand returns to Ugra Narain's palace and seeks permission to paint a portrait of him the next evening. The day after, at the stroke of eight, Ugra Narain sees Madhavi posing as Madhumati in front of him. Ugra Narain is shaken; he confesses his part in her death and is arrested by police waiting outside the room. Anand realizes that the questions Madhavi posed to Ugra Narain, especially about Madhumati 's burial place, were things she could not have known; even Anand did not know. Madhavi smiles and moves towards the stairs. The real Madhavi, dressed as Madhumati, then rushes into the room. She is late because her car broke down on the way. Anand realizes he saw Madhumati's ghost and not Madhavi. He runs to the terrace, where the ghost beckons to him. Madhumati had fallen from the same terrace, trying to escape Ugra Narain. Anand follows the ghost and falls to his death.

After telling the story of Anand and Madhumati, Devendra receives news that the train on which his wife was traveling has met with an accident. The road is cleared and they rush to the station. Devendra walks through the station fearing the worst but is relieved to see his wife Radha, emerging from the train unharmed. Radha is the reincarnation of Madhumati, and Devendra informs her, based on his recent recollections, that they have been partners through several births.

== Cast ==
* [[Vyjayanthimala]] as Madhumati/Madhavi/Radha (triple role)
* [[Dilip Kumar]] as Devendra / Anand
* [[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]] as Charandas
* [[Pran (actor)|Pran]] as Raja Ugra Narain
* [[Jayant (actor)|Jayant]] as Pawan Raja, Madhumati's father
* [[Ramayan Tiwari]] as Bir Singh
* [[Tarun Bose]] as Devendra's colleague

* [[Bhudo Advani]] as Baba
* Jagdish Raj as Police captain


== Production ==
[[File:View of mountain range from Ghorakhal.jpg|thumb|right|The Ghorakhal mountain range, one of the filming locations.]]
[[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali filmmaker]] [[Bimal Roy]]'s 1955 film ''[[Devdas (1955 film)|Devdas]]'' was commercially unsuccessful, jeopardising his company Bimal Roy Productions; he needed a commercial success to survive.<ref name="Narwekar2012">{{Cite book |last=Narwekar |first=Sanjit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ub6eAwAAQBAJ |title=Dilip Kumar The Last Emperor |publisher=Rupa Publications |year=2012 |isbn=978-81-291-3365-6 |location=[[Kolkata]] |pages=72–91 |author-link=Sanjit Narwekar}}</ref> The story of ''Madhumati'' was written by the Bengali filmmaker [[Ritwik Ghatak]]. He shared the story with Roy, who immediately liked it and started developing the film with Debu Sen as the assistant director.<ref name=mid /> The dialogues were written by [[Rajinder Singh Bedi]] in the [[Urdu script]].<ref name="akhtar">{{Cite book |last1=Aḵẖtar |first1=Javed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_JILAQAAMAAJ |title=Talking Films: Conversations on Hindi Cinema with Javed Akhtar |last2=Kabir |first2=Nasreen Munni |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-19-566462-1 |location=[[Oxford]] |page=49 |language=en |quote=most of the writers working in this so-called Hindi cinema write in Urdu: Gulzar, or Rajinder Singh Bedi or Inder Raj Anand or Rahi Masoom Raza or Vahajat Mirza, who wrote dialogue for films like ''Mughal-e-Azam'' and ''Gunga Jumna'' and ''Mother India''. So most dialogue-writers and most songwriters are from the Urdu discipline |author-link=Javed Akhtar |author-link2=Nasreen Munni Kabir}}</ref><ref name="uiowa">{{Cite web |title=Indian Cinema: Madhumati |url=https://uiowa.edu/indiancinema/madhumati |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201033936/https://uiowa.edu/indiancinema/madhumati |archive-date=1 December 2017 |access-date=30 November 2017 |publisher=[[University of Iowa]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Excelsior">{{Cite web |date=3 September 2017 |title=Remembering Rajinder Singh Bedi |url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/remembering-rajinder-singh-bedi/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201032006/http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/remembering-rajinder-singh-bedi/ |archive-date=1 December 2017 |access-date=1 December 2017 |website=[[Daily Excelsior]]}}</ref> Manohari Singh was selected for composing the film's music after Roy heard him playing in Kolkata.<ref name=mid />

Roy had previously signed Vyjayanthimala and Dilip Kumar for two films. The first, ''Devdas'', based on the [[Devdas|eponymous novel]],<ref name=mid /> received much critical acclaim and a [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi]] despite being commercially unsuccessful.<ref name="Narwekar2012" /> Kumar and Vyjayanthimala were selected to play the lead roles in ''Madhumati''. The former was eager to work again with Roy after their previous film ''Devdas'' and accepted the role.<ref name=mint /> Vyjayanthimala agreed to work on the film after learning that [[Pran (actor)|Pran]] was a part of the cast.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vyavahare |first=Renuka |title=I started shivering in my first scene with pran: Vyjayanthimala Bali |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/I-started-shivering-in-my-first-scene-with-pran-Vyjayanthimala-Bali/articleshow/21054548.cms |url-status=live |access-date=2 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231001755/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/I-started-shivering-in-my-first-scene-with-pran-Vyjayanthimala-Bali/articleshow/21054548.cms |archive-date=31 December 2017}}</ref>

Unlike another film noir, which was mostly filmed indoors, Roy decided to film ''Madhumati'' outdoors and at a hill station. It had a six-week schedule at a location in [[Ranikhet]], [[Nainital]].<ref name="mid">{{Cite news |date=19 January 2008 |title=It's 50 years since Madhumati captured the hearts and minds of a nation |work=[[Mid-Day]] |url=http://archive.mid-day.com/entertainment/2008/jan/917678.htm |url-status=live |access-date=7 September 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180130121729/http://archive.mid-day.com/entertainment/2008/jan/917678.htm |archive-date=30 January 2018}}</ref> Some scenes were filmed in [[Ghorakhal]] near Nainital.<ref name=mint /> When the negatives were developed, most of the footage was found to be [[Fogging (photography)|fogged]]. Since a reshoot in far-away Uttarakhand was not possible, sets were created near [[Lower Vaitarna Dam|Vaitarna Dam]], [[Igatpuri]].<ref name=mid /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pawar |first=Yogesh |date=16 September 2012 |title=Bored with Khandala! 'Ati kya' Khodala? |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-bored-with-khandala-ati-kya-khodala-1741433 |url-status=live |access-date=2 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204112401/http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-bored-with-khandala-ati-kya-khodala-1741433 |archive-date=4 December 2017}}</ref> The art direction team, led by [[Sudhendu Roy]], created fake pine trees, which were planted to match the location in Nainital.<ref name=mid /> A large part of the film was filmed in [[Aarey Milk Colony]], a small forested area in Mumbai. A scene in which Dilip Kumar looks for Vyjayanthimala in the woods was filmed in Igatpuri.<ref name=mid /> The foggy effect was recreated using gas bombs.<ref name=mid /> The costumes of the film were designed by Yadugiri Devi, Vyjayanthimala's grandmother; these were later approved by the art director Sudhendu Roy. Vyjayanthimala wore silver jewelry from her collection in the film.<ref name="cinestaan">{{Cite web |last=Pandya |first=Sonal |date=19 September 2017 |title=10 things you didn't know about Bimal Roy's Madhumati |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2017/sep/19/8177/10-things-you-didn-t-know-about-bimal-roy-s-madhumati |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202153034/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2017/sep/19/8177/10-things-you-didn-t-know-about-bimal-roy-s-madhumati |archive-date=2 December 2017 |access-date=2 December 2017 |publisher=Cinestaan}}</ref> The actress had also hurt her foot while dancing.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhattacharya |first=Roshmila |author-link=Roshmila Bhattacharya |date=11 April 2008 |title='I never imagined I'd look so lovely' |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/i-never-imagined-i-d-look-so-lovely/story-mSVgTQml6B4Wu10cH4q25J.html |url-status=live |access-date=30 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180130120638/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/i-never-imagined-i-d-look-so-lovely/story-mSVgTQml6B4Wu10cH4q25J.html |archive-date=30 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhattacharya |first=Rinki Roy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7tq4aVRUoDcC |title=Bimal Roy: The Man who spoke in pictures |date=15 July 2009 |publisher=[[Penguin Books|Penguin UK]] |isbn=978-81-8475-818-4 |location=[[London]] |pages=283–284 |author-link=Rinki Bhattacharya}}</ref>

Due to ''Madhumati''{{'}}s extensive outdoor shooting, the film went over budget by {{INR}}8.1 million,<ref name="Narwekar2012" /><ref name=cinestaan /> adding to the troubles of Bimal Roy Productions, which organized a film preview and lunch for the distributors. Roy told them about the company's financial problems and that he had decided to forego {{INR}}70,000 of his director's fee to make up for the loss. All of the distributors pitched in with money and made up for the deficit.<ref name="Narwekar2012" /><ref name=cinestaan />

== Themes ==
Film critics and academics have analyzed ''Madhumati'' in several ways. In the book ''The Woman Who Pretended to Be Who She Was: Myths of Self-Imitation'', [[Indology|Indologist]] [[Wendy Doniger]] said reviewers of the late 1950s had described the film's theme as "a conventional plot, a typical Hindi [f]ilm [p]otboiler, in which the hero experiences a sense of déjà vu leading to his flashback of a former life".<ref name=Doniger /> In the book ''Bollywood Cinema: Temples of Desire'', Vijay Mishra states that the film has a "gothic noir" feel. According to Mishra, there is a more direct relationship between rebirth, spirits, and ghosts, which naturalizes the Indian Gothic.<ref name="Mishra">{{Cite book |last=Mishra |first=Vijay |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Q8Z9Ukwn6EC |title=Bollywood cinema: temples of desire |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-415-93014-7 |location=[[Abingdon-on-Thames]] |pages=49–57}}</ref>

Analysts from the [[University of Iowa]] compare the initial meeting of the main characters, stating that it resembles the meeting in [[Raj Kapoor]]'s film ''[[Ram Teri Ganga Maili]]'' (1984), where the woman "stands in for nature and unspoiled folk tradition and the villain for exploitative ([[capitalism|capitalist]]) culture, with the hero as an intermediary".<ref name=uiowa /> They also write, "Anand's own [[egalitarian]] progressivism, coupled with his sympathy for Madhumati and her family, soon sets him on a collision course with the Raja, who takes revenge through a malevolent scheme".<ref name=uiowa />

According to Jayson Beaster-Jones and Natalie Sarrazin, ''Madhumati'' was one of the first Hindi films to use the now-common "narrative of the plain-based hero entering the mountains and being seduced by a tribal girl."<ref name="Rou2">{{Cite book |last1=Beaster-Jones |first1=Jayson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pRcxDQAAQBAJ |title=Music in Contemporary Indian Film: Memory, Voice, Identity |last2=Sarrazin |first2=Natalie |date=4 October 2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-39969-8 |location=Abingdon-on-Thames |page=209}}</ref> Rajadhyaksha said the imagery is similar to that of the film ''[[Ajantrik]]'' (1957), writing that ''Madhumati'' links "the beautiful Madhumati with nature and tribal cultures beyond the grasp of capitalist appropriation".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |date=10 July 2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-94318-9 |location=Abingdon-on-Thames |page=16}}</ref> Film critic Bharati Pradhan said ''Madhumati'' stepped away from "the standard Roy themes of [[social realism]] as seen in his ''[[Do Bigha Zameen]]'' (1953), ''[[Biraj Bahu]]'' (1954) and ''[[Devdas (1955 film)|Devdas]]'' (1955)".<ref name="naintal">{{Cite news |last=Ray |first=Shantanu Guha |date=19 August 2017 |title=Nainital bungalow where Bimal Roy shot Madhumati could be turned into museum for filmmaker |work=[[Firstpost]] |url=http://www.firstpost.com/living/nainital-bungalow-where-bimal-roy-shot-madhumati-could-be-turned-into-museum-for-filmmaker-3948417.html |url-status=live |access-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201042544/http://www.firstpost.com/living/nainital-bungalow-where-bimal-roy-shot-madhumati-could-be-turned-into-museum-for-filmmaker-3948417.html |archive-date=1 December 2017}}</ref>

== Music ==
The ''Madhumati'' soundtrack features 11 songs composed by [[Salil Chowdhury]]. [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]] wrote the lyrics and Mukesh, Lata Mangeshkar, Manna Dey, Mohammed Rafi, Mubarak Begum, Asha Bhosle, Sabita Chowdhury, Ghulam Mohammed, and Dwijen Mukhopadhyay provided the vocals.<ref name="itunes" /> The music was composed before the lyrics were written.<ref name="quint">{{Cite web |title=Tribute to a Legend: In Conversation With Salil Chowdhury in '91 |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/music/celebrating-salil-chowdhury-music |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201041226/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/music/celebrating-salil-chowdhury-music |archive-date=1 December 2017 |access-date=1 December 2017 |website=The Quint|date=5 September 2017 }}</ref> Folk music sung in the tea gardens of [[Assam]] was used in the soundtrack and Polish folk music was used for the song "Dil Tadap Tadap Ke Keh Raha Hai",<ref name="air">{{Cite news |last=Surer |first=Bhuban |title=Rare interview – Salil Chowdhury |publisher=All India Radio |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x_M-JbJPCXE |url-status=live |access-date=17 October 2018 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211214/x_M-JbJPCXE |archive-date=14 December 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="quint" /> which was adapted from the 18th century Silesian song "Szla Dzieweczka do Gajeczka".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Karthik |date=30 April 2019 |title='Dil Tadap Tadap Ke Kah Raha' Was Inspired By An 18th Century Song |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/music/madhumatis-dil-tadap-tadap-ke-kah-raha-was-inspired-by-an-18th-century-song/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607035458/https://www.filmcompanion.in/music/madhumatis-dil-tadap-tadap-ke-kah-raha-was-inspired-by-an-18th-century-song/ |archive-date=7 June 2020 |access-date=30 April 2019 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref> The song "Aaja Re Pardesi" was adapted from the background score of ''[[Jagte Raho]]'' (1956).<ref name="quint" /> [[Dinesh Raheja]], writing for ''[[Rediff.com]]'', said, "The music and the tonal correctness of the performances hold us in thrall".<ref name=raheja />

The soundtrack of ''Madhumati'' became the best-selling Hindi film soundtrack of 1958.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Music Hits 1950–1959 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=280&catName=MTk1MC0xOTU5&PHPSESSID=108b9056cd4ca14236f9c6119d34dcce |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080215081530/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=280&catName=MTk1MC0xOTU5&PHPSESSID=108b9056cd4ca14236f9c6119d34dcce |archive-date=15 February 2008 |access-date=1 December 2017 |website=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref> Salil Chowdhury won his first [[Filmfare Awards|Filmfare Award]] for [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 November 2012 |title=Remembering Salil Chowdhury: Why he is the most versatile Indian musician |url=http://www.news18.com/news/music/remembering-salil-chowdhury-why-he-is-the-most-versatile-indian-musician-522418.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201112833/http://www.news18.com/news/music/remembering-salil-chowdhury-why-he-is-the-most-versatile-indian-musician-522418.html |archive-date=1 December 2017 |access-date=1 December 2017 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref> ''Suhana Safar Aur Yeh Mausam Haseen'' is one of the most popular songs by recording artist Mukesh and is regularly played at [[Dandiya Raas|dandiya]] functions.<ref name=raheja /><ref name="pustak">{{Cite book |last1=Kothari |first1=Ajay Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EjS-l5wmR2wC |title=Over 300 Great Lives |last2=Sharma |first2=Vishwa |publisher=Mahal Pustak |year=2007 |isbn=978-81-223-0273-8 |location=[[New Delhi]]}}</ref> Filmfare started giving the best playback singer award in this year and [[Lata Mangeshkar]] won this award for the song "Aaja re Pardesi". She thus became the first singer ever to win the Filmfare award for a playback singer since, in the beginning, there was only one award given to a playback singer, male and female singers included.

{{Track listing
| headline = Original tracklist<ref name="itunes">{{Cite web |title="Madhumati (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)" by Salil Chowdhury |url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/madhumati-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/904103117 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201072758/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/madhumati-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/904103117 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |access-date=1 December 2017 |website=[[iTunes]]|date=14 March 1958 }}</ref>
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Dil Tadap Tadap Ke Kah Raha
| extra1 = [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]], [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
| length1 = 03:27
| title2 = Suhana Safar Aur Yeh Mausam
| extra2 = Mukesh
| length2 = 03:49
| title3 = Aaja Re Pardesi
| extra3 = Lata Mangeshkar
| length3 = 04:30
| title4 = Chadh Gayo Papi Bichhua
| extra4 = Lata Mangeshkar, [[Manna Dey]]
| length4 = 05:54
| title5 = Ghadi Ghadi Mera Dil Dhadke
| extra5 = Lata Mangeshkar
| length5 = 03:12
| title6 = Toote Huye Khwabon Ne
| extra6 = [[Mohammad Rafi]]
| length6 = 03:18
| title7 = Zulmi Sang Ankh Ladi Re
| extra7 = Lata Mangeshkar
| length7 = 03:27
| title8 = Ham Haal E Dil Sunaenge
| extra8 = [[Mubarak Begum]]
| length8 = 03:25
| title9 = Kancha Le Kanchi Lai Lajo
| extra9 = [[Asha Bhosle]], Sabita Chowdhury, [[Ghulam Mohammed (composer)|Ghulam Mohammad]]
| length9 = 03:24
| title10 = Tan Jale Man Jalta Rahe
| extra10 = [[Dwijen Mukhopadhyay]]
| length10 = 03:22
| title11 = Jangal Mein Mor Nacha
| extra11 = Mohammad Rafi
| length11 = 03:08
| all_writing =
| total_length =
| all_lyrics = [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]]
| all_music = [[Salil Chowdhury]]
}}

== Release ==
''Madhumati'' premiered at the Roxy Cinema near [[Opera House, Mumbai]] on 12 September 1958; the film was a huge blockbuster and helped Bimal Roy Productions recover its losses.<ref name="Narwekar2012" /><ref name=mid /> It became the first Indian film to be released abroad after its release in the [[Karlovy Vary International Film Festival]] Theatre in [[Czechoslovakia]].<ref name="launch">{{Cite news |last=Ramnarayan |first=Gowri |date=19 September 2003 |title=From pages of the past |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2003/09/19/stories/2003091901100100.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=4 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090531214516/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2003/09/19/stories/2003091901100100.htm |archive-date=31 May 2009}}</ref> According to Gowri Ramnarayan of ''[[The Hindu]]'', "Dilip Kumar faced the camera, while Soviet actress Tatyana Konjuchova, switched on the camera. Polish actress [[Barbara Połomska]] acted as clapper-boy."<ref name="launch" /> On 18 April 2010, the film was screened at the [[South Indian Film Chamber of Commerce|South Indian Film Chamber Theatre]] for the Dignity Film Festival held in Chennai; other films also screened included ''[[Kadhalikka Neramillai]]'' (1964), ''[[Server Sundaram]]'' (1964), ''[[Anbe Vaa (1966 film)|Anbe Vaa]]'' (1966) and ''[[Thillana Mohanambal]]'' (1968).<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 April 2010 |title=Dignity Foundation announces the opening of first of its kind Film Festival for the 50+ citizens |work=Chennai Mirror |url=http://www.chennaimirror.com/pressnews/topstories_190410_4.html |url-status=live |access-date=2 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010135845/http://www.chennaimirror.com/pressnews/topstories_190410_4.html |archive-date=10 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=17 April 2010 |title=The good ole days |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/the-good-ole-days/article785628.ece |url-status=live |access-date=2 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141127070134/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/the-good-ole-days/article785628.ece |archive-date=27 November 2014}}</ref>

''Madhumati'' was the [[List of Bollywood films of 1958#Highest grossing|highest-grossing Indian film of 1958]].<ref name="boi">{{Cite web |date=30 October 2013 |title=Box Office 1958 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=164&catName=MTk1OA== |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030041245/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=164&catName=MTk1OA== |archive-date=30 October 2013 |publisher=Box Office India}}</ref> It grossed {{INR|40 million}}<ref name="boi" /> ({{US$|8.4 million|long=no}}),<ref>{{Cite web |year=1958 |title=Pacific Exchange Rate Service (4.7619 INR per USD) |url=http://fx.sauder.ubc.ca/etc/USDpages.pdf#page=3 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512095429/http://fx.sauder.ubc.ca/etc/USDpages.pdf#page=3 |archive-date=12 May 2015 |access-date=21 November 2017 |publisher=UBC Sauder School of Business ([[University of British Columbia]]) |page=3}}</ref> including a [[net income]] of {{INR|20 million}}.<ref name="boi" /> Adjusted for inflation, its gross was equivalent to ${{Inflation|US|8.4|1958}}{{nbsp}}million ({{INR|4.78 billion}}) in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 2016 |title=CPI Inflation Calculator |url=https://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/cpicalc.pl?cost1=8.4&year1=195809&year2=201612 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201081508/https://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/cpicalc.pl?cost1=8.4&year1=195809&year2=201612 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |access-date=30 November 2017 |publisher=[[Bureau of Labor Statistics]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |year=2016 |title=Exchange Rates (68.3 INR per USD) |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2076.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215024949/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook//fields/2076.html |archive-date=15 February 2015 |access-date=30 November 2017 |website=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref>

== Critical reception ==
Writing for ''Rediff.com'', Dinesh Raheja noted how ''Madhumati'' "beguile[s] the senses" while describing it as "the grandmother of such famous reincarnation films [[Milan (1967 film)|''Milan'']] (1967), [[Mehbooba (1976 film)|''Mehbooba'']] (1976), [[Karz (film)|''Karz'']] (1980), ''[[Kudrat]]'' (1981), ''Janam Janam'' (1988), ''[[Karan Arjun]]'' (1995)" and ''[[Om Shanti Om]]'' (2007)" .<ref name="raheja">{{Cite web |last=Raheja |first=Dinesh |date=21 March 2002 |title=Classics Revisited: Madhumati |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/mar/21dinesh.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201080746/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/mar/21dinesh.htm |archive-date=1 December 2017 |access-date=1 December 2017 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Writing for ''[[Filmfare]]'', [[Meghna Gulzar]] calls ''Madhumati'' "poetry in black-and-white" and praises Roy, writing "the songs and their picturization – Bimal Da's mastery exudes in every frame". She described the song ''Aaja Re Pardesi'' as "mysterious and melancholic".<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 October 2017 |title=Madhumati, Jewel Thief, Sangam, Silsila... I've watched and re-watched these films — Meghna Gulzar |work=[[Filmfare]] |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/madhumati-jewel-thief-sangam-silsila-ive-watched-and-rewatched-these-films-meghna-gulzar-16267.html |url-status=live |access-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201040941/https://www.filmfare.com/features/madhumati-jewel-thief-sangam-silsila-ive-watched-and-rewatched-these-films-meghna-gulzar-16267.html |archive-date=1 December 2017 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> According to [[Philip Lutgendorf]] of [[The University of Iowa]], the film sustains its suspense even with the flashback-within-the-flashback frame story, has socio-realistic themes, and is similar to the [[Alfred Hitchcock]] films ''[[Rebecca (1940 film)|Rebecca]]'' (1940) and ''[[Vertigo (film)|Vertigo]]'' (1958). Lutgendorf praised the performances of Kumar and Vyjayanthimala, and said, "Kumar gives an appropriately haunted performance as the two incarnations of Devendra / Anand, and Vyjayanthimala is alternately earthy and ethereal in the various permutations of the title character".<ref name=uiowa />

[[Vijay Lokapally]] from ''The Hindu'' praises Chowdhury's music, calling it the "soul of the movie" and "enchanting and timeless".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lokapally |first=Vijay |author-link=Vijay Lokapally |date=19 July 2008 |title=Madhumati 1958 |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/Madhumati-1958/article15385474.ece |url-status=live |access-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103120603/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/Madhumati-1958/article15385474.ece |archive-date=3 January 2018}}</ref> Writing for ''Upperstall.com'', Karan Bali commended Roy's ability to "recreate just the right mood and ambiance", especially praising few scenes as "luscious romantic interludes outdoors or the swinging chandeliers", "dark shadows within the haveli" and "several documentary like establishing shots".<ref name=upperstall /> Bali's view is shared by Manisha Lakhe of ''[[Daily News and Analysis]]'', who wrote, "Bimal Roy's masterstrokes are evident when you watch the long shadows of trees falling on that stone with fascination".<ref name="DNA">{{Cite news |last=Manisha Lakhe |date=19 February 2016 |title=How Bimal Roy's 'Madhumati' influenced the genre of noir in Hindi films |work=Daily News and Analysis |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-how-bimal-roy-s-madhumati-influenced-the-genre-of-noir-in-hindi-films-2179437 |url-status=live |access-date=5 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206195033/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-how-bimal-roy-s-madhumati-influenced-the-genre-of-noir-in-hindi-films-2179437 |archive-date=6 December 2017}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
''Madhumati'' led the [[6th Filmfare Awards]] with 12 nominations and won 9 awards, a record it held for 37 years.<ref>{{Cite web |last=vishalingale |date=2020-09-03 |title=7 movies on Netflix, Amazon Prime Video and YouTube that have won the most Filmfare awards |url=https://www.gqindia.com/binge-watch/collection/7-movies-on-netflix-amazon-prime-video-youtube-that-have-won-the-most-filmfare-awards/ |access-date=2025-01-30 |website=GQ India |language=en-IN}}</ref> Since its release, it had multiple screenings at the Tenth Bite – The Mango Film Festival (2004), the 4th [[Pune International Film Festival]] (2006) and the [[Toronto International Film Festival]] (2011).<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 October 2004 |title=Men of letters |work=[[Mid-Day]] |url=http://www.mid-day.com/columns/2004/oct/95328.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=4 January 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120907013934/http://www.mid-day.com/columns/2004/oct/95328.htm |archive-date=7 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sakina |first=Babwani |date=12 July 2011 |title=Bimal da films are still relevent [sic] |work=[[The Economic Times]] |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-07-12/news/29765569_1_bimal-roy-bengali-film-guru-dutt |url-status=dead |access-date=4 January 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180107112837/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/bimal-da-films-are-still-relevent/articleshow/9194119.cms?intenttarget=no |archive-date=7 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=12 January 2006 |title=PIFF to honour Victor Kemper |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/PIFF-to-honour-Victor-Kemper-/articleshow/1369603.cms |url-status=live |access-date=8 January 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120712110205/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-01-12/pune/27808679_1_piff-lifetime-achievement-pune-international-film-festival |archive-date=12 July 2012}}</ref><ref name="Raheja">{{Cite web |last=Raheja |first=Dinesh |date=9 December 2002 |title=The perceptive camera of Bimal Roy |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/dec/09dinesh.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150314200322/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/dec/09dinesh.htm |archive-date=14 March 2015 |access-date=7 September 2014 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref>

Vyjayanthimala become the first ever actor to receive dual nominations in an acting category in the [[6th Filmfare Awards|same year]] for her work in ''Madhumati'' and ''[[Sadhna (film)|Sadhna]]'', winning for the latter. The nominations also makes her the first-ever multi-nominee across all categories, a record she shares with [[Mukhram Sharma]]. This win also makes her the first performer in Filmfare history to win in both leading and supporting categories. The film got music director Salil Choudhary and playback singer Lata Mangeshkar, their career-first Filmfare awards respectively. Before this there was no Filmfare award for female playback singers.

''Madhumati'' was selected as [[List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|India's official submission]] for [[Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Best Foreign Language Film]] at the [[31st Academy Awards]], but it was not nominated.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 February 2016 |title=India's Oscar Story so Far: From Mother India to Priyanka Chopra |publisher=[[NDTV]] |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/indias-oscar-story-so-far-from-mother-india-to-priyanka-chopra-1272747 |url-status=live |access-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201042918/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/indias-oscar-story-so-far-from-mother-india-to-priyanka-chopra-1272747 |archive-date=1 December 2017}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+Awards & Nominations for ''Madhumati''
|-
! Awards
! Category
! Nominee
! Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[6th National Film Awards]]
|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi|Best Feature Film in Hindi]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Bimal Roy]]
|rowspan="3" {{won}}
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="6thaward">{{Cite web |title=6th National Film Awards |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm6thNFAAward.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020054317/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm6thNFAAward.aspx |archive-date=20 October 2012 |access-date=3 September 2011 |publisher=[[International Film Festival of India]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="12"|[[6th Filmfare Awards]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=won />
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|[[Dilip Kumar]]
|rowspan="2" {{nom}}
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="nom">{{Cite news |title=The Nominations – 1958 |work=The Times of India |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/366373.cms |url-status=dead |access-date=4 January 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710185217/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/366373.cms |archive-date=10 July 2012}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|[[Vyjayanthimala]]
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
|[[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]]
|rowspan="3" {{won}}
|rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=won />
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
|[[Salil Chowdhury]]
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
|[[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Story|Best Story]]
|[[Ritwik Ghatak]]
|{{nom}}
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=nom />
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Dialogue|Best Dialogue]]
|[[Rajinder Singh Bedi]]
|rowspan="4" {{won}}
|rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="won">{{Cite news |title=The Winners 1958 |work=The Times of India |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/366376.cms |url-status=dead |access-date=4 January 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709174123/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/366376.cms |archive-date=9 July 2012}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Art Direction|Best Art Direction]]
|[[Sudhendu Roy]]
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Cinematographer|Best Cinematographer]]
|Dilip Gupta
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]]
|[[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]]
|}

== Legacy ==
{{rquote|width=33%|align=right|quote="''Madhumati's'' intricate web of reincarnation, suspense and thrill against a traditional romantic setup between Dilip Saab and Vyjayanthimala, treated with gorgeous cinematography and exquisite songs, continues to inspire Bollywood to this date."|source=Sukanya Varma of Rediff.com on ''Madhumati''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Varma |first=Sukanya |title=Birthday Special: Dilip Kumar's Top 25 Films - Slide 16 |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-birthday-special-dilip-kumar-s-25-most-memorable-films/20121211.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201044345/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-birthday-special-dilip-kumar-s-25-most-memorable-films/20121211.htm#16 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |access-date=1 December 2017 |website=Rediff.com |df=dmy-all}}</ref>}}
''Madhumati'' became a source of inspiration for many later works dealing with reincarnation in [[Cinema of India|Indian cinema]], [[Television in India|Indian television]], and perhaps [[world cinema]]. According to [[Javed Akhtar]], ''Madhumati'' is one among the top three or four romantic films ever made in Hindi cinema. He was quoted by Akshay Manwani of ''Daily News and Analysis'' as saying, "Even after Bimal Roy's death, ''Madhumati'''s success provided for his family. The earning from this film continue[s] even today. It is a terrific film."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Manwani |first=Akshay |date=30 April 2016 |title=1958: The year of Helen's arrival, the Asha-Madhubala juggernaut and Madhumati's magic |work=Daily News and Analysis |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-1958-the-year-of-helen-s-arrival-the-asha-madhubala-juggernaut-and-madhumati-s-magic-2207567 |url-status=live |access-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201080824/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-1958-the-year-of-helen-s-arrival-the-asha-madhubala-juggernaut-and-madhumati-s-magic-2207567 |archive-date=1 December 2017}}</ref> According to Vyjayanthimala, who played the film's titular character, ''Madhumati'' was one of the "most memorable films" of her career.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lokapally |first=Vijay |date=9 October 2014 |title=A classic reincarnated |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/A-classic-reincarnated/article11063409.ece |url-status=live |access-date=2 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221032006/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/A-classic-reincarnated/article11063409.ece |archive-date=21 December 2016}}</ref>

Wendy Doniger believes that ''Madhumati'' may have inspired the American film ''[[The Reincarnation of Peter Proud]]'' (1975),<ref name=Doniger /> which in turn was remade into the Hindi film ''[[Karz (film)|Karz]]'' (1980);<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sengupta |first=Ratnottama |date=24 June 2013 |title=Mr Ghatak went to Bollywood |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Mr-Ghatak-went-to-Bollywood/articleshow/20734198.cms |url-status=live |access-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223071316/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Mr-Ghatak-went-to-Bollywood/articleshow/20734198.cms |archive-date=23 December 2017}}</ref> both of them dealt with reincarnation and have been influential in their respective cultures.<ref name="Doniger">{{Citation |last=Doniger |first=Wendy |title=The woman who pretended to be who she was: myths of self-imitation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6NkJCAAAQBAJ |pages=141–151 |year=2005 |chapter=Chapter 6: Reincarnation [The Romance of Reincarnation in Hollywood and Bollywood] |place=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-516016-1 |author-link=Wendy Doniger}}</ref> Karan Bali notes that the famous "crossing of paths" in ''[[Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge]]'' (1995), where [[Shah Rukh Khan]] and [[Kajol]] cross each other's paths without noticing the other until the end of the sequence, is present in ''Madhumati'', which was produced 37 years earlier.<ref name="upperstall">{{Cite web |last=Bali |first=Karan |date=31 December 2008 |title=Madhumati |url=http://upperstall.com/film/madhumati/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171221033851/http://upperstall.com/film/madhumati/ |archive-date=21 December 2017 |access-date=1 December 2017 |publisher=Upperstall.com}}</ref> Parts of the Hindi film ''[[Om Shanti Om]]'' (2007) including the whole climax sequence were heavily inspired from ''Madhumati'', which led to Bimal Roy's daughter [[Rinki Bhattacharya]] accusing the latter film's producers of plagiarism and threatening them with legal action.<ref name="om">{{Cite news |last=Bhatia |first=Uday |date=14 August 2014 |title=Ghosts who act |work=[[Business Line]] |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blink/cover/Ghosts-who-act/article20843459.ece |url-status=live |access-date=30 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180130115749/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blink/cover/Ghosts-who-act/article20843459.ece |archive-date=30 January 2018}}</ref>

In celebration of the 50th anniversary of the film, the Bimal Roy Foundation, headed by Roy's daughter [[Rinki Bhattacharya]], hosted a screening of ''Madhumati'' at the Globus Cinema in Mumbai on 11 April 2008. The occasion saw the reunion of the film's cast, including Vyjayanthimala.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mahaldar |first=Manisha |date=12 April 2008 |title=Bimal Roy's Madhumati celebrates 50 years |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/bimal-roys-madhumati-celebrates-50-years/63125-8.html |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907150011/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/bimal-roys-madhumati-celebrates-50-years/63125-8.html |archive-date=7 September 2014 |access-date=7 September 2014 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref><ref name="Golden Jubilee">{{Cite web |date=13 April 2008 |title=Vyjayantimala touched as Madhumati celebrated 50 years |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/movies/vyjayantimala-touched-as-madhumati-celebrated-50-years_508.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180105150402/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bollywood/vyjayantimala-touched-as-madhumati-celebrated-50-years_508.html |archive-date=5 January 2018 |access-date=13 April 2008 |publisher=[[Zee News]]}}</ref> Subsequently, Bhattacharya published a book about the making of the film, titled ''Bimal Roy's Madhumati: Untold Stories from Behind the Scenes''.<ref name="mint">{{Cite news |date=4 January 2013 |title=Hero worship |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/179g41d5fl9aZ9GRSmNeaO/Excerpt--Hero-worship.html |url-status=live |access-date=7 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907084128/http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/179g41d5fl9aZ9GRSmNeaO/Excerpt--Hero-worship.html |archive-date=7 September 2014}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
*{{Cite book |last=Rinki Roy Bhattacharya |title=Bimal Roy's Madhumati: Untold Stories from Behind the Scenes |publisher=[[Rupa & Co.]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-81-291-2916-1 |location=[[Kolkata]]}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0050665|Madhumati}}

{{Bimal Roy}}
{{Ritwik Ghatak}}
{{Navboxes
|title= Awards for ''Madhumati''
|list=
{{FilmfareAwardBestFilm 1954–1970}}
{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Hindi}}
}}
{{Indian submission for Academy Awards}}

[[Category:1958 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1950s romantic musical films]]
[[Category:1958 films]]
[[Category:Best Hindi Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films about reincarnation]]
[[Category:Films directed by Bimal Roy]]
[[Category:Films scored by Salil Chowdhury]]
[[Category:Films set in country houses]]
[[Category:Films shot in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Films shot in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Hindi films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Indian epic films]]
[[Category:Indian mystery films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic musical films]]

Njattyela Sreedharan

2026-03-19T17:26:23Z

Mosphe:

{{Short description|Indian lexicographer (1938–2025)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox philosopher
| name = Njattyela Sreedharan
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1938|12|20|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Thalassery, Kerala|Thalassery]], Madras Province, British India
| death_date = {{death date and age|2025|08|13|1938|12|20|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Thalassery, Kerala]], India
| occupation = [[Lexicographer]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/metrolife-lifestyle/unique-dictionary-covering-4-dravidian-languages-ready-907987.html|title=Unique dictionary covering 4 Dravidian languages ready|date=28 October 2020|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.madhyamam.com/kerala/local-news/kannur/--758680 | title=ഞാറ്റ്യേല ശ്രീധരനെ ആദരിച്ചു | Madhyamam | date=February 2021 }}</ref>
| spouse = Yashoda
}}

'''Njattyela Sreedharan'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2020/10/31/beedi-worker-turned-lexicographer-compile-dictionary-dravidian-languages.html|title=Beedi-worker-turned-lexicographer spends 25 years to compile dictionary in 4 Dravidian languages|website=OnManorama}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2021/jan/10/the-work-of-his-dreams-andlove-for-words-awaits-a-reprint-2247989.html|title=The work of his dreams, and love for words, awaits a reprint|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> ({{langx|ml|ഞാറ്റ്യേല ശ്രീധരന്‍}}, {{ipa|ml|ɲaːtːjeːlɐ ʃriːd̪ʰɐɾɐn|ipa}}; 20 December 1938 – 13 August 2025) was an Indian [[lexicographer]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/love-words-82-year-old-compiles-dictionary-4-south-indian-languages-138684|title=For the love of words, 82-year-old compiles dictionary of four south Indian languages|date=30 November 2020|website=The News Minute}}</ref> from [[Thalassery]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.caleidoscope.in/alternative-lifestyle/njattyela-sreedharan|title=Dreaming of Words – Njattyela Sreedharan United Four Languages and Hearts Through His Unique Dictionary|date=18 November 2020}}</ref> in [[Kerala]]. He is known for compiling a dictionary connecting four major [[Dravidian languages]] [[Malayalam]], [[Kannada]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/246205/83-yo-kerala-school-dropout-creates-unique-dictionary-in-4-south-indian-languages-vid01/|title=83-YO Kerala School Dropout Creates Unique Dictionary in 4 South Indian Languages|date=31 December 2020|website=The Better India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/one-mans-40-year-labour-of-love-results-in-dictionary-of-four-dravidian-languages/articleshow/81718546.cms | title=One man's 40-year labour of love results in dictionary of four Dravidian languages | Kochi News | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=27 March 2021 }}</ref>

==Background==
Sreedharan was born in [[Thalassery, Kerala|Thalassery]], [[Madras Province]], [[British India]] on 20 December 1938.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/life/dreaming-of-words-documentary-by-nandan-about-njattyela-sreedharan-who-made-dravida-language-dictionary-updated-jj-203007.html|title=നാല് ഭാഷകളിൽ വാക്കുകളെ സ്വപ്നം കണ്ടയാൾ - ഇത് തലശ്ശേരിയിലെ ശ്രീധരേട്ടൻ|date=4 February 2020|website=News18 Malayalam}}</ref><ref name="silvertalkies">{{Cite web|url=https://silvertalkies.com/the-man-who-wrote-a-dictionary-in-four-languages/|title=The Man Who Wrote A Dictionary In Four Languages - Silver Talkies|website=silvertalkies.com}}</ref> He died at his residence on 13 August 2025, at the age of 86.<ref>{{cite news |title=Njattyela Sreedharan, self-taught linguist and creator of four-language Dravidian dictionary, passes away at 87 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/njattyela-sreedharan-self-taught-linguist-and-creator-of-four-language-dravidian-dictionary-passes-away-at-87/article69932138.ece |access-date=14 August 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=14 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=ഞാറ്റ്യേല ശ്രീധരൻ അന്തരിച്ചു; വിടപറഞ്ഞത്‌ തലശേരിയുടെ രണ്ടാംഗുണ്ടർട്ട്‌ |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/News/kerala/lexicographer-njattyela-sreedharan-passes-away-49957 |access-date=14 August 2025 |publisher=Deshabhimani |date=14 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=ഞാറ്റ്യേല ശ്രീധരന്‍ ഓര്‍മ്മയായി; വിട പറഞ്ഞത് ചതുര്‍ഭാഷാ നിഘണ്ടുവിന്റെ പിതാവ്‌ |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/literature/features/njattyela-sreedharan-passed-away-lexicographer-1.10832167 |access-date=14 August 2025 |publisher=Mathrubhumi |date=14 August 2025}}</ref>

==Selected books==
*''Malayalam–Tamil Dictionary (2012)''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amazon.in/s?i=stripbooks&rh=p_27:Njattyela+Sreedharan&ref=dp_byline_sr_book_1|title=Amazon.in|website=www.amazon.in}}</ref>
*''Chathur Dravida Bhasha Nighandu (Dictionary of Four Dravidian Languages) (2020)''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/for-keralites-door-opens-to-three-other-dravidian-languages/article32986464.ece|title=For Keralites, door opens to three other Dravidian languages|first=C. p|last=Sajit|newspaper=The Hindu|date=30 October 2020|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.madhyamam.com/kerala/local-news/kozhikode/--753622|title=ഇവിടെ വാക്കുകൾ വീർപ്പുമുട്ടുകയാണ് | Madhyamam|first=വെബ്|last=ഡെസ്ക്|date=24 January 2021|website=www.madhyamam.com}}</ref>
*''Chathur Dravida Bhasha Padaparichayam (Published by [[Kerala Bhasha Institute]]) (2023)''<ref>https://www.mathrubhumi.com/literature/news/njattyela-sreedharan-chathurbhasha-dictionary-released-by-bhasha-institute-1.8650916</ref>
*''Ormakalude Thirayattam (Autobiography) (2024)''<ref>https://keralakaumudi.com/news/news.php?id=1591529&u=death</ref>

The ''Chathur Dravida Bhasha Nighandu'' was digitized and published as the ''Samam Four-Language Dictionary'' in 2024, through a collaboration between the Indic Digital Archive Foundation and the Malayalam Mission’s Karnataka Chapter.<ref>https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2023/07/16/samam-digital-dravidian-dictionary-njattyela-sreedharan.html</ref><ref>https://samam.net/</ref>

==In popular culture ==
The 2021 documentary [[Dreaming of Words]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt13150132/|title=Dreaming of Words|date=21 February 2021|via=IMDb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moderntimes.review/on-the-extraordinary-achievements-of-an-ordinary-man/|title=On the extraordinary achievements of an ordinary man|date=4 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dcsaff.eventive.org/films/618575d0f89890004512cffb|title=DC South Asian Film Festival|website=dcsaff.eventive.org}}</ref> directed by Nandan,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bzfilm.com/talks-interviews/dreaming-of-words-njattyela-sreedharan/|title=Dreaming of Words: Man who connected four Indian languages|date=17 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/main-serial-categories-left-blank-in-state-tv-award-in-kerala/article36226879.ece|title=Main serial categories left blank in State TV Awards in Kerala|author= |newspaper=The Hindu |date=1 September 2021|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = https://press.bueiff.com/2021/04/29/award-winners-bueiff-2021/|title = Award Winners Results 6th Edition | BUEIFF 2021|date = 29 April 2021|access-date = 8 January 2022|archive-date = 8 January 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220108062650/https://press.bueiff.com/2021/04/29/award-winners-bueiff-2021/|url-status = dead}}</ref> celebrates the life and work of Njattyela Sreedharan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://acl.iafor.org/dreaming-of-words-screened-at-acl2022/|title=ACL2022 | Award-Winning Indian Documentary "Dreaming of Words" to be Screened at ACL2022|date=8 February 2022|website=The Asian Conference on Language (ACL)|access-date=3 March 2022|archive-date=3 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303104322/https://acl.iafor.org/dreaming-of-words-screened-at-acl2022/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''Dreaming of Words'' has received numerous accolades including a [[National Film Award]] and was screened at the annual convention of the [[Modern Language Association]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mla.confex.com/mla/2022/meetingapp.cgi/Session/11945|title=Dreaming of Words|first=Nandan|last=B|date=7 January 2022|publisher=MLA|via=mla.confex.com}}</ref> and the annual conference of the [[Linguistic Society of America]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.linguisticsociety.org/abstract/dreaming-words|title=Dreaming of Words | Linguistic Society of America|website=www.linguisticsociety.org}}</ref> in January 2022.

==Major awards==
* [[Hermann Gundert|Dr. Hermann Gundert Award]] for the best dictionary (2022) instituted by [[Dravidian Linguistics Association]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://epaper.deshabhimani.com/c/68601702 | title=Clipping of Thiruvananthapuram - Kannur }}</ref><ref>[http://www.ijdl.org/html/DLA%20NEWS%20JUNE%20ISSUE.pdf Award winners] ijdl.org p.1</ref>
* Special Jury Award at the 5th India Reading Olympiad (2023), organised by the Food4Thought Foundation, which was presented during the 13th [[Hyderabad Literary Festival]].<ref>https://newspaper.mathrubhumi.com/kannur/news/news-1.10832000?anonId=6584f79d-3c14-4e02-8098-491c3ed7b8c5&paywallId=678f8f9b0f451b1d10ba1d59&clientId=678628e52da52b55fd8b84a3&mobileView=false</ref>

==See also==
* [[Multilingualism]]
* [[Sreekanteswaram Padmanabha Pillai]]
* [[Dreaming of Words]]
* [https://samam.net Samam]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name| 11923255}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yh450c0u0Ag/ Dreaming of Words | Official Trailer on YouTube]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IWmRnOcm_Ko/ Dreaming of Words | Full Documentary on YouTube]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sreedharan, Njattyela}}
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian linguists]]
[[Category:Linguists from India]]
[[Category:Indian lexicographers]]

Anandha Ragam (TV series)

2026-03-08T12:20:56Z

Mosphe: Stub

{{Short description|Indian television series}}
{{about|2022 Tamil soap opera|1982 Indian Tamil film|Ananda Ragam|the 2023 Malayalam soap opera|Anandharagam}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Anandha Ragam title.png
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Tamil television drama|Drama]]
| executive_producer =
| writer =
| screenplay = Kumarasamy Selvabharathi [[Dialogue]] S.Balamurugan
| director = * Sadhasivam Perumal
* Salem Siva * Ponnai G.G.Madhan
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Anusha Hegde]]
* Alagappan
}}
| open_theme = "Nenjukkule Nooru Aasai" [[K.S. Chithra]] (Vocals) [[Pa.Vijay]] (Lyrics)
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 1043<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/shorts/3upjqW0hAv0|title=புதிய உச்சத்தில் ஆனந்த ராகம் சீரியல்|date=3 December 2025 |work=Youtube|access-date=|language=en}}</ref>
| list_episodes =
| producer = Udhaya Shankar
| company = [[Sun Network|Sun Entertainment]] Aura Creations
| opentheme =
| cinematography = Nagakrishnan
| editor = Sajin C
| camera = [[Multi-Camera]]
| runtime = approx. 22–24 minutes per episode
| channel = [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2022|8|29|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2026|01|14}}
| location = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| related =
}}

'''''Anandha Ragam''''' ({{Translation|A Blissful Tune}}) is a 2022 Indian [[Tamil-language]] family [[Tamil television drama|drama]] series starring [[Anusha Hegde]] and Alagappan.<ref name="indiantvinfo">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiantvinfo.com/anandha-raagam-serial-sun-tv/|website=indiantvinfo.com|title=Anandha Raagam Serial On Sun TV Launching On 29th August At 06:30 PM|date=23 August 2022|access-date=7 December 2022|archive-date=7 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207151744/https://www.indiantvinfo.com/anandha-raagam-serial-sun-tv/|url-status=live}}</ref> It premiered on 29 August 2022 on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] and ended on 14 January 2026, along with [[Ilakkiya]]. This serial digitally available on [[Sun NXT]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/sun-tv-ananda-ragam-that-pleases-the-fans-sun-tvs-brand-new-serial/articleshow/93495131.cms|title=ரசிகர்களை குஷி படுத்தும் ஆனந்தராகம்...! சன் டிவியின் புத்தம் புதிய தொடர்...!|date=28 March 2023|publisher=tamil.samayam.com|access-date=10 June 2023|archive-date=22 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922073534/https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/sun-tv-ananda-ragam-that-pleases-the-fans-sun-tvs-brand-new-serial/articleshow/93495131.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.kungumam.co.in/Articalinnerdetail.aspx?id=20397&id1=3&issue=20230312|title=ஆனந்த குயிலின் பாட்டு... தினம் ஆனந்த ராகம் செட்டுக்குள்ளே...|date=12 March 2023|publisher=www.kungumam.co.in|access-date=10 June 2023|archive-date=10 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610123909/http://www.kungumam.co.in/Articalinnerdetail.aspx?id=20397&id1=3&issue=20230312|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Cast==
===Main===
*[[Anusha Hegde]] as
** ACP Eshwari "Esh" Azhagu Sundaram: Shanmugavel and Meenakshi's elder daughter; Abhirami's sister; Azhagu Sundaram's wife (2022–2026)
*** Samyuktha as Child Eshwari Shanmugavel (2022, 2023)
** Thulasi Subramani: Eshwari's lookalike; Subramani and Savitri's elder daughter; Senthil's sister (2025–2026)
* Alagappan as Azhagu Sundaram "Azhagu" Ratnavel Pandiyan: Vasundara and Ratnavel Pandiyan's son; Shilpa's ex-fiancé; Eshwari's husband (2022–2026)
** Neelesh as Child Azhagu Sundaram "Azhagu" Ratnavel Pandiyan (2022, 2023)

===Recurring===
*Preethi Sanjeev as Vasundara Ratnavel Pandiyan: Sampath's sister; Ratnavel Pandiyan's widow; Azhagu Sundaram's mother (2022–2026)
*Swetha Senthilkumar / Reshma Shajahan as Abhirami "Abhi" Kathirvel: Shanmugavel and Meenakshi's younger daughter; Eshwari's sister; Sanjeev's former love interest; Kathirvel's wife (2022–2025) / (2025–2026)
*Vigneshwaran as Kathirvel "Kathir" Shaktivel Pandiyan: Shaktivel Pandiyan and Durga's son; Varsha's ex-lover; Abhirami's husband (2024–2026)
*Sivaranjani Vijay / Sai Madhavi as Girija Sampath: Sampath's wife; Divya's mother; Eshwari's arch rival (2022–2024) / (2024–2026)
*Parthan Siva as Sampath: Vasundara's brother; Saranya's ex-lover; Girija's husband; Shilpa and Divya's father; Ratnavel Pandiyan's murderer (2022–2026)
*Vaishali Thaniga as Divya Sampath: Girija and Sampath's daughter; Shilpa's half-sister (2022–2025)
*Ranjan Kumar as Shaktivel Pandiyan aka Shakti: Ratnavel Pandiyan and Mangai's brother; Durga's husband; Kathirvel's father (2022–2026)
*Sangeetha V / Indira Priyadarshini as Durga Shakthivel Pandiyan: Shaktivel Pandiyan's wife; Kathirvel's mother (2022–2024) / (2024–2026)
*Rindhu Ravi as Mangai: Ratnavel Pandiyan and Shaktivel Pandiyan's sister; Ramya's mother (2022–2025; 2026)
*Megna Jayakrishnaraj as Ramya: Mangai's daughter (2022–2025; 2026)
*Aarthi Ram as Padmavathi: Vasundara and Sampath's cousin; Manoj's mother (2024)
* Guhan Shanmugam as Manoj: Padmavathi's son (2024)
*Barath Guru as Sanjeev Thyagarajan: Vyjayanthi and Thyagarajan's son; Eshwari and Abhirami's cousin; Abhirami's former love interest (2022–2025)
* Anjali Varadharajan as Vyjayanthi Thyagarajan: Thyagarajan's wife; Sanjeev's mother (2022–2025)
* T. Sivakumar as Thyagarajan: Meenakshi's brother; Vyjayanthi's husband; Sanjeev's father (2022–2025)
*Sebastian as Theekuchi: Azhagu Sundaram's best friend (2022–2026)
*Jack as Inspector Arul Selvam: Eshwari's colleague (2024–2025)
*Chitra Rebecca as Varsha: Narmada's sister; Kathirvel's ex-lover (2024–2025)
*Jenny Periyanayagam as Poomayil: Household help; Girija's accomplice (2025)
*Geetha Saraswathi as Savitri Subramani: Subramani's widow; Thulasi and Senthil's mother (2025–2026)
*Rithik as Senthil Subramani: Subramani and Savitri's son; Thulasi's brother (2025–2026)
*Karthi Jii as Maruthamuthu Nagaraj: Nagaraj and Kasturi's son; Thulasi's one-sided lover (2025–2026)
*Vishwa as Kumar: Eshwari's student; Azhagu Sundaram's friend (2022–2024)
*Rajkamal as Santhosh: IPS academy officer (2022–2024)
*Surendar Raaj as Inspector Muthuvel aka Velayudham (2024)
*Reehana as Saranya: Sampath's ex-lover; Shilpa's mother (2022-2023)
*Indhu Chowdary as Shilpa Sampath: Saranya and Sampath's daughter; Divya's half-sister; Azhagu Sundaram's ex-fiancée (2022-2023)

===Special Appearances===
*[[Ilavarasu]] as Inspector Shanmugavel aka Shanmugam: Meenakshi's husband; Eshwari and Abhirami's father (2022, 2023) (Dead)
*[[Vinodhini Vaidyanathan]] as Meenakshi Shanmugavel: Thyagarajan's sister; Shanmugavel's wife; Eshwari and Abhirami's mother (2022, 2023) (Dead)
*[[Bala Singh]] as Ratnavel Pandiyan: Mangai and Shaktivel Pandiyan's brother; Vasundara's husband; Azhagu Sundaram's father (Posthumous photographic appearance)
*[[Kausalya (actress)|Kausalya]] as Dr. Gayathri: Yazhini's mother; Vasundara's doctor (2026)
*Rahila Syed as Yazhini: Gayathri's daughter (2026)

==Production==
===Casting===
[[Kannada language|Kannada]] television actress Anusha Prathap was cast in the female lead role as Eshwari, making her debut in [[Tamil television drama]]s. Tamil actor Alagappan was selected to play the male lead of Azhagu Sundaram, making his debut in a male lead role.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-tv-serials/110129/Chinna-thirai-Television-News/TV-Actor-Alagappan-says-thanks-for-accepting-as-hero-in-serial.htm|website=[[Dinamalar]]|title=சகதாநாயகனாக ஏற்றுக்கொண்டதற்கு மகிழ்ச்சி மக்களே...|date=24 December 2022|access-date=10 June 2023|archive-date=10 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610123907/https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-tv-serials/110129/Chinna-thirai-Television-News/TV-Actor-Alagappan-says-thanks-for-accepting-as-hero-in-serial.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/television/anandha-ragam-serial-action-scene-shooting-goes-on-viral-155141|title=Watch Video: கோயம்பேடு மார்க்கெட்டில் ரவுடிகளிடம் சண்டைபோட்ட 'ஆனந்த ராகம்' சீரியல் நடிகை!|date=11 December 2023}}</ref> In cameo roles, Tamil actor [[Ilavarasu]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/actor-ilavarasu-entry-in-serial-suntv-anandaragam-new-serial-promo-viral-499288/|website=tamil.indianexpress.com|title=சன்.டி.வி.யின் புதிய சீரியல் ஆனந்தராகம்... சின்னத்திரையில் என்ட்ரி ஆகும் நடிகர் இளவரசு|date=24 August 2022|access-date=7 February 2023|archive-date=7 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207174348/https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/actor-ilavarasu-entry-in-serial-suntv-anandaragam-new-serial-promo-viral-499288/|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Vinodhini Vaidyanathan]] were cast as Eshwari's parents.

Actress Reehana was cast as Saranya, who is Sampath's ex-lover and Shilpa's mother.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/ananda-ragam-actress-reehana-joins-the-cast-of-ponni/articleshow/111112177.cms|title=Ananda Ragam actress Reehana joins the cast of 'Ponni'|date=19 June 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=|language=en}}</ref> Indhu Chowdary was cast as Shilpa.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/anandha-ragam-actress-sangeetha-revels-in-malaysian-getaway-with-friends/articleshow/105698108.cms|title=Anandha Ragam actress Sangeetha revels in Malaysian getaway with friends|date=3 December 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=|language=en}}</ref> In May 2024, Sivaranjani Vijay portraying Girija quit and her character was shown in comatose. She is replaced by Sai Madhavi in December. In the same month, actress Indira Priyadarshini replaced Sangeetha as Durga.

In January 2025, Swetha Senthilkumar portraying Abhi, quit after a period of 2.5 years since the show's inception in 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/television/actress-swetha-playing-abhi-in-sun-tvs-ananda-ragam-announces-exit-from-serial-shares-explanation-671587.html|title=சன் டிவி டாப் சீரியலில் இருந்து விலகிய நடிகை.. திடீர் முடிவுக்கு காரணம் இதுதானா? வேதனையோடு போஸ்ட்|date=16 January 2025}}</ref> She was replaced by Reshma Shajahan in February.

== Reception ==
The series was described by the [[The Times of India|''Times of India'']] as "one of the most-watched daily soaps on Tamil television".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-28 |title=Popular TV show 'Anandha Ragam' completes 200 episodes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/popular-tv-show-anandha-ragam-completes-200-episodes/articleshow/99060968.cms |access-date=2024-07-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It had 560 episodes as of July 2024 and was said to be one of the top serials airing on Sun TV.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-25 |title=Sun TV Pushes Airing Of Iniya and Mr Manaivi; Check New Timings |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/sun-tv-pushes-airing-of-iniya-and-mr-manaivi-check-new-timings-8865734.html |access-date=2024-07-05 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col"| Year
! scope="col"| Award
! scope="col"| Category
! scope="col"| Recipient(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| Result
|-
|rowspan="8"|2023
|rowspan="12"|[[Sun Kudumbam Viruthugal]]
|Sirandha Sagothari
|rowspan="2"|[[Anusha Hegde]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Athiradi Nayagi
|{{won}}
|-
|Janaranjaga Nayagan
|Alagappan
|{{won}}
|-
|Favorite Villi
|Sivaranjani Vijay
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Mother
|Preethi Sanjeev
|{{won}}
|-
|Favorite Comedian
|Sebastian
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Music
|Raghu Nandhan
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Cinematography
|Prakash
|{{won}}
|-
|rowspan="4"|2025
|Gunachitra Nayagan
|Alagappan
|{{won}}
|-
|Sirandha Sagothari
|Anusha Hegde
|{{won}}
|-
|Panmuga Natchathiram
|Preethi Sanjeev
|{{won}}
|-
|Gunachitra Kathapaathiram
|Sebastian
|{{won}}
|}

== Adaptations ==
Since February 2023, Anandha Ragam has been remade in the [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Kannada]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]] languages.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|- style="color:black"
! style="background:#7b0c0c;color:white"| Language
! style="background:#7b0c0c;color:white"| Title
! style="background:#7b0c0c;color:white"| Original release
! style="background:#7b0c0c;color:white"| Network(s)
! style="background:#7b0c0c;color:white"| Last aired
! style="background:#7b0c0c;color:white"| Notes
! style="background:#7b0c0c;color:white"| Ref.
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''Anandha Ragam'' ஆனந்த ராகம்
| 29 August 2022
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| 14 January 2026
| Original
|
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| ''[[Premas Rang Yave]]'' प्रेमास रंग यावे
| 20 February 2023
| [[Sun Marathi]]
| 9 March 2025
| rowspan="5"| Remake
| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://littletalks.in/2023/02/25/sun-tv-aanandha-raagam-serial-remake-in-marathi-language/|website=littletalks.in|title=மராத்தி மொழியில் ரீமேக்காகும் சன் டிவி தொடர்! (Sun TV serial remake in Marathi!)|date=12 February 2023|access-date=10 June 2023|archive-date=10 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610123910/https://littletalks.in/2023/02/25/sun-tv-aanandha-raagam-serial-remake-in-marathi-language/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Kannada]]
| ''Ananda Raaga'' ಆನಂದ ರಾಗ
| 13 March 2023
| [[Udaya TV]]
| 9 December 2023
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiantvinfo.com/ananda-raga-udaya-serial-star-cast/|website=IndianTVinfo|title=Ananda Raga Udaya TV Serial Is The Remake Of Anandha Ragam Sun TV's Tamil Serial|date=3 March 2023|access-date=8 March 2023|archive-date=8 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308144753/https://www.indiantvinfo.com/ananda-raga-udaya-serial-star-cast/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| ''Ardhangi'' అర్ధాంగి
| 27 March 2023
| [[Gemini TV]]
| 21 September 2024
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-18 |title=Ardhangi: జెమినీలో సరికొత్త ధారావాహిక అర్ధాంగి.. ఆ సీరియల్ రీమేక్.. {{!}} NewsOrbit |work=NewsOrbit - Newsorbit.com {{pipe}} Best Telugu News Website |url=https://newsorbit.com/entertainment-news/gemini-tv-new-serial-ardhangi-latest-promo-and-streaming-full-details.html |access-date=2023-03-21 |language=en-GB |archive-date=21 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321082049/https://newsorbit.com/entertainment-news/gemini-tv-new-serial-ardhangi-latest-promo-and-streaming-full-details.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Malayalam]]
| ''Anandha Ragam'' ആനന്ദ രാഗം
| 17 April 2023
| [[Surya TV]]
| 16 February 2025
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.keralatv.in/anandaragam-serial-surya-tv/|title=Anandaragam Serial on Surya TV Starting from 17 April, Everyday at 08:00 PM|date=14 April 2023|publisher=www.keralatv.in|access-date=6 June 2023|archive-date=6 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606212839/https://www.keralatv.in/anandaragam-serial-surya-tv/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| ''[[Roopsagore Moner Manush]]'' রূপসাগরে মনের মানুষ
| 3 July 2023
| [[Sun Bangla]]
|31 March 2024
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiablooms.com/showbiz-details/TV/17303/rooqma-ray-back-on-television-with-new-show-roopsagore-moner-manush.html|title=Rooqma Ray back on television with new show Roopsagore Moner Manush|date=1 June 2023|access-date=15 July 2023|archive-date=4 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604191850/https://www.indiablooms.com/showbiz-details/TV/17303/rooqma-ray-back-on-television-with-new-show-roopsagore-moner-manush.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.sunnetwork.in/program-details.aspx?IProgramID=e5SsXGzwFzM=&ShowType=Prime%20Time ''Anandha Ragam''] at [[Sun Network]]
* [https://www.sunnxt.com/suntv-tamil-serial-anandha-ragam-episodeno155-Feb27-2023/detail/146580/159407 ''Anandha Ragam''] at [[Sun NXT]]
* {{IMDb title|tt27602092}}

{{Sun TV shows}}

[[Category:Sun TV original programming]]
[[Category:2022 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil-language melodrama television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:Television series by Sun Entertainment]]
[[Category:2026 Tamil-language television series endings]]

Manje Bistre

2026-03-08T02:55:44Z

Mosphe: put up - done

{{Short description|2017 Indian film Punjabi-language film}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Manje Bistre
| image = Manje Bistre - Poster.jpg
| alt = Manje Bistre Poster
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Baljit Singh Deo]]
| writer = [[Gippy Grewal]]
| screenplay = Gippy Grewal
| producer = Gippy Grewal
| starring = Gippy Grewal [[Sonam Bajwa]] [[Gurpreet Ghuggi]] [[Jaggi Singh (Actor)|Jaggi Singh]] [[Karamjit Anmol]] [[B.N. Sharma]] [[Rana Ranbir]]
| cinematography = Baljit Singh Deo
| editing = Rohit Dhiman
| music = Jassi Katyal Jaison Thind Huraira Zafar
| studio = Humble Motion Pictures
| distributor = White Hill Studios
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2017|4|14|ref1=<ref>{{cite web|title=Manje Bistre Release Date|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/manje-bistre/ET00049525|publisher=BookMy Show, India}}</ref>}}
| runtime = 137 minutes
| country = India
| language = Punjabi
| budget = ₹7 Crore
| gross = ₹31.74 Crore
([[#Box office|see{{nbsp}}below]])
}}

'''''Manje Bistre''''' ({{Translation|Bed-blankets, essential needs}}) is a 2017 Indian [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]-language family drama romantic comedy film featuring [[Gippy Grewal]] and [[Sonam Bajwa]] in lead roles while [[Karamjit Anmol]], [[Jaggi Singh (actor)|Jaggi Singh]], [[Sardar Sohi]] and Hobby Dhaliwal in supporting roles. The film is set up against the backdrop of traditional Punjabi wedding. The dialogues are penned by [[Rana Ranbir]], and the story and screenplay is written by Gippy Grewal. It is directed by [[Baljit Singh Deo]] and was released on 14 April 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/manje-bistre-movie-review-gippy-grewal-sonam-bajwa-starrer-bowls-over-audience-critics-723310|title=Manje Bistre movie review: Gippy Grewal-Sonam Bajwa-starrer bowls over audience, critics|last=Hooli|first=Shekhar H|work=International Business Times, India Edition|access-date=2018-05-20}}</ref>

==Plot==
The story revolves around a Punjabi wedding, with elements of romance and comedy.
Sukhi, while preparing for his sister's wedding, meets Rano and immediately falls in love with her. Rano, Sukhi's sister's friend, is a hesitant lover and during their romantic development many colorful characters appear.one person named Daddy helped both to get in one life .

==Cast==
* [[Gippy Grewal]] as Sukhchain "Sukhi" Grewal
* [[Sonam Bajwa]] as Rano
* [[Karamjit Anmol]] as Sadhu Halwai
* [[Rana Ranbir]] as Seeta
* [[B.N. Sharma]] as Sureela
* [[Gurpreet Ghuggi]] as Daddy
* [[Jaggi Singh (actor)|Jaggi Singh]] as Chadar
* [[Sardar Sohi]] as Jellu mama
* [[Sara Gurpal]] as Bholi
* [[Hobby Dhaliwal]] as Shamsher Grewal, Sukhi's father
* Rana Jung Bahadur as Chhotu
* [[Dilpreet Dhillon]] as Groom
* Harby Sangha as Sukhi's Jeeja
* Anita Devgan as Sukhi's Mami
* Seema Kaushal as Sukhi's mother
* Malkeet Rauni as Sukhi's Mama
* Harinder Bhullar as Dokal
* Parkash Gadhu as Tota
* Rana Jung Bahadur as Chhotu
* Sara Gurpal as Bholi
* [[Raghveer Boli]] as Kaleja
* Kul Sidhu as Seeti

==Production==

''Manje Bistre'' was shot between November, 2016 and December, 2016 in 22 days at different villages in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], including Kakrali, Seyonk, Jenti Majri, Ghura Kasoli, Bhangidi, Parol, Choti Badi Nangal and Mullanpur Garibdas.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://boxofficeindia.co.in/breaking-language-barrier|title=Breaking The Language Barrier|date=2017-04-22|work=Box Office India|access-date=2018-09-17|language=en|archive-date=17 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917071442/https://boxofficeindia.co.in/breaking-language-barrier|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghaintpunjab.com/manje-bistre-shoot-starts/|title=Manje Bistre Shoot Commences With Smiles On Many Faces!|website=www.ghaintpunjab.com|access-date=2018-09-16|archive-date=16 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916235157/https://www.ghaintpunjab.com/manje-bistre-shoot-starts/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Release==
The official trailer of the film was released by Saga Music on 5 March 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=bFzb1pBCRSg|title=ਮੰਜੇ ਬਿਸਤਰੇ : Manje Bistre (TRAILER) - Gippy Grewal, Sonam Bajwa - Rel. 14 April - Saga Music|publisher=Saga Music|website=YouTube|date=5 March 2017}}</ref>

The film was theatrically released on 14 April 2017.<ref>{{cite web | title= Manje Bistre Release Date Announced | url=http://punjabireel.in/manje-bistre-released-date-announced-film-19s/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161219224433/http://punjabireel.in/manje-bistre-released-date-announced-film-19s/ | url-status=usurped | archive-date=19 December 2016 | publisher=Punjabi Reel, India|date=12 December 2016}}</ref>

==Box office==
{{See also|List of highest-grossing Punjabi films}}
According to [[Box Office India]] ''Manje Bistre'' had grossed {{INR|31.74 crore|link=yes}} in its whole theatrical run<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=3828|title=Top Punjabi Worldwide Grossers - Rangroot Does Well - Box Office India|website=boxofficeindia.com|access-date=2018-09-17}}</ref> which includes {{INR}}16.29 crore in India<ref name=":1" /> and {{INR}}15.45 crore in overseas.<ref name=":0" /> It is also [[List of highest-grossing Punjabi films|the fourth highest grossing Punjabi movie of all time]] behind [[Carry on Jatta 2]], [[Chaar Sahibzaade]] and [[Sardaar Ji]] according to the Box Office India reports.<ref name=":0" /> On release the film was announced as a huge hit.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=2859|title=Punjabi Film Manje Bistre Set To Be Huge Hit - Box Office India|website=www.boxofficeindia.com|access-date=2018-09-17}}</ref> After two weeks of the release, ''[[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion]]'' was released which affected the further collections of ''Manje Bistre'' in India and Overseas''. Baahubali 2: The Conclusion'' is also the [[List of highest-grossing films in India|highest-grossing film in India]] and also in [[East Punjab]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/net_box_office.php?cityName=east_punjab|title=Top East Punjab Nett Grossers All Time|website=www.boxofficeindia.com|access-date=2018-09-17}}</ref>

=== India ===
According to the [[Taran Adarsh]]’s report, on its opening day ''Manje Bistre'' grossed ₹2.25 crore becoming the 3rd highest Punjabi opener of all time behind ''Sardaar Ji'' and [[Sardaar Ji 2]] later moved to 5th after release of [[Carry on Jatta 2]] ''and [[Shadaa]]'' Whereas, film faced drop in collection on its second collecting ₹2.18 crore and rise on third day, collecting ₹2.59 crore making the weekend total ₹7.02 crore. The film faces small drop on weekdays collecting ₹1.27 crore, ₹1.06 crore, ₹1.03 crore and ₹0.91 crore respectively making a week total ₹11.29 crore.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/taran_adarsh/status/855347793770106880#|title=Taran Adarsh report}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/regional/gippy-grewal-starrer-manje-bistre-takes-box-office-by-storm-1998144.html|title=Gippy Grewal starrer 'Manje Bistre' takes Box Office by storm!|date=2017-04-21|work=Zee News|access-date=2018-05-20|language=en}}</ref> The film grossed ₹14.71 crore in 10 days of release.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://boxofficecollection.in/box-office-report/box-office-begum-jaan-and-manje-bistre-10th-day-collection-gippy-grewal-starrer-stays-steady-in-2nd-weekend-26714|title=Box Office: Begum Jaan and Manje Bistre 10th Day Collection, Gippy Grewal starrer Stays Steady in 2nd Weekend|date=2017-04-23|work=BoxOfficeCollection.in|access-date=2018-09-17|language=en-US}}</ref> According to [[Box Office India]] report published in June 2018, ''Manje Bistre'' is the 6th highest Punjabi grosser of all time in [[India]] by its lifetime collection of ₹16.29 crore behind Carry On Jatta 2, Sardaar Ji, Chaar Sahibzaade, Sardaar Ji 2 and [[Jatt & Juliet 2]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4059|title=Carry On Jatta 2 Smashes Records By A Distance - Box Office India|website=www.boxofficeindia.com|access-date=2018-09-16}}</ref>

===Overseas===
On its opening weekend, ''Manje Bistre'' collected $241,971 (₹1.56 crore) in [[United States]], $385,147 (₹2.49 crore) in [[Canada]], £104,136 (₹85.93 lacs) in [[United Kingdom]], A$402,399 (₹1.98 crore) in [[Australia]] and NZ$125,403 (₹56.66 lacs) in [[New Zealand]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/begum-jaan-fails-to-shine-in-the-overseas/|title='Begum Jaan' fails to shine in the overseas - Bollywood Hungama|last=Hungama|first=Bollywood|date=2017-04-18|work=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=2018-09-16|language=en-US}}</ref> After second week, the film grosses $456,065 (₹2.94 crore) in United States, $722,562 (₹4.66 crore) in Canada, £219,339 (₹1.81 crore) in United Kingdom, A$652,618 (₹3.19 crore) in Australia and NZ$185,884 (₹84.34 lacs) in New Zealand.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/noor-dismal-in-overseas-collects-approx-200k-usd-rs-1-28-cr/|title='Noor' dismal in overseas, collects approx. 200k USD [Rs. 1.28 cr.] - Bollywood Hungama|last=Hungama|first=Bollywood|date=2017-04-24|work=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=2018-09-16|language=en-US}}</ref> In its whole theatrical run ''Manje Bistre'' had grossed ₹2.28 crore at United Kingdom,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/box-office-half-girlfriend-collects-2-1-mil-usd-rs-13-55-crores-in-overseas-hindi-medium-collects-1-5-mil-usd-rs-9-68-cr/|title=Box Office: 'Half Girlfriend' collects 2.1 mil. USD [Rs. 13.55 crores] in overseas; 'Hindi Medium' collects 1.5 mil. USD [Rs. 9.68 cr.] - Bollywood Hungama|last=Hungama|first=Bollywood|date=2017-05-29|work=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=2018-09-16|language=en-US}}</ref> ₹6.25 crore at Canada,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/half-girlfriend-collects-1-4-mil-usd-rs-9-09-crores-in-overseas-hindi-medium-collects-700k-usd-rs-4-54-cr/|title=Half Girlfriend collects 1.4 mil. USD [Rs. 9.09 crores] in overseas; Hindi Medium collects 700k USD [Rs. 4.54 cr.] - Bollywood Hungama|last=Hungama|first=Bollywood|date=2017-05-23|work=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=2018-09-16|language=en-US}}</ref> ₹3.43 crore at United States of America,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/baahubali-2-surpasses-bajrangi-bhaijaan-overseas-grosses-approx-31-15-mil-usd-rs-200-crores/|title=Baahubali 2 surpasses Bajrangi Bhaijaan in overseas, grosses approx. 31.15 mil. USD [Rs. 200 crores] - Bollywood Hungama|last=Hungama|first=Bollywood|date=2017-05-08|work=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=2018-09-16|language=en-US}}</ref> ₹3.33 crore at Australia, ₹85.14 lacs at New Zealand,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/baahubali-2-steals-the-spotlight-goes-on-a-rampage-in-overseas-markets/|title=Baahubali 2 steals the spotlight, goes on a rampage in overseas markets - Bollywood Hungama|last=Hungama|first=Bollywood|date=2017-05-01|work=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=2018-09-16|language=en-US}}</ref> and ₹8.4 lacs at [[Spain]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Manje-Bistre-(India)/Spain#tab=international|title=Manje Bistre - Financial Information Spain|work=The Numbers|access-date=2018-09-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/intl/?page=&country=NZ&id=_fMANJEBISTRE01|title=Manje Bistre|website=www.boxofficemojo.com|access-date=2018-09-16}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Manje Bistre
| type = soundtrack
| artist = Jay K (Jassi Katyal), Jaison Thind
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2017|4|7}}
| recorded = 2017
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 29:26
| label = Saga Music
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|Nxn9VGFG6WU
|Audio Jukebox}}}}
}}
The music of songs have been composed by Jay K (Jassi Katyal) and Jaison Thind. The lyrics are by [[Happy Raikoti]], Ricky Khan, Jagdev Maan, and Dalvir.

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 29:26
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Jatt Attitude
| extra1 = [[Gippy Grewal]]
| length1= 4:54
| title2 = Dubai Wale Sheikh
| extra2 = Gippy Grewal, [[Nimrat Khaira]]
| length2= 4:52
| title3 = Vekh Ke Hasdi
| extra3 = [[Ammy Virk]]
| length3= 4:59
| title4 = Kasoor
| extra4 = Khan Saab
| length4= 5:25
| title5 = Manje Bistre
| extra5 = [[Nacchatar Gill]]
| length5= 4:26
| title6 = Ja Vi Na
| extra6 = [[Karamjit Anmol]]
| length6= 4:50
}}

==Reception==
Manje Bistre received mostly positive reviews from critics and audience both. The first half of the film tickles the funny bones of the film goers, while the second half is high on romantic quotient, say the critics and viewers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/manje-bistre-movie-review-gippy-grewal-sonam-bajwa-starrer-bowls-over-audience-critics-723310|title=Manje Bistre movie review: Gippy Grewal-Sonam Bajwa-starrer bowls over audience, critics|last=Hooli|first=Shekhar H|work=International Business Times, India Edition|access-date=2018-09-16}}</ref>

Jasmine Singh of [[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] praised the film's simplicity. He also praises director, saying, “Director [[Baljit Singh Deo]] has done a neat direction, making sure that every character in the film gets a decent screen space.“ He also writes about dialogues, “The dialogues of the film are written by [[Rana Ranbir]] and he certainly has done a fine job.” He also praises the [[cinematography]] of the film, saying, “The entire film is centred at one place, a wedding house, despite the fact that there aren't many locations to feast your eyes on; a beautiful and well shot cinematography makes everything look bright and fun.” The reviewer praised the costume designer of the film Ravneet Grewal and the lead actress [[Sonam Bajwa]]. In last the consensus reads, “The film has foot-tapping numbers, subtle romance, lot of fun moments, loads of laughter; ''Manje Bistre'' has sure collected the right entertainment dose.”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/movie-reviews/it-s-a-fun-ride/391890.html|title=It's a fun ride|last=|first=|date=|website=tribuneindia.com|access-date=|archive-date=14 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014141711/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/movie-reviews/it-s-a-fun-ride/391890.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Awards==
===Winners===
====[[Filmfare Awards Punjabi|Jio Filmfare Awards Punjabi (2018)]]====
*Best Supporting Actor - [[Karamjit Anmol]]
*Best Screenplay - [[Gippy Grewal]]

====Brit Asia Punjabi Film Awards (2018)====
*Best Film - ''Manje Bistre''
*Best Director - [[Baljit Singh Deo]]
*Best Actor - Gippy Grewal
*Best Comedian - Karamjit Anmol
*Best Supporting Actor - Karamjit Anmol
*Best Film Song - Gippy Grewal & [[Nimrat Khaira]] for "Dubai Wale Shaikh"
*Best Female Playback Vocalist - Nimrat Khaira for "Dubai Wale Shaikh"

==Sequels==
Sequel of the film, ''[[Manje Bistre 2]]'', directed by [[Baljit Singh Deo]] and starring [[Gippy Grewal]] and [[Simi Chahal]] was released on 12 April 2019. The sequel was shot in [[Canada]] depicting Sukhi`s journey to attend his cousin’s marriage ceremony.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/manje-bistre-2-gippy-grewal-on-a-recce-for-the-film/articleshow/64504363.cms|title='Manje Bistre 2': Gippy Grewal on a recce for the film - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-09-16}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Manje Bistre 2 Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movie-details/manje-bistre-2/movieshow/64542584.cms|website=Times of India|access-date=2019-04-22}}</ref>

{{Excerpt|Manje Bistre 2|Sequel|inline=yes}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt6705612}}

[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2017 romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2017 Punjabi-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Baljit Singh Deo]]
[[Category:Films scored by Jassi Katyal]]
[[Category:Indian film series]]

Sesh Chithi

2026-03-04T00:36:34Z

Mosphe: added data

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sesh Chithi
| image=Sesh Chithi film poster.jpeg
| caption=Original Poster
| director = Tanmoy Roy
| producer =Sudhir Dutta
| starring = [[Soumitra Chatterjee]] [[Lily Chakravarty]] Ritobroto Bhattacharya [[Moubani Sorcar]] [[Monica Ganguly - Canada]] [[Dulal Lahiri]] [[Dev Ganguly - Canada]] [[Biswajit Chakraborty|Biswajit Chakroborty]] Sudhir Dutta Narugopal Mandal
| music = Sudhir Dutta
| cinematography = Partha Rakshit
| editing = M.Susmit
| studio=D. Sudhir Productions
| released = {{Film date|2018|05|18|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Bengali
}}

'''''Sesh Chithi''''' is a 2018 Bengali drama film directed by Tanmoy Roy for D.Sudhir Productions.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/1396569503711879/photos/a.1396656117036551.1073741828.1396569503711879/1403782682990561/?type=3&theater|title=बांग्ला फिल्म "SESH CHITHI" में सौमित्र एवं लिली एक साथ नज़र आएंगे {{!}} -::Holly Bolly Tolly::-|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=2017-07-22}}</ref> The music is directed by Sudhir Dutta.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.anandabazar.com/calcutta/kolkatar-korcha-1.646796?ref=calcutta-new-stry|title=কলকাতার কড়চা|work=Anandabazar Patrika|access-date=2017-08-01|language=bn}}</ref> The film is about a handful of cunning family members who plan to take over a [[Zamindar]] bari after the death of the patriarch. [[Soumitra Chatterjee]] was felicitated on the sets for receiving [[Legion of Honour|Légion d'honneur]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com//Article.aspx?eid=31812&articlexml=ALL-IN-THE-FAMILY-07072017106025&Mode=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801131438/http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com//Article.aspx?eid=31812&articlexml=ALL-IN-THE-FAMILY-07072017106025&Mode=1|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 August 2017|title=The Times Group|last=|first=|date=|website=epaperbeta.timesofindia.com|access-date=2017-07-22}}</ref> [[Soumitra Chatterjee]] and [[Lily Chakravarty]] will be seen in the film after the great success of ''[[Posto (film)|Posto]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fun.teletring.com/details.aspx?id=167|title=Telefuno|last=|first=|date=|website=fun.teletring.com|access-date=2017-07-22}}</ref>

== Plot ==
An old widow, Mamatadevi, is reading out her husband's last letter and memorizing her old glorious days. Today Mamatadevi is going to an old people's home. Sibnath, Mamatadevi's husband, was a postmaster who belongs to the Zamindar family and Mamatadevi also used to live at the family home. Mamatadevi's daughter and son-in-law Ramen live in Mumbai. He is a businessman of antique products. On the day of retirement of Shibnath, his daughter Mou left Ranen for his torturing behavior and came to his father's house. But Shibnath died due to cardiac arrest on the same day. Suddenly, after 5 long years, Ranen came to his in-laws house to take Mou to Mumbai. But his intention was to take charge of the property. He was successful in this and planned to send his mother-in-law ito an old people's home.

== Cast ==
* [[Soumitra Chatterjee]]
* [[Lily Chakravarty]]
* Ritobroto Bhattacharya
* [[Moubani Sorcar]]
* [[Dulal Lahiri]]
* [[Biswajit Chakraborty|Biswajit Chakroborty]]
* Santwana Bose
* Sudhir Dutta
* Monica Ganguly - Canada
* [[Narugopal Mandal]]
* Dev Ganguly - Canada

== Release ==
The film released in West Bengal on 18 May 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hollybollytolly.com/2018/05/20/sesh-chithi-2/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703104126/http://hollybollytolly.com/2018/05/20/sesh-chithi-2/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=3 July 2018|title=একটি মানবিক মর্মস্পর্শী ঘটনা {{!}} -::Holly Bolly Tolly::-|website=hollybollytolly.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-07-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://abptakmaa.com/2018/05/25/legend-actor-soumitra-in-the-bengali-film-sesh-cithi-released-with-a-touchy-story/|title=একটি মানবিক মর্মস্পর্শী ঘটনা নিয়ে সৌমিত্র অভিনীত বাংলা ছবি "শেষ চিঠি" – abpতক্‌মা|website=abptakmaa.com|access-date=2018-07-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://m.bangla.eenaduindia.com/Entertainment/Tollywood/2018/05/19172933/Shesh-Chithi-premiere.vpf|title=শেষ চিঠির প্রিমিয়ার|work=BangalaMEenadu Portal|access-date=2018-07-03}}</ref> The film was distributed by D. Sudhir Productions.

== Soundtrack ==
The songs for the soundtrack of ''Sesh Chithi'' are composed by D. Sudhir,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/sesh-chithi-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1265754635|title=Sesh Chithi (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) by D. Sudhir on Apple Music|website=iTunes|access-date=2017-08-01}}</ref> music directed by Sudhir Dutta, lyrics by Rajib Dutta.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://ibgnews.com/music-cd-launch-bengali-film-sesh-chithi/|title=Music CD Launch of the Bengali Film Sesh Chithi - IBG News|last=Munshi|first=Suman|date=2017-07-26|work=IBG News|access-date=2017-08-01|language=en-US}}</ref> The soundtrack was released on [[ITunes Store|iTunes]] on 25 July 2017.<ref name=":1" /> The music was released physically on 25 July 2017 at Press club, Kolkata.<ref>{{Citation|last=Non-Stop Binodon|title=Sesh Chithi Grand Music lunch II Upcoming Bengali Movie 2017 II Live|date=2017-07-26|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tJEyDjPLu8M|accessdate=2017-08-01}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!No
!Title
!Lyrics
!Music
!Artist(s)
!Length
|-
|1
|"Cholkalo Aaj Tor Chhoya"
|Rajiv Dutta
|D. Sudhir
|Rakhi Dutta, Rik
|05:53
|-
|2
|"Dil Bole"
|Rajiv Dutta
|D. Sudhir
|Rakhi Dutta, Tirtha
|04:09
|-
|3
|"Routine"
|Rajiv Dutta
|D. Sudhir
|Rakhi Dutta, Sujoy Bhowmik, Rupsha Dutta, Partha, Aritra, Sohom
|05:26
|-
|4
|"Tor Askara"
|Rajiv Dutta
|D. Sudhir
|Rakhi Dutta, Vicky A Khan
|04:41
|-
|5
|"Sawariya"
|Rajiv Dutta
|D. Sudhir
|Rakhi Dutta
|05:42
|-
|6
|"Sesh Chithi"
|Rajiv Dutta
|D. Sudhir
|[[Rupankar|Rupankar Bagchi]]
|04:12
|-
|7
|"Ami Tomar Premey"<ref>{{Citation|last=Non-Stop Binodon|title=ami tomar preme hobo sobar kolonko vagi II Sesh Chithi II Iman Chakraborty II Tagore Song|date=2017-07-26|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dbuz6rasxHE|accessdate=2017-08-01}}</ref>
|[[Rabindranath Tagore]]
|[[Rabindranath Tagore]]
|[[Iman Chakraborty]]
|03:19
|}

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|7240204}}

[[Category:2018 films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2018 Bengali-language films]]

The Institute of Science, Mumbai

2026-02-14T05:03:40Z

Mosphe: Minor edits and structural improvements

{{Short description|Institution of postgraduate education and research in Mumbai, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{cleanup university|date=February 2011}}
{{More footnotes|date=April 2010}}
{{Coord|19|08|01.09|N|72|54|55.29|E|type:edu|display= title}}
{{Infobox university
| name = The Institute of Science
| image = Institute of Science Logo.png
| motto = It is good to seek out the causes of things
| established = 1920
| parent =
| type = [[Research]] [[Institution]]
| director = Prof. S. B. Kulkarni
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| city = [[Mumbai]]
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates =
| campus = Urban
| academic_affiliations = [[University of Mumbai]] (1924-2019) [[Dr. Homi Bhabha State University]] (2019-)
| website = {{url|https://iscm.ac.in/}}
| deputy director =
| faculty = 50
}}
'''The Institute of Science''' (formerly known as the '''Royal Institute of Science (RIS)''') is an institution of [[postgraduate education]] and research located in [[Mumbai]], [[India]].<ref name="The Institute of Science, Mumbai">{{Cite web|url=http://iscmumbai.org.in/about.html|title=The Institute of Science, Mumbai|website=iscmumbai.org.in|language=en|access-date=2017-10-08}}</ref> It is managed by the [[Government of Maharashtra]] and is clustered from 2019 batch with the [[Dr. Homi Bhabha State University]].

It is accredited with an 'A' Grade by the [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] (NAAC) in March 2014.<ref name="The Institute of Science, Mumbai" />

== History ==

=== Construction ===
'''Royal Institute of Science''' was founded by [[George Clarke, 1st Baron Sydenham of Combe]].

The foundation stone for the institute was laid in 1911.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The Institute Of Science: Mumbai/Bombay pages |url=http://theory.tifr.res.in/bombay/architecture/building/inst-science.html |access-date=2017-10-08 |website=theory.tifr.res.in}}</ref> The building was designed by [[George Wittet]]. The building is built using yellow Kharodi [[basalt]] stone from the district of [[Thane]]. It has a curved shape with two wings joined by a flat central dome. The building features arched facade and includes a botanical garden, herbarium and a park.<ref name=":0" />

The building was completed in 1920 and is arounded bo other 19th century buildings such as [[Rajabai tower]] of University of Mumbai, the [[Elphinstone College]].<ref name=":0" />

The institute's buildings were constructed using funds from private donations. Sir [[Cowasji Jehangir]] donated money for the institute's east wing. The construction of the west flank of the main building was paid for by [[Jacob Sassoon]], and the east flank by [[Currimbhoy Ebrahim|Sir Currimbhoy Ebrahim, Bt]]. Sir Vasanji Mulji donated funds for the library.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Institute of Science, Mumbai |url=http://iscmumbai.org.in/history.html |access-date=2017-10-08 |website=iscmumbai.org.in |language=en}}</ref> Central dom of the building is named [[Cowasji Jehangir Hall]].

=== Education ===
Its research centers around all branches of science including Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Microbiology, Mathematics, Biochemistry, Bio-Technology and Environmental studies. In Maharashtra state and [[University of Mumbai]], some programs like the Masters in biochemistry, were available only in the Institute of Science until recently.{{when|date=August 2025}}

== Academics ==
It offers M.Sc. and Ph.D. programs and currently does not offer undergraduate programs. Till 2018, the institute was affiliated to the [[University of Mumbai]]. Since 2019, it is main constituent college of [[Dr. Homi Bhabha State University]].

The Institute of Science was awarded the status of "College with potential for Excellence" by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]] in 2009 and awarded generous grants for infrastructure development.{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}}

== Notable alumni ==
{{alumni|date=August 2024}}
The institute enjoys a wide variety of notable alumni.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Institute of Science, Mumbai |url=https://iscm.ac.in/about.php |access-date=2023-03-22 |website=iscm.ac.in}}</ref> These persons played a crucial role in the development of their respective fields;

* [[Homi J. Bhabha]] - father of [[Indian nuclear programme]]; Founding Director of [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research|TIFR]] & 1st Chairman of [[Atomic Energy Commission of India|AECI]]
* [[Vishnu Vasudev Narlikar|V. V. Narlikar]] - Indian Physicist
* [[Bhalchandra Udgaonkar|B. M. Udgaonkar]] - Indian Physicist
* [[M. G. K. Menon]] - Indian Physicist & 2nd Chairman of [[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]]
* [[Shreeram Shankar Abhyankar|Shreeram Abhyankar]] - Indian-born American Mathematician
* [[Madhav Gadgil]] - Indian Ecologist
* [[Madhav Chavan]] - Indian Social Activist & Educator ([[Pratham]])
* [[Keki Hormusji Gharda|K. H Gharda]] - Indian chemical Engineer
* [[Karamshi Jethabhai Somaiya|K. J. Somaiya]] - Indian Industrialist & Educator ([[Somaiya Vidyavihar University|Somaiya Trust]])
* [[Kiran Karnik]] - former CEO of [[NASSCOM]]
* [[Varsha Gaikwad]] - Indian politician
* [[Kamala Sohonie]] - Indian biochemist

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* {{official|https://iscm.ac.in/}}

{{Dr. Homi Bhabha State University}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Institute Of Science, Mumbai}}
[[Category:University of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Education in Mumbai]]
[[Category:1920 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Research institutes established in 1920]]

Maulana Abdu Salam Niazi Dehlvi

2026-02-12T16:15:55Z

Mosphe: new - done

{{Short description|Indian Sufi scholar (died 1966)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Sufism}}
'''Maulana Abdu Salam Niazi Dehlvi''' ([[Urdu]] '''مولانا عبدالسلام نیازی دہلوی ''') was a [[Sufism|Sufi]], Scholar of [[Delhi]], [[India]], Turkman Gate Darwaza near Kali Masjid.<ref>{{cite book | title=Amazon listing | via=Amazon.com | date=January 2019 | url=https://www.amazon.com/MOLANA-ABDUS-SALAM-NIAZI-%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85/dp/B07XRWMSJL | access-date=2021-02-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gufhtugu.com/molana-abdus-salam-niazi-yadain-aur-khakay/|title=Molana Abdus Salam Niazi - Yadain aur Khakay}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> He was Scholar of Arabic Persian and other languages.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.bookcorner.com.pk/book/molana-abdus-salam-niazi-yadain-aur-khakay|title=Book Corner Showroom Jhelum - Molana Abdus Salam Niazi - Yadain aur Khakay|via=www.bookcorner.com.pk}}</ref> He by profession was [[Ittar]] preparing fragrance of different kinds.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kitaabistan.com/gallery1.htm|title=Gallery1|website=www.kitaabistan.com}}</ref> [[Abul A'la Maududi]] learned Arabic from him, [[Aziz Mian]] Qawaal, [[Baba Mohammad Yahya Khan]], [[Josh Malihabadi]] and lots of others influenced by him.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://urdu.arynews.tv/molana-abdussalam-niyazi-and-sir-akbar-haidri/|title=مولوی عبدالسلام کے کوٹھے کی تین سیڑھیاں! -|date=30 July 2020}}</ref>
He died on 30 June 1966 in Delhi, India.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.express.pk/story/261898/|title=مولانا عبدالسلام نیازی، آفتاب علم و عرفان|date=12 June 2014}}</ref> His books collections are now in [[Jamia Hamdard]], Delhi India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jamiahamdard.ac.in/facilities/library.htm|title=Library|website=www.jamiahamdard.ac.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=تبصرہ کتاب - مولانا عبدالسلام نیازی - آفتاب علم و عرفان |url=https://www.taemeernews.com/2014/04/Maulana-Abdul-Salam-Niazi-Aftaab-e-Ilmo-Irfaan.html |website=www.taemeernews.com}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Aziz Mian]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Hanafis]]
[[Category:Maturidis]]
[[Category:Indian Sufis]]
[[Category:Scholars from Delhi]]

Basanta Choudhury

2026-02-06T05:58:16Z

Mosphe: refined lead to improve readability

{{Short description|Indian actor (1928–2000)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Basanta Chowdhury
| image = Basanta Chowdhury 01.jpg
| caption = Basanta Chowdhury
| native_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1928|05|5}}
| birth_place = [[Nagpur]], [[Bombay Province]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age text|20 June 2000|5 May 1928}}
| death_place = [[Calcutta]], India
| education = Deena Nath High School Nagpur
| occupation = Actor, film producer
| years_active = 1952–1993 (41 years)
| spouse = Aloka Chowdhury
| children = 2
| awards = Best Actor Prize for his film "Raja Rammohan" by [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association|B.F.J.A]], Bangla Stage Centenary Star Theater award.
| honours = [[Sheriff of Kolkata]], Chairman of Nandan-West Bengal Film Center.
| website =
}}

'''Basanta Choudhury''' also known as '''Basanta Chowdhury''' (5 May 1928 – 20 June 2000), was an Indian actor in [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali]] and [[Bollywood|Hindi]] films. He worked with directors [[Asit Sen (actor)|Asit Sen]], [[Rajen Tarafdar]], Ajay Kar and Bijay Bose, often in leading roles.<ref>{{cite news |title=Films from the heart |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/magazine/article2417951.ece |work=The Hindu |date=3 September 2011 |access-date=2013-04-29}}</ref> He is a former [[Sheriff of Kolkata]].

Choudhury's collection of [[Kashmir shawl|Kashmiri]] and [[Persia]]n [[shawl]]s were enviable. Director [[Satyajit Ray]] admired those collections and used for his masterpieces.

== Birth and childhood ==
Basanta Chowdhury was born into an affluent [[Kayastha]] [[Zamindar]] Datta Chowdhury family of Andul, [[Howrah]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/district/howrah-hoogly/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%A6-%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A7%9C-%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%98-%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%9C-%E0%A6%A6-%E0%A6%98%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AD-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8-1.88161|title=আন্দুল রাজবাড়িকে ঘিরে জাদুঘরের ভাবনা – Anandabazar|last=আবসার|first=নুরুল|work=Anandabazar Patrika|access-date=2018-07-26|language=bn}}</ref> In circa 1886, his great-great forefather Apurba Krishna Dutta Chaudhuri discontinued the surname 'Dutta' and moved from his ancestral place [[Andul]] to [[Nagpur]] to practice law. He later became the Law Lecturer in the Morris College (the present-day [[Vasantrao Naik Government Institute of Arts and Social Sciences|Vasantrao Naik Government Institute of Arts and Social Sciences (VNGIASS)]]). His son was Phani Bhusan Chaudhuri, whose son Shiddhish Chandra Chowdhury. Shiddhish and Kamala Devi had two sons – Basanta & Prasanta. Both of them grew up in Nagpur. Basanta graduated from Morris college. In 1945 he completed his Matriculation Examination from Deena Nath High School [[Nagpur]]. After shifting to [[Kolkata]], Chowdhury stayed in [[Ranikuthi]] in [[Tollygunge]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/supplementary/patrika/sweet-memorabilia-of-actor-basanta-chowdhury-written-by-shankarlal-bhattacharya-1.169176|title=রাগ বসন্ত|work=Anandabazar Patrika|access-date=2018-07-26|language=bn|archive-date=26 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726203228/https://www.anandabazar.com/supplementary/patrika/sweet-memorabilia-of-actor-basanta-chowdhury-written-by-shankarlal-bhattacharya-1.169176|url-status=live}}</ref>

He was a [[numismatist]] i.e. an expert collector of [[Ganesha]] idols, rare coins, paper currency and was a collector of Kashmiri and Persian shawls.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://halfsamosa.in/6-best-films-basanta-choudhury-sophisticated-actor-almost-forgotten/|title=6 best films of Basanta Choudhury – a sophisticated actor almost forgotten{{!}} Half Samosa|date=2017-04-10|work=Half Samosa|access-date=2018-07-26|language=en-US|archive-date=26 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726170105/http://halfsamosa.in/6-best-films-basanta-choudhury-sophisticated-actor-almost-forgotten/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Family tree and royal seal ==
<gallery>
File:Basanta Chowdhury Family Tree.jpg|Basanta Chowdhury family tree.
File:Emblem (or Seal) of the Dutta Chowdhury family of Andul.jpg|Seal of the Chowdhury family
</gallery>

== Career ==
[[File:Basanta Chowdhury..jpg|thumb|Basanta Chowdhury receiving [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Best Actor Award]] from then [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] Smt. [[Indira Gandhi]] in1966 CE for the movie '''Raja Rammohan''<nowiki/>'.]]
His first film was ''Mahaprasthaner Pathe'' by director Kartik Chattopadhay in 1952. Some of his memorable films are, ''Bhagaban Shri Krishna Chaitanya'', ''Jadu Bhatta'', ''Andhare Alo'', ''[[Deep Jwele Jaai]]'' with [[Suchitra Sen]], ''Anushtoop Chhanda'', ''Abhaya O Srikanta'', ''[[Raja Rammohan Roy (film)|Raja Rammohan Roy]]'', ''Diba Ratrir Kabya'', ''[[Devi Chaudhurani]]''. He was also involved with amateur theater and radio.

== Filmography ==
*1952: ''Mahaprasthaner Pathey'' – Probodh Kumar Sanyal
*1952: ''Yatrik'' – Probodh Kumar Sanyal
*1953: ''Bhagaban Shrikrishna Chaitanya'' – Sri Chaitanya
*1953: ''[[Nabin Jatra]]'' Safar
*1954: ''[[Jadu Bhatta (film)|Jadu Bhatta]]'' (Bokul)
*1955: ''Bhalobasa''
*1955: ''Du-janay''
*1955: ''Devimalini''
*1955: ''[[Aparadhi (1955 film)|Aparadhi]]'' (Pather Sheshey)
*1956: ''[[Shankar Narayan Bank]]''
*1956: ''[[Shubharatri]]'' ([[Chhaya Sangini]]; [[Govindadas]]; [[Rajpath]])
*1956: ''[[Basant Bahar (film)|Basanta Bahar]]''
*1957: ''Harjit''
*1957: ''[[Andhare Alo (1957 film)|Andhare Alo]]'' – Satyendra
*1957: ''Khela Bhangar Khela''
*1957: ''[[Madhumalati (film)|Madhumalati]]''
*1957: ''Shesh Parichay''
*1958: ''[[Jogajog (1958 film)|Jogajog]]''
*1959: ''[[Shashi Babur Sansar]]''
*1959: ''[[Deep Jwele Jaai]]'' – Tapash
*1960: ''[[Parakh (1960 film)|Parakh]]'' – Pro. Rajat Sen
*1960: ''[[Khudha]]''
*1962: [[Yatrik (1962 film)|Yatrik]]
*1962: ''Bodhu''
*1962: ''Agnisikha''
*1962: ''Nav Diganta''
*1962: ''Sancharini''
*1963: ''Shreyasi''
*1964: ''Kashtipathar''
*1964: ''Anustup Chhanda''
*1965: ''[[Alor Pipasa]]''
*1965: ''[[Abhoya-o-Srikanta]]'' – Srikanta
*1965: ''Gulmohar''
*1965: ''[[Raja Rammohun]]'' – Raja Rammohan Roy
*1965: ''[[Eki Ange Eto Rup]]''
*1966: ''[[Uttar Purush]]''
*1966: ''Sankha Bela''
*1966: ''[[Susanta Sha]]''
*1969: ''Rahgir''
*1970: ''Megh Kalo''
*1971: ''[[Pratham Pratisruti]]'' – Raam Kaali
*1971: ''[[Grahan (1971 film)|Grahan]]''
*1974: ''[[Pranta Rekha]]''
*[[File:Basanta Chowdhury.jpg|thumb|Basanta Chowdhury and [[Suchitra Sen]] in the movie [[Devi Chaudhurani]] in 1974 AD. ]]1974: ''[[Jadi Jantem]]''
*1974: ''Sangini''
*1974: ''Debi Chaudhrani'' – Bhabani Pathak
*1975: ''Nishi Mrigaya''
*1975: ''Khudha''
*1976: ''Sankhabish''
*1977: ''[[Babu Moshai (film)|Babu Moshai]]''
*1978: ''[[Parichay (1978 film)|Parichay]]''
*1978: ''[[Mayuri (1978 film)|Mayuri]]''
*1979: ''[[Chirantan]]''
*1979: ''[[Jiban Je Rakam]]''
*1979: ''Heerey Manik''
*1980: ''[[Bhagya Chakra (1980 film)|Bhagya Chakra]]''
*1981: ''Kalankini''
*1982: ''Sonar Bangla''
*1983: ''[[Indira (1983 film)|Indira]]''
*1983: ''Deepar Prem''
*1985: ''[[Putulghar]]''
*1985: ''[[Baidurya Rahasya]]''
*1987: ''[[Antarjali Jatra]]'' – Yashobati's Father
*1987: ''Maha Yatra''
*1988: ''Antaranga''
*1988: ''[[Sankhachur]]''
*1990: ''[[Sankranti (1990 film)|Sankranti]]''
*1990: ''[[Raktorin]]''
*1990: ''[[Ek Doctor Ki Maut]]'' – Dr. Ramanand
*1991: ''[[Raj Nartaki (1991 film)|Raj Nartaki]]''
*1992: ''[[Satya Mithya (1992 film)|Satya Mithya]]''
*1992: ''[[Hirer Angti]]''
*1992: ''Apon Ghar''
*1993: ''Kacher Prithvi''
*1994: ''Tabu Mane Rekho''
*1994: ''Dhusar Godhuli'' – (final film role)
[[File:Basanta Chowdhury & Uttam Kumar..jpg|thumb|Basanta Chowdhury (left) and [[Uttam Kumar]] (right) together sharing a screen in an event. ]]

== Awards ==
In 1965, actor Chowdhury was awarded the Best Actor Prize for his film "Raja Rammohan" by B.F.J.A. In 1996, he also received Bangla Stage Centenary [[Star Theatre, Kolkata|Star Theater]] award from [[University of Calcutta|Calcutta University]]. He had also acted in several Hindi films.

The actor had been the [[Sheriff of Kolkata]]. He was also appointed the Chairman of [[Nandan (Kolkata)|Nandan-West Bengal Film Centre]] in Kolkata.

== Death ==

The actor suffered from [[lung cancer]] for quite some time. He died on 20 June 2000 in Kolkata.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/archive/releases98/lyr2000/rjun2000/r21062000.html|title=Untitled Page|access-date=25 May 2016|archive-date=17 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617004500/http://pib.nic.in/archive/releases98/lyr2000/rjun2000/r21062000.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|0159330}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Choudhury, Basanta}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Bengali cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:2000 deaths]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Sheriffs of Kolkata]]

Gurpreet Singh (actor)

2026-02-04T20:59:31Z

Mosphe: basic rework lead for clarity and corrected details after review

{{Short description|Indian actor (born 1978)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Gurpreet Singh
| image =
| birth_place = New Delhi, India
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1978}}{{citation needed|date=May 2012}}
| occupation = Film, television actor
| height = 1.8 m
| othername =
}}

'''Gurpreet Singh''' is an Indian TV and [[Cinema of India|film actor]]. He is best known for his lead role as Sujal Grewal in ''[[Kahiin to Hoga]]'' which aired on [[Star Plus]].<ref name=TC>Gurpreet is well known for his role of Tushar in Kahin to hoga.
{{cite news
|title=Sujal replacement found?
|work=TellyChakkar.com
|date=7 May 2005
|author=Staff
|access-date=21 May 2012
|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/y2k5/may/7may/news_rajeevgurpreet.php
|archive-date=18 November 2014
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141118200000/http://www.tellychakkar.com/y2k5/may/7may/news_rajeevgurpreet.php
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Gurpreet Singh was born on 28 November 1978 in a Sikh family in New Delhi. He married Punjabi music video model Kanishka Sodhi aka Gurpreet kaur sodhi in 2005 and filed for divorce in 2010 and got divorced in 2021.<ref name=MM>{{cite news
|url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=12&contentid=2010072020100720035008947f7577e3
|work=Mumbai Mirror
|date=20 July 2010
|first=Vickey
|last=Lalwani
|title=Gurpreet files for divorce
|access-date=21 May 2012
|archive-date=15 March 2011
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110315190321/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=12&contentid=2010072020100720035008947f7577e3
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

== Career ==
The role which gave Gurpreet the major breakthrough was of Sujal Garewal from the serial Kahiin to hoga on Star Plus channel. He has worked in the film ''[[Phhir]]'' produced by ''[[Vikram Bhatt]]'', ''Madhubala'' and ''Bhayy''. He has also acted in other TV serials like ''[[Saarrthi]]'' on [[Star Plus]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Saarthi adds to Gurpreet's popularity |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2007/gurpreet-gets-popular-291007.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708125343/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/television/news/2007/gurpreet-gets-popular-291007.html |archive-date=8 July 2012}}</ref> ''[[Maayka]]'' on [[Zee tv]] and ''[[Durgesh Nandinii]]'' on [[Sony TV]]. He has also featured in a music video ''Sajanwa'', directed by [[Anurag Basu]].{{citation needed|date=August 2012}}

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Movie !! Role !! Co-Star !! Notes
|-
|2006||''[[Madhubaala]]'' || Malhar || || Hindi film<ref>
{{cite news
|author=Aanjo P C
|title=Review:Madhubaala
|work=IndiaGlitz.com
|date=31 March 2006
|access-date=
}}</ref>
|-
|2011||''[[Phhir]]''|| ||[[Adah Sharma]], [[Rajneesh Duggal]]|| Hindi film<ref>
{{cite web
|title=Phhir movie|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/reviews/type/view/id/1117/
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119123653/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/reviews/type/view/id/1117/
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=19 January 2012
|work=bollywoodhungama.com
|access-date=10 May 2012
}}</ref>
|-
|2015||''[[Bhayy]]'' || Manu || ||Hindi film
|-
|2013||''[[Okkadine]]''|| ||[[Nara Rohit]], [[Nithya Menen]]|| Telugu film<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-24/tv/31838475_1_telugu-film-bags-hindi-soaps|title=Gurpreet Singh bags a Telugu film|work=The Times of India|access-date=16 August 2012|archive-date=4 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004180259/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-24/tv/31838475_1_telugu-film-bags-hindi-soaps|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Television==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Tv Serial !! Role !! Notes
|-
|2005–2007||''[[Kahiin to Hoga]]''|| Sujal Garewal /Tushar ||
|-
|2007–2008||''[[Saarrthi]]''|| Rudr Singh || <ref>{{cite news|last=gurpreet|first=singh|title=saarthi|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-09-17/tv/27958245_1_young-man-rajeev-khandelwal-saarthi|work=The Times Of India|access-date=15 May 2013|archive-date=29 June 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629124502/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-09-17/tv/27958245_1_young-man-rajeev-khandelwal-saarthi|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|2007–2008||''[[Durgesh Nandinii]]''||Sikandar ||
|-
|2008–2009||''[[Maayka]]''||Parmeet ||
|-
|2013–2014 ||''[[Mahabharat (2013 TV series)|Mahabharat]]'' || Vidharbha Kumar [[Rukmi]] ||
|-
|2014 || ''[[Rangrasiya]]''|| Rohit ||
|-
|2017–2018 || ''[[Porus (TV series)|Porus]]''|| King Ambhi || <ref>{{cite news|last=gurpreet|first=singh|title=porus|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/i-share-special-bond-rati-pandey-says-gurpreet-singh-180805#:~:text=MUMBAI%3A%20Actor%20Gurpreet%20Singh%2C%20who,and%20fun%20to%20work%20with.}}</ref>
|-
|2018–2019 || ''[[Tantra (TV series)|Tantra]]''|| Rohit ||
|-
|2022 || ''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin 6]]''|| Karan Mehra ||
|-
|rowspan="3"|2024 || ''[[Chand Jalne Laga]]''|| Prakash ||
|-
|''[[Shiv Shakti – Tap Tyaag Tandav]]'' || [[Bhagiratha]] ||
|-
| ''[[Vanshaj]]''
| Rafique Baig
|
|-
| 2025
| ''[[Chalo Bulawa Aya Hai, Mata Ne Bulaya Hai]]''
| Param
|
|}

==References==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Gurpreet}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Indian male soap opera actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from New Delhi]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]

{{India-screen-actor-stub}}

Atri's Eclipse

2026-02-03T02:36:28Z

Mosphe: Creating

{{Short description|Earliest reference of the solar eclipse}}
{{unreliable sources|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox event
| title = Atri's Eclipse
| date = 22 October 4202 BC or 19 October 3811 BC (As per claim)
| also known as = Atri's Total Solar Eclipse
| type = Solar Eclipse
| notes = Total Solar Eclipse mentioned by the Vedic sage Atri in Rigaveda
}}
'''Atri's Eclipse''' is a total [[solar eclipse]] mentioned in the Indian text [[Rigveda|Rigaveda]]. It has been claimed by some modern astronomical scholars to be the earliest reference of the solar eclipse mentioned in any historical astronomy of the world. The claim for the earliest reference of the total solar eclipse was published in a paper by the [[Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage]].<ref>{{Citation |last1=Vahia |first1=Mayank |title=An examination of 'Atri's Eclipse' as described in the Rig Veda |date=2024-07-29 |url=https://web3.arxiv.org/abs/2407.19733 |access-date=2024-09-04 |arxiv=2407.19733 |last2=Soma |first2=Misturu|journal=Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage |volume=26 |issue=2 |page=405 |bibcode=2023JAHH...26..405V }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=AN EXAMINATION OF 'ATRI'S ECLIPSE' AS DESCRIBED IN THE RIG VEDA|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372966609|journal=ResearchGate|access-date=2024-09-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-03 |title=This ancient Hindu text has oldest mention of a solar eclipse in world. Here's what astronomers have found in new study |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/us/this-ancient-hindu-text-has-oldest-mention-of-a-solar-eclipse-in-world-heres-what-astronomers-have-found-in-new-study/articleshow/113003605.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-09-04 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref name="sciengine">{{Cite journal|last1=Vahia|first1=Mayank|last2=Sôma|first2=Mitsuru|date=2023-09-22|title=AN EXAMINATION OF 'ATRI'S ECLIPSE' AS DESCRIBED IN THE RIG VEDA|url=https://www.sciengine.com/JAHH/doi/10.3724/SP.J.1440-2807.2023.06.35;JSESSIONID=4fb3b0ba-d4ae-4665-b6c8-f804e8d99085|journal=Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage|language=en-US|volume=26|issue=2|pages=405–410|doi=10.3724/SP.J.1440-2807.2023.06.35|issn=1440-2807|access-date=2024-09-08|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The text Rigaveda doesn't directly mention the word Atri's Eclipse but it has been termed by the modern scholars to identify the total solar eclipse mentioned in the text Rigaveda by the sage Atri in the form of poetic [[hymn]]s.

Indian scholar [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]] in his commentary on Vedic literature mentioned Atri's Eclipse to identify the total solar eclipse in the Rigaveda mentioned by the Vedic sage [[Atri]]. Similarly ''Robert Garfinkle'' in his book ''Luna Cognita'' also discussed about the Atri's Eclipse.<ref name="sciengine"/>

== Background ==
In the text [[Rigveda]], there is a story of the sage [[Atri]] who demolished an asura [[Svarbhānu|Swarbhanu]] for the liberation of the sun from a total solar eclipse. In the story it is said that due to the influence of the asura, the sun suddenly disappeared during the day and made people feel scared in the darkness. Then the sage Atri demolished the asura Swarbhanu and regained the glory of sun.<ref name="sciengine"/> The language of the Rigveda is very symbolic having hidden meaning, making it difficult to comprehend in the form of historical events. Although the disappearing of the sun in the story has been interpreted by the astronomers as the total solar eclipse.

The Chapter 24 verse 3 in the text ''[[Sankhyayana Brahmana]]'' of Rigveda<ref name="sciengine"/><ref>{{Cite book|last=स्वामी श्री अखण्डानन्द पुस्तकालय|url=https://archive.org/details/ShankhayanBrahmanam|title=Shankhayan Brahmanam|date=2017-05-30|access-date=2024-09-08}}</ref> mentions the location of the rising Sun during the spring equinox in its passages. In one reference there is a description of the spring equinox occurring in Orion, and in another description it occurred in the [[Pleiades]]. These descriptions have been used as the bases for the calculation of the dates of the ''Atri's Eclipse''.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Paul Sutter |date=2024-09-02 |title=Astronomers discover oldest known eclipse reference in 6,000-year-old Hindu text |url=https://www.space.com/solar-eclipse-oldest-account-rig-veda |access-date=2024-09-06 |website=Space.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Description ==
According to the paper published in the [[Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage]], the Indian astronomer ''Mayank Vahia'' from [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] and the Japanese astronomer ''Misturu Soma'' from [[National Astronomical Observatory of Japan]] have found the reference of the earliest total solar eclipse in the text [[Rigveda]] mentioned by the Vedic sage [[Atri]].<ref name="sciengine"/><ref>{{Cite news|title=The oldest known solar eclipse occurred 6000 years ago: The Rig Veda carries mention of it|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/the-rig-veda-carries-mention-of-the-oldest-known-solar-eclipse-dated-6000-years-ago-what-was-the-exact-date-101725437624004.html|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=2024-09-08}}</ref> According to Tilak 's interpretation the eclipse occurred when the [[March equinox|Vernal equinox]] was in [[Orion (constellation)|Orion]], and three days prior to the [[September equinox|Autumnal equinox]]. The astronomers Mayank Vahia and Misturu Soma have identified the date of the solar eclipse as on 22 October 4202 BC or on 19 October 3811 BC.<ref name="sciengine"/>

The astronomers have also claimed that the story of the Atri's Eclipse is different and older from the general stories of [[Rahu]] and [[Ketu (mythology)|Ketu]] for the eclipses in the ''Hindu mythology''.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:History of astronomy]]
[[Category:Indian astronomy texts]]

Qazi Zafar Hussain

2026-01-29T17:55:42Z

Mosphe: started

{{EngvarB|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
[[Khan Sahib]], '''Qazi Zafar Hussain''' came from a [[qadi]]'s family which had, since the 16th century, been prominent among the [[landed nobility|landed aristocracy]] of the [[Soon Valley]]. He belonged to [[Awan (Pakistan)|Awans]]<ref>SIR LEPEL H. GRIFFIN writes in his book ''The Panjab Chiefs'' (1865 edition) p.570-571., that "All branches of the tribe (Awans) are unanimous in stating that they originally came from neighbourhood of ghazni to India, and all trace their genealogy to Hasrat [[Ali]] the son-in-law of the Prophet. [[Qutb Shah|Kutab Shah]], who came from Ghazni with Sultan Mahmud, was the common ancestor of the Awans. ... It was only in the Rawalpindi, Jhelam and Shahpur districts that they became of any political importance. ... In Shahpur District the Awans held the hilly country to the north west, Jalar, '''[[Naushera, Punjab|Naoshera]]''' and Sukesar, where the head of the tribe still resides." 
H. A. Rose writes, "But in the best available account of the tribe, the Awans are indeed said to be of Arabian origin and descendants of Qutb Shah" 'A Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province'[https://books.google.com/books?id=-aw3hRAX_DgC&q=A+Glossary+of+the+Tribes+and+Castes+of+the+Punjab+and+North-West+Frontier+Province ''A glossary of the tribes and castes of the Punjab and North-West ...'', Volume 1] by H.A. Rose</ref> tribe of ancient repute. He was awarded the title of [[Khan Sahib]] by the British Crown. This was a formal title, a compound of khan (leader) and sahib (Lord), which was conferred in Mughal Empire and British India. Although his father, [[Qazi Mian Muhammad Amjad]] forbade his descendants to establish [[Dargah]], he was considered [[Sajjada Nashin]] by the people of his area. "Sajjada nashins" David Gilmartin asserts, "claimed to be the descendants of the Sufi,<ref>Rural Punjab had been converted to Islam by the proselytizing activities of Sufis, and these Sufi 'saints' were the focus of Punjab's local and fragmented structure of devotional activities.</ref> 'saints', intermediaries between the Faithful and their God, and this cut against the grain of Islamic orthodoxy ... in kind, of their special religious status, these sajjada nashins had become men of local standing in their own right."<ref>David Gilmartin, Religious leadership and the Pakistan movement in the Punjab, Modern Asian studies 13, 3(1979).</ref> However he never claimed to be a Sajjada Nashin. In the Punjab, the sajjada nashin or pir families were not so rich in terms of land as the great land lords of Punjab but these sajjada nashin or pir families exerted great political and religious influence over the people.<ref>SUFI SAINTS AND STATE POWER, by SARAH F. D. ANSARI, Cambridge University Press</ref> The British could not administer the area without their help and no political party could win the election without their help.

In the early days of [[Pakistan movement]] he supported the [[Unionist Muslim League]], [[Malik Umar Hayat Khan]] and [[Sikandar Hayat Khan (Punjabi politician)|Sir Sikander Hayat Khan]], for the political interest of his [[Awan (Pakistan)|tribe]], and used his political and social influence to help the people of his area. After 1937, he began to support<ref>The Imperialist and Cambridge historians, Marxist and Nationalist historians of India and even the nationalist historians of Pakistan are of the opinion that Jinnah and Punjab Muslim League at first mobilized the strong support of the urban elite, rural landed aristocracy, Pirs and Sajjada-Nashins who subsequently won over the Muslims of Punjab for the cause of the Muslim League and Pakistan. David Gilmartin, ''Empire and Islam: Punjab and the Making of Pakistan'', Berkeley, 1988, pp. 221–222. quoted in ''Jinnah and Punjab: A study of the Shamsul Hasan Collection'' Amarjit Singh</ref> [[Punjab Muslim League]] in the greater interest of Muslims of his area. He used his family and political influence to help the people of his area.

==Early life and career==

He was born of famous qadi's family of [[Naushera, Punjab|Naushera]], [[Soon Valley]]. He was the youngest son of [[Qazi Mian Muhammad Amjad]], and youngest brother of 'Raees-Azam Naushera' [[Qazi Mazhar Qayyum]]. He was a descendant of [[Ali Ibn Abi Talib]], the fourth [[caliph]] of Islam from [[Al-Abbas ibn Ali]]. He was great great grandson of Qazi Kalim Ullah, the famous Muslim qadi and jurist of Naushera in the time of Mughal Emperors.

He was the first child in the family who got western education along with the religious education. He got matriculation certificate from Government High School Naushera, and then went to Lahore to get further education and got the degree of veterinary Doctor. He started his career as veterinary Inspector in the Remount Department of [[British Army]] in India. He also served in the [[World War I]].

He was a keen collector of horses. He established a stud farm at Hazel Pur, [[Renala Khurd]], where In 1913, Renala Khurd Stud State Farm leased out 5,000 acres (20 km2) of land to the Punjab government to cater to the needs of the army for horses, fodder and dairy products, and the tenancy agreements continued. Renala Khurd is famous for its horses, and horses from Renala Khurd Stud State Farm have won international derby races many times. After his death, this stud farm was look after by his son Lieutenant Colonel Qazi Altaf Hussain

==Title of Khan Sahib ==
In 1945, he was awarded by the title of [[Khan Sahib]] by the British Crown in recognition of his services. This was a formal title, a compound of khan (leader) and sahib (Lord), which was conferred in Mughal Empire and British India. It was a title of honour, one degree higher than [[Khan (title)|Khan]], conferred on Muslims of British India, and awarded with a decoration during British rule in India.

==Aligarh Movement==
Like his father, [[Qazi Mian Muhammad Amjad]], he was an admirer of Sir [[Syed Ahmed Khan]] educational policies. Although he himself could not go to [[Aligarh]], he sent his two elder sons, Qazi Altaf Hussain and Qazi Fiaz Hussain, to [[Aligarh Muslim University]], and preferred Aligarh Muslim University to [[Government College Lahore]], for his sons. His second son Qazi Fiaz Hussain, however left his studies incomplete at Aligarh University, and went to [[Sial Sharif]] and became a [[Sufi]].

==Unionist Muslim League==
After 1923, when Unionist party was formed by Sir Fazl-e-Hussain, he supported the Unionist Muslim League,<ref>''Wadi Soon Sakesar, The Soon Valley'', by Sarwar Awan, published by Al- Faisal Nashran, Lahore A joint venture of Lok Virsa, Islamabad and AL-Faisal Nashran, Lahore, copyright Lok Virsa, Islamabad 2002.</ref> [[Malik Umar Hayat Khan]], Sir Sikander Hayat Khan, for the interest of his tribe and the people of his area. He believed like other leaders of the party that economic liberation should precede political liberation or else it would fail. The party won all the elections between 1923 and 1937. During this time, when the Unionist Party formed governments in the Punjab Province, lot of constructive work was done towards [[debt relief]] and irrigation system, and a province like Punjab was much dependent on the irrigation system for its agricultural land.

Sufi Sarwar in his book ''The Soon Valley'' criticised Qazi Zafar Hussain for supporting the Unionist party, but we must not forget that during that period (1923–1937) the Muslim League was not active in the Punjab. Sir [[Muhammad Iqbal]] himself was also a supporter of Unionist Party at that time.<ref>''Iqbal and Provincial Politics of Punjab, (1926–1938)'', by Khurram Mahmood. http://eprints.hec.gov.pk/2449/1/2315.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718172254/http://eprints.hec.gov.pk/2449/1/2315.htm |date=18 July 2011 }}</ref> According to Ian Talbot, Iqbal and other urbanite Muslim members of PLC (1927–30) shared Fazl-i-Hussain views that Muslim interests could be better served through the Unionist Party, than by adopting a purely Muslim political platform. Samina Yasmeen writes in ''Communal Politics in Punjab (1925–1947)'' that "the birth of Unionist Party though was a tool to implement British policy, yet it would be not fair to ignore the contribution of those people who had joined the party with the belief that it will stand for the development of rural masses and would play its role for equitable distribution of monetary resources. They were also optimistic that not only the party would deal with the debt problem but would also take steps to achieve rightful share in services and educational institutions for rural youth. It was propagation of these issues that enabled Unionist rural elites to win over the support of common peasantry who joined the party with the hope that their problems would be resolved."<ref>''Communal Politics in Punjab (1925–1947)'' p.117, by Samina Yasmeen. {{cite web|url=http://prr.hec.gov.pk/chapters/2453-0.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=30 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304203952/http://prr.hec.gov.pk/chapters/2453-0.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2012 }}</ref>

==Muslim League==
[[File:Letterzafarhussain.jpg|right|thumb|300px|A certificate issued by [[Deputy Commissioner (India)|Deputy Commissioner]] C.H. Atkins of District [[Shahpur, Pakistan|Shahpur]] to Zafar Hussain]]

When, in May 1936, Sir [[Muhammad Iqbal]] appealed<ref>''Zinda Rud'', by Javed Iqbal</ref> to the Muslims of Punjab to support Muslim League, he started thinking about the support of Muslim League, and when in 1937 Sikander-Jinnah pact was signed he started supporting Muslim League.<ref>Relations between the Muslim League and the Panjab national unionist party 1935–47</ref>

In 1943, when Quaid-i-Azam [[Mohammed Ali Jinnah]] came to [[Faisalabad|Lyallpur]] and addressed a gathering of over 2 million in the Dhobi Ghat Ground,<ref>[http://sitaramall.pk/fsd.htm ::Welcome to Sitara Mall::] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100822051202/http://sitaramall.pk/fsd.htm |date=22 August 2010 }}</ref> he arranged a cavalry for the political rally and provided horses for the cavalry of Muslim students, led by his elder son Qazi Altaf Hussain. His second son Qazi Fiaz Hussain sat next to Quaid-Azam Mohammed Ali Jinnah.

He was one of those Muslim rural elites who during the 1946 Punjab Provincial Assembly Election, supported [[Punjab Muslim League]], and, without its victory in Punjab in that election", in the words of Ian Talbot, "the Muslim League would not have gotten Pakistan".<ref>''Punjab and Raj, 1849–1947'', by Ian Talbot, Riverdale MD: The Riverdale Company, 1988</ref>

He supported [[Khwaja Qamar ul Din Sialvi]],<ref>Khwaja Qamar ul Din Sialvi, was a great admirer of his father [[Qazi Mian Muhammad Amjad]], a disciple of Khwaja Qamar's great grandfather and founder of [[Sial Sharif]], Khwaja Shams-ud-din Sialvi</ref> who was president of District Shahpur Muslim League. He was also very influential in his region. They appealed to their people to vote against Tiwanas<ref>"The Tiwanas..., had a history of devoted and loyal service to the British. The most famous of the Tiwanas was Khizr Hayat who became Premier after Sikander in 1942. But his grandfather Malik Sahib Khan had also played an important role in suppressing the 1857 Revolt in Jhelum under the command of Col. Cooper. He later accompanied General Napier in the Central India campaigns to suppress the Revolt. His son Umar Hayat Khan Tiwana (Khizar's Father) followed in his father's footsteps of unquestioned loyalty to the Government. He was among the six Muslims to represent his community at Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee Celebrations. He held various important positions in the army, being the first Indian to be chosen as a Herald for King George's Coronation Durbar. He was made a major-general and appointed aide-de-camp to King George. Khizr Hayat Khan graduated from Aitchinson College and served in the army for some time. He first joined Sikander's ministry in 1937 as minister for Public Works. Many of Khizr's cousins were provincial darbaries, zaildars, jagirdars, etc." Raghuvendra Tanwar, Politics of Sharing Power: The Punjab Unionist Party 1923–1947, New Delhi 1999. p. 133 It was stated in ''Khizr Tiwana, the Punjab Unionist Party and the partition of India'', that,
<blockquote>
Groups of sepoys mutinied in their Punjabi cantonments of Ferozepore, Jullunder, Ambala and Jhelum. When a body of sepoys massed for an attack on the British district headquarters at [[Shahpur, Pakistan|Shahpur]], Malik Sahib Khan rode over from Mitha Tiwana to parley with the anxious British [[Deputy Commissioner (India)|Deputy Commissioner]]. Their meeting entered the Raj's folklore.

Malik Sahib stood before Mr. Ousley, salaamed and offered him the handle of his sword with the point directed to his own body and said "I have fifty horsemen and I can raise three hundred. I can clothe them and feed them, and if no questions are asked, I can find them arms too. They and my life are yours."

Malik Sahib Khan's dramatic gesture was the first offer of assistance to the beleaguered authorities in the West Punjab. Moreover, it was proffered at a time when the triumph of British arms was uncertain. The deputy commissioner was well aware that he could have mounted only token resistance, if the Tiwana chief had jointed the 'rebels'. The British thereafter remembered that the Tiwanas' loyalty had stood firm when it had been put to the test." ''Khizr Tiwana, the Punjab Unionist Party and the partition of India'', by Ian Talbot.
</blockquote>
</ref> who were trying to defeat the Punjab Muslim League candidates in their constituencies. It was their efforts that Muslim League candidates won 100% seats in the constituencies of their area. Ian Talbot, writes
"Another leading Chisti, sajjada nashin, Pir Qamaruddin of Sial Sharif held a meeting on the outskirts of the Kalra estate in which he publicly challenged Khizr and Allah Baksh to come to terms with the Muslim League. 'I have never begged for anything in my life before', he declared, 'but today I have come out of my home to beg for votes, believing God is present here (the meeting was being held in a mosque) it is Islamic to ask for vote and "religious" to give them.
The Muslim League is purely a religious movement in which all the rich, poor, Sufis and scholars are participating. Not as a pir but even as a Muslim, I have repeatedly advised Nawab Allah Baksh who is my Murid not to desert the Muslims at this critical time."<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=4w0HDZxXvlwC&dq=khizar+punjab&pg=PA82 ''Khizr Tiwana, the Punjab Unionist Party and the partition of India''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209215702/https://books.google.com/books?id=4w0HDZxXvlwC&dq=khizar+punjab&pg=PA82#v=onepage&q=khizar%20punjab&f=false |date=9 February 2024 }}, by Ian Talbot</ref>

He died in 1968 at Hazel Pur, Renala Khurd, and was buried in Naushera, [[Soon Valley]].

==See also==
* [[Unionist Muslim League]]
* [[All-India Muslim League]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hussain, Qazi Zafar}}
[[Category:Indian Sufis]]
[[Category:Indian people of Arab descent]]
[[Category:Hanafis]]
[[Category:Barelvis]]
[[Category:Sunni imams]]
[[Category:Iranian scholars]]
[[Category:People from Khushab District]]
[[Category:1968 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:Pakistan Movement]]
[[Category:Pakistani Muslims]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]

Ratan Singh of Bikaner

2026-01-26T14:24:56Z

Mosphe: biography

{{copy edit|date=September 2025}}
{{Short description|Maharaja of Bikaner from 1828 to 1851}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{infobox royalty
| name = Maharaja Ratan Singh
| title = [[Maharaja]]
| image = Ratan_Singh_of_Bikaner.jpg
| succession = [[Maharaja]] of [[Bikaner State|Bikaner]]
| reign = {{Nowrap|25 March 1828 – 7 August 1851}}
| predecessor = [[Surat Singh of Bikaner|Surat Singh]]
| successor = [[Sardar Singh of Bikaner|Sardar Singh]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1790|12|30|df=yes}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1851|08|07|1790|12|30|df=yes}}
| spouse = Shekhawatji Raj Kanwarji of [[Dundlod]] in [[Jaipur]]

Ranawatji Ajab Kanwarji of [[Udaipur]]-[[Mewar]]

Bhatiyaniji Chand Kanwarji of Gadiyala in [[Bikaner]]

Bhatiyaniji Udai Kanwarji of Gadiyala in [[Bikaner]]

Bhatiyaniji Umaid Kanwarji of Barsalpur in [[Bikaner]]
| issue = [[Sardar Singh of Bikaner|Sardar Singh]]

Kunwar Sher Singh (died infant)

Baiji Lal Gulab Kanwarji m.to [[Maharana]] [[Sardar Singh of Udaipur]]-[[Mewar]]
| house = {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Bikaner.svg}} [[Bikaner State|Bikaner]]
| father = [[Surat Singh of Bikaner|Surat Singh]]
| mother = Parmarji Sardar Kanwarji d.of Rao Kesari Singh of Jaitsisar in [[Bikaner]]
| dynasty = [[Rathore dynasty|Rathore]]
}}
'''Maharaja Ratan Singh''' (30 December 1790 – 7 August 1851) was the [[Maharaja|Rathore Rajput]] ruler of [[Bikaner State|Bikaner]] from the year 1828 until his death in 1851.

== Birth and early life ==
He was born on 30 December 1790 to [[Surat Singh of Bikaner|Surat Singh]] and his wife Sardar Kanwar.<ref name=":3" /> When the installation ceremony of the temple of Pashupatinath at [[Haridwar]] was conducted by Shravan Nath in 1820, he, along with [[Jawan Singh]], the [[Maharana]] of [[Kingdom of Mewar|Udaipur]], bore the expenses of the feast given to [[Brahmin|Brahmins]] on the occasion of [[Kumbh Mela]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Pauwels |first=Heidi Rika Maria |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kv0xPCZ6e9sC |title=Patronage and Popularisation, Pilgrimage and Procession: Channels of Transcultural Translation and Transmission in Early Modern South Asia ; Papers in Honour of Monika Horstmann |date=2009 |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |isbn=978-3-447-05723-3 |pages=158–159,163 |language=en}}</ref> They also gifted five elephants, five horses, five large shawls, and ten gold bracelets to those who performed the [[yajna]] and provided the architect.<ref name=":2" />

== Reign ==
Upon the death of his father, [[Surat Singh of Bikaner|Surat Singh]], in 1828, he succeeded him as the [[Maharaja]] of [[Bikaner State|Bikaner]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Purushotam Vishram Mawjee |url=https://archive.org/details/DurbarAlbum1/ |title=(1911) Imperial durbar album of the Indian princes, chiefs and zamindars, Vol. I. |date=1911 |pages=43–44}}</ref> Ratan Singh's early reign was marked by frequent uprisings by his barons, including the [[Raja]] of Mahajan, and by military campaigns to bring them to obedience.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Panikkar |first=K. M. |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.02597 |title=His Highness the Maharaja of Bikaner : a biography |date=1937 |publisher=Oxford University Press, London |pages=17}}</ref> In 1829, he violated his treaty engagements with the [[British government of India|British government]] and invaded [[Kingdom of Jaisalmer|Jaisalmer]] to avenge some depredations committed by its people.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Sehgal |first=K. k |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.120390/ |title=Rajasthan District Gazetteers Jaisalmer |date=1961 |pages=42}}</ref> He advanced up to Bansanpur.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Nand |first=Sureshwara |url=https://archive.org/details/artarchitectureo0000sure/ |title=Art & architecture of Jaisalmer |date=1990 |publisher=Jodhpur : Research Publishers |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-81-85310-02-2 |pages=16}}</ref> Both parties were ready to fight and had asked the neighboring states for assistance.<ref name=":7" /> It was only through the intervention of the [[Maharana]] of [[Kingdom of Mewar|Udaipur]] and the [[British government of India|British government]] that the dispute between them was settled.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /> However, the quarrel between them continued until 1835, when a British officer helped them reach reconciliation.<ref name=":7" /> In 1831, [[Akbar II]] sent his envoy, whom he received in a [[shamiana]] outside [[Junagarh Fort|Junagarh]], with a kharita ({{Translation|an important letter, usually sent in an elaborate textile pouch, to or from a ruler or elite}}).<ref name=":4" /> [[Akbar II]] conferred on him a [[robe of honour]], [[Mahi Maratib]], and a present of horses, an elephant, and [[Nagara (drum)|nagaras]].<ref name=":4" /> [[Akbar II]] also conferred upon him the title of Narendra Shiromani.<ref name=":4" /> He visited [[Haridwar]] in 1831, [[Rewa district|Rewa]] and [[Alwar]] in 1836, [[Udaipur]] in 1839, and [[Delhi]] in 1842.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Goetz |first=Hermann |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.14228/ |title=Art and Architecture of Bikaner State |date=1950 |pages=51,80}}</ref> Like his father, he too put forward a claim over the villages adjoining Bhadra.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Jugal Kishore |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G0Z457ZOR44C |title=History of Sirsa Town |date=1991 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri |pages=50,52 |language=en}}</ref> Captain Thoresby was appointed in 1837 to settle the border dispute between his state and the [[British government of India|British government]], but it was adjudged to the latter.<ref name=":1" /> In 1842, he supplied the [[British government of India|British government]] with 200 camels for the [[Kabul Expedition (1842)|Kabul expedition]].<ref name=":0" /> He assisted the [[British government of India|British government]] in both the Sikh campaigns.<ref name=":0" /> A year after the [[British government of India|British government]] decided to establish a line of communication between [[Sirsa]] and [[Bahawalpur]], they, in 1844, asked Ratan to provide better facilities to traders, reduce transit duties, and construct rest houses and watchtowers along this trade route.<ref name=":1" /> He obliged their request and, along with everything else specified, constructed wells.<ref name=":1" /> When Jawahar Singh sought his shelter to escape prosecution from the [[British government of India|British government]], he refused to hand him over despite their insistence.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Rajvi Amar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AZIMAQAAMAAJ |title=Mediaeval History of Rajasthan: Western Rajasthan |date=1992 |publisher=Rajvi Amar Singh |pages=496–498,639–640 |language=en}}</ref> Instead, he asked them that if they were not prepared to spare Jawahar, he was willing to surrender his son, [[Sardar Singh of Bikaner|Sardar Singh]], in his place.<ref name=":3" /> They obliged his request and permitted him to keep Jawahar in a room over Suraj Pol in Junagarh.<ref name=":3" /> This won him recognition, and bardic poetry is full of praise for him.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khadgawat |first=Nathu Ram |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.51570/ |title=Rajasthans Role In The Struggle Of 1857 (1957) |date=1957 |publisher=General Administration Department Government Of Rajasthan. |pages=103}}</ref> He put a stop to the practice of lavish dowries in [[Bikaner State|Bikaner]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bikaner |first=Rajyashree Kumari |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A7haDwAAQBAJ |title=Palace of Clouds: A Memoir |date=2018-06-08 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-93-86950-63-5 |pages=11 |language=en}}</ref> He went on a pilgrimage to [[Gaya (India)|Gaya]], where he made his officials and nobles take a solemn vow never to kill their infant daughters.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Karni |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=07sBAAAAMAAJ |title=The Relations of the House of Bikaner with the Central Powers, 1465-1949 |date=1974 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |isbn=978-0-8364-0457-9 |pages=143,148–149 |language=en}}</ref> He passed a law stating that any noble found guilty of female infanticide would have their estate confiscated.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Aakib |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9sxEAAAQBAJ |title=Complete Rajasthan GK (English) |publisher=SI Publication |pages=120 |language=en}}</ref> He banned practices such as [[Sati (practice)|sati]] and supported widow remarriage.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=ANSHDEEP |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DRAOEQAAQBAJ |title=RAJASTHAN GK. 50 DISTRICTS {{!}} ENGLISH MEDIUM: UPDATED EDITION 2024 |date=2024-06-01 |publisher=Intend Education |pages=116 |language=en}}</ref>

== Arts and architecture ==
He added the Daftar-ki-Kotri, the Ganpat Niwas, and the water pavilion in the Karan Mahal Chowk to the [[Junagarh Fort|Junagarh]], as well as the Vikram Niwas, Surat Vilas, and Kothi Lakshmi Vilas to its [[zenana]].<ref name=":6" /> He renovated the rest of the Rai Niwas and the Sujan Mahal.<ref name=":6" /> He completed the decoration of the anteroom of the Phool Mahal.<ref name=":6" /> He had the ceiling of the vestibule of the Chandra Mahal painted.<ref name=":6" /> In 1846, he laid the foundation stone of the Raj Ratan Temple in the name of his wife, Raj Kanwar, along with his own name.<ref name=":3" /> Upon its completion, he performed the [[prana pratishtha]] ceremony on 4 March 1851.<ref name=":3" />

== Personal life ==
He, like his father, wore full whiskers.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oz9BAQAAMAAJ |title=The Vedic Magazine and Gurukula Samachar |date=1913 |publisher=Ramadeva, ed. |pages=186–187 |language=en}}</ref> Bithu Bhauma authored the book ''Ratan Vilas'', and Sagardan composed ''Ratanrupak'' in his honor.<ref name=":5" />

=== Marriages ===
He married, among others, Raj Kanwar, a daughter of Ranjit Singh, the [[Thakur (title)|Thakur]] of [[Dundlod]], and Ajab Kumari, a daughter of [[Bhim Singh of Mewar|Bhim Singh]], the [[Maharana]] of [[Kingdom of Mewar|Udaipur]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hooja |first=Rima |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ |title=A History of Rajasthan |date=2006 |publisher=Rupa & Company |isbn=978-81-291-0890-6 |pages=845 |language=en}}</ref>

== Death ==
He died in 1851 and was succeeded by his son, [[Sardar Singh of Bikaner|Sardar Singh]], to his title, rank, and dignity.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:1790 births]]
[[Category:1851 deaths]]
[[Category:Maharajas of Bikaner]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:People from British India]]
[[Category:Rajasthani people]]

Kingra, Faridkot

2026-01-20T14:12:45Z

Mosphe: New...

{{Short description|Village in Faridkot, Punjab, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kingra
| other_name = ਕਿੰਗਰਾ
| settlement_type = Village
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{Coord| 30.67576669728712 | 74.56975212536385 |display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Faridkot district|Faridkot]]
| government_type = Sarpanch
| governing_body = Gram panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| population_total = 1806
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Census of India 2011 (Punjab) |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3ca9c267dad0305d1a6308d2a0cf1c39c/uploads/2016/09/2018052293.pdf |website=cdn.s3waas.gov.in |page=50}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code = 151203
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Sadiq (town)]], [[Faridkot, India]]
| website =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Gram panchayat]]
}}
'''Kingra''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: ਕਿੰਗਰਾ) is a village located in [[Faridkot district]] of [[Punjab]] State.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kingra · Punjab 151212, India |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Kingra,+Punjab+151212/@30.6754591,74.5673337,15.33z/data=!4m6!3m5!1s0x3917601566039cff:0xf674332293ee3993!8m2!3d30.6761524!4d74.5712262!16s/g/1tcyjf57?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI1MDYxMS4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw== |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=Kingra · Punjab 151212, India |language=en}}</ref> The Village has a population of 1806 of which 948 are males while 858 are females as per the population census of 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kingra Village Population - Faridkot - Faridkot, Punjab |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/35494-kingra-punjab.html |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref> The total geographical area of the village is about 643 hectares with 334 number of households.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Directorate of census operations Punjab |first=District Census Handbook |title=Census of India 2011 |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3ca9c267dad0305d1a6308d2a0cf1c39c/uploads/2016/09/2018052293.pdf |website= |page=50}}</ref> The postal code of the village is 151203.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GMS KINGRA {{!}} District Faridkot,Governmnet of Punjab {{!}} India |url=https://faridkot.nic.in/public-utility/gms-kingra/ |access-date=2025-06-14 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />{{PunjabIN-geo-stub}}

[[Category:Villages in Faridkot district]]

List of butterflies of India (Hesperiidae)

2026-01-11T18:11:23Z

Mosphe: starting bio - done

#REDIRECT [[List_of_butterflies_of_India#Hesperiidae]]

Adam Ayub

2025-12-18T22:09:11Z

Mosphe: Done

{{Short description|Indian actor, screenwriter, and film academician (born 1952)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{notability|bio|date=March 2025}}
{{citation style|date=March 2025}}
{{BLP sources|date=March 2025}}
}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Adam Ayub
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1952|03|08|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Mattancherry|Kochi]], (present day [[Kochi district|Kochi]], Kerala), India
| other_names =
| alma_mater = {{ubl|[[SRV High School, Ernakulam]]|[[Maharaja's College, Ernakulam]]|[[M.G.R. Government Film and Television Training Institute|Madras Film Institute]]}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|screenwriter|[[film academician]]}}
| years_active = 1975–present
| works =
| spouse =
| children = {{ubl|[[Arfaz Ayub]]}}
| awards = }}

'''Adam Ayub''' is an Indian actor, screenwriter, and film academician, primarily associated with Malayalam cinema for over 25 years. He has also worked as an assistant/associate director with noted film makers, including [[P. A. Backer]], [[K. R. Mohanan]], and [[A. Vincent]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mediaoneonline.com/mediaone-shelf/column/ramu-kariat-and-srinivasan-sanghaganam-264339|title=രാമു കാര്യാട്ടിന്റെയും ശ്രീനിവാസന്റെയും സംഘഗാനം|first=ആദം|last=അയ്യൂബ്|date=August 22, 2024|website=www.mediaoneonline.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mediaoneonline.com/mediaone-shelf/column/wide-angle-part-36-260399|title=അശ്വത്ഥാമാവില്‍ സുകുമാരനെ മാറ്റി മാടമ്പിനെ നായകനാക്കിയതിന് പിന്നില്‍|first=ആദം|last=അയ്യൂബ്|date=July 12, 2024|website=www.mediaoneonline.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mediaoneonline.com/mediaone-shelf/column/wide-angle-part-27-247351|title=പെരുവഴിയിലായ ഒരു പാതിരാത്രിയില്‍|first=ആദം|last=അയ്യൂബ്|date=March 5, 2024|website=www.mediaoneonline.com}}</ref> He assisted Backer on 11 films. Additionally, he served as a film academician at the Southern Film Institute, Thiruvallam, Thiruvananthapuram, for several years. Ayub has directed several television serials and documentaries for Doordarshan, including Kumilakal (Bubbles).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mediaoneonline.com/mediaone-shelf/mediaone-shelf-wide-angle-55-283295|title=ജീവിതത്തിന്റെ 'തുടിപ്പുകൾ'|first=ആദം|last=അയ്യൂബ്|date=March 20, 2025|website=www.mediaoneonline.com}}</ref> Kumilakal marked the debut acting role of [[Manoj K. Jayan|Manoj K Jayan]], one of Adam Ayub's students at the Southern Film Institute.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.malayalamcinema.com/meet-star/profile/manoj-k-jayan|title=malayalamcinema.com, Official website of AMMA, Malayalam Film news, Malayalam Movie Actors & Actress, Upcoming Malayalam movies|website=www.malayalamcinema.com}}</ref> He has also written the dialogues for the 2024 Malayalam movie [[Level Cross (film)|Level Cross]]. Furthermore, Ayub appeared as a judge in the climax scene of 2021 Malayalam movie [[Drishyam 2]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/drishyam-2-judge-adam-ayub-photos-movies-464614/|title=Drishyam 2: ദൃശ്യത്തിലെ ജഡ്ജി, രജനീകാന്തിന്റെ സഹപാഠി; ആദം അയൂബിന്റെ വിശേഷങ്ങൾ|website=malayalam.indianexpress.com}}</ref>

==Early life==
Adam Ayub was born as the son of Ayub Adam Sait. He attended SRV High School, Ernakulam (1963–66). In 1972, he graduated with a degree in Applied History from [[Maharaja's College, Ernakulam|Maharaja's College]], Ernakulam.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mediaoneonline.com/column/wide-angle-part-09-182931|title=മഹാരാജാസ് കോളജില്‍|first=ആദം|last=അയ്യൂബ്|date=June 28, 2022|website=www.mediaoneonline.com}}</ref> Thereafter, he joined the [[M.G.R. Government Film and Television Training Institute]] in Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mediaoneonline.com/mediaone-shelf/column/courtroom/wideangle-by-adam-ayyub-192401|title=ഫിലിം ഇന്‍സ്റ്റിറ്റ്യൂട്ട് പ്രവേശനം|first=ആദം|last=അയ്യൂബ്|date=September 23, 2022|website=www.mediaoneonline.com}}</ref> Notably, actors [[Sreenivasan]] and [[Rajinikanth]] were his classmates at the film institute.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.doolnews.com/adam-ayub-talks-about-sreenivasan-151-64.html|title=ശ്രീനിവാസനോട് അവര്‍ക്കൊക്കെ പുച്ഛമായിരുന്നു; എന്നാല്‍ അവരൊന്നും എവിടെയും എത്തിയില്ല- ആദം അയൂബ്|website=DoolNews}}</ref> Ayub reportedly persuaded Rajinikanth to resign from his bus conductor job with Bangalore Transport Service (later renamed [[Bengaluru Metropolitan Transport Corporation]]) and dedicate himself full-time to a career in film acting.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thecue.in/videos/interview/adam-ayub-interview-on-rajinikanth-drishyam-2-judge-role|title=ഞാന്‍ രജനികാന്തിനോട് പറഞ്ഞു, ഇനി നീ കണ്ടക്ടര്‍ പണി രാജി വച്ചോ; ദൃശ്യം2ലെ ജഡ്ജി ആദം അയൂബ് അഭിമുഖം|first=അനുപ്രിയ|last=രാജ്‌|date=February 26, 2021|website=The Cue}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/rajinikanth-pays-surprise-visit-to-bus-depot-where-he-worked-as-a-bus-conductor-101693303816969.html|title=Rajinikanth pays surprise visit to bus depot where he worked as a bus conductor|work=Hindustan Times |date=August 29, 2023}}</ref> Ayub graduated from the institute in 1975.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ymcmatvpm.wixsite.com/cutchi-memon-digest2/leader-of-kochi-3|title=Leader of Kochi 3|website=cutchi-memon-digest2}}</ref> Filmmaker [[Arfaz Ayub]] is his son.

==Partial filmography==
'''As actor'''
*''[[Priyamulla Sophia]]'' (1975)
*''[[Naam Pirandha Mann]]'' (1977)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Naam Pirandha Mann| url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PHxm-WI-tMU| date=10 September 2025}}</ref>
*''[[Yaro Oraal]]'' (1978)
*''Vayanadan Thampan'' (1978)
*''Charam'' (1981)<ref>{{Cite news|title=Charam|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H7jhR2Hlci8|date=15 September 2025}}
</ref>
*[[:en:Visa_(film)|''Visa'']] (1983)
*Adhyathe Anuragam (1983)
*Pournami Raavil (1985)
*''Sach'' (1989)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sach 1989|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dKqr3K3UkfESACH| date=10 September 2025}}</ref>
*''Asthikal Pookunnu'' (1989)
*''Mayilpeelithaalu'' (2002)
*''Our Lady of Lourdes'' (2007)
*''Oru Kuttanadan Blog'' (2018)
*''At Once'' (2019)
*''[[Drishyam 2]]'' (2021)
*[[Kooman (film)|''Kooman'']] (2022)

'''As assistant director'''
*''[[Kabani Nadi Chuvannappol]]'' (1975)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kabani Nadi Chuvannapol| url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=spV6bh8y2PI| date=10 September 2025}}</ref>
*''[[Chuvanna Vithukal]]'' (1977)
*[[Manimuzhakkam|''Mani Muzhakkam'']] (1977)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mani Muzhakkam | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=28_K6iVFZKc| date=10 September 2025}}</ref>
*[[Vayanadan Thamban|''Vayanadan Thampan'']] (1978)<ref>{{Cite news|title=Vayanadan Thampan |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jgOZzH2iZhU|date=15 September 2025}}</ref>
*''[[Unarthupattu]]'' (1980)<ref>{{cite web |title=Unarthupattu|access-date=13 September 2025| url= https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0155313/fullcredits/|publisher=IMDb}}</ref>
*''[[Charam]]'' (1981)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chaaram | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H7jhR2Hlci8| date=10 September 2025}}</ref>
*[[:en:Visa_(film)|''Visa'']] (1983)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Visa| url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QZjPSB53xuY| date=10 September 2025}}</ref>
*''[[Asthi]]'' (1983)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Asthi| url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9JKE88aAYb4| date=10 September 2025}}</ref>
*[[Premalekhanam (film)|''Premalekhanam'']] (1985)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Premalekhanam | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NdfgiYZcyDk| date=10 September 2025}}</ref>
*[[Innaleyude Baakki|''Innalayude Baaki'']] (1988)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Innalayude Baaki| url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KrAzMfdCVhY| date=10 September 2025}}</ref>

'''As television series director'''
*[[DD_Malayalam|''Kumilakal'']] (1991)
*''Minnaaminungukal'' (2000)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm6406019/ Adam Ayub, IMDb]
*[https://m3db.com/adam-ayub/ Adam Ayub, M3DB]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ayub, Adam}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:Malayalam screenwriters]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kerala]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Kerala]]
[[Category:Film schools in India]]
[[Category:M.G.R. Government Film and Television Training Institute alumni]]

Bhagavad-Gītā As It Is

2025-12-13T16:26:44Z

Mosphe: Page

{{short description|Translation and commentary published by ISKCON}}
{{italic title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
[[File:BGita As It Is.jpg|thumb|right|210px|Revised And Enlarged Edition (1983) front cover.]]

The '''{{IAST|Bhagavad-Gītā As It Is}}''' is a translation and commentary of the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'' by [[A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada]], founder of the [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness]] (ISKCON), commonly known as the Hare Krishna movement. This translation of ''Bhagavad Gita'' emphasizes a path of devotion toward the [[personal god]], [[Krishna]]. It was first published in 1968 in English by [[Macmillan Publishers]], and is now available in nearly sixty languages.<ref name = hk34>{{Harvnb|Cole|Dwayer|2007|p=34}}</ref><ref name="translation">The [[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust]] offers a 2006 {{cite web| url=http://www.bbt.info/files/languages/Books_in_Print_JUN06.pdf| title=summary PDF file showing which books have been translated into which languages.| publisher=www.krishna.com| accessdate=2008-05-30| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528180745/http://www.bbt.info/files/languages/Books_in_Print_JUN06.pdf| archivedate=28 May 2008| url-status=dead}}</ref> It is primarily promoted and distributed by members of [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|ISKCON]].

==Contents==
For each verse, the book (in complete editions) includes the [[Devanagari]] script, a [[Latin script|Latin]] transliteration, word-for-word [[Sanskrit]]-[[English language|English]] meanings, and English translation. An extensive commentary by Prabhupada is given throughout, based on various Gaudiya Vaishnava works, including: ''[[Ramanuja]] Bhasya'' (in Sanskrit); ''Sarartha-varsini-tika'' (Sanskrit) by [[Visvanatha Chakravarti|Visvanatha Chakravarti Thakura]]; Gita-bhusana-tika (Sanskrit) by [[Baladeva Vidyabhushana]]; and [[Bhaktivinode Thakur]]'s [[Bengali language|Bengali]] commentaries.

The narrative in the {{IAST|Bhagavad-Gītā}} concerns a dialogue between Lord [[Krishna]] and a mighty warrior named [[Arjuna]] on the battlefield of Kurukshetra. In the narrative, Krishna has descended to earth to aid Arjuna in his battle against Kauravas and their army. Krishna assumes the role of Arjuna's chariot driver and aids him in the battle and reveals to Arjuna several divine truths about human existence in the material plane, the true nature of the supreme personality of God, and the method of eternal progression and release from the earthly cycles of death and rebirth through the practice of [[bhakti yoga]]. The narrative teaches that achieving Krishna consciousness and attaining the inner realization that all life is a manifestation of the eternal energy of Krishna will release an individual soul from the cycles of [[reincarnation]] (death and rebirth). The narrative culminates with Krishna revealing to Arjuna his universal form which encompasses all life and material existence. One notable event in the narrative is when Arjuna gazes at the opposing army and sees his relatives fighting for the opposing army, he is filled with grief and remorse that he must kill his own flesh and blood. In reply, Krishna reveals his true form to Arjuna and tells him that it does not matter if his relatives die in the battle today because they will eventually die anyway, and that Arjuna's duty to the supreme lord and his own self-realization transcends his material attachments to his relatives. The central message of the text is that nothing ever truly dies and that all life is in a continual cycle of death and rebirth, and that one has a duty to the process of self-realization and progression in order to manifest the supreme personality of God and achieve Krishna Consciousness, thereby escaping the eternal cycles of death and rebirth.

The book advocates the path of ''[[bhakti]]'' toward [[Krishna]], who is seen as the Supreme Personality of Godhead himself. It establishes that Krishna is not an incarnation, but the cause of all causes and source of all incarnations. He is even the cause of Vishnu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://prabhupadabooks.com/bg/11/1|title=PrabhupadaBooks.com Srila Prabhupada's Original Books|website=prabhupadabooks.com}}</ref> It teaches the loving service of the transcendental personality of the Lord.

{{IAST|Bhagavad-Gītā As It Is}} is written in the tradition of [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]], whose followers regard the ''Bhagavad Gita'' as the essence of the [[Veda|Vedic knowledge]] and the [[Upanishad]]s, and consider the book authoritative and literally true.

==Substance==
{{IAST|Bhagavad-Gītā As It Is}} suggests a way of life for the contemporary Western world, and is derived from the ''[[Manu Smriti]]'' and other books of Hindu religious and social law. In this way of life, ideal human society is described as being divided into four ''[[Varna (caste)|varnas]]'' (''[[brahmana]]'' – intellectuals, ''[[kshatriya]]'' – administrators, ''[[vaishya]]'' – merchants, ''[[shudra]]'' – workers). Within his writings, Prabhupada supports the view that one becomes a member of one of the ''varnas'', not by one's birth (lineage), but by one's personal qualities ({{IAST|[[guṇa]]}}) and the type of work (''[[karma]]'') one actually performs ([https://web.archive.org/web/20060112020030/http://vedabase.net/bg/4/13/en BG 4.13]). Society is described as best ruled by a benevolent ''kshatriya'' sovereign, who is to govern according to rules set by scriptural tradition and preserved by self-controlled and pure-hearted spiritual leaders (''brahmanas''). The ''kshatriya'' sovereign (like courts in many democratic states) may also order [[death penalty|capital punishment]].

Brahmanas, elders, women, children and cows are said to deserve special protection, with animals, especially [[cow]]s, being preserved from slaughter at all costs. Prabhupada encouraged readers to adopt a [[Lacto vegetarianism|lacto-vegetarian]] diet and gives [[agriculture]] as the ideal economic basis of society. Prabhupada concluded that the society should be "Krishna conscious"—enlightened by devotion (''[[bhakti]]'') to [[Krishna]].

==Edition history==
[[A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada]], the author, arrived in the United States in 1965. In 1966, he had founded the [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness]] (ISKCON) in a storefront at 26 2nd. Ave, New York City. At that time, he was very anxious to publish his ''Bhagavad-gita As It Is''. [[Macmillan Publishers]] agreed to publish a 400-page version in 1968, but the original manuscript was over 1000 pages, so the first Macmillan edition was known as the "Abridged Edition".{{fact|date=April 2025}}

By 1972, the "Abridged Edition" sales were substantial, and Macmillan agreed to publish the "Complete Edition".{{fact|date=April 2025}}

After Srila Prabhupada died in 1977, the [[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust]] (BBT) published in 1983 a "Revised and Enlarged" posthumous edition containing at least one thousand substantial changes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bookchanges.com/108-iskcon-bhagavad-gita-changes/|title=108 ISKCON Bhagavad Gita Changes - ISKCON & BBT Prabhupada Book Changes|website=bookchanges.com}}</ref> The changes were justified as being "closer to the original manuscript". This edition has been very controversial among the followers of Srila Prabhupada.{{fact|date=April 2025}}

In 2001, Krishna Books Inc (KBI), who are licensed by the BBT, reprinted the 1972 "Complete Edition", so now both the "Complete" and "Revised and Enlarged" editions are available.{{fact|date=April 2025}}

==Distribution==
Prabhupada's translation is sold outside [[India]] due to the efforts of [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|Hare Krishna]] members on the streets, in airports, and in other public places. The book also enjoys brisk sales within India. It has been published in fifty-nine languages, including [[French language|French]], [[German language|German]], [[Danish language|Danish]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Swedish language|Swedish]], [[Russian language|Russian]], [[Polish language|Polish]], [[Czech language|Czech]], [[Slovak language|Slovak]], [[Latvian language|Latvian]], [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]], [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]], [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]], [[Georgian language|Georgian]], [[Serbo-Croatian language|Serbo-Croatian]], [[Chinese language|Chinese]], [[Japanese language|Japanese]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]], [[Hindi]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Kannada language|Kannada]],
[[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], and [[Telugu language|Telugu]].<ref name="translation"/>

==Recognition==

On 4 December 2025, [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Narendra Modi]] presented a Russian copy of Prabhupada's ''Bhagavad-Gītā As It Is'' to the [[President of Russia]] [[Vladimir Putin]] during Putin's [[state visit]] to India, writing in his official [[Twitter|X account:]] "Presented a copy of the Gita in Russian to President Putin. The teachings of the Gita give inspiration to millions across the world."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Modi |first=Narendra |date=4 December 2005 |title=X account of the Prime Minister of India |url=https://twitter.com/narendramodi/status/1996640866468090252 |access-date=5 December 2025}}</ref> The note added to the gift explained: "Its timeless wisdom inspires ethical living, mind control, and inner peace, with translations making it accessible to modern readers worldwide".<ref>{{Cite news |last=HT News Desk |date=5 December 2025 |title=M Modi's gifts to Putin span from Kashmir to Bengal and beyond, list includes special copy of Gita {{!}} Details, photos |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modis-gifts-to-putin-span-from-kashmir-to-bengal-and-beyond-list-includes-special-copy-of-gita-details-photos-101764946527495.html |url-status=live |access-date=6 December 2025 |work=[[The Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

==Trial==
{{Main|Bhagavad Gita As It Is trial}}
{{Wikinews|Indian Parliament irate as Russia poised to ban Bhagavad Gita | Russian court rejects move to ban Hindu scripture}}
In June 2011, a group linked to the [[Russian Orthodox Church]] had demanded a ban owing to an alleged "conflict of interests" between the [[Hinduism in Russia|Russian followers]] of [[Krishna]] and local authorities in the Siberian region of [[Tomsk]]. The case was dismissed by a federal judge on 28 December 2011.<ref name=ban1>{{cite news|title=Gita row: Russia court refuses to ban Bhagvad Gita|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/russian-court-refuses-to-ban-gita-report-161516|accessdate=28 December 2011|newspaper=[[NDTV]]|date=28 December 2011}}</ref>

Russian ambassador [[Alexander Kadakin]] condemned the "madmen" seeking the ban, underlining that Russia was a secular country:<ref>{{cite news|title=Declare Bhagavad Gita as national book, demands BJP|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Declare-Bhagavad-Gita-as-national-book-demands-BJP/Article1-784744.aspx|accessdate=20 December 2011|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=20 December 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111220143222/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Declare-Bhagavad-Gita-as-national-book-demands-BJP/Article1-784744.aspx|archivedate=20 December 2011}}</ref>
{{Cquote|Russia is a secular and democratic country where all religions enjoy equal respect... Even more applicable it is to the holy scriptures of various faiths -- whether it is the Bible, the Holy Quran, Torah, Avesta and, of course, ''Bhagavad Gita'' -- the great source of wisdom for the people of India and the world.}}
About 15,000 Indians in [[Moscow]] and followers of ISKCON in [[Russia]] asked the [[Indian government]] to intervene to resolve the issue.<ref>{{cite news|title=Gita row snowballs, India raises issue at 'highest levels'|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/gita-row-snowballs-india-raises-issue-at-highest-levels/articleshow/11180045.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120712122740/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/gita-row-snowballs-india-raises-issue-at-highest-levels/articleshow/11180045.cms|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 July 2012|accessdate=20 December 2011|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=20 December 2011}}</ref> The move triggered strong protests by [[Parliament of India|Members of Parliament]] as they wanted the Indian Government to take up the matter strongly with Russia. The final hearing in the Tomsk district court was then scheduled on 28 December, with the court agreeing to seek the opinion of the Russian [[Ombudsman]] on human rights in the [[Tomsk|Tomsk region]] as well as [[Indology|Indologists]] from [[Moscow]] and [[St Petersburg]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Gita ban: Russian court suspended verdict till 28 Dec|url=http://www.thestatesman.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=393903&catid=36|accessdate=20 December 2011|newspaper=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]|date=19 December 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108011714/http://www.thestatesman.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=393903&catid=36|archivedate=8 January 2012}}</ref> The prosecutor's office filed an appeal against the judge's ruling, but on 21 March 2012, the appeal court upheld the decision of the lower court, rejecting the prosecutor's petition.<ref name=NDTVxx>{{cite news|title=Russian court dismisses plea seeking ban on Gita|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/world/russian-court-dismisses-plea-seeking-ban-on-gita-188254|accessdate=21 March 2012|newspaper=[[NDTV]]|date=21 March 2012|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{Citation
|last1=Cole
|first1=Richard
| last2= Dwayer
| first2= Graham
| year=2007
| title=The Hare Krishna Movement: Forty Years of Chant and Change
| publisher=I. B. Tauris
| location=London
| isbn=978-1-84511-407-7 }}
* {{Citation
| last=Davis
| first=Richard H.
| year=2014
| title=The Bhagavad Gita: A Biography
| publisher=Princeton University Press
| isbn=978-1-40085-197-3
| pages=165–168}}
* {{Citation
| last =Goswami
| first = Satsvarupa dasa
| year = 2002
| authorlink = Satsvarupa dasa Goswami
| title =Srila Prabhupada Lilamrta Vol 1-2
| publisher=[[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust]]
| location=[[Los Angeles]]
| edition=2 nd
| pages = vol.1 1133 pages vol.2 1191 pages
| isbn = 0-89213-357-0}}

==External links==
* [http://www.worldcat.org/title/bhagavad-gita-as-it-is/oclc/2231212/editions ''Bhagavad-Gita As It Is'' editions] (Worldcat)
* [http://bbtedit.com/examples ''Bhagavad-Gita As It Is'' edits]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhagavad-Gita As It Is}}
[[Category:1968 books]]
[[Category:Bhagavad Gita]]
[[Category:Books by A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada]]
[[Category:International Society for Krishna Consciousness texts]]
[[Category:Macmillan Publishers books]]
[[Category:Vaishnavism]]

Maninagar

2025-12-09T11:55:46Z

Mosphe:

{{for|the legislative assembly constituency with identical name|Maninagar Assembly constituency}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Maninagar
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Neighbourhood
| image_skyline = Smurti mandir.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Maninagar Mandir
| pushpin_map = India Ahmedabad#India Gujarat#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.9995|N|72.6003|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Gujarat]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Metropolitan area|Metro]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ahmedabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 53
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = 258
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]], English
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 380 008
| registration_plate = GJ-01-XX-XXXX (Former), GJ-27-XX-XXXX (Current)
| blank1_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation]]
| website = {{URL|gujaratindia.com}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Maninagar''' is an area of [[Ahmedabad]] city, [[Gujarat]], India. It is located in the southern part of the city and an important area of the city. It can be divided into two regions - Maninagar East and Maninagar West, separated by the [[Maninagar Railway Station]].

[[Narendra Modi]] who was also the Chief Minister of the Gujarat State Government had represented this constituency as a Member of the Legislative Assembly till 21 May 2014, when he resigned as Gujarat CM for the position of Prime Minister of India and also resigned as Maninagar MLA.

==History==
Maninagar is originally a land that belonged to Seth Maneklal Manilal, a powerful banker. He donated a big piece of this land to develop the first organized settlement outside the walled city. [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel]] created the first town planning scheme for Manipur, now called Maninagar.<ref>{{cite web|title=History of Maninagar|url=http://www.maninagar.com/about_maninagar.htm|access-date=23 January 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120903223352/http://www.maninagar.com/about_maninagar.htm|archive-date=3 September 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Maninagar founder's haveli restored|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-08/ahmedabad/29863896_1_haveli-walled-city-maninagar|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710044324/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-08/ahmedabad/29863896_1_haveli-walled-city-maninagar|url-status=dead|work=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=2012-07-10}}</ref>

==Cityscape==
The [[Kankaria]] lake and [[Nagina Wadi]] are situated in this area. This area also hosts a train station on the [[Ahmedabad]]-[[Mumbai]] line where most of the major trains stop.

Maninagar is also the entrance to the [[National Highway 8 (India) (old numbering)|Ahmedabad-Vadodara expressway.]]

==Sports==
[[EKA Arena|Transtadia Stadium]] is built near Kankaria, which has become a hub for many sporting events. Arena located there is the home stadium for Gujarat Giants of Pro-Kabaddi League.

Physical Ground is a multi-sports stadium situated in [[Khokhra]]. It was inaugurated in the year 2010. The stadium serves place to play sports like [[cricket]], [[association football|football]], [[badminton]], [[chess]], [[wrestling]], [[judo]], and [[basketball]].

In the month of March 2011, Gujarat state level; chess competition, 200 m running, kabaddi, cricket and badminton were held

It was one of the centers for Khel-Maha-kumbh that was held in 2011 by [[Government of Gujarat]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Ahmedabad topics}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Ahmedabad]]

First Nanda ministry

2025-12-06T20:08:35Z

Mosphe: created some details first draft...

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}{{Short description|Interim Union Council of Ministers headed by Nanda}}
{{Infobox government cabinet
| cabinet_name = First Gulzarilal Nanda ministry
| cabinet_type = 
| cabinet_number = ''Interim''
| jurisdiction = the [[Republic of India]]
| flag = Flag of India.svg
| flag_border = true
| incumbent =
| image = Gulzarilal Nanda 1999 stamp of India.jpg
| caption =
| date_formed = {{Start date|1964|05|27|df=y}}
| date_dissolved = {{End date|1964|06|09|df=y}}
| government_head = [[Gulzarilal Nanda]]
| government_head_history =
| state_head = [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]]
| members_number =
| former_members_number =
| total_number =
| political_party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| legislature_status = [[Majority government|Majority]]
| opposition_cabinet =
| opposition_party = ''None''
| opposition_leader = ''None''
| election = ''None''
| last_election = ''None''
| legislature_term = {{Age in years, months and days|1964|05|27|1964|06|09}}
| budget =
| advice_and_consent1 =
| advice_and_consent2 = 
| incoming_formation =
| outgoing_formation =
| predecessor = [[Fourth Nehru ministry]]
| successor = [[Shastri ministry]]
}}
The '''First Gulzarilal Nanda ministry''' was formed as an interim cabinet upon the death in office of [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] on 27 May 1964.

==Cabinet==
===Cabinet ministers===
{{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=n}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]], [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]], [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Minister of External Affairs]] and Minister of Atomic Energy
| minister1 = [[Gulzarilal Nanda]]
| minister1_termstart = 27 May 1964
| minister1_termend = 9 June 1964
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = <ref name="cabinet_Council"/>
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Finance (India)|Minister of Finance]]
| minister1 = [[T. T. Krishnamachari]]
| minister1_termstart = 27 May 1964
| minister1_termend = 9 June 1964
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = <ref name="cabinet_Council">{{cite web|title=New Council of Ministers Announced|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/CABINATE%20SECRETARIATE/1964-JAN-DEC-CABINET-SECRETARIAT/CAB-1964-05-27_011.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=27 May 1964|accessdate=17 April 2020}}</ref>
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister without Portfolio
| minister1 = [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]]
| minister1_termstart = 27 May 1964
| minister1_termend = 9 June 1964
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = <ref name="cabinet_Council"/>
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]]
| minister1 = [[Yashwantrao Chavan]]
| minister1_termstart = 27 May 1964
| minister1_termend = 9 June 1964
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = <ref name="communique">{{cite web|title=Press Communique|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/CABINATE%20SECRETARIATE/1964-JAN-DEC-CABINET-SECRETARIAT/CAB-1964-05-30_012.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=30 May 1964|accessdate=17 April 2020}}</ref>
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Petroleum and Chemicals
| minister1 = [[Humayun Kabir (Bengal politician)|Humayun Kabir]]
| minister1_termstart = 27 May 1964
| minister1_termend = 9 June 1964
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = <ref name="communique"/>
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Railways (India)|Minister of Railways]]
| minister1 = [[H. C. Dasappa]]
| minister1_termstart = 27 May 1964
| minister1_termend = 9 June 1964
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = <ref name="cabinet_Council"/>
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Human Resource Development (India)|Minister of Education]]
| minister1 = [[M. C. Chagla]]
| minister1_termstart = 27 May 1964
| minister1_termend = 9 June 1964
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = <ref name="cabinet_Council"/>
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Labour and Employment (India)|Minister of Labour and Planning]]
| minister1 = [[Damodaram Sanjivayya]]
| minister1_termstart = 27 May 1964
| minister1_termend = 9 June 1964
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = <ref name="cabinet_Council"/>
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Parliamentary Affairs and [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Minister of Information and Broadcasting]]
| minister1 = [[Satya Narayan Sinha]]
| minister1_termstart = 27 May 1964
| minister1_termend = 9 June 1964
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = <ref name="cabinet_Council"/>
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Steel, Mines and Heavy Engineering
| minister1 = [[Chidambaram Subramaniam]]
| minister1_termstart = 27 May 1964
| minister1_termend = 9 June 1964
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = <ref name="cabinet_Council"/>
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Food and Agriculture
| minister1 = [[Swaran Singh]]
| minister1_termstart = 27 May 1964
| minister1_termend = 9 June 1964
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = <ref name="cabinet_Council"/>
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Law and Minister of Communications
| minister1 = [[Ashoke Kumar Sen]]
| minister1_termstart = 27 May 1964
| minister1_termend = 9 June 1964
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = <ref name="cabinet_Council"/>
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Rehabilitation
| minister1 = [[Mahavir Tyagi]]
| minister1_termstart = 27 May 1964
| minister1_termend = 9 June 1964
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = <ref name="cabinet_Council"/>
}}
|}

===Ministers of State===
{{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=n}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Works and Housing
| minister1 = [[Mehr Chand Khanna]]
| minister1_termstart = 27 May 1964
| minister1_termend = 9 June 1964
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = <ref name="cabinet_Council"/>
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of International Trade
| minister1 = [[Manubhai Shah]]
| minister1_termstart = 27 May 1964
| minister1_termend = 9 June 1964
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = <ref name="cabinet_Council"/>
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Industry
| minister1 = [[Nityanand Kanungo]]
| minister1_termstart = 27 May 1964
| minister1_termend = 9 June 1964
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = <ref name="cabinet_Council"/>
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Transport
| minister1 = [[Raj Bahadur]]
| minister1_termstart = 27 May 1964
| minister1_termend = 9 June 1964
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = <ref name="cabinet_Council"/>
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Community Development and Cooperation
| minister1 = [[S. K. Dey]]
| minister1_termstart = 27 May 1964
| minister1_termend = 9 June 1964
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = <ref name="cabinet_Council"/>
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Health
| minister1 = [[Sushila Nayyar]]
| minister1_termstart = 27 May 1964
| minister1_termend = 9 June 1964
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = <ref name="cabinet_Council"/>
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of State (Home Affairs)
| minister1 = [[Jaisukh lal Hathi]]
| minister1_termstart = 27 May 1964
| minister1_termend = 9 June 1964
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = <ref name="cabinet_Council"/>
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of State (External Affairs)
| minister1 = [[Lakshmi N. Menon]]
| minister1_termstart = 27 May 1964
| minister1_termend = 9 June 1964
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = <ref name="cabinet_Council"/>
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Defence Production
| minister1 = [[Kotha Raghuramaiah]]
| minister1_termstart = 27 May 1964
| minister1_termend = 9 June 1964
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = <ref name="cabinet_Council"/>
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of State (Petroleum and Chemicals)
| minister1 = [[O. V. Alagesan]]
| minister1_termstart = 27 May 1964
| minister1_termend = 9 June 1964
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = <ref name="cabinet_Council"/>
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of State (Food and Agriculture)
| minister1 = [[Ram Subhag Singh]]
| minister1_termstart = 27 May 1964
| minister1_termend = 9 June 1964
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = <ref name="cabinet_Council"/>
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Supply
| minister1 = [[Ramchandra Martand Hajarnavis]]
| minister1_termstart = 27 May 1964
| minister1_termend = 9 June 1964
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = <ref name="cabinet_Council"/>
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Irrigation and Power
| minister1 = [[K. L. Rao]]
| minister1_termstart = 27 May 1964
| minister1_termend = 9 June 1964
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = <ref name="cabinet_Council"/>
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Planning
| minister1 = [[Bali Ram Bhagat]]
| minister1_termstart = 27 May 1964
| minister1_termend = 9 June 1964
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = <ref name="cabinet_Council"/>
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of State (Food and Agriculture)
| minister1 = [[A.M. Thomas]]
| minister1_termstart = 27 May 1964
| minister1_termend = 9 June 1964
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = <ref name="cabinet_Council"/>
}}
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian federal ministries}}

[[Category:Indian union ministries|Nanda I]]
[[Category:Cabinets established in 1964|Nanda I]]
[[Category:Indian ministries established in 1964|Nanda I]]
[[Category:Cabinets disestablished in 1964|Nanda I]]
[[Category:Indian ministries disestablished in 1964|Nanda I]]

Bishwanath Das

2025-11-30T09:51:32Z

Mosphe:

{{Short description|Indian politician, lawyer, and philanthropist}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Bishwanath Das
| image = Biswanath-Das.jpg
| order = 7th
| office = Chief Minister of Orissa
| term_start = 3 April 1971
| term_end = 14 June 1972
| predecessor = [[Rajendra Narayan Singh Deo]]
| successor = [[Nandini Satpathy]]
| term_start1 = 19 July 1937
| term_end1 = 4 November 1939{{efn|As Prime Minister of [[Orissa Province]].}}
| predecessor1 = [[Krushna Chandra Gajapati]]
| successor1 = Governor's rule
| office2 = [[List of Governors of Uttar Pradesh|Governor of Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_start2 = 16 April 1962
| term_end2 = 30 April 1967
| predecessor2 = [[Burgula Ramakrishna Rao]]
| successor2 = [[Bezawada Gopala Reddy]]
| birth_name = Bishwanath Dash
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1889|03|08|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Ganjam district|Belagan]], Madras Presidency, British India
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1984|06|02|1889|03|08}}
| death_place = [[Cuttack]], Orissa, India
| residence = Kaji Bazar, Cuttack
| alma_mater = {{plainlist|
* [[Ravenshaw College]]
* [[Calcutta University]]
}}
}}
'''Bishwanath Das''' ([[birth name|né]] '''Dash'''; 8 March 1889 – 2 June 1984) was an Indian politician, lawyer and philanthropist. He was the prime minister of [[Orissa Province]] of [[British India]] 1937–1939, the [[governor of Uttar Pradesh]] 1962–1967 and later [[Chief Minister of Odisha]] 1971–1972.

== Early life ==
He was born on 8 March 1889 in a [[Kanyakubja Brahmin]]<ref>{{Cite book|author=Prabir Mahanty|url=https://dasanddashsurname.blogspot.com/2018/08/das-or-dash-is-surname.html?m=1|title=Origin of Das and Dash surnames}}</ref> family at Belgan village in [[Ganjam district]] of the erstwhile [[Madras Presidency]], which is in the state of Odisha. He graduated from [[Ravenshaw College]], [[Cuttack]]. Married at an early age his only child Dr. Trinath Dash also followed on the steps of philanthropic legal practice for the poor. <ref name="Das Rath 1990 p.19 ">{{cite book | last1=Das | first1=B. | last2=Rath | first2=S.N. | title=Bishwanath Das, a tribute: published on the occasion of Bishwanath Das Birth Centenary Celebration held under the auspices of the Utkal University | publisher=Dept. of Political Science, Utkal University | year=1990 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mREcAAAAIAAJ | access-date=2019-07-03 | page=19}}</ref>

==Political career==
Bishwanath Das supported the [[Indian independence movement]] from both Odisha and Uttar Pradesh. He was a member of the legislative council of [[Madras Province]] from 1921 to 1930. He was instrumental in the creation of a separate state for the Odia-speaking people. After the separation of Orissa/Odisha from [[Bihar and Orissa Province]] on 1 April 1936, he became its prime minister (premier) on 19 July 1937.<ref name="Orissa State Archives 1997 p. ">{{cite book | author=Orissa State Archives | title=Reflections on the National Movement in Orissa | publisher=Orissa State Archives | year=1997 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gDduAAAAMAAJ | access-date=2019-07-03 }}</ref> He became a member of the [[Constituent Assembly of India]] in 1946 representing Orissa. He served as the [[governor of Uttar Pradesh]] from 16 April 1962 to 30 April 1967.<ref name="Bureau 2019">{{cite web | last=Bureau | first=OB | title=Know Odisha Greats Who Helped Frame India's Constitution - ODISHA BYTES | website=ODISHA BYTES | date=2019-11-26 | url=https://odishabytes.com/know-odisha-greats-who-helped-frame-indias-constitution/ | access-date=2020-07-31|quote=As members of the Constituent Assembly, several eminent personalities from Odisha too had made seminal contributions to the historic event on November 26, 1949. These included Bishwanath Das, Bichitrananda Das, Sarangadhar Das,...}}</ref> In 1966, he was made the president of [[Servants of the People Society]] (Lok Sevak Mandal founded by [[Lala Lajpat Rai]]).

After the [[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]], the [[Utkal Congress]], [[Swatantra Party]] and [[Jharkhand Party]] formed a coalition. Das became [[Chief Minister of Odisha]] under the coalition government. He was in office from 3 April 1971 to 14 June 1972. He set up multiple trusts for providing free legal support, food and vedantic learning institutions for the poor in Orissa and Uttar Pradesh from his lifetime earnings and salary. The institutions include Veda Bhavan at Puri.<ref name="Orissa State Museum 1993 p.46 ">{{cite book |title=The Orissa Historical Research Journal |publisher=Superintendent of Research and Museum |issue=v. 38-40 |year=1993 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nZ4pcnoxpY0C |access-date=2020-07-31 |page=46}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{noteslist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090410051005/http://orissagov.nic.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/jan2006/engpdf/or-jan-2006.pdf A short biography] by Gurukalyan Mahapatra in the Orissa Review, January 2006.
*[http://upgovernor.gov.in/upgovernor.gov.in/dasbio.htm About Shri Bishwanath Das], Governor of Uttar Pradesh.
*[http://www.allahabadhighcourt.in/event/Resume_Centenary_Celebrations_Alld_SN_Katju.pdf Allahabad High Court] By Justice Shiva Nath Katju.

{{Chief Ministers of Odisha}}
{{Governors of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Das, Bishwanath}}
[[Category:1889 births]]
[[Category:1984 deaths]]
[[Category:Chief ministers of Odisha]]
[[Category:Members of the Constituent Assembly of India]]
[[Category:Ravenshaw University alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Orissa MLAs 1971–1973]]
[[Category:Governors of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Odisha]]
[[Category:People from Ganjam district]]

Prasanna (film)

2025-11-27T06:45:47Z

Mosphe: article - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Prasanna
| image = Prasanna-1950.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[S. M. Sriramulu Naidu]]
| producer = [[Pakshiraja Studios]]
| writer = Munshi Paramupillai
| screenplay = Munshi Paramupillai
| music = [[M. S. Gnanamani]]
| starring = [[Pappukutty Bhagavathar]], [[Kottarakkara Sreedharan Nair]], [[P. A. Thomas]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1950|08|17|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Prasanna''''' is a 1950 Indian [[Malayalam-language]] film, directed by [[S. M. Sriramulu Naidu]] and produced by [[Pakshiraja Studios]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/183818-prasanna-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017065302/http://spicyonion.com/title/183818-prasanna-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=17 October 2014|title=Prasanna}}</ref> The film stars [[Pappukutty Bhagavathar]], [[Kottarakkara Sreedharan Nair]], and [[P. A. Thomas]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=9|title = Prasanna (1950)}}</ref> The film's music was composed by [[M. S. Gnanamani]]. It is the debut Malayalam film of Sreeramulu Naidu, [[Travancore sisters]] Lalitha, Padmini and Ragini, playback singers M. L. Vasantha Kumari, P. A. Periyanayiki, and Radha-Jayalakshmi, and actors Kandiyoor Parameshwarankutty, P. A. Thomas, and Pappukkutty Bhagavathar.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/prasanna-1950/article4153886.ece|title=Prasanna 1950|newspaper=The Hindu|date=2 December 2012|last1=Vijayakumar|first1=B.}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Kottarakkara Sreedharan Nair]]
* [[Pappukutty Bhagavathar]]
* Kandiyoor Parameshwaran Pillai
* [[P. A. Thomas]]
* TS Bharadwaj
* [[Lalitha (actress)|Lalitha]]
* [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]]
* [[Ragini (actress)|Ragini]]
* Kanchana
* Radhamani

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0251351}}

[[Category:1950 films]]
[[Category:1950s Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. M. Sriramulu Naidu]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. S. Gnanamani]]

{{1950s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Matsya

2025-11-23T18:04:40Z

Mosphe: minor improve intro per sources additionally and improved wording

{{Short description|Fish avatar of Vishnu}}
{{other uses}}
{{good article}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| image = Matsya Raja Ravi Varma Press.jpg
| caption = Matsya avatar by [[Raja Ravi Varma]]
| deity_of =
| name = Matsya
| Devanagari = मत्स्य
| affiliation = [[Avatar]] of [[Vishnu]]
| weapon = [[Sudarshana Chakra]], [[Kaumodaki]]
| festivals = Matsya Jayanti
| member_of = [[Dashavatara]]
| consort = [[Lakshmi]]<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yS1AAQAAIAAJ&q=matsya+consort | title=Matsya mahāpurāṇa: An exhaustive introduction, Sanskrit text, English translation, scholarly notes and index of verses | isbn=9788171103058 | last1=Jośī | first1=Kanhaiyālāla | year=2007 | publisher=Parimal Publications | access-date=10 July 2022 | archive-date=8 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408045204/https://books.google.com/books?id=yS1AAQAAIAAJ&q=matsya+consort | url-status=live }}</ref>
| mantra = Om Namo Bhagavate Matsya Devaya
}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = [[Dashavatara]] Sequence
| predecessor =
| successor = [[Kurma]]
}}
'''Matsya''' ({{langx|sa|मत्स्य||lit=fish}}) is the fish [[avatar]] of the [[Hindu god]] [[Vishnu]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bandyopadhyaya |first=Jayantanuja |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gwUF11NRyT4C&dq=matsya+avatar+Purana&pg=PA136 |title=Class and Religion in Ancient India |date=2007 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=978-1-84331-332-8 |pages=136 |language=en |access-date=10 July 2022 |archive-date=8 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008120302/https://books.google.com/books?id=gwUF11NRyT4C&dq=matsya+avatar+Purana&pg=PA136 |url-status=live }}</ref> Often described as the first of Vishnu's [[Dashavatara|ten primary avatars]], Matsya is described to have rescued the first man, [[Manu (Hinduism)|Manu]], from a great deluge.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Valborg |first=Helen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T6y0OWp1UlQC&dq=matsya+avatar&pg=PA313 |title=Symbols of the Eternal Doctrine: From Shamballa to Paradise |date=2007 |publisher=Theosophy Trust Books |isbn=978-0-9793205-1-4 |pages=313 |language=en |access-date=10 July 2022 |archive-date=8 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008120302/https://books.google.com/books?id=T6y0OWp1UlQC&dq=matsya+avatar&pg=PA313 |url-status=live }}</ref> Matsya may be depicted as a giant fish, often golden in color, or anthropomorphically with the torso of Vishnu connected to the rear half of a fish.

The earliest account of Matsya is found in the ''[[Shatapatha Brahmana]],'' where Matsya is not associated with any particular deity. The fish-saviour later merges with the identity of [[Brahma]] in post-Vedic era, and still later, becomes regarded with Vishnu. The legends associated with Matsya expand, evolve, and vary in Hindu texts. These legends have embedded symbolism, where a small fish with Manu's protection grows to become a big fish, and the fish saves the man who would be the progenitor of the next race of mankind.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dalal |first=Roshen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ&dq=matsya+progenitor&pg=PT791 |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |date=2014-04-18 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-81-8475-277-9 |language=en |access-date=10 July 2022 |archive-date=8 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008120301/https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ&dq=matsya+progenitor&pg=PT791 |url-status=live }}</ref> In later versions, Matsya slays a [[asura|demon]] named Hayagriva who steals the [[Vedas]], and thus is lauded as the saviour of the scriptures.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ninan |first=M. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-8RTZcjg9awC&dq=matsya+avatar+Hayagriva&pg=PA234 |title=The Development of Hinduism |date=2008-06-23 |publisher=Madathil Mammen Ninan |isbn=978-1-4382-2820-4 |pages=234 |language=en |access-date=10 July 2022 |archive-date=8 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008120301/https://books.google.com/books?id=-8RTZcjg9awC&dq=matsya+avatar+Hayagriva&pg=PA234 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The tale is ascribed with the motif of [[flood myths]], common across cultures.

==Etymology==
The deity Matsya derives his name from the word ''matsya'' ({{langx|sa|मत्स्य}}), meaning "fish".<ref>[[Manfred Mayrhofer|Mayrhofer, Manfred]] (1996). Entry “mátsya-”. In: ''Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen'' [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan] Volume II. Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, 1996. pp. 297-298. (In German)</ref> Monier-Williams and R. Franco suggest that the words ''matsa'' and ''matsya'', both meaning fish, derive from the root ''mad'', meaning "to rejoice, be glad, exult, delight or revel in". Thus, matsya means the "joyous one".<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary|title=matsya/matsa|url=https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/2020/web/webtc/servepdf.php?page=776|page=776|year=1899|access-date=26 September 2020|archive-date=16 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916100245/https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/2020/web/webtc/servepdf.php?page=776|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KphVAgAAQBAJ&q=sanskrit+%27mad%27+the+gay+one&pg=PA383|title=Comparative etymological Dictionary of classical Indo-European languages: Indo-European - Sanskrit - Greek - Latin|last=Franco|first=Rendich|date=2013-12-14|publisher=Rendich Franco|pages=383, 555–556|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary|title=mad|url=https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/2020/web/webtc/servepdf.php?page=777|page=777|year=1899|access-date=26 September 2020|archive-date=8 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008120305/https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/2020/web/webtc/servepdf.php?page=777|url-status=live}}</ref> The Sanskrit grammarian and etymologist [[Yāska|Yaska]] ({{circa|600 BCE}}) also refers to the same stating that fish are known as ''matsya'' as "they revel in eating each other". Yaska also offers an alternate etymology of ''matsya'' as "floating in water" derived from the roots ''syand'' (to float) and ''madhu'' (water).<ref name="yaska">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/TheNighantuAndTheNirukta/page/n513/mode/2up|title=The Nighantu and the Nirukta|last1=Yaska|last2=Sarup|first2=Lakshman|date=1967|publisher=Delhi Motilal Banarsidass|others=Robarts - University of Toronto|page=108 (English section)}}</ref> The Sanskrit word ''matsya'' is cognate with [[Prakrit]] ''maccha'' ("fish").<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary|title=maccha|url=https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/2020/web/webtc/servepdf.php?page=773|page=773|year=1899|access-date=26 September 2020|archive-date=16 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916121222/https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/2020/web/webtc/servepdf.php?page=773|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Legends and scriptural references ==

=== Vedic origins ===
[[File:BritishMuseumMatsya.jpg|thumb|left|Matsya, Central India, 9th - 10th century. [[British Museum]].<ref name="Dallapiccola2003p19">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AEQovil-HSoC&pg=PA19|title=Hindu Myths|author=A. L. Dallapiccola|publisher=University of Texas Press|year=2003|isbn=978-0-292-70233-2|pages=19–20}}</ref>]]
The section 1.8.1 of the ''[[Shatapatha Brahmana]]'' (''Yajur veda'') is the earliest extant text to mention Matsya and the [[flood myth]] in Hinduism. It does not associate the fish Matsya with any other deity in particular.{{sfn|Roy|2002|p=79}}{{sfn|Krishna|2009|p=33}}{{sfn|Bonnefoy|1993|pp= 79–80}}

The central characters of this legend are the fish (Matsya) and [[Manu (Hinduism)|Manu]]. The character Manu is presented as the legislator and ancestor king. King Manu finds a little fish in the palm of his hands when performing the tarpana (water-offering) The fish states that it fears being swallowed by a larger fish and appeals to Manu to protect it.{{sfn|Bonnefoy|1993|pp= 79–80}} In return, the fish promises to rescue Manu from an impending flood. Manu accepts the request. He puts the fish in a pot of water where it grows. Then he prepares a ditch filled with water, and transfers it there where it can grow freely. Once the fish grows further to be big enough to be free from danger, Manu transfers it into the ocean.{{sfn|Bonnefoy|1993|pp= 79–80}}<ref name="Daniélou1964p166">{{cite book|author=Alain Daniélou|author-link=Alain Daniélou|title=The Myths and Gods of India: The Classic Work on Hindu Polytheism from the Princeton Bollingen Series|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1HMXN9h6WX0C&pg=PA166 |year=1964|publisher=Inner Traditions |isbn=978-0-89281-354-4|pages=166–167 with footnote 1}}</ref> The fish thanks him, tells him the timing of the great flood, and asks Manu to build a ship by that day, one he can attach to its horn. On the predicted day, Manu visits the fish with his boat. The devastating floods come. Manu ties the boat to the horn. The fish carries the boat with Manu to the high grounds of the northern mountains (interpreted as the [[Himalayas]]). The lone survivor Manu then re-establishes life by performing [[Tapas (Indian religions)|austerities]] and [[yajna]] (sacrifices). The goddess [[Ila (Hinduism)#In Vedic literature|Ida]] appears from the sacrifice and both together initiate the race of Manu, the humans.{{sfn|Bonnefoy|1993|pp= 79–80}}{{sfn|Aiyangar|1901|pp=120–1}}<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/sbr/sbe12/sbe1234.htm|title=Satapatha Brahmana Part 1 (SBE12): First Kânda: I, 8, 1. Eighth Adhyâya. First Brâhmana|website=www.sacred-texts.com|access-date=2019-12-28|archive-date=10 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410215356/https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/sbr/sbe12/sbe1234.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Dikshitar|1935|pp=1–2}}{{Vaishnavism}}

According to Bonnefoy, the Vedic story is symbolic. The little fish alludes to the Indian "law of the fishes", an equivalent to the "[[law of the jungle]]".{{sfn|Bonnefoy|1993|pp= 79–80}} The small and weak would be devoured by the big and strong, and needs the [[dharma|dharmic]] protection of the legislator and king Manu to enable it to attain its full potential and be able to help later. Manu provides the protection, the little fish grows to become big and ultimately saves all existence. The boat that Manu builds to get help from the saviour fish, states Bonnefoy, is symbolism of the means to avert complete destruction and for human salvation. The mountains represent the doorway for ultimate refuge and liberation.{{sfn|Bonnefoy|1993|pp= 79–80}} [[Edward Washburn Hopkins]] suggests that the favour of Manu rescuing the fish from death, is reciprocated by the fish.{{sfn|Roy|2002|p=79}}

Though Matsya does not appear in older scriptures,{{sfn|Roy|2002|p=81}}<ref name="Dhavamony"/> the seeds of the legend may be traced to the oldest Hindu scripture, the ''[[Rigveda]]''. Manu (lit. "man"), the first man and progenitor of humanity, appears in the ''Rigveda''. Manu is said to have performed the first sacrifice by kindling the sacrificial fire ([[Agni]]) with seven priests; Manu's sacrifice becomes the archetypal sacrifice.<ref name="Dhavamony">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DD0w_IMFA8gC&q=Rig+Veda+ship+manu&pg=PA114|title=Classical Hinduism|last=Dhavamony|first=Mariasusai|date=1982|publisher=Gregorian Biblical BookShop|isbn=978-88-7652-482-0|pages=112–113|language=en}}</ref> Narayan Aiyangar suggests that the ship from the Matsya legend alludes to the ship of Sacrifice referred in the ''Rigveda'' and the ''[[Aitareya Brahmana]]''. In this context, the fish denotes Agni - God as well as the sacrificial flames. The legend thus signifies how man (Manu) can sail the sea of sins and troubles with the ship of sacrifice and the fish-Agni as his guide.{{sfn|Aiyangar|1901|pp=121–2}}

In a prayer to [[Saussurea costus|kushta plant]] in the ''[[Atharvaveda]]'', a golden ship is said to rest at a Himalayan peak, where the herb grows. [[Maurice Bloomfield]] suggests that this may be an allusion to Manu's ship.<ref name=":11">{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.44825|title=Hymns Of The Atharva-veda|last=Bloomfield|first=Maurice|year=1973|orig-year=1897|publisher=Motilal Banarsidas|pages=5–6, 679|series=UNESCO Collection of Representative Works - Indian Series}}</ref>

=== Saviour of Manu from the Deluge ===
[[File:Matsya Avatar, ca 1870.jpg|thumb|300px|Vishnu-Matsya appearing from mouth of a horned fish, pulling the boat with Manu and the seven sages. Matsya has recovered the Vedic scriptures from the demon Hayagriva, who lies dead in the ocean. {{Circa|1860}}-1870. V&A Museum.<ref>{{Citation |author=Unknown |title=Vishnu as Matsya |date=1860–1870 |url=http://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O68636/vishnu-as-matsya-painting-unknown/ |access-date=2023-06-11 |archive-date=11 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611005037/http://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O68636/vishnu-as-matsya-painting-unknown/ |url-status=live }}</ref>]]

The tale of Matsya also appears in sec. 186 of Book 3 (the ''[[Vana Parva]]'') of the epic ''[[Mahabharata]]''.{{sfn|Rao|1914|p=124}}{{sfn|Bonnefoy|1993|pp= 79–80}} The legend begins with Manu (specifically [[Shraddhadeva Manu|Vaivasvata Manu]], the present Manu. Manu is envisioned as a title, rather than an individual) performing religious rituals on the banks of the Chirini River in Vishāla forest. A little fish comes to him and asks for his protection, promising to save him from a deluge in the future.{{sfn|Krishna|2009|p=33}} The legend moves in the same vein as the Vedic version. Manu places him in the jar. Once it outgrows the jar, the fish asks to be put into a tank which Manu helps with. Then the fish outgrows the tank, and with Manu's help reaches the [[Ganges River]] (Ganga), finally to the ocean. Manu is asked by the fish, as in the ''Shatapatha Brahmana'' version, to build a ship and additionally, to be in it with [[Saptarishi]] (seven sages) and all sorts of seeds, on the day of the expected deluge.{{sfn|Krishna|2009|p=33}}{{sfn|Bonnefoy|1993|pp= 79–80}} Manu accepts the fish's advice. The deluge begins. The fish arrives to Manu's aid. He ties the ship with a rope to the horn of the fish, who then steers the ship to the Himalayas, carrying Manu through a turbulent storm. The danger passes. The fish then reveals himself as [[Brahma]] and gives the power of creation to Manu.{{sfn|Krishna|2009|p=33}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m03/m03186.htm|title=The Mahabharata, Book 3: Vana Parva: Markandeya-Samasya Parva: Section CLXXXVI|website=www.sacred-texts.com|access-date=2020-01-12|archive-date=20 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020114018/https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m03/m03186.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Roy|2002|pp=84–5}}

The key difference between the Vedic version and the ''Mahabharata'' version of the allegorical legend are the latter's identification of Matsya with Brahma, a more explicit discussion of the "law of the fishes" where the weak needs the protection from the strong, and the fish asking Manu to bring along sages and grains.{{sfn|Bonnefoy|1993|pp= 79–80}}<ref name="Daniélou1964p166"/><ref name="Hiltebeitel1991p177">{{cite book|author=Alf Hiltebeitel|title=The cult of Draupadī: Mythologies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VncomfRVVhoC&pg=PA177 |year=1991 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1000-6|pages=177–178, 202–203 with footnotes}}</ref>

The ''[[Matsya Purana]]'' identifies the fish-savior (Matsya) with Vishnu, instead of Brahma.{{sfn|Bonnefoy|1993|p= 80}} The [[Puranas|Purana]] derives its name from Matsya and begins with the tale of Manu.{{refn|group=note|Manu is presented as the ancestor of two mythical royal dynasties (solar or son-based, lunar or daughter-based)<ref>{{cite book|author1=Ronald Inden|author2=Jonathan Walters|author3=Daud Ali|title=Querying the Medieval: Texts and the History of Practices in South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0GyRBXRdiOwC |year=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-535243-6|pages=180–181}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Bibek Debroy|author2=Dipavali Debroy|title=The history of Puranas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6oQlAQAAIAAJ|year=2005|publisher=Bharatiya Kala |isbn=978-81-8090-062-4|page=640}}</ref>}} King Manu renounces the world. Pleased with his austerities on [[Malaya mountains]] (interpreted as [[Kerala]] in Southern India{{sfn|Shastri|Tagare|1999|p=1116}}), Brahma grants his wish to rescue the world at the time of the ''[[pralaya]]'' (dissolution at end of a ''[[Kalpa (aeon)|kalpa]]'').{{refn|group=note|As per [[Hindu units of time#Brahma|Hindu time cycles]], a ''kalpa'' is a period of 4.32 billion years, equivalent to a day in the life of Brahma. Each ''kalpa'' is divided into 14 ''[[manvantara]]''s, each reigned by a Manu, who becomes progenitor of mankind. Brahma creates the worlds and life in his day - the ''kalpa'' and sleeps in his night - the ''pralaya'', when Brahma's creation is destroyed. Brahma reawakens at the start of the new ''kalpa'' (day) and recreates.}} As in other versions, Manu encounters a little fish that miraculously increases in size over time and soon he transfers the fish to the Ganges and later to the ocean.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/144550129|title=Matsya mahāpurāṇa : an exhaustive introduction, Sanskrit text, English translation, scholarly notes and index of verses|date=2007|publisher=Parimal Publications|others=Kanhaiyālāla Jośī|isbn=978-81-7110-306-5|edition=1st|location=Delhi|oclc=144550129}}</ref> Manu recognizes the fish as Vishnu. The fish warns him about the impending fiery end of ''kalpa'' accompanied with the ''pralaya'' as a deluge. The fish once again has a horn, but the gods gift a ship to Manu. Manu carries all types of living creatures and plant seeds to produce food for everyone after the deluge is over. When the great flood begins, Manu ties the cosmic serpent [[Shesha]] to the fish's horn. In the journey towards the mountains, Manu asks questions to Matsya and their dialogue constitutes the rest of the Purana.{{sfn|Bonnefoy|1993|p= 80}}<ref name="Dalal2011">{{cite book|author=Roshen Dalal|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC&pg=PA250|access-date=12 January 2013|year= 2011|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-341421-6|page=250}}</ref><ref name="Glucklich2008p155">{{cite book|author=Ariel Glucklich|title=The Strides of Vishnu: Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KtLScrjrWiAC&pg=PA155 |year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-971825-2|pages=155–165}}</ref>

The ''Matsya Purana'' story is also symbolic. The fish is divine to begin with, and needs no protection, only recognition and devotion. It also ties the story to its cosmology, connecting two ''kalpa''s through the cosmic symbolic residue in the form of Shesha.{{sfn|Bonnefoy|1993|p= 80}} In this account, the ship of Manu is called the ship of the Vedas, thus signifying the rites and rituals of the Vedas. Roy further suggests that this may be an allusion to the gold ship of Manu in the ''Rigveda''.{{sfn|Roy|2002|p=85}}


In the ''[[Garuda Purana]]'', Matsya is said to have rescued the seventh Manu, Vaivasvata Manu, from the great deluge by placing him in a boat.{{sfn|Garuda Purana|2002|p=4}} The ''[[Linga Purana]]'' praises Vishnu as the one who saved various beings as a fish by tying a boat to his tail.{{sfn|Shastri|1990|p=514}}

===Saviour of the Vedas===
[[File:Matsya and Manu.jpg|thumb|350x350px|Manu with the seven sages in a boat tied by a serpent to Matsya (left bottom); Indra and Brahma pay their respects to Vishnu as Matsya, who is slaying the daitya Hayagriva - who hides in a conch. Mewar, circa 1840]]
The ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'' adds another reason for the Matsya avatar. At the end of the ''kalpa'', a demon Hayagriva ("horse-necked") steals the [[Vedas]], which escape from the yawn of a sleepy Brahma. Vishnu discovers the theft. He descends to earth in the form of a little ''saphari'' fish, or the Matsya avatar. One day, the king of [[South India|Dravida]] country (South India) named Satyavrata cups water in his hand for libation in the [[Vaigai River|Kritamala river]] (identified with [[Vaigai River]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], South India{{sfn|Shastri|Tagare|1999|pp=1116, 1118}}). There he finds a little fish. The fish asks him to save him from predators and let it grow. Satyavrata is filled with compassion for the little fish. He puts the fish in a pot, from there to a well, then a tank, and when it outgrows the tank, he transfers the fish finally to the sea. The fish rapidly outgrows the sea. Satyavrata asks the supernatural fish to reveal its true identity, but soon realizes it to be Vishnu. Matsya-Vishnu informs the king of the impending flood coming in seven days. The king is asked to collect every species of animal, plant, and seeds as well as the seven sages ([[Saptarshi]]) in a boat. The fish asks the king to tie the boat to its horn with the help of the [[Shesha]] serpent. The deluge comes. While carrying them to safety, the fish avatar teaches the highest knowledge to the sages and Satyavrata to prepare them for the next cycle of existence. The ''Bhagavata Purana'' states that this knowledge was compiled as a Purana, interpreted as an allusion to the ''Matsya Purana''.{{sfn|Shastri|Tagare|1999|p=1123}} After the deluge, Matsya slays the demon and rescues the Vedas, restoring them to Brahma, who has woken from his sleep to restart creation afresh. Satyavrata becomes Vaivasvata Manu and is installed as the Manu of the current ''kalpa''.<ref name="Rao124">Rao pp. 124-125</ref>{{sfn|George M. Williams|2008|p=213}}{{sfn|Shastri|Tagare|1999|pp=1116–24}}

The ''[[Agni Purana]]'' narrative is similar to the ''Bhagavata Purana'' version placed around [[Vaigai River|Kritamala river]] and also records the rescue of Vedas from the demon Hayagriva. It mentions Vaivasvata Manu only collecting all seeds (not living beings) and assembling the seven sages similar to the ''Mahabharata'' version. It also adds the basis of the ''Matsya Purana'', being the discourse of Matsya to Manu, similar to the ''Bhagavata Purana'' version.{{sfn|Shastri|Bhatt|Gangadharan|1998|pp=3–4}}<ref>Rao pp. 125-6</ref> While listing the Puranas, the ''Agni Purana'' states that the ''Matsya Purana'' was told by Matsya to Manu at the beginning of the ''kalpa''.{{sfn|Shastri|Bhatt|Gangadharan|1998|p=734}}

The ''[[Varaha Purana]]'' equates Narayana (identified with Vishnu) as the creator-god, instead of Brahma. Narayana creates the universe. At the start of a new ''kalpa'', Narayana wakes from his slumber and thinks about the Vedas. He realizes that they are in the [[cosmic ocean|cosmic waters]]. He takes the form of a gigantic fish and rescues the Vedas and other scriptures.{{sfn|Varaha Purana|1960|pp=33–5}} In another instance, Narayana retrieves the Vedas from the [[Patala|Rasatala]] (netherworld) and grants them to Brahma.{{sfn|Varaha Purana|1960|p=1}} The Purana also extols Narayana as the primordial fish who also bore the earth.{{sfn|Varaha Purana|1960|pp=59, 259}} PPL

The ''Garuda Purana'' states that Matsya slew Hayagriva and rescued the Vedas as well as the Manu.{{sfn|Garuda Purana|2002|p=411}} In another instance, it states that Vishnu as Matsya killed the demon Pralamba in the reign of the third Manu - Uttama.{{sfn|Garuda Purana|2002|p=268}} The ''[[Naradiya Purana|Narada Purana]]'' states that the demon Hayagriva (son of Kashyapa and Diti) seized the Vedas of the mouth of Brahma. Vishnu then takes the Matsya form and kills the demon, retrieving the Vedas. The incident is said to have happened in the [[Badrinath|Badari forest]]. The deluge and Manu are dropped in the narrative.{{sfn|Narada Purana|1952|pp=1978–9}} The ''[[Shiva Purana]]'' praises Vishnu as Matsya who rescued the Vedas via king Satyavrata and swam through the ocean of ''pralaya''.{{sfn|Shastri|2000|p=873}}

The ''[[Padma Purana]]'' replaces Manu with the sage [[Kashyapa]], who finds the little fish who expands miraculously. Another major divergence is the absence of the deluge. Vishnu as Matsya slays the demon Shankha. Matsya-Vishnu then orders the sages to gather the Vedas from the waters and then presents the same to Brahma in [[Prayagraj|Prayag]]. This Purana does not reveal how the scriptures drowned in the waters. Vishnu then resides in the Badari forest with other deities.{{sfn|Padma Purana|1954|pp=2656–7}} The ''Karttikamsa-Mahatmya'' in the ''[[Skanda Purana]]'' narrates that slaying of the ''[[asura]]'' (demon) Shankha by Matsya. [[Shankha]] (lit. "conch"), the son of [[Samudra|Sagara]] (the ocean), snatches the powers of various gods. Shankha, wishing to acquire more power, steals the Vedas from Brahma, while Vishnu was sleeping. The Vedas escape from his clutches and hide in the ocean. Implored by the gods, Vishnu wakes on [[Prabodhini Ekadashi]] and takes the form of a ''saphari'' fish and annihilates the demon. Similar to the ''Padma Purana'', the sages re-compile the scattered Vedas from the oceans. The Badari forest and Prayag also appear in this version, though the tale of growing fish and Manu is missing.{{sfn|Skanda Purana|1998a|pp=125–7}}

Another account in the ''Padma Purana'' mentions that a demon son called Makara steals the Vedas from Brahma and hides them in the cosmic ocean. Beseeched by Brahma and the gods, Vishnu takes the Matsya-form and enters the waters, then turns into a crocodile and destroys the demon. The sage [[Vyasa]] is credited with re-compilation of the Vedas in this version. The Vedas are then returned to Brahma.{{sfn|Padma Purana|1956|pp=3174–6}}

The ''[[Brahma Purana]]'' states that Vishnu took the form of a [[rohu|rohita]] fish when the earth was in the [[Patala|netherland]] to rescue the Vedas.{{sfn|Shah|1990|p=328}}{{sfn|Narada Purana|1952|p=1890}} The [[Krishna]]-centric ''[[Brahmavaivarta Purana]]'' states that Matsya is an avatar of Krishna (identified with Supreme Being) and in a hymn to Krishna praises Matsya as the protector of the Vedas and Brahmins (the sages), who imparted knowledge to the king.{{sfn|Nagar|2005|pp=74, 194|loc=volume II}}

The ''Purusottama-Ksetra-Mahatmya'' of ''Skanda Purana'' in relationship of the origin of the herb ''[[Artemisia pallens|Damanaka]]'' states that a ''[[daitya]]'' (demon) named Damanaka tormented people and wandered in the waters. On the request of Brahma, Vishnu takes the Matsya form, pulls the demon from the waters and crushes him on land. The demon transforms into a fragrant herb called Damanaka, which Vishnu wears in his [[Vaijayanti|flower garland]].{{sfn|Skanda Purana|1998|p=227}}

===In avatar lists===
[[File:Matsya avatar.jpg|thumb|Matsya avatar in [[British Museum]], 1820]]
Matsya is generally enlisted as the first avatar of Vishnu, especially in Dashavatara (ten major avatars of Vishnu) lists.{{sfn|Shastri|Tagare|1999|p=26}} However, that was not always the case. Some lists do not list Matsya as first, and only later texts start the trend of Matsya as the first avatar.<ref name="Dalal2011" />

In the ''Garuda Purana'' listing of the Dashavatara, Matsya is the first.{{sfn|Garuda Purana|2002|p=265}}{{sfn|Garuda Purana|2002a|p=869}} The ''Linga Purana'', the ''Narada Purana'', the ''Shiva Purana'', the ''Varaha Purana'', the ''Padma Purana'', the ''Skanda Purana'' also mention Matsya as the first of the ten classical avatars.{{sfn|Shastri|1990|p=774}}{{sfn|Narada Purana|1997|p=1450}}{{sfn|Varaha Purana|1960|p=13}}{{sfn|Shastri|2000|p=873}}{{sfn|Padma Purana|1956|p=3166}}{{sfn|Skanda Purana|2003|pp=431–2}}

The ''Bhagavata Purana'' and the ''Garuda Purana'' regard Matsya as the tenth of 22 avatars and describe him as the "support of the earth".{{sfn|Shastri|Tagare|1999|pp=26, 190}}{{sfn|Garuda Purana|2002|p=4}}

The ''Ayidhya-Mahatmya'' of the ''Skanda Purana'' mentions 12 avatars of Vishnu, with Matsya as the 2nd avatar. Matsya is said to support Manu, plants and others like a boat at the end of Brahma's day (''pralaya'').<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.13008|title=THE SKANDA-PURANA PART. 7|last=N.A|date=1951|publisher=MOTILAL BANARSIDASS PUBLISHERS PVT. LTD, DELHI|page=286}}</ref>

===Other scriptural references===

The ''Vishnu Purana'' narrative of Vishnu's boar avatar [[Varaha]] alludes to the Matsya and [[Kurma]] avatars, saying that Brahma (identified with Narayana, an epithet transferred to Vishnu) took these forms in previous ''kalpa''s.{{sfn|Wilson|1862|pp=57–8}}

The ''Agni Purana'', the ''Brahma Purana'' and the ''Vishnu Purana'' suggests that Vishnu resides as Matsya in Kuru-varsha, one of the regions outside the mountains surrounding [[Mount Meru]].{{sfn|Shastri|Bhatt|Gangadharan|1998|p=326}}{{sfn|Wilson|1862a|pp=125–6}}{{sfn|Brahma Purana|1955|p=104}}

==Iconography==
[[File:Panjabi Manuscript 255 Wellcome L0025409 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Manu with the seven sages in the boat (top left). Matsya confronting the demon coming out of the conch. The four Vedic manuscripts are depicted near Vishnu's face, within Brahma is on Matsya's right.]]
Matsya is depicted in two forms: as a [[zoomorphic]] fish or in an [[anthropomorphic]] form. The ''Agni Purana'' prescribes Matsya be depicted zoomorphically.{{sfn|Shastri|Bhatt|Gangadharan|1998|p=129}} The ''[[Vishnudharmottara Purana]]'' recommends that Matsya be depicted as horned fish.{{sfn|Shah|1990|p=240}}

In the anthropomorphic form, the upper half is that of the four-armed man and the lower half is a fish. The upper half resembles Vishnu and wears the traditional ornaments and the ''kirita-mukuta'' (tall conical crown) as worn by Vishnu. He holds in two of his hands the ''[[Sudarshana chakra]]'' (discus) and a ''[[shankha]]'' (conch), the usual weapons of Vishnu. The other two hands make the gestures of ''[[varadamudra]]'', which grants boons to the devotee, and ''[[abhayamudra]]'', which reassures the devotee of protection.{{sfn|Rao|1914|p=127}} In another configuration, he might have all four attributes of Vishnu, namely the ''Sudarshana chakra'', a ''shankha'', a [[Kaumodaki|gada]] (mace) and a lotus.<ref name="Dalal2011"/>

In some representations, Matsya is shown with four hands like Vishnu, one holding the chakra, another the shankha, while the front two hands hold a sword and a book signifying the Vedas he recovered from the demon. Over his elbows is an ''[[Angvastra|angavastra]]'' draped, while a ''[[dhoti]]-''like draping covers his hips.<ref name="MuseumDallapiccola2010">{{cite book|author1=British Museum|author2=Anna Libera Dallapiccola|title=South Indian Paintings: A Catalogue of the British Museum Collection|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FIzWapiacQcC&pg=PA78|access-date=13 January 2013|year=2010|publisher=Mapin Publishing Pvt Ltd|isbn=978-0-7141-2424-7|pages=78, 117, 125}}</ref>

In rare representations, his lower half is human while the upper body (or just the face) is of a fish. The fish-face version is found in a relief at the [[Chennakesava Temple, Somanathapura]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/india/mysore/kes09.html|title=Ancient India|website=www.art-and-archaeology.com|access-date=13 January 2013|archive-date=23 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123025322/http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/india/mysore/kes09.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Matsya may be depicted alone or in a scene depicting his combat with a demon. A demon called Shankhasura emerging from a conch is sometimes depicted attacking Matsya with a sword as Matsya combats or kills him. Both of them may be depicted in the ocean, while the god Brahma and/or manuscripts or four men, symbolizing the Vedas, may be depicted in the background.<ref name="MuseumDallapiccola2010"/> In some scenes, Matsya is depicted as a fish pulling the boat with Manu and the seven sages in it.

==Evolution and symbolism==
{{main|Flood myth}}
[[File:Manu and Saptarishi.jpg|thumb|Matsya as a golden horned fish pulling the boat with Manu and the seven sages. Matsya's horn is tied to boat with the serpent, who is also depicted behind Matsya as a symbolic support. c. 1890 Jaipur.]]
The story of a great deluge is found in many civilizations across the earth. It is often compared with the [[Genesis flood narrative|Genesis narrative]] of the flood and [[Noah's Ark]].<ref name="Dalal2011" /> The fish motif reminds readers of the Biblical '[[Jonah]] and the Whale' narrative as well; this fish narrative, as well as the saving of the scriptures from a demon, are specifically Hindu traditions of this style of the flood narrative.{{sfn|Krishna|2009|p=35}} Similar flood myths also exist in tales from ancient [[Sumeria|Sumer]] and [[Babylonia]], [[Deucalion|Greece]], the [[Maya peoples|Maya]] of Americas and the [[Yoruba people|Yoruba]] of Africa.<ref name="Dalal2011" />

The flood was a recurring natural calamity in [[Ancient Egypt]] and [[Tigris–Euphrates river system]] in ancient Babylonia. A cult of fish-gods arose in these regions with the fish-saviour motif. While [[Richard Pischel]] believed that fish worship originated in ancient Hindu beliefs, [[Edward Washburn Hopkins]] rejected the same, suggesting its origin in Egypt. The creator, fish-god [[Enki|Ea]] in the [[Eridu Genesis|Sumerian and Babylonian version]] warns [[Ziusudra|the king]] in a dream of the flood and directs him to build a boat.{{sfn|Roy|2002|pp=79–80}} The idea may have reached the Indian subcontinent via the [[Indo-Aryan migrations]] or through trade routes to the [[Indus Valley civilisation]].{{sfn|Roy|2002|pp=80–2}} Another theory suggests the fish myth is home-grown in the Indus Valley or South India [[Dravidian peoples]]. The Puranic Manu is described to be in South India. As for Indus Valley theory, the fish is common in the [[Impression seal|seals]]; also horned beasts like the horned fish are common in depictions.{{sfn|Roy|2002|p=82}}

Even if the idea of the flood myth and the fish-god may be imported from another culture, it is cognate with the Vedic and Puranic [[Cosmogony|cosmogonic]] tale of Creation through the waters. In the ''Mahabharata'' and the Puranas, the flood myth is in fact a cosmogonic myth. The deluge symbolizes dissolution of universe (pralaya); while Matsya "allegorizes" the Creator-god (Brahma or Vishnu), who recreates the universe after the great destruction. This link to Creation may be associated with Matsya regarded as Vishnu's first avatar.{{sfn|Roy|2002|pp=83–4}}

Matsya is believed to symbolise the aquatic life as the first beings on earth.<ref name="Krishna36">Krishna p. 36</ref><ref name="Dalal2011" /> Another symbolic interpretation of the Matsya mythology is, states Bonnefoy, to consider Manu's boat to represent [[moksha]] (salvation), which helps one to cross over. The Himalayas are treated as a boundary between the earthly existence and land of salvation beyond. The protection of the fish and its horn represent the sacrifices that help guide Manu to salvation. Treated as a parable, the tale advises a good king should protect the weak from the mighty, reversing the "law of fishes" and uphold [[dharma]], like Manu, who defines an ideal king.{{sfn|Bonnefoy|1993|pp= 79–80}} In the tales where the demon hides the Vedas, dharma is threatened and Vishnu as the divine Saviour rescues dharma, aided by his earthly counterpart, Manu - the king.{{sfn|Bonnefoy|1993|p=80}}

Another theory suggests that the boat of Manu and the fish represents the [[constellation]]s of [[Ursa Major]] and [[Ursa Minor]] respectively, when the star [[Thuban]] was the [[Pole Star]] (4th to 2nd millennium BCE).{{sfn|Roy|2002|p=85}}

==Worship==
[[File:Matsya (fish) in relief at Chennakeshava temple in Somanathapura.jpg|thumb|Matsya temples are relatively rare, but the iconography is found in Hindu temple reliefs. A fish-faced Matsya in [[Chennakesava Temple, Somanathapura]].]]
[[File:Main gopuram at nagalapuram7.JPG|thumb|Raja gopuram at Matsya temple of [[Vedanarayana Temple, Nagalapuram]]]]

Matsya is invoked as a form of Vishnu in various hymns in scriptures. In a prayer in the ''Bhagavata Purana'', Matsya is invoked for protection from the aquatic animals and the waters.{{sfn|Shastri|Tagare|1999|p=820}} The ''Agni Purana'' suggests that Matsya be installed in the Northern direction in temples or in water bodies.{{sfn|Shastri|Bhatt|Gangadharan|1998|pp=116, 172}} The ''Vishnudharmottara Purana'' prescribes worship for Matsya for grain.{{sfn|Shah|1990|p=118}} Matsya is invoked as a form of Vishnu in hymns in the ''Brahma Purana''.{{sfn|Brahma Purana|1955|pp = 336, 395, 447, 763, 970}} The ''[[Vishnu Sahasranama]]'' version of the ''Garuda Purana'' includes Matsya.{{sfn|Garuda Purana|2002|p=59}} The ''Vishnu Sahasranama'' in the ''Skanda Purana'' includes ''Matsya'', ''Maha-matsya'' ("Great fish") and ''[[Timingila]]'' ("a great aquatic creature").{{sfn|Skanda Purana|2003a|p=253}}

The third day in the bright fortnight of the Hindu month of [[Chaitra]] is celebrated as Matsya Jayanti, the birthday of Matsya, when his worship is recommended.{{sfn|Narada Purana|1997|p=1450}} Vishnu devotees observe a fast from a day before the holy day; take a holy bath on Matsya Jayanti and worship Matsya or Vishnu in the evening, ending their fast. Vishnu temples organize a special [[Puja (Hinduism)|Puja]].<ref>{{Cite magazine|date=April 15, 2021|title=Matsya Jayanti 2021: Date, time, significance, puja, fast|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/matsya-jayanti-2021-date-time-significance-puja-fast-1791170-2021-04-15|access-date=2021-06-05|magazine=India Today|language=en|archive-date=5 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210605124311/https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/matsya-jayanti-2021-date-time-significance-puja-fast-1791170-2021-04-15|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Meena]] community claim a mythological descent from Matsya, who is called Meenesh ("Lord of the Meenas"/ "Fish-Lord").<ref name="Kapur May 2008">{{cite journal|last=Kapur|first=Nandini Sinha|year=2000|title=Reconstructing Identities and Situating Themselves in History : A Preliminary Note on the Meenas of Jaipur Locality|journal=Indian Historical Review|volume=27|issue=1|pages=29–43|doi=10.1177/037698360002700103|quote=the entire community claims descent from the Matsya (fish) incarnation of Vishnu|df=dmy-all|s2cid=141602938}}</ref> Matsya Jayanti is celebrated as Meenesh Jayanti by the Meenas.<ref>{{Cite news|date=15 April 2021|title=मीनेष जयंती:मीणा समाज ने मनाई भगवान मीनेष जयंती|work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/kota/baran/news/meena-samaj-celebrated-lord-meenesh-jayanti-128420054.html|access-date=5 June 2021|archive-date=5 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210605124313/https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/kota/baran/news/meena-samaj-celebrated-lord-meenesh-jayanti-128420054.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=मिनेष जयंती पर मीणा समाज ने निकाली भव्य शोभायात्रा|url=https://www.patrika.com/jhalawar-news/meena-samaj-removed-the-grand-celebration-of-meenesh-jayanti-4395873/|access-date=2021-06-05|website=Patrika News|date=8 April 2019|language=hindi|archive-date=5 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210605124311/https://www.patrika.com/jhalawar-news/meena-samaj-removed-the-grand-celebration-of-meenesh-jayanti-4395873/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The ''Varaha Purana'' and the ''Margashirsha-Mahatmya'' of the ''Padma Purana'' recommends a ''[[vrata]]'' (vow) with fasting and worshipping Matsya (as a golden fish) in a three lunar-day festival culminating on the [[dvadashi|twelfth lunar day]] of the month of [[Margashirsha]].{{sfn|Varaha Purana|1960|pp=118–23}}{{sfn|Skanda Purana|1998a|pp=253–6}}

There are very few temples dedicated to Matsya. Prominent ones include the Shankhodara temple in [[Bet Dwarka]] and [[Vedanarayana Temple, Nagalapuram|Vedanarayana Temple]] in [[Nagalapuram]].<ref name = "Krishna36"/> [[Matsya Narayana Temple, Bangalore]] also exists. The ''Brahma Purana'' describes that Matsya-madhava (Vishnu as Matsya) is worshipped with Shveta-madhava (King Shveta) in the Shveta-madhava temple of Vishnu near the sacred [[Pancha Tirtha of Puri|Shweta ganga]] pond in [[Puri]].{{sfn|Shah|1990|p=328}}<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v4bV3beb0n8C&q=Svetamadhava&pg=PA11|title=The Jagannatha Temple at Puri: Its Architecture, Art, and Cult|last=Starza|first=O. M.|date=1993|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-09673-8|pages=11|language=en}}</ref>{{sfn|Narada Purana|1952|p=1890}} A temple to Machhenarayan (Matsya) is found in [[Machhegaun]], [[Nepal]], where an annual fair is held in honour of the deity.<ref name="GorakhaPatra 2020">{{cite web | title=Machhenarayan fair put off this year due to COVID-19 | website=GorakhaPatra | date=2020-09-11 | url=https://risingnepaldaily.com/featured/machhenarayan-fair-put-off-this-year-due-to-covid-19 | access-date=2020-09-26 | archive-date=17 September 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917080537/https://risingnepaldaily.com/featured/machhenarayan-fair-put-off-this-year-due-to-covid-19 | url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Koneswaram Temple#Matsya (Vishnu-Thirumal) and Shakti Koneswaram temples, Trincomalee|Koneswaram Matsyakeswaram temple]] in [[Trincomalee]], [[Sri Lanka]] is now destroyed.

There are three temples dedicated to Matsya in Kerala. The Sree Malsyavathara Mahavishnu Temple is located in the small town of [[Meenangadi]] situated on the highway between [[Kalpetta]] and [[Sultan Bathery|Sulthan Bathery]] in [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]]. Matsyamurti is the name of the principal deity, though the idol itself is that of Vishnu. The second temple dedicated to Matsya in the state is the Mootoli Sree Mahavishnu Temple in [[Kakkodi]], [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]]. The third temple is the Perumeenpuram Vishnu Temple in [[Kakkur]], Kozhikode. The idol is that of Matsya. The main ceremony of this temple for devotees is called ''mīnūt'' (feeding the fish). In Kerala's [[Theyyam]] ritual tradition, [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Palot%20theyyam3.jpg Palottu Theyyam] is a theyyakolam representing the Matsya avatar.

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book| last=Aiyangar | first=Narayan | title=Essays On Indo Aryan Mythology| publisher = Addison and Company|location = [[Chennai|Madras]] |year = 1901 | url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.217324}}
* {{cite book |first=Yves|last= Bonnefoy|title=Asian Mythologies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r4I-FsZCzJEC|year= 1993|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-06456-7}}
* {{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.9097|title=Matsya Purana a study|last=Dikshitar|first=V. R. Ramachandra|date=1935}}
* {{cite book|last=Roy | first=J. | title=Theory of Avatāra and Divinity of Chaitanya | publisher=Atlantic | year=2002 | isbn=978-81-269-0169-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lr9pFQPwhXYC&pg=PA95}}
* {{cite book |first=Nanditha |last= Krishna|title=The Book of Vishnu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f9cSlaLMlgEC |year=2009|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-306762-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Rao|first=T.A. Gopinatha|title=Elements of Hindu iconography |volume=1: Part I|year=1914|publisher=Law Printing House|location=Madras }}
* {{cite book |author=George M. Williams|title=Handbook of Hindu Mythology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N7LOZfwCDpEC|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-533261-2}}
* {{cite book | last = Mani | first = Vettam | title = Puranic Encyclopaedia: a Comprehensive Dictionary with Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature | url = https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft | publisher = Motilal Banarsidass Publishers | year = 1975  | isbn = 978-0-8426-0822-0 | author-link = Vettam Mani }}
* {{cite book|last=Shah|first=Priyabala|title=Shri Vishnudharmottara|year=1990|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.127780|publisher=The New Order Book Co.}}
* {{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.217330|title=Puranas|last=H H Wilson|date=1911|pages=84}}
* {{cite book|title= The Bhāgavata Purāṇa|last1= Shastri|first1=J. L.|last2= Tagare|first2=G. V.|url = https://archive.org/details/BhagavataPuranaMotilalEnglish/mode/2up|year = 1999|orig-year= 1950|publisher = Motilal Banarsidas}}
* {{cite book| last1=Shastri | first1=J. L. | last2=Bhatt | first2=G. P. | last3=Gangadharan | first3=N. | title=Agni Purana|year =1998 | url=https://archive.org/details/AgniPuranaUnabridgedEnglishMotilal|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt. Ltd.|orig-year=1954}}
* {{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/worksbylatehorace06wils|series=Works by the late Horace Hayman Wilson|title=The Vishnu Purána : a system of Hindu mythology and tradition|volume=VI|last=Wilson|first=H. H. (Horace Hayman)|year=1862|publisher=London : Trübner|others=Princeton Theological Seminary Library}}
** {{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/worksbylatehorac07wils/page/2|series=Works by the late Horace Hayman Wilson|title=The Vishnu Purána : a system of Hindu mythology and tradition|volume=VII|last=Wilson|first=H. H. (Horace Hayman)|year=1862a|publisher=London : Trübner|others=Princeton Theological Seminary Library}}
* {{cite book|publisher = Motilal Banarsidass| title=Brahma Purana| url=https://archive.org/details/brahma_purana_english_full |year=1955|series=UNESCO collection of Representative Works - Indian Series|ref= {{sfnref|Brahma Purana|1955}}}}
* {{cite book| last=Nagar| first=Shanti Lal | title=Brahmavaivarta Purana|year = 2005 | publisher = Parimal Publications}}
* {{cite book| title= The Garuda Purana |publisher = Motilal Banarsidas | year = 2002| url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.20541 | ref={{sfnref|Garuda Purana|2002}} | orig-year = 1957|volume=1}}
** {{cite book| title= The Garuda Purana |publisher = Motilal Banarsidas | year = 2002| url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12942| ref={{sfnref|Garuda Purana|2002a}} | orig-year = 1957|volume=3}}
* {{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/LingaPuranaJ.L.ShastriPart2|title=Linga Purana|last=Shastri|first=J.L.|orig-year=1951|year=1990|publisher = Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt. Ltd.|volume=2}}
* {{cite book| title= The Narada Purana |publisher = Motilal Banarsidas | year = 1997| url= https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12976| ref={{sfnref|Narada Purana|1997}} | orig-year = 1952|volume=4}}
** {{cite book| title= The Narada Purana |publisher = Motilal Banarsidas | year = 1952| url= https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12978| ref={{sfnref|Narada Purana|1952}} |volume=5}}
* {{cite book|title= The Varaha Purana|publisher = Motilal Banarsidas|year = 1960|series=UNESCO collection of Representative Works - Indian Series|volume=1|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12962|ref={{sfnref|Varaha Purana|1960}}}}
* {{cite book|title = The Śiva Purāṇa |publisher = Motilal Banarsidas| year = 2000| last = Shastri| first = J. L.| orig-year = 1950| url = https://archive.org/details/SivaPuranaJ.L.ShastriPart2|volume=2}}
* {{cite book|title= Padma Purana|publisher = Motilal Banarsidas|year = 1956|volume=8|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12952|ref= {{sfnref|Padma Purana|1954}}}}
** {{cite book|title= Padma Purana|publisher = Motilal Banarsidas|year = 1956|volume=9|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12954|ref= {{sfnref|Padma Purana|1956}}}}
* {{cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.20756|volume=5|year=1998|orig-year=1951|publisher = Motilal Banarsidas|title=The Skanda Purana|ref={{sfnref|Skanda Purana|1998}}}}
** {{cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.20761|volume=6|year=1998|orig-year=1951|publisher = Motilal Banarsidas|title=The Skanda Purana|ref={{sfnref|Skanda Purana|1998a}}}}
** {{cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.20778|volume=15|year=2003|orig-year=1957|publisher = Motilal Banarsidas|title=The Skanda Purana|ref={{sfnref|Skanda Purana|2003}}}}
** {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.22009|volume=12|year=2003|orig-year=1955|publisher = Motilal Banarsidas|title=The Skanda Purana|ref={{sfnref|Skanda Purana|2003a}}}}

==External links==
*{{commons category-inline|Matsya}}

{{VishnuAvatars}}
{{HinduMythology}}

[[Category:Fish gods]]
[[Category:Avatars of Vishnu]]
[[Category:Flood myths]]
[[Category:Water and Hinduism]]
[[Category:Piscine and amphibian humanoids]]

Majlis Khan Humayun

2025-11-13T06:50:01Z

Mosphe: done - done

{{Short description|Bengali statesman}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{infobox officeholder
| name = Majlis Khan Humayun
| term = 1491
| office = Governor of [[Sherpur District|Garh-Jaripa]]
| predecessor = Raja Dalip Samanta
| monarch = [[Saifuddin Firuz Shah|Firuz Shah II]]
| death_place = Garh-Jaripa, [[Sultanate of Bengal]]
| resting_place = Garh-Jaripa, [[Sultanate of Bengal]]
}}
'''Majlis Khan Humayun''', also known as '''Majlis Shah Humayun''',<ref name=dist/> was a military commander in service of the [[Sultanate of Bengal]] who led the conquest of Garh-Dalipa (renamed to [[Garh-Jaripa]]) in present-day [[Sherpur District]], [[Bangladesh]].<ref name=dhaka>{{cite news|title=Committee formed to protect archaeological relics of ancient Garhjaripa|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/nation/231835/committee-formed-to-protect-archaeological-relics|work=[[Dhaka Tribune]]|date=29 November 2020}}</ref> His military exploits led to the strategic northern expansion of the Sultanate's authority, and the takeover of the region from the Kamarupan Koch dynasty and its ruler, Raja Dalip Samanta, who was subsequently executed. According to Sarat Chandra Ghoshal, the magnitude of the Bengali victory in Garh-Jaripa can be compared to the scale of the rise of [[Biswa Singha]] in [[Kamata kingdom|Kamata]].<ref name=cooch>{{cite book|title=A History of Cooch Behar|year=1942|author=Ghoshal, Sarah Chandra|publisher=State Press, Coach Behar}}</ref>

==Career==
{{Bengal Sultanate}}
Majlis Khan Humayun was appointed by [[Sultan of Bengal]] [[Saifuddin Firuz Shah]] to lead a military expedition into the territory of [[Kamata Kingdom|Kamarupa]]. Crossing the vast [[Brahmaputra River]] in 1491, Humayun's forces marched into what is now Jamalpur, Sherpur and [[Mymensingh Division|northern Mymensingh]], successfully seizing Garh-Dalipa, a regional Koch stronghold of strategic importance and the site of [[Chand Sadagar]]'s [[dinghy]].<ref name=dhaka/> The fall of Raja Dalip in this campaign signified a decisive end to the Koch resistance and the formal introduction of Muslim rule in the area.<ref>{{cite book |author=[[:bn:কেদারনাথ মজুমদার|Mazumder, Kedarnath]] |title=ময়মনসিংহের ইতিহাস ও ময়মনসিংহের বিবরণ |publisher=Anandodhara |year=2005 |isbn= |location=[[Dhaka]] |pages=26–27 |language=bn}}</ref>

Following the conquest, Humayun was entrusted with governing the newly annexed region. He is credited with establishing the [[Bokainagar Fort]] and Tajpur forts, vital military and administrative centres that secured the Bengal Sultanate’s defence measures vis a vis the [[Garo Hills]].<ref>{{cite Banglapedia|article=Bokainagar Fort|author=Husne Jahan, Shahnaz}}</ref><ref>{{cite Banglapedia|article=Tajpur Fort|author=Husne Jahan, Shahnaz}}</ref> His administrative and military leadership helped solidify Sultan Firuz Shah’s control across this area during a time of regional upheaval. Located approximately six kilometres from modern-day Sherpur, Garh-Dalipa (Fort of Dalip) was renamed to Garh-Jaripa after the Muslim saint Jarip Shah, who is believed to have played a role in the establishment.<ref>{{citation|title=সুফি জরিপ শাহ (রহ.)|author=Rashid, Harunur|publisher=Our Sherpur|lang=bn|year=2024}}</ref> Humayun named the fort after Jarip Shah, who only agreed to vacate his spot if the new settlement bore his name. The saint’s tomb, located on the eastern edge of Kalidah Sea, remains a ''[[ziyarat]]'' site.<ref name=dhaka/> Under Humayun, the fortified city spanned about 1,100 acres, the fort was an extensive military complex featuring seven concentric earthen walls and six defensive moats. The site was accessible via four gates: Kumuduari (east), Paniduari (west), Shyamuduari (south), and Khirkiduari (north) and housed towers and bastions for defense.<ref name=sdf>{{citation|author=Farooq, Abdus Samad|title=Majlis Khan Humayun|publisher=SDF Prakashan}}</ref>

==Legacy==
Majlis Khan Humayun was interred within the Garh-Jaripa fort that he governed.<ref>{{cite book|title=ময়মনসিংহের জীবন ও জীবিকা, ১৭৮৭-১৯৮৭|language=bn|publisher=জেলা দ্বিশতবার্ষিকী উদ্যাপন, ব্যাবস্থাপনা, ও সমন্বয় কমিটি (ময়মনসিংহ জেলা, বাংলাদেশ)|year=1987|pages=12–13, 57}}</ref> Arabic inscriptions found at his tomb were translated by the [[Asiatic Society of Calcutta]] in the 19th century.<ref>{{cite book|title=বাংলার ইতিহাসের দুশো বছর: স্বাধীন সুলতানদের আমল (১৩৩৮-১৫৩৮)|lang=bn|author=Mukhopadhyay, Sukhamay|year=1980|publisher=Bhāratī Book Stall|page=93}}</ref> Additionally, the Barduari Shahi Mosque is believed to have been built during Humayun's rule.<ref name=dhaka/> Rediscovered in the early 1980s by Maulana Azizul Haque Jamalpuri after a three year search for the lost mosque, the mosque was buried under layers of earth and vegetation until excavation revealed its three domes and intricately designed 12-door structure. Reconstructed in 1984, the mosque measures approximately 100 feet by 40 feet and serves as a symbol of Humayun's legacy in Sherpur.<ref name=sdf/> Near the Khirkiduari northern gate of the Garhjaripa fort, a Koch temple once stood, believed to be associated with the royal family of Raja Dalip. Following the conquest, the temple was converted into a mosque. A traditional fair in honour of Raja Dalip’s mother continues to be held by the tribal community every [[Vaishakha]].<ref name=cooch/><ref name=dist>Mymensingh District Gazetteer, p. 32</ref> As the archaeological heritage and relics of Garhjaripa face the threat of ruin, the government has taken action to preserve them. A committee, led by [[Sreebardi Upazila]] Nirbahi Officer (UNO) Nilufa Aktar, has been formed to oversee these efforts. The committee plans to publish a booklet on Garhjaripa’s history and collect relics from local residents. Additionally, they will recommend that the [[Department of Archaeology (Bangladesh)|Department of Archaeology]] establish a museum at Garhjaripa to protect and showcase its cultural treasures.<ref name=dhaka/>

==See also==
*[[Shah Sultan Rumi]]
*[[Tipu Shah]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Humayun, Majlis Khan}}
[[Category:Rulers of Mymensingh]]
[[Category:15th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:Bengal Sultanate officers]]
[[Category:People from Sherpur District]]
[[Category:Governors in Asia]]
[[Category:15th-century generals]]
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]

Super 30

2025-10-25T10:51:40Z

Mosphe: adjust details additionally and fixed typos

{{short description|Indian educational programme started in Patna, India}}
{{About|the educational programme|the 2019 film|Super 30 (film)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Super 30
| image = Super 30 Bihar CM 2nd June2006.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Super 30 class of 2006
| motto =
| motto_translation =
| location = [[Patna]], [[Bihar]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = 
| other_name = 
| former_name = 
| type = Institute
| established = {{Start date and age|df=yes|paren=yes|2002}}
| founder = * [[Anand Kumar]]

* [[Abhayanand]]
| opened =
| closed =
| district =
| grades =
| superintendent =
| principal = [[Anand Kumar]]
| staff =
| faculty =
| gender = 
| age_range = 
| enrollment = 30 students
| campus_size =
| campus_type = Education
| team_name = Super 30
| colors = 
| communities =
| website = [http://www.super30.org www.super30.org]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Super 30''' is an Indian educational programme started in [[Patna]], [[India]] under the banner of Ramanujan School of Mathematics. It was founded by [[Anand Kumar]], a mathematics teacher.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/super-30-anand-kumar-hrithik-roshan-abhayanand-vikas-bahl/190343|title=Hrithik Roshan, you better read what Super 30 co-founder has to say about Anand Kumar {{!}} Bollywood News|website=www.timesnownews.com|date=19 January 2018 |language=en-GB|access-date=2019-02-14}}</ref> The programme selects 30 talented candidates each year from economically underprivileged sections of Indian society and trains them for the [[Joint Entrance Examination – Advanced|JEE]]. The programme is portrayed in the 2019 film, ''[[Super 30 (film)|Super 30]]'', starring [[Hrithik Roshan]] as Anand
Kumar, and his school, have been the subject of several [[smear campaigns]], some of which have been carried in Indian media sources.<ref name="thehindu2018"/>

==History==
In 2002, Anand Kumar and Abhayanand started Super 30 with the plan to select 30 talented students from economically impoverished sections who could not afford IIT coaching. These 30 students were then prepared to pass [[Joint Entrance Examination – Advanced|IIT-JEE]] examinations. Anand Kumar's mother, Jayanti Devi, volunteered to cook for the students while Anand Kumar, Abhayanand, and other teachers tutored them.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5345100.stm|title=Helping poor Indians crack toughest test|date=2006-09-21|access-date=2018-02-10|language=en-GB}}</ref> The students were also provided study materials and lodging for a year free of cost.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/specialseries/2018/01/bihar-super-30-step-ladder-180115082525229.html|title=Bihar's Super 30: First step on the ladder|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=2018-02-10}}</ref>

In the first year of the coaching, 18 out of 30 students made it to IIT. The following year, application numbers soared due to the popularity of the program and written examination was conducted to select 30 students. In 2004, 22 out of 30 students qualified for IIT-JEE, increasing the popularity of the program which attracted even more applications.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n5zoCwAAQBAJ&q=super+30+in+first+year+18+out+of+30+students&pg=PT136|title=Dreams that Don't Let You Sleep: Based on the Life Skills Management of Dr. Kalam|last=NISHANK|first=DR RAMESH POKHRIYAL|date=2016-04-08|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books Pvt Ltd|isbn=9789385975882|language=en}}</ref>

In 2005, 26 out of 30 students cleared the [[Joint Entrance Examination – Advanced|IIT-JEE]] exam, while 28 in 2006 - this despite the fact that IIT changed the examination structure. In appreciation of their efforts, Bihar [[Chief Minister]] at the time [[Nitish Kumar]] congratulated the students with a cash prize of ₹50,000 each.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/CM-felicitates-Super-30-stars/articleshow/4605436.cms|title=CM felicitates Super-30 stars - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-02-10}}</ref>

The following year 28 more students cleared the IIT-JEE, and in 2008, all of the Super 30 students cleared the IIT-JEE, after which Abhayanand quit Super 30 saying "the experiment is over."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Cop-quits-Super-30-says-experiment-is-over/articleshow/3115540.cms|title=Cop quits Super-30, says the experiment is over - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-02-10}}</ref> Some of Kumar's former students joined as Super 30 teachers and in 2009 and 2010 all 30 students again qualified the IIT JEE exams. In subsequent years the success rates from the 30 students were: 2011 (24 passed), 2012 (27 passed), 2013 (28 passed), 2014 (27 passed), 2015 (25 passed), and in 2016 (28 passed). In 2017, all Super 30 candidates made it to the IIT-JEE.<ref name = "TOI">{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/all-super-30-candidates-crack-iit-jee-advanced/articleshow/59096733.cms|title=All 'Super 30' candidates crack IIT-JEE Advanced - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-06-11}}</ref> In 2018, 26 of the 30 students cleared the exam.<ref name="tet">{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/education/26-students-from-anand-kumars-super-30-academy-crack-iit-jee/articleshow/64529608.cms|title=26 students from Anand Kumar's Super 30 academy crack IIT-JEE|date=10 June 2018|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=5 June 2019}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Qualified {{citation needed|date=October 2022}}
|-
|2003
|18/30
|-
|2004
|22/30
|-
|2005
|26/30
|-
|2006
|28/30
|-
|2007
|28/30
|-
|2008
|30/30
|-
|2009
|30/30
|-
|2010
|30/30
|-
|2011
|24/30
|-
|2012
|27/30
|-
|2013
|28/30
|-
|2014
|27/30
|-
|2015
|25/30
|-
|2016
|28/30
|-
|2017
|30/30
|-
|2018
|26/30
|}

==Awards and recognition==
''[[Time Magazine]]'' included Super 30 in its list of The Best of Asia 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/69464/math-whiz-super-30-time.html|title=Math whiz' Super 30 in Time list|website=Deccan Herald|date=14 May 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://in.jagran.yahoo.com/news/national/general/5_1_6412241.html|title=Yahoo|website=Yahoo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1988463_1988996_1988991,00.html|title=The Best of Asia 2010 - TIME|last=Thottam|first=Jyoti|date=2010-05-13|magazine=Time|access-date=2018-02-10|language=en-US|issn=0040-781X}}</ref> The organization also received praise from [[President of the United States|US President]] [[Barack Obama]]'s special envoy [[Rashad Hussain]], who termed it the "best" institute in the country.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/Obamas-special-envoy-hails-Super-30/article16125636.ece|title=Obama's special envoy hails Super 30|date=2010-08-08|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-02-10|agency=PTI|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> ''[[Newsweek Magazine]]'' included Super 30 in its list of ''Four Most Innovative Schools in the World''.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Super-30-incredible-says-Newsweek/articleshow/6581769.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103215914/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-09-19/patna/28249959_1_super-30-iit-jee-ramanujam-school | url-status=live | archive-date=3 November 2012 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Super-30' incredible, says Newsweek' | date=19 September 2010}}</ref> Anand Kumar was awarded the Maulana [[Abul Kalam Azad]] Shiksha Puraskar in November 2010, the highest award given by the [[Bihar]] state government in the field of education.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1150814/jsp/bihar/story_37182.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926201324/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150814/jsp/bihar/story_37182.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 September 2015|title=Super honour for Anand from Madhya Pradesh|work=The Telegraph|access-date=2018-02-10}}</ref>

==Smear campaigns==
On 23 July 2018, an article in [[Dainik Jagran]] cited former Super 30 students who said that only three students from the program had passed the IIT JEE exam that year, contrary to Kumar's claim that 26 had passed.<ref name=" India Today">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/India/story/patna-super-30-anand-kumar-1293475-2018-07-23|title=Patna's Super 30 mentor Anand Kumar accused of deceit to gain popularity|date=2018-07-23|magazine=[[India Today]]|access-date=2018-07-23|language=en-US}}</ref> The report also claimed that students who sought to enroll in Super 30 were pushed to enroll in another coaching center called Ramanujan Institute of Mathematics, a for-profit coaching institute, on the pretext that Kumar would coach them if they performed well. Furthermore, the article alleged that by asking IIT aspirants to enroll in Ramanuj Institute, Kumar made over ₹1 crore annually.<ref name="India Today" />

Former Deputy Chief Minister of Bihar and Current Leader of the Opposition in the Bihar Assembly [[Tejashwi Yadav]] spoke in favor of Anand Kumar and said that "propaganda is being run in media influenced by feudal mindset to discredit and defame Anand Kumar." Former Union Cabinet Minister [[Shatrughan Sinha]] has also spoken in Kumar's favor on [[Twitter]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/super-30-mentor-anand-kumar-gets-support-from-tejashwi-yadav-shatrughan-sinha-amid-charges-of-fabrication/1264394/|title=Super 30 mentor Anand Kumar gets support from Tejashwi Yadav, Shatrughan Sinha amid charges of fabrication|date=2018-07-31|work=The Financial Express|access-date=2018-10-07|language=en-US}}</ref> In August 2018, ''[[The Hindu]]'' reported that Kumar and his school are frequently the focus of faked [[smear campaigns]], and identified the potential sources of the fabricated stories that appeared in the [[Dainik Jagran]] newspaper in July.<ref name="thehindu2018">{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/bihar-super-30-founder-faces-smear-campaign/article24754008.ece|title=Bihar Super-30 founder faces smear campaign|author=Amarnath Tewary|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=22 August 2018|access-date=5 June 2019|quote=When asked who is behind all this, he quipped, "everyone knows in Patna who is he…why should I take his name?" Is the former DGP Abhyanand who was earlier associated with Super-30 for five years? Mr. Kumar did not respond.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/banker-jailed-for-86-days-for-no-crime/articleshow/66141077.cms|title=Banker jailed for 86 days for 'no crime' in Bihar|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 October 2018|access-date=5 June 2019}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
* A 60-minute film ''digibeta'' on Super 30, directed by Christopher Mitchell, was screened at the ''[[Indian Film Festival of Los Angeles]]'' (IFFLA), it was an instant hit in the US.<ref>{{cite web | title=Film 'Super 30' an instant hit in US — Patna News | website=The Times of India | date=2008-04-30 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Cities/Patna/Film_Super_30_an_instant_hit_in_US/articleshow/2997145.cms | access-date=2023-10-04}}</ref> The [[Discovery Channel]] also showed this film on Super 30 in March 2009.<ref name="di">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Patna/Discovery-to-showcase-Super-30-today/articleshow/4260869.cms|title=Discovery to showcase Super-30 today|date=Mar 14, 2009|work=The Times of India|first1=Pranava K|last1=Chaudhary}}</ref>
* A video series on Super 30 was broadcast in the popular Canadian TV series [[Witness (TV series)|Witness]].
* Time Magazine has selected mathematician Anand Kumar's school - Super 30 - in the list of Best of Asia 2010. (14 May 2010)<ref>{{cite web | url=http://in.news.yahoo.com/20/20100514/1416/tnl-math-whiz-super-30-in-time-list_1.html | title=Yahoo Search - Web Search }}</ref>

===Film===
[[Bollywood]] director [[Vikas Bahl]] cast [[Hrithik Roshan]] for his film ''[[Super 30 (film)|Super 30]]'', which is based on the life and works of Anand Kumar.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/hrithik-roshan-mathematician-anand-kumar-in-vikas-bahl-super-30 |title=Confirmed! Hrithik Roshan is playing mathematician Anand Kumar in Vikas Bahl's Super 30|date=2017-09-25|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2017-09-25|language=en-US}}</ref> It theatrically released in India on 12 July 2019 to positive reviews.<ref name=":cr2">{{cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/super-30-movie-review-rating-hrithik-roshans-film-impresses-critics-early-shows-801400|title=Super 30 movie review and rating: Critics' verdict on Hrithik Roshan's film|website=IB Times|date=11 July 2019|access-date=13 July 2019}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Rahmani30]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Education in Patna]]
[[Category:Indian educational programmes]]
[[Category:2002 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:University-preparatory schools]]

Veltoor (Veepangandla)

2025-10-09T03:52:10Z

Mosphe: Created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Veltoor]]

Suvarnavathi River

2025-07-18T02:16:14Z

Mosphe: added place

{{Short description|River in Karnataka and Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Suvarnavathi River
| native_name = {{native name list |tag1=kn|name1=ಸುವರ್ಣಾವತಿ ನದಿ|tag2=hi|name2=सुवर्णवती नदी}}
| name_other = Honnuhole, Honhole River

| image =
| image_caption =

| pushpin_map = India Karnataka#India Tamil Nadu#India
| mapframe = yes

| length = {{convert|88|km}}

| source1_location = Attugulipura, [[Chamarajanagar district|Chamarajanagara]], [[Karnataka]]
| source1_coordinates= {{Coord|11.8189|77.0550|display=inline}}
| source1_elevation = {{convert|720|m}}
| mouth = [[Kaveri River]]
| mouth_location = [[Hampapura, Mysore|Hampapura]], [[Mysore]], Karnataka
| mouth_coordinates = {{Coord|12.1754|77.0724|display=inline}}
| mouth_elevation = {{convert|770|m}}
| waterbodies = Suvarnavathi Reservoir
}}

The '''Suvarnavathi River''', also called the '''Honnuhole''' or '''Honhole''' river, is a {{convert|88|km|mi}} southern tributary of the [[Kaveri River]] in the Indian states of [[Karnataka]] and [[Tamil Nadu]]. Its drainage area is about {{convert|1787|km2|sqmi}}.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZKs1gBhJSWIC&dq=suvarnavathi+river&pg=PA707 |title=Hydrology and Water Resources of India |isbn=9781402051807 |access-date=May 19, 2023 |last1=Jain |first1=Sharad K. |last2=Agarwal |first2=Pushpendra K. |last3=Singh |first3=Vijay P. |date=16 May 2007 |publisher=Springer }}</ref>
The river begins at Badibadga in the Nasurghat hills of southern Karnataka's [[Mysore district]] as the convergence of two streams, the Niredurgihalla and Araikaduhalla. It is joined by two significant tributaries, the Chikkahole and the Yenehole, on its journey, generally to the east, to the Kaveri.<ref name=rotti>{{cite web|url=http://www.karnataka.com/mysore/river-suvarnavathi/ |title=The River Suvarnavathi or The River Honnuhole |date=18 November 2013 |author=Jolad Rotti |access-date=May 19, 2023 |publisher=Karnataka.com}}</ref>

{{anchor|Suvarnavathi Reservoir|Suvarnavathi Dam}}
The '''Suvarnavathi Reservoir''', entirely in Karnataka, is formed by the '''Suvarnavathi Dam''' built across the river.<ref>{{cite web|first=K H Obalesh | last=Chamarajanagar | newspaper=Deccan Herald |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/512101/twin-reservoirs-chamarajanagar-close-full.html |title=Twin reservoirs in Chamarajanagar close to full | date=2015-11-16 |accessdate=2016-07-08}}</ref> The dam is adjacent to the Karnataka State Forest near Punajanur along the border between Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.

== Dam ==
The Suvarnavathi Dam is located near the village of Attugulipura, [[Chamarajanagar district|Chamarajanagara District]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. It is adjacent to [[National Highway 948 (India)|National Highway 948]], and is about {{convert|14|km}} from [[Chamarajanagara]],<ref name=rotti/> a town of about 70,000 (as of 2011) which is headquarters of the district. The reservoir was built in 1977 on the [[National Highway 948 (India)|National Highway 948]] between Bengaluru and [[Coimbatore]]. Suvarnavathi reservoir has a storage capacity of {{convert|8,576,400|m3|abbr=on}}. It was constructed at a cost of about [[₹]] 299.60 lakhs in 1977. The dam is {{convert|1170|m}} long and is {{convert|25|m}} above the river bed level.

=== Reservoir ===
{{Infobox body of water
| name = Suvarnavathy Dam

| image = Suvarnavathy reservoir - panoramio.jpg
| caption = Suvarnavathy Dam

| coordinates = {{coord|11.8278|N|77.0262|W|region:ZZ_type:waterbody|display=inline,title}}
| type = Reservoir
| rivers = Suvarnavathi River
| basin_countries = India
| date-built = {{Start date|1977}}
| volume = {{convert|8,576,400|m3|abbr=on}}
| mapframe = yes
}}

{{wide image|Suvarnavathy reservoir சுவர்ணவதி அணை - panoramio.jpg|1280px}}
In 2019, it was believed that the twin reservoirs could go dry. In addition to the effect of general drought, this was due to the fact that Tamil Nadu had quietly pursued a program to build dozens of small dams in villages upstream from the reservoirs (villages including Kodipura, Thalamali, Nithapura, Egalur, Chikkahalli, Marur, Malajanapura) to preserve water for their use. Previously, a heavy rainfall in the Talwandi catchment area in Tamil Nadu would reach and fill the Chikkahole reservoir, and overflow from there would also raise the level of the Suvarnavathi reservoir. In 2019 however "despite good rainfall for a couple of weeks in Tamil Nadu, not a drop has flown into Chikkahole reservoir."<ref name=goingdry>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2019/jun/10/two-reservoirs-in-karnataka-may-go-dry-as-tamil-nadu-builds-dams-1988203.html |title=Two reservoirs in Karnataka may go dry as Tamil Nadu builds dams |date=10 June 2019 |publisher=[[The New Indian Express]] }}</ref>

An analysis published in 2022 assesses the dam's spillway capacity to be inadequate, and that a height increase of the dam is needed, else 46 villages and a city are at undue risk of flooding, which will be prohibitively expensive if it occurs.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Naveen Kumar |first1=B. S. |last2=Usha |first2=K. |last3=Kanchana |first3=M. S. |title=Hydrological Review and Dam Break Analysis of Suvaranavathi Dam Using HEC-RAS |journal=Sustainability Trends and Challenges in Civil Engineering |date=2022 |volume=162 |pages=733–754 |doi=10.1007/978-981-16-2826-9_46 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354667131_Hydrological_Review_and_Dam_Break_Analysis_of_Suvaranavathi_Dam_Using_HEC-RAS |access-date=18 July 2025}}</ref>

About {{convert|3|km}} away is Chikkahole Reservoir, created by the Chikkahole Dam, which is linked to the Suvarnavathi Reservoir by a channel. The Suvarnavathi and Chikkahole are called twin reservoirs. Both of them are in the back drop of beautiful nature. Fisheries and horticulture are the main occupation of this area. The added attraction of these reservoirs are seen in the wandering of wildlife all around.

The Suvarnavathi Reservoir is the main source of water for irrigation in nearby villages; it usually is full by end of the monsoon season and dry during summer season. The main source of water for the reservoir is rainfall in the Punanjanur (Punajur) forest area during the monsoon. Also it is the source of drinking water for wild animals as it is adjacent to the thick forest.

== Accessibility ==
Numerous bus and train services provide transportation from [[Bangalore]] to the town Chamarajanagara town, and then it is around {{convert|10|km}} further to the Suvarnavathi Dam. Local transport bus service is available for the last leg.

==See also==
Nearby attractions include:

*[[Bandipur National Park|Bandipura Reserve Forest]]
*[[Bhavanisagar dam|Bhavanisagar Dam]]
*[[Biligiriranga Hills]]

*[[Shivanasamudra Falls|Gaganachukki and Barachukki Falls]]
*[[Male Mahadeshwara Hills|Male Mahadeswara Hill]]
*[[Sathyamangalam|Satyamangalam]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{commons category|Suvarnavathy Reservoir}}

[[Category:Rivers of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Rivers of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Geography of Chamarajanagar district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Chamarajanagar district]]

{{Chamarajanagar-geo-stub}}

Rotom Tebin

2025-05-23T18:00:14Z

Mosphe:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|Member]] of [[11th Arunachal Pradesh Assembly|Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1 June 2024
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Raga Assembly constituency|Raga]]
| predecessor = [[Tarin Dapke]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}

'''Rotom Tebin''' is an Indian politician from [[Arunachal Pradesh]] belonging to the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He is a member of the Legislative Assembly in the [[11th Arunachal Pradesh Assembly|11th Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-02 |title=Raga Assembly Election Result 2024: BJP's Rotom Tebin wins |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/itanagar/raga-assembly-election-result-2024-bjps-rotom-tebin-wins/amp_articleshow/110635846.cms |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-02 |title=Raga, Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 Live Updates |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/raga-arunachal-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-2546661-2024-06-02 |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=India Today}}</ref>
He was chief Engineer in PWD,Namsai, Eastern Zone, Govt of Arunachal Pradesh before joining to politics.<ref name="Retired PWD CE joins BJP">{{cite news |title=Retired PWD CE joins BJP |url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2023/12/08/retired-pwd-ce-joins-bjp/ |access-date=23 May 2025 |publisher=The Arunachal Times |date=8 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250523175833/https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2023/12/08/retired-pwd-ce-joins-bjp/ |archive-date=23 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="Raga (ST) Constituency Election Results 2024">{{cite news |date=2 June 2024 |title=Raga (ST) Constituency Election Results 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/constituency-show/raga |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250523145358/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/constituency-show/raga |archivedate=23 May 2025 |accessdate=23 May 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 - Raga">{{cite news |date=2 June 2024 |title=Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 - Raga |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S0225.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250523145245/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S0225.htm |archivedate=23 May 2025 |accessdate=23 May 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref><ref name="Raga Assembly Election Result 2024: BJP's Rotom Tebin wins">{{cite news |date=2 June 2024 |title=Raga Assembly Election Result 2024: BJP's Rotom Tebin wins |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/itanagar/raga-assembly-election-results-2024-raga-elections-poll-result-winner/articleshow/110635846.cms |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250523145417/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/itanagar/raga-assembly-election-results-2024-raga-elections-poll-result-winner/articleshow/110635846.cms |archivedate=23 May 2025 |accessdate=23 May 2025 |publisher=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Education ==
He graduated from the [[University of North Bengal]] with a [[Bachelor of Technology|Bachelor of Engineering]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rotom Tebin(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- RAGA (ST)(KAMLE) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/ArunachalPradesh2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=162 |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tebin, Rotom}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Arunachal Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:University of North Bengal alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{ArunachalPradesh-politician-stub}}

Sua (folk music)

2025-03-04T06:44:53Z

Mosphe: added new pg

{{Short description|Indian folk song}}
'''Sua''' is a folk song sung by [[Gondi people|Gond]] women from the state of [[Chhattisgarh]] during the festival of [[Deepawali]]. The name 'Sua' comes from the word for '[[parrot]]', a bird known for repeating phrases. According to folklore, women sing songs conveying messages through parrots, expressing their hearts' feelings with the belief that the parrot will convey the agony of their heart to their lover. It is sometimes called the 'Viyog', or 'separation' song. This folk song is usually sung during the paddy harvest. After Deepawali, Gondi women continue singing the song for two months.<ref>{{cite web |title=Of Parrots, Women- songs and Harvest: Sua Naach of Chhattisgarh |url=https://www.sahapedia.org/parrots-women-songs-and-harvest-sua-naach-chhattisgarh |website=Sahapedia |language=en}}</ref>

The song is intended to celebrate the marriage between two gods, [[Shiva]] and [[Parvati]] alongside traditional dances. In some places, this song is sung by making earthen Sua (parrot). It starts a few days before Diwali and ends with the marriage of Shiva-Parvati (Gaura-Gauri) on [[Diwali]]. This is considered to be the adherent song. During the song, women place a parrot statue over a paddy filled with bamboo baskets and dance around them in a circular pattern, addressing the statue with their song. Sua dance is usually initiated in the evening. Women gather at a certain place in the village where this basket is covered with red cloth. After lifting the basket in the head, one of the women of the party walks and puts it in the middle of the courtyard of the farmers' house. The women of the party are round about him. The cloth is removed from the basket and the lamp is lit and danced. In Chhattisgarh, no musical instrument is used in this song dance.<ref>{{cite web |title=सुवागीत/Suva Geet |url=https://www.sahapedia.org/sauvaagaitasuva-geet |website=Sahapedia |language=en}}</ref> The song is sung by women in applause. In some villages, women keep a wooden block in their hands to intensify the tone.<ref>{{Cite web|title=सुआ गीत|url=http://ignca.nic.in/coilnet/chgr0027.htm|website=IGNAC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=सुआ व राऊत नाचा ने बांधा समा, लोक गीत व गौरा-गौरी के गीतों में झूमे लोग|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/chhattisgarh/bhilaidurg/news/chhattisgarh-news-sua-and-raut-nacha-tied-the-crowd-folk-songs-and-songs-of-gaura-gauri-070005-5554001.html|website=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian folklore]]
[[Category:Indian folk music]]
[[Category:Indian folk songs]]
[[Category:Indian folk dances]]

{{Folk-song-stub}}

D. K. Basaveshwar

2025-02-17T21:21:51Z

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{{Short description|Indian politician and trade unionist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Orphan|date=July 2022}}

'''Dundur Kalameshwar Basaveshwar''' was an Indian politician and trade unionist. He was born in 1898.<ref name="Taleyarkhan1953"/> He served as a [[King's Commissioned Indian Officer]] during the [[First World War]].<ref name="Taleyarkhan1953"/> He joined the [[trade union]] movement in 1932.<ref name="Taleyarkhan1953"/> He served as chairman of the Taluka Co-operative Supervising Union, as well as chairing the Industrial Association and other groups.<ref name="Taleyarkhan1953"/> He was active in the civil disobedience movement of 1940-1941 and joined the 1942 [[Quit India]] struggle.<ref name="Taleyarkhan1953"/> He was elected to the [[Bombay Legislative Assembly]] in the [[1946 Bombay Legislative Assembly election|1946 election]].<ref name="Taleyarkhan1953"/> In 1947 was named District Commandant of the [[Home Guard (India)|Home Guards Organisation]] in the [[Dharwar District]].<ref name="Taleyarkhan1953"/> He was re-elected to the Bombay Legislative Assembly, standing as the [[Indian National Congress]] candidate for the unreserved seat of the Hubli constituency, in the [[1952 Bombay Legislative Assembly election|1952 election]].<ref name="Taleyarkhan1953">{{cite book|author=Homi Jehangirji H. Taleyarkhan|title=Bombay Legislature Directory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BEk5AQAAIAAJ|year=1953|publisher=Bombay Legislature Congress Party|page=21}}</ref><ref name="Broadcasting1953b">{{cite book|author=India. Ministry of Information and Broadcasting|title=India, a Reference Annual|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q75FAQAAIAAJ|year=1953|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|page=108}}</ref> Basaveshwar was a disciple of [[Shri Aurobindo]].<ref name="Taleyarkhan1953"/>

Basaveshwar died before the end of the tenure of the Legislative Assembly, the independent candidate K.A. Shiddappa was elected to fill his seat in a by-election.<ref name="Broadcasting1953">{{cite book|author=India. Ministry of Information and Broadcasting|title=India, a Reference Annual|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q75FAQAAIAAJ|year=1953|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|page=19}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1898 births]]
[[Category:Bombay State MLAs 1952–1957]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]

Government Model College Deithor

2024-12-06T04:41:57Z

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'''Government Model College Deithor''' is situated in Deithor(Labanghat -Deithor Road)near [[Deopahar]] [[Numaligarh]] in the [[Bokajan]] [[Legislative assembly]] of [[Karbi Anglong]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Photo Gallery {{!}} Karbi Anglong District {{!}} Government Of Assam, India|url=https://karbianglong.gov.in/photo-gallery?page=1|access-date=2021-11-06|website=karbianglong.gov.in}}</ref> district of Assam in India.The College is just 1.2km away from the NH39. It is the second government college after [[Diphu Government College]] and first Model Degree College of Karbi Anglong district established under Rastriya Uchahtar Siksha Abhiyan (RUSA) of the Directorate of Higher Education,<ref>{{Cite web|title=HEIC :: List of all Colleges|url=https://www.highereducationinfoassam.com/colleges?page=6|access-date=2021-11-06|website=www.highereducationinfoassam.com}}</ref> Government of Assam.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Govt. Model College Deithor in the city Numaligarh|url=https://in.worldorgs.com/catalog/numaligarh/college/govt-model-college-deithor|access-date=2021-11-06|website=in.worldorgs.com}}</ref> It is affiliated to [[Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh,Assam]].

{{Infobox institute
| established = 2020
| location = Deithor, [[Deopahar]], [[Karbi Anglong]]
| city = [[Numaligarh]]
| state = [[Assam]]
| country = India
| website = http://www.gmcdeithor.ac.in/
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Assam}}

[[Category:Colleges in India]]
[[Category: Education in Assam]]

Agara, Bangalore Rural

2024-12-03T19:07:10Z

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Sarguna Nathar Temple

2024-04-28T22:59:18Z

Mosphe: quick refined intro and cleaned formatting

{{moresources|date=August 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Sarguna Nathar Temple
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type =
| map_caption =
| coordinates =
| country = {{Flag|India}}
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Tiruvarur]]
| location = [[Idumbavanam]] in the [[Thiruthiraipoondi taluk]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Lord [[Shiva]]
| architecture =
}}
'''Sarguna Nathar Temple''' (சற்குணநாதர் கோயில்)<ref name="ta.Bharatpedia.org">[[:ta:இடும்பாவனம் சற்குணேசுவரர் கோயில்]]</ref> is a [[Hindu temple]] located in the village of [[Idumbavanam]] in the [[Thiruthiraipoondi taluk]] of [[Tiruvarur district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. Dedicated to [[Shiva]], Idumbavanam is believed to be the place where [[Yama]], the god of death worshipped Shiva in order to rid himself of the sin of trespassing him and tried to take [[Markandeya]] to the [[Underworld|netherworld]].
[[File:அருள்மிகு சற்குணநாதர் திருக்கோயில்.jpg|200px|right|thumb]]

== Significance ==
It is one of the shrines of the 275 [[Paadal Petra Sthalams]]. Hymns in praise of the temple have been sung by the [[Saivite]] saint [[Sambandar]] in the ''[[Thevaram]]''. The temple is frequented by people desiring to rid themselves of the fear of death. The place is believed to have got its name from a [[demon]] named Idumban who worshipped Shiva here and attained salvation.

== Shrines ==

There are shrines to [[Vinayaka]], [[Murugan]], [[Bhairava]], [[Surya]], [[Chandra]], [[Shani]] and [[Durga]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web|title=Sarguna Nathar Temple|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=294|publisher=[[Dinamalar]]}}

{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in Tiruvarur district]]
[[Category:Padal Petra Stalam]]

{{TamilNadu-hindu-temple-stub}}

Jamaura

2024-01-19T18:31:21Z

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{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{distinguish|Janaura}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jamaura
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.27416|N|79.19653|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mainpuri district|Mainpuri]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bhongaon]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1.004
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1673
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Jamaura''' ({{IAST|Jamaurā}}) is a village in [[Bewar, Mainpuri|Bewar]] block of [[Mainpuri district]], Uttar Pradesh. As of 2011, it had a population of 1,673, in 289 households.

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Jamaura had a population of 1,673, in 289 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|186}} This population was 52.6% male (880) and 47.4% female (793). The 0-6 age group numbered 272 (133 male and 139 female), or 16.3% of the total population. 396 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 23.7% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1259/download/4050/DH_2011_0917_PART_B_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|136-7}}

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Jamaura as having a population of 1,165 people, in 93 households.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Mainpuri |date=1982 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/29484/download/32665/28516_1981_MAI.pdf |access-date=25 July 2023}}</ref>{{rp|180-1}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Jamaura as comprising 1 hamlet, with a total population of 757 people (407 male and 350 female), in 156 households and 118 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 200 acres; it was then counted as part of [[Allau]] block.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (24 - Mainpuri District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28772/download/31954/22833_1961_MAI.pdf |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref>{{rp|cii}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Jamaura had 1 primary school; it did not have any healthcare facilities. Drinking water was provided by hand pump and tube well/borehole; there were no public toilets. The village had a post office but no public library; there was at least some access to electricity for all purposes. Streets were made of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1258/download/4046/DH_2011_0917_PART_A_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|186-91}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mainpuri district}}

[[Category:Villages in Mainpuri district]]

NE Monsoon in Chennai

2023-02-24T07:54:25Z

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Indian Institute of Technology, Mandi

2020-11-03T05:29:20Z

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#REDIRECT [[IIT Mandi]]
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